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 linRARY/5..^ 

 
 THE 
 
 WORKS 
 
 O F 
 
 FRANCIS BACON, 
 
 Baron of FERU LAM, 
 
 Viscount Sf. Albany 
 
 Lord High Chancellor of England. 
 
 IN FOUR VOLUMES. 
 
 With feveral Additional Pieces, 
 
 Never before printed in any Edition of his Works. 
 
 To which is prefixed, 
 
 A NEW LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, 
 
 By Mr. Mallet, 
 
 L o K^ o K : 
 
 Printed for A.Millar, z^amfi St. Clement's Ciuirch, m the Stra}2d> 
 
 ^ ■■■ W .1 — 1 «i t 
 
 M.DCC.XL.
 
 THE 
 
 WORKS 
 
 O F 
 
 FRANCIS BACON, 
 
 Baron of FERU LAAl, 
 
 Viscount S/. Alban^ 
 
 AND 
 
 Lord High Chancellor of England. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LO RT> O K ' 
 
 Printed for A. Millar, againft 5^ C/<?«^«f'& Church, rnxXxo. Strani. 
 
 M.DCCXI..
 
 /
 
 TR 
 
 T O 
 
 Dr. RICHARD MEAD, 
 
 Physician in Ordinary to HIS MAJESTY. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 AS a publick Acknowledgment for the gene- 
 rous encouragement you give to every un- 
 dertaking that may benefit Mankind ^ and in parti- 
 cular, for the affiilance you have been pleafed to 
 contribute towards compleating this new and more 
 accurate collecSlion of all my Lord Bacori^s Works : 
 The prefent Edition of them is, with the utmoft 
 gratitude and regard, infcribed to your Name and 
 Patronao;e. 
 
 That you may long live to be the Ornament of 
 your own profeffion, and the friend of all other Arts 
 and Sciences, is the iincerewiihof 
 
 SIR, 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 Tour 7noft humble, 
 
 and mofl obedient Servant, 
 
 The Editor. 
 
 [A] 
 
 72822r?
 
 ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 READER. 
 
 TH E prefent Edition of my Lord Bacons Works contains 
 all the pieces of that great man, which are, we believe, 
 any where extant. And we hope it will be found the 
 moft accurate and elegant, as well as the only complete one, 
 that has been hitherto offered to the public. 
 
 The additional pieces, and many Letters not inferted in the 
 lafl Edition, and fome never before publifhed ; as alfo feveral 
 of the Law-Trads, are printed from the original Manufcripts 
 communicated by the Right Honourable the Earl of Oxford ; 
 all which have been carefully collated by the reverend and 
 learned Mr. T. Birch. 
 
 The law-tra6ls, which in all other Editions were fo incor- 
 rect as to be often unintelligible, have been revifed by a Gentle- 
 man of that profeflion : the alterations made are either founded 
 on the authority of Manufcripts, or fuch as the fenfe neceffarily 
 requires. 
 
 It was found necefiary to change the difpofition of the 
 whole fourth volume : and the letters are digefted into a regu- 
 lar feries of time. 
 
 To the whole is prefixed a new Life of the Author ; com- 
 pofed entirely from authentic vouchers : but with what judg- 
 ment and fpirit, the public alone has a right to determine.
 
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 [iii] 
 
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 THE 
 
 LIFE 
 
 O F 
 
 FRANCIS BACON, 
 
 Lord High Chancellor oi England, 
 
 THE antlent Egyptians had a law, which ordained, that 
 the adions and charaders of their Dead fhould be fb- 
 lemnly canvafTed before certain Judges; in order to 
 regulate what was due to their memory. No quality, however 
 exalted, no abilities, however eminent, could exempt the pof- 
 ieflbrs from this laft and impartial trial. To ingenuous minds 
 this was a powerful incentive, in the purfuit of virtue : and a 
 ftrong reftraint on the mofl: abandoned, in their career of vice: 
 Whoever undertakes to write the life of any perlbn, deferving 
 to be remembered by pofterity, ought to look upon this law as 
 prefcribed to him. He is fairly to record the faults as well as 
 the good qualities, the failings as well as the perfedions, of the 
 Dead ; with this great view, to warn and improve the Living. 
 For this reafon, tho I fhall dwell with pleafure on the 
 /Lining part of my Lord Bacons charader, as a writer; I fhall 
 not dare either to conceal or palliate his blemifhes, as a man. 
 It equally concerns the public to be made acquainted with 
 both. 
 
 Sir Nicholas Bacon was the firft Lord Keeper of the Seals in- 
 vefted with all the dignity, and trufted with all the power, of 
 a Lord Chancellor. This high employment he held under 
 Queen Elizabeth near twenty years : a minifler confiderably 
 learned, of remarkable prudence and honefty; ferving his coun- 
 try with the integrity of a good man, and preferving, through 
 the whole courfeof his profperity, that moderation and plain - 
 
 Vol. I. a nefs
 
 ,.S THELIFEOFTHE 
 
 nefs of manners which adorn a great man. His fecond wife 
 was a daughter of Sir Antho?iy Cooke^ who had been precep- 
 tor to Edward the Sixth, and of whom hiftorians have made 
 honourable mention for his skill in the learned languages. 
 Neither havT they forgot to celebrate this Lady, on the fame 
 parfons the account. To the truth of which even an enemy bore teftimo- 
 ny, while he reproached her with having tranflated, from the 
 Lati?i, Bifhop JeweV^ apology for the Church of England. 
 
 Such were the parents of Francis Bacon^ whofe Life I ^m 
 writing. Of two fons, by this marriage, he was the youngeft : 
 and born at Tork-Houfe in the Strand^ the twenty-fecond of 
 "s^i- 'January 1561. As he had the good fortune to come into the 
 world at a period of time when arts and fciences were efteemed 
 and cultivated, by the Great and Powerful, almoft in the fame 
 degree they are now neglected; fo he brought with him a ca- 
 pacity for every kind of knowledge, ufeful and ornamental. 
 An original genius, formed not to receive implicit notions of 
 thinking and reafoning from what was admitted and taught be- 
 fore him; but to prefcribe laws himfelf, in the empire of learn- 
 ing, to his own and fucceeding ages. 
 
 He gave marks, very early, of a pregnant and happy difpo- 
 fition, far above his years. We are told that Qiieen Elizabeth 
 took a particular delight in trying him with queftions; and re- 
 ceived fo much fatisfadion from the good fenfe and manlinefs 
 of his anfwers, that flie was wont to call him., in mirth, her 
 young Lord Keeper. One faying of his deferves to be remem- 
 bered. The Queen having asked him his age, while he was 
 yet a boy; he anfvvered readily, that he was juft two years 
 younger than her happy reign. 
 
 Of his education I know no particulars, till he was fent to 
 ftudy in the univerlity of Catnbridge under Dr. Whitgift^ af- 
 terwards Archbifhop of Canterbury : and I find he was entered 
 i6thof7««^of T?'inity-College in his twelfth year. The progrefs he made 
 '^''^' was rapid and uncommon: for he had run through the whole 
 circle of the liberal arts, as they were then taught, before he 
 was fixteen. But what is far more furprizing ; he began, even 
 then, to fee through the emptinefs and futility of the philofo- 
 phy in vogue: and to corijedure, that ufeful knowledge muft 
 be raifed on other foundations, and built up with other mate- 
 rials, than had been employed through a trad of many centu- 
 ries
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. iii 
 
 rics backward. In this, his own genius, aided by a lingular 
 difcernment, muft have been his only preceptor. Jn matters of 
 reafoning, the Authority of Arijlotle was flill acknowledged 
 infallible in the Schools ; as much as that of the Pope, in affairs 
 of religion, had lately been acknowledged, there and every 
 where elfe. And our Author may be juftly ftiled the jfirft great 
 Reformer of philofophy. He had the prepoffeffions, the vo- 
 luminous and ufelefs reading, nay he had the vanity of men 
 grown old in contrary opinions, to flruggle with: yet he lived 
 to fee a conliderable revolution on his lide. Another age 
 brought over the I-earned of all Nations to his party. 
 
 It may be juftly wondered at, that the Lord Keeper, a mi- 
 nifter of great obfervation on men and things, fhould have fent 
 his fon to travel at the age of fixteen ; as vv^e find he did : for, by 
 a letter from Sir Ajnids Powlety then Ambaffador in France^ it 
 is certain that young Bacon was at Paris^ and under his roof, in 
 the year 1577- We need but look around us, to be convinced 
 how little our Youth of quality, who vifit foreign countries 
 about that age, are wont to profit either in tafte, wifdom, or 
 morals. But perhaps he difcovered in his fon a maturity of 
 difcretion and judgment beyond what is common to that early 
 feafon of life. However that was, the Ambaffador conceived 
 a very favourable opinion of Bacon ; for he fent him over to 
 the Queen with a commiffion that required fecrecy and dif- 
 patch : of which he acquitted himfelfwith applaufe, and then 
 returned to finifh his travels. The native bent of his mind, 
 ftrongly turned to reflexion and enquiry, fuffered him not to 
 flop fhort at the ftudy of languages, but led him higher to re- 
 mark accurately on the cuftoms and manners of thofe that fpoke 
 them ; on the charaders of their Princes, and on the conftitu- 
 tion of their feveral governments. In proof of this, there is flill 
 extant among his works, a paper of obfervations on the gene- 
 ral ftate of Europe., written by him fhortly after this time j as 
 I have difcovered by a circumftance mentioned in it *. 
 
 As he was the youngefl; fon, fo he feems to have been the fa- 
 tourite of his father ; who had fet apart a conliderable fum of 
 money to purchafe an eftate for him, in his abfence. But be- 
 fore that kind intention could take effed, the Lord-Keeper died 
 
 fuddenly, 
 
 * He fays that Henry III. of France was then 30 years old : now that King be- 
 gan his reign in 1574, at the age of 24 years. So that Bacon was then nineteen
 
 IV 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 fuddenlv, by the following accident. He was under the hands 
 of his barber, and, the weather being fultry, had ordered a 
 window before him to be thrown open. As he was become 
 very corpulent, he prefently fell alleep in the current of frefli 
 air that was blowing in upon him ; and awaked after fome 
 time, diftempered all over. Why, faid he to the fervant, did 
 you fuffer me to fleep thus expofed ? The fellow replied, that 
 he durft not prefume to difturb him. Then, faid the Lord 
 Keeper, by your civility I lofe my life : and fo removed into 
 his bed-chamber, where he died a few days after. Thus there 
 remained to his youngeft fon only the fmall proportion of a 
 funi, which was to be divided amons: five brothers. 
 
 The narrownefs of his circumftances obliged him to think of 
 fome profeffion for a fubliftance : and he applied himfelf, more 
 thro necefHty than choice, to the ftudy of the common law. For 
 that purpofe, he placed himfelf in the fociety of Gray s -Inn ; 
 where his fuperiour talents rendered him the ornament of the 
 Houfe : as the gentlenels and affability of his deportment won 
 him the affedion of all its members;. In his profeffion, he quickly 
 rofe to fo much eminence and reputation, that, at the age of 
 twenty eight years, he was named by Elizabeth her learned coun- 
 cil extraordinary : a diftindlion which he needed no affiftance 
 from his father's merit with her to deferve. It was however next 
 to impoffible that fo noble a genius, born to embrace the whole 
 compafs of fcience, fhould confine its refearches vi^ithin the 
 narrow and perplexed ftudy of precedents and authorities ; a 
 ftudy hedged round with brambles and thorns, dark and bar- 
 barous in its beginnings, and rendered in its progrefs ftill more 
 obfcure, by the learned dulnefs of commentators and compilers: 
 men, for the moft part, of indefatigable induftry, and of no 
 fpirit or difcernment. Accordingly we find that in this inter- 
 val he often gave full fcope to his conceptions ; furveying the 
 whole ftate of learning, obferving its defedls, and imagining 
 the proper methods to fupply them. This he firft attempted 
 in a treatife which he entitled The Greatest Birth of Time ; 
 as appears from a letter, written after his retirement, to father 
 Fulgentio the Venetian^ in which he paft*es a kind of cenfure 
 on the pompous and fwelling title prefixed to it. Tho the 
 piece itfelf is loft, it appears to have been the firft outlines of 
 that amazing defign, which he afterwards filled up and finished 
 
 in
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. 
 
 in his grand Inftauration of the icicnces. As there is not a 
 more amufing, perhaps a more ufeful fpeciilation, than that 
 of tracing the hiftory of the human mind, if I may fo exprefs 
 my felf, in its progreflion from truth to truth, and from dif- 
 covery to difcovery ; the intelHgent reader would doubtlefs 
 have been pleafed to fee, in the tra(!^ I am fpeaking of, by 
 what fteps and gradations a fpirit hke Bacons advanced in 
 building up, for more than thirty years together, his 
 hew and univerfal theory. He thought himfelf born for the 
 ule of human kind: and in the letter above mentioned, ftiles 
 himfelf, the fervant of poftcrity. 
 
 These few hints for filling up this firfl: part of our Author's 
 life, trivia] and unfuisfadory as they may appear, I have yet 
 been obliged to glean here and there in the rubbifh of feveral 
 colledions, where they lay fcattered, without order or con- 
 nexion. But I fliall now no longer regard Bacon as a mere 
 philofopher ; as a man of fpeculation who converfed only with 
 books and his own thoughts, in the fhade of retirement and lei- 
 fure. The courfe of his fortunes produced him on the great 
 theatre of the world, involvedhiminbufinefs, and complicated 
 him with the mofl: conliderable perfons of the age he lived in. 
 He was honourably employed by one Prince, and highly pre- 
 ferred under another. It will be therefore necelTary, that this 
 hiftory may have its due extent and ufefulnefs, to exhibit a ge- 
 neral profpecl of the two reigns in which Baco7i flourished 
 and fell, at leaft in their principal points of view. The 
 charaders of thofe with whom he had any connexion will 
 illuftrat€ his, and fhcw it in a truer, as well as a fuller light. 
 
 I HAVE yet another reafon for enlarging this account beyond 
 the ordinary limits. Our Author's letters are written, many of 
 them at leaft, on public occaflons, and may be confldered as 
 the moft authentic vouchers for feveral remarkable occurrences, 
 in which he himfelf was an ador, and well acquainted with 
 the fecret motii'cs on which others aflied. But as thofe things 
 are for the moft part only hinted at, or no farther opened than 
 to ferve the prefent purpofe of his letter ; they will require to be 
 developed at fonie length, and ranged into their proper places. 
 
 Elizabeth had a larger fhare of good fenfe and found 
 
 judgment than is commonly to be met with among women ; 
 
 accompanied with a greatnefs of mind and fteadinefs of purpofe 
 
 Vo L. L b that
 
 y{ THELIFEOFTHE 
 
 that might do honour to the beft of men. Thefe her natural 
 endowments received much, tho fevere, improvement from the 
 dangers fhe was expofed to in the firft part of her life. She 
 o-rew up in a ftrid attention over her own anions, even over her 
 k)oks and words, from the rigor of her father's temper, and 
 particularly from the jealous cruelty of her lifter's adminiftra- 
 tion : a Ihort but memorable period of time ! when Eiigland 
 beheld, under a female reign, fuch inftances of mercilefs rage,' 
 fuch fcenes of horror, as had of old ftartled the Roman World, 
 under a Nero and a Domitian. The dreadful genius of that 
 fuperftition to which fhe had devoted herfelf, then exerted 
 its fpirit undifguifed, in betraying, tormenting, butchering, by 
 the miniftry of inhuman priefts and inquifitors, whoever would 
 not profefs what he could not pofTibly believe. If we may ere- * 
 dit Hiftorians, they had even doomed Elizabeth her felf to die: 
 and fhe efcaped, miraculoufly, not by the kindnefs, but the 
 policy of Philip ; himfelf a tyrant, the cooleft and moft deter- 
 mined of thefe latter ages. 
 
 At her acceffion to the throne, fhe found her revenues an- 
 ticipated or exhaufted ; her kingdom, thro the fanguinary 
 madnefs ofherpredeceffor, disjointed and broken of its vigor 
 within : at the fame time unfupported by allies and without 
 confideration abroad. Her good fen fe led her to fee, by the 
 errors of her father and her fifter, that fhe could exped: to 
 reign with fecurity, only by deferving the confidence and 
 gaining the love of the nation: and that in order thereto, fhe 
 mult propofe to herfelf no other end of ruling but the happi- 
 nefs and honour of all her people. This fyftem of policy, fo 
 fimple in itfelf, fo glorious in its confequences, and yet by princes 
 fo feldom purfued, llie adhered to fteadily, almoft uniformly, 
 thro a long and triumphant reign; for this very reafon triumphant! 
 
 The reformation of religion fhe attempted and effecbed ; at 
 a feafon when her power was unconfirmed, and in probable 
 danger from inteftine commotions. For revolutions in religion 
 are apt to put the whole conftitution of a fociety into ferment, 
 even more ftrongly than alterations in government ; as every 
 individual is immediately and intimately actuated by what feems 
 to him of highcft and moft lafting concern. She kept awake, 
 and animated, with wonderful addrefs, the divifions in Scot- 
 land^ in FrancCy in the Netherlands : and that with more 
 
 juftice
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. vii 
 
 julHce on her part than is iifually obferved by princes when 
 they would do ill offices to their neighbours. The fovereigns 
 of thofe countries, when they agreed in nothing cKcy were 
 ever combined in a common enmity to her: at a time too when 
 fhe had nothing to oppofe againft their pretenfions, their con- 
 IJDiracies, their open attacks, but her own courage and the native 
 ftrength of England alone. And yet, by helping forward the 
 reformation in ScotIa?jd', byfupporting the proteftants 'm.Fra?tce'y 
 by the wife and well-managed fupplies /he fent to the Dutch, 
 who were ftruggling hard for their lives and liberties with an 
 unrelenting tyrant: by this feries of condu6l, fteadily purfued, 
 fhe triumphed over all oppolition, and rendered her felf the 
 arbitrefs of Europe. For it may be affirmed, that her admi- 
 niftration made a greater impreffion on all the dates round her, 
 than it received itfelf from any: an undoubted proof of its firm- 
 nefs and adlive vigor. 
 
 When fhe came to the crown, fhe found the nation four 
 millions in debt: a fiim then almoft incredible! and yet her 
 bcconomy alone enabled her to difcharge it. The Coin, which 
 had been much embafed by Henry the Eighth, and by Mary 
 wholly negledled, fhe quickly reilored to its juft ftandard; and 
 therewith the public faith and credit. Her magazines fhe care- 
 fully replenifhed v/ith arms, ammunition, warlike flores of 
 every kind: and the youth all over ^^^^ZaW were ordered to 
 be duly trained in military exercifes. Her navy was fallen to 
 decay, and almoft abandoned. This fhe fet her felf to repair 
 with an attention, which the great bulwark of this kingdom 
 will ever defer ve from a Prince, who underftands in what his 
 own ftrength and that of his dominions naturally confifl. Her 
 fleet was at laft a match for the mighty Armada of Spain : that 
 Armada-i which was boafted to be invincible, and was in truth 
 a defperate effort of the whole power and refentment of her 
 bitterefl: enemy. Her vidlory over him, as entire as it was glo- 
 rious, gave fecurity ai^d renown to this Ifland: and, whatever 
 the partiality of foreign writers may have infinuated to the 
 contrary, fhe owed it to her own heroical condud:, and the un- 
 exampled bravery of her fubjedis. 
 
 She was the firfl of our Princes who purfued, in any con- 
 fiderable degree, the only fure method of making England 
 great and powerful; by encouraging and extending our com- 
 merce:
 
 vm 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 meree ; which, under her protedion, grew high, and fpread 
 itfelf thro the Nort/j and to both the Lir/ies. In a word, fuch 
 was her conduct, fuch her good fortune, in this Ifland and on 
 the Continent, that her ahies had the ftrongeft confidence in 
 her afliftance and good faith : that her enemies flood in awe of 
 her power, and were forced to an unwilHng approbation of her 
 prudence. The applaufe of fuch as think they have caufe to 
 hate, and diftrefs us, is the fincereft, as it is the nobleft praife. 
 Her oeconomy was admirable. She husbanded the pubHc mo- 
 ney for her people's eafe : fhe laid it out, on proper occafions, 
 for their fafety and honour. The undertakings of the govern- 
 ment were never greater; the charge was never lefs. This gives 
 the hiaheft idea of her miniftry, and places their charadlers, in 
 general, above imputation or reproach. 
 
 O F Sir Nicholas Bacon^ our Author's father, I have already 
 aiven fome account : and ihall only add here, that he never 
 afpired beyond the rank he brought with him to court. His 
 moderation in all other refpedls was the fame. When the Queen 
 vifited him at his feat in Hertford/hire^ fhe told him with an 
 air of pleafantry, that his houfe was too little for him. No, 
 replied the Lord Keeper ; but your Majefly has made me too 
 great for my houfe. 
 
 Walsingham, in his private charadler, was of unblemifhed 
 honefty. As a minifler he had fingular fagacity in procuring 
 inteUigence ; which he knew to apply, with great dexterity, to 
 the purpofes of government: devoting himfelf, with fo generous 
 a felf-negledl, to the fervice of his country, that he gained a 
 reputation for contempt of riches, which would have been 
 highly reverenced in the beft times of antiquity ; and will go 
 near, in thefe days, to be thought either folly or frenzy. 
 
 The Lord Treafurer Burleigh, for his confummate abilities 
 as a ftatefman, was reckoned the firfl: name of his age : and is 
 fiill pointed out as a pattern, which we rather wifli, than exped, 
 to fee fully copied by his fucceflbrs in power. As he had flrong 
 natural parts, and was of unwearied application to buiinefs, his 
 experience mufthave been univerfal and unequalled; for he was 
 at the head of the government almoft forty years. He feems, 
 in particular, to have been eminently pofTefled of that intre- 
 pidity of head, that civil courage, fo necelTary in a great mi- 
 nifter : and without which no minifter will never do any thing 
 
 truly
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. ix 
 
 truly noble, or of lafting utility to mankind. Inviolably at- 
 tached to his Miftrefs, he ferved her with equal fidelity and 
 fuccefs: and had the fingular felicity to promote the good of 
 liis country by the fame arts that he employed to gratify the 
 inclinations of his fov^ereign. 
 
 The glory of this Princels will receive a new luftre by com- 
 paring the ftate of England with that of alnioft all other na- 
 tions in Europe^ at the fame time. It mufi: have been no com- 
 mon addition to the tranquillity and happinefs of our anceftors, 
 that they enjoyed both, uninterrupted, for fuch a length of years; 
 while Scotland and France^ Spai?i and Holla?idy were torn with 
 continual divifions, and bleeding by the wounds of foreign and 
 domeftic wars. Hers too was the Age of heroes both in arts and 
 arms. Great captains, able ftatefmen, writers of the highefl order 
 arofe, and under her influence flouriflied together. Thus Bacon 
 had all the incentives that could kindle him up to a generous am- 
 bition, and quicken his emulation in the purfuit of knowledge 
 and honeft fame. And indeed his letters remain a proof, that 
 if he courted the proper opportunities of railing his name, he 
 loft none that might improve and enlarge his mind. As the Bacon, 
 Lord Treafurer had married his aunt, we find him frequent in Letter^'ii. 
 his applications to that minifier for fome place of credit and 
 fervice in the ftate. He profefl!es too, that his views on this 
 head are as moderate, as his aims another way are ambitious 
 ^nd vaft ; for that he had taken all philofophy for his province, 
 lyiy Lord Burleigh interefted himfelf fo far on his behalf as to 
 procure for him, againft violent oppofition, the office of Re- 
 gifler to the Star-Cha?7iber^ worth about 1600/. a year: but 
 it was only in reverfion, and did not fall to him till near twenty 
 years afterwards. Neither did he obtain any other preferment 
 all this reign : tho his winning addrefs, his eloquence, his large 
 and fyftematical learning had raifed him to the admiration of 
 the grcatefl: men at court. He was particularly efteemed and 
 patronized by Robert Devereux, the famous and unfortunate 
 Earl of Ejfex', to whom he attached himfelf in his younger 
 years, and by whofe intereft in the Qiieen he flattered himfelf 
 with the profpedl of bettering his condition. Elizabeth her felf 
 fliewed him feveral marks of difl;ind:ion, admitted him often to 
 her prefence, and even confulted him on the ftate of her aflairs : 
 a^ her minifters fometimes made ufe of his pen in the vindica- 
 
 VoL. I. c tion
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 tion of her government. And yet, notwithftanding tliefe fair 
 appearances, he met with no preferment irom that Qiieen j.n- 
 fwerable to the idea we have of his merit, or her dilcernmeiu 
 in the diftribution of favours. This deferves fome explanation ; 
 as it will difcover to us the true genius of thofe minillers, who 
 pretending to merit themfelves, are jealous of it in all otlicr 
 men: vvho are equally poor-fpirited and afpiring. 
 
 The whole court was at this time rent into fadlions, headed 
 on one part by the Earl of EJfex ; on the other by the Ceci/s, 
 father and fon. EJfex was then in all the flower of his youth, 
 and remarkable for the gracefulnefs of his perfon. In his na- 
 ture brave, ambitious, popular: And what is uncommon, at 
 once the favourite of the Sovereign and of the Nation. Fond 
 of military glory; liberal to profuflon; devoted entirely to his 
 friends, and keeping no meafures Vv^ith his enemies; of com- 
 petent learning himfelf, and a fignal benefaftor to learned men. 
 One quality he had, which difl:inguilhes him eminently from 
 fuch as are perfonally beloved by Princes: in the height of his 
 favour he received the admonitions, the re mon 11 ranees of his 
 friends with all gentlenefs ; and was ever mofl: patient of the 
 truth. But then he wanted thofe arts which are mod neceffary 
 in a courtier; and are indeed the only qualities which the rab- 
 ble of courtiers value themfelves upon; circumfped:ion, cun- 
 ning, affedation of fecrecy, with a fervile obfequioufnefs to the 
 humours ot their fuperiors, and a mean but anxious attention 
 to their own interest, whether at the expence of their patrons, 
 or of their coimtry. A different turn of mind gave the Earl's 
 enemies great advantages againfl him. They failed not to re- 
 prefent to the Queen, on feveral occaflons, that this young Lord, 
 not fatisfied with the diffinftion of being her favourite, pre- 
 tended to be her mafter ; and prefcribed to her judgment on af- 
 fairs of ftate, with a haughtinefs ill becoming the diflance be- 
 twixt a Sovereign, and the Creature of her bounty. Such in- 
 finuations, as they were partly true, could not fail of making 
 an impreflion on Elizabeth^ who was naturally high fpirited, 
 and infinitely jealous of her authority. Tho fhe had a parti- 
 cular fondnel's for the Earl, flie took occafion every now and 
 then to mortify his pride, by refufing to advance thofe friends 
 of his whom he recommended for preferment. After his re- 
 turn from the expedition to Cadiz, in which he had behaved 
 
 liimfeU
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xi 
 
 himfelfwith much gallantry, fhe raifed h'is enemy, Sir Robert 
 Cecil, to be Secretary of State ; tho he had earneftly iblicited 
 that poft for another. He had often applied to her in behalf 
 o^ Baco72, and asked for him, with all the warmth of friendfhip, 
 the place of Solicitor General, but had been always refufed. 
 Ceci/y who mortally hated EJfex^ and had entertained a fecret 
 jealoufy of 5^^o;?, on account of his fuperior talents, reprefented 
 the latter to the Queen as a man of mere fpcculation ; as one 
 wholly given up to philofophical enquiries, new indeed and a- 
 mufing, but fanciful and unfolid : and therefore more likely to 
 diftrad her affairs than to ferve her ufefullyand with proper judg- 
 ment. Baconhowever was this man's coufin-german ; his father and 
 the Lord Burleigh having married two fifters : but Ambition 
 knows neither merit nor relation. This unworthy treatment 
 from fo near a kinfman carried Bacon into very free expoftula- 
 tions on his courtly artifices, as he endeavoured in fecret to crufh 
 the man whom yet he pretended openly to ferve : and thefe 
 repeated difappointments funk fo deep into his fpirit, that he 
 was feveral times on the point of retiring for ever, and even of 
 hiding his grief and refentment in fome foreign country. EjfeXy 
 who could but ill brook the mortification of a denial, finding 
 himfelf unable to ferve his friend in a public way, would needs 
 make up the lofs to him out of his own private fortune : and 
 if we may believe ^///6^/, he beftowed upon him about this ^'<^"'^'= ^* 
 time 'T'wite77ham-Park and its garden o{ Paradife. Whether it p- 1- 
 was that or fome other ot his lands, the donation was fo very 
 confiderable, that Bacon, as himfelf acknowledges in his apology, 
 fold it afterwards, even at an under price, for no lefs than 
 eighteen hundred pounds. A bounty fo noble, accompanied 
 too, as we know it was, with all thofe agreeable diftindiions 
 that to a mind, delicately fenfible, are more obliging than the 
 bounty it felf, muft kindle in the breaft of a good man the 
 moft ardent fentiments of gratitude, and create an inviolable 
 attachment to fuch a benefador. What then are we to think 
 of Bacon, when we find him, after this nobleman's unhappy 
 fate, publifhingto all £;^^/^;Z(^ a Declaration of the treafons of 
 Robert Earl of Ejfex P This behaviour drew upon him a heavy 
 and general hatred at that time ; which was not extinguifhed 
 even by his death, but continues flill, in the writings of more 
 than one hiftorian, an imputation on his memory. As this 
 
 tranfadion
 
 xii T H E L I F E O F T h'¥' 
 
 tranfadion is of importance to his moral charader, I will lar'p: 
 before the reader as impartially as I can. •"^^ 
 
 Elizabeth had raifed that young Lord, thro a feries^ 'feff 
 honors, to be Earl Marfhal o^ England :' and was every 8,t}y 
 giving him new proofs of a particular and uncommon efteem. 
 This only fervedto exafperate his enemies. They were powcV» 
 ful, and clofely united. But as they durft not attack him opcnl^-J 
 they had recourfe to dark and furer arts of vengeance ; agaiij^ 
 which his opennefs of temper, unfufpedingand improvident, wa$ 
 no wife guarded. In truth, his imperious humour, which he 
 could feldom difguife, aided their defigns; for it often broke 
 forth into downright abufe and fcorn of thofe who thwarted 
 his projects, or dilTented from his opinions : and he once, in 
 fome difpute with the Queen herfelf, turned his back abruptly 
 upon her with all the marks of difrefpedl and contempt. Pro- 
 voked at this infolence, Elizabeth forgetting her fex, and the 
 diojnity of her charader, ftruck the Earl a box on the ear; 
 which he on his part, with a meannefs of pailion yet lefs excu- 
 fable in a man, refented fo highly as to lay his hand on his 
 fword, againfh a woman and his fovereign. No fubfequent 
 favours could wear this imaginary affront out of his memory ; 
 tho fhe pardoned him the infult that occalioned it, and fent him 
 fhortly after into Ireland^ as her vicegerent, with a commiilion 
 almoft unlimited. His conduct there has not elcaped the cenfurc 
 of hiftorians, who have remarked feverely on the unjuftitiable 
 treaty he made with the Arch-rebel Tyrone^ on the private con- 
 ference they held together, and on his precipitate return to 
 England^ againft the Queen's exprefs orders. This laft ill ftep^ 
 Mem of Q_he was betrayed into, if we may beheve Ofborn^ by an artifiQe 
 £Az. P-4S8- q{ Cecil : who firft inflamed Elrzabeth\ fufpicions of the Earl, 
 and then flopped all vefTels that were to fail for Ireland except 
 one which he ordered thither on purpofe with a feigned report 
 of her death. Fatally deceived by this intelligence, Effex 
 failed away in a hurry for England^ attended only by a izw of 
 his friends. The Queen received him without any emotion 
 either of anger or affedion, and having confined him to his" 
 own houfe, ordered his condudt to be examined in the ftar-- 
 chamber. At this ufage of him, however gracious and rno-* 
 derate, the people, whofe idol he was, loudly exclaimed: nnd 
 their unfeafonable partiality, reprefented by his adverfaries as of 
 
 dangerous
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACOiNf. xiii 
 
 dangerous tendency to the ftate, kindled anew the Queen's in- 
 dignation againft him. Thus that popularity he had fo eager- 
 ly courted, and fo much depended upon, ferved now only to 
 haften forward his deftrudion. He was fentenced by the coun- 
 cil to be removed from his place at that board ; to be fuf- 
 pended from his offices of Earl Marfhal and Mafter of the 
 ordnance, and to be imprifoned during the Queen's pleafure. 
 Having humbled him thus far, ilie ftopffhort, forbidding his 
 fentence to be entered on record, and ftill continuing him 
 Mafter of the Horfe. She even gave him the full enjoyment of 
 his liberty, upon his expreffing a perfect refignation to her 
 pleafure ; but withal advifed him to be his Own keeper. His 
 leeming repentance was of fhort duration ; for upon the Queen's 
 refufal to grant him the farm of fweet wines, which he had very 
 imprudently petitioned for, he returned out of the country, and 
 again abandoned himfelf to all the impetuofity of his temper; 
 or rather to the pernicious fuggeftions ot his followers. Indeed, 
 the prefumption that naturally grows out of fuccefsful ambition, 
 and the interefted counfels of thofe whofe fortunes were in- 
 volved with his, feem to have entirely turned his head: for 
 his actions henceforward were the genuine effedts of frenzy and 
 delpair. In conjunction with his friends, of feveral conditions, 
 he meditated no lefs an attempt than to feize on the palace, to 
 make himfelf mafter of the Queen's perfon, and to baniOi 
 from about her all thofe whom he reputed his enemies. Never 
 was confpiracy fo ill laid, or condu6ted with fo little probabi- 
 lity of fuccels. The court was prefently alarmed, his houfe 
 invefted, himfelf and his friends made prifoners, without any 
 reftftance on his part ; for tho he was embarqued in a kind 
 of rebellion, he knew not how to be a rebel. The particulars 
 of his tryal are foreign to my purpofe. It was managed againft 
 him by Sir Edward Coksj the Attorney General, and by 
 Baco?i as one of the Queen's council. It ought not to be for- 
 got that the former treated this unfortunate Nobleman with a s^ate Tryait, 
 ftrain of petulant dulnefs and fcurrility that makes us contemn 20°-. ^ ^ 
 his talent as a pleader, while we abhor the purpofe to which he 
 made it fubfervient. Bacon was moderate and decent. The 
 crime was proved by a cloud of witnefies : and the unanimous 
 fuffrage of his peers found him guilty. After his fentence he 
 appeared wholly indifferent to life or death : tho the Qiiccn 
 ^VoL. L d fcemcd
 
 ^ ViOj, ^^g -ijJ I F E b F THE ^ 
 
 feemea'ftill litefdTu'tr, br mlier enclfmng to fave him. Ht died 
 with the tendernefs of a penitent, and the firnincTs of a hero: 
 tho the Marfhal de Biron jcfted on his deportment in that laft 
 fcene of Hfe, as fuiting rather a monk than a foldier. ^'-' -^^ 
 
 The untimely fate of this nobleman, who died on a fcaiFold 
 in the prime and vigour of his years, excited univerfal pity, an4 
 was murmured againft by all conditions of people. Their re- 
 fledions on the prevailing party at court, even on the Queen 
 her felf, were fo bold and injurious, that the adminiftratibri 
 thought it necefiary to vindicate their conduct in a public appeal 
 ^f ^thr'trea- ^^ ^^^ pcople. This task was afTigned to Bacoriy even then in 
 fons of ^. 2jjp.|^ efteem for his excellencies as a writer. Some fay it wag 
 Vol. IV. by his enemies infidioufly impofed on him, to divert the na- 
 ^'^ ' tional refentment from themfelves upon a particular perfon, 
 who was known to have lived in friendihip with Ejfex^ and 
 whom they intended to ruin in the public efteem. If fuch was 
 tr their intention, they fucceeded but too well in it. Never man' 
 
 incurred more univerfal or more lafting cenfure than Bacon by 
 this writing. He was every where traduced as one who en- 
 deavoured to murder the good name of his benefaclor, after the 
 miniflry had deftroyed his perfon : His life was even threatened ; 
 and he went in daily hazard of aiTailination. This obliged 
 him to publifh, in his own defence, the apology we find 
 among his writings. It is long and elaborate; but not, perhaps, 
 Apology, in every part fatisfadtory. Let us believe him on his own tefti- 
 P 429 mony, that he had never done that Nobleman any ill offices 
 with the Queen ; tho fhe herfelf had, it feems, inlinuated the 
 contrary : that on the other hand he had always, during the 
 time of their intimacy, given him advice no Ids ufeful than 
 fincere ; that he had wifhed, nay endeavoured the Earl's pre- 
 fervation even at laft, purely from affedion to him, without 
 any regard to his own intereft in that endeavour : let all this 
 be allowed ; fome blemifh will ftill remain on his charad^r. 
 
 Essex deferved the fate he underwent : but he had paid hfs 
 debt to juftice : and the commonwealth had now nothing to fear 
 from any of his party. The declaration above mentioned could there- 
 fore be intended, only to ftill the prefent clamours of the multitude ; 
 and tho the matter of it might be true, Bacon was not the man who 
 fhouldhavepublifhed thofe truths. Hehadbeen longandhighly 
 indebted to the Earl's friendfhip, almoft beyond the example 
 
 even
 
 LORD CHANCiiLLOR BACON. 
 
 ^vert of that age. In another man this proceeding might not 
 have been blameable: in him it cannot be excufed. In the 
 next reign Sir Henry Telverton ventured on the difpleafure both 
 of the King and his minion, rather than do the miniftry of his 
 office, by pleading againft the Earl of Somerfet^ who had made '^"^'- ^oq"'- 
 bim Solicitor General. Had Bacon refufed that invidious part, 
 there were others, among the herd of afpiring and officious 
 Lawyers, ready enough to have performed it: and his very 
 enemies muft have thought more advantageouHy of him for 
 declining a task, in itfelf of no efiential importance to the ftate, 
 itnd in him unjuft to fricndfliip, oWigajtion, gratitude, the 
 jpoft facred regards among men. ' Jc. 
 
 .Elizabeth furvived her Favourite about a year: and, if we 
 tuay credit shorn ^ grief and remorfe for his fate accompanied p 'f"-''" '^'- T h 
 Eer to the grave *. She died the twenty- fourth oi March 1 603, , 
 in the fulnefs of days and honour. Her reign had been long fi^ft a^thw 
 £Uid triumphant: and fhe had thro the whole courfe of it pre- tlonsTh" 
 ferved, what fhe fo juftly merited, the love and veneration of Hng.°^'^° 
 ber people; the trueft glory, the rareft felicity of a Sovereign! 
 She was fucceeded by "James the Sixth of Scotlandy under whom "603. 
 Bacan afcended^ by feveral fteps, to the higheft dignity of the 
 taw. 
 
 ~ Xhis Prince, the moft unwarlike that ever lived, was bora 
 in the midft of civil commotions; at a time when his whole 
 kingdom was torn into factions, betwixt the party who had 
 efpoufed the interefts of his mother, and thofe who had de- -^ 
 
 clared for him. After he had taken the adminiftration into his 
 Qvva hands, he was hardly ever his own mafter; fuffering him- 
 fplf to be led implieitely by the cabal in whofe power he thert 
 hii^ppened to be. The moment he thought himfelf at liberty 
 ftom either, like a boy elcaped from under the eye of a rigid 
 preceptor, he forgot all his unealinefres, and abandoned himfelf 
 to his fevourite amufements of hawking and hunting, as if his 
 k,ingdom had been in the profoundeft tranquillity. He grew 
 ijp in an unaccountable fondnefs for favourites. The filfl, who 
 took deep root with him, was likewife the worft ; not only er^- 
 CQuraging him in a total inapplication to bufincfs, but tindut- 
 mg his youth with the poifon of all debauchery. The name . 
 of this man was ^tuarty afterwards Earl oi y1rran\ one whoMcm.p.isi. 
 had great and dangerous vices, without a fiogle virtue, private 
 Aisv^ or
 
 XVI 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 or public, to attone for them : an open fcoffer at the obligations 
 of morality, infolent, rapacious, fanguinary ; hated by, and 
 hating, all good men. The honefter part of the nobility often 
 remonftrated againft the credit and pernicious influence of this 
 Minion: James acknowledged the juftice of their remonftrances ; 
 banilTied him fevefal times from court; and feveral times re- 
 
 p^lfa ceived him into new favour. He was at length fliot by a pri- 
 vate hand in revenge for the death of the Earl of Morton^ to 
 which he had bafely contributed. 
 
 P 132. James hated the church of Scotland\ and confirmed its ati- 
 
 thority. He declared the attempt of thofe Lords, who had 
 refcued him out of the hands of Arran and Lennox, to be juft 
 
 i'-'sg and ferviceable: he afterwards banifhed them, and would have 
 confifcated their eftates, on that very account. When they 
 had made themfelves mafters of his perfon a fecond time, he 
 
 p. 169. pronounced them all traitors; and pardoned them. 
 
 Elizabeth, who knew his genius perfe6lly, fent Mx.Wotton 
 on an embaffy to him in 15^5. Her intention was to divert 
 him from a marriage with the Princefs o{ De?t7nark) and to 
 give his counfels what other turn her interefts might require. 
 The ambafl'ador, a man of addrefs and intrigue, had, by long 
 habitude, learnt to perfonate all charaders, and to aflume, 
 with an eafe that feemed altogether unaffedled, whatever fhape 
 
 p. 161. might ferve moft effedually the purpofes of his fuperiors. At 
 the age of twenty-one he had been employed to found the in^ 
 tentions of the court of Frajice: and had well nigh duped 
 the famous Conftable de Mofitmorency, a minifter grown grey 
 in the obfervation of human falfehood and artifice. To his 
 natural talent he had now added the experience of thirty years 
 more. By accompanying KXngyames in his fports; by falling 
 in franl ly, and as it were naturally, with all his paflions; by 
 making a jeft of bufinefs; by entertaining him pleafantly with 
 an account of foreign fafhions and follies; this man gained an 
 abfolute afcendant not only over his underftanding, but over 
 his humour. His moft faithful fubjeds, who had ferved him 
 longefi: and befl, who had even warned him againft the fubtle- 
 ties of this ftranger, he received with approbation or diflike, 
 
 P- '64 juft as Wotton infpired him. He was even brought by him to 
 be ferioufiy perfuaded that the King of De?imark was defcend- 
 ed from a race of merchants; and that an alliance with his 
 
 daughter
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xWi 
 
 daughter was therefore infinitely beneath a King of Scotland^ 
 dignity. 
 
 ''Such was the Prince who now mounted that throne, which An. 15.^. 
 Elizabeth had filled with fo great capacity and reputation. The ' "^* ^ 
 union of the two crowns in the perfon of one Sovereign, was 
 extremely dreaded by foreigners, and in particular by Henry 
 the Fourth of France. The accefilon of a new kingdom to 
 the native force of England^ which even alone had been long for- 
 midable on the continent; the alliance of James with the moft 
 potent monarch of the North\ his relation to the houfe of 
 Lorrain which had lately embroiled all France^ rendered fuch 
 fears very probable. But his cohdudt diflipated them for ever; 
 and all Europe quickly law, that no people but his own had 
 any thing to apprehend horn his power. At his arrival in 
 Engla7id^ he beftowed titles and honours with fo wild a pro- 
 fufion, that there hardly remained any other mark of diftine- 
 tion but that of having efcaped them. The public flood a- ivnfin, p. 7. 
 mazed : and pafquinades were openly afiixed, undertaking to 
 affift weaker memories to a competent knowledge of the No- 
 bility. Sir Francis Bacon^ who had been early in his homage, 
 and application for favour, to the new Sovereign, was knighted 
 by him in perfon: and has left us the following pidiure of him, 
 ftrongly touched in its moft obvious features. " His ^eech, Bacov, vo\. 
 *' fays he, is fwift arid curfory; and in the full dialed: of his ^l', ^'"" 
 " country: in matters of bufineis, fhort; in general difcourfe, 
 " large. He afiedeth popularity, by gracing fuch as he hath 
 " heard to be popular; not by any fafhions of his own. He 
 " is thought fomewhat general in his favours: and his eafinefs 
 " of accefs is father becaufe he is much abroad and in a croud, 
 **''than that he giveth eafy audience. He hafteneth to a mix- 
 **^ ture of both kingdoms and occalions fafter, perhaps, than 
 " policy will well bear." 
 
 In 1605, ^'w Francis Bacon recommended himfelf to the An. 1605. 
 King's particular notice, as well as to the general efteemof his 
 cotemporaries, by publifhing a work he had long meditated; 
 The Progrcfs and Advancement of Learning. The great aim 
 of this treatife, no lefs original in the defign than happy in the 
 execution, was to furvey accurately the whole ftate and extent 
 ^'jf the i'nteJledual world; what parts of it had been unfuccefs- 
 ffilly cultivated; what lay ftill negleded, or unknown; and by 
 ' V^L. L e what
 
 XVlll 
 
 Baconiana, 
 p ;;. 
 
 ColleilioDf 
 p.ix. 
 
 V oT\ HE vTEi Is F E OF THE 
 
 what methods thefe might be difcovered, and thofe improved 
 to the farther advantage of fociety and human nature. By ex- 
 ponng the errors and imperfections of our knowledge, he led 
 mankind into the only right way of fupplying the one, and re- 
 forming the other : he taught them to know their wants. He 
 even went farther, and himfelf pointed out to them the gene- 
 ral methods of corredlion and improvement in the whole circle 
 of arts and fciences. This work he firft publifhed in Englijh : 
 but to render it of more extenlive ufe, he recommended a 
 tranllation of it into Latin to Dr. Playfe?- of Cambridge. PlajiT 
 fer^ with the fcrupulous accuracy of a grammarian, was more 
 attentive to fafliion his ftile to purity and roundnefs of periods, 
 made out of the phrafeology he had gleaned from clallic wri- 
 ters, than to render his author's meaning in clear and mafcu- 
 line language. After the light of a fpecimen or two, Sir Fran- 
 cis did not encourage him to proceed in it. He himfelf, after 
 his retirement, vTry much enlarged and corredled the original, 
 and with the afliftance of fome friends, turned the whole into 
 Latin. This is the edition of 1623; and flands as the firft 
 part to his great Inftauration ot the Sciences. 
 
 I HAVE already obferved that Cecily now Earl of Salisbury, 
 oppoled the progrefs of our author's fortune under £//;s'(2^^//6.* 
 and he feems to have obferved the fame conduct towards him 
 in the prefent reign, till he had fixed himfelf in the King's 
 confidence fo firmly as to be above all fear of a rival. Befides 
 him. Sir Francis Bacon found a viol'ent and lafting enemy in a 
 man of his own profellion, Sir Edward Coke; who, with great 
 parts, had many and fignal failings. The quarrel betwixt them 
 feems to have been perfonal: and it lafted to the end of their 
 lives. Coke was jealous of Bacons reputation in many parts of 
 knowledge: by whom, again, he was envied for the high re- 
 putation he had acquired in one; each aiming to be admired, 
 particularly for that in which the other excelled. This affeda- 
 tion in two extraordinary men has fomething in it very mean, 
 and is not uncommon. The former was the greateft Lawyer 
 of his time ; but could be notliing more. If the latter was not 
 fo, we can afcribe it only to his aiming at a more exalted cha- 
 radler. The univerfality of his genius could not be confined 
 within one inferior province of learning. If learning thus di- 
 vided is not fo proper to raile a fingular name in one way, it 
 
 ferves
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xix 
 
 lenses to enlarge the underftanding on every fide, and to en- 
 lighten it in all its views. As the name of Sir Edward Coke will 
 occur oftner than once in this hiftory, and as he Itood in parti- 
 cular competition to Bacon^ I beg leave to dwell a little longer 
 on his charader. In his pleadings he was apt to infult over mi- 
 fery. Of this we have a deteftable inftance in his behaviour to 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. He inveighed againft that brave man on 
 his tryal with all the bitternefs of cruelty, and in a flile of fuch Voi.^. p^^ ^' 
 abandoned railing as bordered almofi: on fury: I widi I could ^'^'^' ^'^' 
 not add, that this bitternefs, this intemperance of tongue, feem 
 to be the genuine effulions of his heart *. He converfed it 
 ieems more with books than men; and among the latter, 
 with thofe only to whom he could dicflate and give the 
 law. The confequence oi which was, that his converfa- 
 tion had all the air of a kd:iire; and that he retailed 
 for new, a hundred ftories that were either ftale or tri- 
 vial. He affedcd raillery, which was by no means his talent. 
 His wit was often ill aimed, as it was always indelicate and 
 vulgar ; the rough horfe-play of a pedant. Tho' he had ac- 
 cumulated immenfe wealth, in his profeffion and by feveral 
 rich marriages, he was of a fordid avarice ; a fevere mafter, a 
 griping landlord ; in profperity infolent, dejected and fawning 
 in adverlity : the fame poornefs of fpirit influencing his beha- 
 viour in both conditions. One example of this mav ferve in 
 place of feveral : After his difgrace, he fubmiflively courted 
 Buckin^ham\ brother to a match with his daughter : in the 
 height of his favour, he had rejeded the fame propofal with 
 fcorn. His profound skill in the common law has been uni- 
 verfally allowed : and to this we cannot have a more un- 
 queftionable witnefs than Sir Francis Bacon ; one every way fit Voi.R'.p.t. 
 to judge, and an enemy. He was raifed to be Chief Juftice of 
 the Common Pleas in 1606, and of the King's Bench in 16/3. 
 On the Bench he was above corruption : and had this faying 
 frequently in his mouth, that a Judge fhould neither give nor 
 take a bribe. In the cafe oi Peacham, in the bufincfs of Com- Bacon voi. 
 
 , IV. Letter 
 
 . mendams, 145. 
 
 * The offices of Attorney and Solicitor-General have been rocks upon which many 
 afpiring Lawyers have made fhipwreck of their virtue and human nature. Some of 
 thofe Gentlemen have afted at the bar as if they thought themfelves, by the duty of 
 their places, ahfolved from all the obligations of truth, honor, and decency. But 
 their names are upon record, and will be tranfmitted to after-ages with thofe cha- 
 rafters of reproach and abhorrence that are due tQ the worft fort of murderers ; thofe 
 that murder under the fandiun of jurtice.
 
 XX 
 
 T H E L I F E O F T H E 
 
 mendams, he behaved himfelf with the honefty and firmnef^ 
 of one who knew that a Judge ought neither to be Mattered nor 
 menaced out of his integrity. Towards the latter part of his 
 life, he ftruck in with the country party in parliament, and 
 flood in the breach againft the arbitrary meafures of James and 
 Charles. He died in the reign of the latter, aged ^8 years. 
 
 At length Sir Francis Bacon obtained the place he had fo 
 An. .607. long expeded : and in 1607 was declared Solicitor- General., 
 This preferment was the effed: of many letters and much in- 
 ftance on his part, to the Earl of Salisbw)\ the Lord Chan- 
 cellor EgerWt^ and the King himfelf. Neither do I find that 
 he was ever promoted to any poft without repeated and earned 
 application to miniflers and favourites : a refleflion that may 
 ferve at once to mortify, and inftrucl an ambitious man of 
 parts. 
 
 James had, from the beginning of his reign, pafiionately 
 defired an union of Scotla7id and England : but his unrea- 
 fonable partiality to the former, reckoning it as an equal half 
 of the ifland, rendered the defign abortive. Tho Sir Francis 
 Bacon laboured this argument with all the arts of wit and rea- 
 fon, his eloquence, powerful as it was, had no effeft on the 
 houfe of Commons. The Parliament even fhewed itfelfaverfe 
 to this union, in proportion as the Court appeared zealous for 
 it. The new Sovereign's condu6l had alarmed them. They 
 faw, that, with a ftrong difpofition to be profufe, he was abfo- 
 lutely in the power of favourites ; and that fome of the leaft 
 valuable among his fubjedts were moft in his favour. They faw 
 farther, that he began already to propagate maxims of govern* 
 ment deflruclive to liberty, and inconfiflent with the whole 
 tenor of the conftitution. Thefe things filled oblerving men 
 with apprehenfions for the future, which unhappily were but 
 too well founded. The whole fum of his politics, both now and 
 afterwards was to diftafte and alienate his fubjedls at home ; 
 to dilhonour both himfelf and them abroad. Jt was a reign of 
 emballies and negociations, alike fruitlefs and expenfive : a 
 reign of favourites and proclamations, of idle amufementsr and 
 arbitrary impofitions. It was befides the great era of flattery. 
 The ancient nationalfimplicity of manners which ever accompa- 
 nies magnanimity, and manly freedom of fpeech the noble efieS: 
 of both, were now in a great meafure loft; altered and effeminated 
 
 into
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxi 
 
 into proftitute adulation and fervile homage. This was be- 
 come the fafliionable language among the Clergy as well as 
 Laity ; and Jatnes heard himfelf daily addreffed to, by the 
 titles of facred and divine: titles which difcover the meannefs 
 rather than the dignity of human nature ; and which, applied 
 to him, were glaringly ridiculous. He had not one princely 
 quality. The arts ot governing a kingdom in peace he either 
 did not, or would not underftand : and his horror of war was 
 conftitutional and unconquerable. It may therefore feem un- 
 accountable that a King of this temper fhould treat his parlia- 
 ments with more haughtinefs than any of his predeceiTors had 
 ever done. But he had been told that E?tgla?id was neither to 
 be exhaufted nor provoked : and his actions fhewed that he 
 believed fo, according to the letter. The truth is, that as pu- 
 fillanimity will talk bigger on fome occafions than true valor 
 on any ; he meant to make himfelf formidable to his people, 
 that they might not difcover how much he was afraid of them. 
 
 Tho he did not fucceed in the union of the Kingdoms, he 
 found his Judges, in an alTair of a limilar kind, more complai- 
 fant than the great Council of the nation had been: I mean the 
 naturalization of all Scotfjfien born Unce his accefHon to the 
 thvono. oi England. This was adjudged hy Sir Edward Coke ^^^^'^^^^^ 
 in the great cafe of Calvin ; as it had been argued at large be- iv. p.Tsj ° ' 
 fore all the Judges by Sir Francis Bacon. The affair is now 
 nolonger of importance to either Kingdom: but one affertion 
 of our author, on that occafion, ought not to be forgot. He ' 
 
 roundly affirms, that monarchies do not fubfifl; like other go- 
 vernments, by a precedent law ; and that fubmiflion to them 
 is grounded upon nature. 
 
 In i6 I o he publiflied another treatife, entitled, Of the Wif- An. 1610. 
 dom of the Ancients. This work bears the fame ftamp of an 
 original and inventive genius with his other performances. Re- 
 folving not to tread in the fteps of thofe who had gone before 
 him, men, according to his own expreffion, not learned be- 
 yond certain common places ; he ftrikes out a new tradl for 
 himfelf, and enters into the moft fecret receffes of this wild and 
 fhadowy region ; fo as to appear new on a known and beaten 
 fubjed:. Upon the whole, if we cannot bring ourfelves readily 
 to believe that there is all the phyfical, moral, and poHtical 
 meaning veiled under thofe fables of antiquity, which he has 
 
 Vol. L f difco-
 
 XXll 
 
 An. 1613. 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 difcovered in them, we miift own that It required no common 
 penetration to be miftaken with (o great an appearance of pro- 
 bability on his fide. Tho it ftill remains doubtful whether the^ . 
 Antients were fo knowing as he attempts to fhew they were, 
 the variety and depth of his own knowledge are, in that very 
 attempt, unqueftionable. 
 
 HoBART being advanced to the place of Chief Juftice of the 
 Common Pleas, Sir Francis Bacon fucceeded him as Attorney 
 General in 16 1 3 ; about three months after the death of his kinl>-' 
 man and enemy the Lord Treafurer Salisbury : a minifter fer-»^ 
 tile in expedients for fupplying his mailer's wants, and well 
 acquainted with the temper of England : a man of dexterity, 
 craft, and intrigue, rather than a great man. The office that 
 Bacon now entered upon was of exorbitant profit for that age#- 
 He owns, in one of his letters to the King, that it was worth 
 to him 6000 /. a year ; and his employment of Regifter to the 
 Star- Chamber, which 1 mentioned above, now brought him 
 in 1600/. a year more. By what fatality was it that fo ex- 
 traordinary a man did not add to his other virtues that of a rea- 
 fonable oeconomy? Had he done fo, it had preferved him 
 from one tranfcendent fault : and the other blemifhes on his 
 moral name had been loft in the brightnefs of his intellectual 
 qualities. But he Tvas remarkably fubjed: to the fame weakncls 
 that fo much difhonoured his mafter. His dependants had 
 him wholly in their power, and fquandered his fortune away,*" 
 fhamefully and without meafure. In a private family, this he^ 
 got diforder, neceflity, corruption: and a\\ England beheld^' 
 from the fame management in adminiftring the public, tlie"- 
 fame effefts ; only more felt and fatal, as they were univerfal. 
 
 It was not however till the year 1 6 1 1 that Raines abandoned ■ 
 himfelf to one fole favourite. About that time was brought to 
 court Robert Car a Scotjman^ then in the firft bloom of his- 
 youth, and of diftinguiflied beauty ; by which he at once en-' 
 gaged the King's attention, and in a little while engroffed all 
 his affedion. As he was wholly illiterate, "James himfelf 
 would needs be his preceptor : and it muft have been a fcene 
 altogether new and ridiculous, to fee the Sovereign of three 
 kingdoms daily inftruding, in the firft elements of grammarj^ 
 the Man who was fhortly after to govern thofe kingdoms. 
 In his bounty to this ftripling, he obfei--ved no other 
 
 meafure
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxiii 
 
 meafure but that of his paflion, which was as extreme as 
 it feemed unaccountable. Gary in four or five years of 
 favour, from a mere adventurer was raifed to be Earl Truth 
 of Somerfet : and amaffed an enormous eftate of nineteen iigh"f p.'sg. 
 thouland pounds a year in land ; befides plate, money, and 
 jewels to the amount of two hundred thou^nd pounds more. 
 And yet he deferves a place in hiftory, only for his fcandalous 
 amour with the Countefs of Efex; for procuring her to be di- ,fli^iij 
 vorced from her husband, and for combining with her to poi- 
 fon his friend, who had dilTuaded liim from that ill ftep. The 
 fate of Sir T/jomas Overbtcry\ the dark and dreadful fcene of 
 guilt that ufliered it in ; and the part thofe two great criminals 
 aded in that tragedy, are recounted by all hiftorians. Tho the 
 horrible tranfadion lay yet wrapt up in darkneis, and was not 
 difcovered till two years after, remorfe and the upbraidings 
 of confcience purfued Somerfet every where. Thro all the 
 Iplendor of fortune and favour, the trouble of his mind 
 was vifible in his countenance, in his whole deportment. 
 He grew by degrees to negleft his pcrfon and drefs ; his Ipright- Coke. 
 linefs of temper left him: and his converfation, from being gay 
 and entertaining, was become cold, ferious, and gloomy. This 
 alteration in him was quickly followed by a change in the King's 
 afFedlions; which had no deeper or more folid foundation than 
 thefe external and flight accomplifhments. The Courtiers, 
 whom envy and intereft render extremely fliarp-lighted, quickly 
 difcovered this change, and improved it. Luckily for their An. .61;. 
 deligns, there now appeared at court another young man, fit- ^'"v-^-' 
 ted by nature to draw the curiofity of Ja^jtes^ and to fupplant 
 the Earl of Somerfet in his favour. This was the famous George vrnfin, p.7g. 
 VillierSy the younger fon of a good family in LeiceflerOjire^ 
 afterwards Duke of Buckingha??t. As the furprifing elevation 
 of this youth had a particular influence on the future for- 
 tunes, and even on the fall, of Sir Francis Bacon, his character 
 will dcferve a place at large in this hiftory. 
 
 His mother, who could not give him a fortune, beft€)wed 
 on him fuch an education as might enable him to acquire one, 
 cfpccially in a court like this. The advantages he owed to na- 
 ture, fuch as a handfome face, a body exadly proportioned, an 
 eafe and gracefulnefs in his motions, fhe had taken care to im- 
 prove with that elegance of manners, that artificial politcnefs, 
 
 and
 
 xxivr THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 and skill of excelling in trifles, which are the laft finifhings of 
 a French education. In a word, he was juft returned from his 
 travels, and accompUfhed in all thofe agreeable and frivolous 
 arts which were a certain recommendation to the favour of 
 James. The Earls of Pembroke ^LnA-Bedford, with fome other 
 Lords who were fecret enemies to Sojnerfet^ after drefling out 
 this youth with a ftudied exaftnefs, placed him to adv^antage in 
 the Kincr's eye, at a comedy. That monarch was immediately 
 fmitten with his face, air, and appearance; which yet he en- 
 deavoured for fome time to conceal. Nay he carried this dif- 
 fimulation fo far, that he would needs be folicited by the Queen 
 to receive Villiers into his bofom: imagining the world would 
 be thus deceived into a belief that he rather followed her advice, 
 in this matter, than his own inclination. Such was the king- 
 craft on which he fo highly valued himfelf. The Queen was 
 not eafily prevailed with to take this ftep; of which fhe forefaw 
 Rujh^x-r.rih all the confequences. At laft, however, fhe yielded to the 
 ch.1*^"' Archbifhop's importunity; telling him at the fame time, that 
 thofe who laboured moft to promote Villiers might be the firft 
 to feel his ingratitude. Upon this he was immediately knighted, 
 and declared Gentleman of the Bedchamber: the herd of Cour- 
 tiers rivaUing each other in their offers of friendfhip and fervice 
 wdJof>,vH- to him. Some of them even defcended to undertake his quar- 
 rels, and brave fuch as were ftill in Somerfefs interefl. 
 
 Among thofe who courted the rifing favourite, none was 
 
 more zealous than Sir Fraftcis Bacon ; as none was able to ferve 
 
 him more nobly, or more ufefully. Villiers had at this time 
 
 fenfe enough to feel his inexperience in buflnefs, and therefore 
 
 had recourfe to our Author for his advice: which he gave him 
 
 BacoH, Vol. fully in a letter, ftill extant among his works ; written with fo 
 
 III. p 564. |-^pgj.JQj. ^ judgment and fo much honeft freedom, that it does 
 
 honour equally to his head and heart. He has ranged his 
 
 thoughts under feven or eight principal topics of confideration, 
 
 and entered into an accurate detail of what a minifter ought 
 
 to know and pradife. In another letter to him, he has thefe 
 
 remarkable words: " It is now time that you fhould reler your 
 
 " adlions chiefly to the good of your Sovereign, and your 
 
 " Country. It is the life of a beaft always to eat, and never 
 
 ** to exercife. In this dedication of your felf to the public, I 
 
 " recommend to you principally that which I think was never 
 
 " done
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxv 
 
 " done fince I was born, and which, not done, hath bred al- 
 " moft a wildernefs and folitude in the King's fervice: which 
 " is, that you countenance, and encourage, and advance able 
 " and virtuous men in all kinds, degrees, and profeflions." 
 This excellent advice the Favourite received with thankfulnelsj 
 and negledled. ' 
 
 Tho the King's paflion was now wholly diverted upon a An. 1616. 
 new objed, he ftill afFeded to treat Somerfei with kindnefs ' ^"^"^ 
 and diftindlion; even after the difcovery of his being an ac- 
 complice in poifoning Sir 'Thomas Overbiiry had rendered this 
 difhmulation not only mean but criminal. Yet he continued Wiifon,^.%\\ 
 it to the laft, embracing with fondnefs the man whom he 
 liad fecretly ordered to be arrefted : and entreating him to 
 haften his return, when he believed he fhould never fee him 
 more. In fuch trifles he was fond to exert his talent of po- 
 litical management. The Earl's unhappy pafHon for the 
 young Countefs of Ejfex was the fource of all his misfor- 
 tunes, and drew after it the moft terrible confequences: end^ 
 ing, as I have already obferved, in the murder of his friend; 
 in the ruin of himfelf, and of her to whom he had trea- 
 cheroufly facrificed that friend. The whole affair is difplayed 
 at full length in our Author's charges againft thole two prime 
 agents in that infernal confpiracy. They were both found ^^y ^4. 2j- 
 guilty, fentenced to die, and afterwards pardoned by the King, \'o\'\^l^.ii^, 
 notwithftanding his folemn imprecations to the contrary, on ^''"^" 
 himfelf and his pofterity. 
 
 Certain hiftorians have remarked, that there was Ibme- 
 thing, in the behaviour of Somerfet before his tryal, fingular 
 and myfterious: and that his matter likewife feemed to labour 
 under a fecret anxiety of mind, equally furprifing. The Earl, 
 they pretend, faid aloud in the tower, that the King durft not 
 bring him to a tryal. Others rejed this account as a downright 
 calumny, invented merely to fix a black and cruel imputation 
 on that Prince's memory : or alErm at leaft that it was founded 
 only in popular rumour and malicious conjedture. But that 
 there was more in it than conjedure, may be proved by un- 
 doubted authority J by fome original letters of Sir Francis Bacon^ 
 then Attorney-General, and particularly employed in this very 
 affair. Thofe letters have, I think, efcaped the obfervation of 
 all our writers: I fhall therefore quote from them fuch paffages 
 
 Vo L. L g as
 
 XXVI 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 Bacon, Vol. 
 IV. Letter 
 •33- 
 
 Vol. IV. 
 Letter 136 
 
 as may ferve to throw Ibme light on this dark tranfadion, tho 
 not enough perhaps to difcover the darker motives that in- 
 fluenced the King's and the Earl's behaviour in it. 
 
 James himfelf feleded certain perfons to examine Sower fei 
 with all fecrecy, and marked out to them the particular articles 
 on which they were to interrogate him. They had withal 
 orders to work upon his obftinate temper by every method of 
 perfuafion and terror: to give him now hopes of the King's 
 compafTion and mercy; and now to aflure him that the evi- 
 dence was full to convidl him, fo as there needed neither con- 
 feflion nor fupply of examination. Bacony who v;as one of 
 them, adds that they found his deportment fober and modeft, 
 differing apparently from other times. In another letter lie has 
 thefe remarkable words: " That fame little charm which may 
 " be fecretly infufed into Somerfet\ ear fome hours before his 
 ** tryal was excellently well thought of by his Majefty : only I 
 " could wifh it a little enlarged; for if it be no more but to 
 " fpare his blood, he hath a kind of proud humour that may 
 *' over-work the medicine." All this was to be done with 
 much caution and privacy ; for the very Serjeants, appointed to 
 manage part of the tryal, were not yet in the fccret liow the 
 King would Iiave it carried on: and therefore hacofi^ to cover 
 from them what he knew of the matter, defired that fome ge- 
 neral heads of direftion might be fent to them all. From hence 
 it appears that "James fhewed an extreme folicitude about the 
 Earl's behaviour, and the event of this affair. To what can it be 
 attributed? His affedion for Somerfet was extinguifhed : and he 
 lay under the ftrongeft obligations of public honour and juftice 
 not to fcreen, from the cenfure of the law, a man whofe guilt 
 was of the moft crying enormity. The Earl's ftanding mute, 
 or denying that guilt, efpecially as the proofs of it were ftrong 
 and pregnant, could bring no pofHble imputation on his name. 
 Why then all this dark pradice? all thefe artifices of the perfons 
 who examined him, only to make him fubmit to be tried, and 
 Letter 135. to keep him in due temper during his tryal? There is ftill 
 more. James ordered his Attorney- General to forecaft and put 
 in writing every poffible cafe with regard to the tryal, and ac-* 
 company them with his own opinion on each ; that no furprize 
 might happen, but that things duly forefeen might have their 
 directions and remedies in readinefs. Accordingly Sir Francis 
 
 Bacon
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxvii 
 
 Bacon fent a writing of that purport, on which there are ieve- 
 ral obfervations in the King's own hand. I will only quote 
 one paffage from it : " All thefe points of mercy and favour to 
 <' Somerfet are to be underftood with this limitation j if he 
 *^ do not, by his contemptuous and inlblent carriage at the 
 <* Bar, make himfelf incapable and unworthy of them." The 
 King's remark in the margin is in thefe words : " That 
 ** danger is well to be foreleen, left he upon the one part 
 *' commit unpardonable errors ; and I on the other part 
 '* feem to punifh him in the fpirit of revenge." Somer- 
 fet was not to be tried for any offence againft the King ; 
 but for the barbarous murder of a private man and his friend. 
 What then means the contemptuous carriage that is fo much 
 apprehended ? What are the unpardonable errors it may lead 
 him to commit ? If he refleded on a Mafter, to whom he had 
 been fo much obliged, only for giving him up to a fair and equal 
 tryaj, to a tryal by many circumftances rendered inevitable ; 
 that would, in the opinion of all mankind, only aggravate his 
 crime, and furnifh a new motive to that mafter for letting the 
 fentence of juftice pafs upon him in all its rigor. After thefe 
 e^|)articulars, I may venture to mention a fa^ft related by Sir 
 ^■Anthony Weldon^ who fays that when the lieutenant of the court of k. 
 ' Tower, Sir George More^ came and told the Earl, he muft I^ZL ^* 
 prepare for his tryal on the morrow, he abfolutely refufed to 
 appear unlels they dragged him to it by violence; adding, that 
 the King durft not bring him to tryal. Aftonilhed at fuch 
 "rafti and dangerous expreflions, the Lieutenant, tho it was 
 ^then midnight, went and demanded an audience of the King, 
 'to inform him of what had paffed. James, upon hearing his 
 ftory, burft into a paftion of tears, and intreated More to ufe 
 ohis utmoft skill upon his prifoner and foothe him, by whatever 
 means, into proper temper and fubmiffion. This More un- 
 'dertook to do, and by a ftratagem effeded it. TVeldon affirms 
 : he had this ftory from the Lieutenant's own mouth : and tho 
 he is a partial writer, and indulges himfelf in a humour of licen- 
 tious Icandal, the authentic vouchers I have produced render 
 his anecdote not improbable. Other circumftances, mentioned 
 by thofe who have profefledly written of this reign, I therefore 
 omit, and fliall only add, that there is in the Cabala a letter to ^^y^j^ 
 "'K-ing James from Somerfet after his condemnation, of a very p.2°4- e<i«- 
 ^*^*" peculiar
 
 XXVUl 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 peculiar turn. He defires that his eftate may be continued to 
 him intire, in a ftile rather of expoftulation and demand than 
 of humihty and fupplication : and thro the affedled obfcurity 
 of fome expreflions, one may difcover, that there was an im- 
 portant fecret in his keeping, of which the King dreaded a 
 difcovery. The iffue was, that James continued to him a 
 penfion of four thoufand pounds a year, as long as he Hved. 
 
 Prince Henry died in the year 1612, univerfally lamented. 
 His excellent qualities had endeared him to the love and ex- 
 peftations of all Engla?7d. Germajticus was not more the 
 darlin^ofthe /?<?;;?«« people : and the untimely death of both 
 thofe Princes was univerfally believed to have been procured by 
 poifon. He had expreffed, on all occasions, an abhorrence 
 of minions, and an utter contempt of Somerfet : he had even 
 declared a firm refolution, to humble both him and the family 
 into which he was allied, if ever he came to reign. Whether 
 the unaccountable tranfaction I have been relating has any re- 
 ference to the death of this amiable Prince, or whether it does 
 not point rather to an affair of a very different nature, the 
 reader is left to determine. 
 
 ViLLiERs, now without a rival in the King's affections, was 
 every day receiving new proofs of his bounty ; at the fame 
 time that he more than fhared with him the exercife of his au- 
 thority. In the courfe of a few years he was made Gentleman 
 of the Bed-chamber, Mafterof the Horfe, Knight of the Garter, 
 Earl, Marquis and Duke of Buckingham^ Chief Juffice in Eyre 
 of all the Forefts, and Lord High Admiral oi Rjigland. One of 
 thofe prodigies of fortune, who rife now and then upon the 
 world, as the vulgar imagine of comets, at once to aitonifli 
 and fcourge it: a lignal inftance of the wantonnefs offovereign 
 power, and how far it may infult human kind in exalting and 
 adorning what it fhould negledt or contemn. He drew up 
 after him an obfcure kindred, numerous and indigent, beftowed 
 on them places of truft and profit, married them into the no- 
 bleft families, and graced them all with dignities, which were 
 to be fupported at the common expence of a whole people ; to 
 whom if any one of them was merely harmlefs, it was his ut- 
 moft praife. After having read, not only what the enemies of 
 this fav^ourite have faid againft him, but all that his partizans 
 have alledged on his behaU, I do not find, during the whole 
 
 time
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxix 
 
 time of his influence under two reigns, an influence fupreme 
 and unbounded, that he ever projeded one fcheme for the be- 
 nefit of his country, or ever executed one undertaking to its 
 honour : the only great Criterion by which we ought to judge 
 thofe men that adininifter the puhhc. The breaking off" the 
 Spanift) match at laft was folely a facrifice to his own vanity 
 and refentment. On the caprice of this youth, however, the 
 firft and abled men in the kingdom were to depend entirely, 
 for their accefs at court, for their advancement, lor any oppor- 
 tunity of being able to ferve their country and their Sovereign. 
 Sir Francis Bacon was fenfible of this, and courted his friend- 
 ihip with a particular npplication. But he muft have felt all 
 the fervitude and difagreeablcnefs of his fituation, when, to be 
 well with the King, he found it neceflary to turn Steward to ^^l'°\^^^^ 
 the eiiate-^ewly beftowed on this young man ; to fl:udy the «^s- 
 ways and means of improving his lands, and of rendering his 
 places mofl: profitable to him. It is true he found his account 
 in this fervice ; as it proved the fureft means of his own prefer- 
 ment: but, to a great and worthy mind, preferment fo meanly 
 obtained is disgrace, only a little difguifcd and gilded oi^er. 
 
 TijE Lord Chancellor Egerto?t^ broken with age and infir- CaUa, 
 mities, had often petitioned the King to be difmifl^ed from his ^ "^'^" 
 laborious employment. He was now feventy feven years old, 
 and hadprefided in the court of Chancery from the year 1596, 
 with an unblemifhed reputation as a judge in private cafes ; but 
 his public conduct had been always framed to the directions of 
 the court with an obfequioufnefs, of dangerous example in one, 
 who held fo great and important a truft. To this high dig- 
 nity Sir Francis Bacon privately afpired : and as it was the 
 utmoft fcope of his ambition, he had aimed all his endeavours 
 in the King's fervice to merit it at his hands. He took care, at 
 the fame time, to ftrengthen his pretenfions by the credit of 
 Bucki?i^ham. His ambition even made him defcend to artifices, 
 that are as common in courts, as thev are mean and unwar- 
 rantable; for he endeavoured to ruin in the King's good opinion 
 fuch men as the voice of the public might probably defignto the 
 fame office, and whom he therefore conlidered as his rivals. 
 He was particularly jealous of Sir F.dward Cokey and repre- ^»' ^^' 
 i^nted him as one who abounded in his own fenfe ; one who 
 affeded popularity, and likely to court the good will of the 
 £ Vol, L h nation
 
 XXX T H E L I F E O F T H E 
 
 nation at the hazard of the prerogative. For himfelf, he placed 
 his great merit in obedience and fubmiffion ; in the intcrefl: 
 he had among the Commo?ts^ and in being able to influence the 
 lower Houfe of Parliament : a fervice which he magnifies as 
 more important in a Chancellor, than to judge in equity be- 
 tween party and party. This opinion of his own popularity 
 /C'plnw in the nation was not groundleis. The Parliament that met 
 P- '"+• in 1 614, tho extremely out of humour with the minifters iu 
 general, diftinguifhed him by an uncommon mark of favour 
 and confidence. An objeftion having been ftarted in the 
 houfe of Commons, that a feat there was incompatible with 
 the office of Attorney- General, which required his fi-cquent 
 attendance in the upper houfe : the Commons, from their par- 
 ticular regard for Sir Francis Bacon^ and for that time only, 
 over-ruled the objecflion ; and he was accordingly allowed to 
 take his place among them. If I obferve further, that the 
 Kino; raifed him to the dignity of a Privy Counfellor while 
 he was ftill in this very office, it will be inftead of many in- 
 ftances tofhew, with what an addrefsful prudence he fleered 
 his courfe betwixt the court and the nation. Pie was thus fa- 
 voured by a Prince, who exafted from all his fervants an im- 
 plicit fubmiffion to his maxims of government : He gave no 
 umbrage to a parliament whom thefe maxims had rendered 
 jealous of the Prince, and of almoft every mania his favour. 
 But to return. 
 An. 1617. These inflnuations had their deflred efled. Upon the Chan- 
 *"'''"^'^'"~~' cellor's voluntary refignation of the feals, tliey were given to 
 Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of Lord Keeper, on the fc- 
 voi. IV. venth of March 161 7. To what intereft he more particularly 
 ^"'^"^ ' owed this promotion we may learn from his letter of acknow- 
 ledfrment, written that very day, X.othQ'E^irXo^ Buckingham. 
 
 A FEW days after he had the feals dehvered to him, the 
 King went a progrefs into Scotland, carrying with him the Fa- 
 vourite, who was likewife his prime Minifter: for to him all 
 bufincfs public or private, was addrefled ; and according to 
 his fancy, for the mofl part determined. The great aflair that 
 employed the deliberations of his counfcl about this time, and 
 had a fatal influence on his condu6l ever after, was the mar- 
 riage of Prince Charles with the Infanta o^ Spain. In this re- 
 folution, tho contrary to all the rules of good policy, he 
 
 pcrflftcd
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxxi 
 
 perlifted for feven years together; againft his own intereft, againfl: 
 the iiniverfal voice of his people : only to procure the imaginary 
 honour of an alliance with a crowned head ; for all other alliances 
 he thought below his dignity. Sir Francis Baco;i who faw thro the Ba^o?, vd. 
 vanity and danger of this intention, but who wanted refolution .72. 
 to be greatly honeft, contented himfelf with infinuating foftly, 
 that it would be neceflary to have the council unanimous in their 
 fuftrage on the occafion, whatever might be their private fenti- 
 ments. This hint was not fufficient to open the King's eyes. On 
 the contrary, he run blindfold into the fnare that Gtindaftior was 
 spreading for him. That famous Statefman, as much by his 
 buffooneries as by his talent for intrigue, had gained an abfo- 
 lute afcendant over James^ leading him on from error to error; 
 till in the end he made him facrifice his confcience to the Pope, 
 and his honour to the refentments of Philips in the murder of 
 his braveft {\:^:i]^Qi Sir Walter Raleigh\ the lafl terror of aS^^/;?, 
 and the only furviving favourite of Queen Elizabeth. The 
 Dutch too made advantage of the King's weaknefs and necef- 
 iities. As the cautionary towns were ftill in the hands of the 
 Englip^ the States were under fome apprehenfions that the 
 Spanijlj Miniftry might prevail upon James^ who could not R^pin. 
 pofTibly conceal his fondnefs for the match in treaty, to put 
 thofe important places into their power. They knew at the 
 fame time that his treafury was exhaufted, and that his cour- 
 tiers were infatiable. To bring their purpofe about, they ceafed 
 all at once to pay the Englip who garrifoned thofe places, as 
 by their treaties they were obliged to do. Complaint beino- 
 made of this to the Dutch Envoy at LondoJi, he iniinuated, as 
 from himfelf, to fome of the Minifters, that if King James 
 would defire it of the States ; they would, out of confidera- 
 tion for him, take up money at exorbitant intereft, and in one 
 payment difcharge the whole debt due to the crown oi Eticrland. 
 This ftratagem took effedt. James wrote to the States ; and 
 the matter was immediately put into negotiation. The pen- 
 iionary Barnevelt, whom they fent over, conduced the affair 
 with fo much addrefs, that the King agreed to deliver up the 
 cautionary towns for lefs than three millions of florins, in lieu 
 of eight niillions they had engaged to pay Elizabeth^ befides 
 the interefl that had been running on for eighteen years. Such 
 
 are
 
 xxxii THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 are the events of this reign ; lit only to depreis the UTiter, and 
 diltai^e the reader. 
 
 During the King's abfence in Scotland there kippencti ^a\ 
 afiair, orherwife of Imall importance, but as it kts us into tjie 
 true sjenius of thofe times, and ferves to itew in what niui;ra- 
 hle fubjection the Favourite held all thofe who were in pubi^ 
 emplovments. He was upon the point ot ruining Sir Francis- 
 Bacon, the peribn he had juli contributed to raife; not for anr 
 error or negligence in their Maker's fervice, but merely tor aa 
 opinion siven in a thing tliat only regarded liis own famil)r. 
 Indeed fuch w;^ the levity, fuch the infolence of liis power, 
 that the capricious removal of men trom their places, became 
 the prime diftinction of his thirteen years favour j which, as 
 ijfeofABp Billiop HacL'i oblerves, was like a fweeping flood, that at 
 ^T*^i9 every fpring-tide takes from one land, to caft what it has ta--» 
 ken upon another. The aSair was this. The year before, 
 mv Led C -- '- removed from his place of Chief- 
 
 JuiTLCC .:::d c \;: ::d : The Court having iound him, in 
 ieveral i:v: :c?, no hdend to arbitrary will and plealure, or 
 to the pre: ~ .::ve, as it was called; but refolutely bent to main- 
 tain tlie integrity and honour of his poft. One Pcacbam had 
 been accufed of inferring in afermon feveral pillages accounted 
 treafonable, for it feems they reflected on the miniilry ; but in a 
 fermon ne\ er preached, nor ever intended to be made public The 
 King who was beyond meafure jealouson this head, tearing the man 
 might either be acquitted on his tr)al, or not condemned to a 
 capital punilhment, had ordered his Attorney-General Bacon 
 lir H2. to found the Judges before- hand, and gather their opinions 
 iecretly and apart. My Lord Ciaka obfidnately reiufed to 
 declare his ; looking on this auricular taking of «pinions, 
 for fo he named it, as not according to the culioms of the 
 realm, but new and of pernicious tendency. About the 
 fame rime he had determined a caufe at common law. The 
 £«n*. vai. plaintiff, who thought hiralelf injured, would not abide by his 
 tij, 1^ decifion, but applied to Chancery tor relief: where the de- 
 fendant refufed to appear, dildaiming the authority of that 
 court ; in which he was iupported by the Chief- Jullice, who 
 threatened the Chancellor with a premunire, grounded on a 
 fhtute made 27 th EJ. III. f^r thus invading the limits of his 
 juriidictioa. The King, w ho thought jiis prerogati\^ firuck 
 
 3 at
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxxiii 
 
 at anew in this attack on the court of iiis abfolute power, as 
 Bacon fliles it, had the matter examined before the Council ; 
 who condemned the Chief- Juftice for what he had done, and 
 obliged him to make a fubmiflion on his knees. But what 
 compleated the diftafte taken at him, was his behaviour in a 
 caufe of the Bifliop of Litchfield and Cove?ti?yj to whom the 
 King had granted a vacant church in Co7n??ie?iffa?n. Serjeant 
 Chiborne^ who was council againft the Bidiop, in arguing the Letter 14?, 
 cafe had maintained feveral poiitions, reckoned prejudicial and ''^^' 
 derogatory to the King's fupreme and imperial power, which 
 was affirmed to be diftind from, and of a higher nature than 
 his ordinary authority. Informed of this, yames^ by his At- 
 torney General Bacoft^ ordered the Judges to flay further pro- 
 ceedings in that bufinefs, till they had confultcd with him. 
 The Judges afiembled, and unanimoufly agreed, tliat they 
 could not obey this order; that the letter they had received was 
 contrary to law; that, by their oath and the duty of their places, 
 they were not to delay Juftice; that they had therefore pro- 
 ceeded in the caufe at the time fixed : and of this they certified 
 the King in a writing under all their hands. Upon this remon- 
 ftrancc, he writ them an angry letter, and peremptorily com- 
 manded them to ftay all proceedings, till his return to Lo?idon. 
 They were then fummoned before the Council, and fharply 
 reprimanded for fuffering the popular lawyers to queftion his 
 prerogative, which was reprefented as facred and tranlcendcnt, 
 not to be handled or mentioned in vulgar argument. At laft 
 raifing his voice, to frighten them into fubmiflion, he put this 
 queftion to them feverally : " if, at any time, in a cafe depend- 
 " ing before the Judges, he conceived it to concern him either 
 " in profit or power, and thereupon required to confult with 
 " them, and that they lliould ftay proceedings in the mean 
 " time; whether they ought not to ftay them accordingly?" 
 They all, the Chief [uftice only excepted, acknowledged it 
 their duty to do fo. His anfwer deferves to be for ever remem- ^''">"' ^°'' 
 
 IV. Letter 
 
 bred: " That when fuch a cafe happened, he would do that 145 
 " which fliould be fit for a Judge to do." 
 
 Yet this great Lawyer, who had the honeft courage to re- 
 fift the King to his ficc, wanted that independance of mind 
 which alone enables a man to bear folitude, and an acquain- 
 tance with himfclf His difgracc, which relleded more honour 
 
 Vol. I. i on
 
 xxxiV^ 
 
 Letter 177, 
 178. 
 
 Letter 139. 
 to L. Coh\ 
 
 Letter i8i- 
 
 ^•^T? k'E-fc'i F E OF THE 
 
 6fi him than all his preferments, he was unable to fupport: and 
 therefore he foon after fued to be reinftated in the King's fa- 
 vour. To recover it, hfe meanly enough courted the Favourite 
 with an offer, which he would not hear of when it was formerly- 
 made to him. While in power, he had refufed to give his 
 dauo-hter in marriage to Sir y^''^^ Filliers, not without marks of 
 difrefpc6l: he now fubmifTively entreated the fame perfon to 
 honour him with his alliance: and employed Secretary Win- 
 w6od to inform the Earl of Bucki7igha7n of his extreme concern 
 for what had pafled with regard to the Earl's brother; that he 
 now paflionately wiihed the treaty might be renewed and ac- 
 complilhed: adding that they fhould make their own terms of 
 fettlement, if his propofal was accepted. As the young lady 
 Was not only a celebrated beauty, but a great fortune, the per- 
 fon moft interefted made no difficulty to clofe with this propo- 
 fal: and his mother recommended it to her fecond fon with 
 warmth. This alarmed the Lord-Keeper Bacon. Ever jealous 
 of Coke's, reputation, and at odds with him, he dreaded his al- 
 liance with fo powerful a family. His imagination fuggefted to 
 him all the danger that threatned his prefent and future for- 
 tunes from this union: and he could not forget that he had 
 lately treated his antagonifl with a freedom that rather infulted 
 than admonifl:ied him. Thefe apprehenfions made him caft 
 about how to defeat the intended match, by raiiing fuch ob- 
 jections to it, as might touch the King and his Favourite in 
 point of public honour and advantage. His letters to both, on 
 that occafion, are written with the perplexity of a man who 
 fears fomething he is unwilling to own; which yet his prudence 
 pafles over with a feeming unconcern, to enlarge only upon 
 confiderations that regard thofe whom lie would be thought to 
 ferve. But this management proved ineffectual. It was re- 
 fented by the Earl of Buchi7igham^ and checked by a rough 
 anfwer from the King. The Lady ComptQ?i too, informed of 
 the part he was ading, gave a loofe to her tongue, and railed at 
 him with a bittcrnefs natural to women when they are thwarted 
 in any favourite purfuit of intereft or paflion. Having thus, 
 to prevent a diftant and uncertain danger, involved himfelf in 
 one that was real and immediate, he made no fcruple to changes 
 fides at once; to go diredly againft his former opinion; and 
 to offer unasked his intereft in the young Lady's Mother for 
 
 promoting
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxxv 
 
 promoting the match, he had juft been labouring to difappoint. 
 On fuch trivial accidents do the fortunes of Minifters depend: and 
 to fuch little and Hiameful arts is ambition often obliged to ftoop. 
 Nor even thus did he prefently regain his credit with Euck- 
 inghain. The family continued to load him with reproaches : 
 and he remained long under that agony of heart which an af- 
 piring man muft feel, when his power and dignity are at the 
 mercy of a King's minion, young, and giddy with his eleva- 
 tion, and who thinks himfelf offended. They were however 
 reconciled at laft ; and their friendfhip, if obfequioufnefs in 
 one to all the humours of the other deferves the name of 
 friendfhip, continued without interruption for fome years: 
 while Buckingham went on daily to place and difplace the 
 great officers of the Crown, as wantonnefs of fancy, or anger, 
 or interefl: led him ; to recommend or difcountenance every 
 private perfon who had a fuit depending in any court, juft as 
 he was influenced ; to authorize and protedl every illegal pro- 
 jed:, that could ferve moft fpeedily to enrich himfelf or his 
 kindred. In a word he became formidable even to the mafter 
 who had raifed him from the duft, and who fhould have ftill 
 awed him by his authority : and this amidft the difUpation of 
 a life, given up to idle amufements, or fullyed with criminal 
 pleafures. 
 
 In the beginning of 1 619, Sii Francis Bacon "^zs created An. !6r9. 
 Lord High Chancellor oi England., and fhortly after Baron of 
 Veridam ; which title he exchanged, the year following, for 
 that of Vifcount St. Albans. Such events in his life as thefemay 
 be pafled over flightly : he was fo great a man, that external 
 honours could add no luftre to his name. Indeed had they 
 been the immediate reward of thofe nobler fervices he had 
 done, and was flill meditating to do his country, they might 
 deferve more particular notice, for the fake of Him who be- 
 ftowed them. 
 
 Neither the weight and variety ofbufinefs, nor the pomps 
 of a Court, could divert his attention from the ftudy of philo- 
 fophy. Thofe were his avocations and encumbrances ; this 
 was his beloved employment, and almoft the only pleafure in 
 which he indulged his freer and better hours. He gave to the 
 public in 1620 his Novum Organon, as a fecond part to his An i6;o. 
 grand Inftau ration of the Sciences : a work that for twelve years 
 
 together
 
 XXXVl 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 together he had been methodizing, altering, polifliing ; till 
 he had laboured the whole into a feries of aphorifms, as it now 
 appears. Of all his writings this feems to have undergone the 
 ftricteft revifion, and to be finifhed with the fevereft judgment. 
 Indeed the form into which it is caft admits of nothing foreign, 
 of nothing merely ornamental. The lights and embellifliments 
 Qf imagination, the grace and harmony of ftile, are rejected 
 here, as beauties either fuperfluous, or of an inferior nature. 
 The Author has befides made ufe of feveral terms in a new and 
 peculiar fcnfe, which may have difcouraged fome readers, as it 
 has made others imagine them equally unintelligible with the 
 horrors of a vacuum, the quiddities, and fubftantial forms, 
 of the philofophy which he attempted to difcredit: and 
 therefore, of all his writings it has been the leaft read, or un- 
 derftood. It was intended as a more ufeful, a more extenlive 
 Locric than the world had yet been acquainted with : an art 
 not converfant about f)'llogifms, and modes of argumentation, 
 that may be ferviceable fometimes in arranging truths already 
 known, or in detecting fallacies that lie concealed among our 
 own reafonings and thofe of other men ; but an art inventive 
 of arts ; productive of new difcoveries, real, important, and 
 of general ufe to human life. This he prcpofed, by turning 
 our attention from notions to things ; from thofe fubtle and 
 frivolous fpeculations that dazzle, not enlighten, the under- 
 ftanding, to a fober and fenfible inveftigation of the laws and 
 powers of nature, in a way becoming fages who make truth 
 and information the fole aim of their enquiries. In order to 
 this, his firft endeavour was to weed out of the mind fuch er- 
 rors as naturally grow in it, or hav^ been planted there by 
 education, and cherifhed by the influence of men, whofe wri- 
 tings had long claimed a right of prclcription to rule and miflead 
 mankind. To a mind thus prepared for inftrud:ion, he pro- 
 pofes the fecond and fcientihcal part of his fcheme, the true 
 method of interpreting nature, by fi6l and obfervation ; by 
 found and genuine hiduBion^ widely differing from that puerile 
 art which till then had folely prevailed in philofophy. His 
 requires a fufiicient, an accurate colleclion of inftances, ga- 
 thered with fagacity and recorded with impartial plainnefs, on 
 both fides of the queftion : from which, after viewing them in 
 all poffible hghts, to be fure that no contradidory inftances 
 
 can
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxxvli 
 
 can be brouglit, fome portion of ufeful truth, leading on to fur- 
 ther difcoveries, may be at laft fairly deduced. In this wayj 
 experiments and reafonings grow up together, to fupport and 
 illuftrate each other mutually, in every part of fcience. 
 
 As we are now approaching towards the moft memorable An. .621. 
 event of our Author's public life, which ended in a melancholy 
 reverfe of his fortune and honour, it will be neceffary to trace, 
 ftep by ftep, the caufes that produced it: efpecially as the affair 
 has not been hitherto confidered in the point of view that ren- 
 ders it moft interefting and inftrudtive. It will, I believe, ap- 
 pear with evidence, that, whatever his crimes might be, he 
 was facrificed to the fafety of another, far more criminal than 
 himfelf : and that this was the a.6: of an ill-judging mafter, 
 with whom it was a greater merit to be amuling in any degree, 
 than to be ferviceable in the greateft. 
 
 Amon<j the weakneffes of King yamesj his vanity was the 
 moft pernicious, to his own family, and to the nation in gene- 
 ral. He placed an infinite value on certain chimerical advanta- 
 ges that met in his perfon ; on that inherent right by which he 
 pretended, the crown of E^iglajtd was devolved to him ; on 
 his long acquaintance with the prime myfteries of government, 
 and on his uncommon accomplifhments in learning. His fa- 
 v-ouritie maxim was, that he who knows not how to diftemble, 
 knows not how to reign : but he feems not to have heard of a 
 fecond maxim, without which the firft cannot be fuccefsful, 
 even for a time ; to conceal every appearance of cunning, and 
 to deceive under the guife of candor and good faith. He, on 
 the contrary, ftiewed his whole game at once, to his own fub- 
 jeifts and to foreigners alike : fo that in his attempts upon the 
 former, in his negociations with the latter, x\m Solo7no7t was 
 the only dupe. A great fhare of learning he certainly had, 
 but of learning that a King ought not to be acquainted with ; 
 the very refufe of the fchools, which ferved for little ^{q but to 
 furnifti him with an impertinent fluency, on every fubjed : 
 and he indulged himfelf in the fovereign pedantry of fctting 
 it to fhew, on every occaflon. On all thefe heads, he was 
 extolled without meafure, by the moft peftilent of flatterers, 
 grave and reverend Eccleflaftics : for which, and becaufe they 
 encouraged him in an unprincely application of his talent, he, 
 on many occaflons, made his power the mean inftumcnt to 
 Vol. L J^ gratify
 
 :fcxxviii T H ELIFEOFTHE 
 
 oratify their paflions and lufl: of dominion. They, in return, found 
 out for him a title antecedent and fuperior to human laws, even 
 a divine right of being weak or wicked, without controul. And 
 this do(5irine, horrible as it is, they dared to derive from 
 fcripture : where if it could be found, which to affirm were 
 blafphemy, it would be the triumph of infidelity, and demon- 
 ftration that thofe facred writings were infpired, not by God, 
 but by fome Being, his oppoiite and the enemy of all goodnefs. 
 This do6lrine, meeting with his own perverted habits of think- 
 ing, made YJmg'Ja??ies look upon iiis fubjeds as flavesj upon 
 his parliaments as ufurpers of a power to which they had no- 
 right, or at befl: a precarious one : and he had now, for kw^n 
 years together, afFedted to govern without them ; to fet up an 
 interefl: feparate from that of his people, and to fupply his 
 wants by all ways and means, but fuch as the conftitution 
 «j<-/f^/,p. 50. prefcribed. Thefe methods were fuggefted to him by the worft 
 enemies of the commonwealth, the tribe of projedors and mo- 
 nopolifts : mifcreants who fhcltered themfelves under the name 
 and influence of Buckingham^ and who repaid his protection 
 extravagantly, at the expence of a people whom they were 
 grinding and devouring. His mother too, now created a 
 Gountefs in her own right, a woman born for mifchief, of a 
 meddling fpirit and infatiably greedy, was deep in the guilt of 
 thefe tranfadlions ; forvv-arding every bad project that brought 
 her in money ; and, by the mighty power ihe had over her fon, 
 fucceeding in every fcandalous job fhe undertook. Under an 
 adminiftration like this, when England was in effed governed 
 by a diflblute youth, himfelf in the hands of an intriguing, ra- 
 pacious woman, it cannot be furprizing that the people were 
 vexed and plundered by illegal patents, by monopolies, by other 
 mifchievous projeds, calculated to enrich a {t^N^ and to ruin 
 thoufands. To all thefe patents, however procured, the Chan- 
 cellor had readily, almoft implicitly, affixed the feal, as the 
 mere creature of Buckingham : Or if he ever ventured to infi- 
 nuate that any of them were contrary to law, his remonftrance 
 was too fearful and unfupported to produce any effedl. This 
 is the great ftain on his character, that he deferted, or negleded, 
 the poft of honour where providence had placed him, on the 
 frontier, if I may fo fpeak, betwixt Prerogative and Liberty ; 
 that, if he did not encourage, he at leaft connived at, the 
 
 invafions
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xxxix 
 
 invafions that were every day making into the latter. Yet this 
 was againft his incHnation, as well as againft his better fenfe of 
 things; for as he knew well that his Mafter's true interefl: lay 
 in a good iinderftanding with his people, he had often advifed 
 him to call frequent parliaments, and to throw himielf on the 
 affections of the nation for the fupport of his government. 
 Tho fuch advice was repugnant to all the maxims by which 
 that monarch wifhed to eftablilli his power; tho he had re- 
 folved to lay parliaments afide for ever, as daring encroachers 
 upon his prerogative, who made themfelves greater and 
 their prince lefs than became either: yet he was now pre- 
 vailed upon, to meet the two houfes once more. Indeed 
 the exigency of his affairs rendered it neceffary. His fub- 
 jeds, it is true, were haraffed and pillaged; but he was ftill 
 in extreme want of money : thofe wretches, to whom he dele- 
 gated his authority, leaving to him little elfe belides the public 
 hatred, occaiioned by their rapines committed in his name. 
 Add to this, that the junfture appeared favourable for obtain- 
 ing large fupplies from the commons. As the whole body of 
 the nation expreffed an uncommon zeal for recovering the Pa- 
 latinate to his unfortunate Son-in-law, he had reafon to expedl, 
 that on the affurance of his entering heartily into a war, they 
 would vote him coniiderable aids of money; which he might 
 afterwards divert, as he acStually did, to other purpofes that 
 better fuited his genius and notions. 
 
 A Parliament was accordingly fummoned: and it met on 
 the 20th o^ yanuary 162 r. The King was not wholly mif- 
 taken in his conjecture; for the Commons immediately voted 
 him two entire fvibiidies; but went at the fame time upon a 
 ffridl enquiry into thofe arbitrary impoHtions that, in a period 
 of feven years, were become infupportable to the people. A- 
 mong the monopolies, in particular, there were three of flagrant 
 injuftice and oppreffion* Certain perfons had obtained patents 
 from the King, which empowered them to fet an annual fine on 
 fuch as kept inns, or alehoufes, throughout England. Without 
 a licence from the patentees, no man could hold either: and 
 whoever wo\ild not readily pay the fum, at which thofe low 
 inftrumcnts of power thought fit to excife him, was fure of 
 being haraffed and plundered, or thrown into a jail. This 
 proved a fruitful fource of vexations, and fell heavy on the 
 
 poorer
 
 xl THELIFEOFTHE 
 
 poorer fort. The third was yet more enormous; a patent for 
 the fole making and vending of gold and Tdver lace, which 
 had been granted to two infamous tools of the favourite, Mom- 
 pejfon and Michel; the Dudley and Empfon of that age. The 
 firft a man of fortune, whofe fole ambition was to make himfclf 
 confidered, tho but by his crimes: the other an obfcure Juftice 
 of the peace, who, in a remote quarter of the tow^n, picked up 
 a fordid maintenance from the flews. They hud, it feems,. 
 fhamefully abufed the power their exclufive patent gave thera,- 
 by putting off, for true, great quantities of counterfeit hce,. 
 wrought up and embafed with copper, or other materials of a 
 poifonous nature : and whoever prefumed to make or fell any 
 Har^f^/, p.49. other was cruelly punillied, by line and imprifonment. In 
 uvfon. thefe outrages they were the more daring, becaufe Sir Edward 
 FillierSy half-brother to the Favourite, was affociated into their 
 patent, tho not named in it. Thefe, with many other grie- 
 vances, were laid open in parliament, and feverely cenfured. 
 But the Commons did not ftop here. They were for carrying 
 their fearch up to the prime caufe of all grievances,, in order to 
 difcover by whofe influence the feveral patents had been pro- 
 cured, and how they had paffed the feals. Complaints were 
 brought into the houfe, about the fame time, of corrupt prac- 
 tices even in the High Court of Equity. This alarmed the King 
 for his Chancellor, and ftill more for his Minion: as private in- 
 timations had been fent to Buckingham^ of a fevere fcrutiny 
 that was making into all his management, and of frequent 
 CahaU, meetings that were held, with great fecrecy, by certain mem- 
 bers of the lower houfe; in order to fix on him the guilt of 
 whatever was moft unjuftifiable and oppreflive. Buckingham^ 
 creatures, anxious and alarmed at this intelligence, perfuaded 
 him, that he could fecure impunity to himfelf and them, only 
 by bringing his Mafter forthwith to diffolve the parliament: and 
 James had certainly been frightened into that rafli and ha- 
 zardous ftep, but for the fober remonftrances of Williams Dean 
 of Wejiminjier. That politic courtier advifed him to cancel at 
 once, by proclamation, all monopolies and vexatious grants; 
 to facrifice inferior criminals to the public refentment, and to 
 foothe the parKament with an affurance that this reformation 
 was firft propofed by his favourite, on finding how much he 
 had been abufed by defigning and knavifli projedlors. This 
 
 I counfel
 
 LORD CHAxVCELLOR BACON. xli 
 
 coiinfel the King refohcd to follow; but it did not wholly free 
 him from the perplexity he was under. The Chancellor, whom 
 his intereft: led him to preferve, was openly accufed ot corrup- 
 tion : the Favourite, whom his tendernefs could not refign, was 
 fecretly, and therefore more dangerouily attacked; as the en- 
 courager, if not the author, of whatever was deemed moft il- 
 legal and oppreffivc. To fave both, at this juncture, would be jj,,f7.,r, 
 impoflible: and he found he muft cither part with the Objedl ■^''^''ig p^^- 
 of his inclinations, or with the Oracle of his counfel?. How 
 fuch a prince would determine, is eafy to guefs. His paffion 
 prevailed over his reafon : and my Lord St. Albaiis was made 
 the fcape-goat of Buckingham. He was even obliged to aban- 
 don his defence. As he had gained univerfal efteem by his 
 learning; and as his eloquence was equal to his parts, fuperior 
 and commanding, the King would not hazard his appearing 
 before the Lords to plead his own caufe. In the courfe of fuch 
 an enquiry, he might have diverted the public odium from 
 himfelf, by laying open the long feries of bad adminiftration to 
 which he had been privy ; the many illegal patents he had been 
 compelled to pafs: and all this came full home to Bucki?7ghamy 
 the great objedl of national vengeance. The faults too, im- 
 puted to himfelf, he might have extenuated fo far as to procure 
 a great mitigation of the cenfure, that muft otherwife fall upon 
 him in its utmoft rigour. All this he forefaw and felt; but the 
 King abfolutely commanded him not to be prefent at his tryal: 
 promiiing, on his royal word, to fcreen him in the laft deter- 
 mination; or if that could not be, to reward him afterwards 
 with ample retribution of protection and favour. He obeyed, 
 and was undone. 
 
 On the twelfth oi March., a committee for infpedting into the 
 abules of the courts of [uftice was appointed by the Commons, state Tryai-s 
 Some days after, Siv Robert Philips^ a gentleman eminent for 1°'''^^^^' 
 public fpirit and humanity, reported from thence to the houfe, 
 that complaints had been brought before them, by two perfons, 
 againft the Lord Chancellor, for bribery and corruption. This 
 report he made, not only without bitternefs, but in terms of 
 great regard and tendernefs for the Accufed ; moving that the 
 bufinefs might be prefented to the Peers, fingly and without 
 exaggeration. At a conference, on the nineteenth, between 
 
 Vol. LI- certain
 
 xlu THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 certain members of both houfes, the Lords agreed to take the 
 matter into their fpeedy confideration. As loon as this afiair 
 was become the pubhc talk, a new croud of accufers appeared, 
 and charged home the unhappy Chancellor with other and fla- 
 grant inftances of bribery ; fuch perfons efpecially as had courted 
 him with prefents, and afterwards received a verdict unfavour- 
 able to their expeftations : animated more by that difappoint- 
 ;?«>-.wr/A-5 ment, than by the iniquity of his decilions; for it docs not ap- 
 coii. V. I. ^^j. j.}^^j. „j^y Qf jjjg decrees were ever reverfed. He was all 
 
 this while confined to his houfe by an indifpofition, real or 
 pretended: but, if his body was in health, what mufl have 
 been the condition of his mind, in this interval of fufpenfe and 
 anxiety? a great mind, already felf-convided, yet exquifitely 
 fenfible to good fame, which it has long enjoyed, and is upon 
 the point of loling for ever ! His refledlions, whether he 
 looked back on the pafb, or forward to the profpedl be- 
 fore him, mufl have been terrible: as they were at the lame 
 time inflamed by peculiar circumftances of fliame and confu-^ 
 Hon ; that he was now, at the age of fixty-one, falling a victim 
 to the rapine and infolence of his domeftics, which he had 
 vveaklv connived at, rather than tc any faults of his own. 
 
 On the twenty- flxth of Ma?'ch^ the King came to the houfe 
 of Peers; and, in expreflionsx>f flu died popularity, owned the 
 errors of his government, exclaimed againft the patents com- 
 plained of, frankly gave up to juflice the lefTer criminals con- 
 cerned in them: and all this for the fake of his Fav^ourite, whom 
 in the end he endeavoured to fcreen by the poorefl reafons ima- 
 ginable. Indeed, no good reafons could be alledged in defence 
 of Him, who was the greateft criminal; and without whofe 
 concurrence the Wretches in queftion could not have been guil- 
 ty. The Lords were not impofed upon by this fpeech: how- 
 ever, thinking it fuiBcient to have reduced their fovereign to 
 the neceflity of an apology, they feigned to be of his opinion. 
 Thus, Buckingham efcaped for the prefent; to accumulate new 
 guilt, and to fall at laft, ignobly, by a private hand : after he 
 had been devoted, by the curfes of a whole people, and more 
 folemnly flill by the denunciations of their reprefentatives. 
 After a recefs of three weeks, the houfe met again : but the 
 weight of their indignation fell flngly, and therefore without 
 mercy, on the Chancellor. They were not fatisfied with his 
 
 letter
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xliii 
 
 letter of general confeffion, tho delivered to them by the Prince 
 oi Wales', in which he renounced all juftification of hinv- 
 felf, and fued for no other favour, " but that his penitent fub- 
 *' million might be his fentence, and the lofs of the feals his 
 " punifliment." He was obliged to put in a particular anfwer 
 to every point of his accufation : which he did on the firft of 
 May, 162 1 ; acknowledging, in the moft explicite words, 
 the corruption charged upon him in twenty eight feveral arti- 
 cles, and throwing his caufe entirely on the compaiBon of his 
 Judges. His fentence was, " to undergo a fine of forty thou- 
 " fand pounds; to be imprifoned in the Tower duringthe Kino-'s 
 " pleafure; to be for ever uncapable of any office, place, or em- 
 *' ployment in the commonwealth ; and never to fit ao-ain in 
 " parliament, or come within the verge of the court." Thus 
 he loft the great privilege of his peerage; a fe verity unufual 
 except in cafes of treafon and attainder. 
 
 The laft article of his charge furnifhes matter for much re- 
 fledlion. Jt alledges, " that he had given way to great ex- 
 adions in his fervants, both in rcfped: of private feals, and 
 otherwife for fealing injundions." This indulgence to his do- 
 
 te 
 
 C( 
 
 Jnifon 
 
 meftics, which was certainly extreme, has been generally, and ^"A"^ 
 I believe truly, reckoned the principal caufe of thofe irregula- p 2' ^ 
 rities that drew on his difgrace. Liberal in his own temper, 
 or rather profufe beyond the condition of a man who means to 
 preferve his integrity, he allowed his family in every kind of 
 extravagance : and as many of his retinue were young, difii- 
 pated, giddy in the purfuit of pleafiire, they fquandcred with- 
 out meafure, where they were indulged without controul '*. 
 Whether he did not difcover this error till it was too late, or 
 whether a foul like his, loft in the greatnefs and immenfity of 
 its own views, could not attend to that detail of little and dif- 
 agreeable particulars which yet oeconomy requires ; however 
 that was, to fupport his ordinary train of living, he ^tW into 
 corruption himfelf, and connived at it in his dependents. Thus 
 we behold him, a memorable example of all that is great and 
 exalted, of all that is little and low, in man. Such incon- 
 fiftencies in our human nature cannot but alarm and terrify 
 even thofe who are moft confirmed in a habit of virtue. 
 
 After 
 
 * One day, during his tryal, as hewaspafling thro a room where feveral of his 
 domcftics were fitting ; upon their getting up to falute him. Sit down my Maftcrs, 
 he cried i your rife hath been my fall.
 
 xliv THE LIFE OF T H E ^^ 
 
 After a fliort confinement in the Tower, the King rcfto-. 
 red him to his Hbeity, and foigave the fine in which the Par- 
 liament had amerced Jiim. Ay this fine was very confiderable, 
 he manao-ed fo as to have it affigned over to fome of his tiieuds. 
 Cabala. undcr the notion of being his creditors : And we find IViiliams; 
 K^^ '^^' liis fucceflbr in the feals, complaining heavily of this ftratagem ; as 
 if he thereby intended to dclraudthofeperfons to whom he vvasre-^ 
 • ally in debt, who were many and in danger of being ruined b)S 
 his fall. But I am inclined to hope, that he made ufe of this artK 
 fice with a more innocent view ; namely, to procure himfelf a fiiort 
 refpite from their importunities, till he could fettle his private 
 affairs, extremely perplexed by former ill management, and 
 now by the lofs of his employments rendered defperate. That 
 I may not be obliged to mention any more an affair, aUke un- 
 grateful to the reader and writer, I will obferve here, that 
 about three years after this, he petitioned King James for a. 
 Bacon Vol. total remiflion of his cenfure : " to the end that this blot of 
 291. " ignominy might be removed from him, and from his memory 
 
 Cabala, " wlth poftcrity." What lay in a King's power, y«;;w readily 
 ^ ^^'^ granted, a full and entire pardon of- his whole fentence *. 
 Fofterity likewife, to which he appealed, has feemed unwilling 
 to remember that he ever offended : and thofe who record his 
 failings, like thofe who have made obfervations on the fpots in 
 the fun, neither pretend to diminifh his real brightnels in him- 
 felf, nor deny his univerfal influence on the world of learning. 
 Thus he withdrew from the glare of a public ftation into the 
 fliade of retirement and ftudious leifure : often lamentingr that 
 Abridg Poft ambition and falfe glory had fo long diverted him from the 
 ^^ nobleft as well as the mofl ufeful employments of a reafonable 
 
 being : mortified, no doubt, into thefe fentiments by a fevere 
 convidion, in his own perfon, of the inftability and emptinefs 
 of all human grandeur. 
 
 Hitherto, wc have followed him thro the buftle and ob- 
 liquity of bufinefs. We fliall find him henceforth in a more 
 pleafing, tho a lefs confpicuous, fituation ; freed from the fer- 
 vitude of a court ; from an intolerable attendance there, on 
 the vices and follies of men every way his inferiors, (for in this 
 reign no one could rife to power on more honourable terms :) 
 in a condition now to purfue the native bent of his genius ; to 
 
 live 
 
 ■ * Accordingly he was fummoned to the firft Parliament of King Chaylts.
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR B A C O N. xlv 
 
 live to himfelf, and for the advantage, not of one age, 6r one 
 Ipeople only, but ot all mankind, and all times to come. 
 
 The firft conliderable work he enjia^ed in, after his re- An. jC:*. 
 tirement, was the hiftory of Henry VII. which he imdertook at 
 the deiire of King y^/wj-, and piibliihed in the year 1622. 
 Whatever fome writers may have inlinuated of his melancholy 
 and dejedion, we find every where, in this performance, evi- 
 dent traces of a fpirit unbroken by age, and unfubdued by 
 misfortunes. It has been highly applauded, and as much 
 condemned : a proof that it has more than common merit. 
 And we may venture to affirm that whatever its faults are, 
 they arife from no want of vigour in the underflanding, or of 
 warmth in the imagination of the writer. King "James a ffe&:cd 
 to confider his great grandfather He?iry as a perfedt model for 
 the imitation of other Monarchs : and as his was the reign of 
 flattery, this quickly grew to be the prevalent and fafliionable 
 opinion at Court. Tho in truth, that Prince's chara6ler was, 
 in every part of it, unamiable ; and his conduft, on many 
 occafions, weak or wicked. If my Lord Bacon has not 
 wholly efcaped the infcftion of his age ; if he has here and 
 there attempted to brighten the imperfedions, and throw in 
 fhades the bad features of the original he was drawing ; yet, 
 thro thefe foftenings, we can eafily fee this King as he was, 
 and in all his genuine deformity. Sufpicion and avarice, his 
 own hiftorian acknowledges, were the chief ingredients in his 
 compolition : and therefore his poHtics, both at home and 
 abroad, were narrow, fellifh, and falfc. Void of all great and 
 extenfive prudence, he endeavoured to fupply that want by 
 temporary fhifts, and the little expedients of cunning. By 
 thefe he commonly had the luck to extricate himfelf out of B^e(»i, Voi. 
 difficulties, which a wifer man would have timely forefeen, ^^^' ^ '^°''" 
 and a better man have wholly prevented. But as his genius 
 was unfociable and folitary, the darknefs in his temper pafTed 
 on mankind for depth and fagacity in his underftanding. His ,, 
 avarice too, was fordid and fhamelefs. Nothing feemed 
 mean, nothing unjuft in his eyes, that could fill his coffers : 
 and merely to fill them, for of wealth he had no enjoyment, 
 he defcended to arts of rapine no lefs fcandalous than they 
 were oppreffi\ e. 
 
 Vol. I. m We
 
 les Anglois, 
 
 xlvi T H E L I F E O F T H E 
 
 I have acknowledged that my Lord Bacon's, Hiftoiy has 
 been taxed of partiality, and I will not diffcmble that his 
 flile has been objeded to, as full of afFeftation, full of falfc 
 eloquence. But that was the vice, not of the man, but of the 
 times he lived in : and particularly of a court that, alter the 
 Sovereign's example, delighted in the tinfel of wit and writing, 
 in the poor ingenuity of punning and quibbling. 
 
 His Effays have, of all his works, been moft current, and 
 are ftill very juftly efteemed. Towards the clofe of his life he 
 greatly enlarged them both in number and weight : and pub- 
 lifhed them anew, not only in E?zgliJJ.->y but in a m.ore uni- 
 verfal language, which, he imagined, may preferve them as 
 long as books fliall laft. As they are intended not to amufe 
 but inftrud ; as they are neither a fatire on human nature, ^ 
 Lettres fur nor the fcliool of fcepticifm ; Monfieur de Voltaire obferves, 
 that they have been lels popular than the Maxims of Rochefou- 
 canity or the Effays of Montagne. A remark that does my 
 Lord Baco'fi honour ; who was too great a Man to court a re^ 
 putation from the multitude, by facrificing to that malignity, 
 or indulging that curious extravagance, which too many 
 readers, I am afraid, exped to find gratified, even in writings 
 of a moral kind. 
 
 Of the other works which he compofed in this lafl: fcene of 
 his life, I forbear to make any mention here: they will be all 
 enumerated in another place. Let me only obferve, that no- 
 thing can give a more exalted idea of the fruitfulnefs and vigour 
 of his genius than the number and nature of thofe writings. 
 Under the difcouragement of a public cenfure, broken in his 
 health, broken in his fortunes, he enjoyed his retirement not 
 above five years: a little portion of time! yet he found means 
 to croud into it what might have been the whole bufi-r. 
 nefs, and the glory too, of a long and fortunate life. Some of 
 his former pieces he methodized and enriched : feveral new ones 
 he compofed, no lefs confiderable for the greatnefs and variety 
 of the arguments he treated, than for his manner of treating 
 them. Nor are they works of mere erudition and labour, that 
 require little elfe but ftrength of conftitution and obftinate ap- 
 plication: they are original efforts of genius and reilediion, on 
 ilibjecls either new, or handled in a manner that makes them 
 fo. His notions he drew from his own fund: and they were 
 
 folid,
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xlvii 
 
 ioVic], comprelienfive, fy ftematical; the difpofltion of his whole 
 plan throwing light and grace on all the particular parts. In 
 confidering every fubjc6l, he feems to have placed himfelf in a 
 point of view fo advantageous and elevated, that he could from 
 thence , difcover a whole country round him, and mark out the 
 feverai fpots of it, diftindly and with eafe. Thefe charadlers 
 are equally due to the works in which he made fome progrefs, 
 and to thofe he could only attempt. 
 
 His fuppofed poverty has been much infifted on, not only ^'''/fii, 
 by our own writers, but by foreigners. Some of the former have 
 afferted, that he languifhed out a folitary being in obfcurity 
 and indigence: and among the latter, Le C/erc, who was led 
 into the fame notion by a paffage in one of Howcfs letters, has 
 animadverted with an honefli indignation on the meannefs of 
 that Prince, who could leave fuch a man as he was to ftrugp-le. 
 In his declining age, both with penury and afflidion. I believe 
 the matter has been exaggerated. Perhaps he did not enjoy 
 affluence or entire eafe of fortune: but his ordinary income mufl 
 have placed him above fordid want and anxiety. Dr. Raivlejy 
 who lived long in his family, affirms that the King had given 
 him, out of the Broad Seal and Alienation Office, to the value 
 of eighteen hundred pounds a year; which, with his own lands 
 amounting to a third part more, he retained to his death. But 
 then, he had treafured up nothing in his profperous condition 
 againft the day of adverlity: and his penfion was not only pre- 
 carious, but ill-paid, by a King, who, inftead of husbanding 
 his revenues for great or good purpofes, was daily laviffiing them 
 away, in fruitlefs negotiations, or on the leaft deferving of his 
 fubjedis. Add to thefe things, that my Lord Baco?i lay all this 
 time under the incumbrance of a vaft debt; and that he had 
 doubtlefs expended very confiderable funis m procuring or 
 making experiments. Even thofe, whom we fee clofe and 
 fparing on every other occalion, are yet profufe in gratifying a 
 favourite paffion. From all which arofe that diftrefs and thofe 
 difficulties into which he was often plunged. That they were 
 many and great, we can entertain no doubt "*. It is but too 
 ftrongly confirmed to us by fome unufual expreffions in his let- 
 ters to King Ja7nes\ where we find him pouring out his heart f^f" j^ter" 
 
 in 27*- 
 
 * It appears by a letter of Buckingham to him that he aflced for the Provoftdilp 
 of Eaton College, and was refufed it.
 
 xlviii THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 ill complaints and fupplications of Rich a ftrain^ as every one 
 who reveres his memory will wifh he had never uttered. Thofe 
 who iniift on the meannefs, thofe who plead for the dignity, 
 of human nature, may, in this one man, find abundant mat- 
 ter to fupport their leveral opinions. But, let us draw a veil 
 over imperfedlions, and at the fame time acknowledge, that a 
 very ordinary penetration may ferve to difcover remarkable ble- 
 mifhes and failings in the mofl comprehenfive minds, in the 
 greateft characters, that ever adorned mortality. 
 
 An 1625. King "James died in 1625; after an inglorious and a fatal 
 
 *^ — '^ ' reign of three and twenty years : defpifed by foreigners, defpifed 
 and hated by his own fubjedls. The mifchievous notions he 
 broached, the perverfe condud he held, gave rife to thofe di- 
 vifions that quickly after involved his kingdoms in all the guilt 
 and mifery of a civil war: that fhook the BritiJJj conftitution 
 to its foundations, and in the end overturned it; tho appa- 
 rently framed to laft for ages, as it had been ages in building 
 up and perfecting. 
 
 His unfortunate Chancellor furvived him fomething above a 
 year. The multiplicity of bufinefs and ftudy in which he had 
 been long engaged, but above all the anguifli of mind he fe- 
 cretly laboured under, had undermined and broken into his 
 health. After having been for fome time infirm and declining, 
 he owed his death at laft to an excefs, not unbecoming a phi- 
 lofopher; in purfuing, with more application than his ftrength 
 could bear, certain experiments touching the confervation of 
 bodies. He was fo fuddenly ftruck in his head and ftomach, 
 that he found himfelf obliged to retire into the Earl of Arun- 
 del\ houfe at Highgate-^ near which he then happened to be. 
 There he fickened of a fever, attended with a defluxion on his 
 
 An. 1626. breaft; and, after a week's illnefs, expired; on the ninth of 
 Aprils in the fixty-fixth year of his age. How he bore this in- 
 difpofition, or what difcourfes he held at the nearer approaches 
 of death, no account is to be found ; an omilTion which every 
 reader muft feel and regret: as nothing can awaken the atten- 
 tion, nothing afieCt the heart of man more ftrongly than the 
 behaviour of eminent perfonages in their laft moments ; in that 
 only fcene of life wherein we are all fure, later or fooner, to 
 
 Baan, Vol. fcfemble them. There remains only a letter, the laft he ever 
 
 IV Letter 
 
 297. wrote, addrefled to that nobleman under whofe roof he died; 
 
 in
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. xlk 
 
 in which he tompares himfclf to a celebrated philofopher of 
 antiquity, P/lf^?v the elder; who loft his life by enquiring, with 
 too dangerous a curiofity, into the hrft great eruption of f'^e- 
 fuviiis. 
 
 Thus lived, and died, the Lord Chancellor Bacon *. 
 
 He was buried privately in St. Michael\ church near St. Al- 
 bans. The fpiDt that contains his remains lay obfcure and un- 
 diftinguiOied, till the gratitude of a private man, formerly his sir 7^««j 
 fervant, ereded a monument to his name and memory, j^ ' '"«'"' 
 another country, in a better age, his monument would have 
 flood a public proof in what veneration the whole fociety held 
 a Citizen, whofc genius did them honour, and whofe writings 
 will inftrudl their lateft pofterity. 
 
 One paftage in his will is remarkable. After bequeathing 
 his foul and body in the ufual form, he adds, " my name and 
 '* memory I leave to foreign nations ; and to mine own coun- Baovia^a^^ 
 " trymen, after fome time be pafTed over." As to the former, ^' ^°^" 
 he was, even in his life-time, looked upon with admiration by 
 the moft eminent men that Fra?tce and Italy could then boaft 
 of: and by fome of them vifited, as One whofe talents were an 
 ornament, not only to his age, but to human nature it felf 
 When the Marquifs D'Effiat brought into E7tgla?id the Princefs y.i,^;^,^ 
 Henrietta-Maria^ wife to Charles the Firft, he paid a vifit X.6 \llXl ^^j^ 
 my Lord Eacon\ who, being then lick in bed, received him v/ith p 2-. 
 the curtains drawn. " You refemble the Angels, faid that mi- 
 " nifter to him: we hear thofe beings continually talked of, we 
 
 " believe 
 
 * He continued fingle till after forty, and then took to wife a daughter of Al- 
 derman Bcrnhom of London^ with whom he received a plentiful fortune, but had by 
 her no children: and flie out-lived him upwards of twenty years. Such readers as 
 have any curiofity to know what regimen he obferved, may take the following ac- 
 count of it in the words of his Chaplain. " His diet was rather plentiful and li- 
 " beral than reftrained. In his younger years he was much given to the finer 
 " and lighter forts of meats: but afterwards he preferred the ftronger, fuch as the 
 " (hambles afforded ; as thofe which bred the hiore firm and fubftantlal juices, ancl 
 " lefs diffipable. He did not, you may be fure, negled that himfelf, which he 
 " fo much extolled to lathers in his writings, the frequent ufe of nitre -, whereof 
 " he took the quantity of about three grains In thin warm broth every morning, 
 " for thirty years together. His ordinary phyfic w;is a maceration of rhubarb, in- 
 " fufed into a draught of white-wine and beer mingled together for the fpace of 
 '* half an hour, once in fix or feven days, immediately before his meal, whether 
 " dinner or fupper-, that it might dry the body lefs. His receipt for the gout, 
 " which conftantly gave him eafe within two hours, is fet down in the end of the 
 " Natural Hiftory." ^'ol. III. p. 233. 
 
 Vol. L • i^
 
 I T H E L i F E OF THE 
 
 " believe them fuperior to mankind, and we never have the con- 
 " folation to fee them." Among his countrymen, the names, 
 alone, of thofe who have adopted his notions, and proceeded 
 on his plan, are his higheft encomium. To pafs over a long 
 line of philofophers, all illuftrious; he reckons in the lift of his 
 followers a Boy/e, a Lockcy a Newtoji himfelf 
 ;?«Wo''sLife One fingularity there was in his temperament, not cafily ta 
 ^i Bacon. ^^ accounted for: in every eclipfe of the moon, whether he 
 obferved it or not, he was certainly feized with a fudden fit of 
 fainting ; which left him, without any remaining wcaknefs, as 
 £w/r»of foon as the eclipfe ended. He was of a middling ftature; his 
 5^*340'' forehead fpacious and open, early imprelTed with the marks of 
 age; his eye lively and penetrating; his whole appearance ve- 
 nerably pleafing: fo that the beholder was infenfibly drawn to 
 love, before he knew how much reafon there was to admire 
 him. In tliis refpedt, we may apply to my Lord Bacon what 
 Tacitm finely obferves of his father-in-law, Agricola: a good 
 man you would readily have judged him to be, and ha\'e been 
 pleafed to find him a great man. 
 
 Those talents that commonly appear fingle in others, and 
 
 they too men of reputation, ihone forth in him united and e- 
 
 niinent. All Iiia cotemporaries, even thofe who hated the 
 
 Courtier, ftand up and bear witnefs together to the fuperior 
 
 abilities of the Writer and Pleader, of the Philofopher and 
 
 oshrn\ Ad- Companion. In converfation, he could aflume the moft difn 
 
 on. £^j.-^g chara(5ters, and fpeak the language proper to each, with 
 
 a facility that was perfedly natural; or the dexterity of the 
 
 habit concealed every appearance of art: a happy verlatility of 
 
 genius, which all men wifii to arrive at, and one or two, once 
 
 in an age, are feen to pofTefs. In public, he commanded the 
 
 attention of his hearers, and had their afFeftions wholly in his 
 
 power. As he accompanied what he fpoke with all the exprcf- 
 
 fion and grace of action, his pleadings, that are now perhaps 
 
 read without emotion, never failed to awaken in his audience 
 
 the feveral paflions he intended they fhouldYeel. This is not 
 
 a picture of him drawn from fancy: it is copied, and that too 
 
 B. 7oh»fof, but in miniature, after another taken by One who knew him 
 
 inhis difco-,^g]j. ^ good judge of merit, and feldom known to err, at 
 
 leaft in heightening a favourable likenefs. As a philofopher, 
 
 it is fcarce hyperbolical to fay of him, in Mr. Addiforh words, 
 
 that
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. li 
 
 that he had the found, diflind, comprehenfive knowledge of 
 Jh'iftotle^ with all the beautiful lights, graces, and embelifli- 
 ments of Cicero. To this commendation of his talents, the 
 Learned throughout Europe have given their common fandion, 
 and own him for the father of the only valuable philofophy, 
 that of fadt and obfervation. 
 
 It remains then to confider him, more particularly than 
 we have hitherto done, in this moft known and confpicuous 
 partof his charader ; where his merit is unqueftionably great 
 and entirely his own. For, to the writings of the antients he 
 was not, he could not, be obliged. They had either miftaken 
 the right road to natural knowledge ; or if any of them ftruck 
 into it by chance, finding the way difficult, obfcure, and te- 
 dious, they foon abandoned it for ever. He owed to himfelf 
 alone, to a certain intellectual fagacity, that beam of true 
 difcernment which fhewed him at once, and as it were by 
 intuition, what the moft painful enquirers, for more than 
 twenty ages backward, had fearched after in vain. And here 
 let me obferve towards him the fame impartiality I have 
 hitherto aimed at : and, in order to know what he really did 
 as a philofopher, place before the reader a fhort view of the 
 ftate of learning in Europe^ from the dark period of Gothicifm 
 down to the fixteenth century. But let me at the fame time 
 acknowledge, that this account will be only a rude and im- 
 perfe«5l sketch ; confifting of a few detached particulars, with- 
 out much order or method. 
 
 Alt HO the great era of ignorance has been fixed, juftly 
 enough, to thofe times when the northern Nations, like a 
 mighty inundation, overfpread the face of Europe ; yet it is 
 no lefs certain that barbarifm and corruption were entered into 
 arts and fciences ere the Savages had made any impreffion on 
 the ^o?///772 Empire. Under them indeed, that darknefs which 
 had been long growing on the world, and gradually extin- 
 guifhing every light of knowledge, foon became total, and 
 threatened to be perpetual. In the eighth century, we find 
 that the higheft ambition of the Clergy was to vie with one 
 another in chanting the public fervice, which yet they hardly 
 luidefftood. This important emulation run fo high between the 787. 
 Latin and French priefthood, that Charlefnagne, who was then «on. op. c. 
 at Rome^ found it necefTary to interpofe, and decide the Con- '^ ^ ^' 
 
 troverfy
 
 Hi T H E L I F £ O F T H E 
 
 troverfy in perfon. The Monk, who relates this affair with j. 
 moil circumftantial exadlncfs, adds that the Emperor en- 
 treated Pope Adrian to procure him certain perfons, who 
 might teach his fubjeds the firft principles of grammar and 
 arithmetic ; arts that were then utterly unknown in his domi- 
 nions. This warlike Monarch, tho his own education had 
 been fo far negledted that he had never learned to write, dii""- 
 covered, by his natural good fenfe, the value of knowledge, and 
 fet himfelfto be its promoter and patron. He even allowed 
 a public fchool to be opened in the imperial palace, under the 
 direction of our famous countryman Alcuin \ on whom he 
 chiefly relied for introducing into Fra?ice fome tincture of that 
 philofophy which was ftill remaining in Britai??. But how 
 flow and ineffedual the progrefs of any learning mufl have 
 been, we may guefs from an edict of the Council of Challons-, 
 S'3- in the next century ; which earneftly exhorts all monafteries 
 to be careful in having their manuals of devotion correctly 
 taumii,Y 3. tranfcribed : left, while they pioufly mean to ask of God one 
 thing, fome inaccurate manufcript may betray them into pray- 
 ing for the quite contrary. 
 
 As to Britain^ if learning had ftill fome footing there in the 
 eighth century, it was fo totally exterminated from thence in 
 Hift ..^-antiq. thc ninth ; that, throughout the whole kingdom of the Weft- 
 's- \i^ Saxons, no man could be found who was fcholar enough to 
 infl:rlid our King Alfred, then a child, even in the firfl: ele- 
 ments of reading : fo that he was in his twelfth year before he 
 could name the letters of the alphabet. When that renowned 
 Prince afcended the throne, he made it his ftudy to draw his 
 people out of the floth and ftupidity in which they lay : and 
 became, as much by his own example, as by the encouragement 
 he gave to learned men, the great reftorer of arts in his dominions. 
 And here we are called upon to obferve, that as Fra?2ce\\^dL 
 been formerly obliged to England in the perfon of Alctmi, 
 who planted the fciences there under C-^^r/^Wi^g-;?^; our Ifland 
 s now received the fame friendly afllftance from thence by 
 
 Grimbald, whom King Alfred had invited hither, and made 
 Chancellor of Oxford. Such Events as thefe are too confide- 
 rable, in the literary hiftory of the ninth age, to be pafled 
 over unobferved. The rife of a noted grammarian, the voyage 
 of an applauded doctor, are recorded, by the chroniclers of that 
 
 century,
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. liii 
 
 tentury, with the fame reverence that an antient writer would 
 mention the appearance of a Lycurgus^ or a Timokon ; of a 
 law- giver who new-models a ftate, or a hero who refcues a 
 whole people from flavery. 
 
 But thefe fair appearances were of fhort duration. A night 
 of thicker darknefs quickly overfpread the intelled:ual world : 
 and in the moral, followed a revolution fliill more deplorable. 
 To common fenfe and piety, fucceeded dreams and fables, 
 vifionary legends and ridiculous penances. The Clergy, now- 
 utter ftrangers to all good learning, inftead of guiding a rude 
 and vitious Laity by the precepts of the golpel, which they no 
 longer read, amufed them with forged miracles, or overawed 
 them by the ghoftly terrors of demons, fpedlres and chimeras. 
 This was more eafy, and more profitable too, than the painful 
 example of a virtuous life. The profound depravity that was 
 fpread thro all conditions of men, ecclefiaftic and fecular, ap- 
 pears in nothing more plain than in the reafons afiigned for 
 calling feveral councils about this time. In one, new canons 
 were to be made, forbidding adultery, inceft, and the pradrice 
 of pagan fuperftitions : as if thefe things had not till then been 
 accounted criminal. In another, it was found nccelTary XticiavMnr, 
 declare, that a number of Angels wor/hiped univerfally under pou'; t^.^' 
 certain names were altogether unknown : and that the church 
 could not warrant the particular invocation of more than three. 
 A third, which the Emprefs Irene had fummoned for the 
 reformation of difcipline, ordained, that no Prelate fliould 
 thenceforth convert his epifcopal palace into a common inn ; 
 ilor, in confideration only of any fum of money given hint 
 by one man, curfe and excommunicate another. A fourth 
 and fifth cenfure the indecency of avowed concubinage: and 
 enjoin that Fryars and Nuns fhould no longer converfe or live 
 promifcuoufiy in the fame convent. 
 
 THESeeof i?(7;/z^, which lliould have been a pattern to the 
 reft, was of all chriftian churches the moft licentious * ; and 
 
 the 
 
 * The book entitled. The tax of the i?owrt« Chancery, pubHfhed firft at i??w«^, 
 in the year 15 14, furnifhes us with a flagrant inftance of this in the following paf- 
 fage, which I chufe not to tfanflate. " Abfolutio a lapfu carnis fuper qiiocunque 
 " aclu libldinofo commiflb per Clericum, etiani cum monialibus, intra et extra fepta 
 " monafterii ; aut cum confanguineis vel affinibus, aut filia fpirituali, aut quibufdam 
 " aliis, five ab unoquoque de per fe, five fimul ab omnibus abfolutio petatur cutn 
 " dijpenfatione ad crdities tt beneficia, cum inhibitions tur. 36, due. 3. Si vero 
 
 Vol, I, o " eum 
 
 2
 
 liv THELIFEOFTHE 
 
 the pontifical chair often filled with men, who, inftead 
 of adorning their fi^cred character, made human nature it felf 
 deteflabje : a truth by ip.any catholic writers acknowledged 
 and lamented. Several Popes were, by their fuccelFors ex- 
 communicated, their ails abrogated, and the facramcnts ad- 
 
 idem, 1 -. miniftred by them pronounced invalid. No lefs than fix 
 were expelled by others who ufurped their feat ; two were 
 afiTafiinated : and the infamous Theodo^-a.^ infamous even in that 
 age, by her credit in the holy city, obtained the triple crown 
 for the niofi: avowed of her gallants, whoaffumed the name of 
 yohn the Tenth. Another of the fame name was called to 
 
 John XI. govern the Chriftian world at the age of twenty one ; a 
 bafiard ibn of Pope Sergius who died eighteen years before. 
 If fuch were the men who arrogated to themfelves titles and at- 
 tributes peculiar to the Deity, can we wonder at the greatest 
 enormities among Lay-men ? Their flupidity kept pace with 
 the difiblution of their manners, which was extreme : they 
 ftill prefer ved, for the very clergy we have been fpeaking of, a 
 reverence they no longer had for their God. The mod: aban- 
 doned among them, mifcreants, familiar widi crimes that hu- 
 manity ftartles at, would yet, at the hazard of their lives, de- 
 fend the immunities of a church, a confecrated utenfil, or a 
 donation made to a convent. In fuch times as thofe, it were 
 in vain to look for ufeful learning and philofophy. Not only 
 the light of fcience, but of reafon, feems to have been well- 
 nigh c.\:tinguiG:icd. 
 
 An 1 4; 3- It was not till late, after the fack of Conjlantinoph by the 
 Turks ^ that the writings of Arijtoth began to be univerfally 
 known and ftudied. They were then, by certain fugitive 
 Greeks-, who had efcaped the fury of the Ottoman Anns, 
 brought away and difperfcd thro the IVeJiern parts of Etirope. 
 Some particular treatifes of his, it is true, had been long made 
 public ; but chiefly in tranflations from the ArabiCy done by 
 men who, far from rendering faithfully the Author's fenfe, 
 
 hardly 
 
 " cum illis petitiir ahfolutio etiani a crimine commirTo contra naturam^ vel cum bru- 
 " //V, cum dllpcnfatione, ut fupra, et cum iiihibitione tur. 90, due. 12, car. 16. 
 " Si vero petatur tintiim abfolutio a crimine contra naturam, vel cum brutis, cum 
 " difpenfatioae ct inhibitione, turon. 2'^', due. 9. AbfoIutivO pro Moniali que fe 
 *' permifit pluries co^tiofci intr.a et exrr.i fepta monaftcrii, cum rehabilitate ad digni- 
 *• ta'es illius ordinis, etiam abhatialem, turon. 36, due. 9." In the Edition of 
 B-)is-te-duc, there is " Abfolutio pro eo, qui interfecit patrem, matrem, fororem, 
 " uxorem .... g. 5, vel 7." Vide Baylc, art. B.inck.
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. h 
 
 hardly underftood his language. Thefe however gave birth 
 to the Scholaftic Philofophy ; that motley offspring of error 
 and ingenuity : and to fpeak freely, the features of both pa- 
 rents were all along equally blended in the complexion of the 
 daughter. Tc trace at length the rife, progrefs, and varia- 
 tions of this philofophy, would be an undertaking not only cu- 
 rious but inftrudive, as it would unfold to us all the mazes in 
 which the force, the fubtlety, the extravagance of human wit 
 can lofe themfelves : till not only profane learning but divinity 
 itfelf v/as at laft, by the refined frenzy of thofe who taught 
 both, fubtilized into mere notion and air. 
 
 Their philofophy was neither that iA AriJlotJe entirely, nor 
 altogether differing from his. Whatever opinions the hrfl: 
 founders of it had been able to draw, from Eoetius his La- 
 ti?! commentator, or from the wretched tranflations above- 
 mentioned, thefe they methodized and illuftrated, each accord- 
 ing to his feveral talent, and the genius of the age he lived in. 
 But this, inftead of producing one regular and conliflent body 
 of fcience, even from wrong principles, ended in a monfter, 
 made up of parts every where mifhapen and diflimilar. Add 
 to this, that they left natural knowledge wholly uncultivated; 
 to hunt after occult qualities, abftrad: notions, and queftions of 
 impertinent curiolity, by which they rendered the very Logic 
 their labours chiefly turned upon intricate, ufelels, unin- 
 telligible. 
 
 Alstedius, in his chronology of the Schoolmen, has di- 
 vided their hiffory into three principal periods or fucceflions: 
 the firfl: beginning with Lanfranc, Archbifhop of Canterbury^ An. 
 who flourilhcd about the middle of the eleventh century ; and 
 ending with Albert the Great two ages later: the fecond, that An. 1320. 
 commences from him, determining in Durand\ as the third 
 and laft ended in Luther, at the reformation. Morhoff. how- ^J^y^'^^''' 
 
 -" Tom. il. 
 
 ever, ftrenuou fly contends, xh^l Rticelinus 2Ln EngUpjma??^ wasp-73. ^=- 
 properly the lather of the Schoolmen: and that to him the fed: 
 of the Nominalifts owed its rife and credit. He adds, that it 
 revived afterwards in the perfon of Occajn^ another of our coun- 
 trymen, and the perpetual antagonift of Dims Scotusy who had 
 declared for the Realifts, and was reckoned their ablefl: cham- 
 pion. The learned reader needs not be told, that the Scholaftic 
 Do6lors were all difl;inguifhed into thefe two Sedfsj formidable 
 
 party- 
 
 3
 
 Ivi THELIFEOFTHE 
 
 party- names, which are now as Httle known or mentioned as 
 the controverfies that once occadoned them. It is fufficient to 
 fay, that, hke all other parties, they hated each other heartily ; 
 treated each other as heretics in logic: and that their difputes 
 were often fharp and bloody; ending not only in the meta- 
 phorical deftru6lion of common fenfe and language, but in the 
 real mutilation and death of the combatants. For, to the dif- 
 orace of human reafon, mankind in all their controveriies, whe- 
 ther about a notion or a thing, a predicament or a province, 
 have made their laft appeal to brute force and violence. The 
 titles * with which thefe Leaders were honoured by their fol- 
 lowers, on account of the fublime reveries they taught, are at once 
 magnificent and abfurd: and prove rather the fuperlative igno- 
 rance of thofe times than any tranfcendent merit in the men to 
 whom they were applied. From this cenfure we ought never- 
 thelefs to except One, who was a prodigy of knowledge for the 
 age he lived in, and is acknowledged as fuch by the age to 
 which I am writing. I mean the renowned Fryar Baco?i^ who 
 Ihone forth fingly thro the profound darknefs of thofe times ; 
 but rather dazzled than enlightened the weaker eyes of his co- 
 temporaries. As if the name of Bacon were aufpicious to phi- 
 lofophy, this Man, not only without afliftance or encourage- 
 ment, but infulted and perfecuted, by the unconquerable force 
 of his genius penetrated far into the myfleries of nature, and 
 made fo many new difcoveries in Aftronomy and Perfpedtive, 
 in Mechanics and Chymiflry, that the moft fober writers even 
 now cannot mention them without fome marks of emotion and 
 wonder. It is Dr. Friejid's obfervation, that he was almoft the 
 only Afironomer of his age: and the rcformatic^n of the Calen- 
 dar, by him attempted and in a manner perfected, is a noble 
 proof of his skill in that fcience. The conftrudlion of fpedla- 
 cles, of telefcopes, of all forts of glafTes that magnify or di- 
 minifli objedls, the compofition of gunpowder (which Barthol- 
 {iris Swat'tz is thought to have firft hit upon almoft a century 
 later) are fome of the many inventions with juftice afcribed to 
 him. For all which, he was in his life-time calumniated, im- 
 prifoned, opprefled: and after his death wounded in his good 
 name, as a magician who had dealt in arts, infernal and abo- 
 minable. 
 
 * The profound, the fubtile, the marvelous, the indefatigable, the irrefragable, 
 the angelic, the feraphic, the fountain of life, light of the world, isc.
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR B A C O NT. Ivii 
 
 minablc. He tells us, that there were but tour perfons then in 
 Europe who had made any progrefs in the Mathematics; and 
 in Chimiftry yet fewer: that thofe who undertook to tranflate 
 Arijlotle were every way unequal to the task: and that his wri- 
 tings, which, rightly underftood, Baco?i conlidcred as the foun- 
 tain of all knowledge, had been lately condemned and burned, 
 in a lynod held at Paris. 
 
 The works of that celebrated Antient have, in truth, more 
 exercifed the hatred and admiration of mankind than thofe of 
 all the other philofophers together. Latmoy enumer^ites no lefs Lib. devari?. 
 than thirty-feven Fathers of the Church who have ftigmatizcd ^"xJmu"'' 
 his name, and endeavoured to reprobate his doctrines. Morhoff j>^\^Yx\fio: 
 has reckoned up a ftill greater number of his commentators, ^^'"- "• 
 who Avere at the fame time implicitely his difciples: and yet 
 both thefe authors are far from having given a complete lift ei- 
 ther of his friends or enemies. In his life-time he was fulpecf^ed 
 of irreligion, and, by the Pagan priefthood, marked out for 
 deftrudion : the fuccelTors of thofe very men were his partizans 
 and admirers. His works met with much the fame treatment 
 from the Chriftian clergy: fometimes profcribed for heretical; 
 fometimes triumphant and acknowledged the great bulwark of 
 Orthodoxy. Latmoy has written a particular trcatife on the 
 fubjedl, and mentioned eight different revolutions in the for- 
 tune and reputation of Arijlotle % philofophy. To pais over the 
 intermediate changes, I will juft mention two, that make a full 
 and ridiculous contraft. In the above-mentioned Council held 
 at Paris about the year 1209, the BiOiops there cenfured his j^,^^^^.. ^^. 
 writings, without difcrimination, as the peftilent fources of error '^"p^^- 
 and hercfy ; condemned them to the flames, and commanded 
 all perfons, on pain of excommunication, not to read, tran- 
 fcribe, or keep any copies of them. They went farther, and 
 delivered over to the fecular arm no lefs than ten perfons, who 
 were burned alive, for certain tenets, drawn, as thofe learned 
 prelates had heard, from the pernicious books in queftion. \vi. 
 the lixteenth century, thofe very books were not only read with 
 impunity, but every where taught with applaufe: and whoever 
 difputed their orthodoxy, I had. almofl: faid their infallibility, 
 was perfecuted as an inlidel and mifcreant. Of this the fo- 
 phifter Ramus is a memorable inftance. Certain animadver- 
 lions of his on the peripatetic philofophy occafioned a general 
 Vol. I. p commotion
 
 Iviii THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 commotion in the learned world. The univemty of Paris took 
 
 the alarm hotly, and cryed out againit this attempt as deftruc- 
 
 tive of all good learning, and of fatal tendency to religion itfelf. 
 
 The affair was brought before the parliament j and appeared of 
 
 /.a«««»v,toTn. fo much confequence to Francis the Firft, that he would needs 
 
 IV. p. 20 . ^^^^ .^ under his own immediate cognizance. The edict is ftill 
 
 extant, which declares Ramus infolent, impudent and a lyar. 
 
 lothofMap, His books are thereby for ever condemned, fupprefled, abo- 
 
 v,l!l:-.|^iL; lilked: and, what is a ftrain of unexampled feverity, the mi- 
 
 ferable Author is folemnlv interdicted from tranfcribine, even 
 
 from reading his own compofitions! 
 
 We might from hence be led to imafiine, that when the 
 authority of an antient philofopher was held fo facred, philofb- 
 phy itfelf niuft have been thoroughly underftood, and cultivated 
 with uncommon fuccefs; but the attachment of thofe Do6tors 
 was to a name, not to truth, or valuable fcience: and our Au- 
 Baco,r% A- thor very juftly compares them to the Olympic Wreftlers, who 
 pothegms. abflained from neceflary labours, that they might be fit for fuch 
 as were not fo. Under their management, it was a philofophy 
 of words and notions, that feemed to exclude the fcudy of na- 
 ture; that inftead of enquiring into the properties of bodies, 
 into the laws of motion by which all effects are produced, 
 was converfant only in logical definitions, diftinctions, and ab- 
 ftra^tions, utterly barren and unproductive of any advantage to 
 mankind. The great aim of thofe folemn triflers was rather to 
 perplex a dif[:)Ute than to clear up any point of ufeful difqui- 
 lition; to triumnh over an enemy, than to enlarge the know- 
 ledge, or better the morals of their followers. So that this cap- 
 tious philofophy was a real obflacle to all advances in found 
 learning, human and divine. After it had been adopted into 
 the chriitian theology, far from being of vSq to explain and af- 
 certain myfleries, it ferved to darken and render doubtful the 
 moft necefTIiry truths; by the chicanery of argumentation with 
 which it fupplied each fed, in defence of their peculiar and fa- 
 vourite illufions. To fo extravagant a height did they carry 
 their idolatry of Arijlotle^ that fome of them difcovered, or 
 imagined they difcovered in his writings, the dodrine of the 
 Trinity; that others publifhed formal dilTertations to prove the 
 certainty of his falvation, tho a heathen : and that a Patriarch 
 of Venice is faid to have called up the Devil exprefsly, in order 
 
 to
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. ],x 
 
 to learn fiom liim the meaning of a hard word in AriJlotU% %/-, art. 
 phyiics. But the crafty Demon, who perhaps did not under- "''"""^''' 
 ftand it himfelf, anfwered in a voice io low and inarticulate, 
 that the good Prelate knew not a word he fud. This was the 
 famous He?~moIaus Barbara : and the Greek word, that occa- 
 fioned his taking fo extraordinary a ftep is the Entclcchia of 
 the Peripatetics ; from whence the fchoolmen raifed their fub- 
 ftantial forms, and which Leibnitz^ towards the end of the 
 lart century, attempted to revive in his Theory of m.o- 
 tion. 
 
 The Reformation it felf, that diffufed a new light over Eu- 
 rope^ that fet men upon enquiring into errors and prepofieffions 
 of every kind, ferved only to confirm the dominion of this 
 philofophy : proteftants as well as papifts entrenching them- 
 feli'es behind the authority of Arijlotle^ and defending their 
 feveral tenets by the weapons with which he furnifhed them. 
 This unnatural ailiance of theology with the peripatetic 
 do(5lrines rendered his opinions not only venerable but ficred : 
 they were reckoned as the land-marks of both faith and rcafon, 
 v/hich to pull up or remove would be daring and impious. 
 Innovations in philofophy, it was imagined, would gradually 
 fap the very foundations of religion, and in the end, lead to 
 downright atheifm. If that veil of awful obfcurity, which 
 then covered the face of nature, fhould be once drawn ; the 
 rafh curiofity of mankind would lead them to account for all 
 appearances in the vifible world, by fecond caufes, by the 
 powers of matter and mcchanifm : and thus they might come 
 infenfibly to forget or negledl the great original caufe of all. 
 This kind of reafoning convinced the multitude, over-awed 
 the wifer ^<zv7^ and effeftually put a ftop to the progrefs of 
 ufeful knowledge. 
 
 Such, in general, were the difpofitions of mankind when 
 Sir Francis Bacon came into the world ; whom we will not 
 confider as the founder of a new fed:, but as the great afTertor 
 of human liberty ; as one who relcued reafon and truth from 
 the flavery in which all feds alike had, till then, held them. 
 As a plaulible hypothefis, a fhining theory, are more amufing 
 to the imagination, and a fliorter way to fame, than the pa- 
 tient and humble method of experimenting, of purfuing na- 
 ture thro all her labyrinths by fa6l and obfervation ; a philo- 
 fophy
 
 l^ T II E L I F E O F T H E 
 
 fbphy built on this principle, could not, at fir ft, make any 
 fudden or general revolution in the learned world. But its 
 progrefs, like that of time, quiet, ilow and fure, has in the 
 end been mighty and univerfal. He was not however the 
 firft among the moderns who ventured to diffent from. 
 Artjlotle. Ramus J PatriciuSy Bruno, Severiynis, to name" no 
 more, had already attacked the authority of that tyrant ih 
 learning, who had long reigned as abfolutely over the opinions 
 of men, as his reftlefs pupil had of old affected to do over 
 their perfons. But thefe writers invented little that was valu- 
 able themfelves, however juftly they might reprehend many 
 things in him. And as to the real improvements made in 
 fome parts of natural knowledge before our author appeared, 
 by Gilbert^ Harvey, Copernicus^ Father Paul, and fbme few 
 others, they are well known, and have been defervedly cele- 
 brated. Yet there was ftill wanting one great and comprehen- 
 five plan, that might embrace the almofi: infinite varieties of 
 fcience, and guide our enquiries aright in all. This Sir Fran- 
 ^cis Baco7i iirik. conceived, in its utmofi: extent; to his own 
 lafting honour, and to the general utility of mankind. If we 
 ftand furprized at the happy imagination of fuch a fyftem, 
 our furprize redoubles upon us when we refieft, that he in- 
 vented and methodized this fyftem, perfeded fo much, and 
 sketched out fo much more of it, amidft the drudgery of bu- 
 finefs and the civil tumults of a court. Nature fecms to have 
 intended him peculiarly for this province, by beftowing on 
 him with a liberal hand all the qualities requifite : a fancy 
 voluble and prompt to difcover the fimilitudes of things ; a 
 judgment fleady and intent to note their fubtlefl: differences ; 
 a love of meditation and enquiry ; a patience in doubting ; a 
 flov/nefs dnd diffidence in affirming ; a ficility of retrading ; 
 a careful anxiety to plan and difpofe. A mind of fuch a cafi, 
 that neither afiedled novelty, nor idolized antiquity, that was 
 an enemy to all impofture, muft have had a certain congeni- 
 j?«.«^, Vol. ahty and relation to truth. Thefe charaders, which, with a 
 II P '^+' noble confidence, he has applyed to himfclf, are obvious and 
 eminent in his Inftauration ot the Sciences : a work by him 
 defigncd, not as a monument to his own fame, but a per- 
 petual legacy to the common benefit of others. He has divi- 
 ded the whole of it into fix capital parts; with a fiiort account 
 
 of
 
 fcicntidrum. 
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. Ixi 
 
 of which we fliall clofe this impcrfed: relation of his Hfc and 
 writings. 
 
 I . The firft part of this Inftauration propofes a general fur- Deau^mcntis 
 vey of human knowledge : and this he executed in that admi- 
 rable treatife entitled, The Advancement of Learning. As he 
 intended to raife a new and lading ftrufture of philofophy, 
 founded not in arbitrary opinions or fpecious conjedlures, but 
 in truth and experience ; it was abfolutely neceifary to his 
 defign, firft to review accurately the ftate of learning as it then 
 flood, thro all its provinces and divifions. To do this effedlu- 
 ally required, with an uncommon meafure of knowledge, a 
 difcernment not only exquilite but univerfal : the whole intel- 
 leclual world was fubjeded to its examination and cenfure. 
 That he might not lofe himfelf on a fubjed: fo vaft and of fuch 
 variety ; he has, according to the three faculties of the foul, 
 memory, fancy, underftanding, ranged the numerous train of 
 arts under three great clafTes, hiftory, poetry, philofophy. 
 Thefe may be confidered as the principal trunks from which 
 fhoot forth, in prodigious diverfity, the leffer parts and branches 
 of fcience. Whatever is deficient, erroneous, or ftill wanting 
 in each, he has pointed out at large : together with the pro- 
 pereft means for amending the defeats, for redlifying the errors, 
 and for fupplying the omiflions in all. Upon the whole, he 
 was not only well acquainted with every thing that had been 
 difcovered in books before his time, and able to pronounce 
 critically on thofe difcoveries : he faw clearly, and at the end 
 of this treatife has marked out in one general chart, the feveral 
 trads of fcience that lay ftill neglefted or unknown. And to 
 fay truth, fome of the moft valuable improvements fince made 
 have grown out of the hints and notices fcattered thro this 
 work : from which the moderns have feleded, each according 
 to his fancy, one or more plants to cultivate and bring to per- 
 fedion. 
 
 » 2. The defign of the Novum Organon, which ftands as the No^'^"" o^r 
 fecond part to his Inftauration, and may be reckoned the moft " 
 confiderable, was to raife and enlarge the powers of the mind, 
 by a more ufeful application of its reafoning faculty to all the 
 different objedh that philofophy confiders. In this place, our 
 Author offers to the world a new and better Logic ; calcula- 
 ted not to fupply arguments for controverfy, but arts for the 
 
 Vol. I, ^ ufe 
 
 Xanon.
 
 iixl THE LIFE OF THE 
 
 ufe of mankind ; not to triumph over an enemy by the fo- 
 phiftry of difputation, but to fubdue nature it felf by ex- 
 periment and enquiry. As it differs from the vulgar Logic in 
 its aim, it varies no lefs from that captious art in the form of 
 demonftrating : for it generally rejedts fyllogifm, as an inftru- 
 ment rather hurtful than fcrviceable to the inveftigation of na- 
 ture, and ufes in its ftead a fevere and genuine indudion. 
 Not the trivial method of the fchools, that, proceeding on a 
 fimple and fuperficial enumeration, pronounces at once from 
 a k\v particulars, expofed to the danger of contradi<ftory in- 
 ftances: but an induction that examines fcrupuloufly the expe- 
 riment in queftion, views it in all poflible lights, rejcxfls and ex- 
 cludes whatever does not necelTarily belong to the iubjed ; then, 
 and not till then, concluding from the affirmatives left. A 
 croud of inftances might be brought to fhew how greatly this 
 method of enquiry has profpered in the hands of the moderns ; 
 and how fruitful it has been of new dilcoveries, unknown 
 and unimagined by antiquity. But I will only mention one 
 that may ftand in place of many ; the Optics of our immortal 
 Newton : where, in a variety of experiments, he has analyzed 
 the nature and properties of light itfelf, of the moft fubtile of 
 all bodies, with an accuracy, a precifion, that could hardly 
 have been expedted from examining the grofTeft. and moft pal- 
 pable. From whence, by the method of Indudlion, he has 
 raifed the nobleft theory that any age or country can fhew. 
 phaenomena 3« It lias bccu the fatc of almofl every confiderable fcheme 
 univcrfi. ^Qj. ^.j^g good of mankind to be treated, at firft, as vifionary, or 
 impradicable, merely for being new. This our Author fore- 
 faw, and endeavoured to obviate, in the third part of his In- 
 ftauration ; by furnifliing materials himfelf towards a natural 
 and experimental hiftory : a work which he thought fo indif- 
 penlably necefTary, that witliout it the united endeavours 
 of all mankind, in all ages, would be infufhcient to rear and 
 perfedl the great ftrudture of the fciences. He was aware too, 
 that even men of freer and more extenfive notions, who relifhed 
 his new Logic, might be deterred from reducing it to pradice, 
 by the difficulties they would meet with in experimenting, 
 according to the rules by him prefcribed. He therefore led the 
 way to other enquirers, in his Syha Syharum.^ or hiftory of na- 
 ture : which, however imperfed in many refpedls, ought to be 
 
 ^ looked
 
 LOkD CHANCELLOR BACON. Ixlii 
 
 Jooked upon as extenlive and valuable for that age, when the 
 -whole work was to be begun. This colledlion, which did not 
 nappear till after his death, has been generally confidered as 
 'lr<letached from, and independent on his general plan: and 
 .-jtherefore his defign in making and recording thefe experi- 
 ..'«ments has not been duly attended to by the reader. They 
 f«.re a common repoiitory or ftore-houfe of materials, not 
 arranged for ornament and fhow, but thrown loofely together 
 fffor the fervice of the philofbpher: who may from thence klcS: 
 fuch as fit his prefent purpofe; and with them, by the aid of 
 that Organ or Engine already defcribed, build up fome part of 
 an axiomatical philofophy, which is the crown and completion 
 of this fyftem. The phenomena of the univerfe he ranges un- 
 der three principal divifions; the hiftory of generations or the s^^^-", voi. 
 production of all fpecies according to the common laws of na- ^^" 
 ture ; that of preter-generations or of births deviating from the 
 flated rule; and thirdly, the hiftory of nature as confined or 
 afiifted, changed or tortured by the art of man: Which laft 
 difclofes to us a new face of things, and as it were another 
 world of appearances. The ufe of fiich a hiftory he reckons 
 two-fold; either the knowledge of qualities in themfelves: or 
 to ferve for the firft matter of a true and ufeful philofophy. 
 With this view only did our Author make and gather together 
 the mifcellaneous colledlion I am fpeaking of That many par- 
 ticular experiments have been found doubtful or falfe cannot be 
 wondered at: the whole was then a tradl of fcience uncultivated 
 and defert. If feveral confiderable men, treading in the path 
 he ftruck out for them, have gone farther and furveyed it more 
 exactly than he did, yet to him is the honour of their difco- 
 veries in a manner due. It was Cohwibiis alone who imaf>"ined 
 there might be a new World; and who had the noble boldnefs 
 to go in fearch of it, thro an ocean unexplored and immenfe. 
 He fucceeded in the attempt; and led his followers into a fpa- 
 cious continent, rich and fruitful. If fucceeding adventurers 
 have penetrated farther than he into its feveral regions, marked 
 out and diftinguiftied them with more accuracy; the refult of 
 thefe difcoveries has lefs extended their fame than it has raifed 
 and enlarged his. 
 
 4. After thefe preparations, nothing feems wanting but to scaia intei- 
 enter at once on the laft and moft exalted kind of philofophy: 
 
 but
 
 ixiv- 
 
 THE LIFE O F T H E 
 
 but the author judged, that, in an affair fo complicated and 
 important, fome other things ought to precede, partly for in^ 
 ftruclion, and partly for prefent ufe. He therefore interpofed 
 a fourth and fifth part: the former of which he named Scala 
 IntelleBus, or a feries of Iteps by which the Underftanding 
 micrht regularly afcend in its philofophical refearches. For this 
 purpofe, he propofed examples of enquiry and invefiigation, 
 agreeable to his own method, in certain fiibjeds ; felecting fuch" 
 efpecially as are of the nobleft order, and moil widely differing 
 from one another; that inftances of every fort might not be 
 wanting. The fourth part then was to contain a particular ap- 
 phcation and illuftration of the fecond. In this light we chufe 
 to confider the fix monthly hiflories which he propofed to write 
 on fix principal topics in natural hiftory: namely, of winds; of 
 life and death; of rarefaftion and condenfation ; of the three 
 chymical principles, fait, fulphur, mercury; of bodies heavy 
 and light; of fympathy and antipathy. The firff three, in the 
 order I have here placed them, he profecuted at fome Jength; 
 and in a manner that fhews with what a happy fagacity he 
 could apply his own rules to the interpretation of nature. The 
 wonder is, that other enquirers fince his time have done fo little 
 towards perfecting the two firft mentioned, things of fo great 
 concern to human fociety, and to every individual. As to the 
 three laft, we have only a fhort introdudlion to each: death 
 having prevented him from writing any thing on the fubjeds 
 themfelves. Such is our Condition here: whoever is capable of 
 planning ufeful and extenlive fchemes dies always too foon for 
 mankind, even in the moft advanced age. 
 Antkipatio- 5. Of the fifth part he has left nothing but the title and 
 fe^undx."'^^ fcheme. It was indeed to be only a temporary ftrudurc, raifed 
 with fuch materials as he himfelf had either invented, or tryed, 
 or improved; not according to the due form of genuine induc- 
 tion, but by the fame common ufe of the underftanding that 
 others had employed. And this was to remain no longer thaa 
 till he had raifed, 
 phiiofophia 6. The fixth and fublimeft part of this grand Inftauration, 
 aS ^"^ to which all the preceding are merely fubfervient: a philofo- 
 phy purely axiomatical and fcientific; flowing from that juft, 
 caftigated, genuine manner of enquiry, which the author firft 
 invented and applied. But this he defpaired of being able to 
 
 accomplifli:
 
 LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. hv 
 
 aGCompIifh: and the Learned of all countries from his days 
 have been only labouring fome feparate or leffer parts of thiy 
 amazing edifice, which ages to come may not fee finiflied ac- 
 cording to the model left them by this one Man. 
 
 Such, and fo unlimited were his views for the univerfil ad- 
 vancement of fcience; the noble aim to which he diredled all 
 his philofophic labours. What Caefar faid, in complement, to 
 Tully may, with ftridl juftice, be applied to him; that it was 
 more glorious to have extended the limits of human wit, than 
 to have enlarged the bounds of the Roma?i world. Sir Franc/'s Ba- 
 con really did fo: a truth acknowledged not only by the greareft 
 private names in Europe, but by all the public iocietics of it.s 
 moft civilized nations. France, Italy, Ger^nany^ Britain, I 
 may add even Rujfta, have taken him for their leader, and fub- 
 mitted to be governed by his inftitutions. The empire he has 
 erefted in the learned world is as univerfal as the fret ufe of 
 reafon: and One muft continue, till the Other is no more. 
 
 Vol. L t CONTENTS
 
 Ixvi 
 
 CONTE NTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FOUR VOLUMES. 
 
 V O L. I. 
 
 ANEW LIFE of the Author. ByMr.MALLEX, p. i 
 Inftaumtio Magna, p. i. 
 Praetatio. p. J. 
 Dift-ributio Opcris. p. 12. 
 
 De Dignitatc & Augmentis Scientiarum Libri VL. p. 21. 
 Partitioncs Scicntiarum & Argumenta fmgulorum Capitum. p. 23. 
 Dc Dignitatc & Augmentis Scientiarum, Libetprimus. p. 27. 
 Libci- Iccundus. p. f'c). 
 
 -Liber tertius. p. 93. 
 -Liber quartus. p. 1 1 f. 
 -Liber quintus. p. 137. 
 -Liber fcxtus. p. i fS. 
 -Liber leptimus. p. ipf. 
 -Liber oftavus. p. 214. 
 -Liber nonus. p. 262. 
 
 Novum Organum Scientiarum. p. 2 6p. 
 
 Praefatio. p. 271. 
 
 Apliorifmidc interprctatione Naturae, & regno Hominis. p. 274. 
 
 De Interpretatione Natura:, Liber Iccundus. 313. 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 Containing fcveral Pieces of Lord 5^rd?« not printed in the lafl: Edition in 
 four Volumes in folio: and now publilhed from the original Manufcriprs 
 in the Library of the Right Honourable the Earl of Oxford. Append, p. 1 . 
 
 Ofthetrue Grcatncfs of the Kingdom of ^r/Y^;», to King James, ibtd. 
 
 Notes of a Speech concerning a War with Spain, p. 12. 
 
 A Book of Speeches in Parliament, or othcrwiie delivered by Sir Francis 
 Bacon the King's SoUicitor-General. p. 16. 
 
 Mr. Bacon's Difcourfe in the Praife of his Sovereign, p. 16. 
 
 The Proceedings of the Earl oi EJJex. p. 26. 
 
 Of the State o'i Europe, p. 35-. 
 
 State-Pieces in the Reign of King y^^^/i;!?^. p. 46. 
 
 A Proclamation drawn for his Majclty' s firft coming in. ibid. 
 
 A Draught of a Proclamation touching His Maicftv's Style, 2 Jacobi. p. 48. 
 
 A
 
 CONTENTS. Ixvli 
 
 A Certificate or Return of the CommiiTioncrs of England and Scotland. 
 
 p.fi. 
 
 ^ 
 
 An Argument ofSir Francis Bacon, in the lower Houfe of Parliament, p.f^. 
 
 A Certificate to iiis Majefty, touching the Projeds of Sir Stephen 'Pro£lor, 
 relating to the penal Laws. p. 5-8. 
 
 A Certificate to the Lords of the Council, upon information given, touch- 
 ing the fcarcity of Silver at the Mint, and reference to the two Chancel- 
 lors and the King's SoUicitor. p. 63. 
 
 A frame of Declaration of the Mafter of the Wards, at his firft fitting, p. 66. 
 
 Diredions for the Mafter of the Wards to obfervc, for His Majelly's better 
 fervice and the general good. p. 67. 
 
 Philofoploical Pieces of the Lord Bacon, p. 6p. 
 
 Mr. Bacon in praile of Knowledge, ibid. 
 
 Valerius Terminus of the Interpretation of Nature, with the Annotations 
 of Hermes Stella, p. 7 1 . 
 
 Tcmporis Partus Mafculus, five delnterpretatione Naturae Lib. 3. p. 5)5". 
 
 Filum Labyrinthi, five Formula Inquifitionis. p. 96. 
 
 Sequela Chartarum, five Inquifitio Icgitima de Calore & Frigore. p. loi. 
 
 Redargutio Philofophiarum. p. 107. 
 
 Mr. Francis Bacon of the Colours of Good and Evil j to the Lord Mount- 
 joy e. p. 124. 
 
 VOL. IT. 
 
 PArafceve ad Hiftoriam Naturalem & Experimentalcm : five Dcfcriptio 
 Hiftoriae Naturalis & Experimentalis, qualis fufficiat, & fit in ordine ad 
 
 Bafin & Fundamenta Philofophiae verae. p. i. 
 Aphorifmi'de Conficienda Hiftoria prima, p. 3. 
 Catalogus Hiftoriarum particularium, p. 9 
 
 I i::i2,mcntumLihn Ferulamianiy cui Titulus Abecedarium Naturae, p. 14.. 
 Hiftoriae Naturalis ad condendam Philolophiam Praefatio. p. 1 6. 
 Tituli Hiftoriarum & Inquifitionum in primos fex menfes deftinatarum. 
 
 p. 21. 
 Hiftoria Naturalis & Experimentalis ad condendam Philofophiam : five Phac- 
 
 nomcnon Univerfi ; quae eft, Inftaurationimagnae pars tertia. p. 21. 
 Norma Hiftoriae Praefentis. p. 23. 
 Hiftoria Ventorum. Aditus, five Praefatio. p-2f. 
 Topica particularia : five Articuli Inquifitionis de Ventis. p. 2 f. 
 Hiftoria. Nomina Ventorum. p. 29. 
 Venti Liberi. p. 30. 
 Venti Gcnerales. p. 31. 
 Venti Stati. p. 32. 
 Venti Alleclae. p. 33. 
 Qiaalitates & Potcftates Ventorum. p. 3 5-. 
 Origines Locales Ventorum. p. 39. 
 Accidentales Generationes Ventorum. p. 42. 
 Venti extraordinarii & Flatus repentini. p. 43. 
 Confacientia ad Ventos, originales fcilicet. p. 44. 
 Limites Ventorum. p. 47. 
 
 3 Succcflloncs
 
 Ixviii CONTENTS. 
 
 Succeflioncs Vcntorum. p. 48. 
 
 Motus Ventorum. p. 49- 
 
 Motus Ventorum in VelisNavium. p. 5-2. 
 
 Obfervationes majores. p. ^f. 
 
 Motus Ventorum in aliis Machinis humanis. p. ^6. 
 
 Prognoftica Ventorum. p. f 7. 
 
 Imitamenta Ventorum. p. 6j4 
 
 Obfcrvatio major, p. 64. 
 
 Canones mobiles de Vcntis. p. 64. 
 
 Charta humana, five optativa cum proximis, circa Ventos. p. 6f. 
 
 Ledori S. p. 67. 
 
 Hiftoria Denfi & Rari ; necnon Coitionis & Expanfionis materiae pec (patia. 
 
 Modus Experiment! circa Tabulam fuprafcriptam. p. 7 1 . 
 
 Hiftoria Gravis & Levis, p. 106. 
 
 Hiftoria Sympathiae & Antipatliiae Rerum. p. 107. 
 
 Hiftoria Sulphuris, Mercurii & Sails, i^/d. 
 
 Francifci Baronis dc Verulamio, Vice-Comitis SanBi Albania Hiftoria 
 
 Vitac & Mortis: five Titulus ibxtus in Hiftoria naturali & expcrimentali 
 
 ad condendamPhilofophlam: quae eft, Inftaurationis Magnae Pars Tertia. 
 
 p. 109. 
 Hiftoria Vitae & Mortis, p. 1 10. 
 , Topica Particularia : five Articuli inquifitionis de Vita & Morte. p. 112. 
 Natura durabilis. p. 114. 
 Obfervationes majores. p. Hf. 
 Obfervatio major, p. 116. 
 
 Deficcatio, Deficcationis Prohibitio, & Deficcati Inteneratio. p. 117. 
 Obfervationes majores. p. 120. 
 Longaevitas & Brevitas Vitae in Animalibus. p. 1 2 1. 
 Obfervationes majores, p. 125-. 
 Alimentatio, Via alimcntandi. p. 127. 
 Longaevitas & Brevitas Vitae in Homine. p. 128. 
 Mediclnae ad Longacvltatcm. Ad Artie. X. p. 141. 
 Intentiones. Ad Artie. XILXIII. XIV. p. 142. 
 
 Operatio fuper Spiritus, utmancant Juveniles, & revirefcant. L p. 145-. 
 Operatio fuper Exclufionem Aeris. li. p. 1 5-4. 
 Operatio fuper Sanguinem & Calorem fanguificantcm. III. p. 1 fS. 
 Operatio fuper fuccos Corporis. IV. p. 160. 
 Operatio fuper Vifccra ad Extrufionem Alimenti. V.p, 162. 
 Operatio fuper Partes extcriores ad Attradionem Alimenti. VI. p. i6S. 
 Operatio fuper Alimentum ipfum ad Infinuationcmcjufdem. VII. p. 168. 
 Operatio fuper Adum ultimuin Aftlmilationis Commcntatio. VIII. p. 170. 
 Operatio fuper Intenerationem ejus quod arcficri cocpir, five Malacillatio 
 
 Corporis. IX. p. 171. 
 Operatio fuper Expurgationem Succi veterls & Reftitutionem Succi novi, five 
 
 Renovationem per vices. X, p. 173. 
 Atriola Mortis. Ad Artic.XV. p. 174. 
 Difcrimina Juventutis & Senedutis. Ad Artie. XVI. p. 179. 
 Canones mobiles de Duratione Vitac, & Forma Mortis, p. 181. 
 Hiftoria & Inquifitio prima de Sono & Auditu, &de Forma iJoni, & latentc 
 
 ProccflU Soni : five Sylvi Soni & Auditus. p. 189. 
 Articuli Quaeftionum circa Mineralia. p. 203. 
 
 Inquifitio
 
 CONTENTS. Ixix 
 
 Inquifirio dc Magnctc. p. 208. 
 
 Francifcus Baconus Lcdori. p. 2 1 7. 
 
 Filum Labyrinthi, five Inquifitio Legitima dc Motu. p. 2 1 8. 
 
 Cogicationes de NaturaRcrum. Dc Sedione Corporum, contiijuo & vacuo," 
 
 p. 222. 
 Dc Fluxu & Rcfluxu Maris, p, 2:54. 
 Indicia vera de Inrerprctationc Naturae, p. 245.. 
 '£.''p'\^o\7iTho7nae Bodlei 2.6. Francifc. Bacormm, quae candide expendit ejus 
 
 Cogitata & Vila : Latine scx.^i.zx Anglico, ah Ifaaco Griitero. p. 2 84. 
 Dcfcriptio Globi intelledualis. p. 288. 
 Tlicma Cocli. p. 312. 
 
 DcPrincipiis atque Originibus lecundum Fabulas Ciipidinis & Coeli : five 
 'FarrmTiidis & Telejii, & praecipue Tiemocritt Philofophia, tradata in 
 Fabula. p. 315). 
 Scala Intcllcdus, five Filum Labyrinthi. Quae eft Inflaurationis Magnae 
 
 Pars IV. p. 342, 
 Prodromus, five Anticipationcs Philofophiae Secundae. Inflaurationis Mag- 
 nae Pars V. p. 344. 
 Dc Sapicntia Vctcrum Liber ad inclytam Academiam Cantabrigienfem. II- 
 luftrillimo Viro Comiti Sarisburienfi, Summo Thefaurario Angliae, 5c_ 
 Canccllario Academiac Ci37Z/^tf<^r/^/>»/^f. p. 346. 
 Almae Matri, Inclytae Acadcmiae Cantabrigienji. p. 347. 
 Pracfatio. p. 348. 
 Dc Sapicntia Vctcrum. p. 380. 
 Imago Civllis Jidti Caefaris. p. 386. 
 Imago Civilis Augnfii Caefaris. p. 388. 
 In fcliccm Memoriam Elizabethae Angliae Reginac. p. 3 85;. 
 Mcditationes facrae. p. 396. 
 De Miraculis Servatoris. ibid. 
 
 De ColumbinaInnoccntia& Serpentina Prudentia. ^■^97- 
 De Exaltatione Cliaritatis. p. 3p8. De Menfura Curarum. ibid. 
 De Spe Terrcftri. p. 399. l3e Hypocritis. p. 400. 
 De Impoftoribus, ibid. 
 Dc Generibus Impoflurac. p. 401. 
 De Athcifmo. ib/d. De Hacrcfibus. pi 402. 
 Dc Ecclcfia & Scripturis. p. 403. 
 
 I. Epiftola ad Fulgcntium. /y/<^. 
 
 II. Rcfcriptum Procuratoris Regis Primarii, ad Academiam Cantabri- 
 gienfem, quando in iandius Regis Concilium cooptatus fuit. p. 404. 
 
 III. Francifcus Baro de Ferulamio, Yicccomcs Sancli Albani, Almae Ma- 
 tri inclytae Acadcmiae C^«f<2<^r/^/>w//', Salutem. p. 405". 
 
 IV. Inclytae Acadcmiae Oa'^w/Vw/zS. ibiii. 
 
 V. Refcriptum Acadcmiae Oxonienfa Francifco Bacono. ibid. 
 
 VI. Francifcus Baro dc Vernlamio, Vicecomcs Sancii Albani pcrcclc- 
 bri Collcgio Sandae & Individuae Trinitatis in Cantabrigia^ Salutem. 
 p. j{.o6. 
 
 VII. Almae Matri Acadcmiae Cantabrigienji. ibid. 
 
 VIII. AFJio'Deodato. ibid. 
 
 IX. Revercn.lo Viro Domino Gulielmo Raivley, Sacrac TheologiaeDodori, 
 & Rcgiac Majcflatis Capellano, Amico colcndiflimo. p. 407. 
 
 X. Reverendo Dodiflimoque Viro Gulielmo Rawleio S. P. D. Ifaacus Gru- 
 terus. p. 408. 
 
 Vol. L f The
 
 1x3, CONTENT S. 
 
 The firft Book of Francis Bacon, of the Proficiencc and Advancement of 
 Learning, divine and human, p. 413- 
 
 The fecond Book. p. 45-0. 
 
 The Pafla2;es in Parliament againft Fr<««f /i* Vifcount St. Alban, Lord- Chan- 
 cellor of £«^/^W'^. P- f48- 
 
 The Laft Will of Sir Francis Bacon Vifcount St. Alban. p. ^5-9. 
 
 Account of his Debts, p. 5:65-, &c. 
 
 VOL. III. 
 
 NAtural Hiftory, Cent. L Experiments in confort, touching the 
 ftraining and palling of Bodies one thro' another i which they call 
 Percolation, p. i. 
 
 _— — Cent II. Experiments in confort touching Mufic. p. 2p. 
 . 'Cent III. Experiments in confort touching the Motion of Sounds. 
 
 p. 47. 
 
 -Cent. IV. Experiments in confort touching the Clarification of 
 
 Liquors, and the accelerating thereof, p. 65-. 
 
 -Cent. V. Experiments in confort touching the Acceleration o£ 
 
 Germination, p. 86. 
 
 -Cent. VI. Experiments in confort touching Curioflties about 
 
 Fruits and Plants, p. 103. 
 
 •Cent. VII. Experiments in confort touching Differences between 
 
 Plants and animated Bodies, p. 120. 
 
 •Cent. Vlll. Experiment folitary touching Veins of medicinal 
 
 Earth, p. 141. 
 
 •Cent. IX. Experiment folitary touching Perception in Bodies in- 
 
 fenfible, tending to natural Divination or fubtile Tryals. p. i6f. 
 
 Cent. X. Experiments in confort touching ihc Tranfmilllon 
 
 and Influx of immateriate Virtues, and the Force of Imagination, 
 p. 189. 
 
 Phyfiological Remains. Inquifitions touching the compounding of Metals. 
 p. 210. 
 
 Articles of Queftions touching Minerals. Lord Bacon's Queftions with 
 Dr. Me'verel's Solutions; concerning the compounding, incorporating, 
 or Union of Metals or Minerals: which Subjed is the firft Letter of his 
 Lordfhip's Alphabet, p. 214. 
 
 Dr. iVfi?t;fr^/'s An fwers to the foregoing Queftions. p. 215". 
 
 Articles of Enquiry concerning Minerals. The fecond Letter of theCrofs- 
 Row, touching the Separation of Metals and Minerals, p. 217. 
 
 Dr. i\/(?^'fr^/'sAnf\ver to the foregoing Quellions. p. 2ip. 
 
 Enquiries concerning Metals and Minerals. The fourth Letter of the Crofs- 
 Row, touching Reftitution. p. 221. 
 
 Dr. Meverel'^i Anfwer. ibid. 
 
 Lord Vertilam\ Inquifition touching the VerfionSjTranfmutatipns, Multipli- 
 cations and Affcdions of Bodies, ibid. 
 
 A Speech touching the recovering of drowoed! mincra] Works, prepared for 
 
 the
 
 CONTENTS. Ixxj 
 
 the Parliament (as Mr. Bujhel affirmed) by the Vlfcount St. Albany 
 then Lord High Chancellor of England, p. 223. 
 Ccrrain Experiments made by the Lord Bacon about Weight in Air and 
 Water, p. 223. 
 
 Certain fudden Thoughts of the Lord Bacon's, fct down by him under 
 the Title of Experiments for Profit, p. 224. 
 
 Certain Experiments of the Lord Bacon'sdbont the Commixture of Liquors 
 only, not Solids 5 without Heat or Agitation, but only by /imple Compa- 
 ction and Settling, p. 225. 
 
 A Catalogue of Bodies attradive and not attradive, together with experi- 
 mental Obfcrvations about Attradion, p. 226. 
 
 Medical Remains, p. 228. 
 
 Medical Receipts of the Lord 5^r(7W. p. 233. 
 
 New Atalantis, a Work unfiniihed. p. 235-. 
 
 Magnalia Naturae, praecipue quoad Ufus humanos. p. 2^91. 
 
 AColledion of Apothegms new and old. p. 261. 
 
 Ornamenta Rationalia : or Elegant Sentences, fomc made, others collected 
 by the Lord Bacon, p. 293. 
 
 A CoUcdion of Sentences out of the Writings of Lord Bacon, p. 294. 
 
 Eflays and Counfels Civil and Moral. To Mr. Anthony Bacon his Brother, 
 
 p. 25)p. 
 
 To his Brother Sir John Conjlable, Knt. p. 300. 
 
 To the Right Honourable the Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Admiral of 
 
 England, ibid. 
 Eflays civil and moral, p. 301. 
 
 A Fragment of the Colours of Good and Evil," p. 384. 
 A Table of the Colours or Appearances of Good and Evil, and their 
 
 Degrees, p. 385". 
 To the Moftllluftrious and Mod Excellent Prince C^/?r/<?j, Prince of Wales, 
 
 Duke of Cornwall, 'EzxioiCheJier, &c. p- 397. 
 Hifl:ory of the Reign of King Henry VII. p. 398. 
 Hiftory of the Reign of King Henry VIII. p. foy. 
 The Beginning of the Hiftory of Great Britain, p. f 09. 
 Mifcell^y Works of the Right Honourable Francis Lord Vertdam ; pub> 
 
 lifh'd by JVilliam Rawley, D. D. An. i. 1^29. p. 512. 
 Confiderations touching aWar with Spain. Infcribcd to Prince Charles. 
 
 An. 1624. p. 5'i3. 
 An Advcrtifement touching a Holy War. Written in the Year 1622. To 
 
 the Right Reverend Father in God, Lancelot Andrews Lord Bifhop of 
 
 JVinchefter, and Counfellor of Eflate to His Majefty. p. 534. 
 Appendix. An Account of the lately creded Service called, the Office of 
 
 Compolition for Alienations, p. f4p. 
 Advice to Sir George Villiers, afterwards Duke of Buckingham^ when he 
 
 was Favourite to King James, p. ^(^4. 
 
 V O L.
 
 Ixxii CONTENTS. 
 
 VOL. IV. 
 
 AProporition to his Majcfty, by Sir Francis Bacon Knt. His Majcfty's 
 Attorney-General, and one of his Privy-Council ; touching the 
 Compiling and Amendment of the Laws of England, p. i. 
 
 The Elements of the Common-Laws of £w^/t7«^. Containing;, L A Col- 
 kdion of Ibme principal Rules and Maxims of the Common Law, with 
 their Latitude and Extent. II. The Ufe of the Common Law for Prefcr- 
 vation of our Perfons, Goods and Good Names; according to tlic Laws 
 and Cuftoms of this Land. p. 12. 
 
 TheMaximsoftheLaw. p. 18. 
 
 The Uie of the Law. p. 5<>. 
 
 A Preparation toward the Union of the Laws oi England and Scotland. 
 p. 84. 
 
 The Office of Conftables, Original and Ufe of Courts-Leet, Shcnfts Turn, 
 
 &c. p. P4. 
 
 'The Ar2,uments in Law of Sk Francis Bacon Knt. the King's Sollicitor 
 General, in certain great and difficult Cafes, p. loi, . 
 
 Cafe of Impeachment of Wafte, argued before all the Judges in the Exdia- 
 quer-Chamber. p. 102. 
 
 The Argument in Loijce'% Cafe of Tenures, in the King's Bench, p. 114. 
 
 The Cafe of Revocation ofUlcs, in the King's Bench, p. 121. 
 
 Thejurifdidion of the Marches, p. 128. 
 
 A Draught of an Act againft an ullirious Shift of Gain, in delivering Com- 
 modities inftead of Money, &c. p. 145". 
 
 Ordinances made by the Lord Chnncellor Bacon, for the better and more 
 regular Adminiftration of JulHcc in the Chancery; to be daily oblerved, 
 favingthe Prerogatives of the Court, p. \\6. 
 
 The learned Reading of Mr. Francis Bacon upon the Statute of Ufcs. 
 p. 156. 
 
 The Argument of Sir Francis BaconKnt. His Majefty s Sollicitor-Gcncral, 
 in Calc of the Toji-Nati of Scotland, in the Exchequer-Chamber ; be- 
 fore the Lord Chancellor and all the Judges oiEyigland. p. 185-. 
 
 A brief Difcourfe of the happy Union of the Kingdoms of England and 
 Scotland, p. 210. 
 
 Certain Articles or Declarations touching the Union of the Kingdoms of 
 England zi\A Scotland: coUedcd and difperfcd for his Majclly's better 
 Service, p. 216. 
 
 A Speech in Parliament, 39 Eliz. upon the Motion of Subfidy. p. 228. 
 
 A Speech by Sir Francis Bacon Knt. chofen by the Commons to prcfcnt 
 a Petition touching Purveyors, &c. p. 231. 
 
 A Speech ufed by Sir Francis Bacon Knt. in the honourable Houfe of 
 Commons 5 Jacobi ; concerning the Article of the General Naturali- 
 zation of the Scotipj Nation, p. 2 3 f. 
 
 A Speech ufed by Sir Francis BaconKnt. in the lower Houfe of Parliament, 
 by occafion of a Motion concerning the Union of Laws. p. 246. 
 
 A Report made by S'n Francis Bacon Knt. in the Houfe of Commons, of 
 a Speech delivered by the Earl oi Salisbury •■, and another Speech deli- 
 vered
 
 CONTENTS. ]; 
 
 win 
 
 vcrcd by the Earl o^ Northampton^ at a Conference conccrnini: the Pc- 
 rition of the Merchants upon the Spanijl Grievances, ParUamenr f Jacobi. 
 p. 250. 
 A Speech uled to the King, by His Majefty's Sollicitor, being chofen by 
 tiie Commons as their Mouth and Mellenger, for riic prefentini? to hi.s 
 Mujeily the IndrunKnt or Writing of tlieir Grievances, in the Pariiainedr 
 7 Jacohi. p. 260. 
 A Speech oi' the King's SoUicitor ufed unto the Lords, at a Conference by 
 
 Commii]]on from the Commons, c5t. p. 261. 
 A Speech of the King's SoUicitor, perlu;iding the Houfc of Commons to de- 
 filt from farther quellion of receiving the King's Mclfages by their Speaker, 
 CTT. p. 263. 
 A Brief Speech in the end of tiic Seflion of ParUament 7 Jacobi, perfuading 
 
 fome Supply to be given to his Majefty, &c. p. 166. 
 A Speech delivered by the King's Attorney Sir Francis Bacon, in the lower 
 Houfe, when the Houfe was in great Heat and much troubled among the 
 Undertakers, d^c. p. 267. 
 The Speech which was ufed by the Lord-Keeper of the Great Seal in the 
 Star Chamber, before the Summer Circuits; the King being tlien in 
 Scotland ; 1 6 1 7. p. 2 7 7. 
 The Speech uled by Sir /ir^wm i5^f(9». Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of 
 England, to Sir JVilliamJones, upon his calling to be Lord Cliief Jullice 
 oi Ireland. \6\j. p. 270. 
 The Lord-Keeper's Speech in the Exchequer to Sir yohn 'Denham, when 
 
 lie was called to be one of the Barons of the Exchequer, p. 2 8 r . 
 His LordChip's Speech in the Common Pleas, tojuftice Hutton, when he 
 
 was called to be one of the Judges of the Common Pleas, p. 282. 
 His Lordfliip's Speech in the Parliament^ being Lord Chancellor, to the 
 
 Speaker's Excufe. p. 283. 
 Sir Francis Bacon's Charge at the SeiHons of the Verge, p. 2 88. 
 A Charge delivered by Sir Francis Bacon-, the King's Attorney General, 
 at the Arraignment of the Lord Sanquhar, in the King's Bench at fVeJl- 
 minlier. p. 295'. 
 The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, His Majefty's Attorney General, touching 
 Duels ; upon an Information in the Star-Chamber againft 'Vriejl and 
 Wright, p. 297. 
 The Decree of the Star Chamber againft Duels, p. 304.. 
 The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon Knt. his Majefty's Attorney General, 
 
 againft JVilliam Talbot a Counfellor at Law oi Ireland, p. 309. 
 The Charge given by Sir Francis Bacon, His Majefty's Attorney-General, 
 againft Mr. Oliver Sj:. John, for fcandalizing and traducing, in the pub- 
 lic Seflions, Letters fent from the Lords of the Council touching the 
 Benevolence, p. 314.. 
 The Charge of Oii'i'w, indidcd of High Treafon in the King's Bench, by 
 
 Sir Francis Bacon Knt. His Majefty's Attorney- General, p. 321. 
 The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon the King's Attorney General againft Mr. 
 Lumfden, Sir 'John IVentworth, and Sir John Holies for fcandal and 
 traducing of the King's J ufticc in the Proceedings againft Wejion, in the 
 Star-Chambcr, 10 November, i6if. p. 324. 
 The Charge, by way of evidence, by W\r Francis Bacon, His Majefty's At- 
 torney-General, before the Lord High Steward and the Peers, againft 
 Frances Countels oi Somerfet , concerning the poifoning of Sir Thomas 
 Overbiiry^ p. 330. 
 
 Vol L t The
 
 Ixxv'i CONTENTS. 
 
 6. To the Queen, p. fii. 
 
 7. To my Lord-Treafurer ^«r/f/^^ ifpi- ^bid- 
 
 8. To the Lord-Treafurer Burleigh. 5- 12. 
 
 9. To the fame, 513. 
 
 10. To the Lord-Treafurer Burleigh. ')\^. 
 
 11. A Letter to Lord-Treafurer Burleigh^ in Excufe of his Speech in Par- 
 Hament againft the Triple Sublidy. 5 if. 
 
 12. To the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper of the Great Sea], ic^-c. 
 Si6. 
 
 13. Earl o( E£ex's Letter to the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper. /^/J. 
 
 14. To the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper of the Great Seal. /l>/d. 
 If. To the fame, fi/. 
 
 16. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper Cfc ibid. 
 ij. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 18. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper. &c. fiS. 
 
 19. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper &€. ibid. 
 
 20. To the fame, p. fip. 
 
 21. To the Right Honourable the Lord Trcafurer Burleigh^ recommending» 
 his firft Suit touching the SoUicitor's Place, ibid. 
 
 22. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper, ctt. 520. 
 • 23. To the fame, 5-2 1. 
 
 24. To the fame, ibid. 
 25-. To the fame, 522. 
 
 26. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal oi Eng- 
 land, ibid. 
 
 27. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper. 5-23. 
 2 8. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 2 p. Earl of £^' A- 's Letter to the Lord Keeper. 523. 
 
 30. Earl of £^^A.- to the fame, 524. 
 
 31. The Earl of £/7>^'s Letter to the Council at his embarking for i/»^/;?, 
 June 1^96. ibid. 
 
 32. To the Earl of Ejfex, from Mr. Bacon, Odober 4. ifpd. p. 5-28. 
 
 33. To the Earl of Effex. 531. 
 
 34. To the fame. 532. 
 
 3f. To Sir 'John Stanhope. 532. 
 
 3(). To the Earl of Ejf ex. ibid. 
 
 37. To the fame, 5^34. 
 
 38. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 39. To the Qiieen. ibid. 
 
 40. To Sir Roller t Cecil. f3 f. 
 
 41. To the fame, 536. 
 
 42. To Fou/kGrevileEfqi ibid. 
 
 43. To the Earl of £_//>.v. 5-37. 
 
 44. To Sir Robert Cecil, at his being in France, ibid. 
 45-. To the fome, 538. 
 
 45. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of Ejfex, to take upon him the care 
 of Irijh Caufcs, when Mr. Secretary Cecil was in France 1598. ibid. 
 
 47. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of Ejfex, upon the Treaty with Tyrone, 
 1 5-98. before the Earl was nominated for the Charge of Ireland, /39. 
 
 48. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of EjJ'ex immediately before his go- 
 ing into /r^/^«</, 1 599. f4i. 
 
 49. To the Earl of Ejfex. 5-43, 
 
 fo.
 
 CONTENTS. ]„„;; 
 
 5-0. A Lcttci- to the Earl of Ejfex^ in offer of fcr\ ice wlien he was firft 
 
 ialar£;cd to Effex Houfc. p. f43. 
 5-1. An Anfwcr of my Lord of Effex to the preceding Letter of Mr. 
 
 Bacon. ^i\.^. 
 52. To the Earl of Effex. ibid. 
 5'3. To the fame, ibid. 
 5-4. To Sir Robert Cecil. 5-4 f. 
 j-f. To the Lord Henry Howard, ibid. 
 ^6. Two Letters framed : the one as from Mr. Anthony Bacon to the Earl 
 
 o^ Ejfex--, the other as the Earl's Anfwer. ^^6. 
 57. A Letter framed as from the Earl, in Anfwcr to the former, 549. 
 5-8. A Letter to Mr. Secretary Cecil zkcz the defeating of the Spanifh Forces 
 
 in Ireland, ibid. 
 5p. To my Lord oi Canterbury (Dr. Whitgift) ff^. 
 
 60. To Sir Thomas Lucy. ibid. 
 
 61. A Letter of recommendation of his Service to the Earl o^ Northumber- 
 land, ^iz'w 'Dz.yshdoxzQv.ctw Elizabeth' sTyczxh. fff. 
 
 Letters in the Reign of King yames, 
 
 62. To Mr. Fowlys. ffiJ. 
 
 65. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 64. To Sir Thomas Chaloner then in Scotland, before his Majefty's En- 
 trance, ff/. 
 6^. An Offer of Service to tlie King upon his firft coming in. ibid. 
 
 66. A Letter commending his Love to the Lord of King/lone upon his Ma- 
 jefty's Entrance. 55-8. 
 
 6j. A Letter to Dr. Morifon a Scotifi Phyfician upon his Majefty's com- 
 ing in. f5p. 
 <)8. To Mr. "Davis gone to meet the King. ibid. 
 6p. To Mr. Robert Kemp, upon the Death of Q; Elizabeth. f6o. 
 
 70. To the Earl of Northumberland, recommending a Proclamation to be 
 made by the King at his Entrance, ibid. 
 
 71. To the Earl of Southampton upon the King's coming in, f6i. 
 
 72. To Mr. Matthews, fignifying the wife proceeding of King^^'^w^j at 
 his firft entrance into England, ibid. 
 
 73. To the Earl of Northumberland. ^62. 
 
 74. A Letter to Mr Murray of the King's Bed-Chamber. ^62. 
 
 75". To Mr ^/Vrr^ Secretary to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, ibid. 
 
 y6. To the Earl of Northumberland, defiring him to prefent the Advance- 
 ment of Learning to the King. ^6j^. 
 
 yj. To Sir Thomas Bodley, upon fending his Book of the Advancement 
 of Learning, ibid. 
 
 78. To the Earl of Salisbury, upon fending the Advancement of Learn- 
 ing. 565. 
 
 yp. To the Lord Treafurer Buckhurft on the fame Subjcft. ibid. 
 
 80. To the Lord Chancellor [Sir. T. Egerton Lord Ellefnifre'} on the 
 fame Subjed:. 5-66. 
 
 81. To Mr. Matthew, ibid. 
 
 82. To Dr. Tlayfer, defiring him to tranflate the Advancement of Learn- 
 ingisw-o Latin. ^6y. 
 
 83. To the Lord-Chancellor touching the Hiftory of Britain. ^6%. 
 VoL.l. Li 84.
 
 Ixxiv CONTENTS. 
 
 The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, his Majcfty's Attorney-General, by 
 way of Evidence, before the Lord High Steward, and tire Peers, againit 
 Robert Earl oiSomerfet, concerning the poifoning oiOxjerbury. p. 334. 
 
 Certain Obfervations upon a Libel, publifhcd the prefcnt Year 1592, 
 intituled, A Declaration of the true Caules of the great Troubles prelup- 
 pofed to be intended againft the Realm of England, p. 34,2. 
 
 A true Report of the detcrtablc Treafon intended by Dodor Roderigo 
 Lopez, a Phyfician attending upon the Pcrfon of the Qiieen's Majefty. 
 
 P- 378. 
 A Declaration of the Pradiccs and Treafons attempted and committed by 
 
 Robert Earl of £/> a; and his Accomplices againft her Maiefty and her 
 
 Kin-'-domsj and of the Proceedings, as well as the Arraignments and 
 
 Conviftions of the faid Earl and his Adherents, (O'C. p. 386. 
 
 Some Particulars of that which pafled after the Arraignment of the late Earls, 
 and at the Time of the Suffering of the Earl of Effex. p. 409. 
 
 The Effed of that which pafled at the Arraignment of Sir Chrijiopher Blunt, 
 Sir Charles 'Davers, Sir John 'Davis^ Sir Gilly Merick, and Henry 
 Ctiffe. p. 4.10. 
 
 The Confefllon of Thomas Lee, taken the i/^ih. of February, kJoo. S'c. 
 
 p. 413. 
 The Declaration of Sir JVilliam Warren, 3 Oclobris, ifpp. ibid. 
 The Declaration of Thomas Wood, 20 Jan. i fpp. &c. 4 14. 
 The Confeflion of James Knowd, taken the i6th of Feb. 1600. ^c. 
 
 ibid. 
 The Declaration of 'David Hethrington, an antient Captain and Servitor 
 
 in Ireland, 6 Jan. ifpp, C^^. p. 4if- 
 Thefirft Confellion of Sir Ferdinando Gorge, Knight, the i6i)^oiFeb. 
 
 1600. &c. p. 4if- 
 The fecond Confellion of Sir Ferdinando Gorge, Knt. the 1 8th of Feb, i-6oo. 
 
 C^r. p. 4i<5. 
 The Confellion of Sir John Tiavis, taken the iSthof F-?^. kJoo. p. 417. 
 The Confeflion of Charles leavers taken the 18th of Feb. Amio 1600. ^c. 
 
 p. 418. 
 The fecond Confeflion of Sir Charles T> avers, taken the fame Day before 
 
 Sir Thomas Egerton &c. p. 419. 
 The Confeflion of Sir Chrijiopher Blunt examined the i8th of Feb. 1600. 
 
 d^r. p. 419. 
 The fecond Confeflion of Sir Chrijiopher Blunt, the fame Day, taken 
 
 before Mr. John Herbert. &c. p. 420. 
 The Declaration of the Lord Keeper, the Earl of Worcejler-, and the Lord 
 
 Chief juftice of England, p. 42 1. 
 The Examination of i?(?^^r Em 1 of Rutland, the i2thof F<?^. 1600. (^c. 
 
 p. 422. 
 The Confeflion of William Lord Sandys,ofi\vcVzn'![\of Sherborne Cowdry, 
 
 in the County of Southampton, taken the i<Jth of Feb. 1600. (^c. 
 
 p. 423. 
 The Examination of Lord Cromvuell, taken the 7th of TWizrr-^ \6oo. &c. 
 
 p. 424. 
 The Confeflion of Sir Chrijloper Blunt Knt. at the time of his Arraign- 
 ment i which the Earl of .S'l^w/'A^w/'/'ff» confirmed afterwards, and he him- 
 
 felf likewife at his Dca,th. p. 42 f. 
 
 The
 
 CONTENTS. \xxv 
 
 The Examination of the Earl of Southampton after his Arraignment, taken 
 before the Earl^of Nottingham, Lord High Admital, &c. p. 42 5-. 
 
 The Speech of Sir Chriftopher Blunt, at tiic Time of his Deatli, as. near 
 as could be remembered 5 March \%A\ 1600. p. 426. 
 
 An Abftrad of the Earl of Effex's confellion under his own hand. p. 428. 
 
 The Earl of Effex his confellion to tlic Minifters, who attended him, the 
 2fth of February, 1600. p. 428. 
 
 The Apology of Sir Francis Bacon, m certain Imputations concerning the 
 late Earl of EJfex. p. 425). 
 
 Certain Conliderations touching the Plantation in Ireland. Prcfcnted to 
 his Majelly, 1606. p. 442. 
 
 Advice to the King touching Mr. Sutton's Eftate. p. 449. 
 
 Theological Works. A Confeffion of Faith, written by the Right Ho- 
 nourable Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, &c. p. 45-5. 
 
 An Advertifemcnt touching the Conrroverftes of the Church of England. 
 
 Certain Con:fiderations touching the better Pacification and Edification of 
 the Church of England. Dedicated to his moft Excellent Majclty. p. 472. 
 
 Concerning the Liturgy, the Ceremonies and Subfcription. p. 479. 
 
 Touching the Provifion for fufficient Maintenance in the Church, p. 485". 
 
 A Prayer or Pfalm made by the Lord Bacon, Chancellor of England. 
 p. 487. 
 
 The Student's Prayer, p. 488. 
 
 The Writer's Prayer, ibid. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalms into Englifh Verfe. By tlie Right Honourable 
 Francis Lord Verulam, Vilcount St. Alban. To his very good Friend 
 Mr. George Herbert, p. 489. 
 
 The Tranflation of the firft Pfalm. p. 490. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm XII. p. 490. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm XC. p. 491. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm CIV. p. 493. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm CXXVI. p. 495'. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm CXXXVII. p. 49^. 
 
 The Tranflation of Pfalm CXLIX. p. 497. 
 
 An Explanation what manner of Perfons thofe fhould be that are to ex- 
 ecute the Power of Ordinance of the King's Prerogative, p. 498. 
 
 Short Notes for civil Converfation, p. 5-00. 
 
 AnEllay on Death, p. foi. 
 
 The Characters of a believing Chriftian, in Paradoxes, and feeming Con- 
 tradictions, compared with the Copy printed Land. i(>45'. p. 5'04. 
 
 A Prayer made and ufed by the Lord Chancellor Bacon, p. 5-07. 
 
 Letters in the Reign of Q^ Elizabeth. 
 
 1. From an Original in the Earl of 0.v/J?r^'s Library, p. f09. 
 
 2. A Letter of Ceremony to Q. Elizabeth upon the fending of a New- 
 Year's Gift. ibid. 
 
 3. A Letter of Ceremony to Q. Elizabeth upon the fame Subjed:. 
 ibid. 
 
 4. To the Qirecn. p. 5'io. 
 f . To the fame, ibid. 
 
 6.
 
 Ixxvi CONTENTS. 
 
 6. To the Queen, p. fii. 
 
 7. To my Lord-T rc^iCuTcr Burleigh if^i. i^id. 
 
 8. To the Lord-Treafurer Burleigh. 512. 
 
 9. To the fame, 513. 
 
 10. To the Lord-Treafurer Burleigh. 514. 
 
 11. A Letter to Lord-Treafurer Burleigh ^ in Excufc of his Speech in Par- 
 Hament againft the Triple Subfidy. 51 f. 
 
 12. To the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper of the Great Seal, o-c. 
 
 13. Earl of EJfexs Letter to the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper, ibid. 
 
 14. To the Right Honourable the Lord-Keeper of the Great Seal. ibid. 
 If. To the fame, fij. 
 
 16. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper i&c. ibid. 
 ij. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 18. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper, &c. fiS. 
 I5>. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper &c. ibid. 
 
 20. To the fame, p. fip. 
 
 21. To the Right Honourable the Lord Treafurer Burleigh, recommending 
 his firrt Suit touching the Sollicitor's Place, ibid. 
 
 22. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper, ctt. f2o. 
 • 23. To the fame, f2l. 
 
 24. To the fame, ibid. 
 2^. To the fame, 5'2 2. 
 
 26. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Eng- 
 land, ibid, 
 ij. To the Right Honourable the Lord Keeper. 5-23. 
 2 8. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 29. Earl of £//?'A-'s Letter to the Lord Keeper. 5-23. 
 
 30. Earl of ^//'f.v to the fame, 524. 
 
 31. The Earl of £^x's Letter to the Council at his embarking for iS/»/?/)?, 
 June ifp^. ibid. 
 
 32. To the Earl of EJfex, from Mr. Bacon, Odobcr 4. ifpd. p. ^28. 
 
 33. To the Earl of £//>x. 531. 
 
 34. To the fame. 532. 
 
 3f. To Sir John Stanhope. ^^2. 
 
 36. To the Earl ofEjfex. ibid. 
 
 37. To the fame, 534. 
 
 38. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 39. To the Qiieen. ibid. 
 
 40. To Sir Robert Cecil. 53 f. 
 
 41. To the fame, 536. 
 
 42. To FoulkGrevile'E((\-, ibid. 
 
 43. To the Earl of £/>.v. 53 7- 
 
 44. To Sir Robert Cecil, at his being in France, ibid. 
 
 45. To the fame, 5-38. 
 
 46. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of EJfex, to take upon him the care 
 of Irip Caufes, when Mr. Secretary Cecil was in France i^S>^. ibid. 
 
 47. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of EJfex, upon the Treaty with Tyrone, 
 I fpS. before the Earl was nominated for the Charge of Ireland, 5-39. 
 
 48. A Letter of Advice to the Earl of EJJex immediately before his go- 
 ing into /r^/^Wi^', 1599. 5-41. 
 
 49. To the Earl of EJfex. 543. 
 
 50.
 
 CONTENTS. j,,,^j. 
 
 5-0. A Letter to the Earl of Effex, in offer of fervice when he was firft 
 
 ialarcjcd to Effex Houfc. p. 5-4.3. 
 5-1. An Anfwcr of my Lord of EJ^ex to the precedmg Letter of xMr. 
 
 Bacon, f^^. 
 5-2. To the Earl of Ejfex. ibid. 
 5-3. To the fame, ibid. 
 54,. To Sir Robert Cecil. 5-45-. 
 ff. To the Lord Henry Howard, ibid. 
 f6. Two Letters framed: the one as from Mr. Anthony Bacon to the Earl 
 
 o'iEjfex--, the other as the Earl's Anfwer. 5-46. 
 f^j. A Letter framed as from the Earl, in Anfwcr to the former, <)\^. 
 5-8. A Letter to Mr. Secretary Cm/ after the defeating of the Spanilh Forces 
 
 in Ireland, ibid. 
 5p, To my Lord oi Canterbury (Dr. Whitgift) ff^,. 
 
 60. To Sir Thomas Lucy. ibid. 
 
 6\. A Letter of recommendation of his Service to the Earl oi Korthumber- 
 /<zW, a few Days before Qiieen £//.s^^^?^'s Death, fff. 
 
 Letters in the Reign of King yames, 
 
 61. To Mr. Fowlys. ^j6. 
 63. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 64.. To Sir Thomas Chaloner then in Scotland, before his Majefty's En- 
 trance. ffZ- ■ 
 
 6^. An Offer of Service to the King upon his firft coming in. ibid. 
 
 66. A Letter commending his Love to the Lord of Kingjtone upon his Ma- 
 jefty's Entrance. 5'5'8. 
 
 6j. A Letter to Dr. Morifon a Scotip Phyfidan upon his Majefty's com- 
 ing in. ffp. 
 
 6%. To Mr. "Davis gone to meet the King. ibid. 
 
 69. To Mr. Robert Kemp, upon the Death of Q. Elizabeth. ^60. 
 
 70. To the Earl of Northumberland, recommending a Proclamation to be 
 made by the King at his Entrance, ibid. 
 
 71. To the Earl of Southampton upon the King's coming in, j6i. 
 
 72. To Mr. Matthews, Signifying the wife proceeding of King James at 
 his firft entrance into England, ibid. 
 
 73. To the Earl of Northumberland. *)6i. 
 
 74. A Letter to Mr Murray of the King's Bcd-Chamber. 5-62. 
 
 75". To Mr 'P/Vrfi? Secretary to the Lord Deputy di Ireland, ibid. 
 
 ■j6. To the Earl of Northumberland, defiring him to prefent the Advance- 
 ment of Learning to the King. 564. 
 
 J"]. To Sir Thomas Bodley, upon fending his Book of the Advancement 
 of Learning, ibid. 
 
 78. To the Earl of Salisbury, upon fending the Advancement of Learn- 
 ing. 56f. 
 
 y^. To the Lord Trcafurer Buckhurft on the fame Subjeft. ibid. 
 
 80. To the Lord Chancellor [Sir. T. Egerton Lord EllefrnfreJ^ on the 
 fame Subjeft. ^66. 
 
 81. To Mr. Matthew, ibid. 
 
 82. To 'Dr. T lay fer, defiring him to tranflate tlie Advancejnent of Learn- 
 ing into Latin. ^67. 
 
 83. To the Lord-Chancellor touching the Hiftory of Britain. f^JS. 
 V01..L u 84.
 
 ]^^ CONTENTS. 
 
 8+. To the king, touching the Hi'ftory of his Times, p. S79- 
 8 f . A Letter of^Expoftulation to Sir Ei^iw. Coke, Attorney-General, f/o/ 
 '8 (J. To the Earl oi Salisbury, concerning the SoUicitors Place, ibid. 
 8/. Another Letter to the Earl of Salisbury touching the Sollicitor's Place, 
 
 f7i. 
 
 88. To the Lord Chancellor, concerning the Sollicitor's Place, 5-72;; -*^* 
 
 89. To my Lady Tackington, in anfwer to a Meffage by her fenr, ihM: 
 <)0. To the King touching the Sollicitor's Place. ^73. 
 
 5)1. To the Earl of Salisbury upon a New-YearVtidc. 5-74. 
 
 p2. To Mr. MattheWy imprifon'd for Religion, ibid. 
 
 93. To Mt. Matthew, f/f. 
 
 5»4. To Sir George Care'w on fending him the Treatife in felicem meynori- 
 am Elizabethae. ibid. 
 
 pf. To the King, upon prefenting the Difcourfe touching the Plantation of 
 Ireland. ^76. 
 
 06. To the Bifhop of Ely, upon fending his Writing intitlcd Cogitata tf 
 Vtfa,ibtd ■■^■^ ^^i 
 
 5)7. To Sir Thomas Bodley, after he had imparted to him a Writing bal- 
 led Cogitata & Vifa, 578. 
 
 98. Sir Thomas Bodley s Letter to Sir Francis Bacon about his Cogitata 
 O" Vifa- ibid. 
 
 5>9. To Mr. Matthew, upon fending to him a Part of his Injlauratio Mag- 
 na. 582. 
 
 100. To U^. Matthew, 583. 
 
 101. To the fame, ibid. 
 
 102. To Mr. Matthew upon fending his book 'Dc Sapient! a Vetemm, 5-84. 
 
 103. To the King, ibid. 
 
 104. To the King, 585-. 
 
 I Of. To Henry Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chejier, 
 
 f85. 
 io5. To the Earl o^ Salisbury, Lord Treafurcr, ibid. 
 107. To my Lord Mayor. fS/. 
 308. To Sir Vincent Skinner, ibid. 
 
 109. To Sn Henry Saville, f88. 
 
 110. Sir Francis Bacon to Mr. Matthew, about his writings, and the 
 Death of a Friend. 592 . 
 
 111. To the King, 5-93. 
 112. 
 
 113. To the King, fpf. 
 
 114. Touching Teach am (^c. 5-96. 
 
 I I f . Touching my Lord-Chancellor's Amendment, &c. 600. 
 126. Concerning Oic'<?»'s Caufe, cb^r. ibid. 
 
 117. To the King, 601. 
 
 118. Of Revenue and Profit, 602. 
 
 319. To the King, ibid. 
 
 320. Concerning the New Company, 603. 
 
 3 21. To Sit George Villiers, about Ropers Place, 60^. 
 122. To the King againft the New Company, ibid. 
 323. Touching the Chancellor's Sickuefs, 606. 
 334. To the King, 607. 
 
 325-. Of my Lord Chancellofs Amendment, &c. 60Z. 
 126. To Sir George Villiers, 609. 
 
 127 
 
 To the King touching Teacham's Caufes. ibid.
 
 CONTENTS. Ixx 
 
 127. To the fame, about fvvearing him into the Privy-Council, p. 610. 
 
 128. TotiieKing, of the Chancery Tind Kings-Bench, ibid. 
 i25>. To the King, on tlic Breach of the New Company, 61 J^. 
 
 130. To Sin George Filliers, 616. 
 
 131. To his Majefty, about the Earl of Somerfet. ibid. 
 
 132. To tlie fame, about the Cliancellor's Place. 617. 
 
 133. To^\x George Vtlliers ■!kiO\xt\.\\!i.^ZK\.oi Somerfet. 61%. 
 
 134. To the fame. 619. 
 135-. A Letter to the King, with his Majefty 's Obfervations upon it^ 
 
 629. 
 
 136. To Sir George Villiers about the Earl of Somerfet. 62^. 
 
 137. To the fame, of Jc/^fr/^Z-'s Arraignment. 624.. 
 
 138. To the King about iStfw/^r/f'^'s Examination. 625". 
 1^^. An Expoftulation to tlieLordChiefJufticeC?>&^. 626. 
 
 140. To^'n George Villiers. 630. 
 
 141. Tox\\cY^\ng:i.bov\ix[\t Commendams. 6^1. 
 
 142. A Memorial for her Majclly, corrc£ted with SirFr. Bacojis ownHandi 
 1616. 632. 
 
 143. To S'v: George Villiers. 6^^. 
 
 144. To the fame. 636. . 
 145-. Touching the Commendams, at White-Hall June 6. \6\6: prefent 
 
 tiie King's Majefty . ibid. 
 
 146. To Sh George Villiers. 644. 
 
 147. To the fame. 645", 
 
 148. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 149. To the fame, 646. 
 ifo. To the fame, about IriJI: Aff^rs. ibid. 
 151. To the King. 648. 
 
 1 5^2. To Sin George Villiers, on fending hisBill for Vifcount. ibidi 
 I5'3. To the fame, on fending his Patent. d45>. 
 1 54. To the King, of Sir George Villiers'sVatcrxt. 6^6. 
 I ff . To Sir George Villiers, on fending his Patent fealed. dji.' 
 if^J. To the fame, acknowledging the King's Favour, ibid. 
 15-7. To the King. 65-2. 
 If 8. To the Lord Vifcount ^///Vrj. ibid. 
 I f9. Rcafons why the new Company is not to be trufted and continued 
 
 with the Trade of Cloths. 653. 
 
 160. To the Lord Vifcount ^/7/w J". 6^4. 
 
 161. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 162. The Lord Vifcount Villiers to Sir Francis Bacon, His Majefty s 
 Attorney-General. (S^f. The Cafe of John Bertram, ibid. 
 
 16^. To the Lord Vifcount 7^/7//Vr J. 65-6. 
 
 164. To the fame, about Duels. 6^S. 
 
 16^. To the fame. ^fc). 
 
 166. A Letter written to the Earl of Buckingham, on the fame Day 
 
 Sir Francis Bacon was declared Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. 660. 
 j6j. To the Earl of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 168. To the Renowned Univerfity of Cambridge, his dear and reverend 
 Mother. 661. 
 
 169. To the Earl of 5«rj^/'«^^^w. ibid. 
 
 170. To the fame. 662. 
 
 IX
 
 Ixxx CONTENTS. 
 
 lyi. '*to Mi: Matt/jen's, in rcflcdion upon fome Aftronomers in Itafy. 
 p. 662. 
 
 172. To the Kino;, about a Sj>anijh Match. 66^. 
 
 173. To thcE^il of Buckingham. 66.^.. 
 
 174. An Account of Council Buiinels, and of other Matters committed to 
 Sit Francis Bacon by His Majefty. 665-. 
 
 A Note of Tome Precedents as come neareft the Cafe of the Lord Brack- 
 ley j referred to in the foregoing Letter. 666. 
 175-. To the Lord Keeper. 66j. 
 
 176. Tot\\z'Ei:ix\ oi Buckingham. 66%. 
 
 177. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 178. To the King. 66^. 
 
 179. Toth.c'E^iloi Buckingham. 6ji 
 
 180. To the King. ibid. 
 
 181. To the Ead of Buckingham. 6j2. 
 
 182. A Memorial for His Majefty. ibid. 
 ■ i'8^. To the E^Ltl of Buckingham. 6j/^. 
 
 1 84. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 i8f. To the fame. 67 f. 
 
 186. The Earl of 5//f/^/«^^<?»« to the Lord Keeper. 676. 
 
 I'Sy. TothcEztX of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 188. To the fame. 6-j-j. 
 
 1 89. To the fame. ibid. 
 ipo. To the King. 678. 
 
 I5>i. To the Marquis of 5ttf^/«^^/2«^. 679. 
 
 192. To Mr. Alatthe-ji's, about reading and giving judgment upon his 
 Writings. 680. 
 
 193. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 194. The Marquis of Buckingham tothe Lord Chancellor. 682. 
 195'. To the King. ibid. 
 
 196. The Marquis of 5«fi&/«^^<zw to the Lord Chancellor. 683. 
 
 197. To the Marquis of £//^/t/;/^^tfw. ibid. 
 
 198. To the fame. 684. 
 
 199. Tothe fame. ibid. 
 
 200. To the fame. 685". 
 
 201. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 202. Tothe fame. 686. 
 
 203. To the fame. 687. 
 
 204. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 205-. The Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord Chancellor. 688. 
 
 206. Tothe Marquis of i?«r^/>/^^^»/. 689. 
 
 207. Tothe fame. ibid. 
 
 208. To the King. 690. 
 
 209. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 2 1 o. To the Marquis of Buckingham. 691 . 
 
 211. The Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord Chancellor. 
 
 212. To the fame. 692. 
 
 213. To Sir Thotnas Leigh and Sir Thomas Tuckering, ibid. 
 
 214. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 215-. The Marquis of i5«r/&/»^^<?/» to the Lord Chancellor. 6^%. 
 
 3 1 6. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 217. To the Marquis of .6«fi:;w^^/?w. ibid. 
 
 218.
 
 CONTENTS. hxxi 
 
 218. Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord Chancellor, p. (Jp^,. 
 
 2 19. To x.\\c N[7ixc[\x\?, o^ Buckingham, dpf. 
 
 220. Marquis oi Buckingham to thaLord Chancellor, ibid. 
 22 1. To the Marquis of Buckingham. 6p6. 
 
 222. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 223. To the fame. 69y. 
 
 224. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 225-. Marquisof5«f^/>/^^<««z to the Lord Chancellor. 6p8. 
 
 226. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 227. Marqmsof Buckingham to the Lord Chancellor, ^pp. 
 
 228. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 229. To the fame. ibid. 
 2:50. To the King. ibid. 
 
 231. To the Marquis of Buckingham. 700. 
 
 232. To the fame. /^i^. 
 
 233. To the fame. 701. 
 
 234. To the fame. ibid. 
 2 3 f. To the King. 702 . 
 
 236. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 237. Marquis of Buckitigham to the Lord Chancellor. 705 . 
 
 238. A Letter written with the King's own hand to the Lord Chancellor 
 Verulamy upon his Lordfhip's fending to his Majefty his Novum Or- 
 
 ganiim. 704. 
 2 3 9. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 240. Draughtofa Proclamation for a Parliament, referred to in the*precc- 
 ding Letter. 70 f. 
 
 241. The Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord Chancellor. 707. 
 
 242. To Sir Henry IVotton. 708. 
 
 243. Tord of St. j4lban to Mr. Matthews, ibid. 
 
 244. To the fame, bclicvinghis Danger to be lefs than he found it. 709. 
 245-. To the fame exprcHing great Acknowledgment and Kindnefs. ibid. 
 
 246. To the fame, owning his impatient Attention to do him fervice. ibid.. 
 
 247. TotheMzr(\\x\s of Buckingham. 710. 
 
 248. To the fame. 711. 
 
 249. Marquis of 5ari;/«^/?<zw to the Lord Chancellor. 712.' 
 2 TO. M-arqms of Buckingham to the (zrac, ibid.\ 
 
 251. To the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in the 
 
 Upper- Houfc of Parliament aflemblcd. 712, 
 2f2. TothzM:irQ^\s of Buckingham. 713. 
 2<-3. To the King. 714. 
 2 f 4. To the fame. ibid. 
 2 5'f. To the lame. 715". 
 2 ) I). To the Right Honourable the Lords of Parliament in the Upper- 
 
 Houfc aircmblcd, the humble Submifllon and Supplication of the Lord 
 
 (JhanccUor. 71 (5. 
 257. To the Prince of /^/(PJ. 718. 
 25-8. To the King. 719. 
 2 f 9. To the Marquis of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 260. A iMcmorial for his Majelly s Service, ibid. 
 
 261. To the Marquis of Buckingham. 720.- 
 
 262. To the fame. 721. 
 
 263. To the fame. ibid. 
 
 Vol. L X 264.
 
 Ixxxii CONTENTS. 
 
 i6^. TothcKiiig. 722. 
 
 26f. Marquis of Buckingham to x\\c Lord St. Albmi. ibid. 
 
 266. To the Marqu is of BM:kingkam. 723. 
 
 267. Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord Sf. yi /ban. tbul. 
 
 268. lA^to^x^ of Buckingham to the fame. ibtd. 
 
 269. MarquJsof^«f/fe/»^^<2«i to thefame, 724. 
 
 270. To the King's Moft Excellent Majcfty. tbid. 
 
 271. To the Right Honcnirablc riic Lord }A7ixo^\\s oi Buckingham^ Hi«h 
 Admiral of England, jz^. 
 
 272. To the King. ibid. v^ 
 
 273. To Mt. Matt hews y employing him to do a good Office with a grc'at 
 Man. 728. 
 
 »74. To the Lord l^igby, on his going to Spain. 729, 
 27 f. From the Lord St. Alban. ibid. 
 
 276. An Expoftulation to the Marquis oi Buckingham. 
 
 277. The Marquis of Buckingham to the Lord St. Alban. 730. 
 
 278. To the Marquis of Buckingham. 731. 
 
 279. To the fame. 732. 
 
 280. To^^ii.'Qvk.zoi Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 281. The Duke of Buckingham to the Lord St. Alban. j^y 
 
 282. TotheDukeaf5»ri/»^^/«w. ibid. 
 
 283. The Dulte of Buckingham to the Lord St. Alban. 7 34. 
 
 284. The Duke of Buckingham to the fame. ibid. 
 185". TotheDukeof 5afi/«^^tfw. ibid. 
 
 j8d. TheDuke ofjB«nfe/»^<2«»tothcLord iJ/. ^/^^?«. ibid. 
 
 287. To the fame. 735". 
 
 J 88. To f}s&V>\x\x, of Buckingham, ibid. 
 
 289. The Duke of Buckingham to the Lord 5"/. Alban. ibid. 
 
 jpo. To the Lord Treafurer iVf<?r/^<;rtf«^^, cxpoftuiating about his Unkind- 
 nefs and Injuftice. 7^6. 
 
 191. To the King. tbid. 
 
 »9« . An Anfwer to the foregoing by King 'James. 737. 
 
 «93. The Lord Vifcount St. Alban to Dr. Williams Bifhop of Lincoln, 
 concerning his Speeches, (ire tbid. 
 
 J94. The Biftiops Anfwer to the preceding Letter. 738. 
 
 %^$. To thcQaeea of Bohemia. 162^. 739. 
 
 tff6. A Letter of the Lord Bacon's in French^ to the Marquis Fiat, re- 
 lating to his E flays. J ^9. 
 
 »97- To the Earl of -/^r««^i?/ and 3'«rri?r, juft before his Death, being the 
 iaft Letter he ever wrote. 740.
 
 FRANCISCI 
 
 D E 
 
 VERULAMIO, 
 
 Summi Angliae Cancellarii, 
 
 INSTAURATIO MAGNA. 
 
 Vol. I.
 
 1
 
 F J^ A N C I S C U S 
 
 DE 
 
 VERULAMIO 
 
 SiG CoGITAVITj 
 
 Talemque apud fe rationem inflituit ; quam viventibus 8c 
 pofteris notam fieri, ipforum interelie putavit. 
 
 CUM illi pro comperto effet, intclledum humanum /ibi Ipfi ncgo- 
 tium faccflcre, iicque auxiliis veris (quae in hominis potcftate 
 funt) uti fobrie &: commode; uiide multiplex rerum ignoratio, 
 & ex ignoratione rerum detrimenta innumera : omni ope conni- 
 tcndum exiftimavit, fi quo modo commcrcium iftud mentis & rerum (cui 
 vix aliquid in terris, aut faltem in tcrrenis, fc oftendit fimile) rcftitui pol- 
 fet in integrum, aut faltem in melius deduci. Ut vero errorcs qui invaluc- 
 runt, quique in aeternum invalituri funt, alii poft alios (fi mens fibi pcr- 
 mlttatur) ipfi fe corrigerent, vel ex vi intelleftus propria, vel ex auxiliis 
 atquc adminiculis dialedicae, nulla prorfus fuberat Ipes; propterea quod 
 notiones rerum primae, quas mens hauftu facili & fupino excipit, recondit 
 atque accumulat (unde reliqua omnia fluunt) vitiofac fint, & confuiae, & 
 temerc a rebus abftradac; ncque minor fit in fccundis & reliquis libido & 
 inconftantia : ex quo fit, ut univerfa ifta ratio humana, qua utimur quoad 
 inquifitioncm naturae, non bene congefta & aedificata fir, fed tanquam 
 moles aliqua magnlfica fine fundamento. Dum enim fUlas mentis vires 
 mirantur homines &: celebrant i vcras cjufdem quae efle pofllnt [^\. dcbita 
 ci adhibeantur auxilia, atquc ipfi rebus morigcra ^\\., nee imporentcr rebus 
 infultet) praetereunt & perdunt : Rcllabat illud unum, ut res de integro 
 tentetur, melioribus praefidiis ; utque fiat fcientiarum & artium atque om- 
 nis humanac dodrinae in univerfum inftauratio, a debitis excitata funda- 
 mentis. Hoc vero licet aggreflli infinitum quiddam videri pofiit, ac fupra 
 vires mortales; tamen idem tractatu fanum invcnietur ac fobrium, magis 
 quam ea quae adhuc fada funt, Exitus enim hujus rei eft nonnullus. In 
 lis vero, quae jam fiunt circa fcientias, efl: vertigo quacdam & agiratio 
 perpctua & circulus : Neque eum fugit, quanta in folitudinc vcrfctur hoc 
 cxperimcntum, & quam durum & incredibiie fit ad facicndam fidcm. Ki- 
 hilominus, nee rem, nee fcipfum deferendum putavit ; quin viam, quae una 
 humanac menti pervia eft, tentaret atque inirct : Praeftat enim principium 
 dare rei, quae cxitum habere pofiit, qnam, in iis quae cxitum nullum li.i- 
 bent, perpetua contcntione & Audio implicari. Viae autcm contcmpla- 
 VoL. I. A 2 tivae
 
 tivae viis illis aclivis dccantatis fcrc rcfpondent; ut altera ab initio ardua 
 & difficilis, dcfinat in apcrtum; altera primo intuitu expcdita Sc proclivis, 
 ducat in avia & praecipitia. Quum autcm inccrtus eflct, quando hacc alicui 
 pofthac in mcntcm ventura flat 5 co potiflimum ufus argumento, quod ne- 
 minem hadcnus invcnit, qui ad fimiles cogitationes animum applicucrit^ de- 
 crevit prima quaeque, quae pcrficerc licuit, in publicum cdcre. Ncque haec 
 feftinatio ambitiola fuit, fed Iblicita ; ut fi quid illi humanitus accideret, 
 cxtarct tamcn defignatio quacdam, ac deftiuatio rei, quani animo compkxus 
 eft; utquc cxtaret fimul fignum aliquod honeftae fuac & propenlhe in ge^ 
 neris humani commoda voluntatis. Ccrte aliam quamcunquc ambitioncm 
 infcriorcm duxit re, quam prae manibus habuit : Aut enim hoc quod agitur, 
 nihil eft , aut tantum, ut mcrito ipfo contcntum cfle dcbcat, ncc irudum 
 extra quaerctc. 
 
 m0ks4 
 
 q 
 
 Serenlffiino,
 
 Sereniffimo, Potentiffiinoque 
 
 PRINCIPI ac DOMINO NOSTRO 
 
 J A C O B O, 
 
 DEI Gratia Magnae Britannlae, Franciae & 
 Hiberniae Regi, Fidei Defenfori, &c. 
 
 Sereniflime, PotentifHrneque Rex, 
 
 POTERIT fortalTc majeftas tua me furti incufare, quod tantum 
 temporis, quantum ad haec fufficiat, negotiis tuis futfuratus fim. 
 Non habco quod dicam. Temporis enim iion fit reftitutio; nifi 
 forte quod detradtum fuerit temporis rebus tuis, id memoriae nomi- 
 nis tui & lionori faeculi tui reponi pofllt ; fi modo haec alicujus iint pretii. 
 Sunt certe prorfus novaj etiam totogenere: fed defcripta ex veteri admo- 
 dum exemplari, mundo fcilicet ipfo & natura rerum & mentis. Ipfc ccrtc 
 (ut ingenue fatear) foleo aeftimare hoc opus magis pro partu temporis, 
 quam ingcnii. Iliud enim in eo folummodo mirabile eft; initia rci, & 
 tantas de iis quae invaluerLuit fufpiclones, alicui in mentcm venire potuiflc. 
 Cactcra non illibcntcr fequuntur. At verfatur proculdubio cafus (ut loqui- 
 mur) & quiddam quafi fortuitum, non minus in iis quae cogitant homines, 
 quam in iis quae agunt aut loquuntur. Verum hunc caliim (de quo lo- 
 quor) ita intclligi volo, ut fi quid in his quae afFero fit boni, id immenfae 
 mifericordiae & bonitati divinae, & felicitati temporum tuorum tribuatur : 
 cui «S: vivus integerrimo affedu fcrvivi, & mortuus fortafle id cffeccro, ut 
 iW-x poftcritati, nova hac accenfa face in philofophiae tcnebris, pracluccre 
 pofllnt. Merito autcm temporibus regis, omnium fapicntillimi & dotHiiflimi, 
 4-cgcneratio ilia t?c inftauratio fcientiarum debctur. Supcrcfl: pctitio, maje- 
 fiKtc tua non indigna ■■, & maxime omnium tacicns ad id quo*.i agitur : Ea 
 eft, ut quando Salomonem in plurimis rcfcras, judicioium gravitate, regno 
 pacific©, cordis latitudinc, librorum deniquc, quos compofliilli, nobili va- 
 rictate : etiam hoc ad ejufdem regis exciiiplum addas, ut cures hilloriam 
 iiaturalcm & cxpcrimentalcm, vcram iSc kYcram, (millis philologicis) &: 
 
 qua%;
 
 6 D E D I C A T I O. 
 
 quae fit in ordlnc ad condendam philofophiam, deniqiie qualem fuo locor 
 dcfcribemus ; congeii & pcrfici : ut tandem port tot mundi aetates, philo- 
 fophiac & fcientiae non fint amplius penfiles & aereae, fed folidis cxperientiae 
 omnigcnae, cjufdemque bene penfitatae, nitantur fundamcntis. Equident 
 organum praebui ; verum materies a rebus ipfis petenda eft. Dcus Opt. Max* 
 majeftatem tuam diu fervet incolumem. 
 
 Sereniiiimae Majeflati tuae 
 
 Servus devlndidimus, 
 
 Et devotiilimiis, 
 
 Francifcus Verulam. 
 
 GANCELLARIUS.
 
 5^. 
 
 F R A N C I S C I 
 
 DE 
 
 VERULAMIO 
 
 INSTAURATIO MAGNA. 
 
 PR A EFATIO 
 
 i 
 
 De ftatu fcientiarum, quod non fit felix, aut majorem fa 
 modum audlus ; quodque alia omnino, quam priorjbus 
 cognita fuerit, via aperienda fit intellediui humano ; & 
 alia comparanda auxilia, ut mens fuo jure in rerum naturara 
 uti pofHt. 
 
 VIDENTUR nobis homines, ncc opes nee vires fuas bene nofTc; 
 vcrum de illis majora quam par eft, de iiis minora, credere. Ita 
 fit, ut aut aftes reccptas in ianis pretiis acftimantes, nil amplius 
 quaerant; aut feipfos plusacque contemnentcs, vires fuas in kvi- 
 oribus confumant; in iis, quae ad fummam rei faciant, non expcriantur. 
 Quarc funt & iuae fcientiis columnae, tanquam, fatalcs ; cum ad ukerias pe- 
 netrandum, iiomines nee defiderio, nee fpe excitentur. Atquc cum opi- 
 nio copiae inter maximas caufas inopiac fit : quumque ex fiducia praefen- 
 tiunij vera auxilia negligantur in poftcrum ; ex ufu eft, & plane ex nccef- 
 fitatc, ut ab illis quae adtiuc inventa iunt, in ipfo opcris noftri limine (idque 
 relidis ambagibus, & non dillimukntur) honoris & admiration is cxccfliis 
 tollaturj utili monito, ne homines eorum aut copiam aut utilitatem, in 
 majus accipiant aut celebrcnt. Nam fi quis in omnem illam librorum va- 
 rietatem, qua artes & fcicntiac exultant, diligentius introfpiciat, ubiquc in- 
 venict ejufdem rei repctitiones inlinitas, iraftandi modis diverfas, invcn- 
 tionc praeoccupatas ; ut omnia primo intuitu numerola, fado examine, 
 pauca reperiantur. Et de utilitate apcrtc diccndum eft ■■> iapientiam iftam, 
 quam a Graecis potiflimum haufimus, pueritiam quandam fcicntiac vidcri, 
 atque habere quod proprium eft puerorum j ut ad garricndum prompta, ad 
 gcnerandum invalida & immatura fit. Controvcrfiarum cnim ferax, operum 
 efFocta eft. Adeo ut fabula ilia de Scylla, in litcrarum ftatum, qualis habc- 
 tur, ad vivum quadrarc vidcatur ; quae virginis os & vultum extulit, ad 
 uterum vero monftra latrantia fuccingcbantur & adhaercbant, Ita habcnt 
 & fcientiae, quibus infuevimus, gcne.ralia quaedam blandientia & fpeciofa ; 
 fed cum ad particularia ventum fit, veluti ad partes generationis, ut fruclum 
 & opera ex fe edant, mm contentiones & oblarrantcs dilputationcsexoriun- 
 
 tur.
 
 ^8 P R A E F A T I O. 
 
 tur, in quas defmunt, & quae, partus locum obtinent. Pracrerca, fi bu>uf- 
 modi fcieatiac plane res niortua non elTcnt, id nunime videtur evcirturum 
 fuifle, quod per multa jam faccula ulu venitj ut illae fuis immotae fere 
 haere'ant vefti^nis, ncc incrementa gcnerc humano digna fumant : co ufque 
 ut faepenumero non folum aflcrtio maneat aflertio, fed etiam quaeftio ma- 
 neat quaeftio, & per difputationes non folvatur, fed figatur & alatur; om- 
 nifquc traditio & fuccellio dilciplinarum rcpracfentet & exhibeat pcrfonaj 
 ma'4irtri & auditoris, non inventoris & ejus qui inventis aliquid eximium 
 adjfciat. In artibus autem mechanicis, contrarium evenire videmus : Quae 
 ac fi aurae cujufdam vitalis forcnt participcs, quotidie crcfcunt & pcrficiun- 
 tur ; & in primis authoribus rudcs plerunque & fere onerolae & informcs 
 apparent, poftea vero novas virtutcs & commoditatem quandam adipifcun- 
 tur, eo ufque ut citius ftudia hominum & cupiditates dcficiant & mutcntur, 
 qua'm iliac ad culmen & pcrfedionem fuam pervenerint. Philofophia con- 
 tra & fcientiae intelledluales, ftatuarum more, adorantur & celcbrantur, 
 fed non promoventur : quin etiam in primo nonnunquam authore maximc 
 vi"ent, & deinceps degenerant. Nam pol^quam homines dedititii fadi 
 fint, & in unius fcntentiam (tanquam pcdarii lenatores) coicrint, fcientiis 
 ipfis' amplitudincm non addunt, fed in ccrtis authoribus ornandis & ftipan- 
 dis, fervili officio funguntur. Neque illud afferat quifpiam ; Scientias pau- 
 latim fuccrefcentes, tandem ad ftatum quendam pcrvcniflc, & tum dcmum 
 (quafi confedis fpatiis kgitimis) in operibus paucorum fedes fixas pofuilfe ; 
 atque poftquam nil melius inveniri potuerit, reftare fcilicct, ut quae inventa 
 Unt, cxorrientur & colantur. Atque optandum quidcm cffet, haec ita fc 
 habuifle. Redius illud & verius ; ilbs icicntiarum mancipationes nil aliud 
 efle, quam rem ex paucorum homiaum confidcntia, & rcliquorum focor- 
 dia & inertia natam : poftquam enim fcientiae, per partes diligcntcr for- 
 tafle excultae & traftatae fuerint, tum forte exortus eft aliquis, ingcnio au- 
 dax & propter mcthodi compendia acccptus & celcbratus, qui fpecie tcnus 
 artem conftituerit, revera veterum labores corruperit. Id tamcn poftcris 
 gratum efle folet, propter ufum opcris expeditum & inquifitionis novai 
 taedium & impatientiam. Quod fi quis, confenfu jam inveterato, tanquam 
 temporis judicio moveatur ; fciat fe ratione admodum fallaci & infirma nitk 
 Neque enim nobis magna ex parte notum eft, quid in fcientiis & artibus, 
 variis faeculis & Jocis, innotuerit & in publicum emanarit ; multo minus, 
 quid a fuigulis tentatum fit & fecreto agitatum. Itaque nee temporis par- 
 tus, nee abortus extant in faftis. Neque ipfe confenfus, ej ufque diuturnitas 
 magni prorfus aeftimandus eft. Utcunque enim varia fmt genera politiarum, 
 unicus eft flatus fcientiarum, ifque Ibmpcr fuit, & manfurus ell popularis. 
 Atque apud populum plurimum vigent dodrinae, aut contentiofae & pug- 
 naces, aut fpeciofae & inanes; qualcs videlicet aflenfum aut illaqueant 
 aut demulcent. Itaque maxima ingenia proculdubio per fmgulas aerates 
 vim pafla funt ; dum viri captu & intelledu non vulgares, nihilo fecius 
 exiftimationi fuae confulentes, temporis & multitudinis judicio fe fubmi- 
 ferint. Quamobrem altiores contemplationis, fi forte ufquam emicuerint, 
 opinionum vulgarium ventis fubinde agitatae funt & extindae : adeo uj: 
 tempus, tanquam fiuvius, levia & inflata ad nos devexerit, gravia & folida 
 dcmerferit. Qiiin & illi ipfi authores, qui didaturam quandam in fcientiis 
 invafcrunt, & tanta confidentia de rebus pronuntiant ; cum tamen per in- 
 tervalla ad fc rcdeunt, ad querimonias de lubtilitate naturae, veritatis rccef- 
 fibus, rcrum obfcuritate, caufarum impUcatione, ingenii humani infirmitarc
 
 P R A E F A T I O. 9 
 
 fe convertuiit : in hoc nihilo tamen modcftiorc;, cum malint communem 
 homincm & rcrum conditioncm caufari, quam dc fcipfis confitcri. Quia il- 
 ]is hoc fcrc folcnnc eft, ut quicquid ars aliqua non attingat, id ipfum ex ca- 
 dcm arte impoHibilc cilc ftatuant. Ncquc vero damiiari potcft ars, qiium 
 ipfa difccptet & judicct. Itaque id agitur, ut ignorantia etiam ab ignominia 
 libcrctur. Atque quae tradita & rcccpta funt, ad hunc fcrc modum fc ha- 
 bent : quoad opera ftcrilia, quacftionum plena ; incremcntis luis tarda & 
 ]anguida; perfedioncm in toto fimulantia, fed per partes male implctaj 
 deledu autem popularia & authoribus ipfis fufpefta, ideoque artificiis qui- 
 bufdam munita & oftentata. Qiii autem & ipfi experiri, & fe fcientiis ad- 
 dcrc, earumque fines profcrre Itatuerunt, nee illi a rcceptis prorfus defcif- 
 ccre aufi funt, ncc fontcs rerum petere. Verum fe magnum quiddam con- 
 lequutos putant, ii aliquid ex proprio infcrant & adjiciant ; prudenter fe- 
 cum repuranres, fe in aflcnticndo modcftiam, in adjiciendo libcrtatcm tueri 
 poflc. Verum dum opinionibus & moribus confulitur, mediocritatcs iftac 
 Jaudatae, in iiiagnum fcientrarum dctrimentum cedunt : Vix enim datur, au- 
 tliores fimul & admirari & fupcrare. Sed fit aquarum more, quae non al- 
 tius afcendunt, quam ex quo dcfcenderunt. Itaque hdjufmodi homines e- 
 mendant nonnulla, fed parum promovent 5 & proficiunt in melius, non in 
 majus. Ncque tamen dcfuerunt, qui aufu majore, omnia integra fibi dux- 
 crunt, & ingenii impetu ufi, priora profternendo & deftruendo, aditum fibi 
 <Sc placitis fuis fecerunt; quorum tumultu non magnoperc profeftum eftj 
 quum philofophiam & artes non re ac operc amplificarc, fed placita tantum 
 pcrmutare, atque rcgnum opinionum in fe transferre contcnderint : cxigucJ 
 fane fruftu, quum inter errores oppofitos, crrandi caufae fint fere commu' 
 nes. Si qui autem ncc alienis, nee propriis placitis obnoxii, fed libertati fa- 
 vcntcs, ita animati fuere, ut alios fecum fimill quaerere cuperent; illi fane 
 affcdu honcfti, fed conatu invalidi fuerunt. Probabiles enim tantum ratio- 
 nes fequuti videntur, & argumcntorum vertigine circumaguntur, & promif- 
 cua quacrcndi liccntia fcveritatem inquilitionis enervarilnt. Nemo autcnl 
 reperitur, qui in rebus ipfis & expericntia moram feccrit legitimam. Atqu6 
 nonnulli rurfus qui experientiae undis fc commifere & fcrc mcchanici fadi 
 funtj tamen in ipfa experientiae erraticam quandam inquifitionem exercent, 
 nee ci ccrta lege militant : Qiiin & plcrique pufilla quaedam penfa fibi pro- 
 pofucre, pro magno duccntes, fi unum aliquod inventum eruere pofllnt; 
 infiiituto lion minus tenui, quam imperito. Nemo enim rci alicujus naturam, 
 in ipfa re, rede aut fcliciter pcrfcrutatur; verum poft laboriolam experi- 
 mentorum variationcm, non acquiefcit, fed invenit quod ultcrius quacrat. 
 Neque illud imprimis omittendum eft, quod omnis in experiendo induftria, 
 ftatim ab initio opera quaedam deftinata praepropero & intempeftivo ftudio» 
 captavit; fruclifera (inquam) experimenta, non lucifcra, quacfivit; nee or- 
 dinem divinum imitata eft, qui prime die luccm tantum crcavit, cique 
 unum diem integrum attribuit 5 neque illo die quicquam matcriati opcris 
 produxit, verum fcqucntibus dicbus ad ea defcendit. At, qui fummas dia- 
 Icdicae partes tribucrunt, atque inde fidillima fcientiis praefidia comparari 
 putarunt, veriOlme & optimc vidcrunt, intcUedtum humanum fibi permif- 
 fum, mcrito fufpedum efle debere. Verum infirmior omnino eft malo mc- 
 dicina; ncc ipfa mali cxpcrs: Siquidem dialeftica quae rcccpta eft, licet 
 ad civilia & artes, quae in fermone & opinione pofitae funt, rcdiflimc adhi- 
 bcarur? naturae tamen fiibtilitatcm longo intcrvallo nan attingit; & pren- 
 VoL. I. 1) fando
 
 lO 
 
 P R A E F A T I O. 
 
 fanJo quod aon capit, ad crrorcs potiiis fabilicndos &: qualT figcados, quam 
 ad viam vcritati npcricndam valuit. • 
 
 Quake ut quae dicta funt complcdamiir, non vidctur hominibus aut alie-. 
 na fides, aut induftria propria, circa Icientias hadcaus fclicitcr iiluxillc^ 
 praefcrtim quum & in demonllrationibus & in cxpcrimentis adliuc cognitis, 
 parum fit praeftdii. ^'Editicium autcm hujus univcrfi, Ikuclura fua, intel- 
 kdui humano contcniplanti, inrtar labyriathi eft; ubi tot anibigua viarum, 
 tarn fallaces rcriim & lignorum rimilitudines, tain obliquac &: iniplcxae iia- 
 turarum Ipirac & nodi, undequaquc te oftendunt : Iter autem, lub inccrto 
 fcnfus luminc, intcrdum atfulgcute intcrduiii Tc condcntc, per experiential 
 & rcrum particularium lyhas, perpetuo faciendum eft. Qiiin ctiam duces 
 itineris (ut diftum eft) qui ic oftcrunr, & ipfi implicanturj atquc errorum 
 & errantium numerum augait. In rebus tarn duris dc judicio hominum ex 
 vi propria, aut etiam de felicitate fortuita, dcfperandum eft : Ncque eniai 
 ingcniorum quantacunquc excellentia, nequc expcriendi alea £aepius repe- 
 tita, ifta vinccrc qucat. Veftigia tilo regcnda funt: omnifquc via ufquc a 
 primis ipfis fenfuum perccptionibus, cerca ratioae munienda. Kcquc hacc 
 ita accipieada funt, ac fi niiiil onnniao tot faecuiis, taatis laboribus adum /It : 
 Kcque enim corum quae inventa funt, aos poenitet. Atquc antiqui certc 
 in iis, quae in ingenio & mcditatione abftracla pofita funt, mirabiles fc viros 
 praeftitere. Vcrum, quemadmodum faecuiis prioribus, cum iaomines in 
 navigando per ftellarum tantum obfcrvationcs curium dirigcbant, veteris 
 fane continentis oras legere potuerunt, aut maria aliqua minora & medi- 
 terranea trajiccre; priulquam autem occanus trajiceretur, & novi orbis rc- 
 gioacs detegercatur, accelfe fuit, ufum acus nauticac, ut ducem viae magis 
 fidum & certum, innotuifle: ilmiii prorfus rationc, quae hucufquc in arti- 
 bus & fcicntiis inventa funt, ca hujufmodi Hint, ut ufu, mcditatione, obfcr- 
 vando, argumcntanda, reperiri potueriat; utpotc quae feafibus propiora 
 ftnt & communibus notionibus fere fubjaccaat: Aatequaai veto ad reaio- 
 tiora & occultiora naturae liceat appellcrc, neceflario requiritur, ut mclior 
 & perfedior mentis & intelledus liumani ufus & adoperatio introducatur, 
 
 Nos ccrtc aeterno veritatis amore devidi, viarum incertis & arduis 
 & folirudiaibus nos commifimus; & diviao auxilio freti & ianixi, men- 
 tem noftram & contra opinionum violentias & quafi iaftrudas acics, 
 6c coatra proprias & iaternas haefitationcs & fcrupulos, & contra rc- 
 rum caligincs & nubes, & undcquaque volantcs phantafias, fuftinuimusj 
 ut tandem magis fida & fccura indicia, viventibus & pofteris comparare 
 pollemus. Qiia in re fi quid profecerimus, non alia fane ratio nobis viam ape- 
 ruit, quam vera & legitima fpiritus humani himiiliatio. Omnes enim ante nos, 
 qui ad artes inveniendas fc applicuerunt, conjedis paulifper m res & ex- 
 empla &c experientiam oculis, ftatim, quail iaventio nil aiiud effet quam 
 quaedam cxcogitatio, fpiritus proprios, ut fibi oracula cxhibercnt, quodam- 
 modo iavocaruat. Nos N^ro iater res caftc «Sc perpetuo verfaatcs, intelle- 
 dum longius a rebus non abftrahimus, quam ut rcrum imagines & radii (ut 
 in feafu lit) coirc poiliat; uade fir, ut ingenii \iribus & exccUeatiac non mul- 
 tum relinquarur : Atquc quam ininvcnicndo adhibemus humilitatem, candcm 
 & in docendo fequuti fumus. Nequc enim aut confutationum triumphis, 
 aut antiquitatis advocatioaibus, aut authoritatis ufurpatione quadam, aut eti- 
 am obfcuritatis velo, aliquam his noilris iaventis majcftatcm imponcrc aut 
 conciliare conamur ; qualia reperire non difficile cllct ei, qui nomini fuo, 
 non animis aliorum lumca affunderc coiurctur. Non (inquam) ullam aut 
 
 vim
 
 P R A E F AT I O. a 
 
 vim autlnfidias hominum judiciis fecimus aut paramus; vemm eos ad res 
 ipfas & rerum foedera adducimus ; ut ipfi videant, quid habeaiit, quid arguaat, 
 -quid addant, atque in commune confcrant. Nos autcm 11 qua in re vcl 
 male credidimus, vel obdormivimus & minus attendimus, vel defccimus Jii 
 via & inquifitionem abrupimus j nihilominus iis modis, resnudas & apcrtas 
 cxhibemus, ut crrores noftri, antcquam Icientiae maffam altius inricianr, 
 notari Sc feparari pofllnt; atquc ctiam ut facilis & expedita fit laborum 
 noftrorum continuatio. Atque iioc modo, inter empiricam & rationalem 
 facultatem (quarum morofa & inaufpicata divortia & rcpudia, omnia in 
 humana familia turbavcre) conjugium veruni & kgitimum, in pcrpctuum, 
 nos tirmafle exiftimamus. 
 
 QuAMOBREM, quum haec arbitrii noftri non fint; in principio opcris, 
 ad Deum Patrem, Deum Verbum, Deum Spiritum, preces fundimus humilli- 
 mas & ardentiilimas, ut humani generis aerumnarum memorcs & pcrcgri- 
 nationis iftius vitae, in qua dies paucos & maios terimus ; novis fuis elee- 
 niofynis, per manus noftras, familiam liumanam dotare dignentur. Atque 
 iilud inluper fupplices rogamus, ne humana divinis officiant ; neve ex rele- 
 ratione viarum fcnfus, & accenfione majore luminis naturalis, aiiquid incrc- 
 dulitatis & noftis, animis noftris, erga divina myfteria oboriatur : led poti- 
 us, ut ab intelleclu puro, a phantafiis & vanitatc repurgato, & di\inis oracu- 
 lis nitiilominus lubdito & prorlus dedititio, fidei dentur, quae ridci llinr. 
 Poftremo, ut icientiae veneno a ferpente infufo, quo animus humanus tumet 
 & inflatur, depofito, nee altum fapiamus, nee ultra Ibbrium, fed vcritatem 
 in charitatc colamus. 
 
 Pe R A c T I s autem votis, ad homines converfi, quaedam & falutaria monemuS 
 & aequa poftulamus. Monemus primum (quod etiam precati fumus) ut 
 homines lenfum in officio, quoad divina, contineant. Senlus enim (inftar 
 Ibli^) globi terreftris faciem apcrit, coclcftis claudit & obfignat. Rurfus nc 
 hujufcemali fuga, in contrarium pecccnt ; quod certe tier, fi naturae inqui- 
 fitionem ulla ex parte, veluti interdido, feparatam putant. Neque enim 
 pura ilia & immaculata Icientia naturalis, per quam Adam laomina ex pro- 
 prictate rebus impofuit, principium aut occafionem lapfui dcdit : Sed am- 
 bitiofa ilia & imperativa fcientiae moralis, de bono & maJo dijudicantis, 
 cupiditas, ad hoc ut homo a Deo deficeret & fibi ipfi leges darct, ca demum 
 ratio atque modus tentationis fuir. De fcientiis autem quae naturam con- 
 tcmplantur, fandus ille philolophus pronuntiat, gloriam T)ei e([e celare 
 rem i gloriam regis autem rem invetiire : non allter, ac fi divina natura, in- 
 nocenti & benevolo puerorum ludo dclcdaretur, qui ideo fc abfcondunt ut 
 invcniantur ; atque animam humanam fibi colluforem in hoc ludo, pro Ilia 
 in homines indulgentia & bonitate cooptavcrit. Poftremo omnes in univcr- 
 fum monitos volumus, ut fcientiae vcros fines cogitcnt ; nee earn aut animi 
 caufa petant, aut ad contentioncm, aut ut alios delpiciant, aut ad commo- 
 dum, aut ad famam, aut ad potentiam, aut hujufmodi inferiora, fed ad me- 
 ritum & ufus vitae, eamque in chatitatc perficiant & rcgant. Ex appetitu 
 enim potentiae, angeli lapfi funt ; ex appetitu fcientiae homines : fed cha- 
 ritatis non eft exceflus ; neque angeius aut homo per earn tinquam in pc- 
 ticulum vcnir. 
 
 PosTUL ATA autem noftra, quae afferimus, talia funt. Dc nobis ipfis filc- 
 mus: de re autem, quae agitur, pctimus; ut homines earn non opinioncm 
 fed opus cflc cogitent ; ac pro ccrto habcant, non fettae nos alicujus, aut 
 placiti, fed utilitatis & amplitudinis humanae fundamenta moliri. Delude, 
 
 Vol, I. B 2 u«
 
 15 BlSfSfBUTlO OPE R IS. 
 
 fr-- -.-. 
 
 ut fuis commodis acqui, cxutis opiiiionum zdis & praejudiciis, in commii 
 ne confulant, ac ab erroribus viarum atque impedimentis, noftris pracfidiis 
 & auxiliis libcrati & muniti, laborum qui rcftant & ipfi in partem vcnianr. 
 Praeterca, ut bene fpcrcnt, neque Inrtaurationem noltram, ut quiddam in- 
 finitum & ultra mortale fingant & animo concipiant ; quum rcvera fit infi- 
 niti erroris finis & terminus legitimus ; mortalitatis autem & iiumanitatis 
 non iit immcmor, quum rem non intra unius aetatis curriculum omnino pcrfici 
 pofle confidat, fed lucccilloni deftinet; denique fcientias, non per arrogan- 
 tiam in humani ingcnii ccUulis, fed Ilibmifle in mundo majorc quaerat. Va- 
 fta vero, ut plurimum Iblent efle, quae inania : Iblida contrahuntur maxi- 
 mc & in parvo fita Hint. Poftremo ctiam petendum videtur (ne forte qiiis 
 rei ipfius periculo nobis iniquus efle velit) ut videant homines, quatenus ex 
 eo quod nobis aflercrc ncceffe fit (fi modo nobis ipfi confi:are velimus) de his 
 noftris opinandi, aut fententiam fercndi, fibi jus permiflum putent: quum 
 nos omncm iftam rationem humanam praematuram, anticipantem & a 
 rebus temere & citius quam oportuit, abftradam, (quatenus ad inquifi- 
 tionem naturae) ut rem variam & perturbatam & male cxtrudam, rejicia- 
 mus : Neque poftulandum eft, ut ejus judicio ftetur, quae ipfa in judicium 
 vocatur. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIO 
 
 O P E R I S. 
 
 Ejus conftituuntur partes fex. 
 
 Prima, Partitiones fcientiarum. 
 
 Secunda, Novum organum five indicia de interpretatione 
 
 Naturae. 
 Tertia, Phaenomena univerfi, five hiftoria naturalls & 
 
 experimentalis ad condendam philofophiam. 
 Quarta, Scala intelledus. 
 Quinta, Prodromi, five anticipationes philofophiae fecun- 
 
 dae. 
 
 Sexta, Philofophia fecunda, five fcientia adiva. 
 Singularum Argumenta. 
 
 PARS autem inftituti noftri eft, ut omnia, quantum fieri poteft, 
 aperte & peripicue proponantur. Nuditas enim ammi, ut oiim 
 corporis, uinocentiae & fimplicitatis comes eft. Pateat itaquc pri- 
 me ordo operis, atque ratio ejus. Partes operis a nobis conftituun- 
 tur fcx. 
 
 PRIAfA
 
 DISTRIBUTIO OPERIS. 13 
 
 Prima pars exhibct fcicntiac ejus fwc dodrinae, in cujus pofTcflione 
 Iiumaaum genus hadcnus vcrfatur, fummam, five defcriptioncm univerfa- 
 kin. Vilbm cnim eft nobis, ctiam in iis quae rcccpta funt, nonnullam 
 faceic moram : eo nimirum confilio, ut facilius & veteribus perfedio, & 
 Hovis aditus detur. Pari cnim fere ftudio fcrimur & ad Vetera excolenda, 
 & ad ulteriora aflcqucnda. Pcrtinct ctiam lioc ad facicndam fidem ; juxta 
 illud ; non -accipit indodus verba fcicntiac, nifi prius ea dixeris, quae ver- 
 lantur in corde ejus. Itaque fcientiarum atquc artium receptarum oras le- 
 gere, nccnon utilia quacdam in illas importare, tanquam in tranfitu, non 
 negligemus. 
 
 Partitiones tamen fcientiarum adhibcmus eas, quae non rantum jam 
 inventa & nota, led hadenus omilfa & debita compledantur. Etenim in- 
 veniuntur in globo intclleduali, quemadmodum in terreftri, & culta pariter 
 & delerta. Itaque nil niirum videri debet, fi a divifionibus ufitatis quando-' 
 que reccdamus. Adjcdio cnim, dum totum variat, etiam partes earum- 
 que fedioncs necefl'ario variat : rcccptae autem divifiones, receptae fummae 
 fcientiarum, qualis nunc eft, tantum competunt. 
 
 Circa ea vero, quae ecu omilla notabimus, ita nos gcrcmus; lit non 
 levcs tantum titulos & argumenta concifa corum, quae defiderantur, propo- 
 namus : Nam fiqiiid inter omilla retulcrimus, (modo fit dignioris fubjedi) 
 cujus ratio paulo videatur obfcuriorj (adeo ut merito fufpicari poffimus, 
 homines non facile intellcduros, quid nobis velimus, aut quale fit illud opus 
 quod animo & cogitationc compledlimur :) perpctuo nobis curae erit aut 
 praecepta hujufmodi operis conliciendi, aut ctiam partem opcris ipfius jam a 
 nobis confcdam, ad cxcmplum totius fubjungere : ut in fingulis aut opera 
 aut confllia juvemus. Etenim, ctiam ad noftram exiftimationcm, non folum 
 aliorum utilitatem pertincre putavimus; nc quis arbitrctur, Icvem aliquam 
 de iftiufmodi rebus notioncm mcntcm noftram pcrftrinxiflc ; atquc efle ilia, 
 quae defideramus ac prcnfamus, tanquam votis flmilia. Ea veto talia funt, 
 quorum & penes homines (niii fibi ipfi dcfint) potcftas plane Cit, & nos apud 
 nolmet rationem quandam certam & explicatam habcamus. Nequc cnim 
 re'^ioncs mctiri animo, ut augurcs, aufpiciorum caufa : fed intrare, ut duces, 
 promercndi ftudio, llifccpimus. 
 
 Atquc hacc prima opcris pars eft. 
 
 PoRRopraetervcdi, artcs vctcres, intellcdum humanum ad trajiciendum 
 inftrucmus. Deftinatur itaque parti fecundae, dodrina de meliorc & pcr- 
 fcdiore ufu rationis in rcrum inquifitione, & de auxiliis veris intclledus : ut 
 per hoc (quantum conditio humanitatis ac mortalitatis patitur) exaltetur 
 intclledus & facultatc amplilicctur ad naturae ardua & obfcura fuperanda. 
 Atquc eft ea, quam adducimus, ars (quam intcrpretationem naturae appel- 
 lare confuevimus) ex gcncrc logicac; licet plurimum, atquc adeo immen- 
 fum quiddam interfit. Nam & ipfa ilia logica vulgaris auxilia & praefldia 
 intelledui moliri ac pararc protitetur : & in hoc uno confentiunt. Diftert 
 autem plane a vulgari, rebus praecipuc tribus : viz, ipfo tine, ordine dc- 
 monftrandi, & inquircndi initiis. 
 
 Nam huic noftrac fcientiae finis proponitur; ut inveniantur non argu- 
 mcnta, fedartes; nee principiisconfcntanea, fed ipfa principia ; nee rationes 
 probabiles, fed defignationes & indicationes opcrum. Itaque ex intentionc 
 divcrla, diverfus fcquitur eftedus. Illic enim adverfarius difputatione vin- 
 citur & conftringitur ; hie natura opcre. 
 
 Atque
 
 I^ DiStRlBUTlO OPERiS. 
 
 A T QUE cum hujufmodi fine conveniunt demonftrationum iplarum natura 
 & ordo. In logica enim vulgari opera fere univerfa circa fyllogifmum con: 
 fumitur. De indudione vero dialcdici vix ferio cogitafle vidcnturj levi 
 mentione earn tranfmittcntcs &.ad difputandi formulos propcrantes. At 
 nos demonftrationem per fyllogifmum rejicimus, quod confufius agat & na- 
 turam cmittat e manibus. Tamctfi enim nemini dubium cfle poflit, quin, 
 quae in medio termino conveniunt, ea & inter fe conveniant j (quod eft 
 mathematicae cujufdam ccrtitudinis :) nihilominus hoc fubeft fraudis, quod 
 fyllogifmus ex propofitionibus conftet, propofitiones cx verbis, verba autem 
 notionum teflerac (Sc figna fint. Itaque ft notiones iplae mentis (quae verbo- 
 rum quafi anima lunt & totius hujufmodi ftrudurae ac fabricae bafis) male 
 ac temere a rebus abftradae & vagae, nec fatis definitae & circumfcriptae, 
 denique multis modis vitiofae fuerint, omnia ruunt. Rejicimus igitur fyl- 
 logifmum; nequcid folum quoad principia, (ad quae nec illi cam adhibent) 
 fed ctiam quod propofitiones medias : quas educit fane atque parturit, utcun- 
 que fyllogifmus; fed operum fteriles & a pradica remotas & plane <jaoad 
 partem aftivam fcicntiarum incompetcntes. Quanivis igitur relinquamus fyl- 
 logifmo 6c hujufmodi demonftrationibus famofis ac jadtatis, jurifdidionem 
 in artes popularcs & opinabiles, (nil enim in hac parte movemus ;) tamcn 
 ad naturam rerum, indudione per omnia & tam ad minores propofitiones, 
 quam ad majores, utimur. Indudionem enim cenfemus earn cllc dcmon- 
 itrandi formam quae fenfum tuetur, & naturam premit, & operibus immincc 
 ac fere immifcetur. 
 
 It A QUE ordo quoque dcmonftrandi plane invertitur. Adhuc enim rcs ita 
 geri confuevit ; ut a lcnfu & particularibus primo loco ad maxinie genera- 
 lia advoletur, tanquam ad polos fixos, circa quos difputationes vertantur; 
 ab illis caetcra per media deriventur : Via certe compcndiaria, fed pracci- 
 pitij & ad naturam impervia, ad difputationes veto proclivi & accommo- 
 data. At fecundum nos, axiomata continenter &. gradatim excitantur, ut 
 nonnifi poftrcmo loco ad generaliflima veniatur : Ea vcro gcneraliflima 
 cvadunr, non notionalia, fed bene tcrminata ; & talia quae natura ut revera 
 fibi notiora agnofcat, quaeque rebus haereant in medullis. 
 
 At irt forma ipla quoque indudionis & judicio quod per cam fit, onus 
 longe maximum movemus. Ea enim de qua dialedici loquuntur, quae 
 procedit per cnumerationem fimpliccm, puerile quiddam eft & precario 
 concludit, & periculo ab inftantia contradidoria exponitur, & confueta tan- 
 tum intuetur; nec exitum reperit. 
 
 At QUI opus eft ad fcientias indudionis forma tali, quae experientiam 
 folvat & feparet, & per exclufioncs ac rcjediones dcbitas neceflario conclu- 
 dat. Quod fi judicium illud vulgatum dialedicorum tam opcrofum fucrit & 
 tanta ingenia exercuerit ; quanto magis laborandum eft in hoc altero, quod 
 non tantum ex mentis penetralibus, led etiam ex naturae vifceribiis extrahitur? 
 Neque tanien hie finis. Nam fundamenta quoque fcientiarum fortius 
 deprimimus & folidamus, atquc initia inquirendi altius fumimus, quam ad- 
 huc homines feccrunt : ea fubjiciendo examini, quae logica vulgaris tan- 
 quam fide alicna recipit. Etenim dialedici principia fcientiarum a fcientiis 
 fingulis tanquam mutuo fumunt ; rurfus notiones mentis primas vencran- 
 tur : Poftremo informationibus immediatis fenfus bene difpofiti acquiefcunr. 
 At nos logicam veram, fingulas fcientiarum provincias, majorc cum impcrio 
 quam penes ipfarum principia fit, debere ingredi decrevimus ; atque ilia ipla 
 principia putativa ad rationcs reddcndas compellere, quoufque plane conftant. 
 
 Quod
 
 D 1 S T R I B U t/6^ 'op E R Fs. 
 
 Quod vero attinct ad notioncs prinias intcllcdus; nihil eft coriim, qii.ic iiv 
 tcUcdus iibi permifTus congeflir, quin nobis pro fufpcdlo /it; ncc ullo modd 
 ratum, nili novo judicio ic ftitcrir, & fccundum illud pronuntiamm fuciir. 
 Qiiinctiam fcnfiis ipiius iiiformationcs multis modis cxcutimns. Scnfiis cnini 
 fallunt utiquc ; fed & crrores fuos indicant : Verum crrorcs pracito, indicia 
 eorum longe pctita funt. •-* 
 
 Duplex autcm eft lenfus culpa : Aut cnim deftituit nos, aiit dccipit. Nani' 
 primo, plurimae funt res quae fcnfum ctiam rc£le difpolltum, nee ullo 
 modo impeditum, effugiunt; aut fubtilitatc totius corporis, aut partium 
 minutiis, aut loci diftantia, aut tarditate atque etiam vclocitatc motus, aut 
 familiaritate objccli, aut alias ob caufas. Neque rurfus, ubi fcnfus rem te- 
 net, prelienfiones ejus admodum firmac funt. Nam tcftimonium &: infor- 
 matio fcnfus femper eft ex analogia hominis, non ex analogia univerfi: at- 
 que magno prorfus errore afteritur, fcnfum efle menfuram rerum. 
 
 Itaque ut his occurratur; nos multo & fido miniftcrio auxilia fenfui 
 undique conquifivimus & contraximus : ut deftitutionibus fubftitutioncs, 
 Variationibus reftificationcs fuppeditentur. Neque id molimur tarn inftru- 
 inentis, quam cxpcrimentis. Etenim expcrimentorum longe major eft fub- 
 tilitas, quam fcnfus ipfius, licet inftrumentis exqui/itis adjuti : (dc lis loqui- 
 mur cxpcrimentis, quae ad intentioncm ejus quod quacritur pcrite &c fccun- 
 dum artem cxcogitata & appofita funt.) Itaque perceptioni fcnfus immc- 
 diatac ac propriae non multum tribuimus : fed eo rem deducimus, ut fcnfus 
 tantum dc experimento, experimcntum de re judicet. Qiiare exiftimamus 
 nos fcnfus (a quo omnia in naturalibus petenda funt, nifi forte libeat infani- 
 rc) antiftites religiofos & oraculorum ejus non impcritosinterprctcs nos prae- 
 llitifle : ut alii profcflione quadam, nos re ipfa fcnfum tueri ac colere vide- 
 amur. Atque hujufmodi funt ea, quae ad lumen ipfum naturae, ejufque 
 accenfionem & immillionem paramus: quae per fc fufficcre poflenr, fi in- 
 tclleftus humanus aequus & inftar tabulae abrafae eflct. Sed cum mentcs 
 hominum miris modis adeo obfcflae fuit, ut ad veros rerum radios excipien- 
 dos fuiccra & polita area ptorfus defit; neceftitas quaedam incumbit, ut 
 ctiam huic rei remedium quaerendum efle putemus. 
 
 Idol, A autcm, a quibus occupatur mens, vel adfeititia funt vel innata. 
 Adfcititia vero immigrarunt in mentcs hominum, vel ex philofophorum 
 placitis & fedis, vel ex perverfis legibus demonftrationum. At innata in- 
 haerent naturae ipfius intelledlus, qui ad crrorem longe proclivior efle de- 
 prchcnditur, quam fcnfus. Utcunque enim homines fibi placeant & in ad- 
 mirationem mentis humanae ac fere adorationem ruant, illud ccrtiftlmum eft ; 
 Iicut fpeculum inaequale rerum radios ex figura & fedione propria immu- 
 tat ; ita & mentcm, cum a rebus per fenfum patitur, in notionil3us fuis ex- 
 pcdiendis & comminifccndis, haud optima tide rerum naturae fuam naturam 
 inferere 8c immifcere. 
 
 Atque priora ilia duo idolorum genera, aegre ; poftrema vero hacc nul- 
 lo modo cvelli poflunt. Id tantum rclinquitur, ut indicentur ; atque ut vis 
 ifla mentis infidiatrix notetur &. convincatur, ne forte a deftrudionc vetcrum, 
 novi ftibindc errorum furculi ex ipfa mala complexione mentis pullulent; 
 coque res recidat, ut crrores non extinguantur, fed permutentur : Verum c 
 contra, ut illud tandem in aetcrnum ratum & fixum fit, intellcdum nifi per 
 indudtionem, ejufque formam Icgitimam, judicare non poflc. Itaque do- 
 0:m\a ilia de expurgatione intcUcdus, ut ipfe ad veritatem habilis fit ; tri- 
 iK.bus redargutionibus abfolvitur : Redargutione philofophiarum, rcdargu- 
 
 tione 
 
 '5^
 
 j^ DISTRIBUTIO OPERIS. 
 
 tvoac dcmoiiftrationum & rcdargutione rationis humanac narivae. Hi's vero 
 explicates, ac poftquam dcmuni patucrit, quid rcrum narura, quid mcntrs 
 natura fcrat ; cxiilimamus nos thalamum mentis & univciil, pronuba divi- 
 na bonitatc, ftraviflc & ornalle. Epitlialamii autcm votum fit, ut cx eo 
 £onnubio auxilia humana, & ftirps invcntorum, quae ncccflitatcs ac mifcrias 
 Iiominum aliqua cx parte domcnt & lubigant, lufcipiatur. Hacc vcro cil 
 opciis pars Tccunda. 
 
 At vras non foluna monftrarc &. iminirc, fed inirc quoquc confiiium eft. 
 Itaquc tcrtia pars opcris complcditur Phacnomcna Univerfi; hoc cft, omni- 
 s;cnam cxpericntiam, atquc hiitoriam naturalem, ejus generis, quae polllr 
 cllc ad condcndam pliilolbphiam tundamcntalis. Nequc cni-m cxccllcns 
 aliqua demonftrandi \h, five naturam intcrpretandi forma j ut mentcm ab 
 crrore & laplli dcfendcrc ac lliftincrc, ita ci materiam ad l<;iendum pracberc 
 & fubminiih-arc poilit. Verum m, quibus non conjiAierc & hariolari, led 
 invenirc & fcirc propolltum efts quiquc non fimiolas & fabulas mundorum 
 comminifci, led hujus ipfius vcri mundi naturam introlpicere & vclut dilla- 
 carc in animo liabcnt ; omnia a rebus ipfis pctcnda funt. Nequc huic la- 
 bor! & inq,uiiltioni ac mundanac perambulationi, ulla ingenii aut medita- 
 tionis aut argumentationis lubrtitutio, aut compcnlatio lufficcre potclt; noit 
 ii omnia omnium ingcnia coicrint. Itaque aut hoc prorfus habendum, aut 
 negotium in pcrpctuum dclcrcndum. Ad hunc vcro ulque diem ita cum 
 hominibus acl:um eft, ut minime mirum fit, fi natura lui copiam non faciat. 
 
 Nam primo, fenfus ipfius informatio, & deferens & fallens: Obferva- 
 tio indiligens & inaequalis «Sc tanquam fortuita : Traditio, vana & ex rumore : 
 Practica, opcri intenta & fervilis : vis cxperimentalis, caeca, ftupida, vaga 
 & praerupta : dcniquc hiftoria naturalis, levis & inops ; vitiofillimai-u mate- 
 riam intellcclui ad philolbphiam & fcientias congeilerunt. 
 
 Deinde, praepoftcra argiuncntandi fubtilitas & ventilatio, ferum rebus 
 plane dcfpcratis tentat remcdium: ncc negotium ullo modo reftituit, airt 
 crrorcs feparat. Itaque nulla Ipes majoris augment! ac progrellus fita eft, nifi 
 in rcftauratione quadam fcicntiarum. 
 
 Hujus autcm exordia omnino a naturali hiftoria fumenda funt, caque 
 ipla novi cujufdam generis & apparatus. Fruftra cnim fuerit fpeculum cx- 
 polire, fi defuit imagines : & plane materia idonea pracparanda eft intellcclui, 
 non Iblum praefidia fida comparanda. Dilfert vcro rurfus hiftoria noftra 
 (quemadmodum logica noftra) ab ca quae habetur, multis rebus : fine, five 
 ofticio5 ipla mole &congcric; dein fubtilitate 5 etiam dcleclu, & eonftitutione 
 in ordine ad ca quae fequuntur. 
 
 Primo enim cam proponimus hiftoriam naturalem, quae non tarn aitt 
 rcrura varictatc dcledct, aut pracfenti cxperimcntorum frudu juvet; quam 
 luccm inventioni caufarum aff"undat & philofophiae enutricandae primani 
 mammam praebeat. Licet cnim opera atque adivam fcicntiarum partem 
 praccipue lequamur, tamcn meftis tempus cxpcdlamus, ncc mufcum & fc- 
 getem hcrbidam dcmcterc conamur. Satis cnim fcimus axiomata rede in- 
 venta, tota agmina operum fecum trahcre; atque opera non Iparfun fed 
 confertim cxhibere. Intcmpeftivum autcm ilium & puerilem aftedum^ ut 
 pignora aliqua novorum operum properc captcntur, prorfus damnamus & 
 amo\cmus, ecu pomum Atalantac quod curium retardat : Atque hiftoriac 
 uoftrac naturalis olHcium talc eft. 
 
 Quoad congcriem vcro, conficimus hiftoriam non folum naturae liberae 
 ac folutac 5 (cum fcilicct ilia fpontc ftuit, & opus fuum peragit 5 qualis eft 
 
 hiftoria
 
 DISTRIBUTIO OPERIS. if 
 
 hiftoria coclcftium, mctcororum, tcrrac & mans, mincralium, planrarum, 
 animalium:) fed multo magis naturae conftridae & vexatac ; ncmpc, cum 
 per artem & minifteriuni humanum de ftatu fuo dctruditur, atquc premicur 
 6c fingitur. Itaque omnia artium mechanicarum, omnia opcrativac partis 
 liberalium, omnia prafticarum complurium, quae in artem propriam noii 
 coaluerunt, cxpcrimenta, (quantum inquirerc licuit & quantum ad fincm 
 noftrum faciunt) perfcribimus. Qiiin ctinm (ut quod res eft eloquamur) 
 faitum hominum & fpeciofa nil morati, multo plus & operae & praefidii 
 in nac parte, qnam in ilia altera, ponimus : quandoquideni iiatura rcrum 
 ma<J!,is Ic prodit per vexationcs artis, quam in libertate propria. 
 
 Neque corporum tantum hiftoriam cxhibemus, led diligentiae infuper 
 noftrac cifc putavimus, etiam virtutum ipfarum (illarum dicimus, quae tan- 
 quara ca dinalcs in natura cenferi pollint, & in quibus naturae primordia 
 plane coiiftituuntur; utpote materia primis paflionibus ac defideriis; viz. 
 Denlb, ru-o, calido, frigido, confiftenti, fluido, gravi, levi, aliilque haud 
 paucis) Iiiiloriam feorfum comparare. 
 
 ■ Enimvero ut de fubtilitate dicamus, plane conquirimus genus cxperi- 
 mcnforum longe fubtilius & limplicius quam funt ca quae occurrunt. Com- 
 plura enim a tenebds educimus & eruimus, quae nuUi in mentem veniflct 
 inveiligarc, nifi qui certo & conftanti tramite ad inventionem caufarum per- 
 gcrctj ciuT» in fe nullius magnopcrc Tint ufuss ut liquido apparcat, ca non 
 propter Ic quacfita cflc ; led ita prorfus Ic habere ilia ad res & opera, qucm- 
 ad'uodum literae alphabeti fe habeant ad orationem & verba: quae licet per 
 fc inutiles, cacdcm tamen omnis fermonis elementa funt. 
 
 In deleft' I iutem narrationum & experimcntorum melius hominibus ca- 
 vifll- nos arbitramur, quam qui adhuc in hiftoria naturali verlati funt. Nam 
 omnia fide oculata, aut faltem perfpcda & fumma quadam cum fevcritatc 
 rccipimus : ita ut nil referatur auftum miraculi caufa, fed quae narramus, 
 afabulis & vanitate cafta & intemerata fint. Qiiinctiam & rccepta quacquc 
 ac jactata mendacia (quae mirabiii quodam ncgledu per faecula multa obti- 
 nuerunt & invetcrata funt) nominatim profcribimus & notamus, nc fcicntiis 
 amplius molefta fint. Quod enim prudcnter animadvertit quidam ; fabulas 
 & fnperftitiones, & nugas, quas nutriculae pueris inftillant, mentes eorum 
 ctiam ferio depravare: ita eadem nos movit ratio, ut foliciti atque etiam 
 anxii fimus, ne ab initio, cum vcluti infantiam philofophiae fub hiftoria na- 
 turali trademus & curemus, ilia alicui vanitati allliefcat. At in omni expe- 
 rimento novo & paulo fubtiliorc, licet (ut nobis videtur) certo ac probato, 
 modum tamen expcrimenti, quo ufi fumus, aperte fubjungimus : ut, poft- 
 quam pateflidum lit, quomodo fmgula nobis conftitcrint, vidcant homines 
 quid erroris fubeflc & adhacrere poftit 5 atque ad probationes magis fidas & 
 magis exquifttas (fi quae fuit) cxpergifcantur -. Deniquc ubique monita & 
 fcrupulos, & cautiones afpergimus, religione quadam, & tanquam cxorcifmo 
 omnia phantafmata ejicientes ac cohibentes. 
 
 PosTREMo, cum nobis exploratum fit, quaiitopere cxpericntia & hi- 
 ftoria aciem mentis humanae difgregetj & quam difficile fit (praefertim ani- 
 inis vel teneris, vel praeoccupatis) a principio cum natura conluefcerc; 
 adjungimus facpius obfervationes noftras, tanquam primas quafdam con- 
 vcrfiones & inclinationes, ac veluti afpedus hiftoriae ad philofophiam : ut 
 & pignoris loco hominibus fuit, cos in hiftoriae fiudibus perpetuo non de- 
 tentos iri ; utque, cum ad opus intcUedus deveniatur, omnia fint magis in 
 puoclndu. Atque per hujufmodi (qualem dcfcribimus) hiftoriam natura- 
 
 Vo£. I. C lam.
 
 iS DiSTRlBUTIO OPERIS. 
 
 km, aditum qucndam fieri pollc ad naturani tutum & comniodum j atqu6 
 matcriam intcUcclui pracbcri probam & pracparatam ccnfcmus. 
 
 Post QU AM vero & intclleftum fidiflimis auxiliis ac praefidiis ftipavimus, 
 & juftum divinorum opcrum cxxrcitum Icvcridimo dclcclu comparavimus ; 
 nil amplius llipcrcflTe vidctur, nifi ut philolbphiam ipfain agurcdiainur. 
 Attamen in re tarn ardua & lufpenla, funt quacdam quae ncccnario \ idcntur 
 interponenda ; partim docendi gratia, partim in ufum praefentem. 
 
 HoRUM prinuim eft, ut exempla proponantur inquirendi & invcnicndi, 
 fecundum noftram rationcni ac viam, in aliquibus llibjectis repraefentata : 
 iumcndo ea potillimura fubjcda, quae, & inter ca quae quaeruntur, Ilint no- 
 biliflima, & inter fe maxime divcrfa; ut in unoquoquc gcnere excmplum 
 non dcfit. Neque de iis cxemplis loquimur, quae fingulis pracceptis ac 
 rcf^ulis illuftrandi gratia adjiciuntur, (hoc enim in fccunda parte opcris abun- 
 dc pracftitimus :) led plane typos intelligimus Sc plafmata, quae univerfum 
 mentis proceflum, atque inveniendi continuatani fabricam & ordincm in 
 certis fubjectis, iifquc variis & infignibus, tanquam fub oculos ponant. Et- 
 enim nobis in mentem venit, in mathematicis, aftante machina, Icqui de- 
 monftrationcm facilem & pcrfpicuam : contra, abfque hac commoditate, 
 omnia videri involuta, &, quam revera funt, fubtiliora. Itaque liujufmodi 
 cxemplis quartam partem noftri operis attribuimus : quae revera nil aliud eft, 
 quam fecundac partis applicatio particularis & explicata. 
 
 At quinta pars ad tcmpus tantum, donee reliqua pcrficiantur, adhibe- 
 tur : & tanquam foenus redditur, ufquc dum fors haberi poilit. Neque c- 
 nim finem noftrum ita pctimus occaecati; ut, quae occurrunt in via utilia, 
 negligamus. Qiiamobrcm quintam partem operis ex iis conficimus, quae a 
 nobis aut inventa, aut probata, aut addita funt : Neque id tamcn ex ratio- 
 nibus atque pracfcriptis interpretandi; fed ex codem intcllectus ufu, quern 
 alii in inquircndo & inveniendo adhibcrc confueverunt. Etcnim cum, ex 
 perpctua noftra cum natura confuctudinc, majora dc meditationibus noftris, 
 quam pro ingenii viribus, fperamus; tum poterunt ifta veluti tabernaculo- 
 rum in via pofitorum vice fungi, ut mens ad certiora contendcns in iis pau- 
 lifper acquiefcat. Attamen teftamur interim, nos illis ipfis, quod ex vera 
 interpretandi forma non fint inventa aut probata, tcneri minime velle. 
 Iflam vcro judicii fufpenfionem, non eft quod cxhorrcat quifpiam in do- 
 ftrina, quae non funpliciter nil fciri polTc, fed nil nifi ccrto ordine & certa 
 via fciri pofle aflerit : atque interca tamcn certos ccrtitudinis gradus ad ufum 
 & levamen conftituit ; donee mens in caufarum explicatione confiftat. Ne- 
 que enim iliac ipfae fcholae philofophorum, qui Acatalcpfiam fimpliciter 
 tenuerunt, inferiores fuere iftis quae pronuntiandi licentiam ufurparunr. 
 Iliac tamcn fenfui & intclleclui auxilia non paravcrunt, quod nos fecimus : 
 fed fidem & authoritatem plane fuftulerunt j quod longe alia res eft & fere 
 oppofita. 
 
 Sexta tandem pars operis noftri (cui rcliquac infcrviunt ac miniftrant) 
 earn demum recludit &proponit philofophiam, quae ex hujufmodi(qualem 
 ante docuimus & paravimus) inquiiltionc ligitima, & cafta, & fevera edu- 
 citur & conftituitur. Hanc vcro poftrcmam partem pcrficere & ad cxitum 
 perduccre, res eft & fupra vires, &: ultra fpcs noftras collocata. Nos ei ini- 
 tia (ut fperamus) non contemnenda, exitum generis humani fortuna dabit; 
 qualem forte homines in hoc rerum & animorum ftatu, haud facile animo 
 capcrc aut metiri qucant. Neque enim agitur folum felicitas contempla- 
 tiva, fed verc res humanae & fortunae, atque omnis opcrum potcntia. 
 
 Homo
 
 DISTRIBUTIO OPERIS. 19 
 
 Homo cnim naturae miniflcr & intcrprcs tantum facit & intclligif, quantum 
 dc naturae ordine, opere vcl nicntc, obfcrvavcrit : ncc amplius Icir, aut 
 poteft. Ncque cnim ullae vires caularum catcnam folvcre aut pcrfrin^ere 
 pofllnt : ncque natura aliter quam parcndo vincitur. Itaque intcntioncs "c- 
 minac iliac, humanae fcilicet fcientiae & potcntiae, verc in idem coinci- 
 dunt : & fruftratio operum maxime fit ex ignoratione caufarum. 
 
 A T QU E in CO funt omnia, fiquis oculos mentis a rebus ipfis nunquam de- 
 jiciens, earum imagines plane ut funt, excipiat. Nequc cnim hoc fiverit 
 Deus, ut phantafiae noftrac fomnium pro cxcmplari mundi cdamus : fed 
 pbtius benigne faveat, ut apocalypfim, ac veram vifioncm vcftigiorum & 
 iigillOrum Creatoris fuper creaturas, fcribamus. 
 
 Itaque tu Pater, qui luccm vifibilem primitias creaturac dcdifti, & lu- 
 ccm intclledualcm ad faftigium operum tuorum in faciem hominis infpira- 
 fti ; opus hoc, quod a tua bonitate profedum, tuam gloriam repctit, tucre 
 & rege. Tu, poftquam converfus es ad fpeftandum Opera quae fecerunt 
 manus tuae, vidifti quod omnia eflent bona valde ; & requicvifti. At homo 
 converfus ad opera quae fecerunt manus iliac, vidit quod omnia eflent vani- 
 tas & vexatio fpiritus; ncc uUo modo requicvit. Qiiarc fi in opcribus tuis 
 fudabimus, facies nos vifionis tuae & fabbati tui participcs. Suppliccs pe- 
 timus, ut haec mens nobis conftet : utquc novis elcemofynis per manus 
 noflras & aliorum, quibus eandem mentem largieris, familiam humanam - 
 dotatam velis. 
 
 Vol. I. .C i GUI LIE L-
 
 20 
 
 GUILIELMUS RAWLEY\ 
 
 Sacrae Theologiae Professor, Illuflriffimi 
 Domini 
 
 D. F RA NC I S C I 
 
 Baronis de Verulamio, Vice-Comitis '-^ '^ 
 Sancti Albani, Sacellanus. 
 
 Lectori S. 
 
 CUM Domino nico placucnt, co me dignari honorc, utincdcndis 
 opcribus lliis opera mca ufus fit > non abs re fore cxiftimavi, fi 
 Icctorcm de aliquibus, quae ad hunc primum tomum pertinent, 
 brevitcr moncam. Tradatum iftum, dc Dignitatc &Augmcntis 
 Scientiarum, ante annos oclodccim, cdidit dominatio Ilia, lingua patria, in 
 duos tantummodo libros diftributum ; & regiac luac majcftati dicavit^ quod 
 & nunc facit. Non ita pridem animum adjccit, ut in Latinam linguam 
 vcrtcretur : Inaudiverat fiquidem illud apud exferos cxpcti : Qiiinctiam fole- 
 bat fubindc dicerc, iibros modcrnis linguis conlcriptos, non ita multo poft 
 decoduros. Ejus igitur tranflationem, ab infignioribus quibufdam clo- 
 cjuentia viris claboratam, propria quoque reccnfione caftigatam, jam cmit- 
 tit. Ac liber primus certe, quafi niera tranflatio eft, in paucis admodum 
 mutatus : At reliqui octo, qui Partitiones Icientiarum tradunt, atquc uiiico 
 ante libro continebantur, ut no\'um opus, & nunc primum cditum, prodit. 
 Caufa autem praccipua, quae dominationcm fuam movit, ut opus hoc rc- 
 tradaret, & in plurimis amplificarct, ca fuit; quod in Inftaurationc Magna 
 (quam diu poftca edidit) Partitiones Icientiarum, pro prima Inftaurationis 
 parte conftituit; quam fequcrctur Novum Organum; dcin Hiftoria naturalis ; 
 & fie deinccps. Cum igitur repcriret partem earn dc Partitionibus Icientia- 
 rum jam pridem claboratam, (licet minus folide quam argumcnti dignitas 
 poftularct) optimum fore putavit, fi rctraftaretur, «Sc rcdigeretur in opuy 
 juftum & completum. Atque hoc pa£lo, fidem fuam liberari intelligit, dc 
 prima parte Inftaurationis pracftitam. Qiiantum ad opus ipfum, non eft 
 tenuitatis mcac, de eo aliquid pracfari. Pracconium ei, quod optimc con- 
 veniat, cxiftimo futurum illud, quod Dcmoftlienes intcrdum diccrc folcbat 
 de rebus gcftis Athcnicnfium vctcrum ; Laudatorem its dignu7n ejje fohirn- 
 modo tempus. Ticmn Opt. Max. obnixc precor, ut, pro dignitatc operis, 
 fructus ubci'cs diatiuniqiie & autlori & Icdori contiiigat. 
 
 FRAN-
 
 g.i ^ 
 
 FRANCISCI BARONIS 
 
 D E 
 
 VERULAMIO, 
 
 Vice-Comitis Sancti Albani, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmentis Scientiaram. 
 
 L I B R I IX. 
 
 AD REGEM SUUM.
 
 'i-*- 
 
 Partitiones Sclentiamm Sc Argumenta Singulorum 
 
 C A P I T u M. 
 
 Lib. I, 
 
 NULLIS conftat Capitibus ; continct autem partltloncm totlus operis, 5c 
 quarundam Objeftionum dilationcm. 
 
 P 
 
 Lib. IL 
 
 Cap. I. 11 ^ARTITIO univcrfalis dodlrinae humanac, in hiftoriam^ 
 poc/im, philofophiam : Secundum tixs facultatcs intcl- 
 ledus, mcmoriam, phantafiam, rationcm : Quodquc ca- 
 dem partitio compctat ctiani thcologicis. 
 
 Cap. II. Partitio liiftoriac in naturalcm &civilcm: Ecclcflaftica & litc- 
 raria fub civili comprchcnfis : Partitio hiftoriac naturalis, ex fubjedo fuo, 
 in hiftoriam gcncrationum, practcrgcncrationum, & artium. 
 
 Cap. III. Partitio hiftoriac naturalis Iccunda, ex ufu & fine fi.io, in nar- 
 rativam & indudivam ; quodque finis nobiliirimus liiftoriac naturalis iir, ut 
 miniftret & in ordine iit ad condcndani philofophiam ; quern linem in- 
 tuetur indudiva. Partitio hiftoriac gcncrationum, in hiftoriam coclcftiuni, 
 hidoriam meteororum, hiftoriam globi tcrrae & maris 5 hiftoriam maflaruni 
 five collcgiorum majorum, & hiftoriam Ipccicrum five collcgiorum niino- 
 rum. 
 
 Cap. IV. Partitio hiftoriac civilis, in ccclcftafticam, litcrariam, & (quae 
 generis nomcn rctinet) civilcm : Qiiodquc hiftoria literaria dciiderctur : 
 Ejus conficiendac praecepta. 
 
 Cap. V. De dignitatc & difficultatc hiftoriac civilis. 
 
 Cap. VI. Partitio prima hiftoriac civilis (Ipecialis) in memorias, antiqui- 
 tates, & hiftoriam juftam. 
 
 Cap. VII. Partitio hiftoriac juftac, in chronica tcmporum, vitas pcrlbna- 
 nim, & rclationcs adlionum : carum partium cxplicatio. 
 
 Cap. VIII. Partitio hiftoriac tcmporum, in hiftoriam univcrfalcm, &" 
 particularem. Utriufquc commoda & incommoda. 
 
 Cap. IX. Partitio fecunda hiftoriac tcmporum, in annales, & a<Sta diurna. 
 
 Cap. X. Partitio fecunda hiftoriac civilis (fpecialis) in meram & mix- 
 tam. 
 
 Cap. XI. Partitio hiftoriac ecclcfiafticac 5 iu ecclcfiafticam fpccialcm, 
 hiftoriam ad prophctias, & hiftoriam ncmdcos. 
 
 Cap. XII. Dc appcndicibus hiftoriac, quae circa verba hominum (qucm- 
 admodum hiftoria ipfa circa fadia) verlantur : Partitio carum in orationcs, 
 cpiftolas, & apophthegmata. 
 
 Cap. Xlli. Dc fecundo membro principali docVrinac humanae, ncmpc 
 pocfi. Partitio poelcos in narrativam, dramaticam, & parabolicam. Ex- 
 empla parabolicac tria proponuntur.
 
 PARTITIONES SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 Lib. III. 
 
 Cap. I. Partitio fcicntiae in theologiam & philofophiam. Partitio phi- 
 lofophiac in doilrinas trcs : De Numinc, dc natura, dc hominc. Conflitutio 
 philolbphiae primac, ut matris communis omnium. 
 
 Cap. II. Dc thcologia naturali ; & doftrina de angclis & fpiritibus, quae 
 ejufdcm eft appendix. 
 
 Cap. III. Partitio naturalis philofophiac. In fpeculativam & operati- 
 vam : quodque illae duae, &. in intentione tractantis, & in corpore tracta- 
 tus, lcr:regari dcbeant. 
 
 Cap. IV. Partitio doftrinac rpcculativae de natura, in phyficam (fpecia- 
 lem) & metaphyficam : Quarum phyfica caulam cfficientem (5c matcriam : 
 JVictaphyfica caulam finalem & formam, inquirit. Partitio phyficae (fpc- 
 cialis) in doftrinas de principiis rerum, de fabrica rerum five de mundo, 
 & de varietate rerum. Partitio dodrinae de varietate rerum, in doftrinam 
 de concrctis, & dodrinam de abftraftis. Partitio dodrinae de concretis 
 rcjicitur ad eafdem partitiones, quas fufcipit hiftoria naturalis. Partitio do- 
 drinae de abftradis, in doftrinam de fchematifmis materiae, & dodrinam 
 de motibus. Appendices duae phyficae fpcculativae : Problemata natura- 
 lia, placita antiquorum philolbphorum. Partitio metaphyficae, in dodri- 
 nam de formis, & dodrinam de caufis finalibus. 
 
 Cap. V. Partitio opcrativae dodrinae de natura, in mechanicam & ma- 
 giam : Qiiae relpondcnt partibus fpcculativae : Phyficae mcchanica, meta- 
 phyficac magia. Expurgatio vrKabuli magiae. Appendices duae operati- 
 vae : Inventarium opum humanarum, & catalogus polychreftorum. 
 
 Cap. VI. De magna philolbphiae naturalis, tarn fpcculativae quam opc- 
 rativae, appendice mathematica : Qi;odque inter appendices potius poni de- 
 bet, quam inter fcicnrias fubftantivas. Partitio mathcmaticae in puram & 
 mixtam. 
 
 Lib. IV. 
 
 Cap. T. Partitio dodrinae de homine, in philofophiam humanitatis, & 
 civilem. Partitio phiiofophiae humanitatis, in dodrinam circa corpus homi- 
 nis, & dodrinam circa ;viiimam hominis. Conftitutio imius dodrinae gene- 
 raiis de natura, five de ftatu hominis. Partitio dodrinae de ftatu hominis, 
 in dodrinam de perfona hominis, & de foedcre animi corporis. Partitio 
 dodrinae de perfona hominis, in dodrinam de miferiis hominis, & de prae- 
 rogativis. Partitio dodrinae de focdere, in dodrinam de indicationibus, «5c 
 deimpreflionibus. Af]lL,nariophyfiognomiae, Scintcrpretationis fomniorum 
 naturalium, dodrinae de indicationibus. 
 
 Cap. II. Partitio dodrinae circa corpus hominis, inmcdicinam, cofmcti- 
 cam, athlcticam, & voluptariam. Partitio medicinae in officia tria ; viz. 
 in confervationem finitatis, curationem morborum, & prolongationem vitae: 
 Qitodque pars poftrema de prolongationc vitae disjungi dcbeat a duabus rC- 
 iiquis. * 
 
 Cap. III. Partitio phiiofophiae humanae circa animam, in dodrinam dc 
 jjpiraculo & dodrinam dc anima fenfibili, five produda. Partitio fecunda 
 cjufdem phiiofophiae, in dodrinam de fubftantia & facultatibus animac, & 
 dodrinam dc ufu & objedis facultatum. Appendices duae dodrinae dc 
 facultatibus animae, dodrina de divinatione naturali, & dodrina de fafcina- 
 tione. Diftributio facultatum animac fenfibilis, in motum 6c fenfum. 
 
 L I B.
 
 PARTITIONES SCIENTIARUM. 35 
 
 Lib. V. 
 
 Cap. I. Partitio doftnnae circa ufum & objefta faciilratum anlmae huma- 
 iiae, in logicam & ethicam. Partitio logicae, ia artcs invcnicndi, judicandi, 
 rctinendi & tradendi. 
 
 Cap. II. Partitio invcntivae, in invcntivam artium & argumcntorum : 
 quodquc prior Iiarum (quae cminet) dcfideretur. Partitio invcntivae artium, 
 in experientiam literatam, & organum novum. Dclineatio cxperientiae 
 literatae. 
 
 Cap. III. Partitio invcntivae argumcntorum, in promptuariam & topi- 
 cam. Partitio topicae, in gcncralem & particularcm. Excmplum topieae 
 particularis, in inquifitione de gravi & levi. 
 
 Cap. IV. Partitio artis judicandi, in judicium per indudioncni & per 
 fyllogifmum : Quorum prius aggregatur organo novo. Partitio prima ju- 
 dicii per fyllogifmum, in redudionem reftam & inverfam. Partitio fccun- 
 da ejus, in analyticam, & dodrinam de elenchis. Partitio dodrinae dc elen- 
 chis, in elcnclios fophifmatum, clenchos hermeniae, & elcnchos imaginum 
 five idolorum. Partitio idolorum, in idola tribus, idola fpecus, & idola 
 fori. Appendix artis judicandi, viz. de analogia demonftrationum pro na- 
 tura fubjedi. 
 
 Cap. V. Partitio artis rctinendi five retentivae, in dodrinam de admini- 
 culis memoriae, & dodrinam de memoria ipfa. Partitio dodrinac dc me- 
 moria ipfa, in praenotioncm & emblema. 
 
 Lib. VL 
 
 Cap. I. Partitio traditivae, in dodrinam de organo fermonis, dodrinam 
 demethodo fermonis, & dodrinam de illuftratione fermonis. Partitio dodri- 
 nac de organo fermonis, in dodrinam de notis rerum, dc locutionc, & de 
 fcriptione : Quarum duae pofteriores grammaticam conftituunt, ejufquc 
 partitiones funt. Partitio dodrinac de notis rerum, in hicroglyphica & cha- 
 raderes reales. Partitio fecunda grammaticae, in literariam & philofophan- 
 tem. Aggrcgatio pocfeos quoad mctrum, ad dodrinam de locutionc. Ag- 
 grcgatio dodrinae de ciphris, ad dodrinam de fcriptione. 
 
 Cap. II. Dodrina de methodo fermonis, conftituitur ut pars traditivae 
 fubftantiva & principalis. Nomen ei inditur prudcntia traditivae. Enu- 
 merantur methodi genera divcrfa, & fubjungtmtur eorum commoda & in" 
 commoda. 
 
 Cap. III. De fundamentis & officio dodrinae dc illuftratione fermonis, 
 five rhetoricae. Appendices tres rhetoricae, quae ad promptuariam tan- 
 turamodo pertinent : colores boni & mali, tam fimpiicis quam comparati : 
 antithcta rerum : formulae minores orationum. 
 
 Cap. IV. Appendices generales duae traditivae, critica & paedagogica. 
 
 Lib. VIL 
 
 Cap. I. Partitio ethicac, in dodrinam de excmplari, & georgica animi, 
 Partitio cxemplaris (fcilicet boni) in bonum fimplex & bonum comparatum ; 
 Partitio boni fimpiicis, in bonum individualc & bonum communionis. 
 
 Vol. I, D Ca^.
 
 ^6 I^ARTITIONES SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 Cap. II. Partitio boni individualis, vel fuitatis, in bonum adivum, 6.; 
 bonum pafllvum. Partitio boni pafllvi> in bonum confcrvativum &c b(> 
 nam perfeclivum. Partitio boni communionis, in officia gcneraJia &: ^^ 
 Ipeaiva. «>.. 
 
 Cap. III. Partitio doftrinae de cultura animi, in doftrinam dc characVe- 
 ribus animorum, de afFedibus, & de remediis five curationibus. Appendix 
 doftrinae ejufdem, de congruitate inter bonum animi & bonun» corporis. 
 
 Lib. VIII. 
 
 Cap. I. Partitio dodrinae civilis, in dodrinam dc convcrfatione, dodri- 
 iiam de ncgotiis, & dodlrinam de impcrio five republica. 
 
 Cap. II. Partitio dodtrinac de negotiis, in doftrinam de occafionibus 
 fparfis, & doftrinam de ambitu vitac. Exemplum doftrinae de occafionibus 
 iparfis, ex parabolis aliquibus Solomonis. Praeccpta de ambitu vitae. 
 
 C A p. III. Partitiones dodrinae de impcrio five republica omittunrur : Tan- 
 tum aditus fit ad defiderata duo : doftrinam de proferendis finibus imperii, 
 Sc dodrinam de juftitia univerfali, five de fontibus juris : Excmpla utrruf" 
 
 Lib, IX. ,l <^ 
 
 Cap. I. Partitiones thcologiae infpiratae omittuntur : Tantum aditus ^t' 
 ad defiderata tria : doftrinam de legitime ufii rationis humanae in divinis, 
 dodrinani de gradibus unitatis in civitate Dei, & emanationes fcripturarum. • ' 
 
 FRAN'
 
 I 
 
 ( T fl 27 
 
 FRANCIS C T 
 
 Baronis de V E R U L A M I O, 
 
 Vice-Comltis Sancti AlbAni, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmends Scientiarum, 
 
 LIBER PRIMUS. 
 
 SUB vetcri lege, rex optime, crant & fpontaneac oblatlones, & quotidiana ..' 
 facrificia ; haec ex rituali cultu, illae ex pia alacritatc profedac. Ar- 
 bitror equidem dcbcri tale quidpiam regibus a fcrvis fuis ; ut fci- 
 licet quifque non folum muneris fui tributa, fed &: amoris pignora 
 dcfcrat. Atque in prioiibus illis, Ipero mc minimc defuturum j in potlc- 
 riori autem gcnerc dubitavi, quid, potiflimum fumercm : Satius autem vi- 
 fum eft, hujufmodi aliquid dcligere, quod potius ad pcrfonac tuae exccl- 
 lentiam, quam ad negotia corbnac fpedarct. 
 
 Ego (aepiflinie de majcftatc tua, ut debeo, cogitans, (miflis aliis five 
 vil'tutis five fortanae tuae dotibus,) magna piorfus afficior admiratione, 
 cum intueor excellentiam earum in tc virtutum, facultatumquc, quas phi- 
 lofophi intellcctuales vocant : Capacitatem ingenii tot & tanta complexam, 
 firmitudinem memoriae, prehenfionis velocitatem, judicii penctiationem, 
 elocutionifque ordinem fimul & facilitatem. Subit profedo animum quan- 
 doque dogma illud Platonicum, quo aflcritur, Scientiam nihil aliud ejfcy 
 quam reminifcentiam ; animumque naturaliter omnia cognofcere, nati- 
 "vae hici, quam fpecus corporis ohttmbraverat, fubinde reddittim. Ccrte 
 hujus rei (!i in quo alio) relucet in majeftate tua excmplum infigne ; cui 
 adeo prompta ell mens ad concipiendam flammam, ubi vcl Icviflima earn 
 excitaverit objefta occafio, vel minima alienae cognitionis fcintilla afFulfc- 
 rir. Quemadmoduni igitur, dc regum Ihpientiflimo, lacra pcrhibit fcrip- 
 tura, Cor illi fuiffe, tanquam arenam maris : cujus quanquam mafia 
 praegrandis, partes tamcn minutillimacj fic mentis indidit Deus majellati 
 tuae crafim plane mirabilem, quae cum maxima quacquc compleftatur, 
 minima tamen prehendat, nee patiatur cffluere : cum perdiflicilc vidcatur, 
 vel potius impolllbile in natura, ut idem inftrumcntum & grandia opera 
 & pufilla aptc dilponat. Qriantum ad clocutionem tuam, occurrit illud 
 Cornelii Taciti de Augufto Caelarc ; Aiigujto, inquit, projluens, & quae 
 principem virum deceret, eloquentia fiiit. Sane fi rede rem pcrpcnda- 
 mus, omnis oratio aut laboriofa aut afFcCtata aut imitatrix, quamvis alio- 
 quin cxcellcns, nefcio quid fervile oler, nee fui juris eft. Tuum autem 
 dicendi genus vere regium eft, proflucns tanquam a fontc, & nihilominus, 
 ficut naturae ordo poftulat, rivis didudum fuis, plenum facilitatis tclicita- 
 tifquc, imitans ncmincm, nemini imitabilc. Atquc ficut in rebus tuis, quae 
 Vol. I. D 3 tarn
 
 28 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. L- 
 
 tarn ad rci^num, qnam ad domum tuam Tpcdant, virtus \'idetur cum for- 
 tunaccrtaix; mores fcilicct optimi cum fclici rcuiminc; fpcs tuae olim pa- 
 ticntcr & pie cohibitac cum taufta & opporruna fpcratorum adcprionc; 
 thori conjugalis lanfta fides, cum frudu conjugii beato, in Ibbolc puichcrri- 
 ma; pia & principe chriftiano digniflima ad pacem propenfio, cum flmili 
 vicinorum principum inclinationc, in idem votum tcliciter confpirantium: 
 Sic & in intellcdus tui dotibus non levior cxoritur lit; & acmuiutio, ii eas, 
 quae a natura ipla praebitac lunt & infulac, cum inftrudiilima gaza multi- 
 plicis crudltionis, & plurimarum artium fcicntia committamus. Kcque ve- 
 ro facile fucrit, regem aliqucm pcft Chriflum natum rcpcrire, qui fucrlt 
 majfftati tuae literarum divinarum & humanarum varictate & cultura com- 
 parandus. Pcrcurrat, qui voluerit, imperatorum & rcgum fcricm, & jux- 
 ta mccum fcntict. Magnum ccrte quiddam praeftarc reges vidcntur, fi de- 
 libantcs aliorum ingcnia ex compcndio lapiant, aut in corticc dodrinae ali- 
 quatcnus hacreant ; aut dcniquc literates ament evehantque. Ai regem, 
 & regem natum, veros cruditionis fontcs haufifle, imo ipfummct fontcm 
 cruditionis cfle, prope abeft a miraculo. Tuae vcro majeftati ctiam illud 
 accedir, quod in codcm pectoris tui fcrinio, facrae literac cum proianis 
 recondanturj adco ut cum Hermetc iilo Trifmcgilio, triplici gloria infigni- 
 aris, potcftate regis, illuminatione facerdotis, eruditionc philofopiii. Cum 
 igitur alios regis longe hac laudc (propriequae tua eft) fupcrcs ; acquum ell, 
 ut non folum pracfcntis faeculi fama & admirationc cclcbretur, aut etiam 
 hiftoriarum luminc pofteritati tranfmittatur, vcrum ut folido aliquo in opere 
 incidatur, quod & regis magni potentiam denotcr, & regis tarn infignitcr 
 doifli imaginem referat. 
 
 Qu ARE (ut ad incocptum revcrtar) nulla potior mihi vifa efl: oblatio, quam 
 trattatus aliquis co fpectans. Hujus argumentum duabus conftabit parti- 
 bus. In priori (quae levior eft, neque tamen uUo modo praetermitten- • 
 da) de fcientiae & literarum per omnia excellentia agendum eft 5 & fimul 
 de merito corum, qui in iifdem provehendis operam ftrcnue & cum judicio 
 impendunt. Poftcrior vero pars (quod caput rei eft) proponct, quid ia 
 hoc gencre hucufque aftum /it & perfedum ; inluper & ea perftringet quae 
 videntur defiderari ; ut quamvis non aufim feponere aut dcligere tuae 
 quod praecipue majcftati commendem, tamen multa & varia rcpraefcntan- 
 do, regias tuas cogitationes excitare poflim, ut proprios pcdoris tui thefau- 
 ros excutias, atquc inde pro magnanimitate tua atquc fapicntia, optima quae- 
 que, ad artium & fcicntiarum terminos profcrcndos, depromas. 
 
 In ipfo veftibulo prioris partis, ad purgandam viam & quaii indicendum 
 filentium, quo melius audiantur teftimoniadc dignitate literarum, abfquc obla- 
 tratione tacitarum objcdionum, ftatui primo loco liberarc litcras opprobriis 
 & vilipcndiis, quibus impetit eas ignorantiaj fed ignorantia, fub non una 
 fcheniate: modo in thcolcgorum zclotypia, modo in poiiticorum fupcrci- 
 lio, modo in ipforum literatorum erroribus felc oftentans & prodcns. Au- 
 dio primes diccntcs, fcientiam inter ea cfie, quae parce cautcque admit- 
 tenda funt: Scientiac nimium appctitum fuille primum pcccatum, unde 
 hominis lapftis; hodicquc hacrerc ferpcntinum quid m ca, Iiquidem in^rc- 
 dicns tumorcm inducit; Scientia injlat : Solomoncm ccnlcrc, Faciendi 
 fibres nullum efj'e finern, nniltamqiie lc£iionem carnis effe ajfli6iionem -, 
 & alibi, himtilta jkphntia mult am effe ind/gnationem ; &: qui auget fci- 
 entiam, auger e d" dolor em. D. Pauli monitum cfle, A^«? decipiamur per 
 inanem philofophiarn : Qiiin & c.Kpericntia norum clle, dodiflimos vires, 
 
 haerc-
 
 Lib.r. DE AUG ME NT IS SCIENTIARUM. 29 
 
 hacrcticomm coryphaeos, doflifllma faccula in athcirmum prodivia fuifTc; 
 contcniplationem dcnique feeundarum caufarum authoiitati primac caufae 
 derogaic. 
 
 Ut igitur falfitatcm liujus dogmatis, fundamentaquc ejus male jada a- 
 periamus; cuiVis obviam ci\ iftos non pcrcipcrc, fcicntiam, quae Japfuni 
 pcpcrit, non' fuidc puram illam primigcniamquc Icicntiani narunilcm, cu- 
 jus luminc homo animalibus in paradilb adduclis nomina ex natuia impo- 
 fuit 5 fed fuperbam illam Boni (^ Alali, per quam cxcutere Dcum, fibique 
 ipfe legem figere ambivit. Nequc ccrtc vis uila fcientiae, quanta quanta 
 fit, inflat mcntem, cum nihil implere animum ncdum diftcnderc poilit, 
 practcr Dcum, Deiquc contcmplationcm. Qiiare Solomon, dc duobus palma- 
 riis inventionis fenfibus (villi atque auditu) loquens; ait, Galium vidtn- 
 do, aurem aadiendo non fatuiri. Qiiod fi non llrimplctio, fequitur, con- 
 tinens majus efle contento. Haud alitcr de Icicntia ipl'a animoque humano, 
 (cui fenfus funt tanquam emiflarii) definit his verbis, quae caicndario fuo 
 ephemcridiquc, omnium rcrum tcmpora defcribcnti, fubnedit, ita coaclu- 
 dcns j Omnia ^eus condidit, tit unnmquodque pnlchrum (it in tempore 
 fuo: Mundum quoqiie ipfiim hididit cordi eoriim: invenire tamen bo- 
 mo non pot eft opus, quod operatns eft Tieus, ah initio ufque ad finem. 
 Quibus verbis haud oblcurc innuit, Dcum fabricatum efle animum huma- 
 num inltar Ipcculi, totius mundi capaccm, ejufquc non minus fiticntem 
 quam oculum luminis: neque gefticntcm folum conlpicere varietates vicil- 
 fitudinelque temporum, verum etiam perfcrutandi cxplorandiquc immotas 
 atque inviolabilcs naturae leges & decreta ambitiolum. Et quamvis innu- 
 cre videatur, fummam illam naturae occonomiam (quam appellat Opus, qnod 
 operator T>eits ab initio it [que ad ftnem) non pofle inveniri ab hominej 
 hoc non detrahit captui humano, fed in impedimenta dodrinae rejiciendum, 
 qualia funt vitac brevitas, ftudiorum divortia, fcientiarum traditio prava & ^ 
 infida, plurimaquc alia incommoda, quibus humana conditio irrctitur : Si- " 
 quidem nuUam univcrfi partem, ab humana difquifitione alienam efle, fatis 
 clare alibi docet, inquiens, Spiritus hominis eft tanquam lucerna 'Dei, qua inti- 
 ma arcana explorat. Qiiare fi tanta lit amplitude captus humani, manife- 
 ftum eft, nullum cfTe periculum a quantitate fcientiae, ut ut diftufa, ne aut 
 tumorcm inducat, aut excelfum : fed a qualitate tantum, quae quantulacunque 
 fit, fi abfque antidoto fua fumatur, malignum quid habet atque vencno- 
 fum flatuofis fymptomatis pleniflimum. Haec antidotus, five aroma, (cu- 
 jus mixtio temperat fcicntiam, camque faluberrimam elficit) eft chaiitas. 
 Quod etiam priori claufulae fubjungit Apoilolus, dicens Scientia inflat, 
 charitas autem aedificat. Cui confonum eft, quod alibi docet : Si, inquit. 
 Unguis loquar Angelornm, vel hominum, charitatem autem non babcam, 
 fa^tus fum veliit aes refonans, aut cymbalnm tinnie'iis. Non quia cximi- 
 um quid fit loqui Unguis Angelorum & hominum, fed quia fi fegrcgctur a 
 charitate, nequc ad commune humani generis bonum dirigatur, potius inanem 
 gloriam exhibebit quam folidum fruclum. Cenfuram quod attinet Solonio- 
 nis, de exceflli Icgendi fcribcndique libros, & cruciatu fpiritus c fcicntia ori- 
 undo j monitumque etiam Paulinum, Nedecipiamurper inanem pbilofopbiam : 
 fi rede expliccntur ea loca, optime oftendent veros canccllos & limitcs, quibus 
 humana fcientia circumfepitur; ita tamen ut liberum fit ei, abfque omni c6- 
 ardatione uuiverfam rerum naturam ampledi. Sunt eiiim limitcs tres. Prmius, 
 ne ita felicitatem coUocemus in fcientia, ut interim mortalitatisnoftrae oblivib 
 fubrepat. Secundus, ne fie utamur fcientia, ut anxietatcm pariat, non animi 
 
 tranquil-
 
 30 DE AUGMENTIS SCIEN^IARUM. Lib. li 
 
 tranquillitatcm. Tcrtius, nc putcmus, pollc nos, per naturae contemplanonem 
 mvftciia ciivina aflequi. Nam quantum ad primum, optime in codcm libra»- 
 alibi fc Solomon cxplicat. Satis, inquit, perfpexi, fapientiani taiitnm re- 
 cedere a ftnltitia^ qtiantmn lucem a tciiebris. Sapient is ocnli in capite 
 ejus ftultns in tenebris obcrrat -, fed finiiil didici moriendi necejjitatem 
 ntriq'ne cffe conimunem. Dc fccundo ccrtum ert, nuUam animi anxictatcm 
 sut pcrturbationcm oriri c fcicntia, nifi tantum per accidcns. Omnis cnim 
 Icicntia & admiratio (quae eft fcmen icicntiac) per fc jucunda eft. Cum au- 
 tcm conclufiones indc dcducuntur, quae oblique rebus noftris applicatae, vcl 
 infirmos metus gignunt vel immodicas cupiditatcs, turn dcmum nalcitar 
 cruciatus ille & pcrturbatio mentis, qua dc foquimur : tunc cnim fci'cntia 
 non eft amplius lumen ficcum (ut voluit Hcraclitus ilk oblcurus, Lttmen 
 Jicctimcptima animai) fed fit limicn niadidum, atque humoribus affcLluurn; 
 maccratum. Tcrtia regula accuratiorcm paulo difquifitionem poftulat, ne- 
 quc ficco pedc praetcrcunda eft. Siquis cnim ex rcrum fcnfibilium & ftiate- 
 riatarum intuitu, tantum luminis aflequi fpcret, quantum ad patcfocicndani 
 divinam naturam aut voluntatem lliHicict, nac iftc decipitur per inancni 
 philofophiam. Etcnim contcmplatio crcaturarum, quantum ad creaturas 
 ipfas, producit fcientiamj quantum ad Dcum, admrirationcm tantimi ; quae 
 eft quafiabrupta fcicntia. Idcoquc fcitiftime dixit quidam Platonicus: Sen-- 
 fiis hinnmos folem referre, qui qnidem re-velat terrejhem gloUum, cock-\ 
 flem vero ^ftellas objignat. Sic fcnfus rcfcrant naturalia, divina occludunt,- ' 
 Atquc hinccvenit, nonnullosc docliorum manipulo in hacrefin laplbs clfe, ' 
 quum ccratis fenfuum alls innixi, ad divina cvolarc contcndcrcnt. Namque 
 cos, quiautumant nimiam fcientiam inclinarc mentcm in athcifmum, ignoran- 
 tiamquc fecundarum caufarum, pictati crga primam obftctricari, libcntcf- 
 compcllarcm Jobi quacftione: An oporteat mei2tiripro T^eo, & ejus gra- 
 tia dohtm loqui conveniat, ttt ipfi gratificemiir? Liquet cnim, Dcum ni- 
 hil opcrari ordinario in natura, nifi per fccundas caufas, cujus divcrfum credi fi 
 vcllcnt, impoftura mcra eflct, quafi in gratiam Dei, & nihil aliud quam au*' 
 thori vcritatis immundam mendacii hortiam immolare. Qiiin potius certify- 
 fimum eft, atquc expcricntia comprobatum, Icvcs guftus in philofophia mo-' 
 verc fortafic ad athciliiium, fed plcniorcs hauftus ad rcligioncm rcduccre.' 
 Namque in limine philofophiac, cum fccundac caufae, tanquam fenfibus pro-' 
 ximac, ingerant fcmenti himianac, menfquc ipfa in illis haereat atquc com-' 
 inorctur, oblivio primae caufae obrcperc poflit. Sin quis ultcrius pergat, 
 caularumquc depcndentiam fcricm & concatcnationem, atquc opera pro- 
 vidcntiae intucatur, tunc fecundum poetarum mythologiam facile credet,- 
 fummum naturalis catenae annulum pcdi folii Jovis affigi. Ut fcmel dicam : 
 Nemo male applicatae fobrietatis modcrationifque famam captans, poflc nos 
 nimium progrcdi, in libris five fcripturarum five crcaturarum, thcologia aut 
 philofophia, exiftimet ; quinimo excitcnt fe homines & infinitos profcdus 
 audadcr urgcant utrobique & perfequantur; cavcntcs tantum, ne fcicntia 
 iitantur ad tumorcm, non ad charitatem, ad oftcntationcm non ad ufum ; «5c 
 rurfus, nc diftindas illas thcologiac philofophiacquc dodrinas, earumque laticcs 
 impcritc mifccant ac confundant. 
 
 AccEDAAius nunc ad opprobria, quibus litcras afpcrgunt politici. Ilia 
 cjufmodi funt : Artes emollirc animos, militariquc gloriac incptos reddcre: 
 turn in politicis quoque corrumpcre ingenia; quae vel nimis curiofa efficiunt 
 ex varictatc Icdionis ■■> vel nimis pertinacia ex rigorc rcgularum ; vel nimis 
 tumidacx magnitudinc cxcmplorum ; vd nimis cxtravagantia ex dillimilitu- 
 
 difit 
 
 t
 
 Lib.!. DE AIJGMENTI4 SC lENf TIARUM." 
 
 dine cxcmplorum : quin faltcm utcunquc avertcre Sc alienarc animos a ne- 
 gotiis & adlione, otii ac fcccffus amorem inftillantes : dcin rcbufpablicis indt;- 
 cere difciplinac rclaxationem, dum unufquifque promptior eft ati difputaii- " 
 dum quam ad obtempcrandum. Unde Cato Ccnforius, cum primis niorta-'"^^ 
 lium fapiens, ubi juventus Romana ad Carncadcm philofophum, qui vcncrat 
 Romam legatus, dulccdine atque majcftate cloquentiac ejus capta, undiquc 
 conflucrct, frcqucnti fcnatu author fuit, ut expeditis ncgotiis, primo quoque'.'' 
 tempore dimittercnt homincm, nc civium animos inficcret & fafcinaret, 6c'^ 
 ncc opinantibus morum confuctudinumquc patriarum mutationem induccret. 
 Hoc etiam pcrmovit Virgilium, (dum ftudia fua patriae exiftimationi poft- 
 haberet) ut artcs politicas a literariis fegregaret i illas Romanis vendicans, has 
 Graccis relinqucns, in vcrfibus illis decantatis : 
 
 Tu regere imperiopopuloSy Romanes memento : 
 Hae tibi erunt artes iEn. vi. 8 f i . 
 
 Videmus etiam, Anytum, Socratis accufatorem, pro criminc ei objeciflc, quod 
 vi & varietate fermonum ac difputationum fuarum, authoritatem & rcvc- 
 rentiam legum confuctudinumquc patriarum, apud adoiefccntcs imminuc- 
 retj quodquc artcm profiterctur pcrniciofam & pcriculo plenam, qua quis 
 inftrudtus, dctcriorcm caufam mcliorem faccrct, veritatemque ipfam cloquen-^ 
 tiae apparatu obruerct. 
 
 Verum hae criminationes, cactcracquc cjufdcm farinae, potius pcrfona- 
 tam gravitatcm prae fe fcrunt, quam vcritatis candorem. Tcftatur enim ex- 
 perientia, itcut unos atque eofdcm homines, fic una cademquc tcmpora, & 
 rerum bcllicarum & optimarum artium gloria floruiflc. Viros quod attinet 
 exemplo fit nobilc par impcratorum, Alexander Magnus, & Julius Caefar 
 tJidator, alter Ariftotclis in philofophia diicipulus, alter Ciceronis in diccn- 
 do rivalis. Aut fi quis requirat potius literates, qui in claros impcratores 
 evaferunt, quam iniperatores, qui infigniter dodi fucrunt; praefto eft Epa- 
 minondas Thcbanus, aut Xenophon Athenicnfis: quorum jllc primus fuit, 
 qui fregit potentiam Spartanorum ; hie autcm primus, qui ftravit viam ad 
 cverftonem monarchiac Perfarum. Iftud vero armorum literaramquc quafi 
 conjugium, clarius adhuc in temporibus, quam in perfonis elucefcit, quanto 
 nimirum facculum homine objeftum grandius eft. Ipfa quippc eademquc 
 tcmpora, apud ^^gyptios, AflTyrios, Perlas, Graecos, Romanofquc, quae 
 propter bellicam virtutem maxime celebrantur, etiam & Uteris plurimum fuc- 
 runt nobilitata; adco ut graviflimi authores philofophique, & clarifllmi duces 
 atque imperatorcs, eodem faeculo vixerint, Ncc fane aliter fieri poteft : 
 Quandoquidem ut in homine vigor corporis animique fimul fere maturefcunt, 
 nifi quod illc hunc pauIo antevcrtat : lie in rebufpublicis militaris gloria lite- 
 rataque (quarum ilia corpori refpondet, hacc animo) aut coaeva funt, aut fe 
 proxime confequuntur. 
 
 Jam vero, eruditionem politicis impcdimento cflc potius qiiam adjumcn- 
 to, nil minus probabile. Fatemur omncs, tciiierarium quiddam effc empiric 
 cis medicis corpus & valetudinis curam tradcrc; qui Iblcnt pauca quaedam 
 medicamcnta, quae iUis videntur panchrcfta, venditarc, quorum fiducia ni- 
 hjil non audent tcntare ; cum tamen ncquc caufas morborum, neque acgroto- 
 rum habitus, neque fymptomatum pcricula, neque vcram fanandi metho- 
 dum calleant. Videmus paritcr, crrarc cos, qui ad caufas & lites fuas expc- 
 diendas adhibcnt icgulcios, in pradica potius, quam in libris juris vcrfatos, 
 
 quibus 
 
 31
 
 32 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.! 
 
 quibus OS facile oblinitur, fi quid novum aut extra cxpericntiac fuac calks 
 tritos occurrat : confimiliter non potcft non cfle pcriculofiflimum, queries 
 jfumma rerum empiricis confiliariis praccipuc mandatur. E conrra, vix £x-^ 
 cmplum adduci poflit rcipiablicae infeliciter adminiftratae, ad clavuiii fedcnti- 
 bus viris cruditis. Quamvis enim in more fit politicis, literates pedaneorum no- 
 mine clevare ; hiftoria tamcn vcritatis magiftra in plurimis fidem facit, pu- 
 pillares principes adultis longe pracftitilTc, (non obftantc aetati's incommodo,) 
 ca ipfa de caufa, quam politic! fugillant, quod fcilicet tunc tcmporis a pae- 
 dagogis adminiftratum fit impcrium, Qiiis ignorat, per dccantatum illud 
 quinquennium Neronis/ onus rerum incubuifle Senecac pacdagogo? Qviiu Sc 
 Gordianus junior decennium laudis Mifitheo paedagogo dcbuit. Nequc 
 infelicius impcrium gefTit Alexander Scverus, dum minor fuit : Quo tem- 
 pore omnia procurabant mulicres, fed ex confilio praeceptorum. Imo con- 
 vertamus oculos ad regimen pontificium, ac nominatim Pii Quinti vel Sixti 
 Quinti, noftro faeculo, qui fub initiis fuis habiti funt pro fraterculis rerum 
 imperitis : reperiemufque, ada paparum ejus generis, magis cffe folere me- 
 morabilia, quam eorum, qui in negotils civilibus & principum aulis enutri- 
 ti ad papatum afcenderint. Qiiamvis enim, qui in Uteris vitam maximc 
 traduxerunt, minus folertes fint atque verfatiles in occafionibus prenfandis, 
 atque accommodandis rebus; quo fpetlant ca, quae ab Italis Ragioni di 
 Stato dicuntur, quorum nomen ipfum averfatus eft Pius Quintus, folitus di- 
 cerc ; E^e mera malorum hominiim commenta, quae opponerentur religioniy 
 (^ virtut'tbus moralibus: In eo tamen abunde fit compenfatio, quod per 
 tutum planumque iter religionis, jufticiae, honeftatis, virtutumque moralium 
 promptc atque expedite inccdant : quam viam qui conftanter tcnucrint, illis, 
 alteris remediis non magis indigebunt, quam corpus fanum medicina. Por-r.. 
 ro autem curriculum vitae in uno homine fuppeditare non poteft exemplo- 
 tum copiam, ad regendos evcntus vitae, etiam in uno homine. Sicut enim 
 interdum fir, ut nepos vel pronepos, avum vel proavum magis referat, 
 quam patrem : codem modo haud raro cvenit, ut negotia praefentia magis, 
 quadrent cum exemplis vetuftioribus quam cum recentioribus. Poflremo 
 unius ingenium tantum cedit amplitudini litcrarum, quantum privati rcditus 
 aerario. 
 
 Quod fi detur, depravationes illas & impedimenta, quae a politicis im- 
 putantur Uteris, aliquid virium habere & vcritatis ; attamen fimul moncn- 
 dum, eruditionem in fingulis plus remedii quam mali afferre. Efto enim, 
 literae tacita quadam vi animum reddunt incertum atque perplexum; at 
 certe liquido praecipiunt quomodo cogitationes fint expcdiendae, & quouf- 
 que fit deliberandum, quando demum flatucndum ; imo oftcndunt, quo- 
 modo res interim abfquc periculo trahi poflint & fufpendi. Efto etiam, 
 animos cfficiunt magis pertinaces, & difficiles; at fimul decent, quae. res 
 demonftrationibus, quae conjefturis innituntur ; neque minus diftindlionum 
 & exccptionum ufum quam canonum & principiorum conftantiam pro- 
 ponunt. Efto rurfus, feducunt & deterquent animos cxemplorum vel 
 imparitate vel difilmilitudine. Nefcio; fed fatis novi, eas, tarn circum- 
 ftantiarum efficacias, quam comparationum errores, & applicationum cauti- 
 ones, explicare ; adeo ut in univerfum magis corrigant animos quam cor- 
 rumpant. Haec autem remedia infinuant undequaque literae, magna vi & 
 varietatc cxemplorum. Perpendat quis errores Clementis feptimi, a Guicci- 
 ardino, qui ei fuit quafi domefticus, tam luculenter depidlos ; aut vacillari- 
 oncs Ciccronis, in cpiftolis ad Atticum, manu propria ad vivum refedas; om- 
 I nino
 
 Lfb.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 nino inconftantiam & crebias confiliorum mutationes vitabit : Iiiipiciat erro- 
 rcs Phocioiiis ; pervicaciam cxhorrcbit : fabulaniIxionislegat> &nimiaslpes 
 & hujufmodi fiimos ac nebulas difpcllet : Intucatur Catoaem fecundum j nc- 
 quc unquam migrabit ad antipodas, & contraria praefenti lacculo veftigia 
 figct. 
 
 Jam qui putant literas defidiae arnicas eflfe, otiique & fcccflus dulcedine 
 perflindcrc animum ; mirum praeftabunt, fi quae aflucfaciunt mentcm pcrpe- 
 tuac agitationi, tbcordiae patronas oftcndant : cum contra vere affirmari pof- 
 fit, inter omnia liominum genera, nullum negotia amare propter ipfa ne- 
 gotia, practcr litcratum. Alii enini res & negotia diligunt quacflus gra- 
 tia, ut condaclitii opus propter merccdem : Alii honoris ergo > etenim dum 
 res gcrunr, vivunt in oculis liominum, exiftimationique Tuae inrerviunt, a- 
 lioqui cvaniturac : Alii propter potcntiam, & fortunae praerogativam, uc 
 amicos rcmunerare, inimicos ulciCci poffint: Alii ut facultatem aliquam lu- 
 am, quam adamant, exerceant, ac fibi ipfis hoc nomine laepius gratulentur 
 & arrideant : Alii deniquc ut alios fuos fines confequantur. Adco ut, 
 quod dc gloriofis dici fblct, corum fortitudincm fitam cllc in fpcdantium 
 oculis;- fic huiuiinodi hominum diligentia & ftrenuitas hoc videtur agere, 
 aut ut alii plaudant, aut ut ipfi intra fe gcftiant. Soli literati negotiis & 
 occupationibus dcledantur, tanquam actionibus naturae confentancis, & non 
 minus falubribuc animo, quam exercitatio eft corpori, ipfam rem non cmo- 
 lumentum intuentcs : ita ut omnium minirnc fuit defatigabiles, fi modo res 
 fit hujufmodi, ut animum pro dignitatc ejus impleat & detineat. Quod fi 
 repcriantur interdum nonnulli, in legendo ftrenui, in agendo ccflatores ; 
 non hoc a litcris ortum laabct, fed ab imbccillitate & mollitie quadam cor- 
 poris, animive; quales notat Seneca: §luidam, inquit, tamfunt umbra- 
 tileSf lit ptitent m turbido effe, quicquid in luce eft. UlUvenire poterit . 
 fortaffe, ut hujufmodi ingcnii ilbi conlcii, fe dent literis ■-, cruditio autcni 
 ipfa hujuimodi ingenia minime indit aut progignit. Qiiod fi quis illud 
 nihilominus mordicus tcnear, Jiteras nimium abfumcre temporis, quod alias 
 redius impcndi poilitj aio, neminem adeo diftringi negotiis, quin habeat 
 fua otii interv^Ua, donee agcndi vices atque acltus refluant, nifi aut admo- 
 dum hcbcs fit in expediendis negotiis, aut parum cum dignitate ambitiofus 
 in negotiis cujufcunque generis captandis. Reftat igitur quaerendum, qua 
 in re & quomodo, has fubfecivas horas collocare oporteat 5 ftudiis an vo- 
 luptatibus, gcnio an ingcnio indulgcndum? Sicut rede refpondit Demoft- 
 hcncs AEichini, homini voluptatibus dcdito : Qui cum per contumeliam ob- 
 jecifict, Orattones ejus lueernam olere: ^ol, inquit, multum tntereft in- 
 ter eUy quae ego ac tu ad lueernam facimus. Quare neutiquam metuen- 
 dum, nc litcrae climincnt negotia; quin potius vindicant animum ab otio & 
 voiuptate, quae alias fcnfim ad utriufque damnum & negotiorum & literarum 
 fubintrare folent. 
 
 Dein, quod oggerunt, literas revcrentiam legum atque imperii convcl- 
 lere, calumnia mera eft, nee probabilitcr ad criminandum induda. Nam 
 qui caecam obcdientiam fortius obligate contcnderit, quam officium ocula- 
 tum ; una opera alVerat, caecum manu dudum certius incedere, quam qui 
 luce & oculis utitur. Imo citra omnem controvcrfiam, artes emolliunt mo- 
 res, tcneros rcddunt, fcquaces, cereos, & ad mandata imperii dudiles: ig- 
 norantia contra, coutumaces, rcfradarios, fcditiofos : Quod ex hiftoria cla- 
 riflime patct, quandoquidem tempora maximc indoda, inculta, barbara, 
 tumultibus, fcditionibus, mutationibufque maximc obnoxia fuerint. 
 
 • Vol. I. E De 
 
 33
 
 34- DE AUGxMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. L 
 
 De Catonis Ccnforis judicio, hoc didum cfto, mcritifluTias cum blafphc- 
 miac in litcras luiflc pocnas, cum icptuagcnario major, quafi rcpucralccas, 
 Graccam linguam cupidiirimc addil'ccrct. Ex quo liquet, priorcm illain 
 ccnfuram Graccac litcraturac, ex atfcctata potius gravitate, qiiam quod ita 
 pcnitus ienrircr, fluxillc. AdVirgilii veto carmiiia quod attincr, utcunquc 
 illi libitum fueiit univcifo mundo inlultare, Romanis aflcrcndo artcs impc- 
 raudi, caetcras tanquam populates aliis rclinqucndo ; in hoc tamcn mani- 
 fefto tenetur, Romanos uunquam imperii faftigium confceadifle, donee ad 
 artium culmcn fimul pcrvcnillcnt. Namquc duobus primis Caelaribus, vi- 
 ris imperandl peritillimis, contcmporanci erant optimus poeta illc ipfc Vir- 
 silius Maro, optimus hirtoricusTitusLivius, optimus antiquariu-? Marcus \'ar- 
 ro, optimus aut optimo proximus orator Marcus Cicero ; principcs ccrtc, ex 
 omni mcmoria in fua quique facultate. Poftremo, quantum ad Socratis ac- 
 cufntionem, id dico tantum ; rccordcmur temporum, quibiis intentata eft j 
 nimirum llib triginta t\ rannis, mortalium omnium crudelillimis, fcelcratil- 
 fimis, unperioquc indignilHmis ; Qiii, rcrum & temporum orbis poftquam 
 circumaclus cirer, Socrates 'ilk (flagitiofus fcilicet) heroibus annumcratus 
 eft, & memoria ejus omnibus tam divinis quam humanis honoribus cumu- 
 lata : quin difpurationes ejus tanquam corruptrices morum prius habitac, 
 pro pracfcntiirimis mentis morumque antidotis ab omni pofteritatc celcbra- 
 bantur. Atquc haec Ilifficiant ad rcipondcndum politicis, qui rupcrciliofa 
 fevcritatc, aut fucata gravitate, aufi funt literas inccflcre contumeliis ; quae 
 tamcn confutatio impraelentiarum, nifi quod netciamus an ad pofteros pcr- 
 manaturi fint labores noftri, minus ncccflaria videatur } cum afpeclus 6c fa- 
 vor duorum literatifllmorum principum, Elizabcthae rcginac & majcftatis 
 tuac, tanquam Caftotis & PoUucis, lucidorum fiderum, tantum apud nos 
 in Britannia Uteris aniorcm revcrcntiamquc conciiiaverint. 
 
 Nunc ad tertium vituperationum genus pcrvcnimus, quod a litcratis ip- 
 fis in literas redundat, altiufquc cacteris folet haererc : Eac vel a fortuna, 
 vel a moribus, vel a ftudiis ipforum originem ducunt : Qiiarum prima ex- 
 tra poteftatcm ipforum eft, fecunda extra rem, ut tertia fola proprie in dil^ 
 quifitioncm venire videatur. Quia tamen, non tam de vero rcrum pondere, 
 quam de vulgi aeftimatione Icrmo inftituendus eft, haud abs re fucrit, ctiani 
 de alteris duabus pauea quacdam innuere. 
 
 QuAPROPTER dignitatis imminutioncs & quafi dehoncftamenta, quae a 
 literatorum fortuna Uteris imponuntur, fumuntur aut a paupertate & inopia 
 ipforum, aut a vitae gcnere obfcuro & umbratili, aut ab occupationum, in 
 quibus verfantur, fubjccfo non admodum nobili. 
 
 Quantum ad paupertatem pertinet, quodque frequenter ufuvcniat, ut 
 literati inopes fint & tcnui plerunque origine, neque tam propere ditefcant 
 ac alii, qui quacftui folum inhiant : confiiltum foret, hunc locum de laude 
 paupertatis, fratribus mcndicantibus (pace corum dixerim) exornandum tra- 
 dere ; quibus Machiavellus non parum tribuebat, cum diceret ; Jamdudmn 
 a£fnrn ejfet de regiio facerdotum, niji reverent ia erga fratres ac monachos, 
 epifcoporum liixnm & excejfiim compenfaffet : Paritcr dicat quis, fclicita- 
 tcm & magniticentiam principum & nobilium, jam olim rcciderc potuillc in 
 barbatiem & fordes, nifi deberent litcratis iftis pauperibus civilis vitae cultu- 
 ram & decus. Scd miilis his laudum aucupiis, notatu digniuii eft, quam fa- 
 cta atque vencranda res, per aliquot apud Romanos faecula, paupertas ipfa 
 habita fuerit ; quae tamen refpublica nihil trahcbat ex paradoxis. Sic cnim 
 praefatur T. Livius : Ant me amor negotii fufiepti fallity aut nulla un- 
 i ^ . quam
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N T I ARU xM. 35 
 
 quam refpiiblica nee major, nee fajiEiior, nee bonis exemplis. ditiorfuit, vec 
 in quam tarn ferae avaritia luxuriaque immigraverint, n^c ubi tantus 
 jc tamdiupaupertati acparfimoniae honosfuerit. Qinn ctiam poflquam Ro- 
 ma jam dcgcncraflct, Icgimus, cum Caefar didator coUapflun rcmpublicam 
 inftauratui'um fe profitcrctur, qucndam ex amicis ejus prompfifle fcntcntiam, 
 nihil tarn expcditum eflc ad id quod agcrct, quam fi divitiarum honos quo- 
 quo modo toUeretur. Vernm, inquit, haee ^ omnia mala, pariter cum 
 honore peeuniae definent, [i neque magiftratus neque alia "vulgo ciipien- 
 da, vacnalia enmt. Dcniquc qucmadmodum verc diclum eft, Ruborcm 
 effe colorem virttitis, licet quandoquc oriatur ex culpa ; ita rede ftatuas, 
 paupcrtatcm eflc virrutis fortunam, quamvis intcrdum a luxu & incuria ac- 
 ccrfarur. Solomonis ccrtc hacc eft fcntcntia, ^ui feftinat ad divitias, non 
 ait infons : & pracccptum. Vent at em erne, d^ noli 'uenderejimiliter fci- 
 entiam d^ prudent i am-, quafi acquum judicct, opes impcndeudas, ut doc- 
 trina parctur ; non dodrinam co vertendam ut opescougcrantur. 
 
 Quid attinet diccrc dc vita ilia privata & obfcura, quam litcraris obji- 
 ciant ? Adeo tritum thcma eft, atque ab omnibus jadatum, otium & fecef- 
 I'lim (modo abfint defidia & liuus) pracponcre vitac fotenfi & occupatae, 
 propter fccuritatcm, libcrtatem, dulcedincm, dignitatem, aut faltem ab in- 
 dignitatibus immunitatem, ut nemo tradct hunc locum, quin bene tradet : 
 ita humanis conceptibus in experiendo & confcnfibus in approbando confo- 
 nat. Hoctantum adjiciam, cruditos, latcntcs in rebufpublicis, Scluboculis 
 hominum minimc degcntcs,runilcs efle imaginibusCallii ScBruti, dc quibus, 
 in clationcjuniac non gcftatis, cum aliae plurimae ducercntur, Tacitus 5 Eo 
 ij)fo, inquit, praefulgebant^ quod non vifebantur. 
 
 De occupationum, quae literatis committuntur, vilitatc, illud occurrity 
 quod demandetuu iifdem pucrorum acjuniorum inftitutio, cujus actatis con- 
 tcmptus in magiftros ipfos rcdundat. Cacterum, quam injufta fit haec ob- 
 tredatio, fi non ex vulgi opinione fed ex fano judicio res pcrpcndatur, inde 
 licet aeftimarc, quod diligentiorcs fmt omncs, in imbucnda tcfta rcccnti 
 quam vetcri ; magifquc foliciti fint, qualem admovcant terram tcncrac plan- 
 tae quam adultae : undc liquet, praccipuam curam, circa rcrum & cor- 
 porum initia vcrfari. Rabbinis, fi placet, porrigc aurcm ; Juvenes vejiri 
 •vijiones -videbunt, & fenes fomniabnnt [omnia. Ex lioc tcxtu colligunt, 
 juventutcm eflc actatem digniorem ; quanto nimirum revclatio acccdat cla- 
 rior per vifioncs quam per fomnia. Illud vero notatu omnino dignuni, 
 quod licet pacdagogi, vclut fiaiiae tyrannidis, fcenac fint ludibria, & tem- 
 porum incuria ia delcdu ipforum veluti obdormierit, vctus tamen querela 
 Tit, indc ulque ab optimis & prudentiflimis faeculis dcduda, rclpublicas circa 
 leges quidem nimium latagere, circa educationem indiligcntcs eflc. Quae 
 nobillffima pars pril'cae difciplinae, rcvocata eft aliquatenus quafi poftli- 
 minio in jcluitarum collcgiis; quorum cum intucor induftriam folertiam- 
 que, tarn in dodrina cxcolenda, quam in moribus informandis, illud oc- 
 currit Agefilai dc Pharnabazo, Talis cumJiSy titinam nojier ejfes. Atquc 
 hadcnus dc opprobriis e literatorum fortuna & conditione dcftimptis. 
 
 Quod ad literatorum mores, res eft ifta potius ad perfonas, quam ad 
 ftudia fpcdans. Repcriuntur proculdubio inter cos, qucmadmodum in 
 omnibus vitac ordinibus & gcneribus, tam mali quam boni j neque prop- 
 tcrea non verum eft, (quod aflcritur) abire ftudia in mores -, atque lite- 
 Tas, nifi incidant in ingcnia admodum depravata, corrigere prorfus naturam 
 & mutare in melius. 
 
 Vol. I. E 2 Verun-
 
 n6 DE AUGMENTJS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.I. 
 
 Veruntamen dilijicntcr mihi atquc ini;cnuc rem acftimnnti, nullum 
 occurrit dcdccus, litciis, ex litcrdtorum moribus quatcnus llint literati, 
 adhacrcns : nifi forte hoc vitio vcrtatur, (cujus Dcmofthcncs, Cicero, Caro 
 Iccundus, Seneca, plurcfque alii infimulantur) quod cum plerunquc tem- 
 pera de quibus legunt, illis in quibus vivunt, & quae praecipiuntur illis 
 quae aguntur, mcliora fint; ultra quam par eft contcndant, inorum cor- 
 ruptclas ad praecoptorum & dogmatum honeftatem rctrahcrc & prifcac fe- 
 veritatis mores tcmporibus dillblutis imponere: Dc quo tamen abundc e 
 propriis fontibus admoncri poillmt. Solon enim intcrrogatus, an optimas 
 tivibus luis dedilVet leges? Optimas, inquir, ex illis, quas ipfi -voluijjent 
 accipere. Ita Plato, videns corruptiores fuorum civium mores, quam ut 
 ipfe fcrre poflct, ab omni publico munerc abdinuit, dicens : Sic cum pa- 
 ir ia agendum e([e ut cum parent /bus -, hoc cjt, fnafu, non violent ia ; 
 obtejtando non conteflando. Atque hoc iplum cavet ille, qui a conilhis 
 Caefari : Non, inquit, ad Vetera injtituta revocamus, quae jampr idem cor- 
 ruptis moribus ludibrio funt. Cicero ctiam hujus erroris arguit Catonem fc- 
 cundum, Attico luo Icribcns -, Cato optiyne fentit, fed nocet inter dum rei- 
 publicae i loquitur entm, tanquam in republica 'Tlatonis, non tanquam 
 infaece Romtili. Idem Cicero moUi intcrpretatione excufat philofophorum 
 dicta & dccreta duriori : ////, inquit', ipfi praeceptores c^ magi fir i, viden- 
 tiir fines officiorum paulo longius, quam natura vellet, protuliffe, ut 
 cttm ad ultimum animo contend/ Ij'emus, ibi tamen, ubioportet, confijleremus. 
 Ipfemct tamen potuit dicerc, Monitis fum minor ipfe meis : quippc qui in 
 eundem lapidem ipfe, hcet non tarn graviter, impegerit. 
 
 A L I u D quod eruditis non immerito fortaile objicitur vitium, hu julmodi efl j 
 quod honori aut emolumento patriarum fliarum aut dominiorum, proprias for- 
 tunas aut praelMia poftpoflierint. Sic enim Demofthenes Athenicniibus fuis, 
 Mea, inquit, confilia, fire^e attendatis, non funt ejus generis, per quae ega 
 inter vos magnus, vos inter Grace os defpeBui Jit is -, fed talia, ut mihi 
 faepenumero ea baud tutiim fit dare, vobis aut em femper utile ampletli. 
 Haud alitcr Seneca, poftquam quinquennium illud Neronis acternac crudi- 
 torum magiftrorum conlecraHet gloriac, dominum luum, omnibus jam flagi- 
 tiis inquinatiflimum, liberc atque fidentcr monerc non deftitit, magno fuo pe- 
 riculo, ac poftremo praecipitio. Neque aliter poteft fc habere res : fiqui- 
 dem humanam mentem doclrina imbuit vero fenfu fragilitatis fuae, inftabi- 
 Utatis fortunac, dignitatis animac & muncris lui ; quarum rerum memores, 
 nuUo modo fibi perliiaderc poflunt, fortunac propriae amplitudinem, tan- 
 quam praecipuum fibi bonorum finem ibtui pofle, Qiiare fic vivunt, tan- 
 quam rationem rcddituri Deo & dominis poll Dcum, five rcgibus ^wz re- 
 bulpublicis hac formula; Ecce tibi lucrifieci, non autem ilia, Ecce mihi lucri- 
 feci. At politicorum turba, quorum mentcs in doftrina officiorum & in 
 contcmplationcboni univerfiilis non funt inftitutae & confirmatae, omnia ad. 
 fc rcterunt ; gcrentcs fe pro ccntro mundi, ac fi omncs lineae in fc fuifquc 
 fortunis debeant concurrcrc; de reipublicae navi, licet tcmpeftatibus ja- 
 data, neutiquam foliciti, modo ipfis in I'capha rerum fuarum reccptus dc- 
 tur & effugium. At contra, qui officiorum pondera, & philautiac limites 
 didicerunt, munia fua ftationefque, licet cum periculo, tucntur. Quod 
 fi forte iiicolumcs permancant in feditionibus & rerum mutationibus, non 
 id artibus aut vcrfatili ingenio, fed reverentiac quam probitas ctiam ab 
 hoftibus extorquet, tribuendum. Caeterum, quod attinct ad fidei conftan- 
 riam & officiorum rcligionem, quas certc aaimis liominum inferit cruditio, 
 
 utcunque
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 37 
 
 utciinque cac quandoquc n fortuna mulftcntur, ant ex malcfanis poliricoruni 
 principiis condcmncntur, tallica palam fciiicct apiid omncs laudcm referent, 
 ut in hac re, longa defenfionc non fit opus. 
 
 Aliud vitium literatis familiarc, quod facilius cxcufari potcft quam 
 ncgari : illud nimirum, quod non facile fe applicent & accommodcnt, erga 
 perfonas, quibufcum ncgotiantar aut vivunt. Qiii defcftus c duabus ori- 
 tur caufis. Prima eft animi ipfius magnitudo, propter quam acgrc fc demit- 
 tcrc poflunt ad obfervantiam unius alicujiis liuminis. Amantis verba funt 
 non lapicntis: Satis magnum alteri theatrnm famns. Ncquc tamen inli- 
 cias ibo, ilium, qui acicm animi, inftar oculi, non pofllt acquc contraherc 
 ac dilatarc, infigni lacultatc ad res gcrendas cflc orbatum. Secunda vcro 
 caufa eft probiMs morum & fimplicitas ; quae tamen dcleftum judicii non 
 defcdum in illis arguit. Veri enim & legitimi obfervantiae crga aliquam 
 pcrlbnam limitcs non ultra porrigunt Ic, quam ita node illius mores, ut 
 abfquc offenfione cum co verfari, cumquc confilio, ii opus fit, juvarc, no- 
 bifquc interim ipfis in omnibus cavere pofilraus : verum alicnos afFeclus ri- 
 mari, co fine, ut ilium infledas, verfes, & ad libitum circumagas, hominis 
 eft parum candidi, fed potius aftuti & bifidi ; id quod in amicitia vitioiiam 
 fucrir, erga principes etiam inofKciofum. Mos enim oricntis, quo ncfas ha- 
 betur oculos in regcs dchgcrc, ritu quidcm barbarus eft, fed fignificationc 
 bonus : ncquc enim fubditos dccet, corda rcgum fuorum, quae lacrac fcrip* 
 turac infcrutabiliadocent, curiofius rimari. 
 
 SuPEREST etiamnum aliud vitium, (quocum hanc partem concludam) 
 Jitcratis fiicpius imputatum, videlicet quod in rebus exiguis & externis, (vul- 
 tu, gcftu, inccflli, fcrmonibus quotidianis & hujufmodi) deticiant in obfcr- 
 vando dccoro; unde homines imperiti, ex iftis minutis Icviculifquc erro- 
 ribus, quanti fint in rebus majoribus traftandis conjcduram capiunt. Ve^ 
 nun fallit cos plcrunque hujufmodi judicium; imo fciant, relponfum fibi 
 cftc a Thcmiftoclc : Qiii cum rogatus eflet, ut fidibus cnncret, arrogantci: 
 fatis ipfc dc fe, fed ad praefcns inftitutum perquam appofitc rcfpondit : Se 
 quidem fidium rudem cffe, fed quo paBo oppidum parvum in civitatem 
 inagnam evadere poffei-, fatis noffe. Et funt proculdubio multi politica- 
 rum artium apprime gnari, quibus tamen in communi vita & quotidianis 
 rcculis nihil imperitius. Qiiin etiam hujufmodi fugillatores amandandi 
 funt ad Platonis clogium dc praeccptorc fuo Socratc, quern hand abfimilem 
 dixit pharmacopolarum pyxidibus, quae extcrius induccbantur fimiis, ululis 
 (atyrilque, intus vero prctiofos liquorcs & nobilia medicamenta recondita 
 habebant : Fatcndo fciiicct, quod ad vulgi captum & famam popularem, 
 prac fe ferret nonnulla levia, atquc etiam deformia, cum tamen animi intcrio- 
 ra fummis tam facultatibus, quam virtutibus cflent repleta. Atquc dc mo- 
 ribus literatorum hacc hadenus. 
 
 Interim moncrc placet, nos nihil minus agerc, quam ut patrocincmur 
 quibufdam profeftorum inftitutis abjeftis & fordidis, quibus & fe ipfos 6c 
 literas dehoneftarunt : quales erant apud Romanes, facculis pofterioribus, 
 philofophi quidam in familiis divitum, menfarumquc eorum allcclae, quos 
 hand abfurde dicas barbatos parafitos. Cujus generis qucndam lapidc dc- 
 Icribit Lucianus, quern matrona nobilis, catulum fuum Mclitacum in rheda 
 geftare voluit: quod cum ilk officiofe, fed indecenter faccret, Pufio fub- 
 fannans: Fereor, ixuT^mt, ne philofophus nofter e Stoico fiat Cynicus. Ante 
 omnia vero, nihil tam oftecit litcrarum dignitati, quam crafla & turpis adu- 
 latio, ad quam mulri, ncquc hi iadodi, &: calamos 6c ingcnia fubmifere, 
 
 Hecubam
 
 'jS de AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.r. 
 
 He cub am in Helenam, Fauftinam in Lncretiam, (ut ait Dubartas) tranf- 
 formantes. Neque vcro nimis laudo morcm ilium rcccptum, libros patra- 
 nis nuncupandi, cum libri, pracfertim qui hoc nomine dignandi, in vcrita- 
 tis tantum 5c rationis clientclam fc dare dcbcant. Melius vetcrcs, qui noii 
 aliis quam amicis atque aequalibus, fcripra ilia dicare Ibicbant, aut ctiam 
 nomina cjufmodi amicorum tractatibus fuis imponere : quod fi tbrte rcgibus^ 
 aut magnatibus opus nuncuparent, tum demum hoc faclum cit, cum argu- 
 mcntum libri pcrlbnae tali conveniret. Hacc autem & fimilia, rcprchcnfio- 
 nem potius merentur quam dcfcnfioncm. 
 
 Neque lioc dico, quafi literates culpem, fi ad bcatos & potcntcs vires 
 quandoque fe applicent. Rcclc enim Diogenes cuidam cum irrillonc rogan- 
 ti : §lui fieret, quod philofophi divites fi'clare7itur, non dixit es philofu- 
 fhos? refpondit, non iuie morlli, Hoc idco fieri, quod philofophi, qmbus 
 rebus indigeant, probe intelligayit, divites non item. Huic affinc eft illud 
 Ariftippi, cui nefcio quid petcnti cum non attendcret Dionyfuis, ilie adoran- 
 tis more abjecit ic ad pedes ejus ; qui tum demum aulcultans pctitioni an- 
 nuit : Sed paulo poll, quidam dignitatis philolbphiae allertor increpuit Ari- 
 ftippum, quod demittcndo fe ad pedes tyranni pro tantilla re pliilolophiam 
 ipfam contumelia affecilTet : cui illc, Suam id culpamnon fui(]e, refpondit^ 
 fed Tiionyfii, qui aures geftaret in pedibus. Qiiin prudcns illc, non pufil- 
 lanimis habitus eft, qui in diiputatione quadam cum Hadriano Cacfarc \ink;i 
 fe pafliis eft ; cxcufans fadum, ^uod aequum effet ei cedere, qui trigmta. 
 i'mperaret legionibus. Atque proptcrea non lunt damnandi viri docii, ubi, 
 cum res poftulat, aliquid de gravitate fua rcmittant, five imperante ncccf- 
 fitate, five impetrante occafione ; quod quamvis humile videatur atque fcr- 
 vile prime intuitu, tamen vcrius rem aeftimanti, cenfebuntur non pcrfonac 
 fed tempori ipfi fervire. 
 
 Pergamus nunc ad errores, atque inania, quae in ftudiis ipfis vlrorum 
 dodorum interveniunt, iifque fe immifcent ; id quod praecipuc & propric 
 fpedat ad pracfcns argumentum. Qua in re non eft inftituti ncftri crrori- 
 bus ipfis patrocinari, fed per eorum ccnfuram & Iccrctioncm excuterc quod 
 fanum & folidum eft atque a calumnia vindicate. Vidcmus enim, in more, 
 pracfertim apud invidos, cfle, propter ca quae depravata lunt, ctiam ca quae 
 impoUuta & in ftatu fuo manferunt, fugillarc; qucmadmodum cthnici iii 
 primitiva ecckfia Chriftianos hacreticorum vitiis afpcrgere ibicbant. Neque 
 tamen confdiuni eft mihi, examcn aliquod accuratius inftituere de erroribus &; 
 impcdimentis literarum, quae interiora & a captu vulgi remetiora ; fed de 
 illis tantum verba facere, quae cadunt fub communi & populari oblcrvatione 
 & nota, aut faltem ab ca non longe rccedunt. 
 
 QuARE tria praecipuc deprchendo vana & inania in Uteris, quae anlas 
 praecipuc praebuerunt ad obtreclandum. Eas enim res pro vanis ducixnus, 
 quae aut falfae funt aut frivolac ; in quibus Icilicet, aut Veritas deficit aut 
 uflis : lUos ctiam homines vanos & leyes exiftimamus, qui aut ad falla crc- 
 duli, aut in rebus cxigui ufus curiofi. Curiofitas autera, aut in rebus ipfis 
 verfatLU", aut in verbis; quando nimirum, aut in rebus inanibus opera infu- 
 mitur, aut circa verborum delicias nimium inllidatur. Qiiocirca, non certae 
 magis experientiae quam rcdae ctiam rationi confonum \idetur, ut tres po- 
 nantur doctrinaruni intempcries. Prima eft dodrina phantaftica, fecunda 
 dodrina litigiofa, tcrtia dodrina fucata & mollis : vel fie ; vanac imagina- 
 tiones, vanac altercationes, vanae affcdationes. Ac quidem ordi.ir ab ul- 
 tima, 
 
 Intem-
 
 Lib.!. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 39 
 
 iNTEAiPERiEs iib, in luxuric quadam orationisfita (licet olim per vices 
 in prctio habita t'ucric) circa Luthcn rcmpora miris modis invaluit. In cau- 
 ia praccipue fuir, quod fervor oc clficatia concionuai tunc temper is, ad po- 
 puliun dLinukcndum & alliciendum maxime vigebat : Ilia autem popularc 
 ucnas orationis poicebant. Accedcbat odium &: contcmptus, illis ipfis tem- 
 poribus, ortLis eriZ,a fcholafticos, qui rtylo 5c Icribendi generc utcbantur val- 
 de divertb, verba liccntcr admodum cudcnres nova & horrida, de orationis 
 ornata & elec^antia parum ibliciti, dunimodo circuitionem evitarent & fen- 
 jiis ac conceptus luos acute exprimercnt : atque hinc faclum eft, ut pauJo 
 pollca, major apud plurimos cocpcrit habcri vcrborum cura quam rerumj 
 pleriique jvi.ii^is compram piiraimi, tcrctem pcriodum, claulularum rytlimos, 
 troportun llcllalas ; quam pondus rcrum, rationum ncrvos, inventionis acu- 
 men, aut judicii limam atfcdantibus. Turn demum floruit Oforii Luiltani 
 epifcopi i:ixarians & diluta oratio. Tunc Sturmius in Cicerone oratore 6». 
 Hermoiicne rhctore iiiiinitam & anxiam operam conrumpfit. Tunc Carrus 
 & Afchamus apud nos, praelcclionibus & Icriptis fuis Ciceronem & Demoft- 
 hencm ulque ad coclum evchcntcs, juvcnes ad polirum hoc &: florens do- 
 ctrinac g.cnus invitarunr. Tunc Eralmus arripuit aniam introduccndi ridi- 
 culam illam echo, T>ecem annos confumpji in legendo Cicerone: cui echo 
 rcfpondit, one, afine. Scholarticorum vcro doclirina delpcclui prorlus ha- 
 bcri cocpir, f.:i.}uam afpcra &: barbara : Denique ut iemel dicam, prae^ipua 
 illorum temporum iiiclinatio 'c lludium, potius ad copiam quam ad pondus 
 dcflcxit. 
 
 Hic itaque cernere eft primam litcrarum intempcriem, quum, ut diximus, 
 verbis ftudctur non rebus : cujus etfi c citimis tantum tcmporibus protule- 
 rim exempia, tamen lecundum majus tSc minus, & olim placuerunt ejus ge- 
 neris ineptiae, & dcinceps placebunt. |am vero fieri non poteft, quin hoc 
 ipfum, multum fociat ad doclrinae exiftimationem minucndam 3: elevandam, 
 ttiam apud vulcus impcritum, cum vidcant doclorum Icripta, tanquam pri- 
 mam litcram diplomatis, quae quamvis variis calami duclibus & floiculis va- 
 ricgata fit, litera tamen eft unica. Ac mihi lane videtur pcrappofita hujuf- 
 cc vanitaris adumbratio, & quali emblema, Pygmaleonis ilia iniania ; quid 
 cnim aliud ibnt verba, quam imagines rerum, ut nifi rationum vigore animata 
 fint, adamare iiia idem fir, ac Itaruam deperire? 
 
 Neq^ue tamen temcre damnandum eft, ft quis philofophiae obfcura & 
 afpera, vcrborum Iplcndore illuftret 6c expoliat : Hujus cnim rci magna ad- 
 funt excrapia in Xcnophonte, Cicerone, Seneca, Plutarcho, ipibque etiani 
 Platonc : ncc minor eft utilitas. Quamvis enim diligentem veri cognitionem 
 atque acre lludium philolbphiae res haec nonnihil impcdiat, quoniam prae- 
 propcre meiucm conlbpit, atque ulterioris difquifitionis fitim &: ardorcm re- 
 llinguit ; 11 quis tamen doctriaam ad ufus civiles adhibeat (fermocinandi vide- 
 licet, conluicndi, luadendi, argumentandi & llmilium ;) omnia, quae cupiat, 
 praeparata & adornata in hujulmodi authoribus reperiet. Veruntamcn hu- 
 jufce rci excclVus adco jufte contcmnitur, ut quemadmodum Hercules, cum 
 viderct in templo ftatuam Adonidis (Veneris deliciarum) indignabundus dixit. 
 Nil fdcri es; ita omncs Herculei literarum pugiles, id £l\ laboriofi atque 
 conftantcs indagatores vcritatis, hujulmodi delicias Sc Iftuticias, tanquam nil 
 divini I'pirantes, facile ipreverint. 
 
 Paulo lanius eft aliud ftyU genus, neque tamen iplum ononino vanitatis 
 cxpers, quod copiae ilU «Sc iuxuriae orationis, tempore fere iuccedit. lUud 
 totuni in co ci\, ut verba lint aculcata, lententiac concifae, oratio denique po- 
 tius
 
 49 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. L 
 
 tius vcrfa, quam fula ; quo fir, ut omnia per hujulmodi artificium, mngis in-: 
 ccniofa \idcantui' quam rcvora lint. Tale invenitur in Seneca cfFulius,' in* 
 Tacito & Plinio fccundo inoderatius ; atque noftri temporis auribus coepit efle 
 non ita piidcm accommodatum, Vcrum hoc ipfum mediocribus ingcniis* 
 "ratum efle Iblct, adco ut dignitatem quandam litciis concilict, attamcn a ju- 
 diciis magis limatis merito faftiditur j & poni poflit pro intempcric quadam do-' 
 (Srinae, cum fit vcrborum etiam & eorum concinnitatis aucupium quoddam.' 
 Atquc hxc de prima litcrarum intcmperie dida funto. 
 
 Sequitur ea intempcries in rebus ipfis, quam pofuimus mediam, & liti-' 
 giofa fiibtilitatis nomine dcfignavimus : Eftquc ilia, dc qua modo dixi- 
 mus, aliquanto deterior. Ut cnim rcrum dignitas vcrborum cultui pracccllit, 
 fic, c contrario odiofior eft vanitas in rebus quam in verbis. Qiia in re, in- 
 crepatio ilia Paulina, non magis ad fuam aetatem referri, quam ad Icquentia 
 tempora deduci potcft; neque thcologiam tantum, fed etiam omncs Ccien- 
 tias relpiccre vidctur. T>evita prophanas vocnm novitates & oppojit tones 
 falfi nominis fcientiae. His enim verbis duo figna indiciaquc Icicntiac fu-' 
 fpedae atque cmcntitae proponit. Primum eft, vocum novitas & inlblcntia; 
 alterum, rigor dogmatum, qui ncccflario oppofitioncm, & dcin altcrcationcs, 
 quaeftionefquc inducit. Ccrtc qucmadmodum complura corpora naturalia, 
 dum valcnt integra, corrumpuntur facpius & abeunt in vermes, eodcm modo 
 fana & folida rerum cognitio faepcnumcro putreicit & iolvitur in lubtiles, 
 vanas, infalubres & (ft ita loqui licet) vermiculatas quaeftiones ; quae motu 
 quodam & vivacitate nonnuUa praeditac vidcntur, led putidac lunt & nullius 
 ufus. Hoc genus dodrinae minus lanae & fc iplam corrumpentis invaluit, 
 praecipue apud multos ex fcholafticis, qui fummo otio abundantes, atquc 
 ingenio acres, Icclione autcm impares (quippc quorum mcntes conclufae cl- 
 ient in paucorum authorum, praecipue Ariltotelis didlatoris fui fcriptis, non 
 minus quam corpora ipforum in coenobiorum cellis) hiftoriam vero & natu- 
 rae & temporis maxima ex parte ignorantes; ex non magno materiae ftami- 
 ne, fed, maxima fpiritus, quali radii, agitationc, operofilHmas illas telas, quae 
 in libris eorum extant, confecerunt. Etcnim, mens humana fi agat in ma- 
 terlam, naturam rerum & opera Dei contemplando, pro modo materiae ope- 
 ratur, atque ab cadem determinatur ; fin ipfix in Ic vertatur (tanquam ara- 
 nca tcxens telam) tum demum inrerminata eft, & parit ccrte telas quafdam 
 doftrinae, tenuitate fili opcrilquc admirabiles, fed quoad ufuni frivolas & 
 inanes. 
 
 Ha EC inutjlis fubtilitas fivccuriofitas duplex eft: & fpedatur aut in ma- 
 teria ipfa; qualis eft inanis fpeculatio, five controverfia; cujus generis rcpe- 
 riuntur, & in thcologia & in philolbphia baud paucae : aut in modo & mcthodo 
 tradandi ; hacc apud Icholafticos fere talis crat. Super unaquaque re pro- 
 pofita formabant objedionesj deinde objedionum illarum folutiones; quae 
 folutioncs ut plurimum diftindiones tantum crant : cum tamen Icientiarum 
 omnium robur, inftar fafcis illius fcnis, non in fingulis bacillis, icd in om- 
 nibus vinculo conjunftis confiftat. Etenim fymmetria fcientiae, fingulis 
 fcilicet partibus fe invicem fuftinentibus, eft, & efle debet, vera atquc cx- 
 pcdita ratio refcUcndi objediones minorum gentium : Contra, fi fingula axi- 
 omata, tanquam baculos fafcis feorfim extrahas, facile erit ea intirmare, & 
 pro libito, aut flederc aut frangere : ut quod de Seneca diftum erat, t^er- 
 bortim minntiis rerum frangit ponder a i vcrc de fcholafticis ufurpari pof- 
 fit, quaejiionum miniitiis fcientiarnm frangtint robur. Numnon in au- 
 la fpatiofa confultius forct, unum accenderc ccrcum, aut lychnuchum fuf- 
 
 pcndcrc.
 
 Lib.!. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ^t 
 
 pendere, variis luminibusinftructum, quo omnia fimul pcduftrentur, quam 
 in fingulos angulos quaquaverfus exiguam circumfcnc luccinam ? Atqui non 
 abfimllis eft corum ratio, qui non tarn vcritatem peiipicuis argumcntis, au- 
 fhoritatibus, comparationibus, cxcmplis illuftrarc nituntur ; quam in lioc folum 
 incumbunt, ut minutos quolque fcrupulos cximant, &captiunculas cxpcdianr, 
 & dubitationes folvant^ lioc pado quacftioncm ex quacftione gignentcs ; 
 quemadmodiimfitin fupej:iori{imilitudinc, ut luccrnain unum aliqucm locum 
 deiata, alios circumquaque dcftituat & obfcuret. Adco ut Scyilac fabula ad 
 Vivum cxprimat hoc genus philofophiae ; cujus os & pedus virgincm for- 
 mofam pracfercbant, infra vero fuiflc aiunt, 
 
 Candida fucc'm£iamlatrantibns inguinamonfiris. Virg. Eel. 6. ff. 
 
 Sic generalia quaedam apud fcholafticos invenias, quae pulchra funt didu, 
 & non perpcram invcnta ; ubi aittem ventum fuerit ad diftinftiones deci- 
 fionefque, pro foecundo utero, ad vitae humanae commoda, in portentofas & 
 latrantes quaeftiones dcfinunt. Itaque minimc mirum, fi hoc genus doftri- 
 nae, etiam apud vulgus hominum contcmptui obnoxium fuerit, qui fere fo- 
 lent veritatem propter controverfias circa earn moras afpernari, atque exifti- 
 mare cos errare omncs, qui nunquam inter fe conveniant ; cumque vide- 
 ant doftos homines inter fc digladiari de rebus nullius momenti, facile illud 
 Dionyfti Syracufani arripiunt, Verba iff a funt fenum otioforum. Nihil- 
 ominus certillimum eft, fi modo fcholaftici ad inexplcbilcm fitim vcritatis 
 & continuam agitationem ingenii, varietatem & multiplicitatem ledionis & 
 contemplationum adjunxiflent, infignia profcdloiili extitiflcnt lumina, omncf- 
 quc artcs & fcientias mirificc provexiftent. Hadenus dc fecunda literarum 
 intcmperie. 
 
 Ad tertiam quod attinet, quae ad falfitatem & mendacium fpeftat; una 
 hacc omnium turpi flima eft, quippe quae ipfam naturam animamque dc- 
 ftruit fcicntiae 5 quae nihil aliud eft quam vcritatis imago. Nam Veritas cl- 
 fcndi & Veritas cognofcendi, idem funt ; nee plus a fe Invicem diffcruni: 
 quam radius diredus & reflexus. Hoc vitium itaque duplex vcl potius du- 
 plicatum cftj impoftura & credulitas ; hacc dccipitur, ilia decipit. Qiiae 
 licet videantur dilcrepantis naturae, alteraque a calliditate quadam, altera a 
 fimplicitate profeda^ plerunque tamen eoeunt. Ut enim in carmine habetur, 
 
 Tercontatorem fugito } nam garrulus idem eft : 
 
 innuendo, qui curiofus eft, cundem efle & futilcin : pariter fit, lit qui facile 
 credat, idem libcnter decipiat. Quemadmodum quoque fieri videmus in 
 fama & rumoribus ; ut qui cito iifdem fidem habcat, pari facilitate eos auxe- 
 rit : Quod Tacitus prudenter innuit his Verbis, fingunt Jiniiil creduntque : 
 Adeo finitimze funt, voluntas fallendi, & facilitas credendi. 
 
 H ABC credendi rccipiendique omnia (licet levi authoritate munita) facilitas, 
 duorum generum eft proratione fubjedae materiac : aut enim creditur narra- 
 tioni, five fado, (ut loquuntur Jurifconfulti) aut dogmati. In priori genere 
 videmus, quanto dignitatis detrimento hie error affecerit ex ccclefiafticis 
 hirtoriis nonnullas; quae nimis faciles fe pracbucrunt, in prodendis tranfcri- 
 bcndifque miraculis, a martyribus, eremitis, anachorctis & aliis fandis viris, 
 atque ab eorum reliquiis, fepulchris, lacellis, imaginibus, editis. Eodem 
 modo in natural! hiftoria videmus multa tcmere, ac parum cum dcledu aut 
 
 Vol. I. F judicio
 
 4^ DE AUGMENtIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. f. 
 
 judicio rcccpta & dcfcripta 5 ut liquet ex icriptis Plinii, Cardani, Alberti, -& 
 plurimorum ex Arabibus, quae commentitiis & fabulofis narrationib. paf- 
 fun fcatcnt, iifquc non Iblum incertis & neutiquam probatis, led pcrlpicuc 
 falfis & manifefto convidis; ingenti philofophiae naturalis dedecore, apud 
 hominis graves 5c fobrios. In quo lane elucelck Ariftotclis fapientia & iiv 
 tc^^ritas, qui, cum diligentem fcripfcrit atquc accuratam hiftoriam animalium 
 tarn parce ticla aut fabulofa admifcuerit : quin potius auditioncs admirandas,. 
 quas memoratu dignas judicavir, in unum commcntariolum conjccit : pru- 
 dentcr perpendens perfpicue vera (quae ranquam bafis cxpcrientiae folida, 
 philofophiae & fcientiis fubftcrni poflint) baud temere efle cum rebus ili- 
 Ipedae fidei mifcenda; & rurlus ctiam rara atque infolita, quae plerifquc 
 incredibilia videntur, non omnino cfle fupprimenda, ncque memoriae pofte- 
 rorum deneganda. 
 
 At ilia altera credulitas quae non hiftorlae aut narrationibus, fed anibus 
 & opinionibus tribuitur duplex eft : aut cum artibus ipfis, aut cum authori- 
 bus in arte nimium credimus. Artes ipfae, quae plus habent ex phantaila & 
 fide quam ex ratione & demonftrationibus, funt praccipuc tres, aftrologia, 
 naturalis magia 5: alchymia 5 quarum tamen fines non fiint ignobiles. Pro- 
 fitetur enim aftrologia iupcriorum in inferiora influxum & dominatum reclu- 
 dere : Magia fibi proponit naturalem philolbphiam a varietatc fpecuJatio- 
 num ad magnitudincm opcrum rcvocare : Chymica in fe fufcipit partes rc- 
 rum hetcrogencas, quae in corporibus naturalibus latent &: implicantur, ic- 
 parare & cxtrahcre : corporaque ipfa inquinata depurarc, impcdita liberare, 
 immatura perficerc. Scd viae atque rationes, quae duccrc putantur ad hos 
 fines tarn in theoria illarum artium quam in praxi, erroris & nugarum plenae 
 lunt. Neque adeo traditio ipfarum, ut plurimum, Candida eft fed artificiis 
 Sc latebris munita. Chyraicae tamen hoc certe dcbetur quod vere compa- 
 rari poflit agricolae apud AElbpum, qui e vita exiturus dixit filiis, Se 
 illis -vim niagnam aiiri in --jhiea, nee fat is wcmiv.ijfe quo loco defoffam, re- 
 liqtiijfe: Qiii cum vineam diligcntcr ligonibus ubique invertiflent aurum 
 quidem rcpererunt nullum, led tamen vindemiam inlequentis anni, propter 
 foflloncm circa radices vitium, tulerunt longe uberrimam : fie ftrenui illi chy- 
 miftarum labores & niQlimina circa aurum conficiendum baud paucis nobili- 
 bus inve'ntis & experimcntis, tum ad referandam naturam, tum ad ufiis vitae 
 apprime idoneis, quafi facem accenderunt. 
 
 Ill A autcm credulitas, quae certos fcientiarum authores didatoria qua- 
 dam poteftate munivit, ut edicant, non fcnatoria ut conlulant, ingens dam- 
 num fcientiis intulit, tanquam praccipua eaufa quae tantopere illas afflixit & 
 depreffit, ut abfque infigni aliquo augmento exangues jacerent. Hiucnem- 
 pe faclum eft, ut in artibus mcchanicis primi inventores pauca cxco-^ 
 gitaverint, tcmpus reliqua fuppleverit 6c perfeccrit ; at in fcientiis, primi 
 authores longiillme penetraverint, tcmpus plurima detriverit & corruperit. 
 Sic vidcmus, tormentariam, nauticam, typographicam, fub initiis imperfe- 
 das & propemodum informes fuifle, tSc exercentibus onerolas, temporis vero 
 progrcfll; expolitas &; accommodas. At contra philofophiae & fcientiae A- 
 rirtotclis, Platonis, Dcmocriti, Hippocratis, Euclidis, Archimedis, in ipfis 
 illis authoribus viguerunt, traftu temporis degenerarunt potius, & non mi- 
 nimum fplendoris amiferunt : Cujus rei non eft alia ratio, quam quod in 
 artibus mechanicis int;cnia multorum in unum coierunt, in artibus 6: fci- 
 entiis liberalibus ingcnia multorum fub uno fuccubuerunt ; quern tamen 
 ipfum faepcnumero fequaces fui potius dcpravarunt quam illuftrarunt. Ut 
 
 euim
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 43 
 
 cnim aqua noii afccndct altius quam caput tbntis, .i quo promanat i ita 
 do:1riaa ab Ariftotclc dcducta, fupra doctrinam Arillctclis nunquaai afliir- 
 ucc. Idcoquc ctfi uoa difpliccat rc^ula, oportct dilccntcm crcdcrcj huic 
 tamcn conjungeuduni d\, oportct jam cdoaum judicio lilo uti. Dillipuli 
 cnim dcbcnt maL'iftiis tcmporariam lolum fidcm, judiciiquc iulpcnilonem, 
 donee pcnitus imbibcriut artesj non autcm plcnam iibsrtatis cjurationcm, 
 pcrpctiramquc ingcnii fcrvitutcm. Qiiare, ur ablblvam hanc partem, hoc 
 tantum adjiciam; magnis authoribus llais fic conftct honos^ lit author! au- 
 rliorum & veritatis parent!, tcmpor!, non derogctur. 
 
 Expi.iCA viMus tandem trcs doctrinac intcmpcrics five morbos ; practer 
 quos nonnuUi funt, non tarn niorb! contirmati quam vitioft humores : qui 
 tamcn non adco occult! fant aut latcntcs, quin in multorum fenfum & rc- 
 prelienfioncm incurrant, ideoquc ncutiquam praetermittcndi. 
 
 HoPvUM primus cfl: immodicum fuidium duorum cxtrcmorum, anriqui- 
 tatis & novitatis. Qiia in re tcmporis hliae male patrilTant : ut cnim tempus 
 prolcm dcvorat, fic hacc Ic inviccm ; dum antiquitas novis invideat augmcn- 
 tis, & novitas non fit contcnta reccntia adjiccre, nifi vctera prorfus ehminct 
 6: rejiciat. Ccrtc confilimn Prophetac vera in hac re norma eft : State fnper 
 lias ant!quas, cr ^oidete qiiae^iam fit via refia o" bona, (j- ambtdate in ea. 
 Antiquitas cam nicrctur rcvercntiam, ut homines aliquandiu gradum fiftcrc 
 &. fupra cam ftarc debcant, atquc undcquaquc circumrpicerc, quae fit via 
 optima : quum autcm de \'ia bene conrtitcrit, tunc demum non reftitandum, 
 led alacritcr progrcdiendum. Sane, ut vcrum dicamus, Antiquitas faeculi 
 juventus miindi. Noftra profeclo funt antiqua tcmpora, cum mundus jam 
 lenucrit, non ca quae computantur ordinc retrograde, initium llimendo 
 a faccuio noftro. 
 
 Alius error c priori oriundus eft fufplcio quacdran 6c diffidentia quae 
 nihil nunc pofle inveniri autumat, quo mundus tam diu carcre potuit : ac 
 fi ilia objedio convcniret erga tempus, qua Lucianus impctit jovcm, cactc- 
 rolquc cthnicorum decs : Miratur enim, air tot olim genucrint Ube- 
 ros, millos aut em fuo faeciilo ? interrogatque jocans, ecquid jlptnagena- 
 rii jam efj'ent, aut lege Tappia contra J'enum nuptias lata confiri^ii ? Sic 
 videntur homines fubvereri, ne tempus effbctum jam fadum fit & ad gencra- 
 tionem incptum. Qtiin potius levitas hominum atqu£ inconftantia, hinc 
 optimc perl'pici potcft, qui, donee res aliqua pcrfeda fit, earn mirantur fi- 
 eri pofle ; poftquam fada fi;mel eft, iterum mirantur cam jam pridcm fa- 
 dam non fuifle. Ita Alexandri expeditio in Afiam liabita eft initio pro 
 vallo & arduo admodum ncgotio; quam tamcn poftea placuit Livio in tan- 
 tum clcvarc, ut diccrct dc Alexandre, Nil aliud, qjiam bene aufiis eft 
 -vayia conte'imicre. Idem Columbo evcnit circa occidentalem navigationcm. 
 Scd in rebus intclledualibus hoc fit multo frcqucntius ; uti videre eft in 
 plcrifquc propofitionibus apud Euclidcm, quae antcquam dcmonftrcntur, 
 mirae videntur, & quibus quis non facile aflcnferit ; poft demonftrationem 
 autem fadam arripit eas mens per retradioncm quandam (ut loquuntuf 
 jurifconfulti) tanquam ante perfpedas & cognitas. 
 
 Alius error fupcrior! affinis, eft corum, qui omnium fedarum, atquc hac- 
 rcfium veterum, poftquam excuflae fuillent & ventilatae, optimam fem- 
 pcr obtinuifle, pofthabitis aliis, cxiftimcnt. Itaque putant, fi quis dc intc- 
 grq inftitneret inquifitioncm & examcn, non poflet non inciderc in aliquas 
 ex rcjedis opinionibus, & poft rejedionem amiflls & obliteratis : quafi vero 
 multitudo, aut etiam fapicntes multitudinis dcliniendae gratia, non illud faepe 
 
 Vol. I. F2 probarint.
 
 4i DE AUG MENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.I. 
 
 probarint, quod popularc magis atquc Icvc fit quam quoi foiidum, atque aire 
 radices agcns. Tcmpus fiquidcm funilc eft fiuvio, qui Icvia atquc inflata a.i 
 nosdcvchit, folida autcm & pondus liabcntia Uibmcrgir. 
 
 Alius error a rc'.iquis divcrfas eft pracmatura atquc prorcrva rcduclio' 
 dodrrnarum in aitcs & mctliodos ; quod cum fit, pjcrunquc fcicnria aiit pa- 
 rum aut niliil proficir. Nimirum ut cphebi, poftquam membra & Jinca- 
 mcnta corporis ipforum pcrfcctc cfformata lunt, vix amplius crefcunt; fie 
 Jcicntia, quamdiu in apliorifmos & oblcrvationcs fpari^itur, crcfccrc potcft 
 & cxurgerc, fed mcthodis icmcl circumfcripta & conclula, cxpoliri forlan & 
 iiluftrari, aut ad ufus humanos edolari potcl"l, noa autcm porro mole augeri. 
 
 Alius error llicccdens ipli, quem poltrcmo iiotavimus, eft quod poft fin- 
 gulas fcicntias & artcs fuas in clalles diftributas, mox a pleril'que luiivcr- 
 lali rcrum cognitioni & philofophiac primae rcnunciatur ; quod quidem pro- 
 icclui doclrinarum inimiciillmum eft. Profpedationes fiunt c turribus, aut 
 locis pracaltis; & impolli bile eft, ut quis explorer rcmotiorcs interiorefque 
 fcicotiac alicujus partes, /t ftct ftiper plauo ejufdem fcientiae, ncque altioris 
 icicntiac vcluti fpcculum conlcendat. 
 
 , Alius error flu it ex nimia revcrcntia, & quafi adorationc intelkd;us hu- 
 raani, undc homines abduxcrc Ic a contcmplatione naturae, atquc ab cxpe- 
 rientia, in propriis meditationibus & ingenii commentis llilque deque volu- 
 tantes. Caeterum praeclaros hos opinatores & (fi ita loqui licet) intelleftua- 
 liftas, qui tamcn pro maxime ftiblimibus & divinis philolbphis haberi folcnt, 
 rede Heraclitus perftrinxit i Hom'mes^ inquit, qitaerunt -veritatem in mi- 
 crocofmls fuis, non in miindo majori. Rclpuunt enim quafi abcccdarium 
 naturae, primumquc in operibus divinis tirocinium : quod fi non faccrentj po- 
 tuillcnt tbrtafle gradatim & lenfim, poft literas fimpliccs & dernceps fylla- 
 bas, ad tcxtum & volumen iplum creaturarum expedite Icgcndum afcendcrc. 
 At illi contra, jugi mentis agitatione, urgent & tanquam invocant ftios gc- 
 nios, ut vaticincntur eis edantquc oracula, quibus merito & lliaviter decipi- 
 untur. 
 
 Alius error huic poftcriori finitimuscft, quod homines faeprus imbuant 
 & inficiant meditationes & dodrinas ftias opinio^nibus quibufdam & conccp- 
 tibus propriis, quos potifllmum in admiratione habent; aut artibus, quibus 
 jriaximc addicli & confecrati ftmt ; cactera omnia illis deliciis infieicntcs & 
 quafi intingcntcs, licet fuco admodum fallaci. Sic fijae philofophiac immifcuit 
 Plato thcologiam, Ariftoteles logicam, fccunda fchola Platonis (Proclus 
 fcilicct & reliqui) mathcmaticas. Iftas enim artcs folcbant illi tanquam 
 Hliolos iuos primogenitos lliaviari. At chymici c paucis expcrimcntis ad 
 foculum & fornacem novam philolophiam excuderunt. Et Gilbertiis popularis 
 iioftcrphilofophiamaliam exmagncteelicuit. Sic Cicero, cum variasopiniones 
 dc natura animac rcccnfcns, tandem in muficum incidillcr, qui animam cflis 
 harmoniam ftatucbat, facetc dixit, bic ab arte pia rton recejjit. Sed dc hoc 
 genus erroribus appofire & pnadenterait Ariftoteles, !^i refpiciunt ad paiica 
 de fdcili pronnnciant. 
 
 Alius error eft impatientia dubitandi & caeca feftinatio decerncndi, abfquc 
 debita & adulta ftifpcnfionc judicii. Nam bnium contemplationis non cil 
 difiimilc bivio actionis a vetcribus facpius memorato: cuius altera via initia 
 plana & facilis crar, fine autem impervia ; altera ingrcdicnti afpcra crat & 
 contragola, ubi paulo proccficris, expedita & aequabilis. Hand fccus in 
 contcmplationibus, fi quis a certis ordiatur, in dubia definet ; fin a dubiis 
 iacipiat, eaquc aliquaudiu paticnter tolerct, iii ccrtii cxirum rcperit. 
 
 SlMtLIS
 
 Lib. I. DE AUG ME NT IS SCIENTIARUM. 45 
 
 SiMiLis error fc oflcndit in modo tradendi dodrinnm, quiiu plurimum 
 .eft impcriofus & magiftralis, noii ingcnuus & libcralis ; ira dcmum compo- 
 /irus ut potius fidcm impcrct qium cxamini flibjiciatur. Non ncgavcrini 
 in fummariis libellis, ad praxin dcflinatis, hanc formulam Icnbcndi rctineii 
 pofle : vcrum in juftis tradatibus dc fcicntiis utrumquc cxtrcmum vitanduin 
 cenfco: tarn Veilcii Epicurci, nil tarn mctucntis, quani nc dubitare de re 
 aliqua vidcrcturi quam Socratis& acadcmiiic, omnia in dubio rcliquentium. 
 Candori potius ftudcndum, rcfquc majorc aut minorecontcntionctradendae, 
 prout rationum momcntisparcius ant picnius fint probatac. 
 
 Alii crrorcs funt in icopis, quos homines praefigunt fibi, & in qnos cona- 
 tus fuos & laborcs dirigunt. Cum cnim diligentiores Jircrarum corvpliaci 
 ad id collimarc dcbcant praccipue, ut arti, quam protitcnrur, aliquid prae- 
 clarum adjiciant : iii contra in fccundis tantummodo confilkrc lat habcnt, 
 vcl fabtilis intcrprctis, vcl antagonifbc vehcmcntis & ncrvofi, vcl mcthodici 
 abbrcviatoris nomcn ambicntcs; undo rcditus & vcdigalia fcientiarum auge- 
 n polilint, patrimonium & fundus minime. 
 
 OmniujiI autem gravillimus error in dcviationc ab ultimo dodrinarum 
 fine confidit. Appetunt cnim homines fcicntiam, ahi ex infira curiofiratc 
 <5c irrcquicta ; alii animi caufa & delcclationis ; alii exiftimationis gratia ; 
 alii contcntionis ergo, atquc ut in diflerendo fuperiores fint : pleriquc prop- 
 ter lucrum & vidum ; pauciflimi, ut donum rationis divinitus datum in ullis 
 humani generis impcndant. Plane, quafi in dodrina quacrcrctur ledulus, in 
 quo tumultuans ingcnium & acftuans requicfceret ; aut xyftus five porticus, 
 in quo animus dcambularct liber & vagus 5 aut tcrris alta & edita, dc qua 
 mens ambitiofa & lliperba dcfpedarct i aut arx & propugnaculum ad con- 
 tcationcs & proelia 5 aut officina ad quacftum & mercatum : & non potius 
 Jocuples armarium & gazophylacium, ad opificis rerum omnium gloriam 
 & vitac humanae fubfidium. Hoc enim illud eft, quod revera dodrinam 
 atquc artcs condccorarct & attollcret, ft contcmplatio & adio ardiore quam 
 adliuc vinculo copularentur. Quae certc conjundio talis foret, qualis eft 
 fupreiTiorum duorum planetarum fyzygia, cum Saturnus, quictis & contem- 
 plationis dux, cum Jove, ducc focictatis agcndique, confpirat. Qiianquam 
 cum dc praxi atque adione loquor, nullo modo ad dodrinam profeflbriam 
 & lucrofam innuo. Neque enim mc fugit, quantopcrc hoc iplum progref- 
 iioncm dodrinac & amplificationcm morctur. Perinde quidcm aureum ma- 
 lum ante oculos Atalantae projedum, quod ut tollat, dum flcdit fe, curftis 
 intcrca impcditur : 
 
 'Declinat cur fits, aurumqne 'volubile tollit. 
 
 Neque rurftis mihi in animo eft, quod dc Socratc didum crat, Thilo- 
 
 fophiam devocare de coelo, nt tantummodo verfuretur in terris } hoc eft, 
 
 phyftcam fcponi ut moralis philofophia & politica celebraretur Tola : led 
 
 qucmadmodum coelum & terra ftmul confpirant & confcntiunt, ad homi- 
 
 num tucndam vitam atquc juvandam ; ita lane hie finis eflc debet utriul- 
 
 ■que philolbphiae, ut rejcdis vanis fpeculationibus, & quicquid inane ac 
 
 • fterilc eft, confervetur quicquid Iblidum eft ac fruduoftun ; ut hoc pado, 
 
 ■ fcicntia non fit tanquam fcortum ad voluptatem, aut tanquam ancilla ad 
 
 quaeftum ; fed tanquam Iponfa ad gencrationem, frudum atque folatium 
 
 honeftum. 
 
 Jam cxplicallc vidcor, & quafi diftedionc quadam apcruiflc vitiofos illos 
 humorcs, aut ialtena corum praccipuos, qui apa folum obflitcre profcdui 
 
 litcta-
 
 46 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. I. 
 
 litcrarum, vcrum ctiam culpandis iifdcm anCmi J.cJcrc. Qiiod quidcm ii 
 niniis ad vivum fcccrim, nicii-iinific oportct i'iddja .VMhera amaiais, (Id 
 dolofd ofcula maligna'atis. Utcunquc hoc ccnc mihi \idcor ai-cciitu.v, ut 
 mcrcai: lidcm in icqucnti pracconio, cum in liipcrioi-i cculura tciin lilxTc c- 
 •'crim. Ncque tamcn in animo eft milii paaci'.yiicum litciamm iciibere, 
 aut hymnum mufis praecincrc, licet ibrfitan diu jam fir, ex i]uq lacra ca- 
 rum rite cekbrata fint : led confiiium eft abfque pigmcntis & iiypcrbolis, 
 vcrum doclrinac contra alias res pondus cxciperc «Sc pcrpcndcrc, vcrumque 
 ejus valorem & prctium ex tefdmoniis divinis atquc humanis exquircrc. 
 
 Primo ii;itur quacramus dignitatem Icientiac in archetypo ilvc cxcm- 
 plari : id cft^ in attributis atquc aclis Dei, quatcnus rcvelantur homini & 
 Ibbrie indagari polllint. Qua in re non competit appcUatio dodrinac, cum 
 omnis doclrina fit icicntia acquifita : nulla aureus cognitio in Deo acquifita 
 eft, led originalis. Itaque aliud quaercndum eft nomcn, lapicntia fciliccr, 
 ut facrac Icripturac cam indigitant. 
 
 Sic autcm Tc res habet : In opcribits crcationis, dupliccm virtutis divi- 
 nac emanationem vidcmus, quarum una ad poteniiam reCertur, altera ad fa- 
 picntiam : ilia praccipue cernlrur in creanda mole materiae, hacc in pulchri- 
 tudine formac dilponcnda. Hoc pofito, notandum eft nihil in crcationis hi- 
 ftoria obftarc, quia fuerit confula ilia cocli tcrracquc mafta & materia, unico 
 temporis momcnto crcata, cui tamen difponcndae digercndacquc lex dies 
 tucrunt attributi : adeo fignantcr Dcus opera potcntiac ac fapientiac difcri- 
 minavit. Cui accedit, quod dc materiae creationc memoriae prodirum noa 
 fit, dixille Deum, fiat coelum & terra, ficut de Icqucntibus operibus dic- 
 tum eft : led nude atquc actual iter, "Detis creavit coelum O" t err am : ita 
 ut materia videatur, tanquam manu fada ; ibrmac vcro introduclio ftylum 
 habcat legis, aut dccreti. 
 
 Pergamus a Dcoad Angclos, quorum natura dignatione eft Deo pro- 
 xima. Vidcmus in ordinibusAngelorum (quatcnus lidcs adhibenda coclcfti 
 illi hierarchiac, quae Dionyfii Arcopagitae nomine evulgatur) primum locum 
 obtinerc Seraphim, Angclos fcilicet amoris ; Iccundum Cherubim, Angclos 
 illuminationis ; tertium autcm locum & fequentes, Thronis^ Trincipati- 
 bus, cactcrifqucAngelis potcntiac & minifterii conccdi : ut ex hoc iplb or- 
 dine ac diftributione clarum fit, Angclos fcientiac & illuminationis, Angclis 
 imperii & potcntiac praeponi. 
 
 A fpiritibus & intelligcntiis ad formas fenfibiles & materiatas dcfcenden- 
 tes Ic'imusprimam formarum creatarum fuiile lucem 5 quae in naturalibus 
 & corporcis icicntiae in fpiriturJibus atquc incorporcis refpondct. 
 
 Sic in diftributione dierum vidcmus diem, qua rcquievit Dcus & con- 
 tcmplatus eft opera iua, bencdidum fuifle lupra omnes dies, quibus crcata 
 eft & difpofita t'abrica univcrfi. 
 
 Post crcationem ablblutam legimus homincm collocari in paradifo, ut 
 illlc opcrarctur : quod quidem opus aliud cflc non poterat, quam quale 
 pertinetadcontemplandumj hoc eft, cujus finis noa ad nccefiltatem aliquam, 
 led ad dclcdationcm & adivitatem fine moleftia, rcferri pofiit : cum cniin 
 tunc temporis nulla potucrit cHe crcaturae reludatio, nullus liidor vultus, 
 neccftario fcquitur adioncs humanas ad voluptatcm & contcmp'.ationcm, 
 non ad laborcm aut opus comparatas fuilfc. Rurfus primac hominis adio- 
 ncs, quas in paradiib exercuit, duas fummarias Icientiac partes complexac 
 lunt : hae erant infpedio creaturarum & impofitio nominum. Nam Ici- 
 cntia ilia, quae lapluna introduxit, (quod & ante monuimus) non crat natu- 
 ralise
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 47 
 
 rails icientia circa crcaturas, fed moralis fcicntia dc bono & malo; ex hac 
 iiippoiitionc, quod Dei mandara, aut vctita, non effcnc principia boni & mali, 
 led quod alias habercnt ilia origines; quorum cognitionem afFeftavit Iiomo, 
 lei licet ut totalitcr a Deo dcficeret, & fibi ipfi fuoque arbitrio prorfus inni- 
 tcrctur. 
 
 Veniamus ad ea quae ftatim port lapfum contigere. Vidcmus (ut in- 
 numera funt facrarum I'cripturarum myfleria, falva fempcr veritatc hiftori- 
 ca 6c literaii) imaginem duarum vitarum, contemplativac nimirum & acti- 
 vac, in peribnis Abclis & Caini, inque eorum inftitutis & primitivis vivcn- 
 di rationibus, delincatam : quorum alter paftor erat, (qui propter otium & 
 <|uietcm, liberumque coeli afpcctum, typus efl: vitae thcoricae) alter agri- 
 cola (laboribus fcilicet fatigatus & alpcdu in tcrram defixus :) Ubi cernere eft 
 favorem, clcftionemquc divinam, ad paftorem acceffifle, non ad agricolam. 
 
 Sic ante diluvium, facri fafti, inter pauciiTmia, quae de eo laeculo me- 
 morantur, dignati funt memoriae prodere inventores muficae, atquc ope- 
 rum metallicorum. Sequenti faeculo poft diluvium gravifllma poena, qua 
 Dcus humanam fuperbiam ultus eft, fuit confufio linguarum, qua dodlrinae 
 liberum commcrcium & litcrarum ad invicem communicatio maxime inter- 
 clufa eft. 
 
 D ESCENDAMus ad Mofem legiflatorcm & primum Dei notarium, quem 
 fcripturae ornant hocelogioi (\\xo(XgnarHS ^ perttus ejj}t omnis do6irinae 
 AEgyptiorum: Qiiae quidem gens inter vetuftiflimas mundi fcholas nu- 
 meratur. Sic enim Plato inducit AEgyptium facerdotem dicentem Soloni; 
 Vos Graeci femper pueri eft is, nullam vel fcientiam antiquitatis vel an- 
 ttquitatem fcientiae habentes. Pcrluftrcmus ceremonialem legem Mofis, 
 rcperiemufquc, praeter Chrifti praefigurationem, diftindlionem populi Dei 
 a gentibus, exercitium obedientiae, aliofque ejufdem legis ufus facros : non- 
 nuUos dodiillmorum Rabbinorum baud inutilem circa cam navafle operam^ 
 ut fcdulo eruercnt, quandoque naturalem quandoquc moralcm fcnfum ceremo- 
 ftiarum & rituum. Exempli gratia, ubi de lepra dicitur, St ejfloruerit difcur- 
 rens lepra, homo mnndus erit, ^ non reclndetur :fin caro I'l-va in eo erit, im^ 
 munditiae condetnnabitjir, (^ ad facer dot is arbitriumfeparabitur. Ex hac 
 lege GoUigit unus corum axioma in natura 5 Tutredinem pejttlentiorem ejfe 
 ante, quampoft maturitatem. Alius morale documentum elicit, homines jia- 
 gitiis undique coopertos, minus corrumpere publicos mores, qnam medio- 
 criter (^ ex parte tant7im malos : adeo ut ex hoc & fimilibus locis ejus legis, 
 praeter fcnfum thcologicum, baud pauca ad philofophiam fpedtantia fpargi 
 vidcantur. 
 
 Si quis etiam eximium ilium Jobi librum diligentcr evolverit, plcmmi 
 cum, & tanquam gravidum, naturalis philofophiae myftcriis deprehendct. 
 Exempli gratia j circa cofmographiam & rotunditatem terrae, illoloco, ^i 
 extendit aquilonem fuper 'vacuum, & appendit terram fuper nihilum. 
 Ubi penfilis terra, polus ardicus, & coeli convexitas in extimis, baud ob- 
 fcure infinuantur. Rurfus circa aftronomiam & afterifmos, illis verbis, Spi- 
 ritus ejus ornavit coelos, & obftetricante manu ejus eduBus eft Coluber 
 tortuojus. Et alio loco, nunquid conjiingere valebis micantes ftellas 
 Tleiadas, aitt gyrnm Arcliiri poteris dijftpare ? Ubi immota configuratio 
 ftellarum fixarum, paribus intcrvallis femper inter fc diftantium, clegantif- 
 fime defcribitur. Item alio loco, qui facit ArBurum ir Oriona, & Hya- 
 das <ir interiora auftri. Ubi iterum innuit dcpreffionem antardlici poll, 
 camquc defignat nonihie interiornm auftri, quia auftralcs ftcUac noftro 
 
 hcmifphae-
 
 48 DE AUGMENTIS SC IE N TI ARU M. Lib.I. 
 
 hcmilplv-crio non ccrnuntur. Circa gcncrationcmanimaUum : Annon (tent 
 lac muljijti me, z^Jicnt cafeiim coagulafti me ? &c. Circa rem mcrallicam, 
 habet argentum venarum Jiiarum principia, (^ auro locus ejt in quo con- 
 fiatur : ferrum de terra toUittir, & laps folutus calore in aes vertitur. 
 £t loquentia in eodcm capitc. 
 
 Pariter & in pcrfona regis Solomonis videmus donum fapicntiae, 
 turn in pctitionc ipfms, turn in conccllione divina, omnibus tcrrcnac & tem- 
 poralis telicitatis bonis praclatum. Virtute cujus doni & conccirionis, Solo- 
 mon egrcgic inftruclus, non iblum fcripfit infigncs illas parabolas five apho- 
 rifmos de divina atquc morali philofophia; verum ctiam compofuit narura- 
 1cm hiftoriam omnium vcgctabilium, a cedro fuper montem, ufcfue ad muf- 
 ciim fuper muriim, (quae nihil eft aliud, quam rudimcntum plantac pu- 
 tredinis & herbae medium) omniumque ctiam, quae refpirant & movcntur. 
 Imo idem rex Solomon, quamvis exxellucrit opibus, magnificcntia acdifi- 
 ciorum, claflc, famulitio, nominis celebritate, & reliquis quae ad gloriam 
 pertinent, nihil tamen, ex ifta gloriae fegete, fibi ipfi decerpit aut aflu- 
 iiiit, practcr dccus inquirendi & invenicndi veritatem. Sic cnim diferteait; 
 Gloria 'Dei ejt celare verbtim, & gloria regis invejiigare fermonem. Ac 
 fi divina majeftas innoxio illo & benevolo pucrorum ludo deledlaretur, qui 
 ideo le abfcondunt, ut invcniantur : quafique ctiam nihil eflet honorificen- 
 tius rcgibus, quam Dei collulbres cllc in codcm Judo ; praefertim cum tot 
 ingeniis imperent, tantafque opes pracfto habeant, quibus omnis lecreti in- 
 veftigatio abfolvi pollit. 
 
 Nec vero alitcr haec difpenfavit Deus, poftquam Salvator noftcr in 
 mundum vcniflet. Illc enim prius potentiam oftendit fuam in profliganda 
 ignorantia, ubi cum doftoribus & lacerdotibus diffcreret in tempio, quam 
 in fubjuganda natura, tot & tantis cditis miraculis. Advcntus quoquc Spi- 
 ritus Sandi praecipue adumbratus atque cxprefllis fuit in fimilitudine ac dono 
 linguarum, quae llint duntaxar vehicula fcientiae. 
 
 It A in Icligendis illis inftrumentis, quae adhibuit Deus ad fidem diflc- 
 minandam, initio homines evocavit plane indoftos & illiteratos, practerquam 
 quod Spiritus Sancti afflatu inftrudli fuiflent ; quo evidentius virtutem luam 
 immediatam & di\inam declararet, omnemque humanam fapicntiam depri- 
 mcret. Quamprimum autcm confdium fuum in hac parte perimplctum eflet, 
 mox in proxima fucceflione tcmporum, divinam veritatem luam, aliis dortri- 
 nis veluti pcdiflequis comitatam, in mundum immifit. Itaque D. Pauli ca- 
 lamus, (qui inter Apoftolos Iblus literatus fuit) in fcripturis novi Tcftamenti, 
 praecipue a Deo adhibitus eft. 
 
 Sic & novimus, complurcs ex antiquis Epifcopis &patribus, egregie fu- 
 iflc in omni ethnicorum cruditione vcrlatos. Adeo ut edictum Juliani, quo 
 cautum eft, ne Chriftiani ad fcholas & gymnafia mitterentur, perniciofior 
 , machina ad expugnandam fidem Chriftianam, quam cruenrae llipcriorum im- 
 peratorum perlccutioncs, habitum fucrit. Ncque Grcgorii primi, EpiTcopi 
 Romani (caetera viri cgregii) acmulatio & invidentia, qui ethnicorum au- 
 thorum & antiquitatum memoriam obliterare ftudcbat, in bonam partcmy 
 etiam apud viros pios, accepta eft. Qiiinimo Ibla Chriftiana Ecclefia, inter 
 inundationcs Scytharum a piagis feptentrionalibus & Sarraccnorum ab oricn- 
 talibus, pretiofas gcntilis eruditionis reliquias, jamjam funditus perituras. 
 fmu &gremio luo confervavit. Nuper etiam intueri licet Jcfuitas (qui par- 
 tim ftudio proprio, partim ex aemulatione advcrfariorum, Uteris ftrenuc 
 
 incubn-
 
 Lib. I. DE AUG MENTIS S C 1 E N TIAR UM. 49 
 
 uicubucruut) quantum fubliJii, viriumquc, Romano.c Icdi rcparandac & 
 Ibbiiicndac attulcriut. 
 
 Q_aARE ut ablolvam hanc partem, duofuut praecipua oftkia & miniftc- 
 ri:', praetor ornatum & illuilrarioncm, quae fidei rclkionique humaniorcs li- 
 terac pcrfolvunr. Unum, quod cfficacia iiiit incitair.cnta, ad divinam glori- 
 ani cxaltandam & cekbrandam : ilcut cnim Plaimi & aiiae icripturac cre- 
 bro nos invitant ad contcmplationem praedicationemque magniricorum 6c 
 admirabilium opcrum Dei^ ita, fi tantum in corum Ipccic externa, ficut Icn- 
 {ibus noftris fc exhibent, haercremus, eandem faccrcmus injuriam Majcitati 
 divinac, ac il dc opulentia & copia nobilillimi gemmarii, ex iij. quae palam 
 cxponuntur in perL';ula, judicaremus. Alterum, quod fingularc remediuni 
 antidotumque exhibcat philolbphia, contra inlidclitatem & errorcs. Nam 
 Salvator nolkr inquit, Erratis, iiefcientes fcripturas (17 potent i am 'Dei. 
 Ubi duos libros, ne in crrores incidamus, proponit nobis cvolvendos : prinio 
 voiumen fcripturarum, quae voluntatem Dei, dein volumen creaturariim, 
 quae potentiam revelant : Qiiorum pofterior, veluti clavis eft prioris, non 
 folum intelledum ncftrum aperiens, ad genuinam Icripturarum mentem, ex 
 gcneralibus regulis rationis & legibus fermonis expromendam ; led porro ctiam 
 praecipuc tidcm noftram relerans, ut in feriani ingrcdiamur omnipotentiac 
 divinac meditationcm, cuius charadleres maxime inlculpti ejus operibus & 
 incifi iunt. Tantum dc divinis teftimoniis ac judiciis pro vera dignitatc & 
 pretio doftrinae didum fit. 
 
 QuAN TUM ad humana teflimonia & argumenta, tarn latus apcritur cam- 
 pus, ut in tradatu hoc brevi & prcflb, deledum potius adiiibere deecac 
 quani copiam. Primo itaquc lummus apud cthnicos honoris gradus fuit, 
 divinam venerationem, cultumque confequi : (Quod quidem Chriftianis eft 
 tanquam frudus vetitus :) Nunc vero loquimur feparatim de judiciis huma- 
 nis. Itaque (ut coepimus dicere) apud cthnicos, ille, quern Graeci Apo- 
 theofiii^ Latini, Relationem inter 'Divos vocarunt, fupremus honor fuit, 
 qui homini ab hominc tribui poflet : praefertim ubi non ex decreto, aut cdi- 
 tto aUqrto imperii, (ut Cacfaribusapud Romanos,) fed ex opinione liominum . 
 & fide interna, ultro defcrretur : Cujus honoris tam cxcclli, gradus quidam 
 erat & terminus medius : Quippe fupra humanos honores, heroici nume- 
 rabantur & divini. In quorum diftributionc hunc ordinem tenuerc vetercs 
 rerumpublicarumconditores, legillatores, tyrannicidae, Patrcs patriae, quique 
 in rebus civiiibus optime meruerunt, infigniti funt titulo heroum tantum, 
 aut femideorum : Quales fuere Thefeus, Minos, Romulus, caeterique. Ex 
 altera parte, inventores & authores novarum artium, quique vitam huma- 
 nam novis commodis & acceflionibus dotarunt, fcper confecrati funt inter 
 .deos ipfos majores; quod Cereri, Baccho, Mercurio, Apollini «Sc aliis con- 
 tigit : Qiiod ccrte jure & fano cum judicio fadtum eft. Nam priorum bc- 
 ncmerita intra unius aetatis aut nationis limites, fere coercentur j nee abfi- 
 milia funt imbribus tempcftivis & benignis, qui quamvis frugiferi fint at- 
 que optabiles, tamen pro ilia tempeftate tantum qua deciduut, atque pro 
 amplitudine tradus terrae quam irrigant, utiles funt. Polkriorum vero be- 
 ncficia, ut ipfius folis & coeleftium munera, temporibus perpctua, locis in- 
 finita funt. Ilia rurfus, cum contentione & perturbatione, ut plurimum con- 
 jundafunt; haec habent verum charadercm divinae praefentiae, veniuntque 
 jin aura leni, abfque tumultu aut ftrepitu. 
 
 Neque fane dodrina meritum in civiiibus & in reprimendis incommo- 
 dis, quae homo homini infert, multum cedit iili altcri, in fublevandis hu- 
 
 VoL. I. G manis
 
 50 DE AUGMENTIS S C I E N T I A R U M. Lib. I. 
 
 raanis ncccilitatibus, qiuie ab ipfa narura imponuivtur. Atquc hoc genus 
 mcriti optimc adiimbrarum fuit fub ilia fitla narrationc do thcatro Orphci, 
 ubi imizulac bcfiiac avclquc consrcgatae lunr, quae appctiruuai luoium ia- 
 natorum immcmoixs, pracdac, ludi, pugiMC, amice placidcquc una Itctc- 
 -rc, cithaiae conccntu & fuavitate caprae : Cuius tonus ubi aut cellaret, 
 aut majori fonitu obrucrctur, omnes illico animantes ad ingcnium rcdibanu 
 Qiia in tabula cleganter defcribuiMm- ingcnia & mores hominum, qui variis 
 & indomitis cupiditatibus agitanrur, lucri, libidinis, vindidac: qui tamcn 
 quamdiu aurcs praebcnt pracceptis & luafionibus rcligionis, legum, magi- 
 rirorum, in libris, fcrmonibus & concionibus, cloqucntcr & lliaviter modu- 
 lantibus, tarn diu paccm colunt & Ibcietatcm ; fin iib fileant, aut fcditioncs 
 & tumultus obftrcpant, omnia difliliunt & in anarcliiam atqtrc confufioncm 
 relabuntur. 
 
 Sed cnim hoc clarius ccrnitur, cum reges ipfi, airt magnates, aut prac- 
 fedi emditionc praediti fint, Ut ut cnim liiis addiclus nimium partibus vi- 
 dcatur, qui dixit, turn demmn refpublicas fore f dices, cum ant philofcphi 
 rerna'iit, aut reges pbilofophantur -, hoc tamen expcricntia notum ell, Tub 
 eruditis principibus & cuftodibus reipublicae taecula maxime felicia fuiflc. 
 Qiiamvis cnim reges ipfi fuos habeant crrores & vitia, affeclibus fcilicct & 
 pravis conluetudinibus pro more caeterorum hominum obnoxii ; tamen do- 
 ilrinarum fi accedat lumen, anticipatac quacdam notiones rcligionis, pruden- 
 tiac, honertatis, rctinent cos & ab omni praecipiti & immcdicabili cxccflli & 
 errore rcfracnant ; aurem Temper vellcntes, ctiam cum confUiarii & domcftici 
 filcnt. Qiiin fenatores ipfi & confiliarii, qui lireris exculti funt, folidioribus 
 inniruntur principiis, quam qui ab expcricntia rantum cdodi Tunt; ilHs ex 
 lonainquo prolpicicntibus pcricula «5c mature propuUantibus, cum ifti tantuni 
 ex propinquo & cominus (apiant, nihil vidcntes, nifi quod imminct, & tunc \ 
 dcmum agilitatc ingeni^i fui, fe in ipfo periculorum articulo cxpcdirc & criperc 
 poilc contidcntcs. 
 
 Quae felicitas temporum fub eruditis principibus (ut fcmper brevitdti ffa- 
 deam, adhibcnsnon nifi Icdifiima quacque cxempla maxime illuftria) praeci- 
 puc ccrnitur co in facculo, quod a mortc Domitiani tmpcratoris, ufquc ad im- 
 perium Commodi dcfluxit; fucceilloncm fcx principum cruditorum, aut ccr- 
 te eruditioni impenfe faventium, complcftcnte? omniumquc, fi tcmporalia 
 bona fpcclemus, quae unquamvidit Roma, totius orbistunc epitome, lon- 
 ge florcntiifimo. Id quod Domitiano, pridic ejus diei, quo intcrfedlus eft, iit 
 Ibmnis pracmonftratum erat. Qiiippc qui vidcrc vifus cfl:, Caput anreumfibi 
 •pone cervicem enatum effe: Qiiod lane vaticinium aurcis illis fublcquenti- 
 bus facculis adimplctum eft: Dc quibas figillatim, led brcviflimc, verba 
 taciam. 
 
 N ER V A vir doflius fuit, Apollonii illius Pythagorei familiaris & quafi dit 
 cipulus : Qiii etiam fcrc cxpiravit in verfu illo Homcri, 
 
 Telis 'Vhoebe tuis lacrymas nlcifcere nojlras. 
 
 Vs. Trajanus non ipfe quidem dodus, feddodtnae admirator & erga litera'- 
 ■:^os muni/licus, bibliothecarum inftitutor & in cujus aula (licet impcratoris 
 ■bclUcofi) profcflbrcs iSc paedagogos gratiofiflimos fuiflc, memoriae prodituni 
 -eft. Adrianus curiofiflimus mortalium & inexplcbilis omnis varietatis & 
 fccrcti invcftigator. Antoninus fubtilis &: quafi fcholafticus, undc etianx 
 Cymini fcdor vocatus eft. Ex divis fratribus autem Lucius Commodus, 
 
 molliori
 
 Lib.r. DE AUGMENTJS SCIENTIARUM. 51 
 
 mollioii literarum generc cruditus. Marcus ctiam cognominc ipfo philofo- 
 phus. Hi principes, ut doctiflimi, ita & optimi fuerunt. Nerva cleraen- 
 tifllmus impcrator, quiquc, fi nihil aliud, orbi Trajanum dcdit. Trajanus 
 omniam qui impcraruni & belli & pacis artibus maximc florens : Idem im-. 
 pcrii fines longiflimc protuiic ; idem vim dominationis modcftillime coiii- 
 buit : Maximorum etiam cxtruftor operum ; undc a Conftantino, Parictaria 
 per invidiam vocatus eft, propter nomen ejus tot parictibus incillim. Adri- 
 anus temporis ipfius aemulus: Injurias enim & ruinas temporis, in quoquo 
 gencre, cura & muniiiccntia fua, rcparavit. Antoninus, (ut ctiam appcl- 
 latus eft) vir maxime Pius, nativa quadam & inftta bonitatc, omnibus or- 
 dinibus gratus, cujufque regnum (licet hand breve) omnis calamiratis cx- 
 pers. Lucius Commodus fratri quidem bonitatc cedens, reliquos impe- 
 ratoris plurimos fupcrans. Marcus vir ad exemplar virtutis compofitus, 
 cuique fcurra ille, in convivio deorum, nihil habuit, quod ohjicerer, prae- 
 ter patientiam erga mores uxoris. hi hac itaquc continua fex principum 
 ferie, vidcre cuivis liceat fcliciflimos fruclus dodlrinac, in impcrio collocatae, 
 in maxima orbis terrarum tabula depidos. 
 
 Jam vero dodrina, non in civilia tantum atque artcs pacis, influxum 
 habet, fed & in militari virtute cxercet vim fuam ac potcntiam ; ut clarc 
 perfpicitur in exemplis Alcxandri Magni, & Cacfaris Didatoris; quorum an- 
 tea obiter meminimus, nunc vcro ea paulo fufius retradabimus. Horum 
 virtutes militates & res in bellogeftas, lupervacaneum ellct notare, aut rc- 
 ccnfcre, cum in eo gcnere mundi miracula extitcrint : fed dc amore iplbruni 
 & ftudio erga literas, nccnon in iii'dcm cxcellentia propria, non alienum crit, 
 fi pauca fubjungamus. 
 
 Educatus fuit Alexander, cdodufque ab Ariftoteic (philofopho certe 
 magno) qui nonnuUos c libris fuis philofophicis ci nuncupavit: a latere il- 
 lius nunquam difcedebat Callifthenes, aliique pereruditi viri, qui caftra fc- 
 quebantur, & pcrpetui erant omnium ejus itincrum & cxpeditionum comitcs : 
 quo autem pretio literas habuerit, haud pauca liquido dcmonftrant : veluti 
 invidia, qua dignam ceniliit Achillis fortunam, quod geflarum rerum, Jau- 
 dumque fuarum, Homerum praeconem invenerat : Judicium dc pretiola 
 Darii arcula, inter rcliqua fpolia repcrta, de qua cum quaeftio moveretur, 
 quidnam potiflimum dignum eflct, quod in ca aflcrvaretur, ipfc, cum alii 
 alia dicerent, pro Homcri operibus fcntentiam tulit : Epiftola objurgatoria 
 ad Ariftotelem mifla, poftquam libros phyficorum edifl'et, in qua cxpo- 
 ftulat, quod philofophiac myfteria cvulgafler; fuiiulque refcribit, malic Ic 
 omnibus dodrina & cognitionc, quam potentia ac impcrio praeccllcrc. Sunt 
 & alia quae hue fpedant. Iple vero quam egregic animum cxcoluiOet do- 
 drina, in omnibus ejus didis & refponfis apparet, vcl potius rcfulget, cru- 
 ditione plenilTnnis ; in quibus licet numcro pauca lint, quae adhuc fuperilnt, 
 fingularum Icientiarum veftigia altc impreffa repcrias. 
 
 In moralibus obfcrvetur primo Alcxandri apophthcgma circa Diogencm, 
 & adverte (ft placet) fi forte non nnam ex graviflimis quaeftionibus moralis 
 philofophiac conftituat : Utrum qui fruit iir externis bonis feliciorjit an qui 
 contemnit? Cum enim Diogencm cerncrct tarn parvo contcntum, convcrfus 
 ad circumftanrcs, qui ejus conditioneni fubfannabant : N.ifi ejfem, in- 
 quit, Alexander, optarem ejfe Tyioge^ies. At Seneca in hac comparatione 
 Diogenem praetulit cum diccret, 'Vhts erat quod 'Diogenes nollet accipere, 
 quam quod Alexander poJJ'et dare. 
 
 Vol. I. G2 In
 
 52 D e' AU G M E N T I S S C I E N T I A R U M. Lib. I. 
 
 In nnturaliblis, oblcr\xtur, iikid, quod crcbro ullirpabat, In dnabus fe 
 rebus mortalitatcm fnammaxme ptrcipere, fuynno o' libidine : quod 
 lane didum ex intima narurali philofophia dcpromptum cil, non tarn AIcx- 
 andrum, quam Aiiftorclcm aut Dcmocritnm lapicns, cum tarn indi^cntia 
 quam rcdundantia naturae, per ilia duo defynata, morris fine tanquam arrlia- 
 boncs. 
 
 In pocticis, obfervctur ditlum illud, quum languinc c vulncribus ejus 
 cfRucntc, acccrlcret unum ex adulatoribus, qui ci divinitateni nibuere Ible- 
 bat: Specta, inquit; Lom'mis ijte fanguis eft, non talis liquor, qualem 
 dixit Honicrns Veneris e nianu manajfe, lulnerata a 'Diomede i hoc diclo 
 & poctas & alVentatorcs luos, & Ic ipfum ridcns. 
 
 In dialeclicis, accipe repiehcnfionem illam argutiarum dialccticarum, cir- 
 ca rcjicicnda & rerorquenda argumcnta, in di£lo fuo, quo perftrinxit Cairan- 
 drum, delatorcs patris fui Antipatri rcpellcnrcm. Cum cnim Alexander 
 forte dixillcr, Nuniquid piitas, has Ijomines tarn longum ittr fufcepturos^ 
 fniffe^ nifi juflam dolor is caufarn habtiiffcnt ? Relpondit Caflander, Ima 
 hoc ipfum animos eis dedit, quod fperahant longinquitatem I'iae objtitu- 
 ram, quo minus c alumni a proderetur. Euge, inquit rex, ftrophas Ari- ■ 
 Jhtelis, rem pro c^ contra detorqnentes. Attamen hac ipla, quam in alio 
 carpebat, arte, cum res poftularer, in commodum iuum uti probe noverat. 
 Ita cnim accidit, ut Callifllienes (qucm odio clam liabebat, quod novae ejuS; 
 inter divos rclationi retragarctur) in quodam convivio roi^atus eflet ab una 
 difcumbentibus, ut oblectationis gratia (cum ellet vir eloquentiilimus) thcma 
 aliquod proarbitrio fibi llimeret, dc quo fubito diccrct ; illc autcin annucns 
 & laudes gentis Macedonicae eligcns, mirifico cum omnium applaulli dillc-; 
 ruit : at ncutiquam hoc delegatus Alexander, fubjecit, In bona can fa, facile 
 eft cuiiibet ejfe eloquejiti -, quin verte, inquit, ftyluni (^ quid co7itra nos 
 Jpojjis, audiamus. Callifthencs negotium in fc reccpir, idque tarn acerbe, 
 tamquc aculeate pracftitit, ut Alexander interpellans diccret : Etiarn malus 
 animus, aeque ac bona caufa, indit eloquent iam. 
 
 In rhetoricis, ad quae tropi &: ornamenta pertinent, ecce tibi clcgantifli- 
 mum metaphorac ulum, qua Antipatrum impcriofum & tyrannicum prae-, 
 iidem perftrinxit. Cum enim amicus quidam Antipatri laudaret cum coram 
 Alcxandro, quod tam moderatus eflet, neque in Perficum, prout alii prae-, 
 fccli, luxum, ufumque purpurae, vcteri Macedoniae amidlu cxuto, dcgene- 
 raret : At intus, inquit Alexander, Antipater eft totus purpureus. Etiam 
 <5c ilia metaphora infignis : cum Parmenio ad cum acccderet, in campis Ar- 
 bcllae; eique ingentem hoftium exercitum monftraret, qui oculis fubjacens 
 nodlu, propter infinitum numerum ignium, vcluti alterum firmamentum 
 ftellatum repraefentabat; idcoquc conluleret, ut nodurno proelio illos in- 
 vadcret : N.0I0, inquit Alexander, fuffurari vifloriam. 
 
 In politicis, attendc graviillmam illam & prudentilllmam diflinclionem, 
 (quam omnis poftcritas amplcxa eft) qua duos ex praecipuis ejus amicis, He- 
 phaefUonem & Craterum, difcrevit, quum diccret: Alterum AlexaTidrum 
 amare, alterum amare regem: Diflimilitudinem maximi ponderis, etiam 
 inter fidelillimos rcgum iervos conftitucns, quod alii masiis dominorum 
 fuorum pcrfonas vero afFeftu profequantur, alii potius moveantur olficio"' 
 erga principatum ipfum. Spcctctur etiam quam cximie redarguerct crro- 
 rem, principum confiliariis familiarem, qui plerunque confilia pro modulo 
 fui animi & fortunac, non dominorum fuggerunt. Cum cnim Darius mag- 
 nas Alexandre ofFerrct conditioncs : Parmenio j Ego, \n(\\.m, ft ejf em Alex- 
 ander^
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTURUM. 53 
 
 ander^.-flcc'tperem. Subjccit Alexander, Et ego quidem, fi ejfem Tarme- 
 nio. Poftrcmo, cxcutiatur acre iliud atquc acutum rcfpoafum, ad ainicos 
 intcrrogantcs, quid fibi rcfcrvarcr, cum tot & tanta donarct? Spem, in- 
 quit •-, quippc qui probe fcirct, fubdudis rationibus, fpcm vcram cflc fortem, 
 & tanquam hacreditatcm ad magna aCpirantium. Hacc julii Caefaris fors, 
 cum proficifccns in Galliam, univcrlas opes profufis largitionibus exhaufiflet. 
 Hacc ctiam ibrs Hcnrici ducis Guifii, nobilifllmi principis, licet nimium 
 ambitiofi, dc quo illud incrcbuit, Foeneratorem eum fuijfe ttntim omnium 
 Gallormn maximum^ co quod omnes opes in nom'mibus haben t, at que pa- 
 irlmonium nniverfum in obligationcs convert iff et. Caetcrum admiratio 
 hujus principis, dum cum niihi, non utAlcxandum Magnum, fed lit Ari- 
 rtotciis dilcipulum propono, longius tbrtafle me provcxit. 
 
 (Quantum ad Julium Caefarcm, non eft opus, ut dc pracftantia erudi- 
 tionis ejus, aut ex cducatione aut ex familiaribus aut ex refponfis lliis, con- 
 jcduram faciamus. Haec fiquidem cminet in ejus Icriptis & libris: quorum 
 alii extant, alii infeliciter defidcrantur. Primo enim hodic in manibus ha- 
 betur in(ii:;nis ilia bellorum fuorum hifl:oria, cui nomen & titulum Commcn- 
 tariorum duntaxat praefixit : in quo omnes pofteri Iblidum rerum pondus & 
 viva tarn aclionum quam perfonarum fimulachra, cum caftiffima puritate 
 fcrmonis, narrationitquc perfpicuitatc eximia, conjunfta admirantur : quas 
 quidem dotes, non a natura infulas fuillc, led a pracccptis inrtitutifque do- 
 clrinac acquifitas, tcftatur liber ejus de analogia : qui nihil aliud erat, quam 
 Grammaticalis quaedam philolbphia ; in quo fcdulo dedit opcram, ut vox 
 ad placitum, rcdderetur vox ad licitum ; & confuetudo quoquomodo lo- 
 qucndi, ad congruitatcm revocaretur emendate loquendi ; & verba, quae 
 funt rerum imagines, rebus ipfis convenircnt, non vulgi prorfus arbitriuni 
 fcquercntur. 
 
 It A ctiam veluti monumentum doftrinae, non minus quam potcntiac, c- 
 mendatam ejus ediclo habemus computationcm anni j quae dilcrtc tcftatur, 
 acquc cum gloriae fibi duxiflc, fiderum in coclis leges pernoflc, ac iiomini- 
 bus in terris leges dediifc. 
 
 Ex libro quoque, cui titulum praepofuit Anti-Cato, facile conftat, cum 
 tanto ftudio accenfum ad vicloriam ingenii, quanto belli & armorum, obti- 
 ncndam •■> certamen calami turn fufcipientem contra maximum eo tempore 
 pugilcm, Ciceroncm oratorcm. 
 
 R URS us in libro apophthcgmatum, quae coUegit, videmus, lionoriiiccn- 
 tius i'lbi putaffc, fi fe ipfum tanquam in tabellas aut codicillos mutaret, ia 
 quos prudentia aliorum ditla graviaque rcferrcntur ; quam fi difta fua pro- 
 pria, vclut oracula facrarentur, ficut inepti principes nonnulli, adulAtionc 
 corrupti, fibi fieri geftiunt. Attamen fi recenlere velicm, pleraquc ejus di- 
 da, (ut feci in Alexandro) funt ea certc hujufmodi, qualia notat Solomon, 
 Verba fapientum funt tanquam actilei (^ tanquam clavi in altum defixi. 
 Itaq:ie tria hie tantum proponam, non tarn clcgantia, quam vi & cfficacia 
 mirabilia. 
 
 Primo igitur, magiftcr fit, oportet, loquendi, qui unico verbo feditio- 
 nemin cxcrcitucomprimerepotuit. Sic autem feres habuit. Romanismos 
 fuit, cum exercitum duces alloquercntur, milites uti cos appellarcnt : cum 
 magiftratus populum, Qiiirites. Tumultuabantur milites Caefaris, ac milHo- 
 ncm feditiofe flagitabant ; non quod hoc ipfi cuperent, fed ut hoc portulato 
 Caefarem ad alias conditiones adigcrent : ille immotus atquc inconculfus ^\- 
 Icntio facto fie cxorfus eft: Ego^ ^irites : Quo verbo, cos jam dimilfos 
 
 figniti-
 
 54 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. L 
 
 fi<' nificabat. Eo pcrculfi milites & plane obftupcfacli, concionantem dcin- 
 ceps pcrpctuo obturbabant i 6z poftulato il!o milllonis pofthabito, contra ob- 
 nixe pctcbant, ut militum appcUatio cis rcftitucrctur. 
 
 Secundum fiut hujufmodi. Regis nomen Caefar fumme affcftabat : 
 itaque llibornati lunt nonnulli, qui praetereuntem populari acclamatione 
 rc<;cm falutaixnt. Ille Icnticns, accbmationcm tcnuem fuifle, ac raram ; 
 nc'^otium joco tranfmifit, ac fi erratum clTct in cognomine, Non rex fum, 
 inquit, fed Caefar. Diclum fane hujufmodi, ut ft diligcnter excutiatur, 
 vi'^or ejus & pondus vix cxprimi pofllr. Primum enim recufationcm nomi- 
 nis prac fc fcrcbat, fed neutiquam feriam : dcindc ingcntem quandam con- 
 fidentiam & magnanimitatem monftrabat ; ac fi Cacfaris appellatio, illuftri- 
 or titulus eflct quam regis; quodhaud fecus evenit^ «Sc ufque in hodicrnum 
 diem obtinuit. Scd quod illius maximc intercrat, hoc diftuni, fummo ar- 
 tificio, fincm fuum urgcbat. Hoc enim innucbat, S. P.Q^R. de re levi, 
 hoc eft, nomine tantum, (nam poteftatem regiam jamprideni habebat) fecum 
 contendere j ac tali nomine, quale complures ctiam ex familiis oblcuris ge- 
 rebant : nam cognomen regis multis Romanorum gcntilitium erat, quemad- 
 modum & nos ilmilc quiddam noftro idiomate habenius. 
 
 U L T I M u M quod hoc loco repetere placet, tale fuit. Cum Caefar poft hel- 
 ium initum, Romam occupaflct, atquc lanftius aerarium reclufiffet, ut pecunias 
 ibi congcftas in ufus belli toUerct, reflitit MetcUus, utpote tunc temporis 
 tribunus ; cui Caefar, Si perfies, inquit, mortims es. Dein rcprimcns fe 
 paulum fubjecit, Adolefcens^ durius eji mihi hoc dicere, quam facere. 
 Dictum tarn mirifice ex terrore & dementia conflatum, ut nihil fupra. 
 
 Verum ut Caefarem mittamus ; pcrfpicuum eft, cum probe fibi confci- 
 um fuae eximiae eruditionis fuifle; ut liquet ex eo, quod demirantibus non- 
 nullis Lucii Syllae confilium, in deponenda didatura, cavillans dixit, Sjlla 
 nefcivit Uterus, diBare non pottiit. 
 
 Nunc autem tempus vidctur imponendi fincm huic diflertationi de arda 
 conjundionc militaris virtutis &literariae; (quid enim in hoc genere, poft 
 Alexandrum & Caefarem affcrri potefl: ?) nifi quod moveor unius & alterius 
 exempli dignitatc & infolentia, eo quod tam fubito tranfierit a ludibrio ad 
 miraculum. Ert autem Xenophontis philofophi, qui e Socraris ludo profe- 
 dus ell: in Afiam, cum Cyro juniore, in expeditione contra rcgcm Artax- 
 erxem. Hie Xenophon eo tempore peradolcfcens fuit, & nunquam acicm 
 aut caftra viderat, neque tunc praefeduram aliquam in exercitu gcrebar, fed 
 tantum fpontc, ob amicitiam Proxeni, proticifccbatur. Aderat forte fortu- 
 na, cum Falinus a magno rege legatus ad Graecos vcniret, poftquam Cyrus 
 in acie occubuiflct, Graeci autem (manipulus tantummodo hominum) duce 
 orbati, in medio provinciarum Perfiae, a patria fua, plurimorum milliarium 
 intervallis & fluminibus maximis atque altillimis interclufi eflcnt. Legatio 
 hue fpedlabat, ut pofitis armis atque deditis, fc regiae clemcntiae fubmitte- 
 rent. Cui legationi antequam publice refponfum eflct, complures ex exer- 
 citu familiariter cum Falino coUoqucbantur : Inter quos Xenophon ita forte 
 locutus eft-. Imo, inquit, Faline, haec duo tantum nobis jam fuperfunf^ 
 arma ^ -virtus ; fi jgitur arma dedamus, cui tifui {pbftcro) nobis erit 
 I'/rtus ? At falinus llibridens : Ni fa/lor, inquit, Athenienfis es {adole- 
 fcens) & philofophiae incumbis, atque bellula funt, quae diets ; fed valde 
 err as, fi "cirtutcm vefram regiis cop its par em ejfe arbitreris. Ecce lu- 
 dibrium. Sequitur miraculum. Novitius ifte ex fchola & philofophus, 
 poftquam omncs duces & praefccli proditione interempti cfl'ent, decern mil- 
 
 ha
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTJS SCIENTIARUM. 55 
 
 lia pcditam Babyloiic in Gracciam reduxitj pcrmcdias regis provincias, om- 
 nibus ejus copiis fruftra obnitcntibus : quo faclo ftuporem injccit omnibus. 
 Graccis aurcm ab co tempore ingentes addidit animos & fpiritus, ad Perla- 
 runi regnum invadendum & fubvcrtcndum. Qiiod & mox cogiravit fane, 
 & dcfignavit jafon Tlicflalus ; tentavit & inchoavit Agcliiaus Spartanus ; 
 pcrfccit dcmum Alexander Macedo, omues literati ittius praevii egregio ta- 
 cinore incitati. 
 
 Pergamus ab impcratoria militarique virtute ad moralcm & cam quae 
 eft hominum privatorum. Primo, ccrtiflimum c{\ illud poetac : 
 
 Scilicet ingenuas didlcifj'e fideliter artes 
 Emollit mores, nee Jinit effe feros. 
 
 Eruditio fiquidem humanas mcntes ferltate atque barbaric exult. Vcrunta- 
 men opus eft, ut accentus fit in voce ilia fideliter. Nam tumultuaria cog- 
 nitio flcclit potius in contrarium ; eruditio, inquam, levitatcm, tcmeritatem, 
 atque infolentiam tollit, dum omnia pcricula &; ambigua funul cum re ipia 
 fuggerit ; rationum & argumentorum pondcra in utramque partem librat; 
 prima quacque quae fe otFerunt animo, eiquc arrident, pro fulpedis habet j 
 itctquc omne tanquam exploratum inire docet. Eadcm admirationem reruni 
 vanam & nimiam evellit, radicem ipfam omnis infirmi confilii : quippe ad- 
 miramur res, vel quia novae iunt vel quia magnae. Quantum ad novita- 
 tem, nemo eft qui literas & rerum contemplationem penitusimbibcrit, quia 
 illud cordi impreflum habcat. Nil novi fuper terram. Neque enim pu- 
 parum ludum quilquam magnopere mirabitur, qui pone aulaea caput in- 
 lerens, organa quibus moventur, & filamenta cernit. Qiiantum ad magni- 
 tudinem, quemadmodum Alexander Magnus, ingentibus procliis & vidoriis 
 in Afia afllietus, cum interdum acciperct e Graecia literas, de expeditionibus 
 & dimicationibus quibufdam illic fadis, quae plerunque propter pontem 
 aliquem, aut caftellum, aut ad fummum pro cxpugnationc oppidi alicujus 
 fufcipicbantur, dicere Iblebat ; videri fibi nunctum allatiim de ranarum c^ 
 ■murium pugna, de qua Homerus : Sic certe, qui univerlkatem rerum, 
 ejuique fabricam intueatur, illi terrae globus, cum hominibus fuperftantibus 
 (fi divinitatem animarum feponas) hand majus quidpiam videbitur, quam 
 coUiculus Ibrmicarum 5 quarum aliae cum granis, aliae cum ovis lliis, aliac 
 vacuac, omncs hinc inde circa exiguum pulvilculi acervum reptant & cur- 
 Titant. Porro eruditio aufert, aut iaitem minuit timorem mortis, atque ad- 
 verlae fortunae, quo nihil magis virtutibus moribufque officere Iblet. Si 
 cnim animus cujulpiam, contcmplationc mortalitatis & rerum naturae cor- 
 ruptibilis imbutus fuerit & intindus, juxta cum Epiclcto fentiet ; qui, cum 
 pridie exiens, mulicrculam ob fraftam oUam plorantcm cerneret, poftridie 
 ctiam exiens aliam mortuum filium dcflentem confpiceret, dixit ; Heri 
 'uidi fragilem frangi, hodie vidi mortalem ?nori. QLiarc optime & valdc 
 iapienter Virgilius, cognitionem caularum cum metus omnis profligatione 
 copulavit, tanquam concomitantia: 
 
 Felix quipotuit rerum cognofcere caufas, 
 ^uiqiie metus omnes cr inexorabile fatum 
 Subjecit pedibus, Jtrepitumque Acherontis avari. 
 
 Nimis longum eflct fmgula percurrcre remedia, quae fingulis animi morbis 
 doctrina fuppeditat j aliquando vitiolbs humorcs expurgans, iTonnunquam 
 
 obftru-
 
 ^^ DE AUG MENTIS SC IE N T I A R U M. Lib. I. 
 
 obftrudioncs apcricns, nli.is concodioncm juvans, alias apperitum cxcirons, 
 non raro vulnera tJLis & ulccra fanans, & fimiiia. Qiiarc concludaiii cisin 
 hoc quod vidctur rationem habere totius, ita nimirum anianun dodi-inam 
 cilponcrc & ficdcrc, ut niinquam protinus acquicfcat & tanquam congcle- 
 tur in dcfcdibus Iliis, quin incitet tc fcmpcr, proeixHumquc Tpirct. Ncfcic 
 jUitcratus, quid fit in fc dcfccndcrc, aut fccum inirc rationcs, aut quani lua- 
 vis vira fir, quae indies lentit fe fieri nieliorem y fi qua fbite virtute prae- 
 ditus fir, cam vcnditabit fcilicct & ubiquc fpcftandam c.xponcr, caquc utctur 
 forfiran commode, quam ramen cxcolerc & augere negligir. Rurllis, £i quq 
 vitio laborar, artem atquc indultriam illud ceiandi arquc occulrandi, mini- 
 me autem eorrigendi, adhibebir ,- ranquam malus mcflbr, qui.perperuo dc- 
 metir, falcem autem nunquam cxacuir 5 lircrarus conrra, non tanrum utitur 
 animo virturelquc cxcrcet^ fed conrinuo emendar fe & in virrurc proficir. 
 Imo ur in lumma dicam, pro certo eft, verirarcm & bonirarcm diftingui tan- 
 tum, ficut figiilum & iniprcilionem ; nam Veritas bonitatem fignat : JEt 
 contra, vitiorum ac pcrturbationum procellac, cx erroris & falfitatis nubibus 
 crumpunt. 
 
 A virtute tranleamus ad potentiam & impcrium, & difpiciamus, fi ufpiani 
 inveniatur tanta potentia & regnum, quanta eruditio liominis naturam in- 
 veftit & coronat. Videmus, dignitatem impcrandi fequi dignitatem ejus, cui 
 imperatur. hnpcrium in bcUuas & pccora, quale bubulcorum aut opi- 
 honum, res vilis : imperium in puci-os, quale ludimagiftrorum, minus ho- 
 iiorificum : imperium in mancipia, potius dedecori eft, quam honori : nc- 
 que multo praclbntius eft imperium tyrannorum, in poulum lervilem, atque 
 animis & generola indole exutum, Unde hoc iempcr manavit judicium, 
 honores in liberis monarchiis, aut rebufpublicis fuaviores cllc, quam iUl> 
 tyrannis 5 quia imperium honorificum magis llipra volentes cft, quam llipra 
 invitos & coadlos. Idcoquc Virgilius, cum ex intimo artilicio inter humanos 
 honores longe vcllet optimos cxpromcrc, quos Augiifto Caclari aiilgnarer, 
 in haec ipfa verba loquitur : 
 
 • \ — Victor qiie 'voleyites 
 
 'Per popidos dat jura, I'la^nque etffe^at Olympo. 
 
 Aft Imperium fcientiac, longc cclfius eft quam imperium in voluntatcm, 
 licet libcram & non aftridam. Ilia enim rationi, fidei & intelledui ipfi do- 
 niinatur, qui eft altiftima pars animi & voluntatem iptam regit. Etenini 
 nulla proculdubio terrcna eft poteftas, quae in Ipiritibus hominum & ani- 
 mabus, corumquc cogitationibus & phantafiis, allenfu quoque & fide, thro- 
 num & quafi cathcdram fuam erigit & collocat, praetcr doftrinam & fci-' 
 cntiam. Ac idcirco videmus dcteftabilem illam, & immenlam deledarionem, 
 qua hacrefiarchae, falfi prophctac & impoftorcs magni perfunduntur & ra- 
 piuntur, poftquam Icnicrint, in fide & confcientiis hominum cocpiflc le 
 regnare : tanram certe, ut qui earn femel deguftaverit, nullis fere pcrfecutionibus 
 aut tormentis adigi pollit, ut hoc regno le abdicct. Sicut autem hoc illud 
 cft, quod in Apocalypfi dicitur, Abyjfus five profunda Satanae: Ita e 
 contrario, juftus & Icgitimus in animos hominum dominatus, veriratis ipfa 
 cvidcntia ac commcndationc dulciflima ftabilitus, fane quam proximo ad 
 poteftatis divinae fimilitudinem accedit. 
 
 Quod ad fortunas & honores Ipettat, raunificcntia dodrinac non fie rcgna 
 Integra & relpublicas locupletat & ditar, ut non hominum eriam privatorum 
 fortunas & opes amplificet & evchat. Vetus ciiim obfervatio cft^, Homerum 
 
 pluribus
 
 Lib.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 pluribus fuppcditaffc vidum, quam Sylkm, Caclarcm, aut Auguftum, 
 licet tot congiatia, totdonativa, tot agrorum ailignationcs largiti fiat. Ccrte 
 difficile didu eft, atma an literae plurium fbrtunas conilitucrint. Qiiiii fi 
 dc fumnia potcftatc loquamur, vidcmus 5 fi anna, aut jus hactcditatis rcg- 
 iium contulerunt, at Jiterarum Ibrti lacpius ccfiit faccrdotium, quod rcgni 
 icmpcr fuit rivalc. 
 
 RuRSUS, fi dclcclationcm jucanditatemquc fcientiac intucaris, multum 
 fane ilia voluptates alias omnes cxupcrat. Quid enim ? num forte aftccluuni 
 volupratcs tanto intcrvallo oblcclamcnta rcnfuum cxccdcnt, quanto vori 
 aficcutio fclix cantiunculam aut cociiam : & non pari gradationc intclle- 
 tlus voluptates, eas quae funt affccluum, tranlcendent ? In caetcris oble- 
 ftationibus f^uietas eft finitima, & pollquam paulo invctcravcrint, Hos ip- 
 farum &: vcnuftas marcefcit : quo doccmur non illas liquidas revera volup- 
 tates ac fuiccras fuiilc, fed umbras tantuni & fallacias voluptatum, non 
 tarn qualitatc fua, quam novitatc jucundas : unde & voluptarii facpius fi- 
 unt monachi, & ambitioforum principum fcnedus triftior fcrc eft Sc me- 
 lancholia obfefla. Scientiae autcm non eft fatietas, verum & frucndi & ap- 
 petendi perpetuo & ftibinde recurrens viciflitudo 5 ut neccllc fit hiijus 
 deledationis bonum fimplex efle, non ex accidente, aut cum fraudc. Ne- 
 quc ilia voluptas, quam depingit Lucretius, ultimum in animo locum ibr- 
 titur. 
 
 Suave mari rnagno ttirbantibus aeo^uora ijentis^ <^c. 
 
 Suave efi fpeEiacnhm {inqnit) /lantern aiit ambulant em in lit tore, navem 
 intueri temp eft ate in mari ja£latam : fuave it idem ex edit a tiirri dtias 
 fernere acies concur [antes in planitie : at nil dulcins efl homiuiy quam 
 mens per doBrinam in arce veritatis collocata, nnde aliorum error es o" 
 labores difpicere pojjit. 
 
 Denique, ut mittamus vulgaria ilia argumenta, quod per dodrinam fci- 
 licet, homo homini in eo praeftat, in quo ipfe brutis : quod ope doclrinac 
 afcendat homo intelkdu ufque ad coelos, quo corpore non potcft, & alia 
 funilia : cum co concludamus bono banc dillcrtationcm de litcrarum excel- 
 lentia, ad quod humana natura ante omnia afpirat, hoc eft, immortalitate & 
 acternitatc. Hue enim fpe£lant procreatio fobolis, nobilitatio familiac, aediti- 
 cia, fundationcs, monumenta, fama, ac denique humanorum votorum lumma. 
 Atqui videmus monumenta ingenii & eruditionis, quanto diutius durcnt quam 
 ea, quae operc & manu fafta funt. Annon Homeri carmina viginti quinquc 
 annorum centurias & fupra, abfque unius fyllabac aut literae jaclura, dura- 
 verunt ? Qlio (patio innumera palatia, templa, caftclla, urbcs, coUapfa funt 
 aut diruta ; pidturae ac ftatuae Cyii, Alexandri, Caeiaris, imo regum & prin- 
 cipum multo recentiorum, nuUo jam funt modo parabiles: Archetypa enim 
 ipf\ jamdudum confeda vetuftate perierunt; exempla autem indies primigenia 
 fimilitudine muldantur. At ingcniorum imagines perpetuo integrac manent in 
 libris, nullis temporum injuriis obnoxiac, utpotc quae jugeni renovationcm 
 recipere poflunt : quanquam nee imagines dici proprie poflinf, quia perpetuo 
 gencrant quodammodo, leminaque fua in animos hominum fpargunt, atquc 
 actatibus, fubfequcntibus infinitas aftioncs opinionelquc fufcitant &: progi- 
 gnunt. Qiiod \\ navis invcntum, res exiftimata tam nobilis & admirabilis 
 fuerit, quae opes mercefquc hinc indc tranfportat, regiones locis disjundiHi- 
 mas participatione frucluum & commodorum conlbciat ; quanto rcciius 
 
 Vol. I. H literae
 
 ;g DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. L 
 
 literae celcbrari debent, quae tanquam naves fulcantcs oceanum temporis 
 remotifllma faccula ingcniorum & inventorum commcfcio & focietate copu- 
 lant ? Porro vidcmus, nonnuUos philofophorum, qui maxime immciTi craut 
 Icnfibus, minimcque divini, atquc immortal itatem an imae praefrafte ncga- 
 bant ; lioc taraen vi veritatis adadtos concelFiflc, quofcunque motus & aclus 
 anima humana abfque corporis organo pracftare poflir, cos ctiam poft mor- 
 tem pcrmanerc probabile cllc : quales nimirum crant intcUcctus, minime 
 autem affeftuum motus. Adeo fciiicct fcientia immortalis vifa eft res illis 
 atque incorruptibilis. Nos autem, quibus divina revclatio illuxit, concul- 
 cantes haec rudimcnta atque oft^ucias lenfuum, novimus non Iblum mcn- 
 tem fed & affeftus perpurgatos, nequc animam tantum fed ctiam corpus, 
 ad immortalitatem afllimptum iri fuo tempore. Sed enim meminerint homi- 
 nes, & nunc & alias ubi opus fuerit, me in probationibus dc dignitate fci- 
 entiae, inde ab initio fcjunxiflc teftimonia divina ab humanis •; quam metho- 
 dum conftantcr retinui, feparatim utr unique cxplicans. 
 
 Quam VIS vero haec ita fint, nequaquam tanien hoc mihi fume, neque 
 me confequi poflc confido, ut ulla caufac hujus pro doftrina perorationc 
 aut atlione judicia refciiidam ; vel AEfoprci galli, qui granum hordci gem- 
 mae praetulit ; vel Midac, qui cum arbiter fadus ellct inter ApoUinem 
 Mufarum, & Panem ovium praefidem, opulentiae palmam detulit ; vel Pa- 
 ridis, qui, fprcta fapientia ac potentia, primas voluptati & amori dedit j vei 
 Agrippinae cligentis, Occidat matrem rnodo imperet, impcrium Hcet cum 
 eonditione detcftanda praeoptantis ; vel UlyJJis, qui vetulam praetulit ini- 
 martalttati; typi certe eorum, qui confueta optimis praeponunt j plurima- 
 que ejufmodi judicia popularia : Haec enim antiquum obtinebunt : Verum 
 & illud etiam mancbit, cui innixa eil: femper dodrina tanquam firmiflimo 
 fundamento, quodque nunquam labcfactari poterit, Juftificata eft fapiett- 
 tia a filiis fuis. 
 
 FRAN-
 
 59 
 
 FRANCISCI 
 
 Baronis de V E R U L A M I O, 
 
 Vice-Comitis Sancti Alban. i^ 
 
 De Dignitate & Augnientis Scientiaru m, 
 
 LIBER SECUNDUS: 
 
 AD R E G E M S U U M. 
 
 CONSENTANEUM vidcri poillt, tamctfi noii raro fcciis evc- 
 niat, (rex optime) ut, qui Ibbolc numerofa audi lunt, quiquc 
 immortal itatem luam in poftcris ipforum quafi profpcdanr, prac 
 cactcris mortalibus fiat Iblliciti deftatu futurorum temporum , ut- 
 potc quibus, fatis inteliigunt, chariflima ilia Ilia tandem dcberc pignora tranf- 
 mitti. Elizabetha rcgina, propter vitam coclibem holpes potius in mun- 
 do, quam incola fait •■, Ilia quidem tempora ornavit & in multis beavit. Enim- 
 vcro tuac majcftati, (cui Deus pro bcnignirate fua dedit tot lufcipcrc libe- 
 ros, dignos ccrte qui tc pcrpetucnt, cujulquc actas vigcns & torus foccun- 
 dus, adiiuc plures pollicctur) ufqucquaquc convcnit, non modo tuum (quod 
 facis) facculum irradiare j verum etiam ad ilia curas tuas extendcrc, quae 
 memoria omnis alat, quaeque ipla intucatur aeternitas. Inter ca autem (ni- 
 fi ftudium meum erga literas me fallit) nil dignius eft aut nobilius quam fi 
 dotetur orbis terrarum augmentis Icicntiarum folidis & fruduofis. Quoulquc 
 enim tandem pauculos aliquos fcriptorcs ftatuemus nobis tanquam Columnas 
 Herculis, nc plus ultra in dodrinis progrcdiamur, cum habcamus majcftatem 
 tuam, inftar lucidi & benigni fideris, quod nos inter navigandum conducat 
 &: fortunct ? 
 
 Ut igitur ad rem redeamus : recolamus jam & nobifcum perpcndamus, 
 quid principcs viri aliiquc, hucufquc ad litcrarum amplificationem attulerint, 
 quid praetcrmilcrint ? Hoc autem preflc & diftinde excutiamus, lermonc 
 quodam adivo & mafculo, nufquam digrcdiendo, nil amplificando. Pona- 
 tur igitur illud, (quod quivis concedat) opera quaeque maxima & difficil- 
 lima, vcl praemiorum amplitudinc, vel confiliorum prudentia & lanitatc, 
 vci laborum conjundione luperari : Qiiorum primum conatum extimulat, 
 lecundum ambages & errores toUit, tertium raortalium fragilitati fuccurrit. 
 At inter haec tria merito primas tenet, Confilii prudential fan'it as -, hoc 
 eft, monftratio & delineatio viae redac & proclivis, ad. rem quae proponi- 
 tur, peragendam. Clandiis enim (quod dici Iblet) in via, antevertit cur- 
 forem extra viam : Et Solomon perappoiitc ad hanc rem : Ferriim Ji 
 retufitm fnerit, viribus ntendnm niajoribus : quod vero fuper omnia 
 Vol. I. Hz praevalet.
 
 6o DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.II. 
 
 praevalet, eft fapientia. QLiibus verbis innuir, mcdii prudentem clcdioneriT- 
 elficacius conduccrc ad rem, quam viiiuin aut intentionem aut accumulatr- 
 oncm. Hacc ut dicam illud impcUit, quod (falvo Temper eorum honorc,- 
 qui dc Uteris quomodocunque mcruerunr) perlpicio atque animadverto, o- 
 pera eorum atque atla pleraque, ad magnificentiam potius & nominis fur 
 memoriam, quam ad icientiarum iplarum profeclum & augmcnta fpcdafle : 
 & literatorum potius numcrum auxifle, quam artrbus ipfis multum incre- 
 menti attuliiVe. 
 
 Act IDS ES autcm & opera, quae ad litcras amplificandas pertinent, cir- 
 ca tria verlantur objeda: Circa literarum ledesi circa libros; & circa pcr- 
 Ibnas erudttorum. Qiicmadmodum cnim aqua, five ex coelefti rore dcfccu- 
 dens, five exfontibus Icaturiens, facile difperditur &difpergitur, nifi coliigatar 
 in aliqua receptacula, ubi per unionem & congrcgationcm fe fuftentare & fo- 
 vcre poillt, (quern in finem cxcogitavit folertiahumana aquaeduftus,cifternas, 
 fta2;na, eaque etiam variis ornamcntis coiidecoravit, quae magnificcntiae & 
 dignitati, non minus quam ufui & ncccflltati defcrviant) fimiiitcr liquor ifte 
 fcientiae pretioiillimus, fn'e a divina infpiratione deftillet, five e fenfibus 
 exiliat, mox pcriret omnis atque evanefcerct, nifi confcrvaretur in libris, 
 traditionibus, coUoquiis, ac praecipue in locis certis his rebus dcftinatis, 
 quales funt academiae, collegia, fcholac, ubi & permanentes habeat fcdes 
 <Sc crefccndi infuper & fe congregandi copiam & facultatem. 
 
 Ac primo, opera, quae ad mularum fedcs fpectant, quatuor numcran- 
 tur : AEdificiorum llrudura; provcntuum dotatio ; privilegiorum concef- 
 fio 5 difciplinae lex & inftitutio ; quae omnia ad fccefllim & otium (ut pluri- 
 mum) conferunt & advacationem a cutis & molelliis : qualia funt quae ad al- 
 vearia conftituenda, in ufum mellis, rcquirit Virgiiius 5 
 
 'Prhicipio fedes apihns ftatioqne petenda, 
 ^0 neqne fit njentis aditus, &c. 
 
 At opera circa libros duo funt praecipua. Primum bibliothecac, in qui- 
 bus tanquani maufoleis, prifcorum fanftorum reliquiae, virtutis plenac, con- 
 ditae funt. Secundo, novae cditiones audorum, emcndatioribus imprcllio- 
 nibus, fidelioribus vcrfionibus, ultilioribus commentariis, annotationibus 
 magis diligentibus, & hujufmodi famulitio, inftruftae & ornatae. 
 
 PoRRO opera, quae literatorum hominum perfonas refpiciunt, (praetcr- 
 quam quod ipfi ornandi fint & promovendi) funt etiam duo : Remuneratio' 
 & defignatio Icdorum, in artibus jamdudum inventis & cognitis ; & re- 
 muneratio ac defignatio fcriptorum, circa cas dodrinae partes, quae non fa- 
 tis liacl:cnus excultae aut elaboratae funt. 
 
 Ha EC liimmatim opera funt & ada, in quibus inclytorum principum, 
 aliorumquc illuftrium virorum promerita, erga rem literariam claruerunt. 
 De particulari alicujus commemoratione, qui de Uteris bene meruit, cogi- 
 tanti, occurrit illud Ciceronis, quod eum, poft reditum fuum, ad gratias 
 promifcue agendas impulit ; difficile non aliquem ingratum quenquam 
 praeterire. Potius, (ex fcripturarum confilio) fpatium intueamur, quod 
 adhuc reftat in ftadio decurrendum ; quam oculos refledamus ad ea, quae 
 a tergo jampridem reliquimus. 
 
 Primum igitur, inter tot totius Europae collegia, praeclarillime fundata, 
 omnia ilia certis profeflionibus deftinata cfle demiror, nulla liberis atque 
 univcrfalibus artium & fcicntiarum ftudiis dcdicata. Nam fi quis judicet 
 
 dodrinam'
 
 Lib.n. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. tt 
 
 doctrinam omncm refcrcndam effe ad ufum & aclioacm, rede fapit : Vc- 
 runtamcn facile eft, ifto modo prolabi in errorcm ilium, quern fabula 
 perantiqua perftringit 5 in qua caetera corporis membra litem ventriculo 
 intcndcrunt, quod ncque motum praebefet, ut artus, neque fenfum ut 
 caput : quamvis intcrca alimcntum coftum arque confcdum ventriculus 
 ilk in reliquum corpus divideret : plane codcm modo, qui in philolo- 
 phia ac contemplationibus univerfalibus pofitum omne ftudium, inane 
 atque ignavum arbitrarur, non animadvertit, fingulis profeflionibus & 
 artibus, exinde fuccum & robur Ilippcditari. Atque ccrte pcrfualum ha- 
 beo, hanc ipfam haud minimam caulam fuilTe, cur felicior doftrinne pro- 
 grelius huculque rctardatus fit 5 quod opera hilcc fundamcntalibus fcientiis 
 iiavata iit tantum in tranfitu, ncque hauftus pleniores inde epoti. Nam (t 
 arborem foiito frudluofiorcm fieri cupias, de ramis medicandis fruftra cogi- 
 taveris ; terra ipla circa radicem fubigenda & glcba laetior admovendaj 
 aut nihil egeris. Neque rurfus fdentio praetcrmittcndum eft, hanc collegio- 
 runi & focietatum, in uftim tantummodo dodrinae profeflbriae, dedicati- 
 oncm, non ft^lum Icientiarum incrcmentis inimicam ftiific, led ctiam in 
 rcgnorum & rerumpublicarum detrimentum ceftiflc. Hinc cnim fieri Iblet 
 ut prineipes deledum habituri miniftrorum, qui rebus civilibus traclan- 
 dis fint idonei ; ejulmodi hominum miram folitudincm circa fe rcpcriant; 
 propterca quod non habcatur educatio aliqua coUegiata, in hos uilis de- 
 Itinata, ubi fcilicct homines a natura ad hoc fadi & comparati, (praeter 
 artcs alias) hiftoriae, linguis niodernis, libris & tradatibus politicis, prae- 
 cipuc incumbant ; ut inde ad civilia munera magis habilcs 6c inftrudi ac- 
 cedant. 
 
 QuoNiAM vero fundatorcs coUegiorum plantant, praeledionum vcro 
 rigant, fequitur jam ordinc, ut dicam quid in publicis ledionibus defiderc- 
 tur: nimirum, improbo vel maxime tenuitatem ftipendiorum, praelcdori- 
 bus five artium five profefllonum, (praefertim apud nos) aflignatam. In- 
 tereft enim inprimis progreflias in fcientiis, ut Icdores in unoquoque gene- 
 re ex optimis inftrudiflimifque cligantur: utpote quorum opera, non in 
 ufum tranfitorium, fed ad fufficiendam Ibbolcm fcientiac in faecula adhi- 
 beatur. Id fieri nequit, nifi praemia & conditiones tales conftituantur, 
 quibus eminentiflimus quifque in ea arte plane contentus eftc poftlt j ut 
 illi demum grave non fit, in codem muncre immori, ncque pradicam co- 
 gitet. Qiiocirca fcientiae ut floreant, militaris lex fcrvanda Davidis; ut 
 aequa ejjet pars defcendentis ad proelium, ^ manentis adfarcinas : Sar- 
 cinis male aliter profpedum erit. Sic Icdores in fcientiis funt tanquam 
 confervatores & cuftodes totius literarii apparatus, unde praxis & militia 
 deinceps fcientiarum inftruatur : proinde aequum eft, ut merces ipforum 
 lucra pradicorum exaequare poftit. Aliter fi patribus fcientiarum praemia 
 non conftituantur fatis ampla & luculenta, eveniet illud ; 
 
 Et patrtim invalidi referent jejunia nati. 
 
 Defectum nunc notabo alium, in quo alchymifta quifpiam in auxiliuni 
 advocandus foret ; cum id genus hominum ftudiofis authores fint, ut libros 
 vendanr, fornaces extruant, Minervam ac mufas (tanquam virgines fteriles) 
 dcferant, ac Vulcano fe applicent. Fatcndum eft cnimvero, tarn ad pene- 
 tralia contemplationis quam ad operativae frudum, in nonnuUis fcientiis, 
 (praefertim uaturali philofophia & medicina) haud unica fubfidia c libris 
 pctenda efle, Qiia in re neutiquam omnino ccflavit munificcntia hominum ; 
 
 quippc
 
 6a DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.II. 
 
 quippc vidcmus, non libros magis, quam fphacras, globos, ailrolabia, 
 mappas & alia fimiiia, ut admlnicula quacdam attronomiac & colmogra- 
 phiae, comparari & ftudio praebcri. Vidcmus etiam, loca nonnuUa, medi- 
 cinae ftudio dicata, hortos liabcrc pro fimplicium cujufquc generis inlpcdio- 
 nc & notitia; ncc ufu mortuoram corporum ad obfcrvationcs anatomicas 
 dcftitiii. Cactcrum hacc ad pauca fpcdant. In gcnerc pro ccrto habcatur, 
 magnos, in rebus naturae abditis erucndis &c referandis, progrcfliis vix fieri 
 polle, nifi ad expcrimcnta, five Vulcani five Daedali, (fornacis Icilicet, aut 
 machinae, vel cujulcunque altcrius generis,) fumptus abunde fuppedircntur. 
 Ideoque ficut principum lecretariis & emiflariis conceditur cxhibcre rationcs 
 cxpenfarum pro diligentiis fuis, in explorando & eruendo res no\as & arcana 
 civilia; fimilitcr & exploratoribus ac fpcculatoribus naturae fatistacicndum 
 de cxpenfis lliis; alias de quamplurimis Icitu dignillimis nunquam iiemus 
 certiorcs. Si enim Alexander magnam vim pecuniae llippcditavit Arillotcli, 
 qua conduceret vcnatores, aucupcs, pilcatores & alios, quo inftructior 
 accederct ad conlciibcndani hiftoriani animalium, certe majus quiddam 
 debetur iis, qui non in laltibus naturae pcrerrant, fed in labyrinthis artiuni 
 viam fibi aperiunt. 
 
 Defectus ctiamnum alius nobis obfervandus, (magni certe momenti;) 
 negledus quidam eft, in academiarum rcdoribus, conftiltationis ; in re- 
 gibus five ftiperioribus, vifitationis, in hunc fincm, ut diligcntcr confidere- 
 tur & pcrpcndatur, utrum praeleftiones, difputationes, aliaque exercitia 
 Icholaftica, antiquitus inflituta & ad noftra ufquc tempora ufitata, conti- 
 nuare fuerit ex ufti, vel potius antiquarc, aliaque meliora ftibl1:ituere. Et- 
 cnim inter majeftatis tuae canoncs prudcntiflimos, ilium rcperio ; Inornni 
 •vel confnetudine, vel exemplo, tempora fpe£tanda fnnt, qtiando primum 
 res coepta : in qtiibns (i vel confiifio rcgnaverit vel infcitia, derogat 
 illiid hnprimis anthoritati renim, atque omnia reddit ptfpe^a. Qiiam- 
 obrem, quandoquidem academiarum inftituta plerunquc originem trax- 
 erint a temporibus, hifcc noftris baud paulo obfcurioribus «Sc indodioribus > 
 CO magis convcnit, ut cxamini denuo llibjiciantur, Excmplum in hoc ge- 
 nere, unum aut alterum proponam 5 in rebus quae maximc obviae videntur 
 & familiares. Pro more rcccptum eft, (licet, uti mihi videtur, perpcram) 
 ut literarum ftudiofi logicam, & rhetoricam, pracpropcre nimis addifcant > 
 artes fane provcclioribus magis convenientes, quam pueris & tironibus. 
 Etenim hae duae, fi vcre res pcrpcadatur, funt ex artibus graviflimis; cum 
 fint artes artium, altera ad judicium altera ad ornatum. Qiiinetiam rc- 
 gulam & normam continent, res & materiam fubjedam vel dilponendi vel 
 illuftrandi. Ideoque id agcrc, ut mcntes rcrum ignarae & rudes, (quac- 
 que nondum id collegerunt, quod a Cicerone fylva vel fupellex appclla- 
 tur, id eft, materiem & copiam rerum,) initium ab iftis fcientiis fumant; 
 (ac ft quis difccre vellet ponderarc, vel metiri, vel ornare ventum :) haud 
 aliud profeclo parit, quam ut harum artium virtus & facultas (quae pcrmag- 
 nac funt & latillime diffufae;) fere contemptae jaceant, atque vel in puerilia 
 fophilinata atfedationefque ridiculas degeneraverint, vel laltcni exiftimatione 
 fua haud parum mulftatae flnt. Qiiinetiam praematura & intcmpeftiva ad 
 has artes accellio dilutam carum atque jejunam traditionem ac tracl:ationcm 
 neceflario fecum traxit, qualis nimirum captui pucrorum adaptetur. Alte- 
 rum excmplum (quod adducam) erroris, qui in acadcmiis jam diu invetc- 
 ravit, cjufmodi eft; quod fcilicet inventionis atque memoriae, in cxercitiis 
 fcholafticis, fieri folet nimio plus noxium divortium : Illic fiquidem oratio- 
 ncs pleraequc, aut omnino praemeditatac funt, adco ut conceptis verbis 
 
 proferantur
 
 Lib.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 63 
 
 profcrantur & invcntioni nihil rclinquntur ; aut plane cxtcmporariae, ut 
 pcrparum rcliiiquatur memoriae : (cum in vita commiini & praxi, rarus fit 
 altcrutrius iftouum ufus leorfim, fed potius mixtura ipforum ; id cf}, nora- 
 lum five commentariorum, atquc diflionis llibitac) ita ut hoc padto cx- 
 crcitia ad praxim haud fint accommodata, ncc imago rcfpondcat vitac. 
 Illud autem in cxercitiis pcrpetuo tenendum eft ; ut omnia (quam fieri 
 porcft) maximc repraefcntcnt ca, quae in vita agi folcnt : alioqui motus 
 & facultates mentis pcrvertent non pracparabunt. Hujus autem rei Veri- 
 tas non obfcure cernitur, cum academici ad praxim fuarum profcflionum, 
 vcl aha civiiis vitae munia fe accingant : quod cum faciunt, hunc, dc 
 quo loquimur, defectum, ipfi in fe cito deprehcndunt, fed citius ctiamnum 
 aUi. Caeterum hanc partem, de inflitutorum academicorum emendatione, 
 claufula ilia (ex Caefaris quadam ad Oppium & Balbum cpiftola dcfumpta) 
 concludam : Hoc qiiemadmodnm fieri pojjit, nonnnlla, mihi in mentem 
 'veniiint, & mult a reperiri pojfimt : dj iis rebus rogo vos, lit cogitationem 
 fiifcipiatis. 
 
 Alter dcfedus, quern obfervo, altius pauIo quam praccedens afccndit. 
 Qiicmadmodum enim dodrinarum progreilio, haud parum in prudcnti re- 
 gimine & inftitutione acadcmiarum fingularum confiftit ; ita ma<-z:nus ad 
 hoc cumulus accedere poflit, fi academiac univerfae, per totam Europam 
 fparfac, artliorem conjuncliioncm & neccflitudinem contrahcrent. Sunt 
 cnim, uti videmus, multi ordines & fodalitia, quae licet regnis & fpatiis 
 longinquis disjunfta fint, tamen focietatcm & tanquam fraternitatem inter 
 fe incunt & colunt; adeo ut habcant praefeftos (alios provincialcs, alios 
 generales,) quibus omncs parent. Et certc, quemadmodum natura creat 
 fraternitatem in familiis, artcs mcchanicae contrahunt fraternitatcm in fo- 
 dalitiis ; undio divina fuperinducit fraternitatem in regibus & cpifcopis; vota 
 & regulae conciliant fraternitatem in ordinibus : codem modo fieri non 
 poteft, quin intercedat fraternitas illuftris & gcnerofa, inter homines, per 
 dodlrinas & illuminationcs, quandoquidem Deus ipfe Pater luminum 
 nuncupctur. 
 
 PosTREMo illud queror (dc quo fupcrius nonnihil pracmifi) quod vcl 
 nunquam, vel rare admodum, publica aliqua extiterit defignatio virorum i- 
 doneorum, qui vel fcriberent vel inquifitionem inftituercnt, de illis fcien- 
 tiarum partibus, in quibus fatis adhuc non fucrit elaboratum. Cui rei illud 
 infcrviet quam maximc, fi tanquam luflrum condatur dodlrinarum ; & ccn- 
 fus excipiatur, quae ex illis locupletes fint & majorem in modum audae, 
 quae autem inopcs & dcftitutae. Opinio cnim copiae, inter caufas inopiac 
 eft ; atque multitudo librorum luxuriae potius quam penuriae indicium 
 quoddam prae fe fert. (!;)iiae tamen rcdundantia i^x quis rede judicet) ncu- 
 tiquam dclendis antehac Icriptis libris, fed novis melioribus edendis tolli 
 debet, qui ejus generis fint, ut, x.z\\Q^dX^\ ferpens Mojis, ftrpentes magorum 
 devorent. 
 
 HoRUM, quos enumcravimus, omnium dcfcduum rcmedia, praetcr 
 illius poftremi, quin etiam ejufdem poftrcmi, quoad partem ejus adivam, 
 quae fpedat ad defignationcm fcribentium, opera funt vcre bafilica : Erga 
 quae, privati alicujus conatus & induftria, fere fie fe habcat ut Mercurius 
 in bivio : qui digitum poteft in viam intendcre, pedcm infcrrc non poteft. 
 At fpcculativa ilia pars, quae ad cxamcn dodrinarum (quid nimirum in lin- 
 gulis dcfiderctur) pertinet, etiam induftriae hominis privati patet. Mihi 
 igituf in animo eft;, pcrambuJationem dodrinarum & luftrationcm gcneralena 
 
 «5c
 
 64 DE AUGMENTIS SC I E iN T I A R U M. Ub.IL 
 
 & fidcleni aa;2;redi, praecipuc cimi mquifitionc fcdula & accurata, quacnani 
 earum nartcS ncglcdac incuitacquc jaccant, hominum hidullria nondum 
 lubadac & ad utum convcrlbc 5 uc hujulmodi delincatio & rcgilirario, & 
 publicis dciTiinationibus & privatorum ipontancis laboribus faccm accendat. 
 In quo nihilominus confilium eft, hoc tempore omiili ones danraxat -5c dcfx- 
 dcrata notare ; non autcm crrorcs & infeliciratcs rcdargucre : Aiiud enim dl 
 i-nculta loea indicarc, aliud culturac modum corrigsrc. 
 
 QuajM quidcm ad rem, cum me comparo & accingor; non fom ncfcius, 
 quantum opus moveam, quamquc difficilcm provinciam luftincam 5 ctiam 
 quam fint \-ircs minime voluntati pares : attamcn magnam in (pcm vcnio, fT 
 ardentior mens erga litcras amor mc longius provexerit, ufurum mc cxcu- 
 latione aftedus ,- quia non fimul cuiquam conceditur, amare (^ fapere. 
 Nefcius cquidem non lum, candcm judicii libcrtatem aliis rciinqucndam, 
 quam iplc ulurpavcrim. Equidcm libenter acquc acccperim ab aliis, ac 
 impertivcrim, humanitatis illud officium : Norn qui errmiti comiter monjhat 
 'Viam-, &c. Profpicio etiam animo, complura ex illis, quae tanquam omifla & dc- 
 ilderata in rcgillrum hoc noftrum rcfcrrc vilum fuerir, in divcrlas ccniuras 
 incurlura : alia fcilicct quod Imt dudum pcrada & jam extent : alia quod 
 curiofitatcm lapiant & fruclum prom/ttant percxilcm : alia quod uimis ardua 
 exiftant & fere impoflibilia quae ab hominibus ablblvantur. Ad priora duo 
 quod attiner, res ipfae pro Ic caulam agent 5 circa poftremum de impoffibi- 
 lirate ita ftatuo : ca omnia pollibilia & pracftabilia cenlcnda, quae ab ali- 
 quibus perfici poflint, licet non a quibulvis; & quae a multis conjundim, 
 licet non ab uno,- & quae in fuccellione faeculoram, licet non codem acvo j 
 & deniquc quae publica cura & lumptu, licet non opibus & induftria ftn- 
 gulorum. Si quis tamen lit, qui malit Solomonis illud ulurparc : 'Dicit piger, 
 leo eft in via ; quam illud Virgilii : Tojfunt^ quia pojfe videntur : Satis 
 mihi erit, fi laborcs mei, inter vota tantum five optata melioris notae habc- 
 antur. Sicut enim hand omnino rei imperitum efle oportet, qui quaeilio- 
 nem appofitc inlHtuat 5 ita ncc Icnfus inops videatur, qui haudquaquam 
 abfurda optavcrit. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 '^artitio imiverfalis docirinae humanae in bijioriant, po'ejim, philofo- 
 phiam, fccnndum tres intelle^us facnltates, memoriam, phantajiam, 
 rationem; quodque eadempartitio competat etiam theologicis. 
 
 PARTITIO doctrmae humanae ca eft: verifHma, quae fumitur ex tri- 
 plici facultate animae rationalis, quae dodrinac fcdes eft : Hiftoria 
 ad memoriam rcfertur, poiffis ad phantaliam, philolbphia ad rationem. 
 Per poefim autcm, hoc loco intelligimus non aliud, quam hiltoriam confidam, 
 iivc fabulas. Carmen enim ftyli quidam character eft, atquc ad artificia 
 orationis pcrtinct; de quo luo loco. 
 
 HisTORiA proprie individuorum eft, quae circumfcribuntur loco & 
 tempore. Etfi enim hiftoriaiiaturalis circa Ipecics verlari videatur; tamen 
 hoc fit ob proniiicuam rcrum naturalium, (in plurimis) Tub una fpecie, 
 fimilitudinem ; ut il unam noris, omnes noris. Sicubi autcm individua re- 
 pcriaiitur, quae aut unica lunt in iua fpccic, vcluti Ibl 6c luna ; aut a 
 
 fpecie
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 65 
 
 ipccic infigniter dcflcclunt, ut monftra ; non minus reclc conftituitur narratio 
 de illis in iiifloria naturali, quam dc hominibus /inguiaribus in hiftoria civili*. 
 Hacc autem omnia ad mcmoriam fpcctant. 
 
 PoEsis, CO fenfu quo didlum eft, ctiam individuorum eft; conficlorum 
 ad funilitudincm illorum, quae in liiftoria vera memorantur : ita tamcn ut 
 modum facpius exccdat, &, quae in rerum natura nunquam convcntura aut 
 evcntura fuiilcnt, ad libitum componat & introducatj quemadmodum facit 
 &i pidoria. Qtiod quidcm pliantafiac opus eft. 
 
 Philosoph I A individua dimittit ; nequc impreflioncs primas individuo- 
 rum, fed notiones ab illis abftractas compleclitur i atque in iis componendis 
 & dividcndis, ex lege naturae Sc rerum ipfarum cvidcntia, vcrlatur. At- 
 que hoc prorfus officium eft atque opificium rationis, 
 
 Haec autem ita fc habere, ft quis intelledualium origines pctat, facile 
 cernet. Individua fola fenfum percellunt, qui inteiledus janua eft. Indi- 
 viduorum eorum imagines five impreiliones a feiilii exccptae, figuntur in 
 mcmoria, atque abeunt in earn, a principio tanquam intcgrae, codcm quo 
 occurrunt modo : Eas poftea recolir, & ruminat anima humana ; quas dein- 
 ceps aut fimpliciter reccnfet } aut lufu quodam imitatur ; aut componendo 
 & dividendo digerit. Itaque liquido conftat, ex tribus his fontibus, memoriae, 
 pliantafiac & rationis, efle tres illas emanationcs, hiftoriae, poefcos, & philo- 
 ibphiae ; ncc alias aut plures efle pofle. Etcnim hiftoriam & experientiam 
 pro eadem re habemus -, quemadmodum etiam philofophiam & fcicntias. 
 
 Neque alia cenfemus ad theologica partitione opus efle. Diftcrunt ccrte 
 informationcs oraculi & fcnfus, & re & modo inftnuandi : fed fpiritus hu- 
 manus unus eft, ejufque arculae & celiac eacdem. Fit itaque, ac ft divcrfi 
 liquorcs, atque per divcria infundibula, in unum atque idem vas recipian- 
 tur. Qiiarc & theologia, aut ex hiftoria facra conftat 5 aut ex parabolis, 
 quae inftar divinae poefcos funt ; aut ex praeceptis & dogmatibus, tanquam 
 perenni quadam philofophia. Qiiod enim ad cam partem pertinet, quae 
 redundarc videtur, prophetiam videlicet, ea hiftoriae genus eft : quandoqui- 
 dem hiftoria divina, ca poUcat fupra humanam praerogativa, ut narratio fa- 
 ctum pracccdcrc non minus quam fequi pofllti 
 
 CAP. 11. 
 
 'Partitio hiftoriae in naturalem ^ civilem, ecclejlaftica & literaria fub 
 civili comprehenfa. ^Partitio hiftoriae naturalis in hiftoria?» genera- 
 tionnm, praeter-generat iontim, c^ artium. 
 
 HISTOR.IA aut naturalis eft, aut civilis : in naturali, naturae res gc- 
 ftae & facinora memorantur ; in civili, liominum. Eluccnt procuU 
 dubio divina in utrifque, fed magis in civilibus, ut etiam propriam hifto- 
 riae fpcciem conftituant, quam facram aut ecclcfiafticam appellate confue- 
 vimus. Nobis vcro etiam ea videtur litcrarum & artium dignitas, ut iis 
 hiftoria propria fcorfum attribui debcat ; quam fub hiftoria civili (quemad- 
 modum (Sc ecclcfiafticam) comprchendi intelligimus. 
 
 Part IT ION EM hiftoriae naturalis moliemur ex ftatu & conditione ipfius 
 naturae, quae in triplici ftatu pofita invenitur, & tanquam regimen trinuni 
 fubit. Aut cnim libera eft natura, & curfu confueto fe explicans, ut in coc- 
 
 VoL. I. \ lis
 
 66 DB, Al^GMENTIS SCIENTI ARUM- Lib.ll. 
 
 lis, aiiJmalibus^ plantis & univcrfo irantr ac apparatu 9 s.vst a pravitatibas & 
 intokntiis onatcriac contumads, &: ab im'^Kxiimcntorimi violenm, de fta- 
 lu fxio dctrudkur, ut in monftris; aut dcutquc ab -arte &: opera humana 
 conftrinj^kur & fingrtur, Sc t33\qnara novatur, ut in anrLkdalibas. Sk ita- 
 que parritjohiltoriac oaturalis in faiftoriam geiici-ationum j praeter-gcncntio- 
 iiuni, & artium; quam pofircxiTam, cttam mechaakani i3c cxperkncntalera 
 appeliarc coiifueiinjas. Harrnn priiiu libcrtatcm naciarjie tradat : fccunda 
 crrorcs; teriia viocula. Libcntcarautcmhifloiiannai-tinm, rat hiiloriae nam- 
 ralis i^xidejnfs, caniHiuimus : qaia. jm^cravk piorliis (oyiiniio, ac fi aliad 
 quippi^iu cflit ars a aanirap artifidaiia a ciaj:«a:alibvis ; umdc illtid maltun, 
 quod plcriquc hilloiiac siamraiis fciipiorcs, perfonctcts tfc pcrtciit, ft hifio- 
 liaia ammalijim, aiit pIaEta.xn3a\ attt ssaincTaliucK CGnfoceiiimr, omiffis artiam 
 iTVcdaaidcasom csperirnoids. Scd &: iliaibkur ctuii^ aKimais. toiminam aliud 
 jfiifettDus iEoafanj ? ncmpc, u}: ai^ «xofeatur folummodo ruaqpajm addkamen- 
 tam qvusd-dkm aamrsCj ciijuj feilacot ca fo vjs, uz mararam (fane) vdl iracho- 
 axani peificcrCp ^^cl in dctaius ^iw^r^catco-i caicnidarc, \<:l impcdkann libcrare; 
 Bainiaic vcio pcnims votcrc, tranfiiintarc, aut iu iTniScooofliere pofiit: Qpod 
 ipfum Tchm huinanis pracfirqx;ra3U dcipcrationem inralit. At contra, illad 
 ajjiijiis Jicmainxini pcairus iiifidcre dcbucrat ^ srtiiicialaa a matraraiibas, non 
 tormz. autefijaitiaj fed dSd cnrc foiurniiiodo diircn-c^ homini qoippcin na- 
 turaui, iiuUius rci poteftatcm cflc, practcrqium iiiotu-s, mt lalket ciKporz 
 iiaturalii am admoveat aut amoveat. Ubi igitur datur admotio corpcmim 
 iiatuialiiim, aut rcmcxio, conimigcndo (ut \'Odnt) acliva piffivis, (Kuiiia po- 
 icii homoi ubi jiondatuTj niliil; ncquc intcrcft, fi res ponajntur in ordiae 
 ad aliqucm cffechim. utrum hoc fiat per homincm, A'el ablqiae homiac. Au- 
 rum aljquando cxcoquitur ignc, aliqiiando ia arenulis puniim invcnitur, mi- 
 niftrantc fibi ipfi uatura; iris iimilitcr fit ex niibe rolcida in iublioaij fit 
 criam per afpcrdoucm aquae, hie apud nos. Itaquc namra omiua resit : fub- 
 ordiuantur autcm ilia tria; cuiTus naturae 5 cxpatiatio namrae; & ais, five 
 additus rebus homo : Idcoque in hiftoria naturali, tria iila comprchcndi par 
 eft ; quod etiam C. Plmius magna ex parte fecit ; qui hiiloriam natiiralem 
 folus pro dignitatc complexus cit ; fed complcxam, minimc ut decuit, imo 
 potius indignis modis tradavit. /, 
 
 Harum prima habctur mediocriter cxailta: fequentes duac ita tcnui- 
 ter & inutiliter tradantur, ut in dcflderatorum clafle repomendae lint. Nc- 
 quc enim reperias latis inftruftam & loeupletem colledionem opcmm na- 
 turae corum, quae a curlu ordinario gencrationum, produdionuni, & mo- 
 tuum abcrrarunt & dcflcxerunt : five fuit ilia foetus certarum rcgionum aut 
 locorum fmgularcs 5 five temporum cvcntus infoliti : five cafuum (ut ait iilc) 
 ingcnia : five proprietarum abditarumeffedus: five monadica naturae in fua 
 I'pccie. Non negavcrim, inveniri libros nimio plurcs, fabulofis experimcntisy 
 commcntitiis fccretis & frivolis impofturis, ad voluptatem & novitatem, rc- 
 fcrtos 5 caeterum narrationem gravem & feveram de hctcroclitis & mirabi- 
 libus naturae, diligenter examinatam ac fideliter defcriptam, non, inquam 
 invcnio : pracfertim cum debita rcjeftionc, & publica tanquam profcriptionc 
 mcndaciorum & fabularum, quae invalucrunt. Nam ut res fe nunc habet, 
 fi forte mendacia aliqua circa res naturales obtinuerint & cclcbrata fint 
 (five quod tantum poflit reverentia antiquitatis, five quod ilia dcnuo examini, 
 iiibjicere fit moleftum, five quod mirifica fcilicet ornamenta putantur orationis, 
 propter fimilitudincs & comparationes) nunquam poftea exterminantur aut 
 retraftantur. 
 
 Finis
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 67 
 
 Finis hujufinodi operis, quod excmplo fuo dccoravit Ariftotclcs, nil 
 minus eft, quam ut curiofis & inanibus ingcniis gratiiicetur, ficut taciunc 
 mirabilarii & prodigiaftri : verum duas ob caulas, utraiuquc IciiaLn & gra- 
 vcm; unam, ut axiomatum corrigatur iniquitasj quae plci-unquc. in exem- 
 plis tritis & vulgaris fundamcntum habcnt i alteram, quod a niiraculis na- 
 turae ad miracula artis cxpcdirus iit tranfitus & pervius. Nequc cnim 
 huic rei plus ineft negotii, practerquam ut naturae vclligia pcrlcquaris laga- 
 citer, cum ipfa iponte abcrret; ut hoc pado poftca cum tibi libuerit, earn 
 eodem loci deduccrc & compel 1 ere poills. Neque vcro pracccperim, ut ex 
 hiftoria ifta mirabilium, rupcrditiolae narrationcs, de malcliciis, farcinationi- 
 bus, mcantarionibus, Ibmniis, divinationibus & limilibus, prorfus excludan- 
 tur, ubi de tado & re gcfta liquido confter. Nondum enim innotuir, 
 quibus in rebus & quoufque, eflfedus luperftitioni attributi ex caufis na- 
 turalibus participent. Ideoque licet hujulinodi artiuni ulLan & praxim 
 merito damnandum cenfeamus, tamen a fpeculatione & confideratione ipla- 
 rum, (fi ftrenue cxcutiantur) notitiam haud inutilcra conlequemur, noii 
 folum ad delida in hoc genere reorum rite dijudicanda; fed ctiam ad na-. 
 turae fecreta ulterius rimanda. Neque certc hae/itandum de ingreflU ik. ■ 
 penetrationc intra hujufmodi antra & receflus, fi quis fibi unicam veritatis in- 
 quifitionem proponat; quod & majeftas tua exemplo proprio confirmavir. 
 Tu enim, duobus iilis clarillimis «Sc acutillimis religionis ac naturalis phiiolb- 
 phiae oculis, tales umbras prudcnter ac perlpicacitcr pcrluftraftij ut tc Ibli 
 fimillimum probaveris, qui poUuta loca ingreditur nee tamen inquinatur. 
 Caeterum illud monuerim, narrationes iftas cum rebus fupcrftitiofis conjun- 
 das, feorlum componi, neque cum puris & finceris naturulibus commilccri 
 oportere. Quod veto ad narrationes attinet, circa prodigia & miracula rc- 
 ligiOimm; ilia certc aut non utique vera funt, aut nulla ex parte naturalia, 
 ideoque ad hiftoriam naturalem non pertinent. 
 
 Quantum ad hiftoriam naturae llibadae & faditiac, quam mechanicam 
 appellate (blemus ; invenio fane colledioncs quafdam de agricultara, ctiam 
 de arribus compluribus mechanicis : led quod pcflimum eft in hoc genere, 
 femper neghguntur & rejiciuntur expcrimcnta, in artibus itagulis familiaria 
 & vulgata 5 quae tamen ad intcrpretationcm naturae acquc aut plus faci- 
 unt quam minus trita. Nam labes quaedam literis afpergi videatur, fi for- 
 te viri dodi fe fubmittant inquifitioni aut obfervationi rcrum niechanica- 
 rum, nifi fuerit earum, quae pro arcanis artig aut pro rebus admodum raris 
 aut fubtilibus reputentur : Quod tam inanis ac fuperciliofae arrogantiae vi- 
 tium, merito irrifit Plato, quando Hippiam fophiftam jadabundum inducit 
 c im Socrate difputantem, fi.ncero & folido veritatis invcftigatore : Qui, cum 
 de pulchritudine fermo inftitutus eflet, pro vago fiio & foluto difputandi 
 more, primum intulit exemplum virginis pulchrae, dein cquae puldirac, 
 poftremo oUae fidilis pulchrae & aftabre fadae : Hoc ultimo exemplo Hip- 
 pias commotus, dixit : Stomacharer certe, {riifi hiimanitatis ratio me eo 
 adigeret^) cum quoqttam d'lfpitare, qui exempla tam vilia & fordida al- 
 legaret. Cui Socrates, Te quidem it a decet, cum tam nitidis jis atnicius , 
 'ueftihus CT" pulchris calceis : & alia per ironiam. Enimvero, illud pro 
 certo alferi pofllt, grandia exempla haud optimam aut tutiillmam atferre in- 
 formationem. Id quod exprimitur non infulfe in pcrvulgata ilia fabula de 
 phiiofopho : qui cum ftellas fublatis oculis intucrctur, incidit in aquam : 
 Nam fi oculos demififlct, ftellas illico in aqua videre potuiflct ; verum fu- 
 fpiciens in coelum, aquam in ftellis videre non potuit. Eodem modo faepe 
 aociJit, ut ixs minutae & humilcs, plus confcrant ad notitiam grandiuni. 
 
 Vol. I. 1 2 quam
 
 68 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IL 
 
 quam grandcs ad notitiam minutarum. Bene flquidcm notavit Aiiftotclcs, 
 Cninfque ret natiiram in portionibiis ejus minimis optime cerni. Quam 
 ob caufam, rcipublicac naturam pcrfcriuatur primo in familia & in ilmpiicif- 
 ftmis combinationibus focictatis, (mariti fcilicct & u.xoiis, paixntum & li- 
 bcrorum, domini & fcrvi) quae in quolibct tuguriolo occurrunr. Simili 
 plane rationc natura hujufcc magnac civitatis, (univerfitatis nimirum rcrum) 
 ejulque difpcniatio, in prima quaque fymbolizatione & minimis rcrum por- 
 tionibus invcftiganda el^ : uti fieri videmuis, quod fccretum illud naturae 
 (habitum pro maximo) de vcrticitate ferri, tadlu magnctis exciti ad polos, Ic 
 conlpiciendum praebuit, non in vedibus ferrcis, fed in acubus. 
 
 Ego vcro fi quod fit mci pondus judicii, fie plane flatuo ; Hiftorice me- 
 chanicae ufum crga philofophiam naturakm, cflc maxime radicalcm & fun- 
 damentalem. Talcm intelligo philolbphiam naturalem, quae non abcat in 
 fumos Ipeculationum fubtilium aiit fi.iblimium ; led quae cfficaciter opere- 
 tur, ad lliblevanda vitae humanae incommoda. Neque cnini ad praefens 
 tantum juvabit, ncdendo & transferendo obfervationes unius artis in ufum 
 aliarum & inde novas commoditatcs eliciendo; quod neccfle ell fieri, cum 
 experimenta diverfarum artium in unius hominis oblervationem & confidc- 
 rationem venient ; fed porro ad caufas rerum indagandas & artium axiomata 
 dcducenda, lucidiorcm facem acccndet, quam hadenus unquam atFulfit. 
 Quemadmodum enim ingenium aiicujus haud bene noris, aut probaris, nifi 
 eum irritaveris; neque Proteus fe in varias rerum facics, vertere fblitus eft, 
 nifi manicis arde comprehenfias ; fimiliter etiam natura arte irritata & vcxata 
 fe clarius prodit, quam cum fibi libera permittitur. 
 
 Antequam veto hoc membrum hiftoriae naturalis, (quod mechanicum 
 atque expcrimentale vocamus) dimittamus, illud adjiciendum •■> corpus talis 
 hiftoriae, non foluni ex artibus ipfis mechanicis, verum & ex operativa parte 
 fcicntiarum liberalium, ac fimul ex pradicis compluribus, (quae in artem 
 non coaluerunt) confici debere, ut nihil utile praetermittatur, quod ad 
 informandum intelledum jurat. Atque haec eft hiftoriae naturalis partitio 
 prima. 
 
 CAP III. 
 
 'Partitio hijioriae naturalis fecitnda, ex ufu o" fine ftio, in narrativam ^ 
 tnduBivam: ^luodque finis nobiUffitnus hiftoriae naturalis fit, nt mi- 
 nifiret & in or dine fit ad condendam philofiophiam : §ltiem finem intti- 
 etur inducfiva. Partitio hifioriae gencrationnm in hiftoria?n coelefti- 
 um : hiftoriam meteor or um : hifiortam globi terrae S' maris : bifio- 
 riam majfarum five collegiorum majorum: ^ hifioriam fipecierum five 
 collegiorum minonim. 
 
 HISTORIA naturalis ut fubjcdo triplex (quemadmodum diximus) ita 
 ufu duplex eft : Adhibetur cnim, aut propter cognitionem rerum ip- 
 farum, quae hiftoriae mandantur ; aut tanquam materia prima philofophiac. 
 Atque prior ilia, quae aut narrationum jucunditate deledat, aut experimen- 
 torum ufu juvat, atque hujufmodi voluptatis aut frudus gratia quaefita eft, 
 longe inferioris notae cenfenda, prae ca quae indudionis verae & legitimac 
 fylva fit atque fupellex, & primam philofophiac mammani pracbeat. Rur- 
 
 fus
 
 Cap.lV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 69 
 
 fas itaque partiemur hiftoriam natui-alcm, in narrativani & indudivam : 
 Hanc antem poftcriorcm inter dcfiderata ponimus. Ncquc vcro acicm 
 mentis alicujus pcrftringant, aut magna antiquorum nomina, aut ma2;na 
 rccentium volumina. Satis enim fcimus, habcri hiftoriam naturalcm mole 
 ■amplam, varietate gratam, diligentia facpius curiofam. Attamen ii quis ex 
 ea fabulas & antiquitatcm & audorum citationes, Sc inancs controvcrlias, phi- 
 lologiam denique & ornamenta eximat, (quae ad convivalcs I'crmoncs ho- 
 minumquc doclorum nodes, potius quam ad inftitucndam philofophiam 
 iint accommodata,) ad nil magni res recidet. Longe autcm profedo abcft 
 ab ea hiftoria, quam animo metimur. Primo enim dcfiderantur duae illae 
 hiftoriae naturalis partes, (de quibus modo diximus) praeter gcncrationum 
 &artium, in quibus nosplurimum ponimus: Dcindc in tcrtia ilia (quae rc- 
 liqua eft) parte gcneraU, nimirum de generationibus, uni tantum ex quin- 
 que partibuscjus latisfacit. Siquidcm liiftoriac gcncrationum conftituuntur 
 partes fubordinatae quinque : Prima coelcftium quae phaenomena ipfa fin- 
 ccra compleditur atquc feparata a dogmatibus : Secunda mcteororum (annu- 
 merando etiam cometas) & rcgionum, quas vocant, aeris : Ncque enim de 
 comctis, mcteoris ignitis, ventis^, pluviis, tempcilatibus, & rcliquis invcni- 
 tur aUqua hifloria, quae uUius fit pretii. Tcrtia terrae & maris, (quateuus 
 funt univerfi partes integralcs) montium, fluminum, acftuum, arenarum, lyl- 
 varum, infularum, denique figurac ipfius continentium prout exporrigun- 
 tur; in his omnibus, potius naturalia inquirendo & oblcrvando, quamcolmo- 
 graphica. Qiiarto, de maHis materia communibus, quas collegia majora voca- 
 mus, (vulgo clementa dicuntur ;) ncque enim de igne, aere, aqua, terra, corum- 
 que naturis, motibus, operibus, impreffionibus, narrationes reperiuntur, quae 
 corpus aliquod hiftoriae juftum conftituant. Qiiinta & ultima, de collcdioni- 
 bus matcriac exquifitis, quae a nobis collegia minora, vulga fpccies appellantur. 
 In hac autcm poftrema Ibla induftria icriptorum cnituitj ita tamen ut potius 
 luxuriata fit in fupcrfluis, (iconibus animalium, aut plantarum & fimilibus in- 
 tumefcens) quam folidis & diligentibus obfervationibus ditata, quae ubique 
 in hiftoria naturali fubnedi debeant Atque ut verbo dicam, omnis, quam 
 habemus, naturalis hiftoria, tam iuquifitionc fua, quam congerie, nullo mo- 
 do in ordine ad cum quem diximus fincm (condendac leilicet philofophiac) 
 aptata eft. Quare hiftoriam indudivam dcfidcrari pronunciamus. Atquc de 
 naturali hiftoria hadenus. 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Tartitio hiftoriae civilis, in ecclefiafticam, liter ariam, & {quae generis 
 nomen retinet) civilem: qiiodqiie hiftoria liter aria deftderetur: Ejus 
 conficiendae praecepta. 
 
 HISTORIAM civilem in trcs fpccies rede dividi putamus: Primo fa- 
 cram, five ecclefiafticam : dcindc earn quae generis nomen retinet, civi- 
 lem: Poftremo literarum & artium. Ordicmur autcm ab ca fpecic, quam 
 poftremo pofuimus, quia reliquac duae habentur j illam autcm inter dcfi- 
 derata rcfcrrc vifum eft. Ea eft hiftoria literarum : Atque certc hiftoria 
 mundi fi hac parte fuerit dcftituta, non abfimilis cenferi polTit ftatuac Poly- 
 phemi, cruto oculo ■■, cum ea pars imaginis dcfit, quae ingenium & indolcm 
 
 pcrfo-
 
 N 
 
 -p P.^yAiy^G^'^ENTIS SCIENTIARUM. LiUH. 
 
 pcrfonae maximc rcferat. Hanc licet dcfidcrari ftatucimus, nos nihilomimis 
 minime fugit, in fcicntiis particularibus jurifconfultorum, mathcmaticoruni, 
 rhctornm, philofophorum, haberi levcm aliquam mcntionem, aut narratio- 
 nes quafdam jcjunas, de feclis, fcholis, libris, authoribus & rucccillonibus 
 huiufmodi fcientiarum: Inveniri ctiam dercrum & artium invcnroribus na- 
 datus aliquos exiles & infrucluofos ; attamcn juftam atquc univcrlalcm lirc- 
 rarum hiftoriam nullam adhuc editam aflcrimus. Ejus itaque & argumciwuiu 
 & colificiendi modum & ufum proponcmus. 
 
 ArguiMentum non aliud eft, quam ut ex omni mcmoria repetattn;, 
 quae doftrinac & artes, quibus mundi aetatibus & regionibus florucrint. ^^'^ 
 rum antiquitatcs, progrcfllis, ctiam peragrationes per divcrfas orbis partts-j 
 (migrant enim Icientiae, non fccus ac populi) rurlus dcclinationc, oblivio- 
 ncs, inftaurationes commcmorentur. Obfcrvctur fimul per fingulas arics 
 inventionis occafio & origo; tradcndi mos & difciplina ; colcndi & excrccn- 
 di ratio & inftituta. Adjiciantur etiam fcftae & controver/iae maximc cc- 
 lebres, quae homines dodos tenuerunt ; calumniac, quibus patuerunt; lau- 
 des & honores quibus decoratac lunt. Notentur authorcs praecipui, Jibii 
 praeftantiores, fcholae, fucccffiones, academiae, focictatcs, collegia, ordiuesj 
 denique omnia quae ad ftatum litcrarum fpeftant. Ante omnia etiam id agi 
 volumus (quod civilis hiftoriae decus eft & quafi anima) ut cum eventis cau- 
 fae copulcntur: videlicet ut memorentur naturae regionum ac populoruinj 
 indolelquc apta & habilis, aut inepta & inhabilis ad difciplinas divcrfas ; qc-' 
 cidentia temporum, quae fcicntiis adverfa fuerint aut propitia ; zeli & mix- 
 turae religionum ; malitiae & favores legum ; virtutes denique infigncs & 
 efficacia quorundam virorum, erga literas promovendas, & iimiiia. At luce 
 omnia ita traftari praecipimus, ut non criticorum more, in laude & ccnfura 
 tempus teratur; fed plane hiftoricc res ipfac iiarrcntur, judicium parcliis 
 interponatur. 
 
 DEmodo autem huiufmodi hiftoriae conficicndae, illud imprimis monc-,, 
 musj ut materia & copia ejus, non tantum ab hiftoriis & criticis petatur, 
 verum etiam ut per fingulas annorum centurias, aut etiam minora intervalla, 
 feriatim, (ab ultima antiquitate fado principio) libri praecipui, qui per ea tcm- 
 poris fpatia confcripti funt, in confilium adhibeantur j ut ex corum non pcr- 
 Icdione, (id enim infinitum quiddam ellct) fed deguftatione & obfervati- 
 one argumenti, ftyli, methodi, genius illius temporis literarius, veluti in- 
 cantatione quadam, a mortuis evocetur. 
 
 Quod ad ufum attinet, haec eo fpedant ; non ut honor literarum & pompa 
 per tot circumfufas imagines celebretur ; ncc quia pro flagrantifllmo, quo literas 
 profequimur, amore, omnia quae ad earum ftatum quoquo modo pertinent, uf- 
 que ad curiofitatem inquirere, & fcirc, & confervarc avemus ; fed praccipuc oI> 
 caufam magis feriam & gravam : Ea eft, (ut verbo dicamus) quoniam per ta- 
 1cm, qualem dcfcriplimus, narrationem, ad virorum dodorum, in doftrinac ufu 
 & adminiftratione, prudentiam & folertiam, maximam acccirionem fieri poflc 
 exiftimamus ; & rerum intelleftualium, non minus quam civiliuni motus & 
 pertarbationes, vitiaque & virtutes, notari poflc; & regimen indc optimum,*, 
 educi & inftitui. Ncque enim B. Auguftini, aut B. Ambrofii opera, ad pru- ' 
 dentiam cpifcopi, aut theologi, tantum facerc pofl^; putamus, quantum fi 
 ecclcfiaftica hifloria diligcnter infpiciatur & revolvatur : Quod & virisrdo- J' 
 £tis ex hiftoria literarum obventurum non dubitamus. Cafum enim omnina^*-' 
 rccipit & tcmeritati exponitur, quod cxcmplis 6c memoria rerum non ful- ' 
 citur. Atquc dc hiftoria litcraria liacc dida fmt. 
 
 C A P.
 
 Gap.V. DE AtFGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. yt 
 
 CAP. V/^ '^' 
 
 ^e dignitate e^ difficult ate hifiolriae civilis. 
 
 SEQUITUR hiftoria civilis fpccialis, cujus dignitas atque authoritas 
 inter fcripta humana eminct. Hujus cnim fidei, exempla majorum, 
 Ticiflltudines rcrum, fundamenta prudentiac civilis, hominum denique no- 
 men & fama, commifla funt. Ad dignitatem rci accedit difficultas non minor. 
 Etcnim animum in fcribcndo ad praeterita retraiiere, & \eluti antiquum fa- 
 cere; tcmporum motus, pcrfonarum charadlercs, confllioium trepidationcs, 
 aftionum (tanquam aquarum) ductus, praetcxtuum intcriora, imperii arca- 
 na, cum diiigcntia fctutari, cum fide & libertate referrc, dcniquc verbo- 
 rum lumine fub oculos ponerc, magni utiquc laboris eft & judicii ; prac- 
 fcrtim cum antiquiora quaeque incerta, recentiora pcriculo obnoxia reperi-, 
 antur. QLiamobrem & plurima Iiifloriam iilam civilem circumftant vitia : 
 dum plcriquc narrationcs quafdam inopcs & plebcias, & plane dcdecora hi- 
 ftoriarum confcribant ; alii particulates relationcs & commcntariolos opera 
 feftinata & tcxtu inaequali confarciant ; alii capita tantum rerum geftarum 
 percurrant; alii contra, minima quaeque & ad lummas aclionum nihil faci- 
 cntia perfequantur ; nonnulli, nimia erga ingenia propria indulgentia plu- 
 rima audader confingant : aft alii, non tam ingeniorum fuorum quam afte- •; 
 ftuum imagincm rebus imprimant & addant, partium iuarum mcmores, re-:, 
 rum parum fidelcs teftes : quidam politica, in quibus fibi complacent^ ubi- 
 que inculcent, & diverticula ad oftentationem quaerendo, narrationem rcruni 
 nimis leviter interrumpant : alii in orationum & concionum, aut etiam ado- 
 rum ipforum prolixitate, parum cum judicio nimii /int ; adeo'ut fatis con- 
 ftet, non invcniri inter fcripta hominum rarius quicquam, quam hiftoriam 
 Jegitimam & omnibus numeris fuis abfolutam. Vcrum nos in praefenti parti- 
 tionem doclrinarum inftituimus, ut omifla, non ccnfuram, ut vitiola noten- 
 tur. Nunc partitiones hiftoriac civilis perfcquemur, eafque divcrforum gc- 
 nerum : Minus cnim implicabuntur fpecies, fi partitiones divcrfac propo- 
 nantur, quam fi una partitio curiofc per membra dcducatur. 
 
 CAP. VI. 
 
 T art it io prima hiftoriae civilis :, in mentor i as, antiqnitates, <^ hijforiatn' 
 
 jtijiam. 
 
 HISTORIA civilis tripartita eft, tribus pifturarum aut imaginum gc- 
 ncribus non abfimilis. Videmus enim ex pidluris & imaginibus, alias 
 imperfcctas, ut quibus ultima manus non acccflerit ; alias pcrfcftas 5 alias 
 vero vetuftate mutilatas & deformatas. Hiftoriam fimiliter civilem (quae 
 imago rerum & tcmporum quaedam eft) in trcs fpecies, illis pidurarum 
 congruas, partiemur ; memorias fcilicct, hiftoriam juftam, & antiquitatcs. 
 Memoiia funt hiltoria inchoata, aut prima & rudia hiftoriac lineamcnta ; 
 
 ant I-
 
 2^^ 
 
 DE AUGxMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IL 
 
 nntiquitatcs vcro hilloria dcfonnata ilint, five reliquiae hiftoriac, quae caiii 
 e naufragio tci-nporum creptae lunt. 
 
 Memoriae, five pracparationcs ad hiftoriam duplicis generis funtf 
 quorum alterum commentarios, alterum regiftra vocare placet. Commeu- 
 tarii nudam adionum & eventuum feriem ae connexionem proponunr, prac- 
 termiilis caufis rerum & praetextibus, initiis quoque caiundem & occafio- 
 nibus, confiiiis itideni & oratioiiibus & reliquo adionum apparatu. Tali» 
 enim eft propria commcntariorum natura ; licet Caelari, per modeftiam quan- 
 dam cum magnanimitate conjundam, praeftantillime, inter eas, quae ex- 
 tant hiftoriac, commcntariorum nomen indere placuerit. At regiftra dupli- 
 cis naturae lunt : Compleduntur enim aut titulos rerum & perfonarum, in' 
 ferie temporum ; qualcs dicuntur fafti & chronologiae : Aut adorum folen- 
 nitates ; cujus generis ftmt, principum cdida, Icnatuum decrcta, judicio- 
 rum proceftlis, orationes publice habitae, cpiftolac publice mifiac & fimi- 
 lia, abfque narrationis contextu five filo continue. 
 
 An T I QUI TAT ES, fcu hiftoriarum reliquiae, funt (uti jam diximus) 
 tanquam tabulae naufragii, cum delicicnte & fere fubmcrla rerum memo- 
 ria, nihilominus homines induftrii & fagaces, pcrtinaci quadam & Icrupu- 
 lofa diligentia, ex genealogiis, faftis, titulis, monumcntis, numilmatibus, 
 nominibus propriis & ftyUs, vcrborum ctymologiis, proverbiis, traditioni- 
 bus, archivis & inftrumentis, tarn publicis quam privatis hiftoriarum frag- 
 mentis, librorum neutiquam hiftoricorum locis dilpcrfis ; ex his inquam 
 omnibus, vel aliquibus, nonnuUa a temporis diluvio eripiunt & confervant. 
 Res lane opcrofa, fed mortalibus grata, & cum reverentia quadam conjun- 
 da ; ac digna certe, quae deletis fabulofis nationum originibus, in locum 
 hujufmodi commentitiorum fubftituatur 5 fed tamen eo minus habens autho- 
 ritatis, quia paucorum licentiae fubjicitur, quod paucis curae eft. 
 
 In his imperfcdae hiftoriac generibus, defedum aliquem non puto de- 
 fignandum, cum fint tanquam imperfede mifta, ut defedus hujufmodi fit 
 ex ipfa earum natura. Ad epitomas quod attinet, (hiftoriarum certe tere- 
 dines & tineas) eas exulare volumusj quod etiam cum plurimis, qui max- 
 ime fani fuerunt judicii, facimus i utpotc quae complura nobiliftimarum hi- 
 ftoriarum corpora excdcriut & corrodcrint, atquc in faeces inutilcs demum 
 
 redegerint. 
 
 CAP. VII. 
 
 Tartitio h'tjlor'tae jnjlae in chronica, vitas, <^ felationes i earitmque 
 
 ^artinm explicatio. 
 
 AT hiftoria jiifta trium eft generum, pro rationc objedi, quod fibi pro- 
 ponit repraefentandum. Aut enim portionem aliquam temporis rc- 
 praefentat •■> aut perfonam fingularem mcmoria dignam 5 aut adionem ali- 
 quam five rem geftani ex illuftrioribus. Primum chronica five annalcs ap- 
 pellamus ; fecundum vitas ; tertium relationes. Liter quae chronica celc- 
 britate & nomine cxcellere videntur ; vitae autcm frudu & cxemplis 5 re- 
 lationes rurfus finceritate & veritate. Chronica namque amplitudinem adio- 
 num publicarum, & perfonarum fades externas, & in publicum vcrfas, pro- 
 ponunt ; minora autem, quae turn ad res, tum ad perfonas pertinent, omit- 
 tunt, & filcntio involvmit. Cum vcro id artificii divini fit proprium, ut 
 
 maxima
 
 Cap.VlI, DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 75 
 
 maxima c minimis fufpcndat, fit facpcnumero, ut hujufmodi hiftoria, majora 
 tantum pcrlccuta, ncgotiorum pompam potius & Iblcnnia, quam eorum vc- 
 ros fomitcs & tcxturas lubtiliorcs oftendat 5 quinetiam, etfi confilia ipfa ad- 
 dat atquc immilccat, tamcn granditate gaudcns, plus gravitatis atque pru- 
 dentiac, quam revera habcnt, liumanis adionibus afpergat; ut latyra aliqua 
 poflit cflc vcrior liumanac vitac tabula, quam nonnuUa ex cjufiiiodi hillo- 
 riis. Contra vitac, f\ diligcntcr & cum judicio pcrfcribantur, (ncquc cnim 
 dc clogiis & hujufmodi commcmorationibus jcjunis loquimur) quandoquidcm 
 pctfonam fingularcm pro lubjcclo fibi proponant, in qua neceflc eft adioncs, 
 non minus Icves quam graves, parvas quam grandcs, privatas quam publi- 
 cas, componi & commifccri 5 fane magis vivas 6c fidas rcrum narrationcs, & 
 quas ad cxcmplum tutius & fclicius transferrc poflis, cxliibent. At rcla- 
 tioncs atlionum fpccialcs, (qualcs funt bcllum Peloponnefi, cxpcditio Cyri, 
 conjuratio Catilinac, ix fimilia) omnino puriorc & magis finccro veritatis 
 candorc veftiri par eft, quam hiliorias juftas tcmporum; quia argumcntum 
 in lis dcligi & fumi potell habile 5: deiinitum; atque cjufmodi, ut de eo 
 notitia & certitude bona & plena informatio habcri poOlt; cum contra hi- 
 Itoria tcmporis (praefcrtim quae actate fcriptoris multo antiquior fit) nccel- 
 fario in memoria rcrum faepius tatifcat & vclutl fpatia vacua contincat j quae 
 ingenio & conjeftura occupari & fuppleri fatis licenter confueverunt. Hoc 
 tamcn ipfum, quod dc rclationum finceritate dicimus, cum exceptionc ia- 
 tclligcndum eft ; nam f.tendum certc eft, (cum humana omnia ex parte ia- 
 borent, &i commoda cuui incommodis tere perperuo conjuncla fint) hujul^ 
 modi relationes, praefcrtim ii Cub ipfa rcrum geftarum tcmpora edantur, 
 (cum laepias vel ad gratiam, vcl ad invidiam fcribantur,) o unium narratio- 
 iHuii merito maxinic fufpcclas cile. Sed rurfus huic incommodo ctiam iliud 
 connafcitur remedium ; quod iliac ipfae relationes, cum non ex una parte 
 folummodo fed pro fadionibus & partium ftudiis, ex utraque parte femper 
 fere edantur, viam hoc pacto quandam vcritati, tanquam inter extremal 
 apcriunt &muniunt; atque poftquam contcntiones animorum deferbuerintj 
 hiftorico bono &c prudenti non pelllma hiftoriae perfecdoris materia & fc- 
 nicnti > lluit. 
 
 Q_uoD veto ad ca, quae in his tribus hiftoriae generibus defidcrari vide- 
 antur ; dubiimi ccrtc non eftj quin plurimae hiftoriae particulates (de taMbus 
 loquimur quae cfle poflint) alicujus dignitatis, aut ctiam mediocritatis, cum 
 maxiiiio rcgnorum & rerumpublicarum, quibus dcbcntur, honoris & nominis 
 dctrimcuto, hucufque practcrmiftac fint, quas notare perlongum eftct. Caete- 
 rum cxrerarum nationum hiftorias extcrorum curac relinqucns (ne forte fim 
 in aliena rcpublica curiofus ;) non polVum non apud majeftatem tuam conque- 
 ri, de hiftoriae Angliae, quae non habetur, vilitate 6c indignitate, quatenus 
 ad corpus ejus integrum; ncc non hiftoriae Scoriae iniquitate & obliquitatc, 
 quatenus ad authorcm ejus recentiflimum 6c uberrimum : reputans mecum, 
 honoriiicum admodum majeftati tuae futurum, atque opus poftcritati gratit 
 finium ; fi qucmadmodum infula haec Magnae Brit^inniae, Ic nunc in unum 
 inonarchiam coalitam, ad fequentes aetates tranfinittit ; ita in una liiftoria 
 dcfcripta, a praeteritis (aeculis rcpeteretur ; codem modo quo hiftoriam de- 
 cern tribuum regni Ifraelis, & duarum tribuum rcgni Judac, tanquam ge- 
 uiellani, facta pagina deducit. Qiiod fi moles hujufmodi hiftoriae, magna 
 ccitc & ardua, quo minus exade & pro dignitate pericrib.itur, videatur 
 obfutura, ecec tibi memorabilcm multo anguftioris temporis pc 'iodum, qua- 
 tenus ad hiftoriam Angliae, nimirum ab unione rofarum ad uuioncm reg- 
 ,VoL. I. K norunii
 
 ^4 DE AUGMENTIS SC IE N T I ArIJ M. Lib.li 
 
 norum ; fpatium temporis, quod, meo quidcm judicio, majorem rccipit 
 evcntuum, quae raro fc.oftcndunt, rarietatem, quam in pari fucceflionnm 
 numero uipiani in regno haercditario dcprchcndcrc licet. Incipit enim ab 
 adcptione coronae mixta, partim armis, pattim jure : ingrcflum fiquidcm 
 fcrrum aperuit, ftabilimentum attulerunt nuptiae : fecuta igitut funt tem- 
 pera illis initiis confentanea ; fimillima fluftibus, poft magnam tempeftatcm, 
 tumores & agitationes fuas, fed ablque aliqua immani procella, rctincntibus, 
 atque gubernatoris prudentia, qui unus inter antecellbres rcges confilio cnituit, 
 fupcratis. Ordine proximus fuccedit rex, cujus adioncs, licet magis impctu 
 quam confilio adminiftratae, non leve tamcn in rebus Europae momentum 
 attulerunt, easfubindelibrando&inclinando, prout ipfae propcndebant : Qiib 
 ctiam rcgnante, cocpit fieri ingcns ilia llatus ecclefialHci mutatio, qualis raro 
 admodum prodit in theatrum. Sccutus eft rex minor. Dein tentamentum ty- 
 rannidis, licet illud breviflimum fuerit, inftar febris ephemerae. Dein re- 
 gnum foeminac, cxtero regi nuptae. Rurfus regnum focminae folitariae & 
 coelibis. Haec omnia demum cxcepit evcntus ifte fauftus Sc gloriofus ; 
 nimirum hujufce infulae Britanniac, a toto orbe divifae, in fe unio; per quam 
 vetus illud oraculum, AEneae redditum, quod requiem ei pracmonftrabat; 
 
 « Antic^uam exquirite matrem s 
 
 fupra nobiliillmas gentes Angliae & Scoriae in nomine illo Britanniac, anti- 
 quae fuae matris, jam convenientes, adimpletum fit ; in pignus & telTeram 
 metae, & cxitus Crrorum & peregrinationis jam reperti. Ita ut, quemadmo- 
 dum corpora ponderofa jadlata, antequam ponant & confiftant, trcpidationcs 
 quafdam cxperiantur; eodem modo probabilc videtur, divina providentiar 
 faftutn efTe, ut monarchia ifta, priufquam in tua majeftate, regiaque tua 
 fobole, (in qua (pero earn in perpctuum fore ftabilitam) confifteret & con- 
 firmata eflet, has tam varias mutationes & viciilitudincs, tanquam praeludia 
 flabilitatis fuae, fubiret. 
 
 De vitis cogitantem fubit quaedam admiratio, tempora ifta noftra haud 
 node bonafua; cum tam rata fit commemoratio & confcriptio vitarum, eo*' 
 mm, qui noftro faeculo claruerunt, Etft enim reges, & qui abfolutum 
 principatum obtineant, pauci effc poflint; principes ctiam in rcpublica li- 
 bera (tot rebufpublicis in monarchiam converfis) haud multi; utcunque tamcn 
 non defuerunt viri egregii (licet fub rcgibus) qui mcliora merentur, quam 
 incertam & vagam memoriae fuae famam aut ciogia arida & jejuna. Et- 
 cnim hac ex parte, inventum cujufdam ex poetis recentioribus, quo anti- 
 <iuam fabulam locupletavit, non inelegans eft. Fingit file, in extremitate 
 fili Parcarum, numifftia quoddam, feu monile pendcrc in quo defunfti no- 
 men imprefllim fit : tempus autem cultrum Atropi praeftolari, &, ftatim ab- 
 fciflb filo, numifmata cripcre, eaque afportata paulo poft in fiuvium letheS 
 ex grcmio fuo projicere : circa fluvium autem, magnam avium vim volitate, 
 quae numifmata arripiunt, ac poftquam in roftris ipfarum paulifper eadem 
 circumtulerint, paulo poft per incuriam in fluvium decidere permittunt : 
 inter eas vero, cygnos reperiri nonnullos, qui fi numifma aliquod cum no- 
 mine prehenderint, illico ad templum quoddam illud dcferre folcbant, irrr- 
 mortalitati confecratum. Hujufmodi itaque cygni noftris temporibus fere 
 defccerunt. Quamvis autem plurimi hominum, curis & ftudiis fuis nimio 
 plufquam corporibus mortales, nominis fui memoriam, veluti famum aut 
 auram deipiciant : ^' 
 
 ' Animk
 
 Cap.VIII. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 75 
 
 fnnnoi' ylniminilmagnae laudis egentes\-j%up ^mva 
 
 Qiiorum fcilicct philofophia & fcveritas ab ea radice puUulat, No7i prius 
 laiides cofttempjimtis, qtiarn laudanda facere defivimiis -, id tamcn apud 
 nos Solomonis judicio non praejudicabit, Memoria jufti cum laudibus, at 
 impiontm nomen putrefcet : Altera pcrpctuo floret, altcrum aut in oblivio- 
 nciii protinus abit, aut in odoreni tctrum computrclcit. Ac proptcrca in co 
 iplb Itylo vcl loqucndi lonnula, quae rcfte admodum rcccpta eft, ut dcfun- 
 dis tribuatur, ( fclicis memoriae, piae memoriae, bouae memoriae) ai^nof- 
 cere videmur illud, quod Cicero (mutuatus id iplum a Dcmofthcnc) protu- 
 lir, BonamfamampropriameJfepojfeJJionem defuncforum : QLiam quidcm 
 poUcHioacm non pofllim non notarc, noftro aevo incultam ut plurimum, & 
 ncgleftam jaccre. 
 
 QjJANTUM ad rclationes, optandum cflet protfus, ut multo major circa 
 cas adhiberetur diligcntia: Quippe vix incidit aliqua adlio paulo illuftrior 
 cui non intcrllt calamus aliquis ex mclioribus, qui cam excipcre & dcfcribere 
 poflit. Qiioniam autcm is pcrpaucorum hominum effe debet, qui hiftoriam 
 juitam pro dignitate confcribat, (ut ex paucitate hiftoricorum vcl mediocri- 
 um fatis liquet 5) idcirco ft aftiones particulares, fub tcmpus ipfum quo gc- 
 runtur, tolcrabili aliquo Jcripto memoriae mandarentur, Iperandum eflet 
 cxorituros quandoquc, qui hiftoriam juftam, ope & auxilio illarum relatio- 
 jium, contcribcrc polVcnt. Illae enim inftar Icminarii cfle poflint, unde, cum 
 uiiis foret, hortus amplus & magniticus conlererctur. 
 
 CAP. viii. 
 
 *Partttio hiftoriae temponim in hiftoriam univerfalem & particiitarem, ^ 
 titriufq^iie commoda & tncommoda. 
 
 HISTORIA tcmporum aut univcrfalis eft aut partieularis ; hacc ali- 
 cujus rcgni, vcl reipublicae, vcl nationis res gcftas complcditur, ilia 
 univerfi orbis. Neque enim defuerunt, qui hiftoriam mundi etiam ab ori- 
 gine fcripfiflc videri volunt ; farraginem rerum & compendia narrationum 
 pro hiftoria cxhibcntes : Alii liii tcmporis res, per orbcm tcrrarum memo* 
 rabilcs, tanquam jufta hiftoria compledi poflc confiil lunt, conatu pro- 
 fcdo magnanimo, atque frudu baud cxiguo. Neque enim res huma- 
 nac ita imperils aut regionibus divifac ftmt, ut non habeant multa conncxa j 
 quare juvat certe, fata, alicui facculo aut aetari dcftinata, vcluti una tabu- 
 la contcnta «5c defcripta intucri. Fit ctiam ut plurima fcripta non contcni- 
 ncnda, (qualia llmt cae, de quibus antea locuti t'umus, rclationes) alias for- 
 te pcritura, neque prelum facpius paflUra, aut faltem capita ipforum, in 
 hujufmodi hiftoriam gcncralem recipiantur, atque hoc paiSo figantur & con- 
 fcrvcntur. Vcruntamcn, fi quis rem rcclius pcrpcndat, animadvcrtet, ram 
 fcveras effe hiftoriae juftae leges, ut eas in tanta argumcnti vaftitatc cxer- 
 cerc vix liceat; adeo ut minuatur potius hiftoriae majeftas molis granditarc, 
 quam amplificetur. Fict enim ut qui tarn varia undcquaquc pcrfcquitur, 
 is, informationis rcligione paulatim rcmifla, & diligcntia Ilia, quae ad tot res 
 cxtcnditur, in fmgulis clangucfccntc, aurcs popularcs & rumorcs captcr ■■, & 
 ex relationibus non admodum authenticis, aut hujufmodi aliqua levidcnd 
 . . Vol. I. K 2 materia.
 
 76 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUMT Likn.-^ 
 
 materia, hiftoriam conficiat. Quiiictiam necefle ei erit, (ne opus in immcn- ' 
 fum cxcrefcat) plurima relatu digna confulto praetermittere, atqiie ad cpi- ■• 
 tomarum rationes facpius delabi. Incumbit ctiam aliiid pciiculum non par- ' 
 vum, atque utilitati ilii liiftoriae univerfalis ex diametro oppofitum : Queniad- 
 modum enim univcrlalis hiftoria, narrationcs aliquas, quae alias forte fuil^ 
 fent periturae, conlervat ; ita contra faepcnumcro narrationes alias fttis 
 fruftuofas, quae aliter vidurae fuiflent, propter grata mortalibus 'rerura ' 
 compendia, perimit. 
 
 in> 
 
 CAP. IX. 
 
 ^artitio alia hifioriae tempornm, in annates & aEia diurna. 
 
 ETIAM hiftoria temporum rede dividitur in annalcs & diaria: Quae 
 divifio, licet ex periodis temporum nomina fumat, tamen ad deleduin 
 return etiam pertinct. Rede enim Cornelius Tacitus, cum in mentionem 
 magnificentiae quarundam ftrudurarum incidit, ftatim fubdit: Ex digni- 
 tate fopuli Romani repertnm ej[e, res illuftres annalibus, talia diurnis 
 iirbis a6iis mandare : Applicando annalibus res, quae ad ftatum reipubli- • 
 cae pertinent; ada veto & accidentia Icviora, diariis. Meo utique judicio»' 
 valere conveniret difciplinam quandam heraldicam, in dilponendis non mi- 
 nus librorum, quam pcrfonarum dignitatibus. Sicut enim nihil rebus civi- 
 libus magis detrahit, quam ordinum & graduum confufio ; ita etiam authori- 
 tati hiftoriae gravis haud parum dcrogat, ft admifceantur politicis res Icvio- 
 ris momenti; quales funt pompae, & folennitates, & fpci^tacula, & hujuC- 
 modi. Atque lane optandum cflct, ut ilia ipla diftindio in confuetudincm 
 veniret. Noftris vero temporibus, diaria in navigationibus tantum & expe- 
 ditionibus bcllicis, in ufu funt. Apud antiques ccrte rcgum honori dabatur, 
 ut ada palatii Ihi in diaria referrentur ; quod videmus fadum fuifle fub A- 
 hafuero Perfarum rege; qui cum nodcm ageret infomnem, diaria popoicitj 
 ubi conjurationem cunuchoruni recognovit : at in Alcxandri Magni diariis, 
 tam pufilla continebantur, ut etiam, fi forte ad mcnfam dormiret in ada rcpo- 
 nerctur. Neque enim ficut annalcs tantum gravia, ita diaria tantum Icvia 
 complexa funt ; fed omnia promifcuc & curfim diariis cxcipicbantur, icu 
 majoris feu minoris momenti. 
 
 CAP. X. 
 
 'Part it io fecunda hijloriae civilis, in meram & mixtatn. 
 
 POSTR.EMA vero partitio hiftoriae civilis ca fit, ut dividatur in me- 
 ram aut mixtam. Mixturae celebres duac. Altera ex fcicntia civili: 
 Altera praecipue ex naturali. Introdudum eft enim ab aliquibus genus fcri- 
 bendi, ut quis narrationes aliquas, non in ferie hiftoriae continuatas, fed ex 
 delcdu authoris excerptas confcribat : deinde eafdem rccolat & tanquam ru- 
 minct ; & fumpta ab ipfis occafione, de rebus politicis diflcrat. Qiiod genus 
 hivloriae ruminatae nos fane magnopere probairAis, modo hujufmodi fcrip- 
 tor hoc agat, & hoc fe agere confiteatur. Hiftoriam autem juftam ex pro- 
 feflb fcribcnti, poUtica ubiquc ingercre, atque per ilia filum hiftoriae intcr- 
 
 rumpcre, 
 2
 
 Cap.XI. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ^7 
 
 rumperc, intempcftivum quiddam & molcftum ell. Licet cnim hifltoria 
 quaeque pmdentior, politicis praeceptis & moaitis vcluti impraegnata fiir, 
 tamen fcriptor ipfe fibi obftctricari non debet. ' "^^ 
 
 Mixta etiam eft hlftoria cofmogiaphica, idque multiplicitcr : Habct c-^' 
 nim ex hiftoria naturali, regiones ipkis, atque earum fitus & fruclus ; ex hi- 
 ftoria civili, urbcs, imperia, mores : Ex mathematicis, climata & configu- 
 xationes coeii, quibus traclus mundi fubjacent. In quo generc hiftoriae^^' 
 five fcientiac, eft quod faeculo noftro giatiilemur. Orbis enim terrarum fa-' 
 ftus eft, hac noftra aetate, mirum in modum feneftratus atque patens. An- ' 
 «qui ceitc zonas & antipodas novcrant, 
 
 {Nofqiie ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, 
 Illic Jlra rubens accendit lumina vefper :) 
 
 idque ipfum magis per dempnftrationes, quam per peregrinationes, Ve»,- 
 rum ut carina aliqua paiva coelum ipfum acmularetur 5 atque univerfum 
 globum terreftrem, magis etiam obiiquo & flcxaofo, quam cocleftia folcnt, 
 itinere circumiverit, ea eft noftri faeculi pracrogativa : ita ut praclcns aetas . 
 jure in fymbolo fuo ufurpare poilit, non tantum iliud plus ultra, ubi anti^ 
 qui ufurpabant non ultra i atque infuper illud imitabile tulmen, ubi antiqui, 
 non imitabile fulmen ; 
 
 'Demens qui nimbos & non imitabile fulmen : 
 
 Verum & illud, quod omnem admirationem fupcrat, imitabile coelum, pro- 
 pter navigationes noftras, quibus circa univerfum terrae ambitum, coelcftium 
 corporum more, volvi & circumagi faepius concefllim fuit. , -^f, 
 
 Atque hacc pracclara, in re nautica atque orbe perluftrando, felici* 
 tas, de ulterioribus etiam progrcfllbus & argnientis fcicntiarum, fpem mag- 
 nam faccre poflit ; pracfertim dum divino vidcatur confiiio eflc decretum, 
 ut iiacc duo coaeva iint : Sic cnim Daniel prophcta, de ndviftlmis tcmpo- 
 ribus verba facicns, praedicit 'Plurim; pertranfibunt & augcbitur fcien- 
 tia i quail pertranfitus five perluftratio mundi atque multiplex augmen- 
 tum fcicntiarum eidem faeculo deftinarentur : Sicut magna ex parte jam 
 Gompletum videmus ; quandoquidem tempora noftra, duabus illis prioribus 
 dodrinarum periodis, aut revolutionibus, (altcri apud Graecos, altcri apud 
 Romanos) eruditione non multum ccdant,. cas vcro in aliquibus longc fu- 
 pcrent. 
 
 CAP. XL 
 
 'Partitio hiftoriae ecclejiafticaej in ecclejiafticam fpeciakm, hiftoriam ad 
 prophetiaSj c^ hijioriam nemej'cos. 
 
 HISTORIA ecclefiaftica in genere, cafdem fere cum hiftoria civili 
 partitiones fubit. Sunt enim chronica ecclefiaftica, funt vitae patrum, 
 funt rchiioncs de fynodis & reliquis ad ecclefiam fpedantibus. Proprio 
 vcro nomine, rede dividitur in hiftoriiim ecclefiaftlcam (generis nomine 
 fervato) & hiftoriam ad prophetias, & hiftoriam ncmefcos five providen- 
 tiae. i'tima ccclefiae militantis tempora &ftatumdiverfum memorat : five 
 ''•'■^ il!i
 
 ^ MDE AUGMENTIS S CIENTI AR I) M. ifib.lT. 
 
 (iUa fluftuot-, ut area in diluvio : fnc itincretur, ut area in crcmo : five con- 
 jiftat, ut area in templo: lioc cftlbtum ccclcfiac in pcrfccutionc, in mom, 
 ,& in pace. In hac parte, defedum aliquem non invenio, quin flipcrfiinr 
 in ilia eoniplura potius quam defunt: lllud fane optarem, ut mnllhe tain 
 prae2;randi virtus quoque & fmceritas narrationum refponderent. 
 
 Secunda pars, quae eft hiftoria ad prophetias, ex duobusrelativis con- 
 ftat, proplietia ipfa & ejus adimpletione. Qiiapropter tale clfe debet hujus 
 operis inftitutum, ut cum Iniguiis ex Icripturis prophetiis cventuum Veri- 
 tas coniungatur; idque per omnes mundi aerates, turn ad confiimationem 
 fidei, turn ad inftituendam dilciplinam quandam & peritiam in interprctari- 
 one prophctiarum, quae adhue reftant complendae. Attamcn in hac re, 
 admittenda eil ilia latitude, quae divinis vaticiniis propria eft & familiaris ; 
 ut adimpletiones eorum fiant & continenter & punctualirer : Refernnt cnim 
 authoris fui naturam ; Cm nnns dies tanquafn mille anni, cr mille anni 
 tanquam unus dies : Atque licet plenitudo & faftigium complementi eo- 
 rum, plerunque alicui certae aetati vel etiam ccrto memento deftinetur ; 
 attamen habent interim gradus nonnullos & fealas complementi, per diver- 
 fas mundi aerates. Hoc opus defiderari ftatuo, verum tale eft, ut magna 
 cum fapientia, fobrictate & revcrentia tradlandum fit, aut omnino dimit- 
 tendum. 
 
 Tertia pars, quae hiftoria nemefcos eft, fane in calamos nonnuUornni 
 piorum virorum incidit, led non fine partium ftudio : occupata eft autcm in 
 obfervanda divina ilia convenientia, quae nonnimquam intercedit inter Dei 
 voluntatem revelatam & fecretam. Quamvis enim tam oblcura fint conft- 
 Ua & judicia Dei, ut homini animali fint penitus infcrutabilia, quinetiam fac- 
 pius eorum oculis, qui profpiciunt e tabernaculo, le fubducant ; divinac 
 tamen fapientiae vifum, aliquando per vices, ad lliorum confirmationem & 
 confufionem eorum, qui tanquam fine Deo funt in mundo, ea quafi majo- 
 ribus characleribus defcripta, fie proponere confpicicnda, uti (ficut loqui- 
 tur prophcta) §lui-vis etiam in curfii ea perlegere pojji't i hoc eft, ut ho- 
 mines mere fenfuales & voluptarii, qui judicia ilia divina praetervehi fcfti- 
 nant, ncque cogitationes fuas in ea unquam defigunt, tamen, quamvis pro- 
 pere currant & aliud agant, ipfa agnofcere cogantur. Talia funt vindidae 
 ferae & inopinae ; lalutes fubito aft'ulgcntes & infperatae ; confilia divina 
 per ambages rerum tortuofas & ftupendas fpiras, tandem fe manifcfto cxpc- 
 dientia, & fimilia : Qiiac valent, non folum ad confolandos animos fidelium, 
 fed ad pcrccllendas &: convincendas conlcientias improborum. 
 
 CAP. XII. 
 
 'De appendicibus hiftoriae, quae circa 'verba hoyninum {quemadinodum 
 hijtoria ipfa circa facia) 'verfantnr : 'Part it io ear urn in or at i one s^ 
 ,^epiJtolas cr apophthegmata. 
 
 AT non fadorum folummodo liumani generis, verum etiam diclorum 
 mcmoria fervari debet. Neque tamen dubium, quin dida ilia quan- 
 doquc hiftoriae ipfi inferantur, quatenus ad res gcftas perfpicue &; gravitcr 
 narrandas faciant & deferviant. Sed dida five verba humana proprie cufto- 
 diunt libri orationum, epiftolarum & apophthegmatum. Atque orationes 
 fane virorum prudentium, de ncgotiis & caufis gravibus & arduis habitae, 
 
 turn
 
 Cap.XIli. DE AUGMENtlS SCIENTIARUM. y^ 
 
 turn ad rerum ipfarum notitiam, turn ad eloquentiam multum valent. Sed • 
 niajora adhuc praeftantur auxilia ad inftrucndam prudcntiam civilem ab cpi- 
 ftolis, quae a viris magnis de negotiis fcriis miflae funt : Etenim ex verbis 
 hominum, nil lanius aut pi'aeftantius, quam hujufmodi cpiftolac. Habcnt 
 cnim plus uativi fenilis, quam orationcs ; plus etiam maturitatis, quam col- 
 loquia fubita. Eacdem quando continuantur fecundum fericm tcmporum, 
 {lit fit in illis, quae a legatis, praefcftis provinciarum & aliis imperii minir 
 ftris, ad regcs, vel fcnatus, vel alios fuperiores fuos mittuntur j aut vicif- 
 iim ab imperantibus ad miniftros) funt ccrte ad hiftoriam, prae omiiibus, 
 pretiofiflima fupellcx. Neque apophthegmata ipfa ad dclcftationcm & or- 
 natuni tarttum profunr, fed ad res gerendas etiam & ufus civiles. Sunt enim 
 (ut aiebat ille) veluti fettires aut mucrones verborum, qui i-crum & nego- 
 tiorum nodos acunnine quodam fecant & penetrant : Occafioncs autem rc- 
 deunt in orbem, & quod olim erat commodum rurfus adhibcri & prodeflc 
 poteftj five quis ca tanquam fua proferat, five tanquam vctcra. Ncquc 
 certe de utilitatc ejus rci ad civilia dubitari potcft, quam Caefar dictator 6- 
 pera fua honeftavit ■■, cujus liber utinam extarCt, cum ca, quae ufquam hai- 
 bcntur in hoc genere, nobis parum cum deledu congefta videantur. 
 
 At QUE haec dicta fint dc hi{loria, ea fcilicet parte doclrinac, quae re- 
 (pondet uni ex cellis five domiciliis intcUcdus, quae eft memoria. 
 
 CAP. XIII. 
 
 "De fecnndo metnhro principali do6irinae^ nempe poejt. Tart it io poefeos 
 in narrativam, dramaticatn, (^ paraboUcam. Exempla parabolicae 
 tria propommtur. 
 
 JAM ad poefin vcniamus. Poefis eft genus doftrinae, verbis plerunquc 
 adftrictum, rebus folutum & licentiofum 5 itaquc ut initio diximus, 
 ad phantafiam rcfcrrur, quae iniqua & illicita prorfus rerum conjugia & di- 
 vortia comminifci & machinari folet. Poefis autem (ut fupra innuimus) 
 duplici accipitur fenfu, quatenus ad verba, v6l quatenus ad res rcfpiciat. 
 Priorc fcnfu, fcrmonis quidam charifter eft : Carmen enim ftyli genus, & 
 clcjcutidnis formula quaedam j ncc ad res pertinct : Nam & vera narratio 
 carmine, &fidaorationcfoluta confcribi potcft. Pofteriore vcro fenfu, con- 
 ftituimus cam, ab initio, doftrinac membtum principalc, camque juxta hi- 
 ftoriam coUocavimus, cum niliil aliud fit, quam hiftoriae imiratio ad placi- 
 tura. Nos igitur in partitionibus ndftris, veras dodrinarum vcnas indagan- 
 tes & perfequentes ; ncquc confuctudini & divifionibus reccptis (in mui- 
 tiS) cedentcs ; fatyras, & elegias, & cpigrammata, & odas, & hujufmodi, 
 ab inftituto fermone removemus •■> atquc ad philolbphiam & artcs orationis 
 rejicimus. Sub nomine autem poefeos, dc hiftoria ad placitum conficla, 
 tantummodo tradamus. 
 
 Partitio poefeos vcrifllma, atque maximc ex proprietate, piactct JI- 
 las divifiones, quae funt ei cum hiftoria communes, (funt edim ficta chro- 
 nica, vitac fidac, fidae etiam rclationcs) ea ell;, ut fit aut narrativa j aut 
 dramatica ; aut parabolica. Narrativa proriijs hiftoriam imitatur, uc fcrc 
 fallat, nifi quod res cxtoUat facpius fupra fidcm. Dramatica eft veluti hi- 
 ftoria fpcdabilis 5 nam conftituit imagincm rerum tanquam pracl'cniium 5 
 
 hiftoria
 
 8o DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N Tl A R U iVI. Lib. IL 
 
 Kiftoria autcm taiiquam practeritarum^ Parabolica vcro cit hilioria cum ty- 
 po, quae iatellcdualia dcducit ad Icnfum, 
 
 At QUE dc poefi narrativa, five earn hcroicam appellare placet, (modo 
 hoc intcUigas de materia non dc vcrlb,) ca a fandamcnto prorfus nobili cx- 
 citata videtur, quod ad dignitatem humanac naturae imprimis Ipcclat. Cum 
 eaim mundus lenfibilis Cic anima rationali digniiatc interior, videtur poefis 
 haec humanae naturae largiri, qu^c hiftoria denegat ; atque animo umbris 
 rerum utcunque fatisfacerc, cum folida haberi non poUiat. Si qui:i enini 
 rem acutius introfpiciat, firmum ex poefi llimitur argumcntum, magnitu- 
 dinem rerum magis iiludrem, ordinem magis periedum, ci varietatcm ma- 
 gis pulchram, animac humanae complaccrc, quam in natura ipla polt lap- 
 fum, repcrire uUo modo polllt. Qiiapropter cum res geilae 6c eventus, qui 
 vcrac hiftoriae fubjiciuntur, non fine ejus ampiitudinis, in qua anima humana 
 fibi fatisfaciat, pracfio ell poiifis, quae ikcla magis heroiea confingar : Cum 
 hiftoria vera lueceilus rerum, mininic pro meritis vii'tutum & fcclerum, nar- 
 ret 5 corrigit eani polfis, 6: cxitus (Sc fortunes, Ilcunduir. merita & ex le- 
 ge nemefcos, exhibet : Cum hilcoria vera, obvia rerum lc'.ticti.te <5: fimili- 
 tudinc, animae humanae iailidio fii ; rciicit cam poLfis, inexpcdata, «5c va- 
 ria, & viciiiitudinum plena cancns. Adeo ut poefis ifta, noii folum ad dc- 
 ledationcm, led ctiam ad aniip.i magnitiidinem (5. ad mores confcrat. Qiia- 
 re £c mcrito ctiam divinitatis cujulpiaoi particepi, videri polilt ; quia ani- 
 mum erigir & in fubiimc rapit , rerum jTmulachra ad animi dcfideria ac- 
 Gommodando, non animum rebus (quod ratio tacit cr hiftoria) lubmitten- 
 do. Atque his quidem illecebris & congruitate, qua aninnun humanum de- 
 mulcct, addiiio etiam conforrio mufices, unde iliavius indauari pofiit, aditum 
 fibi patefecit, ut honori fucrit eriam laeculis plane rudibus <Sc apud nationcs 
 barbaras, cum aliae dodrinac prorfus cxclufae ellcnt. 
 
 DramatiCa autem poefis, qnae theatrum h.bdt pro mundo, ufii cx- 
 iniia ell, fi lana forct. Non parva enim efle poIleL tiieatri cc dilciplina & 
 corruptela : Atque corruptelarum in hoc gcnere, abunde eft ; dilciplina plane 
 noftris temporibus eft neglecla. Attamen licet in rcbnlpubiicis modernis 
 habcatur pro re ludicra adio tiicatralis, nifi forte nimium trahat e fatyra 
 6i mordcat ; tamen upud antiquos curae fair, ut animos hominum ad virtu- 
 tcm inftitueret. Qiiinetiam viris prudentibus & magnis philofophis veluti 
 animorum pieclrum quoddam cenfebatur. Atque fane veriPiaium eft, & 
 tanquamfecretum quoddam naturae, hominum animos, cum congrcgati fint 
 magis quam cum foli fint, ailxdibus <2c imprellionibus patcre. 
 
 At poefis parabolica, inter reliquas eminet, & ti.nquam res fa era videtur 
 & auguftaj cum praefertim religio ipfi ejus opera plcrunque utatur, & per 
 cam commercia divinorum cum humanis exerceat. Attamen & haec quo- 
 que, ingeniorum circa allegorias levitate & indulgent: a, contaminata inve- 
 nitur. Eft autem ufus ambigui, atque ad contraria adhibctur. Facit enim 
 ad involucrum ; facit etiam ad iiluftrationem. In hoc docendi qr^aedam ra- 
 tio } in illo occultandi artificium quaeri videtur. Haec autcm docendi ratio, 
 quae facit ad iiluftrationem, antiquis faeculis pUn-imum adhibcbcitur. Cum 
 enim rationis humanae inventa, & conclufiones, (ctiam eae quae nunc tritae 
 & vulgarae funt) tunc temporis novae & infuetae cllcnr, vix lilam lubtilita- 
 tem capiebant ingenia humana, nifi propius eae ad lenfum, per hujiifmodi 
 Jimulachra & exempla, deducercntur. Q^iare omnia apud ilios, fabularum 
 omnigcnarum, & parabolarum, 6c acnigmatum, & finiilitudinum, plena fuc- 
 runt. Hinc tcflerae Pythagorac, AEnigmata Sphingis, AEfopi Fabulac, cS: 
 
 fmiilia.
 
 Cap.Xin. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 8i 
 
 Junilia. Qiiinctiam apophthegmata vetcrum fapicntum fcrc per /imilitudi- 
 ncs rem dcmonftra'oanr. Hinc Mcncnius Agrippa apud Romanes (gcntcnl 
 CO laeculo minimc litcratam) fcditioncm fabula rcprcOlr. Dciiique ut hic- 
 roglyphica literis, ita parabolae argumcntis crant aritiquiorcs. Atque hodic 
 ctiam & Temper cximius eft & fuit parabolarum vigor, cum ncc argumenra 
 tani pcrfpicua, nee vera excmpla tarn apta effe polfinr. 
 
 Alter eft uliispoeTeos pa rabolicac, priori quafi contrarius, qui facit (ut 
 diximus) ad involucrum ; earum nempe rerum, quarum dignitas tanquam 
 velo quodam difcreta efle mcreatur : hoc eft, cum occulta & mvfteria reli- 
 gionis, politicac, & philofophiae, fobulis & parabolis vcftiuntur. Utrum 
 vero fabulis vetcribus poetarum ftibfit aliquis fenfus myfticus, dubitationem 
 nonnuUam habet ; atque ipfi certe fatemur nos in cam fententiam propcnderc, 
 ut non paucis antiquorum poetarum fabulis myfterium infuftmi fuiflc pute- 
 mus. Neque nos mover, quod ifta pueris fere & grammaticis rclinquantur 
 &vilcfcant, ut de illis contemptim lententiam fcramus : quin contra, cum 
 plane conftet fcripta ilia, quae fabulas iftas recitant, ex Icriptis hominum, 
 port literas facras elie antiquiftima, & longc his antiquiores fabulas ipfas ; 
 (etenim tanquam prius creditae & receptac, non tanquam cxcogitatac ab 
 illis fcriptoribus rcferuntur) videntur ellc inftar tenuis cujufdam aurac, quae 
 ex traditionibus nationum magis antiquarum in Graccorum fiftulas incidcrunt. 
 Cum vero, quae circa harum parabolarum intcrpretationem, adhuc tentata 
 ilnt per homines Icilicet impcritos, nee ultra locos communes dodos, nobis 
 nullo modo fatisfaciant ; philofophiam fccundum parabolas antiquas inter 
 defiderata refcrre vifum eft. Ejus autem operis exempluni unum aut alte- 
 rum fubjungcmus. Non quod res fit fortaffe tanti, fed ut inftitutum no- 
 ftrum fervemus. Id huiufmodi eft, ut de operibus illis, quae inter defiderata 
 ponimus (fi quid fit paulo obfcurius) perpetuo aut praecepta ad opus illud 
 inftrucndum, aut excmpla propon^imus : ne quis forte cxiftimet levem ali- 
 quam tanrum notionem de illis mentcm noftram perftrinxifte, nofque re- 
 giones, ficut augures, animo tantum metiri, neque eas ingrediendi vias nolle. 
 Aliam aliquam partem in poefi defiderari non invenimus 5 quin potius cum 
 planta fit poefis, quae vcluti a terra luxuriantc, abfque certo lemine, ger- 
 minaverit, fupra caeteras dodrinas excrevit & diffufa eft. Vcrum jam ex- 
 cmpla proponemus, tria tantum numero, unum c naturalibus, c politicis 
 unum, atque unum dcnique c moralibus. 
 
 Exemphim ■pr'tmiim philofophiae fecnndnm parabolas antiquas in natu- 
 ralibus. "De univerfo, fecundum fabnlam Tanis, 
 
 ANTIQ^UI generationcm Panis in dubio rclinquunt : Alii enim cum a 
 Mercurio gcnitum : alii longe alium generationis modum ei tribuunt. 
 Aiunt enim procos univerfos cum Penelope rem habuille, ex quo promifcuo 
 concubitu Pana communem filium ortum efle. Neque praetcrmittenda eft 
 tertia ilia generationis explicatio : QLiidam enim prodidcrunt, cum Jovis (5c 
 Hybrcds (id eft, contumeliae,) filium fuille. Utcunquc orto, Parcae illi 
 fororcs fuiflc pcrhibcntur: quae in fpecu fubtcrranco habitabant: Pan au- 
 tem morabatur fub dio. Effigies Panis talis ab antiquitate defcribitur; cor- 
 nutus, cornibus in acutum furgentibus, & uique ad coclum taftigiaris •; cor- 
 pore toto hifpidus & villofus; barba imprimis promilla 5 figura biformis^ 
 humana quoad fupcridra, fed femifera & in caprac pedes defincntc. Gerta- 
 bat autem infignia potcftatis; finiflra tiftulam ex feptcm calamis compadam. 
 Vol. I. L dextra
 
 &t ivt>E AUGMENTIS S C IE N TI AR UM..Lib.II. 
 
 dextra pedum five baculum, llipcrius curvum & inflcxum. Inducbatur 
 chlamydc ex pellc pardalis. Poteitates ci 6c muuera hujufmodi attribiiuutur, 
 ut fit deusvcnatorum, etiam paftorum, & ill univerruairuncolaL-um 5 praefcs 
 item montium. Erat ctiam proximus a Mercurio nuncius dcorum, Ha- 
 bcbatur ctiam dux & impcrator nympharum, quae circa eum pcrpetuo cho- 
 reas duccrc & tripudiarc fokbant : comitabantur & fatyri, 6c his fcniorcs 
 fileni. Habebat intliper potcllatem tcrrores immittcndi, praclertim inanes 
 & fuperftitiofos, qui & Panici vocati funt. Res geftae autem ejus non multae 
 memorantur : iUud praccipuum, quod Cupidinem provocavit ad kidam, a quo 
 ctiam in ccrtamine vidus eft. Etiam Typhoncm gigantem retibus imphca- 
 vit (Sc cohibuit : atque narrant inllipcr, cum Ceres moefta & ob raptam 
 Proferpinam indignata ic abfcondillct 5 atque dii omaes ad earn invefti- 
 gandam magnopcre incubuillent, & 1 e per varias vias difpertiti client; Pani 
 ibkunmodo ex tcUcitate quadam contigille, ut inter venandum cam inveni- 
 ret & indicarct. Aullis eft quoquc cum Apolline dc viftoria muflces decer- 
 tarc, atque etiam Mida judice praelatus ell; ob quod judicium Midas afi- 
 ninas aures tulit, led clam & lecreto. Amores Panis nulU refcruntur, aut 
 lakcm admodum rari ; quod mirum, inter turbam dcorum prorius tarn pro- 
 fufe amatoriam, videri poflit. IUud folummodo ci datur, quod Echo ada- 
 maret, quae etiam uxor ejus eft habita; atque unam praeterea nympham, 
 ^yringam nomine ; in quam propter iram & vindiciam Cupidinis (quem ad 
 kidam provocare non reveritus eflet) inccnfus eft. Etiam iunam quondam 
 in altas lylvas levocalle dicitur. Neque etiam prokm uliam fufcepit ; (quod 
 iimihtcr mirum eft, cum dii, praclertim mafculi, prolilici admodum eflent) 
 nifi quod ci attribuaau- tanquam ftha, muUercuia quacdam ancilla, lambe 
 nomine; quae riaiculis narratiunculis obkdare holpitcs Iblebat, ejuique 
 proks ex conjuge Eclio efle a nonnullis exiftimabatur. Parabok talis efie 
 videtur. 
 
 Pan (ut & nomen ipftim etiam Ibnat) univerftuii five univcrfitatcm re- 
 rum repraefcntat & proponir. Dc hujus origine dupk\K omnino fcntcntia 
 eft, atque adeo eflc potcft. Aut cnim a Mcrcurio eft verbo fcilicct divi- 
 no, (quod & iiKrac hterac extra controverfiam ponunt; & philofophi ipfi, 
 qui magis divini habiti ftuit, viderunt) aut ex confufis rerum leminibus. 
 Etcnini quidam c philolbphis iemina rerum etiam iubftantia infinita ftatue- 
 runt ; unde opinio de homoiomeris fiuxit, quam Anaxagoras aut invenit, 
 aut celebravit. Nonnulli vcro magis acute & ibbrie cenkbant ad varie- 
 tatcm rerum expedicndam Ihiiicere, fi kmina, fubftantia eadem, figuris va- 
 ria, led ccrtis & definitis, elknt; & rehqua in pofitura & compkxu Icmi- 
 num ad invicem ponebant : ex quo fonte opinio de atomis emanavit; ad 
 quam Democritus le applicavit, cum Leucippus ejus auclor fuiflct. At aUi, 
 licet unum rerum principium aflercrent, (aquam Thaks, aiirem Anaxime- 
 Bcs, igncm HeracUtus) tamen ilkd ipfum principium adu unicum, poten- 
 tia varium & difpcnlabik pofucrunt, ut in quo rerum omnium kmina la- 
 tcrent. Qui vcro materiam omnino fpoliatam & informem, & ad formas 
 indilfcrentcm introduxerunt, (ut Plato & Ariftoteks) multo etiam propius 
 & propcnfius ad parabolae liguram acceflcrunt. Pofucrunt cnim materiam 
 tanquam publicam mcrctriccm, formas vero tanquam procos : adeo ut oni- 
 rics de rerum prmcipiis opiniones hue redcant, & ad illam diftributioneni 
 reducantur, ut mundus fit, vel a Mcrcurio, vel a Penelope & procis omni- 
 bus. Tertia autem gencratio Panis ejuliiiodi eft, ut videantur Graeci ali- 
 quid de Hcbraeis myftcriis, vel per AEgyptios internuncios, vel; utcunque 
 
 iuau-
 
 Cap.XIII. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 8 
 
 inaadivifle. Pcitinct cnim ad ftarum mundi, noii in mcris nanlibus fuis;' 
 ll'd poft lapfum Adami, mortr& corruptioni cxpofitum & obnoxium fa- 
 dum. Ilk ciiim flatus, Dei, & pcccati, (five contumeliae) proles fuir, ac 
 manct. Fuit cnim pcccatum Adami ex generc contumeliae, cum Deo fimi- 
 ]is fieri vcllet. Itaquc triplex ilk narratio de gcncrationc Panis, etiam vera 
 \ideri pofilt, fi rite & rebus & tcmporibus diitinguatur. Nam ifte Pan 
 (q'ualcm eum nunc intuemur & complcclimur) ex verbo divine, mediante 
 confula materia, (quae tamcn ipfa Dei opus crat) & liibintrantc pracvarica- 
 tione, & per cam corruptionc, ortum habet. 
 
 Naturae rerum, fata rerum forores vcrc perhibentur & ponuntur. 
 Fata cnim vocantur ortus rerum, & durationes, & interitus; atquc deprel- 
 ftoncs etiam, & eminentiae, & labores, & felicitates, deniquc conditioncs 
 quaccunquc individui : quae tamcn nifi in individuo nobili (utpote homine, 
 aut urbe, aut gentc) fere non agnofcuntur. Atqui ad iftas conditioncs tarn 
 varias deducit individua ilia fingula Pan, rerum fcilicer natura ; ut tan- 
 quam cadem fit res (quatenus ad individua) catena naturae & filum parca- 
 rum. Ad haec infupcr finxerunt antiqui Panem fcmpcr fub dio morari, 
 fed parcas fub fpecu ingcnti fubtcrranco habitare, atquc indc maxima 
 pcrnicitatc ad homines fubito advolarc : quia natura, atquc univerfi facies, 
 fpciffabilis eft & apcrta ; at fata individuorum occulta & rapida. Qiiod fi 
 fatum accipiatur largius, ut omnem prorfus cvcntum, non illuftriores tan- 
 tuni denotet, tamcn utique & co fcnfu optime convenit cum univerfitate re- 
 rum; cum ex ordine naturae, nil tarn cxiguum fit, quod fine caufa fiat; & 
 . rurfus nil tam magnum, ut non aliunde pendeat ; adeo ut fabrica ipfa natu- 
 rae fuo finu & gremio omnem eventum & minimum & maximum com- 
 .pleftatur; & fuo tempore certa lege prodat. Itaquc nil mirum fi parcac ut 
 Panis forores introdudae fint & ccrte legitimae. Nam fortuna vulgi filia eft, 
 & Icvioribus tantum philofophis placuit. Sane Epicurus, non folum pro- 
 fanum inftituere fermonem, fed etiam dcfipere videtur, cum dixit, Trae- 
 Jtare credere fabtilam 'Deorum qnam fatum ajferere, ac fi quicquam in uni- 
 vcrfo cfle pofllt inftar infulac, quod a rerum nexu feparetur. Verum Epi- 
 curus philofophiam luam naturalem (ut ex ipfius verbis patet) morali Iliac 
 accommodans & fubjicicns, nullam opinionem admittere voluit, quae ani- 
 mum prcmerct & morderct, atquc euthymiam illam (quam a Democrito ac- 
 ccperat) laccfleret aut turbarct. Itaque fuavitati cogitationum indulgcns, 
 potius quam veritatis patiens, plane jugum jacla^■it, & tam fati necellitatem 
 quam deorum metum rcpudiavit. Verum dc parcarum germanitate cum 
 Pane fatis didum eft. 
 
 CoRNUA autem mundo attribuuntur, ab imo latiora, ad verticcm acuta. 
 Omnis cnim rerum natura inftar pyramidis acuta eft. Qiiippe individua, in 
 quibus bafis naturae exporrigirur, infinita funt; ca colliguntur in fpecies, 
 & ipfas multiplices; fpecies rurfus infurgunt in genera, atquc hacc quoque 
 afcendendo in magis gencralia contrahuntur ; ut tandem natura tanquam 
 in unum cou'c vidcatur ; quod figura ilia pyramidali cornuum Panis iignifi- 
 catur. Mirum vero minimc eft Panis cornua etiam coclum ferirc ; cum cx- 
 celfa naturae, five ideae univerfalcs ad divina quodammodo pertingant. Ita- 
 que & catena ilia Homcri decantata, (caufirum feilicct naturalium) ad pedcm 
 folii Jovis fixa memorabatur; neque quifquam (ut videre cll) mctaphyfi- 
 cam, 6c quae in natura aetcrna & Immobiiia funt, tradavit, atquc animuni 
 a fluxu rerum paulifper abduxit, qui non fimul in theologiam naturalem in- 
 ciderir ; adeo paratus & propinquus eft tranfitus a vcrticc ilia pyramidis ad 
 divina. 
 
 Vol. I. L 2 Corpus 
 
 «>
 
 84 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IT. 
 
 Corpus autcm naturae clcgantiflime & vcriflime dcpingicur hirfutum, 
 propter rerum radios. Radii cnim funt tanquam naturae crincs, five villi: 
 atquc omnia fere vcl magis vcl minus radiofa funt ; quod in facultate vifus 
 manifcftiflimum eft 5 ncc minus in omni virtutc magnctica, & opcrationc ad 
 diftans. Quicquid enim operatur ad diftans, id etiam radios emittcrc rcfte 
 did potcft. Scd maximc omnium prominct barba Panis, quia radii corpo- 
 rum coelcftium, & praecipuc folis, maxinie ex lon^'inquo opcrantur & pene- 
 trant ; adeo ut fuperiora tcrrae, atque etiam interiora, ad diftantiam non- 
 nuUani plane vcrterint & fubegerint, & Ipiritu implcverinr. F.lcganrior 
 autem eft figura dc barba Panis, quod & Ibl ipfc, quando parte lliperiore 
 ejus nube obvoluta, radii inferius erumpunt, ad afpcdum barbatus cerni- 
 tur. 
 
 Etiam corpus naturae rediiTimc defcribitur biforme, ob differentiam 
 corporum fupcriorum & inferiorum. lUa cnim ob pulchritudincm & niotus 
 aequalitatcm & conftantiam, necnon imperium in tcrram & tcrreftria, mc- 
 rito Tub humana figura rcpracientantur i cum natura hun''-ana ordinis & domi- 
 nationis particcps iit : hacc autcm ob perturbationem & motus incompofitos, 
 & quod a coeleftibus in plurimis rcgantur, bruti animalis figura contcnta 
 efle poflunt. Porro cadcm corporis biformis defcriptio pcrtinct ad partici- 
 pationcm fpecierum : Nulla cnim naturae Ipccles, /implex videri potcft, led 
 tanquam ex duobus participans, & concrcta. Habct cnim homo nonni- 
 hil ex bruto, brutum nonnihil ex planta, planta nonnihil ex corporc inani- 
 mato, omniaquc revera biformia funt & ex Ipecie lliperiore & infcriorc 
 compadta. Acutiflima autcm eft allegoria de pcdibus caprac, propter alcen- 
 Jloncm coi-porum terreftrium vcrfias rcgioncs acris «5c cocli, ubi etiam peii- 
 filia Hunt, & inde dejiciuntur, magis quam dclcendunt. Capra cnim ani- 
 mal fcanlbrium eft, caquc e rupibus pendcre, atque in praccipitiis hacrcre 
 amat ; ftmiliter etiam res, licet inferiori globo deftinatae, faciunt, idquc 
 miris modis, ut in nubibus & mcteoris manifeftifllmum eft. Imo non fine 
 caufa Gilbertus, qui dc magncte laboriofiillmc & fecundum viam cxpcri- 
 mcntalem conicripfit, dubitationem injecit 5 numnon forte corpora gravia, 
 poft longam a terra diftantiam, motum verfus inferiora paulatim cxuant ? 
 
 Insignia autcm in manibus Panis ponuntur duplicia ; altcrum harmo- 
 niae, altcrum imperii. Fiftula enim ex feptem calamis concentum rcrum 
 & harmoniam, five concordiam cum difcordia miftam, (quae ex feptem ftel- 
 Jarum crrantium motu conficitur,) cvidcntcr oftendit. Ncquc enim alii, 
 praetcrquam feptem planctarum, inveniuntur in coelo crrorcs, five expatia- 
 tioncs manifeftae, quae cum aequalitatc ftcllarum fixarum, carumque perpe- 
 tua & invariabili ad fc inviccm diftantia compofitac & tcmpcratac, turn 
 conftantiam fpecierum, tum fluxum individuorum tueri & cicrc poftint. Si 
 qui vcro fmt planetac minorcs, qui non confpiciuntur ; i\ qua etiam mutatio 
 in coclo major, (ut in comctis nonnuUis fupcrlunaribus) vidcntur ilia profe- 
 fto tanquam fiftulae, aut omnino mutae, aut ad tempus tantum ftrcpcrae; 
 utpote quarum opcrationcs vcl ad nos non pcrlabantur, vcl harmoniam illam 
 feptem tiftularum Panis non diu interturbcnt. Pedum autcm illud imperii 
 nobilis tranftatio eft, propter vias naturae parrim rcdlas, partim obliquas. At- 
 que baculum ilium, five virga, verfus fuperiorem partem praecipuc curva eft, 
 quia omnia providentiae divinac opera in mundo fere per ambages & circut- 
 tus fiunt, ut aliud agi videri poftlt, aliud revera agatur, ficut Jofophi vcn- 
 ditio in AEgyptum, & fimilia. Quinctiam in regiminc humano omni pru- 
 dcntiore, qui ad gubernacula fedcnr. populo convenietitia, per praetcxtus & 
 
 vias
 
 CapXIir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUAl 85 
 
 vias obliquas, fclicius quae volunt, quam ex dircclo fiipcrinducunt & inil- 
 nuant. Etiam (quod mlrum fortafTe vidcri pofllt) in rebus mere natural ibus 
 citius naturam fallas quam premas: adco, quae ex diredo fiunt, inepta funf, 
 & ("c ipfa impediunt; cum contra, via obliqua & infinuans molliter fluat, & 
 cfFcftum fortiatur. Vcftis Panis & amiculum ingeniofe admodum ex pelle 
 pardalis fuiflc fingitur, propter maculas ubiquc fparfas. Coclum cnim ftel- 
 lis, maria infulis, tcllus floribus confpcrguntur ; atquc etiam res particula- 
 tes fere variegatae cflc Iblcnt circa fupcrficicm, quae vcluti rci chlamys eft, 
 
 Officium autcm Panis nulla alia re, tarn ad vivum proponi atque ex- 
 plicari potucrit, quam quod dcus vcnatorum fit, Omnls enim naturalis a- 
 dlio, atquc adco motus & progrcffio, nihil aliud quam venatio eft. Nam 
 & fcientiac & artcs opera iua venantur ; & confilia humana fines fuos; atquc 
 res naturalcs omnes vel alimenta fija, ut confervcntur, vel voluptates & deli- 
 cias fuas, ut perficlantur, venantur 5 (omnis fiquidem venatio eft aut pracdac, 
 aut animi caufa:) idque modis peritis & lagacibus. 
 
 Torva leaena lupum fequititr, lupus ipfe capellam, 
 FlorcHtcm cytifum fcqtiitur lafciva capella. 
 
 Etiam ruricolarum in gencre Pan dcus eft, quia hujufinodi homines magis 
 fecundum naturam vivunt; cum in urbibus & aulis, narura a cultu nimio 
 corrumpatur, ut illud poetac amatorium, verum, propter hujufinodi dcli- 
 cias, etiam de natura fit : 
 
 'Pars minima eft ipfa piiella fui. 
 
 Montium autcm imprimis pracfcs dicitur Pan, quia in montibus & locis cditis 
 natura rerum panditur, atque oculis & contcmplationi magis lubjicitur. 
 Quod alter a Mercurio deorum nuncius fit Pan, ca allcgoria plane divina eft, 
 cum proxime port verbum Dei, ipfa mundi imago, divinae potcntiae & fa- 
 pientiae praeconium fit. Qiiod & poeta divinus cecinit, Coeli enarrant glo- 
 riam 'Dei, atque opera maniium ejus indicat firmament um. 
 
 At Pana oblcftant nymphac, animae fcilicet : dcliciae enim mundi ani- 
 mac vivcntium fiant. Hie autcm mcrito illarum imperator, cum iliac natu- 
 ram quaequc fuam tanquam ducem fequantur, & circa cum infinita cum va- 
 rietate, veluti fingulae more patrio, faltent, & choreas ducant, motu ncuti- 
 quam ceflante. Itaque acute quidam ex reccntioribus, facultatcs animae 
 omnes ad motum rcduxit, & nonnuUorum ex antiquis faftidium & praecipi- 
 tationcm notavit, qui mcmoriam & phantafiam, & rationem dcfixis prac- 
 propere oculis intuentcs & contcmplantes, vim cogitativam, quae primas te- 
 net, practermiicrunt. Nam & qui nieminit, aut etiam reminifcitur, cogi- 
 tat5 & qui imaginatur, fimiliter cogitat ; & qui ratlocinatur, utique cogitat : 
 deniquc anima, five a fenfu monita, five fibi permifla, five in fundioni- 
 bus .intcllcftus, five afFecluum & voluntatis, ad modulationcm cogita- 
 tionum laltat ; quae eft ilia nympharum tripudiatio. Una vero perpetuo 
 comitantur latyri & Sileni, fcneftus fcilicet & inventus. Omnium enim 
 rerum eft aetas quaedam hilaris & motu gaudcns, atquc rurfus actas tarda 
 & bibula : utriufquc autcm aetatis ftudia vere contemplanti fortafle ridi- 
 cula & deformia vidcantur, inftar faryri alicujus aut Sileni. Dc Panicis au- 
 tcm tcrroribus prudentillima doctrina proponitur. Natura cnim rerum om- 
 nibus viventibus indidit metum & formidinem, virae atquc cflentiae I'uae 
 confervatricem, ac mala ingrucntia vitantem & dcpellcntcm. \'cruntamea 
 eadcm natura modum tcncrc ncfcia eft-, fed timoribus (alutaribus fempcr 
 
 vanos
 
 86 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. It 
 
 vanos Scinancs admifcet; adco ut omnia (fi intus confpici darcntur) Panicis 
 tcrroribus plcniflima fint; praefcrtini humana; & maximc omnium apud 
 valgum, qui lliperftitionc (quae vcrc nihil allud quam Panicus terror eft) ia 
 immenfum laborat & agitatur, praccipuc tcmporibus duris 6c trcpidis & ad- 
 vcrfis. Ncque fuperftitio ifta tantummodo in vulgo rcgnat, fed ab opinio- 
 nibus vulgi ctiam in fapientiorcs aliquando infilir^ ut divine Epicurus (H cac- 
 tcra quae dc diis difleruit ad banc normam tuiflont) locutus ilt : Non deos 
 njulgi negare profannm, fed vulgi op'niiov.es diis applicarc profaniini. 
 
 Quod vcro attinct ad audaciam Panis & pugnam per provocationem cunv 
 Cupidinc; id co fpeftar, quia materia non caret inclinationc & appctitu ad 
 diflblutioncm mundi & recidivationem in illud chaos antiquum, nil! prac- 
 valida rerum concordia (per amorem five Cupidinem fignificata) malitia & 
 impetus ejus cohiberetur, & in ordinem compellerctur. Itaquc bono ad- 
 modum hominum & rerum fato fit, (vcl potius immenfa bonitate divina) 
 ut Pan illud ccrtamen advcrlum cxperiatur, & victus abfccdat. Eodcm 
 prorfus pertinct & illud de Typhonc in rctibus implicato, quia utcunquc 
 aliquando vafti & inlbliti rerum tumores fint, (id quod Typhon fonat) five 
 intumcfcant maria, five intumefcant nubes, five intumcfcat terra, five alia, 
 tamen rerum natura hujufmodi corporum exuberantias atque infolentias reti 
 inextricabili implicat & coercct, &: veluti catena adamantina devincit. 
 
 Quod autem invcntio Ceteris huic dco artribuatur, idquc inter vcnati- 
 onem ; reliquis autem diis negetur, licet fcdulo quaerentibus, & illud ip- 
 fum agentibus; monitum habet verum admodum & prudcns: hoc fcilicct, 
 ne rerum milium ad vitam & cultuni inventio, a philolbphiis abftradis, tan- 
 quam diis majoribus, expcdetur, licet totis viribus in illud iplum incumbant j 
 led tantummodo a Pane, id eft cxperientia Tagaci, & rerum mundi notitia 
 univerfali ; quae etiam cafa quodam, ac veluti inter vcnandum, in hujui^ 
 modi inventa inciderc folet. UtiliiUma enim quaequc inventa cxpericntiae 
 dcbentur, & veluti donaria quacdam fucrc cafu in homines fparla. 
 
 Illud autem muficcs certamcn, cjufque cventus, lalutarcm cxhibct do- 
 drinam, atque earn quae rarioni & judicio humano gcfticnti & fc cftercnti, 
 Ibbrietatis vincula injiccrc pofllt. Duplex enim videtur cflc harmonia & 
 quafi mufica, altera lapientiac divinac, altera rationis humanae. Judicio e- 
 nim humano, ac veluti auribus mortalium, adminiftratio mundi & rerum, & 
 judicia divina fccrctiora, fonant aliquid durum & quafi ablbnum : Qiiae in- 
 Icitia licet afininis auribus merito infigniatur, tamen & iliac ipfae aurcs Iccrc- 
 to non palam geftantur. Ncque enim hujufcc rei deformitas a vulgo con- 
 Ipicitur aut notatur. 
 
 PosTREMO minime mirum cft^, fi nulli amorcs Pani attribuantur, prae- 
 - tcr conjugium Echus j mundus enim fe iplb, atque in Ic rebus omnibus fru- 
 itur : Qiii amat autem frui vult, ncque in copia dcfiderio locus eft. Itaque 
 mundi amorcs ellc nulli pollbnt, ncc potiundi cupido, (cum I'e ipic conten- 
 tus fit) nifi fortaire amorcs fcrmonis. li fluit nympha Echo, res non Iblida 
 fed vocal is; aut fi accuratiorcs fint, fyrlnga quando fcilicct verba & voces, 
 iiumcris quibuldam five poeticis, five oratoriis, & tanquam modulamine, rc- 
 "untur. Inter fermones autem ^wc voces excellenter ad coniugium mundi 
 fumitur Ibla Echo : Ea enim demuni vera eft philofophia, quae mundi ipfi- 
 us voces fidcliillme reddit, <5c veluti didantc mundo conlcripta clU & ni- 
 hil aliud eft quam cjufdcm fimulachrum & rcflcxio ; nequc addit quicquam 
 de proprio, led tantum iterat & rclbnar. Nam quod lunam Pan in altas 
 fylvas aliquando fcvocaflet, videtur pertincrc ad congrcflum lenfijs cum 
 
 rebus
 
 Cap.XIII. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ^j 
 
 rebus cocleftibus five divinis. Nam alia eft Endymiouis ratio, alia Paiiis : 
 Ad Endymioncm dormientcm fponte fc demittit luna j fiquidem ad intel- 
 lectum IbpitLim & a rcafibus abductum, quandoquc fponte iniiumit divina : 
 Qiiod fi acceiiantur & voccntur a fenfu, tanquam a Pane, turn vcro non 
 aliud lumen pracbent quam illud : 
 
 Gltiale fiib incertam Innam fiib luce maligna 
 E(i iter in fylvis. — — 
 
 Ad mundi ctiam fufficientiam & pctfeclioncm pcrtinet, quod prolem nori 
 edat. Ilk cnim per partes gencrat ; per totum quomodo generare pollir, 
 ciim corpus extra ipllim non fit ? Nam de muliercula ilia lambe, tiiia I'anis 
 putativa, ell fane ea adjedio quaedam ad fabulam fapicntillima. Per illara 
 cnim rcpraefentantur eac, quae perpctuis temporibus palum vagantur at- 
 que omnia implenr, vaniloquae de rcrum natura dodrinae, re ipfa infruftu- 
 ofae, gcnerc quafi fubdititiac, garrulitate vero intcrdum jucundae, inter- 
 dum moleltae & importunae. 
 
 Exemplum altenim philofophiae, fectmdum parabolas antiquas in poli- 
 ticis. T)e hello fecundum fabulam Terfci. 
 
 PERSEUS orientalis cum fuiflet, iniffus traditur a Pal lade, ad obtrun- 
 candam Medufam, quae populis plurimis ad oecidentem, in extremis 
 Ibcriae partibus, maximae calamitati fuit. Monfirum enim hoe, alias cru- 
 dele & immanc, ctiam afpectu tam dirum atque horrendum fuit, ut eo fo- 
 lo homines in faxa verteret. Erat autem c Gorgonibus una, Medufa, ac fo- 
 la inter cas mortalis, cum reliquae palllvae non eflent. Perfeus igitur ad 
 tam nobilc facinus fe comparans, arma ac dona tribus diis mutuo acccpit j 
 alas a Mercurio, talares fcilicet non axillarcsj a Plutone autem galeam ; fcu- 
 tum deniquc a Pallade & Ipeculum. Nequc tamen (licet tanto apparatu 
 in(lruftus) ad Medulam recla perrexit, fed primum ad Graeas divertit. Eae 
 forores, ex altera parentc, Gorgonibus erant ; atque Graeac iftae canac cti- 
 am a narivitate erant & tanquam vctulae. Oculus autem iis tantummodo & 
 dens erat omnibus unicus 5 quos prout cxire foras quamque contigcrar, vi- 
 cifllm geftabant, rcverfae autem deponerc folcbant. Hunc itaque oculum, 
 atque hunc dcntcm iliac Perfeo commodarunt. Turn demum cum fe abun- 
 dc ad dellinata pcrficicnda inilrudum judicarct, ad Medufam properavit, 
 impiger & volans. Ulam autem ofFcndit dormientcm, nequc tamcn alpe- 
 dui ejus fi (forfan cvigilaret) fe committcrc audebat, fed cervice reflexa, 
 & in fpeculum illud Palladis infpicicns, atque hoc modo itlus dirigcns, ca- 
 put Medufac abfcidit : Ex fanguine autem ciuldcm in terram fufo, llatini 
 Pegafus alatus emicuit. Caput auttm abfcifllim Perleus in fcutum Palladis 
 tranfiiulit & infcruit : Cui etiamnum fua manfir vis, ut ad ejus intuitum 
 omncs ecu attoniti aut lidcrati obrigerent. 
 
 F ABU LA contida videtur de belligerandi ratione & prudcntia. Atque 
 primo omnis belli fufccptio debet efle tanquam milfio a Pallade ; non a Vc- 
 ncrc ccrte, (ut bcllum Trojanum fuit) aut alia Icvi ex caufi> quippc cum in 
 confiliis-folidis dccreta de bellis fundari oporteat. Deindc de gcnerc belli 
 ehgendo, tria proponit fab'ula praccepta, fma admodum & gravia. Pri- 
 mum eft, ut de fiibjugatione nationtim Jitiitimarum q,uis fton magnopere 
 laborct. Nequc enim cadem eft patrimonii & imperii amplificaudi ratio. 
 Jhlam in poIfclFionibus privatis, vicinitas praediorum Ipcdatur, fed in pro 
 
 pagando
 
 88 t)EAUGMENTISSCIENTIARUM. Lib. II. 
 
 pagando imperio occafio, & belli conficicndi facilitas & fruclus, loco vi- 
 cinitatis efle dcbent. Itaquc Pcrfcus licet oricntalis, trancn tarn loniiinquani 
 cxpcditionem, ulquc ad c.xtrcmum occidcntcm, minimc dcncciavir. Hu- 
 JLis rci cxemplum inligne eft in bclligcrandi divcrfa rationc patris & filii re- 
 gum, Philippi & Alcxandri. Illc cnim ia finitimis bellis occupaius, urbes 
 paucas imperio adjecit, idque non fine maxima contcntionc & periculo. 
 Quippe qui & alias & praecipue in proelio Chaeronco, in ultimum difcrimcn 
 adduftus fuit : At Alexander longinquam cxpeditionem bene aullis in Pcr- 
 fas, nationes infinitas lubjugavit, magis itineribus quam procliis fatigatus. 
 Hoc iplum adhuc clarius ccrnitur, in propagatione imperii Romanorumj qui 
 quo tempore, ex parte occidentis, vix ultra Liguriam armis pcnctraveranr, 
 codcm tempore orientis provincias ulquc ad montcm Taurum armis & impe- 
 rio complexi lunt. Etiam Carolus Oftavus rex Galliae, bclliim Brirannicum 
 (quod matrimonio tandem compofitum eft) non admodum lacilc cxpertus, 
 cxpeditionem illam Neapolitanam longinquam, admiranda quadam facilitate 
 & felicitate tranlegit. Habent ccrtc hoc bella longinqua, ut cum iis manus 
 conferatur, qui militiae & armis invaforis minimc fint aflueti : Qiiod in ti- 
 nitimis fecus fe habet. Etiam & apparatus in hujufmodi cxpeditionibus fo- 
 ld efle diligentior & inftrudior i & terror apud hoftes ex iplo auTu & fidu- 
 cia major. Nequc etiam fere poilit fieri in illis cxpeditionibus remotis per 
 hoftcSj ad quos tarn longo itincrc pcrvcnitur, divcrfio aliqua aut invafio re- 
 ciproca, quae in bclligcrandi ratione cum finitimis lacpius adhibctur. Ca- 
 put autem rci eft, quod in lubjugandis finitimis, occafionum delectus in an- 
 gufto verlatur 5 at fi quis longinquiora non detrccter, potcrit pro arbitrio 
 fuo CO transferre bcUum, ubi aut dilciplina militaris maximc eft encrvara, 
 aut vires nationis plurimum attritae & confiimptac, aut dillldia civilia oppor- 
 tune oborta, aut aliae hujufmodi commoditates fe oftcndant. Secundum efV, 
 ut femper fubfit caufa belli jufta, & pia, & honoritica, & favorabilis : Id 
 cnim alacritatcm tum militibus, turn populis impenfas confcrenrlbus, addit, 
 &; focietates aperit & conciliat, & plurimas dcniquc commoditates habcr. 
 Inter caufas autem belli, admodum favorabilis eft ca, quae ducir ad dcbcl- 
 landas tyrannides, fub quibus populus luccumbit, & proftcrnitur fine ani- 
 mis & vigore, tanquam fub afpeclum Medulac; quod etiam Hcrculi divi- 
 nitatem conciliavit. Romanis ccrrc magna religio fuit, ftrcnue & impigrc 
 accurrcre ad f bcios tuendos, Ji quoquo modo opprefti fuiflcnt. Etiam bella 
 ob vindidlam juftam fere femper fclicia fucrunt, ficut bcUum advcrllis Bru- 
 tum & Caflium, ad vindicandam mortem Cacfaris ; Se\eri ad ^'indicandam 
 mortem Pcrtinacis 5 Junii Bruti ad vindicandam mortem Lucrctiae. Dcni- 
 que quicunque bello calamitates hominum & injurias aut levant aut vindi- 
 cant, fub Perleo militant. Tertium ut in omni bello liifcipicndo vera fit 
 acftimatio virium ; atque rcfte perpendatur, utrum bcllum /it tale, quod 
 confici & ad cxitum perduci poilit, ne quis vaftas & infinitas fpcs perfequa- 
 tur. Prudcnter enim Perfeus inter Gorgonas (per quas bella rcpracfcntan- 
 tur) cam delegit, quae in fua natura mortalis erat, ncque ad impoflibilia 
 animum adjecit. Atque de iis, quae in fiifcipiendo bcUo dclibcrationcm fub- 
 eunt, hacc praccipit fabula, reliqiia ad bclligerationem ipfam pertinent. 
 
 In bello maximc omnium proiunt ilia rria dona dcorum, adco ut fortu- 
 nam ipfam fere regant & trahant. Acccpit enim Pcrfcus cclcritatcm a Mer- 
 curio, occultationem confiliorum ab Oreo, & providcntiam a Pnlladc : Nc- 
 que caret allcgoria, eaque prudentiflima, quod alae iliac celeritatis in rebus 
 conficiendis (cum cclcritas in bello plurimum poilit) talarcs, non axillarcs 
 
 fucrinr.
 
 Cap-XIII. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ^ 
 
 fucrint, atque pcdibus, non hameris additae ; quia non tarn in primis belli 
 aggrcffibus, qiiam in iis quae lequuntur & primis fubfidio funr, ccleritas re- 
 quiritur. Nullus enim error in bello magis frequcns tuit, quam quod pro- 
 fecutiones & fubfidiarii impetus initiorum alacritati non rcfpondcant. At 
 galea Plutonis (quae homines invifibiles rcddcre fokbat) manifefta para- 
 bola eft. Nam confiliorum occultatio port celeriratcm maximi ad bellum 
 eft momenti : Cujus etiam celeritas ipfa pars magna eft. Ccleritas enim 
 confiliorum evulgationem praevertit. Ad galeam Plutonis fpeftant, ut unus 
 bello praefit, cum mandatis libcris; confu'tationes enim cum multis, habcnt 
 aliquid potius ex criftis Martis, quam ex galea Plutonis. Eodem fpeftant 
 praetextus varii, & dcfignationes ancipitcs, 6c famae emillTiriae, quae oculos 
 hominum aut pcrftringunt aut avertunt, atque vera confiliorum in obfcuro 
 ponunt. Etiam cautiones diligentcs & fulpicaccs, dc jiteris, dc legatis, dc 
 perfugis, & complura alia, galeam Plutonis ornant & rcvinciunt. At non 
 minus intcrcft, ccnfilia hoUium cxplorarc, quam fua occultare ; Itaquc 
 galeae Plutonis adjungendum eft fpcculum Palladis, per quod hoftium vi- 
 res, inopia, occulti fautorcs, diflidia & faftioncs, progrellus, confilia cer- 
 nantur. Qiioniam vcro rantum fortuitorum lulcipit ratio belli, ut nee in 
 confiliis propriis occultandis, ncc in hoftium explorcindis, ncc in celeritatc ip- 
 fa, multum fiduciac ponendum fit, ideoante omnia fumcndum Palladis icu- 
 tum, providcntiac Icilicct, ut quam minimum fortunae rclinquatur. Hue 
 pertinent explorato vias inirc, caftra diligenter munirc, (quod in militia mo- 
 derna in dcllictudinem fere abiit ; caftra vero inftar urbis munitac, Roma- 
 nis ad advcrfos proclii eventus erant) acies ftabilis & ordinata, non riimium 
 fidcndo cohortibus Icvis armaturac, aut etiam equitum turmis; deniquc om- 
 nia quae ad folidam & folicitam defcnfivam fpeilant : cum plus ^•;l!eat uti- 
 que in bellis fcutum Palladis quam gladius ipfe Martis. Vcrum Peifeo ut- 
 cunque copiis aut animis inftrufto, reftat aliud quidpiam, maximi per om- 
 nia momenti, antequam bellum incipiatur : Nimirum, ut divertat ad Graeas; 
 Graeae autcm prodiciones funt, bellorum fcilicet forores, non gcrmanae il- 
 Jaequidem, fed generics nobilitate quafi impares : Bella enim generofa; pro- 
 ditioncs dcgcneres & turpes. Earum defcriptio clegans eft, ut canae a na- 
 tivitatc fint & tanquam vctulae, propter perpctuas proditorum curas & tre- 
 pidationes. Earum autem vis (antequam in manifeftam defcclionem crum- 
 punt) aut in oculo aut in dente eft : Omnis enim faftio, a ftatu quopiani 
 alienata, & in proditioncm propcnlli, & fpeculatur & mordet. Atque hu- 
 jufmodi oculus & dens tanquam communis eft. Nam quicquid didiccrunt 
 & noverunt, fere per manus ab una ad alteram tranfit & pcrcurrit. Et quod 
 ad dentem attinet, uno quafi ore mordent, & eadem fcandala jadant; ut fi 
 unam audias omnes audias. Itaque Perfeo funt iftac Graeae conciliandac, at- 
 que in auxilium adduccndae, praefertim ut oculum & dentem fuum ei com- 
 modent; oculum ad indicia; dentem ad tumores fercndos & invidiam con- 
 flandam, & animos hominuni Iblicitandos. Poflquam vcro omnia bene fu- 
 crint ad bellum pracparate difpofita, illud imprimis curandam, quod Per- 
 feus fecit, ut Mcdufi dormiens inveniatur. Prudens enim belli lufecptor Tem- 
 per fere hoftem aftcquitur imparatum, & fecuritan propiorem. Deniquc in 
 ipfis bclh adionibus atque infultibus, ille intuitus in fpcculum Palladis, ad- 
 opcrandus eft. Plurimi enim ante ipla pcricula res hoftium acute & at- 
 tente introlpiccre poflunt 3 at in ipfopcriculi articulo aut terrore ofTundun- 
 rur, aut pericula nimlum praeeipites & a fronte fpedant; unde in ilia tc- 
 mere ruunt, vincendi memores, virandi obliri. At ncutrum horum fieri 
 Vol. I. M debet;
 
 90 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. II. 
 
 licbct, fed in fp'cculum Palladis, ccrvicc reflexa infpiciendum, ut irnpcrus 
 . rcctc dirigatur, abique vcl terrorc vcl furore. 
 
 A bcllo pcrfcc^o 6c victoria, fcquuntur cfFcda duo : Pegafi ilia gcncratio & 
 cxfufcitatio; quae fans cvidcntcr funam dcnotat, quae per omnia volar, & 
 victoriam cclcbrat, & rcliquias belli facilcs & in votum cadentes ctficir. 
 Secundum, geftario capitis Mcdufac in fcuro; fiquidcm nullum pracfidii genus 
 huic ob praeitilitiam comparari pollir. Unicum cnim tacinus infigne & 
 memorabilc, fclicircr gcftum 5c perpctratum, omncs hollium motus obrigcfcere 
 facit, atquc malcvolentiam ipfam llupidam rcddir. 
 
 — I-- 
 
 Exem])liim tertium philofopk'ine ftcnndiim parabolas antiquas^ sAi mo- 
 ral/ hss. T)e cupiditate^ fccundiim fabnlam Tyionyji. -^^e f^^ 
 
 lUDlA 
 
 N ARRANT, Semclem, Jovis pclliccm, poftquam juramcntoaiTniTrT- 
 violabili ad votum indclinitum obltrinxilfct, pctiiflc, ut ad amplcxus 
 fuos acccdcrct talis, qualis cum |unone confuelfet. Itaquc ilia ex confla- 
 grationc pcriit. Infans autcm, qucm in utero gcftabat, a patrc exceptus, in 
 femur ejus infutus eft, donee menfcs foctui dcftinatos complcrct : Ex quo 
 tamcn oncre Jupiter interim nonnihil claudicabat. Itaquc pucr quod |o- 
 vem, dum in fcmore ejus portaretur, gravarct & pungcrct, Dionyfi nomen 
 acccpit. Poftquam autcm cditus cflct ; apud Proferprnam per aliquot annos 
 nutritus eft. Cum vcro adultus cflcr, ore fere mulicbri confpicicbatur, \\t 
 fexus viderctur tanquam ambigui. Etiam cxtincius & fcpultus quondam 
 crat ad tcmpus, non ita multo port rcvixir. Atquc prima juvcnta vitis cul- 
 turam, atquc adco vini confcctioncm & ufum primus invcnit & cdocuit: 
 Ex quo Celebris faclus & inclytus, orbcm tcrrarum fubjugavit, & ad ulti- 
 mos Indorum tcrminos pcrrcxit. Curru autcm vchcbatur a tigribus trade; 
 . circa cum fubfultabant dacmoncs dcformcs, Cobali vocati, Acratus &alii. 
 Quin & mufac comitatui ejus fe adjungcbant : Uxorem autcm fibi fumpfit 
 Ariadnem, a Thefco defertam & rclidam. Arbor ei facra crat hcdcfa. 
 Etiam facrorum & cercmoniarnm inventor & inftitutor habcbatur ; ejus ta- 
 mcn generis, quae & fanaticac erant & plenac corruptclarum, atquc infupcr 
 crudclcs. Furores quoque immittcndi potcltatcm habebat. Certe in orgiis 
 ejus, a mulieribus furore pcrcitis, duo viri infigncs difcerpti narrantur, Pcn- 
 theus & Orplicus : Ille, dum arbore confccnfa fpedator eorum quae agcren- 
 tur, curiofus eflc voiuiflct ; hie, cum lyram fuaviter & perite pulfarct: Atquc 
 hujus dci res geftae cum ]ovis rebus fere confunduntur. 
 
 Fabula videtur ad mores pcrtinerc, ut vix quicquam in philofophia 
 morali melius inveniatur. Defcribitur autem fub perfona Bacchi natura 
 cupiditatis, five aftccluum & pcrturbationum animi. Primum igitur, quod 
 ad natalia cupiditatis attinct; origo cupiditatis omnis, licet noccntiffimac, 
 non alia cil, quam bonum apparcns. Sicut cnim virtutis neater eft bonnm 
 cxiftens, funilitcr cupiditatis mater eft bonum apparcns.' Altera jovis .(lub 
 cuius perfona anima humana repracfcntatur) uxor Icgitima, altera pclicx : 
 quae tamcn Junonis honorcs acmuletur, tanquam Semele. Concipifur vcro 
 cupiditas in voto illicito, prius tcmerc concclfo, quam rite intcllccl:o& ju- 
 dicato. Atquc poftquam eftervcfcere coepcrit, mater ejus (natura; fciiiicct 
 & Ipccics boni) ex nimio incendio deftruitur & pcrit. Proccftus autcm cu- 
 piditatis a conceptu fuo talis eft : ilia ab animo humano (qui ejus eft genitor) 
 & nutricatur & occultatur, praecipue in infcriore parte ejus, tanquam fc- 
 more > atquc animum pungit & convellit &. dcprimit, adco ut acltoncs & 
 
 dccrcta
 
 Cap.XIII. DE AUGMENTIS S C I E N TIARUM. 91 
 
 <Jccrcta ab ca impcdiantur i5c claudiccnt. QLiiiietiam poftquani conlcnlli <Sc 
 tempore confirmata eft, & in aftus ci-umpir, iir jam quail mcnfcs comple- 
 vcrit, & cdita plane fit atque nata, primo ramen ad tcmpus nonnnlium apud 
 Proferpinam cducatur, id eft, latcbras quacrir, atque clandcftina eft, & qiiafi 
 fubtcn-anea; donee rcmotis pudoris & metus fraenis, & coalira audacia, auc 
 ■virtutis alicujus praetcxtum iumit, aut infamiam iplam contemnit. Atquc 
 illud veriftimum eft, omnem affcclum vehementioi-em tanquam ambigui fex- 
 iis cilc. Habct enim impetum virilem, impotcntiam autcm muliebrem. 
 Etiam illud praeclare, Bacchum mt)rtnnm revivifcere : Videntur enim at- 
 fedus quandoque Ibpiti, atque extinfli ; led nulla fides habcnda eft eis, na 
 Icpultis quidcni : fiquidem pracbita materia & occafione refur^unt. 
 
 De invcntione vitis parabola prudens eft : omnis enim affcdus ini2;cnioftis 
 eft admodum & fagax, ad inveftigandum ea, quae ipilim alant & tbvcanr. 
 Atqui ante omnia, quae hominibus innotuere, vinum ad perturbationes cu- 
 jufcunquc generis excitandas & inflammandas potentiifmium eft, & maximc 
 efficaxj atquc eft cupiditatibus in gencre inftar fomitis communis. Elc^an- 
 tiHimc autcm ponitur afFeftus five cupiditas, provinciarum ilibju^ator, <5c 
 expcditionis infinitac fufceptor : nunquam enim partis acquiefcit, led appe- 
 titu infinito, ncque fatiabili, ad ulteriora tendit & novis Temper inhiat. 
 Etiam tigrcs apud affcftus ftabulant, & ad currum eorum fubinde jui^antur. 
 Poftquam enim aflfeftus curulis eflc cocperit, non pcdcftris, fed viclor rationis 
 & quafi triumphator faftus fit, in omncs, qui adverfantur aut fe opponunt, 
 crudclis eit & indomitus ac immitis. Facetum autem eft, quod circa cur- 
 rum Bacchi ftibftaltant illi daemones deformcs & ridiculi. Omnis enim afte- 
 ftus vchemcnrior progignit motus in oculis & ore ipfo & geftu indecoros 
 & inconditos, ftibftiltorios & deformcs ; adeo ut qui fibi ipfi fortafle in aliquo 
 afFeftu (veluti ira, arrogantia, amorc) vidcatur magnificus & tumidus, aliis 
 tamen appareat turpis & ridiculus, Confpiciuntur autem in cupiditatis co- 
 mitatu mufae : Nequc enim reperitur ullus fere aft"cdus, tarn pravus & 
 vilis, cui non blandiatur aliqua doftrina. Hac enim in re, ingcniorum in- 
 dulgentia & procacitas, mufarum majeftatem in immenfum minuit; ut cum 
 duces vitac & figniferi efle dcbeant, fint non rare cupiditatum pcdiflcquae 
 & obledatrices. 
 
 Imprimis veto nobilis eft ilia allegoria, Bacchum amorcs ftios in cam 
 efFudillc, quae ab alio relitta erat & faftidita. Certiftimum enim eft, affe- 
 itus id pctere atquc ambire, quod expcricntia jam pridem repudiavit. At- 
 que norint omnes, qui affcdibus fuis fervientes & indulgentes, prctium po- 
 tiundi in immenfum augent, {iivc honorcs appetant, five amores, five glo- 
 riam, five fcientiam, five alia quaccunquc) fe res relidlas petere & a com- 
 pluribus, per omnia fere faecula, poft cxperimentum, dimiflas & repudiatas. 
 Neque myfterio caret, quod hcdera Baccho facra fuerit , hoc enim duplici 
 modo convenit. Primum, quod hcdera hyeme vircfcat ; deinde, quod 
 circa tot res (arbores, parietcs, aedificia) fcrpat, ac circumfundatur & fe at- 
 • toUar. Quod ad primum enim attinct, omnis cupiditas per renitentiam Sc 
 vetitum, & tanquam antiperiftafin (vcluti per frigora brumae hcdera) vire- 
 fcit, ac vigorem acquirit : fccundo, aftcdus aliquis in humana anima prac- 
 dominans, omnes ejus adiones & decreta, tanquam hedera, circumfepit ; ne- 
 que fere quicquam purum invenias, quo ilia claviculas fuas non imprimat. 
 Neque mirum eft, fi fuperftitiofi ritus Baccho attribuantur, cum omnis fere 
 malefanus affedus in pravis rcligionibus luxurietur : adeo ut haerericorum 
 colluvies Bacchanalia cthnicorum fuperarit } quorum etiam fuperftitiones. 
 
 Vol. I. M 2 non
 
 92 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM.Lib.il. 
 
 non minus cruentae, quam turpes extitcmnt. Ncque itidem niirum eft, 
 ji -furores a Baccho immitti putcntur, cum & omnis aflPcclus in excclIU fuo, 
 veluti furor brevis fit, &, fi vehementius obfidcat & incumbat, in infania 
 facpius tcrminctur. lllud autcm de Pentheo & Orphco inter orgia Bacchi 
 laceratis, evidentem parabolam habct j cum affcdus quifque praevalidus 
 crga duas res fit afperrimus atque infcnfiflimus ; quarum altera eft inqui- 
 fitio in eum curiofa, altera, admonitio falutaris & libera. Nequc auxilio 
 fuerit, ft ilia inquifitio iiat tantum contemplationis aut fpcftandi gratia, tan- 
 quam arbore confcenfa, abfque omni animi malignitatCi ncque rurfus, fi 
 admonitio ilia, multa cum fuavitate & dextcritate adhibeatur ; verum UE- 
 cunque non tolerant orgia aut Penthcum aut Orpheum, Poftrcmo, ilia 
 confufio perfonarum Jovis & Bacchi, ad parabolam rede traduci potcft ; 
 quandoquidem res geftae nobiles & clarae, atque merita infignia & gloriofa, 
 interdum a virtute & recta ratione & magnanimitate, intcrdum autem a la- 
 tcntc affcfta & occulta cupiditate (utcunque famae & laudis celebritate 
 utraquc res pariter gaudeat) provcniant j ut non facile fit diftingucre fada 
 Dionyfi a fadtis Jovis. 
 
 Verum in theatre nimis diu moramur ; tranfeamus ad palatium animi j 
 Gujus limina majori cum vcneratione & cura ingredi convenit. 
 
 H 
 
 FRAN'
 
 F R A N C I S C I 
 
 Baronis de V E R U L x^ M I O, 
 
 Vice-Comitls Sancti Albani, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmentis Scientiarum, 
 
 LIBER TERTIUS: 
 
 AD REGEM SUUM. 
 
 C A P. I. 
 
 ^art'itw fcientiae in theologiam <^ philofophiam. 'Partitio philofophla^ 
 ■ in doEirinas tres i de Numine, de natura, dehomine. Conjlitutio phi- 
 lofophiae primae, ut matris communis omnium. 
 
 HISTORIA omnis (rex optime) humi inccdit, &ducis potius officio 
 quam lucis pcrfungitur : poefis autem dodrinae tanquam fomnium : 
 res dulcis & varia, & volcns videri aliquid in fe liabcre divini ; quod etiam 
 Ibmnia vendicant. Verum jam tempus eft mihi, ut evigilem, & me humo 
 attollam, philofophiac & fcicntiarum liquidum aethera fecans. 
 
 SciENTiA aquarum fimilis eft: Aquarum aliae dcfcendunt coelitus, 
 flliac emanant c terra. Etiam fcicntiarum primaria partitio liimcnda eft ex 
 fontihus ftris : Horum alii in alto fiti Hint, alii hie infra. Omnis enim fci- 
 cntia dupliccm fortitur informationcm. Una infpiratur divinitus, altera ori- 
 tur a fcnfu. Nam quantum ad illam, quae doccndo infunditur, fcicntiam ; 
 cumulativa ca eft, non originalis : ficut etiam iit in aquis, quae practcr fon- 
 tcs primaries, ex aliis rivulis in fc receptis, augcfcunt. Partiemur igitur 
 fcicntiam, in theologiam & philofophiam. Theologiam hie intcUigimus in- 
 fpiratam five lactam, non naturalcm ■■, de qua paulo poft diduri fumus. At 
 illam (infpiratsm nimirum) ad ultimum locum rcfcrvabimus, uteumeafer- 
 mones noftros elaudamus ; cum fit portus & fabbatum humanarum contem- 
 plationum omnium. 
 
 Philosophiae autem objcdlum triplex, Deus, natura, homo: Et triplex 
 itidem radius rerum. Natura enim percutit intelleftum radio diredo ; Deus 
 autem propter medium inaequale (creaturas fcilicet) radio refrado ; homo vcro 
 fibi ipfi monftratus & exhibitus, radio reflcxo. Convcnit igitur partiri philofo- 
 phiam in dodlrinas tres ; doftrinam dc Numine, dodrinam de natura, doCtri- 
 nam de honiinc. Qiioniam autem partitiones fcientiarimi non funt lincis di- 
 Ycrfis fimiles, quae Coeunt ad unum angulum ; fed potius ramis arborum, 
 
 qui 
 
 93
 
 QA. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUxM. Lib.IlL 
 
 ^uiconiunaunturin nno tmnco, (qui ctiani ?ruacus ad fpatium nonniillum in- 
 tcccr eft & contiiiuus, antcquam le pa'rtiatur in ramos;) kkirco poflulat res; 
 ut'priulquani prioris partitionis membra pcrlcqiiamur, coullitiiatur una Ici- 
 entia univcrfalis, quae fit mater rcliquarum, & habeatur in protircfili doftri- 
 iiarum, tanquam portio viae communis, antequam viae Te leparent 6c dil- 
 juni;ant. Hanc feientiam piiilolbphiac primae, five ctiam lapicntiae (quae 
 olim rerum divmarum atquc humanarum fcientia definiebatur) nomine infig- 
 nimus. Huic autcm Icicntiae nulla alia opponitur j cum ab aliis fcientiis, 
 potius limitibus, intra quos continctur, quam rebus & liibjcdo dilicrat, fa- 
 ftii;ia icilicet rerum tantummodo tradans- Hanc ipfam utrum inter defidc- 
 rata reponerc oporteat, haefito ; fed arbitror tamcn poni deberc. Equidcm 
 invcnio farraginem quandam & maflam inconditam dodrinae ex thcologia 
 naturali, ex fogica, ex partlbus quibufdam phyficae, (veluti de principiis, 
 -&: de anima) compofitam & congeftam, & lublimitatc quaddm Icrmonis 
 hominum, qui le iplbs admirari amant, tanquam in vcrtice Icientiarum collo- 
 catam. Nos vero, miflb faftu, id tantum volumus, ut dcfignctur aliqua 
 fcientia, quae fit reccptaculum axiomatum; quae particularium fcientiarum 
 non fint propria, icd pluribus earum in commune competant. 
 
 Plurima autem id genus axiomata eflc nemo ambigat. Exempli gra- 
 tia. Si i}!acqnaribHs aeqnalia addas, omnia enint inaequalia : Rcgula c&, 
 exmathematicis; eadem & in ethicis obtinct, quatenus ad juiHtiam dirtribu' 
 tivam ; fiquidem in juftitia commutativa, ut paria imparibus tribuantur, ra- 
 tio acquitatis poftulat ; at in diftributiva, nifi imparia imparibus praeftcntur, 
 iniquitas fucrit maxima, ^me in eodem tertio conveniunt, c?- inter _/>, 
 conveniiint : Rcgula eft itidem ex mathcmaticis ; verum fimul tarn potcns 
 in logica, ut fyllogifmi fit fundaraentum, Nattira fe potijjimum prodit in 
 minnnis : rcgula eft in phyficis, tarn valida, ut ctiam Democriti atomos pro- 
 duxcrit ; veruntamen earn rede adhibuit Ariftoteles in politicis, qui contcm- 
 plationcm rcipublicae orditur a familia. Omnia mutantur, nil interit : 
 Rcgula itidem in phyficis hoc mode prolata , ^tanttim naturae, nee mi- 
 nnitnr, nee attgetnr : Eadem competit thcologiac naturali, fie variata ; 
 Omnipotent iae fiint opera : aliqnid ex 7iihilo facere, cr aliqnid in nihi- 
 htm redigere : Qitod ctiam fcriptura teftatur, ^Didici, quod omnia op^ray 
 quae fecit T>etis, per fever ent in perpetnum •■, non pojfumns eis quicquam 
 addere nee auferre. Interitus rei arcetnr per reduBionem ejus ad 
 principia : Rcgula eft in phyficis 5 eadem valet in politicis, (ut re«f\e no- 
 tavit MachiavcUus) cum ilia quae interitum rerumpublicarum maximc pro- 
 hibcnt, nihil aliud fere fint, quam reformatio carum, & redudio ad antiquos 
 mores. '^Pntredo ferpens magis contagiofa eft, quam matara : Rcgula 
 eft in phyficis, eadem infignis ctiam in moralibus ; cum homines profligatif- 
 iimi & maximc facinorofi, minus corruptelae inferant publicis moribus, 
 quam qui aliquid vidcntur habere fanitatis & virtutis, & ex parte tantum 
 mali funt. (^lodconfervativum eft formae 'majoris, id acfivitate poten- 
 tius : Rcgula eft in phyficis. Etcnim, ut non abfcindatur ipfe rerum ne- 
 xus, ncc detur (ut loquuntur) vacuum, facit ad confervandam fabricam 
 univcrfi. Ut vero gravia congregentur ad maflam terrae, facit ad confer- 
 vandam tantum rcgionem dcnforum. Itaquc prior motus poikriorem do- 
 jnar. Eadem tenet in politicis. Nam quae taciunt ad confervandam ipfani 
 politiam in fua natura, validiora funt, quam quae ad bene elfc particularium 
 in rcpublica mcmbrorum conducunt. Similiter eadem locum habct in 
 thcologia. Etcnim in thcologicis virtutibus, charitaS;, quae eft virtus maxima 
 
 com-
 
 Cap.I. DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N TI AI^UAI. 95 
 
 communicativa, prac rcliqais omnibus cmincr. Augetv.r vis ag&ntis p;r 
 antiperiftajin contrarii : llcgula eft in phyficis. Eadcin mira pfacftat ia 
 politicis; cam omnis fadio, ex contraria ingruentc vchcmcatci- initcriii-. 
 Tonus d.'fcors in concordem acfiitum defiaens, concentmn commcndat : 
 rcgula eft muficac. Eadcm in crhicis & aftcctibus obtinct. Tropiis iJle 
 muficus, a ciaufula aut cadcntia, (quam vocant) cum iamjam adcllc videa- 
 tiir, placidc clabcndi ; convcnit cum tropo riicrorico cxpcdarioncm eludcn- 
 di. Fidnimfon.ts tremulus, candcm aOcrt auribus voluptatcm, quam lumeu 
 aquae aut gemmae infiliens oculis ; 
 
 • Splendet tremtilo (lib Imnine pontus. 
 
 Organa fenfuum aim organis rejiexionum conveniunt. 
 
 Hoc in pcrfpcdiva locum habct ; oculus cnini fimilis fpcculo five aquiv, 
 Et in acouftica ; inftrumentum cnim audirus obici iiitra cavernam /imilc. 
 Haec pauca enumcrairc fufticict ad cxcmpla. Qiiinimo magia Perlarum 
 (quae in tantum eft cclcbrata) in co potiftimum vcrlabatur, ut architecluras 
 & fabricas rcrum naturalium & civil ium iymbolizantcs noraret. Ncquc 
 haec omnia, quae diximus, & alia hujus generis, limilitudines mcrae luar, 
 (quales hominibus fortafle parum pcrlpicacibus vidcri polFint) fed plane una 
 cadcmque naturae veftigia aut /ignacula, diverfis materiis & ftibjedlis imprefla. 
 Atque haec res adhuc fedulo tradata non eft. hivenias fortalle in fcriptis, 
 quae ab ingeniis celfioribus promanarunt, hujufmodi axiomata raro & fparfuu 
 Lifcrra, ex ufu argumenti quod tradant : corpus vero aliquod talium 
 axiomatum, quae vim habeantquandam primitivam & fummariam ad fcientias, 
 nemo compolliir ; cum tamcn fit res cjulmodi, quae infigniter naturam unani 
 faciat; quod philofophiac primae munus cflc autumant. 
 
 EsT.& alia hnjus philofophiac primae pars, quae, fi ad vocabula refpi- 
 ciasi -vetus ^^' ^' ^"^ ):cm, quam defignamus, nova. Eft autem inquifitio 
 dc conditionibus adventitiis cntium, (quas tranfccndcntes diccrc poflumus) 
 pauco, multo, fimili, divcrfo, poftlbili, impoflibili; ctiam enrc, & non ente; 
 atque cjulmodi. Qiiandoquidem enim ifta Tub phyfica proprie non cadant, 
 diflfirtatio autem dialedica circa ea, magis ad argumentandi rationes quam 
 ad rerum cxiftentiam fit accommodata; confentaneum omnino eft, ut haec • 
 contcmplatio (in qua non parum eft dignitatis & utilitatis) hand deferatur 
 prorfas, fed in fcientiarnm partitionibus nonnullum laltem inveniat locum: 
 vcruntamcn hoc incelligimus fieri debere, longe alio, quam quo traClari folet, 
 modo. Exempli gratia : nemo, qui dem ulto & pauco verba fecit, hoc egit, ut 
 caufa reddatur, cur alia in natura, tarn numerola & ampla fint & efle pollint, 
 alia tain rara& modica: Nam certe fieri non potcft, ut in rcrum natura, tanta 
 fit copia auri, quanta fcrri ; tanta rofae, quanta graminis ; tanta fpecificati, quan- 
 ta non fpecificati. Similiter nemo qui de fimili & divcrfo dilfcruit, fitis expli- 
 cavif, cur quafi perpetuo inter Ipecies diverfas, interponantur participia quae 
 dam, quae funt fpeciei ambiguae ; vcluti mufcus inter putredincm & plantam ; 
 pifces qui hacrent & loco non moventnr, inter plantam & animal; forices 
 & mures, & alia nonnulla, inter animalia ex putredine & ex femine prog- 
 nata ; vefpcrtiliones inter aves & quadrupedes; pifces volantes (qui jam no- 
 tiilimi I'unt) inter aves & pifces; phocae inter pifces & quadrupedes; & 
 alia hujufmodi. Neque rurlus caulam indagavit quifpiam, cur cum fimilia 
 fimilibus gaudeant, ferrum ferrum non trahat, quod magnes facit, neque au- 
 rum ipfum aurum, licet argcntum vivum alliciat. Circa haec & fimilia in dif- 
 ceptatione de tranfccndcntibus illis, ahum eft filcntium : orationis cnim api- 
 ces,
 
 ^6 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.IIL 
 
 ces, non rerum fubtilitarcs, fccuti funt homines. QLiamobrcm horum tran- 
 fcendentium, five conditionum entium advcntitiarum inquifirioncm vcram 
 & folidam, fecimdum naturae non fermonis leges, philofophiam primam 
 recipere volumus. Atquc de philofophia prima (five de Sophia) quam inter 
 defidcrata haud iminerito retuUmus, haec dida fmt. 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 1)6 theologinnattirali: & doBrina de Angells c^ Spiritibus ; quae ejitf 
 
 dem eji appendix. 
 
 COLLOC ATA igitur fua in fede communi fcicntiarum parente, inftar 
 Berecynthiae tanta gaudentis coclefti fobole ; 
 
 Omnes coelkolas, omnes flip era alt a tencntes ; 
 
 xevertamur ad partitioncm illam trium philofophiarum, divinae, mturr.Hs & 
 humanac. Nam thcologia naturalis, philofophia etiam divina rede appel- 
 latur. Definirur autem haec, ut fit talis fcientia, feu potius fcientiae fcin- 
 tilla, qualis de Deo habcri potcft, per lumen naturae & contemplationem 
 rerum crcatarum : & ratione obiedi lane divina, ratione informationis, na- 
 turalis cenferi potcih Hujus fcientiae limites ita vere fignantur, ut ad a- 
 theifmum confutandum & convinccndum, & ad legem naturae informandam 
 fe extendant ; ad religionem autem adftruendam non proferantur. Qiiamob- 
 rem nee Deus unquam edidit miraculum, quo converteretur arheus; quia 
 poterat ipfo naturae lumine ad notitiam Dei perduci ; verum miracula ad 
 convertendos idololatras & fupcrftitiofos dcfignata funt, qui Numcn agnove- 
 runt, fed in cultu ejus aberrarunt; quoniam non fullicit lumen naturae, 
 Dei voluntati declarandae, aut cultui ejus legitimo prodcndo. Sicut enim 
 opificis potentiam & peritiam oftcndunt opera ejus, imaginem autem mini- 
 iTie; fic opera Dei, Conditoris omnipotentiam &: fapientiam ollendunt, ima- 
 ginem ejus haudquaquam dcpingunt. Atque hac in re, ethnicorum opinio 
 a facta veritate recedit: lUi fiquidem mundum imaginem Dei ftatuebanr, 
 hominem mundi. At (acrae literae haud tali honore mundum dignantur, 
 ut Dei ufpiam imago dicatur, fed folummodo opus manuum ejus ; hominem 
 veto imaginem Dei immediate fubftituunt. Quocirca, quod fit Deus, quod 
 rerum habenas trader, quod fumme potens, quod fapicns & pracfcius, quod 
 bonus, quod remunerator, quod vindex, quod adorandus, etiam ex operi- 
 bus ejus demonftrari & evinci poteft : & admirabilia complura fecreta cir- 
 ca attributa ejus, & multo magis circa regimen & difpcnfationem fuper 
 imiverfum, etiam fobrie ex iifdem clici & manifeftari qucunt; eftque iltud 
 argumentum a nonnuUis utiliter pertradatum. Verum ex intuitu rerum na- 
 turalium, atque humanae rationis principiis, de fidei myftcriis vel ratiocinari 
 vel etiam fuadere vehemcntius, aut ruri'us ea curiofius introfpicere 5c venti- 
 late, & de modo myfterii inquirere, haud tutum meo judicio fuerit. T>a 
 jidei quae fidei funt. Nam vel cthnici, in illuftri ilia & divina, dc aurea 
 catena, fabula, hoc ipfum conccdunt : quod J ovem de coelo ad terras dedU' 
 cere nee homines potnernnt, nee dii ; e contrario, quod Jupiter pertrabere 
 COS potiwrit e terra ad coelurn. Qiiarc frullra fudaverir, qui coeleftia re- 
 ligionis arcana, noftrae rationi adaptare conabitur : dccebit potius, menrcs 
 noftras ad coelcftis veritati thtonum adorandum attollcre. In hac igitur 
 
 parte
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM 97 
 
 parte theologiae naturalis, tantum abcft, ut dcfcLlum aliqucm obfcrvcm, ut 
 exccflum potius rcperiam ; ad quern fiibnorandiun pauluin fum digrcflus, 
 propter maxima incommoda & pericula, quae ex co turn rcligioni, turn phi- 
 lofophiae impendent ; utpotc qui &' religioncm hacrcticam procudcr, & phi- 
 lofophiam phantafticam & fupcrftitiofam. 
 
 Sec us eft, quod ad Angclorum & fpirituum naturam attinct ; quae ncc 
 infcrutabilis eft, nee interdicla j ad quam ctiam, ex affinitare, quam habet 
 cum anima humana, aditus magna ex parte eft patefadus. Praccipit certe 
 facra fcriptura j Nemo vos decipiat in fublimitate fermonnrn c^ religione 
 Angelorinn, ingerens fe in ea, quae no?i no-v'it. Atcamen fi hoc nionituni 
 diligenter pcrpcndas, duo duntaxat in eo vetita reperies ; adorationem fci- 
 licct, qualis Deo debctur, Angelorum ; & fanaticas dc iis opiniones, vcl ul- 
 tra creaturae ibrtem eos cfferentcs, vcl ampliorcm de iis cognitionem, quam 
 quis rcvcra adcptus fir, vcnditantcs. Caeterum fo.bria circa illos inquifitio, 
 quae vcl per rerum corporearum icalam ad eorum naturam pernofcendam 
 afccndat, vel in anima humana, veluti in fpeculo, cam intueatur, ncuti- 
 quam prohibetur. Idem de fpiritibus ftatucndum immundis, qui a ftatu Tuo 
 deciderunr. Confortium cum iis, atquc ulus operae corum, illicitus eft ; 
 multo magis qualifcunque cultus vel vencratio. At contemplatio & cog- 
 nitio illorum naturae, poteftatis, illufionum, non folum ex locis fcripturae 
 facrae, fed ex ratione, aut experientia, haud poftrema pars eft iapicntiac 
 fpiritualis. Sic certe Apoftolus, ftrategematum ejus non jgnari fiimus. Ac 
 non minus daemonum naturam inveftigare in thcologia naturali conceditur, 
 quam venenorum in phyfica, aut vitiorum in ethica. Hanc autem Icientiae 
 partem de Angclis & daemonibus inter defiderata numcrare non licet, 
 quippe quae ab haud paucis fit tentata : aequius eftct, ut Icriptorum in hoc 
 gcnere pars haud parva, aut vanitatis, aut fuperftitionis, aut lubtilitatis inu- 
 tilis ar<;uantur. 
 
 'O'^ 
 
 CAP III. 
 
 'Partitio naturalis fhtlofophiae in fpeculativam & operativajn : quod- 
 qne illae duae, & in intentione tracfantis, & in corpore tra£tatus 
 ftgregari debeant. 
 
 ISSA igitur theologia naturali (cui inquifitionem dc fpiritibus, ut 
 
 _ appendicem attribuimus,) accedamus ad iecundam partem ; videlicet 
 
 illam dc natura, five philofophiam naturalem. Optimc Dcmocritus, Sci- 
 ^ntiain de natura in profundis mineris, five puteis latere demerfani. 
 Non male Chymici ■■, Vulcamim alteram naturam ejfe j qiiinetiam id ce- 
 ler iter per fie ere ^ quod natura per ambages <^ tempor is moras fiolet. Qtiid- 
 ni igitur philofophiani in duas partes ieccmus, fodinam & fornaccm; & dua 
 conftituamus philolbphorum munera, opcrarios in mineris (Sctabros? Sane 
 utcunquc vidcamur haec per lufum loqui -, tamen hujus generis partitionem 
 utilillimam cfle cenfemus, cum proponetur vocabulis familiaribus & Ichola- 
 fticis; hoc eft, ut dividatur 'Doclrina de natura in iyiquifiitioneyn cau fa- 
 rum & produtttonem effcHuum-, fipcculativam dr operativam. Altera 
 naturae vifcera peribrutatur, altera naturam veluti lupcr incudem cfformat. 
 Ncquc me fugit, quam ardo copulenrur vinculo caufac & cfteftus, ut expli- 
 cationcm eorum aliquatcnus conjungi fit ncceHc. Attamen quandoquidcm 
 Vol. I. '^ N omnis
 
 98^^ DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. UhUL 
 
 omnis folida & fructuoia naturalis philofophia dupliccra adhibcat Icalamy 
 camque divcrfam, afcentbi-iam & dclccnlbriam ; ab expericntia ad axioms- 
 ta, & ab axiomatibus nova invcnta, confultiirimum judico ut hae duae 
 partes, Ipcculativa & operativa, & in intentione tradantis, & in coipore 
 tradlatus icpaixntur. 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Tart it io doEirinae fpeciilativae de nattira^ in phjjicam fpecialem & meta- 
 phyficani : qttarum phyfica caufam efficient ern c?" mater iam^ metaphy- 
 Jica catifam finalem ij- for mam inqiiirit. 'Partitio phyficae in doclri- 
 nas de principiis rerum, de fabric a rerum five de jniindo, cr de 'varie- 
 tate rerum. Partitio phyficae de I'arietate rerum in docirinam de 
 concretise & docfrinam de abfira&is. 'Partitio doctrinae de concre- 
 tis Rcjicitur ad cafdem partitioncs, quas fufcipit bijtoria naturalis. 
 Partitio docfrinae de abfiractis in dottrinam de fiche?natifmis mate- 
 riae & do£irinam de motibiis. Appendices duae phyfiicae fpeciilativae^ 
 froblemata naturalia placita antiquorum philofopborum. "Partitia 
 metaphjficae, in do^rina'm de formiSj & do£trinam de caiifis fina- 
 libus. 
 
 NATURALIS philofophiae partem, quae fpcculariva cfl: & thcori- 
 ca, in phyficam Ipccialem & metaphyficam dividcrc placet. Atquc 
 in hac partitionc attendant lioniines nos vocabulum metaphyficae ufurpare, ' 
 fcn(u a reccpto & vulgato dilcrcpanti. Hie autem loeus admoncndi videtur, 
 de noftro in generc, circa ufum vocabulorum, inftituto. Id hujufmodi eft, 
 ut tarn in pracmifib vocabulo metaphyficae, quam in aliis, ubi coneeptus &- 
 notioncs noftrae novae funt & a rcceptis reccdunt, maxima certe cum reli- 
 gione antiqua vocabula rctineamus. Cum cnim futurum fperemus, ut or- ' 
 do ipfe & dilucida rerum explicatio, quam iubjungere conamur, nos a pra- 
 va vocabulorum (quibus utimur) intelllgentia libercnt ; in caeteris omnino 
 avcmus (quatcnus fine vcritatis ac fcicntiarum dilpendio fieri polllt) vcl 
 minimum ab antiquorum aut opinionibus aut loquendi more dcflcdere. Qiia 
 in re Ariftorelis confidentiam proinde lubit mirari ; qui impctu quodam pcr- 
 citus contradidionis, & bcUum univcrlae antiquitati indiccns, non Iblum 
 nova artium vocabula pro libitu cudcndi liccntiam ulurpavit •■, led ctiam pri- 
 fcam omnem f^apicntiam extingucrc & delere annifus eft. Adeo ut nequc 
 nominct ufpiam authores antiquos, nequc dogmatum eoruni mentionem ul- 
 lam faciat, nifi quo aut homines perftringerct, aut placita rcdargucret. Sa- 
 ne fi tamam nomini llio, ac fequacium turbam affcctavcrit, hoc rationibus 
 fuis imprimis accommodatum. Siquidcm in vcritatc philolbphica aflercnda 
 & rccipienda, idem contingit, quod in verirate divina, Veni in nomine 
 Tatris, 7U'c red pit is me, f qnis i-enerit in nomine pto, eum recipietis. Scd 
 ex hoc coclelli aphorilmo, fi quern praccipue defignaverit, Ipedemus ; (nem- 
 pc antichrilium omnium laeculorum impoftorem maximum) colligcre licet, 
 iftud iplum, Venire in nomine fno, nulla antiquitatis, aut (ii ita loqui li- 
 cet) patcrnitatis habita ratione, rem mali ominis ellc ad veritatem ; utcun-, 
 que cam lacpenumcro comitetur ilia fortuna, eum recipietis. Caetcrum de 
 viro tarn eximio certc, & ob acumen ingcnii mirabili, Ariltotele, crcdiderim 
 3« facile
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 99 
 
 facile hanc ambitioncm cum a difcipulo fuo accepiilc, qucm fortaflc ae- 
 mulatus eft; ut fi ille omncs nationcs, hie omncs opinioncs fubigcrct, & 
 monarchiam quandam in contcmplationibus fibi condcrcr. Quanquam ricri 
 pollit, ut apud aliquos tctricos & linguae acerbae, fimili cum difcipulo fuo 
 titulo infigniixtur. 
 
 Felix t err arum pracdo, non utile mundd 
 Edit us exejnphim : ^ 
 
 Eodcm modo, 
 
 Felix dodrinae fraedo, ^c. 
 
 Nobis vero ex altera parte (quibus, quantum calamo valcmus, inter Vetera 
 & nova in Uteris foedus & commcrcium contraherc cordi cit) decrctum ma- 
 nct, antiquitatem comitari ufquc ad aras; atque vocabula antiqua rctinere^ 
 quanquam fcnfum eorum & definitioncs faepius immutemus; fccundum 
 modcratum ilium & laudatum in civilibus novandi modum, quo rerum fta- 
 tu novato, vcrborum tamen folennia durcnt ; quod notat Tacitus, Eadem 
 magijtratmim vocabula. 
 
 Rede AM us igiturad acceptionem vocabuli metaphyficae, noftro fenfu. 
 Patet ex iis, quae llipra difleruimus, disjungere nos philofophiam primam a 
 meraphyfica, quae hadlenus pro re eadem habitac funt. Illam communem 
 fcientiarum parentem, hanc naturalis philofophiae portionem, pofuimus. At- 
 qui philofophiae primae communia & promiicua fcientiarum axiomata ailig- 
 navimus. Etiam relativas & adventitias entium conditiones; (quas tranf- 
 cendcntes nominavimus) multum, paucum; idem, diverlum; poilibile, 
 impoflibilej & hoc genus reliqua cidem attribuimus; id folummodo ca-. 
 vcndo, ut phyfice non logicc tradentur. At inquifitionem de Deo, uno, 
 bono, angclis, Ipiritibus, ad theologiam naturalem retulimus. Merito igi- 
 tur quaeri pollit, quid tandem fit, quod metaphyficae rclinquatur ? Certe 
 ultra naturam nihil, fed ipfius naturae pars multo praeltantiflima. Atque 
 profecto citra vcritatis difpendium, hue ufquc de vcterum fcntentia rcfpon- 
 derc liceat, phyficam ea traftare, quae pcnitus in materia mcrfa lunt & mo- 
 bilia, metaphyficam abftrafta magis & conftantia. Rurfus phyficam in 
 natura fupponere cxiftentiam tantum, & motum, & naturalem necellitatemj 
 at metaphyficam etiam mentpm & ideam. Nam hue forte redit ca, quam 
 diccmus, res. Verum nos earn, milfa fermonis fublimitate, perfpicuc & fa- 
 nii'iariter proponemus. Partiti fumus Naturalem philofophiam in cau- 
 farum inquifitionem, ^ produU:i07iem ejfetliium. luqutjitionem caufa- 
 rum in theoricam conjecimus. Earn in phyficam & metaphyficam partiti 
 fumus. Ergo necefle eft, ut vera differentia hnrum fumatur ex natura cau- 
 farum, quas inquirunt. Itaquc abfque aliqua obfeuritate aut circuitionc, 
 phyfica eft, quae inquirit de efficiente & materia, nietaphyfica quae de forma 
 & hiie. 
 
 Physica igitur caufarum vaga & incerta, & pro modo fubjedi, mobilia 
 compleditur ; caufarum conftantiam non aflcquitur. 
 
 Limits ut hie durefcit, & haec ut cera liquefcit, 
 Uno eodemque igne 
 
 Ignis duritici caufa, fed in limo ; ignis colliquationis caufi, fed in cera. Par- 
 
 tiemur autem phyficam in dodrinas tres. Natura cnim aut coUeda in u- 
 
 num, aut fufa & fparfa eft. CoUigitur vero in unum natura, aut propter 
 
 Vol. I. N 2 eommur
 
 lOO DE AUGMENTIS S C lEN Tl AR U M. Lib.III. 
 
 conimunia rcrum omnium principia ; aut propter unicam inteijralcm univcr- 
 ii tabricam. Itaquc hacc uiiio naturae duas pcperit phylkac partes : imam 
 tie principiis reruili ; alteram de tabrica univerfi, five dc mundo; qiMs cti- 
 am dodrinas de llimmis appellate confucvimus. Tertia dodrina (quae de 
 narura fparfa five fuia tratlat) omnimodam rerum Aarietatem & ilimmas mi- 
 nores cxhibct. Ex his igitur patet tres omnino rcpcriri doclrinas phyllcas; 
 de principiis rerum, de mundo live dc fabrica rerum, & de natura nuiiti- 
 plici five fparfa; quae poftrcma (ut diximus) omnimodam rcrum varieta- 
 tem continct ; cfique veluti ylolla prima, aut paraphrafis circa naturae in- 
 tcrpretationcm. Harum trium partium defideratur totaliter nulla ; cact<;rum 
 quam vere & folide tractentur, non eft hie definiendi locus. 
 
 At phyficim fparfam five dc varictatc rcrum, rurllis in duas partes divi- 
 demus; phyficam de concrctis, & phyficam de abftraclis, Jive phyiicam 
 de creaturis, & phyficam dc naturis. Altera (ut logicis vocabulis utamur) 
 inquirit dc fubftantiis, cum omni varictatc fuorum accidentium : altera 
 de accidentibus per omnem varietatem fubftantiarum. Veluti ii inquira- 
 tur de leone nut quercu, ilia complura diverfa accidentia fuftulciunt : 
 contra fi inquiratur de calore aut gravitate, ilia plurimis diftinftis iijb- 
 ftantiis inllint. Cum veto omnis phyfica fita fit in medio, inter hiftori- 
 am naturalcm & mctaphyficam ; prior pars {fi rcftc advcrtas) hiiloriae ,na- 
 turali propior eft, pofterior metaphyficae. Phyfica auteni concreta eandcm 
 fubit divifionem, quam hiftoria naturalis ; ut fit vel circa cocleftia ; vcl cir- 
 ca metcora; vel circa globum tcrrae & maris; vcl circa collegia majora, 
 quae elcmcnta vocant ; vel circa collegia minora, five fpccies ; ctiam circa 
 practcrgencrationcs, & circa mcchanica. Etcnim in hifce omnibus hillo- 
 ria naturalis fadum ipfum perfcrutatur & refert ; at phyfica itidcni caulas : 
 fed intcUige hoc de caufis fluxis, materia fcilicet & efficicnte. Inter halcc 
 phyficae portiones, manca prorfus & impcrfcda ell ea, quae inquirit de 
 coelcllibus, cum tamcn propter nobilitatcm fubjcdi praecipuae hominibus 
 curac cfle dcbcret. Etcnim aftronomia fundata eft in phacnomcnis non 
 male; fed humilis eft & minime ctiam Iblida: at aflrologia in plurimis e- 
 tiam fundamento caret. Ccrtc aftronomia talcm oftcrt humano intclicdui 
 vidimam, qualem Prometheus olim, cum fraudcm Jovi fecit : adduxit il- 
 le loco bovis veri pelicm bovis grandis & pulchri, ftramine, & foliis, & 
 viminibus fuffarcinatam. Exlfibct fimilitcr & aftronomia cxtcriora coele- 
 ftium, (aftrorum dicimus numerum, fitum, motus, periodos) tanquam pd- 
 1cm coeli, pulchram, &.in fyftemata fabre concinnatam : at vifccra de- 
 funt (rationes nempc phyficae) ex quibus (hypothefibus aftronomicis ad- 
 jundis) eruatur theoria; non quae phacnomcnis tantum latisfaciat, (cujus 
 generis complures ingeniofe contingi poflent,) fed quae fubftantiam, & mo- 
 tum, & influxum cocleftium, prout rcvera Hint, proponat. Explofa cnim 
 fere jam pridcm funt ilia ; Raptns primi mobilis 6" foliditas Coeli (ftcUis 
 in orbibus fuis tanquam clavis in laquearibus intixis.) Nee multo melius 
 alfcritur; quod fint diverfi poll zodiaci tS: mundi ; quod fit fccundum mo- 
 bile rcnitcntiae in adverfum primi mobilis raptus ; quod omnia in coelo 
 fcrantur per circulos pcrfedos; quod fint ecccntrici & cpicycli, quibus mo- 
 tuum in circulis pcrfedis conftantia fervctur; quod a luna in fupcrius nul- 
 la fit mutatio, aut violentia, & hujufmodi. Atque harum liippofitionuni 
 abfurditas in motum tcrrae diurnum (quod nobis conftat falfillimum die) 
 homines impcgit. At vix quifquam eft, qui inquifivit caufas phylicas, turn 
 de fubrtantia cocleftium tam ftellari, quam interftellari, turn de cclcritate & 
 tarditate corporum cocleftium ad invicem, tum ^c incitationc motus.diverla 
 
 ill
 
 Cap. IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. loi 
 
 in eodcm plancra, turn dc motimm confccutionc ab oricntc in occidcntcm 
 aut e contra, deque progrcflionibus, Itarionibus & rctrogradationibus, turn 
 de motuum fublationc & cafu, per apogaca & pcrigaca; turn dc motuum ob- 
 liquatione, vcl per fpiras fc vcrfus tropicos tcxcndo & rctexendo, vcl per 
 finuationcs, quas dracones vocant ; turn de polis rotationum, cur magis in tali 
 parte cocli fiti fint, quam in alia j turn dc alligationc quorundam planetarum 
 ad diftantiam certani a folc : Hujus, inquam, gcucris inquiHtio vix tcntata 
 eft, fed in mathcmaticis tantum oblervationibus & demonftrationibus infu- 
 datur. Eae autcni oftendunr, quomodo haec omnia int'cniofc concinnari 
 & exrricari poilint, non quomodo verc in natura fubfillcrc : Et motus tan- 
 tum apparentes, & machinam iplbrum & fiditiam, & ad placitum difpoiitam, 
 non cauflis ipfas «Sc veritatem rcrum indicant. Qiiocirca male aftronomia 
 qualis nunc habetur, inter artcs mathcmaticas, non line dignitatcs fuac dif- 
 pendio, numcratur 5 cum dcbcat potius, fi proprias partes tucri velit, con- 
 iHtui phyficae pars quail nobilifllma. Qiiicunquc cnim fupcrlunarium & 
 fublunarium conficla divortia contcmpfcrit, & matcriae appetitus & pallio- 
 ncs maxime catholicas (quae in utroque globo validae funt, & univerfita- 
 tem rerum tranfverberant) bene perfpexerit 5 is ex illis quae apud nos ccr- 
 nuntur, luculentam capiet de rebus coeleftibus iuformationem ; & ab iis c 
 contra, quae in coelo Hunt, baud pauca dc motibus inferioribus, qui ni*nc 
 latent, pcrdilcct; non tantum quatcnus hi ab illis regantur, fed quatcnus lu- 
 beant pafliones communes. Quamobrem iaanc partem aftronomiac, quae 
 phyfica eft, defidcrari ftatuimus. Earn aftronomiam vivam nominabimus 
 ad difFerentiam bons illius Promethei fufFarcinati, & folummodo fiaura tc- 
 nus bovis. 
 
 A T aftrologia multa fupcrftitionc refcrra eft, ut vix aliquid fanum in ca 
 reperiatur. Attamen cam potius expurgandam, quam prorfus abjicicndani 
 ellc cenfemus. Qiiod fi quis banc fcientiam non in rationc aut contcmpla- 
 tionibus phyficis, led in caeca cxpericntia, & complurium taeculorum ob- 
 fcrvationc fundatam eflc contcndat, idcoque rationum phyficarum cxamca 
 rcjiciat, quod ^aclabant Chaldaci : is cadcm opera & auguria rcvocct, & a- 
 rufpicinam, & cxta, & omnigcnas fabulas deglutiat : Nam & haec omnia, 
 ut diutinae expcricntiae, & per manus tradirae difciplinac, didamin:i fuiflc 
 aflcrebantur. Nos vero & ut phyficae portionem, aftrologiam rccipimus, 
 & non plus ci, quam ratio & rcrum cvidentia conccdit, tribuimus j demp- 
 tis fuperftitionibus & commentis. Ut vero rem paulo attentius introfpicia- 
 mus i primo, quam inane illud commentum ; quod finguli planetac vicif- 
 iim per horas rcgnent, ut fpatio viginti quatuor horarum, rcgna fua tef re- 
 pctant, practcr horas tres fupcrnumcrarias ? Attamen hoc commentum no- 
 bis divifionem hebdomadae (rem tarn antiquam & tarn late recepram) pc- 
 perit, ut ex alternatione dicrum manifeftiflime patct } cum in principio dici 
 fequentis, regnet lemper plancta, a plancta prioris dici quartus; propter tres 
 illas horas, quas diximus fupcrnumcrarias. Secundo, pro commento vano 
 rejicerc non dubitamus, dodlrinam de thematibus cocli, ad punda tcmporis 
 ccrta, cum diftributione domorum ; ipfas fcilicct aftrologiac delicias 5 quae 
 Bacchanalia quaedam in coeleftibus cxercuerunt : Ncc fatis mirari poflumus, 
 viros quoldam egrcgios & in aftrologia principcs, tarn Icvi ad ifta aftruen- 
 da argumcnto innixos eflc. Aiunt cnim, quando illud prodit cxpericntia ip- 
 lii, folftitia, acquinodlia, novilunia, plcnilunia, 6c hujufmodi ftcUarum rc- 
 volutiones majorcs, manifefto & iniignitcr opcrari fuper corpora naturalia ; 
 necefle eflc, ut pofiturae ftcliaruni magis cxadlac i5c ftibriliorcs, cftcdus quo- 
 I que
 
 I02 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.IlL 
 
 que magis cxquifitos & occultiorcs prodiicant. Illi vcro fcponcrc primo de- 
 buerant, operationcs iblis per calorem manifcftum 5 & fimilitcr lunnc vim 
 quandam magncticam, lupcr incrcmenta acttuum lemimcnftrLia : (nam flux- 
 us & refluxus maris quotidianus alia res eft :) his vero fcpofiris, reliquas pla- 
 nctarum vires fuper naturalia (quatcuus experienria comprobantur) tcnucs 
 admodum & infirmas, & quail latitantcs repcricnt, ctiam in revolurionibus 
 inajoribus. Qiiarc contrario prorllts modo concludere dcbucrant : Nimi- 
 rum > cum revolutiones iliac majorcs ram parum poflint ; exactas illas & mi- 
 nutas pofiturarum diffcrcntias nihil omnino virium obtincrc. Tertio fatalia 
 ilia, quod hora nativitatis aut conccptionis fortunam foetus rcgat, hora incep- 
 tionis fortunam inccpti, hora quaeftionis fortunam rei inquilltae, atquc (ut 
 vcrbo dicamus) doftrinas de nativitatibus, elcftionibus, & quacftionibus, 
 <5c iCliufmodi levitates, maxima ex parte, nihil ccrti aut folidi habere, & 
 rationibus phyficis plane redargui & evinci, judicamus. lUud igitur magis 
 Gttinet dicere, quid tandem in aftrologicis retineamus aut probemus ? At- 
 que in iis quae probamus, quid defideremus ? Nam hujus poftremac rei gra- 
 tia (nempe ejus quod defideratur) fermonem hunc inftituimus, cum alias 
 ccnluris (ut laepe diximus) non vacemus. Atque inter rccepta ccrtc, do- 
 drinam de revolutionibus, plus fanitatis quam reliqua, habere cenfemys. 
 Verum id optimum fliclu foret, fi regulas quafdam praefcribamus, ad qfta- 
 rum trutinam & normam aftrologica cxaminentur ; ut utilia retineantur, re- 
 jiciantur inania. Prima ea fit, de qua jam ante monuimus, Revolutiones ma- 
 jores retineantur, 'valeant mi7iores horofcoporum cr domorum. Illae in- 
 ftar tormentorum grandium, ictus fuos a longinquo jacerc queant, hae tan- 
 quam arcus minores Ipatia evadere & vires deferre non pollunt. Secunda 
 ctt ; Operatic coelejiium in corpora omnigena non valet, fed tantum in 
 teneriora, qualia funt humores, aer & ipiritus : Atque hie tamen excipi- 
 m.us operationes ealoris, folis & coeleftium, qui & ad metalla & ad pluri- 
 ma Ilibterranea proculdubio penetrat. Tertia eft : Omnis operatic coele- 
 jiium, potius ad majfas rerum extenditur, quam ad individua : Oblique 
 tamen pervenit etiam ad individua nonnulla : Ilia leilicet, quae ex indivi- 
 duis ejufdem fpecici Cunt maxime pafllbilia, & tanquam cera moUior ; ye- 
 luti cum conftitutio aeris peftilens corpora minus reliftentia occupat, magis 
 refiftentia praeterit. Quarta eft praecedcnti non diflimilis : Omnis operatio 
 coelejiium, non in pun^a temporum, aut angujlias minutas, fed in fpa- 
 tia majora defiuit cr dominatur : Itaque praedidioncs de tcmperaturis an- 
 ni, verae cfle poflint de diebus fingulis, pro vanismeritohabentur. Poftrema 
 eft (quae etiam prudentioribus aftrologis Temper placuit) quod nulla injit 
 ajlris fatalis neceffitas -, fed quod inclinent ca potius quam cogant. Ad- 
 dimus & illud, (in quo in partes allrologiae, fl fuerit emendata, non obfcure 
 venire videbimur;) nimirum quod nobis pro certo conftet, coeleftia in Te 
 habere alios quofdam influxus, praeter calorem & lumen : Qui tamen ipfi, 
 fecundum regulas illas, quas jam pofuimus & non aliter, valcnt. Verum illi 
 in intima phyfica latent, & longiorem dillcrtationem poftulant. Vilimi eft 
 igitur nobis (his, quae diximus, rite pcrpenfis) inter dcfiderata reponcre 
 aftrologiam his principiis noftris conlentaneam : Atquc ficut aftrononjiam, 
 quae phyficis rationibus nitatur, aftronomiam vivam nominavimus 5 ita & 
 aftrologiam, quae per eaTdem regitur, aftrologiam lanam appellate placet. 
 Circa quam rede conficiendam, licet ea quae diximus non parum proftuura 
 fmt; pauca tamen addemus more noftro, quae liquido proponent, &exqui- 
 bus fit coagmcntanda & ad quae adhibenda. Primo in aftrologiam fanam 
 
 recipi-
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 103 
 
 recipiatLir doftrina de comnTiixtionibus radiorum, conjuiidioaibus fcilicct & 
 oppofitionibus & rcliquis fyzygiis, five afpcclibus planctarum inter fc : pLv 
 netarum autcm per %na zodiaci pertran/itum, & locationcm ilib iifdcm %- 
 nis, etiam huic parti do commixtionibiis radiorum anignamus : Locarh) 
 enim planctae fub figno, eft cpnjundio quacdain ejufdcm cum ftcllis %ni : 
 Qiiinctiam ficut conjuncliones, ita & oppofitioncs, & rcliquae fyzygiac pla- 
 nctarum, erga ftcllas fignorum notandac funt 5 quod adhuc picnc faclum 
 n:>n cfl:. At co'.nmixtiones radiorum ftcllarum fixarum ad inviccm, utiles 
 quidcm funt ad contcmplationcm dc fabrica mundi, & rcgioiuim lubjaccu- 
 tium natura ; ad praedidiones minimc, quia Temper codem mode le habcnt. 
 Sccundo rccipiantur acceilioncs fingulorum planetarum prop! us ad pcrpen- 
 diculum aut rccciliones ab ipfo, fccuadum regionum climata : Habcut enim 
 plauetac finguli, noii minus quam ibi fuas aeftatcs, Ilias liycmes, in quibus for-, 
 tius aut infirmius radios jaciant, propter rationem pcrpcndiculi. Etcnim nobis 
 dubium noneft, quin lunapofita in leone, fortius opcretur luper corpora natu- 
 ralia, apud nos, quam pofita in pifcibus : non quod luna fub Iconc ad cor rcfpi- 
 ciat, fub pifcibus ad pedes (ficut fabulantur^) fed propter clevationcm verfus 
 perpcndiculum & approximationcm ad ftclias majorcs, eadem prorfus rationc, 
 qua & fol. Tertio rccipiantur apogaca & perigaea planctarum, cum debita dif- 
 qui^tione, ad quae pertincat planetac vigor in fe ipfo, ad quae vicinitas ad nos, 
 Planeta enim in apogaeo, five exaltatione fua, magis alaccr elt ; in perigaeo 
 autcm, five cafu fuo, magis communicat. Quarto rccipiantur (ut fummatini 
 dicamus) omnia rcliqua accidentia motus planetarum; quales fingulorum in. 
 itinerefuoaccclerationes, rctardationcs,progrelfus,ftationcs,rctrogradationesj 
 qualcs diftantiac a folc, combuftioncs, augmcnta & diminutiones luminis, 
 cclipfcs; & fi quae fint alia? Etcnim faciunt hacc omnia, ut planetarum 
 radii, vel fortius, vci debilius, diverfis deniquc modis & virtutibus, opc- 
 rentur. Atquc quatuor ifta ad radiationes llellarum fpedant. Qiiinto rcci- 
 piantur, quae naturas ftcllarum, five erraticarum, five fixarum, in propria 
 fua cflentia & aclivitatc, refcrarc & detegerc ujlo modo qucant : qualis 
 magnitudo ; qualis color & afpcclus : qualis fcintillatio & vibratio luminis : 
 qualis fitus verfus polos, aut acquinodium : Qualcs aftcrifmi ; quae aliis 
 ftellis magis immixtae, quae magis folitariac: quae fuperiores, quae infcri- '' 
 ores ; quae ex fixis intra vias folis & planetarum, (zodiacum fcilicct,) quae 
 extra : quis ex planctis velocior, quis tardior : quis movcatur in ccliptica, 
 quis pcrvagctur in latitudinc : quis pofllt die rctrogradus, quis minimc: 
 quis patiatur omnimodam diftantiam a folc, quis alligetur : quis movcatur 
 celcrius in apogaeo, quis in perigaeo : Deniquc anomalia martis, cxpatiatio ve- 
 neris, (Sc labores five pailioncs admirandac, quae non fcmcl & in folc & in vencre 
 dcprchenfae funt: & fi quae fint alia? Poftremo rccipiantur etiam ex tradi- 
 tionc naturae & inclinationes planetarum particulates, atquc etiam ftclla- 
 rum fixarum; quae, quandoquidem magno confcnfu tradantur, non Icviter 
 (praetcrquam ubi cum phyficis rationibus plane dilcordant) rejiciendac funt. ' 
 Atquc ex talibus obfervationibus coagmentatur aftrologia fana; & fccundum 
 eas tantum, fcbemata cocli & componcre & intcrpretari oportct. 
 
 Adhibetur autcm aftrologia fana; ad praedidioncs fidcntius, ad ele- 
 ftiones cautius, ad utraque autcm intra terminos debitos. Pracdidiones fieri 
 polllat, dc comctis futuris, qui (ut noftra fcrt con)cdura) pracnunciari pof- 
 funt: & de omni gcncrc mctcororum, dc diluviis, ficcitatibus, ardoribus, 
 conglaciationibus, terrac motibus, irruptionibus aquarum, cruptionibus ioni- 
 um, vcntis Si. pluviis majoribus, anni variis tcmpcftatibiis, pcftilcntiis, mor- 
 
 bis;
 
 104. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. III. 
 
 bvs iiraflantibus, ubcrtatc & caritatc frugum, bcUis, fcditionibus, fcdis, 
 tranlmisrationibus populorum; dcniquc dc omnibus rcrum vcl naturalium 
 vcl civilium motibus, aut innovationibus majoribus : ad magis autcm Ipe- 
 cialia, & forte ftngularia, pracdictioncs iftac (licet minore ccrtitadinc) dcdu- 
 ci pollint, fi rcpcrtis primo liujurmodi tcmporum inclinationibus gencralibus, 
 acri judicio vcl phyfico vcl politico, appliccntur illis ipccicbas aut indivi- 
 <duis, quae hujufmodi accidcntibus maximc fint obnoxia; vcluti fi quis ex 
 praccou,nitione tempcftatum anni, eas rcperiet (exempli gratia) magis oleis 
 quam vitibus, magis phthiHcis quam hcpatlcis, magis incolis coUium quam 
 vallium, magis monachis quam aulicis, (propter victus rationem diveriam) 
 propitias aut pcrniciofas. Aut fi quis ex cognitione influxus, quem coelcftia 
 habent fuper Ipiritus humanos, rcperiat cum talcm cflc, ut magis populis 
 quam regibus, magis viris doclis & curiofis quam animofis & militaribus, 
 magis voluptariis quam ncgotiofis aut politicis, faveat aut adverfetur. Hu- 
 jufmodi autcm innumcra funt, fed (qucmadmodum diximu?) iion tantum 
 eognitioncm illam gencralcm, quae fumitur ex allris, (quae funt agentia,) 
 verum etiam particularcm fubjcdorum (quae funt palllva) rcquirunt. Nc- 
 que elefliones prorfus rejiciendac funt; fed parcius iilis quam praediclioni- 
 bus fidcndum. Vidcmus cnim in plantationibus & leminitionibus, & infi- 
 tionibus, actatum lunac obfervationcs, non clfe res omnino fr'.volas. Sunt 
 & multa ejus generis. Vcrura & clecliones iftae etiam magis, quam prac- 
 dictioncs, per noftras rcgulas cohibendae funt. Atquc illud femper attcn- 
 dcndum; valcrc ekftiones in illis tantum cafibus, ubi & virtus coeleflium 
 talis fit, quae non fubito tranfeat; & adl:io infcriorum iu-nilitcr talis, quae 
 rion ftatim abfolvatur; qucmadmodum fit in illis cxemplis, quae memoravi- 
 mus : nam nee incremcnta lunac fubito tranfiguntur, nee incrementa planta- 
 rum. Pundualiras vero tcmporis omnino rcpudianda. Inveniuntur autcm 
 & talia complura (quod quis minus putct) in cledionibus circa civilia. Qiiod 
 fi quis nos compcllat eo nomine, quod ex quibus ifta aflrologia emcndata 
 clici pollit ; & rurfus, ad quae utilitcr adhiberi, aliquid monllravimus ; c]uis 
 vero fit clicicndi modus, neutiquam docuimus : illc minus acquus fuerir, 
 cum artem ipfim (cujus dcbitorcs non fiunus) a nobis cxigar. Hoc tamca 
 circa illud ipfum, quod petit, monebimus 5 quatuor tantum efle modos, qui- 
 bus ad banc fcientiam via fternatur. Primo per experimcnta futura ; dcin 
 per cxpcrimenta praetcrita ; rurfus per traditiones; ultimo per rationes phy- 
 ficas. Atquc quod ad cxpcrimenta futura, quid attinet diccre ? cum ilia fiic- 
 culis compluribus ad corum copiam comparandam indigeant ; ut dc iifdem 
 cogitationem fufcipcre fruftra fucrit. Quod vero ad cxpcrimenta praeterira; 
 ea ccrte in manu hominum funt ; licet res fit laboriofa & multi otii. Poflint 
 cnim afiroloa,! (fi fibi non defint) omncs cafus maiorcs, (vcluti inundationes, 
 pcflilcntias, prociia, Icditiones, mortes rcgum, fi placet, & fimilia) ex hiilo- 
 riac fide depromcre ; & fitum coclcftium, non fecundum thcmatum fubtilL- 
 tatem, fed juxta rcgulas eas revolutionum, quae a nobis adumbratae funt, 
 qualis fucrit fub iifdem temporibus, intueri : ut ubi manifeftus fuerit cvcn- 
 tuum confenfus & confpiratio, ibi praediclionis norma probabilis conditua- 
 tur. Qiiatcnus ad traditioncs; eas ita vcntilare oportet, ur quae cum ratio- 
 nibus phyficis manifello pugnent, e medio toUantur ; quae vero cum iis bene 
 confentianr, etiam authoritate fua valcant. Qtiantum dcniquc ad phyficaS 
 rationes; iliac maximc huic inquifitioni accommodatac fanr, quae ad catho- 
 licis materiac appetitibus & pafiionibus, & de motibus corporum fimplicibus 
 & genuinis inquirunt. His cnim alis ad coelcIUa itta matcriata afccnditur 
 tutifiin c. Atque dc aftrologia faua iiac'tcnus. Ins Ai^ f ae
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 1C5 
 
 Insaniae autem aftrologicae (practer ca, quae a principio notavimus, 
 commcnta) alia quacdam porrio fupci'eft non pracrcrmittcnda : quae taiv.cii 
 ab aftrologia Iccludi folct, & in magiam, quam vocant, cocleftcm transfcrri. 
 Ea nafta eft mirum commcnrum ingenii humani, niniiruin, ut bcncvolus ali- 
 quis fitus aftrorum in figillis aut fignaculis (puta mctalli, aut gemmae alicu- 
 jus ad intentionem propriae) cxcipiarur, quae horae ejus felicitatcm alias 
 practcrvolaturam detineant, & quali volatilcin figant. Qiicmadmodum gra- 
 vitcr illc conqueritur, de ram nobili apud antiques arte, jampridcm amilla: 
 
 Annitlus tnfufo non 'vivit minis olympo^ 
 Non magis ingentes humili fub lumine phoeb-os 
 Fert gemma, aut celfo divulfas car dine lunas. 
 
 Ccrtc rcliquias fanflorum, earumque virtutcs, recepit ecclcfia Romana, (nc- 
 que enim in divinis & immateriatis fluxus tcmporis obeft) verum ut con- 
 dantur reliquiae cocli, quo hora, quae receHit & tanquam mortua eft, rcvt- 
 vifcat & continuctur, mcra eft lliperltitio. Mifla igitur haec faciamus, nifi 
 forte mufae aniculae )am fadlac fint. 
 
 Physic AM abftradam in duas partes rcftifllme dividi pofTe ftatuimus : 
 dodrinam dc fchematifmis matcriae, & dodrinam dc appetitibus & motibus. 
 Utrofquc curfim enumerabimus, undc verae phyficae de abftraftis adumbra- 
 tio quaedam deduci pofllt. Schemarifmi materiae funt, denfum, rarum, 
 grave, Icve, cilidum, frigidum, tangibilc, pneumaticum, volatile, fixum, dc- 
 tcrminatum, fluidum, humidimi, ficcum, pingue, crudum, durum, mollc, 
 fragile, tenfile, porofum, unitum, fpirituofum, jejunum, fimplex, compo- 
 litum, abfolutum, imperfede miftum, fibrofum atque venofum, fimplicis 
 pofiturae five aequum : fimilare, diftimilare : fpecificatum, non fpecificatum : 
 organicum, inorganicum : animatum, inanimatum : ncque ultra rem cxten- 
 dimus. Senfibilc enim & infenfibile, rationale & irrationale, ad dodrinam 
 d'e hominc rejicimus. Appctituum vero & motuum duo genera funt : Sunt 
 enim vel niotus fimplices, in quibus radix omnium naturalium adionum con- 
 tinetur, pro ratione tamen fchematifmorum materiae, vel motus compofiti 
 five produdi ; a quibus ultimis recepta philofophia (quae parum de corpora 
 naturae ftringit) aufpicatur. Debent autem haberi hujufmodi motus com- 
 pofiti (quales funt gcneratio, corruptio & rcliqui) pro penfis quibufdam, 
 aut fummis motuum fimplicium, potius quani pro motibus primitivis. Motus 
 fimplices funt, motus ancitypiac, quern vulgo motum, nc fiat pcnetratio di- 
 menfionum, vocant: motus nexus, qucm motum ex fuga vacui appellant : 
 motus libcrtatis, ne detur compreilio aut extcnfio praeter-naturalis : motus iri 
 fphaeram novani, five ad rarefadioncm & condenfitionem : motus nexus 
 fecundi, five ne detur iblutio continuitatis : motus congregationis majoris, 
 five ad mafias connaturalium fuorum, qui vulgo dicitur motus naturalis : 
 motus congregationis minoris, qui vulgo dicitur fympatliiae & antipathiac : 
 motus difponens, five ut partes bene collocentur in toto: motus afiimilationis 
 five multiplicationis naturae fuae lliper aliud : motus excitationis, ubi agens 
 nobilius motum in alio latentcni & fopitum excitat : motus figilli five im- 
 prefiionis, operatio fcilicet abfque communicationc fiibftantiae : motus rcgi- 
 us, ixvc cohibitio rcliquorum motuum a motu prnedominante : motus abfque 
 termino, five rotatio fpontanea : motus trepidationis ; five fyftoles & dia- 
 ftolcs, corporum fcilicct, quae locantur inter commoda & incommoda : 
 poftremo decubitus, five exhorrentia motus, quae etiam pkuinurum rerurn 
 eft caufativa, Hujufmodi funt motus fimplices, qui ex pcnctralibus na- 
 VoL, I. O turac
 
 ic6 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. Ill: 
 
 turac vcrc prodcunt : quiqiic complicati, continuati, alrcrnati, iracaati, rc- 
 pctiti, & multis modis aggregati, motus illos compolitos, Hvc ilimmas mo- 
 tuum, quae rcccptae funt, aut illis fimilcs coaftituuut. Summae motuum, 
 funt dccantati illi motus, gcncratio, corruptio, augmciitario, diminutio, alte- 
 ratio & latio : Etiam mixtio, Icparatio, vcrfio. Siipcrlunt tantum ranquam 
 appendices phyficae, mcnfurae motuum : Qiiid poilit quanrum, five dofis 
 naturae? Quid poilit diftantia? id quod orbis virtutis iive adivitatis noil 
 male vocatur. Quid poHint incitatio & tarditas ? Qiiid brcvis aut longa 
 mora? Qiiid vis aut hebetude rci? Qiiid iHmulus pcriftafeos ? Atque hae 
 funt phyficae vcrae dc abrtradlis partes gcnuinac. Etcnim, in rchematiUnis 
 matcriae, in motibus fimplicibus, in lummis five aggrcgationibus motuum, & 
 in mcnfuris motuum, phyfica de abftraclis ablbhitur. Nam motum volun- 
 tarium inanimaHbus; motum qui fit in aclionibus lenluum; motum phan- 
 tafiae, appetitus & vohuitatis 5 motum mentis, decrcti & intclledualium, ad 
 proprias dodrinas amandamus. lllud tamen iterato moncmus, univerlh liacc, 
 quae diximus in phyfica non ultcrius tradlari, quam ut inquirantur materia & 
 cliiciens iplbrums rctractantur cnim in metaphylica, quoad tbrmas & fines. 
 
 Physicae llibjungcmus appendices infignes duas j quae non tarn ad 
 materiam, quam ad modum inquifitionis Ipedant : problemata naturalia & 
 placita antiquorum philofophorum. Prior naturae multiplicis five Iparlae 
 appendix ell : Sccunda naturae unitae, five lummarui;! 5 Utraquc ad Iblertera 
 dubitationcm pcrtmct, quae Icientiae pars ell non cointemnenda. Nam pro- 
 blemata particulates dubitationes complecluntur > pLicita gcncrales circa 
 principla Sc fabricam. Problematum exemplum nobile eft in libris Ariito- 
 tclis: Qiiod genus operis meruit certc, iion Iblum ut pofierorum laudibus 
 celebraretur, verum etiam ut corum laboribus continuaretur : cum dubita- 
 tiones indies oriantur novae. Attamen in hac re adhibenda eil: cautio magni 
 utique momenti. Dubiorum commemoratio & piopofitio dupliccm in lb 
 habct frudlum : unum quod philolbphiam muniat contra crrorcs; quando id 
 quod non plane liquet, non judicatur aut alleritur, (nc error crrorcm gig- 
 neret) led luipenditur de co )udiciimi & non fitpofitivum: Alterum, quod 
 dubitationes in codicillos relatae, totidcm ipongiae lunt, quae incrementa 
 Icientiae perpetuo ad le fugant & alliciant ; unde fit, ut ilia quae nifi prae- 
 ccillHent dubitationes, leviter & ficco pede tranlmifla fuillent, dubitationum 
 admonitu attente & fludiofe oblcrventur. Verum hac duae utiliratcs vix 
 unum compenlant incommodum, quod, nifi fedulo prohibeatur, Ic ingerct: 
 Nimirum quod dubitatio, fi iemcl admittatur tanquam jufta, & fiat quaJi 
 authentica, ftatini defcnlbrcs in utramque partem fiifcitabit, qui etiam poftc- 
 ris candem liccntiam dubitandi tranlmittant : adco at homines ingcnia lua 
 intendant & appliccnt ad hoc, ut alatur potius dubitatio, quam terminetur 
 aut Ibivatur. Cujus quidcm rei gxempla & in jurifperitis, &: in academicis 
 ubiquc occurrunt : quibus moris cfl:, ut dubitationcm lemel admillam, per- 
 petuam efle velint, nee minus dubitandi, quam allerendi audoramenta am- 
 plectantur : Cum tamen ille dcmum fit ingenii ufus legitimus, qui ex dubiis 
 ccrta faciat, non qui certa in dubium vocet. Qiiare calendarium dubitatio- 
 num five problematum in natura & defiderari afiero, & llilcipi probo : 
 modo curae fit, ut auda Icientia indies, (quod fiet proculdubio fi nos audi- 
 ant homines) quae clare difcuflae fint dubitationes ex albo delcantur. 
 Huic calcndarioaliud addi cuperem, non minus utile: Cum cnim in omni 
 inquifitione inveniantur haec tria, perlpicue vera, dubia, perlpicuc talla : 
 uiilillimum tbrct, calendaiio dubiorum, calendarium talfitatum & crrorum 
 
 popula-
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTJARUM. 107 
 
 popularium, vel in hiftoria natumli, vcl in dogmatibus graflhntium, adjun- 
 gcrc : ne illae amplius fcientiis molcftac finr. 
 
 QjLTODad placita antiqiioi-Lim philorophoruin, qualia facrunt Pythagorae, 
 Philolai, Xcnophanis, Anaxagorac, Parmcnidis, Lcucippi, Dcmocriti, alio- 
 rum; (quae homines contcmptim pcrcLirrcrc Iblcnt :) non abs rcfucrit paulo 
 modeftius in ea oculos conjiceix. Etfi cnim Arilloteles, more Ottomano- 
 Him, regnarc fe haud tuto poflc putarct, nifi tratrcs lUos onincs contruci- 
 daflct 5 tamen iis, qui non rcgnum aut magiftcrium, led veriratis inqui/itio- 
 ncm atquc illuftrationcm fibi proponunr, non potell: non videri res utilis, 
 divcrlas divcrforum, circa rerum naturas, opiniones, lub uno alpcdu intue- 
 ri. Ncquc tamen fubcft Ipes quod Veritas aliqua purior, ex illis aut fimili- 
 bus thcoriis, fpcranda ullo modo fit. Qiicmadmodum cnim eadcm phae- 
 nomena, iidem calculi & Ptolemaei principiis aftronomicis, & Copcrnici 
 competunt : ita cxpcricntia ifta vulgaris, qua utimur, atque ob\ia reruni 
 facics, pluribus divcrfis thcoriis fc applicare potcll: ubi ad rcdam \'critatis 
 indagationcm longe alia feveritatc opus fuerit. Elcganter enim Arirtotelcs : 
 hifantes primo balbntientes, quafuis mulieres appellare rnatres, pojt autem 
 propriammatremdifcernere. Siccertc pucrilis cxpcricntia, omncm philofophi- 
 am appellabit matrcm : adulta vcro matrcm vcram intcrnolcet. Intcrca juvabit 
 philoibphias dilcrepantcs, vcluti diverias naturae glollas, (quarum una fortafle 
 uno loco, alia aho eft cmcndatior,) pcrlegerc. Optarim igitur, ex vitis antiquo- 
 rum philofophorum, ex fafcicuio Plutarchi de placitis corum, ex citationibus 
 Platonis, ex confutationibus Ariftotelis, ex Iparfa mentionc, quae habctur 
 in aliis iibris, tarn ccclcfiafticis, quam ethnicis, (Laftantio, Philone, Philo- 
 ftrato, & reliquis) opus confici, cum diligcntia & judicio, de antiquis phi- 
 lofophiis. Talc enim opus nondum extare video. • Attamen hie monco, ut 
 h,oc iiat diftinde : ita ut fuigulac philofophiac feorfum componantur & con- 
 tinuenturj non per titulos &fafciculos (quod Plutarchus fecit) excipiantur. 
 QLiaevis enim philofophia intcgra fc iplani fuftcntat : atquc dogmata ejus 
 fibi mutuo & lumen & robur adjiciunt : quod ft diftrahantur, pcrcgrinum 
 quiddam & durum fonant. Certe quando apud Tacitum lego facf a Neronis 
 aut Claudii, circumftantiis temporum, pcrfonarum & occafionuni vcftita j 
 iiil video quod a probabilitatc prorfus abhorrcat: cum vcro eadcm lego in 
 Suctonio Tranquillo, per capita & communes locos, minimcquc in ferie 
 temporis repraefcntata, portcnta quacdam videntur, &: plane incredibilia. 
 Ncquc abfimilis eft ratio' philofophiac, quando proponitur integra & quando 
 in frufta concifa & diftefta. Ncquc vcro ex hoc placitorum philofophiac 
 calcndario nuperas theorias &; dogmata excludo; ficut illam Theophrafti Pa- 
 racclfi, eloqucntcr in corpus quoddam & harmoniam philofophiac, redadam a 
 Scvcrino Dano; aut Telefii Confentini, qui Parmcnidis philofophiam inftau- 
 rans, arma Pcripateticorum in illos ipfos vertit ; aut Patricii Vcncti, qui 
 Platonicorum fumos fublimavit; aut Gilbcrti popularis noftri, qui Philolai 
 dogmata repofuit; aut altcrius cujufcunque, ii modo dignus fit. Horuni 
 vero (quoniam volumina intcgra extant) llimmac tantum inde conficiendac, 
 & cum cacteris conjungcndae. Atquc dc phyfica cum appcndicibus haec 
 dida fint. 
 
 Quantum ad mctaphyficam, afllgnavimus jam ei inquifitionem caufa- 
 rum formalium & tinalium ; quae aflignatio, quatenus ad formas, incalVum 
 fada vidcatur. Invaluit fiquidem opinio atquc invetcravit, rerum formas 
 eflentialcs, feu veras ditferentias, nulla humana inveniri diligcntia polfc. 
 Qtiae opinio interim nobis clargitur, atquc conccdit, inventioncm formarum 
 
 Vo L. I. O 2 ex
 
 io8 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. III. 
 
 ex omnibus fcicntiac partibus diiinifllmam cli'c, quae invcitigctur, ii moJa 
 fieri poHit, ut repcrinntui-. Ad invcntioiiis polUbiitcatcm vcro quod attiner, 
 liiyit ccrtc ignavi rcgionnm cxploratores, qui ubi nil niftcocium & pontuui 
 vid^nr, terras ultra cflc prorllis negant. At manifeftum eft Platoncm, vi- 
 rnm lublimis ingenii, (quiquc veluti ex rupc cxcclla omnia circiuiirpiciebat) 
 in fua dc idcis doclrina, Formas ejfe vcrttm fcieyitiae objechtm, vidiffe 5 
 utcunquc fcntentiae hujus veriilimae fruduni amilcrir, formas penitus a ma- 
 teria abftraclas, non in materia detcrminatas, contcmpiando & prenlando : 
 undc fadmn eft, ut ad fpcculationcs thcologicas drvertcret ; quod omneni 
 naturalem fuam pliilolbphiam infceif & polluit. Qiiod ft diligentcr, Icrio, 
 & fincerc ad aftioncm & ufum oculos convertamus ; non difficile erit dif- 
 c[uircre, & notitiam aflequi, quae fmt iliac formae, quarum cognitio ixs 
 humanas miris modis locuplctare & beare poflit. Subftantiarum cnim for- 
 mae (uno homine cxccpto, de quo fcriptura, Formavit hominem de lima 
 terrae, o' fpiravit in faciem ejus fpiracdUim 'vitae -, non ut de eaetcris 
 fpeciebus, producant aquae, producat terra) fpccics, inquam, creaturarum„ 
 (prout nunc per compofitionem & traniplantationem inveniuntur multipli- 
 catae,) ita pcrplexae funt & complicatae, ut aut oinnino de iis inquircre 
 fiatftra fit ; aut inquifitio carum, qualis cflc porcft, fcponi ad tempus, & 
 poftquam formae fimplicioris naturae rite cxploratae fint & inventac, turn 
 demuni inftitui debeat. Qiicmadmodum cnim nee facile eflct, ncc ullo 
 modo utile, formam fbni inveftigarc ejus, qui vcrbum aliquod conftituar» 
 cum verba eompofitionc & tranfpofitionc lirerarum fint infinita : at foni, 
 qui literam aliquam fimpliccm exprimat, formam inquircre, (quali fcilicer 
 coUifionc, quali inftrumcntorum vocis applicarione, conftituatur,) comprc- 
 hcnfibilc eft, imo facile : quae tamen formae literarum cognitac ad formas 
 verborum illico nos dcducent. Eadem prorfus rationc, formam inquirenda 
 Iconis, qucrcus, auri, imo ctiam aquae, aut aif ris, opcram quis lufcrit : for- 
 mam vero inquircre denfi, rari; calidi, frigidly gravis, levis; tangibilis, 
 pncumatici ; volatilis, fixi 5 & fimilium, tam fchematilmorum, quam mo- 
 tuum, quos in ph) fica traftanda, magna ex parte, enumeravimus, (& for- 
 mas primae clallis appellare confuevimus) quique (veluti literac alphabeti) 
 numcro haud ita multi funt, & tamen cflentias & formas omnium fubftan- 
 tiarum conticiunt & fuflincnt; hoc eft, inquam, illud ipflim, quod cona- 
 mur; quodquc cam partem metaphyficae, dc qua nunc inquirimus, confti- 
 tuit & dcfinit. Ncquc hacc officiunt, quo minus phyfica cafdem naturas 
 confidcret quoquc, (ut dicfum eft,) fed tantum quoad caufas ftuxas. Exem- 
 pli gratia, fi de caufa inquiratur albedinis in nive, vel fpuma; rctle rcddi- 
 tur, quod fit fubtilis intcrmixtio aeris cum aqua. Hacc autem, longc abeft, 
 ut fit forma albedinis, cum aer ctiam pulvcri vitri aut cryftalii intcrmixtus, 
 albedinem ftmilitcr procrcct, non minus quam ft admifceatur aquae ; verum 
 caufa eificiens ilia tantum eft, quae nihil aliud quam vehiculum eft formae. 
 At in mctaphyllca, fi fiat inquifitio, hujufmodi quidpiam reperies : corpora 
 duo diaphana intermixta portionibus corum opticis, fimplici ordinc 'five 
 aequaliter coUocatis, conftituere albedinem. Hanc metaphyficac partem 
 defiderari reperio. Ncc mirum ; quia illo inquircndi modo, qui huiTufque 
 in ufum vcnit, nunquam in fltcculum comparebunt rcrum formae. Radk 
 autem mali hujus, ut & omnium, eaeft; quod homines & propcre nimis & 
 nimis longe, ab experientia & rebus particularibus, cogirationcs fuas divcl- 
 Icrc & abftraherc confucverunt, & fliis mcditationibus & argumentationibus 
 
 fc totos dcdere. 
 
 Usus
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N TI A RUxM. 109 
 
 t^sus autcm hujus partis mctaphyficac, quam dduicratis aiinumcro, diuis 
 ob caufas vol maximc cxccilir. Prima eft, quod fciciuiarum omniuai ofti- 
 cium fit & propria virtus, ut cxpcricnriac ambages, & itinera longa, (quan- 
 tum vcritatis ratio pcrmittit) abbrcvient ; ac proiiidc rcmcdium vctcri qucri- 
 moniac affcrant, dc vita brevi & arte longa. lilud vcro optimc praellatur, 
 axiomata fcicntiarum in magis gcncralia, & quae omni matcriae rerum indi- 
 viduarum compctant, colligcndo & unicndo. Sunt cnim Icientiae inftar 
 pyramidum, quibus liiftoria & expcricntia, tanquam bafis unica, liibftcrnun- 
 tur ; ac proindc baHs naturalis philofophiac eft hilloria natural is : tabulatuni 
 primum a bafi eft phyfica; vcrtici proximum metaphyfica : ad conum quod 
 attinct & punclum vcrticalc, (opus quod operatur Dcus a principio uiquc 
 ad hnem; llunmariam ncmpe naturae legem) liaclitamus mcrito, an huma- 
 na poftit ad illud inquifitio pcrtingere. Cacterum haec tria, vcrae I'unt fci- 
 cntiarum contabulationcs, funtquc apud homines propria fcicntia inflates & 
 thcomachos, tanquam tres moles giganteae : 
 
 Ter flint conati hnponere'^elio Off am. 
 
 Scilicet atqne OJJ'ae frondofinn involvere Olympnm. 
 
 Apud eos veto, qui fe ipfos exinanicntes, omnia ad Dei gloriam rcfcrunt, 
 tanquam trina ilia acclamatio, Sande, Sanftc, Sanftc. Sandus enim Deus 
 in multitudinc operum fuorum, fanclus in ordinc eorum, iandus in unionc. 
 Qiiarc fpeculatio ilia Parmenidis & Platonis (quamvis in illis nuda fuerit 
 Ipeculatio) cxeclluit tamcn ; Omnia per fcalam quandam ad iinitatem af- 
 cendere. Atque ilia demum fcientia caeteris eft praeftantior, quae huma- 
 num intclledum minimum multiplicitate onerat, quam liquet efle mctaphy- 
 flcam : quippe quae contcmplatur praecipuc fimplices illas rerum formas, 
 (quas fuperius formas primae claflis nominavimus ;) quandoquidem licet 
 numero paucac, tamen commenfurationibus & co-ordinationibus fuis omneni 
 varietatem conftituunt. Sccunda res, quae hanc metaphyftcae partem dc 
 formis nobilitar, haec nimirum eft ; quod poteftatem humanam cmancipet 
 maxime & hberet; eamque inampliflimum & apertifllmum operandi cam- 
 pum cducat. Nam phyfica per anguilos & impeditos calks humanam ope- 
 ram dirigit, naturae ordinariae flcxuofos tramites imitata. Sed latae undiquc 
 llint lapientibus viacj fapientiae nimirum (quae a veteribus rerum divina- 
 rum & humanarum fcientia detiniebatur) mediorum copia & varictas fempcr 
 fuppetit. Caufae enim phyficae, novis inventis, in flmili materia lucem & 
 anfam praebenr : At qui formam aliquam novit, novit etiam ultimam pofli- 
 bilitatem fuperinducendi naturam illam in omnigenam materiam, eoque minus 
 inter opcrandum reftringitur & alligatur, vcl ad matcriae bafun, vel ad con- 
 ditionem efficientis. Qiiod genus fcicntiae eleganter defcrlbit etiam Solo- 
 mon, etfi fenlii magis divino : Non arBabnntiir grejjus tui, cr currens non 
 habebts offendiculurn. Intclligit fcilicet fapientiae vias, ncc anguftiis nee 
 obicibus obnoxias efle. 
 
 Metaphysicae pars fccunda eft finalium caufarum inquifitio, quam 
 non ut praetcrmiflam, led ut male collocatam notamus. Solent cnim inqui- 
 ri inter phyfica, non inter metaphyfica. Qiianquam fi ordinis hoc foluni 
 vitium eilet, non mihi fuerit tanti. Ordo enim ad illuftrationem pcrtinet, 
 ncquc eft ex I'ubftantia fcicntiarum. At haec ordinis inverfio defectum in- 
 figncm pcperit, & maximani philofophiae induxit calamitatem. Tradatio 
 enim caufarum finalium in phyficis, iuquifitioncm caufarum phyficarum cx- 
 pulit (3c dejccit, cflccitque ut homines in ifliufniodi fpcciofis & umbratilibus 
 
 caufis
 
 no DE AUGMExMTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.lll.) 
 
 caufis ac-quicn:crent, ncc mquilltioncm catilarum rcaliuni, & vcrc phyficj- 
 Kim fti'cnuc urgcrcnt; ingcnri Icicntinrumclctrimcnto. Ercnim repciio hod^ 
 faaum elle, non Iblum a Platone, qui in hoc littore Temper anchoram figir, 
 veriim ctiam ab Ariftotclc, Galcno, & aliis, qui lacpillimc ctiam ad ilia 
 vada impingunr. Etcnim qiii cauias adduxcrit hujuimodi j 'Palpcbras cum 
 pi lis-, pro fepi & I'allo eJJ'e, ad wimimentJim ocnlorum : Aut corn in ani- 
 walimts Jirrnitndinem effe ad propellendos calores & frigora : Aut offa 
 fro colmnnis c?' trabibus a natnra induct, quibus fabrica corporis irmitor^ 
 tnr : Aut folta arboritm ernitti, qm frutius minus pat i ant ur a fole (iy 
 I'ento : Aut nubes in fublimi fieri, nt t err am imbribus irrigent : Auc 
 t err am den fart (^ folidari, ut ft at to O" manjio Jit animaliiim _,- & alia fk-i 
 ftiilia : Is in mctaphyficis nan male rila allcgarit ; in phyilcis autcm nequa- 
 quam. Imo, quod cocpimus diccrc, huiuiinodi Icrmonum dilcurilis (inRar 
 remorarum, uti fingunt, navrbus adhacrentium) fcicutiarum quafi velifica-^ 
 tioncm & progrcfium rctardarunt, nc curium Ilium tcncrcnt, & ulterius 
 progrcdcrcntur : & jam pridcm cftcccrunt, ut phyficarum caufarum inqui- 
 fitio ncglcda deficcrcr, ac lilcntio ptacterirctur. Quaproptcr phrlolbphia 
 naturalis Dcmocritr, & aliorum, qui D'cum 5: mcntcm a fabrica rerum anio- 
 Vcrunt : & ftrucluram univcrft intinrtis naturae practufionibus &; tcntanicn- 
 tis, (quas uno nomine fatimi aut fortunam vocabant) attribucrunt ; 6: re- 
 rum particularium caufas matcriae ncccflltati, fine intermixrionc caufarum 
 finalium, alllgnarunt ; nobis vidctur, (quantum ex fragmcntis & rcliquiis 
 philofophiac corum conjiccrc licet,) quatenus ad caufas phyficas, multo fo- 
 lidior fuillc, & altius in naturam penetrafle ; quam ilia Arillotclrs 6: Plato- 
 nis : banc unicam ob caufam, quod illi in caufis finalibus nunquam opc- 
 ram triverunt; hi autem eas perpctuo inculcarunr. Atque iv.agis in hae 
 parte accufandus Arrftotcks quam Plato : quandoquidcm fontcm caufarum 
 finalium, Dcum fcilicet, oniifcrit, & naturam pro Deo fubftitucrit, caufaf- 
 que ipfas finales, potius ut logicae amator quam theologiac, amplcxus fit.' 
 Kcque haec co dicimus, quod caulac iltae finales vcrae non fint, & inquP 
 fitione admodum dignae in fpcculationibus metaphylTcae, fed quia dum irt 
 phyficarum caulamm poffcfilones cxcurrunt & irruunt, mifcre earn pro\'in- 
 eiam dcpopuhntur & vaftant. Alioquin, fi modo intra terminos fuos coer-* 
 ceantur, magnopcrc liallucinantur, quicunquc eas phyficis caufis advcrfarr' 
 aut repugnarc putcnt. Nam caufa reddita, quod 'Palpebrarvm pil> ocnlos 
 rminiant, nequicquam lane repugnat alteri illi, qnodpilofitasjblet contiugcre 
 hiimiditatnm orificiis : * 
 
 Mufcofi fontes. Sec. 
 
 Nequc caufa reddita, quod coriortim in animalibns firmitudo pertinet ad 
 coelt iyijnrias propnlfmidas, advcrfatur illi alteri, quod ilia firmitndo fit. 
 ob contr actionem pororiim, in extimis corporum, per frigus o" aeprneda- 
 tionem aeris. Et fie dc reliquis, confpirantibus optime utrilquc cauiii, 
 nifi quod altera intcntioncm, altera fimpliccm confecutionem dcnotct. Kc- 
 que vcro irta res in dubium vocat providentiam divinam, auc ci quicquam 
 dcrogat ; fed potius eandem miris modis confirmat c; evehit. >'r.ii:' Jkut in 
 rebus civilibus prudentia politica fuerit multo altior c, mirabilior, Ji quis 
 opera aliorum ad fuos fines & dcfideria abuti pofiit, cuibus trav.cn nihil 
 confilii fui impcrtit, (ut interim ca aslant, quae ipfc vclit, neutiquam \-e.ro 
 ic hoc facere intelligant ;) quam ^\ confilia fua cum adninilhb \oluntiitis 
 fuae communicaret : J>ic Dei fapientia ctfulgct mirabilius, cum natura nliud 
 
 agit.
 
 Cap.V. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. m 
 
 as;it, providcntid aliud elicit; quatn fi iingulis Iclicmatibus & motibus natu- 
 Iralibus, providcntiacchaiacteres eflcnt impicfli. Scilicet Ariftotcli, pollquam 
 naturam fiivalibus caufis impraegnallet : Nat urarnque nihil frujir a facer e^ 
 fuique "voti femper eJJ'e compotem, [Jl impedimenta abejfcnt,) & hujulinoJi 
 multa eo Ipectantia pofuillet; amplius Deo noii fuit opus : At Dcniocritus & 
 Epicurus, cum atomos llios pracdicabant, coufquc a llibtilioribus nonnullis 
 tolciabantur ; vcrum cum ex eorum fortuito concurfu, fabricam iplain rcrum 
 abl'que mcnte coaluiire aflercrent, ab omnibus rifu except! Unit. Adeo uc 
 tantum abfit, ut caufac phyficae homines a Deo& providcntia abducant, ut 
 contra potiusphilolbphi illi, qui in iifdem eruendis occupati fuerunt, nulhuu 
 cxitum rci rcperiant, niii poftremo ad Deum & providenriam confiigiant. 
 Atque haec de metaphyfica didla fint : cujus partem de caufis finalibus, in libris 
 & phyficis & mctaphyficis traclatam non negavcrim ; in his rede, in illis 
 perperam, propter incommodum inde fecutum. 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 Tartitio opcrativae doBrinae de natiira in mechanicam c^- magiam : ^lae 
 refpondent partibns fpeculati-vae : Thyjicae mechanica, metaphyjicae 
 magia i & expnrgatio vocabuli magiae. Appendices diiae operatiijae j 
 in-ventarium opiim humananim, d'- c-atalogus ■polychreftorum^ 
 
 OPERATIVAM de natura fimiliter in duas partes dividemus, idque 
 ex nccellitate quadam. Subjicitur enim haec divifio divifioni priori 
 doctrinac fpeculativae. Phyfica fiquidem, & inquifitio caufarum efficientium 
 & matcrialium, producit mechanicam ; at metaphyfica, & inquifitio forma- 
 rum, producit magiam : nam caufarum finalium inquifitio fterilis eft, & 
 tanquam virgo Deo confccrata nihil parit. Neque nos fugit 5 cflc & me- 
 chanicam iaepius mere empiricam & operariam, quae a phyfica non pende- 
 at; verum hanc in hiftoriam naturalem conjecimus; a philofophia naturali 
 fegrcgamus. Loquimur tantum de ea mechanica, quae cum caufis phyficis 
 conjuncla eft. Veruntamem intervenit quaedam mechanica, quae nee pror- 
 fus operaria eft, neque tamcnphilofophiam proprie^ttingit. Operum enim 
 inventa omnia, quae in hominum notitiam venerunt, aut cafii occurrerunt, 
 & dcinccps per manus tradita funt ; aut dc induftria quaefita: quae autcni 
 intentionaliter inventa funt; ilia aut per caufarum & axiomatum lucem cru- 
 ra funt; aut per extenfioncm quandam, vcl tranflationem, vel compofitio- 
 nem inventorum priorum deprehcnfa ; quae magts ingeniofa quaedam res 
 eft & fagax, quam philofophica. Hanc vero partem, quam neutiquam con- 
 temnimus, non multo port, cum de experientia literata inter logica tracla- 
 bimus, curfim perftringemus. Enimvero mechanicam, de qua nunc agi- 
 mus, tradavit Ariftotelespromifcue: Heroin fpiritalibus 5 etiam Georgius 
 Agricola, fcriptor recens, diligenter admodum in mincralibus; aliique quam- 
 plurimi in fubjeciis particularibus : adeo ut non habeam, quod dicam dc 
 omillis in hac parte ; nifi quod mechanica promifcua, fecundum excmplum 
 Ariftotelis, diligcnrius debuiflent continuari per labores recentiorum •■> prac- 
 fcrtim cum deleftu eorum mechanicorum, quorum aut caulae magis ob- 
 fcurae, aut eftedus magis nobilcs. Verum qui in hifcc iniilhmt, quafi oras 
 tantum marjtimas perrcptant ; 
 
 Tre-
 
 B12 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.III. 
 
 Tremendo Utttis iniqnnm. 
 
 Meo fi quidcm jiuiicio, vix poilit aliquid in natura radicitus vcrri aut inncK 
 vari, vcl per cafus aliquos foituitos, vcl per tentamcnta cxpcrimcntorum, 
 vel ex luce caufarum phyficarum, fed iblummodo per inventionem foriTKt- 
 rum. Si igitur defidcrari cam partem mcraphyi^eae, quae de formis agir, 
 poluimus; (equitur^ ut naturalis etiam magia, quae ad earn eft relariva, fi- 
 militer defidcrcrur. Verum hoe loco poftulandum vidctui:, ut vocabulum 
 iftud magiac, ia deteriorem partem jam pridem acccptum, antiquo & ho- 
 norifico icnCui rcftituatur. Etenim magia apud Perlat. pro lapientia Tub-' 
 limi, & fcientia confenfuum rerum univcrfalium, aceipiebatur ; atque etr-' 
 am tres ilUreges, qui aboricnte ad Chriftum adorandum venerunt, magorum 
 nomine vocabantur. Nos vcro earn illo in fenfu intclligimus, ut Ht feiea- 
 tia, quae-cognitionem formarum abditarum ad opera admiranda deducat; at- 
 que quod dici Iblet, adiva cum pallivis coniungendo, magnalia naturae 
 maniteftct. Nam quantum ad naturalem magiam, (quae in libris plurimo- 
 rum volitat,) credulas q lafdam & fuperftitiolas traditiones & obfervatio 
 lies, dc fympatliiis & anripathiis rerum, atque de occukis & Ipecificis pro- 
 prictatibus compleclentem, cum frivolis ut plurimum experimentis, potius 
 occultandi artificio & larva quam re ipla admirandis : non erravcrit £ine, 
 qui cam dixcrit a fcientia, quam quaerimus, tantum diftarc, quoad verita- 
 tem naturae, quantum libri rerum gcihirum Artiiuri ex Britannii, aut Hu- 
 gonis Burdegalenfis, & hujufmodi heroum umbratilium, differunt a Cacla- 
 ris commentariis, quoad veritatcm hiftoricam. Manifeftum enim eft, Cae- 
 farem iaiajora rcvera pcrpctraile, quam illi de heroibus lliis coniingere aufi 
 fuut ; fed modis faciendi minime fabulofis. riujufmoJi doclrinas bene ad- 
 umbravit tabula delxionc; qui cum junonis, potentiae deae, concubitum a- 
 nimo fibi defignaret, cam cvanida nube rem habuit; ex qua centauros 5c 
 chimacras progenuit. Sic qui infana & impotcnti cupiditate feruntur ad ca, 
 quae per imaginationis tantum fumos & nebulas cerncre fe putant, loco o- 
 perum, nil aliud quam fpes inanes, & deformia quacdam ac monftrofa Ipe- 
 dra, fufeipient. Hujus autem magiae naturalis, levis & degcneris, opera- 
 tio fuper homines, funilis eft foporiferis quibufdam medicamentis ; quae 
 fomnum conciliant, atque infuper inter dormiendum lacta & placentia fom- 
 nia immittunt. Primo cnim intellcdum humanumin foporem conjicit; ca- 
 ncndo proprictates Ipccificas & virtutes occultas, & tanquam coelitus dc- 
 mifias, & per traditionum fufurros Iblummodo pcrdifcendas ; unde homi- 
 nes ad veras cautas erucndas & indagandas non ampllus cxcitantur & evi- 
 gilant ; led in hujufmodi otiofis & credulis opinionibus acquicfcunt : delude 
 veto innumera commenta grata, & qualia quis optaret maxime inftar fom- 
 niorum infinuat. Atque operac pretium eft notare, in illis fcientiis, quae ni- 
 mium trahunt ex phantafia & fide, (quales funt magia ifta levis, dc qua 
 nunc loquimur, alchyniia, aftrologia, & aliae conftmiles,) media fua & the- 
 oriam lolcre eflc magis monftrofa, quam finis ipfe eft 6c aclio, quo teu- 
 dunt. Verlio argenti aut argenti vivi, aut alicujus alterius metalli in aurun\ 
 res creditu dura: attamcn longe verifimilius eft ab homlne, qui ponderis^ 
 coloris flavi, malleabilis & extenfibilis, fixi etiani & volatilis, naturas cog- 
 nitas & pcrfpcclas habuerit ; quique fimiliter prima mineralium femina 6c 
 menftrua diligcnter introfpexerit, pofle aurum multa 6c fagaei moliiione tan- 
 dem produci; quam quod pauca elixiris grana, panels momentis, alia mc- 
 talla in aurum vertcrc valcaut, per aclivitatem ejufdcni elixiris, quae natu- 
 
 ram
 
 Cap. VI. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ii 
 
 ram fcilicct pcrficcre & omni impcdimcnto libcrarc poflit. Similiter Icnccliu- 
 tis retardatio, aut gradus alicujus juvcntutis inlkuratio, non facile fidcm 
 rcpcriat : Attamcn longe vciifimilius ell ab homine, qui naturam aixfadio- 
 nis, & fpirituum liipei- folida corporis dcpraedationcs bene norit ; quiquc 
 naturam alfimilationis, atquc alimentationis vel perfcdioris, vel pravioris, 
 perfpcxerit; naturam etiam fpirituum, & quafi flammae corporis, alias ad 
 confumendum appofitac, alias ad reparandum, notarit; pofle per diaetas, 
 balnea, undiones, medicinas proprias, accommodata etiam exercitia Sc fimi- 
 lia, vitam prolongari, aut vigorem juvcntutis, aliqua ex parte renovari : 
 quam quod hoc fieri pollir per guttas pauculas aut Icrupulos alicujus prc- 
 tiofi liquoris, aut quintellcntiae. Rurllis ex aftris fata elici pofle, non Ib- 
 tim aut facile homines confenferint: Illavero; quod hora nativitatis, (quae 
 {aepilTlmc ex pluribus accidcnribus naturalibus, vel acceleratur vel differtur,) 
 vitae totius fortunam rcgat, aut quod hora quaeftionis, fit cum re ipfa 
 quae quaeritur, confatalis, meras nugas dixeris. Attamcn tanta excrcct * 
 humanum genus impotcntia & intempcries, ut non folum, quae fieri noa 
 pofllint, fibi fpondeant, fed etiam maxinic ardua, fine moleftia aut fudorc 
 tanquam feriantcs, fe adipifci polfe confidunt. Verum de magia hadenus, 
 cuius & vocabulum ipfum ab infamia vindicavimus, & Ipcciem veram a falla 
 & jgnobili fegregavimus. 
 
 Hujus vero partis operativae, fcilicct de natura, duae funt appendices, 
 magni utraque pretii. Prima eft, ut fiat inventarium opum humanarum, quo 
 cxcipiantur & brcviter enumerentur omnia hominum bona & fortunae, {hvc 
 fint ex fruftibus & proventibus naturae, five artis) quae jam habentur, & 
 quibus homines fruuntur, adjedis iis, quae olim innotuifle conftat, nunc au- 
 tem perierunt : ad hunc fincm, ut qui ad nova inventa accingitur, de jam 
 invcntis & extantibus negotium fibi non facefiat. Hoc vero inventarium 
 magis crit artificiofum, magifque etiam utile, fi quae communi homi- 
 num opinione impofllbilia reputantur, in unoquoque generc adjunxe- 
 ris: atque una proxima impoflibilibus, quae tamen habentur, copules; ut 
 alterum humanam invcntionem acuat, altcrum quadantenus dirigat, utquc 
 ex his optativis & potaitialibus, adiva promptius deducantur. Secunda 
 ell, ut fiat calendarium eorum experimentorum, quae maximc polychrclla 
 funt, & ad aliorum inventionem faciunt & ducunt. Exempli gratia, Ex- 
 perimentnm artificialis conglaciationis aquae, per glaciem cum falc ni- 
 gro, ad infinita pertinet: Hoc enim modum condenfationis fecretum revc- 
 lat, quo homini nihil eft fruduofius. Praefto enim eft ignis ad rarcfadio- 
 nes ; verum in condenfationibus laboratur. Plurimum autem fiicit ad in- 
 veniendi compendium, fi hujufmodi polychrefta proprio catalogo cxcipi- 
 antur. 
 
 CAP. vr. 
 
 T)e magna ph'tlofophiae natnralis, tarn fpeculativae quam operativae, 
 appendice mathematica : quodque inter appendices potius poni debet, 
 quam inter fcientias fubji ant iv as. "Fart it io mathematicae in pur am J?- 
 mixtam. 
 
 o 
 
 PTIME Ariftotcles, phyficam & mathematicam gencrarp praffi- 
 cam five mechanicam, Qiiare cum jam tarn IpecuJativam quam opera- 
 VoL. I. P livam
 
 114 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.III- 
 
 tivam partem dodrinae de natui-a traclavciimLis, locus ell ut dc mathcraa- 
 tica dicamus, quae ad utraiiiquc crt IcLcntia auxiliaris. Haec flquidcm in 
 philofophia reccpta, phyficuc & metaphyficac pars tcrtia adjungitur. At- 
 nobis ifta retradaiitibus & rccolciicibus, fi cam ut fcientiam llibtlantivam & 
 principalem, dcfignarc in animo cllct, magis conlcntancum vidcrctur, &. 
 rci ipfius naturae, & ordinis pcrfpicuitati, ut conftituerctur tanquam portio 
 mctaphyficae. Qiuintitas enim (quae rubjcclum eft niathcmatieac) mate-, 
 riac applicata, veluti dofis naturae cil, & piurimorum efrecluum in rebus 
 naturalibus caufativa : idcoque inter formas eflenriales numeranda eft. Fi-,. 
 gurae autem & numcrorum potentia in tantum apud antiques valere vifai- 
 cft, ut Dcniocritus, ^Principia 'varietatis rernm-, in jignris atomoriim, 
 praecipue collocaverit : Ac Pythagoras, Naturam rerum ex niimens con- 
 (iitti't afferuerit. lUud interim vcrum elt quanritatcm inter formas natura- 
 Ics (qualcs nos eas intelligimus) omnium maxime clle abllradam, & a ma-: 
 rcria leparabilem : Qiiod iplum in caufa fuit, cur & diligcntius exculta <Sc; 
 acrius inquifita ab hominibus fuerit, quam aliac quaecunque formae, quae^ 
 omnes in materia magisllant immerfae. Cum enim ad hominum animis pJa-, 
 ne infitum fit, (plurimo certe cum fcicntiarum detrimcnto) ut generalium, 
 quafi campis liberis, magis quam particularium fylvis & fcptis delecicntur,; 
 nil repertum eft mathematicis gratius 6c jucundius, quo appetitus iftc ^xpa-^ 
 tiandi & meditandi cxpleretur. Etfi autem haec vera fint, nobis tamen, 
 qui non tantum veritati & ordini, verum etiam ufui & commodis hominum 
 confulimus, fatius demum vifum eft, mathcmaticas, cum & in phyficis, & 
 inmetaphyficis, & in mechanicis, & in magicis plurimum poUeant, ut om- 
 nium appendices 6c copias auxiliares, dcfignarc : Qtiod etiam quodammodo 
 faccre compcUimur, propter delicias & faftum mathematicorum, qui hanc 
 fcicntiam phyficae fere imperare difcupiant. Ncfcio enim quo fato fiat, ut 
 mathcmatica & logica, quae ancillarum loco erga phyficam fc gerere dcbe- 
 ■Awt^ nihilominus certitudinem fuam prae ca jaclantes, dominatum contra 
 cxerccre praefumant. Vcrum de loco & dignitate hujus fcientiae minus 
 curandum : de re ipfa videamus. 
 
 Mathematica aut pura eft aut mixta. Ad puram referuntur fcien- 
 tiae, quae circa quantitatcm occupatae funt, a materia & axiomatibus phy- 
 ficis penitus abftraclam. Eae duae funt, geometria & arithmetica : quan- 
 titatcm altera continuam, altera difcretam traftans. Quae duae artes, mag- 
 no certe cum acuminc & induftria, inquifitae & traclatae funt : veruntamen 
 <5c Euclidis laboribus, in geomctricis, nihil additum eft a fequcntibus, quod 
 intcrvallo tot laeculorum dignum fit; & doftrina de folidis, nee a veteribus, 
 nee a modernis, pro rei ufu & cxcellentia, inftrucl:a & auda eft. In a- 
 rithmeticis autem, ncc fatis varia & commoda invcnta funt fupputationuni 
 compendia, pracfertim circa progrefliones, quarum in phyficis ufus eft non 
 mediocris : ncc algebra bene confummata eft 5 atquc arithmetica ilia Pytha- 
 gorica & myftica, quae ex Proclo & reliquiis quibufdam Euclidis coepit in- 
 ftaurari, expatiatio quaedam fpeculationis eft. Hoc enim habct ingenium 
 hiimanum, ut cum ad folida non fufficiat, in fupcrvacaneis fc atterat. Mix- 
 ta habct pro fubjetto axiomata & portioncs phyficas : Quantitatcm autem 
 confiderat, qnatcnus eft ad ca elucidanda, & demonftranda, &; acluanda, 
 auxiliaris. Multae fiquidem naturae partes, nee fatis lubtiliter comprchen- 
 di, nee fatis pcrfpicue dcmonftrar-i, ncc fatis dexrere & certo ad ufum 
 accommodari pollint, fine ope & intcn'cntu mathematicae. Cujus generis 
 funt perlpcdiva, mufica, aftronomia, cofmographia, architcctura, machi- 
 
 naria.
 
 Cap. VI. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 115 
 
 naria & nonnullae aliac. Cactcrum in mathcmaticis mixtis intcgras aliquas 
 portiones defidcratas jam non icpcrio, fed mulras in pofterum praedico, fi 
 homines non fcricntur. Prout enim phyfica, majora indies incrcmcnta ca- 
 piet & nova axiomataed Licet j co mathcniaticac opera nova in multis indi- 
 gebit, & plures demum ficnt mathematicac mixtae. 
 
 Jam autem dodrinam de natura pertranfivimus, &de(iderata in ipfa no- 
 tavinius. Qua in re /i a prifcis & receptis opinionibus difccrtcrimus, co- 
 que nomine contradiccndi anfam cuiquam praebuerimus j quod ad nos at- 
 tinet, ut diflentiendi ftudium longc a nobis abeft, ita etiam & contendendi 
 confdium. Si hacc vera funt 5 
 
 Non c animus furdis^ refpondent omnia fylvae : 
 
 Vox naturae ingeminabit, etfi vox hominum rcclamer. Qucmadmodum 
 autem Alexander Borgia diccxe folebat, do cxpcditione Gallorum Neapo- 
 litana, Eos -venijle cum creta in manibiis, quo diverforia ftia notarent^ 
 non cum armis, ut perrumperent : Sic nobis magis cordi eft pacificus ve- 
 ritatis ingrefllis ; ubi quafi creta confignentur animi, qui tantam holpircm 
 excipere poflint; quam qui pugnax ell:, viamque fibi per contcntiones & 
 litcs fternat. Abfolutis igitur duabus partibus philofophiac, de Numine & 
 dc natura j reftat tertia de homine. 
 
 tU ,1fill 
 
 unirn . 
 
 Vol. I. P2 FRAN-
 
 Il6 >IA1 i H.dUic > 
 
 FRANCIS CI 
 
 Baronis deVERULAMlO^ 
 
 Vice-Comkls S a N c T i A l b a n i, '. 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 - "i 
 
 De Dignitate 8c Augmentis Scientiarum, jnhfj 
 LIBER Q^UARTU S : 
 
 A D R E G E M S U U M. .'^ 
 
 :i 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 Tartitio doBrinae de hcmine, in philofophiam humanitatis c^ civitem. 
 Tartitio philofophiae humanitatis^ in doEirinam circa corpus homi- 
 
 fjnis, ^ docfrinam circa animam hominis. Conjiitutio unius do^rmae 
 generalis de natura, five de fiatu hominis. 'Partitio dodrinae dejlar 
 til hominis, in doBrinam de perfona hominis, o" de foedere animi o- 
 corporis. Tartitio doEirinae de perfona hotninis, in doEirinam de mi- 
 feriis hominis, & de praerogativis. Part it io doStrinae de foedere, in 
 docfrinam de indie at ionibus, & de impreffionibus. AJJlgnatio phyfi- 
 ogyiomiae & interpret at ionis fo?nniorum naturalium, doilrinae af. m- 
 dicat ionibus. ,./!> 
 
 /'^IQUIS mc (rex optimc) ob aliquid corum, quae propofui aut dc- 
 ^^^ inccps proponam, impctat aut vulncrct, (practcrquam quod intra 
 % ^ pradidia majcftatis tuac tutus efle'dcbeam,) lei at is, fe contra mo- 
 ^^■'^ rem & difciplinam militiac facere. Ego cnim buccinator tantum, 
 pugnam non inco 5 unus fortailc ex iis, de quibus Homcrus : 
 
 Hi cnim inter hoftes, ctiam infcnililimos & acerbiflimos, ulrro citroque in- 
 violati ubiquc commeabant. Ncquc vero noftra buccina homines advocat 
 & cxcitat, ut fc mutuo contradicHonibus prolcindant, aut iecum ipfi proc- 
 licntur & digladicntur ; led potius ut pace inter ipfos fada conjundis viri- 
 bus, fe advcrlus naturam rerum comparent, cjulque cdita & munita capi- 
 ant & cxpugnent, atquc fines imperii humani (quantum Deus Opt. Max. 
 pro bonitate fua induUerit) proferant. 
 
 -^Veniamus nunc ad cam fcientiam, ad quam nos ducit oraculum anti- 
 quum : Ncmpc ad fcientiam noftri. Cui, quo magis noftra interlit, co in- 
 
 cumbenuum
 
 Cap.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. ii 
 
 cunibcndiim c(\. diligcntius, H;icc fcicntia homini pro fine eft fcientiarum; 
 at naturae ipilus portio trintiim. Atque hoc pro regula ponatur generali ; 
 quod omnes Icicntiarum partitioiics ita intclliyantur & adhibeantur, ut Ici- 
 cntias potius fignent aut diftinguant, quam fcccnt & divellant, ut pcrpetuo 
 cvirctur folutio continuitatis in fcicntiis. Hujus ctcnim contrarium particu- 
 lates Icicntias ftcrilcs reddidit, iiiancs & crroneas, dum a fonte Si. fomitc 
 communi non aluntur, fuftcntautur & rectilicantur. Sic videmus Cicero- 
 ncm oratorem, dc Socrate & ejus Ichola conqucrentem, quod hie ptimus 
 philolbphiam a rhctorica disjunxcrit, unde facia fit rhetorica ars loquax & 
 inanis. Conilat fimilitcr (tntcntiam Copcrnici dc rotationc terrae, (quae 
 nunc quoque iavaluit) quia phacnomenis non repugnat, ab aftronomicis 
 prineipiis non poUe rcvinci; a naturaiis tamen piiilofophiae principiis re- 
 tle pofitis polie. Ancm dcnique mcdicam videmus, fi a natural! philofo- 
 phia dcilituatur, empiricorum praxi baud mulruni praeftare. Hoc igirur 
 pofito, acccdamus ad dotlrinain de homine. Ea duplex eft: Aut enim 
 contemplatur homincm legregatum, aut congregatum atque in focietate. 
 Alteram harum philofophiam humanitatis; alteram civilem vocamus. Phi- 
 lotbphia humanitatis five humana ex partibus fimilibus illis, ex quibus homo 
 ipfe confillit: nempe ex Icientiis, quae circa corpus; & ex fcicntiis, quae 
 circa animani verfaatur. 
 
 Verum priufquam diftributiones particulates perfequamur, conftituamus 
 fcientiam unam gcncralem, de natura & ftatu hominis: digna enim certe 
 res eft, ut cmancipctur haec fcientia, & in fcientiam feorfum redigatur, 
 Conficitur autem ilia ex iis rebus, quae funt tarn corpori quam animac 
 communes. Rurfus, haec fcientia de natura & ftatu hominis, diftribui 
 potefc in duas partes; attribuendo alteri naturam hominis indivifam, alter! 
 vinculum ipfum animae & corporis : Qiiarum primam dodrinam de perfona 
 hominis, fecundam dodrinam de foedere vocabimus. Liquet autem haec 
 omnia, cum fint communia & mixta, primae ilU divifioni fcientiarum circa 
 corpus, & fcientiirum circa animam verlantium, aflignari non potuiffc. 
 
 DocTRiNA de perfona hominis duas res praecipue compleditur; con- 
 tcmplationes Icilicet de miferiis humani generis ; «Sc dc ejufdem praerogati- 
 vis live excellentiis. Atque deploratio humanarum aerumnarum cleganter 
 & copiofe a compluribus adornata eft, tarn in fcriptis philofophicis quam 
 thcologicis : Eftque res & dulcis fimul & falubris. 
 
 At ilia altera de praerogarivis, digna vif\ res nobis, quae inter dcfi- 
 derata proponatur. Elcgantillime certe Pind.irus (ut plerunquc folet) inter 
 Jaudandum Hieronem ait, Eum decerpere fummitates ex omnibus vir- 
 ttttibus. Equidcm plurimum ad magnanimitatcm & humanum decus 
 conferre polle putarcm, fi ultimitarcs (ut loquuntur fcholaftici) five 
 fiimm'itates (ut Pindarus) humanae naturae coUigerentur ; praecipue 
 "ex hiftoriae tide, llkid eft quid ultimum & fupremum fuerit, quo 
 unquam humana natura per Ic afccnderit, in fingulis & corporis & animi 
 dotibus. Qiianta res, quae de Caelare narratur, quod amanuenfibus quin- 
 quc fimul dictare fuifeccrit? Qiun & excrcitationcs illae antiquorum^rheto- ^ 
 rum, Protagorac, Gorgiac; etiam philofophorum, Callifthenis, PoHidonii, 
 Carncadis, ut de quovis themate in utramque partem ex-temporc diflerere 
 cleganter & copiofe potueiiut ■■, ingenii humani vires hand parum nobili- 
 taut. Res aurem ulli minor, at olkntativ)ne &: facuitate fortaflc major quam 
 dc Archj.i magiftro fuo memorat Cicero : Eum niagmim jiumerum optimo- 
 rum "o^rfuHm de iis rebus, quae tmn agereiitur, PotuiJ[e dicere ex-tem- 
 
 j}on\ 
 
 /
 
 1 1 
 
 8 DE AtJGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IV. 
 
 pore. Tot niillibus hominum nomina rcddcrc potuilTc Cymm aut Scipio- 
 nem, magnum memoriae dccus. At virtutum moralium palmae non minus 
 celebres, quam intellcduaUum. Qiiantam rem in cxeicirio paticntiac Cvhr- 
 bct hiftoria ilia vul'zata dc Anaxarcho, qui quacfrioni 2c tormcntii fub.ic- 
 <fi:us, linguam (indicii ipcm) dentibus praelcidit, <?-: rn os tyranni cxpuit ? 
 Nequc tokrantia ccdit, (licet dignitatc pliuimuin,) quod (i-.cculo noflro ac- 
 cidit in ourgundo quodam, principis Aurafioncnfis intcrfcftore 5 is virgis 
 ferrcis flagcllatus, & forcipibus ignitis laccratus, nullum prorlus gemirum 
 cdidit : Qtiinctiam cum forte fradum aliqurd dcluper in caput aftantis cu- 
 jufpiam incidcrct, uftulatus jam nebulo & in mcdiis tormentis rifitj qui ta- 
 ancn paulo ante, cum cincinni capillitii quos gcftabat, tonderentur, flcvcrat.^ 
 Animiquoque mira ferenitas ^ fccuritas, Tub ipfum tcmpus mortis, in plu- 
 ribus cnituit. Qt-ialis fuit ilia ccnturionis apud Tacitum : Is cum a miljtc, 
 qui cum ex impcrato occifurus cffct, jubcrctur, ut cervices porrigerct for- 
 titcr, utinam (iuquit iilc,) ru tam fortitcr fcrias. At Joannes dux Saxoniae^ ^ 
 cum inter ludum fcacchorum diplonia, quo ne.x ejus in pofterum diem maa-, 
 dabatur, allatum eflet, aftantem quendam ad fe vocavit, & fubridcns : Spe- 
 cfa, inquit, nmn non potior es partes Indi hnjiis teneam. IJh, enim (ad 
 colluforem innucns) 7ne tnortho, jaBabit, funs pot tores partes fuijfe. 
 Noftcr vcro Morus, Angliae caacciiaiius, cum pridic quo moriturus eflcr, 
 tonlbr ad eum venirct, (miflus fcilicet ad hoc, ne foite capillitio promifib, 
 cflet apud populum in fpcdaculo mifcrabilior,) cnmquc interrogaret, xiuoi 
 tondcri placerct; renuit, atquc ad tontbrcm verfus : /i/-,6/', inquit, cum re- 
 ge de cap it e meo controverjia eft -, antequarn -vera ilia terfninata fuerit^ 
 fumptus in illudnon faciam. Qj-iin & idem, lab ipfum mortis articulum, 
 poftquam jam caput in truncuni fatalem reclinaffet, rurfus fe paululum c- 
 rexit, &: barba, quae ci crat promillior, ienitcr amota, At certe taec, inquit, 
 non offendit regem. Vcrum, ne hoc loco longiorcs fimus, fatis patct quid vc- 
 limus; nempc ut miracula naturae humanae, vircfque ejus & virtutcs ultimaei ., 
 . tam animi quam corporis, in volumcn aliquod coliigantur; quod fucrit' 
 inflar faftorum de humanis triumphis. Qiia in re inftitutum Valerii Maximi 
 & C, Plinii probamus, diligentiam & judicium corum rcquirimus. 
 
 Quantum ad doftrinam dc focdcrc, five de communi vinculo anlmae & 
 corporis: ea in duas partes tribui poiTit. Qucmadmodum enim inter foe-^ 
 dcratos intcrcedunt, & mutua rerum fuarum communicatio, & mutua offi- 
 cia ; fic focdus iftud animae & corporis duabus fimllitcr rebus continctur : 
 nimirum ut defcribatur, quomodo hacc duo (anima fcilicet 5c corpus) fc 
 inviccm dctcgant, & quomodo invicem in fe agant 5 notitia five indicationc 
 & imprcillonc. Harum prior, (dcfcriptio fcilicet, qualis poilit habcri no- 
 titia de anima ex habitu corporis ; aut de corpore ex accidcntibus animi) 
 duas nobis pcpcrit artes, utramque praediclionis ; inquifitionibus alteram 
 Ariftotclis, alteram Hippocratis dccoratam. Quanquam autcm tempora rc- 
 ccntiora has artcs fuperftitiofis & phantafticis mixturis poUuerint ; repurga- 
 tae tamen, ac in integrum rcftitutac, & fundamentum habent in natura fo- 
 lidum, 6c frudum cdunt ad vitam communcm utilem. Prima eft phyfiogno-,., 
 iriia, quae per corporis lineamcnta animi indicat propen/ioncs 5 altera fora-, 
 niorura naturalium interprctatio, quae corporis ftatum & difpofitioncm ex 
 animi agitationibus dctcgit. In harum priorc partem nonnullam defidcrari 
 perfpicio. Siquidem Arilloteles ingeniofe & folertcr corporis fabricam, duni 
 quicfcit, tradavit ; candem in motu (nimirum geftus corporis) omifit j qui, 
 tamcn non minus artis obfervationibus fubjiciuntur, 5c majoris fimt ufus." 
 
 Etenim
 
 Cap. I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 119 
 
 Ercnim lincamcnra corporis, animi inclinationcs £c propcn/ioncs gcncralcs 
 oUcndunt i oris aurcm & partium motus & gclUis, infupcr aditus &: tem- 
 pora, & pracfcntis difpofltioais & voluntatis figna, declarant. Ut cnini ap- 
 tidlmis atquc clcgantilllmis majcftatis tuac verbis utar, Lingua aiires ferit, 
 gejlus vera ociilos alioquitur. Hoc vcro bene norunt vcteratorcs com- 
 plurcs, & aftuti homines, quorum oculi in aliorum vultu & gelHbus liabitant j 
 idque in commodum fuum trahunt 5 utpote in quo facultatis & prudentiae 
 liiae pars maxima vertatur. Ncc fane ncgari poteft, iaoc ipfum, /Imulatio- 
 nis in altcro indiccm efie mirificum, & moncre homines optimc de eledioni- 
 bus temporum & opportunitatcm adeundi perlbnas ; quae civilis prudentiae 
 pars eft non parva. Nemo autem putet hujulmodi Iblertiam aliquid qui- 
 dem valere circa homines individuos. Tub regula autem non cadere : Nam 
 ad unum fere modum omnesridemus, «Scploramus, & crubelcimus, &fron- 
 tem contrahimus ; & fic (ut plurimum) de motibus llibtilioribus. Si quis 
 autem hie chiromantiac mcminit, fciat rem efle prorfum vanam ; & in hu- 
 jufmodi Icrmonibus, quos traftamus, nee dignam quidem quae nominetur. 
 Qiiod vero ad fomniorum naturaUum interpretationem attinet : Res eft quo- 
 rundam laboribus pertradata, led plurimis ineptiis Icatens. II kid tantuni 
 in praefenti innuo, bafim illam huic rci, quae maxime eft folida, non fub- 
 ftcrni. Ea hujulmodi eft; ubi idem fit ab interna caula, quod fieri quoquc 
 folet ab externa, aftus ilie externus tranfit in Ibmnium. SimiHs eft ftomachi 
 oppreftlo, ex craflb vaporc, atque incubitu ponderis externi : Itaque qui 
 incubo laborant, pondus fibi lliperimponi, magno cum apparatu circumftan- 
 tiarum, fomniant. Similisvifcerum pcnfilitas ex flucluum agitatione in mari, 
 & ex flatu circa praeeordia colledo : Itaque liypochondriaci faepius naviga- 
 tiones & agitationes ftiper aquas fomniant. Sunt & innumera id genus. 
 
 Posterior pars dotlrinae foederis, (quam imprellionem nominavimus) 
 inartem nondumredada eft ; fed obiter tantum, & carptim, inter alios tra- 
 ttatus aliquando intervenit. Ilia eandem antiftrophen cum priori habet. 
 Qiiippc duo confiderat : Ant qiiomodo, (^ quoiifque hnmores & tcmpera- 
 mentum corporis immutent ammam, in eamque agant ? Ant rurfiis, quo- 
 tmdo, S" quoiifque animae pajjlones, vel apprehenjiones, immutait cor- 
 pus <ir in illud agant ? Horum prius in re medica interdum tradari vidc- 
 mus ; at id ipfum fe mirismodis religionibus inferuit. Pharmaca enimprae- 
 Icribunt medici, quae morbis animae perfinandis inferviant, ut in curationi- 
 bus maniac & melancholiae : quinetiam mcdicinas porrigunt ad aninunn 
 cxhilarandum, ad cor muniendum, atque inde fortitudinem augendam, ad 
 ingenium acuendum, ad memoriam roborandam, & fimilia. At diactae, & 
 deledus ciborum & poruum, & ablutioncs, & aliac circa corpus obfervantiae, 
 in feda Pythagoreorum & in haerefi Maniehaeorum, & in lege Mahometi, 
 omnem modum fupcrant. Ordinationes quoquc legis ceremonialis, fanguinis 
 & adipis efum prohibcntes, ac animalia munda ab immundis diftinguentcs, 
 (quatenus ad cibi ufum) & plurimae funt 6c praeciiae. Imo Chriftiana fides 
 ipfa (quanivis a cercmoniarum nubc libera & ferena) ufum tamen reiinct je- 
 juniorum, abftincntiarum, &aliarumrerum, quae ad corporis maccrationem «Sc 
 humiliationem fpedant, tanquam rerum non mere ritualium, fed etiam fru- 
 duofarum. Atqui radix omnium hujulmodi praeccptvonum, practcr iplani 
 cercmoniam & exercitium obcdicntiae, in hac re coniiftit, dc qua loqui- 
 mur : Nimirum quod anima compatiatur corpori. Si quis autem judicio in- 
 firmior cxiftimet, iftas corporis in animam impreiriones, aut immortalitatcni 
 animae in. dubium .rcyocarc, aut iinpcrio animae in corpus derogate; Icvi 
 
 ■ iiijTJlS 
 
 dubi-
 
 I20 DE AUG MENTIS S C IE N TI AR U iM. Lib. IV 
 
 dubkationi Icvc rclponllmi futfccerit. Exempla pctat, vcl ab infante in 
 urcro matris : qui iimul cum ir.atris atTcdibus compatitur, & ramcn e cor- 
 pore matris luo tempore excludiair : vel a monarchis, qui licet porcntcs, a 
 Icrvorum impetu quandoque lieduntur, ialva interim makftatc fua rci?,ia. 
 
 as 
 
 paulo pt 
 
 momenti, quaeque omnia alia remedia plurimum vel adjuvct, vcl impcdiar, 
 confideret & traclet. At aliud quippiam, quod hue pertinct, paree admo- 
 dum, nee pro rei vel fubtilitate vel utilitate inquifitum eft; quatenus fci- 
 lieet (millis atfeclibus) ipfa tmaginatio animae, -vel cogit alio per qnarnfixa^ 
 O* veluti in fidem qtiandam exalt at a, valeat ad immntandi.m corpus ima- 
 «mantis ? Qiiamvis enim vim habcat ad noccndum manifeftam, hand tamen 
 i'inde fequitur pari potentia praeditum elie ad fubvenicndum. Non magis 
 hercle, quam ii quis conclulerit, quoniam reperitur aliquis aer ita pcftilens, 
 ut llibito interimat ; debere quoque elle aliquem aercm ita lalubrcm, utdc- 
 cumbentem fubito rcllituat. Atque haec inquifitio nobiiis profedo ellct 
 ulus verum (ut ait Socrates) natatorc Delio ladiget, quia mergitur in pro- 
 fundo. Rurfus inter has dodrinas de focdere, five confenfibus animae & 
 corporis, non alia fuerit magis necelfaria, quam ilia difquifitio dc fcdibus pro- 
 priis & domiciliis, quae fingulac animae facultatcs habent in corpore, cjuique 
 ori^anis. Qiiod genus Icientiae qui ledati fuerint, non defunt ; led quae ha- 
 bentur in plcril'que, aut controverla iunt, aut leviter inquifit^a ; ut majori 
 diliucntia & acumine opus fit. Nam iententia introdud:a a Platonc ; qua. 
 intcllcdus in cerebro, tanquam in arce coUocatus crt, animofitas (quam illc 
 latis imperite iracundiam vocavit, cum tumori & fuperbiae Jit propior) ia 
 cordc, concupifcentia autem & IcnlUalitas in jecinore 5 nequc prorfus con- 
 rcmnenda eft, neque cuoide recipienda. Rurliis ncc coUocatio facultatum il- 
 larum intelledualium (phantafiac, rationis, memoriae) fecundum ventriculos 
 cerebri, erroris expers ell. Atque dodrinam de natura hominis indiviia, ac 
 ctiam de foederc aiiimi & corporis, expUcavimus. 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 Tartitio doctrinae circa corpus hominis in medicinam, cofmeticam, ath- 
 letic am, & voluptariam. Tart it io medicinae in ofpcia tria, viz. in 
 Conlcrvationem lanitatis, curationem morborum, e^prolongationem vitae : 
 ^lodque pars pojlrema de Prolongatione vitac disjungt dcbeat a duabus 
 reliquts. 
 
 DOCTRINA circa corpus hominis candem recipit divifionem, qu.ini 
 bona corporis ipfius, quibus inlervit. Bona corporis humani quatuor 
 Iunt; fanitas, forma five pulchritudo, vires, voluptas. Totidcm igitur fci- 
 entiae; medicina, coimetica, athletica, & voluptaria, quam Tacitus appel- 
 lat eruditum luxum. 
 
 Medicina ars in primis nobiiis, & ex gcnerofiillma profapia fecundum 
 poetas. lUi enim introduxcrunt Apollincm priniarium medicinae dcum ; 
 cui tilium dcderunt AElculapium, deum itidem, & medicinae profeflbrcm : 
 quippe cum Ibl in naturalibus fit vitae author & fons, medicus ejufdem con- 
 fervator, & tanquam fcaturigo altera. At decus longe illuftrius accedit 
 medicinae ex operibus Servatorii, qui & animae & corporis medicus fuit ; 
 
 & 
 
 5-
 
 Cap.ir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 121 
 
 Et ficLit animam dodrinae Tiiae caclcftis, ita corpus miraculorum fuo- 
 rum, objcdlum veluti proprium conilituir. Nufquam cnim Icgimus mira- 
 eulam aliquod ab co patratum circa honores, aut pccunias, (practcr unicum, 
 quo tributum rcdderctur Caefari;) fed tantum circa corpus humanum, aut 
 confervandum, aut lulkntandum, aut pcrfanandum. 
 
 SuBjECTUM iftud mcdicinac (corpus nimirum humanum) ex omnibus, 
 quae natura procrcavit, maximc eft capax rcmcdii ; led vie i Hi m illud rc- 
 medium maxime eft obiioxium crrori. Eadem namquc fubjedi fubtilitas 
 & varicfas, ut magnam mcdcndi faculratcm pracbet, Tie magnam ctiam ab- 
 errandi facilitatcm. Qiiocirca quemadmodum ars ifta (pracicrtim quo 
 nunc habctur modo) inter praccipuc conjccluralcs; ita inquifitio ejus repo- 
 nenda eft inter lumme arduas & accuratas. Neque proptcrea cum Paracelfo 
 & alchyniiftis ita dcfipimus, ut putemus invcniri in corpore humano, quae 
 Jingulis univerfitatis rerun! Ipccicbus (ftellis, mineralibus, & aliis) rcfponde- 
 ant, ficut illi fabulantur, levitcr & crafla Minerva traducentes emblema illud 
 vetcrum (quod homo ellet microcofnuis, five epitome totius mundi) ad hoc 
 commentum fuum. Verum nihilominus hue res rcdit, ut (quod occepimus 
 diccre) non invcniatur inter corpora naturalia aliquod tarn multiplieitcr com- 
 pofitum, quam corpus humanum. Videmus cnim herbas Sc plantas ex 
 terra & aqua nutriri; animalia ex herbis & fructibus: hominem vcro ex 
 carnibus ipforum animalium, (quadrupedum, avium, pilcium) ctiam ex 
 herbis, granis, fruclibus, fuccis & liquoribus variis, non fine multiplier eom- 
 iiiixtione, conditura & pracparatione horum corporum, priulquam homini 
 fint in cibum. Adde quod animalibus vivendi modus fit fimplicior, atfeftul- 
 quc, qui in corpus agant, pauciores, & ad unum fere modum operantes; ubi 
 homo locis habitationum, cxercitationibus, afFcdibus, fomno & vigiliis, 
 vices prope infinitas variarum mutationum fubit. Ufque adeo verum eft 
 unam, inter res caeteras, corporis humani maflam maxime fermentatam, & 
 ex plurimis coagmentatam efle. At anima contra fubftantiarum eft fim- 
 pliciftima, ut non male cecinerit ille : 
 
 — T^nrnmque rellquit 
 
 AEthereiim fcnfum, at que aurdiJimpUcis ignem. 
 
 Undc minimc eft mirandum, animam ^\c collocatam, requiem non inVcnirc, 
 juxta axioma illud, Motum rernm extra locum ejfe rapidum, plucidum in 
 loco. Verum ut ad rem redcamus; varia ifta & fubtilis corporis huinani 
 compofitio & fabrica cffccit, ut fit inftar organi mufici, opcrofi & exquifiti, 
 quod harmonia fua facile excidit. Quare apud poetas^ fumma rationc mu- 
 fica cum medicina in Apolline conjungitur; quia fimilis fere fit utriufqu-c 
 artis genius; atquc in eo conliftut plane nicdici officium, ut fciat humani 
 corporis lyram ita tendere & pulfare, ut rcddatur conccntus minimc dif- 
 cors & infuavis. Ergo demum ifta fubjefti inconftantia & varietas artem 
 reddidit magis conjeduralcm : ars autcm ram conjeduralis cum fit, locum 
 ampliorem dedit non folum crrori, verum ctiam impofturac. Siquidcm oni- 
 rics aliac propemodum artes & fcientiae virtute fua & fundione, non fuc- 
 ceftu aut opcrc, judicantur. Advocatum ipfa agendi & dicendi facultas, 
 non cxitus caulac, commendat; gubernator navis clavi tcncndi periria, non 
 Gxpcditionis fortuna, fe probat. At medicus, & fortalle politicus, vix ha- 
 bcnt adiones aliquas proprias, quibus I'pccimcn artis & virtutis liiac liqui- 
 do cxhibeant ; fed ab eventu praccipue honorem aut dedccus rcportant, 
 iniquifllmo prorfus judicio. 
 
 Vol. I. Q, QuoxLfs
 
 I2V D^'^AVdMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.IV. 
 
 QuoTUS enim quifque novit, aegroto mortuo aut rcftituto, item repub- 
 lica ftante, vel labantc, utrum fit res cafus an confilii ? Fit itaquc fae- 
 pifllmc, ut impoftor palmam, virtus ccnfuram rcfcrat. Qiiin ea eft iiomi- 
 num infirmitas & credulitas, ut laepenumero agyrtam aut fagam dodo 
 medico praeponant. Quare poetae oculati plane & perlpicaccs ftiille videnr 
 tur; cum AEfculapio Circem fororcm dcdcrunt, utrumquc e fole progaa- 
 tum } ficut iiabctur in verfibus, de AEfculapio Phoebigcna : 
 
 Ille repertorem medicinae talis, O' artis, 
 Fulmine Thoebigenam Stygias dctritfit ad Jtndas. 
 
 Et fimiliter de Circe, Solis filia : 
 
 ^Droes inaccejjis iibi foils filia lucis 
 Urit odoratam nofliima in htmina cedrum. 
 
 Omnibus enim temporibus, fama & opinionc vulgi, fagae & aniculae & 
 impoftores, medicorum quodammodo rivalcs fucrc ; & de curationum celc- 
 britate cum iifdemfcrc certarunt. Ex hoc die lodes quid fcquitur ? Nempe 
 ut medici ita fecum, quemadmodum Solomon in re gra\iori ; Si unus c^ 
 jhilti & mens eventus erit, quidmihi prodefi, quod major em fapientiae 
 dedi operam ? Equidem medicis minus fucccnfco, fi facpcnumero vacent 
 alicui alteri ftudio, quod adamant magis, quam arti lliae propriae. Inve- 
 nies etcnim inter eos, poetas, antiquarios, criticos, rhetores, politicos, theo- 
 logos, atque in iis artibus magis, quam in profellione propria eruditos. Ne- 
 que hoc fit, ut arbitror, quia (ut quidam declamator contra fcicntias me- 
 dicis objicit) habcant quae fibi obverientur objefta tarn focda & triftia, ut 
 animum ad alia abduccre iis omnino fit opus ; (nam qui homines fint. Ni- 
 hil humani afe alienum putent i) fed ob hoc ipfum, de quo nunc agimusj 
 nempe quod arbitrentur, parum ipfis intereffe, vel ad cxiftimationcm, vel 
 ad lucrum, utrum artis fuae mediocritatcm, an perfetlioncm in ea majorcm 
 alfcquantur. Morbi enim tacdia, vitac dulccdo, fpci fallacia, & amicorum 
 commendatio, cfficiunt, ut homines facile in medicis qualibufcunque fidu- 
 ciam collocent. Verum fi quis haec attentius perpendar, ea potius ad cul- 
 pam medicorum, quam ad culpae cxcufationem fpcftant : Neque enim fpcm 
 abjicere, fed vires potius intendere dcbuerant. Nam fi cui placet obferva- 
 tionem expergefacere fuam, & paulatim circumfpiccre, etiam ex exemplis ol> 
 viis & familiaribus facile deprehendct, quantum obtineat imperii intelle- 
 ftus fubtilitas & acumen, in varietatem five materiae five formac rerum. 
 Nil magis varium, quam hominuni facies & vultus ; eorum tamcn difcri- 
 mina infinita retinct memoria : Imo pidor ex pauculis colorum teftis, acic 
 oculi ufus, & vi phantafiae, & manus conllantia, omnium facies, qui funt, 
 fuerunt, atquc etiam (fi coram rcpraefentarentur) qui futuri funt, penicillo 
 imitari ac defcribere poflet. Humana voce nil magis varium ; hujus tamen 
 difcrimina in fingulis perlbnis facile internofcimus : Quinctiam non defuat 
 moriones & pantomimi quidam, qui, quotquot libuerit, reddere fciunt, & 
 ad vivum cxprimere. Nil magis varium, quam foni articulati, verba Icili- 
 cet : via tamen inita eft, ea rcducendi ad paucas litcras alphabeti. Atquc 
 illud veriflimum eft, non ex eo, quod mens humana fit minus fubtilis aut 
 capax, perplexitates & acatalepfias in I'cicntiis plcrunquc provcnire ; fed ex 
 eo potius, quod objedum nimis in rcmoto collocatum fit. Sicut enim fcxi- 
 fus, procul ab objedlo diflltus, plurimum fallitur ; dcbitc appropinquatus, 
 non multum crrat j ita fit in intcUcdu. Solent autcm homines naturam, 
 
 tanquatu
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 123 
 
 tanquam ex praealta turri, & a longe dcfpiccrc, & circa gcncralia nimium 
 occupari ; quando fi delcendcre placuciir, & ad particularia accedere, icC- 
 quc ipfas attentius & diligentius infpicerc, magis vera & utiJis fieret com- 
 prehenfio. Itaque hujus incommodi remedium, non in eo Iblimi eft, ut or- 
 ganum ipfum vel acuant vel roborcnt, fed fimul ut ad objcdum propius 
 accedant. Ideoque dubitandum non eft, quin ft mcdici, miOis paulilper 
 iftis gcneralibus, naturae obviam ire vellent, compotes ejus ficrcnt, de quo 
 ait poeta : 
 
 Et qiioniam variant morbi, vatiabimus artes % 
 Ml lie maliffecieSj mille falutis erunt. 
 
 Quod eo magis faccre debcnt, quia philofophiae ipfae, quibus innituntur 
 medici, five metliodici, five chymici, (medicina autcm in philofopliia non 
 fundata, res infirma crt,) parvi rcvera funt. Quare fi nimis generalia (licet 
 vera forent) hoc vitium habeant, quod non bene liomincs ad adionem dedu- 
 cantj certc majus eft pcriculum ab illis gcneralibus, quae in fe falla funt; 
 atque, loco dcducendi, leducunt. 
 
 Medicina igitur (uti pcrfpcximus) adhuc taliter comparata eft, ut fu- 
 crit magis oftentata, quam elaborata : ctiam magis elaborata, quam amplifi- 
 cata; cum labores in earn infumpti, porius in circulo quam in progreflu le 
 cxercuerint. Plurima enim in ca video a Icriptoribus itcrata, addita pauca. 
 Earn m tres partes dividemus, quae tria ejus officia nominabimus. Primum 
 eft conlervatio lanitatis, fecundum curatio morborum, tertium prolongatio 
 vitae. At iftud poftremum, non videntur medici, tanquam partem princi- 
 palem artis Iliac agnoviflc, verum idem reliquis duobus fatis impcrite im- 
 mifcuiflc. Putant enim, fi propulfentur morbi, antequam ingruant, & cu- 
 rentur poftquam invafcrint, prolongationem vitae ultro fequi. Quod licet 
 minime dubium fit, tamcn parum acute profpiciunt, horum utrumquc ad 
 morbos tantum pertinerc, & ad earn Iblummodo vitae prolongationem, quae 
 a morbis abbreviatur & intcrcipitur : Atqui filum ipfum vitae producere, ac 
 mortem, per refolutionem fimplicem & atrophiam fcnilcm, fenfim obre- 
 pentem, ad tempus llimmovcre, argumentum eft, quod nemo ex medicis pro 
 dignitate tradavit. Ncque vero lubcat animos hominum ille fcrupulus, ac 
 fi haec res tato & divinae providentiae commifla, in artis officium &: munus 
 jam primum a nobis revocaretur. Providentia enim proculdubio mortcs 
 quafcunque, five ex violentia, five ex morbid, five ex decurlu actatis, pari- 
 tef regit: Neque tamen idco praeventiones & remedia excludit. Ars au- 
 tcm, & induftria humana, naturae & fato non impcrant, fed fubminiftrant. 
 Verum de hac parte paulo poft diccmus ; haec tantum iiitcrea praelati, ne 
 quis tertium iftud officium mcdicinae, cum duobus prioribus, (quod fere 
 adhuc factum ci\) impcrite confundat. 
 
 Quod ad officium tucndae lanitatis attinet, (ex officiis praedidis mcdi- 
 cinae primum) multi de eo fcripferunt, cum in aliis rebus fatis impcrite, tuni 
 nimium (ut arbitramur) dcledlui ciborum, minus quam par eft, quantitati 
 corum tribuentes. Qiiin & in quantitate ipfi, tanquam philofophi mora- 
 les, mediocritarem nimis laudaruntj cum & jejunia in confuetudinem verfa, 
 & victus libcralis, cui quis alVueverit, melius fanitatem tueantur, quam 
 iftc mediocrirates, quae naturam ignavam fere rcddunt, ncque exccflUs, 
 neque indigentiac, cum opus fuerit, patientem. Exercitationum autcm 
 Ipccics, quae in lanitatc tuenda plurimum poUcnt, nemo ex mcdicis bene di- 
 llinxit, aut annotavit } cum vix inveniatur aliqua inclinatlo in morbum. 
 
 Vol. 1. Q. 2 quae
 
 124 DE AUGMENTIS S CIEN TI AR U M. Lib.lV. 
 
 quae non exercitatione quadam propria corrigi poilit. Morbis rcnum olo" 
 borum liifus convenit, pulmonum lagittatio, ftomachi dcambubtio tScgcftatio^ 
 atquc aliis aliac. Verum cum hacc pars, dc valctudinis conTcrvationc, Ic- 
 cundum totum tra£lata fit, defcdus nunorcs pcrfcqui non eft noftri inftituti. 
 
 Quod vero ad curationem morborum attinct, ilia dcmum pars ell: medi- 
 cinac in qua plurimum laboris infumptum eft, licet fructu latis tenui. Con- 
 tinet autem doftrinam de morbis, quibus corpus humanum fubjicitur, una 
 cum eorundem caufis, fymptomatibus 6c medelis. In hoc fecundo officio 
 medicinac, multa funt quae defiderantur : Ex his pauca, fed maximc infignia, 
 proponemus, quae cnumeraflc fatis duxerimus, abfquc aliqua ordinis aut 
 metiiodi lege. 
 
 Primum eft, intermifllo diligentiae illius Hippocratis, utilis admodum 
 & accuratae, cui moris erat, narrativam componcrc caluum circa accrotos 
 fpecialium ; refcrcndo qualis fuillct niorbi natura, qualis niedicatio, qualis 
 eventus. Atque hujus rei nadis nobis jam exemplum, tarn proprium atquc 
 infigne, in eo fcilicct viro, qui tanquam parens artis habitus eft, minime 
 opus crit, exemplum aliquod foriniccum ab alicnis artibus pctcrc; vcluti a 
 prudcntia jurifconlliltorum, quibus nihil antiquius, quam illuftriores cafus, 
 & novas dccifiones, fcriptis mandate ; quo melius Ic ad futures cafus muni- 
 ant & inftruant. Iftam proinde continuationcm mcdicinalium narrationum 
 defiderari video; praefertim in unum corpus cum diligcntia (Scjudicio dige- 
 ftam : Qiiam tamen non intcUigo ita fieri dcbere amplam, ut plane vulgata, 
 & quae quotidie obveniant, excipiat; (id cnim infinitum quiddam eftet, 
 neque ad rem :) Nee rurfus tam anguftam, ut folummodo Uiirnbilia & ftu- 
 pcnda (id quod a nonnullis fadum eft) complcdatur. Multa cnim in modo 
 rei, & circumftantiis ejus, nova lunt, quae in generc ipfo nova non funt; qui 
 autcm ad obfervandum adjiciet animum, ci etiam, in rebus, quae vulgares 
 videntur, multa obfer\'atu digna occurrcnt. 
 
 Item in dilquifitionibus anatomicis fieri foler, ut cjuac corpori humane 
 in univerfum competant, ca diligentifiime, ulque ad curiofitatem, & in 
 minimis quibufque, notentur: At circa varietatem, quae in divcrfis corpo- 
 ribus rcperitur, medicorum diiigcntia fatifcit. Ideoquc anatomiam fimpli- 
 cem luculentiflimc tradari afl'ero, anatomiam comparatam defiderari ftatuo. 
 Partes cnim fingulas rede pcrlcrutantur homines, earumque confiftcntias, 
 figuras, fitus: fed illarum partium diverfam in divcrfis homiuibus figuram 
 & conditioncm minus obfcrvant. Atquc hujus omifiionis caufam non aliam 
 cfl'c arbitramur, quam quod ad primum inquifitionem infpcdio unius aut 
 alterius anatomiae fufficere poilit; ad pofteriorcm vero (quae comparativa 
 eft, & cafum recipit) necefle eft, ut plurimarum dilfcdionum attcnta & 
 perlpicax obfervatio adhibeatur. Prior etiam res eft, in qua homines dodi, 
 in praclcdionibus fuis & in coctu altantium, fe jadarc polVunt : at fccun- 
 da ea eft, quae tacita & diutina experientia tantum acquiri poteft. lUud 
 interca minime dubium eft, quod internarum partium figura & ftrudura 
 parum admodum externorum membrorum varictati & lineamentis cedat j 
 quodque corda, aut jecinora, aut ventriculi, tam dillimilia fint in homiui- 
 bus, quam aut frontes, aut nafi, aut aures. Atquc in his ipfis diflerentiis 
 partium internarum, rcperiuntiu" lacpius caufae contincntcs multorum mor- 
 borum ; quod non attendentcs medici, humorcs interdum minime delin- 
 quentes criminantur : cum ipfa mechanica partis alicujus fabrica in culpa fit. 
 In quorum morborum cura, opera luditur, fi adhibeantur medicinac al- 
 tcrantcs, (quia res alterationem non recipit ,) fed emendanda res eft, & ac- 
 
 coairaodanda.
 
 CapJI. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM, 125 
 
 commodanda feu pallianda, per vidus regimen & mcdicinas familiarcs. 
 Similiter, ad anatomiam comparatam pertinent accuratae obfcrvarioncs, tarn 
 humorum omnigenum, quam veftigiorum & impreilionum morborum, in 
 corporibus variis diiledis. Etenim humorcs in anatomiis, tanquam purga- 
 menta & faftidia, fere praetcrmitti folent, cum tamcn in primis neccflarium 
 fit notare, quales & quam multipliccs iint humorum diffcrcntium fpecics 
 (non nimiam in hac re tribucndo divifionibus eorum rcceptis) qui in corpo- 
 re humano aliquando inveniantur, & in quibus cavitatibus & receptaculis, 
 quilibet ipforum, fedes & nidulos fuos figcrc potilllmum folcat ; quoque 
 juvamento aut damno 5 atquc his fimlHa. Itidem vcftigia & impreiliones 
 morborum & intcriorum partium ab ils lacfioncs & dcvaftationcs in divcrfis 
 anatomiis cum diligentia notanda ; nempe apoftemata, ulccra, folutioncs 
 continuitatis, putrcfadiones, exefiones, confumptioncs ; rurfus contraclio- 
 nes, extenfioncs, convulfiones, luxationcs, diflocationes, obftrudioncs, re- 
 
 'pletioncs, tumores, una cum omnibus matcriis practcr-naturalibus, quae in 
 corpore liumano inveniuntur, (veluti calculis, carnofitatibuS) tuberibus, 
 vcrmibus, & hujufmodi :) Haec (inquam) omnia, & his fimilia, per cam, 
 quam diximus, anatomiam comparatam, & multorum mcdicorum expcrimcnta 
 in unum coUata, magna cum cura pcrquiri & componi dcbent. At varietas ifta 
 accidcntium in anatomicis aut pcrfundorie traclatur, aut filentio praetcritur. 
 De illo vcro altcro defedu circa anatomiam, (nempe quod non fieri con- 
 fucvcrit in corporibus vivis) quid attinet diccre ? Res enim haec odiofa, & 
 barbara, & a Cclfo rede damnata. Neque tamen iliud minus verum eft, 
 (quod annoiatum fait a prifcis) poros complurcs, & meatus, & pertufio- 
 «es, quae lunt ex fubtilioribus, in anatomicis diflcdionibus non comparcre; 
 
 'tjuippe quae in cadavcribus occluduntur &c latent 5 cum in viventibus dila- 
 tcntur & poflint efle confpicui. Itaque, ut & ufui confulatur fimul & huma- 
 nirati, non eft omnino rcjicienda anatomia vivorum, neque ad fortuiras chi- 
 
 ■ rurgicorum inl'pediones (quod Celfus fecit) remittenda : cum hoc iplUni 
 
 •feene expcdiri pollit, per diflcdionem brutorum vivorum, quae non obftan- 
 tc fuarum partium diilimilitudine ab humanis, huic inquifitioni, adhibito ju- 
 dicio, latisfacerc poflint. 
 
 Itkm in inquifitionc illorum dc morbis, inveniunt morbos complures, 
 quos infanabilcs dccernunt, alios jam inde a principio morborum, alios poft 
 talem quampiam pcriodum : Ita ut L, Syllae & trium-virorum profcriptio- 
 nes, res nihili fucrint, prae mcdicorum profcriptionibus, per quas tot ho- 
 mines iniquiliimis cdidis morti dedunt ; quorum tamcn plurimi minore cum 
 diriicultatc evadunt, quam illi olim inter profcriptiones Romanas. Neque 
 igitur dubitabo inter defiderata reponere opus aliquod de curationibus mor- 
 borum, qui habcntur pro infanabilibus ; ut evocentur & excitcntur medici 
 aliqui cgregii i5c magnanimi, qui huic opcri, quantum largitur nacura rerum, 
 incumbant; quando hoc ipfum, Iftos morbos pronunciare infanabiles, neg- 
 Icdum & incuriam vcluri lege ianciat, & ignorantiam ab infamia eximat. 
 
 Item ut paulo ulterius infiftam : Etiam plane ccnfeo ad ofticium medi- 
 ci pertinerc, non tantum ut lanitatem reftituat ; verum etiam ut dolores & 
 cruciatus morborum mitiget : Neque id ipfum folummodo, cum ilia miti- 
 gatio doloris, veluti fymptomatis periculofi, ad convalefcentiam faciat & 
 conducat ; imo veto cum abjcda prorfus omni lanitatis Ipe, cxcellum tan- 
 tum praebcat e vita magis Icnem & placidum. Siquidcm non parva eft fc* 
 licitatis pars, (quam fibi tantopcrc prccari folcbat Auguftus Caefar) ilia cu- 
 thanafia ; quae etiam obfervata eft in exccflii Antanini Pii, quando non tarn 
 
 mori
 
 126 DE AUG MENTIS SCI EN TI ARUM. Lib. IV. 
 
 mori vidcrctur, quam dulci & alto fopore excipi. Scribitur ctiam de Epi- 
 cure, quod hoc ipfum fibe procuravcrit ; cum cnim morbus ejus habcrctur 
 ", pro dcfperato, vcntriculum & fcnfus, mcri largioix hauftu & ingurgitati- 
 one obruit. Undc illud in epigrammate : 
 
 Hinc ftygias ehrius hatifit aquas. 
 
 Vino fcilicct ftygii laticis amaritudinem iuftulit. At noftris temporibus, 
 medicis quafi reUgio eft, aegrotis, poftquam deplorati fint, aflidere ; ubi 
 meo judicio, fi officio fuo, atque adco humanitati ipfi dccflc nolint, & ar- 
 tem edifcerc & diligentiam pracftare dcbcrcnt, qua an imam agcntcs faci- 
 lius & mitius e vita demigrcnt. Hanc autem partem, inquifitionem dc cu- 
 thanafia extcriori (ad difterentiam ejus euthanafiac, quae animae pracpara- 
 tionem refpicit) appcllamus ; camquc inter dcfiderata rcponimus. 
 
 Item in curationibus morborum illud generaiitcr dcfidcrari rcpcrio ; 
 quod medici hujuice actatis, licet generales intentiones curationum non ma- 
 le perfcquantur, particulares tamcn medicinas, quae ad curationcs morbo- 
 rum fmguloram proprictate quadam ipeclant, aut non bene norunt, aut 
 non religiofe obfcrvant. Nam medici traditionum & cxpericntiae probatae 
 fruftum magiftralitatibus fuis deftruxerunt & fuftulerunt ; addendo, & de- 
 mendo, & mutando circa medicinas, prout iis libitum fucrit ; & fere phai- 
 macopoeorum more quid pro quo ilibftitucndo ; ita liiperbe impcrantcs mc- 
 dicinae, ut medicina non amplius imperct morbo. Demptis enim theriaca, 
 & mithridatio, & fortaflc diafcordio, & confcdione alkcrmcs, & paucis ali- 
 is medicinis, ad nulla fere certa pharmaca le religiole & ie\'ere allringunt. 
 Nam medicamenta ilia, quae in officinis proftant venalia, potius in promp- 
 tu iunt ad intentiones generales, quam accommodata & propria ad curatio- 
 ncs particulates; liquidcm fpcciatim nullum morbum magnopcre refpici- 
 unt, verum generatim ad obftruciiones aperiendas, concocliones confortan- 
 das, intempcries alterandas pertinent. Atque hinc praccipue fit, ut empi- 
 rici & vetulae facpenumero in curandis morbis fclicius operentur, quam 
 medici eruditi, quia medicinarum probatarum confedioncm & corrpofitio- 
 nem fidcliter & fcrupulofe retincnt. Equidcm mcmini, medicum quendam 
 apud nos in Anglia pradlica celcbrem, religionc prope Judaeum, librorum 
 ledione tanquam Arabem, Iblitum dicere : Medici vejhi Eiiropaei funt 
 qttidem viri do5fi, fed non norunt particulares curationes morborum. 
 Qiiinetiam idem ludere folebat, parum decore, dicendo ; Medicos nojiros 
 jimiles e([e Epifcopis, ligandi & folvendi claves habere, & nihil ampli- 
 us. Sed ut icrio, quod res eft dicamus ; plurimum rcferre cenfemus, fi 
 medici aliqui, & eruditione & pradica infigniores, opus aliquod confici- 
 ant, de medicinis probatis & experimentalibus, ad morbos particulares. 
 Nam quod fpeciofa quis ratione nixus, exiftimet dcccrc, medicum dodum 
 (habita ratione complexionis aegrorum, aetatis, tempeftatis anni, confuctu- 
 dinum Schujufmodi) potius medicinas ex tempore aptare, quam certis ali- 
 quibus praelcriptis infifterc ; id fallax res eft & experientiae non fatis attri- 
 buit, judicio plus nimis. Sane, qucmadmodum in rcpublica Romana, ci- 
 vcs erant utililllmi & optime compoliti, qui aut conlulcs populo favebant, 
 aut tribuni in partes fenatus inclinabant : ita in hac materia, de qua agi- 
 mus, medicos cos probamus, qui aut in magna eruditione, traditiones expe- 
 rientiae plurimum faciunt ; aut in pradica inligni methodos & gcneralia 
 artis non alpernantur. Modificationes vero medicinarum (fi quando, fit 
 opus eas adhibere) potius in vehiculis carum cxcrcendac. funt, quam in ip- 
 
 l"o
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 127 
 
 fo corpore medicinarum j in quo nil novandum, abfque cvidenti ncccfli- 
 tatc. Hanc igitur partem, quae dc medicinis authcnticis & pofitivis tradlct, 
 defiderari ftatuimus : Res autcm eft quae tentari non debet, abfque acri Sc 
 fevero judicio, & tanquam in fynodo medicorum leledorum. 
 
 Item, inter praeparationes medicinarum, mirari tlibit, (praefertim cum 
 medicinae ex mineralibus a cliymicis in tantuni eveclac & celebratac fintj 
 cumque tales medicinae tutius adhibeantur ad exteriora, quam intro fuman- 
 tur) ncminem adhuc inventum, qui per artem thcrmas naturales & tontes 
 medicinalcs imitari annixus fuerit : cum tamen in confcllb fit, thermas il- 
 las & fontes, virtutcs fuas ex vcnis mineralium, per quas permeant, nancifct: 
 quinetiam, in manifcftum hujus rei documentum, bene norit humana in- 
 duftria difccrncre & diftingucrc per feparationes quafdam, ex quo gencre 
 mineralium hujufmodi aquae inticiantur, veluti an ex llilphurc, vitriolo, 
 chalybe, aut aliquo fimili : Qiiae naturalis aquarum tinftura, d ad artifici- 
 ofas compofltioncs rcduci poller, fuerit in potcftatc hominis, & plura ge- 
 nera earum (prout ulus poftulat) efficere, & temperamentum iplarum pro 
 arbitrio regcre. Hanc igitur partem, de imitatione naturae in balneisarti- 
 ficialibus (re proculdubio &utili, & in promptu) defiderari ccnfemus. 
 
 Ne vero fingula fcrupulofius exequamur, quam vel inftituto nolko, vel 
 hujufce traftatus naturae convenit, claudemus hanc partem defedus alte- 
 rius cujufdam enumcrationc, qui maximi nobis videtur momenti: Nimirum 
 quod medendi ratio, quae obtinuit, fit nimio plus compendiofa, quam ut 
 infigne aliquid aut arduum praeftare poflit. Etenim judicio noftro, opinio 
 fuerit magis blanda quam vera, fi quis cxiftimet, mcdicamentum aliquod 
 tarn potens aut fclix fieri poiTe, ut ullis ejus fimplex curationi alicui gran- 
 diori fuificiat. Mirabilis profedo foret oratio, quae pronunciata, aut etiam 
 faepius rcpetita, vitium aliquod animo penitus infitum aut invctcratum 
 corrigerc aut tollcre poflit. Longe ccrte abeft. Verum quae in narura exi- 
 mie poflunt & pollent, funt ordo, profecutio, feries, viciflitudo aitificiofa. 
 Qiiae licet majus quoddam in praecipiendo judicium, majoremquc in paren- 
 do conflantiam, requirant ; tamen etfeduum magnitudine abunde rem com- 
 pcnfant. Etfi autem ex opera medicorum quotidiana, quam, invifendo, 
 aflldendo, praefcribendo, aegrotis praeftant, putarct quifpiam, hand fegni- 
 ter ipfos curationem perfequi, atque in eadem, certa quadam via, iufilkrc : 
 Tamen fi quis ea, quae praefcribere & miniftrare foleant medici, acutius 
 introfpiciat, invenict pleraque vaciilationis & inconftantiae plena, &: quae 
 ex tempore excogitentur, & in mentem illis veniant, abfque certo aliquo 
 aut praevifo curationis tramitc. Debuerant autem etiam ab initio, port mor- 
 bum bene perfpedum & cognitum, fcriem curandi ordinatam meditari, nc- 
 que ab ca abfque gravi caula difcedere. Atque fciant pro certo medici, 
 pofib (exempli gratia) tria fortalle aut quatuor medicamenta ad morbum 
 aliquem gravem curandum rede praefcribi, quae debito ordinc & dcbito 
 intcrvallo fumpta, curationem praeftent : quorum fingula, fi per fe tantum 
 fumerentur, aut fi ordo inverterctur, aut intervallum non lervarerur, fuc- 
 lint prorfus nocitura. Neque tamen id volumus, ut omnis Icrupulofa & 
 fuperrtitiol'a curandi ratio in pretio fit tanquam optima, (non magis, quam 
 omnis via arda, via fit ad coelum :) verum ut aeque reda fit via, ac arda 
 & diflicilis. Hanc autem partem, quam tilum medicinalc vocabimus, defi- 
 derari ponimus. Atque haec ilia Ibnt, quae in dodrina mcdicina: de cura- 
 tione morborum defideramus : ni fi quod reflet unicum, quod pluris clt, 
 quam ilia omnia. Dcfideratur nimirum philofophia naturalis vera & adiva, 
 
 cui
 
 128 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARQM. Lib.lV. 
 
 cui medicinac fcientia inaedificctur. Cactcrum ilia non eft hujufcc tradla- 
 
 tus. 
 
 Tertiam partem medicinac, pofiiimus illam dc prolongatione vitae, 
 quae nova eft & dcfidcratur : Eftquc omnium nobiliiluna. Si cnim raleali- 
 quid invenii'i poflit, non verfiibitur tantum medicina in curationum fordi- 
 bus ; nee mcdici ipfi propter ncccflitatem folummodo honorabuntur, fed 
 utiquc propter donum mortalibus, ex terrenis, quafi maximum, cujus po- 
 terint cfte, fecundum Deum, difpcnlatorcs & adminiftri. Licet cnim mun- 
 dus homini Chriftiano, ad terram promiftlonis conrendenti, tanquam crcmus 
 fit; tamen in eremo ipla proficilcentibus, calccos & vcftes (corpus Icilicct 
 noftrum, quod animac loco tcgminis eft) minus atteri, grariae divinac mu- 
 nus quoddam acftimandum. Hac dc re, quia eft ex oprimis eamquc inter 
 defiderata poftiimus, ex more noftro, & monita dabimus, & indicia, & prac- 
 cepta. 
 
 Primo monemus, ex fcriptoribus, circa hoc argumentum, neminem ef- 
 fe, qui aliquid magni, nc dicamus aliquid fani, repercrir. Ariftotcles cer- 
 te commcntarium de hoc cdidit pcrpufillum, in quo nonnihil inert acuti : quod 
 ipfe omnia efte vult, ut folct. At reccnriores ram ofciranrer, &; luperfti- 
 tiolc de hoc fcripferunt, ut argumentum ipfum ob eoriiin vanitatcm, tan- 
 quam vanum & vccors habcri cocpcrit. 
 
 Secundo monemus, ipfas intentioncs, quae hue fpeflant, mcdicorum, 
 res nihili cfle, & cogitationes hominum a re potius abduccrc, quam verftjs 
 earn dirigere. Sermocinantur cnim, mortem in dcftirutione calidi & humi- 
 di confillcre : Debcri itaquc calorem naturalem confortari, humorcm autcm 
 radicalem foveri : Perinde ac fi haec res jufculis, aut laftucis & malvi?, aut 
 amydo, aut jujubis, aut rurilis aromatibus, aut vino gcncrolb, aut ctiam fpi- 
 ritu vini & oleis chymicis, confici pollit. Qiiae omnia obUmt potius, quam 
 proftmt. 
 
 Tertio monemus, ut homines nugari deftnant, ncc ram facilcs ftnt, 
 ut credant, grandc illud opus, quale eft naturae, curftun rcmorari & retro- 
 vertere, pofl'e hauflu aliquo matutino, aut ulli alicujus pretiofae medicinac 
 ad exitum perduci : non auro potabili, non margaritarum cflcntiis, &fimi- 
 libus nugis : fed ut pro ccrto habeant, prolongationem vitae efte rem ope- 
 rolam, & quae ex compluribus remediis, atquc eorum inter fc connexione 
 idonea, conftet. Neque enim quilquam ita ftupidus elVe debet, ut crcdat, 
 quod nunquam fliftum eft adhuc, id fieri jam polle, nifi per modos ctiam 
 nunquam tentatos. 
 
 (Quarto monemus, ut homines rite animadvertant & diftinguant, circa 
 ea, quae ad vitam fanam, & ea, quae ad vitam longam, confcrrc poftimt. 
 Sunt enim nonnulla, quae ad fpirituum alacritatem, & funclionum robur, 
 & morbos arccndos, proftmt; quae tamen de fum.ma vitae dctrahunt, & a- 
 trophiam fenilcm abfquc morbis accelerant : Sunt & alia, quae ad prolonga- 
 tionem vitae, & atrophiam fenilem longius ftimmovcndam juvant : fed ta- 
 men non uftirpantur abfque periculo valetudinis; adco ut qui iis utentur ad 
 prolongationem vitae, debeant fimul incommodis occurrere, quae alioquin 
 ex eorum ufti fupervcnirc poflint. Atque monita haftcnus dcdimus. 
 
 Quod ad indicia attinet ; talc hujus rei (quam animo mctimur) plaftiia 
 eft. Confervantur res &durant duobus modis : aut in idcntitatc ftia ; aut per 
 reparationcm. In idcntitatc ftia, ut mufca aut formica in iliccino ; flos, aut 
 pomum, aut lignum, in confervatoriis nivalibus ; cadaver inter balfama. 
 Per reparationcm, ut in flamma & in mcchanicis. Qpcranti ad prolongatio- 
 nem
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 129 
 
 ncm vitac, urroquc gcnerc utcndum eft, (disjuncla minus poflluit) corpuf- 
 quc humailum conlcrvandum, quemadmodum inanimata conler\antur : Ac 
 rurfus quemadmodum fiamma conlcrvatur i ac dcniquc quadantcnus iit mc- 
 chanica confcrvantur. Trcs igitur funt ad prolongandam vitam iiitcntiones : 
 Retaidatio confumptionis : Probitas rcparationis, & leiiovatio ejus, quod 
 coepit vcterafcerc. Conlumptio tit a duabus dcpracdationibus : Dcpracdar 
 tionc fpiiitus innati ; & dcpraedationc acris ambientis. Prohibitio utriufque 
 duplex: Aut fi ageutia ilia tiant minus praedatoria, aut li patientia (fucci 
 icilicct corporis) rcddanrur minus dcpracdabilia. Spiritus fit minus praeda- 
 torius, fi aut ilibftantia denCctur, ut in utu opiatorum & nit ratorum, & in 
 contriftationibus : Aut quantitate minuatur, ut in diactis P\ thagoricis & mo- 
 nafticis : Aut motu Icniatur, ut in otio & tranquillitatc. Aer ambiens fit 
 minus praedatorius, fi aut minus incalcfcat a radiis Iblis, ut in rcgionibus 
 frigidioribus, in fpcluncis, in montibus & in columnis anachorctarum : Aut 
 lummovcatur a corporc ; ut in cute denfa, & in plumis avium, & in ufu olei 
 & ungucntorum abfquc aromatibus. Succi corporis redduntur minus de- 
 praedabilcs, fi aut duri fadi fint, aut rofcidi five oleofi. Duri, ut in vidii 
 afpero; vita in trigido; exercitationibus robuftis ; balncis quibuldam mi- 
 neralibus. Rofcidi, ut in ufu dulcium, & abftinentia a falfis & acidis, & 
 maximc omnium in tali miftione potus, quae fit partium valdc tcnuium 6c 
 fubtilium, abfque tamen omni acrimonia aut accduic. Rcparario fit per 
 alimenta : Alimentatio autem promovetur quaruor modis : Per concodioncin 
 vifcerum, ad extrufionem alimenti, ut in confortantibus vifcera principalia : 
 Per excitationem partium exteriorum ad attradioncm alimenti, ut in exerci- 
 tationibus & fricatit)nibus debitis, atque unflionibus quibufdam & balncis 
 appropriatis : Per praeparationem alimenti ipfius, ut facilius fe inlinuet, & di- 
 geftiones ipfas quadantcnus anticipct, ut in variis & artiliciofis modis cibi 
 condiendi, potus mifccndi, panis fermentandi, & horum trium virtutcs in 
 unum redigendi : Per confortationem ipfius ultimi adus allimilationis, ut in 
 fomno tempeftivo, & applicationibus quibufdam cxterioribus. Renovatio 
 ejus, quod coepit vcterafcerc, fit duobus modis: Vcl per intenerationem habi-. 
 tus corporis ipfius, utinufu malacillationum ex balncis, emplaftris, & undi- 
 onibus j quae talia fint ut imprimant, non cxtrahant : Vel per expurgationem 
 fucci veteris, & lubiiitutionem fucci novi, ut in tempeftivis & repetitis 
 purgationibus, languinis millionibus, «Sc diactis attcnuantibus, quae florcra 
 corporis rcftituunt. Atquc de indiciis iiadcnus. 
 
 Praecepta, quanquam ex iplls indiciis plurima poillnt deduci ; tria 
 tamen veluti praccipua fubjungere viilim eft. Praccipimus primo, ut pro- 
 longatio vitac cxpedetur potius a diactis ftatis, quam a regiminc aliquo vi- 
 dus familiari ; aut ctiam a mcdicamcntorum particularium excellentia. Et- 
 enim, quae tanta virrute poUcnt, ut naturam retroverterc valeantf, fortiora 
 plerunque funt, & potentiora ad alterandum, quam ut fimul in aliqua me- 
 dicina componi, multo minus in vidu familiari interfpergi pollinr. Super- 
 eft itaque ut teriatim & rcgulariter, & ad tempora certa, «Sc vicibus certis 
 rccurrentia, adhibcantur. 
 
 Secundo praecipimus, ut prolongatio vitac, cxpedetur potiu^ ab opc- 
 ratione in fpiritus, «Sc a malacillationc partium, quam a modis alimcntandi. 
 Etcnim, cum corpus humanum, cjulque fabrica (miftis extcrnis) a tribus 
 patiaturi fpiritibus fcilicet, partibus, & alimentis; via prolongationis vitac 
 per alimcntandi niodos longa eft; atquc per multas ambages & circuitus: 
 at viae per opcratioues lupcr Ipiiitus, 5c fupcr partes, nuilto breviorcs liuit, 
 
 Vot. I. R w\-
 
 130 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IV, 
 
 6c quibus citius ad finem defideratum pcrvcnitur 5 co quod Ipiritus fubito 
 patiantur, & a vaporibus, & ab affcdibus, quae miris modis in cos polVunr : 
 partes, item, per balnea, aut ungucnta, aut cmplaitra, quae ibbitas etiam 
 imprcflioncs faciunt. 
 
 Tertio praecipimus, quod malaciflatio partium per extcrlus, fieri debet, 
 per confubftantialia, imprimentia & occludentia. Confublkntialia culm be- 
 nevolo partium amplexu libenter excipiuntur, & proprie malacilliint. Im- 
 primentia autem & virtutem malacillantium, tanquam vehicula, tacilius & 
 altius dcducunt, atquc ipfa partes nonnihil expandunt. Occludentia autcni, 
 virtutem utrorumque rctincnt, & paulifpcr figunt, & perlpirationem, quae 
 clt res malacillationi oppollta, (quia humidum cmittit,) cohibent. Itaquc 
 per hacc tria (fed potius ordine difpolita & fuccedentia, quam commixta) 
 res abfolvitur. Interim in hac parte moncmus; non earn ellc intcntionem 
 malaciflationis, ut nutriat partes per cxterius ; led tantum iit eas reddat nia- 
 gis idoneas ad nutriendum. Q^iiequid enim magis aridum ell, minus eft 
 adivum ad allimilandum. Atque dc prolongatione vitae, quae eft pars tcrtia 
 medicinac, noviter alcripta, haec dicta lint. 
 
 Veni AM us ad colmcticam, quae certc partes habct civiies, pirtes rur- 
 fus etfoeminatas. Corporis enim munditia, & decor honcftus, recic exifti- 
 matur promanare a modeffia quadam morum, & a reverentia 5 imprimis erga 
 Deum, cujus creaturae llimus; tum erga Ibcictatcm, in qua degimusj turn 
 etiam erga noimet ipfos, quos non minus, imo magis, quam alios rcvcreri 
 dcbemus, Vcrum adulterina ilia decoratio, quae fucos & pigmenta adhibet, 
 digna certc eft illis defedibus, qui earn fem^Kt comitantiir; cum non lit, aut 
 ad fallendum fatis ingeniola, aut ad utendum latis commoda, aut ad lalu- 
 britatem fatis tuta & innocua. Aliramur autem, pravam lianc conluctudi^ 
 jiem fucandi, leges cenlbrias, tarn ecclcfiafticas quam civiies, (ciuae alias in 
 luxuriam circa veftes, aut cultus capillorum cltbeminatos, admodum tuerint 
 feverae) ita diu fugifle. Lcgimus ccrte de jezabele, quod pigmentis faciera 
 obliverit ; verum de Efthera & Juditha nil tale perhibetur. 
 
 PERGAMusad athlcticam: Earn fenfu intclligimus paulo largiori, quam 
 accipi confuevit. Hue enim referimus, quicquid verlatur circa conciliandam 
 qualemcunque (quam corpus humanum iulcipit) habilitatem j five fit agi- 
 litatis five tolerantiae. Quarum agilitas duas habet partes, robur & vclo- 
 citatcm : ac tolerantia itidem duas, vel indigentiarum naturalium patientiam, 
 vel in crucitatibu<5 fortitudincm. Qiiorum omnium videmus iaepenumero 
 exempla infignia, in pradica funambulorum, in duro vidu hominum quo- 
 rundam barbarorum, in ftupendis viribus maniacorum, & in conftantia non- 
 nuUorum inter exquifita tormenta, Imo fi aliqua alia repcriatur tacultas, 
 quae in priorem partitioncm non cadit, (qualis in urinatoribus faepe confpi- 
 citur, qui mirifice anhelitum cohibcrc polfunt) ad hanc iptam artem aggre- 
 gari volumus. Atque quod talia fieri quandoquc poilint, manifcftillimum 
 eft : at philofophia & inquiiitio caufarum circa cadem fere negleda jacct i 
 hanc arbitramur ob caufam, quod hominibus perfuafum lit, huiuiinodi ma- 
 gifteria naturae, folummodo vel ex peculiari certorum hominum indole, 
 (quae fub dilciplinam non cadit,) vel a diutina, ab annis ufque puerilibus, 
 confuetudine, (quae potius imperari, quam doceri folet) obtinere. Qiiod 
 ctfi verum prorfus non fit, tamen defedus hujuimodi rcrum quid attinct no- 
 tarc? Certamina enim Olympica jam diu ceflarunt : tum etiam in ejufmodi 
 rebus mediocritas fufficit ad ufum : cxccUentia autem mercenariac cuidam 
 oftcntationi fere infervit. 
 
 POSTREMO
 
 Tyf Tr 1. if -^ r r 
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 131 
 
 PosTREMO acccdiniLis ad artcs voluptarias. Eac fecundum fcnfus ip- 
 fos dilpcrtitae funt: ociilos obledat praccipue pidloria, cum aliis artibus in- 
 numeris, quae ad magnificcntiani fpeftant, circa aedificia, hortos, vcftes, 
 vala, caliccs, gcmmas, & fimilia. Aurcs dcmulcct mufica, quae tanta vo- 
 cuni, fpiritus, chordarum, varictate & apparatu, inftrufta eft. Olim ctiam 
 hydraulica, pro coryphaeis quibufdam artis ejus habita funt, quae nunc 
 prope oblolcvcrunf. Atquc artes, quae ad vifum aut auditum fpcctant, 
 prac aliis praecipue libcralcs habitae funt : fcnfus hi duo magis calti : fci- 
 cntiac magis eruditae, quippc qui etiani mathematical, vcluti ancillam, in 
 tamiliis fuis habeant : Etiam altera ad nicmoriam & dcmoiil^-ationes, altera 
 ad mores & afFectus animi nonnihil rcfpicit. Reliquorum fenfuum obleda- 
 tioncs, atque artes circa ipfos, minus iu honore llint, veluti luxuriae quani 
 maguinccntiae propiorcs : unguenta, odoiamenta, deliciae & cupediae mcn- 
 farum, maxinie autem incitamenta libidinis, rectius cenfore quam doiftore 
 indigent. Optime fane a quibulllam annotatum eft, nafcentibus & crefcen- 
 tibus rebulpublicis artcs niilitares florere ; in flatu i5c culmine pofitis libc- 
 ralcs ; at ad dcclinatioaem &decafum vcrgentibus voluptarias. Haec vero 
 aetas noftra, vereor nc tanquam in decafu felicitatis, in artes voluptarias in- 
 clinct. Qiiarc ifta mifla faciamus. Cum artibus voluptariis joculares copulo. 
 Deccptiones fiquidcm fcnluum inter delccratioiics fenfuum reponendac funt. 
 
 ]am vero tranfcurfis dodrinis illis, circa corpus humanum, (mcdiciua, 
 colmctica, athletica, voluptaria) illud obiter monemus 5 cum in corpore 
 humano tot res in confiderationcm veniant, partes, iiumores, funclioncs, fa- 
 cultates, accidentia: cumque {(i nobis integrum elfet) conftitui oportuilfet 
 corpus unicum doclrinae de corpore humano, quae ifta omnia complectercr 
 tur, (fuiiile illi dodrinae de anima, de qua mox dicemus ;) tamen, ne artes 
 nimis multiplicentur, neve veteres artium limitcs, plufqnam neceflc fuerit, 
 tranfponantur, dodtrinam de partibus corporis humani, de fundtionibus, de 
 humoribus, de refpiratione, de lomno, de generatione, de foetu & gefta- 
 tione in utero, de augmentis, de pubertate, de canitie, de impinguatione, 
 & funilibus, in corpus medicinae recipimus ; licet ad officia ilia tria non. 
 propric pcrtineant ; fed quia corpus ipfum hominis, fit per omnia medicinae 
 fubjcdum. Motum autem voluntarium & fenfum, ad dodrinam de anima 
 rejicimusj fiquidcm animae partes in his duobus funt potiorcs. Atque fie 
 dodrinam, quae circa corpus hominis verfatur, quod animae pro taberna- 
 culo duntaxat eft, claudimus. 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 Tartitio philofophiae humanae circa anhnam in dodrinam de Jpiraculo i 
 & dGitnnam de anima fcnfibili Jive prj^i0a. Tartitio fecunda 
 cjtifdcm philofophiae in docirinam de fui^jtavtia & facultatibtis ani- 
 mae, O" docirniam de ufu & objeclis facultattini. Appendices diiae do- 
 
 , ciriiiae de facultatibns animae ; dottrina de divinatione naturali, (^ 
 docirina de fafcinatione. T)ifiributio facultatum animae fenfibilis in 
 nwtnm (^ fenfitm. 
 
 VE N I A M U S ad dodrinam de anima humana 5 e cujus thefauris, omnes 
 caeterae dodrinae depromptae funt. Ejus duac funt partes; altera 
 tractat de anima rationali, qitac divina eft ; altera de irrationali, quae com- 
 VoL. I. R. 2 munis
 
 »3 
 
 DE AUGMfiNTISSCIENTIARUM. Lib.IV. 
 
 munis eft cum brutis. Notavimus autcm paulo fiipcrius (ubi de formis lo- 
 qucbamur) diffcrcntcs illas duas animarum cmanationcs, quae in prima utri- 
 ufquecreatione le dant confpiciendas 5 niminum, quod altera ortum habu- 
 erit a fpiraculo Dei, altera c matricibus clcmentorum. Nam dc animac ra- 
 tionalis gencratione primitiva, ita ait fcriptura : Formavit homhiern de limo 
 ierrae, cr fpiravit in faciem ejiisfpiraculum vitae. At gcncratio animae 
 irrationalis, five brutorum, fafla eft per \erba ilia, producat aqua, pro- 
 ducat terra. Haec autem anima (qualis eft in homine) animae rationali or- 
 ganum tantum eft, atque originem habet & ipfa quoque, quemadmodum ia 
 brutis, e limo terrae : Neque cnim didum eft, Formavit corpus hominis 
 de limo terrae, fed Formavit hominem i integrum fcilicet hominem, cx- 
 cepto illo fpiraculo. Quamobrem partem primam dodrinae gcncralis 
 circa aniniam humanam, dodrinam de fpiraculo appcUabimus ; fecundam 
 veto, dodrinam de anima fenfibili five produda. Neque tamen, cum ha- 
 denus philofophiam folam trademus, (quippe facram theologiam in fine 
 operis coUocavimus) partitionem iftam a thcologia mutuaremus, nifi etiam 
 cum principiis philofophiae conveniret. Plurimac enim & maximae funt 
 animae humanae praecellentiae fupra animas brutorum, ctiam philofophan- 
 tibus fecundum fcnfum manifcftae. Ubicunque autem tot & tantarum in- 
 venitur exccllentiarum fymbolum, ibi merito femper conftitui debet diffe- 
 rentia fpecifica. Itaque nobis non nimium placet confufa ilia & promifcua 
 philofophorum dc animae fundionibus tradatio ; ac fi anima humana, gra- 
 du potius quam fpecie, difcriminata cflet ab anima brutorum : Non aliter, 
 quam fol inter aftra, aut aurum inter metalla. 
 
 SuBjUNGENDA cft Ctiam partitio alia dodrinae gcneralis circa animani 
 humanam, antequam dc fpeciebus fufius loquamur. Etcnim, quae de fpe^ 
 ciebus poftea diccmus, utramque partitionem, tum illam, quam jam modo 
 pofuimus, tum iftam, quam nunc proponemus, fimul tradabunt. Secunda 
 igitur partitio fit, in dodrinam de fubftantia & facultatibus animae, & do- 
 dtrinam de ufu & objcdis facultatum. 
 
 Prae MISSIS itaque his partitionibus gcminis, ad fpecies accedamus. 
 Dodrina dc fpiraculo, cademque de fubftantia animae rationalis, comple- 
 ditur inquifitioncs illas de natura ejus ; utrum nativa fit ilia, an adventitia > 
 fcparabilis, an infeparabilis ; mortalis, an immortalis ; quatenus legibus ma- 
 teriae alligata, quatenus minime ; & fimilia. Quae vcro hujus funt generis, 
 licet etiam in philofophia, & diligentiorem & altiorcm inquifitioncm fubirc 
 poflint, quam adhuc habctur, utcunque tamen in fine, religioni determi- 
 nanda 6c dcfinicnda redius tranfmitti cenfemus: aliter enim, erroribus haud 
 panels, & fenfus illufionibus omnino exponentur. Etcnim, cum fubftantia 
 animae, in creationc fua, non fuerit cxtrada aut deduda ex mafia cocli & 
 terrae, fed immediate inlpirata a Deo ; cumquc leges cocli & terrae, fint pro- 
 pria fubjeda philofophiae ; quomodo poifit cognitio de fubftantia animae 
 rationalis ex philofophia peti & haberi ? Qiunimo ab eadem infpiratione di- 
 vina hauriatur, a qua fubftantia animae primo cmanavit. 
 
 DocTRiNA vero de anima fenfibili, five produda, etiam quatenus ad 
 Tubftantiam ejus, vere inquiritur : At ca inquifitio nobis quafi dcfidcrari vi- 
 detur. Quid enim ad dodrinam dc fubftantia animac faciunt, adusultimus, 
 & forma corporis, & hujufmodi nugac logicae ? Anima fiquidcm fcnfibilis 
 ilve brutorum, plane fubftantia corporca cenfenda cft, a calore attenuata, 
 & fada invifibilis ; aura (inquam) ex natura flammea & acrca contlata, aeris 
 mollitic ad imprelllonem rccipicndaui;, ignis vigorc ad adioncm vibrandam 
 
 dotata i
 
 Cap.m. DE AUGMENTIS SClENTIAkUM. 133 
 
 ilotaraj partim ex olcofis, partim ex aqueis nutrita; corpore obducta, at- 
 quc in animaiibus pcrfcclis in capitc praecipuc locata ; in nervis percurrcns, 
 & ran^;uinc Ipirituofo artcriarum refefta & rcparata, qucmadmodum Ecr- 
 iKirdinus Tclcfius & dilcipulus ejus Auguftinus Donius, aliqua ex parte, 
 non omnino inutilitef, afleruerunt. Itaquc dc hac dodlnna, diligentior fiat 
 inquifiiio : co magis, quod haec res non bene intcUcfta, opiniones luperfti- 
 tioliis, & plane contaminatas, & dignitatem animac humanae pcllimc con- 
 tulcanrcs, de metcmpfychofi & luftrationibus animarum per periodos ailno- 
 rum, dcniquc dc nimis propinqua animac humanae erga animas brutorum 
 per omnia cognatione, pepcrit. Eft autcm haec animac in brutis anima 
 principalis, cujus corpus brutorum organum ; in liomine autcm, organum 
 tantum, & ipfa animac rationalis, & Ipiritus potius appellationc quam animae 
 indigitari polllt. Atque dc fubftantia animae liaftcnus. 
 
 Facultates autcm animac notiilimac funt; intellcftus, ratio, phanta- 
 fia, memoria, appctitus, voluntas ; dcniquc univerfae iliac, circa quas vcrfan- 
 tur fcicntiac logicac & ethicac : Sed in dodrina de anima, origines ipfarum 
 traftari dcbcnt, idque phyficc, prout animac innatae fmt, & adhacrcant : 
 ufus tantum ipfarum, & objcda, illis alteris artibus dcputantur. Atque 
 in hac parte nihil cgrcgii (ut nobis videtur) adhuc repcrtum eft ; quanquam 
 dcftdcrari cam baud lane dixcrimus. Habct etiam pars ifta de facultatibus 
 animac appendices duas; quae & ipfae, qucmadmodum traclantur, potius 
 fumos nobis cxhibuerunt, quam flammam aliquam lucidam vcritatis : Altera 
 haram eft doclrinac dc divinationc naturali ; altera de fafcinationc. 
 
 DiviNATioNEM ab autiquls, nee male, in duas partes divifam habc- 
 mus; artificialcm & naturalem. Artificialis ratiocinando ex indicatione fig- 
 norum, pracdiftioncm colligit. Naturalis, ex ipla animi pracfcnfione inter- 
 na, abfque fignorum admiiliculis, praefagit» Artificialis duplex : Altera 
 argumentatur ex caufis : Altera ex experimentis tantum, caeca quadam 
 authoritatc. Quae poftcrior, ut plurimum, fupcrftitiola eft : Qualcs crant 
 ethnicorum difciplirlac, circa infpcdlioncm extorum, volatum avium, & fi- 
 milia. Etiam Chaldacorum aftrologia Iblennior, non multo melior. At 
 artificialis divinatio utraque, inter diverfas fcientias fpargitur. Habct aftro- 
 logus pracdidiones ftias ex fitu aftrorum : Habct etiam medicus ftias ; dc 
 morte ingruente ; dc convalefccntia ; de fymptomatibus morborum liipcr- 
 venturisj ex urinis, pulfibus, afpcdu acgrorum, & fimilibus : Habct & 
 politicas ftids : O iirbem venalem, ct' cito perituram, fi emptorem iwue- 
 nerit! Cujus vaticinii fides non diu morata eft; implcta primum in Sylla, 
 poftea in Cacfarc. Hujufiiiodi igitur praedifliones, praelcntis non ftmt in- 
 ftituti, verum ad artcs proprias remitti dcbcnt. Naturalis autcm divinatio, 
 ex vi fcilicct interna animi ortum habcns, ea demum eft, dc qua nunc agi- 
 tur. Haec duplex eft ■■, altera nativa : altera per influxum. Nativa hoc 
 nititur ftippofitionis fundamento : quod anima in fc rcduda, atque colleda, 
 nee in corporis organa diftula, habeat ex vi propria cflcntiac fuac, aliquam 
 pracnotionem rerum futurarum : Ilia vero optime ccrnitur ; in ibmnis, ccfta- 
 iibus, confiniis mortis ; rarius inter vigilandum, aut cum corpus lanum fit 
 ac validum. Hujufiiiodi vero ftatus animi, procuratur tcrc aut adjuvatur 
 ex abftinentlis, atque illis rebus, quae animam a muncribus corporis cxer- 
 cendis maxime fcvocant, ut fiia natura ablquc impcditionibus cxtcriorum 
 gaudcre pollit. Divinatio vero per influxum, lioc altcro Ilippofitionis fun- 
 damento nititur ; quod anima, vcluti fpcculum, illuminationem quandam 
 iccundariam, a praefcicntia Dei & fpirituum cxcipiat ; cui etiam idem, qui 
 
 priori.
 
 3 ! 
 
 134 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. tiB.lv: 
 
 priori, flatus &: rcgimcn corporis contcrt. tadem enim animae Icvocatio 
 cfficii, ut & ilia natura impcnfius utatur, & divinorum influxuum fit magis 
 fufccptiva: nifi quod in divinationibus per iiifluxum anima fervore quodam^ 
 atque tanquam numinis praefcntis impaticntia, (quae apud prifcos facri furoris 
 nomine vocabatur) corripiatur : in divinatione autcm nativa, quicti potius & 
 vacation! propior fit. 
 
 Fascinatio autem, eft vis & adtus imaginationis intenfivus in corpus 
 akerius: (vim enim imaginationis fupcr corpus proprium ipflus imaginantis 
 fuperius pcrftrinximus.) In lioc gcncre fchola Paracclfi, & ementitae natu- 
 ralis magiac cultorcs, tarn fucrunt immodici, ut imaginationis impctum & 
 apprehenfioncm miracula patranti fidei tantum non exacquarint. Alii ad 
 fimilitudinem vcri propius acccdcntcs ; cum occultas rcrum cncrgias & im- 
 prcllioncs, Icnfuum irradiationcs, contagionum dc corporc in corpus .trant^ 
 milliones, virtutum magneticarum dclationes acutius intuercntur; In. 93m 
 bpinioncm dcvcnerunt, quod multo magis a fpiritu in fpiritum (cum fpiritus 
 prae rebus omnibus fit, & ad agendum ftrenuus, & ad patiendum tener & 
 mollis) imprclliones & dclationes, & communicationes licri poterint. Undc 
 increbucrunt opinionc?, fadac quafi populates, dc genio lupcriori, dc hp- 
 minibus quibufdam infiiuftis & ominofis, de iclibus amoris & invidiac, '& 
 aliae his funiles. Atque huic conjunda eft difquifitio, quomodo imaginatio 
 intcndi & fortiticari pofllt ? Qiiippc fi imaginatio fortis tantarum fit virium, 
 operac pretium fuerit noflc, quibus modis cam cxaltari, & fe ipfa majorem 
 fieri detur ? Atque hie oblique, nee minus periculofe, fe infinuat palliatio quae- 
 dam & defenfio maximae partis magiac ccrcmonialis. Spcciollis enim fuerit 
 practextus, ceremonias, characlercs, incantationes, gcfticulationes, amulcta, & 
 fimilia, non ex aliquo tacito aut facramentali cum malis fpiritibus contraf^u 
 vires nancifci 5 fed eo pcrtinerc tantum, ut imaginatio illius, qui his utitur, 
 roboretur & exaltctur : Quemadmodum ctiam in religione, ufus imaginum, 
 ad mentes hominum in rerum contemplatione defigcndas, & devotipncni 
 precantium excitandam, invaluit. Attamen mea talis eft fententia; etiam 
 fi detur, vim imaginationis efle utique potentcm, atque infupcr ceremoriias 
 vim, illam intendere & roborare ; pofito denique, quod adhibeantur ccrc- 
 moniae ad hanc intentionem fmcerc, atque tanquam remedium ph) ficum, 
 abfquc aliqua vel minima cogitatione dc invitandis per ipias auxiliis fpiri- 
 tuum : haberi nihilominus debent pro illicitis, propterca quod fcntentiac iiji 
 divinae, ad\erfus hominem propter peccatum latac, repugnent & recalci- 
 trent : In fiidore 'vultus comedes panetn tmim. Siquidem magia ejus ge- 
 neris, cgregios illos fructus, quibus Dcus pretium laborcm conftltuit, aai- 
 pifcendos proponit, per paucas, caique faciles «Sc minimc opcrofas obfer- 
 vantias. 
 
 . SuPERSUNT dodlrinac duac, quae ad facultates animae infcrioris," |i\;c 
 fcnfibilis, praccipue fpeclant, utpote quae cum organis corporeis makuTie 
 communicant. Altera demotu voluntario : altera dc fcnfu & fcnfibili... In 
 priori harum etiam alias latis jejune inquifita, unica pars fere Integra 4pcft. 
 Etenim de officio & fabrica commoda nervorum & mufculorum, & ^lioruni 
 quae ad hunc motum requiruntur ; quaeqite pars corporis quiclcat,, dum 
 alia movcatur ; turn quod hujufcc motus rcftor &: quafi auriga fit im^'gLiia- 
 tio; adco ut dimiffa imagine, ad quam motus fertur, ftatim intcrcipi^^tUj:^.^ 
 fiftatur motus ipfe, (ut cum deambulamus, fi alia fubeat cogitatioacris'Sc 
 defixa, continue confiftinius;) &: aliae nonnullae fubtilitates non malp )n 
 obfervationcm i5c inquifitionem jam pridcm vencrunt, Quomodo vcro coni- 
 
 prcflloncs.
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCJENTJARUM. 135 
 
 prcllioncs, & dilatationes, & cigitationcs fpiritus, (qui proculdubio ir.otiis 
 fons eft) corporcam & crallam parrium moJcm (icclar, cxcircr, aut pcllar, 
 adhuc diligentcr inquifitum & trsdatum non eft. NcquC mirum, cam ani- 
 ma ipfa fenfibilis hadenus potiiis pro cntelcchia & fiindionc quadam habita 
 fit, quam pro fiibftantia. At quando jam innotiicrit, ipfam cfle fubftan- 
 tiam corporcam & materiatam, ncccfic eft etiam, ut, quibus nixibus aura 
 tarn pufilla & tcnera, corpora tarn crafla 6c dura in motu ponerc poilir, 
 inquiratur. Do liac parte igitur, cum dcllderctur, fiat inquiiitio. 
 
 At de fcnfu & fenfibili longe uberior & diligentior adhibita eft inquiiirio, 
 tain in tradatibus circa ca generalibus, quam in artibus Ibecialibus, urporc 
 perlpeOiva, mufica 5 quam vere niiiil ad inftitutum : quandoquidcm ilia 
 tanquam defiderata poncre non liccat. Sunt tamen duac partes nobiles & 
 infignes, quas in hac dodlrina defiderari ftatuimus , altera de differentia per- 
 ccptionis & fenftis : altera de forma lucis. 
 
 Atque diffcrenriam inter perccptionem & fcnfum, bene cnucleatam, 
 debucrant philofophi traftatibus luis de icnfu & Icnfibili pra6nitterc, ut 
 rem maxime fundamentalcm. Vidcnms enim, quali omnibus corporibus 
 naturalibus inellc vim manifeftam percipicndi : etiam eleclionem quandam 
 arnica ampledlendi, inimica & aliena fugiendi. Nequcnos de fubtilioribus 
 pcrccptionibus tantum loquimur, veluti cum magnes ferrum allicit j flam- 
 ma ad naphtham aftilit^ bulla bullae approximata coit , radiatio ab objedo 
 ntbo diililit; corpus animalis utilia ailimilar, inutilia exccrnit ; fpont^iac 
 pars (etiam ftiper aquam elevata) aquam attrahir, acrcm expelliti & hu- 
 jufmodi. Etenim quid attinct talia enumerare ? Nullum fiquidcm corpus ad 
 aliud admotum illud immutat, aut ab illo immutatur, nifi operationem prac- 
 cedat perceptio reciproca. Percipit corpus meatus, quibus fe infinuat : percipit 
 impetum alterius corporis, cui cedit : percipit amotionem alterius corporis, 
 a quo detinebatur, cum fe recipit : percipit divulfionem fui continui, cui 
 ad tempus refiftit : Ubiquc denique eft perceptio. Aer vero calidum & 
 frigidum tarn acute percipit, ut ejus perceptio fit longe fubtilior, quam ta- 
 dus humani ; qui tamen pro calidi & frigidi norma habetur. Duplex igi»- 
 tur deprehcnditur circa banc dodrinam hominum culpa : alia, quod cam in- 
 tadam & intraclatam (cum tamen fit res nobiliftima) plerunque reliquerunt: 
 alia, quod qui huic contemplationi forte animum adjcccrunt, longius, quam 
 par eft, provedi funt, & feiifum corporibus omnibus tribucrunt : ut piacu- 
 lum fere itt, ramum arboris avellerc, nc forte inflar Pojydori ingemilcat. 
 At debucrant illi ditferentiam perccptionis & fenfus, non tantum in compa- 
 ratione fenfibilium ad infenfibilia, lecundum ccM-pus integrum, explorarc, 
 (veluti plantarum & animalium,) verum etiam in corpore ipfo fenfibili ani- 
 madvcrtere, quid in caufa fir, cur tot adiones cxpediantur, ablquc omni 
 tamen fenfu ? Cur alimenta digerantur, egerantur ; humorcs & fucci, fur- 
 fum, deorfum, ferantur; cor & pulius vibrent ; vilcera, fua quaeque opi- 
 ticia, ficnt oificinae, producant ; & tamen haec omnia, & complura alia, 
 abfque Icnfu fiant ? Verum homines non fatis acute, qualis fit adio fenfiis, 
 viderunt, atque quod genus corporis, quae mora, quae conduplicario im- 
 preflionis ad hoc requirantur, ut dolor vel voluptas fequatur ? Denique dif- 
 ferentiam inter perccptionem fimplicem & fcnfum, nuUo modo nofte vi- 
 dentur; nee quatenus fieri poftit perceptio abfquc fenfu : Nequc enim haec 
 verborum tantum controvcrfia eft, i'<:d de re magni prorllis momenti. De 
 hac igitur dodrina (ut inprimis utili, & ad plurima fpedantc) melius inqui- 
 ratur : quandoquidcm etiam circa banc rem infcitia tantum apud nonnulios 
 
 ex
 
 136 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. IV, 
 
 ex antiquis philofophis potucrir, ut omnibus fine difcriminc corpoiibus ani- 
 mam infundi putaveiint : ncquc cnim vidcbant, quomodo motub cum dii' 
 crctione fieri potucrit abfquc knlli ; aut Icnllis adcllc abfquc anima. 
 
 De forma lucis quod dcbita non fafta fuerit inquifitio, (praefcrti-m cum 
 in pcrfpediva ftrenuc elaborarunt homines) ftupenda quacdam ncgligentia 
 cenleripofllt. Etcnim, ncc in pcrlpcdivac, ncc alias, aiiquid dclucc, quod 
 valeat, inquifitum cli. Radiationcs cj-us tradantur, origines minime. Scd 
 collocatio dcmum perfpcclivae inter mathcmatica, liunc iplum defectum &z 
 alios fuviiles peperit ; quia a phyficis praemature difccHum clt. Tradatio 
 autcm de luce, & cauils ejus, in pliyficis rurfus fuperftitiofa fere eft, tarv- 
 quam de re inter divina & naturalia media ; adeo ut quidam ex Platonicis, 
 earn materia ipfa antiquiorem introduxerint. Cum cnim fpatium eflet diffla- 
 tum, id primum lumine, poftea vero corpore impletum fuiHe, vaniflimo 
 commento afieruerunt : quando tamen fcripturae iacrae, maflam coeli & 
 terrae, tcnebrofam, ante lucem crcatam, difertc pofueiint. Qiiae vero phy- 
 fice & fecundum fenfum de ca tradantur, ca ftatim ad radiationcs dcfccn- 
 dunt, 'ut parum phyficae inquifltionis circa banc rem cxtct. Dcbuerant au- 
 tcm homines contemplationes fuas fubmittcrc paulifpcr, 6c quid ilt corpori- 
 bus omnibus lucidis commune inquirerc, tanquam de forma lucis. Etenim 
 quam immenla eft corporis differentia (fi ex dignitatc confidcrcntur) inter 
 iblcm & li'j;num putridum, aut Iquamas etiam pifcium putridas ? Inquirerc 
 ctiam dcbuerant, quid tandem in caufa lit, cur aliqua ignefcant, & luccm 
 ex fc jaciant calcfada, alia minime ? Ferrum, metalia, lapides, vitrum, lig- 
 na, oleum, fevum, ab ignc vel flammam vibrant, vcl ialtcm rubclcunt : at 
 aqua, aer, acerrimo & tanquam furenti calore fervcfada, nihil tamen lucis 
 adipiicuntur, ncc Iplcndent. Qiiod f\ quis hoc co fieri putct, quod pro- 
 priuni fit ignis luccrc, aqua autcm & acr igni omnino inimica fint > is lane 
 nunquam per obfcura nodis in aqua falfa, tempeftate calida, remigavit > 
 cum guttulas aquae ex rcmorum concuflionc fubfilicntes micarc & lucef- 
 ccre videre potuiflet. Qiiod ctiam fit in fpuma maris ferventiore, quam 
 pulmoncm marinum vocant. Quid deniquc habent commune cum flamma 
 & ignitis cicendulae & luciolae 5 & mufca Indica, quae cameram totam illu- 
 ftrat ; & oculi quorundam animalium in tencbris ; & faccharum inter raden- 
 dum, aut frangendum 5 & fudor cqui nod:c acftuofa fcftinantis ; & alia non- 
 nulla ? Quin & homines tam parum in hac re viderunt, ut plcriquc fcintillas 
 c filicc aercm attritum putcnt. Attamen quando aer calore non ignefcat, 
 & luccm manifefto concipiat, quomoda tandem fit, ut noduac, & felcs, & 
 alia nonnuUa animalia, nodu cernant; adeo ut ipfi acri (quando vifio abfque 
 luce non tranfigatur) necefle eft incfle lucem aliquam nativam & genuinam, 
 quamvis tenuem admodum & infirmam, quae tamen fit radiis vifivis hujuf- 
 modi animalium proportionata, iifque ad videndum fufficiat. \'erum hujulcc 
 mali (ut plurimorum) caufa eft, quod homines, ex inftantiis particularibus, 
 formas naturarum communes non clicuerunt ; id quod nos tanquam fubje- 
 dum proprium metaphyficac pofuimus ; quae & ipfa phyficae, five do- 
 drinae de natura, pars clt. Itaquc de forma & originibus lucis fiat inqui- 
 fitio, eaque interim inter defiderata ponatur. Atquc de dodrina circa fub- 
 ftantiam animac, tam rationalis quam fenlibilis, cum facultatibusluis, atquc 
 de ejulclem dodrinae appendicibus, haec dicta fint. 
 
 I^ RJN-
 
 FRANCISCI 
 
 Baronis de VERULAMIO, 
 
 Vice-Comitis Sancti Alb an i, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmentis ScientiaruMj 
 LIBER Q,UINTUS: 
 AD REGEM S U U M. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 Tartitio do6irinae circa ufiim <^ objeBa facnltatum animae humanae^ 
 in logicam, & ethicam. Tartitio logicae, in artes inveniendi, jtidi- 
 candiy retinendi & tradendi, 
 
 DOCTRINA circa intcUeftum, (rex optimc) atque ilia altera circa 
 voluntatem honiinis, in natalibus I'uis tanquam gcmcllac funt. £t- 
 enim iliuminationis puritas, & arbitrii libcrtas, fimul inccpcrunt, fimul cor- 
 ruerunt. Neque datur in univerfitatc rcrum, tarn intima fympathia, quam 
 ilia veri & boni. Quo magis rubori fuerit viris dodis, fi Icicntia Tint tan- 
 quam angeli alati, cupiditatibus vero tanquam ferpcntcs, qui humi reptant 5 
 circumgerentcs animas, inftar fpcculi fane, fed menftruati. 
 
 Venimus jam ad dodrinam circa ufum & objecta facultatum animae 
 humanae. Ilia duas habct partes, eafque notiflimas, & confcnfu rcceptas ; 
 logicam & ethicam : nifi quod doclrinam civilcm, quae vulgo ut pars cthicae 
 collocatur, jam ante cmancipaverimus; & in intcgram dodrinam de homine 
 congregato, five in focictatc, conflituerimus ; hie tantum de homine fcgrc- 
 gato traftantcs. Logica de intcUcdu & ratione ; ethica de voluntate, ap- 
 petitu, & afFc(flibus dillerit: altera decreta, altera adioncs progignit. Ve- 
 rum quidem eft, quod phantafia in utraquc provincia, tarn judiciali quam 
 minifteriali, legati cujufdam aut internuncii, aut procuratoris reciproci 
 vices gerit. Nam fcnfus idola omnigena phantafiac tradit, de quibus poflea 
 ratio judicat : At ratio viciflim idola cleda & probata phantafiae tranfmittit, 
 priufquam fiat cxecutio decreti. Siquidem motuni voluntariuni pcrpctuo 
 praccedit, eumque incitat phantafia : aded ut phantafia fit utriquc, ram ra- 
 tioni quam voluntati, inftrumentum commune : nifi quod janusiftc bifrons- 
 fir, 5c duas obvcrtat fades : facies cnim rationcm alpicicns, veritatis habct 
 
 Vol. I. S effigitm ;'
 
 i38 t)E AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. V. 
 
 cffiiiicmj focics autem aflionem afpickns, cffigicm bonitatis : quae tamcn 
 
 iint tac^cs, .... 
 
 ^alcs aecet ejfefororum. 
 
 l«jeqnc vcio mcrus & nudus internuncius cfl: phantafia; led authoriratcm 
 non cxi-iuam vcl acciplt, vol ulurpat, practcr delationcm fimpHccni nian- 
 dati. Rede enim Aiiftotclcs : Id imperii habet aninia in corpus^ quod 
 dominus in ma-aicipiiim: Ratio 'vero in phantafiam, quod in libera cii;:- 
 tate niafriftratiis in cixem; ad queni poflit fua vice icdirc dominatio. Vi- 
 demus enim quod in iis, quae lunt fidei & religionis, phantafia liipr.i iplam 
 rationem fcandat & evchatur: Non quod illuminatio divina locum habcai 
 in phantaira, (quin potius in ipfa arce mentis & intelleftus :) vcrum qucm- 
 admohum gratia divina in virtutibus utitur motibus voluntatis; ita iuni- 
 liter gratia'divina in illuminationibus utitur motibus phantafiac ; undc fit 
 ut rciiilio fcmper ac^itum fibi ac viam ad animum quaeilerit per fimilitudi- 
 ncs, tvpos, parabolas, vifiones, infomnia. Rurllis baud humilc eft regnum 
 phantafiac in perluafionibus, a vi cloquentiae infinuatis. Nam ubi per ora- 
 tionis artificia homiiium animi dcmulcentur, inflammantur, & in quamcun- 
 que partem pertrahuntur ; totum illud fit per exulcitationcm phantafiac, 
 quae impotens jam fada, non folum rationi inililtat, vcrum cidem vim quo- 
 dammodo facit, partim occaccando, partim cxtimulando. Ncque ramcn 
 caufa vidctur, cur a partitionc priore difcedamus. Nam phantafia fcien- 
 tias fere non parit ; fiquidem potfis (quae a principio phantafiac attributa 
 ell) pro lulii potius ingenii, quam pro Icientia, habenda. Poteftatem au- 
 tcm phantailac in naturalibus, dodrinac dc anima paulo ante aflignavimu^ : 
 Eam vero, quam habet cum rhctorica cognationem, illi ipfi arti (de qua infrd 
 tradabimus) remitti par eft. 
 
 Pars ifta humanac philolbphiac, quae ad logicam fpedat, ingeniorum 
 plurimorum guftui ac palato minus grata eft? & nihil aliud vidctur «jiiaiii 
 Ipinofae llibtilitatis laqueus ac tcndicula. Nam ficut verc dicitur fcieriti- 
 am cflc animi pabulum : ita in hoc pabulo appetcndo & deligcndo pleri- 
 quc palatum nadi fijut Ifraelitarum fimile in dclcrto : quos cupido inceffir 
 rcdeund'i ad ollas carnium; mannac autcm faftidium ccpit: Qiiae licet ci- 
 bus fuerit coclcftis, minus tamcn Icntiebatur almus & fapidus. Eodem mo- 
 do (ut plurimum) illae fi:iehtiae placent, quae habent infufioncm nonnul- 
 iam carnium magis elculentam : QLiaeles lunt hiftoria civilis, mores, prudcn- 
 tia politica, circa quas hominum cupiditates, laudes, fortunae vcrtuntur & 
 occupatae lunt. At iftud lumen ficcum plurimorum mollia & madida ingcnia 
 offendit & torrct. Caetcrum unamquamque rem propria fi placet dignitatc 
 metiri, rationales fcicntiae rcliquarum omnino clavcs lunt: Atque quem- 
 admodum manus inftrumentum inftrumcntorum, anima forma formarum : 
 ita & illae, artcs artium poncndae Hint : Neque folum dirigunt, fed & ro- 
 boraiit; ficut figittandi ufus & habitus, non tantum facit, ut melius quis 
 collimct, fed ut arcum tendat fortiorcm. 
 
 Artes logicae quatuor numero funt ; divifae ex finibus fuis, in quos 
 tcndunt. Id enim agit homo in rationalibus : Aut ut inveniat, quod quacfi- 
 vcrit: Aut judicct, quod invcncrit : Aut rctincat, quod judicaverit : Aut 
 tradat, quod retinucrit. Neccflc igitur eft, ut totidem fint artes rationales: 
 Ars inquifitionis feu inventionis : Ars cxamiirfs feu judicii : Ars cuftodinc 
 feu memoriae : Et ars clocurionis feu traditionis. De quibus jam figilji-^tim 
 diccmus. ■.;,- 
 
 CAP.
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS S CIEN TI ARU M. 139 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 r 
 
 Tart'ttio inventlvae in inz'entivam artitim c^ argument or urn : Puodqiie 
 prior harum {quae emmet) dejideretur. 'Partitw inventivae artiutn 
 in experientiam liter atam^ ^ organiim novum. 'Dclmeatw experi- 
 e'ntiae literatae, 
 
 INVENTIONIS duae funt fpecies, valdc profcdlo inter fc difcrcpau- 
 tes 5 unaartium & Icicntiarum •■, altera argumcntorum & Ibrmonum. Pri- 
 orcm harum dcfidcrari prorius promincio : Qui quidcm talis . mihi vidctur 
 cfTe dcfedus ; ac fi quis in invcntario coniicicndo bonorum alicujus dcfundti 
 itarefcrat; numcratac pecuniae nihil. Ut cnim cactcra omnia pccunia pa- 
 rantur ; ita & per hanc artem reliquac acquiruntur. Atquc ficut India oc- 
 cidentalis nunquam nobis inventa fuillct, nifi pracccflillet acus nauticae in- 
 vcntio ; licet regioncs iliac immenfac verlbriae motus puililus fit : Ita non 
 eft cur mirctur quifpiam in artibus perluftrandis & promovcndis ampliores 
 progreflus fados non eflc ; quandoquidem ars iplii invenicndi & pcrluftrandi 
 icientias haftenus ignoretut; 
 
 Hanc fcicntiae defiderari partem plane in confeflb eft. Primo cnini 
 dialeclica nihil prohtctur, imo ne cogitat quidem, de invenicndis artibus, IT-' 
 vc mcchanicis, five (quas vocant) liberalibus ; aut ctiam de illarum operi- 
 bus, harum vero axiomatibus clicicndis ; fed quafi praetericns homines allo- 
 quitur & dimittit, ediccns, ut cuique in fua arte crcdant. Celfus, vir pru- 
 dcns, non folum medicus, (licet moris lit omnibus in laudes artis propriac 
 cftundi) graviter & ingenue, de cmpiricis 5c dogmaticis mcdicorum fcdis 
 loqucn*, fatctur 5 Medicamenta ^ remcdia prius fuiffe inventa, de cau- 
 Jis vero & rationibns poflerius difceptatiim ■■, non or dine converfo can fas 
 ex natura rcr urn prima erutas faiffe, eafque invent ioni r erne d tor um prae- 
 luxiffe. At Plato non fcmel innuit Tarticularia infinita ejje , maxime 
 rurfus general 'a minus cert a document a exhibere : Mcdnllam igitnr 
 fcientiarum, qua artifex a'o imperito dijiinguitur, in mediis propojitio- 
 nibus confiftere^ quas per Jingulas fcientias tradidit o' docuit experien- 
 tia. Quin & illi, qui de primis rcrum invcntoribus, aut fcientiarum oriui- 
 nibus, verba fccerunt, calum potius quam arttim cclcbrarunt ; atque ani- 
 malia bruta, quadrupedes, avcs, pifces, fcrpcntcs, magis quam homines, 
 tanquam fcientiarum dodores, introduxcrunt : 
 
 'DiBamnum genitrix Crctaea carpit ab Ida:, 
 
 ^uberibus caulem foliis-, cr f-ore comantem 
 
 'Turpnreo : 7ion ilia feris incognita capris 
 
 Gramina, cum tergo volucres haefere fagittae. AEneid. xii. 41 2 . 
 
 Adco ut minime mirum lit, (cnm in more apud antiques fuerit rcrum utili- 
 um inventores confccraix) apud AEgyptios, gcntcm prilcam, (cui phuimac 
 artes initia fuadcbcnt,) tcmpla plena fuilfe lunulachris briitdrum ; hominuni 
 vero fimulachris propc vacua 5 AEneid. viii. 698. 
 
 Omnigenumque deum mo?iflra, o" latrator Anubis, 
 Contra Neptunum, zr Venerem, contraque Minervam^ See. 
 
 Quod fi malis ex traditione Graccdrum artes potius honiinibtis ut invcn- 
 toribus tribucrc ; haudquaquam tamcn dixeris Prometheum ad ignis in- 
 vcntioncm contcmplationes adhibuifle : Aut cum iTliccm primo pcrcutcrct 
 Vol. I. S 2 tcintillas
 
 HO DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIAR U M. Lib. V. 
 
 fcintillas c.vpedafTc: led cafu in illud inddiflc, ntquc (ut aiuiit) furtom Jo- 
 vi fcciflc. Ita ut ad aitium invcntioncm quod attinct, c.-.prae lylveiiri pro 
 cmplaftiis, philomclac pro modulationibus muficis, ibidi pro lavationibus iiv 
 k^ftinorum, opcrculo oUac quod difllliit pro re tormcntaria, deniquc (ut vcr- 
 bo dicamus) cafui aut cuivis altcri rei plus debcamiis, quam dialcdicae. 
 Ncc vero multo alitor fc habct modus ilic iitvcnicndi, qucm rcflc dcfcribit 
 Virgilius: Ceorg.'i. 133. 
 
 Ut varias ufus meditando extunderet artes 
 Taulatiw. — 
 
 Noil enim alia hie proponitur invcniiJndi mcthodu?, quam cujus bruta ipfa 
 funt capacia, & quam crcbro ufurpant : nimirum attcntiinnia circa unam 
 rem folicitudo, ejufque perpctua cxcrcitatio, quas fui confcrvandi neccfTT- 
 tas huiulmodi animaiuibus imponit. Cicero ciiim vcrc admodum ; Ufl'iS' 
 uni rei dcditus^ ^ naturam dr artem faepe 'vincit. Qiiarc ft praedicd^^ 
 tur dc hominibus, 
 
 Labor Ofnnia 'vinc'tt 
 
 hnpr obits, O" duns nrgens in rebus egejlas: 
 
 Etiam de brutis fimiliter quacritur, 
 
 §>uis expedivit pfittaco futtm Xx7ci ? 
 
 Corvo quis auftor fuit, ut magna ficcitate lapillos immittcrct arbori cavae, 
 ubiaquam forte confpcxcrit, ut furgentcm laticcm roftro poflet attingcrc? 
 Qiiis viam monftravit apibus, qui per aercm, tanquam vaftum marc, agros 
 floridos, licet multum ab alvearibus diflitos, loknt petcre, & favos fuos 
 dcnuo repctcre ? Qiiis formicam docuir, ut grana in colliculo fuo rcponcn- 
 da circumrodcrct prius, nc rcpofita gcrminarent, & fpcm fuam illudcrcnt? 
 Qiiod Ir in verfu illo Virgiliano quis notct verbum illud extnndi-re, quod 
 difficultatem rei; & verbum illud paulatim, quod tarditatcm innuit? redt- 
 bimus undo profcfli fumus, ad AEgyptiorum illos dcos ; cum hadcniw 
 homines modicc rationis facultate, ncutiquam vero officio artis, ufi ilnt ad 
 inventa detegcnda. ' 
 
 Secundo hoc ipfum quod aflcrimus, (fi advertatur paulo diligcntius) 
 dcmonftrat induftionis forma, quam proponit dialedica •■> qua fcilicct fcien- 
 Harum principia invcniantur & probentur ■■> quae vitiofa plane eft & in- 
 competens, & naturam tantum abeft ut perficiat, ut etiam cam pcrvertat & 
 detorqucar. Qiii enim modum acute introfpcxcrit^, quo ros illc aethcieus 
 Icientiarum, ftmilis illi de quo loquitur poeta, 
 
 ■ A'erei mellis coelejtia dona, 
 
 colligatur ; (cum & fcientiae ipfae ex exemplis /ingulis, partim naturalibus, 
 partim artiticialibus, tanquam prati floribus & horti, cxtrahantur) rcperict 
 profccto animum fuapte fponte, & nativa indole, indudionem folcrtius 
 conficere, quam quae dcfcribitur a dialeclicis ? fiquidem ex nuda cnumcra- 
 tione particularium (ut dialeftici folent) ubi non invcnitur inliantia contra- 
 didorm, vitiofc concluditur ; neque aliquid aliud huiufmodi indudio pro- 
 ducit, quam conjeduram probabilem. Qiiis enim in ic recipicr, cum par- 
 ticularia quae quis novir, aut quorum mcminit, ex una tantum parte com' 
 parcant ; non dclirefccrc aliquod, quod omnino repugnet ? Pcrinde ac fi 
 Samuel acquie^ illct in illis Ifai filiis^ quos coram adduclos vidcbat in dome j 
 
 &
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS S CIE N TI.^RU AI. 141 
 
 <Sc minimc quacfivinct Davidcm, qui in agro abcrat. Atquc hacc jndudin- 
 nis forma (fi vcrum omniuo diccndum /it) tarn pinf»:uis,cll: >S: cralla, ut incrc- 
 dibile vidcatur, tarn acuta & fubtilia ingenia (qualia in his i;cbus, mcditatio- 
 ncs iuas cxcrcucrunt) potuiflc cam mundo obtrudcrc ; nil] illud in oufa 
 fuillct, quod opera i\;n.inata ad ihcoriab & dogmata coiitcndilicnt : particu- 
 Jaria autcni, (pradbrtim moram in iis longiorcm) ex faftu quodam & cla- 
 tionc animi, dcfpexirtcnt. llii cnim exempia ilvc inllantias particulates, 
 vice liclorum aut viatorum adhibucrunt ad iummovcndam turbam, ut doi;- 
 niatibus luis viam apcritcnt ; ncutiquam autcm ca inde ab initio in conJilium 
 advocarunt, ut Icgitima fierce 6c matura do rcrum vcritatc dciibcratio. 
 Ccrte pcrcuUcric animos pia &c rcligiofa quacdam admkatio, cum vidcamui', 
 cadcm calcata vcltigia, ad crrorcm duccnua, in divinis & iiumanis. Qiiem- 
 admodum cnim in divina vcritatc pcrcipicnda acgrc quis in aninium indu- 
 cat, ut fiat tanquam parvulus ; ita in iiumana pcrdifccnda provcclos, utique 
 pucrorum more, prima indudionum elementa adhuc Icgcrc & retratl:are, res 
 humilis cxiftimatur & quafi contemncnda. 
 
 Tertio, ft conccdatur, principia Icientiarum ex indudionc, qua utun- 
 tur, vei fenfu & expcricntia, rede polVc conftitui ; certiillmum eft tamcn, 
 axiomata infcriora ab iis per fyllogifiiium non polFc (in rebus naturalibus, 
 quae participant ex materia) rede & tuto dcduci. In lyliogiimo cnim fit 
 rcdudio propofitionum ad principia per propofitiones medias. Hacc autein 
 five invcnicndi five probandi forma in Icientiis popularibiis (vcluti ctiiicis, 
 poUticis, Icgibus, & hujufinodi) locum liabct : imo (5c in tiicologicis ; quan- 
 <iot]uidcm Deo pro bonitatc fua placucrit captui liumano fc accommodate : 
 at in phyficis, ubi natuta opere, non advcrfarius argumento conftringcndus 
 ell, clabitur plane Veritas ex manibus; propter longc majorem naturalium 
 opcrationum, quam verborum llibtilitatcm : adeo ut lUccumbcnte lyliogii- 
 mo, indudionis (vcrac Icilicct & cmendatac) officio ubiquc opus [\t, tam ad 
 principia iiiagis gencralia, quam ad propofitiones inferiorcs. iNam lyllo-, 
 giihii ex propofitionibus confifiunt^ propofitiones ex verbis; verba notio- 
 num tcllcrae iluit. Qiiare fi notioncs ipfae (quae verborum animae lluit) 
 male & varie a rebus abftraiiantur; tota fabrica corruit. Nequc laboriofii 
 vcl confcquentiarum argumcntorum, vcl vcritatis propontionum cxamina- 
 tio, rem in integrum unquam rcfiituct ; cum error fit (ut loquuntur medici) 
 in digclUone prima ; quae a iundionibus lequentibus non rcciiticatur. Non 
 igitur abfquc magna & cvidcnti caufa evcnit, ut complures ex philolbphis 
 (aliqui autcm eorum ma.\imc infigncs) acadcmici fuerint & (ccptici, qui ici- 
 entiae hiumanac & lyllcpfiuni ccrtitudincm lullulerunt ; ultra vcrifimilitudi- 
 nem aut probabilitatcm ncgantcs cam pcitingcre. Inficias non iverim, \ilum 
 cllc nonnuUis, Socratem, cum Icicntiae ccrtitudincm a Ic amovefct, per 
 ironiam tantum hoc fecillc; & fcicntiam difiimulando fimulaOe : rcnunci-. 
 ando Icilicct iis, quae manifcllo iLiebat, ut co modo, ctiam quae nelcicbat, 
 fcire putarctur. Ncquc ctiam in rcccn.tiorc acadcmia (quam amplcxus tft 
 Cicero) ilia opinio acatalepfiae admodum fincerc culta fuit. Itenim qui 
 cloquentia florucrunt, banc fere fedam fibi dclumpicruut, ut in utramquc 
 partem copiofe dilVercndi gloriam allequerentur : unde a via ilia rccla, per 
 quam ad veritatem pergcre dcbuilVcnt, tanquam ad deambulationes quaf- 
 dam amocnas, animi caula infiitutas, dcticxum eft. Coniiat tamcn, non- 
 nuUos fparfim in utraque acadcmia (vctcn i^ novaj multo magis inter Icc- 
 pticos, acatalcpfiam iftam limpiiciter «Sc iuiegrc tcnuillc. Vcium in hoc 
 maxime ab illis pcccatum eft ; quod IcnUuim p<;rgQptioncs cakuaijiiabantur ; 
 
 unda
 
 14-2 DE AUGMENTIS S CIEN TI AR U 151. Lib-V^ 
 
 ujidc fcicntias radicitus cvcUcbant. Scnfus vcro, licet faepenufncro horai- 
 ncs aut fallant aut dcilituanr, pollint tanicn multa adjuti induftria ad Ici- 
 cntias llifficcre ; idquc non tarn ope inflrurncntorum, (licet & hacc qiioqnc 
 aliqua ex parte profint) quam cxpcrimcntorum ejus generis, quae obicda 
 fabtiliora, quam pro Tcnlus tacultatc ad objeda lenlu comprehenljbilia, 
 producere qucant. Debuerant auteni potius defcdum hac in parte impu- 
 tafle mentis turn erroribus, turn contumacjae, (quae rebus ipfis morigera efie 
 recurat,) & pravis demonftrationibus, & modis ratiocinandi, & concludcndi, 
 ex perceptione Icnluum, perperam inlHtutis. Haec autcm loquimur, non 
 quo intcllectui detrahatur, aut negotium totum deicratur, fed quo intellc- 
 £lui auxilia commoda cbmparentur & fubminiftrcntur, quibus rerum arduc 
 & naturae obfcuritatem vincere poOunt. Nemo enim tanta poilct manus- 
 conilantia, aut etiam habitu, ut reclam lineam ducerc, aut pcrfechim cir- 
 culum circumfcriberc, manu libera poflit ; quod tamen ope rcgulac, aut 
 circini, facerc in promptu eft. Haec igitur res ipla eft, quam paramus, & 
 indent! conatu molimur ; ut Icilicet mens per artem fiat rebus par ; utquc 
 jnveniatur ars quaedani indicii & direclionis, quae caeteras arres, carumquc 
 axiomata atque opera dctegat, & in conlpcdum det. Hanc enim merito- 
 dcflderari poiuimas. 
 
 Ars ilia indicii (ita enim earn appcUabimus) duas habet partes: Aut - 
 enim dcfertur indicium ab experiqientis ad experimenta : Aut ab experimentis 
 ad axiomata, quae & ipfa nova experimenta defignent. Priorem harum 
 cxpcricntiam literatam nominabimus, pofteriorcm vero interpretationcm na- 
 turae, five novum organum. Prior quidem (ut alibi attigimus) vix pro arte 
 habenda ell aut parte philofophiae, fed pro fagacitate quadam ; undc etiam 
 cam venationem Panis (hoc nomcn ex fabula mutuati) quandoquc appella- 
 mus : attamen quemadmodum poflit quis, in via lua, triplici modo progrc- 
 cfi ; aut cum palpat ipfe in tenebris ; aut cum alterius manu ducatur, iplc 
 parum vidcns i aut denique cum veftigia lumine adhibito regat : fimiliter 
 cum quis experimenta omnigena abfque ulla ferie aut methodo tentet ; ca 
 d'emum mcra eft palpatio : cum vero nonnulla utatur in experimentando di- 
 reclione & ordine, pcuindc eft ac fi manu ducatur. Atque hoc illud eft, 
 quod per expcricntiam Ikepatam inteliigimus : Nam lumen ipfum, quod tcr- 
 t'tum fuit, ab intcrpreratione naturae, five novo organo, petendum eft. 
 
 Liter ATA cxperientia, five venatio Panis, modos experimentandi tra- 
 (ftat : eam (cum defiderari poliierimus, neque res fit plane pcrfpicua) pro 
 more & inftituto noftro aliquatenus adumbrabimus. Modus experimentan- 
 di praccipue procedit, aut per variationcm cxperimenti ; aut per produftio- 
 ncm experimenti ; aut per traiiflationem experimenti ; aut per inverfioncm 
 cxperimenti ; aut per compulfionem experimenti ; aut per applicationem 
 cxperimenti ; aut per copulationem experimenti j aut denique per Ibrtcs ex- 
 perimenti. Univerla vero ifta cohibita funt, citra terminos axiomatis alicu- 
 )us invenicndi. Ilia enim altera pars de novo organo, oranem tranfitioncm 
 cxperimentorum m axiomata, aut axiomatum in experimenta, fibi vindicat. 
 Variatio experimenti fit primo in materia 5 Icilicet, quando expcii- 
 nientum in jam cognitis, certae materiae fere adhaefit ; nunc vero in illis, 
 quae fimilis I'unt Ipeciei, tentetur : veluti confectio papyri, in pannis lintcis 
 tantum probata eft, in fericis minimc, (nifi forte apud Chincnfcs;) neque 
 rurfus in filaceis, compofiris ex fetis 6c pilis, ex quibus conticitur (quod 
 A'ocamus) camclotum ; neque denique in lancis, golfypio, & pellibus j 
 quanquam haec tria poftreaia niagis cflc vidcntur hctetogcuea. Itaqae ad- 
 ^ mifeeri
 
 Cap.lf. Dl? AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 143 
 
 mifccri poffint potius, quam per fi- utiiia cffc. Item infitio in arboribus fni- 
 difcris in ufu eft, in aiboribu.s lylvdlribus raro tcntata j licet pcrhibctur 
 iilmum in ulmum infitani miras produccrc foliorum umbras. Iniitio etiam 
 in fioribus rata admodum eft, licet hoc jam cocpcrit fieri in rofis mufcatcl- 
 lis, quae rolls conimunibus feliciter inoculantur. Etiam variationem in 
 parte rei, inter variationes in materia ponimus. Vidcmus enim, liu-culum 
 in trunco arboris indtum felicius pallulare, quam fi terrae indatur. Cur non 
 & lemen cepae, capiri alterius ccpae vlridis inditum, felicius germinet, quam 
 f\ nudae terrae commillum fuciit? Atque liic radix pro trunco variatur ut 
 haec res infitio quaedam in radice videri poflit. Variatio experimenti fit fc- 
 cundo in efikicnte : radii iblis per Ipecula comburcntia; calorc ita intendun- 
 tur, ut raateriam, quae ignem iacile concipiat, accendere pollint : nam & 
 radii lunac, per eadem, ad lenilllmum aliquem gradum teporis acluari pol- 
 funt, ut videanius, utrum corpora omnia coelcftiaftnt poteftate calida? Item 
 calores radiofi, per Ipccula fciiicct, intcnduntur : num etiam calores opaci 
 (quales lunt lapidum & mctallorum antequam candeant) idem patiuntur; an 
 potius funt luminis in hac re partes nonnuUac ? Item liiccinum & £;ao;ates 
 fricata paleas trahunt : num etiam & ad ignem tepcfada ? Variatio experi- 
 menti fit tcrtio in quanto : circa quod diligens admodum eft adhibenda 
 Gura, cum hoc multi circumftcnt errores. Credunt cnim homines, audta 
 aut multiplicata quantitatc, pro rata augeri aut multiplicari virtutcm. Et 
 hoc fere poftulant & llipponunt, tanquam res fit mathematicac cujufdam cer- 
 titudinis5 quod omnino falfiftimum eft. Globus plumbeus unius librae a 
 turri demiflus (puta) decern pulfuum Ipatio, ad terram defcendit : Num 
 globus duarum librarum (in quo impetus ifte, motus (quern vocant) natu- 
 ralis, duplicari debet) fpatio quinquc pulfuum terram ferict ? At ille ac- 
 quali fere tempore defcendet, neque accelerabitur juxta rationem quanti. 
 Item fulphuris (puta) drachma una femilibrac chalybis admifta, cam fluere 
 faciet & colliquari : num igitur uncia llilphuris, quatuor libris chalybis, ad 
 coiliquationem fufficiet? At illud non fequitur. Certum enim eft, obftina- 
 tioncm materiae in patientc, per quantitatem, augeri amplius quam adivi- 
 tatem virtutis in agente. Porro nimium aeque fallit ac parum. Etenim in 
 excodionibus & depurationibus mctallorum, error eft familiaris, ut ad exco- 
 dionem promovendam, aut calorem fornacis, aut additamenti quod injici- 
 unt, molem augeant. At ilia fupra modum auda operationem impediunt } 
 propterea quod vi & acrimonia (lia multum ex metallo puro in fumos vertant 
 & alportent 5 ut & jadura fiat ; & malla, quae remanet, magis fit obftinata 
 & dura. Debent igitur homines ludibrium illud mulicris AEIbpi cogitare : 
 quae Iperarat, ex duplicata menfura hordci gallinam lUam duo ova quotidic 
 parituram : At ilia impinguata nullum peperit. Prorlus non tutum fucrit 
 alicui cxperimento naturali confidere, nifi fada fuerit probatio, & in minore 
 & in majore quanto. Atque de variatione experimenti hadenus. 
 
 Productio experimenti duplex 5 repetitio &extenfio: nimirum, cum aut 
 cxperimentum iteratur, aut ad fubtilius quiddam urgetur. Repetitionis excm- 
 plum tale fit. Spiritus vini fit ex vino per deftillationcm unicam ; eftquc 
 vino ipfo multo acrior & fortior : num etiam Ipiritus vini ipfc deftillatus 
 five fublimatus, I'e ipfum fortitudine aeque fupcrabit ? At repetitio quoquc 
 lion abique iallacia eft : etenim, tum fecunda exaltatio, prioris cxccflum non 
 aequat; tum etiam iacpcnumero per iterationem experimenti, poft ftatum 
 five acmen quandam opcrationis, tantum abcft ut progrediatur natura,ut po- 
 tius relabatur. Judicium igitur in hac re adhibendum. Item argentum vivum, 
 cii ' in
 
 144 
 
 D E AU G M E N T I S S C I E N T I A R U M. Lib.V. 
 
 \n liutco, aut alias in medio plumbi liqucfadi, cum rcfrigefcere cocperit, 
 \-.ifcmim, ftiipcfit ; ncc amplius fluit : Num & idem argentum vivum, ii 
 lacpius inmiiiVaai fucrit, ira figctur, ut fiat malleabilc ? ExtcnHonis cxeni- 
 p'.nin tale fit: aqua in lummo pofita, & penfdis fadla, & per roltrum vitrt 
 olonuum in viaum dilutum immcrfa, Icparabit aquam a vino: vino in fum- 
 mumlc paulaiim recipientc, aqua in imo fubfidente : num etiam, qucmad- 
 moduni vinum & aqua (corpora fcilicct diveria) hoc ingenio icparantur, 
 poll'int quoquc partes vini (corporis nimirum integri) lubtiliorcs a cralliori- 
 bus Icparari ; ut fiat tanquam delHllatio per pondus, & in fummo repcria- 
 tur aliquid Ipiritui vini proximum, fed forte delicatius ? Item magnes fcr- 
 lum integrum trahit: Num etiam frullum magnetis in dillblutione icrri im- 
 mcrfum, ferrum ad Ic aliiciet, & fe fcrro obducet ? Item, verforium acus 
 nauticac fe ad polos mundi applicat : num etiam eadem via & confecutionc, 
 qua coel cilia ? Videlicet, ut it quis acum in contrario fitu, hoc eft, in pun- 
 clo auftrali ponat, & pauliiper tencat, ac deinde vim omitrat : num forte 
 acus ad fcptentrioncs le conferet, cligendo potius rotate per occidentem iu 
 fitum defideratum, quam per oricntcm ? Item, Aurum argentum vivum, 
 juxta pofitum, imbibit : Num veto aurum recipit illud argentum vivum 
 intra le, fine extenfionc molis fuae, ut fint mafla quaedam ipfo auro ponde- 
 rofior ? Item, homines memoriae ferviunt, collocando imagines perfona- 
 tum in locis. Num etiam idem aftcquentur, miflis locis, & affingendo adio- 
 nes aut habitus perfonis ? Atque de produftione experimenti hactenus. 
 
 Translatio experimenti triplex: aut a natura vel cafu in artcm : aut 
 
 ab arte vel praclica alia in aliam : aut a parte alicujus artis in partem divcr- 
 
 fam ejufdcm. Tranflationis a natura aut cafu in artem innumera funt ex- 
 
 cmpla : adeo ut omncs fere artes mechanicae, a tenuibus initiis, natura aur 
 
 cafu praebitis, ortum habuerint. Adagio receptum erat, botriim contra 
 
 botrum citius mature fcere : Id quod de mutuis amicitiae operis & officiis 
 
 incrcbuit. At noftri cydrae (vini fcilicet ex pomis) confedores, hoc op- 
 
 timc imitantur. Cavent enim, ne poma tundantur aut exprimantur, antc- 
 
 quam nonnullo tempore in acervos conjcda mutuo contadu maturuerint; 
 
 undc nimia potus aciditas cmendetur. Item, Iriduni artificiofarum imita- 
 
 tio ex afperfione fpilTa guttularum, ab iridibus naturalibus ex nube rofcida, 
 
 faciii dudu tranilata eft. Item, modus deftillandi, vel ex alto peti, ex im- 
 
 bribus fcilicet, aut rore : vel ex humili illo cxperimento guttarum, in pa- 
 
 tinis, ollis aquae bullientis, fuperimpofitis, adhacentium, defunii potuit. 
 
 Tonitrua autem & fulgura imitari veritus quis eflet, nifi operculum monachi 
 
 illius chymici, magno impetu & fragore, fubito in fublime jadum, fubmo- 
 
 nuiflct. Verum quo haec res magis exeniplis abundet, eo pauciora adduccrc 
 
 opus fuerit. Debuerant autem homines, 11 illis utilia inquirere vacaret, na- 
 
 turalia opificia & operationes fingulas, attentc & minutim & ex compo- 
 
 fito intueri ; & lecum perpetuo & acriter cogitate, quaenam ex ipfis ad artes 
 
 transferri pollint. Speculum enim artis natura : Nee pauciora funt expc- 
 
 f imenta, quae ab arte in artem, feu a pradica in pradicam transferri pof- 
 
 funt ; licet hoc jarius in ufu fit. Natura enim ubique orunibus occurrit •-, 
 
 at artes fingulae artificibus tantum propriis cognitae funt. Specilla ocularia 
 
 ad vifum debilem Juvanduni inventa iunt : Num & comminifci quis queac 
 
 aliquod inftrumentum quod auribus appenfum, furdaftris ad audicndum 
 
 juvet ? Item, imbalfamationes & mel cadavera confervant j annon pollit 
 
 aliquid ex his, in medicinam transferri, quod etiam vivis corporibus profit ? 
 
 Item, figillorum pradica in cera, cacmcntis, & plumbo, antiqua fuir : At 
 
 I h£CC
 
 fcap.lL DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. i 
 
 haec etiam impreflioni in chartis, five arti typographicae, viam monftravit. 
 Item, lal in coquinaria carncs condit, idque melius Hyeme, quam aeftatc. 
 Annon hoc ad balnea utiliter transferri poflit, eorumque tempcramentum, 
 quando opus fuerit, vel imprimcndum vcl cxtrahcndum. Item, lal in 
 nupero cxperimento, dc conglaciationibus artificialibus, magnas vires ad 
 condenfanduni obtincre repcritur : annon polllt hoc transferri ad cbndenfa- 
 tiones metallorum : cum jampridem notum fit, aquas fortes, cxnonnullis 
 falibus compofltas, dejicere & praecipitare arenulas auri, ex metallis aliqui- 
 bus, auro ipfo minus dcnfis ? Item pidtoria, imagine mcmoriam rci rcnovat : 
 annon hoc tradudum eft in artcnl earn, quam vocant, memoriae ? De his 
 in genere monitum fit ; Quod nihil ad imbrem quchdam inventorum utilium, 
 torundemquc novorum, veluti coelitus deducendum, t^ntum valere polTit, 
 quantum, fi experimenta complurium arrium mcchanicarum, uni homini, 
 aut paucis, qui le invicem colloquiis acucrc pollinr, in notitiam venerint: 
 ut per hanc, quam dicimus, expcrimcntorum tranllationcm, artcs fe mu- 
 tuo fovere, & veluti commixtione radiorum, accendere pollint. Qiiamvis 
 enim via rationalis per organum longc majora Ipondeat : attamcn haec faga- 
 citas, per expcricntiam literatam, plurima interim ex iis, quae in proximo 
 funt, in genus humanum, tanquam miflllia apud antiquos donativa, projicict 
 & fpargct. Supereft ilia tranflatio de parte artis in partem diverlam i 
 quae parum diffcrt a tranflatione de arte in artem : Vcrum quia artcs non- 
 nullac fpatia magna occupant, ut etiam tranflationem expcrimcntorum fcrre 
 intra fe ipfas pollint, hanc etiam fpeciem trandationis fubjungcrc vifum eft: 
 Praecipue, quia magni prorfus eft in nonnulla arte momenti. Plurimuni 
 cnim ad artem medicinac amplificandam profucrit, fi' experimenta partis il- 
 lius medicinac dc curationibus morborum ad partes illas de tuenda lanitatc, 
 & prolongatione vitae, transferantur. Si enim opiatum aliquod infigne, ad 
 fpirituum, in morbo peftilcnti, furibundam inccnfionem reprimcndam, fuftc- 
 cerit ; non dubitet quifpiam, quin fimilc aliquod, debita doii familiare red- 
 ditum, etiam inccnfionem cam glifccntem, & obrcpentem, quae per actj- 
 tcm fit, aliqua ex parte fraenare & retardate pollit. Atque de trailflationc 
 cxperimenti iiaclenus. 
 
 Inversio cxperimenti fit, cum contrarium ejus quod cxperimento con- 
 ftat, probatur. Exempli gratia: calidum per fpecula intcnditur : nuni etiam 
 frigidum? Item, calidum fe difFundendo, fertur tamen potius in liirfum : 
 num etiam frigidum fe difflindendo, fertur magis in deorfum ? Exempli gra- 
 tia, accipias bacillum ferrcum, illudque in uno fine calcfacias ; & deindc 
 erigas fcrrum, parte calefada fubtus locata ; in fuperiore parte manu appo- 
 fita, adutum manumaduretj parte autem calcfada fupra locata, & manu 
 fubtus, multo tardius adurct. Num cfiam, fi totum bacillum calcfiat, & 
 finis alter nive, vel fpongia, in aqua frigida tinda, madcfiat : Si nix aut 
 fpongia fuperius locetur, num (inquam) frigus deorllim mittct citius, quani 
 inferius locata, furfum ? Item, radii iblis fiipra album difliliunr, fupra ni- 
 grum congregantur : num tthm umbrae fupcr nigrum difperduntur, fupcr 
 album congregantur ? Id quod in loco tenebrofo, luce per foranu'n exiguum 
 tantum immilla, fieri videmus, ubi' imagines rerum, quae foras funt, fupcr 
 papyrtmi, quae alba eft, excipiuntur, fupcr nigram minime. Item, vena 
 frontis Ad dolorcm hemicranicum inciditur : num etiam hemicranium fcari- 
 ficatur ad Ibdam ? Atque dc inverfionc cxperimenti hadenus. 
 
 CoMPULSio cxperimenti fit, ubi urgetur & producitur expcrimen- 
 tum, ad annihilationcm vcl priVationem virtutis : in rcliquis cnim vcnatio- 
 ■ Vol. I. T nibus.
 
 i4f, %E AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.V. 
 
 nibus, fcra cipitur tantum : at in ifta, oeciditur. Excirpliim compulfionis 
 talc eft. Magncs fcrrum trahit : Urge ergo fcrrum, aut urge ir.agnetem, 
 ut amplius non fiat attraclio : Vcluti, num forte fi magncs uikis fuerit, aut 
 in aquis fortibus maccratus, virtutcm fuam dcponct, aut laltcm remittee J 
 Contra, fi chalybs aut ferrum in crocuni martis redigantur, vel in chaly- 
 bem, quern vocant praeparatum, vel etiam in aqua forti folvautur : nunv 
 adiiuc ca alliciat n)agnes ? Rurtlis, Magncs ferrum trahit per univerfa, ' 
 quae novimus, media? nempc fi intcrponatur aurum, argcntum, vitrum. 
 Urge igitur aliquod medium, fi fieri pollit, quod virtutcm intcrcipiat : Pro- 
 bctur ar2;cntum vivum : Probentur oleum, gumnii, caVbo Ignitus, & alia, 
 quae adhiic probata non lluit. Item, introdurta lunt nuper perlpicilla, 
 quae vifibilia minuta miris modis multiplicent. Urge ullun corum, vel ad 
 Ibecics tarn pufillas, ut amplius non valcant ; vel ita graudiufculas, ut con- 
 fulidantur. Scilicet, num poterint ilia in urina clare dctcgere ca, quae a- 
 lias non perfpiccrcntur ? Num poterint in gcmmis, ex omni parte puris & 
 nitidis, grana aut nubeculas contpicienda dare ? Num & pulvifcula in fole 
 (quae Democrito pro atomis fuis & principiis rerum, falfifllme objicicbantur) 
 tanquam corpora grandiufcula monftrare ? Num pulverem craffiufculum, 
 ex cinnabari, & ccrufia, ita oftcndcre diftributum, ut apparcant hie granu- 
 la' rubra, illic alba ? Num rurfus, imagines majores (puta faciem, ocu- 
 lunt, &c.) in tantum multiplicatas oftendere, in quantum puliccm, aut ver- 
 jiiiculura? Num byllum, aut hujufmodi textile lintcum delicatius, & paulo 
 apertius, ita foraminatum oftendere, ac fi eflct rete ? Vcrum in compulfio- 
 nibus experimentorum minus moramur, quia fere extra limites expericntiae 
 litcratae cadunt, & ad caufas & axiomata & novum organum potius fpc- 
 clant. Ubicunquc enim fit negativa, aut privativa, aut cxclufiva , coepit 
 jam pracbcri lux nonnuUa ad invcntionem formarum. Atquc dc compulfi- 
 one cxperimenti haftcnus. 
 
 Appltcatio expcrimcnti nihil aliud eft, quam ingcniofa traduftio ejus, 
 ad cxpcrimcntum aliud aliquod utile, Exemplum talc fit. Corpora quaque 
 llias habent dimcnfiones, fua pondcra : Aurum plus ponderis, minus dimen- 
 fionis, quam argentum : Aqua, quam vinum. Ab hoe traducitur expcri- 
 mentum utile, ut ex menfura impleta, & pondcre excepto, pollis dignol- 
 ecre quantum argcnti fuerit admixtum auro, vel aquae vino. Quod fuit 
 'EYf,iix illud Archimedis. Item, carnes in nonnuUis ccllis citius putre- 
 fiunt, quam in aliis : Utile fuerit, cxperimentum hoc traducere ad dig- 
 nofccndos acres, magis aut minus lalubres ad habitationem ; ubi fcilicet 
 carnes diutius vindiccntur a putredinc: poflit idem applicari ad revclandas 
 falubriorcs aut pcftilcntiorcs tempcftates anni. Verum innumera funt cjuf- 
 niodi. Evigilent modo homines & oculos perpetuo, alias ad naturam re- 
 turn, alias ad ullis humanos vertant. Atque de applicatione cxperimenti 
 haftcnus. 
 
 CopuLATio cxperimenti eft applicationum nexus & catena; cum, quae 
 fingula profutura non fuiflent ad uilim aliquem, connexa valcant. Exem- 
 pli gratia ; rofas aut fruftus ferotinos habere cupis : hoc fiet, fi gemmas 
 praecociorcs avellas ; idem fiet, fi radices, ufque ad ver adultum, denudes 
 & aeri exponas 5 at multo magis fi copuletur utrumque. Item, ad refri- 
 gerandum maxime faciunt glacics & nitrum : utrumquc commixtum multo 
 magis. Verum & haec res per fe peripicua eft. Attamen fallacia ei facpc 
 fubefle poflit, (ut & omnibus, ubi defunt axiomata) fi copula fiat ex rebus, 
 quae divcrfis & quafi pugnantibus modis operantur. Atque de copulatione 
 cxperimenti hadenus. Restajjt
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 147 
 
 Restant fortes expcrimcnti. Hie vero experimentandi modus plane 
 irrationalis eft, & quafi furiofus ; cum aliquid experiri velle animum fubeat^ 
 non quia aut ratio, aut aliquod aliud cxperimentum te ad illud dcducat, 
 fed prorfus, quia fimilis res adhuc nunquam tentata fUit. Haud tamcn fcio 
 an in hac ipfa re (de qua nunc agimus) non aliquid magni lateat : /i in- 
 quam omuem lapidem in natura moveas. Magnalia enim naturae fere extra 
 vias tritas & orbitas notas jacent, ut ctiam abfurditas rei aliquando juvet. At 
 fi ratio fimul comitetur, id eft, ut & manifeftum fit, fimile experimcntum 
 nunquam tentatum fuifle, & tamen caufa fubfit magna, cur tcntctur, turn 
 vero hacc res ex optimis eft, & plane ftnus naturae excutit. Exempli gra- 
 tia : In operatione ignis fupcr aliquod corpus naturalc alteram horuni 
 hadenus fempcr cvenit, ut aut aliquid cvolet, (vcluti flamma & fumus, in 
 combuftione vulgari) aut faltem fiat fcparatio partium localis, & ad nonir 
 nuUam diftantiam, ut in deftillatione, ubi faeces fubfidcnt, vapores in reccp- 
 tacula, poftquam luferint, congregantur. At deftillationcm claulam (ita 
 enim earn vocare poflijmus) nemo mortaliam adbuc tentavit : Veriflmilc au- 
 tem videtur vim caloris, fi intra clauftra corporis, fua in altcrando cdat faci- 
 nora ; cum ncc jaftura fiat corporis, ncc etiam liberation turn dcmum hunc 
 materiac Proteum, veluti manicis detentum, ad complures transformationes 
 adafturam, ft modo calor ita temperetur & alternetur, ut non fiat vaforum 
 confradio. Eft enim haec res matrici fimilis naturali, ubi calor operatur, 
 nihil corporis aut emittitur aut feparatur : Nifi quod in matricc conjunga- 
 tur alimentatio j vcrum quatenus ad verfionem eadem res videtur. Tales 
 igitur funt fortes experimenti. 
 
 Illud interim, circa hujufmodi experimcnta, moricmus ; ut nemo ani- 
 mo concidat, aut quafi coafundatur, fi experimcnta, quibus incumbit, cx- 
 pedationi fiiac non refpondcant. Etenim quod fucccdit, magis complacet; 
 at quod lion fuccedit, ihepenumero non minus informat. Atque illud fem- 
 pcr in animo tenendum, (quod perpctuo inculcamus) experimcnta lucifcra 
 ctiam adhuc magis quam frudifcra ambicnda eflc. Atque de literata expe- 
 ricntia hacc dida fint, quae (ut jam ante diximus) fagacitas potius eft, & 
 odoratio quacdam vcnatica, quam fcientia. De novo organo autcm filemus, 
 ncque de eo quicquam praelibamus > quoniam de eo (cum fit res omniuna 
 maxima) opus integrum (annucntc favorc divino) conficcrc nobis in am- 
 ino eft. 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 'Partitio inventivae argument or jim, in promptnariam cr topicam. Tar- 
 tit io topicae, in gencralem cr particular em. Exemplum topicae par- 
 ticularism in inqtiijitione de gravi & Icvi. 
 
 INVENTIO argumentorum, inventio propric non eft. Invenire enim 
 eft ignota dctegcre, non ante cognita rccipcre aut revocare. Hujulcc 
 autcm inventionis ufus atque ofiicium non aliud videtur, quam ex nulla fci- 
 cntiae, quae in animo congefta & rccondita eft, ca quae ad rem aut quacfti- 
 onem inftitutam faciunt, dextere depromerc. Nam cui parum aut niliil, de 
 fubjedo quod proponitur, innotuit, ei loci inventionis non profuut ; contra, 
 cui domi paratum eft, quod ad rem adduci polllt ; is ctiam abfque arte, & 
 locis inventionis, argumenta tandem (licet non ita expedite & commode) 
 . Vol. I. T 2 ■ rcpc-
 
 148 DE AtJGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.V. 
 
 reperiet & producer. Adeo ut hoc genus invcntionis (ficut diximus) in- 
 ventio proprie noa fit ; fed reduftio tantum in memoriam, five luggcftio 
 cum applicatione. Attamen, quoniam vocabulum invaluit & reccprum eft, 
 vocctur fane inventio ; fiquidcm ctiam ferae alicujus vcnario & invcntio, 
 non minus, cum ilia intra vivariorum fepta indagctur, quam cum in faltibuS 
 apcrtis, dici pofllt. Miilis vero verborum fcrupulis, illud conftct, fcopum 
 & finem hujufce rei, cfle promptitudincm quandam & cxpcditum ufum 
 cognitionis noftrae, potius quam ejufdcm amplificationcm aut increment 
 
 turn. 
 
 At QUE ut parata fit ad diflerendum copia, duplex ratio iniri poteft. Aut 
 ut defignetur & quafi indiccmonflrcrur, ad quas partes rem indagare opor- 
 teat ; atque haec eft ea, quam vocamus topicam. Aut ut jam antca compo- 
 fita fint, & in ufum rcpofita argumenta, circa cas res, quae frcquentius inci» 
 dunt & in difceptationem veniunt ; atque hanc promptuariam nominabimus. 
 Haec autem poftcrior tanquam fcicntiae pars vix dici mcretur, cum in diligen- 
 tia potius confiftat quam in cruditione aliqua artiiiciofa. Vcruntamcn hac 
 5n parte Ariftoteles, ingcniofe quidem, fed tamcn damnofe, fophiftas fui 
 temporis deridct, inquicns : Terinde illos facere, ac fi quis calcearinm 
 ■profejfus, rationem calcei conficiendi non doceret, fed exhiberet tanttim 
 calceos complurhnos, diverfae tarn formae quam magnitudhiis. Atta- 
 men hie regere liceat ; calcearium, fi in officina nil calccorum haberct, 
 lieque eos confueret nifi rogatus i egcnum prorfus manfurum, & pcrpaucos 
 inventurum emptores. Sed longe aliter Salvator noftcr, de divina kientia 
 verba facicns, inquit, Omnis fcriba doBus in regno coelornm, fimilts eft 
 homini patrifamilias, qui frofert de thefauro fuo nova cff Vetera. Vi- 
 demus etiara, prifcos rhctores oratoribus pracccpifle, ut praefto haberent 
 locos corhmuncs varios, jam pridem adornatos, & in utramquc partem trada- 
 tos & illuftratos : Exempli gratia. Pro fentcntia legis adverfus verba Ic- 
 gis ; & e contra : Pro fide argumentorum adverfus teftimonia, & c con- 
 tra. Cicero autem ipfe, longa dodus experientia, plane aflerit, pofle ora- 
 torcm diligentcm & fedulum jam praemeditata & elaborata habere, quac- 
 cunque in difceptationem vcnient : Adeo ut in caufae ipfius adlione, nihil 
 novum, aut (libitum inferi neceflc fuerit, praeter nomina nova, & circum- 
 » ftantias aliquas fpeciales. At Demofthenis diligentia & folicitudo eo ufque 
 
 proccftit, ut quoniam primus ad caufam aditus & ingreflus, ad animos au- 
 ditorum praeparandos, plurimum virium haberct, opcrae pretium putaret, 
 complura concionum & orationum exordia componere & in promptu ha- 
 bere. Atque haec excmpla & authoritates meritoAriftotelis opinioni prae- 
 ponderare pollint, qui nobis author forct, ut vcftiarium cum forficc com- 
 mutaremus. Itaque non fuit omittenda haec pars dodlrinae circa promptua- 
 riam, de qua hoc loco fatis. Cum cnim fit utrique, tarn iogicac, quam rhe- 
 toricae, communis ; vifum eft cam hie inter logica curfim tantum perftrin- 
 -gcrej pleniorcm ejus tractationcm ad rhetoricam rejicicntes. 
 
 Partem alteram inventivae (nimirum topicam) particmur in gcncralem 
 & particularcm. Generalis ilia eft, quae in dialeftica diligenter & abunde 
 tradata eft; ut in ejus explicatione morari non fit opus. Illud tamen obiter 
 monendum videtur, topicam iftam non tantum in argumentationibus, ubi 
 €um aliis manum conferimus ; vcrum & in meditationibus, cum quid nobif- 
 cum ipfi commcntamur aut revolvimus, valere. Imo, neque folummodo 
 in hoc fitam cfle, ut inde fiat fuggeftio aut admonitio, quid affirmarc, 
 aut aflercrc > vcrum ctiam quid iaquiccre aut interrogate dcbcamui. At pru- 
 
 dcns
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 149 
 
 dens interrogatio, quafi dimidium fcicntiac. Rede fiquidem Plato, ^i 
 aliquid quaerit, id ipfiim, quod qvaerit, general quadam notione corn- 
 frehendit : aliter, qui fieri potejh ut illud, cum fuerit inventum, a^- 
 Tiofcat? Idcirco quo amplior & certior fuerit anticipatio noftra; eo raa<'is 
 direda & compcndiofa erit inveftigatio. lidcm igitur illi loci, qui ad ii> 
 telleftus noftri fiiius intra nos excutiendos, & congcftam illic fcicntiam de- 
 promcndam, conducent, ctiam ad fcicntiam extrinfecus hauriendam juva- 
 bunt : ita ut fi pi-aefto fuerit quis rei gnarus & pcritus, commode & pru- 
 denter de ca interrogari a nobis pofllt, & fimiliter authores, & libri, & par- 
 tes librorum, qui nos dc lis, quae quaerimus, edoceant & informcnt, utiliter 
 deligi & evolvi. 
 
 A T topica particularis, ad ea, quae dicimus, longe confcrt magis, & pro 
 re fruftuofiflmia habenda eft. lilius certe mentio levis a nonnulJis fcriptori- 
 bus fadta eft, fed integre & pro tci dignitatc minime tradata. Verum 
 miffiim facientes vitiuni illud & faftum, quae nimiuin diu rcgnarunt in fcho- 
 lis : videlicet, ut quae pracfto fuit, infinita fubtilitatc pcrfcquantur j quae 
 paulo remotiora ne attingant quidem : nos fane topicam particularem tan- 
 quam rem apprime utilem, amplcdimur ; hoc eft, locos inquiHtionis & in- 
 ventionis particularibus fubjedis & fcieritiis appropriatos. Illi autem niix- 
 turae quaedam funt ex logica & materia ipfa propria fingularum fcientia- 
 rum. Futilcm enim eflfe conftat, & angufti cujufdam animi, qui exiftimet 
 aritem de fcientiis inveniendis perfedam jam a principio cxcogitari & proponi 
 poflc, eandamque poftca in opere poni & cxerccri deberc. At certo fciant 
 homines, artes inveniendi folidas & veras adolefcerc «Sc incremerita fu- 
 mere cum ipfis invehtis*. Adeo ut cum quis primum ad perfcrutationerri 
 fcientiae alicujus acceflerit, poUit habere praecepta inventivac rionnuUa uti- 
 lia : poftquam autem ampliores in ipfa fcientia progrefllis fcccrir, poflit 
 etiam & debeat nova inventionis praecepta excogitarc, quae ad ultcriora 
 cum fclicius deducant. Similis eft fane haec res viae initae in planitie : poft- 
 quam enim viae partem aliquam fuerimus cmcnfi, non tantum hoc lucrari 
 fumus, ut ad exitum itineris propiuS acccflcrimus ; verum ctiam ut, quod 
 reftat viae, clarius profpiciamus : Eodcm modo, in fcientiis, gradus itineriJ- 
 quifque, ea, quae a tcrgo reliquit, praetervcdus, ctiam ilia, quae fuperfunt, 
 propius dat in confpedum. Hujus aut in topicae exemplum, quoniamcanl 
 inter defiderata reponimus, fubjungcre vifum eft. 
 
 Topica particularism five articuli inquifitionis de gravi dr levi. 
 
 1. Inquiratur, qualia fmt corpora, quae motusgravitatis funt fufccpti- 
 bilia ; qualia, quae levitatis, & fi quae fint mediae, five adiaphorac naturae ? 
 
 2. Pos T inquifitioncm dc gravitate & levitate fimplicem, procedatur ad in- 
 quifitionem comparatam ; quae nimirum ex gravibus plus, quae minus pon- 
 derent in codem dimenfo? Etiam, quae ex levibus celerius ferantur in altum, 
 quae tardius ? 
 
 ^ 3. Inquiratur de eo, quid polTit & operetur quantum corporis ad motum 
 ■gravitatis? Atqui vidcatur hoc primo afpedu quafi fupervacuunij quia ra- 
 tiones motus debcant fequi rationcs quanti. Sed res aliter fc habct : Nam liccL 
 in lancibus quantitas gravitatem corporis ipftus compcnfct; (viribus corporis 
 undiquc coiiuatibus per repcrcuflioncm, five refiftentiam lanciumvcl trabis) 
 tamcn ubi parva datur rcliftcntia, (vctuti in decafu corporum per acrcm,) 
 quantum corporis parum valet ad incitationcm dcfcenfus ; cum viginti pondo 
 plumbi & libra una, codem fcrc fpatio cadant. 
 
 4. Inquira-
 
 150 DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N TI A R U M. lIb. ^. 
 
 4. 1 N c^u I R AT u R utrum quantum corporis ita augcri pofli t, ut motus gravi- 
 tatis prorlus dcponatur ; ut tit in globo tcrrae, qui pcnfilis eft, non cadit ? 
 Utrum igitur poflint cffe aliae itiaflae tarn grandes, ut le ipfac fuftcntent ? 
 Nam latio ad centrum tcrrae res fiditia eft ; atque omnis mafia grandis mo- 
 tum lationis queracunquc cxhorret, nifi ab alio appetitu fortiori vincatur. 
 
 f. Inquir ATUR de eo, quid pofllt & operetur rcfiftentia corporis medii, 
 vel occurrcntis ad regimen motus gravitatis. Corpus vero dcfccndcns aut 
 penctrat & fecat corpus occurrens, aut ab co fiftitur. Si pcnctrct, fit pe- 
 netratio; aut cum levi refiftentia, ut in aere; aut cum fortiori, utin aqua. 
 Si fiftatur, fiftitur aut refiftentia difpari, ubi fit praegravatio, ut fi lignum 
 fuperponatur cerac ; aut acqua, vcluti fi aqua fupcrponatur aquae, aut li- 
 gnum ejufdem generis ligno ; id quod appellat Ichola (apprehenfione qua- 
 dam inani) non ponderate corpus nifi extra locum fuum. Atque haec omnia 
 motum gravitatis variant : Alitcr eniai moventur gravia in lancibus, aliter in 
 decafu: Etiam alitcr (quod mirum videri poillt) in lancibus pendentibus in 
 aerc, aliter in lancibus immerfis in aqua : alitcr in decafu per aquam j aliter 
 in natantibus five vedis fuper aquam. 
 
 6. Inquiratur de eo, quid pofilt & operetur figura corporis dcfcen- 
 dentis ad rcgendum motum gravitatis ; vcluti figura lata cum tenuitate, 
 cubica, oblonga, rotunda, pyramidalis, & quando fe vertant corpora, quan- 
 do eadem, qua dimittuntur, pofitura permaneant ? 
 
 7. In (^u I R AT UR de eo, quid pofiit & operetur continuatio & progrefllo 
 iplius cafus five dcfcenfus, ad hoc, ut majori incitatione & impctu teratur j 
 & qua proportione & quoufquc invalefcat ilia incitatio? fiquidem veteres 
 levi contcmplationc opinati funt (cum motus naturalis fit ifte) eum pcrpctuo 
 augeri & intcndi. 
 
 8. Inquiratur de eo, quid pofllt &; operetur diftantia aut proximitas" 
 corporis defccndentis a terra, ad hoc, ut celerius cadat, aut tardius, aut eti- 
 am non omnino, (ft modo fucrit extra orbem adivitatis globi terrae, quae 
 Gilbert! opinio fuit :) atque fimul de eo, quid operetur immcrfo corporis 
 defccndentis magis in profundum terrae, aut cojlocatio ejufdem propius ad 
 fuperficicm terrae ? Erenim hacc res etiam motum variat, ut operantibus in. 
 mineris perfpedum eft. 
 
 9. Inq^uiratur de eo, quid polTit & operetur differentia corporum, 
 per quae motus gravitatis ditFunditur & communicatur : atque utrum aeque 
 communicctur per corpora mollia & porofa, ac per dura & folida : veluti fl 
 trabs lands fit ex altera parte lingulac lignea, ex altera argcntea, (licet fue- 
 rint reductacad idem pondus,) utrum non progignat variationem in lancibus ? 
 Similiter, utrum metallum lanae, aut veficae inflatae, fuper-impofitum, idem 
 ponderer, quod in fundo lancis ? 
 
 10. Inquiratur de eo, quid pofllt & operetur in communicationc 
 motus gravitatis diftantia corporis a libramine : Hoc eft, cita 5c fera pcr- 
 ccptio incubitus five deprefllonis : veluti in lancibus > ubi altera pars tra- 
 bis eft longior, (licet reduda ad idem pondus) an inclinci hoc ipfum lan- 
 ccm ? Aut in tubis arcuatis, ubi longior pars certe trahet aquam, licet bre- 
 vior pars, (fada fcilicet capacior,) majus contincat pondus aquae. 
 
 11. Inq^uiratur de eo, quid pofllt intermixtio five copulatio corporis 
 levis cum corpore gravi, ad elcvandam corporis gra\itatem, ut in pondcrc 
 animalium \ivorum & mortuorum ? 
 
 12. Inquiratur de fecretis afccnfibus & defccnfibus partium Icvio- 
 irum & graviorum in uno corpore intcgro ; unde fiant faepc accuratae fepa- 
 
 rationes 5
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM, 151 
 
 rationes 5 ut in fcparatione vini 6c aquae ; in afccnfionc floris laclis, & fi- 
 milibus. 
 
 13. Inquiratur, quae fit linca & diredio motus gravitatis, Sc quatc- 
 nus Il-quatur vel centrum terrac, id eft, iDafTam tcrrae ; vci centrum cor- 
 poris iplius, id eft, nixum partium ejus. Centra enim ilia ad demonftra- 
 tiones apta ft.uit, in natura nihil valcnt. 
 
 14. Inquiratur de comparatione motus gravitatis cum motibus aliis ; 
 quos fcilicet vincat, quibus ccdat ? Veluti in motu (quern appellant) vio- 
 Icnto, motus gravitatis compcfcitur ad tempus : etiam, cum pondus longe 
 majus fcrri ab cxiguo magncte attollitur, cedit motus gravitatis motui fym- 
 patliiac. 
 
 1 5". I N QU 1 R AT UR dc motu atiris, utrum fcratur Turfum, an fit tanquam 
 adiaphorus? Quod difficile eftinventu, niit per experimcnta aliqua exqui- 
 fita : Nam emicatio aeris in fundo aquae fit potius per plagam aquae, quam 
 per motum aeris, cum idem etiam fiat in ligno. Aer autem aeri commiftus 
 nihil prodit, cum non minus levitatem exhibeat aer in acre, quam gravira- 
 tcm aqua in aqua : in bulla autem, exili obduda pellicula, ad tempus ftat. 
 
 16. Inquiratur, quis fit terminus levitatis .' Nequc enim queznad- 
 modum centrum terrae pollierunt centrmii gravitatis, volunt (credo) ut ul- 
 tima convexitas coeli fit terminus levitatis. An potius, veluti gravia vidcn- 
 tur coulque ferri, ut decumbant, & tanquam ad immobile 5 ita levia coul- 
 que ferantur, ut rotari incipianr, & tanquam ad motum fine termiiio? 
 
 17. Inquiratur quid in caufa fit, cur vapores & haJitus eoulque in 
 altum, ac fita eft regio (quam vocant) media aeris, ferantur ; cum & cral'- 
 fiufculac fint materiae, & radii foils per vices (noftu fcilicet) ceflent ? 
 
 18. Inq^uiratur de regimine motus flammae in furfum 5 quod co 
 abftrufius eft, quia fingulis momentis flamma perit, nifi forte in medio flam- 
 marum majorum : ctenim flammae abruptac a continuitate fua parum durant. 
 
 15). Inquiratur de motu in furfum ipfius adivitatis calidl 5 veluti 
 cum calor in ferro candente citius glifcit in furfum> quam in deorllim. 
 
 ExEMPLUM igitur topicae particularis tale fit : illud interim, quod mo- 
 nerc occepimus, iterum monemus, nempe ut homines debeant topicas par- 
 ticulares fuas alternare, ita ut poft majores progrefllis aliquos in inquifi- 
 tione fados, aliam & fubinde aliam inllituant topieam 5 fi modo fcientia- 
 rum faftigia confcendere cupiant. Nos autem topicis particularibus tantum 
 tribuimus, ut proprium opus dc ipfis, in fubjedis naturalibus dignioribus & 
 obfcurioribus, conficerc in animo habeamus. Domini enim quaclUonum 
 fumus, rerum non item. Atque de inventiva hadcnus. 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Tartitio artisjndicandi in judicium per induBionem, a^ per fyllogiftnum. 
 Riorum pritis aggregatur organo no'vo. 'Partitio prnna jv.dicii per 
 fyllogifymim ifi redii^ionem reBam Cf inverfam. 'Partitto fcciMuia 
 ejus- in analytic am & doEirinam dc elenchis. Tart it io dodirinae de 
 i'lenchis in elenchos fophifmatmn, elenchos hermcniae, & elencbos ima- 
 ginum^ Jive idolomm. Tart it 10 idolorirm i?i idola tribus, idola fpe- 
 cns, &■ idola fori. Appendix art is jndicandi^ ^cidelicet de analogia 
 dvmonftratiomim pro natura fnbjecii. 
 
 T 
 
 RANSEAMUS nunc ad judicium five artcm judicandi, in qua 
 agitur dc natura probationum five demonllration'mn. In arte autem 
 
 ifta
 
 152 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.V. 
 
 ifta judicandi (ut etiam vulgo reccptum eft) aut per induftioneni, aut pcf 
 fyllo2;irmum concluditur : Nam cnthymemata & cxcmpla, illorum duorum 
 compendia tantum funt. At quatcnus ad judicium, quod fit per induftio- 
 nem nihil eft, quod nos detincre debcat : uno fiquidcm eodcmquc mentis 
 opere illud, quod quaeritur, & invcnitur & judicatur. Nequc enim per 
 medium aliquod res tranfigitur, fed immediate, eodem fere modo, quo fit 
 in lenfu. Quippe fenfus in objedis fiiis primariis fimul & objefti Ipeciem 
 arripit, & ejus veritati confentit. Aliter autem fit in fyllogifmo ; cujus 
 probatio immediata non eft, fed per medium pcrficitur. Itaque alia res eft 
 inventio medii, alia judicium de conlequentia argumenti. Nam primo dil- 
 currit mens, poftea acquielcit. At induclionis formam vitioiam prorlus 
 valerc jubemus; legitimam ad novum organum remittimus. Itaquc de ju- 
 dicio per indudionem hoc loco latis. 
 
 De illo altcro per fyllogifiiium quid attinet dicere h cum fiibtiliflimisin- 
 geniorum limis hacc res fere attrita fit, & in multas minutias rcdada ? Nee 
 mirum, cum fit res, quae cum inteliedu humano magnam habeat lympa- 
 thiam. Nam animus humanus miris modis ad hoc contcndit & anhclat, 
 tit non penfilis lit, led nancilcatur aliquid fixum & immobile, cui tanquam 
 firmamcnto in tranlcurfibus & dilquilitionibus fuis innitatur. Sancquemad- 
 modum Ariftotclesprobarc conatur, inveniri in omni motu corporum aliquid 
 quod quielcit ; & fabulam antiquam de Atlante, qui ipfc ercclus coelum hu- 
 mcris liiftinuit, pereleganter ad polos mundi traducit, circa quos conver- 
 fiones expediuntur : Similiter magno ftudio appetunt homines aliquem ha- 
 bere intra fe cogitationum Atlantem aut polos, qui intcUcdus fluduationes 
 & vertigines aliquatenus regant ; timentcs fcilicet, nc coelum ipforum ruat. 
 Itaque ad principia fcientiarum conftitucnda praepropcre feftinarunt, circa 
 quae omnis diiputationum varietas verteretur, fine periculo ruinae & cafiis j 
 nefcicntes profcdo eum, qui ccrta nimis propere captaverit, in dubiis finitu- 
 rum : qui autcni judicium tcmpcftive cohibuerit, ad certa perventurum. 
 
 AIanifestum eft igitur, artcm hanc judicandi per fyllogiliiium ni- 
 hil aliud eflc, quam redudionem propofitionum ad principia per medios 
 tcrminos. Principia autem conlenfu recepta intelliguntur, atque a quae- 
 rtione cximuntur. At terminorum mcdiorum inventio libero ingeniorum 
 acumini & invelligationi pcrmittitur. Eft autem rcdudio ilia duplex, di- 
 rcda icilicet, & inverfa. Direda eft, cum ipla propofitio ad ipfum princi- 
 pium reducitur : id quod probatio oftenfiva vocatur. Inveria eft, cum coii- 
 tradidoria propofitionis reducitur ad contradidorium principii ; quod vo- 
 cant probationcm per incommodum. Numeros vero terminorum mcdiorum, 
 ilve Icala corum, minuitur aut augetur, pro remotionc propofitionis a prin- 
 cipio. 
 
 His pofitis, partiemur artem judicii (ficut vulgo fcrefolet) in analyticam, 
 & dodrinam de elenchis : altera indicat, altera cavet : Analytica enim vcras 
 formas inftituit de conlequentiis argumentorum j a quibus fi varietur five 
 defledatur, vitiola deprehcnditur cfle conclufio : Atque hoc iplum in fe 
 elenchum quendam five redargutionem continet. Rectum enim (ut dici- 
 tur) & fui index eft, & obliqui. Tutifiiimum nihilominus eft clenches 
 veluti monitores adhibere, quo facilius dctcgantur fallaciac, judicium alio- 
 •quin illaqucaturae. In analytica vcro nihil dcfidcrari rcpcrimus, quin potius 
 oneratur lUperfluis quam indiget acccfiionibus. 
 
 DocTRiNAM de elenchis in tres partes dividere placet: Elenchos fo- 
 phifmatum, elenchos hermeniae, & elenchos imaginum five idolorum. Do- 
 
 drina
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 15 
 
 ftrina dc clcnchis Ibphifmatum apprimc utilis eft : quamvis cnim pinguius 
 fallaciarum genus, a Seneca, non infcite comparetur cum pracftigiatorum 
 tcchnis : in quibus quo pado res geratur ncfcimus ; alitcr autem It habere 
 rem quam videtur, llitis novimus : ilibtiliora tamen fophifmata non folum 
 id praeftant, ut non habcat quis quod rcfpdndeatj led & judicium ipfuni 
 Terio confundunt. 
 
 Haec pars de clcnchis fophifmatum praeclare tradata eft ab Ariftorcic 
 quoad pracccpta : ctiam a Platone adhuc melius, quoad cxempla : nequc 
 illud tantum in pertbna fophilbrum antiquorum, (Gorgiae, Hippiae, Pro- 
 tagorae, Euthydcmi, & rehquorum) verum ctiam in perlbna ipfais Socratis, 
 qui cum ilhid lemper agar, ut nihil affirmcr, (ed a cactcris in medium ad- 
 ducta intirmct, ingcnioiillime objcdionum, tallaciarum, & redargutionuni 
 modos cxprcirit. Itaque in hac parte nihil habemus quod defidercmus. Illud 
 interim notandum ; quamvis ufum hujus doftrinae probum & praccipuum, 
 in hoc pollierimus, ut redarguantur Ibphifmata; liquido nihilominus pa- 
 tere, ufum ejus dcgencrcm & corruptum, ad caprioncs & contradioncs 
 per ilia ipfa ibphifmata ftruendas 6c concinnandas Ipcftare. Qiiod genus 
 facultatis ctiam pro eximio habetur, & hand parvas alfert utilitatcs. Licet 
 clcganter introducla iit a quopiam ilia differentia inter oratorcm & Ibphi- 
 ftani ; quod alter tanquam leporarius curfu praeftet 5 alter tanquam lepus ipfc 
 flexu. 
 
 Sequuntur clcnchi hermeniae : Ita ehim (vocabulum potius, quam 
 fenlum ab Ariftotcle mutuantes) eos appellabimiis. Redigamus igitur ho- 
 minibus in memoriam, ea quae a nobis de tranlccndentibus & dc adventitiis 
 entium conditionibus, five adiundis, (cum dc philolbphia prima ageremus) 
 iupcrius dida funt. Ea ilmt, majus, minus, multum, paucum, prius, poflc- 
 rius, idem, divcrlum, potentia, adus, habitus, privatio, totum, partes, 
 agcns, patiens, motus, quies, ens, non ens, & fimilia. Inprimis autem mc- 
 mincrint & notent, diftcrentcs cas, quas diximus, harum rcruni contcmpla- 
 tioncs: \idelicet quod poilint inquiri vel phyficc, vel logicc. Phy/icam 
 autem circa cas tradationcm, philolbphiac primac aflignavimus, Supercfl 
 logica : Ea vcro ipfa efl res, quam in praefenti dodrinam de clcnchis her- 
 meniae nominamus. I^ortio certe eft haec dodrinae fana & bona. Hoc 
 cnim habent notiones iliac generalcs & communes, ut in omnibus difputa- 
 tionibus ubiquc intcicurrant ; adeo ut nifi accurate, & anxio cum judicio, 
 bene jam ab initio difiinguantur ; univerfa difputationum lumini caligincm 
 miris modis olfufurac fuir, & eo rem fere dedudurae, ut definant difputa- 
 tiones in pugnas verlx)rum. Etenim acquivocationes, & malac acceptioncs 
 verborum, (pracfertim hujus generis) funt fophifmata fophifmatum. Quarc 
 ctiam melius vifum eft, ilbrum tradationcm leorfum conftituere; quam 
 cam, \el in philolbphiam primam five metaphyficam rccipcre ; vel ex parte 
 anaiyticae lubjicere ; ut Ariftotcles fatis confute fecit. Dedimus autem ei 
 nomcn ex ulli, quia verus ejus ufus eft plane redargutio, & cautio circa 
 ufum \'crborum. Qiiinimo partem illam dc praedicamentis, Hi rede infti- 
 tuatur, circa cautiones de non confundendis aut tranfponendis definitionum 
 & divilionum terminis, praccipuum ulum ibrtiri exiftimamus, & hue ctiam 
 referri malumus. Atque dc clcnchis hermeniae hadenus. 
 
 A» claichos \cro imaginum five idolorum quod attinet, funt quidem 
 idola, profundiilimae mentis humanae fallaciae. Ncque cnim fallunt in 
 particularibus, ut caetcrac, judicio caligincm ofTundcndo, & lendiculas 
 Ih'iicndo : fed plane ex praedifpofitionc mentis prava, & perperam con- 
 
 Vol. I. U ftituta.
 
 154 DE- AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.V 
 
 ftituta, quae tcinquam omncs intcl'.cdus anticipationcs dctorquct & infi- 
 cit. Nam mens humana (corporc obduda & obfulcata) tantum abcft ut 
 ipcculo piano, acqualU & claio fimilis fit, (quod rcrum radios finccrc cxci- 
 piat & rcflcclat,) ut potius fit inftar fpcculi alicujus incantati, plcni lupcrfti- 
 tionibus & fpedris. Imponuntur autcm iatcllcclui idola, aiit pci- naturam 
 ipfam generis human! gcncralcm : aut pet naturam cujulquc individualcm : 
 aut per verba, five naturam communicativam. Primum genus idola tribus j 
 fccundum idola Ipecus ; tcrtium idola fori vocarc confuevimus. Ell & quar- 
 tum genus, quod idola theatri appellamus, atque fuperindudum clt a pravis 
 theoriis, five philolbphiis, & pcrvcrfis Icgibus demonftrationum : Vcrum 
 hoc genus abnegari poteft &: dcponi ; itaque illud in pracfentia omittemus. 
 At reliqua plane obfident mentem, ncque prorllis evcUi polliuit. Igitur 
 non eft, quod quis in iftis analyticam aliquam cxpeclct ; led dodrina de 
 clenchis eft, circa ipfa idola, dodrina primaria. Neque (fi verum omnino 
 dicendum fit) doftrina de idolis, in artem rcdigi poilit : led tantum adhiben- 
 da eft, ad ea cavenda, prudcntia quacdam contemplativa. Horum autem 
 traftationcm plenam & fiibtikm ad novum organum amandamusj pauca 
 gcneraliter tantum de iis hoc loco diduri. 
 
 Idolorum tribus excmplum tale fit. Natura intelledus humani magis 
 afficitur affirmativis & aclivis, quam negativis & privativis, cum rite & or- 
 dine aequum Ic utriquc pracbcre debcat. At ilk, fi res quacpiam aliquando 
 exiftat & teneat : fortiorem recipit de ea imprclllonem, quam fi eadem longc 
 pluries fallat, aut in contrarium eveniat. Id quod omnis fuperftitionis & 
 vanae crcdulitatis quafi radix eft. Itaque recte relpondit ille, qui, cum fii- 
 fpenla tabula in templo monftraretur eorum, qui vota folverant, quod nau- 
 fragii periculum eftugiflcnt; atque intcrrogando prcmcrctur, annon turn 
 demum Neptuni numen agnofecret? Quacfivit viciilim, At ubi lunt illi 
 dcpidi, qui poft vota nuncupata perierunt? Atque eadem eft ratio liiper- 
 ftitionum fimilium, ficut in aftrologicis, inlbmniis, ominibus, & reliquis. Al- 
 tcrum exemplum eft hujufmodi; animus humanus (cum fit ipfc fubftantia 
 aequalis & unitbrmis) majorem pracfiipponit & affingit in natura rerum aequa- 
 litatem & unilbrmitatem, quam revera eft. Hinc commentum mathema- 
 ticorum, in coeleftibus omnia moveri per circulos pcrfedos, rejiciendo lineas 
 Tpirales: Hinc etiam fit, quod cum multa fint in natura monodica, & plena 
 imparitatis; affiugat tamcn lemper cogitatio humana, relativa, parallela, & 
 conjugata: ab hoc enim fontc elementum ignis cum orbe Ilio introductum 
 eft, ad conllitucndam quaternionem cum reliquis tribus, terra, aqua, aerc. 
 Chymici autcm fanatlcam inftruxerunt rcrum univerlhrum phalangem, ina- 
 nilllmo commento invcniri fingentes, in quatuor illis lliis elcmcntis, (coelo, 
 aerc, aqua, & terra,) Ipecies fingulas parallelas invicem & conformes. Tcr- 
 tium excmplum eft fupcriori finitimum ; quod homo fiat quafi norma & 
 Ipcculum naturae: Ncque cnim credibile eft, (fi fingula pcrcurrantur & no- 
 tentur) quantum agmen idolorum philolbphiac immilerit naturalium opera- 
 tionum ad fimilitudincm aClionum humanarum redudio : Hoc ipfum in- 
 quam, quod putetur talia naturam facere, qualia homo tacit. Ncque 
 multo mcliora Ibnt ifta quam haercfis anthropomorphitarum, in cellis ac lo- 
 litudine ftupidorum monachorum orta : aut Icntentia Epicuri huic ipfi in 
 paganihiio relpondens, qui diis hunianam figuram tribuebar. At non opus 
 fuit Vellcio Epicureo interrogare, Cur Deus coeluni ftellis & luminibuSj 
 tanquam acdilis, ornallet ? Nam fi I'ummus ille opifex ad modum acdilis fe 
 gcifinct, in pulchrum aliquem &c elcgantem ordincm ftellas digererc dcbu- 
 
 iflct.
 
 Cap.IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTlARUM. 15 
 
 iflet, operofis palariorum laqucaribus confimilcm ; cum e contra acgre qnis 
 oftendat in tarn infinite ftellarum numcro figuram aliquam vol quadratam, 
 vel triangularem, vcl redtilineatcm. Tanta eft hamioniae difcrcpantia inter 
 fpirituni hominis & fpiritum mundi. 
 
 QyoD ad idola fpecus attinet, ilia ortum habcnt ex propria cujufquc na- 
 tura & animi & corporis ; atque ctiam ex educatione & confuetudine, & 
 fortuitis rebus, quae fingulis hominibus accidunt. Pulchcrrimum enim em- 
 blema eft illud de (pecu Platonis : Siquidcm fi quis (milla ilia cxquifita para- 
 bolae fubtilitate) a prima infantia, in antro aut caverna obfcura & fubter- 
 ranea, ad maturam ufque aetarem dcgerct, & tunc dcrepente in aperta pro- 
 dirct, & hunc coeli & rerum apparatuni contucretur ; dubium non eft, quin 
 animum ejus fubirent & perftringercnt quamplurimac mirae & abfurdilfimac 
 phantafiae. Nos vcro fcilicet fub afpedlu cocli degimus ; interca tamcn ani- 
 mi in cavcrnis corporum noftrorum conduntur 5 ut infinitas errorum & falfita- 
 tum imagines haurire necefTc fit, ii e fpecu fua raro tantum & ad breve ali- 
 quod tempus prodcant, & non in contemplatione naturae perpetuo, tnnquani 
 lub dio, morentur. Emblemati fiquidem illi dc fpccu Platonis optimc con- 
 venit parabola ilia Heracliti i quod homines fcientias in mundis propriis, & 
 non in mundo majore quaerant. 
 
 At idola fori moleftilTima funt, quae ex focderc tacito inter homines, de 
 verbis & nominibus impofitis, fc in intcllc(flum infinuarunt. Verba autein 
 pkrunque ex captu vulgi induntur; atque per difFerentias, quarum vulgus 
 capax eft, res fecant 5 cum autem intcllcftus acutior aut obfcrvatio diligen- 
 tior res melius diftinguerc velit, verba obftrcpunt. Qiiod vcrohujus rcmc- 
 dium eft, (definitioncs Icilicct) in plurimis huic malo mcdcri ncquit, quo- 
 niam & iplae definitioncs ex verbis conftcnt, & verba gignant verba. Etli 
 autem putemus verbis noftris nos imperare 5 & illud facile didlu fit, lo- 
 quendum effe ut vulgus, fentlcndum ut fapicntes. Quinetiam vocabula 
 artium (quae apud peritos folum valent) huic rei fatisfaccre videri poflintj 
 & definitioncs (de quibus diximus) artibus praemiflac, (fecundum pruden- 
 tiam mathematicorum) vocabulorum pravas acceptioncs corrigere valeant; 
 attamen haec omnia non fufficiunt, quo minus vcrborum praeftigiae & in- 
 cantationes plurimis modis fcducant, & vim quandam intellcftui faciant, & 
 impctum fuum (more Tartarorum fagittationis) retro in intcUcdum (undc 
 profcfta funt) retorqucant. Quare akiorc, & novo quodam remcdio, ad 
 hoc malum opus eft. Vcrum hacc jam curfim pcrftringimus, interim defi- 
 derari pronunciantes hanc doftrinam, quam elenchos magnos, five de idolis 
 animi humani nativis & adventitii?, appcllabmius. Ejus autem tradtationem 
 Icgitimam ad organum novum rcferinuis. 
 
 Super EST artis judicandi appendix quaedam infignis, quam etiam de- 
 fiderari ftatuimus. Siquidcm Ariftotelcs rem notavit, modum rei nullibi 
 perfecutus eft, Ea tractat, qualcs demonftrationes ad quales matcrias five 
 fubjeda applicari debcant; ut haec dodrina tanquam judicationes judica- 
 tionum contineat. Optmic enim Ariftotelcs, Neque demonftrationes ab ora- 
 toribus, neque fuafiones a mathcmaticis, rcquiri dcbcrc monct. Ut fi in 
 probationis generc aberretur, judicatio ipfa non abfolvatur. Qiiando vero fint 
 quatuor dcmonftrationum genera, vel per confcnfum immcHiatum & notioncs 
 communes, vel per indudionem, vel per fyllogifmum, vel per earn (quam re- 
 de vocat Ariftotelcs) dcmonftrationcm in orbem, (non a notioribus (ciliccr, 
 fed tanquam de piano,) habcnt hae demonftrationes fuigulae ccrtc fubjeda, 
 & matcrias fcicmiarum in quibus pollent i alia, a quibus cxcluduntur. Et- 
 
 VoL. I. V 2 cnim
 
 156 DE AUGMENTIS S C IE NTI AR U M. Lib. V. 
 
 cmm ri^or & curiofitas in pofcendo probationcs nimium feveras in aliquibus 
 multo rna'_;is facilitas & rcmillio in acquiefcendo probationibus levioribus in 
 aliis, inter ca lunt numcranda, quae detrimenti plurinium & impcdinienti 
 fcientiis attuierunt. Atque de arte judicandi hacc dida Tint. 
 
 C A P. V. 
 
 Tarritio arti'S^retinendi five retentivae in doElrinam de adminkulis 
 memoriae, & do^rinam de memorja ipfa. Tart it io do^rinae de me- 
 moria ipfa, in praenotionem d' embkma. 
 
 ART EM retinendi five cullodicndi in duas doclrinas pacticmur: Do- 
 ctrinam fcilicct de adminiculis memoriae, & dodlrinam dc mcmoria ip- 
 fa. Adminiculum mcmouac plane fcriptlo eft : Atque omnino monendum 
 quod mcmoria fine iioc adrainiculo, rebus prolixioribus & accuratioribus 
 impar fit ; neque uUo modo, nifi de fcripto, rccipi debeat. Quod ctiam in 
 philolbphia indudiva, & interpretatione naturae, praecipue obtinet : Tarn 
 cnim poflit quis calculationes cpiiemcridis, memoria nuda, abfque fcripto 
 abfolvere, quam interpretationi naturae per meditationes & vires memoriae 
 nativas &. nudas fufficere ; nifi eidem memoriae per tabulas ordinatas mini^ 
 ftretur. Verum milla interpretatione naturae, quae dodlrina nova eft, eti- 
 am ad vctercs & popularcs fcientias baud quicquam fere utilius elVe poilit, 
 quam memoriae adminiculum folidura & bonum ; hoc eft, digeftum pro- 
 bum & eruditum locorum communium. Neque tamen me fugiti quod 
 relatio corum, quae legimusaut difcimus, in locos communes damno eru- 
 ditionis ab aliquibus imputctur, lit quae lediouis curfum rcmorctur, &: me- 
 moriam ad fcriandum invitet. Attamen quoniam adulterina res eft in fcien- 
 tiis praccoccm efle & promptum ; nifi ctiam Iblidus fis & multipliciter in- 
 ftrudus; dili:j;cntiam & laborem in locis communibus congerendis magni 
 prorfus rem cife ufus «Sc firmitudinis, in ftudiis judicamus ; veluti quae in- 
 ventioni copiam fubminiftret, & aciem judicii in unum contrahat. Verum 
 eft t^men inter mcthodos & fyntaxes locorum communium, quas nobis ad- 
 huc vidcre contigit, nullam reperiri, quae alicujus fit prctii: quandoqui- 
 dem in titulis fuis ficicm prorilis cxhibeant magis fcholae, quam mm:di, 
 vulgares «Sc paedagogicas adhibentcs divifioncs, non autcm eas, quae ad rcrum 
 medullas & interiora quovis modo penctrent. 
 
 Circa memoriam autcm ipfam latis fegniter & languide videtur adhuc 
 inquifitum. Extat certe de ca ars quacpiam : verum nobis conftat tum meliora 
 pracccpta de mcmoria confirmanda & amplianda habcri pollc, quam ilia ars 
 complcdirur; tum praclicam illius ipfius artis meliorem inftitui pofle, quam 
 quae rcccpta eft. Neque tamen ambigimus, iS^ cui placet hac arte ad oftenta- 
 tionem abuti) quin pollint praeftari per cam nonnulla mirabilia & portento- 
 fa: Sed nihilominus res quafi fterilis eft, (eo quo adhibctur modo) ad ufus 
 humanos. At illud interim ci non imputamus, quod naturalem memoriam 
 deftruat & fuperoneret, (ut vulgo objicitur,) fed quod non dcxtcrc inftituta 
 fit ad auxilia memoriae commodanda in negotiis & rebus feriis. Nos ve- 
 ro hoc habemus, (fortafle ex gencrc vitae noftro politicae) ut, quae ar- 
 tem jadant, ufum non praebent, parvi faciamus. Nam ingentem numerum 
 nomiuum aut verborum femel recitatorum eodem ordlne ftatim rcpctcre, aut 
 vcrfu-s complures de quovis argumento cxtenjporc conficerc, aut quicquid 
 
 occurri;
 
 Cap. V. DE AUGMENTIS S CI EN T I ARU IVi. t^y 
 
 occurrit Satyrica aliqua fimilitudinc perftrin<i;ci:e, aut fcria quacque in jo- 
 Cum vcrterc, aut contradidionc & cavillationc quidvis cludcrc, & iTmilia j 
 (quorum in facukatibus animi haud cxigua dt copiaj quacque ingcnio Sc 
 cxercitationc ad miraculum ufque extoUi pollunt ;) haec ccrtc omnia & his 
 fimilia nos non majoris facinius, quam funambulorum & mimorum agilita- 
 tcs & ludicra : Etenim cadcm fermc rcslUnt; cum hacc corporis, ilia ani- 
 mi vir;bus abuta^tur j & admirationis forfitan aliquid habcant, dignitatis 
 parum. 
 
 Ars auttm memoriae duplici nititur intentione, pracndtione & env 
 blemate. Praenotioncm vocamus ablciilioncm quandam invefligationis infi- 
 nitae. Cum enim quis aliquid rcvocarc in mcmoriamconatur 5 ft nullam 
 praenotioncm habcar, aut pcrceptioncm ejus quod quacrit; quacrit certe 
 & molitu-r, & hac iliac difcurrit, tanquam in infinito. C>tiod i\ cerram ali- 
 quam praenotioncm habcar, ftatim abfcinditur infinitum, & fit difcurfus 
 memoriae magis in vicino ; ut vcnatio damae intra fcpta. Itaque & ordo 
 manifefto juvat memoriam. Subcil enim pracnotio, id quod quaeritur, tale 
 cfle debcre, ut conveniat cum ordine. Similiter carmina facilius difcuntur 
 memoriter, quam profa. Si enim haerctur in aliquo verbo ; fubcft prac- 
 notio, tale debere cfle vcrbum, quod conveniat cum verlli. Atque ifta 
 praenotio eft artificialis memoriae pars prima : Nam in artificiali mc- 
 moria locos habemus jam ante digeftos & paratos ; imagines extempore^ 
 prout res poftulat, conficimus : At fubeft praenotio, talcm eile debere 
 imaginem, qualis aliquatcnus conveniat cum loco : Id quod vellicat me- 
 moriam, & aliquo modo munit ad rcm^ quam quacrimus. Emblcma vc- 
 ro deducit intellcduale ad lenfibilc : Senfibile autem Temper fortius per- 
 cutit memoriam, atque in ea facilius imprimirur quam intelleclualc. 
 Adeo ut etiam brutorum mcmoria per fcnfibile cxcitctur, per intclle- 
 duale minimc. Itaque facilius retineas imaginem vcnatoris Icporem per- 
 fequentis, aut pharmacopoci pyxides ordinantis, aut pcdantii orationem 
 habcntis, aut pucri verfus memoriter recitantis, aut mimi in Icena agentis; 
 quam ipfas notioncs invcntionis, difpoficionis, elocutionis, memoriae, ac- 
 tionis. Sunt & alia, quae pertinent ad memoriam juvandam, (ut modo 
 diximus ;) fed ars, quae jam liabetur, ex his duobus jam praemifils con- 
 fiftit. Particulares autem artium defcdus perfequi, fucrit ab inflituto noftro 
 recedere. Igitur de arte rctinendi five cultodiae haec dida fint. )am \cro 
 ad quartum membrum logicac, quod traditionem 6c elocutionem tradat, 
 ordine pervenimus. 
 
 F RAN^
 
 FR^NCISCI 
 
 Baronis de VERULAMIO, 
 
 Vice-Comltis Sancti Albani, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augments Scientiarum, 
 
 LIBER SEXTUS: 
 
 ADREGEMSUUM. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 7artitto traditivae in docirinam de organo fermonis ; do^hinam de 
 methodo fermonis } & doEfrinam de tUuftratione fermonis. Tartitia 
 do6trinae de organo fermonis tn do£irinam de notis rerum -, de locu- 
 tione, & de fcriptione : ^arum duae pojieriores grammaticam con- 
 Jiituunt, ejiifque partitiones funt. 'Partitio do£frinae de notis rerum in 
 hieroglyphica c^ char a& ere s reales. Tartitio fecunda grammaticae in 
 literariam & philofophantem. Aggrcgatio po'efeos quoad metrum ad 
 doBrinam de locutione. Aggregatio decirinae de ciphris ad docirinam 
 de fcriptione. 
 
 CONCEDITUR ccrte cuivis (rex optime) fcipfum & fua ri- 
 cere & ludcrc. Quis igitur novir, num forte opus iliud noftrum 
 non defcriptum fucrit ex libro quodam vcteri, rcpcrto inter libros 
 famofillimae illius bibliothecae landi Victorisj quorum catalogum 
 excepit magifter FrancifcusRabclcfius? lllic cnim invcnitur liber, cui titu- 
 lus eft, Formicarium artium. Nos fane pufiUum acervum pulvifculi con- 
 gcfllmus, & fub eo complura fdentiarinn & artium grana condidimus, quo 
 formicae reptare pollint, & paulatim conquicfccre, & fubinde ad novos fc 
 labores accingcre. At regum fapientilfimus pigros quofcunque remittit ad 
 formicas : Nos autem pigros eos homines pronunciamus, quibus acquifitis 
 uti tantum cordi fit ; neque fubinde novas fcicntiarum fcmentcs & mefles 
 face re. 
 
 AccEDAMUs nunc ad artcm tradcndi, five profcrendi & enunciandi, 
 ca quae inventa, judicata, ac in memoria rcpofira funt ; quam nomine ge- 
 neral! traditivam appcUabimus. Ea omnes artcs circa verba & fcrmoncs 
 complcctitur. Qiiamvis cnim ratio fermonis veluti anima fir, tamen in. 
 
 tra^ando
 
 Cap.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM, 159 
 
 tradlando disjungi dcbcnt ratio & fcrmo ; non minus quam anima & cor- 
 pus. Traditivam in tres partes dividemus, doftrinam circa organum fer- 
 moais, dodrinam circa mcthodum fcrmonis, & dodlrinam circa Icrmonis il- 
 luftrationcm five ornatum. 
 
 DocTRiNA dc organo fcrmonis vulgo rcccpta, quae & grammatica di- 
 citur, duplex eft : Altera de locutione, altera de Icriptionc. Rede cnim 
 Ariftotcles, Cogitationum tejferae 'verba, 'verborum literae. Utrumque 
 grammaticac affignabimus. Vcrum ut rem altius repetamus, antcquam ad 
 grammaticam & partes ejus jam diclas veniamus, in gcncre dc organo traditi- 
 vae dicendum eft. Vidcntur enim elTe proles quaedam traditivae aliac prac- 
 ter verba «5c literas. Hoc igitur plane itatucndum eft : Quicquid Icindi 
 poflit in diftcrentias fatis numerofas, ad notionum varietatem explicandam, 
 (modo differentiae iliac fcnfui pcrceptibiles fint) fieri poflc vchiculum co- 
 gitationum dc homine in hominem. Nam vidcmus nationcs linguis dif- 
 crepantes commcrcia non male per gcftus cxercere : At in pradica nonnul- 
 lorum, qui furdi & muti ufquc a nativitate fucrant, & alias crant ingeniofi, 
 miros vidcmus liabcri inter cos & amicos fuos, qui eorum gcftus pcrdidice- 
 rant, dialogos. Quinetiam notiftimum fieri jam coepir, quod in Cliina & 
 provinciis ultimi orientis in ufli hodic fint charadcres quidcm reales, non 
 nominales, qui fcilicet nee literas, ncc verba, led res & notiones cxpri- 
 munt. Adco ut gcntes complures linguis prorfus difcrepantes, led hujul- 
 modi charade ribus (qui apud illos latins reccpti lunt) confcnticntcs, Icri- 
 ptis communicent : Eoufque, ut librum aliquem hujufmodi charattcribus 
 confcriptum, quacque gens patria lingua legerc & redderc poflit. 
 
 NoTAE igitur rcrum, quae abfque ope aut medio verborum res %ni- 
 ficant, duplicis generis funt : Qiiarum prius genus ex congruo j alterum 
 ad placitum figniticat. Prioris generis flint hicroglyphica & gcftus : Po- 
 fterioris vcro ii, quos diximus, charadcres reales. Hieroglyphicorum u- 
 fus vctuftus admodum, & in vcncrationc quadam habitus : praecipue apud 
 AEgyptios gentem valde antiquam : Adeo ut videantur hicroglyphica fu- 
 iflc ICriptio quaedam antcnata, & fenior ipfis dementis literarum, ni fi forte 
 apud Hcbracos. Gcftus autcm, tanquam hicroglyphica tranfltoria funt. 
 Qiicmadmodum cnim verba prolata volant, fcripta manent ; ita & hicrogly- 
 phica geftibus cxprclTa tranfeunr, dcpida durant. Cum enim Pcriandcr 
 confliltus de confcrvanda tyrannidc, legatum aftarc jubcrct ; atque ipfc in 
 horto dcambulans fummitates florum cminentiorum carpcrct, ad fedemi 
 proccrum innucns; non minus ufus eft hieroglyphico, quam fi id in charta 
 dcpinxilfct. lllud interim patct, hicroglyphica & gcftus fempcr cum re 
 fignificata aliquid fimilitudinis habere; & emblemata quaedam clfc; undc 
 cas notas rcrum ex congruo nominavimus. At chara<5tcres reales nihil ha- 
 bent ex cmblemate, led plane furdi funt •■, non minus quam ipfa elemcnta 
 Htcrarum, & ad placitum tantum eftidi, confuetudinc autcm tanquam pado 
 tacito reccpti. lllud interim liquet vafta ipforum nuiltitudine ad fcriben- 
 dum opus cfte : tot cnim cfle dcbcnt, quot funt vocabula radicalia. Haec 
 igitur portio dodrinac dc organo fcrmonis, quae eft dc notis rcrum, nobis 
 ponitur pro defidcrato. Etfi autcm tenuis poftit videri eflc ejus ufus, cum 
 verba & fcriptio per literas fint organa traditivae longc commodiftima; vi- 
 fum eft tamcn nobis, veluti rei non ignobilis, aliquam hoc loco mcntionem 
 ejus faccrc. Tradamus enim hie, veluti numifmata rcrum intellcdualium : 
 Ncc abs re fuerit nolfe, quod ficut nummi pollint confici ex alia materia 
 practcr aurum & argentum, ita & notac rcrum aliac pollint cudi practcr 
 verba & literas. Pergamus
 
 i6o DE AUG MENTIS SCI ENTI ARUM. Lib. va 
 
 Pergamus igitur ad grammaticam. Ea vcro, vcluti viatoris locum, 
 crga caetcras fcicntias obtinct j non nobilcm illud quidcm, fed inprimis ta- 
 mcn ncccflamim ; pracfcrtim cum feicntiae iiortris lacculis, ex Unguis cru- 
 ditis noil vcrnaculis, potiilimum hauriantur. Ncquc tamcii dignitas ejus' 
 parva ccnfcnda cIl, quandoquidcm antrdoti cujufdam Aicibus fungatur con- 
 tra malcdidioncm illam confufionis liuguarum. Sane hoc agit induftria hu- 
 mana, ut fc rcllituat & redintcgLxt in bencdiclionibus illi's, quibus culpa lua 
 cxcidit. Atquc contra malcdidioncm primam gcneralem dc ftcrilitatc tcr- 
 rac, & comedendo pancm Ilium in fudore vultus llii, rcliqui's artibus omnibus 
 fc munit & inftruit. At contra fecundam illam dcconfufionc linguarum ad- 
 vocat in auxilium grammaticam : Ejus in Unguis quibufquc vcrnaculis ex- 
 jguus ctrtc ufus eft; in externis pcrdifccndis latior : Ampliflimus vcro in 
 illis Unguis, quae vulgares eflc dcficrunt, & in libris tantum perpctuantur. 
 
 Grammaticam etiam bipartitam poncmus, ut alia fit literaria, alia 
 philofophica : Altera adhibctur fimpliciter ad linguas, nempc ut cas quis 
 aut cclcrius pcrdifcat, aut cmcndatius & purius loquatur : Altera vcro ali- 
 quatenus philofophiae miniftrat ; qua in parte occurrit nobis, Caefarcm ]i- 
 bros de analogia confcripfiflc ; atquc dubitatio fubiit, utrum illi banc, quam 
 dicimus, grammaticam philofophicam tractarint ? Sufpicamur tamen nil 
 admodum in illis fuiflc fubtilius aut fublimius, fed tantum praeceptiones 
 tradidiffe de oratione cafta & integra, ncque a confuctudinc loquendi pra- 
 va, neque ab affeftationc aliquorum vitiata & polluta, in quogenerc ipfc ex- 
 celluit. Veruntamcn hac ipfa re moniti, cogitationc complcxi fumus gram- 
 maticam quandam, quae non analogiam vcrborum ad invicem, fed analo- 
 giam inter verba & res, five rationem, fcdulo inquirat : citra tamen eam^ quae 
 logicae fubfervit, hermeniam. Veftigia certe rationis verba funt ; itaque 
 vclligia etiam aliquid dc corpore indicant : Hujus igitur rei adumbrationem 
 quandam tcnuem dabimus. Primo autem minime probamus curiofam illam 
 inquifitionem, quam tamen Plato vir eximius non contcmplit ; nimirum de 
 impofitionc «Sc original! ctymologia nominum ; fupponendo, ac fi ilia jam a 
 principio ad placitum indita minime fuilVcnt, fed rationc quadam & fignifi- 
 canter deri\ ata & deducla : Materiam certe elegantcm & quai] cercam, quae 
 apte fingi & flcdi polllt ; quoniam vcro antiquitatum penetralia perfcrutarr 
 videtur, etiam quodammodo venerabilem ; fed nihilominus parce veram & 
 frudii caflam. Ilia demum, ut arbitramur, foret nobiliflima grammaticae 
 Ipecics, fi quis in Unguis plurimis tam eruditis quam vulgaribus eximie 
 dcdlus, de variis linguarum proprietatibus tradaret; in quibus quaequc ex- 
 cellat, in quibus deliciat, oftcndens. Ita enim & linguae mutuo commer- 
 cio locuplctari poflint ; & fict ex iis, quae in fmgulis linguis pulchia funt, 
 (tanquam Venus Apellis) orationis ipfius quaedam formolifllma imago, & 
 exemplar quoddam infigne, ad fcnfus animi rite exprimcndos. Atquc una 
 ttiam hoc paclo capicntur figna haud levia, fed obfervatu digna (quod for- 
 talfc quilpiam non putaret) de ingeniis & moribus populorum & nationuni 
 ex linguis ipforum. Equidcm libenter audio Ciceroncm notantcm, quod 
 apud Graecos dcfit vcrbum, quod Latinum illud (incptum) rcddat ■■, prop- 
 tcrca (inquit) quod Graecis hoc vitium tam familiare fuit, ut illud in le nc 
 agnofcerent quidcm : Digna certe gravitate Romana cenfura. Qiiid illud, 
 quod Gracci in compo/itionibus verborum tanta licentia ufi funt, Romani con- 
 tra magnam in hac re feveritatem adhibucrunt ? Plane colligat quis Gracr 
 cos fuille artibus, Romanos rebus gerendis, magis idoncos. Artium enim di- 
 itinctiones vcrborum compofitionem fccc c^cigunt : At res & negotia fim- 
 
 pliciora
 
 Gap.I. DE AUGMENTiS S CIE N TIAR'VM.' i6V 
 
 piiclora verba poftuhnr. Qtiin Hcbraci tantum compofitioncs illas rcfu"!- 
 iint, ut malint mctaphora abuti quam compo/itioncm introduccre. Quin- 
 etiam verbis tarn panels & minimc commixtis utuntur, ut plane ex lingua 
 ipfa quis pcrfpiciat gcntcm fuiflo illam Nazaracam, & a reliquis gcntibiis 
 fcparatani. Annon & illud obfervationc dignum (licet nobis modcrnis fpi- 
 litus nonnihil retundat) antiquas linguas plcnas dcclinationum, cafuuni, coui- 
 jugationum, ten^ponun, & fimilium fuiflc; modcrnas his fere deftitutas, 
 plurima per praepolitioncs & verba auxiliaria fegniter expedirc. Sane facile 
 quis conjiciar, (utcunque nobis Ipfi placeamus) ingenia prioruni faeculorum 
 noftris fuiile muko acutiora & fubtiliora. Innumcra funt ejufmodi, quae 
 juftum volumcn complcrc poflint. Non abs re igitur fuerit grammaticani 
 philolbpliantum a limplici & literaria diftinguerc, & defideratam poncre. 
 
 Ad grammaticam etiam pertinerc judicamus omnia ilia, quae verbis quo- 
 quo modo accidunr, qualia funt fonus, mcnfura, acccntus. At prinaa ilia 
 Utcrarum limpliciuni cunabula (ncnipc qua percuilione linguae, qua aper- 
 tyra oris, qua addudionc labiorum, quo nifu gutturis, fingularum literarum 
 fonus generctur) ad grammaticam non pertinent, fed portio funt dodlrinae 
 de fonis fub fenfu & fenfibili traclanda. Sonus, de quo loquimur, gram- 
 maticus ad cuphonias tantum pertinet & dyfphonias. Illarum quaedam 
 communes funt : Nulla cnim eft lingua, quin vocalium concurrentium hia- 
 tus, aut confoaantium concurrentium afperitates aliquatcnus refugiat. Sunt 
 & aliac refpedivac, quae fcilicct diverforum populorum auribus gratac aut 
 ingratac accedunt. Graeca lingua diphthongis fcatct ; Latina longc parcius : 
 Lingua Hifpanica literas tenues odit, cafque ftatim vertit in mcdias : Linguae 
 quae ex Gothis fluxcre, afpiratis gaudent : Multa funt ejufmodi : Vcrum 
 haec ipfa fortafle plus fatis. 
 
 Ax menfura verborum ingens nobis corpus artis peperit ; poefim fcilicct, 
 non quatenus ad materiam, de qua fupra, fed quatenus ad ftylum & figu- 
 ram verborum, verfus nimirum five carmina : Circa quae ars habctur quail 
 pufiUa; exempla accedunt grandia, &infinita. Ncquc tamen ars ilia (quam 
 profodiam grammatici appellant) ad carminum genera & mcnfuras cdocen- 
 das tantum reftringi debeat : Adjicienda enim funt praeccpta, quod carmi- 
 mun genus cuiquc matcriae five fubjcfto optime conveniat. Antiqui hc- 
 roica carmina hiftoriis & encomiis applicavcrunt ; elegos querimoniis, iam- 
 bos invcdivis, lyricos odis & hymnis. Nequc hacc prudentia recentiori- 
 hyLS poetis in Unguis propriis defuit : illud rcprchcndendum, quod quidam 
 antiquitatis nimium ftudiofi, linguas modernas ad mcnfuras antiquas (hc- 
 roicas, clegiacas, fapphicas, &c.) traducere conati funt, quas ipfarum lin- 
 guarum fabrica refpuit, nee minus aures cxhorrent. In hujufmodi rebus 
 fenfus judicium artis praeccptis praeponcndum, ut ait ille : 
 
 Coenae fercula noftrae 
 
 Mai km convii'is quamplacitijfe cocis. 
 
 Nequc vero ars eft, fed artis abufus, cum ilia naturam non pcrficiat, fed pcr- 
 vertat. Vcrum quod ad poefim attinct, (five de fabulls, five de metro lo- 
 quamur,) eft ilia, (ut fuperius diximus,) tanquam herba luxurians, fine fe- 
 mine nata, ex vigore ipfius terrae gcrminans. Quare ubiquc ferpit & la- 
 tillimc diftufa eft, ut ilipervacuum forct de defedibus ejus folicitum cllc. 
 De ilia igitur cura eft abjicienda. Qiiod vero ad acccntus verborum, nil 
 opus eft de re tam pufiUa dicerc ; nifi forte illud quis notatu dignum putct ; 
 quod acccntus verborum exquifite, acccntus autcm fcntcntiarum ncutiquam 
 Vol. L X i^i
 
 i62 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 in obfeivationem vcnit. Attamen illud fcrc univerfo generi humano com- 
 mune eft, ut voccm in fine pcriodi fubniittant, in interrogationc clcvent, & 
 alia hujulmodi non pauca. Atque de grammaticae parte, quae ad locutionem 
 fpedlat, hadenus. 
 
 Quod ad fcriptioncm attinet, ea aut alphabcto vulgari pcrficitur, (quod 
 ubique recipitur,) aut occuito & privato, dc quo inter fuigulos convenit, 
 quod cipliras vocant. At orthographia vulgaris ctiam controverfiam & 
 quaeftionem nobis peperit : Utrum fcilicet eadcm verba fcribere oporteat, 
 quo pronunciatur, modo, an potius ex more conlueto? At ilia fcriptio, quae 
 reformata videri polTit, (ut Icilicct fcriptio pronunciationi conlbna fit,) eft 
 ex genere inutilium fubtilitatum. Nam & ipla pronunciatio quotidic glifcit, 
 nee conftans eftj & derivationes verborum, praefertim ex Unguis cxtraneis, 
 prorlus obfcurantur : denique cum ex more recepto fcripta, morem pronun- 
 ciandi nullo modo impediant, fed liberum rclinquant, quorlum attinet ifta 
 novatio ? 
 
 Ad ciphras igitur vcniendum. Earum genera baud pauca funt: Ci- 
 phrae fimplices ; ciphrae non fignificantibus charadcribus intcrmixtae ; ci- 
 phrae duplices literas uno characlerc complexae 5 ciphrae rotae ; ciphrae cla- 
 vis5 ciphrae verborum, aliae. Virtutes autem in ciphris requircndac tres 
 funt : Ut fint expeditae, non nimis operofae ad fcribcndum : Ut itnt fidae, 
 & nullo modo pateant ad deciphrandum : Addo denique, ut fi fieri poilit, 
 fufpicione vacent. Si enim epiftolae in manus eorum devenicnt, qui in cos, 
 qui fcribunt, aut ad quos fcribuntur, poteftatem habeant, tametli ciphra 
 ipla fida fit & deciphratu impofiibilis, tamen fubjicitur liaec res examini & 
 quacftioni ; nifi ciphra fit ejufmodi, quae aut fufpicione vacct, aut cxami- 
 nationcm eludat. Qiiod vero ad elufionem examinis attinet, luppetit inven- 
 tum ad hoc novum atquc utile, quod cum in promptu habeamus, quorfum 
 attinet illud inter dcfiderata referre, fed potius id iplum proponere ? Hoc 
 hujulmodi eft ; ut habeat quis duo alphabeta, unum litcrarum verarum, 
 alterum non-fignificantium : £t fimul duas epiftolas involvat, unam, quae 
 fecretum defcrat : alteram, qualem verifimile fuerit fcribentem mifllirum fu- 
 ifle, abfque pcriculo tamen. Qiiod fi quis de ciphra fevere intcrrogetur, 
 porrigat ille aJphabetum non-fignificantium pro veris Uteris 5 alphabetum 
 autem verarum litcrarum pro non-fignificautibus 5 hoc modo incidet exami- 
 nator in epiftolam illam exteriorcm, quam cum probabilem inveniet, de in» 
 teriori cpiftola nihil fufpicabitur. Ut vcro fufpicio omnis abfit, aliud ixwen- 
 tum fubjiciemus, quod certc, cum adolefcentuli eflcmus Parifiis, cxcogita- 
 Vimus j nee etiam adhuc vifa nobis res digna eft, quae pereat. Habct enim 
 gradum ciphrae altiftimum ; nimirum ut omnia per omnia fignificari poillnt : 
 ita tamen ut fcriptio, quae involvitur, quintupio minor fit, quam ea cui 
 involvatur : Alia nulla omnino rcquiritur conditio aut rcftridio. Id hoc 
 modo fict. Prirao, univerfae literae alphabcti in duas tantummodo literas 
 folvantur per tranfpofitionem earum. Nam tranlpofitio duarum litcrarum 
 per locos quinque difterentiis triginta duabus, multo magis viginti quatuor, 
 (qui eft numcrus alphabeti apud nos) fufficiet. Hujus alphabcti cxcmplum 
 tale eft. 
 
 Excmplura
 
 Cap.I, DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 163 
 
 Excmplum Alphabet! Bilitcradi. 
 
 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. 
 
 Aaaaa. aaaab. aaaba. aaabb. aabaa. aabab. aabba. aabhb. 
 
 L AT. L. M. IV. 0. P. ^ 
 
 abaaa. ahaab. ahaba. ababb. abbaa. abbab. abbba. abbbb. 
 
 R. s, r. V. w. X. r. z. 
 
 baaaa. baaab. baaba. baabb. babaa. babab. babba. babbb. 
 
 Neque Icve quiddani obiter hoc modo perfeftum eft. Etcnim ex hoc 
 ipfo patct modus, quo ad omnem loci diftantiam pet objcda, quae vel vi- 
 lui vel auditui llibjici poflint, fenfli animi ptoferre & fignificarc liceat : {{ 
 ir.odo objecla ilia duplicis tantum differentiae capacia funt, veluti per cam- 
 panas, per buccinas, per flammeos, per fonitus tormentorum, & alia quae- 
 cunque. Verum ut inceptum perfequamur, cum ad fcribendum accingeris, 
 cpiftolam intcriorcm in alphabetum hoc biliterarium folves. Sit epiftola 
 interior, Fuge. 
 
 Exemplum Solutionis. 
 
 F. V. G. E. 
 
 Aabab. baabb. aabba. aabaa: 
 
 Praesto fimul fit aliud alphabetum biforme, nimirum, quod iingulas 
 alphabeti communis literas, tarn capitalcs quam minores, duplici forma, 
 prout cuique commodum fit, exhibeat. 
 
 Exemplum alphabeti biformis. 
 
 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b, a. b. a. b, a. b. a. b. 
 
 A. A. a. a. B. B. b. b. C. C. c. c. D. D, d. d. E. E. e. e. F. F. If. 
 
 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a, b. a. b. a. b. a. b. 
 G. G. g.g. H. H. h. h. I. 7. i. /. K. K. k. k. L. L. 1. /. M.M m. m. 
 
 a. b. a, b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. 
 N. N. n. n. O. 0. o. 0. P. P. p. p. Q^ ^, q. q. R, R. r. r. 
 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. 
 S. S. s. J-. T. T. t. /. V. F. V. V. u. u. W. W. w. w. X. X. x. x. 
 
 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. 
 Y. T. y.y. Z. Z. z. z. 
 
 TuM dcmum cpiftolac interiori, jam faclac biliteratae, cpiftolam cxteri- 
 orcm biformem. literatim accommodabis, & poftca delcribes. Sit epiftola 
 .exterior : 
 
 Manere te volo, donee venero. 
 
 Exemplum Accommodationis. 
 
 F. V. G. E. 
 
 aabab. baabb. aabba. aabaa. 
 
 Ala?iere te -volo donee I'enero. 
 Vol. J. X .2 Api'o-
 
 i64 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VI. 
 
 Apposuimus ctiam exemplum aliud largius cjufdem, ciphrae fcri- 
 bendi oniiiia per omnia. 
 
 Epistola interior, ad quam delegimus cpiftolam Spartanam, miflam 
 dim in S'cytak. 
 
 'Perditne res : Mindarns ceddit : Militcs efnriuTit : Neque hinc 
 nos extricare, neque hie d'mtius manere pojfumus. 
 
 Epistola exterior fumpta ex cpiftoia prima Ciceronis, in qua epiftola 
 Spartana involvitur. 
 
 Ego omni officio, ac pot ins pietate erga te, caeteris fatis facto omnibus : 
 Mihi ipfe nunquam fatisfacio. Tanta eft enim magnitudo tuorum erga, 
 tne meritonim, nt quoniam tu, nifi perfeBa re, de me non conqiiiefti i 
 ego, quia non idem in tua caufa efficio, vitayn mihi effie acerbam put em. 
 in caufa haec fnnt : Ammonius regis legatus aperte pecunia nos oppug- 
 nat. Res agittir per eofdem creditores, per quos, cum tu aderas, age- 
 batur. Regis caufa, ft qui funt, qui 'velint, qui pauci funt-, omnes ad 
 Tompeium rem dtferri njolunt. Senatus religionis calumniam, jion re- 
 ligione, fed malevolent ia, ^ illius regiae largitionis invidia, compro- 
 oat, O'C. 
 
 DocTuiNA autcm de ciphris aliam fecum traxit doilrinam erga ipfam 
 reiarivam : lUa cit de deciphratione five referatione ciphrarum ; licet quis 
 alphabctimi ciphrae aut padum de latebra penitus ignorct. Res fane eft 
 ilia laboriofa fimul & ingcniofa, & arcanis principum, veluti & ilia prior, 
 dicata. Attamen praecautione folerti fieri poflit inutilis 5 ctfi, quomodo res 
 nunc fe habcnt, magni prorfus fit uliis. Etenim fi ciphrae introductae el- 
 fent bonae & fides, plurimac fuerint, quae operam dcciphratoris prorfus 
 cluderent & excluderent ; quae tamen fint fatis commodac &^expeditae 
 ad Icgendum aut fcribendum. Verum imperitia & infcitia fecretariorum 
 & anianucnfium in aulis principum tanta eft, ut maxima plerunque nego- 
 tia ciphris infirmis & futilibus committantur. 
 
 Interea fieri poteft, ut fufpicetur quifpiam nos in enumcratione, & 
 quafi cenfu artium, id aiz,cre, ut fcicntiarum copiae (quas veluti in aciem 
 adducimus) auclae & multipiicatae magis fint admirarioni 5 cum tamen nu- 
 merus earum forte oftentari, vires tarn brevi traftatu vix explicari, poflinr. 
 Verum nos inftitutum noftrum fideliter urgemus, atque in hoc globo fci- 
 cntiarum conficiendo, etiam infulas minores aut remotiores omitti nolu- 
 mus. Neque veto (ut arbitramur) perfunclorie, licet curfim, cas artcs at- 
 tingimus ; fed potius nucleos & medullas ipfarum ex multa matcriae mafla 
 ftylo acuto cxccrpimus. Cuius rci judicium ipfis illis, qui in hujufmodi ar- 
 tibus pcritillimi lunt, pcrmittimus : Cum enim pleiiquc, qui multifcii vi- 
 deri volunt, hoc fere habeant 5 ut \'ocabula & exteriora artium paflim /a- 
 ftantcs, illarum ignaris admirationi, magiftris ludibrio fint ; fperamus, no- 
 ftra contrarium prorfus eventum habitura, ut pcritiilimi cujulque in artibus 
 Jingulis judicium maximc detineant, cacteris minoris fint. Qiiod veto ad 
 artes illas, quae minorum quafi gentium videri pofliint ; fi quis cxiftimct 
 nos, nimium quid ipfis tribuere ; circumfpiciat illc, & vidcbit, homines 
 in provinciis fuis magnos fane & celebres, cum ad metropolim aut fcdcm 
 imperii forte migravcrint, turbae fere immifccri, & inferioris notac cfle ; 
 funiliter mirum non eft artes iftas leviores, juxta artes principalcs & fupre- 
 mas coUocatas, dignitate minui ; cum tamen lis, qui operam illis praeci- 
 puc impenderint, res videantur utiquc magnac & pracciarac. Atque de 
 organo fcrmonis hacc dicta fint. 
 
 CAP. 
 5.
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 165 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 'DoBrina de metkodo fermonis conjlituitnr ut pars traditivae fubftatiti- 
 va O" principalis : Nomen ei inditur prudentia traditivae. Enume- 
 rantur methodi genera diverfa > c^ fubjtingtintur eorum commoda ^ 
 incommoda. 
 
 VE N I A M U S ad do£lnnam dc mcthodo fermonis, Ea ut pars dialedi- 
 cac tradari confucvit. Etiam locum in rlictorica per nomcn difpofi- 
 tionis rcperit. Vcrum collocatio ejus in famulitio aliarum artium in caufa 
 fuit, ut plurima, quae ad ipiam Ipcdant, cognitu utilia practermifla fuit. 
 Vifum igitur eft nobis doclrinam ilibftantivam & principalem de methodo 
 conftitucrc, quam nomine gencrali prudcntium traditivae appellamus. Ita- 
 que mctliodi gciicra (cum varia lint) cnumerabimus potius quam partic- 
 mur. Atquc dc unica mcthodo & dichotomiis pcrpetuis nil attinet di- 
 ccre : Fuit cnim nubecula quacdam dotlrinae, quae cite tranfiit : res certe 
 limul (5c Icvis & fcicntiis damnolillima. Etenim iiujufmodi tiomines, cum 
 methodi lliae Icgibus res torqucant ; & quaecunque in dichotomias illas non 
 aptc cadunt aut omittant, aut praeternaturam lufledant; hoc efficiunt, ut 
 quafi nuclei & grana fcientiarum cxiliant, ipfi aridas tantum & dclertas fili- 
 quas ftringant. Itaque inania compendia parit hoc genus methodi, Ibiida 
 Icientiarum dcftruit. 
 
 CoNSTiTUATUR igitur prima differentia methodi, ut fit aut magiftra- 
 lis aut initiativa. Ncque vero verbum initiativae ita intelligimus, quafi 
 haec initia Icientiarum tantum traderet, ilia doftrinam integram ; verum 
 contra (vocabulum a facris mutuantcs) earn dicimus mcthodum initiati- 
 vam, quae ipfa Icientiarum myfteria recludat & denudet. Magiftralis fi- 
 quidcm docct ; initiativa intimat : Magiftralis pofcit, ut fides habeatur iis5 quae 
 dicunturj initiativa vcro potius ut examcn llibeant: Altera fcientias difccn- 
 tium vulgo ; altera tanquam filiis icientiarum tradit ; denique altera pro fine 
 habet fcientiarum (qualcs jam funt) ufum ; altera earundem continuationcm 
 & ulteriorem progrefium. Harum poflerior via vidctur deferta & interclufa. 
 Ita cnim adhuc fcientiae tradi conlucverunt, quafi ex pafto, tarn docens quam 
 difcens crrorcs afcifcerc cupiant. Etenim qui docet, eo docet modo, quo 
 maxiiiie diclis lijis fides aftruatur, non quo ilia commodiflimc examini fub- 
 jiciantur: 6i qui difcit, fibi extemplo fitisfieri, non legitimam difquidtionem 
 praeftolari, expetit ; ut magis fit ei cordi non dubitare, quam non errarc, Ita 
 ut & magitkr amore gloriae ijifirmitatcm fcientiae fuae proderc caveat, & 
 difcipulus laboris odio vires proprias experiri nolit. Scientia vero, quae 
 aliis tanquam tela pertcxcnda traditur, cadcm mcthodo (fi fieri pofllt) animo 
 altcrius eft infinuaada, qua primitus inventa cfl. Atquc hoc ipfum fieri 
 lane poteft in fcientia per inductionem acquifita: fed in anticipata ifta & 
 pracmarura Icicntia (qua utimur) non facile dicat quis, quo itincre ad earn, 
 quam nadus eft, fcicntiam pervcnerit. Attamcn fane iecundum majus &c 
 minus poilit quis fcicntiam propriam revifcre, & veftigia fuae cognitionis 
 fimul & confcnilis rcmetiri ; atque hoc pado fcicntiam fic tranfplantare in 
 animum aiicn\im, ficut crcvitin fuo. Artibuscnim idem ufuvenitquod plantis: 
 It planta aliqua uti in animo habeas, de radicc quid fiat, nil rcfcrt : fi vero 
 rransferre cupias in aliud folum, tutius eft radicibus uti, quam furcu lis. Sic 
 rrajitio, (quae nunc in ufu eft) cxhibct plane tanquam truncos (pulchros 
 iilos quidcm) fcientiarum ; fed tamcn ablquc radicibus fabro lignario certe 
 
 commodos.
 
 66 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM f^bWVIt 
 
 commodos, at plantatori inutilcs. Qiiod fi, difcipliiiJie ut crclcant, tibi cor- 
 di fit, dc truncis minus lib Iblicitus ; ad id curam adhibc, ut radices il!acl;ie, 
 ctiam cum aliquantulo tcrrae adhaercntis, extrahantur. Cujus quidcm ge- 
 neris traditionis, mcthodus marhcmaticoruni, in co llibjccto, finiilitudinctii 
 quandam hahct ; sz,encratim autem uon video, quid aut in ufu i\t, aut qr.id 
 quis inquiiiuioni ejus dedcrit opcram ; proindc cam inter dcfidcrata numera- 
 biuuis, camque traditioncm lampadis, iive mcthodum ad tilios appclliibimus. 
 
 Sequitur aliud methodi difcrimcn priori intcntioni nlHne, reipla 
 fere contrarium. Hoc cnim habct utr.iquc methodus commune, ut vulgus 
 auditorum a (eledis feparet. Illud oppofitum, quod prior inrroducit mo- 
 dum tradendi folito apertiorcm; altera, dc qua jam dicemus, occultiorem. 
 vSit iszitur dilcrimen tale, ut altera methodus fit exoterica, altera acroama- 
 tica. " Etcnim quam antiqui adhibuerunt praccipue in ederdis libris diifc- 
 rcntiam ; cam nos transferemus ad ipfum modum tradendi. Quinctiam acroa- 
 matica ipia apud vctcres in ufu fuit, atquc prudcnter & cum judicio adht- 
 bita. At acroamaticum five aeni2;maticum iftud diccndi genus poilcrioribus 
 temporibus dehoncftatum eft a plurimis, qui cotanquam lumine ambiguo & 
 fallaci abufi kint, ad maxcs fuas adultcrinas cxtrudcndas. Intcntio autcm 
 ejus ea eile vidctur, ut traditionis invo'ucris vulgus (profiinum icilicet) a 
 fccrctis fcientiarum fummovcatur ; atquc illi tantum admittantur, qui aut 
 per manus magiftrorum parabolarum intcrprctationem nadi lunt, aut proprio 
 ingenii acumine & fubtilitatc intra velum penetrate pollint. 
 
 Seq^uitur aliud methodi difcrimcn, magni prorlus ad fcicntias momcn- 
 ti ; cum Icilicet fcientiac traduntur, aut per aphorifmos, aut mcthodicc. 
 Notatu cnim inprimis dignum eft in confuctudinem plcrunque vcnifle, ut 
 homines ex pauculis axiomatibus «Sc obfervationihus in quoxifmodo lubjc- 
 fto artem conftituant quafi complctam & Iblennem, cam ingenii quibufdam' 
 commentationibus fuffarcinando, cxcmplis illuftrando, & methodo rcvinci- 
 cndo. At ilia altera traditio per aphorifmos plurima Tecum fcrt commo- 
 da, ad quae traditio mcthodica non attingit. Primum cnim dc Icriptore 
 fpccimen dat, utrum ille Icviter & perfunclorie Icicntiam haulcrit, an pcni- 
 tus imbibcrit. Aphorilmi cnim, nifi prorlus forcnt ridiculi, ncceflc eft, ut 
 ex mcduUis & intcrioribus fcientiarum conficiantur. Abfcinditur enim illu- 
 flratio & cxcurfio 5 abfcinditur varictas exemplorum ; abfcinditur dcduclio 
 & conncxio ; abfcinditur defcriptio praclicac : ut ad matericm aphorifmo 
 rum nihil rclinquatur, praeter copiam obfervationum bene amplam. Igirur 
 ad aphorifmos non fufficiet quifpiam, imo dc cis ncc cogitabit fane, qui fe 
 neutiquam copiofe & folidc inftruclum ad fcribendum pcrfpexcrit. At in 
 mcthodis : 
 
 Tantum feries juncfuraque pallet ; 
 
 Tantum de medio fumpt is accedit honoris -, 
 
 ut fpeciem artis, nefcio cujus, pracclarac faepenumcro reportent ca, quae 
 fi folvantur, fegregentur, & dcnudentur, ad nihilum fere recafura forcnt. 
 Sccundo, traditio mcthodica, ad fidem & confenfum valet ; ad indicationes 
 de praxi minus innuit, fiquidem demonftrationcm quandam in orbc prae fc 
 fcrt, partibus fe invicem illuminantibus, ideoque intelleclui fatisficit ma- 
 gis5 quia vero adioncs in vita communi fparguntur, non ordine compo- 
 nuntur, idco magis iifdcm conducant ctiam fparla documenta. Pollrcmo, a- 
 phorifmi, cum fcientiarum portioncs qualliam & quafi frufta tantum cxhi- 
 bcant, invitant, ut alU ctiam aliquid adjieiant &: erogent; traditio vero mc- 
 thodica.
 
 Cap.V. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 167 
 
 thodica, dum fcicntiam iategrani oftentat, fccuros illico homines reddit quafi 
 jam lumma adeptos. 
 
 Seq^uitur aliud mcthodi difcrimen, magni & illud quoque momenti : 
 cum fcilicet fcientiae traduntur, aut per aflertiones adjedis probationibus, 
 aut per quaeftioncs una cum deter minationibus. Hanc autem pofteriorem 
 methodum R immoderatius quis perfequatur ; fcicntiarum profeftui non mi- 
 nus ilia officit, quam fortunis & progrellibus cxercitus cujufpiam impcdi- 
 mento & damno foret, R in minutis quibufque caftellis aut oppidis expug- 
 naudis ilibindc hacreat. Etenim fi quis in acic fit fuperior, & lummae belli 
 fedulo incumbat, minora ilia loca ultro fc lubmittent : Illud tamen inficias 
 non ierim urbem aliquam magnam & munitam a tcrgo rclinquere, haud- 
 quaquam femper tutum cflc : Eodem modo, confutationibus in fcicntiarum. 
 traditione temperandum, iifque parce utendum : & ad hoc tantum, ut ma- 
 jores praeoccupationes animorum & praejudicia frangantur, minimc autem ut 
 leviores dubitationes excitentur & provocentur. 
 
 Sequitur aliud mcthodi difcrimen, ut fcilicfct methodus fit fubjedac 
 matcriae, quae traftatur, accommoda. Alio enim modo traduntur mathcma- 
 tica, (quae funt inter fcientias maximc abftrada & fimplicia :) alio politica, 
 quae maxime funt immeria & compofita. Neque (ut jam diximus) metho- 
 dus uniformis in materia multiformi commode le habere poteft. Equidcm 
 qucmad.iiodum topicas particulates ad inveniendum probavimus, ita & me- 
 thodos particularcs ad tradendum fimiliter aliquatenils adhiberi volumus. 
 
 Seq^uitur aliud mcthodi difcrimen in tradcndis fcientiis cum judicio 
 adhibcndum. Illud autem regitur per informationes & anticipationcs dc 
 fcientia (quae tradcnda eft) in animis difcentium prius infufas & impreflas. 
 Alitcr enim tradi debet fcientia, quae ad animos hominum nova & percgrina 
 prorfus accedit, alitcr ca, quae opinionibus jam pridem imbibitis & rcceptis 
 clt arfiuis & familiaris. Ideoque Ariftoteles Democritum fugillarc cupicns, 
 rcvcra cum laudat : Si (inquit) ferio difputare vclimus, non fcftari fimili- 
 tudincs, &c. id vitio vertens Democrito, quod in comparationibus eflet ni- 
 mms. At iili, quorum documcnta in opinionibus popularibus jam fedes luas 
 coliocarunt, non aliud habcnt, quod agant, nifi ut difputcnt «5c probent. 
 lilis contra, quorum dogmata opinioncs populates tranfccndunt, gcmino la- 
 bore opus eft: primo ut intelligantur quae afferunt ; deinde ut probcntur: 
 Ita ut neccftum habeant confugerc ad auxilia fimilitudinum & tranllationum, \ 
 
 quo fe captui hominum infinucnt. Vidcmus igitur fub infantia dodrinarum 
 laeculis rudioribus, cum fyllepfcs illae, quae jam faftae funt vulgares & 
 tritac, novae fuerant & inauditac, omnia parabolis & fimilitudinibus plena 
 fuifle. Alias cvcniflet, ut quae proponcbantur, aut abfque nota leu atten- 
 tione debita tranlinilla, aut pro paradoxis rejcda, fuiflent. Etenim rcgula 
 quaedam eft traditivac, quod fcientia omnis, quae anticipationibus five prae- 
 fuppofitionibus non eft confona, a fimilitudinibus & comparationibus fup- 
 petias pcterc debeat. 
 
 ATCtyE de methodorum divcrfis generibus hacc di£la fint ; iis videli- 
 cet, quae antehac ab aliis notata non fuerunt : Nam quantum ad cacteras illas 
 methodos, analyticam, fyibticam, diaetcticam, etiam crypticam, Homericam, 
 & fimilcs, recle funt eac inventae & diftributae ; ncquc eaula vidctur, cur illis 
 immorcmur. 
 
 At mcthodi genera hujufmodi funt: Partes autem duae; altera de dif 
 pofitione totius operis, vel argumcnti libri alicujus ; altera dc limitationc pro- ^ 
 
 pofitionum. Etenim ad architctturam fpcdat, non folum fabrica totius ac- 
 
 dilicii,-
 
 68 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VL 
 
 dificii, fed ctiam cfformatio & figura coliimnarum, trabium, & rimiiinm. 
 Mcthodus vcro vcluti rcicntianiiii architcdura eft. Atquc hac in parte 
 melius meruit Ramus, in optimis iliis regulis (jcj^SoAk tt^-m-ov, kx-x Travloj, 
 Ha,y «uTo, &c.) renovandis, quam in unica lua mcthodo & dichotomiis ob- 
 trudendis. Veruntamcn ncfcio, quo fato fit, ut in humanis (ficut iacpius 
 JinG;unt poetac) rebus prctioiillimis fempcr adhibcantur pcrniciofifllmi qui- 
 que cuftodes. Ccrtc conatus Rami circa illam propofitionum Jimam, con- 
 jccit cum in cpitomas illas & fcicntiarum vada. Aulpicato cnim & fclicis 
 cujufdam genii duclu proccderc oportct, qui axiomata Icientiarum converti- 
 bilia facere attentavcrit, & non limul ea rcddidcrit circularia, aut in fcmct 
 rccurrentia. Conatum nihilo fccius Rami in hac parte utilem fuiflc non in- 
 ficiamur. 
 
 SuPERSUNT duac adhuc propofitionum limitationes, practer earn ut 
 fiant convertibiles : altera de extenfione 5 altera de produclione ipfarum. 
 Sane habent Icicntiac, i'l quis rccic advcrtat, practer profunditatcm, alias 
 duas dimcnfiones; latitudinem icilicet ac longitudinem fuam. At profun- 
 ditas quidem ad ipfarum vcritatem & rcalitatem refcrtur : Hac enim fuiir, 
 quae foliditatem conferunt. Qiiantum ad rcliquas duas, latitudo accipi & 
 computari poteft de icientia in fcicntiam; longitudo vcro fumitura fumma 
 propofitionc ad imam in eadem fcientia. Altera fines & veros fc"icntiarum tcrmi- 
 nos compIe£litur, ut propofitiones proprie, non promifcuc traftcntur ; & cvi- 
 tetur repetttio, excurfio, dcnique confufio omnis : altera normam pracfcribir, 
 quotifquc & ad qucm particularitatis gradum propofitiones fcicntiarum fint 
 dcducendac. Sane dubium non eft, quin aliquid excrcitationi & praclicac fir re- 
 iinqucndum ; oportct ftquidcm Antonini Pii vitium cvitari, ne fimus cymini 
 fedores in fcicntiis, neve divifiones ad infima quaeque multiplicenius. Itaque 
 qualitcr in hac parte nobis ipfi temperemus, inquifitione plane dignum eft. Vi- 
 demus cnim nimium generalia (nifi deducantur) parum informarc, quin po- 
 tius hominum pradlicorum ludibrio fcicntias cxponcre, cum nihilo magis ad 
 pradicam faciant quam chorographia Ortclii univcrfalis ad viam monftran- 
 dam, quae Londino ducit Eboracum. Ccrtc rcgulac optimae fpeculis ex me- 
 tallo non infcite aflimulantur, in quibus cermmtur utique imagines, fed non 
 antequam expolita fuerint ; fie juvant demum rcgulac & praeccpta, poft- 
 quam excrcitationis limam fubicrint. Qiiod fi tamen, ufque a principio, 
 rcgulac iliac fieri poflint nitidae, & quafi cryftallinac, id optimum fadu fo- 
 ret, quandoquidem exercitatione ailidua minus indigebunt. Atquc dc fcientia 
 mcthodi (quam prudentiam traditivac nominavimus) haec dida fint. 
 
 Neque tamcn illud practermittendum, quod nonnulii viri magis tumidi 
 quam dodi infudarunt circa methodum quandam, legitimac mcthodi no- 
 mine baud dignam, cum potius fit mcthodus impofturac ; quae tamcn qui- 
 bufdam ardclionibus acccptiillma proculdubio fuerit. Haec mcthodus ita 
 fcicntiac alicujus guttulas afpergit, ut quis fciolus fpecie nonnuUa eruditionis 
 ad oftentationcm pollit abuti. Talis fuit arsLuUii, talis typocofiiiia a non- 
 nullis exarata 5 quae nihil aliud fucrunt quam vocabulorum artis cujufquc 
 mafia & accrvus; ad hoc, ut qui voces artis habeant in promptu, ctiam 
 artcs ipfas pcrdidiciflo exiftimentur. Hujus generis coUcdanca ofticinam 
 rcfcrunt vctcramentariam, ubi ptaefcgmina multa rcperiuntur, fed nihil 
 quod alicujus fit pretii. 
 
 C A P.
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM, 169 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 T>e fundamentis & officio rhetoricae. Appendices tres rhetor icae, quae 
 aa promptuariam tantiimmodo pertinent : Color es boni & mali, tarn 
 fimplicis, qitam comparati: Antitheta rerum: Formulae minor es 
 oratioms. 
 
 VE N I M U S jam ad do£lnnam de illuflratione fcrmonis. Ea eft, quae 
 rhetoricadicitur, five oratoria. Sciemiaccrte&infc cgregia, &e<>re- 
 gie a fcriptoribus exculta. Eloquentia autem, fi quls vere rem acftimer, 
 fapientia proculdubio eft inferior. Vidcmus enim, quanto intcrvallo iiaec 
 illam poft fe relinquat, in verbis quibus allocutus eft Mofem Deus, cum 
 ille munus fibi dclatum propter defedum clocutionis recufaflet, Habes Aaro- 
 nem, ille erit tibi 'vice or at or is, tu vero et vice 'T>ei. At frudu, & 
 populari exiftimatione, fapientia eloquentiae cedit. Ita enim Solomon, Sa- 
 piens corde appellabitur prudens, fed dulcis eloqiiio majora reperiet.. 
 Haud obfcurc innuens, fapientiam famam quandam & admirarioncm cuipiam 
 conciliare: at in rebus gcrendis & vita communi, eloquentiam praccipue 
 cfle efficacem. Ad artis vero hujus culturam quodattinet; Ariftotelis er^a 
 rhetorcs fui temporis aemulatio, atque Ciceronis ftudium acre & vehemens, 
 illi nobilitandae totis viribus incumbens, cum longo ufu conjundum, ia 
 caufa fuerunt, ut in libris fuis de liac arte confcriptis fe ipfos vicerint. Dcia 
 exempla ilia luculentiflima hujufce artis, quae in orationibus Dcmofthenes & 
 Ciceronis habentur, praeceptorum acumini & diligentiae addita, profedus 
 ipfius geminarunt; Quare, quae in hac arte defiderari invenlmus, verfabun- 
 tur potius in colleftionibus quibufdam, quae tantum pediflequae huic arti 
 pracfto fint, quam in difciplina & ufu artis ipfius. Nam ctiam tum, cum 
 promptuariae cujufdam inter logica mentionem faceremus, uberiora ejus rei 
 exempla in rhetoricis polliciti fumus. 
 
 Veruntamen ut more noftro, circa radices hujus artis, glebam pau- 
 lulum aperiamus & fubigamus; rhctorica certc phantafiae, quemadmodum 
 dialedica intelledui fubfervit. Eftque, fi quis altius rem penetrcr, officium 
 & munus rhetoricae non aliud, quam ut rationis didamina phantafiae ap- . 
 plicet & commendet, ad excitandum appetitum & voluntatcm. Regimen 
 enim rationis impeti & perturbari videmus tribus modis : vel per illaquca- 
 tionem fophifmatum, quod ad dialcdicam pertinctj vel per praeftigias ver- 
 borum, quod ad rhetoricam; vel per affeduum violentiam, quod ad cthi- 
 cam. Qiiemadmodum enim in negotiis, quae cum aliis contrahimus, vinci 
 quis & perduci folct, vel aftu, vel importunitate, vel vehementia ; ita etiam 
 in ilia negotiatione interna, quam nobifcum excrcemus, ant argumentorum 
 fallaciis fubruimur, aut imprefllonum & obveriarionum alliduitate folicita- 
 mur & inquietamur, aut affeduum impetu conv.utimur & rapinuir. Nequc 
 vero tam infeliciter agitur cum natura humana, ut illae artcs & facultatcs 
 ad rationem deturbandam valeant ; ncutiquam vero ad eandem roborandam 
 & ftabiliendam: Verum ad hanc rem longe magis. Finis enim dialcdicae 
 eft, docerc formam argumentorum, ad praefidia intelledus, non ad infidias. 
 Finis itidem ethicae, affcdus ita componcre, ut rationi militent, non autem 
 cam invadant. Finis dcnique rhetoricae, phantafiam implerc obverfationi- 
 bus & fimulachris, quae rationi fuppetias ferant, non autem eam opprimant. 
 
 Vol. I. Y Abufus
 
 1^6 DE AUGMENTIS SClENTIARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 Abufus cnim artis ex obliquo tantum intcrvcniunt, ad caveudum non ad 
 
 Utcndum. 
 
 QuAPROPTER ill Platonc fumma fuit iniquitas (licet ex non Immerito 
 cr2;a rhetores llii tcmporis odio orta) cum rhctoricam inter artcs voluptaiias 
 coilocavit : earn fimilcm eflc dicens coquinariac, quae non minus cibos falu- 
 bres corrumperct, quam infalubrcs gratiores rcddcret, condimcntorum va- 
 rictate & deliciis abutens. , Abfit autem, ut oratio non frequcntius verictur 
 in rebus lioncrtis ornandiS} quam in turpibus oblinendis: Hoc cnim ubique 
 pracfto eft; fiquidcm nemo eft, quin honeftius loquatur, quam aut fentiat^ 
 aut faciat. Sane a Thucydidc optime notatum eft, tale quid pram folitum 
 fuiflc objici Cleoni; quod, cum Temper deteriorem partem tucretur, in hoc 
 multus eflct, ut eloquentiam 6c Icrmonis gratiam carperct: Probe quippc; 
 cum fciret, de rebus fordidis & indignis non poflc quempiam pulchreloqui; 
 at de rebus honeftis, faeillime. Elegantcr cnim Plato (licet jam irt trivio dc- 
 cantetur) virtus (i conlpici daretur, ingentes fui amores concitaret. At rhc- 
 torica virtutem & bonum depingit plane, & rcddit quafi confpicuum. Cum 
 enim iii eorporca effigie, ilia ienfui monltrari ncqucant, fupereft ut per orna-' 
 tum verborum, phantafiac repraelentatione, quantum fieri poteft, viva, 
 coram fiftantur. Siquidem mos Stoicorum, merito derifus eft a Cicerone ; 
 qui concifis & argutis lententiis & conclufionibus, virtutem animis hominum 
 imponere latagcbant; quae res parvum habet cum phantafia & voluntate 
 conlcnfum. 
 
 PoRRO, fi afFedlus ipfi in ordinem compulfi, & rationi prorfus morigcri 
 cflcnt; verum eft, nullum magnoperc futumm perluafionum & infinuatio- 
 num, quae aditum ad mentcm praebcre poflint, ullim; led latis fore, fi 
 res ipfae nude «Sc fmipliciter proponantur, & probentur, Verum aifedlus 
 contra, tantas feccftiones faciunt; quinctiam tantas turbas & fed itiones mo- 
 vent, (fccundum illud, 
 
 ■Video meliora, proboque^ 
 
 T)cterioraffqiior,) 
 
 ut ratio prorfus in fervitutcm & captiviratem abrepta foret, nlfi eloquentiae 
 fuada cfficeret, quo minus phantafia a partibus affeduum ftaret, fed potius 
 opera ejus, foedus ineatur inter rationcm & phantafiam, contra affeftus. 
 Notandum eft enim, atfedus ipfos ad bonum apparens femper fcrri, atquc 
 hac ex parte aliquid habere cum ratione commune: verum illud intcreftj 
 quod aftedus intuentur praecipue bonum in praefentia; ratio profpiciens in 
 longum, etiam futurum, & in fumma. Ideoquc cum quae in praefcntia 
 obvcrfcntur, impleant phantafiam fortius, fuccumbitplerunque ratio, & fub- 
 jugatur. Sed poftquam eloquentia & ftiafionum vi eftcdum fit, ut futura 
 & remota conftituantur & confpiciantur tanquam praefcntia, turn demum ab- 
 eunte in partes rationis phantafia, ratio fit fuperior. 
 
 ConcludamUs igitur, non deberi magis vitio verti rhetoricae, quod 
 deteriorcm partem cohoneftare fciat; quam dialedicae, quod fophifmata 
 concinnare doceat. Qiiis enim ncfcit, contrariorum eandcm rationcm eflc, 
 licet ufu opponantur? Porro non eo tantum dilfert dialcdica a rhctorica, 
 quod (ut vulgo dicitur) altera inftar pugni, altera inftar palmac fit; (altera 
 fcilicet prcfle, altera fufe trader;) verum multo magis, quod dialedica 
 rationcm in fuis naturalibus; rhctorica, qualis in opinionibus vulgi fita eft, 
 confideret. Prudenter igitur Ariftoteles rhctoricam inter dialedicam & ethi- 
 tam cum poUtica, coUocat, cum ex utrifquc participet. Siquidem proba- 
 
 tioncs
 
 Cap.IlI. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 171 
 
 tiones & dcmonftrationes dialefticae, univerfis hominibus funt communes ; 
 at probationcs & fuafioncs rhctoricac, pro ratione auditorum variari dcbcntj 
 ut quis tanquam muficus, auribus divcrlis Tc aecommodans, iit dcmum 
 
 Orpheus in fylvis, inter delphinas Arion. 
 
 Quae quidcm applicatio & variatio orationis (ii quis ejus pcrfc«ftioncm & 
 culmcn dcfidcrct) co ufque extendi debet; ut fi eadcm ipla apud divcrlbs 
 homines fint dicenda, apud fuigulos tamea aliis atquc aiiis verbis fit uten- 
 dum. Qiianquam liac parte cloquentiae (politica Icilicet «S: ncgotiofa, in 
 privatis I'ermonibus) maximos oratores plerunque dcftitui certumfit; dum 
 ornatum & formulas elegantes orationis captantes, volubili ilia applicatione, 
 & cliaraderibus fermonum, quibus vcrfus fingulos uti confultius tbret, cx- 
 cidunt. Ccrtc non abs re fuerit, circa iioc ipfum, de quo nunc dicimus, no- 
 vam inftituere inquifitionem, eamque nomine prudentiae lermonis privati 
 indigitare, atque inter deflderata reponere : Rem certe, quam quo attenti- 
 us quis rccogitet, eo pluris faciet. Utrum vero hacc inter rhctorica, an po- 
 litica collocctur, iiaud magni retert. 
 
 Descend AMUs modo ad defidcrata in hacartc, quae (ut ante diximus) 
 ejus funt generis, ut pro appendicibus potius cenferi debeant, quam pro 
 portionibus artis ipfius, & pertinent omnia ad promptuariam. Primo igitur 
 non invcnimus, qui prudentiam illam, fmiul & diligentiam Ariftotelis, be- 
 ne pcrfecutus fit aut lupplcverit. Hie nimlrum cocpit colligere, /igna po- 
 pularia, five colores boni ac mali apparentis, tam fimplicis quam comparati, 
 qui funt vere fopliifmata rhctorica. Sunt autem eximii ufus, praefertim ad 
 ncgotia, & prudentiam fermonis privati. Labores vero Ariftotclis circa 
 colores irtos in tribus claudicant. Primo, quod cum multt flnt, paucos atf- 
 modum rccenfeat. Secundo, quod elenchos fuos non habeant adjunclos. 
 Tcrtio, quod videtur illc ufum corum ex parte ignorafTe. Ufus cnim eo- 
 rum, non magis ad probandum, quam ad afHciendum & commovendum 
 fublcrvit. Complures ilquidem loquendi formulae, quae idem figniticant, 
 varie tamen afHciunt. Nam longe fortius pcnetrar, quod acuminatum ert, 
 quam quodobtufum; licet in ipfa perculFione vires aequaliter intcndantur. 
 Nemo eft certe, qui non magis afficiatur audicns, inimici tui de iioc mirOs 
 triumphos agent : 
 
 Hoc Ithactis "oelit & magna mcrcentitr Atridac; 
 
 Quam fi fimpliciter dicatur, hoc rebus tuis incommodabit. Itaque mucro- 
 nes ifti & aculci fermonum, minime funt negligendi. Cum vero banc rem, 
 ut defideratam proponamus, ex confuetudine noftra, illam cxemplis fulcic- 
 mus; praecepta enim minus rem illuftraverint. 
 
 Exempla colorum boni & mali, tam fimplicis quam comparati. 
 
 Sophifma i. Q^uod laudant liomines & celebrant, bonum, quod vitu- 
 perant & reprehendunt, malum. 
 
 Elejichiis. Fall IT Sophifma quatuor modis; fcilicer, aut propter i'^. 
 norantiam; aut propter malam fidem; aut propter ftudia & factioncs; aut 
 propter ingenia laudatorum & vituperatorum. Propter ignorantiam; quid 
 Vulgi judicium ad examen boni & mali ? Melius Phocion," qui cum populus 
 ci praeter folitum applauderet, quaefivit, num forte dcliquillct? Propter 
 malam Hdem, laudantes enim & vitupcrantcs Itiam rem facpius ao^unt, ne- 
 que loquuntur ut fentiunt. 
 
 Vol. L Y z Laudat
 
 172 DEAUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. UK VL 
 
 Laudat -vaejiales^ qui vult extruder e merces. 
 
 Item, Malum eft, malum eft, mquit emptor; fed cum receflerlr, tain 
 "loriabitur. Propter fadioncs : C.uiviscnim patct, confucfccrehominci, cos, 
 qui fuavum pattium fuiit, immodicis cflFerrc laudibus, qui autcm contraria- 
 rum funt, infra meritum dcprimerc. Propter ingcnia; aliicnim natura fac- 
 ti Tunt & compoftti ad adulationem fervllcm; alii contra momi & tctrici; 
 ut laudando & vitupcrando, iiiis iageniis tantum obfccundenr, parum de 
 veritare foliciti, 
 
 Sopbifma2, Q_uod etiamab inimicis laudatur, magnum bonum, quod 
 vero etiam ab amicis rcprehcnditur, magnum malum. 
 
 Sophism A fundamento hoc niti vidctur, quod quae ingratiis & contra 
 aiiimi noftri affectum & propcnfioncm loquimur, ca ipla vim veritatis a nobis 
 cxtorquere, facile creditur. 
 
 Elenchus. Fall it rophifma propter aftutiam, tarn inimicorum quam 
 amicorum. Inimici enim laudcs quandoque tribuunt, non invite nee a vi 
 veritatis coadli, fed eas tamen diligentcs, quae inimicis fuis invidiam & 
 pericula confiare poffint. Itaque apud Graecos, fuperftitio quaedam invaluit 
 ut crederent, Ti quis ab altero laudaretur, animo malcvolo & propofito no 
 cendi, naribus ejus puftulam annafci folere. Fallit itcrum, quia laudcs. 
 interdum impertiunt inimici, tanquam piaefatiunculas quafdam, ut poftca 
 libcrius & malitiofms calumniarentur. Ex altera parte, fallit etiam hoc fo- 
 phifma propter aftutiam amicorum. Solent enim & ilia viria amicorum in- 
 terdum agnofccre, & praedicare, non quod aliqua vis veritatis eos cogat, fed 
 ea eligentes, quae minimum amicos fuos lacdere pofTunt, ac fi cactcra qui- 
 demviri optimieflent. Fallit iterum, quia amici quoquc reprchcnfionibus 
 jfuis (ficut de inimici laudibus diximus) tanquam pracfatiunculis quibufdam 
 utuntur, quo paulo poft in laudcs effufius excurrant. 
 
 Sophifnta 3. Cuj us privatio bona, id ipfum malum: cujus privatio 
 mala, id ipfum bonum. 
 
 Elenchus. Fallit fophifma duobus modis: Aut propter comparario- 
 nem boni & mali: Aut propter fuccellionem boni ad bonum, aut mali ad 
 malum. Propter comparationem : Si bonum fuerit generi humano, privari 
 cfu glandium, non fequitur, quod malus ille erat ; fed Dodona bona, Ceres 
 melior. Neque fi malum fuit populo Syracufano, Dionyfio fcniore privari, 
 fequitur quod Dionyfius ille bonus fuerit, fed minus malus quam J union 
 Propter fucccflionem : Etcnim privatio bonialicujus non femper dat locum 
 male, fed quandoque majori bono; ut cum flos dccidir, frudus fucccdit. 
 Nee privatio alicujus mali dat femper locum bono, fed interdum majori 
 malo: Nam fublaro inimico Clodio, Milo fimul & fegctcm gloriae perdidir. 
 Sophifma 4. Quod bono aut malo vicinum eft, id ipfum itidem bonum 
 aut malum: quod vero remotum eft a bono, malum; quod a malo, bonum. 
 H A B E t hoc fere rerum natura, ut quae natura fua conveniunt, etiam 
 locis convcniant; quae vero contrariac naturae funt, etiam intervallis di- 
 ftent : cum fuigula, arnica fibi aflbciarc, inimica fummovere gaudeant. 
 
 Elenchus. Sed fallit fophifma tribus modis: primo propter dcftitutio- 
 nem, fccundo propter obfcurationem, tcrtio propter protcdioncm. Prop- 
 ter deftitutionem; fit, ut quae in fuo genere amplilllma funt, & maximc 
 excellunt, omnia, quantum fieri poteft, ad ic trahant, & in vicino quaequc 
 pofira dcftituant, ac quafi incdia confidant. Itaque in propinquo arborum 
 grandium virgulta nunquam laeta rcpcrics. Rede enim ilk, diviris fcrvi 
 
 «:)aximc
 
 Cap.Iir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 173 
 
 maxime fervi. Ncc male cavillatus eft, qui infcrius famulitium in aulis 
 principum, feftorum vigiliis comparavit j quae fefta fua in proximo attin- 
 gi!!)t, ipfae autcm jcjuniis addicuntur. Propter oblcurationem ; ctenim & 
 hoc habcnt quacque, in (uo gencre, pracftantillima, ut licet proxima non 
 extenuent aut dcftituanr, tamcn oblcurent & obumbrent. Qliod etiam de 
 Ible norant aftronomi, quod fit fcilicet afpetlu bonus, conjunclionc &: ap- 
 proximatu malus. Propter protedionem; nam non folum res coeunt & 
 congrcgantur propter confortium & naturae fimilitudinem, fed etiam ma- 
 lum (pracicrtim in civilibus) confugit ad bonum, ut latcat & protegatur. 
 Itaque icclerati homines petuut afyla divorum, & vitium iplum fe in vii'- 
 tutis umbram rccipit : 
 
 Saej>e latet 'vitium proximitate boni. 
 
 Contra & bonum fe aggregat ad malum, non propter confortium, fed ut 
 illud convertat & reformer in bonum. Itaque & medici magis accedunt ad 
 aegrotos, quam ad fanos; & Servatori noftro objcdum eft, quod conver- 
 farctur cum publicanis & peccatoribus. 
 
 Sophifma f. C u I caetcrae partes vel fedac, fecundas unanimiter defc- 
 runt, (cum fuigulac principatum (ibi vendicent) melior reliquis videtur: 
 Nam primas quacque ex zelo videtur fumere, fecundas autcm ex vero & 
 mcrito tribuere. 
 
 It A Cicero argumentatur, feftam academicorum, quae acatalcffiam te- 
 Duit, philofophiarum fuifle praeftantiirnnam. Interrogaenim i^xno^ix.) Stoi- 
 cum, qttae fe£ia Jit potior-, ille /ham caeteris anteponet : deinde quae 
 fecundas teneat, academicam fatebitur. Age fimiliter cum Epkureo % 
 (qui Stoici vix afpecium toleraverit) pojlqiiam fiiam feciam collocarit 
 in fummo, collocabit academicam in proximo. Similiter, vacante di"^nita- 
 te aliqua, princcps fi compctitores fuigulos interrogaret, quem port fe po- 
 tiflimum commcndare vcllent, vcrifimile eft, fecunda illorum vota, in eurri 
 qui praecipue dignus & optime meritus fuerit, concurfura. 
 
 Elenchus. Fallit fophilma propter invidiam. Solent enim homines 
 proxime poft fe, & fadionem fuam, in cos inclinare & propendere, qui reli- 
 quorum maxime fint enerves & imbelles, quiquc eis minimum moleftiae ex- 
 hibucrunt, in odium illorum, qui illis plurimum infultarunt aut incommo- 
 darunt. 
 
 Sophifma 6. Cujtrs exeellentia vel exuperantia melior, id toto genere 
 melius. 
 
 Hue pertinent formulae ilbe u/itatae; ne pervagemur in generalibus: 
 conferamus particularem aliqucm cum particulari, &c. 
 
 Elenchus. Videtur hoc fophifma fatis nervofum; & ma^is dialedi- 
 cum quiddam, quam rhctoricum. Attamen interdum fallit. Primo, quia: 
 funt res haud paucae, periculo plurimum obnoxiac, quae tamen, 17 eva- 
 dant, caeteris antecellant. Ita ut genere fint deteriores, quia faepius peri- 
 clitantur & cxcidunt; individuo autem nobiliores. In hoc numcro eft sem- 
 ma Martia, de qua Gallicum adagium: Filius Parifiorum, & gemma menffs 
 Martii, fi ex illis evadat unus, erit inftar decern aliorum. Adeo ut in ge- 
 nere gemma Mali gemmae Martii pracftct, fed tamen in individuo optima 
 gemma Martii optimae gemmae Maii praeferatur. Fallit fecundoj propter 
 naturam rcrum, in aliquibus generibus aut fpeciebus magis aequalem, iri 
 aliquibus magis inaequalem. Quemadmodum in obfervationcm venit, cli- 
 mata calidiora generalrter ingcnia produccrc acutiora; at in frigidioribus 
 
 jngcnii
 
 i74 DEAUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VX 
 
 inc^cnia ilia, quae eminent, ctiam acutifltmis calidarum rcgionum pracftarc. 
 Similiter, in excrcitibus compluribus, ii res duello inter fingulos tranfrgcre- 
 tur, fortafle ad unam partem acccderct victoria i fi copiis univcrfis, in alte- 
 ram. Etcnim excellentiae & exuperantiae cafum rccipiunt; at genera na- 
 tura aut difciplina reguntur. QLiinetiam in genere mctallum hpide prctio 
 fiu.s; attamen adamas praecellit auro. 
 
 Sophifmaj. Qyou rem integram fervat, bonum; quod fme reccpru 
 eft, malum: nam Ic rcciperc non pofle, impotcnriac genus eft; poteatia 
 autem bonum. 
 
 KiNC confinxit AElbpus flxbulam de duabus ranis; quae in magna fic- 
 citate, cum aquae ubique deiiccrinr, delibcrarunr, quid ilbi demum agen- 
 dum eflet. Prior autem; del'eendamus (inquit) in putcumprofundum, ne- 
 que enim venfimile eft ibi aquam dctlituram. Cui altera ita regerit; quia 
 fi forte ibi quoque aqua deficiet, quomodo cxinde rurilis al'cenderc porcri- 
 mus? Firmamentum autem hujus Ibphifmatis eft; quod adioncs humanac 
 adco fiat iiKertae, & periculis expofitae, ut illud optimum videatur, quod 
 plurima habeat eftugia. Hue Ipedant formulae illae, quae in ufu funr: 
 Obligatum plane & obftridlum tc reddes: Non tantum, quantum voles, fa- 
 mes ex foftuna, &c. 
 
 Elenchtis. Fall it fophifma primo, quia in adionibus human is for- 
 tuna ursiet, ut aliquid demum decernatur. Etcnim ut eleganter a quopiara 
 dictum eft; etiam non ftatuerc, eft aliquid ftatuere: Adeo ut faepenumero 
 confilii fufpenfio pluribus nos implicet neccflltatibus; quam fi aliquid ftatu- 
 iflcmus. Videtur autem ifte morbus quidam animi, iunilis ei, qui repcrirur 
 inavaris: fed tranflatus a cupiditate rctincndi opes, ad cupiditatem retincii- 
 di arbitrium & potcftatcm. Siquidcm avarus frui non vult, nc quid detra- 
 hat de lumma; ita & hujulmodi fccpticus nil cxequi vult, ut omnia ci fint 
 Integra. Fallit fecundo, quia ncccllitas, & illud (quod aiunt) jada eft alca, 
 ftrmirlos addit animis; ficut inquit ille, cacteris pares, ncccflitate certc fu- 
 periores cftis. 
 
 Sophipna 8. Q_uod quis culpa fua contraxit, majus malum; quod ab 
 cxternis imponitur, minus malum. 
 
 Hujus rei caula eft, quod morfus confcientiae adverfa conduplicet : con- 
 tra, confcium fibi cfle, quod culpa quis vacet, magnum praebet in calami- 
 tate folatium. Itaque poetac ex pathemata maxime exaggerant, ranquani 
 dcfperationi propiora, ubi quis feipfum acculct, «Sc difcrucict : 
 
 Seque unum clamat caufamque caput que malorum. 
 
 Contra calamitates virorum infignium elevat & diluit mnocentiac & meritL 
 confcicntia. Porro cum malum abaliisintentetur, habet quivis, quod liberc 
 conqucri pollit, unde dolorcs fui exhaknt, neque cor fuitbccnt : etcnim iis, 
 quae ab injuria homi^num profeda funt, indignari folemus, aut ultioncm 
 mcditari, aut deniquc nemcfini divinam vcl implorare vcl exped:are : quia- 
 etiam, fi a fortuna ipfa inflidum quid fit, tamcn datur quaedani cum fatis 
 ipfis expoftulatio : 
 
 Atqiie l^eos, atque ajlra vocat crudelia mater. 
 Contra, ubi quis malum aliquod fua culpa contraxerit, ftimuli doloris in- 
 tro vcrtuntur, animumque magis vulnerant 6c confodiunt. 
 
 Elenchns. Fallit iftud Sophifma, primo propter fpem; quae malo- 
 y\m\ magnum eft antidotum. Etenim culpac emcndatio, facpc in noftra 
 
 potcftate
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 175 
 
 porcftatc fira eft; fortunac vero minimc. Itaquc Demofthcncs, non fcmcl 
 civcs fuos hiijufmodi verbis affatus eft; Guod ad praeterita pejjirnnm, id 
 ad futnr a optimum eft. G^uid hoc tandem fit? Hoc ippimfci licet, quod 
 veftra incur ia cr culpa res -veftrae male fe habeant : Nam ft los ojftcio 
 njeftro per omnia perfuncti ejfetis, & nihilominus flatus vefler lit nunc, 
 labor ajj'tt, ne fpes qtiidem reliqua efifet, eum futnr urn aliquando melio- 
 rcm. Cum I'ero err ores -ceftri in caufa pottffimum fuerint ; confidendum 
 plane, t'os, illis emendatis, priflinumflatum veflrmn rccuperaturo^. Simi- 
 liter Epidctus de gradibus tranquillitatis an i mi verba facicns; infimum lo- 
 cum illis attribiiit, qui alios acculant : fuperiorcm lis, qui feipfos; fupre- 
 mum vero illis, qui nee alios nee fciplbs. Fallit fccundo, propter infiram 
 animis humanis fupcrbiam; qua acgrc adducuntur homines, ut errorcs pro- 
 prios agnofcant. Hoc vero ut cviteat, patientiam adhibenC longc majo- 
 rem in lis malis, quae culpa fua conrraxerunr. Etcnim, quemadmodum fi- 
 eri videmus, ut cum culpa admifla /ir, ncquc dc auctore conftitcrit, ftipYa 
 modum excandefcant homines & tumultuentur: quod fi poftca in notitiam 
 pcrvenerit, culpam illam ad filium, aut uxorcm aut gratiotlun aliquem per- 
 tinere, ftatim Icdantur turbac & confilcrcunt: Eodcni modo fit, cum res 
 aliqua accidit, propter quam ncccilltas incumbit, culpam in nos ipfos reei- 
 piendl. Id quod in mulicribus raepiilimae confpicitur, quae {\ quid infclici^ 
 ter egerunt, contra confenfum parentum aut amicorum, qualccunquc infor- 
 tunium fequatur, illud fcdulo dillimulabunt. 
 
 Sopbifma^. Gradus privationis major videtur, quam gradus dimi- 
 nutionis: & rurfus; gradus inceptionis major videtur quam gradus inero 
 menti. 
 
 Canon eft in mathcmaticis ; nnllas cffc rationes nihili ad aliquld. Ita- 
 quc gradus nuHitatis & quidditatis, majorcs videntur gradibus incrementt 
 & decrement!. Sicut monoculo durius eft, unum perdere oculum, quam 
 utrumque oculum habcnti. Similiter complures libcros habenti gravius cft^ 
 ultinmm, qui llipcrftes fuerit, filium amittcre, quam rcliquos priores. Ita- 
 quc & Sibylla, eum duos priores libros combufllflct, pretium tertii duplica- 
 vit : Siquidem illius amiflio gradus fuiflct privationis, non diminutionis. 
 
 Elenchiis. Fajllit fophifina primo, propter eas res, quarum ufus in 
 fi^ifficientia quadam, five compctentia; hoc eft, quantitate determinata, con- 
 fiftit. Si quis enim obligctur poenaliter ad folutioncm certae pecuniae fiam- 
 mac, ad diem certnm ; gravius ei fuerit, nummo unico aurco carerc, quam 
 fi pofito quod ilk unicus parari non potucrir, decflcnt etiam dccem alii. 
 Similiter in dccoctionibus futurarum, damnofior videtur gradus obaeratio- 
 nis, qui primus fortcm minuit; quam extrcmus, qui ad cgeftatem rcdigit. 
 Hue Ipectant formulae rllae ufitatac: icra in fundo parfimonia: parum in- 
 tereft, utrum nihil habeas, an quod nihil juvet, &c. Fallit fccundo, prop- 
 ter illud principium in natura, quod corruptio unius, lit generatio altcrius. 
 Adeo ut gradus ipfe privationis ultimac, minus intcrdum incommodct, quo- 
 niam anfam & ftimulum praebct novae alicui rationi ineundae. Undc etiam 
 Demofthenes laepius conqucritur apud civcs lues : Conditioned minus utiles, 
 & honor ificas, quas a Thilippo impofitas fubibant, nihil aliud ejfe, qnavi 
 aliment a quacdam ip forum ignaviae <h- focordiae i ut miiltd its fuijft 
 fatius illis omnino carerc, propterea quod hoc pa^o induflria illorum 
 melius acui po/fit ad alia paranda remedia. iSiovimus ccrte medicum 
 qucndam, qui, niulieribus dclicatis, qucrcntibus ie male habere, fed tamen 
 a medicamentis omnibus abhorrerc^ Ibiebat dicere,, non minus faccte, quam 
 
 morofe :
 
 176 DEAUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 morofc: Vobis omniiio opus eft, ut dctcrius valcatis, quo mcdicamcnta, 
 ctiam quaclibet, libentcr tolcrctis. Quinetiam ipfe gradus privationis, five 
 indigentiac ultimac, Talutaris efle poflit, non tantum ad cxcitandam induf- 
 triam, verum ctiam ad impcrandani paticntiam. 
 
 Quod adrecundummembrumhujuslophifmatis, illud codcm, quoprius, 
 fundamcnto (de gradibus quidditatis & nuUitatis) nititur. Hinc tanta ufur- 
 pantur, de initiis negotiorum, praeconia. 
 
 'Dimidium fa£ii, qui bene coepit, habet, <irc. 
 
 Hinc aftrologorum fuperftitio, qui judicium faciunt de difpofitione aut for- 
 tuna hominis, ex momcnto five articulo nativitatis aut conccptus. 
 
 Elenchus. Fall it Ibphifma primo, quoniam in nonnullis piimae re- 
 rum inceptiones nihil aliud lunt, quam quae Epicurus, in piiilolbphia fua, 
 appellat tentamenta; id eft, rudimcnta quacdam, quae nihili funt, nifi ite- 
 rentur aut provehantur, Itaque in hoc cafu, gradus fccundus dignior vi- 
 detur & potentior, quam primus: QLjcmadmodum in plauftris, cquus qui 
 penultimus eft, plus confert ad motum plauftri, quam primus. Etiam non 
 inepte dici folet; convitium rcgcftum, illud efle, quod pugnae fit rerum. 
 Prius cnim fortafle praetervolaturum fuiflct : Itaque prius malo principium 
 dedit, fed pofterius modum abftulit. Fallit Ibphifma fccundo, propter dig- 
 nitatem perfeverantiacj quae in progreflu, non in aggreflli fita eli Ete- 
 nim cafus, aut natura, primum impetum progignere poflunt; at affedus 
 tantummodo maturus & judicium, conftantiam. Fallit tertio in iis rebus, 
 quarum natura & curfus ordinarius in contrarium rei inceptac fertur. Ita ut 
 prima inceptio pcrpetuo evacuctur, nifi vires continuentur. Quemadmo- 
 dum in formulis illis ufitatis dicitur; Nonprogredi, cftrcgredi: Et, Qui non 
 proficit, deficit: Ut in curfu in adverfum montis; rcmigationc in adverfum 
 gurgitis: At contra, fiindcclivi montis motus incipiat; aut fecundo flumine 
 remigatio fiat ; turn gradus inceptus longe potiores partes tenet. Porro ifte 
 color, non tantum extenditur ad gradum inceptionis, qui fit a potentia ad 
 aftum, comparatum cum gradu, qui fit ab adu ad incrementum: verum 
 ctiam ad gradum qui fit ab impotentia ad potentiam, comparatum cum gra- 
 du, qui fit a potentia ad aftum. Etenim gradus ab impotentia ad potentiam, 
 major videtur, quam a potentia ad adum. 
 
 Sophifma 10. Quod ad veritatem refertur, majus eft, quam quod ad 
 opinionem. Modus autem, & probatio ejus, quod ad opinioncm pertinet, 
 haec eft, quod quis, fi clam putaret fore, fadurus non eflet. 
 
 Ita pronunciant Epicurei de felicitate Stoicorum, in virtutc collocata, 
 quodfimilis fit felicitati hiftrionisin fcena; qui fi a fpedatoribus &plaufu 
 corum deftitueretur, animis ftatim conciderct. Itaque virtutem per igno- 
 miniam, bonum theatrale vocant. Alitcr fit indivitiisi de quibus ille: 
 
 Tofulus me Jibilat i at mihi plaudo. 
 Itidem in voluptate : 
 
 Grata ftib into 
 
 Gaudia cordepremens, vultujimulante pudorem. 
 
 Elenchus. Fallacia hujus fophifmatis fubtilior paulo eft; licet rc- 
 fponfio ad exemplum, quod adducitur, facilis. Neque enim virtus eligitur 
 propter auram popularem. Cum ctiam illud praeccptum fit, Ut quis maxime 
 omnium fcipfum rcvcreatur. Ita ut vir bonus, idem fuerit in folitudine, 
 idem in theatro. Licet forte intendatur virtus nonnihii per laudes, qucm- 
 
 admodum
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 177 
 
 admodumcaloraugeturperrcfleaioncm. Scdhoc fuppofirioncm negat, nod 
 fallaciain rcdarguit. Eknchus vcro talis eft. Dato, quod virtus (praefcr- 
 tim ca, quae laborcs & confliftus fubit) non eligeretur, nifi quod laudcs & 
 fama cam comitari foleant; haud inde fcquitur, quod appetitus & motus 
 ad virtutcm, non fit praccipuc propter fc. Siquidcm fama, polFit cflc caula 
 tantum impulfiva, aut fine qua non ; neutiquam cfficicns aut conftitucns. 
 Exempli gratia; fi duo fucrint cqui, quorum unus, calcaribus non admotis, 
 quacvis haud iegnitcr pracftarct; at alter, calcaribus admotis, priorem lon- 
 ge iliperarct : pofterior ifte (arbirror) palmam rcferet, & pro cquo mcliorc 
 judicabitur. Ncque quenquam judicii fiini commovcrit formula ilia: Apa^e 
 iilum equum, cujus fpiritus fiti funt in calcaribus. Quandoquidem cnim 
 iniirumcntum ordinarium equitanti fitcalcar, ncque ullo modo oneri aut im- 
 pcdimcnto ci fit; non minoris propterea acftimandus eft equus, qui calcare 
 incitatur: ncque ctiam illc alter, qui abfquc calcaribus mira pracftct, co 
 iplb mclior, fed dclicatior tantum habendus eft. Simili rationc, gloria Sc 
 honor, virtuti, pro ftimulis & calcaribus, fubfcrviunt : Ac licet virtus, fine 
 iilis, paulo futara cflct languidior; tamen cum fcmper ilia pracfto fint ci, 
 Ctiam non invitata; nil ofiicit, quo minus virtus propter fc quoquc expe- 
 tacur, Itaque rcdc redarguitur ilia pofitio: Nota ejus rci, quod propter 
 opinionem, & non propter veritatcm eligitur, hacc eft; quod quis, fi clam 
 putarct fore, facturus Hon fuiflct. 
 
 Sopb'ifynci 11. Quod opera & virtutc noftra partum eft, majus bonum; 
 quod ab alicno bencficio, vcl ab indulgentia fortunae dclatum, eft minus 
 bonum. 
 
 Causae hujus rei hae funt. Primo propter fpem de futuro. Siquidcm in 
 aliorum gratia, aut fortunae ipfius ventis fccundis, non multum incft certi- 
 tudinis; propria veto induftria aut virtus, femper domi adfunt. Adco uc 
 poftquam boni quid nobis hoc niodo paratum fuerit, maneant ctiam eadem 
 inftrumcnta in novos ufus parata, quin & confuetudinc & fucceflU reddita 
 validiora. Secundo, quia quod alicno bencficio adipifcimur, ejus etiara a- 
 Jiis dcbirorcs fumus: cum quae per nos ipfi comparaverimus, nihil oneris 
 I'cciim tralunr. Etiam fi quid indulgentia divina in nos cumulaverit, rctri- 
 butioncm quandam crga Dei bonitatem efflagitat, quod homines pravos & 
 improbos mordct, ubi in priorc gcnere illud prophetac ufuvenerit, laetan- 
 tur, & exultant, immolant pli\gis fats o- facnficant rcti fuo. Tertio quia 
 ca, quae a virtutc nollra minime profccia ilint, nulla fcquitur laus 6c cxifti- 
 matio. Quae cnim felicitatis funt, admirationcm quandam pariunt, laudcm. 
 minime. Sicut ait Cicero ad Caefarem: Quae miremur habemus; quae lau- 
 demus expcclamus. Qiiarto quia quae induftria propria acquiruntur, cum 
 laboribus & contcntionc fcrc conjuncla funt; quod nonnuilam habct in ^z 
 fuavitatcm; uti Solomon, fnavis cibus a I'enatu. 
 
 Elenchns. A t quatuor inveniuntur colorcs oppofiti, qui rem in contra- 
 riam partem inclinanr, ponintqucefle prioribus inftar elcnchorum. Primo, 
 quia felicltas vidctur eftc fignum quoddam a. character favoris divini : & 
 propterea tum in nobifmetipiis confidentiam & alacritatcm gencrar, turn 
 apud alios authoritatcm & reverentlam. Fclicitas autcm ifta etiam fortuita 
 complectitur, ad quae virtus aegre aipirat; veluti cum Caefar ad navis gu- 
 bcrnatorem, animos addendo dixit : Caefarem portas & fortunam ejus. Quod 
 i^ dixiflct, Caefarem poitas <5c virtutem ejus, frigidum prorfus fuifiet fola- 
 tium periclitanti in procella. Secundo, quia ca quae a virtutc aut induftria 
 proccdunr, "lunt imitabilia & aliis patent; cum fclicitas fit res ininiitabilis. 
 
 Vol. I. Z &:
 
 17» DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 S: praer02;ativa quaedam hominis indlvidui. Itaquc in gencrc vidcmus, 
 res naturales artificialibus pracponi, quia imitationem non rccipiunr. Qiiott 
 en i 1)1 imitabile eft, potentia viilgatum eft. Tcrtio, quae ex felicitate pro- 
 vcniunt, bona vidcntur gratuitancc laboribus empta: At quae virtutc pro- 
 pria pretio veluti acquifita. Itaque cleganter Plutarchus, de rebus Timo- 
 ieontis hominis longe fortunatillimi, cum rebus Agefilai & Epaminondae, 
 qui uno aevo vixerunt, comparatis, dixit: lUas Homeri carminibus fuiflc flmi- 
 ics, quae cum alias excellant, Iponte etiam fluere videantur 6c quafi geni- 
 um fapere. Qiiarto, quia, quod praeter fpem aut practer expeftatum con- 
 «inoit, gratius & majore cum voluptatc in hominum animos influit. lUud 
 vcro neutiquam competit lis, quae propria cura & ambitu comparantur. 
 
 Sophifma I2. Qu&D ex pluribus conftat & divifibilibus, eft majusquam 
 quod ex paucioribus, 6c magis unum : Nam omnia per partes confidcratd 
 majora videntur: Qiiarc & pluralitas partium, magnitudincm prae fe fert: 
 Fortius autem opcratur pluralitas partium fi ordo abfit : Nam inducit fimi- 
 litudincm infiaiti & impedit compreheniionem. 
 
 SoPHiSiMA iftud videtur etiam primo intuitu fallax, & quafi palpabllc : 
 Siquidem, non pluralitas partium tantum, fed majoritas earundem, potcrit 
 conftituerc totum auftius. Attamen abripit hoc ipfum fophiima lacpius 
 phantafiam; quinctiam infidiatur lenfui. Etenim afpectui ipli brevior vi- 
 detur via in planitie, ubi nihil intercurrat quod vifum frangat, quam in tali 
 traclu terras, ubi fimul confpiciuntur arbores, aut aedificia, aut aliud aii- 
 quod fignum, quod fpatium mctiri & dividcre pollit. Sic homini bene num- 
 mato, poftquam areas (lias & marftipia divil'erit & digcfferit, major eti- 
 am quam antea fubit divitiarum phantaita. Habet etiam vim in amplifica- 
 tionibus, fi res in plures portiones di\idatur, atquc fingulae feorfum trac- 
 tcntur. Hoc vero adhuc magis phantalwm impler, fi fiat promilcue & find 
 ordine. Confufio enim multitudinis opinionem generat. Siquidem quae 
 ordine oftcnduntur aut proponuntur, tum ipfa magis finita apparent, turn 
 certum pracbent argumcntum, nihil efle praetcrmllllim. At contra quae 
 confufc repraefeiitantur, non Iblum in (e numcrola putantur, led^fuipi- 
 cioni locum relinquunt, reftare adhuc plura quae omittuntur. 
 
 Elenchns. Fall it fophifma primo, ubi quis ampliorem praeccpe- 
 rit de re aliqua opinionem, quam pro vera rci ipfius magnitudine. Etenim 
 cum hoc fit, diftributio falfam illam opinionem deftruer, & rem in veritate 
 Ilia, non autem cum amplificatione monftrabit. Itaquc fi quis morbo aut 
 dolore corripiatur, horae longiores ci videbuntur, ablquc horologio aut 
 elepfydra, quam fi iifdem menfurentur. Nam fi taedium & vexatio mor- 
 bi, tempus videri longius faciunt, quam revcra eft, at computatio tempo- 
 ris errorem ilium corrigrt & brevius facit, quam opinio ilia falla conccpe- 
 rat. Etiam in planitie contra, quam iliperius ditlum eft, aliquando cvcnit. 
 Licet emm vifus in principio viam oftentet brcviorem lenllii, quia nidivila 
 eft, tamen 'i\ ex co obrepat opinio de louge minori intervallo quam reperi- 
 tur: opinionis ejus vanae fruftratio efficiet, ut videatur demum etiam, quam 
 revcra eft, produftior. Itaque fi quis opinioni alicuius fallae de magnitu- 
 dine rci cujufpiam velificari cupiat, caveat a diftributionibus, led rem in- 
 tcgram utiquc extollat. Fallit Ibphifina fecundo, fi diftributio ea diftraha- 
 tur, non autem fimul obverfetur, aut uno afpcftu vilum feriat. Itaque fi 
 fiores in horto aliquo in plures torulos diftinguantur, majoris quantitatis 
 Ibeciem pracbcbunt, quam fi omncs in uno toro fimul crelcerent; modo 
 toruli illi oculis fimul fubjiciantur; aliter enim unio diftributioni diftraclae 
 
 praeva-
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM.t 179 
 
 praevalcbit. Sic reditus corum majorcs vidcnciu-, quibus pracdia & latt- 
 fundia fua vidua aut conjuncla funr. Nam fi fparfim flta finr, non vcui- 
 unt tarn facile fub afpcaum. Fallit fophifma tcrtio propter dignitatem 
 unitatis fnpra multitLidiucm. Oninis cnim compofitio, indigcntiae in lin- 
 "tdis fiiinum eft certidimum : ubi iliud utu venit : 
 
 Et quae nonprofimt fingula, multajiivani. 
 
 Itaquc Mariae partes potiores j Martha, Martha, attcndis ad plurima, uniim 
 fufficit. Hinc ilia fabula AEfopi dc vulpe & fcli. jadabat cnim vulpcs, 
 quantas artes habcrct & cfFugia, quibus fe a canibus criperct j fclis autcm (c 
 unico tantum confidcrc auxilio dixit, utpote quae tcnucm fcandcndi facul- 
 ratcm haberet. Qiiod tamcn rcliquis illis vulpinis longc pracftantius prac- 
 itdium fuit: undc adagium; multa novit vulpcs, fed fclis unum magnum. 
 Quin etiam in hujus tabulae fignilicationc morali idem ccriiitur : Nam po- 
 tent! & fido amico niti, plus pracfidii habet, quam artes 6c aftutiae com- 
 plurimac. 
 
 Atq_ue hacc exempli loco fufficlcnt. Supcrcft autcm nobis cjulmodi 
 colorum numcrus etiam magnus, quos olim adolcrcentcscongclllmus: atta- 
 mcn fine illullrationibus fuis, atque elenchis; quos hoc tempore concinnare 
 nonvacat: ideoque colorcs illos nudos, abfquc illuftrationibus lliis, (cum 
 fuperiorcs ifti veftiti prodeant,) proponcre, minime nobis confcntancum vi- 
 detur. lUud interim monemus rem iftam, qualifcunque ea vidcri poflit, 
 haud parvi, judicio noftro, effe pretii: utpote quae ex philofophia prima, & 
 ex politica, & ex rhctorica participct. Atque dc fignis popularibus, five 
 coloribus boni ac mali apparentis, tam fimplicis quam comparati haftcnus. 
 • Secunda coUedlio, quae pertinct ad promptuariam & defideratur, ca 
 eft, quam Cicero (ut ilipcrius in logica tiiximus) innuiti cum praccipir, 
 ut in promptu habcantur loci communes in utramque partem difputati &: 
 tradlati. Qiialcs llint pro verbis Icgis, & pro lentcntia Icgis, «Sec. Nosvero 
 hoc praeccptum, .etiam ad alia extcndimus; ut non folum ad genus judici- 
 alc, led etiam ad delibcrativum & demonftrativum adhibeatur. Omnino 
 hoc volumus locos omnes, quorum tVcqucns eft ufus, (five ad probatioues 
 & retutationcs, five ad lliafioncs, & difluafiones, five ad laudes tSc vituperia 
 fpcdent ;) meditates jam haberi, cofque ultimis ingenii viribus, & tanquam 
 improbc, & prorlus praeter veritatem, attoUi & dcprimi. Modum autcm 
 hujus collectionis, tam ad ufiuii quam ad brcvitatcm, optimum fore ccnfe- 
 mus, fi hujulmodi loci contrahantur in fententias quafdam acutas & conCi- 
 fas; tanquam glomos quofdam, quorum fila in fufiorem difcurfum, cum 
 res poftulat, explicari poftint. Atque fimilcm quandam diligentiam in Se- 
 neca rcperimus, led in hypothefibus five cafibus. Ejus generis cum plu- 
 rima parata habeamus, aliqua ad cxemplum proponcre vifum eft. Ea au- 
 tcm antitheta return nominamus. 
 
 Exempla Antithctorura. 
 
 Nobilitas. I. 
 
 Tro. /QUIBUS virtus a genere penitus infita cftj ii jam non malicflc 
 t V^ nolunt, fi;d ncqueunt. 
 Nobilitas laurca, qua tempus homines coronat. 
 ■ Vol. I. Z 2 Antiq^ui.
 
 i8o DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTI ARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 A N T I <^u I T A T E M etiam in monumeutis mortuis veneramur ; quanta 
 mai2,is in vivis? 
 
 ^i nobilitatcm familiarumconrcmnas, quae tandem crit differentia, inter 
 fobolem hominum & brutoium ? 
 
 NoBiLiTAS virtutem invidiae fubducit, gratiac tradit. 
 
 Contra. Raro ex virtutc nobilitas; rarius ex nobilitatc virtus. 
 
 No BILES majorum deprccatione ad vcniani facpius utuntur, quam fuf- 
 fragatione ad honorcs. 
 
 Tant A Iblet cflc induftria hominum novorum, ut nobiles prac illis tan- 
 quam ftatuae videantur. 
 
 Nobiles in ftadio refpeftant nimis facpc; quod mali curforis eft. 
 
 Forma. II. 
 
 Tro. De FORMES naturam ulcilci folcnr. 
 
 Et virtus nil aliud, quam interna forma; & forma nil aliud, quam ex- 
 terna virtus. 
 
 Deformes fc a contcmptu, per malitiam utiquc fuam, vindicate cu- 
 piunt. 
 
 Forma virtutes fplcndcre facit, vitia ruberc. 
 
 Cont. Virtus, ut gemma nobilis, melius inferitur fine multo auro & 
 ornatu. 
 
 Quod veftis lauta dcformi, iioc forma improbo. 
 
 Similiter plcrunque leves lunt, quos forma ornat, &quos mover. 
 
 Jtiventus. III. 
 
 7ro. Primae cogitationes, Scjuvenumconftlia, plus habcnt e Numinc. 
 Senes fibi fapiunt magis; aliis, & reipublicae, minus. 
 S I confpici daretur, magis dcformat animos quam corpora fenedlus. 
 Senes omnia metuunt, practcrDeos. 
 Cont. [uven T us poenitentiae campus. 
 
 ^N GEN it us eft juvenibus fenilis authoritatis contcmptus; ut quifqua 
 fuo periculo fapiat. 
 
 Temp us, ad quae confilia non advocatur, nee rata habet. 
 S E N I B us veneres mutantur in gratias. 
 
 Valetudo. IV. 
 
 '[Pro. CuRA valetudlnis animum humilcm facit, & corpori fupplicem. 
 Corpus fanum, liofpesanimae eft; acgrum, crgaftularius. 
 Nil tarn fummas aftionum promovet, quam profpera valetudo ; at con- 
 tra, infirma feriatur nimis. 
 
 Cont. Saepe convalefcere, eft facpe juvenefcere. 
 
 Excusatio valetudinis polychrcfta; ad quam etiam fani confugimus. 
 
 Nimis arfto foederc corpus animac jungit fanitas. 
 
 E T leftus magna imperia adminiftravit, & Icdica magnos exercitus. 
 
 Uxor & Libert. V. 
 
 ^ro. Charitas reipublicae incipit a familia. 
 
 Uxor & liberi difciplina quaedam humanitatisi at coelibcs tetrici & 
 fcveri. 
 
 CoELiBATus & orbitas ad nil aliud conferunt, quam ad fugam. 
 Morti facrificat, qui libcros non procreat. 
 
 Caetera
 
 Cap. II. DEAUGMENTJS SCIENTIARUM/j i8i 
 
 Caetera fcliccs, in Jibcris fere infortunati fuiit; ng divinac forti nimi- 
 um appropinqucut homines. 
 
 Cont. Qui uxorcni duxit, & libcros fufccpir, obfidcs fortunae dcdit. 
 Generake & libcri, humanafuntj crcarc & opera, divina. 
 Brutorum actcrnitas ibbolcs; virorum tama, mcrita & inftituta. 
 Oeconomicae nitioncs publicas plerunquc cvcrtunr. 
 . Aliquibus fortuna Prianii placuit, qui lUis omnibus ibperftes fuir. 
 
 T>ivitiae. VI. 
 
 7ro. D I VI T I AS contcmnunt, qui defpcrant. 
 
 1 NVIDIA divitiarum, virtutcm cfFccit dcam, 
 
 DuM philolbphi dubitant, utrum ad virtutcm an voluptatem omnia fint 
 referenda, collide inftrumcnta utriufque. 
 
 Virtus per divitias vertitur in commune bonum. 
 
 Caetera bona proviucialcm habcnt adminirtrationcm, divitiae folae 
 genfcralcm. 
 
 Cont. Divitiarum magnarumvel cuftodia eft, vel difpenfatio quae- 
 dam, velfama5 at nuUus ufus. 
 
 Ann ON vidcs lapillis, & id genus deliciis, fingi pretiaj ut poflit cfle ali- 
 quis magnarum divitiarum ufus ? 
 
 M UL T I, dum divitiis fuis omnia vaenaliafore crediderunt, ipfi in primis 
 vaenierunr. 
 
 NoN aliud divitias dixcrim, quam impedimenta virtutis : Nam virtuti & 
 necefTariae funt & graves. 
 
 Divitiae bona ancilla, peflima domina. 
 
 ■' Honor es. VII. 
 
 'Pro. Hon ORES non tyrannorum, (ut loquuntur) fed providentiae di- 
 vinae calculi funt. 
 
 Ho no res faciunt & virtutes & vltia confpicua: itaque illas provocant, 
 haec refraenant. 
 
 NoN novit quifpiam, quantum in virtutis curfu profecerit : nifi honores 
 ei campum praebeant apertum. 
 
 Virtutis, ut rerum aliarum, rapidus motus eft ad locum, pladdusin 
 loco : Eft autem virtutis locus honos. 
 
 Cont. Dum honores appetimus, libertatem exuimus. 
 
 Honores dantfere poteftatem earum rerum, quas optima conditio eft: 
 nolle, proxima non pofle. 
 
 Honorum afcenfus arduus, ftatio lubrica, regreflus praeccps. 
 
 Q^ui in honorc funt, vulgi opinionem mutuentur oportet, ut feipfos 
 beatos putent. 
 
 Imperia. VIII. 
 
 Vro. Felicitate frui, magnum bonum eft, fed cam & aliis imper- 
 tlri pofle, adhuc majus. 
 
 Reges non hominum inftar, fcdaftrorum funt: Nam & in fingulos 6c 
 in tempo ra ipfa, magnum habent influxum. 
 
 Qui Dei vices gerunr, iis refiftere, non tantum lacfac majeftatis crimen 
 eft, fed theomachia quaedam. 
 
 Cont. Quam miferum, habere ail fere quod appetas, infinita quae 
 metuas. 
 
 Q^UT
 
 i82 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VI. 
 
 Q^ui in imperils funt, fimiles funt corporibus coelcftibus, quae magnani 
 vcncrationcm habcnr, requiem nullam. 
 
 Nemo humanae Ibrtis ad dcorum convivia admittitur, nifi ad ludibrium. 
 
 Laus, Exijlimatio. IX. 
 
 Tro. ViRTUTis radii rcflexi laudes. 
 
 Laus honoris cll:, ad quern liberis liifFragiis pervcnitur. 
 
 Ho NO RES a diverfis politiis conferuntur, Ted laudes ubiquc funt liber- 
 tatis. 
 
 Vox populi habct aliquid divinum; Nam quomodo aliter tot capita in. 
 unum coni'pirare poilint? 
 
 Ne mireris, fi vulgus verius loquatur, quam lionoratiorcs: quia ctiam 
 tutius loquitur. 
 
 Cont. Fama dctcrior judex, quam nuncia. 
 
 Quid viro bono cum laliva vulgi? 
 
 Fama veluti fluvius, Icvia attollir, folida mergit. 
 
 Infimarum virtutum apud vulgus laus eft, mediarum admiratio, 
 fuprcmarum fcnfus nullus. 
 
 Laus magis ex oftentationc, quamex mcritoj & ventofis magis accedir, 
 quam rcalibus. 
 
 Natura. X. 
 
 7ro. CoNSUETUDiNES progrcflus eft arithmeticus, naturae gcomc- 
 tricus. 
 
 U T in rcbufpubllcis fc habcnt leges communes erga confuctudines, codcm 
 modo in fingulis fe habet natura ad confuetudinem. 
 
 CoNSUETUDo contra naturam quafi tyrannis quaedameft: & cito ac 
 levi occafione corruit. 
 
 Cont. CoGiTAAi us fecundum naturam, loquimur fccundum pracccptaj 
 fed agimus fecundum confuetudinem. 
 
 Natura pedantius quidam eft, confuetudo magiftratus. 
 
 Fortuna. XL 
 
 Tro. Virtutes apertac laudes pariunt, occultac fortunas. 
 
 ViRTUTES officiorum laudes pariunt, facultatum fortunas. 
 
 Fortuna veluti galaxia, hoc eft, nodus quarundam obfcurarum virtu- 
 tum, fine nomine. 
 
 Fortuna faltem obfiliasfuas honoranda eft, confidentiam fcilicet, & 
 author itatem. 
 
 Cont. Stultitia unius, fortuna alterius. 
 
 In fortuna illud praecipuelaudavcrim, quod cum non eligat, nontueatun 
 
 V I R I magni, dum invidiam virtutum fuarum declinarunt, inter fortunae 
 cultores rcperti funt. 
 
 Fita. XII. 
 
 ^ro. Absurdum eft accidentia vitae magis amare, quam vitamlpfam. 
 
 Praestat ad omnia, ctiam ad virtutem, curriculum longum, quam 
 breve. 
 
 Absq^ue fpatiis vitac majoribus, nee perficere datur, nee pcrdifcere, nee 
 pocnitere. 
 
 Cont. P H I LOSOPH I dum tantum apparatum advcrfus mortem coUigunt, 
 ipfam magis timcndam effeccrunt. 
 
 Mortem
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. i83 
 
 Mortem homines timcnr, quia ncfciunt, ut pucri tenebras 
 
 NoN invenias inter humanos afFcdum tarn pufillum, qui fi intcndatur 
 
 paulo vehcmentius, non mortis metum fuperet. 
 
 Mori vellc, noia tantum fortis, aut milcr, aut prudcns, fed ctiam fafli- 
 
 diofus poteft. 
 
 Superftitio. XIII. 
 
 Tro. C^u I zclo peccant, non proband], fed tamen amandi funt. 
 
 Mediocrit ATEs moralibus dcbcntur, cxtrcmitatcs divinis. 
 
 SuPERSTiTiosus, rciigiolus dcfignarus. 
 
 Fabulosissima quaeque portenta cujufvis religioiiis citius crcdide- 
 rim, quam haec omnia fine Numinc fieri. 
 
 Cont. Ut fimiae, fimilitudocumhominc, dcformitatcm addit : itafupcr- 
 ftitioni, fimilitudo cum rcligione. 
 
 Quale odium eft afFedationis in civilibus, talc fupcrftitionis in divinis. 
 
 Praestat nullam iiabcrc dc diis opinionem, quam contumeliofam. 
 
 Non Epicuri fciiola, fed Stoa, vetcres relpublicas perturbavit. 
 
 NoN caditinmentem liumanam, ut fit merus atlicifta dogmate; fed ma"'- 
 ni liypocritac, lunt vcri athciftac : qui lacra perpetuo contredant, fed nun- 
 quam vcrcntur. 
 
 Superbia. XIV. 
 
 ^ro. Superbia ctiam vitiis infociabilis; atque ut vcncnum vcneno, itci 
 haud pauca vitia fuperbia cxpelluntur. 
 
 F a c I L I s, ctiam alichis vitiis obnoxius eft : fuperbus, tantum fuis. 
 
 Superbia, fi ab aliorum contcmptu, ad liii contcmptum alcendct, fict 
 dcmum philofopiiia. 
 
 Cont. Hedera virtutum ac bonorum omnium fuperbia. 
 
 C A E T E R A vitia virtutibus tantum contraria : fuperbia fola contagiofa. 
 
 Superbia optima vitiorum conditionc caret, id eft, latebris. 
 
 SuPERBUs, cum caeteros contcmnit, fe interim negligit. 
 
 Ingratitndo. XV. 
 
 ^ro. Crimen ingrati animi nil aliud eft, quam pcrfpicacia quacdam in 
 caufam beneficii coUati. 
 
 DuM grati erga quofdam efle vblumus; nee cacteris Juftitiam praefta- 
 mus, nee nobis iplis libertatcm. 
 
 Beneficii gratia eo minus reddenda eft, quod de pretio non conftat. 
 
 Cont. Crimen ingrati animi, non fuppliciis coercctur, fedfuriis per- 
 mittitur. 
 
 Arctiora funt vincula beneficiorum, quam officiorum: quarc qui 
 ingratus, ctiam injuftus & omnia. 
 
 Ea eft conditio humana: Nemo tam publica fortuna natus eft, quin pri- 
 vatae & gratiac & vindidae, fe omnino debeat. 
 
 hividia. XVI. 
 
 Tro. Naturale eft exprobrationcm fortunac fuac odiflc; 
 Invidia in rebufpublicis, tanquam ialubris oftracilimis. 
 Cont. Invidia fcftos dies non agit. 
 Nemo virtuti invidiam reconciliaverit praetcr mortem. 
 Invidia virtutcs laboribus exereer, ut Juno Hcrculcm. 
 
 Impndi-
 
 x84 DE AUGxMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VI 
 
 Impiidic'itia. XVII. 
 
 Tro. ZeI/OTYPIae dcbctur, quod callitas iit fiifta virtus. 
 
 Mult A triftitia opus eft, ut quis venerem rem feriaui putet. 
 
 Quid vel diaecae partem, vei munditiac Ipeciem, \el Iiiperbiac fillam, 
 inter virtutes coUocas? 
 
 A MO RUM, ut avium lylveiTrium, nulla propiietas eft, fed jus poflcffi- 
 one transfcrtur. 
 
 Cont. P ESS IMA Circes tranjforinatio impudicitia. 
 
 Impudicus prorius revcrcntiam lUi pcrdidit; quod fiacnum eft omni- 
 um vitiorum. 
 
 Omnes ut Paris, quiformac optioiiem faciunt, prudentiae & potcntiac 
 jafturam faciunt. 
 
 In veritatem noii vulgarem iacidit Alexander j cum fomnum & venc- 
 tcm, mortis arrhabones cfle dixit. 
 
 Crudelitas. XVIII. 
 
 ^ro. Nulla virtutum tam faepe rea eft, quam dementia. 
 
 Crudelitas, fi aviadidaeft, juftiriacft; fi a periculo, prudcntla. 
 
 Qui mifcricordiam inimico impertit, fibi dcncgat. 
 
 NoN lacpius phlebotomiac neceffariac funt in curationibus, quam cacdcs 
 in civilibus. 
 
 Cont. Caedibus graflari, aut ferae, autfuriaeeft. 
 
 Crudelitas viro bono fcmper fabulofa eflc videtur, & ficVio tra- 
 gica. 
 
 Gloria vana. XIX. 
 
 Tro. Q_u I fuas laudcs appetit, aliorum limul appctit utilitatcs. 
 
 Qui tam fobrius eft, ut nihil alienum curet, vcreor ne & publicaaJie- 
 
 na putet. 
 
 In gen I A in quibus aliquid inane eft, facilius curam reipublicac rcvi- 
 
 piunt. 
 
 Cont. Gloriosi femper fadliofi, mcndaces, mobiles, nimii. 
 
 Thraso Gnathonis praeda. 
 
 TuRPE eft proco folicitare ancillam 5 eft autem virtutis ancilla laus. 
 
 Jnftitia. XX. 
 
 'Pro. Imperia & politiae, juftitiac tantum additanicnta funt; Si cnim 
 juftitia aliter pollit excrceri, illis minimc fucrit opus. 
 
 JusTiTiAE debctur, quod homo homini lit Dcus, non lupus. 
 
 fusTiTiA ctfi vitia tollcre non pollit, tamcn hoc efticit, ut non lacdant. 
 
 Cont. Si hoc eft juftum clfe; quae tibi fieri nolis, ea alteri non face re, 
 x;lementia demum juftitia eft. 
 
 S I fuum cuique ttibuendum eft, ccrte & vcnia humanitati. 
 
 Q_uiD mihi aequitatcm narras, cum fapienti omnia inaequalia fint ? 
 
 C o N s I D E R A qualis rcorum conditio fuerit apud Romanos, iS: pronuncia 
 juftitiam c rcpublica non clle. 
 
 Vulgaris ifta juftitia politiarum, philofophus in aula: hoc eft, facit 
 {antum ad rcveroitiam imperantium. 
 
 Fortitudo. XXI. 
 TrOy Nil teriibiie nifi ipfc timor.
 
 Cap.Iir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. i8j 
 
 Nil aut ia voluptatc folidum, aut in virtutc munitum ubi tirrior 
 infcftar. 
 
 Q_u I pcricula apertis oculis intuctur ut excipiat, advertit & ut evitct. 
 
 Caeterae virtutcs nos a dominatu libcrant vidorum j fortitudo fola a 
 domiiiatu fortunac. 
 
 Cont. Prae CLARA virtus vcUc pcrire ut perdas. 
 
 Praeclara virtus quam etiamebrietas inducit. 
 
 Vl T A E fuae prodigus alicnac penculofus. 
 
 Vi R T us fcneac actatis fortitudo. 
 
 Temperantia. XXII, 
 
 'Pro. E ADEM fere vis abftinendi & luftincndi, 
 
 Un I FOR MI TAXES, coiicordlae & menfurae motuum, coeleftia funt^ 
 &cliaradcrcs actcrnitatis. 
 
 Temperantia, vclut frigora falubria, animi vires colligit & firniat. 
 
 E X q_u I s I T I & vagi fenfus narcoticis indigent ; Jfimiliter & afFedus. 
 
 Cont. Negativae iitac virtutcs non placent; nam innocentiam prae- 
 ftant, non mcrita. 
 
 Languet mens, quae excclllbus caret. 
 
 A MO virtutes, quae cxccilentiam adionis inducunt, non hebetudinem 
 pafllonis. 
 
 Cum confonantes animi motus ponis, paucos ponis j nam pauperis eft 
 numerate pecus. 
 
 1st a (non uti, nt non appetas ; non appetere ut non timeas) pufillani- 
 mi funt & diffidentis. 
 
 Conftantia. XXIII. 
 
 Tro. P> a s I s virtutum conftantia. 
 
 Miser eft, qui qualis ipfc futurus fit, non novit. 
 
 I M B E c I L L I T A s liumaui judicii, rebus ipfis conftare non potcft ; c^uarc 
 fa Item fibi conftet. 
 
 E T I A M viriis decus afpirat conftantia. 
 
 S I ad fortunae ii\conftantiam accedat etiam inconftantia mentis, in quantis 
 tcnebris vivitur ? 
 
 F o R T u N A, tinquatn Proteus, fi perfevercs ad formam redit. 
 
 Cont. C o N s T A N T I A, ut janitrix morofii, multa utilia indicia abigit. 
 
 AE q_u u M eft, ut conftantia res adverfas bene toicrct j nam fcrc inducit. 
 
 Stultitia brcviftima optima. 
 
 Mamanimit as . XXIV. 
 Tro. S I animus femel gcncrofos fines optaverit ; ftatim non modo virtu- 
 tes circumftant, fed & Numina. 
 
 Virtutes cxhabitu, aut praeceptis, gregales funt j ex fine, heroicae. 
 Cont. M A G N A N 1 M I T A s cft virtus poetica. 
 
 Scientia, Contemplatio. XXV. 
 Tro. E A demum voluptas eft focundum naturam, cujus non cft fatietas. 
 Dulcissimus prol'pcdus in crrores aiiorum fubjacentes. 
 C^u A M bonum eft, orbes mentis liabere concentricos univcrfo ? 
 O m N E s affcdus pravi, falfae acftimationcs funt ^ atque cadem funt bo . 
 nitas & Veritas. 
 Vol. L a a Cont*
 
 i86 DE AUGMENTIS SClENTIARUM. Lib. VI- 
 
 Cont. CoNTEMPLATio, fpcciofa inertia. 
 
 Bene cogitare, non multo melius eft, quam bene foitiniare* 
 
 Orbem Numen curat, tu patriara. 
 
 V 1 R politicLis ctiam contemplationcs ferit. 
 
 Ltterae. XXVI. 
 
 Tro. S I dc rebus minutis, libri fcripti forent, vix uUus eflct experientiae 
 ufus. 
 
 Lectio eft converfatio cum prudentibus ; actio fere cum ftultis. 
 
 Non inutilcsicientiae exiftimandae lunt, quarum in fe nullus eft ufus, fi 
 ingenia acuant 6c ordinenr. 
 
 Cont. In academiis difcunt credere. 
 
 Quae unquam ars docuit tcmpeftivum artis ufum ? 
 
 Sap ERE ex regula, & ex cxpericntia, plane contrariae rationes funt j uc 
 qui alteri alTuefaflus fit, ad alterum fit ineptus. 
 
 Artis faepillime ineptus ufus eft, ne fit nullus. 
 
 Hoc fere omncs academici habent, ut ex qualibet re foleant agiiofcerc 
 quod fcianr, & non addilcere quod nefciant. 
 
 "PromptiUido. XXVII. 
 
 'Tro. Opportuna prudentia non eft, quae celeris non eft. 
 
 (^u I cito errat, cito errorem emendat. 
 
 Q^u I ex compofito & non obiter prudens eft, nil magni facit. 
 
 Cont. Prudentia non altepetitur, quae praefto eft. 
 
 Prudentia, ut veftis, levis, quae expcdira. 
 
 Cujus confilianon maturat deliberatio, nee prudentiam aetas. 
 
 Quae ad breve tempus excogitantur, ad breve tenipus placent. 
 
 Taciturnitas in fecretis. XXVIII. 
 Tro. Taciturno nil reticetur, quia omnia tuto communicantur. 
 Q^u 1 facile loquitur quae fcit, loquitur & quae nefcit. 
 Secretis etiam myfteria debentur. 
 
 Cont. Var i etas niorum optime animum collocat in fecreto. 
 Taciturnitas confeflbris virtus. 
 T A c I T u R N o omnia reticentur, quia filentium repcndirur. 
 T EC T us, ignoto proximus. 
 
 Facilitas. XXIX. 
 Tro. Amo virum alieno afFeftui obnoxium, fed tamen judicium ab obfc- 
 quio rcvocantcm. 
 
 Flexibilem efle, ad naturam auri proxime accedit, 
 
 Cont. Facilitas, judicii quaedamineptaprivatio. 
 
 Facilium beneficia, dcbita videntur j negationes, injuriae. 
 
 Sib I gratia m habet, qui afacilialiquid impctrat. 
 
 Facilem omnes difficultatcs premunt j nam omnibus fe implicat. 
 
 Facilis fere fe recipit cum pudore. 
 
 Topularitas. XXX. 
 
 Tro. Prudentibus eadem fere placent, at ftultorum varictati occur- 
 rae prudcntiae eft. 
 
 Col ere populum, cftcoli. 
 
 I Qjt; I
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMfiNTIS SCIENTIARUJVf. 187 
 
 Q^u I ipfi magni viri funr, ncmincm uiium fcrc habenr, qucm vcrcanmr, 
 fed populum, 
 
 Cont. Q_u I valdc cuni ftultis coiigruir, ipfcfufpedus CiTcpotcIl. 
 Q__u I turbac placet, fere & turbas miftct. 
 Nil modcratum vulgo gratum eft. 
 1 >f F I M A afTcntatio eft aflentatio vulgi. 
 
 Loquacitas. XXXI, 
 
 7ro. Qv I filet, aut alios habct pro fufpcdlis, aut fufpciflus eft ipfc fibi. 
 
 CusTODiAE omncs infcliccs J mifcrrima filcntii. 
 
 SiLENTiuM ftultorum virtus: itaquc rcclc illefilcnti: Si prudcns cs, 
 ftultus cs ; fi ftultus prudcns. 
 
 SiLENTiUM, veluti nox, infidiis oppdrtimum. 
 
 CoGlTATioNEs in proflucntc faniilimac. 
 
 SiLENTiuM, foiitudinis genus. Opinion! fc venditat',' qui filet. Si- 
 lentium, nee pravas cogitationes cgerit, ncc bonas diftribuit. 
 
 COnt. SiLENTiUiM verbis, & gratiam addit & authoritatem* 
 
 SiLENTiUM, veluti fomnus quidam, alit prudentiam. 
 
 ^ILENTIUM fermentatio cogitationum. 
 
 Stylus, prudentiac filentium< 
 
 SiLENTiUM ambit veritatem. 
 
 "Didlmulatio. XXXIL 
 
 Tro. DissiMULATio, compendiaria fapientia.' 
 
 NoN idem di cere, fed idem fpcclare debemus. 
 
 E T I A M in animo deformis nuditas. 
 
 DissiMULATio & decori eft, & praefidio. 
 
 Sepes confiliorum, diflimulatio. 
 
 A L I QV I bono fuo falluntur. 
 
 Q_u I indiflimulanter omnia agit, afequC dcclpit 5 nam plurlmi, aut non 
 capiunt, aut non credunt. 
 
 Indissimulatio nihil aliudquamanimiimpotentia. 
 
 Cont. Cum cogitate fecundum rerum veritatem non pofHmus, at loqua- 
 rnur lecundum cogitationem. 
 
 Qui BUS artes civiles fupra captum ingcnii funt, iis diflimulatio propru- 
 denria erit. 
 
 Q_ui dilTimulat, praccipuo ad agendum inftrumcnto fc privat, i.e. fide. 
 
 DissiMULATio dillimulationem invitat. 
 
 Q^U I diflimulat, liber non eft. 
 
 Audacia. XXXIII. 
 
 '7ro. DocET improbare, qui vcrecundatut. 
 
 Quod aftio oratori, id audacia viro civili ; primum, fecundum, tcrtium. 
 
 CoNFiTENTEM verccundiam amo, accufuitcm odi. 
 
 CoNFiDENTiA motum, auimos promptius fociat. 
 
 Placet obfcurus vultus, & perfpicua oratio. 
 
 Cont. Audacia ftultitiae viator. 
 
 Inverecundia inutilis, nifi ad impofturam. 
 
 Confident! A, ftultorum imperatrix, prudcntium fcurra. 
 
 Audacia eft ftupor quidam fcnfus, cum malitia voluntatis, 
 
 Vol. I. Aa 3 Cere-
 
 i88 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM* Lib.VJ. 
 
 Ceremoniae, Tuncii, AffeBatlo. XXXIV. 
 
 Tro. VuLTUS & geftus decora modcratio, verum coiidimentum vir- 
 
 tutis. 
 
 S I & in verbis vulgo parcmus, quid ni in habitu & geftu? 
 
 O u I in Icvibus & quotidiana confuctudinc, dccus non rctincnt, fit licet 
 vir magnus, noris tamen hunc tantum ccrtis horis faperc. 
 
 Virtus & prudentia fine punclis, velut pcregrinac linguae funt; nam 
 vulgo non inrcUiguntur. 
 
 Q^u I vulgi Icnlum per congruitatcm non novit, is, fi ncc per obfcrvatio- 
 nem novcrit, omnium flultillimus e(r. 
 
 P u N c T I tranflatio funt virtutis in linguam vernaculam. 
 
 Cont. Q_u I D deformius, quam fcenam in vitam transferre ? 
 
 E X ingcnuitate decorum, ex arte odium. 
 
 M A G I s placcnt cerullatac buccac & calamiftrata coma, quam ceruflati 
 & calamiftrati mores. 
 
 Q_u I animum ad tam exiles obfcrvationes applicat, magnac cogitationis 
 capax non eft. 
 
 Affectatio ingenuitatis, putredo lucens. 
 
 Joel. XXXV. 
 
 7ro. O R A T o R u M ara jocus. 
 
 C>_u I in omnibus modeftum leporcm mifcet, libertatem animi rctinet. 
 
 R E s eft fupra opinionem politica, facile tranfire a joco ad ferium, a fe- 
 rlo ad jocum. ^ 
 
 VeritatiS, alias non pervcnturac, faepe vehiculum jocus. 
 
 Co'iit. I s T o s deformitatum ac concinnitatum aucupes quis non contem- 
 nat? 
 
 Re RUM magnitudinem eluere joco, improbum artificium eft. 
 
 locos tum confidera, cum rifu deftituti I'unt. 
 
 Paget 1 ifti fere non penetrant ultra fuperficiem rerum, ubi joci fe- 
 des eft. 
 
 Ubi jocus ad feria momenti aliquld habet, ibi levitas puerilis eft. 
 
 > Amor. XXXVI. 
 
 7ro. Annon vidcs, omnes fc quaerere ? at amans folus feinvenit. 
 
 Non cftmclior ordinatio animi, quam ex imperio aifectus alicujus in- 
 fignis. 
 
 Q^ui fapit defidcrium quaerat; nam qui non aliquid infigruter appetit, 
 ci omnia ingrata funt & tacdio plena. 
 
 Qu I D ni in unitate acquiefcat unus ? 
 
 Cont. A MORI multum debet fccna, nihil vita. 
 
 Nil tam varii nominis eft, quam amor : Nam res, aut tam ftulta eft ut 
 fc nefciat, aut tam turpis, ut fe fuco condat. 
 
 O D I iftos monophrontiftas. 
 
 A N G u s T A admodum contemplatio amor. 
 
 Amicitia. XXXVII. 
 
 7ro. E A D E M facit amicitia, quae fortitudo, fed fuavius. 
 Suave condimcntum omnium bonorum amicitia. 
 P e ss 1 M A Iblitudo, non veras habere amicitias. 
 D I G N A nialac fidei ultio, amicitiis privari. 
 
 Cont»
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 189 
 
 Cont. Qui amicitias ardas copulat, novas ncceilitatcsflbiimponit. 
 Animi irxibccilii eft, partiri fortunaiiii 
 
 Adiilatio. XXXVIir. 
 
 T^ro. Adulatio magis ex more, quam ex malitia. 
 
 Laudando inrtitucrc, fenipcr formula fuit debita potentioribus. 
 
 Cont. Adulatio ftylus icrvorum. 
 
 Adulatio calx vitior urn . 
 
 Adulatio aucupii illud gcmis, quod fimilitudine vocis, avcs fallit. 
 
 Adulationis deformiras comica, nocumentum tragicum. 
 
 AuRiBUs medcrj, difficillimum. 
 
 Vindiaa, XXXIX. 
 
 ^ro. ViN dicta privata, juftitia agrcftis. 
 
 Qu I vim rcpendit, legem tantum violat, non homincm. 
 
 U T iLis metus ultionis privatae ; nam leges nimium laepc dormiunr. 
 ' Co?it. Qui in) uriam fecit, principium malo dcdit 5 qui reddidit, modum 
 abftulit. 
 
 Vi N D f c T a, quo magis naturalis, eo magis coercenda. 
 
 Qui facile inj uriam reddit, is fortalfe tempore non voluntatc pofterior 
 crat. 
 
 Innovatio. XL: 4 
 
 'Fro. Omnis medicina innovatio. 
 
 Qu I nova remedia fugit, nova mala oppcritur. 
 
 No VAT OR maximus tempus ; quidni igitur tempusimitemur? 
 
 ExEMPLA remotaineptalunt; recentia corrupta & ambitiofa. 
 
 Imperitis & contentions permitte, ut ad exempla res agant. 
 
 S I c u T qui nobilitatem in familiam introducunt, digniores fere funt po-* 
 flcris 5 ita novationes rerum plerumque pracftant iis, quae ad exempla fiunt. 
 
 MoROSA morum rctentio, res turbulcnta eft, aequc ac novitas. 
 
 Cum per fe res mutentur in dcterius, fi confdio in melius non mutcntur, 
 quis finis crit mali ? 
 
 Moris fervi, temporis ludibria. 
 
 Cont. No VI partus deformcs funt. 
 
 Null us author placet, praetcr tempus. 
 
 Nulla novitas abfque injuria ; nam praefcntia convellit. 
 
 Quae ufu obtinuere, ft non bona, at faltem apta inter fe funt. 
 
 Quis novator tempus imitatur, quod novationes ita infinuat, ut fcnfus 
 fallant? 
 
 Q_uoD praeter fpem evcnit, cui prodcft, minus acceptum ; cui obcft, 
 magis moleftum. 
 
 Mora. XLI. 
 
 Tro. For TUNA multafcftinanti vendit, quibusmorantemdonat. 
 DuM initia rerum ampledi properamus, umbras prenfamus. 
 Fluctuantibus rebus advertendum, iiiclinantibus agendiun. 
 Prima adionum Argocommittenda lunt, extrema Briareo. 
 Cont. OccASio primum anfam vafis porrigit, deinde vcntrem. 
 OccASio inftar Sibyllac minuitoblatum, pretium auget. 
 Celeritas, orci galea. 
 Quae mature fiunt, judicio fiunt j quae fcro, perambitum. 
 
 Trae-
 
 I90 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. L]b:Vl. 
 
 T'raeparatio. XLII. 
 
 Vro. Qui parvis copiis rem magnani aggrcditur, fingit opportunitatcm, 
 ut fpcrct. 
 
 Parvis apparatibus non fortuna, fed prudcntia cmitur. 
 
 Cont. Optimus terminus parandi, prima occafio agendi. 
 
 Nemo fpcrer, fe fortanam apparatu ligare poflc. 
 
 Alter ATio apparatus & adioiiis, politica lunt: Diilmclio tumida & 
 infclix. 
 
 Magnus apparatus, prodigus & remporis & rcrum. 
 
 Trincijjiis ob flare. XLIII. 
 
 Tro. Plura pcriculaf<il!unt, quam vincunt. 
 
 Minus opcris eft, pcricuio remedium adliibcre, quam progrefluin c)us 
 obfcrvare*& cuflodire. 
 
 Non jam Icve ell pcriculum, fl Icve videatur. 
 
 Cont. DocET pcriculum progredi, qui accingitur, & pcriculum -figit 
 remcdio. 
 
 Etiam in remediis pcriculorum, levia pericula fubfiilunt. 
 
 Praestat cum paucis remediis, quae invaluerunt, rem habere; quam 
 cum minis fingulorum. 
 
 Conjiliaviolenta. XLIV. 
 'Pro. Qui Icnem iftam prudcntiam amplectuntur, iis augmenta mali (ix- 
 lubria funt. 
 
 Necessitas, quae violcnta confulit, cadcm exequitur. 
 Cont. Omne remedium violentum, pracgnans novi mali. 
 Violenta confilia nemo dat, praetcr iram & metum. 
 
 Snfpicio. XLV. 
 
 Tro. Diffidentia, nervi prudentiac, at fufpicio medicamentum ar- 
 thriticum. 
 
 Merito ejus fides ilifpcfta eft, quam fufpicio labefacit. 
 Suspicio fragilem fidem Ibivit, forrcm intcndit. 
 Cont. Suspicio fidem abfol vit. 
 Suspicionum intemperies eft mania quacdam civilis. 
 
 Verba Legis. XL VI. 
 Tro. Non eft intcrprctatio, led divinatio, qu-K recedit alitera. 
 Cum rcccditur a litcra judex tranfit in legillatorcm. 
 Cont. Ex omnibus verbis el icicndusclUenfus, qui interprctetur iingula. 
 P ess IMA tyrannis lex in equulco. 
 
 Tro teftibiis contra argument a. XLVII. 
 
 Tro. Secundum oratorem, non lecundum caufam pronunciat, quiar- 
 gumentis nititur. 
 
 Qu I argumentis potius credit, quam tcftibus j etiam ingcnio magis debet 
 fidcre, quam fenfui. 
 
 TuTUM tbret argumentis credere, fi homines nihil abfurdifaccrenr. 
 
 Argumenta, cum fint contra teftimonia, hoc pracftant, ut res mira 
 videatur, non autcni ut vera. 
 
 Cont. S I tcftibus crcdendum fit contra argumenta, fufficit, tantum judi- 
 cem cflc non furdum. 
 
 Argumenta antidotum contra vcncna teftimoniorum. 
 
 lis probationibus tutiilimo CLcditur, quae rariHimc mcutiuntur. 
 
 At que
 
 Cap. IV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. j^t 
 
 At QUE hacc antithcta, (quae nunc propofuimus) fortafle tanti iion fue- 
 rint : Sed cum jam olim parata & colledla a nobis eflenr, noluimus dilisrcn- 
 tiae noftrae juvenilis fruftum perire : pracfertim cum, (fi quis acutius intro- 
 fpiciat) fcmina fint, non floixs. In illo autcm adolcfcentiam plane fpiranr, 
 quod fint in morali, five demonftrativo gencre, uberioraj in deliberative, 
 & judiciali, perpauca. 
 
 Tertia coUedlio, quae pcrtinet ad promptuariam, atque etiam dcfide- 
 ratur, eft ea, quara vocare placet, formularum minorum. Iliac autcm funt, 
 veluti vcftibula, pofticac, ante-camcrae, re-camcrac, tranfitiis, &c. ora- 
 tionis i quae indilcriminatim omnibus lubjcdis competerc poilint. Quales 
 lunt praefationcs, conclufiones, digrefliones, tranfitiones, promidioncs, de- 
 clinationcs, & plurima cjufmodi. QLicmadmodum enim in aediliciis, pluri- 
 mum facit & ad voluptatcm & ad ufuiu, ut frontilpicia, gradus, oftia, fcne- 
 ftrac, aditus, tranfitus, Schujufmodi, commode diftribuantur i codemmodo 
 «tiam in orationefit, ut additamenta &.interpofitiones iftae, (fidecore & pciite 
 formentur & coUocentur) plurimum turn gratiae, tum commoditatis, uni- 
 verfac orationis ftrudurac adjiciant. Harum formularum exemplum unum 
 aut alterum proponemus, neque diutius iildem immorablmur. Etfi enim 
 fint res haud exigui ufus, tamen cum nihil in his addamus de noftro, led 
 tantum formulas nudas ex Demofthene aut Cicerone aut alio quopiam fc- 
 lefto authore dcfcribamus, inferius quiddam vidcntur, quam ut in eo tera- 
 pus teramus. 
 
 Exempla formularum minorum. 
 Conclufio Deliberativae. 
 S I c & culpam praeteritam fas erit redimere, & futuris incommodis eadem 
 opera profpicere. 
 
 Partitionis accuratae corollarium. 
 Ut omnes intelligant, nihil me & fubterfugcre voluifTe reticendo, aut 
 obfcurarc dicendo. 
 
 Tranfitio cum monito. 
 Verum haec ita praetereamus, ut tamen intuentes & refpeftantes, relin- 
 quamus. 
 
 Praeoccupatio contra opinioncm inveteratam. 
 Fa CI AM, ut inrelligatis in tota caufa, quid res ipfa tulerit, quid errof 
 affinxerit, quid invidia conflaverit. 
 
 Haec pauca enumerafle, ad exempla, fatis fuerit : cum quibus, appendi- 
 ces rhetoricac, quae ad promptuariam fpeftant, concludimus. 
 
 * 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Appendices generales dime traditi-vae -, critic a ^ faedagogica. 
 
 SUPERSUNT duae appendices traditivae in genere ; altera critica, 
 altera paedagogica. Sicut enim pars traditivae praecipua in fcriptione 
 librorum confillit, ita pars ejus relativa in librorum verfatur ledione : ledio 
 autem, vel magiftrorum ope regitur, vel indullria cujufque propria perfi- 
 citurj atque huic rci inferviunt doctrinae iliac, quasdiximus, du.x'. 
 
 A D criticam fpedant, primo authorum probatorum limata correftio, & 
 emendata editio ; quibus & ipforum authorum honor vindicatur, «Sc ftudio- 
 fis lumen praefertur. Qiia tamen in re ftudiis haud parum detrimenti intu- 
 
 lic
 
 192 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VL 
 
 lit qaorundam hominum diligemia tcmeraria. Criticis cnim haud paucis 
 mos eft, ubi inciduiit in quidpiam, quod non intelligunr, vitium ftatim in 
 exemplar! liipponere. Veluti in illo loco Taciti: cum quacdam colonia 
 jus aiyii apud fciiatum alTcrcrct, narrat Tacitus, non acquis admodum au- 
 ribus, quae ab iis profci-ebantur, fuifle ab impcratore & Icnatu audita : Ita- 
 que Icgati, caufa diffifi, bonam pecuniae iiimmam Tito Vinio dcderunt, ut 
 eis patrocinaretur. Hoc itaque pado res obtinuit: Turn (inquit Tacitus) 
 dignitas & antiquitas coloniac valuit: quafi argumenta, quae antca Icvia vi- 
 dcbantur, acccdcntc prctio novum turn pondus acccpiflent. Atc'-iticus qui- 
 dam, non ex inlimis, vcrbum ?^;i^ expunxit, &^ tantamicpoCuit. Atquehac 
 prava criticorum confuetudine factum eft, ut (quod non nemo prudcnter 
 notavit) cxemplaria maxime caftigata fint faepenumero minime omnium ca- 
 fta. Qiiinimo, ut vcrum dicamus, nifi critici fucrint cruditi in Icicntiis illis, 
 dc quibus libri ab ipfis editi traftant, peiiculo diligentia eorum non Viicar. 
 
 Secundo ad criticam Ipedant, authorum intcrprctatio & txplicatio, 
 commentarii, fcholia, notae, fpicilcgia, & fimilia. In iftiufmodi autem labo- 
 ribus, peflimus ilk criticorum nonnullos qua.fi morbus invafit, ut mulra ex 
 obfcurioribus tranfiiiant, in fatis vero perlpicuis ad faftidium ulque immo- 
 rentur & expaticntur. Scilicet, non tarn illud agitur, ut author ipfe iilu- 
 ftretur, quam ut criticus ille multipliccm luam eruditionem, & variauj ledio- 
 nem, ubique arrcpta occafione, oftentet. Optandum inprimis foret, (licet 
 haec res ad traditivam principalcm, non ad appendices pcrtineat) ut qui ar- 
 gumenta obfcuriora & nobiliora pertradet Icriptor, Ibas ipie explicationes 
 lubjungat ; ut & tcxtus ipfe digrellionibus aut cxplicationibus non abrum- 
 patur; & notae a Icriptoris mente non recedant. Cujulmodi quidpiam liaf- 
 picamur dc ThconcEuclidis. 
 
 Tertio, ad criticam Ipcdat, (quod etiam nomcn cidem indidit) de au- 
 thoribus, quos cdunt, brcvc aliquot judicium interponcre ; & illos cum cae- 
 teris Icriptoribus, qui cadem traftanr, comparare j ut per hujulrnodi cen- 
 furam ftudiofi & dc librorum deledu moncantur, & ad ipfam Icdionem eo- 
 rum inftrudiorcs acccdant. Atque hocultimum, eft criticorum tanquam ca- 
 thedra, quam certe noftra aetate nobilitarunt viri nonnulli magni, majo- 
 res certe, noftro judicio, quam pro modulo criticorum. 
 
 A D paedagogicam quod attinet, brcvilllmum foret didu 5 confule fcholas 
 Jefuitarum : nihil cnim, quod in ufum vcnit, his mcliu;^. Nos tamen pauca 
 more noftro monebimus, tanquam fpicas Icgcntes. Oinnino infticutioncm 
 pueritiae& juventutis collegiatam probamusi non in aedibus privatis j non 
 fub ludimagiftris tantum. Adeft adolciccntulis in coUegiis aemulatio major 
 erga acquales 5 adcft quoquc ipfe vultus & afpcdus virorum gravium ; quod 
 facit ad verecundiam, & tcncros animos etiam a principio conformat ad ex- 
 emplar : dcnique I'unt quidem plurima educationis collcgiatae commoda. 
 Id ordine autem & modo difciplinae, illud imprimis confuluerimj ut cavea- 
 tur a compcndiis ; & a praecocitate quadam dodrinac, quae ingcnia reddat 
 audacula, & magnos profedus potius oftentet, quam faciut. Qiiin & fa- 
 vendum nonnihil ingeniorum libcrtati, ut ii quis, quae ex more diiciplinae 
 funt, faciar, & limul tcmpus ad alia, in quae propenlus eft, fufturetur, ne 
 utique cohibeatur. Porro operae prctium fuerit, diligentcr animadvertcrc, 
 (qucd fortatle adhuc non fuerit notatum) efle duos aiTucfaciendi &: exer- 
 cendi & pracparandi ingenia modos, eofquc tinquam antiftrophos. Alter 
 incipit a facilioribus, & ad magis ardua paulatirn dcducitj alter ab initio 
 duriora imperat & urgct, ut in iis obtentis, facilioribus quis etiam fuaviter per- 
 
 fungi
 
 Cap.lV. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 193 
 
 fun;;! polllt. Alia ciiim eft mcthodiis, incipcre natarc cum utribus, qui 
 lliblcvcnt ; alia incipcre laltarc cum calccis pondcrofis, quiaggravcnr. Ncquc 
 tlicilc c(l" didii, quantum harum methodorum prudcns intcrmixtio confcrac ad 
 promovcndas, tarn animi quam corporis facultatcs. Item applicatio & delcdtus 
 iludiorum, pro natura ina,cniorum quae erudiuntur, res cll fingularis & ufus 
 &judic!i; quam ctiam bene & vere notatam & pcrfpcclam magiftri pareu- 
 tibus adolclcentium debcnt^ ut de genere vitae, cui fiiios llios deftincnt, 
 confulcrc polfcnt. Verum, & illud attentius paulo obfervandum, non tan- 
 tum in lis, ad quae natura quifque fua fertur, longe maximos fieri profeftusj 
 fed ctiam ad ea, ad quae vitio naturae quis maxime fuerit inhabilis, rcperiri 
 in ftudiis ad hoc proprie delcdis, rcmedia & curationcs. Exempli gratia ; ii 
 cuipiam ingcnium tale fit, quale eft avium, ut facile abripiatur, nee pcrmoram 
 (qualem oportct) intentumefle fuftineat ; rcmcdium huic rei praebcbunt ma- 
 rhcmatica, in quibus f\ evagetur paulo mens, dc integro renovanda eft demon- 
 ftxatio. Etiam exercitiorum in erudiendo partes liquet efle vel maximas. At 
 illud a paucis notatum eft quod exercitiorum debeat efle non folum prudens 
 inftitutio, fed ctiam prudcns intermilHo. Optime fiquidcm Cicero nocavit, 
 quod in cxcrcitiis plcrunque cxerceri contingat, non minus vitia, quam fa- 
 cultatcs s adco ut malus habitus, quandoquc fimul acquiratur, & le infinuct 
 cum bono. Itaque tutius eft, intcrmittcrc exercitia, & fubinde repetere, 
 quam allldue continuare & urgere. Verum dc his fatis. Sunt ccrtc hae res 
 prime afpcdlu minus grandes & Iblenncs, fed fru(fluofac tamcn & efficaces. 
 Quemadmodum cnim in plantis, ad felicitatcm vel infelicitatem ipfarum, 
 plurimum faciunt injuriac, aut auxilia, quae iifdem, cum tenerae fuiflent, 
 intcrvenerint J quemadmodum etiam incrementa ilia immenfa imperii Ro- 
 mani, mcrito a quibufdam attribuuntur virtuti & prudentiae fex illorum 
 rcgum, qui eidem in pueritia fua veluti tutorcs fuerunt, aut nutritii : fie 
 ccrtc cultura & inftitutio annorum puerilium, aut tcneriorum, cas liabec 
 vires, licet latentes, & minime in cujufvis oblcrvationem incurrentes, quas 
 neque temporis diuturnitas, nequc laborum afliduitas & contcntio, poftca, 
 aetatc maturiore, poflint uUo modo aequiparare. Non abs re fuerit ctiam 
 notarc, facultates vel mediocres, f\ in magnos viros aut res magnas incide- 
 rint, graves & infignes interdum producere etfedus. Ejus rei ponemus cx- 
 anplum memorabile; quod eo magis adducimus, quia jefuitae candem dif- 
 ciplinam non videntur aipernari, fano (ut nobis vidctur) judicio. Atque elt 
 res, quae fi fit profeflbria, infamiseft; verum difciplinaria fada, ex optimis 
 eft. IntcUigimus autcm adionem theatralem. Qiiippc quae memoriam ro- 
 borat ; vocis & pronunciationis tonum atque cfFicaciam tempcrat; vultum & 
 gcftum ad decorum componit, fiduciam non parvam conciliat, deniquc 
 ociilis hominum juvcncs alllicfacit. Erit autcm cxemplum c Tacito dcfuni- 
 ptum, Vibulcni cujuldam, olim hiftrionis, tunc temporis autcm militantis in 
 legionibus Pannonicis. lUe, fub exceflu Augufti, I'editionem movcrat; ita 
 ut Blacfus pracfedus aliquos ex fcditiofis in carccrem conjiccrct. Milites 
 vero, imprellione fada, illos cft'radis carccribus liberarunt. At Vibulcnus, 
 apud milites concionabundus, fic orfus eft: Fos (inquit) bis innocentibus & 
 miferrimis lucem & fpiritum reddidiflis : fed quis fratri meo i-itarn, 
 quis fratrem mihi reddit ? §liiem mijjum ad vos a Germanico exercitii, 
 de communibns commodis, node proxima jngulavit per gladiatores fuos, 
 quos in exitimn mUiturn habet atque armat. Refponde, Blaefe, ubi 
 cadaver abjeceris ? Ne boftes quidem fepulturae iiivident. Cum ofcii/is, 
 cum lacrymis dolor em meum impk'vero, me quoqne trucidari jube s dum 
 Vol. I. Bb inter-
 
 154 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VI. 
 
 inttrfedos, nullum ob fcelns, fed quia ntilitati legiomira confulebamus, 
 hi fipeliant. Qiiibus verbis invidiae ac conOqrnationis nimium quantum 
 -concivit. Adco ut, nifi brcvi poftea innotuiflct, nihil horum fuiflc, quia c- 
 tiam fratrcm cum nunquam habuiflc, vix a pracfcdo militcs manus abltinuif- 
 Iciit: lUc vcro rem totam, tanquam fabulam, in fccna pcregit. "Jlj^ 
 
 NuNcvcroad colophoncm pcrvcnimus tradatus noftri dc do£lrinis ra- 
 tionalibus, la quibus licet a paititiouibus rcccptis interdum reccflcrimus j 
 nemo tanicn cxiftimct, nos illas omncs improbarc partitioncs, quibus ufi non 
 Ibmus. Duplex enim nobis imponitur ncccilitas partitioncs mutandi : Una 
 quia haec duo nimirum, res natura-proximas in unam claflcm redigcre, & 
 res ad ullmi promendas conjicere in unum cumulum, fine ipfo & intcntionc, 
 iunt omnino diverfa. Exempli gratia fecretarius aliquis regis aut rcipubli- 
 cac in mufeo chartas fuas ita procul dubio diftribuit, ut quae fimilis fint 
 naturae fimul componat, vcluti foedera feorlum, leorrum mandata, litcras ab 
 cxteris, litcras domefticas & fmiilia, feorfuni omnia. Contra in fcrinio a- 
 liquo particular! illas fimul componit, quas licet diverfi generis funt, flmul 
 tamcn ufui fore exiftimet : Sic nimirum in hoc univcrfali fcientiac repofi- 
 torio nobis, pro natura rcrum ipfarum, partitioncs crant inftituendac : cum 
 tamen fi particuiaris aliqua fcicntia fuiffet pertradlanda, partitioncs fuiflemus 
 iccuti, ului & praxi potius accommodatas. Altera necellitas partitioncs mu- 
 tandi eft, quia dcfideratorum ad fcientias adjcftio, & corum cum reliquis 
 in integrum corpus redadio, ctiam per confequentiam, Icicntiarum ipfarum 
 partitioncs tranftulit, nam (demonftrationis gratia) efto quod artes quae ha- 
 bentur, rationem habeant numeri if, adjedis autcm defideratis numeri 20. 
 Dico quod partes numeri if, non funt cacdem partes, quae numeri 20. 
 Nam partes numeri if, funt5,&f. Partes vero numeri 20, funt 2, 4, f, 
 & 10. Itaquepatet quod haec alitcr fieri non potuerint. Atque de fcien- 
 
 tiis logicis haec dida fmt. 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 FRAN^
 
 ^95 
 
 FRANCISCI 
 
 Baronis deVERULAMIO, 
 
 Vice-Comitis Sancti Albani, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmentis ScientiaruMj 
 
 LIBER SEPTIMUS: 
 
 AD REG EM S U U M. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 ^artitio eth'icde in doEir'tnam de exemplari, & georgtca anmi. Tar- 
 titio exemplar iSy {fcilicet boni) in bontim (implex, o' boniim compa- 
 ratiim. 'Tartitio boni Jimplicis, in bonum individuale, & bo?mm 
 commimionis. 
 
 PERVENTUM eft (rex optimc) ad ethicam, quae voluntatem 
 humanam intuetur & tradlar. Vokintatem gubcrnat reda ratio, fe- 
 ducit bonum apparcns ; voluntatis ftimuli alfeftus, miniftri organa 
 & motus voluntarii. De hac Solomon, ante omnia (inquit) ciifto- 
 di, fili, cor tuum, nam inde procedunt a^ tones vitae. In hujus fcicntiac 
 pertradatione, qui de ea fcripfcrunt, perindc mihi feciflc videntur, ac fi 
 quis icribendi artem traderc poUicitus, pulchra tantum cxhibcat excmpla- 
 ria litcrarum tarn ilmplicium quam copulatarum, dc calamo vcro duccndo, 
 aut modis charadercs cfformaudi, nihil praccipiat : Ita & illi propolucrunt 
 nobis cxcmplaria bella & luculenta, atquc defcriptioncs five imagines accu- 
 ratas, boni, virtutis, ofKciorum, fclicitatis, tanquam vera objedla, & Icopos 
 voluntatis & appctitus humani : Verum quomodo quis pollit optime ad hos 
 fcopos (excellcntcs lane & bene abillis pofitos) collimare; hoc eft, quibus ra- 
 rionibus & inftitutis animus ad ilia aflequenda fubigi & componi pollit, aut nihil 
 praecipiunt, aut perfunftorie & minus utiliter. Diflcramus quantum libucrit, 
 virtutes morales in animo humano efle habitualiter, non naturaliter : Diftin- 
 guamus folenniter, inter fpiritus generofos & vulgus ignobilc, quod illi ra- 
 tionum momcntis, hi praemio aut poena, ducantur: Praccipiamus ingeni- 
 ote, animum humanum, ut redificetur inftar bacilli, in contrariam partem 
 inclinationes ftiae fledi oportcre: Aliaque inliiper hujufmodi hinc ihdc ipar- 
 gamus : Longe tamen abeft, ut hacc & alia id genus, ablentiam rei cxcu- 
 knt, quam modorequirimus. 
 
 Vol. I. B b 2 Hi'juscF.
 
 196 p-t DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VII. 
 
 HuTUscE negledus cauram haud aliam eflc rcor, quam latcntcm ilium 
 fcopuluni, ad qucm tot Icientiae naviculae impingentes, naufi-agia paflae 
 funt: Nimirum, quod faftidiant fctiptores vcrlaii in rebus vulgatis & ple- 
 bclis, quae nee latis fubtilcs fmt ad dil'putandum, ncc fatis ilktilKs ad oct 
 nandum. Sane haud facile quis verbis aflequatur, quantam calamitatcm 
 attulerit hoc iptlim quod dicimus : quod homines ingenita Tupcrbia & gloria 
 vana, eas matcrias traclationum, eolque modos traclandi libi dclcgcrint, 
 quae ingeniaiplbrum potius commcndent, quam Icdorum-utilitatibus infer- 
 viant. Optime Seneca, Nocet tills eloqitentia, quibiis non reriim facit 
 cup'iditatem fed fui : Siquidem Icripta talia cfle tiebent, ut amorcs docu- 
 mcntorum ipforum, non doftorum excitent. li igitur refta inccdunt via, 
 qui de confiliis fuis id praedicare pollint, quod fecit Demofthencs, atque hac 
 claufula ea concluderc, Guaejifeceritis, non or at or em duntaxat inprae- 
 fintialaudabitis,fedvofmetipfos etiam, non it a ?nulto pojt Jiatii rerum 
 fejlrarum meliorc. Ego certe, (rex optime) ut de me ipfo, quod res 
 eft, loquar, & in iis quae nunc edo, & in iis quae in pofterum meditor, 
 dignitatem ingenii & nominis mei (fi qua fit) iacpius fciens & volens pro- 
 jicio, dum commodis humanis infcrviam: Qiiique architeftus fortalle in 
 philofophia & Icicntiis efle debcam, etiam operarius & bajulus, & quidvis 
 demum ho J cum haud pauca, quae, omnino fieri necelTe fit, aliiautenri ob 
 innatani fuperbiam fubterfugiant, ipfe liiftineam & cxequar. Verum (ut 
 ad rem redeamus) quod coepimus dicere, delegcrunt fibi philolbphi in 
 cthica maiiam quandam matcriae Iplendidam & nitentem, in qua potifli- 
 mum vel ingenii acumen, vel eloquentiae vigorcm vcnditare pollint : Qiiac 
 veto pradicam maxime inftruunt, quandoquidcra tarn belle ornari non pol' 
 fint, maxima ex parte omilerunt. 
 
 N E Q^u E tamcn debuerant viri tam cximii defperafie de fortuna, firruli ei, 
 quam poiita Virgilius, & fibi fpondere aufus, & revera confequutus eft i 
 qui non minorcm eloquentiae, ingenii & eruditionis, gloriam adeptus eft, 
 in explicando obfcrvationcs agriculturac, quam AEncac res gcftas hcroicas 
 enarrando. Georg. iii. 2 89. 
 
 N.ec film animi diibius, 'verbis ea vine ere magnum 
 ^amjit, & angujiis banc adder e rebus honor em, 
 
 Certe, fi ferio hominibus cordi fit non in otio fcriberc, quae per oti- 
 um Icgantur, fed revera vitam adivam inftruerc & fubornare : Georgica ifta 
 animi humani non minore in pretio apud homines haberi debeant, quam 
 heroicae iliac effigies virtutis, boni, & felicitatis, in quibus tam operofe eft 
 infudatum. 
 
 Partiemur igitur ethicam in dodrinas principales duas; alteram dc 
 exemplari ilve imagine boni; alteram de rcgimine 6c cultura animi, quam 
 etiam partem georgica animi appellare confuevimus : Ilia naturam boni dc- 
 fcribit, hacc regulas deanimo ad illam conformando praefcribit. 
 
 DocTRiNA de exemplari (qu-ic boni naturam intuetur & defcribit) 
 bonum confiderat, aut fimplex, aut comparatum ; aut genera (inquam) 
 boni, aut gradus. In pofteriore horum, difputationes illas infinitas, & 
 fpcculationes circa boni fupremum gradum, quern felicitatem, beatitudi- 
 nem, fummum bonum vocitarunt, (quae ethnicis inftar theologiae erant) 
 Chriftiana tandem fides fuftulit & miflas fecit. QLiemadmodum enim Ari- 
 ftotclisait, Adokfcentes poffe etiam beat os ejfe, fed non altter quam fpe i 
 codcm modo, a Chriftiana fide cdodi, debemus nos omnes minorum & 
 
 adolefceatui»
 
 Cap. I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 197 
 
 adolefcentum loco ftatucrc, ut non aliam fclicitatem cogitemus, quam quae 
 in fpe fita eft. 
 
 Lib E RAT I igitur, bonis avibus, ab iiac dodrina tanquam dc coclo eth- 
 nicorum ; (qua in parte proculdubio elevationcm naturae iiumanae attri- 
 buerunt majorcm quam cujus ilia eflet capax : Vidcmus enira quali corhur- 
 no Seneca; Vere magnum, habere fragilitatem hominis, fecuritatemT>et) 
 reliqua certe ab illis, circa doctrinam cxemplaris tradita, minorc aut verita- 
 tisaut fobrietatisjactura, magna ex parte recipcre poflumus. Etenim, quod 
 ad naturam boni pofitivi & fimplicis Ipedat, illam certe pulcherrime & ad 
 vivum veluti in tabulis cximiis dcpinxerunt; virtutum & officiorum figu- 
 ras, pofituras, genera, affinitates, partes, fubjefta, provincias, adioncs, 
 difpenfationes, diligentifllme fub oculos repraefentantes. Neque hie finis: 
 Nam haec omnia animo iiumano, magno quoque argumentorum acuminc 
 & vivacitate, & fuafionum dulcedine, commendarunt atquc infinuarunt : 
 Quinetiam (quantum verbis pracftari poflit) eadem contra pravos & popu- 
 lates errores & infliltus, fidelifiime muniverunt. Quatenus vcro ad natu- 
 ram boni comparati, huic rei etiam nuUo modo dcfuerunt: In conftituendis 
 trinis illis ordinibus bonorum 5 in coUatione vitae contemplativac cum afti- 
 va; in difcrimijiatione virtutis cum rcludatione, &virtutis jam Iccuritatem 
 nadae, & confirmatae ; in confliftu & pugna honefti & utilis ; in virtutum in- 
 ter fc libramine, nimirum cui quaeque praeponderet, & fimilibus. Adco 
 ut banc partem de exemplari, infigniter cxcultam jam eflc, & antiquos in 
 ea re mirabiles fe viros praeftitifle, reperiam : Ita tamen ut philofophos Ion- 
 go poft fe intervallo reliquerit, pia & ftrenua theologorum diiigentia in of- 
 ficiis, & virtutibus moralibus, & cafibus confcicntiae, «S: peccati circumfcrip 
 tionibus pcnfitandis & determinandis cxercitata. 
 
 NiHiLo fecius (ut ad philofophos redeamus) fi illi (antequam ad po- 
 pulates & receptas notioncs, virtutis, vitii, doloris, voluptatis & cactero- 
 rum, fe applicalfcnt) fuperfediflcnt paulifper, & radices ipfas boni & mali, 
 & radicum illarum fibras indagallent ; ingcntem mco judicio luccm illis 
 omnibus, quae poftea in inquifitionem ventura fuillcnt, aifudiflcnt : Ante 
 omnia, fi naturam rerum non minus quam axiomata moralia confuluilTent ; 
 doftrinas fuas minus prolixas, magis autem profundas rcddidilVcnt. Qiiod 
 cum ab illis aut omnino omillum, aut confufe admodum tractatum fucrit, 
 nos brevitcr retradabimus ; & fontcs ipfos rerum moralium apcrire & pur- 
 gare conabimur, antequam ad doclrinam de cultura animi, quam ponimus 
 ut dcfidcratam, pervcniamus. Hoc cnim (ut arbitramur) dodrinam dc ex^ 
 cmplari novis quodammodo viribus donabit. 
 
 Inditus eft atque imprcflus unicuique rcl appctitus, ad duplicem na- 
 turam boni j alteram qua res totum quiddam eft in fc ipfi : alteram qua ert 
 parstotius alicujus majorcs. Atquc pofterior hacc ilia altera dignior eft, & 
 potentior, cum tendat ad confervationem formac amplioris. Nominetur 
 prima, bonum individuale, five fuitatis ; poftcrior, bonum communionis. 
 Terrum fympathia particulari fertur ad magnctem : at fi paulo ponderoftus 
 fuerit, amorcs illos deferit, & tanquam bonus civis & amator patriae, tcr- 
 ram petit, regionem fcilicct connaturalium fuorum. Ultcrius paulo perga- 
 mus > corpora denfa & gravia terram petunt, congrcgationem magnam cor- 
 porum dcnforum : Attamen, potius quam natura rerum divulfioncm patia- 
 tur, Sc detur (ut loquuntur) vacuum, corpora hujufmodi in furfum fcrcn- 
 tur, & cefiabant ab officio fuo erga terram, ut praeftent officium fuum 
 mundo ipfi debitum. Ita quafi pcrpetuo obtinet, ut confcrvatio formae 
 ^i:., :..:. masis
 
 198 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VII. 
 
 magis communis minores appetitus in ordinem rcdigat. At pracrogativa 
 ifta boni communionis fignatur praecipue in hominc, fi non dcgeneravcrit ; 
 juxta mcmorabile illud Pompeii Magni didum, qui quo tempore Romam 
 fames premeret, annonae importandae pracpofltus, vchemcntiilime aurcm 
 ab amicis interpellatus ne mari, atroce tempcftate ingruentc, fc committcrct j 
 illud tantum refpondit, necefle eft, ut earn, non ut vi\am : Adeo ut vitae 
 defiderium (quod in individuo maximum oft) amori & lidei in rempublicam 
 apud eum non praeponderaret. Scd quid moramur ? Nulla, omnibus faccu- 
 lis, rcperta eft vel philolbphia, vel feda, vel religio, vel lex, aut difcipli- 
 na, quae in tantum communionis bonum exaltavit, bonum vcro individu- 
 ale dcprcllit, quantum landa tides Cliriftiana : unde liquido paicat, unum 
 eundcmque Deum fuiflc, qui creaturis leges illas naturae, hominibus vero 
 legem Chriftianam dedifiet. Propterca legimus, nonnuUos ex eledis <Sc fan- 
 dis viris, optafle fe potius cralbs ex libro vitae, quam ut I'alus ad fratrcs 
 fuos non pervenirct i ccih.R quadam charitatis & impotenti deftdcrio boni 
 communionis incitati. 
 
 Hoc pofitum, ita ut immotum maneat & inconcuflum, nonnullis ex 
 graviilimis in morali philolophia controverfiis finem imponit. Primo enim 
 quaeftionem illam determinat 5 de vita contemplativa adivae pracfercnda : 
 idque contra fcntcntiam Ariftotelis. Omnes liquidem rationes, quae ab il- 
 lo pro contemplativa aft'cruntur, bonum privatum relpiciunt, arque indivi- 
 dui tantum ipfius voluptatem, aut dignitatem j quibus in rebus contempla- 
 tiva palmam baud dubie reportat. Etenim contemplativa non abfimilis eft 
 comparationi, qua ufus eft Pythagoras, ut philolbphiae & contcmplationL 
 honorem ac decus aflereret : Qui ab Hierone, quifnam cflcr, interrogatus, 
 refpondit; Hieronem non latere, (li forte unquam olympicis ccrtaminibus 
 intcrfuilfet) id ibi loci contingere, ut veniant eo ; alii fortunac fuac in ago- 
 nibus periculum faduri : alii vero ut mcrcatores, ad merccs diftrahendas : 
 alii ut amicos undique confluentcs convcnircnt, & epulis ac hilaritati indul- 
 gcrent: alii denique ut caeterorum cflent fpcdatores: fe au tern unum cflc 
 ex illis, qui Ipedandi gratia venerit. Verum homines nolle debcnt, in hoc 
 humanae vitae thcatro, Deo & Angelis folum con\-enirc, ut fpcdatorcs 
 iint. Neque fane fieri potuit, ut hac dc re dubitatio in ecclefia unquam 
 fufcitaretur : (utcunque plurimis in ore fuerit didum illud, pretiofa in ocu- 
 lis'Domhii mors f unci onim ejus: Ex quo loco mortem illam civilem & 
 inftituta vita monafticac &. regularis attollere folebant :) nifi illud ctiam una 
 fubellet, quod vita ilia monaftica mere contemplativa non fit, verum plane 
 in olficiis ecclefiafticis vcrfetur; qualia funt jugis oratio, & votorum facri- 
 ticia, Deooblata: Librorum item theologicorum, multo in otio confcrip- 
 tio, ad legis divinae dodrinam propagandam : qucmadmodum & Mofes fe- 
 cit, cum per tot dies in montis iuccellii moratus eflet. Qiiinetiam Henoch, 
 ab Adamo feptimus, qui videtur fuille princeps vitae contemplativac, (ete- 
 nim cum Deo ambulalVe perhibetur) nihilominus ecclefiam prophctiac libro 
 (qui etiam a fando juda citatur) dotavit. Contemplativam vero quod at- 
 tinet meram, & in I'c ipia terminatam, quaeque radios nuUos, five caloris 
 five luminis, in focietatem humanam diftundat, nefcit eam certe theologia. 
 
 Determinat etiam quaeftionem, tanta contentione agitatam, inter 
 fcholas Zenonis& Socratis ex una parte, qui felicitatem in virtute, aut fola, 
 autadornata, (cujus fempcr in oificiis vitae partes potilllmae) collocarunt: 
 & reliquas complures fedas & fcholas, ex altera parte: veluti fcholas Cyrc- 
 naicoriim & Epicurcorum; qui eam in voluptate conftitucrunt: Virtutem 
 
 auteni
 
 Cap. I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 199 
 
 aurcm (ficur fit in comocdiis aliquibus, ubi hcra cum famula vcftcm mu- 
 rct) plane ancillam ftatucrunt: utporc fine qua voluptati commode mini- 
 itraii nonpoflct: ncc minus illam alteram Epicuri fcholam, quafi reforma- 
 ram j quae felicitatcm nihil aliud cfle praedicabat, quam animi tranquillitatem 
 & Icrcnitatcm, a pcrturbationibus libeii, & vacui 5 ac /i Jovem de Ibiio de- 
 turb.ire vellent, & Saturnum cum auieo facculo reducerc, quando ncque ae- 
 ftas ncc bruma fui (lent, non vcr, ncc autumnus, fed una & acquabilis aeris 
 tcmperics: deniquc & illam explolam Pyrrhonis & Hcrilli fcholam, qui 
 fitam autumaverunt felicitatcm in fcrupulis quibufquc animi prorfus climi- 
 nandis, nullam ftatucntes fixam & conflantem boni aut mali naturam, fed 
 actiones pro bonis aut malis habcntes, prout ex animo, motu puro & irre- 
 fraCto, aut contra, cum avcrfationc & reluLlatione, prodirent ; quae tamen 
 opinio in haerefi anabaptiftarum revixit, qui cunfta metiebantur juxta motus 
 &. inftinftus Ipiritus, & conftantiam vel vacillationem fidei. Liquet auteni 
 ifta, quae recenfuimus, omnia ad privatam animorum tranquillitatem, & 
 complacentiam, nullo modo autem ad bonum communionis, fpeclarc. 
 
 PoRRO redarguit etiani philofophiam Epictcti, qui hoc utitur pracfup- 
 pofitio : felicitatem in iis poni debere, quae in potcftatc noflra funt, nc fci- 
 licet fortunae & cafibus fimus obnoxii : quafi vero non multo fuerit felicius, 
 in redis & generofis intentionibus, & finibus, qui publicum bonum amplec- 
 tantur, fucceUli deftitui &c fruftrari, quam in omnibus, quae ad privatam 
 tantum fortuaam noftram referuntur, voti pcrpetuo compotes fieri ! Sicut 
 Confalvus, Neapolim digito militibus indicans, gcnerola voce teftatus eft, 
 multo fibi optatius fore, unum pedem promovcndo, ad interitum certum 
 ruere, quam unius pedis receflli vitam in multos annos producere. Cui c- 
 tiam concinit cocleftis dux & impcrator, qui pronunciavit, confcientiarn bo- 
 namjiige ejfe convivhim ; quibus verbis apertc fignificat, mentem bonarum 
 intentionum fibi confciam, utcunque lucceffu careat, vcrius & purius & 
 naturae magis confentaneum praeberc gaudium, quam univcrfum ilium ap- 
 paratum, quo inftrui poflit homo, vel ut dcfidcriis fuis fruatur, vel ut animo 
 conquiefcat. 
 
 Redarguit itidcm philofophiac abufum ilium, circa Epideti tcmpora 
 grafl'ari coeptum : nempe quod piiilofophia verfa fuerit in genus quoddam vi- 
 tac profcflbrium, & tanquam in artem ; quafi fcilicct inftitutum philolbphiae 
 eflet, non ut perturbationes compefcerentur & extinguerentur 5 fed ut caufac 
 & occafiones ipfarum cvitarentur & fummovercntur : idcoque particularis 
 quaedam vitae ratio ad hoc obtinendum ineunda eflet : introducendo fane, 
 tale genus fanitatis in animum, quale fuit Herodici in corpore: cujus me- 
 minit Arillotelcs •■> ilium fcilicet nihil aliud per totam vitam egifle, quam ut 
 valetudinem curaret ; & proindc abinfinitis rebus abftinerct, corporis interim 
 ufu quafi multatus. Ubi fi hominibus officia focictatis confcdari cordi fit, 
 ilia demum valetudo maxime eft expetenda, quae quaflibct mutationes & im- 
 petus quofcunque ferre & vinccre qucat. Eodem modo & animus illc de- 
 mum vere & propric fanus & validus ccnfendus eft, qui per plurimas & max- 
 imas tentationes & perturbationes perrumpere poteft. Ita ut optime Diogenes 
 ■ dixiflfe vifus fit ; qui eas vires animi laudarit, quae non ad caute abfiincndum, 
 fed ad fort iter fujiinendum valerent > quaeque animi impetum, etiam in 
 maximis praecipitiis, cohiberc poflint ; quaeque (id quod in cquis bene fub- 
 adis laudatur) praeftcnt, ut breviffimo fpatio, & fiftcrc fc & vcrterc 
 poflint. 
 
 POSTREMO,
 
 200 
 
 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VII. 
 
 PosTREMO, redarguit iucm tcncritudincm quandam & incpt-itudi- 
 ncm ad morisicranduni, in nonnuUis ex antiquirtimis philolbphis, & ma- 
 xiinc in vcncrationc habitis, notatam : Qiii nimis facile Ic a rebus civilibus 
 fubdiixcrint, ut indignitatibus & pcrturbationibus Ic cxuercnt, atquc magis, 
 luaopinionc, illibati, & tanquam lacrofandi, vivcrcnt : ubi conlcntancum 
 cfler, conftantiam honiinis vcix moi'alis talcm fore, qualcm idcmConfalvus 
 in hominc milirari rcquirebat: nimirum ut honor ejus contexc retur tanquam 
 c tela cralliore > minimcque tarn tenui, ut quidvis illud vellicarc & laccrarc 
 polHt. 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 Tartitio boni individiialis 'vel fnitatis, in bonmn aBrcurn, & bontim 
 Jjoffivum. Tartitio boni pajjhi, in boniim confervativum, & bonum 
 perfedivnm. '^Partitio boni communioms, in officia generalia, & re- 
 fpectiva. 
 
 REPETAMUS igitur jam, & pcrfequamur primiim bonum indivi- 
 duale, 6c fuitatis. Illud partiemur in bonum adivum, & bonum paf- 
 iivuni. Etenim haec quoquc differentia boni (non abfimilis ccrtc illis ap- 
 pellationibus, quae Romanis in occonomicis crant tamiiiarcs, promi fcilicet 
 & condi) in univerla rerum natura imprefla rcpcritur : praecipuc autcm le 
 prodit in duplici rerum creatarum appctitu ; altero, le conlervandi &muni- 
 cndij altero, fe multiplicandi & propagandi: Atque hie pofterior, qui ac- 
 tivus eft, & veluti promus, potentior videtur & dignior : ilk autcm prior, 
 qui paflivus elt, & veluti condus, inferior cenfcri poteft. Etenim in uni- 
 verfitate rerum, natura coeleftis praecipue agens eft ; at natura terrcftris, 
 patiens. Etiam in delcdationibus animantium, major voluptas eft gcneran- 
 di quam pafeendi. In oraculis quoque divinis pronunciatur, Bcatins ejfe 
 dare, qnam accipere. Qiiin & in vita communi, nemo invenitur ingenio 
 tam moUi & effbeminato, quin pluris faciat aliquid quod ei in votis crat, 
 pcrticere, &: ad exitum perducerc, quam fcnfualitatem aliquam, aut delcc- 
 tamentum. Atque ifta quidcm boni adlivi prae-eminentia in immcnfum 
 exaltatur, ex intuitu conditionis humanae, quod fit & mortalis, & fortunac 
 iciibus cxpofita. Nam fi in voluptatibus hominum poflct obtineri perpetui- 
 tas atque certitudo, magnum pretium eis accederct, propter fccuritatem & 
 nioram. Qiiandoquidem autem rem videmus hue reciderc: Magni acfti- 
 mamus mori tardius : &, Ne glorieris de craftino ; ncfcis partum dici : mi- 
 rimi minime eft, fi omni contcntione feramur ad ca quae remporis injurias 
 non rcformident. Ea vero nulla cftepolllmt, praetcr opera noftra ; ficutdi- 
 citur, opera eorum feqnuntiir eos. Eft & altera prac-emincntia boni aftivi 
 haud exigua, indita & fuftentata ex co affeclu, qui humanae naturae, ut 
 comes individuus, lateri adhaeret : amor fcilicet novitatis, aut varictatis. 
 111c veto in fenfuum voluptatibus (quae boni paflivi pars lunt vel maxima) 
 anguftus admodum eft, ncc latitudinem habet aliquam infigncm : Cogita 
 quamdiu eadem feccris ; cibus, Ibmnus, ludus; per hunccirculum curritur. 
 Mori vellc, non tantum fortis, aut mifer, aut prudens, fed etiam faftidiofus 
 poteft. At in aclis vitac noftrac, & inftitutis, & ambitionibus, infignis eft 
 varietas ; eaque multa cum voluptatc percipitur, dum inchoamus, progre- 
 dmiur, interquicfcimus, regredimur, ut vires augeamus, appropinquamus j 
 
 dcnique 
 
 5
 
 Cap. III. D E A U G M E N T I S S C I E N T I AR U M. 2Ci 
 
 dcnique obtincmus, & hujufmodi? ut vcre admoduni didum fit, vita fine 
 propoflro, languida & vaga eft. Quod nmul & prudcntibus «Sc ftultifliir.is 
 compctir, ut ait Solomon; Tro dejiderio qiiaerit ccrebrofus, otmuur.s irn- 
 mifcet fe. Q_uinctiaiii vidcmus, rcgcs potcntillimos, ad quorum nutum, 
 quaccunque fenfibus grata funt, parari poflcnt, niliilominus procurafle iibi 
 intcrdum dcfidcrii\ humilia & inania (qucmadmodiim cithara fuit Ncroni, 
 gladi.itoria Commodo, Antonino aurieatio, & alia aliis) quae ramcn ip/is 
 fncrint omni afflucntia voluptatum Icnfualium potiora. Tanto voluptatcm 
 majorem affert ut aliquid agamus, quam ut fruamur. 
 
 Illud interim paulo attcntius notandum eft, bonum aclivum, indivi- 
 dualc, a bono comnuinionisprorllis diftcrrc; quanquani nonnunquam ambo 
 coincidant. Qiiamvis cnim bonum iflud individualc, adivum, lacpe opera 
 benciicentiae (quae ex virtutibus communionis eft) pariat & producatj 
 illud tamen intercft, quod ilia opera ab hominibus plurimis riant, non animo 
 alios juvandj aut beandi, fed plane propter fe atque potentiam & amplitudi- 
 ncm propriam. Id quod optime cernitur, quando bonum adivum in aliquid 
 iinpingir, quod fit bono communionis contrarium. Siquidem gigantea ilia ani- 
 rni conditio, qua abripiuntur magni ifti orbis tcrrarum pcrturbatores, (qualis 
 . fuitL. Sylla, & plurimi alii, licet in modulo longc minore:) qui videntur 
 ad hoc anhelare, ut omnes fcliccs & aerumnofi fint, prout fibi fuerint amici, 
 velinimici; atque ut mundus tanquam ipforum pracfcrat imagincm: (quae 
 vera eft theomachia,) hacc inquam ipla afpirat ad bonum adivum, indivi- 
 dualc, faltem apparcns, etfi a bono communionis omnium maximc rcccdat. 
 
 At bonum pallivum particmur, in bonum confcrvativum, & bonum 
 perfcdivum. Etenim inditus eft unicuique rei triplex appctitus, quatenus 
 ad bonum fuiratis, five individui. Primus, ut fe confervet: Sccundus, ut 
 fe pcrficiat : Terrius, ut fe multiplicet five diftundar. Atque hie pollrc- 
 nius appctitus ad bonum adivum refertur, dc quo jam modo diximus. Su- 
 perfunt igitur reliqua tantum duo, quae di;dmus bona,: Ex quibus praeccl- 
 lit perfcdivum. Minus cnim quiddam eft, confervare rem in fuo ftarii : 
 Majus vcro, candem ad naturam fublimiorem cvchcrc. Rcpcriuntur fiqui- 
 dem per res univcrlas, naturae aliquac nobiiiorcs, ad quarum dignitatem & 
 exccllcntiam, naturae inferiores afpiranr, vcluti ad origines & fontcs fuos. 
 Sic dc hominibus non male cecinit illc: 
 
 Igneus eft ollis vigor O" coelefth origo. Homini enim, aflumptio aut ap- 
 proximatio ad divinam aut angclicam naturam, eft formac fuae pcrfeclio. 
 Cujus quidem boni pcrfccT;ivi prava oc praepoftcra iinitatio, peftis eft ipfa 
 vitae humanae, & turbo quidam rapidus, qui omnia abripit & fubvcrtit. 
 Nimirum, dum homines, exaltationis vice formalis atque cftentialis, caeca 
 ambitionc advolant ad exaltationcm tanrummodo localem. Qi'.cmadmoduni 
 enim acgri, remedium mali fui non invcnicntes, de loco in locum corpu.s 
 agitant &volvuntj quafi ex mutatione loci a fe ipfis abiccderc, & inrcrnuni 
 malum cftugcre polllnt : Eodem modo cvenit in ambitionc, ut homines, H- 
 mulachro quodam talfo naturae fuae cxaltandae abrcpti, nihil aliud adipil- 
 cantur, quam loci quandam celfitudincm & taftigium. 
 
 Bonum vcro confcrvativum nihil aliud eft, quam reccptio «5c fruitio re- 
 rum naturae noftrae congruentium. Hoc vcro bonum, licet maximc iir 
 fimplcx & nativum; tamcn ex bonis vidctur molliftimum atque inlimum^ 
 t>tiui & hoc ipfum bonum rccipit ditfcrcntiam nonnuUam, circa quam par- 
 tim vacillavit judicium hominum, partim omifla elt inquifitio. Boni fiqui- 
 dcm fruitionis, five quod vulgo dicitur, jucundi dignitas cc commcndatio, 
 
 Vol, I. C c au*
 
 202 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. LjjD.m 
 
 aut in finccritatc fruitionis fita ci'T, aut in cjufdcm vigorc : Quorum alrcrum 
 iiiducit & praclht acqualitas, altcrum autcm varictas & vicillitudo: Alte- 
 rum minorcm habct mixturam mali, altcrum imprcflioncm magis fortcm & 
 vividam boni. Caetcrum, horum utrum melius, ambigitur: Dein, num 
 narura humana utrumque fimul apud fe rctinere polTit, noninquiritur. 
 
 A T QV E quantum ad id, dc quo ambigitur, vcntilari cocpit ilia coutro- 
 vcrfia inter Socratcm & fophilbm quendam. Ac Socrates quidcm aflcrc- 
 bat, Felicitatem Jit am ejfe in anirnt pace confiante & tranquillitate : Sp- 
 phifta veto in hoc, Ut quis multum appctat, & multum fruatur. Qiiin & 
 ab argumcntis dclapfi lunt ad convitia; Diccntc fophifta, felicitatem Sotra- 
 tis, ftipitis vel lapidis elle felicitatem 5 c conta Socrate, fophiilae felicita- 
 tem, felicitatem efle icabiofi, qui pcrpctuo pruriret & fcalperet. Nequc 
 tamen dcfunt utriquc fcntentiae Ilia lirmamenta. Nam Socrati aflentitur 
 ve! Epicuri fchola ipfa, quae virtutis, ad felicitatem, partes efle maximas, non 
 <iiffitebatur. Qiiod 11 ita fit, ccrto certius eft, virtutis majorem efle ullim 
 in pciturbationibas fedandis, quam rebus cupitis adipifcendis. Sophlftac 
 autcm noiinihil fufFragari videtur alTcrtio ilia, cujus a nobis mentio niodo 
 fafta eft, quod videlicet bonum pcrfedivum bono confervativo fit fuperiusj 
 quippe quia cupitarum rerum adeptiones naturam videantur fenfim pcrfi- 
 cere: quod licet vere non faciantj tamen & motus ipfc in circulo, fpeciem 
 nonnullam prae fc fert motus progreflivi. 
 
 A T fccunda quaeftio, (num fcilicet natura humana non pollit & animi 
 tranquillitatem, & fruendi vigorem, fimul retinere?) rite definita, priorera 
 illam reddit otiofam & fupervacancam. Annon enim videmus, haud raro 
 animos nonnullorum ita faclos & compofitos, ut voluptatibus afticiantur vel 
 maxime cum adfint, & tamen earum jafturam non gravate ferant? Ita ut fe- 
 ries ilia philofophica, Non uti, ut non appctasj non appetere, ut non me- 
 tuas, videatur efle pufilli cujufdam animi, & diffidentis. Sane, dodrinac 
 pleraeque philofophorum videntur efle paulo timidiores, & cavcre homini- 
 bus, plufquam natura rerum poftulat. Veluti, cum mortis formidincm 
 medcndo augcnt. Etcnim, cum nihil aliud fere vitam humanam faciant, 
 quam mortis quandam pracparationem & difciplinam, quomodo fieri polHt, 
 ut ilk hoftis mirum in modum non videatur terribilis, contra quern muni- 
 cndi nullus fit finis? Melius poeta, (ut inter cthnicos;) 
 
 §lui finem vitae extremum inter muneraponat 
 Naturae. 
 
 Similiter & in omnibusannifi funt philofophi animum humanum rcddc- 
 rc nimis uniformem & harmonicum : cum motibus contrariis &: extremis mini- 
 mc aflliefaciendo. Cujus caufam arbitror fuifle, quod ipfi vitae fc privatae 
 dcdicarunt, a ncgotiis & aliorum obfequiis immuni & liberae. Qiiin potius 
 imitcntur homines prudentiam gemmariorum ; qui fi forte in gemma invc- 
 niatur nubecula aliqua, aut glaciccula, quae ita poflet eximi, ut magnitudini 
 lapidis non nimium detrahatur, cam toUunt; aliter veto intadam cam relin- 
 quunt: pari ratione, ferenitati animorum ita confulcndum eft, ut non de- 
 ftruatur magnanimitas. Atquc de bono individuali hadenus. 
 
 Post q^u a m igitur dc bono fuitatis (quod etiam particulate, privatum, 
 imiividualc, appellate folcmus) jam dixerimus; repetamus bonum commu- 
 nionis, cuod focietatem intuctur. Iftud nomine officii vocari confuevit: 
 fiquidcm vocabu'um officii magis proprie attribuitur animo bene difpofito 
 crga alios : vocabulum virtutis animo intra fc rede formato <Sc compofito. 
 
 Verum
 
 Cip. II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 20- 
 
 Verum ifta pars, pnmo intuitu, fcientiae civlli dcbcri vidctur : attamcn, fl 
 diligentius attcndas, noii ita: iiquidcm tractat regimen & impcrium nniul- 
 cujufquc in fe ipfum, neutiquam vcro in alios. Atquc ficiit in arcliitcclura, 
 alia res eft, poftcs, trabcs, & caeteras acdificii partes etFormare, ^ ad acditi- 
 candi ufum praeparare s alia autem, eafdem ad inviccm aptare & compagi- 
 nare: Jlcut etiam in mcchanicis, inftrunientum aut machinam fabricate &z 
 conficcre, non idem ell, qnoJ fabricatum erigere, movere, & in opcre 
 poiiere: Sic doclrina dc conjiigatione ipfa hominum in civitate, five Ibcie- 
 tate, differt ab ea, quae cos reddit ad hujufniodi focietatis commode confor- 
 incs & bene artedos. 
 
 IsTA pars de officiis, etiam in duas portioncs tribuitur: quarum altera 
 traftat de officio hominis in communi : altera de officiis Ipecialibus & re- 
 Ipedlivis, pro fingulorum profeilione, vocatione, ftatu, pcrlbna, & gradu. 
 Harum primam, latis cxcultam, diligenterque a vetcribus & aliis cxplica- 
 tam, jam antea rctulimus ; alteram quoque, rparfimquidem traclatum, licet 
 non in corpus; aliquod integrum fcientiae digcftam, rcpcrimus. Kequc ta- 
 men hoc ipfum, quod fparfim tractetur, reprchendimus ; quinimo de hoc 
 argumento per partes fcribi longe conlliltius exiflimamus. Qiiis enim tanta 
 fuerit vel pcrlpicacia vel confidentia, ut dc officiis peculiaribus & rclativis, 
 itngulorum ordinum & conditionum, peritc & ad vivum difceptare & defi- 
 nite poilit aut luiliiicat? Traftatus autem, qui experienti.un non fapiunt, 
 fed ex notiria rcrum generali 6c icholaftica tantummodo deprompti Hint de 
 rebus liujulinodi, inanes plerunque evadunt & inutilcs. Qiiamvis enim ali- 
 quando contingat, fpeftatorcm ca animadvcrtere, quae luforem fugiantj 
 atque jadctur provcrbium quoddani magis audaculum, quam fuium, dc 
 cenfura vulgi circa actiones principum, Jlantetn hi -valle optime pcrlujtrare 
 montem j optandum tamen inprimis ellet, ut non nili expertilllmus 6c ver- 
 fatiilimus quifque fe hujufmodi argumcntis immifceret. Hominum enim 
 fpeculativoruni, in materiis adivis, lucubrationes. iis, qui in agendo luerint 
 exercirati, nihilo meliorcs videntur, quam dillertationes Phorniionis de bellis 
 aefcimatac lunt ab Hannibale, qui cas habuit pro fomniis & deliriis. Unum 
 duntaxat vitium i!!os occupat, qui de rebus ad fuum munus aut artem pcr- 
 tincntibus libros confcribunt; quod fcilicet in illis ipfis Spartis fuisornandis 
 atqa>; attollendis modum tcncre nefciant. 
 
 In hoc gcnere librorum, piaculum forer, non meminillc (honoris caufa) 
 cxccllcntillinu illius opcris, a majeilate tua elucubrati, De officio regis. 
 Scriptum enim hoc plurimos intra i^i camuiavlt ac recoudidit thefauros, 
 tarn conlpicuos, t]uam occultos, thcologiae, ethicae, & politicae ; infigni 
 cum afperfionc aliarum artium: Ellque, meo judicio, inter fcripta, quae 
 mihi perlegere contigerir, praecipue ianum 6c folidum. Non illud uUo loco, 
 aut invcntionis fervore aeftuat, aut indiligentiae frigore torpct aut dormi- 
 tat; non vertigine aliqumdo corripitur, uude in ordinc ilio fervando con- 
 fundatur aut excidat ; non digreflionibus diltrahitur, ut ilia, quae nihil ad 
 rhombum funt, exputiatione aliqua ilexuofa compledatur : non odoramento- 
 rum aut pigmentorum fucis adulteraturj qualibus illi utuntur, qui Icdo- 
 rum potius deledationi, quam argument! naturae infcrviunt : ante omnia 
 veto, fpiritu valet illud opus non minus, quam corporc, utpote quod 6c cuni 
 veritati optime confentiat, 6c ad ufum fit accommodatiirnnum. Qiiinetiam 
 vltio illo, de quo paulo ante diximus, (quod, fi in alio quopiam, in regc 
 ccrtc, 6c fcripto de majeilate regia, tolerandum fuerit) omnino caret: nem- 
 pc, quodculmcn 6c faftigium regium non immodice aut invidiofe extol lat; 
 Vol. 1. C c 2 fiquidciu
 
 204 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.m, 
 
 iiquidem majeftas tua regemnbn dcpinxitallqucm, Aflyriae aut Pcrfiac, gloriaj . 
 cxterno faftu nitentem, & corufcanrem : led vcre Mofcm, ant D-andein,*. 
 paftores fcilicct populi fui. Neque vcro mihi unquam memoria cxcldct di'. : 
 «tluiii quoddam vere regium, quod in Jite graviirima tcrminanda, majcftasr 
 tua, pro facro illo, quo praeditus es, Spiritu, ad populos rcgcndos-pronun- 
 ciavit 5 nimirum, Reges jtixta leges regnorum fnorum gubernacnla trac- 
 tare, quemadmodum 6" 'T)eus jiixta leges naturae : cr a^eqne raro prae- 
 rogativam illam fnatn, quae leges tranfcejtdit, ab ill/s nfurpa-ndam^ ac 
 a 'Deo videmus ufurpari poteftatem mtracula patrajid:. Nihilo ratncn 
 Iccius, ex libro illo altero, a majcftarc tua conlcripto de libera monarchia, 
 fatis omnibus innotefcit, non minus majcftati tuae cogniram clfc &. pcrlpc- 
 «5tam plenitudincm potcftatis rcgiae, atque ultimitarcs (ut fcholallici loquun- 
 tur) juriura rcgalium, quam officii & muneris rcgii limitcs & canccUos, 
 Non dubitavi igitur in medium adducere librum ilium a majeftatis tuae cala- 
 mo exaratum, tanquam cxcmplum primarium & maxime illultrc trafta- 
 tuum dc peculiaribus & relpedivis officiis. Quo de libro, quae a me jam 
 difta lunt, dixiflcm profefto, fi ante annos mille a rege quopiam conicriptus 
 fuiflet. Neque vero me movet decorum illud, quod vulgo praclcribitur, 
 ne quis coram laudetur : modo Jaudes illae nee modum cxcedant, ncc intcm- 
 peftive, aut nulla data occafione, tribuantur. Cicero certc, in luculennliima 
 ilia oratione fua pro M. Marcello, nihil aliud agit, quam ut exhibcat rabu- 
 1am quaudam, iingulari artificio depidlam, de laudibus Caefarls, Jicet coram 
 ipib oratio ilia haberctur. Qiiod & Pliniusfecundus crgaTrajanum. Iraque 
 jam ad propofitum revertamur. na rji 
 
 Pertinet porro ad banc partem dc officiis refpcdivis vocationum, 6c 
 profelllonum fingularum, dodtrina alia, tanquam priori relati\a, five op- 
 pofita ; nimirum de fraudibus, cputelis, impoiluris, & vitiis iplarum : fi- 
 quidem depravationcs & vitia officiis & virtutibus opponuntur. Neque 
 omnino dc his, in plurimis Icriptis & traclatibus, filctur : led laepc, ad ilia 
 notanda, ialtem obiter excurritur. At quo tandem modo? per laryram 
 idlicet, & cynice (more Luciani) potius, quam ferio & graviter. Etenim, 
 plus operaeimpenditur, ut pleraque in artibus etiam utilia & fana, maligno 
 dente vellicentur, & ad ludibrium hominibus exponantur, quam ut, quae 
 in iifdem corrupta lunt & vitiola, fecernantur a falubribus & incorruptis. 
 At optime Solomon : quaerenti derifori fcientiam, ipfa fe abfcondit, fed 
 fiudiofofit obviam. (^uicunque enim ad fcientiam accedat animo irridendi 
 & afpernandi, inveniet proculdubio quae cavilletur plurima, ex quibus 
 vcro dodior fiat, perpauca. Verum, tradatio hu)us, de quo loquimur, 
 argumenti, gravis & prudens, atque cum integritate quadam & fuiccrirate 
 conjunda, inter munitiilima virtutis ac probitatis propugnacula videtur 
 numeranda. Nam ilcut fabulofc pcrhibctur de bafilifco, ^\ primus quem- 
 piam confpexerit, illico hominem perimit ; fi quis ilium prior, balllifcus 
 perit : pari ratione, fraudes, impofturae, & malae artes, fi quis cas prior 
 detexerit, nocendi facultate privantur ; quod fi iliac pracvenerinr, turn 
 vero, non alias, periculum crcant. Eft itaque quod gratias agamus Ma,- 
 chiavello, & iiujufmodi fcriptoribus, qui aperte 6: indiffimuianter profe- 
 runt, quid homines facere foleant, non quid debeant. Fieri cnim nuilo 
 modo'potcft, ut conjungatur ferpentina ilia prudentia cum innocentia co- 
 lumbina, niii quis mali ipfius naturam penitus pernofcat. Abfque hoc enim 
 deerunt virtuti lua praefidia & munimenta. Imo, neque ullo modo poffit 
 vir bonus & probus malos & improbos corrigerc & cmendarc, nifi ipfc 
 
 prius
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 205 
 
 prius omnia malitiac latibula & profunda cxploravcrir. Etcnim, qui ju- 
 dtcio plane corrupto Hint, & dcpravato, hoc habent, ut pracllipponant 
 ■honcftatem in hominibus ab infcitia & flmplicitare quadani morum oriri, 
 atque ab eo tautum, quod fides habcatur concionatoiibus, & pacdagogis ; 
 item libris, praeccptis nioralibus, & iis, qui vulgo pracdicantur &c dccan- 
 rantur, fermonibus: adco ut, nil! plane pcrfpiciant, opinioncs fuas pravas, 
 accorrupta & detorta principia non minus illis qui liortantur & admoncnt, 
 quam fibi ipiis, cfle cxplorata & cognita, probitatcm omncm morum & 
 conllliorum afpcrncntur : juxta oraculum iilud Solomonis mirabile; ]S[on 
 recipit jiultns verba priidentiae, nifi ea dixeris, quae 'verfantur hi cor- 
 de ejus. Hanc autcm partem, de cautelis, & vitiis rclpcftivis, inter dcfi- 
 derata numcramus 5 camquc nomine fatyrae feriae, five trailatus dc interio- 
 ribus rerum, appcllabimus. 
 
 ExiAM ad dodrinam de officiis refpedivis pertinent officia mutua, in- 
 ter maritum & uxorem, parentes & liberos, dominum & fervum : fimiliter 
 leges amicitiae, & gratitudinis ; nee non civilcs obligationes fraternitatum, 
 coilegiorum ^ etiam vicinitatis, ac fimilium : vcrum intelligatur hoc i'em- 
 pcr, ilia iftic traftari, non quatenus Hint partes Ibcietatis civilis, (id enim 
 ad politicam rcfcrtur,) fed quatenus animi fingulorum, ad ilia locietatis 
 vinculatuenda, inftrui & praedifponi dcbcant. 
 
 At dodrina de bono communionis (qucmadmodum & ilia dc individua- 
 Ji) bonum traftat, non tantum ftmplicitcr, fed & comparate: quo fpeclat, 
 officia perpendere, inter homincm & hominem ; inter cafum & callim; in- 
 ter privata & publica; inter tempus praefens & futufum : Sicut videre eft 
 in animadverfione ilia fevera & atroci L. Bruti, contra filios fuos, illam a plc- 
 rifque in coelum laudibus cfferri ; at alius quifpiam dixit: 
 
 Infelix, tit cunqiie f event eafata minores. 
 
 Id ipfum licet intueri in coena ilia, ad quam invitati funt M. Brutus, C. Caf- 
 fius, &alii. lUicenim, cum ad animos explorandos, circa confpirationem in 
 caput Caefaris intentatam, quaeftio aftute mota efl'ct, (num licitum force 
 tyrannum occidcre ?) Ibant convivae in opiniones diverfas ; dum alii dice- 
 rent, plane licere, quod fcrvitus ultimum eflet malorum ■-, alii minime, quod 
 tyrannis minus exitialis eflet, quam bcllum civile. Tertium autcm genus, 
 vehiti ex fchola Epicuri, aflercbat, indignum eflc, prudentcs pcriclitari pro 
 ftultis. Verum plurimi funt cafus de officiis comparatis; inter quos fre- 
 quenter ilk intervenit : Utrum a juftitia deflcctcndum fir, propter falutem 
 patriae, aut hujufmodi aliquod infignc bonum infuturo? Circa quern Jafon 
 Theflalus dicerc folebat : aliqua funt injufte facienda, ut multa jullc fieri 
 poffint : verum replicatio in promptu eft : authorcm praefentis juftitiae habes i 
 Iponforem futurac non habes. Sequantur homines, quae in pracfcntia bo- 
 na &jufta funt 5 futura divinae providentiac remittentcs. Atque circa doc- 
 trinam dcexemplari, fivedc bono, haccdida fint. 
 
 C A P;
 
 2o6 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM Lib.VL 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 TPartitio do^irinae de cultura animi i in doSirinam de chara^eribns ani- 
 morum -, de aff'ecfibus ; CT de remediis five curationibus. Appendix 
 doBrinae ejufdem de congrititate inter bormm animi, dr bonitm cor- 
 poris. 
 
 NUNC igitur, poftqiiam dc fruftu vitae (fcnfu intcUigimus philofc- 
 phico) verba fcccrimus ; llipereft, ut dc cultura animi, quae ei dc- 
 bctur, dicamus : iine qua pars prior nihil aliud vidctur, quam imago quacr 
 dam, aut ftatua, pulchra quidcm alpedu, fed motu & vira dcflituta. Cui 
 fentcntiac Ariltotelcs iplc dilertis verbis lliifragatur: Necefje efi igitnr de 
 'virttite dicer e, & quid Jit, & ex quibns gignattir. hint He emm fere 
 fuerit, 'virtutem qtudem 7io£'e, acqiiirendae antem ejus modos ^ vias 
 igfiorare. Non enirn de virtute tantum, qua fpecie fit, qnaerendnm efi^ 
 fed & qitornodo fiii c opium faciat : ntrnmque emm volnmus, cr rem ip- 
 fam nojje, c^ ejus compotes fieri : Hoc aut em ex njoto non fuccedet, nifi 
 fciamus, ^ ex quibus, & quo modo. Verbis adco exprellls, atque etiam 
 iterate, hanc partem inculcat ; quam tamen ipfe non pcrlequitur. Hoc 
 Similiter illud ell:, quod Cicero Catoni juniori, veluti laudem non vulgarcm, 
 attribuit 5 quod fcilicct philolbphiam amplexus cllet, non difputandi caufa, 
 ut magna pars, fed ita vivendi. Quamvis autem, pro tcmporum, in qui- 
 bus vivimus, focordia, paucis curae iit, ut animum fedulo coiant & com- 
 ponant, & vitac rationem ad normam aliquam inltituant 5 (Iccundum illud 
 Senecae, 'De partibns vitae quifque dellberat ■-, de fumma nemo : adco 
 ut hacc pars cenferi poilit fupervacua :) illud tamen minime nos mover, ut 
 cam intadtani relinquamus, quin potius cum illo Hippocratis aphorifmo 
 conc'udimuSi <Jlui gravi morbo correpti, dolor es non fentiunt, iis mens 
 aegrotat. Medicinaillishominibus opus eft, non folum ad curandum nior- 
 bum, fed ad fcnfum expergefaciendum. Qriod {i quis objiciat, animoruni 
 curationcm, thcologiac facrac munus cfle, verillimum eft quod aflcrit > at- 
 tamen philolbphiam moralem in famulitium thcologiac rccipi, inftar an- 
 cillae prudentis, & pediflcquac lidelis, quae ad omncs ejus nutus praefto fit, 
 & miniftret, quid prohibeat ; ctenim quemadmodum in Pfalmo habctur, 
 quod Ocnli ancillae perpetuo ad manus dominae refpiciunt : cum tamen 
 minime dubium fit, quin hand pauca ancillae judicio 3c curac rclinquantur : 
 codem modo 6: ethica obfcquium theologiae omnino praeftare debet, cjufque 
 praeceptis morigera ellc ; ita tamen ut & ipia, intra fuos limitcs, haud pauca 
 fana & utilia documcnta continerc poilit. 
 
 Hanc igitur partem (quando pracftantiam ejus in animo recolo) in cor- 
 pus dodlrinaenondum redadlam, non poilum non vchemcnter mirari. Earn 
 igitur, ex more noftro, cum inter defiderata colloccmus, aliqua ex parte ad- 
 umbrabimus. 
 
 Ante omnia igitur in hac re (ficut & in univerfis, quae fpedant ad pra- 
 dicam) ratio nobis eft fubducenda, quid in noftra fit poteftate, quid non. 
 In altero cnim daturaltcratio, in altero vero applicatio tantum. Agricolae 
 nullum eft impcrium, aut in naturam foli, aut in aeris tcmperies ; itidcm 
 ncc medico, aut in crafin & conftitutionem naturalem aegri, aut in acciden- 
 tium varietatem. At in cultura animi, & morbis ejus perfanandis, tria in' 
 confiderationem vcniunt ; charadcres divcrfi difpofitionum 5 alfcclus, & re-' 
 I n:edia:
 
 Cap.lII. DE AUGMENTIS S C IE xN TI ARUM. 207 
 
 media : qucmadmodum & in corporibus mcdicandis propomintur ilia rm ; 
 complcxio, five conftitutio acgri, morbus, &. curatio. Ex illis autcm tribus, 
 poftremum tantum in noftra potcftatc fltum eft; priora duo non item. Vc- 
 rum & in illis ipfis, quae in porellatc noflra non funr, non minus diligcns 
 facicnda eft inquifitio, quam in illis, quae potcftati noftrac llibjiciuntur. 
 Etcnim illorum perfpicax & accurata cognitio lubllernenda eft doclrinae de 
 remediis, ut eadem commodius & felicius appliccntur. Xequc cnim vcftis 
 corpori aptari poflit, nifi mcnfura corporis ante excipiatur. 
 
 Primus igitur articulus doctrinac dc cultura animi, vcrlabitur ^ir^d 
 divcrfos cluraftercs ingeniorum five difpofirionum. Nequc tamen loqui- 
 mur de vulgaris illis propenfionibus in virtutes & vitia; aut ctiam in pcrtur- 
 ..bationes & afFeclus : fed dc magis intrinlecis & radicalibus. Sane fubiit 
 animum, ctiam in hac parte, nonnunquam admiratio, quod a fcriptoribus, 
 tamcthicis, quam politicis, ut plurimum ncglcfta aut practcrmilla fit ; cum 
 utriquc fcientiae clariflimum luminis jubar afFundcrc poilit. In traditionibus 
 aftrologiae non infcite omnino diftindta funt ingenia, & difpofitiones homi- 
 num, ex praedominantiis planetarum ; quod alii a natura facti fuit ad con- 
 templationes; alii ad res civiles; alii ad militiam ; alii ad ambitum; alii 
 ad amores; alii ad artes; alii ad genus vitac varium. Item apud poetas 
 (heroicos, fatyricos, tragicos, comicos) fparguntur ubique fimulachra in- 
 geniorum, licet fere cum cxccflli, & praeter modum veritaris. Quin & hoc 
 ipfum argumentum, de diverts charadcribus ingeniorum eft ex iis rebus, in 
 quibus fermones hominum communes (quod valde raro, interdum tamen 
 contingit) libris ipfis funt prudentiores. At longe optima huius tractatus fu- 
 pellex & fylva pcti debet ab hiftoricis prudcntioribus: Neque tamen ab 
 clogiis tantum, quae fub obitum perfonac alicujus illuftris fubnedere fo- 
 lent, fed multo magis ex corporc integro hiftoriae, quoties hujufmodi per- 
 fona veluti fcenam confccndat. Ilia enim intertexta imago, potior videtur 
 defcriptio, quam eiogii ccnfura: Qtialis habctur apud T. Livium, Africani 
 & Catonis majoris: apud Tacitum, Tibcrii, Claudii 6c Ncronis: apud Hero- 
 dlanum, Septimii Sevcri: apud Philippum C^omincum, Lodovici undccimi 
 Gallorum regis : apud Francifcum Guicciardinum, Ferdinandi Hilpani, 
 Maximiliani Cacfaris, & Leonis, & Clcmentis, pontificum. Ifti cnim Icrip- 
 tores harum perfonarum, quas fibi depingendas delegcrunt, effigies quafi 
 perpetuo intuentes, nunquam fere rerum geftarum ab ipfis mentionem faci- 
 unt, quin &c aliquid infuper dc natura ipforum infpergant. Etiam nonnul- 
 lae, in quas incidimus, relationes de conclavibus pontificum, charatleres dc 
 moribus cai'dinalium bonos exhibucrunt : ficut & litcrae legatorum, de con- 
 filiariis principum. Fiat itaque ex ca, quam diximus, materia, (quae certe 
 fertilis eft & copiofa) tradatus diligcns & plenus. Neque \ero volumus, 
 lit charaderes ifti in etliicis (ut fit apud hiftoricos, & poetas, & in fermoni- 
 bu5 communibus,) excipiantur, tanquani imagines civiles intcgrae: fed po- 
 tius ut imaginum iplarum lincac is: ductus magis fimpliccs ; quae inter fc 
 compofitac & commixtae quafcunque effigies conftituunt. Qiiot & quales 
 eae funt, & quomodo inter fe connexac & fubordinatae ; ut fiat tanquani 
 artificiofa &: accurata ingeniorum & animorum dilleclio, atque ut difpofirio- 
 num, in hominibus individuis, fccreta prodantur, atque ex eorum notitia, 
 curationum animi praecepta redius inftituantur. 
 
 Neq^ue vero charadcres ingeniorum, ex natura imprcffi, rccipi tantum 
 in hunc tradatum dcbcnt ; fed & illi, qui alias animo imponuntur, ex lexu, 
 aetate, patria, valetudine, forma, «Sc fimilibus : atque infuper illi qui ex for- 
 
 tuna,
 
 ^o8 bE AUGiMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. Vli. 
 
 '%;na, vclviti pnncipum/-nobiiium, ignobilium, divitum, paupcrum, ma- 
 'Mrtratuum, idiorarum, fclicinm, aci-umnoforum & hujuimodi. Videmus 
 "■"tnim, Plautlim miraculi loco habere, quod lencx quis fit bcncficus; bc- 
 '-nicrnitas hujus, ut adolefccntnli eft. D. autcm Paulus, Icvcritarem dilci- 
 - plinae erga Crctenfcs praccipicns (incrcpa cos dure) ingcnium gcntis ex po- 
 -ctaaccufat, Cretenfes femper mendaces, malae bejiiae, ijentn's pigri. Sa- 
 '"-luftius id in rcgum ingcniis notar, quod apud eos frequcns ilr contradicVo- 
 "*ria appctcrc. Plerunquc rcgiae voluntatcs, ut vchcmcntcs Hint, fie mobi- 
 ~lcs, lacpcquc ipfac fibi adverlae. Tacitus obiervat, honorcs & dignitatcs 
 'inaenia hominum in detenus lacpius flcdcrc, quam inincUus; folus Vef- 
 -pafianus mutatus eft in melius. Pindarus illud animadvertlt, fortunam fu- 
 bitam & indulgentem, animos plerunquc enervarc & Iblverc; fmit, qui 
 -magnam felicitatem concoqucre non polllmt. Plalmus innuir, laciiius efle 
 modum adhibcre & tcmperamentum in fortunac ftatu, quam in inercmen- 
 to: T>'fvitiae fi ajflnant, nolite cor apponere. De fimilibus quibufdam ob- 
 fervationibus ab Ariftotcle in rhetoricis mentionem obiter fadam non infi- 
 'tior, nee non in aliorum fcriptis nonnuUis fpar/im: Vcrum nunquam adhuc 
 Incorporatae fuerunt in moralem philofophiam ; ad quam principalitcr per- 
 tinent : Nou minus ccrtc quam ad agriculturam, traclatus dc diverfitatc 
 foli & glebae; aut ad medicinam, tradatus dc compkxionibus aut habi- 
 tibus corporum diverfis. Id autem nunc tandem fieri oportet, nifi forte 
 imitari vclimus temeritatem empiricorum, qui iifdcm utuntur medicamcn- 
 tis ad acgrotos omnes, cujufcunque Tint conftitutionis. 
 
 S E Q^u I T u R doftrinam de charafteribus doilrina de affeclibus & pertur- 
 bationibus, qui loco morborum aninii lunt, ut jam dicium eft. .Qucmad- 
 modum cnim politici prifci de democratiis dicere folcbant; quod populus 
 cflct mari ipfi fimilis, oratores autem ventis: Qiiia ficut marc per.lc placi- 
 dum foret & tranquillum, nifi a ventis agitaretur &turbarcturi iic.(i -po- 
 pulus eflet natura Ilia pacatus & tractabilis, nifi a leditiofis oratoribus inj- 
 pcllcretur & incitaretur: Similiter vcrc affirmari pollit, naturam incnris 
 humanac fedatam fore, & fibi conftantcm, fi affeftus, tanquam vciati noa 
 tumultuarentur, ac omnia mifcerent. Et hie rurfus fubiit nova admicatio, 
 Ariftotelem, qui tot libros de ethicisconfcripfit, aifedus, ut mcmbrum cthi- 
 cac principaic, in illis non tradaflej in rhetoricis autem, ubi traclandi in- 
 rcrveniunt fecundario (quatcnus fcilicet oratione cieri aut commoveri pol- 
 fint) locum illis repcrifle : (Inquotamen loco dc iis, quantum tam paucis 
 fieri potuit, acute & bene dilleruit:) Nam difccptationes cius dc voluptatc 
 & dolore huic traftatui nullo modo fatisfaciunt; non magis quam, qui de 
 ^luce & lumine tantum fcribcret, de particularium colorum natura fcripfifle 
 diecretur : Siquidcm voluptas & dolor erga afFeclus particulares ita fe.ha- 
 bent, ut lux crga colores. Meliorem ccrtc in hoc argumento (quatcnus ex 
 'liis quae nunc extant, conjiccre liceat) diligentiam adhibuerunt Stoici; at- 
 '^amen talcm, quae potius in definitionum llibtilitatc, quam in tracfatu ali- 
 quo pleno & fulb, confirteret. Equidcm reperio etiam iibcllos, quofdani 
 elegantes, de nonnullis ex affedibus; veluti de ira, de inutili verccundia, & 
 aliis pcrpaucis. Sed fi vcrum omnino diccndum fit, dodorcs hujus Icicn- 
 rJac praccipui funt poetac & hillorici, in quibus ad vivum dcpingi &: dillc- 
 cari Ibler, quomodo afledus excitandi Hint (Scacccndendi? Qiiomodo Icni- 
 'cndi & fcpiendi? Qiiomodo rurllis continendi ac rcfraenanJi nc in adu.s 
 -erumpant? Qiiomodo itideni fc, licet comprcfli & occultati prodant? Quas 
 ©pcrationes edant? Qiias vices fubeant? Qiialiter fibi mutuo impliccntur? 
 
 Qiialitcr
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM; 209 
 
 Qiialiter inter fe digladicntur & opponantur ? Et inniunera hujus generis; 
 Inter quae hoc ultimum plurimi eft ufus in moralibus & civilibus j qualitcr 
 (inquam) afFedus afFcdum in ordinem cogat ^ & altcrius auxiJio, ad altc- 
 rum lubjugandum, uti liccat ? Venatorum & aucupum more, qui bcftiac 
 opera ad bcftias, volucris alicujus ad voluctcs capicndas utuntur : Quod 
 fortafle alitcr ex fcfe, abique brutorum auxilio, homo tarn facile praefbre 
 non poflit. Quin & hoc fundamcnto nititur cxccUcns ille, & per omnia 
 patens, ufus in civilibus pracmii & pocnac ; quae rcrumpublicarum colu- 
 mcn funt ; cum afFedus illi pracdominantes formidinis & Ipei, alios omncs 
 afFcftus noxios coerccant & llipprimant. Etiam ficut in regimine ftatus, 
 non raro fit ut fadio fadionc in officio contincatur ; fimiliter fit & in re- 
 gimine mentis intcrno. 
 
 Pervenimus nunc ad ilia, quae in noftra funt potcftatc, quaeque o- 
 pcrantur in animum, voluntatemque & appetitum afficiunt & circumagunt ; 
 idcoque ad immutandos mores plurimum valent. Qua in parte dcbucrant 
 philofophi ftrenue & gnaviter inquirere j De viribus & energia confuetudi- 
 nis, exercitationis, habitus, educationis, imitationis, aemulationis, convi- 
 dus, amicitiae, laudis, reprehenfionis, exhortationis, famae, legum, libro- 
 rum, ftudiorum, & ft quae funt alia. Haec enim funt ilia, quae regnant 
 in moralibus ; ab iftis agentibus animus patitut & difponitur ; ab iftis veluti 
 ingredientibus, conficiuntur pharmaca, quae ad confervandam & recupe- 
 randam animi fanitatem conducant, quatenus remcdiis humanis id praeftari 
 poflit. Ex quorum numero unum aut alteram feligcmus, in quibus pau- 
 lulum immorabimur, ut reliquis jfint exemplo. De confuetudine igitur & 
 habitu, pauca delibabimus. 
 
 Opinio ilia Ariftotelis plane mihi videtur anguftias quafdam contem- 
 plationis & negligentiam fapere : cum aflerit in illas aftiones, quae natu- 
 rales funt, confuetudinem nihil pofle : exemplo ufus, quod jfi lapis millies 
 projiciatur in altum, ne inclinationcm quidcm fponte afcendendi acquirit : 
 quinetiam quod faepius videndo aut audicndo, nihilo melius aut vidcmus aut 
 audimus. Quamvis enim hoc tcneat in aliquibus, ubi natura eft peremp- 
 toria, (cujus rei caufas reddere in praefentia non vacate) aliter tamen in il- 
 lis fit in quibus natura, fecundum latitudinem quandam, patitur intenfio- 
 ■nem & remiflionem. Sane videre potuit, chirothecam paulo ardiorcm, 
 manui faepius inducendo, laxiorem rcddi 5 baculum ufu & mora in con- 
 trarium flexus fui naturalis incurvari, & in eodem ftatu paulo poft durare ; 
 vocem exercitando, magis fieri robuftam & fonoram; frigora aeftumque 
 confuetudine tolerari ; & ejufdcm generis complura. Quae quidem pofte- 
 riora duo exempla propius accedunt ad rem, quam quae ab ipfo addufta 
 funt. Attamen, utcunquc hoc fc habeat; quo magis verum fuerit, tana 
 virtutes quam vitia in habitu confiftere ; eo magis ei contendendum fuerat, 
 ut normas praclcribcret, quomodo hujufmodi habitus fuerint acquirendj 
 aut amovendi : Plurima iiquidem confici poflint praecepta de prudenti in- 
 ftitutione cxercitationum, animi non minus quam corporis. IJIorum pau- 
 cula recenfcbimus. 
 
 Primum erit, ut jam a principio caveamus a penfis, vel magis arduis^ 
 vel magis pufillis, quam res poftulat : Nam fi oneris nimium imponatur^ 
 apud ingenium mediocre bene fperandi alacritatcm obtundes 5 apud inge- 
 nium fiduciac plenum opinionem concitabis, qua plus fibi poUiceatur, quam 
 praeftarc poflit ; quod fecum trahit focordiam. In utroque autcm ingenii 
 temperamento fiet ut experimcntum expcftationi non fatisfaciat : Id quod ani- 
 VoL. I. D d mum
 
 mo DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUiM. Lib.VJI^ 
 
 mum temper dcjicit & confundit. Qiiod ft penfa Icviora fucrint, magna 
 inducimr, in progrcllionis fumma, jadura. 
 
 Secundum crit, ut ad exercendam tacultatem aliquam, quo habitus 
 comparctur, duo inprimis tcmpora obfcrventur: Alterum, quando animus 
 optimc fucrit ad rem difpofitus j altcrum quando pellimc : Ut ex priore, 
 plurimuminvia promovcamus^ ex poftcriore nodes obicefquc aniaii con- 
 tentionc flrenua deteramus, undc tempora media facile & placidckbentur. 
 
 . Tertium erit iilud praeccptum, cujusAriftoteles obiter meminit; Ut) 
 totis 'viribus (citra tamen vitium) nitamtir in contrarium illins, ad quod 
 natiira maxime impellirnur : Sicut cum in adverlum gurgitis remigamus, 
 aut baculum incurvum, ut reftum fiat, in contrarium flectimus. 
 
 Q_UARTUM praeceptum ex illo axiomatc pcndct, quod vcrifliimum eft ; 
 animum ad quaecunque fclicius trahi & iuavius, fi illud, quo tcndimus, in 
 intentione operantis non fit principalc, fed tanquam aliud agendo iliperetur -, 
 quoniam ita fert natura, ut nccellitatem & imperium durum ferme oderit. 
 Sunt & alia multa, quae utilitcr praecipi poflint, de regimine confuetudi- 
 nis ••, conluctudo enim, fi prudenter & perite inducatur, fit revera (ut vulgo 
 dicirur) altera natura : Quod fi imperite & fortuito adminiftretur, erit tan- 
 quam fimia naturae, quae nihil ad vivum imitetur, fed infcite tantum & 
 dcformiter. 
 
 Similiter fi de libris & ftudiis, eorumquc ad mores virtute & influen- 
 tia, verba facere vellcmus j numnam defunt plurima praecepta & con/ilia 
 fru£luofa, eo fpeftantia ? Annon unus ex patribus, magna cum indignatio- 
 ne, poefim appellavit vinum daemonum ; cum revera progignat plurimas 
 teutationcs, cupiditates & opiniones vanas ? Annon prudcns admodum, & 
 digna, quae bene perpendatur, eft fententia Ariftotelis, Juvenes non ejfe 
 idoneos moralis pkilofophiae auditores : quia in illis perturbationum aeltu- 
 atio nondum fedata cfl, nee tempore & rcrum cxpcrientia confopita ? At- 
 que ut verum dicamus, an non ideo fit, ut fcriptorum prifcorum pracftan- 
 tiflimi libri & fermones (quibus ad virtutem homines efficaciflimc invitati 
 funt : tam auguflam ejus majcftatcm omnium ocuiis rcpracfentando, quam 
 opiniones populates, in virtutis ignominiam, tanquam habitu parafitorum 
 indutas, derifui propinando) tam parum profint, ad vitae lioneftatcm, & 
 mores pravos corrigendos, quia perlegi'& revolvi non confucverunt a viris 
 aetate & judicio maturis, fed pueris tantum & tironibus rciinquuntur-? An- 
 non & hoc verum eft, juvenes multo minus politicae quam ethicae audito- 
 res idoneos efle, antequam religionc 6c doctrina de moiibus & oiliciis pla- 
 ne imbuantur : ne forte judicio depravati & corrupti, in cam opiuionera 
 veniant, non efle rerum differentias morales vcras & folidas, fed omnia 
 ex utilitatc, aut fucceflii meticnda ; ficut poeta canit : 
 
 'Profperum & felix fcelus 'virtus 'vacatur. 
 & rurfus, 
 
 Ille criicem pretinm fceleris tulit, hie diadema. 
 
 Kq poctac quidem haec fatyrice & per indignationem loqui vidcntur. At 
 libri nonnuUi politici idem ferio & pofitive Ibpponunt. Sic enim Machia- 
 vcllo dicere placet, ^lod fi contigijfet Caefarem bello fuperatum fuijfe, 
 Catilina ipfofniffet odiofior : Qiiait vcro nihil interfuilTet, practer fortunam 
 folam, inter furiam quandam, ex libidinc & languine conflatam, atque ani- 
 mum excelfum, & inter homines naturales, maxime omnium (fi ambitio ab- 
 fuifict) fufpicicndum. Videmus etiam ex hoc ipfo, quam neceflarium fit, 
 
 I homines
 
 Cap. Ilf. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. an 
 
 homines dodrinas pias & ethicas, antcquam politicam dcguftent, plcnls 
 foiicibus haurirc : nimii-um, quod qui in aulis principum, & negotiis civi- 
 libus, a tcncris (ut aiunt) unguiculis innurriti iiint, nunquam fere fince- 
 ram & intcrnam morum probitatem aflcquantur : quanto minus fi acceflcrit 
 ctiam librorum difciplina ? Porro, & in documcntis ipfis moraiibus, vcl 
 (altcni aiiquibus coruni, annon cautio parirer eft adhibenda, nc inde fiant 
 homines pcrrinaccs, arrogantes & infociabileb ? juxta illud Ciccronis de M. 
 Catonc : Haec bona, quae videmus, dii'ina & egregia, ipjins fcitote ejfe 
 propria : quae nonminquam requirinnis, ea fnnt omnia non a natura, fed 
 a magiftris. Sunt & axiomata alia complura, de iis, quae a ftudiis & li- 
 bris, honiinum animis ingenerantur. Vcrum eft enim quod dicit ilk, Abe- 
 unt ftudia in mores: Qiiod paritcr affirmandum de caeteris illis rebus, con- 
 vidu, fama, Icgibus parriis, & rcliquis, quas paulo ante rccenfuimus. 
 
 Caeteruai animi quaedam eft cultura, quae adhuc magis accurata & 
 elaborata vidctur, quam reliquae. Nititur autem hoc fundament©: quod 
 omnium mortalium animi, ccrtis temporibus, reperiantur in ftatu perfefti- 
 ore, aliis, in ftatu ma;.' is dcpravato. Hujus igitur culturae intentio fucrit 
 & inftitufum ut bona ilia tcmpora foveantur ; prava vcro tanquam ex ca- 
 lendario deleantur & expungantur. Ac bonorum quidcm temporum 
 fixatio duobus modis procuratur: votis, aut faltem conltantiftlmis animi 
 decrctis, & obfcrvantiis atque cxercitationibus ; quae non tantum in fe va- 
 lent quantu'ii in hoc, quod animum in officio & obedientia jugiter con- 
 tineant. Malorum temporum obliteratio duplici itidem ratione perfici 
 poteft:: redemptione pJlqua, vel expiatione praeteritorum, & novo vitae 
 inftituto, vcluti de integro. Verum haec pars ad rcligionem plane fpe- 
 ftare videtur j nee mirum ; cum moralis philofophia vera & gcnuina (lic- 
 ut ante diftum eft) ancillae tantum vices erga theologiam fuppleat. 
 
 QuAMOBREM, concludcmus lianc partem de cultura animi cum co re- 
 medio, quod omnium eft maxime compendiofum & fummarium, & rurfus 
 maxime nobile & efficax, quo animus ad virtutem eftormetur, & in llatu 
 collocetur perfcftioni proximo. Hoc autem eft, ut fines vitae actionumquc 
 deligamur, & nobis ipfis proponamus redos & virtuti congruos ; qui tamctt 
 talcs ftnt, ut eos aflequendi nobis aliquatenus fuppetat facultas. Si enim 
 haec duo fupponantur : ut & fines aftionum ftnt honefti & boni, & dccre- 
 tum animi de iis aflequendis & obtinendis, fixum fit & conftans ; fequctur 
 ut continuo vcrtat & etformct fe animus, una opera, in virtutcs omnes. At- 
 que haec certe ilia eft operatio, quae naturae ipfius opus referat, cum reli- 
 quae, quae diximus, videantur cdc folummodo ficut opera manus. Quem- 
 admodum enim ftatuarius, quando ftmulachrum aliquod fculpit aut inci- 
 dit, illius folummodo partis figuram effingit, circa quam manus occupata 
 eft, non autem caeterarum : (veluti fi faciem efformet, corpus reliquum 
 rude permanet & informc faxum, donee ad illud quoque pcrvcnerit :) c con- 
 tra vero natura, quando florem molitur, aut animal, rudimcnta partium om- 
 nium fimul parit & producit : Eodem modo quando virtutes habitu acqui- 
 runtur, dum temperantiac incumbimus, ad fortitudincm aut rcliquis paruni 
 proficimus j quando autem rcdls & honeftis finibus nos dedicaverimus pe- 
 nitus & dcvoverimus, quaccunquc fucrit virtus, quam animo noftro com- 
 mcndavcrint & impcravcrint fines illi, reperiemus nos jamdudum imbutos, 
 & praedifpofitos habilitate & propcnfionc nonnulla, ad cam aftequendam 
 & cxprimcndam. Atque hie pollit eflc ftatus ille animi, qui cgregie ab 
 Ariftotele defcribitur ; & ab co, non virtutis, fed divinitatis cujufdam 
 Vol. I. Dd 2 charadtcre
 
 212 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. LiUVIl. 
 
 chai-aclere iiifignitui-. Ipfa ejus verba haec funt : Immanitati antem C0:i- 
 Tentaneum eft, opponere earn, quae fnpra buman'itatem ejl^ heroic mn five 
 divinam 'virtutem. Et paulo port. Nam nt ferae neqne vitiu/n necju 
 
 . ■ virtus f/?, fic neqtie IDei. Sed hie qttidcmjiatus altius qniddam viritite 
 efl ; ille aliiid qniddam a vitio. Pliaius ccrrc Iccundus, ex licciuia mag- 
 niloqiicntiae cthnicac, Trajaui virtutem, divinac, non tanqiiam iiv.itamctt- 
 tum, led tanquam exemplar, proponit, cum ait : Opus non cjj'e homtnibus, 
 alias ad Tieos preces fundere, quam tit bevAgnos aeque (^ propitios^e dd- 
 minos mortalibiis praejlarent -, ac Trajanus praeji/tiffet. Verum hjicc 
 profanam cthnicorum jadantiam fapiunt, qui umliras quafdam corporc ?na- 
 jores prenlabant. At religio vera, & fanda fides Cliridiana, rem ipfiun pe- 
 tit : imprimcndo animis hominum charitatcm^ quae appofttinimc "Vincntum 
 perfe^ionis appellatur, quia virtutes omnes fimul colliti;at, >Sc rcvincit. Sane 
 clegantillimc didum cil a Menandro, de amore Icnfuali, qui divinum ilium 
 pcrpcram imitatur : Amor melior fophijia laevo, ad humanam vitam. 
 Qiiibus innuir, morum dccus melius ab amore efformari, quam a Ibphifta & 
 praeccptorc inepto, quem laevum appcllat. Siquidem univcrfis Hiis opc- 
 rofis rcgulis & pracccptionibus homincm tarn' dextere & expedite cffingcrc 
 ncqucat, ut Ic ipliim & in pretio habcat & le belle in omnibus componat, 
 quam amor facif. Sic proculdubio, fi animus cujufpiam, fervore charitatis 
 yerae incendatur, ad majorcm perfedionem evehetur, quam per univcrfam 
 ctliicam dodrinam ; quae Ibphiftae profedo habet raiioncm, ft cum altera 
 ilia confcratur. Quinetiam, ficut Xcnophon rede obfervavit, Caeteros 
 affecius, licet animum attollant, eiim tamen difiorquere <^ difcomponere 
 per ecjiafes O" excejfus fuos : amor em vero fohim, eum fimul O" dilatare 
 ^ componere. Sic omnes aliae humanae, quas admiramur, dotes, dum na- 
 turam in majus exaltant, cxcelllii interim funt obnoxiae : fola autcm chari- 
 tas non admittit excefllim. Angeli, dum ad potentiam, divinae parem, a- 
 ipiratent, praevaricati funt, & ceciderunt : Afcendam (3" ^ro fimilis Al- 
 tifilmo. Homo dum ad fcientiam divinae parem afpiraret, praevaricatus eft, 
 & lapfus : Er it is ficut dii j fcientes bonum er malum. Verum ad fimili- 
 tudinem divinac bonitatis aut charitatis alpirando, ncc Angclus, ncc homo, 
 unquam in pcriculum venit, aut vcniet. Imo ad banc ipfam imitationem 
 ctiam invitamur : Tiiligite inimicos vefiros, benefacite his, qui odernnt 
 I'os, e^ orate pro perfeqnentibus ^ calmnniantibus vos, ut fitis filii ^a- 
 tris veftri, qui in ccelis eft, qui fi)lem fiium oriri facit fuper bonos er 
 males, & pluit fuper juflos O" injuftos. Quin & in iplb archctypo na- 
 turae divinae, verba fic collocat religio ethnica, {optimus maximus) fcri- 
 ptura autem facta pronunciat ; Mifericordia ejus fuper omnia opera ejus. 
 
 Hanc itaque moralis dodrinae partem, de georgicis animi, jam abfol- 
 vimus. In qua, fi ex intuitu portionum ejus, quas peiilrinximus, quis cx- 
 iftimet, operam noftram in hoc tantummodo litam ellb, ut ea in artem leu 
 dodrinain rcdigcremus, quae ab aliis fcriptoribus praetcrmina fint, tanquani 
 vulgata & obvia, & per Ic latis clara & pcrfpicua ; fuo judicio libcrc uta- 
 
 , tur. Interim illud meminerit, quod ab initio monuimus, propofitum a no- 
 bis eflc, non rerum pulchritudinem, fed ulhm 6c vcritatem fcdari. Re- 
 cordctur etiam paulifper commcntum illud parabolae antiquac, de gcminis 
 fomni portis: 
 
 Sunt geminae fomni portae, quarum altera fertur 
 Cornea, qua 'veris facilis datur ex it us umbris : 
 
 c Altera
 
 tap III. DE AUGMEi^fls'JcYfeNT'r/Rir4 213 
 
 Altera candenti perfeHa nitens elephanto -, 
 Sed falfd ad caelum mittunt infomnia manes. 
 
 In%nis lane magnificcntia portac eburncae 5 tamcn Ibmnla vera per cornc- 
 am commcant. 
 
 Additamenti vice poni pofllt circa doclrinam ethicam obfervatio 
 ilia ; inveniri niniirum relationem & congruitatcm qiiandam, inter bonum 
 animi, & bonum corporis. Nam ficut bonum corporis conftarc diximus ex 
 lanitarc, pulchritudinc, roborc, ac voluptate; fic animi bonum, ii juxta mo- 
 ral is dodrinae fcita illud contemplemur, hue tendcre perfpiciemus ; ut ani- 
 mum reddat fanum, & a perturbationibus immunem j pulchrum, veriquc 
 dccoris ornamcntis excultum ; fortem, ac agilem ad omnia vitae munia ob- 
 eunda; deniquc non ftupidum, fed voluptatis & folarii iionefti fcnfum vivide 
 retinentcm. Haec autem, ficut in corpore, ira & in animo, rare fimul om- 
 nia conjunguntur. Facile enim videre eft multos, ingenii viribus & foni- 
 tudine animi pollentcs, quos infcftant tamen perturbationcs ; quorumque 
 etiam moribus vix aliquid elegantiae aut venuftatis, afpcrgitur : Alios qui- 
 bus abunde eft in moribus elegantiae & venuftatis -, illis tamen non fuppetit, 
 aut probitas animi, ut velint, aut vires, ut pollint refte agcre : Alios, ani- 
 mo praeditos honefto, atque a vitiorum labe rcpurgato, qui tamen nee fibi 
 ipfis ornamcnto funt, ncc rcipublicae utiles : Alios, qui iftorum fortafte 
 trium compotes funt, fed tamen Stoica quadam triftitia & ftupiditate prae- 
 diti, virtutis quidem adiones exercent, gaudiis noc pcrfruuntur. Quod fi 
 contingat, ex quatuor iftis duo aut tria aliquando concurrere, rariflimc ta- 
 men fit, quemadmodum diximus, ut omnia. Jam veto principale iftud 
 membrum philofophiae humanae, quae hominem contcmplatur, quatenus 
 ex corpore confiftit atquc anima, led tamen fcgrcgatum, & citra fodeta- 
 tem, a nobis pertradatuni eft. 
 
 FRAN-
 
 2i4 
 
 FRANCIS CI 
 
 Baronis de V E R U L A M I O, 
 
 Vice-Comitis Sancti Albani, 
 
 De Dignitate & Augmentis Scientiarum, 
 
 LIBER OCTAVUS. 
 
 AD REGEM SUUM. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 7artitio doBrinae civilis, in do6frinam de converfatione ; do6irinam de 
 negotiis j c^ doBrinam de imperio, five repiiblica. 
 
 VETUS eft narratio, (rex optime) convenlflTe complures philofo- 
 phos folenniter, coram legato regis exteri, atque fingulos pro 
 virili parte fapicntiam fuam oftentalle ; ut haberet legatus, quae 
 referret de mirabili lapientia Graecorum. Unus tamen ex eorum 
 nuniero filebat, & nihil adducebat in medium : adeo ut legatus ad eumcon- 
 verfus diceret5 Tu vero quidhabes, quod refer am? Cui iile ; Refer (\vl- 
 quit) regi tuo, te in-venijfe aptid Graecos aliqtiem, qui tacere fciret. E- 
 quidem oblitus eram, in hac artium lynopfi, artem tacendi interfcrere : 
 quam tamen (quoniam plerunque defiderctur) exemplo jam proprio doce- 
 bo. Etenim, cum me tandem ordo rerum ad illud deduxcrit, ut paulo 
 pofl: de arte imperii tradandum fit, cumque ad tantum regem Tcribam, qui 
 perfeftus adeo in ea arte fit magifter, ipfamque ab incunabulis fuis haule- 
 rit : nee omnino immemor cfle pollim, qualem apud majcilatem tuam lo- 
 cum fuftinucrim : confcntaneum magis exiftimavi, me ipllim tacendo dc 
 hac re, apud majeftatem tuam, quam Tcribcndo, probarc. Cicero vero, non 
 folum artis, verum ctiam eloquentiae cujuidam, quae in tacendo rcperiatur, 
 mcminit. Cum enim Icrmoncs nonnullos fuos, cum alio quodam ultro 
 citroque habitos, in epillola quadam ad Atticum commcmorairet, fie Icri- 
 bit : Hoc loco, fitrnpji aliquid de tua eloque^itia-y nam tacui. Pindarus 
 vero, (cui illud peculiare eil, animos liominuni inopinato, fententiola ali- 
 qua mirabili, vcluti virgula divina, percutcrc) hujufmodi quidpiam ejacu- 
 latur : Interdum niagis afficiunt non dicta, quam dicta. In hac parrc 
 igitur, tacere, aut quod filcntio proximum eft, brevis admodum cfle de- 
 crevi. Verum, antequam ad artes imperii pcrveniam, haud pauca dc alii.s 
 doftrinae civilis portionibus Hint praeaiittcnda. 
 
 5 SCIENTIA
 
 X 
 
 Cap. I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 215 
 
 SciENTiA civilis, vcrfatur circa fubjcdum, quod cactcrorum omnium 
 maxime ell: matcriae immcrfum : idcoque difficillime ad axiomata roducirur. 
 Sunt tamcn nonnuUa, quae hanc diliicultatcm levant, Primo cnim, qucm- 
 admodum Cato ilk ccnforius de Romanis Iliis diceie Iblitus eft : O'vtbtis eos 
 JJmiles ejfe, quarum gregem integrum minor e quis molejlia ageret, quam 
 imam aliqiiam : qnoniamjl paucas ex grege, ut retiamineayit viam, pro- 
 fellere pojjis, caeterae ultro feqnentur. Similiter, hoc quidem reljjechi, 
 cthicae munus eft quodammodo illo politicac difficilius. Sccundo propo- 
 nit fibi ethica, ut animus bonitatc interna imbuatur, & cumulctur : at civilis 
 fcientia nihil amplius poftulat practer bonitatcm cxternam : Hacc enim ad 
 Ibcietatem lufficit. Itaque noa rare accidit, ut regimen fit bonum, tempe- 
 ra mala : fiquidcm in facta hiftoria illud noa lemel occurrit (cum dc rcgibus 
 bonis & piis narrctur) Sed adhuc populos non direxerat cor fiturn ad T)o- 
 minum 'T>enm patnim fuorum. Itaque, & hoc quoque refpeclu, duriores 
 partes funt ethicae. Tertio, non habent refpublicae, ut tanquam machinac 
 grandiores tardius moveantur, ncc ilnc magno molimine -y unde hand tam 
 cito labcfaftantur : ficut cnim in AEgypto Icptem anni fertiles, fteriles Icp- 
 tcm fuftentarunt ; ita in rebufpublicis priorum temporum bona inftitutio» 
 efficit, ut fcquentium errorcs non ftatim perniciem inferant : at fingulorurri 
 hominum dccrcta, & mores, magis ilibito fubvcrti folent. Hoc dcniquc 
 cthicam gravat, politicae Tuccurrit. 
 
 SciENTiA civiles tres habet partes, juxta tres focietatis acliones fumma- 
 rlas ; doftrinam de converfatione ; doctrinam de ncgotiis ; 6c doclrinam de 
 imperio five republica ; tria fiquidem lunt bona, quae ex focictatc civili 
 homines fibi parare expetunt : Solamen contra iblitudincm, adjumcntum in 
 ncgotiis, & ptotedio contra injurias, Suntque iftae tres prudcntiac plane 
 inter fc divcriac, & lacpcnumcro disjundae ; prudcntia in convcriando, 
 prudcntia in negotiando, & prudcntia in gubernando. 
 
 En I MV ERG, quod ad converlationcm attinet, ilia certa affedata cflc non 
 debet, at multo minus neglcdaj cum prudcntia in ejus moderamine, 6c dc- 
 cus quoddam morum in fe ipla prac ic fcrat, S^ ad negotia, tarn publica, 
 quam privata, commode adminiftranda, plurimum juvct. Etenim ficut 
 adio oratori tanti habetur, (licet fit externum quiddam) ut etiam ill is alteris 
 partibus, quae graviores 6c interiores vidcntur, anteponatur j eodem fere 
 modo, in viro civili, converfatio, ejufque regimen, (utcunquc in exteriori- 
 bus occupetur) fi non fummum, at certe eximium locum invenit. Quale 
 enim pondus habet vultus ipfe, ejufque compofitio ? Rede poeta : 
 
 • N.ec vultti dejinte verba tuo. 
 
 Poterit enim quis vim orationis vultu labefadarc, 6c plant prodcrc. Qiiin 
 & fada, non minus quam verba, vultu pariter deftrui poilint, ^\. Ciceroni 
 crcdamus : Qui, cum fratri aftabilitatcm commcndarct erga provinciales, 
 non in hoc cam potillimum fitam dixit, ut aditus praeberct ad le facilcs, nifi 
 ctiam vultu ipfo comiter accedentes exclpcret. N.'tl interefl habere ojthtm 
 apertum, vnltiim claiifum. Videmus quoque Atticum, fub primum Cice- 
 ronis cum Cacfarc congrefllim, bello adhuc fcrvcrtte, diligcntcr ?>:. ferio 
 Ciceronem per epiftolam momiifle, de vultu 6c gcftu ad dignitatem 6c gra- 
 vitatem componendis. Quod fi tantum polTit oris & vultus foHus modcra- 
 tio, quanto magis fermo familiaris, 6c alia, quae ad convcrfationcm pcrti- 
 ■ncnt? Atquc lane fumma ^ compendium dccori 5c clcgantiac morum in' 
 hoc fere fita funt, ut quafi acquac lance 6c propriam dignitatem ii aliorum' 
 
 mctiaTimr
 
 2i6 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VIIf. 
 
 mctlamur & tueamur : quod etiam noii male cxpreflit T. Liviiis, (licet alii 
 rci intcntLis) co pcrfonac characlcrc : AV (inquit) aut arrogans videar^artt 
 obnoxins : quorum alternm ejl alienae libertatis obliti, alter iim fuae. 
 Ex contraria vero parte, fi urbanitati & clegantiae morum exrcrnae im- 
 penilus ftudeamus, tranfcunt illae in afFeiflioncm quandam dcformcm & 
 adiilterinam. ^ud enhn deformius, quam fcenarn invitam transferred 
 Quinctiam, licet in excefllim ilium vitiollim minime prolabantur j tcmporls 
 tamcn nimium in hujufmodi leviculis abiumitur, aniniufquc ad curam ipfa- 
 rum, magis quam oportet, deprimitur. Ideoquc ficut in acadcmiis, adole- 
 fcentcs literarum ftudiofi, at fodalium congrcflibus plus fatis indulgcntes, 
 moneri folcnt a praeccptoribus, Amicos ejfe fnres temporis : fie ccrte al- 
 fidua ifta, in conveilationis decorum, animi intcntio, magnum graviori- 
 bus meditationibus furtum facit. Deinde, qui primas adeo in urbanitate ob- 
 tinent, & ad banc rem unam quafi nati vidcntur, hoc fere habent, ut fibi 
 ipfis in ilia Tola complaccant, & ad virtutes folidiorcs & celfiorcs, vix unquam 
 alpircnt : Qiiando e contra, qui fibi in hac parte dcfedus funt confcii, dccus 
 ex bona exiftimatione quaerunt : ubi enim adeft bona exiftimatio, omnia fere 
 decent ; ubi vero ilia deficit, tum demum a commoditate morum atquc ur- 
 banitate fubfidium petendum eft. Porro, ad res gerendas, vix gravius aut 
 frequentius reperias impedimcntum, quam hujufce decori externi curiofam 
 nimis obfervationem, atque illud alterum, quod huic ipfi infervit 5 nimirum, 
 anxiam tcmporis atque opportunitatum eleftionem. Egregie enim Solo- 
 mon : §lui refpicit ad ventos, non feminat ; qui refpicit ad nubes^ non 
 metit. Creanda fiquidem nobis eft opportunitas faepius quam oppcrieijda. 
 Ut vcrbo dicamus, urbana ifta morum compofitio, veluti veftis animi eft, & 
 proinde veftis commoditates referre debet. Primum enim talis efle debet, 
 ut fit in ufti communi : rurfus, ut non fit nimis delicata aut ftimptuofa : de- 
 inde, ita conficienda, ut fi qua fit in animo virtus, cam exhibeat maxime 
 confpicuam ; fi qua deformitas, eandem fuppleat & occultet : Poftremo, 
 & luper omnia, nc fit nimis ardla, atquc ita animum anguftet, ut ejufdcm 
 motus in rebus gcrendis cohibcat & impediat. Veruni hacc pars fcicntiac 
 civilis de converfatione elegantcr profefto a nonnullis tradata eft, ncquc 
 ullo modo tanquam dcfiderata rcponi debet. 
 
 CAP. ir. 
 
 ^artitio doBrinae de negotiis s in do&rinam de occajionibus JparJiSy cb* 
 do[irinam de ambitu njitae. Exemplum do&rinae de occajionibus Jpar- 
 JiSy ex parabolis aliquibus Solomonis. ^raecepta de ambitu vitae. 
 
 DOCTRINAM de negotiis partiemur in dodlrinam de occafionibus 
 fparfis, & doftrinam de ambitu vitae : Quarum altera univerfam ne- 
 gotiorum varietatem compledlitur, & vitae communis tanquam amanuenfis 
 eft 5 altera, ca tantum, quae ad propriam cujufquc fortunam amplificandam 
 fpedant, cxcerpit, & ftiggerit j quae fingulis, pro intimis quibuldam rerum 
 fuarum tabellis aut codicillis efle poflint. Verum antequam ad ipecies de- 
 fccndamus, aliquid circa doftrinam de negotiis in genere praefabimur. Do- 
 drinam de negotiis, pro rei momento, traftavit adhuc nemo ; cum magna, 
 tam literarum quam literatorum, exilHmationis jadura. Ab hac cnira ra- 
 
 dicc
 
 Cap-JI. DE AUGiMEN-TlS SClENtlARUM. 217 
 
 dice pullulat illud malum, quod notam erudids inu/lit i nimirum erudido- 
 nem & prudcntiam civilcm raro admodum conjungi. Etenim fi quis rede 
 advertat, ex prudcntiis illis tribus, quas modo diximus ad vitam civilcm 
 fpcdare, illc convcriationis ab eruditis fcrc contcmnitur, tanquam fcrvile 
 quiddam, atque inlupcr meditationibus inimicum. Qiiod vcro ad illam dc 
 rcpublica adminiftranda ; lane /i quando rerum gubcrnaculis admovcan- 
 tur cruditi, munus ibum noii incommode fuftincnt ; vcrum ea promotio 
 contingit paucis. Dc prudentia autcm ncgotiandi, (qua de nunc loqui- 
 mur) in qua vita humana plurimum veriatur, nulli omnino libri conlcripti 
 habentur 5 practer pauca quacdam monira civilia in tafeiculum unum aut 
 alrcrum collcda, quae amplitudini hujus fubjedi nullo modo rcfpondcnt. 
 Et enim ft libri aliqui extarent de hoc argumcnto, ficut de caetcris, minime 
 dubitavciim, quin viri cruditi, aliquo expcrientiac manipulo inllrudi, ine- 
 ruditos, licet diutina expericntia cdodos, longe luperarent, & proprio illo- 
 rum (quod dicitur) area ufi, magis c longinquo ferirenr. 
 
 NfiQ^uE vcro eft cur vereamur, ne Icientiac hujus tam varia fit materia, j 
 
 ut Tub pracceptionibus non cadat : Multo fiquidcm anguftior eft, quam illi 
 tcipublicae adminiftrandae fcicnria ; quam tamen apprime vidcmuscxcultam. 
 Hujus generis prudentiae apud Romanos, optimis tcmporibus, cxtitifle vi- 
 dcntur nonnuUi profeflbres. Tcftatur enim Cicero moris fuifle, paulo ante 
 ilia faecula, ut lenatores, prudentia & rerum ufu maxime cclebrcs, (Corun- 
 canli, Curii, Laelii & alii) ftatis horis in foro dcambularcnr, ubi civibus copi- 
 am fui facerent & confulcrcntur, non dc jure fed dc ncgotiis omnigcnis : Ve- 
 luti de filia elocanda, five dc filio educando, five dc praedio co-cmendo, de 
 contradu, accufatione, defcnfione, aut alia quacunque re, quae in vita com- 
 muni interveniat. Ex quo liquet, prudcntiam quandam eflc confilium dan- 
 di, etiam in negotiis privatis, ex univcrlali rerum civil ium cognitione dc ex- 
 pericntia promanantem ; quae exerceatur quidem in cailbus particularibus, cx- 
 trahatur autcm ex generali cafuum confimilium obfcrvatione. Sic enim vid»- 
 mus in co libro, quem ad fratrem conlcripfit Q. Cicero, de petitione confula- 
 tus, (quem unicum a veteribushabemus, quantum memini tradatum dc ncgo- 
 tio aliquo particular!) quanquam ad confilium dandum, dc re turn pracfenti, 
 potiflimum Tpcdarct, plurima tamen contincri axiomata politica, quae non 
 ufum folum temporarium, fed normam quandam perpetuam circa clediones 
 populares praefcribant. In hoc generc autcm nihil invcnitur, quod uUo mo- 
 do comparandum fit cum aphorifmis illis, quos cdidit rex Solomon : Dc quo 
 teftatur Icriptura cor iUifiii([e injtar arenae maris : Sicut enim arenae maris 
 univerfas orbisoras circundant, ita &fapicntia ejus omnia humana non minus 
 quam divina complexa eft. in aphorifmis vcro illis, practer alia magis theo- 
 logica, repcrics liquido baud pauca praeccpta & monita civilia pracftantiflima, 
 ex profundis quidem fapientiae pcnctralibus fcaturicntia, atquc in amplifli- 
 mum varietatiscampumexcurrentia. Quoniam vcro dodrinamdcoccafionibus 
 lf>arfis (quae dodrinae de negotiis portio eft prior) inter dcfidei-ata reponi- 
 mus, ex more noftro paulifper in ilia immorabimur : Atque excmplum ejuf- 
 dem, ex aphorifmis five parabolis illis Solomonis defumptum, proponemus. 
 Neque vcro quis, ut arbitramur, nos merito fugillarc poiHt, quod ex fcrip- 
 toribus facrae fcripturae aliqucm ad fenfum politicum trahamus : Equidem 
 cxiftimo, fi extarent commentarii illi Solomonis cjufdem, dc natura rerum, 
 (in quibus de omni vegetabili, a mufco fupcr muruni ad cedrum Libani, 
 itcmque de animalibus, confcripfit) non illicitum eflc, cos Iccundum len- 
 luni naturalem intcrprctari ; Quod idem nobis liccat in poliricis. 
 
 Vol. I E c '. Exemplum
 
 2iS DE AUGMENtIS SCIEKtlARUM. Lib.Vilf; 
 
 Exemplum portionis doBrinae de occafionihis fparJiSy ex parabolis 
 
 aliqiiibus Solomonis. 
 
 ^arab. i. Mollis refponfio frangit iram. 
 
 Explicatio. S i inccndatur ira principis vel fupcrioris adverfus tc, & tuac 
 jam fiiit loquendi parrcs, quo praccipit Solomon : Alterum ut fiat refpon- 
 fio, altei'um ut eadem fit mollis. Prius continet tria praecepta. Primo, ut 
 eaveas a filcmio trifli & contumaci : Illud cnim aut culpam totam in tc re- 
 cipit, ac fi nihil habeas, quod refpondcre poflis -, aut dominum occultc ini- 
 quitatis infimulat, ac fi aurcs ejus, dcfenfioni licet juflae, non patcrcnt. Sc- 
 Cundo, ut cavcas a re compcrcndinanda, neque tcmpus aliud ad dcfcnfio- 
 ncm poftules : Hoc enim aut candem notam inuiit, quam prius, nimiruni 
 dominum tuum nimia mentis perturbatione efFerri ; aut plane fignificat, tc 
 artificiofam quandam defcnfionem mcditari, cum in promptu nihil habeas : 
 Adeo ut optimum femper t'uerit, aliquid in praelcntia, & e re nata, in cx- 
 cufationem tui adducere. Tertio, ut fiat prorfus relponfio : Rclponfio, in- 
 quam, non mera confeflio, aut mera fubmifiio, fed aliquid apologiae & ex- 
 cufationis inipergatur: Neque enim aliter tutum eft facere, nifi apud inge- 
 nia valde generofa & magnanima ; quae rara admodum fi.int. Scquitur 
 pofteriore loco, ut refponfio fit mollis, minime praefrada aut alpera. 
 
 Tarab. 2. Servus prudens dominabitur in filium ftultum ; & partic' 
 tur haereditatem inter fratres. 
 
 Exp. In omni familia turbata & difcordi, Temper exurgit aliquis let- 
 Vus, aut humilis amicus praepotens, qui pro arbitrio fe gerat, ad lites fami- 
 liae componendas ; cuiquc, eo nomine & familia tota & dominus ipfe funtob- 
 noxii. Ille fi fuam rem agat, familiae mala fovet & aggravat; fin fidclis 
 fevera fuerit & integer, plurimum certe merctur : Adeo ut ctiam tanquum 
 inter fratres haberr dcbeat, aut faltem procurationem liacreditatis accipcrc 
 fiduciariam. .:iffiio-> 
 
 'Parab. 3'. Vir fapiens ft cum ftulto contenderit, five irafcatur, fi\'e' t\- 
 deat. non inveniet requiem, 
 
 Exp. MoNEMUR faepius, ut congrefllim imparem fugiamus 5 co fcnfu, 
 he cum potioribus decertemus. At haud minus utile eft monitum, quod 
 hie exhibet Solomon, Ne cum indigno contendamus. Iniqua enim prorfus 
 forte hacc res tranfigitur. Siquidem fi fuperiorcs fimus,. nulla fequitur vi- 
 doria ; fi liiperemur magna indignitas. Neque juvat etiam, in hujufmodt 
 contentione exercenda, fi interdum veluti per >ocum agamus, interdum cum 
 faftu & contcmptu. Nam quocunque nos vcrtamus, leviores inde cfficie- 
 mur, neque commode nos cxplicabimus. Peflime autem fit, fi hujufmodi 
 pcrfona, quacum contendimus, (ut Solomon loquitur,) aliquid affine ha- 
 beat cum ftulto ; hoc eft, fi fit audaculus & temerarius. 
 
 Tarab. 4. S e d & cundis fermonibus, qui dicuntur, nc accommodes au- 
 fcm tuam, ne forte audias fervum tuum maledicentcm tibi. 
 
 Exp. Vix credi pollitvitam quantum perturbet inutilis curiofitas, circa 
 ilia res, quae noftra interfunt : Nimirum, quando fecreta ilia rimari fata- 
 gimus, quae deteda & inventa, aegritudinem quidem animo inferanr, ad 
 confilia autem expedienda nihil juvent. Primo enim fequitur animi vcxa- 
 tio & inquietudo, cum humana omnia perfidiae & ingratitudinis plena fint. 
 Adeo ut fi comparari poflct fpeculum aliquod magicum, in quo odia & 
 quaecunque contra nos ullibi commoventur, intucri poflcmus, melius nobis 
 foret, fi protinus projiceretur & collideretur. Hujulinodi cnim res, veluti 
 
 3 foliorum
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMExNTiS SCIENTIARUM. 219 
 
 folionim murmura llint & brcvi cvancfcunr. Sccundo curioflras iIJa ani- 
 mum (ufpicionibus nimiis oncrar ; quod conJlIiis inimicillinrum eli, caqiic 
 rcddir incondniitia & coinplicata. Tcrtlo cadem mala ipla lacpiilimc Huir, 
 alias practervolitura : Grave cnini ell conllicntias lioininum initarc ; qui, 
 /t latere fc putcnr, facile miuaiuur in melius, ila deprchcnfos fc fenrianr, 
 malum male pellunt. Merito iy,itur fummae prudentiac tribucbatur Pom- 
 pcio Magno, quod Scrtorii chartas univerfas, nee a le pcrlcd;i', ncc aliis 
 permiflas, igni protiiius dedifler. 
 
 7 Arab. 5. Advenit vcluti viator pauperics, & cgcflasquaH virarmarus; 
 Exp. Eleganter dcfcribitur in parabola, quomodo prodi<j;is & cir- 
 ca rem familiarem incuriofis, lliperveniant naufragia fortunarum. A prin- 
 cipio cnim pedetentim & pallibus lentis, inllar viatoris, advcnit obaeratio 6c 
 fortis diminutio, ncquc fere fentitur : At noii multo port invadit egertas 
 tanquam vir armatus, manu Icilicct tam forti & porcnte, ut ei amplius re- 
 fiili noil poflit : Cum apud antiques refte didum iit, neceiliratcm ex om- 
 nibus rebus efic fortilllmam. Itaque viatoii occurrcndum, contra arma- 
 tum muniendum. 
 
 ^arab.6. Qui crudit deriforem, ipfe fibiinjuriam facit; & qui arguit 
 impium, fibi maculam gcnerat. 
 
 Exp. CoNGRUiT cumpraccepto Salvatoris, Ut non mittamus marga- 
 ritas nojfras ante porcos. DilHnguuntur autcm in hac parabola adiones prae- 
 eeptionis & reprchenfionisj diftinguuntur itidem pcrfonac dcriforis & im- 
 pii: Diftinguitur poftremo id quod repcnditur. In priore cnim repcnditur 
 opera lufa ; in poileriore ctiam & macula. Cum cnim quis crudit & infti- 
 tuit deriforem, jadlura primum fit temporis ; deinde & alii conatum irridenr, 
 tanquam rem vanam, & operam male collocatam ; poftrcmo derifor ipfe 
 fcientiam, quam didicit, faftidio habet. At majorc cum pcriculo tranfigitur 
 res in reprehcnftone impii ; quia non folum impius non aufcultat j fed & 
 cornua obvertit, & reprehenforcm odiofum fibi jam fadum, aut confeflim 
 convitiis profdndit, aut faltcm poftea apud alios criminatur. 
 
 Varab. y. Filius fapiens laetifieat patrem : Filius vcro ftultus moefti- 
 tiac eft matri fuae. 
 
 Exp. DiSTiNCUUNTUR folatia atquc aegritudincs occonomicae, pa- 
 tris videlicet & matris circa liberos fuos. Etcnim filius prudcns & frugi, 
 praccipuo folatio eft patri, qui virtutis pretium melius novit, quam mater j 
 ac proptcrea filii fui indoli, ad virtutem propenfae, magis gratulatur : Quin- 
 ctiam gaudium illi fortatfe aifert inftitutum fuum, quod filium ram probe 
 cducarit, illiquc honeftarcm morum, praeceptis 6c excmplo imprelferir. E 
 contra mater calamitati filii plus compatitur 6c indolct •■, turn ob affedum 
 maternum magis moUem 6c tenerum ; turn fortafte indulgentiae fuac con- 
 fcia, qua cum corrupcrit 6c depravaverit. 
 
 ^arab. 8. Memoria jufti cum laudibusj at nomcn impiorum pu- 
 trefcet. 
 
 Exp. DiSTiNGUiTUR Intct famam virorum bonorum 5c malorum, 
 qualis efie foleat poft obitum. Viris cnim bonis cxtinda invidia, (quae fa- 
 mam eorum, dum vixerant, carpebat) nomcn continuo cfflorefcit, 6c laudcs 
 magis indies invalefcunt : At viris malis (licet fama corum, pergratiam ami- 
 corum 6c fadionis fuae hominum, ad breve tempus manferit) paulo poft 
 faftidium nominis oboritur, 6c poftremo laudcs iliac cvanidac in infamiam^ 
 & veluti in odorcm gravcm ?^ tctrum defuiunt. 
 Vol. L Ee 2 Tarab.
 
 220 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUiM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 Tarab. 9. Qvi conturbat domum fuam, poilidebit vcntos. 
 
 Exp. UtJ|LE adniodum ir.onitum, dc difcordiis & tiu-bis domefticis. 
 Pluuimi enim, ex dillidils uxorum, aut cxhacrcdationibus fdiorum, aut mu- 
 tationibus frcqucntibus familiac, magna fibi fpondcnt -, ac fi inde, vcl ani- 
 mi tranquillitas, vcl rcrum fuarum adminiftratio fclicior, fibi obvcntura fo- 
 ret. Scd plcrunque abeunt Ipcs iuac in vcntos. Etcnim, turn mutationcs 
 iliac, ut plurimum non ccdunt in melius ■■> turn ctiani pcrturbatorcs ifti fa- 
 miliac Iliac, molcftias varias, & ingratitudincm coram, quos, aliis practevi- 
 tis, adoptant & dcligunt, facpcnumero cxpcriuntur. Quin & hoc pado 
 lumorcs fibi progignunt non optimos, & famas ambiguas : Ncque enim 
 . male a Cicerone notatum eft ; Omnem famam a domefticis manare. Utrum- 
 que autem malum per \cnrorum poflcflionem clegantcr a Solomone cxpri- 
 mitur : Nam & expeclationis fruftratio, & rumorum fufcitatio, vcntis rede 
 comparantur. 
 
 'Parab. 10. MELioaeft finis orationis, quam principium. 
 
 Exp. CoRRiGiT parabola errorem frequentiflimum, non folum apud. 
 cos, qui verbis praecipue lludent, verum etiam apud prudentiores. Is eft, 
 quod iiomines de fcrmonum fuorum aditu atquc ingrcllu magis fint foli- 
 citi, quam de jcxitu; & accuratius exordia & praefatiunculas mcditentur, 
 quam cxtrcma orationum. Dcbuerant autem nee ilia ncgligcrc, & ifta, ut 
 longe potiora, pracparata & digefta apud Ic habere ; revolvcntes fecum, & 
 quantum fieri poteft, animo profpicientes, quis tandem exitus fcrmonis fit 
 tuturus, & quomodo negotia inde promoveri & maturari pofilnt. Neque 
 hie finis. Quinimo non epilogos tantum, & fermonum, qui ad ipfa negotia 
 Ipcftant, egrefllis medirari oportct -, verum etiam & illorum fermonum cura 
 fufcipicnda, quos fub ipfum difceflum commode & urbane injicere poffint> 
 licet a negotio prorfiis alienos. Equidem cognovi confiliarios duosviros ccrte 
 magnos, & prudentes, & quibus onus rcrum tunc praecipue incumbcbat ; 
 quibus illud fuit pcrpetuum & proprium, ut quoties cum principibus fuis 
 de negotiis ipforum communicarent, colloquia in rebus ad ipfa negotia fpc- 
 clantibus nunquam terminarent ; verum femper aut ad jocum, aut aliud ali- 
 quid, quod audire crat volupe, diverticula quacrerent ; atque ut adagio di- 
 citViV, fermones marinos aqua jiwviatili fub extremum abluerent. Ncque 
 hoc illis inter artcs poftremum erat. 
 
 Tarab. 11. Si cut mufcac mortuac foetere faciunt migucntum opti- 
 mum, fic hominem pretiofum fapientia & gloria, parva ftultitia. 
 
 Exp. In I QUA admodum & mifcra eft conditio hominum virtute prac- 
 cellentium, (ut optime notat parabola) quia crroribus corum, quantumvis 
 leviflimis, nuUo modo ignofcitur. Verum, qucmadmodum in gemma, val- 
 de nitida, minimum quodque granulum, aut nubecula oculos ferit & mo- 
 leftia quadam afficit; quod tamen fi in gemma vitiofiore rcpertum foret, vix 
 notam fubirct : Similiter in viris fingulari virtute praeditis, minima quaeque 
 vitia ftatim in oculos & fermones hominum incurrunt, & cenfura pcrftrin- 
 guntur graviorc ; quae in hominibus mcdiocribus aut omnino laterenr, aut 
 veniam facile rcpcrirent. Itaquc viro valdc prudenti parva ftultitia : valdc 
 probo parvum peccatuni ; urbane & moribus eleganti paululum indecori, 
 de fama & cxiftimatione multum detrahit. Adeo ut non pefllmum foret 
 viris egregiis, fi nonnulla abfurda (quod citra vitium fieri poftit) adionibus 
 fuis immifcerent ; ut libertatem quandam fibi rctineant, & parvorum defe- 
 ctuum notas confundant, 
 
 Tarab.
 
 Cap. II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 221 
 
 Tarab. 12. Homines dcriforcs civitatcm pcrdimr, Inpicntcs vcro avcr- 
 tunt calamitatcm. 
 
 Exp. Mi RUM vidcri poilir, quod in dcfcriptione hominum, qui ad ref- 
 publicas labctiidandas & pcrdendas veluti natura comparati & facli lunr, dc- 
 legcrit Solomon characlcrcm ; non iiominis fupcrbi & infolcatis ; non ty- 
 rannici & crudclis ; non temcrarii & violcnti ; non impii & fcclcrati 5 non 
 injufti & opprcflbris 5 non fcdiriofi & turbulcnti; non libldinoj] & volup- 
 tarii ; non dcnique infipicntis & inliabilis : Scd dcriforis. Vcrum hoc flipicn- 
 tia ejus regis, qui rerumpublicarum confervationcs & cvcrfioncs optimc norat, 
 dignifllmum ell. Ncque enim finiilis fere eft peftis regnis & rebulpublicis, 
 quani ft confiliarii regum, aut fenatores, quiquc gubcrnaculis rcruni admo- 
 ventur, fuit ingenio dcrilbrcs. Hujufmodi enim liomines, pcriculorum mag- 
 nitudincm, ut fortes videantur fcnatorcs, fempcr cxtcnuant ; iifque qui 
 pericula, prout par eft, pondcrant, veluti timidis infultant : Confultandi & 
 deliberandi maturas moras, & mcditatas difccptationcs, veluti rem oratori- 
 am, & taedii plcnam, & ad fummas rcrum nihil facicntem, fubCmnant : Fa- 
 mam, ad quam principum confilia praecipue funt componenda, ut falivam 
 vulgi, & rem cito praetervolaturam, contemnunt : Legum vim & authori- 
 tatem, ut reticula quaedam, quibus res majorcs minimc cohibcri dcbeant, 
 nil morantur : Confilia & praecautioncs in longum profpicientes, ut fomnia 
 quaedam, & apprehenfiones melancholicas, rejiciunt : Viris revcra prudenti- 
 bus & return peritis, atquc magni animi & confilii, dicleriis & facctiis illu- 
 dunt : Dcnique fundamenta omnia regiminis politic! fimul labefactunt. Qiiod 
 magis attcndendum eft, quia cuniculis & non impetu aperto, haec res agitur : 
 Nequc cocpit cllc inter homines (prout meretur) fufpeda. 
 
 'Parab. 13. Princeps qui libentcr praebet aures verbis mendacli, om- 
 ncs fervos habct improbos. 
 
 Exp. Cum princeps talis fuerit, ut fufurronibus, & fycophantis abfque 
 judicio faciles & credulas aures praebeat, fpirat omnino, tanquam a parte re- 
 gis, aura pcftilens, quae omncs fervos ejus corrumpit & inficit. Alii metus 
 principis rimantur, eofque narrationibus fictitiis exaggerant : Alii invidiac 
 furias concitant, praefcrtim in optimos quofque : Alii criminationibus alio- 
 rum, proprias fordcs & confcientias maias eluunt: Alii amicorum fuorum 
 honoribus & defidcriis velificant, compctitorcs corum calumniando & mor- 
 dendo : Alii fabularum argumcnta, contra inimicos fuos, tanquam in fcena, 
 componunt, & innumera hujufmodi. Atque haec illi, qui ex fervis princi- 
 pis ingenio funt magis improbo. At illi ctiam, qui natura probiores funt & 
 melius morati, poftquam in innoccntia fua parum pracfidii cllc fenferint, 
 (quoniam princeps vera a falfis diftinguere non novit) morum fuorum pro- 
 bitatem exuunt & vcntos aulicos captant, iifque fervilem in modum circum- 
 feruntur. Nihil enim (ut ait Tacitus de Claudio) tutmn ejt apnd princi- 
 pem, ctijus animo omnia funt tanquam indita ^ jt^jT^- Atquc bene 
 Cominaeus, Traejiat, fervum ejfe principis, cujus fufpicionum non eji 
 finis, quam ejus, cujus credulitatis non eft modus. 
 
 "Parab. 14. Justus miferetur animae junienti 1 lii ; fed mifcricordiac 
 impiorum crudeles. 
 
 Exped. Inditus eft, ab ipfa natura homini, mifcricordiac affcftus noi- 
 bilis & excellens 5 qui etiam ad animalia bruta extcnditur ; quae ex ordina- 
 tione divina, ejus imperlo fubjiciuntur. Itaquc habet ifta mifcricordia ana- 
 logiam quandum cum ilia principis erga fubditos. Qiiinetiam illud ccrtilli- 
 mum eft, quod quo dignior eft anima, eo pluribus compatiatur, Etenini 
 animae anguftae & degcneres, hujufmodi res ad fe niliil pcrtincrc putant : At 
 
 ilia.
 
 222 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Llb.VIIf. 
 
 ilUi, quae nobiiior eft portio univciTi, ex communionc aiiicitur. Qiiarc vi- 
 dcmus, Tub vctcri lege hand pauca fuilVc pracccpta, non ram mere ccrc- 
 monialia, quam mifericordia inrtitutiva : Qiiale fuit illud, do non conicdcn- 
 do carnem cum fanguinc ejus; & fimilia. Etiam in feclis Eflaeorum & 
 PythaG;oreorum, ab efu animalium omnino abftincbanr. Qiiod etiam ho- 
 die obtinct (fupcrftitione inviolata) apud incolas nonnulios imperii Mogol- 
 Icnfis. Qiiin & Turcae (gens licet & ftirpc & difciplina, crudelis & fangui- 
 naiia) brutis tamen cleemolyaas lai-giri Iblent ; nequc animalium vcxatio- 
 ncs & torturas fieri luftinent. Verum, ne forte haec quae diximus, omnis 
 yeneris mifciicordiae patrocinari videantur, falubriter llibjungit Solomon im- 
 piorum mifericordias efle crudeles. Eac funt, quando hominibus fcclera- 
 tis & facinorofis parcitur, juftitiac gladio feriendis : Crudelior enim huiuf- 
 modi mifericordia, quam crudclitas ipfa. Nam crudelitas exercetur in fin- 
 gulos : at mifericordia ilia univerllim tacinoroforum exercitum, concclia im- 
 punitate, in homines innoccntes armat & immittit. 
 
 Taraif. 15. Totum fpiritum fuum profert ftultus ; at fapiens rcfervat 
 aliquid in poftcrum. 
 
 Exp. CoRRiGiT parabola praecipue (ut videtur) non hominum va- 
 norum futilitatem, qui dicenda tacenda facile proferunt : non parrhcfiam 
 illam, qua abfque difcrimine & judicio in omnes & omnia involant : non 
 garrulitatem, qua ad naufcam ufque aliis obftrcpunt : fed vitium aliud ma- 
 gis occultum ; nempe fermonis regimen minimc omnium prudcns & poliri- 
 cum 5 hoc eft, cum quis ita fermonem (in colloquiis privatis) inftituit, ut 
 quaecunque in animohabeat, quae ad rem pertinere putct, fimul 6c tanquara 
 uno fpiritu, & oratione continuata proferat. Hoc enim pkirimum negoriis 
 officit. Siquidem primo, oratio intercifa & per partes infufa, longc magis 
 penetrat, quam continuata; quoniam in continuata pondus rerum non di- 
 ftin(5tc & figillatim excipitur, nee per moram nonnullam infider, fed ratio 
 rationem, antequam penitus infederit, expellit. Sccundo, nemo tam po- 
 tcnti & felici eloquentia valet, ut primo Ibrmonis impetu eum, quern allo- 
 quitur, mutum & elinguem plane reddat: quin & alter aliquid viciftlm re- 
 fpondebit, & fortaflc objicict. Tum vero accidit, ut quae in refurationem 
 aut replicationem refervanda fuilfent, praemifla jam & antea delibata, vi- 
 res fuas & gratiam amiferint. Tertio fi quis ea, quae dicenda funt, non 
 funul effundat, fed per partes cloquatur, aliud primo, aliud fubinde injici- 
 cns ; fentiet ex ejus, quern alloquitur, vultu & reiponfo, quomodo fingula 
 ilium affecerint, quam in partem aecepta fuerint^ ut quae adhuc reftant 
 dicenda, cautius aut fupprimat aut excerpat. 
 
 'T'arab. 16. Si fpiritus poteftatem habcntis adfcendcrit fuper te, locum 
 tuum ne dimiferis ; quia curatio faciet ceflare magna peccata. 
 
 Exp. Praecipit parabola, quomodo fe quis gerere debeat, cum iram 
 atque indignationem principis incurrerit. Praeccptum duplex : Primo, ut 
 non dimittat locum fuum : Secundo, ut curationi, tanquam in morbo aliquo 
 gravi, diligenter & caute attendat. Confueverunt enim homines, poftquara 
 commotos contra fe principes fuos fenfcrint, partim ex dedecoris impaticn- 
 tia, partim ne vulnus obfervando refriccnt, partim ut triftitiam & humili- 
 tatem eorum principes fui perfpiciant, fe a muneribus & fundionibus fuis 
 fubducere ; quinetiam interdum ipfos magiftratus & dignitates, quas gerunt, 
 in principum manus reftituere. At Solomon hanc medendi viam velutinox- 
 iam, improbat ; idquc fumma profeclo ratione. Primo enim, dedecus ijv 
 fum nimis ilia publicat ; undc tum inimici, atque invidi audaciorcs liunt ad 
 Jaedendum i tum amici timidiores ad llibvcnicndum. Secundo, hoc pacto 
 
 2 fit,
 
 Cap. II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 2^j 
 
 fir, ut principis ira, quae foitaflc Ci non cvulgarctur, fponte concideret, ma- 
 gis figatur, & veluti principio jam faclo hominis dcturbandi, ia praccipitium 
 illius feratiir. Poftremo feccflus illc, aliquid lapit ex malevolo & tempo- 
 ribus infcnfo ; id quod malum indignationis, malo fufpicionis cumulat. Ad 
 curationem autcm pertinent ifla. Primo, caveat ante omnia, nc ftupiditate 
 quadam, aur etiam animi clatione, indignationem principis minimc Icntire, 
 aut indc, prout dcbcat affici videatur : Hoc eft ut & vultum, non ad trifti- 
 tiam contumacem, fed ad moelHtiam gravem atquc modcftam componat : 
 «Sc in rebus quibulcunquc agcndis Ic minus folito hilarem & lactum often- 
 ddt : Qiiin & in rem luam erit, amici alicujus opera & fermonc apud prin- 
 clpem uti, qui quanto doloris fcnlu in intimis cxcrucietur, tempcltive infi- 
 nuet. Secundo, occafiones omnes vcl minimas fedulo evitet, per quas aut 
 res ipfa, quae indignationi caufam pracbuit, rcfricctur, aut princeps denuo 
 cxcandefccndi, & iplum quacunque de caufa coram aliis objurgandi, anfam 
 arripiat. Tertio, perquirat etiam diligenter occafiones omnes, in quibus o- 
 pera ejus principi grata efle pollit ; ut & voluntatem promptam rcdimendi, 
 culpam praeteriram oftendat ; & princeps fuus fentiat, quali tandem fcrvoj 
 fi cum dimittat, privari fe contigcrit. Quarto, culpam ipfam aut fagaciter 
 in alios transferal i aut animo illam non malo commiflam efle infinuet ; aut 
 etiam malitiam illorum, qui ipfum regi detulerunt, vel rem fupra modum 
 aggravarunt indicet. Deniquc in omnibus evigilct & curationi fit intentus. 
 
 Tarab. 17. Primus in caufa fua juftus: turn vcnit altera pars, & in- 
 quirit in eiim. 
 
 Exp. Prima in unaquaque caufa informatio, fi paulifpcr anlmo ju- 
 dicis infederit, altas radices agir, eumque imbuit, & occupat ; adco ut 
 acgrc clui podit, nifi aut manifefta aliqua falfitas in materia informationis, 
 aut artificium aliquod in eadcm exhibenda deprehendatur. Etenim nuda 
 & fimplex defeniio, licet jufta fit & praeponderans, vix praejudicium in- 
 formationis primae compcnfare, aut libram juftitiae fcmel propendeutem 
 ad acquilibrium reducere per fe valet. Itaque & judici tutiOlmum, ut ni- 
 iiii, quod ad merita caufae fpeftat, praelibetur, priufquam utraque pars 
 fim'il audiantur ; & defenfori optimum, ft judicem fenfcrit praecccupatum, 
 in hoc potilTimum (quantum dat caula) incumberc, ut verfutiam aliquam, 
 <5c dolum malum, ab adverfa parte, in judicis abufum adhibitum, detegat. 
 
 'Parab. 18. Qui delicate a pucritia nutrit fervum fuum, poftca fentiet 
 cum cohtumacem. 
 
 Exp. Servandus eft, principibus & dominis, ex conftlio Solomonis, 
 in gratia & favorc fuo, erga fcrvos modus. Is triplex eft. Primo, ut 
 promoveantur per gradus, non per faltus : Secundo, ut interdum aflucfiant 
 repulfae : Tertio, (quod bene praecipit Machiavellus) ut habeant prae 
 oculis fuis femper aliquid, quo ulterius afpirare pojjint. Nifi enim hacc 
 fiant, rcportabunt proculdubio principcs, in tine, a fervis fuis, loco animi 
 grati & officiofi, faftidium & contumaciam. Etenim, ex promotione fubi- 
 ta, oritur infolcntia ; ex perpetua defideratorum adeptione impatientia re- 
 pulfae •■, deniquc fi vota defint, deerit itidem alacritas & induftria. 
 
 'Parab. 19. Vidisti virum velocem in operc fuo, coram regibus fta- 
 bit, nee erit inter ignobiles. 
 
 Exp. Inter virtutes, quais rcges, in deleftu fervorum, potiflimum 
 fpeftant & requirunt, gratiflima eft prae cundis celeritas, & in negotiis 
 cxpediendis ftrenuitas. Viri profunda prudentia regibus fufpefti, utpote qui 
 nimium fint infpedorcs, & dominos fuos, iafcios & invitos, ingenii fui viri- 
 
 bu5
 
 .224 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM Lib.VIIl. 
 
 bus (tanquam machina) circumagcrc pofluir. Populates, invifi ; utpote qui 
 resium lumiaibus oiiiciunt, & oculos populi in fc convcrtuiu. Animoll, 
 pro turbulcntis iacpe habentur, &: ultra, quam par eft, aulurii. Probi, & 
 vitae integrac, tanquam difficiles exiftimantur, ncc ad omncs nutui herilcs 
 apti. Dcnlque non eft virtus alia, quae non habcat aliquam quali umbram, 
 qua regum animi ofFcndantur i fola velocitas ad mandata, nihil habet, quod 
 non placcat. Inlupcr, motus animorum regioruni celeres liint, & morae 
 minus paticntes : Putant cnim, fe quidvis cfficerc polic ; illud tantum dc- 
 eflc, ut cito fiat. Itaque ante omnia iis grata eft cckritas. 
 
 ^arab. zo. Vidi cundos viventes, qui ambulant Tub fole, cum adolc- 
 fccnte fecundo, qui conlurgit pro co. 
 
 Exp. Not AT parabola vanitatcm hominum, qui fc agglomerate lb- 
 lent ad lucceflbrcs defignatos principum. Radix autcm hu)us rei eft in- 
 lania ilia, hominum animus pcnitus a natura infita i nimirum ut fpes fuas 
 nimium adamcnt. Vix enim reperitur, qui non deleclatur magis iis, quae 
 fpcrat, quam iis, quae fruitur. Quinetiam novitas humanae naturae grata 
 eft, & avidc expetitur. In fucccflbre autem principis ifta duo concurrunt ; 
 Ipes <Sc novitas. Innuit autem parabola idem, quod olim didum erat ; pri- 
 mo a Pompeio ad Syllam ; poftea a Tiberio deMacronc; '^Plnrt-s adornre 
 folem orientem, quam occidentem. Nequc tamen imperantes mulium hac 
 re commovcntur, aut earn magni faciunt, ficut nee Sylla, nee Tiberius fecit j 
 fed rident potius hominum Icvitatem, nee pugnant cumfomniis: EJi autem 
 (ut aicbat illc) fpes njigilantis infomnium. 
 
 Tarab. 21. Erat civitas parva, & pauci in ca viri ; vcnit contra cam 
 rex magnus, & vadavit earn, inftruxitque munitiones per gyrum, & pcrfeda 
 eft obfidio ; inventufque eft in ea vir pauper & fapicns, «5c libcravit cam 
 per fapicntiam fuam ; & nullus deinceps rccordatus eft hominis illius pau- 
 peris. 
 
 Exp. Describit parabola ingenium hominum pravum & malevo- 
 lum. li in rebus duris, & anguftis, confugiunt fere ad viros prudentes, 
 & ftrcnuos, licet antea contemptui habitos. Quamprimum autem tempeftas 
 tranficrit, ingrati demum erga confervatores fuos reperiuntur. Machiavel- 
 lus vero, non fine caufa, inftituit quacftionem, Uter ingratior effet erga 
 benemeritos, princeps aut populus ? Scd interim utrnmque ingratitudinis 
 arguit. Attamen hoc non folum ex ingratitudine principis aut populi ori- 
 tur, fed accedit plerunque his invidia proccrum, qui fecreto indolent even- 
 tui, licet felici & profpero, quia ab ipfis profedus non fit : itaque & me- 
 rituni hominis cxtcnuant, & ipfum deprimunt. 
 
 T'arab. 22. Iter pigrorum, quafi fepcs fpinarum. 
 
 Exp. Elegantissime oftendit parabola, pigritiam in fine laborio- 
 fam efic. Diligentia enim, & fedula praeparatio, id praeftant, ut pes in 
 aliquod oftendiculum non impingat ; fed ut complanetur via, antequam 
 incatur: at qui piger eft, & omnia in extremnm momentum executionis 
 diftcrt, neceile eft, ut pcrpctuo, & iingulis paflibus, quafi per rubos & fentes 
 inccdat, qui enm fubindc dctineant, & impcdiant. Idem obfervari poflit 
 ctiam in tamilia rcgenda j in qua, ii adhibeatur cura & providentia, omnia 
 placidc & veluti fponte proccdunt, abfque ftrepitu & tumultu : Sin haec 
 defint, ubl major aliquis motus intervencrit, omnia fimul agenda turma- 
 rim occurrunt ; tumultuantur fervi, acdes pcrfonant. 
 
 'Farab. 23. Qui cognofcit in judicio facicn^., nonienc facit 5 ifte & pro 
 buccella panis dcfcrct vcritatem. 
 
 Exp.
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 225 
 
 Exp. Prudentissime notat parabola, in judice magis pcrniclofam 
 cfle facilitarcm morum, quam corruptelam muncrum. Munera enim haud- 
 qiiaquam ab omnibus deferuntur : at vix ulla eft cau(a, in qua non invenia- 
 tur aliquid, quod flcftat judicis animum, fi perfonas refpiciat. Alius enim 
 rcfpicictur, ut popularis ; alius, ut maledicus -, alius, ut dives 5 alius, ut gra- 
 tus ; alius, ut ab amico commendatus. Denique omnia plena funt iniqui- 
 tatis ubi dominatur relpedlus perfonarum ; & levi omnino de caufa, veluti 
 pro buccella panis, judicium pervertetur. 
 
 Tarab. 2+. Via pauper calumnians paupcrcs, fimilis eft imbri vehe- 
 menti, in quo paratur fames. 
 
 Explicatio. Parabola ilia antiquitus exprefia & depida fuit fub fa- 
 bula hirudinis, utriufquc nimirum, plenae & vacuac. Pauperis enim & 
 famelici opprefllo longe gravior eft, quam oppreffio per divitcm & reple- 
 tum j quippe quae omnes exadionum technas, & omnes nummorum angu- 
 los, perquirit. Solebat hoc ipfum etiam fpongiis aftlmilari, quae aridae for- 
 titer fugunt, madidae non item. Monitum autcm utile continet ; tum 
 erga principcs, ne praefeduras provinciarum, aut magiftratus, viris indi- 
 gentibus & obaeratis committant ; tum erga populos, ne reges fuos cum 
 nimia egeftate conflictari permittant. 
 
 Tarab. 2f. Fons turbatus pede, & vena cofrupta, eft juftus cadens 
 coram impio. 
 
 Exp. Praecipit parabola, rebufpublicis ante omnia cavendum efle 
 de iniquo & infami judicio, in caufa aliqua celebri & gravi ; praefertim 
 ubi non ablblvitur innoxius, fed condemnatur infons. Etenim injuriae inter 
 privates grafientes, turbant quidem & polluunt latices juftitiae, fed tanquam 
 in rivulis : Verum judicia iniqua, qualia diximus, a quibus exempla petun- 
 tur, fontes ipfos juftitiae inficiunt & inquinant. Poftquam enim tribunal 
 ceflerit in partes injuftitiae, ftatus rerum vertitur tanquam in iatrocinium 
 publicum : Fitque plane, ut homo homini fit lupus. 
 
 'Parab. 26. Noli effe amicus liomini iracundo, nee ambulato cum 
 homine furiofo. 
 
 Exp. QuANTO rcligiofius amicitiae jura inter bonos fervanda & co- 
 lenda funt, tanto magis cavendum eft, jam ufque a principio, de pruden- 
 te amicorum deleftu. Atquc amicorum natura & mores, quantum ad nos 
 iplbs fpcdant, omnino fercndi funt. Cum vero neceftltatcm nobis impo- 
 nunt, qualcm erga alios perfonam induamus & gcramus, dura admodum & 
 iniqua amicitiae conditio eft. Itaque intcreft inprimis, ut praecipit Solomon, 
 ad vitae paccm, & praefidia, ne res noftras cum hominibus iracundis, &qui 
 facile litcs & jurgia provocant aut fulcipiunt, commifceamus. Iftud enim 
 genus amicorum pcrpetuo nos contcntionibus & fadionibus implicabit 5 ut 
 aut amicitiam abrumpere, aut incolumitati proprie deefle, cogamur. 
 
 Tarab. 27. Qui celat dclidum, quaerit amicitiam; fed qui altcro fcr- 
 mone repetit fcparat focdcratos. 
 
 Exp. Duplex, concordiam tradandi, & animos rcconciliandi, via. 
 Altera, quae incipit abamncftia,- altera, quae a rcpetitioncinjuriarum, fub- 
 jungendo apologias & cxcufationes. Equidcm mcmini fcntcntiam viri ad- 
 modum prudcntis & politici, ^u pacem traifat, non repetitis conditioni- 
 bus dtjjidii, is magis animos dulcedine concordiae fallit, quam aeqnitate 
 compontt. Verum Solomon, illo fcilicet prudcntior, in contraria opinione 
 eft j & amncftiam probat, rcpctitionem prohibet. Etenim in rcpetitionc 
 hacc inlunt mala; tum quod ea fit veluti unguis in ulcere; tum quod pcri- 
 
 VoL. I, F f culum
 
 236 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VIII. 
 
 culum impcndeat a nova altcrcatione, (fiquidcm de injuiiarum rationibus in- 
 ter partes nunquam conveniet ;) turn denique quod dcducat rem ad apoio- 
 cias i at utraquc pars malit videri potius olfenlam remififle, quam admi- 
 fillc exeufationem. 
 
 'Parah. 28. In omni operc bono crit abundantia ; ubi autcm verba 
 fimt plurima, ibi frequenter cgcftas. 
 
 Ex//. Separat Solomon hac parabola frudtum laboris linguae, & 
 laboris manuum i quafi ex altero proveniat cgeftas, ex altcro abundantia. 
 Etenim fit fere perpetuo, ut, qui multa eftutiant, jaclent multa, multa pro- 
 mittant, cgeni Hnt, nee emolumentum capiant ex illis rebus de quibus lo- 
 quuntur, Qiiinetiam, ut plurimum, indullrii minime lunt, aut impigri ad 
 opera ; fed tantummodo lermonibus fe, tanquam vento, palcunt & ihtiant. 
 Sane, ut poeta loquitur, ^li filet, ejl firmtis. Is qui conl'cius eft, fe in 
 operc proricerc, fibi plaudit & tacet : Qui veto e contra confcius eft, au- 
 ras fe inanes captare, multa & mira apud alios praedicat. 
 
 Tarab.ic). Melior eftcorreptio manifcfta, quam amor occultus. 
 
 Exp. Reprehendit parabola mollitiem amicorum, qui amicitiae 
 privilegio non utuntur in admoncndo liberc & audadler amico, tarn de 
 erroribus, quam de periculis fuis. Qiiid enim faciam (folet hujufmodi 
 mollis amicus dicere) aut quo me vertam ? Amo ilium quantum quis, ma- 
 xime ; meque, /i quid illi adverlt contigerit, ipfius loco libentcr fubfti- 
 tuerim : fed novi ingenium ejus ; fi libcre cum eo egcro, animum illius 
 offcndam ; faltem contriftabo : neque tamcn proficiam ; atquc citius eum 
 ab amicitia mea alienabo, quam ab iis, quae in animo fixa habet, abdu- 
 cam. Hujufmodi amicum, tanquam enervcm & inutilem, redarguit Solo- 
 mon > atquc plus utilitatis ab inimico manifefto, quam ab ejus generis ami- 
 co, fumi pofl'e pronunciat. Siquidem ea fortafle audire ei contigerit ab 
 inimico per contumeliam, quae amicus muflat prae nimia indulgentia. 
 
 'Farab. 30. Prude ns advertit ad grefius fuosj ftultus divertit ad dolos. 
 
 Exp. DuAE funt prudentiac fpecies. Altera vera & fana : altera dc- 
 gener & falfa, quam Solomon ftultitiae nomine appellate non dubitat. 
 Qui priori fe dederit, viis & veftigiis propriis cavct, periculis profpiciens, 
 meditans remedia ; proborum opera utens, contra improbos fe ipfum muni- 
 ens i cautus inceptu, receptu non imparatus ; in occafiones attentus, contra 
 impedimenta ftrenuus ; cum innumeris aliis, quae ad fui ipfius adioncs &C. 
 greflUs regendos Ipcdant. At altera fpecies, tota eft confuta ex fallaciis & 
 aftutiis, fpcmque ponit omniuo in aliis circumveniendis, iifdemque ad libi- 
 tum clfingendis. Hanc merito rejicit parabola, non tantum ut improbam, 
 fed etiam ut ftultam. Primo enim, minime eft ex iis rebus, quae in noftra 
 funt poteftate, nee etiam aliqua conftanti regula nititur ; fed nova quotidie 
 comniinifcenda funt ftrategemara, prioribus fatilcentibus & obfolctis. Sc- 
 cundo, qui vafri & fubdoli hominis famam & opinionem femel incurrerit, 
 praecipuo fe ad res gerendas inftrumento prorfus priva\it, hoc eft, fide : 
 itaque omnia parum votis fuis confentientia expcricrur. Poftremo, artcs 
 iftae, utcunque pulchrac videantur & complaceant ; attamen facpius fru- 
 ftrantur ; quod bene notavit Tacitus : Conjilia callida & audacia, expe- 
 iiatione laeta, traftatu dura, eventu trijtia. 
 
 "Tarab.^i. Noli eflc juftus nimium, nee fapicntior quam oportet;cur 
 abripiarc fubito ? 
 
 Exp. Sunt tempora (ut inquit Tacitus) m quibus magnis 'virtuti- 
 
 bus certijjimum eji exitimn. Atque hoc viris virtute & jullitia cgregiis, 
 
 J aliquando
 
 Cap. ir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIEiNTIARUM. 227 
 
 aliquando fubito, aliquando dia ante praevilum, contingit. Quod fi ad- 
 jungatur etiam prudcntia, hoc eft, ut cauri finr, & ad proprfam incolumita- 
 tcm evigilcnr, turn hoc lacrantur, ut ruina corum llibito obvcniat ex oc- 
 cultis omnino & obfcuris confiiiis, quibus & evitctur invidia, & pernicies 
 ipfos imparatos adoriarur. Qiiod vero ad illud nimium, quod in parabola 
 ponitur, (quandoquidcm non Pcriandri alicujus, fed Solomonis verba Hint 
 ifta 5 qui mala in hominum vita faepius norat, nunquam praecipir) intelli- 
 gcndum eft, non de virtute ipfa, (in qua nimium non eft,) fed de vana 
 ejus atque invidiofa affedatione & oftentatione. Simile quiddam innuit 
 Tacitus de Lcpido, miraculi loco poncns, quod nunquam fcrvilis alicujus 
 fcntentiae author fuiflct, & tamcn tarn faevis temporibus incolumis manfif- 
 fet : Subit (inquit ) cogitatio^ utrum haec fato regantiir, an etiam fit in 
 noftra pot eft ate, curfnm quendam tenere, inter de forme obfequium & ab- 
 rupt am contumaciam, medium, periculo fimiil cr indignitate vacuum ? 
 
 'Tarab. 32. Da fapicnti occafionem, & addetur ei fapientia. 
 
 Exp. DiSTiNGUiT parabola inter fapientiam illam, quae in vcrum 
 habitum increverit & maturucrir, & illam, quae narat tantum in cerebro 
 & conceptu, aut fermone jaclatur, fed radices altas non egerit. Siquidem 
 prior, oblata occafione, in qua exerceatur, illico cxcitatur, accingitur, di- 
 latatur, adeo ut fe ipfa major videatur : Poftcrior vero, quae ante occafio- 
 nem alacris ernt, occafione data, lit attonita & confufa, ut etiam ipfi, qui 
 ea fe pracditum arbitrabatur, in dubium vocctur -, annon pracccptiones de 
 ea fucrint infomnia mera, & fpeculationes inanes. 
 
 'Parab. 33. Qui laudat amicum voce alta, furgcndo manc, erit illi loco 
 maledidionis. 
 
 Exp. Laudes moderatae & tempeftivae, & per occafionem prolatae, 
 famae hominum atque etiam fortunae plurimum conferunt; at immo- 
 dcratac & ftrcperae, & importune eftufae, niliil profunt ; imo potius, ex 
 fentenria parabolae, impenfe nocent. Prime enim manifefto fe "produnt, 
 aut ex nimia benevolentia oriundas, aut ex compofito affedatas, quo collau- 
 datum potius falfis pracconiis demereantur, quam vcris attributis ornent. 
 Sccundo, laudes parcae & modeftae, invitant fere praelentes, ut ipfis etiam 
 aliquid adjiciant ; profufac contra & immodicae, ut aliquid dcmant & de- 
 trahant. Tertio, (quod caput rei eft) conflatur illi invidia, qui nimium lau- 
 datur ; cum laudes omncs nimiae, videantur fpedlare ad contumeliam alio- 
 rum, qui non minus mcrentur. 
 
 Tarab. 34,. Quo mo do in aquis refplendent facies ; fie corda hominum 
 manifefta funt prudentibus. 
 
 Exp. DisTiNGUiT parabola inter mentes prudentium & caeterorum 
 hominum ; illas aquis aut fpeculis comparans, quae fpecies & imagines 
 rcrum recipiunt ; cum alterae fimiles fint tcrrae, aut lapidi impolite, in 
 quibus nihil refleditur. Atque eo magis apte comparatur animus hominis 
 prudentis ad fpeculum j quia in fpeculo imago propria fpeftari pollit, una 
 cum imaginibus aliorum 5 id quod oculis ipfis fine fpeculo non conceditur. 
 Qiiod fi animus prudentis adeo capax fit, ut innumera ingenia & mores ob- 
 fervare & internofcerc poilit 5 fupereft, ut dctur opera, quo reddatur non 
 minus varius applicatione quam repraefentatione : 
 
 ^i fapit, innumeris moribus aptus erit. 
 
 Atque his Solomonis parabolis, diutius fortaflc immorati fumus, quam 
 pro modo exempli i dignitate & rei ipfius & authoris longius provctli. 
 Vol. I. F f 2 Neque
 
 22B BE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VIir, 
 
 Neoue tantum in ufu crat apud Hcbracos, fed alibi ctiam priicorunr. 
 fapicntibus fi-cquentinimum ; ut fi cujufpiam obfcrvatio in nliquid incidil- 
 fet, quod vitac communi- conducibilc fuillct, id rcdigerct & contraheret la; 
 bixvcm aliquam icnteuriam, vcl parabolam, vcl etiam tabulam. Vcrufn, 
 quod ad fabulas, (ficut alias diclum cfl) illae cxcmplorum vicarii &: luppk- 
 mcnta olim cxtitcrunt : Nimcquando tempora hiiloriarum copia abundcnt^ 
 ad animatum fcopum rcdius & alacrius collimatur. Ar modus Icribcndi^ 
 qui optimc convcnit a?gumcnto ram vario & multiplici, (quale eft tradatus 
 de nc^otiis & occallonibus Iparlls) aptiflimus illc clVct, qucni delceit Ma- 
 chiavcllus, ad tradandas res poliricas j nimirum per oblervariones, ilve dif- 
 Curfus (ur loquuntur) lupcr liiftoriam & excmpla. Nam fcientia, quae re- 
 center, & quafi in conlpcdu noitro, ex particularibus clicirur, viam optiii-ic 
 novit particularia denuo lepetcndi : atquc certe ad pradicam longc con.ducip 
 riiagis, cum dilcurfus five difceptatio fub Gxemplo miiitat, quam cum ex- 
 emplum difceprationi fubjungitur. Ncquc cnim hie ordo tantum fpedatur,. 
 fed res ipfa. Cum enim cxemplum ftatuitur tanquam diitcptationis bafis^ 
 univcrfo cum circumllantiarum apparatu proponi folet, quae difcurfum in- 
 terdum corrigant, intcrdum fuppleant i undc tit loco cxemplaris ad imita- 
 tionem, & pradicam : ubic contra cxempla, in gratiam difceptationis addu- 
 da, fuccinde & nude citantur, & tanquam mancipia nutus tantum difcepta- 
 tionis obfervant. 
 
 Hoc vero di:fcriminis operac pretium fuerit obfcrvafle ; quod fiait hi- 
 ftoriae tcmporum optimam praebent matcriam ad difcurfus fuper politica, 
 qualcs funt illi Machiavelli, ita hifloriae vitarum optime adhibentur ad do- 
 cumcnta de ncgotiis ; quoniam omncm occaflonum & ncgotiorum, tarn 
 graiidium quam leviorum, varietatem compleduntur. Imo repciire eft ba- 
 ?in ad pracceptiones de ncgotiis utraque ilia hilloriaadhuc commodiorcm: 
 ea eft, ut dilcurfus fiant fuper epii1;oIas, fed prudcntiorcs, & magis ferias ; 
 quales funt iliac Ciccronis ad Atticum, & aliae. Siquidem cpiftolae magis ia 
 proximo, & ad vivum, negotia folent repracfentare, quam vel annales, vcl 
 i'itae. (^are jam, & de materia, & de forma portionis primae, dodrinae 
 de ncgotiis, quae traclat occafiones fparlas, diximus, camque inter defide- 
 rata numeramus. 
 
 - Est &alia portio cjufdcm dodrinae, quae tantum ditfcrt ab ilia altera, 
 de qua diximus, quantum fapcre, &: fibi lapcre. Altera enim movere vi- 
 dctur tanquam a centro ad circumfcrentiam ; altera tanquam a circumferen- 
 tia ad centrum. Eft cnim prudentia quacdam confilii aljis irtipcrtiendi ; 
 eft vcfo & alia fuis rebus profpiciendi : atquc hae nonnunquam conjungun- 
 tiir, iacpius icparantur. Multi fiquidem in fuis ipforum rationibus inlUtu- 
 cndis prudentifllmi lunt, qui tamen in rcbufpublicis adminiftrandis, aut 
 ctiam confiliis dandis, nihil valcnt : Formicae funilcs, quae creatura fapicns 
 cftad fcfe tuendum, led horto plane noxia. Haec virtus fbi fapicndi, Ro- 
 .rnanis ipfis, licet patriae optimis curatoribus, non ignota fuit; undc comi- 
 -€us, Nam pol fapicns jingit fortiitiflmfibi. CJtun & in adagium apud ip- 
 fos vcrfuni eft, haber qiufque fortunae propriae. Et Livius haiic iplam 
 Catoni Majori rribuit : In hoc viro tanta lis anwii df ingenii inerat, ut 
 quocunque Icco natus. ejfet, fibi ipfe fortiinam falhirus xiderctiir. 
 
 Hoc genus prudentiac, fi quis ipfum profitcatur & palam vcnditer, fem- 
 
 -per habitum eil, non modo non politicum, vcrum ctiam infauftum quiddam 
 
 ., & inaufpicatum : licut in Timothco Athenienfi obfervatum eft : qui, poft- 
 
 , -^uam praeclara multa facinora, in decus i5< commodum civitatis lliae edi- 
 
 diflct.
 
 eap. n. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 239 
 
 diflet, atque adminiftrationis fuae (ficut mm moris erat) populo rationcm 
 fedderct; fingula conclufit hac claufula ; Jtque in bac re fortunae partes 
 fiierunt nullae. Coatigit vcro ut port id tcmporis nunquam ci quicquara 
 feliciter ccfleiit. Sane nimis elatum hoc, & altum lapicns 5 c6dcm Ipcdans, 
 quo Ezcchiclis illud dePharaonc : T)icis, fiuvins ejt meus^ o' ego feci me- 
 metipfiim. Aut illud Habacuc Prophctac ; Exii!ta?it & facrijicant reti 
 fiio: Aut illud ctiam poetae, dc contemptorc Dcorum iMczentio : 
 
 'Dextra mihi Dens, dr telnm, quod mi (file libro. 
 
 Nunc adfint.' AEueid. X. j-ji. 
 
 Deniquc, Julius Cacfar, nunquam (quod mcmini) impotcntiam cogirationuni 
 fuaium arcanarum prodidit, nifi fimili dido: Cum cnim arulpcx ci rcfcrrer 
 exta rcpcrta fuillc non bona, admurmuravit fubmillc : Eritnt laetiora cum 
 tjolo. Quod criam didum, mortis fuae infortunium non diu praecefllt. Vc- 
 rum cxccffus iftc fiduciae (ut diximus) tcs ut profana, ita fcmper infelix. 
 Quaproptcr, viris magnis & verc fapientibus vifum, fucccflus quoflibet fe- 
 licitati fuae, non virtuti aut induftriac, tribuctc : Nam & Sylla, felicem fc, 
 non magnum cognominavit ; & Caefar (melius quam fupra) ad navis gu- 
 bcrnatorcm : Caefarem -vehis, ^ fortunam ejus. 
 
 Attamen ilbe fcntcntiac j Faber quifqtiefortttnae fuae, fapiejis do- 
 tninabitur afris, invia virtuti nulla eft via, ac fimilcs 5 fi intclligantur 
 & adhibeantur potius pro calcaribus ad induftriam, quam pro ftapcdibus ad 
 infolcntiam, magifque ut progignant in hominibus decrctorum conftantiam 
 & robur, quam arrogantiam & jaftantiam, tanquam lanac & lalutarcs me- 
 rito habitac lunt, ac proculdubio in pcdoribus hominum magnanimorum fc- 
 dem nonnuliam occuparunt, coufque ut cogitationes tales quandoque aegre 
 diflimulent. Vidcmus enim, Auguftum Caefarem (qui cum avunculo liio 
 comparatus, potius ab illo diverfus quam inferior fuit; fed vir ccrte paulo 
 modcratior) fub finem vitae pctliilc ab amicis, qui ledum ejus circumfta- 
 bant, ut, poftquam cxpiraficr, iibi plaudcrent -, quafi confcius fibi fuillct, 
 mimum vitae a fe commode tranfaduna. Haec quoque dodrinae portio in- 
 ter dcfiderata numeranda eft : Non quin in praxi, etiam nimio plus quam 
 oportct, ufurpata fit & frequcntata ; verum quod libri de ilia filent. Qiiam- 
 obrem ex more noftro, iicut in priorc, nonnulla ejus capita rccenfebimus ; 
 eamque fabrum fortunae, five (ut diximus) dodrinam deambitu nominabimus. 
 
 Ac primo quidem intuitu, novum quoddam & infolitum argumentuni 
 tradare vidcbor ; docendo homines, quomodo fortunae fuae fabri fieri pof- 
 /int ; dodrinam certe, cui quivis libenter fe difcipulum addixcrit,- donee 
 difficultatem cjufdem habuerit perfpcdam. Non enim leviora funt, aut 
 pauciora, aut minus ardua, quae ad fortunam comparandam requiruntur, 
 quam quae ad virtutetn : refque eft acepe difficilis ac fevera, fieri vcre po- 
 Jiticuin, ac vcre moralcm. At hujus dodrinae pertradatio plurimum ad li- 
 terarum, turn dccus turn pondus, pertinet. Intcrcft enim inprimis honoris 
 litcrarum, ut homines ifti pragmatici Iciant, eruditionem haudquaquam avi- 
 culae, qualis eft alauda, fimilem eflc, quae in fublime ferri, & cantiHando 
 fc obledare folcat ; at nihil aliud i quinimo ex acci piti is potius gen ere cfle, 
 qui & in alto volare, ac fubindc, cum vifum fuerir, deilf^ndcrc, <Sc prae- 
 dam rapere no\it. Dcinde & ad pcrfcdionem litcrarum hoc ipfum fpedat, 
 quia legitimac inquifitionis vera norma eft, ut nihil invcniatur in globo ma- 
 teriae, quod non habcat parallelum in globo cryftallino, five intclledu. 
 Hoc eft, ut nihil vcniat in pradicam, cujus non fit ctiam dodrina aliqua & 
 
 theoria.
 
 230 
 
 DE AUGME'^TIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 thcoria. Nequc tamcn litcrac hanc ipfam fortunae archirccluram alitcr ad- 
 mirantur aut acllimant, quam ut opus quoddam infcrioris gcncri?. Ncmini 
 enim, fortuna propria, pro dono clVc fui, a Dcoconccllb, alio mododigna 
 rctributio cflc poflit. Quiii & nou raro lit, ut viri \irtutibus eprcgii fortu- 
 nae fuae fpontc rcnuncicnt, ut rebus fublimioribus vaccnt. Digna tamen eft 
 fortuna, quatcnus virtutis ac bcnemercndi organum cll, Ilia quoquc fpecu- 
 lationc & doclrina. 
 
 Ad hanc dodlrinam pertinent pracccpta, nonnulla fummaria, nonnulla 
 fparfa & varia. Praecepta fummaria verfantur, circa \cram notitiam, & 
 aliorum & fui. Primum igitur pracceptum (in quo cardo notiriae aliorum 
 vertitur) illud conftituatur, ut procurcmus nobis (quantum ticri pollit) fe- 
 neftram illam, quam olim rcquifivit Momus. Ille, cum in humani cordis 
 fabrica tot angulos & rcccfllis confpicatus cflct, id rcprehcndit, quod defu- 
 iflet feneftra, per quam in obfcuros illos & tortuofos anfraftus infpiccrc 
 quis poflit. Hanc autcm fencftram obtincbimus, fi omni fcdulitate nobis 
 informationem comparemus & procurcmus, de perfonis, quibufcum inter- 
 cediint ncgotia, particularibus ; carumque ingcniis, cupiditatibus, finibus, mo- 
 ribus, auxiliis & adminiculis, quibus praccipue fuffulciuntur & valcnt ; & 
 rurfus, defcdlibus & imbcciliitatibus, quaquc ex parte maxime pateant & 
 obnoxii fint j amicis, fadionibus, patronis, clientelis ; rurfufque inimicis, 
 invidis, competitoribus ; ctiam temporibus & aditibus : 
 
 [Sola viri molles ad it us ^ temp or a nor is ;) 
 
 Denique inftitutis & normis, quas fibi praefcripfcrunt, & fimilibus. Qiiinc- 
 tiam, non folum informatio capicnda cll dc perfonis, fed infuper dc aftio- 
 nibus particularibus, quae de tempore in tempus in motu funt & tanquam 
 liib incude ; quomodo regantur & fuccedant, quorum ftudiis foveantur, a 
 quibus oppugnentur, cujufque /int ponderis &; momenti, & quid fecum 
 trahant &hujufmodi. Etenim acliones praefentes noflc, & in fe plurimum 
 prodeil: ; & illud infuper habet, quod abfquc hoc ctiam perfonarum notitia 
 valde futura fit fallax & erronea. Mutantur enim homines fimul cum adi- 
 onibus : & alii funt dum adionibus ipfis implicantur & obfidentur j alii, 
 poftquam redierint ad ingenium. Atque hae de rebus particularibus infor- 
 mationes, quae tarn ad perfonas quam ad adiones fpedant, funt tanquam 
 propofitiones minores in omni adivo fyllogifmo. Nulla enim obfervatio- 
 num aut axiomatum (unde conficiuntur majores propofitiones politicae) Ve- 
 ritas aut excellentia, ad conclufionis firmamentum fufficere poilit, fi in mi- 
 nore propofitione fucrit erratum. Qiiod vero hujulmodi notitia comparari 
 poflit, fidejuflbr nobis eft Solomon, qui ait ; ConfiUnm in corde I'iri, tan- 
 quam aqua profunda^ fed vir frudens exhauriet illud. Qiiamvis autem 
 ip fa notitia non cadat fub pracceptum, quoniam individuorum eft; attamcn 
 mandata de cadem elicienda utiliter dari poflunt. 
 
 Notitia hominum fex modis elici & hauriri poteft : per vultus & ora 
 ipforum ; per verba 5 per fada ; per ingenia fua ; per fines fuos ; denique 
 per relationes aliorum. Quantum ad vultus attinet, minime nos movcat 
 vctus adagium, fronti nulla fides: Licet enim hoc ipfum non pcrpcramdi-' 
 dum fit, de vultus & gcftus compofitione externa & gcnerali ; attamcn fub- 
 funt llibtiliores quidam motus & laborcs oculorum, oris, vultus & gcftus: 
 Ex quibus rcferatur & patet (ut cleganter ait Q. Cicero) veluti janua quac- 
 dam animi. Quis Tiberio Caefarc occulrior ? At Tacitus, notans chaiddc- 
 rem & modum loquendi diverfum, quo ufus eft Tiberius ia laudaudo ap'ud' 
 2 fcnatum
 
 Cup. II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 231 
 
 Icnatiim res a Germanico & a Drufo gcftas; de laudibus Germanici fie ; Ma- 
 gis in fpeciem adornatis verbis, qiiam nt penitns fenfire videretur. Dc 
 laudibus Drufi fie : Taucioribus, fed intentior S'fida oratione. Iterum Ta- 
 citus eundcm Tiberium, alias etiam ut nonnihil pellucidum notcns: In ali- 
 }s (iaquit) erat veltiti elu£iantiiim verbornm : folutius vero loquebatttr 
 quando fiihveniret. Sane diffieile rcperiatur fimulationis artifcx aliquis tarn 
 pcritus & egregius j aut vultus aliquis ita coadus, & ut ille loquitur iuflusi 
 qui a lermone artificiofo & fimulatorio poflit iflas notas fcjungerc, quin 
 aut (ermo fit folito Iblutior, aut comptior, aut inagis vagus & oberrans, 
 aut magis aridus 6c quafi eludans. 
 
 Ad verba hominum quod attinet, funt quidem ilia (ut de urinis loquun- 
 tur medici) meretricia. Sed ifti meretricii fuel optime deprehenduntur 
 duobus modis : Cum fcilicet proferuntur verba aut ex improvifo aut in per- 
 turbationc. Sic Tiberius, cum ex Agrippinae verbis aculeatis fubito com- 
 motus eflet & nonnihil abreptus, extra innatae fimulationis terminos pe- 
 dem protulit ^ Audita haec (inquit Tacitus) raram occulti pectoris vocem 
 elicuere -, correptamque Graeco verfu, admomiit, idea laedi, quia non 
 regnaret. Quare pocta perturbationes hujufmodi non infcite appcllat tor- 
 turas, quod ab lis fecreta fua prodere homines compellantur % 
 
 Vino tortus & ira. 
 
 Ipfa fane teftatur experientia, paucos admodum reperiri, qui erga arcana 
 fua tarn fidi fint, animumque gerant adeo obfirmatum, quin interdum ex 
 iracundia ; interdum ex jaftantia j interdum ex intima erga amicum bene- 
 volentia i interdum ex animi imbecillitate, qui fe mole cogitationum one- 
 rari amplius non fuftineat ; interdum denique ex alio quopiam affeftu, inti- 
 mas animi cogitationes revelent & communicent. Ac ante omnia finus a- 
 nimi cxcutit, fi fimulatio fimulationem impulcrit j juxta adagium illud. 
 Hifpanorum, die mendacium & erues veritatem. 
 
 Quin & fadliis ipfis, licet humani animi pignora fint certilTima, non 
 prorfus tamen fidendum, nifi diligenter ac attente penfitatis prius illorum & 
 magnitudine & proprietate. Illud enim veriflimum ; fraus fibi in parvis 
 fidem pracftruit, ut majore emolumcnto fallat. Italus vero fe ipfum in ip- 
 fo ftare lapide putat ubi pracco praedicar, fi melius folito traftetur, abfque 
 caufa manifefta. Etenim officia ifta minora homines reddunt ofcitantes, & 
 quafi confopitos tam ad cautionem, quam ad induftriam : Atque refte a De- 
 mofthcne appellantur alimenta focordiae. Porro proprietatem & naturam 
 nonnullorum fadorum, etiam quae beneficiorum loco habentur, fubdolam 
 & ambiguam, luculenter cernere licet ex eo quod Antonio primo impo- 
 fuit Mutianus : Qui port reditum cum eo in gratiam, fed fide peffima plu- 
 rimos ex Antonii amicis ad dignitates evcxit : Stmul am'icis ejus praefec- 
 turas (^ tribunatus largitur. Hoc autem altu Antonium non munivit, fed 
 exarmavit penitus & defolavit, amicitias ejus ad fe transferendo. 
 
 Certissima autem clavis, ad animos hominum referandos, vcrtitur, in 
 rimandis & pcrnofcendis, vel ingeniis & naturisipforum, velfinibus& intcn- 
 tionibus. Atque imbecilliores certe & fimpliciores ex ingeniis j prudentiorcs 
 autem & teftiores, exfinibus fuis optime judicantur. Certe prudenter & facere, 
 (licet mco judicio minus verc) diftum fuit a nuntio quopiam Pontificis, fub re- 
 ditu ejusalegatione apud narioncm quandam, ubi tanquam ordinarius refede- 
 rat. Interrogatus de deleclu fuccelloris fui, confilium dedit 5 ut nullo modo mit- 
 teretur aliquis, qui cximieprudcnscflet,fedpotiiismediocritertantum;quoniam 
 
 (inquit)
 
 2-22 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 (mquit) ex prudcntioribus nemo fcicilc conjicict, quid verifimilc foret illius 
 jjentis homines faduros. Sane non rare intervenit illc error, &maxiraefa- 
 'miliaris eft viris prudentibus, ut ex modulo ingenii proprii alios metiantur, 
 ac proindc ultra Icopum facpius jaculentur, fupponendo quod homines ma* 
 jora qiuiedam mcditcntur, tk: fibi deftinent, & lUbtilioribus tcchnis urantur, 
 quam quae illorum animos unquam fubierint. Qiiod etiam cleganter in- 
 nuit adagium Italicum, quo notatur ; Nummorum, prudentiae, tidei temper 
 minores invcniri rationes, quam quis putaret. Quare in levioris ingenii ho- 
 minibus, quia multa abfurda faciunt, capienda eft conjeftura potius ex pro- 
 pcnfionibus ingeniorum, quam ex deftinationibus finium. Porro, principcs 
 quoque (fed longe aliam ob caufam) ab ingcniis optime judicantur : Privati 
 autcm ex finibus. Principcs enim faftigium adepti humanorum defiderio- 
 rum, nuUos fere fibi propofitos fines habent, ad quos praefertim vchcmen- 
 ter & conftanter alpirent : ex quorum finium fitu & diftantia, rcliquarum 
 fuarum adionum poffit cxcipi & confici diredio & fcala : Id quod inter 
 alia, caufa eft vel praecipua, ut corda eorum (quod Icriptura pronunciat) 
 fint inlcrutabilia. At privatorum nuUus eft, qui non fit plane veluti via- 
 tor, & proficifcatur intente ad aliquam itineris metam, ubi confiftat : undc 
 non male divinare quis poterit, quid fadurus fit aut non fadurus. Si cnim 
 in ordine fit quidpiam ad finem fiaum, probabilc eft fadurum : Sin fit in 
 contrarium finis, minime. Neque de finium aut ingeniorum in hominibus 
 diverfitate informatio capienda eft fimpliciter tantum, fed & comparate : 
 Quid fcilicet praedominetur, &c reliqua in ordinem cogat ? Sic, ut videmus, 
 Tigellinus, cum fe Pctronio Turpiliano inferiorcm fentiret, in voluptati- 
 bus Neroni miniftrandis & praeguftandis, metus (ut ait Tacitus) Neronis ri-^ 
 tnatus ejt, & hoc pado aemulum evertit. 
 
 Ad notitiam quod attinet de hominum animis fecundariam, nimirum, 
 quae ab aliorum relatione defumitur, breviter dicere fufficiet. Defedus 
 & vitia didiceris optime ab inimicis : Virtutes & facultates ab amicis : 
 Mores «Sc tempora afamulis : Opinioncs & meditationes ab intimis familiari- 
 bus, cum quibus frequentius colloquia mifcent. Fama popularis levis eft, 
 & fuperiorum judicia minus ccrta : Etenim coram illis tediores incedunt 
 homines. Verior fama e domefticis emanat. 
 
 Verum ad inquifitionem iftam univerfam via maxime compendiaria in 
 tribus confrftit. Primum, ut amicitias multas comparemus, cum ejufmodi 
 hominibus, qui multiplicem & variam habent tam rerum, quam perfona- 
 rum, notitiam : Imprimis vero enitendum, ut faltem fingulos habeamus 
 praefto, qui pro negotiorum atque hominum diverfitate, nos de unaquaque 
 re certiores facere & Iblidc informare polllnt. Secundo, ut prudens tem- 
 peramentum & mediocritatem quandam perli;quamur, & in libertate ler- 
 monis^ & in taciturnitate : frequentius libertatem ufurpantes, at cum res 
 poftulat, filentium. Libertas fiquidem in lermone, etiam alios invitat & 
 provocat, ut pari libertate erga nos utantur : Et fie multa deducit ad noti- 
 tiam noltram : At taciturnitas fidem conciliat, efficitque ut anient homines 
 fecreta lua apud nos, tanquam in finu, deponcre. Tertio, is nobis pauia- 
 tim acquirendus eft habitus, ut vigilante & praefente anirno, in omnibus col- 
 loquiis & adionibus fimul & rem, quae inftat, geramus; & alia, quae inci- 
 dunt, oblervemus. Nam ficut Epidetus praecipit ut philolbphus, in fingu- 
 lis fuis adionibus, ira fecum loquatur: Et hoc volo & etiam inflitutum (cr- 
 vare; fie politicus in fingulis negotiis ira fecum ftatuat ; & hoc volo arquc 
 etiam aliquid, quod in futurum ufui efte poilit addilcere. Itaquc, quieo 
 
 fun:
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIAROM 233 
 
 funt ingcnio ut nimium hoc agant, & toti fint in pracfcnte ncc:otio, quod 
 ill manibus habcnr, dciisautcm, quae intcrveniunr, ncccogitant quidcm, (id 
 quod in fc agnofcit Montancus,) illi ccrtc miniftri reguni aiit rcrumpublica- 
 rum funt vcl optimi, led ad proprias fortunas claudicanr. Interim caiirioanre 
 omnia adhibcnda, ut impetum animi & alacritatcm nimiam cohibcamus, no 
 multa fcicndo, ad nos multis immifccndum fcramur. Infelix cnim quiddam 
 Cii & tcmerarium, polypragmorync. Itaquc ifta, quam comparandam prac- 
 cipinms, notitiac rcrum & pciibnaruni varictas hue tandem redit, ut &: tcium, 
 quas iufcipimus, & hominum, quorum opera utimur, magis cum judicio dc- 
 Icdtum faciamusj unde cunda & magis dextcrc & magis ruto, dilponcre & 
 adminiftrare Iciamus. 
 
 NoTiTi AM aliorum fcquitur notitia fui. Etenim non minor dihgentia 
 adhibenda eft, led major potius ut nos de nobis ipfis, quam de aliis vere & 
 accurate informemus. Qiiippe cum oraculum illud, nolce te ipfum, non tan- 
 turn fit canon prudentiae univerfalis, fed & in politicis praccipuum locum 
 habcat. Optime enim homines monet S. Jacobus, cum qui vultum in fpe- 
 culo confideravit, oWivifci tamen iUico, qualis fuerit : Utomninofrcquenti 
 infpedione fit opus. Idquc tenet etiam in poUticiSi Sed fpccula fcilicet 
 funt diverfa : Nam fpeculum divinum, in quo nos contueri debenuis, eft 
 verbum Dei : Speculum autem politicum, non aliud eft quam ftatus rcrum 
 & temporum in quibus vivimus. 
 
 Ex AMEN igitur accuratum, nee quale efle folet fui nimium amantis, in- 
 ftituendum eft homini, de propriis facultatibus, virtutibus & adminiculis, 
 necnon de defeclibus, inhabilitatibus & obftaculis : ita rationem fubduccn- 
 do, ut haec pcrpctuo in majus, ilia autem minoris potius, quam rcvera i'unt 
 acftimentur. Ex hujulmodi autem examine in confiderationem venianc 
 quae fequuntur. 
 
 Prima confideratio fir, quomodo alicui homini, moribufquc, & natu- 
 rae fuae, cum temporibus conveniat 5 quae fi in\enta fucrint congrua omni- 
 bus in rebus, magis liberc & folure agcre, & llio ingcnio uti liceat : fin fit } 
 aliqua antipathia, tum demum in univerfo vitac curfu magis caute & tedc 
 eft incedendum, minufque in publico verfandum. Sic Tiberius fccir, qui 
 morum fuorum fibi confcius, cum laeculo fuo non optime convenientium, i 
 ludos publicos nunquam fpedavit : quinetiam per duodecim continuos annos 
 poftremos nunquam in fenatum venit : ubi contra Auguftus perpetuo in 
 oculis hominum vixit : quod & Tacitus obfervat ; alia Tiberio morum via. 
 Eadem & Periclis ratio fuit. 
 
 Second A fit confideratio, quomodo alicui conveniat cum profcflioni- 
 bus & gcneribus vitae, quae in ufu & pretio funt ; quorumque fibi de- 
 ledus fit faciendus: ut fi jam dccrctum non fit de genere vitac, maximc ap- 
 tum & ingcnio fuo congruum fumat : fin jam pridcm id genus vitae, ad 
 quod minus a natura fadus eft, fuerit ingrcfllis, fub prima occafionc fc fub- 
 ducat, & novam conditionem arripiat. Id quod a Valentino Borgia vide- 
 mus fadum, ad vitam facerdotalem a patre innutrito ; quam tamen poftca 
 ejuravit, fuo obfecutus ingcnio, & vitae militari (c applicuit 5 quanciuam 
 principatu aeque ac facerdotio indignus, cum utrumque homo pcftilens dc- 
 honeftaverit. 
 
 TERTiAfit confideratio, quomodo fe habeat quis, comparatus ad ae- 
 
 quales & aemulos fuos, quos verifimile fit eum habiturum in fortuna Ilia 
 
 competitores : eumque vitae curfum tencat, in quo maxnna invcniatur vi- 
 
 rorum egregiorum folitudo : atque in quo probabile lit, fc ipfum inter cae- 
 
 VoL. 1. G g rcros, 
 
 <
 
 234 DE.AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. c Lil?.VIH. 
 
 tcros, maximc pofle cniterc. Id quoda C. Cjcfauc factum eft: qui- at> ini- 
 tio orator fuit & caufas egit ; & iii toga potillimum vcriabatur : Cumvcro 
 vidiffct, Ciccroncm, Hortcnruim, Catuluai, cloquentiae gloria exccllcrc, re- 
 bus vcro bcllicis claruni admodum neminciii, praercr Pompcium ; det^itit 
 ab inccpto, & potcntiae illi civili multum valcdiccre jubcns, tranftulit, ic. 
 ad artes militarcs & impcratorias : Ex quibus lummum rcrum faftigium con- 
 fccndit. 
 
 QjJARTA fit confidcratio, ut naturae fuac &; ingcnii rationcm hajbcat 
 quis in deligendis amicis ac ncceflariis : Siquidcm diverfis divcrllim gc^nus 
 amicorum convcnit; aliis folcnnc & taciturnum; aJiis audax & jaclabun- 
 dunl ; & complura id genus. Ccrtc notatu dignum eit, qualcs fucrint ami 
 ci julii Caefaris (Antouius, Hirtius, Panfa, Oppius, Balbus, DolabcUa, 
 Poliio, rcliqui :) Illi fcilicet jurarc ibicbant, Ita vivcnte Cacfarc moriarj 
 intinitum ftudium erga Caclarcm prae fc ferentes ; crga omncs alios arro- 
 gantes & contcmptorcs : Fucruntquc homines in negotiis gcrcndis impigri, 
 £ima & cxirtimationc mediocrcs. 
 
 Qu I N T A Tir confideratio, ut caveat quis fibi ab exemplis ; neque ad 
 imitationem aliorum Ic ineptc componat : quafi quod aliis fuerit pcrvium, 
 ctiam fibi patcrc neccfie fit : neutiquam fecum reputans, quantum fortafle 
 interfucrit, inter fuum & illorum, quos ad cxemplum llbi delegit, ingcni- 
 um & mores. In quern errorem manifefto incidit Pompeius, qui ut Cicero 
 fcriptum reiiquit, toties folitus erat dicere : Sylla potuit, ego non potcro ? 
 Qiia in re vchcmentcr flbi impoluit, cum ingenium <Sc rationcs agcudi Syl- 
 lae a fuis toto coclo (ut aiunt) diftarcnt : cum alter fcrox cflct, violentus 
 quique factum in omnibus urgeret ; alter gravis, legum memor, omniaque 
 ad majeftatem & famam componcns; unde lonsjc minus erat, ad pcrficicnda 
 quae cogitarat, efficax & validus. Sunt & aliae hujus generis pracceptiones > 
 verum hae ad cxemplum rcliquarum fufficicnt. 
 
 Neque vcro, nolle fe ipfum, homini fufficit; fed ineunda etiam eft ra- 
 tio fecum, quomodo fe oftentarc, declarare, dcniquc flcd:ere fe, 6c clHngere, 
 commode & prudenter poflit. Ad oftentandum fe quod attinet, nihil yi- 
 demus ufu venire frcquentius, quam ut qui virtutis habitu fit inferior, ,^q-r 
 cic virtutis externa iit potior. Non parva igitur eft prudentiac pracroga- 
 tiva, fi quis arte quadam & decore, fpecimen fui apud alios cxhibere pof- 
 fit : virtutcs fuas, merita, atque fortunam ctiam, {quod fine arrogantia aut 
 taftidio fieri poflit) commode oftentando ; contra, vitia, defcftus, infortu- 
 nia & dcdecora, artificiofc occultando : illis immorans, cafque vcluti ad lu- 
 men obvertcns ; his fubterfugia quacrcns, aut aptc ea interprctando clu- 
 ens J &fimilia. Itaque, dc Mutiano viro fui temporis prudcntillimo, 6c ad 
 ics gerendas impigcrrimo, Tacitus ; Omnium quae dixerai, feceratque^ 
 arte quadam ojientator. Indiget certc res haec arte nonnuUa, iic tacdium 
 & contcmptum pariat : Ita tamen, ut oftentatio quacpiam, licet ufq^e.ad, 
 vanitatis primum gradum, vitium fit potius in ethicis, quam in pplitif^is. 
 Sicut enim dici folet de calumnia, audacler calumniate femper aliquid hae- 
 ■ret: ik dici poilk dc jadantia, (nifi plane dcformis fuerit 6c ridicula,) au- 
 dacler te vendita, femper alitjuid haeret. Haerebit certe apud populum, 
 licet prudentiores fubrideant. Itaque cxiftimatio parta apud plurimos, pau- 
 corum faftidium abunde compcnfabit, Qiiod fi ifta, de qua loquimur,- fui 
 oftcntatio dccentcr 6c cum judicio regatur; exempli gratia j 11 nativum qucn- 
 dam pectoris candorem & ingenuitatem prae fe ferat : aut fi illis teinpoiibus, 
 adhibcatur, vel cum pcricula circunftent (ut apud \ iros militarcs in bcUis,) 
 
 vet
 
 Cap.ir. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTJARUM. 235 
 
 vcl cum alii invidia flagrcnt: aut /i verba quae ad Jaiidcspropriasperfinent, 
 tanquam aliud agenti excidiflc vidcantur; minimcquc vcl Icrio vel prolixc 
 nimis iis infiftatur : aut R ita quis fe laudibas lioncftcr, ut itinul ctiam ccn- 
 fiu'is & jocis crga fc non abftincat : aut il deniquc iioc tacit noii Ipontc, fed 
 tanquam laccilltus, & aliorum infolcntiis & contiimcliis provocatus: noii 
 parvum certc hacc res exiftimationi hominis cumulum adjicit. Neque lane 
 cxiguus eft eotum Humerus; qui, cum natura /int magis foiidi v5c minime 
 vcntofi, atquc propterea hac arte, hono:i liio velificandi careant, modcra- 
 tionis fuac, nonnulla cum dignitatis jaftura, dant pocnas. 
 
 Verum hujufmodi oftcntationcm \irtutis, utcunquc aliquis infirmiorc 
 judicio, & nimium fortafic cthicus, improbaverit : illud nemo ncgarit, dan- 
 dam faltcm cflc operam, ut virtus per incuriam jufto llio prctio non frau- 
 dctur, & minoris, quam revera eft, aeftimetur. Haec vcro in virtute aefti- 
 manda, prctii diminutio, tribus modis iblet contingerc : Primo, quando 
 quis, in rebus gcrcndis, ic & operam fuam, offcrt & obtruJit, non vocatus 
 aut accerfitus : Hujufmodi enim officiis, rcmunerationis loco cfie folct, ii 
 non repudientur. Secundo, quando quis in principio rei gcrcndac viribus 
 litis nimium abutitur; & quod fenfim crat praeftandum, uno impctn cffun- 
 dit : Id quod rebus bene adminiftratis pracpropcram conciliat gratiam, in 
 fine autcm fttictatcm inducit. Tertio, quando qitis virtutis fuac frudum in 
 laudibus, plaufu, honore, gratia, fibi praebitis, nimis cito & Icviter fcntit, at- 
 que in iis fibi complacet : de quo prudcns habetur monitum ; Cave ne infuctus 
 rebus majoribus videaris, fi hacc tc res parva, ficuti magna, dcledat. 
 
 Defectuum enimvero fedula occultatio, minoris haudquaquam mo- 
 mcnti eft, quam virtutem prudcns & artificiofa oftentatio. Delectus au- 
 tcm occultantur & latent maxime, triplici quadam induftria, & quafi tri- 
 bus latebris : Cautione, praetextu & confidentia. Cautionem dicimus, 
 quando iis rebus prudenter abftincmus, quibus pares non fumus : Ubi contra 
 ingenia audacula & inquieta, fe facile ingerunt, fine judicio, rebus quibus 
 non infueverunt j & proinde defcclus ftios proprios publicant & quafi pro- 
 clamant. Praetcxtum dicimus, cum fagaciter &c prudenter viam nobis Itcr- 
 nimus & munimtis, qua benigna & commoda de vitiis & defedlibus noftris 
 fiat intcrpretatio 5 quafi aliunde provenientibus, aut alio tcndentibus, quam 
 vulgo cxiftimatur. Etcnim, de latebris vitiorum non male poeta : 
 
 Saej)e latet vitium proximitate boni. 
 
 QuARE, fiqucm defedum in nobis ipfis pcrceperimus, opera danda, ut 
 perfonam & praetcxtum virtutis tinitimae mutuemur, fub cujus umbra la- 
 tcat. Vcrbi gratia, tardo gravitas practexenda, ignavo lenitas, & fie dc 
 caeteris. Illud ctiam utile, probabilem aliquam caufam obtcndcre, & in 
 vulgus fpargere, qua addudi, ultimas vires noftras promerc refugiamus ; ut 
 quod non pollimus, nolle videamur. Qiiod ad confidcntiam attinct, impu- 
 dens certc eft rcmedium, fed tamen ccrtiftimum atquc efficacillimum : nem- 
 pc, ut quis ea omnino contemnerc, & vilipendcre fc profitcatur, quae reve- 
 ra aflequi non poHlt : Mercatorum prudcntium more, quibus folcnnc eft & 
 proprium, ut prctium mercium fuarum attoUant, aliorum deprimant. Eft 
 tamen & aliud confidentiae genus, hoc ipfo impudentius ; nimirum, per- 
 frida fronte dcfedus fuos ctiam opinioni obtrudcrc 5c venditarc, quafi in 
 ii>, quibus maxime dcftituitur, fe eminerc crcdat : Atquc ut hoc facilius 
 Cdctcris imponat, fe in iis rebus, quibus revera plurimum poller, fingat difti- 
 dcntem; qucmadmodum fieri videmus in podis. Pacta enim carmina fua 
 
 Vo L. I. G g 2 rccitantc,
 
 236 D E A U G M E N T I S S C I E N T I A R U iM. LIb.VIID 
 
 rccitantc, fi unum aliqucm vcrficuluni non admodum dixcrit probandiim, 
 audias illico : Arque hie vcrfus pluris mihi conftitir, quanl rdiquorum plu- 
 rinii. Turn vcro alium quempiam vcrfum adducct, quaft fibi rufpcdum, 
 & dc CO, quid putcs, fcifcitabirur, qucm fatis norir, inter plurimos efle op- 
 timum, & ccnfurac minimc obnoxium. Ante omnia vcro ad hoe, quod. 
 nunc ai;irur, ut fcilicet Ipccimcn lui quis cdat coram aUis illulhc, & jus liuun 
 in omnibus rctincat, nil magis intcrctlc judico, quam ne quis per nimiam 
 lliam naturae boniratcm & fuavitatcm, Ic cxarmct, 6: injuriis & contumcliis 
 cxponat : quin potius in omnibus aliquos animi hberi & gcncrofi, & noii 
 aculci minus quam mcllis intra fe gcftantis, ii;nieulos fiibinde emittat^ Qiiac 
 quidcm munita vitac ratio, una cum prompto & parato ad fc a contumcliis 
 vindicandum animo, aliquibus ex accidcntc imponitur, & ncccllitate qua- 
 dam incvitabili, propter aliquid infixum in pcribna aut fortuna lua ? veluti 
 fit in dcforinibus, & Ipuriis & ignominia aiiqua mulclatisj undc hujufmodi 
 htmincy, fi virtus non dcftr, fcliccsplcrunquc cvadnnr. 
 
 Quod vcro ad fe dcclarandum attinct; id aha res omnino eft ab often- 
 tatione llii, dc qua diximus. Ncque cnim ad virtutes aut dcfeclus hominum 
 refcrtur ; led ad adioncs vitae particulates. Qua in parte nihil invenitur 
 magis politicum, quam ut mediocritas quacdam Icrvctur, prudcns & lana, 
 in fcnfa animi, circa aclioncs particulare.';, aperiendo, aut recondcndo. Licet 
 cnim profunda taciturnitas, & confiliorum occultatio, & is rerum gcrenda- 
 rum modus, qui omnia caecis & (ut modernac linguae potius loc]uuntur) 
 furdis artibus & mediis operatur, res fit & utilis, & mirabilis : tamcn non 
 raro evcnit, ut (quod dicitur) diilimulatiocrrorcs pariat, qui dillimulatorcm 
 jpllim illaqueant. Nam videmus, viros politicos, maxime omnium infigncs, 
 libcre 6c indidlmulanter fines, quos petcrenr, palam profcrrc non dubitaflc. 
 Sic L. Sylla manifefto prac fe tulit, fe, omnes mortales 'vel felices, vel in- 
 fehces jieri, ciipere, front fibi effent vel amici vel inimici. Sic Cacfar, 
 cum primum profeclus eft in Gallias, nil vcritus eft profiteri: fe malle pri- 
 rnnm ejfe in •-cilia obfcitra, qv.avi fccnndurn Romae. Idem Cacfar, coepto 
 jam bello, dillunulatorem minimc cgit, fi audiamus, quid Cicero dc illo 
 praedicct. ^Iter (Cacfarem innucns) 7ion recufat, fed quodammodo pojtii- 
 lat, ut, [ut eft,) fc appelletiir tyr annus. Similiter videmus, in epiftola 
 quadam Ciccronis ad Atticum, quam minimc fuerit Auguftus Caclar dilli- 
 mulator ; qui in ipfo ingreflu ad res gcrendas, cum adhuc fcnatui clVct in 
 dehciis, folitus tamen erat in concionibus apud populum jurarc ilia formu- 
 la : Ita parentis honorcs conlcqui liccat. Illud autcm non minus quiddam 
 crat, quam ipfa tyrannis. Vcrum eft, ad invidiam paululum Icniendam, fo- 
 htum cum Jlmul ad ftatuam Julii Cacfaris, quae in roftris poiica erat, manum 
 protenderc. Homines autem ridcbant, &: plaudebant, & admirabantur, & 
 inter fc ita loquebantur: Qiiid hoc eft? Qiialis adolcfccns ? Sed tamcn nihil 
 malitiac in co fufpicabantur, qui tam candidc & ingenue, quod fcntiret, 
 loqucrctur. Et ifti quidcm, quos nominavimus, prolpcra omnia confccuti 
 funt : Pompcius contra, qui ad cofdem tendebat fines, fed viis magis umbro- 
 fis & obfcuris, (ficut Tacitus dc co loquitur, Occidtior, non melior : atquc 
 Salluftius finiilitcr idem infimulat, Ore probo, animo inverec-.mdo :) id 
 prorfus agcbar, & innumcris tcchnis moliebatur, ut cupiditates fuas & ambi- 
 tionem altc recondcndo, interim rcmpublicam in anarchiam & confufioncm 
 redigercr, quo ilia fc ncccllario in finus ejus conjiccrct i atquc hoc patio 
 fumma rcrum ad cum dcfcrrctur, quafi invitum & rcnitcntcm. Cum vcro 
 hoc fc putarct confcquutum, faclus conful foius (quod nunquam cuiquam 
 
 contigiflct)
 
 Cap.II. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 237 
 
 contigifict) nihilo plus ad fines fuos proficicbar, eo quod etiam illi, qui pro- 
 culdubio earn fuillcnt adjuturi, quid vcllct nou percipcrcnt. Adeo ut tan- 
 dem coadus fit, tritam & vulgarem inirc viam, ut Icilicct, pmerextu Ic 
 Cacfari opponcndi, anna & exercitumcompatarct. Adeo Icnta, cafibusob- 
 noxia, & plcmnque infelicia folciit cllc ea coufilia, quae profunda diillmu- 
 latione obtcguntur ! Qiia dc re, idem fenfiflc vidctur Tacitus, cum fimula- 
 tionis artificia tanquam infcrioris lubfellii prudentiam conftituit, prac artibus 
 politicis : illam Tiberio, has vero Augufto Caefari attribuens. Etenim, de 
 Livia verba facicns, fie loquitur; ^od fuijfet ilia cum artibtts mariti, c^ 
 Jimulatjone Jilji, bene compojlta. 
 
 QuoDadanimum fledendum & effingcndum attinct ; totis viribus ccrte 
 incumbcndum, ut animus reddatur occafionibus & opportunitatibus obfc- 
 quens, neque uUo modo erga cas durus aut rcnitens. 'Nequc cnim majuS 
 fuerit impedimentum ad res gcrendas, quam illud ; idem mancbat, nequc 
 idem dccebat : videlicet, cum homines iidem fint, & natura iua utantur, 
 poftquam occafiones fe mutaverint. Bene itaque Livius, cum Catoncm 
 Majorem introducit, tanquam fortunae luac arcliiteclum peritilllmum, illud 
 fubjungit j quod ci fuerit ingenium verfatik. Atque hinc fit, quod inge- 
 iiia gravia & Iblennia, & mutare nefeia, plus plerunquc habeant dignitatis, 
 quam felicitatis. Hoc vero virium in aliquibus a natura penitus infitum cfl-, 
 qui fi-ioptc ingenio funt vifcofi & nodofi, 6c ad verlandum incpti. At in 
 aliis confuetudine obtinuit (quae eft altera natura) atque opinione quadam, 
 (quae in animos hominum facile obrepit) ut minimc mutandam fibi putcnt 
 rerum gerendarum rationem, quam prius bonam & profpcram fint cxperti. 
 Prudenrer enini obfervat Machiavellus in Fabio Maximo; ^od prijtimim 
 fuum (^ inveteratiim ciin^andi ^ bella trahendi morem retinere mordi- 
 cus 'voluerit, cttrn natura belli ejfet alia, (^ acriora pojtnlaret confilia. 
 In aliis porro idem vitium ex inopia judieii progignitur ; cum homines pc- 
 riodos rerum & adionum non tempellive diicernant , led turn dcmum fe ver- 
 tant, poftquam opportunitas jam elapfa fit. Talc quidpiam in Athenienfi- 
 bus fuis redarguit Demofthenes, cos aiens efle rujlicis Jimiles, qui in ludo 
 gladiator io fe probantes^ fanper poji flagam acceptam in earn partem mu- 
 niendam fcutiim trans ferunt, qua percuj/l funt ; non prius. In aliis rur- 
 fus hoc ipfum contingit, quia operam, invia ea, quam femelingrefli lunt, col- 
 locatam, perdcre gravantur, nee receptui canere fciunt ; fed potius fe occa- 
 fionibus fuperiores fore conrtantia Ilia confidunt. Verum ilU animi vif- 
 cofitas & rcnitentia, a quacunque ilia tandem radice pullularlr, rebus gc- 
 rendis & fortunae hominum ell damnoilllima : Nihilque magis politieum, 
 quam animi rotas reJdere cum rotis fortunae coneentricas, & fimul volubiles. 
 Atque de praeeeptis duobus fummariis, circa Ibrtunac architeciuram, hacle- 
 iius. Praecepta autem fparfa haud pauca funt ; nos tamcn pcrpauca deligc- 
 mus, pro modo exempli. 
 
 Primum praeceptum eft; faber fortunae, amufle fua perite utatur, 
 «amque rite applicet; hoc eft, animum alluefaciat, ut rerum omnium pre- 
 tium &; valorem aeftimet, prout ad fortunam & fines fuos magis aut minus 
 conducant ; hocque curct ledulo, non perfundorie. Miraenim res, fed ve- 
 rillima; invcniuntur plurimi, quorum mentis pars logiea (fi ita loqui licet) 
 eft bona, mathematica pellima : videlicet, qui de rerum confcquentiis fatis 
 nrmiter judicant ; de prctiis vero imperitillime. Hinc fit, ut alii privata & 
 fecrcta cum princlpibus colloquia, alii auras populares, tanquam magna a- 
 dcpti, admircntur ; cum fit utrumque faepcnumcro res & invidia & periculo 
 
 plena:
 
 23B DE AUG MENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.VIU. 
 
 plena: Afii autcm res mctiimtur ex difficultatc atque opera Ilia, in cis im- 
 penla ; fieri oporrcre exiftimantes, ut quantum moverint tantum etiam pro 
 moverint : ficut Caefar de Catonc Uticenll, vcluti per ironiam, dixir, nar- 
 rando, quam laboriofus tuerit & afliduus, &. quaii indetatigabilis, ncque 
 tamcn multum ad rem : Onmia (inquit) magyio jtiidio agebat. Hinc ctiam 
 illud accidit, ut homines faepius fe ipibs fallant ; qui, jl magni alicujus aut 
 honorati viri opera urantur, fibi omnia prolpcra promittunt ; cum ilkid vc- 
 1-um ilt, non grandillima quaeque inftrumenta, fed aptillima citius & felicius 
 opus quodque perficere. Atque ad mathematicam veram animi informandam, 
 operac pretium eft, illud imprimis nolle tScdefcriptum habere, quid ad cuiulquc 
 fortunam conftituendam & promovendam primum llatui debeat, quid lecu^- 
 dum, & fic deinceps. Primo loco emendationem animi pono ,• animi enim im- 
 pedimenta & nodos tollendo & complanando, citius viam fortunae apcrueris, 
 quam fortunae auxiliis animi impedimenta fultuleris. Secundo loco opes pono, 
 & pecuniam • Quam fummo loco plurimi fortalle coUocavcrint, cum tanti 
 fit ad omnia ufus. Verum earn opinionem, fimilem ob caufam abjudico, at- 
 que Machiavcllus fecit, in alia re, non multum ab ea difcrepante. Cum 
 cnim vctus fuerit fententia, pecuniam efle nervos belli 5 ille contra, non 
 alios ellc nervos belli alleruit, quam nervos virorum fortium & militarium. 
 Eodem prorfus modo vere alferi poflit ; nervos fortunae, non elfe pecuniam, 
 fed potius animi vires, ingcnium, fortitudinem, audaciam, conftantiam, 
 nioderationem, induftriam, & fimilia, Terrio loco colloco famam <Sc cxilH- 
 mationem -, eo magis, quod ilia aeftus quofdam habeant, & tempora, qui- 
 bus fi non opportune utaris, difficile crit rem in integrum rcfUtucre. Ardua 
 enim res, famam praecipitantem retrovertere. Polfremo loco pono honorcs, 
 ad quos certe facilior aditus per unum quodque ex illis tribus, multo magis 
 per omnia conjunda, daturj quam ii ab honoribus aufpiceris, &deinde ad 
 reliqua perrexeris, Verum, ut in ordine rerum fervando hand paruni eft 
 momenti, ita non multo minus in fervando ordine temporis j cujus pertur- 
 batione frequentiffime peccatur, dum ad fines tum properatur, quando ini- 
 tia eflent curanda ; atque dum ad maxima quaeque fubito advolamus, quae 
 in medio pofita funt, temere tranfdientes. At illud refte praecipitur j quod 
 nunc inftat, agamus. 
 
 Secundum praeceptum eft, ut caveamus, ne animi quadam magni- 
 tudine, & praefidentia, ad magis ardua, quam par eft, feramur; neve in ad- 
 verfum fluvii remigemus. Optimum enim confdium circa fortunas homi- 
 num : 
 
 ' Fatis accede, deifque. 
 
 Circumfpiciamus in omncs partes, & obfervemus, qua res patcanr, qua 
 claufac & obftruclae fint, qua proclives, qua arduae j neque viribus noftris, 
 ubi non patet aditus commodus, abutamur. Hoc fi fccerimus, & a rcpulfa 
 nos immunes praeftabimus, & in negotiis fingulis nimis diu non haerebimus, 
 & modcrationis laudem reportabimus, & pauciores offendemus, & denique 
 felicitatis opinionem acquiremus; dum quae fponte fortafle eventura fuilfent, 
 noftrae induftriae accepta ferentur. 
 
 Tertium praeceptum cum proxime praecedente nonnihil pugnare vi- 
 deri poftit ; licet, probe intelledum, minime. Illud hujuliiiodi eft; ut oc- 
 cafiones non femper cxpedemus, fed eas quandoque provocemus & duca- 
 mus. Qiiod etiam innuit Demofthenes ; magniloquentia quadam ; Et 
 quemadmodum rece^tum eji, ut exercitum ducat imperator, Jic a cordatis 
 
 viris
 
 "Cap. ir. ti£'AUC\KitLkTIS SCrENTli^UM. ^jg 
 
 'viris res ipfae ducendae, nt quae ipjis videntur, eager aniitr, ^ rim ipji 
 perfeqni e-ventns tantnm cogantnr. Erenim fi diligcnter attc'iidamus, duns 
 obicrvabimus, caique difcrepantcs fpccies, corura, qui rebus gcrendis Ct 
 '^iiegotiis tradandis pares habeantur. Alii fiquidcm occafionibus" commode 
 Iciunt uti, fed nihil ex fe moliuntur, aut cxcogitant ; alii toti funt in ma- 
 chinando, qui occafioncs, quae opportune incidunt, non arripiunt. Harum 
 facultatum altera, alter! non conjunfla, manca omnino & imperfcdaccnfen- 
 daeft. 
 
 QuARTUM eft praeccptura ; ut nihil lufcipiamus, in quo necclTe fir^ 
 temporis plurimum infumcrej verum ut vcrficulus iUc aurcm fcmper vel- 
 iicct : 
 
 Sed fiigit inter ea, fvgit irreparabile tcmptts. 
 
 Ncquc alia fubcft caufa, cur ii, qui profeflionibus laboriofis, aut rebus fimili- 
 bus fe addixcrunt, veluti jurifconllilti, oratorcs, theologi dodiorcs, librorum 
 fcriptorcs, & hujufmodi, in fortuna fua conftituenda & promovcnda, minus 
 fint Iblertes, quam quod tempore (alias fcilicet infumpto) indigent ad parti- 
 cularia pernofcenda, opportunitates captandas, & machinas, quae ad forrunani 
 fuam fpedcnt, comminiicendas & meditandas. Qiiinctiam in aulis principum 
 & rebufpublicis eos rcperias, & ad fortunam fuam promovcndam, & ad alio- 
 rum invadendam, maxime efficaces, qui nuUo publico munere funguntur, led 
 in hoc, de quo loquimur, ambitu vitae, perpetuo occupantur. 
 -'■ Q^uiNTUM eft praeceptunii ut naturam quodammodo imitcmur, quae 
 nihil facit 'fruftra. Id quod faftu non crit admodum difficile, fl uegotia no- 
 ftra omnium generum perite commifceamus & contcxamus. In lingulis c- 
 nim aftionibus ita animus eft inftituendus & pracparandus, atquc intcntio- 
 nes noftrx aliae aliis fubfternendae & fubordinandae 5 ut, (1 in aliqua re 
 voti compotes in ftmimo gradu fieri non poffimus, in fccundo tamen liceat 
 confifterc, imo vel in tertio : Qiiod /i nee in aliqua omnino parte rci haercrc 
 aut confiftcre poftimus, turn veto ad alium quempiam (praetcr dcftinatum) 
 finem, operam impenlam fledamus: fie ncc in praefcnti aliquem frudlum 
 dcmetcrc queamus, faltem aliquid ex ca cxtrahamus, quod in tuturum pro- 
 fit : fi vero nihil Iblidi, ncc in praelcnti nee in futuro inde cliccre detur, 
 fatagam us faltem, ut aliquid exiftimationi nofeae inde accrclcat i & alia id 
 genus : rationes Temper a nobis ipfis exigendo, quibus conftct, nos fructus 
 aliquid, plus minus, ex fingulis aftionibus & confiliis noftris pcrccpifle : ne- 
 quc uUo modo permittendo, ut tanquam confufi ac conftcrnati animum illico 
 defpondeamus, fi forte fcopum principalcm non licucrit attingere. Nihil 
 cnim minus convenit viro politico, quam uni rei unice efle intcntum. Qiii 
 cnim hoc ficit, occafionum innumerarum jaclura mulclabitur ; quae rebus 
 agcndis ex obliquo intervenire folent, quacquc fortafle magis fuerint propi- 
 tiac &commodae ad alia quae poftea ufui futura fint, quahn ad ea, quae iii 
 manibus habeamus. Ideoque bene calleamus iilam rcgulatfi : Maec oportet 
 facere, (^ tlla non omittere. 
 
 Sextum eft pracceptum, ut nos rei alicui nimis pcrcmptbric non aftrin- 
 gamus: quanquam cafui videatur, prime intuitu, minus obnoiiia : fed fcm- 
 per habeamus, vel fcneftram apertam ad evolandum, vcl poftlcum aliquod 
 iecretum ad redeundum. 
 
 Septimum praeceptum, eft antiquum illud Biantis; modo non ali'pcr- 
 fidiam, fed ad cautionem & moderationcm adhibeatur : Et antes tanqr.aM 
 inimicus futurns, & oderis tanquam amatirnis. Nam utilifates quafque, 
 
 mirum
 
 240 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. Vllf, 
 
 miium in modum, piodit & corrumpit, fi quis nimium fe immcrfcrit amici- 
 tiis infclicibus, molcftis & turbidis odiis, aiit puerilibus & futilibus acmu- 
 
 lationibus. 
 
 Haec exempli loco circa dodrinam dc ambitu vitac fuliicient : illud 
 cnim hominibusiii memoriam fubindc ixduceudum eft, loniK- abcllc, ut adum- 
 brationes iftae, quibus utimur in dcfidcratis, loco juftorum tradatuum pc- 
 nantur ; fed Tint folumrnqdo tanquam Ichedac aut fimbriae, ex quibus de 
 tela intci^ra judicium fieri poHit. Neque rurllis ira defipimus, ut tortunam 
 ablquc tanto, quantum diximus, molimineminime parari allbramus. Probe 
 cnim novimus, cam tanquam Ipontc in grcmium aliquorum defluere : Alii 
 autem eam diligcntia fola & aiiiduitate, (cautione nonnulla alperla) abiquc 
 arte multa aut operofa, adipifcuntur. Vcrum ficut Cicero, orarorem perle- 
 dum depingens, non id vult, ut cauftdici fuiguli tales ellc debeanr, aut 
 pofilnt : ac rurfiis, ficut in principc aut aullco dclcribendo (quod nonnulli 
 tradandum fiilccpcrunt) modulus cffingitur, prorfus Iccundum aitis perfcdio- 
 ncm, non autcm Iccundum pradicam vulgatam : idem & nos in politico in- 
 llruendo praeftitimus ; politico (inquam) quoad fortunam propriam. 
 
 Enimvero, illud utique monendum praeccpta, quae circa banc rem 
 dclcnmus & propoiliimus, omnia ex genere eorum elFe, quae bonae artes 
 vocantur. Qiiod cnim ad malas artes attinet : Si quis Machiavello ie dcde- 
 rit in diiciplinam, qui praecipit virtutem ipfam non magnoperc curandam, 
 fed tantum fpccicm ejus, in publicam verfam : quia virtutis fama <Sc opi- 
 nio homini adjumcnto fir, virtus ipfa impcdimento : quiquc alio loco prae- 
 cipit ; ut homo politicus illud tanquam fundamentum prudentiae fuae fub- 
 Iternat, quod praefupponat, homines non rede nee tuto ad ca quae volu- 
 mus fledi aut adduci poflc, practcrquam folo metu : ideoquc det opcram 
 ut omnes, quantum in fe eft, obnoxii fint, atque in periculis & anguftiis con- 
 ftituti ; ita ut politicus fuus videatur efle, quod Itali dicunt, feminator fpi- 
 narum : Aut fi quis axioma illud, quod a Cicerone citatur, ampledi velit : 
 Cadant amici dummodo inimici intercidant; ficut triumviri fecerunt, qui 
 inimicorum interitum amicifiimorum exitio redimebant : Aut fi quis L. Ca- 
 tilinae imitator eftb velit, ut rerumpublicarum incendiarius fiat & perturbator, 
 quo melius in aquis turbidis pifcari & fortunam fuam expedite pofiit i ego, 
 (inquit) fi in fortunis mcis incendium fit excitatum, id non aqua fed luina 
 reftinguam : Aut fi quis illud Lyfandri ad fe transferat, qui dicere folcbat ; 
 pueros placcntis, viros perjuriis alliciendos ; cum aliis eiufdem farinae pra- 
 vis, ac perniciofis dogmatibus ; quorum (ut fit in caeteris rebus omnibus) 
 major eft numerus, quam redorum & fanorum : Si quis (inquam) hujuf- 
 niodi inquinata prudentia deledetur s non ierim inficias, cum (quandoqui- 
 dem Icgibus charitatis & virtutis omnibus fe ipfum folutum, fortunae fo- 
 litmmodo manciparit) pofle, majarc compendio & celcrius fortunam luam 
 promovere. Fit vcro in vita, quemadmodum & in via, ut iter brevius fit 
 foedius & coenofius ; nequc fane, ut per viam mcliorem quis inccdat, multa 
 circuitione opus eft. 
 
 Tantum vcro abcft, ut homines ad hujufmodi artes pravas fe appli- 
 care oporteat i ut potius fane (fi modo fint apud fc, fequc fuftinerc valeant, 
 ncque ambitionis turbine & procella in advcrfum rapiantur) ante oculos 
 proponerc dcbeant ; non folum mundi chorographiam gcneralcm illam, 
 quod omnia fint vanitas & vexatio fpiritusi vcrum ctiam & illam magis 
 fpecialem, videlicet, quod ipfum efle, fejundum a bene ellc, malcdidio- 
 nis loco fit; & quo grandius fit efle, co major fit malcdidio ; quodquc am- 
 f plifiimum
 
 Cap. III. DE AUG ME NT IS SCI ENT I ARUM 241 
 
 pliilimum virtutis pracmium fit ipfa virtus ; qucmr.dmodum & ultimum vitii 
 llipplicium eft vitium ipfum ; ficut cgregic pocta : 
 
 Quae "oob'is^ quae digna, i:iri, pro laud/bus ifiis 
 Traemia poJJ'e r-ear f'olui ? Tnlcherriwa primiim 
 Tiii morefcjue dubiint "jeftri. 
 
 Et c contra non minus vcrc illc de fceleratis, atqiie eum ulcifcentur mores 
 fill, (^linctiraii mortalcs, dum in omncs partes cogitationes luas agitant & 
 difFandunt, ut fortunis fuis rcftc profpcftuni atquc confultum lit, inrcriui 
 in mcdiis iilis animi tranfcurfibus ad divina judicia & providcutiam actcr- 
 nam oculos attoUerc dcbcnt 5 quae facpillime impiorum machinationcs & 
 tonfllia prava, licet profunda, liibvcrtit & ad nihilum redigit 5 fccundumi 
 illud fcripturac, Concep'tt iniquitatem, (^ pariet 'vanitatem. Imo, etfl 
 injuriis tc malis artibus abftineant ; attamen hacc jugis & irrcquicta anhc- 
 latio ad ardua fortunac, abfquc ceflationc, & quafi fine labbato, tributum 
 temporis noftri Deo debitum minimc folvit : Qui, ut videre eft, facultatum 
 iioftrarum decimas, temporis autcni feptimas, exigit & fibi fcponir. Qiior- 
 fum enim fucrit, os gerere in cocli fublimia ercctum ; mcntem vero humi 
 prdftratam, &: pulvcrem inftar ferpentis comedcntem ) Qiiod etiam etimi- 
 cos noil fugit : 
 
 At que affigit humo divinae particulam aurae, 
 
 Qiiod fi in hoc fibi quifquam adblandiatur, quod fortuna fua, utcunque cam 
 malis artibus obtinucrit, redle uti decreverit ; ficut dc Augufto Cacfarc & 
 Scptimio Severe iblitum crat dici, debuiflc illos, aut nunquam nalei, aut 
 imnquam mori 5 tants jn ambitu fortunac fuac patrarunt mala, tanta rur- 
 fus I'umma adcpti, contulcrunt bona: intelligat nihilominus hanc malo- 
 rum per bona compcnfationem poft fadum probari ; confilium autcm hu- 
 jufmodi mcrito damnari. Abs re poftrcmo nobis non fucrit, in curfu ifto 
 incitato & fervido, verfus fortunam noftram, frigidam paulifpcr afpergere, 
 hauftam c difterio illo non inelcgante Caroli Qiiinti imperatoris, in inftituti- 
 onibus fuis ad filium : Imitari fortunam mores mulicrum, quae procos plus 
 nimio ambientcs, plcrunquc fupcrbe avcrlantur. Verum hoc ultimum re- 
 medium pertiilct ad eos, quibus guftus ex morbo animi corruptus eft. in- 
 nitantur potius homines lapidi illi, qui thcologiac & philofophiac eft tan- 
 quam angularis ; quae idem fere aflcrunt dc co, quod primum quacri debe- 
 at : Etenimthcologia cdicit ; ''Primum quaerite regnum1)ei, c^ iftaomnia 
 adjicientur vobis. Philolbphia autcm fimilc quiddam jubet : Primum quae- 
 rite bona animi, cactcra aut aderunt, aut non oberunt. Qiiamvis autcm 
 hoc fundamentum, humanitus jaftum, interdum locctur ilipcr arenas; quem- 
 admodum videre eft in M. Brute, qui in cam vocem. Tub cxituni iimm, 
 prorupit : 
 
 21? colul^ virtus, ut rem : aji tu nomen inane es. 
 
 At idem fundamentum, divinitus locatum, firmatur femper in petra. Hie 
 autcm dodtrinam dc ambitu vitac, i^ fimul dodrinam gencralem dc ncgo- 
 liis, concludimus. 
 
 Vo I., r. H h <: A p.
 
 242 D E A U G M E N T I S S C I E N T I A R U M. Lib. VlIT. 
 
 irruri ■ n\b?^-' ^ ■»^. 111. ->fi bwife 
 
 Tartitiones doHrinae de imperio Jive reptibUca omlttimtur j tantuw aditiis 
 '•^'^ jit ad dejiderata du9, dodirinam de proferendis jinibns imperii, '&'^)doc- 
 '" trinain de jiiftitia nniverfali, five defontibiis juris. niw 
 
 VENIO jam ad artcm imperii, five doclrinam de republica admini- 
 ftranda : Sub qua ctiam occonomica continctur, ut tamiJia fub civi- 
 tatc. In hac parte, ficut jam antea dixi, filcntium mihi imperavi. JSIcquc 
 tamcn prorfus diffidcre debui, quia pollim de ilia fortalfe non impcrite aut 
 iautilitcr diffcrcre : utpore qui ionga expericntia cdodus, & per tot mune- 
 rum & honorum gradus ad amplilllmum regni magiltratum,. favore maiefta- 
 tis tuac indulgciitiilimo, nuUo racrito mco cvcdus fucrim, cundemque ma- 
 giftratum per annos quatuor intcgros geflerim : & quod pluris eft, majcrta- 
 tis tuae mandatis & colloquiis per annos ododecim continuos aHucvcrim ; 
 (quod ctiam c ftipite aliquo politicum exculpere poruiflet :) quique ctiam 
 inter omnes artes, piurimum tcmporis in hiltoriis & Icgibus contriverim. 
 Quae omnia non jaclantia ad poftcros refero, fed quia ad literarum dignita- 
 tem nonniliil pertinerc putem, quod homo quifpiarn ad literas potius quam 
 ad aliud quicquam natus, & ad res gerendas, ncfcio quo fato, contra geni- 
 um luum abreptus, ad civilia tamcn munera tarn lionoritica & ardua llib 
 regc prudentiflimoaflumptus fuerit. Vemm, fi quid circa politicam port- 
 hac parturiet otium meum, erit fortafle proles, aut abortiva aut pofthuma. 
 Interim, nc, fcientiis omnibus jam vcluti in lublelliis fuis coUocatis, fcdes 
 haec tam excelfa omnino vacet, decrevi duas tantum civilis Icientiac poi'ii- 
 ones, quae ad arcana imperii non pertinent, fed funt tiaturae magis commu- 
 nis, ut defidcrata notare; earumquc, more noftro, excmpla proponerc. :*;l 
 Cum artes imperii tria officia politica complcftantur ; primo, ut imp^- 
 rium confervetur : fecundo, ut beatum cfficiatur & florens : tertio, ut am- 
 plificetur, finefque ejus longius proferantur: de duobus primis oificiis, max- 
 ima ex parte, egrcgic a nonnuUis traftatum eft, de tertio filetur. Illud ira- 
 que inter defidcrata reponemus, & more noftro cxemplum ejus proponcmus, 
 .earn dodrinae partem confulcm paludatum, five doctrinam de proferendis 
 imperii finibus, nominantes. .;j 
 
 Exemplmn traciatus fnmmarii de proferendis finibus imperii:. \\ i>rjj> 
 
 Didum Thcmiftoclis fibi ipfi applicatum, incivile ccrte fuit & inflatum; 
 fin de aliis atquc in genere prolatum fuiflct, prudcntemfaneobicrvationem 
 & pergravcm ccnfuram complecli vidcatur. Rogatus in convivio, ut ci- 
 tharam pulfaret, refpondir, tidibus fe ncfcire; caeterum polle oppidum par- 
 vum in magnam civitatcm evchcre. Ifta certe verba, ad fenfum politicum 
 tranflata, facultatcs duas multum inter fe difcrcpantcs, in iis, quircrumgii- 
 bernacula tractant, optime dcfcribunt »Sc diftinguunt. Etenim, fi rcguni 
 confiliarios, fcnatores, aliofque ad negotia publica admotos, qui ufquamfu- 
 erunt, attentc intueamur, reperientur profcclo (licet rariilime) nonnull?, 
 qui regnum aut civitatcm c parvis ampla cfticere poftint r Hdicincs tamcn 
 ixnx. valdc impcriti : E contra autcm alii quamplurimi, in cirhara aur lyri, 
 {hhc eft, aulicis tricis) miri artifices, qui, tantum abcft, ut rempublicam ahl- 
 plificare pollmt, ut potius a natura comparati videantur ad ftatum rcipub- 
 iicac beatum 6: florentcm labcfadandum & cvcrtcndum. Sane, artes illae 
 ''■ » ■ degeiicrcs
 
 Cap.lII. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 243 
 
 degeneres & praeftigiae, quibus faepenumcro confiliarii, atquc rcrum po- 
 tentes, & gratiam apud principcs fuos, & famam in valgus, rcportant, haud 
 aliud nomen mercntur, quam peritiae cujufdam fidiculariac, utpote cum 
 jfint res magis gratae in praefcns, & ai'tificibus ipfis ornamento, quani ad re- 
 rumpublicarum, quarum flint minirtri, opes & amplitudincm utiles aut ac- 
 commodae. Occurrent proculdubio & alii confiliarii, atquc rcipublicac gu- 
 bcrnatorcs, niinime fperncndi, qui fmt ncgotiis pares, polllntque res com- 
 niode adminiftrare, caique a manifcllispraecipitiis &incommodis conlcrvarc } 
 a virtute tamcn ilia rcrumpublicarum eredrice & ampliticatrice longo intcr- 
 vallo abfunt. 
 
 Verum, qualefcunquc dcmum fucrint opcrarii, conjiciamus oculos iii 
 opus iplum 5 qualis nimirum cenleri debeat vera regnorum & rcrumpublica- 
 rum magnitudo, Sc quibus artibus obtineri pollit : Dignum protedo argu- 
 mcntum, quod principes perpctuo in manibus habcant, & diligenter medi- 
 tcntur; quo nee vires luas in majus aeftimantes, inccptis fe vanis & iiiinis 
 arduis impliccnt 5 nee rurius cafliem plus aequo dclpieientcs, ad conHlia pu- 
 fillanima & mcticulola Ic demittant. 
 
 Magnitudo impcriorum, quoad molcm & tcrritorium, menfurac fub- 
 jicitur i quoad reditus calculis, Numcrus civium & capita ccnfu ; urbium 
 & oppidorum multitudo & amplitudo, tabulis excipi polllint : Attamen 
 non rcperitur inter civilia res errori magis obnoxia, quam vcrum & intrin- 
 fccum cxcipcre valorem, circa vires & copias imperii alicujus. Aflimila- 
 tur regnum coclorum non glandi, aut nuci alicui grandiori, led grano fina- 
 pis, quod inter grana eft minimum 5 quod tamcn habet interim intra le pro- 
 prietatem quandam & fpiritum innatum, quo fe & citius attoUat, & latius 
 difFundat : Eodem modo invcnirc eft regna & flatus, ambitu quideni 6c re- 
 gionum tradu valde ampla, quae tamcn ad fines ulterius proferendos, auc 
 latius impcrandum funt minus apta; alia contra dimcnfione iatis cxigua, quae 
 tamcn bales, in quibus maximae monarchiac inacdificentur, cflc pollint. 
 
 I . U R B E s munitac, plena armamentaria, equorum propagines gencrofae, 
 curris armati, clephanti, macliinae atquc tormenta bellica omnigcna, & limi- 
 lia; funtcertcifta univerfa, nihil aliud, quam ovis induta pcUe Iconina, nifi 
 gens ipia ftirpc liia & ingenio fit fortis & militaris, Imo, nee numcrus 
 ipfc copiarum multum juvat, ubi milites imbellcs funt & ignavi. Rede 
 cnim Virgilius ; Lupus numerum pccornm non curat. Exercitus Pcrla- 
 rum in campis Arbclac oculis Maccdonum tanquam vaftum hominum pcla- 
 gus fubjicicbatur 5 adco ut duces Alexandri, nonnihil ipfo fpcdaculo per- 
 cuUi, regem intcrpcUarent, atquc ut nodu proelium committcret, ei autho- 
 res crant : Quibus illc, nolo (inquit) lliffurari vidoriam : Ea autem ctiam 
 opinione fuit facilior. Tigrancs Armenius caftrametatus in quodam colic 
 cum cxercitu quadringentorum millium, cum Ipedaret acicm Romano- 
 rum, quae quatuordecim millia non cxccllit, contra Te tendcntem, in didc- 
 rio illo fuo iibi complacuitj ecce (inquit) hominum pro legationc nimio 
 plus quam oportet, pro pugna longe minus : cofdem tamcn, priufquam 
 occubuiflct Ibl, I'atis multos ad ilium infinita ftragc profligandum cxpertus 
 eft. Innumera llint cxcmpla, quam fit multitudinis cum tbrtitudine con- 
 grcflus impar. Primo igitur pro re ccrtillima & cxploratifllma dcccrnatur 
 3c ftatuatur, quod caput omnium, quae ad ma^nitudinem regni aut fi:atus 
 fpedent, fit, ut populus ipfc fit ftirpc & ingenio bellicofus. Atquc illud 
 magis trituin quam vcrum, quod nervi belli f nt pecuniae, fi delint nervi 
 laccrtorum in gcnte molli & ctFocminata. Rcdc cnim C^rocfo oftcntanti 
 Vol. L Hh 3 aurum
 
 24+ DE AUGMENTIS S CI E NTI AR UM. Lib.Vm. 
 
 aurutn refpondit Solon : At fi quis {p rex) vencrit, qui melius qitam tu 
 ferrum gcftet. Hit profeBo totum hoc cedet aiirnm.. Quarc, quicunque 
 "is tandem fit piinccps aut ftatus, cujus fubditi nativi & indigenae non fiat 
 animofi & militares, potentiam fuam admodum fobrie acllimct : Atquc «. 
 contra principes, qui dominantur in gentcs animolas & martias, noiint illi 
 iatis vires fuas, Ti fibi alias non defint. Qtiod attinet ad copias merccnaiias 
 (quod iblct adhibcri rcmedium, cum copiae nativac defint) plena llint om- 
 nia excmplis, quibus liquido patct, quod quicunque Ibtus illis innitctur, 
 poterit tbrtaflc pennas ad tempus breve nido majores cxtenderc, led deflucnt 
 illae paulo poll. 
 
 2. Benedict ID Judae & Iflacliaris, in unum nunquam convenient : 
 Nimirum, ut eadem tribus aut gens fit fimul & leonis catulus, & alinus 
 procumbens intec iarcinas. ' Neque unquam fiet, ut populus tributis op- 
 preflus, fortis exiftat & bcilicoius. Verum eft collationcs publico conlen- 
 lu fadas, minus animos lubditorum dcjiccre & deprimere, quam quae ex 
 imperio mcio indicuntur. Id quod liquido videre eft in tributis Germaniae 
 inferioris, quas excilas vocant : Atquc aliqua ex parte in iis, quae fubfidia 
 nominantur apud Anglos. Etenim notandum eft, Icrmoncm jam inf.itni dc 
 animis hominum, non de opibus. Tributa autem, quae ex conlenl'u con- 
 feruntur, & quae ex imperio imponuntur, ctil eadem res fint, quoad opes 
 exliauriendas, varic tamen omnino animos lubditorum afficiunt. Statua- 
 tur igitur et hoc, populum tributis gravatum idoneum ad imperandum non 
 cflc. 
 
 3. AsPiRANTiBUS ad magnitudinem regnis & ftatibus, prorlus ca- 
 vendum, ne nobiles & patricii, atque (quos vocamus) gencrofi, majorcm 
 in modum multipliccntur. Hoc enim eo rem deducit, ut plcbs regni fit 
 humilis & abjecla ; & nihil aliud fere quam nobilium mancipia & opcra- 
 rii. Simile quiddam fieri vidcmus in fylvis caeduis j in quibus [[ major, quam 
 par eft, caudicum five arborum majorum relinquatur numciLis, non rcnal- 
 cetur lylva fincera & pura ; fed major pars in veprcs & dumos dcgcnera- 
 bit. Eodem modo in nationibus, ubi numerofior jufto ell nobilitas, crit 
 plebs vilis & ignava : atque eo demum res redibit, ut nee centcfimum quod- 
 que caput fit ad galeam portandam idoneum: praefertim fi pcditatum fpc- 
 dtes, qui exercitus plerunque eft robur praecipuum ; unde fuccedet magna 
 populatio, vires exiguae. Nulquam gentium, hoc quod dico, luculcntius 
 comprobatum eft, quam exemplis Angliae & Galliae : Qiiarum Anglia, 
 quamvis territorio & numero incolarum longe inferior, potiores tamen par- 
 tes fere femper in bellis obtinuit ; hanc ipfam ob caufam, quod apud An- 
 glos coloni, & inferioris ordinis homines, militiae habiles fint, ruftici Gal- 
 liae non item. Qiia in re mirabili quadam et profunda prudentia excogita- 
 tum eft ab Henrico feptimo Angliae rege, (id quod in vitac ejus hiftoria 
 fufius tradlavimus) ut praedia minora, atque domus agricolationis inftitucren- 
 tur, quae habeant certum cumquc mediocrem agri modum anncxum, qui 
 diftrahi non pollit, eo iine, ut ad viclum liberaliorcm fuliiciat i utque agri- 
 cultura ab iis exerceretur, qui domini fucrint fundi, aut faltcm ulufrudtua- 
 rii, non condudlitii aut mercenarii. Nam ita demum charac^crem ilium, 
 quo antiquam Italiam infignivit Virgilius, mercbitur regio aliqua : 
 
 ■ ' Terra potens armis, atque ubere gleba. 
 
 Nequc praetercunda eft ilia pars populi, (quae Angliae fcrc eft pcculiaris, 
 nee alibi (quod fcio) in ufu, nifi forte apud Polonos) famuli IciHcet nobi- 
 lium ;
 
 Cap. III. DEAUGMENTISSCIENTIARUM. 245 
 
 lium : hujus enim generis etiam jnledorcs, quoad pcditatum, agricolis ipfis 
 minimecedunt. Qiiare ccitillimum eft, quod magnincentia & Iplendor illc 
 hofpitalis, atquc fainulitia, & veluti latcllitia ampla, quae in more lunt apud 
 nobiles & gcncrolbs in Anulia, ad potentiam militarcm apprimc condu- 
 cant ; ubi contra, nobilium obicura 6c magis privata & in le rcdufta vitac 
 ratio copias militates mi nuit. 
 
 4. D A N D A eft omuino opera, ut arbor ifta monarchiac, qualis fuit Ne- 
 buchadnczzatis, truncum iubcat iatis amplum & robullum, ad ramos fuos 
 & frondcs llillentandos : Hoc eft, ut numerus indigenarum, ad fubditos ex- 
 ttaneoscohibendos, fatis fuperque lufficiat. 11 li igitur ftatus ad imperii ma<T- 
 nitudinem bene comparati lunt, qui jus civitatis facile & libenter lar<?iuntur. 
 Vana fiquidem fuerit opinio, polTe manipulum hominum, utcunquc animis 
 & confilio excellant, regiones nimio plus amplas & Ipatioias imperii juiro 
 cohibere & fraenare. Id ad tempus fortafle facere poftlnt, fed diuturnita- 
 tem haec res non aflcquitur. Spattani parci fuerunt, & difficiles in coop- 
 tandis novis civibus. Unde, donee intra parvos limites dominati lunt, res 
 coram lirmae fuerunt & ftabiies: At poftquam limites fuos cocpiflent pro- 
 ferrc, & latius dominari, quam ut ftirps Spartanorum, turbam cxterorum 
 imperio commode coiircere poilet, potcntia eorum fubito corruit. Nulla un- 
 quam refpublica fuius fuos ad novos cives recipicndos tam profule iaxavit, 
 quam rclpublica Romana. Jtaquc par erat inftituto tam prudenti fortuna 
 cum in imperium toto orbe ampliftinium luccrevcrint. Moris apud eos erat 
 jus civitatis promptc elargiri ; idqucin fuprcmo gradu : Hoc eft, non folum 
 jus comniercii, jus connubii, jus liaercditatis j verum etiam jus fuftVauii, &c 
 jus pctitionis, five honorum : Hocque rurfus, non fingulis tantum perfonis^ 
 fed lOtis familiis, imo civitatibus, & nonnunquam integris nationibus, com- 
 n'.unic-irunt. Hue adde conluetudincm dcduccndi colonias, quibus Romanac 
 ftirpvs in folum extcrum tranfplantabantur. Qiiae duo inftituta fi fimui 
 cor.^ponas, dices profetlo, non Romanos fe ditfudiftc fuper univerfum or- 
 bciii -, fed contra, orbem univerfum fe difFudilfe fuper Romanos: Qiiae fe- 
 curilfima profercndi imperii eit ratio. Subit mirari faepius imperium Hi- 
 Ipanorum ; quod tam paucis indigenis tot rcgna & provincias amplcxari & 
 fraenare pollit. Ac certe Hilpaniae iplae pro arboris ftemmate fatis grandi 
 habei-i debent, cum longe ampliorem contineant regionum tradum, quam 
 Romae aut Spartae, llib iniriis fuis, contigerat. Porro, quanquam jus civi- 
 tatis Iatis parce foleant Hifpani impertire, quod proximum tamen eft, faei- 
 unt j quippe qui cujufcunquc nationis liomiucs ad militiam fuam ordinariani 
 promil(:ue admittant : Quinetiain fummum belli imperium baud raro ad duces 
 natione non Hilpanos deferunt. Attamcn & illarn iplam videntur non ira 
 pridem, indigenarum paucitatem fenfjHc, eiquc fuccurrcre cupiilfe ; ut ex 
 pragmatica landione hoc anno promulgata, cernere eft. 
 
 f. Cert 1 SSI MUM eft, artes mccharvicas ledentarias, quae non fub dio, 
 fed fub tecio exercentur, atque manufadHras dclicatas, (quae digjtum potius 
 quam brachium requirunt) fua natura militaribus animis eflc contrarias. In 
 univerfum, populi bellicofi feriari gaudcnt, & pericula quam labores minus 
 cxhorrent. Atquc in hoc ingenio fuo non funt admodum reprimendi, fi 
 animos ipforum in vigorc confcrvare cordi nobis iit. Magno itaque adju- 
 mento Spartae, Athenis, Romae, aliilque antiquis rebulpublicis fuit, quod 
 habucrint non ingenuos , fed fcrvos, plcrunque , quorum laboribus 
 iftiufmodi opificia expcdiebantur. Verum mancipiorum ufus, poft legem 
 Chriftianam rcceptam, maxima ex parte abiit in defuctudinem. Huic 
 
 vnxo
 
 -46 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. LlkVIIL 
 
 vcro lei proximum eft, ut artes like alienigcnis tantum permittantur i qui 
 proprcrca allicicndi, aut laltem facile rccipicndi Hint. Narivorum autcra 
 plebs ex tribus generibus hominum couftare debet s nempe, ex agricolis ; 
 famulis ingenuis ; & artiticibus ; quorum opera robur & lacertos viriles po- 
 ftulant j cujufmodi funt fabri ferrarii, lapidarii, lignarii, & iimilcs ; noa an- 
 numcrando militiam dcfcriptam. 
 
 6. Ante omnia ad imperii magnitudincm confert, ut gens aliquaarmo- 
 rum ftudium profitcatur, tanquam decus liium, & inftitutum vitae prima- 
 rium, & in praccipuo honore iiabitum. Quae enim a nobis adliuc dicla funt, 
 ad habilitates tantum erga arnia fpcclant : Qiiorium autem habilitas, H non 
 rei ipfi incumbitur, ut producatur in aduni ? Romulus, (ut narrant, aut hn- 
 gunt) poftquam e vivis cxcefl'erat, illud civibus fuis legavit, ut ante omnia 
 rem militarcm colcrent, undc in caput orbis terrarum urbs eorum infurgerer. 
 Imperii Spartani fabrica univcrfa (non nimis prudenter quidcm, fed diligen- 
 tcr tamen) ad ilium fmem & Icopum compofita eft & conftructa, ut cives 
 fui belligeratores eflent. Perfarum & Macedonum idem erat inftitutum, led 
 non tarn conftans aut diuturnum. Britanni, Galli, Germani, Gothi, Saxones, 
 Normanni, & nonnulli alii, etiam ad tempus armis fe praecipue dediderunt. 
 Turcae idem inftitutum, lege fua haud paululum extimulati, hodie retinenr, 
 fed magna cum militiae fuae (ut nunc eft) declinatione. In Europa Chri- 
 ftiana, gens quae illud adhuc retinet & profitetur, foli funt Hifpani. Ve- 
 rum res eft tam liquida & manifefta, unumquemque in eo proficere maximc, 
 in quo plurimum impendit ftudii, ut verbis non indigeat. Satis fit innuilVc, 
 defperandum omnino alicui nation! cfle, quae non ex profeflb arma & mili- 
 tiam colat, iilque praecipue ftudcat & incumbat, fibi veluti ultro obvcntu- 
 ram infignem aliquam imperii magnitudincm : Contra autem, certiilimum 
 cfle temporis orajculum, nationes illas, quae in armorum profeflione & ftu- 
 diis diutius permanfcrint, (id quod Romani Turcaeque potiflimum fccere) 
 miros in impcrio ampliticando facere progrefllis. Qiiin & iliac, quae bellica 
 gloria per unius tantummodo faeculi Ipatium floruere ; inde tamen, unico 
 illo faeculo, cam imperii amplitudinem aflccutae funt, quam longo poft tem- 
 pore, etiam remilla ilia armorum difciplina, retinuerunt. 
 
 7. Praecepto praecedenti affine eft 5 ut ftatus quis utatur ejufmodi 
 legibus & conllietudinibus, quae juftas illi caufas, aut faltem praetextus, 
 arma capeflcndi, tanquam in promptu miniftrent. Etenim, ea eft infita 
 animis hominum juftitiae apprehenfio, ut bellum, (quod tot fequuntur cala- 
 mitates) nifi gravem ob caul'am, faltem fpeciofam infcrre abftineant. Turcis 
 praefto eft femper, & ad nutum, belli caufa; propagatio fcilicet Icgis & 
 Icdae fuae. Romani, quanquam pro magno decore impcratoribus apud eos 
 fuerit, fi fines imperii ipforum protuliflent, tamen ob hanc folam caufam, 
 ut fines proferrentur, nunquam bella fufceperunt. Afpiranti igitur ad im- 
 perium nationi illud in more fit : ut fenfum habeat vividum & acrem injuriae 
 alicujus, vel fubditis luis limitaneis, vel mercatoribus vcl publicis mintftris, 
 illatae ; neque a prima provocationc diutius torpeat aut tardet. Item, 
 prompta fit 6c alacris ad auxilia mittenda fociis fuis Sc foederatis : Id quod 
 perpetuum erat apud Romanos : adeo ut, fi forte in populum foederatum, 
 cui etiam cum aliis foedus defenfivum intcrcederet, hoftilis impreflio facta 
 cflet ; atque ille a plurimis fuppctias peteret ; Romani omnium primi fem- 
 per adclfent, bcneficii decus nemini praeripicndum rclinquentcs. Quod, 
 veto attinct ad bella, antiquis temporibus, propter ftatuum conformitatcm 
 quandam, aut correfpondcntiam tacitam, gefta, non video, in quo jure ilia 
 
 fundata
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 247 
 
 fmiJata fiat. Talia liicmnt bcUa, qune a Romanis fufccpta craiit ad Grac- 
 ciam in libcrtatcm vindicandam : taiia Laccdacmoniis & Athcnicnfibiis, aJ 
 conftiruendas aut cvcrtcndas dcmocratias & oligarchias : talia quandoque 
 illata fant a rcbufpublicis aut principibus, fub pracrcxtu, fubditos alicnos 
 protcgcndi, & a tyrannidc libcrandi. Ad rem pracfcntcm fufficiaf, ut illud 
 dcccrnatur : Non cflc cxpedandam (latui alicui imperii amplitudincm, nifi ad 
 quamvis occafionem jiiftam fc armandi protinus cxpcrgifcatur. 
 
 8. NuL L UM omniiio corpus, five fit illud naruralc five politicum, abf- 
 quc cxcrcitationc laniratem fuam tucri qucat. Rccrno autem, aut reipubli- 
 cac juftum atquc honoriiicum bcUum loco falubris cxercitationis eft. Ecl- 
 lum civile profedo inflar caloris Ivbrilis eft ; at bellum externum inftar ca- 
 Joris ex motu, qui valctudini imprimis conducit. Ex pacecnim defide atque 
 torpcntc & emolliunrur animi, & corrumpuntur mores. Sed utcunque res 
 Ic linbcat quatcnus ad alicujusftatus felicitarcm, ma;j;iiitudinisproculdubio in- 
 tcrcft, ut quafi Temper in armis fit. Atque cxercirus veteranus, perpetuo 
 tanquam fubvexillis habitus, ctfi res fit magni proculdubio llimptus & im- 
 penlae, attamen eiulinodi eft, ut ftatui alicui quafi arbitrium rerum inter 
 vicinos, aut faltem plurimum exidimationis ad omnia conferat. Id quod 
 infigiiiter cernerc eft in Hifpanis, qui jam per annos centum & viginti cxcr- 
 citum vercranum, adaliquas partes, licet non Temper ad eafdem, aluerunr. 
 
 5). Maris dominium, monarchiac quaedam epitome eft. Cicero, de 
 Pompeii contra Caefarem apparatu, fcribens ad Atticum .• Conji/ium (inquit) 
 ''Pompeii, plane Tbeniiftocleum efi : putat enim, qui mari potitur, eum 
 rerum pottri. Atque Caeiarem Pompeius proculdubio delafiaflct & attri- 
 viffet, nifi inani fiducia inflatus, ab illo incepto deftitiftet. Proclia navalia, 
 quanti fucrint momcnti, ex multis exemplis patet. Pugna ad Adium orbis 
 imperium detcrminavit. Pugna ad infulas Curfolarcs circulum in naribus 
 Turcae pofuit. Mukotics certe evenit, ut vidoriae navalcs finem fummae 
 belli attulerint. Scd hoc factum eft, cum aleae hujufmodiproeliorum totius 
 belli fortuna commilli eft. Illud minimc dubium, quod qui maris potitur 
 dominio, in magna libcrratc agit, & tantum, quantum vclit, de bello fume- 
 re potell: : ubi contra, qui tcrre(l:ribus copiis eft fuperior, nihilominus plu- 
 rimis anguftiis conflidatur. At hodie, atquc apud nos Europaeos, ^\ un- 
 quam, aut ufpiam, potentia navalis (quae quidcm huic regno Britanniae in 
 dotem cellit) fummi ad rerum faftigia momenti eft; turn quiapleraque Eu- 
 ropae rcgna mediterranea fimpliciter non funt, fed maxima ex parte mari 
 cinda; turn etiam, quia utriufque Indiae thcfauri & opes, imperio maris, yc- 
 luti acccflbrium quiddam exiftunt. 
 
 10. Bella moderna, vcluti in tcncbris gcfta, cenfcri poflunt, prae glo- 
 ria & dccorc vario, quae in homines militates, prifcis temporibus, a rebus 
 bcllicis rcfilire folcbant. Habemus hodie, fortafle ad animos faciendos, 
 Ordines quofdam honoriticos militiae, qui tamcn jam fadi funt & armis & 
 togae communes. Etiam in Icutis gentilitiis ftemmata nonnulla habemus : 
 Inilipcr hofpitia quaedam publica, militibus cnierltis & mutilatis dcftinata, 
 & hujufmodi. Verum, apud veteres, in locis, ubi vidoriac partac funt, 
 cxtruda trophaca ; laudationcs funcbres, &: monumenta magnifica occumben- 
 tium in bcUo. Coronae civicaci, militarcs, fingulis conceflae. Nomen ipliam 
 imperatoris ; quod poftea reges maximi a belli ducibus mutuati funt ; rcde- 
 untium ducum, bellis profpcre confcdis, celebrcs triumphi -, donativa, at- 
 que largitioncs ingentcs in milites, fub exercituum dimifiloncm. Haec 
 (inquam) tot & tanta fuerunt, & tarn infigni fplcndorc corufcantia, ut pedo- 
 
 ribus-
 
 24-8 DE AUGMENTIS 3 CI E NTI AR UM. Lib.Vlir. 
 
 ribu? iridrfalium, ctlam maxime conglaciatis, igniculos ibbderG, caquc 'ad 
 bellvlm iaflammarc, potucrinr. Ante omnia vcro mos ille tiiumphandi 
 apud Romanes, noii res crat ex pompa, aut Ipeclaculum quoddam inane, 
 fed inter prudcntiilima plane nobiiiillmaquc inllituta nunierandiis : Utpotc 
 qui in fe haec tria habci-et 5 ducum decus & gloriaai ; aerarii ex Ipoliis locu- 
 pletationcm ; & donativa militum. Verum honor triumphi fortaflc nio- 
 narchiis non competir, praeterquam in pcrfonis regis ipfius, aut filioruni 
 regis. Qiiod etiam temporibus iinpcratoruni Romac obtinuit 5 qui honorem 
 ipl'um triumphi, fibi & filiis fuis, dc bcUis, quae praefentes ipfi confeccrant, 
 tanquam peculiarcm rctcrvarunt : Veftimenta autem Iblummodo, Sc-infignia 
 triumphalia, ahis ducibus indulierunt. 
 
 V Ve r u m, ut fermoncs hos claudamus 5 nemo eft (ut tcftatur facra fcrip* 
 tura) qui follicite cogitando, potiji apponere ad Jlaturam fuam ctibitum 
 minm ■-, iii pufillo fcilicet corporis humani modulo: Cacterum, in magn.1 
 regnorum & rerumpublicarum i^ibrica impcrium ampliticare & fines proterrc, 
 rcgcs penes & domlnantes eft. Nam prudenter introducendo leges, inftitU' 
 ta, & confuGtudines, quales jam propofuimus, & alias his fimiles, poflcrisj 
 & f;ieculis futuris, magnitudinis lementem fecerinr. Verum ifta eonfilia 
 apud principes raro tractantur, fed res fortunac plerunque committitur. 
 
 At q^u e haec habuimus, quae dc proferendis imperii finibus in pracfen.- 
 t'ia occurrunt. Verum quorfum ifta commentatio ; cum monarchia Roma- 
 na, futura fit inter mundanas (ut crcditur) ultima ? Nifi quod nobis, infti- 
 tuto noftro fidis, nequeufpiam de via declinantibus, (quandoquidem ani- 
 pliticatio imperii fucrit inter ofScia tria politiccs tcrtium) illud omnino prac- 
 tcrmittcre non licuerit. Reftat jam dcfidcratum alteram ex iis, quae pofuL- 
 mus, duobus, nimirum, dc juftitia univeriali, five de fontibus juris. 
 
 Oui de iegibus fcripferunt, omnes vcl tanquam phi lofophi, vel tanquam 
 jurilconfulti, argumentum illud tradaverunt. Atque philofophi proponunt 
 multa, dictu pulchra, fed ab ufu remota. jurifconluiti autem, fuae quil-j 
 que patriae Icgum, vcl etiam Romanarum, aut Pontificiarum, placitis ob- 
 noxii & addidi, judicio fincero non utuntur, fed tanquam c vinculis fcrnio- 
 cinantur. Ccrtc cognitio ifta ad viros civiles propric fpedat ; qui oprime 
 norunt, quid ferat focictas humana, quid filus populi, quid acquitas natu- 
 ralis, quid gentium mores, quid rerumpubUcarum formae diverfic : idcoque 
 pollint de Iegibus, ex principiis & praeceptis, tarn aequitatis naturalis, quani 
 politices, decernerc. Quamobrem id nunc agatur, ut fontes juftitiae & 
 utilitatis publicae petantur, & in fingulis juris partibus charader quidam & 
 idea jufti cxhibeatur, ad quam particularium regnorum & rerumpublicarum 
 leges probarc, atque inde cmendationcm moliri, quifquc, cui hoc cordi crit 
 & curae, pollif. Hujus igitur rci, more noftro, cxemplum in uno titulo 
 proponemus. 
 
 Exemplum tract at us de jujiitia nniverfali. Jive de fontibus juris, in 
 
 u7io titulo, per aphorifmos. 
 
 P R o o E i\r I u M. 
 
 Aphorifmm i.TN focietatc civili aut lex aut vis valct. Eft autcm & vis 
 \ quaedam legem fimulans : & lex nonnulla magis vim fa- 
 piens, quam aequitatcm juris. Triplex eft igitur injuftitiac fons, vis incra 5 
 illaqueatio malitiola practextu Icgis » & acerbitas ipfius legis. 
 
 Aphor.
 
 Cap. III. DiEAUGMENTISSCiENTIARUM. 240 
 
 Aphor. 2. FiRMAMENTUM jurls privati talc eft. Qiii in juriam facir^ 
 re utilitatcm aut voluptarcra capir, cxcmpio pcriculum. Cactcri utilitatis 
 aut voluptatis illius participcs non llinr, led excmplum ad fe pcrtincrc pu- 
 tant. Itaque facile cocunt in confcnfum, ut cavcatur fibi per leges; ne 
 injuriac per vices ad lingulos rcdcant. Qiiod fi ex rationc temporum, & 
 communione culpae, id cveniar, ut pluribus & potcntioribus, per legem 
 aliquam, periculum crcetur, quam cavcatur, faclio Iblvit legem; quod <5c 
 faepe fit. 
 
 Aphor. ly. At jus privatum fub tutcia juris pubiici latct. Lex enim ca- 
 vet civibus, magiftrarus legibus. Magillratuum autcm authoritas pendct 
 ex majellatc imperii, & fabrica politiac, & legibus fuadamcntalibus. Quarc, 
 it ex ilia parte lanitas fucrit, & rcdta conftitutio, leges erunt in bono ufu; 
 fui minus, parum in iis pracfidii erit. 
 
 Aphor. if. Neq^^cje tamen jus publicum ad hoc tantum fjscftat, ut adda- 
 tur tanquam cuftos juri private, ncillud violetur, atque ut ceflent injuriac j 
 fex extenditur etiam ad rcligioncm, & arma, & difciplinam, & Ornamenta 
 & opes, denique ad omnia circa bene clTe civltatis. 
 
 Aphor. tj. Finis enim & fcopus, qucm leges intueri, atque ad quern 
 jufliones(5c landiones luas dirigere debent, non alius eft, quam ut cives feli- 
 citer degant: Id fiet, fi pietate & rcligione redle inftituti; moribus honefti ; 
 armis adverfus hoftes externos tuti; legum auxilio advcrfus leditiones & 
 privatas injurias muniti; imperio & magiftratibus oblcqucntes; copiis & 
 opibus locuplctes & florcntes fuerint. Harum autem rerum inftrumenta &: 
 nervi lunt leges. 
 
 Aphor. 6. Atq^ue huncfinem optimac leges aflcquuntur; plurimaevcro 
 ipfarum aberrant. Lcges enim mirum in modum, & maximo intervallo, 
 inter fe differunt: ut aliae excellant, aliae mcdiocrircr fc habeant, «iliac 
 prorfus vitiofae fmt. Diftabimus igitur pro judicii noftri modulo quafdam 
 tanquam Icgum leges; ex quibus informatio peti poflit, quid in fmgulis le- 
 gibus bene aut perperam pofitum aut conrtitutum lit. 
 
 Aphor. 7. Ante q^u a m veto ad corpus ipfum Icgum parricularium dc- 
 veniamus; perftringcmus paucisvirtutcs & dignitatcs legum in genere. Lex 
 bonacenferi poflit, quae fit intimatione certa, pracccpto jufta, cxecutionc 
 Commoda; cum forma politiae congrua, & gencrans virtutem in fubditis* 
 
 TiTULUS I. 
 
 "De prima dignitate legum, ut Jint certae. 
 
 Aphor. %. Legis tantum intereft ut certa fit, ut abfquc hoc ncc juft.t 
 cflTe poflit. Si enimincertam vocem det tuba, quts fe parabit ad bellitm? 
 Sin iliter, fi incettam vocem det lex, quis fe parabit ad parendum ? Ut mo- 
 neat igitur oportet priufquam feriat. Etiam illud rccle pofitum eft: Opti- 
 mam cfle legem, quae minimum relinquit arbitrio judicis : Id quod certituda 
 ejus praeftat. 
 
 Aphor. ^. Duplex legUm incertitudo; altera, ubi lex nulla praefcri- 
 bitur; altera, ubi ambigua & obfcura. Itaque dc cafibus omiflls a lege 
 primo dicendum eft ; ut in his etiam invcniatur aliqua norma ccrtitudinis. 
 
 ^e cafibus omijfis a lege. 
 
 Aphor. 10. Angustia prudentiahumanae, cafusomnes, quostcmpus 
 
 rcpcrit, non poteft caperc. Non raro itaque fe oftendunt eafus omifli & 
 
 Vol. L li novL
 
 S50 DE AUGMENTIS S C I E iN T I ARUM. Lib.VlIL 
 
 novi. In hujufmodi cafibus triplex adhibctur rcmedium, five fupplcmen- 
 tum: vcl per proccfliim ad flmilia ; vel per ufum cxcmploriim, licet int 
 legem non coaliierint; vel per jurifdicliiones, quae ftatuunt e\ arbitrio boni 
 viri, & fecundum difcretionem lanam, live iliac curiae tucrint practoriac, 
 five cenforiae. 
 
 T>e proceJlnad finiiUay d^ extenjionibus legwn. 
 
 Aphor. II. In cafibus omiflis deducenda eft norma legis a ilipJlibus} fed 
 caute, (S: cum judicio: Circa quod iervandae funt regulae lequeiites. Ratio 
 prolifica, confuetudo llerilis cfto, nee generet cafus. Itaque quod contra 
 rationem juris receptum eft, vel ctiam ubi ratio ejus eft obicura, non tralien- 
 dum eft ad confcquentiam, 
 
 Aphor. 12. B o N u M publicum infigne, rapit ad fc cafus omillbs. Quam- 
 obreni, quando lex aliqua reipublicau commoda notabiliter & majorem in 
 modum intuetur & procurat, interpretatio ejus cxtenfiva cfto, & amplians. 
 
 Aphor.X'i,. Durum eft, torquere leges, ad hoc, ut torqueant homines. 
 Non placet igitur extendi leges poenales, multo minus capitales, ad delic- 
 ta nova. Qiiod fi crimen vetus fuerit, & legibus notum, led prolccutio 
 ejus incidat in cafum novum, a legibus non provifum; omnino recedatur ^ 
 placitis juris, potius quam delida maneant impunita. o ir^m'sj 
 
 Aphor.\\. In ftatutis, quae jus commune (praelcrtim circa ea, quae 
 frequenter incidunt, & diu coaluerunt) plane abrogant, non placet proccdi 
 per fimilitudinem ad cafus omiflbs. Qiiando enim refpublica tota lege diu 
 caruerit, idque in cafibus cxprellis; parum periculi eft, fi cafus omilli cx- 
 peclent rcmedium a ftatuto novo. 
 
 Aphor. If. Statuta, quae manifefto temporis leges fuere, atque ex 
 occafionibus reipublicac tunc invalefcentibus nataej mutata ratione tenv 
 porum, fatis habent, fi fe in propriis cafibus fuftinere poflint: praepoftci- 
 rum autem eflet, fi ad cafus omillbs uUo modo traherentur. 
 
 Aphor. 1 6. CoNSEQ^UENTi AE nou eft confequentia; fed fifti debet 
 cxtenfio intra cafus proximos: alioquilabetur paulatim ad dillimilia, & magis 
 valebunt acumina ingeniorum, quam authoritates Icgum. 
 
 Aphor. \j. In legibus & ftatutis brcvioris ftyli, cxtenfio facienda eft: li- 
 berius. At in illis, quae funt cnumerativa cafuum particularium, cautius. 
 Nam ut exceptio firmat vim legis, in cafibus non exceptisj ita enumeratio 
 infirmat earn, in cafibus non enumeratis. 
 
 Aphor. 1 8. Statutum explanatorium claudit rivos ftatuti priorisj nee 
 tecipitur poftea cxtenfio in alterutro ft:atuto. Neque enim facienda eft fuper- 
 cxtenfio a judicc, ubi femel coepit fieri cxtenfio a lege. 
 
 Aphor. I p. SoLENNiTAS vcrborum & aftorum, non reciplt cxtcnfio- 
 nem ad fimilia. Perdit enim naturam foicnnis, quod tranfit a more ad ar- 
 bitrium: & introductio novorum, corrumpit majeftatem vctcrum. 
 
 Aphor. JO. Proclivis eft cxtenfio Icgis ad callis poft-natos, qui in 
 rerum natura nonfuerunt tempore legis latac. Ubi enim cafus exprimi non 
 poterat, quia tunc nullus erat, cafus omifllis iiabetur pro exprellb, fi fimilis 
 fuerit ratio. 
 
 AxQ^UEdc extenfionibus Icgum, in cafibus omiftis, hacc dicla fint: nunc 
 dc ufu excmplorum dicendum. 
 
 1
 
 Cap. III. DEAUGMENTISSCIENTIARUM. 251 
 
 'T>e exemplis, & ufu conim. 
 
 Aphor.2i. De exemplis jam diccndum eft, ex quibus jus hauricndum 
 fit, ubi lex deficit. Atquc dc co'nfuctudinc, quae Icgis fpecics eft, deque 
 exemplis quae per frequentem ufum, in conluetudinem tranficrunt, tan- 
 quam legem tacitam, fuo loco diccmus. Nunc autcm de exemplis loqui- 
 mur, quae raro & fparlim interveniunt, nee in legis vim coaluerunt, quan- 
 do & qua cautionc, norma juris ab ipfis petenda fir, cum lex deficiat. 
 
 Aphor.iz. ExEMPLA a tcmporibus bonis & moderatis petenda ftmt, 
 non tyrannicis aut fac'tiofis aut dillblutis. Hujufmodi exempla temporis 
 partus Ipurii funt, & magis noccnt quam docent. 
 
 Aphor.!"^. In exemplis, reccntiora habenda funt pro tutioribus. Quod 
 cnim paulo ante fadum eft, unde nullum fit fecutum incommodum, quid 
 niiterum repctatur? Sed tamen minus habent authoritatis rccentia. Et fi 
 forte res in melius reftitui opus fit, recentia exempla magis faeculum fuum 
 fapiunt, quam redam rationem. 
 
 Aphor.z/!^. At vetuftiora exempla caute & cum deledu recipienda: 
 Decurfus fiquidem aetatis multa mutat, ut quod tempore videatur antiquum, 
 id perturbatione & inconformitate ad praefentia, fit plane novum. Medii 
 itaque temporis exempla funt optima, vel etiam talis temporis, quod cum 
 tempore currente plurimum conveniatj quod aliquando praeftat tcmpus re- 
 motius, magis quam in proximo. 
 
 Aphor.i'). Intra fines exempli, vel citra potius fe cohibcto, nee il- 
 los uUo modo exccdito. Ubi enim non adeft norma legis, omnia quafi pro 
 fufpedis habenda funt: Itaque ut in obfcuris, minimum fequitor, 
 
 Aphor.26. Cavendum ab exemplorum fragmentis & compendiis: 
 atque integrum exemplum, & univerfus ejus proceflus introfpiciendus. Si 
 enim incivile fit, nifi tota lege perfpeda, de parte ejus judicare, multo ma- 
 gis hoc valere debet in exemplis : Quae ancipitis funt ufus, nifi valdc qua- 
 drenr. 
 
 Aphor.jy. In exemplis plurimum intereft, per quas manus tranfierint 
 & tranfada fint. Si cnim apud fcribas tantum, «Sc miniftros juftitiae, ex 
 curfu curiae, ablquc notitia manifefta fuperiorum, obtinuerint; aut etiam a- 
 pud error um magiftrum populum ; conculcanda funt & parvi facienda. Sin 
 apud fcnatorcs aut judiccs aut curias principalcs, ita fub oculis pofita fue- 
 rint, ut necefle fuerit ilia, approbatione judicum faltcm tacita, munita fu- 
 ifle, plus dignationis habent. 
 
 Aphor.2%. ExEMPi<is, quae publicata fucrint, utcunque minus fue- 
 rint in ufu, cum tamen fermonibus & difceptationibus hominum agitata 
 & ventilata extiterint, plus authoritatis tribuendum : Qiiae vero in fcriniis 
 & archivis manfcrunt tanquam fepulta, & palam in oblivionem tranficrunt, 
 minus. Exempla cnim ficut aquae, in proflucnte faniflmva. 
 
 Aphor. 29. Exempla, quae ad leges fpedant, non placet ab hiftori- 
 cis peti, fed ab adis publicis & traditionibus diligcntioribus. Verlatur e- 
 nim infelicitas quaedam inter hiftoricos vel optimos, ut legibus & adis ju- 
 dicialibus non fatis immorentur, aut fi forte diligentiam quandam adhibue- 
 rint, tamen ab authenticis longe varient. 
 
 Aphor. -i^o. Exemplum, quod aetas contcmporanea aut proxima re- 
 fpuit, cum cafus llibinde recurreret, non fiicile admittendum eft. Ncque 
 cnim tantum pro illo facit, quod homines illud quandoque ufurparunt ; quam 
 contra, quod cxpcrti reliquerunt. 
 
 Vol. i. li 2 Aphor.
 
 252 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 Aphor. 31. ExEMPLA in confilium adhibcntur, noii utiquc jubent, aut 
 impcrant. Igitur ita regantur, ut authoritas praeteriti tcmporis iicdatur ad 
 ulUm pracfentis. 
 
 A T Q^u E de informatione ab cxemplis, ubi lex deficit hacc dida fint. 
 Jam diccadumde curiis praetoriis & ccnlbriis. 
 
 TDe curiis praetoriis o" cenforiis. 
 
 Aphor. 32. Curiae funto & jurifdicliones, quae ftatuant ex arbitrio 
 boni viri & difcretione fana, ubi kgis norma deficit. Lex enim, (ut antca 
 diclum eft) non iufficit cafibus; fed ad ea, quae plerunquc accidunt, apta- 
 tur: fapicntifllma autem res tempus, (ut ab antiquis didum eft) & novorum 
 callium quotidie author & inventor. 
 
 Aphor. 33. In T ERVEN I UN T autcm novi cafias & in criminalibus, qui 
 poena indigent, & in civiiibus qui auxilio. Curias, quae ad priora iila rc- 
 Ipiciunt, cenforias, quae ad pofteriora, praetorias appellamus. 
 
 Aphor. 34. Ha BEN TO curiae cenibriac jurildidionem 6c poteftatem, 
 non tantuni nova delida puniendi, ied etiam pocnas a Icgibus conftitutas 
 pro delidis veteribus augendi, fi cafus fucrint odiofi & cnormcs, modo non 
 iait capitales. Enorme enim, tanquam novum eli 
 
 Aphor. 35". Habeant fimiliter curiae practoriae poteftatem, ram fub- 
 vcniendi contra rigorem legis, quam iiipplcndi defectum Icgis. Si enim 
 porrigi debet remedium ci, quern lex praeteriit, multo magis ei, quern vai- 
 ner a vit. 
 
 Aphor. 36. Curiae iftae cenforiae & practoriae omnino intra cafus 
 cnormes & extraordinarios fe continento, ncc jurifdidiones ordinarias inva- 
 dunto; ne forte tcndat res ad fupplantationem Icgis, magis quam ad fup- 
 plcmentum. 
 
 Aphor. 37. [urisdictiones iftae in fupremis tantum curiis refidento, 
 nee ad inferiorcs communicantor. Parum enim abeft a poteftate leges con- 
 dcndi, potcftas eas fupplcndi, aut extendcndi aut modcrandi. 
 
 Aphor. 38. At curiae illae uni viro ne committantur, fed ex pluribus 
 conftent. Nee decreta exeant cum fiientio; fed iudices fentcntiae fuac ra- 
 tiones adducant, idque palam, atque adftante corona: ut quod ipfa pote- 
 ftate fit liberum, fama tamen & exiftimatione fit circumfcriptum. 
 
 Aphor. 39. RuBRiCAE languinis ne funto j nee de capitalibus, in qui- 
 bufcunque curiis, nifi ex lege nota & certa, pronunciato. Indixit mortem 
 Deus ipfe prius: poftea inflixit. Nee vita eripienda nifi ei, qui fe in fuam 
 vitam peccare prius nofl'ct. 
 
 Aphor. 40. In curiis cenforiis calculum tertiumdato; ut judicibus non 
 imponatur necellitas, aut abfolvendi aut condemnandi; fed etiam ut non 
 liquere pronunciare poftint. Etiam cenforia non tantum poena, fed & no- 
 ta cfto: Scilicet, quae non inlligat fupplicium, fed, autin admonitioncm de- 
 iinat, aut reos ignominia levi & tanquam rubore caftiger. 
 
 Aphor. \.\. In curiis cenforiis, omnium magnorum criminum & fcclc- 
 rum, aclus inehoati & mediipuniuntor; licet non fequatur eftcdus confum- 
 matus: ilque fit earum curiarum ufus vel maximus: cum & feveritatis in- 
 terfit, initia fcclerum puniri; & clementiae, perpctrationem coruni (puni- 
 cndo adus medios) intercipi. 
 
 Aphor. \2. Cavendum in primis, ne in curiis praetoriis praebeatur 
 auxilium in cafibus, quos lex non tam omifit, quam pro le\ibus contemp- 
 fit, aut pro odiofis remedio indignos judicavir. 
 
 5 Aphor,
 
 Cap'.III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 253 
 
 Apkor. 43. Maxime omnium intercft ccrtitudinis Icgum (dc qua nunc 
 agiimus,) nc curiae praetoriae intumcfcant & exundent in tantum, ut prae- 
 textu rigoris Icgum mitigandi, etiam robur & nervos iis incidanjc aut laxent ; 
 omnia trahcndo ad arbitrium. 
 
 Aphor. 44,. D E c E R N E N D I contra ftatutum cxprcfllim, flib ullo acqiiitaris 
 practextu, curiis praetoriis jus nc c(to. Hoc enim fi ficret, judex prorfus 
 tranllrct in legis liitorem, atque omnia ex arbitrio pcndcrcnt. 
 
 Aphor. \.<^. A PUD nonnullos rcccptum eft, ut jurirdiftio, quae deccrnit 
 Iccundum acquum & bonum, atque ilia altera, quae procedit lecundum 
 jus ftridum, iitdcm curiis deputentur: apud alios autem ut diverfis: omni- 
 no placet curiarum feparatio. Neque enim Icrvabitur diftindio cafuum, fi 
 tiat commixtio jurifdidionum: Scd arbitrium legem tandem trahet. 
 ■>it Aphor. 4<5. Non fine caufa in ufum venerat apud Romanos album 
 praetoris, in quo praefcripfit & publicavit quomodo ipfe jus dicturus cflct. 
 Quo cxemplo )udices in curiis praetoriis, regulas fibi certas (quantum fieri 
 potcft) propoaerc, eafquc publico affigere debent. Etenim optima eft lex, 
 quae minimum relinquit arbitrio judicis; optimus judex, qui minimum 
 fibi. 
 
 Verum dc curiis iftis fufius tradabimus, cum ad locum de judiciis ve- 
 nicmus; obiter tantum jam locuti de iis, quatenus cxpediant & liippleant 
 omifla a lege. 
 
 T^e retrofpeciione legttm. 
 
 Aphor. 47. Est & aliud genus fupplementi cafuum omiflbrum, cum 
 lex legem ftipervenit, atque fimul caftis omiflbs trahit. Id fit in legibus, 
 five ftatutis quae retrofpiciunt, ut vulgo loquuntur: Cujus generis leges 
 raro, & magna cum cautione funt adhibendac : neque enim placet Janus in 
 legibus. 
 
 Aphor. ^%. Qvi verba aut fententiam legis captione & fraudc eludic 
 & circumfcribit, dignus eft qui etiam a lege fequentc innodetur. Igitur 
 in cafibus fraudis & evaftonis dolofae juftum eft, ut leges retrofpiciant, 
 atque alterae alteris in fiibfidiis fint; ut qui dolos mcditatur & evcrfionciii 
 legum praefentium, faltem a futuris metuat. 
 
 Aphor. ^q. Leges quae adorum & inftrumentorum veras intentiones 
 contra tbrmularum aut lolennitatum dcfedus roborant & confirmant, redif- 
 fime praeterita compleduntur : Legis enim, quae retrofpicit, vitium vel 
 praecipuum eft, quod perturbet. At hujufmodi leges confirmatoriac ad pa- 
 cem & ftabilimentum coram, quae tranlada lunt, Ipedant. Cavcndum ta- 
 men eft, ne convellantur res judicatae. 
 
 Aphor- fo. Dili CENTER attendcndum, ne eae leges tantum ad prae- 
 terita refpicere putcntur, quae anteada infirmant: fed & eae quae futura 
 prohibent & reftringunt, cum praeteritis neceflario connexa. Veluti, fi quae 
 lex artificibus aliquibus interdicat, nc mercimonia fua in pofterum vcndant: 
 Iiacc fonat in pofterum, fed operatur in praeteritum: Neque enim illis alia 
 ratione vidum quaerere jam integrum eft. 
 
 Aphor. 51, Lex declaratoria omnis, licet non habet verba de praetcri- 
 to, tamen ad praeterita, ipfa vi declarationis, omnino traliitur. Non enim 
 turn incipit inrerpretatio cum dcclaratur, fed efficitur tanquam contempora- 
 nca ipfi legi. Itaque leges declaratorias nc ordinato, nifi in cafibus ubi le- 
 ges cum juftitia rctrofpicere pollint. 
 
 Hic
 
 254 t)E AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 Hic vero cam partem abfolvimus, quae tradat de incertitudinc Icgum 
 ubi invcnitur lex nulla. Jam dicendum eft de altera ilia parte, ubi fcili- 
 cet lex cxtat aliqua, led perplexa & oblcura. 
 
 Tie obfcuritate legum. 
 
 Aphor.<)2, Obscuritas legum a quatuor rebus originem ducit: 
 vel ab accumulationc legum nimia, praelertim admixtis oblblctis; vcl a 
 defcriptione earum ambigua, aut minus perfpicua &dilucida; vel a modis 
 cnuclcandi juris negledis, aut non bene inftitutis; vel deniquc a contradic- 
 tionc & vacillatione judiciorum. 
 
 1)6 accuniulatione legum nimia. 
 
 Aphor. 53- D ic i t Prophcta ; pluet fnper eos laqueos. Non funt autcni 
 pejorcs laquei, quam laquei legum, praelertim pocnalium; H numero im- 
 menlac & tcmporis decurfu inutiles, non lucernam pedibus praebeant, fed 
 retia potius objiciant. 
 
 Aphor. ')\. Duplex in ulum vcnit ftatuti novi condendi ratio. Al- 
 tera, ftatuta priora circa idem iiibjcftum confirmat & roboratj dein non- 
 nuUa addit aut mutat. Altera abrogat & delet cunda, quae ante ordinata 
 funt, & de integro legem novam & uniformem llibftituit. Placet poftcrior 
 ratio. Nam ex priore ratione, ordinationes dcvcniunt complicatae & per- 
 plexae: & quod inftat agitur lane, fed corpus legum interim redditur viti- 
 ofjm. In pofteriore autem major ccrte eft adhibenda diligentia, dum de 
 lege ipfa deliberatur ; & antcadla fcilicet evolvenda & pcnfitanda, antequara 
 lex feratur: Sed optime procedit per hoc legum concordia in futurum. 
 
 Aphor.')'). Erat in more apud Athcnienfcs, ut contraria legum ca- 
 pita (quae antinomias vocant) quotannis a fex viris examinarentur, & quae 
 reconciliari non poterant, proponcrcntur populo, ut de illis certum aliquid 
 ftatucrctur. Ad quorum exemplum ii, qui poteftatem in fingulis politiis 
 legum coiidendarum habcnt, per triennium aut quinquennium, aut prouc 
 videbitur, antinomias retraftanto. Eae autem a viris ad hoc delegatis, pri- 
 us infpiciantur & praeparcntur, & demum comitiis exhibeantur; ut quod 
 placuerit per fuffragia ftabiliatur & figatur. 
 
 Aphor. f6. N E (^u E vero contraria legum capita reconciliandi & omnia 
 (ut loquuntur) falvandi, per diftindiones fubtiles & quacfitas, nimis fedu- 
 la aut anxia cura erto. Ingcnii enim haec tela eft: Atquc utcunque mode- 
 fham quandam & rcvcrentiam prae fe ferat, inter noxia tamen cenfenda eft; 
 utpote quae reddat corpus univerfum legum varium &male confutum. Me- 
 lius eft prorfus ut fuccumbant dcteriora, & meliora ftcnt fola. 
 
 Aphor. ^y. Obsoletae leges & quae abierunt in dcfuetudinem, non 
 minus quam antinomiae proponantur a delegatis ex officio tollcndae. Cum 
 cnim rtatutum exprefliim regulariter defuetudinc non abrogetur, fit ut ex 
 contemptu legum obfoletarum fiat nonnulla authoritatis jaclura etiam in rc- 
 iiquis: Et fequitur tormenti illud genus Mczentii, ut leges vivae in com- 
 plexu mortuarum perimantur. Atque omnino cavcndum eft a gangraena 
 in legibus. 
 
 Aphor. ')%. C^uiN & in legibus & ftatutis obfolctis, ncc novitcr pro- 
 mulgatis, curiis practoriis interim contra cas dccerncndi jus efto. Licet cnim 
 non male didum fit, neminem oportere legibus cfl'e fapientiorem, tamen 
 Intclligatur hoc de legibus, cum cvigilent non cum dormircnt. Contra re- 
 centiora vero ftatuta (quae juri publico nocerc depichcnduntur) non uti- 
 
 quc 
 
 ' 5
 
 Cap.III. DE AUGMENTIS S CI E N TI AR Ui\L 255 
 
 que practoribus, fed regibus & fanclioribus confiliis, &'fuprcmis potcftati- 
 bus auxilium praebciuii jus cfto: carum cxccutioncm per cdida aut ada 
 fufpendcndo, donee redeant comitia, aut hujulmodi coccus, qui potcltatcin 
 habeant eas abroi^andi; nc lalus populi interim periclitetur. 
 
 Tie novis digeftls legmn. 
 
 Aphor. 5'9. C^uod il leges aliae fupcr alias accumulatac, in tarn vafla 
 cxcrcverint volumina, aut tanta confufione laboravcrint, ut eas de integro 
 rctraftarc, & in corpus Tanum & habile redigere exurufit; id ante omnia 
 agito, atque opus cjufmodi opus heroicum eflo : Atque authores talis ope- 
 ris inter legis latores & inrtauratores rite & merlto numcrantor. 
 
 Aphor. 60. HujusMODi legum cxpurgatio & digcftum novum, quin- 
 que rebus ablblvitur. Primo, omittantur oblbleta, quae juftinianus anti- 
 quas fabulas vocat. Delude ex antinomiis recipiantur probatillimac, abole- 
 anrur contrariae. Tertio homoionomiae, five leges quae idem fonant, at- 
 que nil aliud funt quam iterationes ejufdem rei, cxpungantur; atque una 
 quaepiam ex iis, quae maximac eft perfeda, rctineatur vice omnium. Qiiar- 
 to, fi quae legum nihil determinenr, fedquacftioncs tantum proponant, cai- 
 que relinquant indecilas, fimilitcr faceflant. Poftrcmo, c^uac verbolae in- 
 veniuntur & nimis prolixae, contrahantur magis in arctum. 
 
 Aphor. 61. O MNiNo vero ex ufufuerit, in novodigefto legum, leges 
 .pro jure communi receptas, quae tanquam immemorialcs iunt in origine Ilia, 
 atque ex altera parte ftatuta de tempore in tempus fupcraddita, reorlum di- 
 gerere & componere: Cum in plurimis rebus, non eadem fit, in jure dicen- 
 do, juris communis & ftatutorum intcrprctatio & adminiftratio. Id quod 
 fecit Trebonianus in digerto & codicc. 
 
 Aphor. 6i. Verum, hi hujulmodi legum rcgenerationc, atque ftrudu- 
 ra nova veterum legum atque librorum, legis verba prorfus & textum rc- 
 tineto, licet per centones & porti<3nes cxiguas eas excerpere nccelle fuerit: 
 Ea delude ordine contexito. Etfi enim tbrtaflc commodius, atque etiam, 
 fi ad reftam rationem relpicias, melius hoc tranfigi poflet per textum no- 
 vum, quam per hujufmodi confarcinationem, tamen in legibus non tarn 
 ftylus & defcriptio, quam authoriras, & hujus patronus antiquitas Ipcdanda 
 eft. Alias videripofllt hujufmodi opus Icholalticum potius quiddam & mc- 
 thodus, quam corpus legum imperantium. 
 
 . Aphor. C-i,. CoNSULTUM fuerit in novo digefto legum, Vetera volu- 
 mina non prorfus dcleri & in oblivioncm cedere, fed in bibliotliecis faltcm 
 mancre; licet ufus eorum vulgaris & promifcuus prohibeatur. Etenim in 
 caufis gravioribus, non abs re fuerit, legum praeteritarum mutationcs, & 
 feries confulere & infpicere; ac certe folenne eft, antiquitatcm pracfcnti- 
 bus afpergere. Novum autem hujufmodi corpus legum ab iis, qui in 
 politiis fingulis habent poteftatem Icgillatoriam, prorfus confirmandum eft: 
 ue forte praetextu veteres leges digerendi, leges novae imponantur occulto. 
 
 Aphor. 6\.. Optandum eflct, ut hujufmodi legum inftauratio illis 
 tcmporibus fufcipiatur, quae antiquioribus, quorum ada & opera retrac- 
 tant, Uteris & rcrum cognitione praeflitcrint. Qiiod fecus in opcrc julli- 
 niani evenit. Infelix res namque eft, cum ex judicio & dcledu actatis mi- 
 nus prudentis & cruditac antiquorum opera mutilcntur & recomponantur. 
 Veruntamcn faepc neccllarium eft, quod non optimum. 
 
 A T (^u E de legum oblcuritate, quae a nimia Scconfufa earum accumulati- 
 onc fit, hacc dida fint. Jam dc dcfcviptionc carum ambigua & obfciua, 
 diccndum. ^^'^
 
 556 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VJII. 
 
 T>e defer ipt tone I e gum perplex a & obfcura. 
 
 Aphor-Si). Descriptio Icgum oblcura oritur, aut ex loquacitate & 
 vcrbofitatc earum; aut rurfus ex brevitate nimiaj aut ex prologo legis cum 
 ipfo corpore Icgis pugnante. 
 
 Aphor. 66. D e obfcuritate vcro legum quae ex earum defcriptione pra- 
 va oritur, jam dicendum eft. Loquacitas, quae in perfcribcndo leges in 
 ufum venit, & prolixitas non placet. Ncquc enim, quod vult & captat, 
 ullo modo aflcquitur, fed contrarium potius. Cum enim cafus fingulos par- 
 ticulates verbis appofitis & propriis pcrfequi & cxprimere contendat, majo- 
 rem indc fpcrans certitudinem; e contra quaeftiones multipliccs parit dc 
 verbis; utdifficilius proccdat intcrprctatio fecundum fcntcntiam legis, (quae 
 fanior eft & verior) ptopter ftrepitum vcrborum. 
 
 Aphor. 61. Neque propterea nimis concifa & affieftata brevitas, majcfta- 
 tis '^ratia, & tanquam magis imperatoria, probanda eft; praefcrtim his fae- 
 culis, ne forte lit lex inftar regulae Lesbiae. Mediocritas ergo aflcdandaeft; 
 & verborum exquirenda gcneralitas bene terminata^ quae licet cafus com- 
 prehenfos non fcdulo perfequatur, attamen non comprehenfos fatis perfpicuc 
 cxcludat. 
 
 Aphor. 6'%. In legibus tamcn atque edidis ordinariis & politicis, inqui- 
 bus, ut plurimum, nemo juris confultum adhibet, fed fuo fenfui confidir, 
 omnia fufius explicari debent, & ad captum vulgi, tanquam digitomonftrari. 
 
 Aphor. 6^. N E Q^u E nobis prologi legum, qui incpti olim habiti funt, 
 & leges introducunt difputantes non jubentes, utiquc placerent, fi prifcos 
 mores ferre poffemus. Scd prologi ifti legum plcrunque (ut nunc funt 
 tempora) neceflario adhibentur, non tam ad explicationem legis, quam irn 
 ftar fuafionis, ad perfcrcndam legem in comitiis, & rurfus ad fatisfacicndum 
 populo. Qiiantum licri poteft tamen prologi evitentur, & lex incipiat a 
 jullione. 
 
 Aphor. -JO. Intentio & fententia legis, licet ex praefationibus & 
 praeambulis (ut loquuntur) non male quandoquc eliciatur; attamen latitudo 
 aut extenfio ejus ex illis minimc peti debet. Saepe enim praeambulum, 
 nrripit nonnuUa ex maximc plaufibilibus & fpeciofis ad cxemplum, cum lex 
 tamen multo plura compledatur ; aut contra, lex reftringit & limitat complura, 
 cujus limitationis rationem in praeambulo inferi non fuerit opus. Quare 
 dimenfio & latitudo legis ex corpore legis petenda : Nam praeambulum, 
 faepe aut ultra aut citra cadit. 
 
 Aphor. J I. Est vcro genus pcrfcribendi leges valde vitiofum. Cum 
 Icilicet cafus, ad quem lex collimat, fufc cxprimitur in praeambulo : Dc- 
 inde ex vi verbi (talis) aut hujufmodi relativi, corpus legis retro vertitur in 
 praeambulum, undc praeambulum inferitur & incorporatur ipfi legi: Quod 
 &oblcurum eft, & minus tutum; quia non eadem adhiberi coni'uevit dili- 
 gentia in pondcrandis & examinandis verbis praeambuli, quae adhibetur in 
 corpore ipfius legis. 
 
 H A N c partem de incertitudine legum, quae ex mala defcriptione ipfarum 
 ortum habet, fufius traftabimus, quando de interpretatione legum poftea 
 agcmus. Atque de defcriptione legum obfcura haec difta fint : jam dc modis 
 cnucleandi juris dicendum. 
 
 ^e modis emicleandi juris, ^ tollendi ambigua. 
 
 Aphor. "ji. Modi cnucleandi juris, & tollendi dubia, quinquc funt. 
 Hoc enim tit, aut per perfcriptiones judiciorum; aut per fcriptores authen- 
 
 ticos ;
 
 ^Cap. III. DE AUGMExVTIS SCIENTIARUM. 257 
 
 tkos ; aut per Jibros auxiliarcs ; aut per praelccliones"; aut per rcfponfaj 
 five conlbita prudentum. Hacc omnia, ii bene inftituantur, pracflo crunt 
 magna lcgum obfcuritati fubfidia. 
 
 Tie ferfcriptione jndiciortim. 
 
 Aphor. "/7,. Ante omnia, judicia rcddita in curiis fuprcmis & principa- 
 libus, atque caufis gravioribus, pracfcrtim dubiis, quacquc aliquid habcnt 
 diificukatis aut novitatis, diiigenter & cum fide cxcipiunto. judicia cnim 
 anchorae legum funt, ut leges reipublicae. 
 
 Aphor. 74. Modus hujufmodi judicia excipiendi, & in fcripta rcfcrcndi, 
 talis cfto. Callis praecife, judicia ipfa cxadc perfcribito : rationcs judicio- 
 rum, quasadduxcrunt judiccs, adjicito: cafuum, ad excmplum adduclorum, 
 authoritatem, eum cafibus principalibus, ne commiCccto : de advocatorum 
 pcroralionibus, nifi quidpiam in iis fucrit admodum cximium, fileto. 
 
 Aphor. Ji). Personae, quae hujufmodi judicia excipiant, ex advoca- 
 tis maxime dodlis funto, & honorarium liberale ex publico cxcipiunto. 
 Judiccs ipfi ab hujulmodi perfcriptionibus abftincnto : nc forte opinio- 
 nibus propriis addicti, & authoritate propria freti, limites referendarii 
 tranfccndant. 
 
 Aphor. "76. Judicia ilia, in ordine & ferie temporis, digcrito 5 non 
 per mcthodum & titulos. Sunt enim fcripta cjufmodi, tanquam hiftoriac, 
 aut narrationes legum. Neque folum afta ipfa, itdi & tcmpora ipforum, 
 judici prudcnti luccm praebent, 
 
 T>e fcriptoribus atithenticis. 
 
 Aphor.yj. Ex Icgibus ipfis, quae jus commune conftituunt : deinde, ex 
 conftitutionibus five ftatuis; tcrtio loco, ex judiciis perfcriptis, corpus juris 
 tantummodo conftituitor. Praeter ilia, alia authentica, aut nulla funto, 
 aut patce recipiuntor. 
 
 Aphor. 78. Nihil tam intcreflccrtitudinis legum, (de qua nunc tra<n;amus) 
 quam ut fcripta authentica intra fines moderatos coerceantur, & tacclfat 
 multitudo enormis authorhm & doftdrum in jurC ,- urtde laccratur Icntentia 
 Jegum, judex fit attonitus, procefllis immortales, atque advocatus ipfe, 
 cum tot libros pcrlegerc & vinccrc hon poflit, compendia feftatur. Glofla 
 fortaflealiqua bona; & ex fcriptoribus claificis pauci, vcl potius fcriptorum 
 paucorum paululae portiones, recipi poflint pro authenticis. Reliquorum 
 nihilominus maneat ufus nonnullus in bibliothecis, ut eorum tradatus in- 
 fpiciant judiccs, aut advocati, cum opus fuerit : fed in caufis agendis, in 
 foro citarc eos non permittitor, nee in authoritatem tranfcunto. 
 
 'De libris anxiliaribus. 
 
 Aphor. 79. At fcicntiam juris, & prafticam, auxiliarlbus libris ne nu- 
 danto, fed potius inftruunto. li fcx in generc funto. Inflitutiones. Dc 
 verborum fignificatione. De rcgulis juris. Antiquitates legum. Summae. 
 Auicndi formulae. 
 
 Aphor. 80. Praeparandi funt juvenes & novitii, ad fcientiam & 
 ardua juris, altius & commodius haurienda & imbibcnda, per inrtitutiones. 
 Inftitutioncs illas ordine claro & perfpicuo componito. In illis ipfis univer- 
 fum jus privatum percurrito : non alia omittcndo, in aliis plus fatis im- 
 morando, fed ex fingulis quaedam brevitcr delibandoj ut ad corpus Icguni 
 pcrlcgendum accefluro, nil lb oftcndat prorfus novum, fed Icvi aliqua no- 
 
 VoL. I. K k lioiic
 
 258 DE AUGMEiNTIS SCIENIIARUM. Lib.VlIf. 
 
 tione praeccptum. Jus publicum in inftitutionibus nc attingito ; vcruni illud 
 ex fontibus ipfis hauriatur. 
 
 Aphor. 81. CoMMENTARiUMdc vocabuUs juris conficito. la cxpli- 
 cationc ipforum, 6c lenfu reddendo, ne curiofc nimis aut laboriofc vcrfator : 
 Nequc cnim lioc agitur, ut definitiones vcrborum quaerantur cxadc, fed 
 explicationes tantum, quae legendis juris libris viam aperiant taciliorcni. 
 Trnftatum autem iftum per literas alpliabcti ne digcrito. Id indici aiicui 
 relinquito : fed collocentur fimul verba, quae circa eandeni rem vcrfantur ; 
 ut alterum alteri fit juvamento ad intelligendum. 
 
 Aphor. 82. Ad certitudinem legum facit (fi quid aliud) traclatus bonus 
 & diligcns de diverfis regulis juris. Is dignus crt, qui maximis ingcniis, & 
 prudcntillimis jurifconfultis committatur. Nequc cnim placcnt, quae in 
 hoc gcnere extant. Colligendae autem funt regulae, non tantum notae & 
 vulgatae, fed & aliae magis fubtilcs & rcconditac, quae ex legum & rerum 
 judicatarum harmonia extrahi poflint; quales in rubricis optimis quandoquc 
 invcniuntur : funtque diclamina generalia rationis, quae per materias legis 
 divcrfas percurrunt, & funt tanquam faburra juris. 
 
 Aphor. 83. At fingula juris fcita aut placita, non intelligantur pro re- 
 gulis, ut fieri folet fatis imperite. Hoc enim fi reciperetur, quot leges, tot 
 regulae : Lex enim nil aliud, quam regula imperans. Vcrum eas pro re- 
 gulis habcto, quae in forma ipfa juftitiac hacrent ; undo, ut plurimum, per 
 jura civilia divcrfarum rcrumpublicarum caedem regulae fere rcpcriuntur, nili 
 forte propter relationem ad formas politiarum varient. 
 
 AphoT.%\. Post rcgulam brcvi & folido verborum complcxu cnun- 
 ciatam, adjiciantur cxempla, & decifiones cafuum, maxime luculcntae ad ex- 
 plicationem ; diftinftiones & exceptiones ad limitationem 5 cognata ad am- 
 pliationem ejufdem regulae. 
 
 Aphor. %'). Recte jubetur ut non ex regulis jus fumatur j fed ex jure 
 quod eft, regula fiat : Nequc enim ex verbis regulae petenda eft probatio, 
 ac fi eflet textus legis : Regula enim legem (ut acus nautica polos) indicat, 
 nonftatuit. t.,^ 
 
 Aphor. %6. Pr AFTER corpus ipfum juris, juvabit ctiam antiquitatcs le- 
 gum invifere j quibus licet evanuerit authoritas, nianct tamen rcvcrcntia. 
 Pro antiquitatibus autem legum habeantur fcripta circa leges & judicia; five 
 ilia fuerint edita, five non, quae ipfum corpus legum tempora praecefl'erunt. 
 Earum fiquidem jaftura facienda non eft. Itaque ex iis utiiiftima quaequc 
 cxccrpito (multa enim invenicntur inania & frivola;),eaque in unum volumen 
 redigito : nc antiquae fabulae, ut loquitur Trebonianus, cum Icgibus ipfis 
 mifccantur. r.i rni.jt 
 
 Aphor. 87. Practicae vero plurimum intcreft, ut jus univcrfum dige- 
 ratur ordine in locos & titulosi ad quos fubito (prout dabitur occalio) re- 
 currere quis poflit, veluti in promptuarium paratum ad praefentes ufus. 
 Hujufmodi libri fummarum, & ordiuant fparfa, & abbreviant fida & pro- 
 lixa in lege. Cavendum autem eft, ne fummae iftae reddant homines 
 promptos ad pradicam, ccflatores in fcientia ipfa. Earum enim officium eft 
 tale, ut ex iis recolatur jus, non pcrdifcatur. Summae autem omnino magna 
 diligcntia, fide, & judicio funt conficiendac, ne furtum faciant Icgibus. 
 
 Aphor. 88. Formulas agcndi diverlas in unoquoque gcnere colligito. 
 Nam & praclicae hoc intcreft 5 <Sc ccrtc pandunt iliac oracula & occulta le- 
 gum. Sunt cnim non pauca, quae latent in Icgibus : At in formulis agendi, 
 melius & fufius pcrfpiciuntur 5 inftarpugni, &:palmae.
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 259 
 
 T)e refponjis o' confultls. 
 
 Aphor.%c). DuBiTATioNES particulates, quae dc tempore in tcmpus 
 emerguiit, dirimendi & folvcndi aliqua ratio iniri debet. Durum enim elt, ut ii, 
 qui ab errorc cavere cupiant, ducem viae non invcniant, vcrum ut actus ipfi 
 periclitentur, neque fit aliquis ante rem pcractam juris pracnofccndi modus. 
 
 Aphor.^o. Responsa prudentum, quae petentibusdantur dc jure, five 
 ab advocatis five a dodoribus, tanta valcre autlioritate, ut ab corum fcii- 
 tentia judici reccdere non fit licitum, non placet. Jura a juratis judicibus 
 lumunto. 
 
 Apbor. 91. Tentari judicia per caufas & perfonas ficlas, ut co modo 
 cxpcriantur homines, qualis futura fit Icgis norma, non placet. Dedccorat 
 cnim maieftatem legum, & pro praevaricatione quapiam cenfenda eft. Ju- 
 dicia autem aliquid habere ex fceua, dcforme eft. 
 
 Aphor.^2. JuDicuM igitur folummodo tarn judicia, quam rcfponfa. 
 & confulta funto. Ilia de litibus pendentibus ; hacc de arduis juris quae- 
 ftionibus in thefi. Ea confulta, five in privatis rebus five in publicis, a 
 judicibus ipfis ne pofcito, (id enim fi fiat, judex tranfeat in advocatum) led 
 a principe, aut ftatu. Ab illis ad judiccs demandentur. Judiccs vcro, tali 
 authoritate freti, difceptationes advocatorum, vel ab his, quorum intercft, 
 adhibitorum, vel a judicibus ipfis, fi opus fit, afilgnatorum, & argumenta 
 ex utraque parte, audiunto i & re deliberata jus expediunto & dcclaranto. 
 Confulta hujufmodi inter judicia referunto & cdunto, & paris authoritatis 
 iunto. 
 
 '[De praeU^ionibiis. 
 
 Aphor.^l- Praelectiones de jure, atquc excrcitationcs corum, qui 
 juris ftudiis incumbunt, & operam dant, ita inftituuntor & ordinantor, ut om- 
 nia tendant ad quaeftiones & controvcrfias de jure fedandas porius quam 
 cxcitandas. Ludus enim (ut nunc fit) fere apud omncs inftituitur «Sc apcri- 
 tur, ad altercationes, & quaeftiones dc jure iiiultiplicandas, tanquam oftcn- 
 tandi ingenii caufa. Atque hoc vetus eft malum. Etcnim ctiam apud an- 
 tiques gloriae fuit, tanquam per fedas & fadtiolics, quaeftiones complurcsde 
 jure magis fovere quam extinguere. Id ne fiat, providcto. 
 
 2)^ •vacillatione judiciorum. 
 
 Aphor.^\.. Vac ILL ANT judicia, vel propter immaturara & praefefti- 
 nam fententiam 5 vel propter acmulationcm curiarum ; vel propter malam. 
 & imperitam perfcriptionem judiciorum, vel propter viam pracbitam ad rc- 
 fciflionem corum nimis facilcm & expeditam. Itaque providcndum eft, ut 
 judicia cmanent, matura delibcratione prius habita, atquc ut curiae fc invi- 
 cem revercantur, atquc ut judicia pcrfcribantur fidclitcr &: prudentcr : ut- 
 que via ad refcindenda judicia, fit arfta, confragofa, tSc tanquam muricibus. 
 ftrata. 
 
 Apbor. 9f. Si judicium rcdditum fuerit dc cafu aliquo in aliqua curia 
 principali, & fimilis cafus intervcncrit in alia curia, ne procedito ad judici- 
 um, antequam fiat confultatio in collcgib aliquo judicum majore. Judicia 
 cnim rcddita fi forte rcfcindi necclfe fit, faltcra fcpeliuntor cum honore. 
 
 Apbor. <)6. Ut curiae de jurifdidionc digladientur &: conflidentur, hu- 
 manum quiddam eft ; eoquc magis, quod per incptaou quandam fententiam 
 (quod boni&ftrenui fit judicis, onipliarc jurifdictiqacai cutiac) alatut plane 
 
 Vol. I. K i^ 3 ifta
 
 26o DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib. VIII. 
 
 ifta intcmperics, & calcar addatur, ubi fracno opus eft. Ut vcro ex hac 
 animorum contcntioac, curiae, judicia utrobiqne rcddita (quae nil ad jurif- 
 diclioncm pertinent) libcntcr rcfcindant, intolerabile malum, & a rcgibus, 
 aut Icnatu, aut politia, plane vindicandam. Pcirimi cnim exempli res eftj, 
 ut curiae, quae paccm fubditis praeftant, inter Tc duclla excrceant. 
 
 Aphor. 97. NoN facilis efto aut proclivis ad judicia rclcindenda aditus 
 per appellationcs, aut impetitiones de errore, aut revifus, & funilia. Re- 
 ccptum apud nonnullos eft, ut lis trahatur ad forum luperius, tanquam res 
 Integra ; judicio inde dato fepofito, & plane luipcnlb. Apud alios vcro, ut 
 judicium ipfum mancat in fuo vigorc, fed executio ejus tantum cellet. Neu- 
 trum placet, nifi curiae, in quibus judicium redditum fit, fuerint humiles, 
 & inferioris ordinis: Scd potius, ut & judicium ftct, &. proccdat ejus exe- 
 cutio 5 modo cautio detur a defcndentc de damnis & expcnfis, fi judicium 
 fucrit rcfciflum. 
 
 Atq^ue hie titulus de certitudinc legum, ad cxemplum digcfti reliqui 
 (quod meditamur) fufficiet. Jam vcro doclrinam civilcm (quatenus earn 
 nobis tractate vifum eft) conclufimus. Atquc una cum ca philofophiam 
 humanjm : ficut etiam cum philofophia humana philofophiam in genere. 
 Tandem igitur paululum refpirantes, atque ad ca, quae practcrvedi fumus, 
 oculos rctroflcdentes, hunc tradatum noftrum non abfimilem cile cenlemus 
 fonis illis &praeludiis, quae praetentant mufici, dum fides ad modulationcm 
 concinnant : quae ipfa quidcm auribus ingratum quiddam & afpcnun exhi- 
 bent i at in caufa funt, ut quae fequuntur omnia fint fuaviora : fie nimirum 
 nos in animum induximus, ut in cithara mularum concinnanda, &; ad har- 
 moniam veram redigcnda, opcram navaremus, quo ab aliis poftea pulfcntur 
 chordae, meliore digito aut pledro. Sane, cum nobis ante oculos propo- 
 namus temporum horum ftatum, in quibus litcrac jam tertio ad mortalcs vi- 
 dentur rcdiiflc: 6c una diligentcr intueamur quam variis jam nos invifcrint 
 inftructac praefldiis & auxiiiis : qualia funt ingeniorum noftri temporis com- 
 plurium acumen &: fublimitas : eximia ilia monumcnta fcriptorum veterum, 
 quae veluti tot faces nobis praeiucent : ars typographica, libros cujufcunquc 
 fortunae hominibus larga manu luppeditans; occani fuius laxati, & orbis cx 
 omni parte peragratus, unde expcrimenta plurima prifcis ignota comparue- 
 runt, & ingcns acceftit naturali hiftoriae cumulus -y otium, quo ingenia op- 
 tima in rcgnis & provinciis Europae ubique abundant, cum negotiis minus 
 his in locis implicentur homines, quam aut Graeci, propter populates fla- 
 tus, aut propter ditionum amplitudinem Romani folcbant : pax, qua frui- 
 tur hoc tempore Britannia, Hifpania, Italia, etiam nunc Gallia, & aliac rc- 
 gioncs non paucae ,• confumptio & exinanitio omnium quae vidcntur exco- 
 gitari aut dici pofle circa controvcr/ias religionis, quae tot ingenia jam diu 
 tlivcrtcrunt a cactcrarum artium ftudiis ; fumma & cxccllens majel^atis tuae 
 cruditio, cui (tanquam Phoenici volucrcs) aggregant fc undique ingenia : 
 proprietas denique ilia infcparabilis, quae tempus ipfum fcquitur, ut veritatem 
 indies parturiat: hacc (inquam) cum cogitamus, non pollumus non in cam 
 fpem animum erigere, ut cxiftimemus, tcrtiam hanc literarum pcriodum 
 duas illas priores, apud Graecos 6c Romanos, longo iutervallo fuperaturam i 
 niodo laltem homines, & vires fuas atque dcfcdus etiam virium fuarum 
 probe & prudentcr nolle velint i atquc alii ab aliis inventionis lampada, noa 
 contradictionis torres accipiant, atquc inquifitioncm vcritatis pro inccpto 
 nobili, non pro deledamcnto aut ornamento putcnt : atque opes ac mag- 
 oiiiccntiam impcndant iii res folidas 6c eximia*, non in pcrvuli^atai 5: obvias. 
 
 Ad
 
 Cap. III. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 Ad labores mcos quod attinct, fi cui libeat in corum reprchcnfionc, aut /ibi, 
 aut aliis placcre, vctcrcmccrtc & ultimac patientiacpctitioncm cxliibcbunt 
 illi: Verbcra, fed audi. Rcprelicndant homines, quantum libucrit, modo 
 attendant & perpendant, quae dicuntur. Appcllatio fane Icgitima fuerit, 
 (licet res fortaffe minus ea indigebit) fi a primis cogitationibus hominum ad 
 iecundas provocetur, & ab aevo pracfcnti ad pofteros. Vcniamus nunc ad 
 cam fcientiam, qua caruerunt duac iliac prifcae temporum pcriodi, (ncque 
 enim tanta illis felicitas concefla eft) facram dico & divinitus infpiratam rheo- 
 logiam, cundlorum laborum ac peregrinationum humanarum fabbatum ac 
 portum nobiliflimum. 
 
 261 
 
 /' RAN
 
 ;?63 
 
 FRANCISCI 
 
 Baronis de VERULAMIO, 
 
 Vice-Comltis Sancti Albani, 
 
 pe Dignitate & Augmentis Scientiarum, 
 
 LIBER. NONUS: 
 
 AD REGEM SUUM. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 T'artitiones theologiae infpiratae omittunttir : Tafitum aditus Jit ad de^ 
 Jiderata tria ■-, dofirinam de legitimo ufu rationis humanae in divmis j 
 do6frinam de gradibus unit at is in civitate 'Dei i ^ emanat tones fcri' 
 fturartim, 
 
 JAM vero (rex optimc) cum carina parva, qualis noftra efle potuit, uni- 
 verfum amhitum, tam veteris quam novi orbis, fcicntiarum circumna- 
 vigaverit, (quam fecundis vcntis & curfu poftcroium fit judicium) 
 quid Tupereft, nifi ut vota, tandem pcrfundi, pcrfolvamus ? At rcftat 
 adhuc theologia lacra, five infpirata. Veruntamen fi earn tractare pcrgamus, 
 exeundum nobis foret e navicula rationis iiumanae, & tranfeundum in ecclefiae 
 iiavem : Qiiae fola acu nautica divina polkt ad curium rccte dirigendum* 
 Ncque enini fufficient amplius ftellae philolbphiae, quae hatflenus praecipue 
 nobis afFulIcrunt : Itaque par foret, filcntium quoquc in hac re colerc. 
 Quamobrem partitiones legitimas circa cam omittemus : pauca tamen pro 
 tenuitate noftra, ctiam in banc confcrcmus, loco votorum. Id co magis fa- 
 cimus, quia in corporc theologiae nullam prorius regioncm, aut tractunt 
 plane delcrtum aut incultum, invcninius : tanta fuit hominum diiigentia in 
 Icminandis, aut tritico, aut zizaniis. 
 
 Tres igitur proponemus theologiae appendices, quae non de materia per 
 theologiam informata, aut infoimanda, led tantummodo de modo informa- 
 tionis, tradent. Ncque tamen circa cos tradatus, (ut in reliquis confue- 
 vimus) vel cxempla fubjuncemus, vel praccepta dabimus. Id theologis rc- 
 linqucmus : Sunt enim ilia (ut diximus) inftar votorum tantum. 
 
 I. Praerogativa Dei totum homincm complectitur -, ncc minus ad 
 rationcm, quam ad voluntatem humanam, cxtcnditur: ut homo IciUcct in 
 univcrlum Ic abncgct, 5; ac<;edat Deo. Qirarc, ficut legi divinae obedire te- 
 
 nemur.
 
 Cap.L DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUiM. 263 
 
 ncmur, licet rcludetur voluntas ; ita & vcrbo Dei fidcm habere, licet rclu- 
 ckrur ratio. Etenim, fi ea duntaxat crcdamus, quae iunt rntioni noflrac 
 canrcntanea, rebus aficntimur, nouauthori; quod ctiam fufpcdae fidei tcfli-, 
 bus pracilare folcmus. At fides ilia, quae Abrahamo impntabatnr ad jujti- ' 
 tiam, dc hujufmodi re extitit, quam irrifui habcbat Sarah : Qiiac in hac 
 parte imago quacdam crat rationis naturalis. Quanto igitur myiterium ali- 
 quod divinum fuerit magis ablbnum & incrcdibilc 5 tanto plus in credcndo 
 cxhibetur honoris Deo, & fit vidoria fidei nobilior. Etiam & peccatorcs, 
 quo magis confcicntia Ilia gravanrur, & nihilominus fidcm dc lalutc lua in 
 Dei milericordia coUocant, eo Deum majorc afficiunt honorCi omnis autcin 
 defpcratio Deo pro contumelia eft. Quinetiam, il attcnte rem pcrpenda- 
 mus, dignius quiddam eft credere quam icirc, qualiter nunc fcinuis. In 
 fcientia cnim mens humana patitur a Icnlu, qui a rebus materiatis refilit; in 
 fide autcm anima patitur ab anima, quae eft agens dignius. Aliter Ic res 
 habet in ftatu gloriac : tunc fiquidem ccOabit fides, atquc cognofcemus, ficiit 
 e~ cogniti fiinms, 
 
 CoNCLUDAMUS igitur theologian! facram ex vcrbo & oraculis Dei, 
 non ex lumine naturae aut rationis diclaminc, hauriri (.Icbcre. Scriptum elt 
 enim, coeli enarrajit gloriam'Dei: At nufquam Icriptum invcnitur, coeli 
 enarrant voluntatcm^Dei. De ilia pronunciatur, ad legem & teftimonia, fi 
 non feccrint fccundum verbum iftud, &c. Nequc hoc tenet tantum in 
 grandibus illis niyfteriis, de Deitate, creationc, redcmptioncj verum pertl- 
 nct etiam ad intcrpretationcm perfccliorem legis moralis ; diligite inimicos 
 'veftros i benefacite his, quiodemnt vos. Sec. Ut Jitis filii Tatris veftri, qui 
 in coelis ej}, qui pliiit fitter jujios Zj' injnftos. Quae ccrte verba plaullun 
 ilium mercntur : Ncc vox homincm Ibnat. Siquidcm vox eft, quae lumen 
 naLUv': c fuperat. Quinetiam vidcmus poetas ethnicos, praefertim cum pa- 
 theticc loquantur, cxpoftularc non raro cum legibus & doclrinis moralibus ; 
 (quae tamcn legibus divinis multo funt indulgentiores & iblutiorcs) ac fi 
 naturae libertati cum malignitate quadam repugnent : 
 
 Et quod natura remittit^ 
 
 Invida jura negant. 
 
 Ita Dcndamis Indus ad Alexandri nuntios: Se inaudijfe quideni aliquid de 
 nomine Tythagorae, ^ aliorum fapiefitum e Graecia--, ^ credere illos 
 fuijfe viros 'magnos ; vitio tamen illo labor affe, quod fcilicet nimia in re- 
 •vercntia O" veneratione habuijfent rem quampiam fantajiicam, quam 
 legem & morem vocitabant. Qiiarc, nee illud dubitandum, magnam par- 
 tem Icgis moralis ftiblimiorem cflc, quam quo lumen naturae alcendcrc 
 pofiit. Vcruntamen, quod dicitur, habere homines, etiam ex lumine & 
 lege naturae, notiones nonnullas virtutis, vitii, juftitiae, injuriae, boni, mali j 
 id veriftimum eft. Notandum tamen lumen naturae duplici lignificatione 
 accipi. Primo, quatenus oritur ex fenfia, indudionc, rationc, argumentis, 
 lecundum leges coeli ac tcrrae : Secundo, quatenus animae humanac inter- 
 ne afFulgct inftindu, fecundum legem confcientiae ; quae Icintilla quacdam 
 eft-,' & tanquam reliquiae priftinae & primitivac puritatis. In quo poftc- 
 rioi'C fenlli praccipue particeps eft anima lucis nonnuUac, ad pertedionem 
 intutndam & dil'cernendam legis moralis; quae tamen lux non prorlus clara 
 lir, fed cjulmodi, ut potius vitia quadantcnus redarguat, quam de officiis 
 plcne informct. Quarc religio, live niyftcria fpedcs five mores, pendet 
 cx'r^velationc divina. 
 "^^"^- .> ■ Attamen
 
 264 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. Lib.IX., 
 
 Attamen ufus rationis humanac in Ipiritualibus multiplex lunc cxi- 
 ftit, ac late admodum patct. Ncquc cnim ilne caufa eft, quod Apcftolus 
 rcligionem appellaverit Ratlonalem cultum IDei. Rccordctur quis ccrcmo- 
 nias &c typos \cteris Icgis : Puerunt illae rationales & ligniticativae, longe 
 difcrcpantcs a ccremoniis idololatriac 6c magiac, quae' tanquam lurdac & 
 niutac ciant, nihil docentcs plerunque, imo ne innuentes quidcm. Prae- 
 cipue Chriftiana fides, ut in omnibus, ftc in hoc ipfo cminet, quod aurcpm 
 fervet mediocritatcm circa ufum rationis & difputationis, (quae rationis 
 proles eft) inter leges ethnicorum & Mahometi, quae cxtrema Icclantur. 
 keligio fiquidcm ethnicorum ndei aut confcillonis conllantis nihil habebat;^ 
 contra in religione Mahometi omnis difputatio interdida eft: Itaut altera^ 
 erroris vagi & multiplicisj altera vafrae cujufdam & cautae impofturae, 
 liiciem prae fe ferat j cum lanfta fides Chriftiana rationes ullim & dilputatio- 
 nem (fed fccundum debitos fines) & recipiat, & rcjiciat. 
 
 HuMANAE rationis ufus, in rebus ad rcligionem fpeftantibus, duplex 
 eft : alter in explicatione myfterii ; alter in illationibus, quae inde deducun- 
 tur. Qiiod ad myfteriorum explicationem attinct, videmus non dedignari 
 Deum ad infirmitatem captus noftri fe demittere ; myfteria fua ita explican- 
 do, ut a nobis optime ea pollint percipi ; atque revelationes fuas in rationis 
 noftrae fyllepfes & notiones veluti inoculando ; atque infpirationes ad in- 
 telledlum noftrutn aperiendum fic accommodando, quemadmodum figura 
 clavis aptatur figurac ferae. Qiia tamcn in parte nobis ipfis decile minimc 
 dcbemus : Cum enim Dcus ipfc opera rationis noftrae in illuminationibus 
 fuis utatur j etiam nos candem in omnes partes verfirc dcbemus, quo magis 
 capacesjfimus ad myfteria rccipienda & imbibcnda; modo animus, ad ampli- 
 tudinem myfteriorum pro modulo fuo dilatetur, non myfteria ad anguftias 
 animi conftringantur. 
 
 (Quantum vero ad illationesi nolle dcbemus, rclinqui nobis ufum rati- 
 onis & ratiocinationis (quoad myfteria) fecundarium quendam & refpefti- 
 vum, non primitivum & abfolutum. Poftquam enim articuli & principia 
 religionis jam in fedibus fuis fuerint locata, ita ut a rationis examine peni- 
 tus eximantur j tum demum conccditur ab illis illationcs derivare ac dcdu- 
 cere, fccundum analogiam ipforum. In rebus quidcm naturalibus hoc non 
 tenet. Nam & ipfa principia examini fubjiciuntur j per indudionem, in- 
 quam, licet minime per fyllogifmum : Atque eadem ilia nuUaiu habcnt 
 cum ratione repugnantiam, ut ab codem fonte, tum primac propofitiones 
 tum mediae, dcducantur. Alitcr fit in religione ; ubi & primae propofitio- 
 res authypoftatae funt, atque per fe fubfiftentcs : Et rurfus, non reguntur 
 ab ilia ratione, quae propofitiones confequentes deducit. Neque tamcn hoc 
 fit in religione fola, fed etiam in aliis fcientiis, tarn gravioribus quam levi- 
 oribus, ubi fcilicet propofitiones primariae placita fint, non pofita : Siqui- 
 dem & in illis rationis ufus abfolutus eflc non potcft. Videmus enim in 
 ludis, pura fchaccorum, aut fimilibus, primas ludi normas & leges mere 
 pofitivas eflc & ad placitum 5 quas recipi, non in difputationem vocari, pror- 
 lusoporteat: Ut vero vincas & perite lufum inftituas, idartificiofum eft & 
 rationale : Eodem modo fit & in legibus humanis ; in quibus haud paucac 
 funt maximae, (ut loquuntur) hoc eft, placita mera juris, quae authoritate 
 magis quam ratione nituntur; neque in difccptationem veniunt : Qiiid vero 
 fit juftiftimum, non abfolute, fed relative ; (hoc eft ex analogia illarum max- 
 imarum j) id demum rationale eft, & latum difputationi campum pracbct. 
 Talis igitur eft fecundaria ilia ratio, quae in theologia lacra locum habet, quae 
 fcilicet fundara eft fupcr placita Dei. S icut
 
 Cap.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 265 
 
 SictTf vcL'o I'ationls humanac in divinis ufus eft duplex, ira & m codcm 
 iifu duplex cxccllus. Alter, cum in modum myfterii curioHus, quam par , 
 crt, inquiritur. Alter, cum illationibus aequa tribuitur authoritas, ac prin- 
 cipits ipfis. Nam &Nicodcmi difcipulus vidcri polllt, qui pcrtinaeius quae- 
 rati f^omodo poffet homonafci^ cinii Jit finex? Et difcipulus Pauli ncuti- 
 quam cenfcri poflit,qui non quandoque in doclrinis fuis inlerat ; Ego, 7ion 
 ^Dominus : Aut illud, Secitndtim confil'nim meiim : Siquidem illationibus 
 plcrifquc ftylus iftc convenicr. Itaque nobis res falubris videtur & inpri- 
 mis utilis. fi tractatus inflituatur ibbrius & diligOns, qui de ufu rationis hu- 
 manac in theologicis utilitcr praecipiar, tanquani divina quacdam dialeclica : 
 Utpote cjuac futura/it inftar opiatac cujufdam medicinac, quae non modo 
 fpcculationum, quibus fchola interdum laborat, inania confopiat 5 verum c- 
 tiam controverfiarum furores, quae in ceclefia tumultus cient, nonnihil mi- 
 tigct. Ejufmodi traclatum inter defiderata ponimus ; Sc fophroncm five dc 
 Icgitimo ulu rationis humanac in divinis nominamus. 
 
 2. Interest admodum pads ecclcnae, ut foedus Chriftianorum, a Scr- 
 vatorc pracicriptum in duobus illis capitibus, quae nonnihil vidcntur dif- 
 crepantia, bene & clarc explicctur : Qiiorum altcrum fic definit ; Gui non 
 eft nobifcum, ejl contra nos : Altcrum autcm fic ; ^ti contra nos non ejf, • 
 nobifcum ejt. Ex his liquido patet, cllc nonnullos articulos, in quibus 
 qui diflentir, extra foedus ftatuendus fit : alios vcro, in quibus diflcntirc li- 
 Ceat falvo focdere. Vincula cnim communionis Chriftianae ponuntur, Una 
 fdeSf unum baptifrna, drc. Non unus ritus, una opinio. \'idcmus quo- 
 quc tunicam Salvatoris inconfutilcm cxtitiflc ; vcftcm autcm ecclefiae verfi- 
 colorcnii Paleae in arilk Icparandac funt a frumcnto ; at zizania in agro 
 non protinus evellenda. Moles, cum certantem repcrilTet AEgyptium cum 
 llraclita, non dixit, Cur cert atisf Scd gladio evaginato AEgyptium intertc- 
 cit : At cum Ifraclitas duos certantes vidiflct, quamvis ticri non potuir, ut 
 utrique caula jufta contingeret, ita tamcn eos alloquiturj Fratres eftis, cur 
 certatis? His itaque perpcnfis, magni videatur res & momenti & ufus cllc, 
 ut deliniatur, qualia lint ilia &c quantae latitudinis, quae ab ecclefiae cor- 
 pora homines pcnitus divellant, & a communione fidelium climincnt. Qiiod 
 ii quis putet, hoc jam pridem faftum clTc, videat ille etiam atque ctiam, 
 quam finccrc & moderate. Illud interim verifimile eft, cum qui pacis 
 jnentionem feccrit, reportaturtmi rcfponlum illud Jehu ad nuntium. Nun- 
 quid pax efl Jehu? [^tid tibi & pad? Tranji & fequere me : Cum non 
 pax, fed partes, plerilque cordi fint. Nobis nihilominus vil'um eft tracla- 
 tum de gradibus unitatis in civitatc Dei, ut lalubrem & utilcm, inter defi- 
 derata reponerc. 
 
 3. Cum fcripturarum facrarum, circa thcologiam informandam tantac 
 fmt partes, dc earum interprctationc inprimis videndum. Ncque nunc de 
 outhoritatc eas intcrprctandi loquimur, quae in conlenfu ecclefiae firmatur, 
 fed dc modo intcrprctandi. Is duplex eft ; methodicus & iblutus. Etc- 
 nim latices ifti divini, qui aquis illis ex puteis jacobl in infinitum pracftanr, 
 fimilibus fere hauriuntur & exhibentur modis, quibus aquae naturalcs ex 
 puteis fi3lent : Hac fiquidem, aut lub primum liauftum in cifternas rccipi- 
 untur, undc per tubos complurcs ad uium commode diduci poftunt > 
 aut ftatim in vala infunduntur, fi.ibindc prout opus eft utcndac. Atquc 
 modus ille prior methodicus thcologiam nobis tandem pcperit fcholafti- 
 cam; per quam do£lrina thcologica in artem, tanquam in cilkcnam col- 
 Icda eft; atque indc axioraatum (2f pofitionum rivuli in omncs partes Tunc 
 
 Vol. I. L. 1 dilh-ibuti.
 
 266 dfe: AUGMENTIS SCiENTiARUM Lib.IX. 
 
 cViftfibuti. At in intcrprctandi modo foluto duo ir.tcrveniunt e:<ccl:KiS. Al- 
 ter, cjuUr.odi prackipponk in Icripturis pcrlccioncn-i, lit ctian-i omnis phila^ 
 * fopiiia ex carum fontibus pcti debcaf, nc li plnlolbpl.i.i alia o,LUC\'is, res pro- 
 fana elVet & cthnica. Hacc intcmpcries ja (chola Paracclfi praccipiic, «cc- 
 non apud alios invaluit: Initia autem ejus a Rabbinis 5c Cabaiifiii dclluxe- 
 runt. Vcrum iftiufmodi homines non id aHequuntiu- quod volunt : Ncqi;c 
 cnim honorcm, ut putant, Icripturis dctu'iint i led caidem porius dcprinuint 
 & polluunt. Coelum cnim raatcriatum & rerram, qui in..verboDei quatft- 
 verit, (de quo didum c{\ } coelum & terra pertranjibunt, •vcrhm auttm 
 menm non pertranfibit) is lane tranHtoria ir.tci- aeteina tcmcrc pculcquitur. 
 Qiicmadmodum cnim thcologiam in philolophia quaercrc perindc eft, ac ii 
 vivos quacras inter mortuosj ita c contra philoibphiam in tlicologia quae- 
 rcrc non aliud eft, qiiam mortuos quacrere inter vivos. Alter autem intcr- 
 prctandi motus (quern pro cxceflli ftatuimus) viderur primo intuitu Ibbrius 
 & caftus ■■, led tamcn & fcripturas ipfas dedccorat & plurimo ecclenam at- 
 lieit detrimento. Is eft, (ut verbo dicamus) quando Icripturac divinitus 
 intpiratac, eodem, quo Icripta humana^ explicantur modo. Mcminiftc au- 
 tem oportet, Deo (eripturarum authori duo ilia patere, quae humana ingc- 
 nia fugiunt : Secreta nimirum cordis, & liicceilionc s temporis. Qiiamob- 
 rem, cum fcripturarum diclamina talia fint, ut ad cor I'cribantur, & om- 
 nium iaeculorum viciflitudincs complcdantur ; cum acterna &: ccrta prac- 
 fclcntia omnium hacrefi/im contradidionum & ftatus ecclcltac varii (5: muta- 
 bilis, turn in communf turn in clcdis lingulis; interpretandae non liant Ib- 
 lummodo fccundum latitudincm & obvium fcnfum loci 5 aut refpicicndo ad 
 «occafioncm, ex qua verba crant profata -, aut pracciic ex contcxtu verbo- 
 ■rum praccedentium &fequentium; aut contemplando fcopuni dicli princi- 
 palcm 5 fed fie, ut intelligamus complcdi eas, non iblum totalitcr aut col- 
 ledivc, fed diftributive ctiam in claufulis & vocabulis fingulis, innumeros 
 dodrinae rivulos & vcnas, ad ecclefiae fingulas partes, & animas fidclium, 
 irrigandas. Egregic enim obfervatum eft, quod refponfa Salvatoris noftri, 
 ad quaeftioncs non paucas, ex iis quae proponebantur, non videntur ad 
 rem, fed quafi impertincntia. Cujus rci caufa duplex eft : Altera, qiiod 
 cum cogitationcs eorum, qui interrogabant, non ex verbis ut nos homines 
 folemus, fed immediate & ex fcfe cognoviflct, ad cogitationcs eorum, non 
 ad verba refpondit : Altera, quod non ad eos folum locutus eft, qui tunc 
 adcrant, fed ad nos ctiam, qui vivimus & ad omnis acvi ac loci homines, 
 quibus cvangclium fucrit praedicandum : Qiiod etiam in aliis fcripturac locis 
 obtinct. 
 
 His itaque praelibatis, veniamus ad tradatum cum, quern dcfiderari 
 ftatuimus. Inveniuntur profcdo inter fcripta thcologica, libri controverfi- 
 arum nimio plurcs ; theologiac ejus, quam diximus pofitivum, mafia ingens ; 
 loci communes ; tradatus fpcciales ; cafus confcientiae ; conciones & honii- 
 liac ; deniquc prolixi plurimi in libros fcripturarum commcntarii. Quod 
 defidcramus autem eft hujufmodi : Collcdio fcilicct fuccinda, fana & cum 
 judieio, annotationum & obfervationum, fuper textus fcripturac particula- 
 rcs 5 neutiquam in locos communes excurrendo, aut controverlias perfe- 
 qucndo, aut in artis methodum eas rcdigendo, fed quae plane fparfac fint 
 & nativae. Res ccrte in concionibus dodioribus le quandoque oftcndens, 
 quae ut plurimum non perennant 5 fed quae in libros adhuc non coaluit, 
 qui ad pofteros tranfcant. Certe, qucmadmodum vina, quae fub primam 
 calcationcm moUitcr dcfluunt, funt fuaviora, quam quae a torculari cxpri- 
 
 ^ muntur}
 
 Gip.I. DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. 267 
 
 niuiitiu'; quonicim hacc ex acino & cute uvae aliquid fapiant : Similiter fa- 
 Jubrcs admodum ac luavcs funt doctrinac, quae ex fcripturis Iciiitcr exprcl- 
 iis cmanant, ncc ad controverfias aut locOs communes trahuntur. Hujul- ' 
 modi tradatum cmanationcs fcripturarum nominabimus. 
 
 I AM itaquc mihi vidcor confccillc globum cxiguum orbis intcllcdualis, 
 quam potuitidciifllmc; una cum dcfignatiouc & defcriptionc carum partium, 
 quas, indullria & laboribus iiominum, aut non conllanttr occupatas, aut 
 non latis cxciUtas, invcnio. Qiio in opcrc, ficubi a icntcntia vcteram rccef- 
 f'crim, intcUigatur hoc fadum cllc animo pioticicndi in melius, non inno 
 Vandi aut migrandi in aliud. Nequq cnim mihimctipfi aut avgumcnto, 
 quod in manibus habco, conilare potui, nifi plane dccictum mihi fuhlct ali- 
 orum invcntis, quantum in me fuerit, adderc : cum tamcn non minus op- 
 tavcrim, ctiam inventa mea ab aliis in pofterum lliperari. Qiiam autem in 
 hac re aequus fucrim, vcl ex hoc.^apparet; quod opiniones meas propolU- 
 erim ubiquc nudas & inermes, neque alienac libertati, per confutationes 
 pugnaccs, pracjudicarc contendcrim. Nam in iis quae recle a me po/ita 
 liint, fubeft fpcs id futurum, ut i^ in prima Icdione emergat fcmpulus aut 
 objedio, at in Icftione iterata refponfum ("c ultro fit exhibiturum : lu iis 
 veto, in quibus mihi crrare contigit, certus Turn nullam a mc illatam 
 cflb vim veritati, per argumcnta contentiofa ; quorum ca fere ell na- 
 tura, ut crroribus authoritatem concilient, rcdc invcntis derogent. Siqui- 
 dcm ex dubitatione error honorcm acquirit j Veritas patitur rcpulfam. 
 Interim in mentem mihi venit refponfum illud Themiftoclis, qui, cum 
 ex oppido parvo legatus quidam magna nonnuUa perorafllt, hominem 
 pcrftrinxit ; amice, verba tua civitatem dcfiderant. Certc objici mihi rec- 
 tiffimc pofle cxiftimo, quod verba mea faeculum defiderent : Saeculum forte 
 integrum ad probandum ; complura autem faecula ad perliciendum. Atta- 
 men, quoniam etiam res quaequc maxime initiis fuis debentur, mihi fatis 
 fuerit, feville pofteris & Deo immortali : Cujus Numcn fupplexprecor, per 
 Filium fuum & Servatorem noftrum, ut has & hifcc fimiles, intellectus Im- 
 mani vidimas, religione tanquam falc rcfperfas, 6c gloriae fuac immolatas, 
 propitius acciperc dignctur. 
 
 Novus orbis fcient'iartim., Jive dejiderata. 
 
 LIB. II. TT^RRORES naturae, five hiftoria praeter-generationum. 
 X_y ViNcuL A naturae, five hiiloria mechanica. 
 HisTORiA indudiva, five hiltoria naturaiis in ordinc ad cpndendaiii 
 
 philofophiam, 
 O cu L u s Polyphemi, five hiftoria litcrarum. 
 HisTORiA ad prophetias. 
 Philosophia fecundum parabolas antiquas. . 
 Lib. III. Philosophia prima, five dc axiomatibus fcientiarum comi 
 munibus. 
 Astronomia viva. 
 AsTROLOGiA fana. 
 
 CoNTiNUATio problematum naturalium, 
 Placita antiquorum philofophorum. 
 Pars metaphyficac de formisrerum. 
 Magi a naturaiis^ fivsdediK^io fotmarum ad opera. 
 ;^ I'T.VoL.. I. Ll> Inventa-
 
 268 NOVUS ORBIS SCIENTIARUM. 
 
 Inventarium opum humanarum. 
 
 Catalog us polychrcftorum. 
 Lib. IV. Triumph I hominis, five de fummitatibus iiaturac humanac. 
 
 Physiognomia corporis in motu. 
 
 Narration Es medicinalcs. 
 
 A N A T o M 1 A comparata. 
 
 D E curatione morborum habitorum pro kifaiiabilibus. 
 
 Dc cuthanafia cxteriore. 
 
 De medicinis authcnticis. 
 
 1 M I T A T I o thcrmarum naturalium. 
 
 FiLUM medidnale. '■ 1 ir% ^ i n ; Cf >h 
 
 D E prolongando curricuk» Viue. A Kj^ O 4 KJ- _. jk. 
 
 D E lubftantia animae fenfibilis. 
 
 De nixibiis fpiritus in motu voluntario. 
 
 De differentia perceptionis & fenfus. 
 
 Radix perfpeftivae, five de forma lucis. u' 
 LIB. V. ExPERiENTiAliterata, five venatio Panis. 
 
 Org ANUM novum. 
 
 ToPiCAE particularcs. . ^ _ 
 
 Elenchi idolorum.- ■[;'[ ■ . ../ .';' '\^ 
 
 D E analogia dcmonftrationum. 
 LIB. VI. De notis rerum. 
 
 Grammatica philofophans. 
 
 Traditio lampadis, five methodus ad filios, 
 
 De prudentii fermonis privati. 
 
 Co lores bonl & mali apparentis, tam iunplids, quam comparafl. 
 
 Antitheta rerum. 
 
 Formulae minores orationum. 
 LIB. VII. SATYRAferia, five de inter'ioribus rerum. 
 
 Georgica animi, fivedeculturamorum.^ 
 L I B. VIII. Amanuensis vitae, five de occafionibus fparfis. 
 
 Faber fortunae, five de ambitu vitae. 
 
 Consul paludatus, five de proferendis imperii finibus. 
 
 Idea juftitiae univerfalis, five de fontibus juris. 
 LI B. IX. S o p H R o fr, five de Icgitimo ufu rationis humanae in divinls. 
 
 Irenaeus, five de gradibus unitatis in civitate Dei. 
 
 U t R Es coeleftes, five emanationes fcriptujfacum» 
 
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 ainoiUkd «ixrrcKJiom sno^tc-rua aQ 
 
 FRANCISCI BARONIS i 
 
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 V E R U L A M I O, ' 
 
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 Summi Ai^liae Cancellarii, ] 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM SCIENTJARUM* >' ' 
 
 Hi 
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 S f V E ,^ 
 
 INSTAURATIONIS MAGNAE^^ 
 
 P^RS SECUNDA. 
 
 v.-;'
 
 / I a A >i q
 
 PRAEFATIO. 
 
 UI dc natuiM, tanquam dc re cxploriita, proiuuiriarc aufi funt. 
 five hoc ex aninii fiducia feccrinr, ilvc ainbitiole & more profcf- 
 (oiioi inaximis illi philolbphiam & icicntias dcrrimentis affcccre. 
 Ut cnim ad fidein faciendnm validi, ita ctiam ad inquifirionem 
 cxtiiii;ucndam & abrumpcndam cfficaces fucrunr : Xcquc virtutc propria 
 tantum prorucrunr, quantum \n hoc nocucrunr, quod ahorcm virtutcm 
 corrupcrhat & pcrdiderint. Qui autem contrariam huic viam ingrefli lunt, 
 atquc nihil prorliis Iciri pofie allcrucrunt, five ex fophiftarum vctcrum odio, 
 five ex animi fluduarionc, ant etiam ex quadam dodrinac copia, in hancopi- 
 nionem deiapfi fint, ccrtcnon conremnendas ejus rarionesadduxcrunt; vcrun- 
 tamcn ncc a veris initiis Icntenriam fuara derivarunr, & ftudio quodam atquc 
 affedationc provcfli prorfus modum exceflerunt. At antiquiores ex Graccis 
 (quorum feripra pericrunt) inter pronuneiandi jadantiam & aeatalepfiac de- 
 Iperationem prudentius fe luftinuerunt : Atque dc inquifltionis diificultate 
 & rcrum obfcuritate, faepius qucrimonias & indignationes milcentes, & vc- 
 Juti fracnum mordcntes, tamcn propofitum urgcrc, atque naturae fe immiC> 
 cere non dcftiterunt : Confentaneum (ut videtur) exiftimantes, hoc ipfum 
 (videlicet utrum ahquid fciri pollit) non difputare fed cxpcriri : £t tameu 
 illi ipfi impetu tantum intelledus ufi, rcgulam non adhibucrunt, led omnia 
 in acri mcdiratione Sc mentis volutatione Sc agitationc pcrpctua pofuerunt. 
 
 Nostra autem ratio, ut opere ardua, ita didu facilis ell. Ea enim eft, 
 ut ccrtitudinis gradus conftituamus, fenfum per redudioneni quandam tuea- 
 mur, fed mentis opus, quod fenfum fubfcquitur, plerunquc rcjiciamus; no- 
 vam autem & certam viam, ab ipfis fenfuum perceptionibus menti apcria- 
 mus & muniamus. Atque hoc proculdubio viderunt & illi, qui tantas dia- 
 Jedicae partes tribuerunt. Ex quo liquet, illos intelledui adminicula quae- 
 fivifle, mentis autem proccflum nativuni & fponte movcntem, fufpedum 
 habuifle. Sed Itrum plane rebus perditis hoc adhibetur rcmedium ; poft- 
 quam mens ex quotidiana vitae confuetudine, & auditionibus, & dodrinis 
 inquinatis occupata, & vanillimis idoHs obfefla fuerit. Itaquc ars ilia dia- 
 ledicc, fero (ut diximus) cavens, ncquc rem ullo modo reflitucns, ad erro- 
 rcs potius figcndos, quad ad veritatem aperiendam valuit. Reftat unica 
 falus ac flmitas, ut opus mentis univerfum de integro refumatur; ac mens, 
 jam ab iplb principio, nuUo modo iibi pcrmittatur, fed pcrpetuo rcgatur j 
 ac res, veluti per machinas conticiatur. Sane li homines opera mechanica 
 nudis manibus, abfque inftrumentorum vi & ope aggrclli elVent, quemad- 
 niodum opera intclledualia nudis fcrc mentis viribus tradarc not dubita- 
 runt5 parvac ad modum fuiflent res, quas movere & vincere potuiflent, licet 
 operas enixas, atquc etiam conjundas praeftititlent. Atqui li paulifper mo- 
 rari, atquc in hoc ipfum exemplum, veluti in fpeculum intueri velimus j 
 cxquiramus (fi placet) fi forte obeUfcus aliquis, magnitudine infignis, ad 
 triumphi vel hujufmodi magnificentiae decus transfcrendus eflet, atque id 
 homines nudis manibus aggrcdcrcntur, annon hoc magnae cujuldam elfe de- 
 mentiae, Ipedator quifpiam rei Ibbrius fateretur? Quod fi numerum auge- 
 rent operariormn, atquc hoc modo fc valcrc pofl'e contidercnt, annon tanto 
 
 magis ?
 
 h^^ P R A E F A T 1 O. 
 
 / 
 
 i\iagis? Sin antcm dclcclum qucndam adhibcrc vcllcnt, atquc imbecillloVc? 
 Icpararc, & rob'uftis tantum & viL^cntibus uti, atquc hinc laltcm fc voti 
 compotes fore Ipcrai-cut, aniioii adhuc cos imp^^nfius dflirarc dicerct? Qpia 
 ct-iam, fi hoc ipfo non content^, artcm tandem arhlcticam confulcrc flatuc- 
 rcnt, ac omncs dcincepsmanibus, & laccrtis & ncrvii, ex arte bene unctis CSc 
 mcdicatis adeflc juberent, annon prorfus cos dare operam, ut cum r.,t!one 
 quadam & prudcntia inlanircnt, clamaret? Atquc homines tamen fimiii ina- 
 Icfano impctu & confpirationc inutiH, fcruntur in intcUedualibus ; dum ab 
 ingcniorum vcl mulritudine & confenfu, vcl cxcellcntia & acumine, mag- 
 na fperant ; Aut etram dialcdica (quae quaedam atliletica ccnferi poilk) men- 
 tis nerves roborant : Sed interim, hcet tanto ftudio & conatu, (fi quis verc 
 judicavcrit) intcllcdum nudum applicarc non dcfinunt. Maniiefliilimun.! 
 autcm cil, in omni operc magno, quod manus hominis pracfiat, iinc in- 
 ftrumentis 6c machinis, vires nee ftngulorum mtcndi, ncc omnium coirc 
 pofic. 
 
 Itaq;^ue cx his quae drximus praemiflis, Ibtuimus di\:ii efle res cjc qui- 
 bus homines plane monitos volumus, nc forte rllae eos fugiant ant praetc- 
 reant. (^larum prhna hujufmodi eft; fieri fato quodam (ut cxiftim.amus) 
 bono, ad extinguendas & depellcndas contradrciiones & tumores anunorum, 
 ut & vcteribus honor & rcvercntia intada & imminuta mancant, & ros dc- 
 ftinata pcrficerc, & tamcn modefliac noftrac fruclum perc/pcre poi^imus.. 
 Nam nos, il profitcamur, nos meliora atferrc quam antiqui, eandem quara 
 illi viam ingrcfli ; nulla verborum arte cfficere poflimus, quin inducatur 
 quaedam ingcnii vcl cxccllentiac vcl flicultatis comparatio five contentio ; 
 non ca quidem illicita aut nova; (quidni cnim pollimus pro jure nortro, nc- 
 quc CO ipfo alio, quam omnium, ii quid apud cos non rede invcntum aut 
 pofitum ilt, rcprchenderc aut notarc ?) fed tamcn utcunquc jufta aut pcr- 
 mifla. Nihilominus impar fortaffe fuifiet ca ipfa contentio, ob virium no- 
 ftrarum modum. Verum quum per nos illud agatur, ut alia omnino "via 
 intellectui apefiatur, illis intentata & incognita, commutata j-am ratio cftj 
 ceflant ftudium & partes; nofque indicis tantummodo perfonam fuftinc- 
 iiius ; quod mediocris certe eft authoritatis, & fortuna cujufdam potius, 
 quam» faeultatis & cxcellentiae, Atquc l>ace moniti fpccies ad perfonas per- 
 tincf, altera ad res ipfas. 
 
 Nos fiquidcm dc dcturbanda ca, quae nunc floret philofophia, aut fi 
 quae alia fit, aut erit hac emendatior aut audior, minimc laboramus. Ne- 
 que cnim officimus, quin philofophia ilia recepta & aliac id genus, difpu- 
 tationes alant, fermoncs ornent, ad profeflbria munera & vitac civilis com- 
 pendia adhibcantur & valcant. Qtiin etiam apertc fignificanuis & declara- 
 mus, cam quam nos adducimus philofophiam, ad iftas res admodum uti- 
 lem non futuram. Non pracfto eft ; nequc in tranlitu capitur ; nequc cx 
 pracnotionibus intclledui blanditur; nequc ad vulgi captum, nifi per uti- 
 litatem & efteda defccndet. 
 
 Si NT itaquc (quod fclix fluiftumque fit utrique parti) duac do^Srina- 
 rum cmanationes, ac duae difpcniationes; duac iimiliter contcmplantium- 
 five philofophantium tribus ac vcluti cognationes ; atquc iliac neutiquam 
 inter fe inimicae aut alienae, fed foedcratae & mutuis auxiliis devindac : i\t 
 dcniquc alia fcicntias colendi alia invcmendi ratio. Atquc quibus prima 
 potior & acccptior clt ob feftinationcm, vcl vitac civilis rationes, vcl quod 
 illam alteram ob mentis infirmitatem capcrc & complcdi non poilint ; (id 
 quod iongc plurimis acciderc occeflc eft) optannis, ut ii$ fclicitcr <5c ex vo« 
 
 to
 
 P R A E F A T J O. 
 
 to rucccda't qaod agunt^ atqnc ut quod fcquuntur tcncaiit. Qiiod fi cui 
 mortaliiun corJi & ciinic fir, non tuntum iuvcntis hacrcic, arqiic iis uti, led 
 ad ulrcriora pcnctrare; atv]ue non dilputando advcrfarium, led opere naru- 
 ram vinccre; denique non belle & probabilicer opinari, led teito & ollen- 
 five (cirej talcs tanquam veil Icicntiarunl lilii, nobis {(i videbitur) le ad- 
 jungant; ut omiffis naturae atriis, quae inliniti contiivcrunr, aditus aliquan- 
 do ad intcriora parefiat. Atque ut melius intelligamur, utque illud iplUni 
 quod volumus, ex nominibus impofitis magis familiaiiter occurrat; altera 
 ratio fn'c via, anticipatio xiientis; altera interpretatio naturae, a nobis ap- 
 pellari confucvit. 
 
 Est etiam quod petendum videtur. Nos certc cogitationem lulcepimus 
 & curam adhibuimus, ut quae a nobis proponentur, non tantum vera el- 
 fent, Ted etiam ad animos liominum (licet miris modis occupatos & intcr- 
 clufos) non incommode aut afpere acccdercnt. Veruntamen aequum eft, 
 ut ab hominibus impctremus, (in tanta praelertim doclrinarum &c feienti- 
 arum reftauratione) ut qui dc hilce noftris aliquid, five ex fenfu proprio, 
 five ex authoritatum turba, five ex demoriftrationum formis, (quae nunc tan- 
 quam leges quaedam judicialcs invaluerunt) ftatuerc aut exiftimarc velit; 
 ne id in tranfitu & vclut aliud agendo, facere le pofle Ipcret; fed ut rem 
 pernofcati noftram, quam defcribimus & munimus, viam iplc paulatim ten- 
 ter; fubtilitati rcrum quae in experientia fignata eft afllielcat, pravos de- 
 nique, atque alte hacrentes irlcutis habitus, tempeftiva & quafi legitima 
 mora corrigat ; atque tum demum (fi placucrit) poftquam in poteftate fua 
 cfle coeperit, judicio fuo utatur. 
 
 27S 
 
 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 M m 
 
 PARTIS
 
 274 
 
 . TT 
 
 , c -. :■ ,x..^T* 
 
 PARTIS SECUNDAE 
 
 1 A'f ■ 
 
 
 ]■;£: ..•"> 
 
 Summa, digefta in 
 
 APHORISM OS. 
 
 Aphorism! de interpretatione Naturae, 8c regno 
 
 H O M I N I S. 
 
 j.ij:./;t 
 
 Aphorismus I. 
 
 HOMO naturae minifler &: intcrpres tantum facit & intelligit, quan- 
 tum de naturae ordine, re vel mente obfervavcrit : ncc amplius fcit 
 aut poteft. 
 II. Nec manus nuda, nee intelle£lus fibi permifllis, multuni 
 valet i inftrunientis & auxiliis res perficitur; quibus opus e(l, non minus 
 ad intelleduni quani ad manum. Atque ut inrtrumcnta mauus motuin aut 
 cient aut regunt; ita & infli-umenta mentis, intellcclui aut luggerunt aut 
 cavent. j^^ia 
 
 III. SciENTiA & potentia humana in idem coincidunt, quia ignoratia 
 caufae deftituit eftedum. Natura enim non nifi parcndo vincitur : Etquod 
 in contemplatione inftar caufae ert; id in operatione inikr rcgulae ctt, jinoii 
 
 IV. Ad opera nil aliud potcH homo, quam ut corpora naturaliaadmove- • 
 at & amoveat : reliqua natura intus tranfigit. 
 
 V. Solent fe immifcere naturae (quoad opera) mechanicus, mathema- 
 ticus, medicus, alchymifta & magus: fed omnes (ut nunc funt res,) cona- 
 tu levi, fucceflli tenui. 
 
 VI. Insanum quiddam eflct & in fe contrarium, exiftimare ca quae 
 adhuc nunquam fada funt, fieri pofle, nifi per modos adhuc nunquam ten» 
 tatos. 
 
 VII. Generationes mentis & manus numerofae admodum videntur 
 in libris & opificiis. Sed omnis ifta varietas fita eft in fubtiliratc cximia & 
 derivationibus paucarum rerum, quae innotucruntj non in numero axio- 
 matum. 
 
 VIII. Etiam opera quae jam invcnta funt, cafui debcntur & cxpcri- 
 entiae, magis quam fcientiis : Scicntiae enim quas nunc habcmus, niliil ali- 
 ud funt quam quaedam concinnationes rerum antea inventarum,- non modi 
 inveniendi aut defignationes novorum opcrum. 
 
 IX. Causa vero & radix fere oninium malorum in fcientiis ca una eftj 
 quod dum mentis humanac \ires fulfo niiramur & cxtollimus, vera ejus 
 auxilia non quaeramus. / 
 
 X. SuBTiLiTAs naturae fubriliratem fenfus & intelledus multis parti- 
 bus fupcratj ut pulchrae illae medirationes, & fpcculationes humanac 6z 
 caufationes, res malefaua fint, nifi quod non adfit qui advcrtat. 
 
 XI. SiCUT
 
 Lib. I. ^ , NOVUM ORGANUAT._ ,._ _ ^75 
 
 XI. SicuT fciennae, quae nunc habentur, inutiles Tunt ad inventidncrn 
 operum ; ita & logica quae nunc habctur, inutilis eft ad inventioncm fci- 
 cntiarum. 
 
 XII. Logica, quae in u("u eft, ad crrorcs (qui in notionibus vulsa- 
 ribus fundantui) ftabilicndos & figendos valet, potius quam ad iuquiiit'io- 
 ncm vcritatisj ut niagis damnofa fit quam utilis. 
 
 XIII. Syllogismus ad principia fcicntiaruni non adhJbctur, ad media 
 axiomata fruftra adhibctur, cum fit I'ubtilitati naturae longc impar: Allcn- 
 fum itaquc conftringit non ixs. 
 
 XIV. Syllogism us ex propofitionibus couftat, piopofifiones ex ver- 
 bis, verba notionum tcfferae lunt. Itaque iii notiones iplac, (id quod bafis 
 rei eft) confufae fint & tcmere a rebus abftradae ■■, nihil in iis, quae fupcr- 
 ftruuntur eft firmitudinis: Itaque fpcs eft una in inducHone vera. 
 
 XV. In notionibus nil fani eft nee in logicis, ncc in phyficis; non fub- 
 flantia, non qualitas, agere, pati, ipliim cflc, bonae notiones funt; multo 
 minus grave, leve, dcnftim, tcnue, humidum, ftccum, generatio, corruptio, 
 attrahcre, fugarc, elementum, materia, forma & id genus; led omnes 
 phantafticae & male terminatac. 
 
 XVI. Notiones infirmarum fpccicrum, hominis, canis, columbae, & 
 prehcnfionum immediatarum fenfus, calidi, frigidi, albi, nigri, non tal- ■ 
 lunt magnopere; quae tamcn iplaea fluxu materiac & commiillone rerum 
 quandoque confunduntur; reliquac omncs (quibus homines haflenus ufi 
 lunt) aberrationes (unt, nee debitis modis a rebus abftraclae & exciratae 
 
 XVII. Nec minor eft libido & abcrratio in conftituendis axiomatibus, 
 quam in notionibus abftrahendis; idque in ipfis principiis, quae ab indudli- 
 onc VTilgari pendent. At multo major eft in axiomatibus, 6c propofitio- 
 nibus inferioribus, quae cducit lyllogifmus. 
 
 t XVIII.QuAE adhucinventa lunt in fcicntiis, ea hujufmodi funt, ut no- 
 tionibus vulgaribus fere fiibjaceant: Ut veto ad intcriora & rcmotiora natu 
 rae penetretui% ncccflc eft ut tam notiones quam axiomata, magis certa & 
 mimita via a rebus abftrahantur; atquc omnino mclior & ccrtior intcUcdus 
 adopcratio in uftim veniat. 
 
 XIX. DuAK viae funt atquc efle poflunt, ad inquircndam & invenicn- 
 dam veritatcm. Altera a fenlii & particularibus advolat ad axiomata max- 
 ime gencralia, atque ex iis principiis eorumque immota veritate judicat & 
 invcnit axiomata media: Atque hacc via in ufti eft. Altera a fenfu & par- 
 ticularibus excitat axiomata, afcendcndo cominenter & gradatim, ut ulti- 
 mo loco perveniatur ad maxime gencralia; quae via vera eft, led intentata. 
 
 XX. E AND EM ingreditur viam (priorem Icilicet) intelledus fibi pcr- 
 itiiflUs, quam facit ex ordine dialedicae. Gcftit enim mens exilire ad ma- 
 gis gencralia ut acquicfcat; & poft parvain moram faftidit cxpcrientiam : 
 Sed haec mala demum auda lunt a dialedica ob pompas difputationum. 
 
 XXI. Intellectus fibi pcrmiflus, in ingenio ibbrio & paticntc & 
 gravi, (praefertim fi a dodrinis receptis non impediatur) tcntat nonnihil il- 
 Jam alteram viam, quae reda eft, led exiguo profedu; cum intelleilus, 
 nifi rcgatur & juvetur, res inaequalis fit, &: omnino inhabiiis ad fuperandam 
 rerum obfcuritatem. 
 
 XXII. Utraq^ue via orditur a lenfu & particularibus, & acquiclcit in 
 maxime gencralibus : fed immenfum quiddam difcrcpant; cum altera per- 
 ftringat tantum cxpcrientiam (5: particularia curfim; altera in iis rite & or- 
 dine verfctur; altera ruri'us jam a principio conllituat gencralia quacdam 
 
 Vol. I. Mm 3 abftrada^
 
 2>75 NOVUM ORGANUM. -^ -^ 
 
 abftrafta, & inutilia; altera gradatim exurgat ad ea quae rcvcra' naturae 
 funt notiora. 
 
 XXIII. NoN leve qulddam intercft inter humanae mentis idola, & di- 
 vinae mentis ideas, hoc eft, inter placita quaedam inania, & vcras /ignaturds, 
 atque imprefllones fadas in creaturis, prout invcniuntur. 
 
 XXIV. NuLLO modo fieri poteft, ut axiomata per argumenrationem 
 conftituta ad inventionem novorum operum valeat; quia fubtiliras naturae 
 fubtilitatem argumentandi multis partibus fuperat. Sed axiomata a particu- 
 laribus rite &"ordine abftrafta, nova particularia rurfus facile indicant, Sc 
 defignant ; itaque Icientias rcddunt adivas. 
 
 XXV. Axiomata, quae in ufu funt, ex tcnui & manipulari expcfi- 
 entia, & paucis particularibus, quae ut plurimum occurrunr, fluxerej & 
 lunt fere ad mcnliiram eorum fada iScextenla: ut nil mirum fir, fi ad no- 
 va particularia non ducant. Quod ft forte inftantia aliqua non prius ani- 
 jnadverfa aut cognita fe ofFerat, axioma diftindione aliqua frivola falvatur, 
 ubi emendari ipfum verius foret. 
 
 XXVI. Rationem humanam, qua utimur ad naturam, anticipationcs 
 naturae, (quia res temeraria eft & praematura,) at illam rationem quae «icbi- 
 tis modis elicitur a rebus, interprctatioiiem naturae, docendi gratia, Vocare 
 confuevimus. " ' 
 
 XXVII. Anticipationes fatis firmae funt ad confenfum ; quando- 
 quidem, fi homines ctiam infanirent ad unum modiim & confoi-miter, iili 
 fatis bene inter fe congrucrc poflcnt. 
 
 XXVIII. QyiN longe validiores funt ad fubeundum aflcnfum anticipatio- 
 nes, quam interpretationes; quia ex paucis collcdac, iifque maxime, quae 
 familiariter occurrunt, intelleftum ftatim perftringunt, & phantafiam im- 
 plentj ubi contra, interpretationes, ex rebus admodum variis & multum 
 diftantibus fparfim colledae, intelleclum fubito percuterc non poflunt; ut 
 neceflc fit cas, quoad opiniones duras & abfonas, fere inftar myfteriorum 
 fidei, vidcri. 
 
 XXIX. In fcientiis, quae in opinionibus & placitis fundatae funt, bonus 
 eftufus anticipationum & dialedUcae 5 quando opus eft alfenfum fuljjugarc, 
 non res. 
 
 XXX. N o N, fi omnia omnium actatum ingenia coicrint, & Jabores con- 
 tulerint & tranfmiferint, progrcflus magnus fieri poterit in fcientiis per anti- 
 cipationes : quia errores radicales, & in prima digeftione mentis, ab excel- 
 lentia fundionum & remediorum fequentium non curantur. 
 
 XXXI. Frustra magnum expeftatur augmentum in fcientiis ex fuper- 
 indudione & infitione novorum fuper veteran fed inftauratio facienda eft 
 ab imis fundamentis, nifi libcat perpctuo circumvolvi in orbem, cum exili 
 & quafi contemnendo progreflu. 
 
 XXXII. Antic^uis authoribus fuus conftat honos, atque adeo omni- 
 bus; quia non ingeniorum aut facultatum inducitur comparatio, fed viae: 
 nofque non_ judicis, fed indicis perfonam fuftinemus. 
 
 XXXII. Nullum (dicendum enim eft aperte) rede fieri poteft judi-- 
 cium nee dc via noftra, nee dc us quae fccundum eam inventa funt, per an- 
 ticipationcs, rationem fcilicet quae in ufu eft, quia non poftulandum eft ut 
 ejus rei judicio (Ictur, quae ipla in judicium vocatur. 
 
 XXXIV. Neque ctiam tradendi aut cxplicandi ca, quae adducimus, 
 faciliseft ratios quia, quae in fe nova funt, intelligentur tamen ex analogii 
 vcterum. 
 
 xpcv.
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. ^77 
 
 XXXV. Dixit Borgia de expcditionc Gallorum in Italiam, cos vcnlfle 
 cum creta in manibus, uc diverloria notarent, non cum armis, ut pcrrum- 
 pcrcnt: Itidcm & noftra ratio eft; ut dodrina iioftra animos idoneos «Sc 
 capaccs lubintrct: Confutationum cnim nullus eft ulUs, ubi de prindpiis & 
 ipfis notionibus, atque ctiam de fbrniis demonftrationum dillentimus. 
 
 XXXVI. R E s T A T vero nobis modus tradendi unus & fioipkx, ut ho- 
 mines ad ipfa particularia & eorum fcries & ordines adducamubj & ut 
 illi rurdis inipcrent ftbi ad tempus abnegationem notionum, & cum rebus 
 ipiis confticlcerc incipiant. 
 
 XXXVII. Ratio eorum, qui acatalcpfiam tenucrunt, & via noftra, 
 initiis lliis quodammodo confentiunt ; exitu immenllim disjunguntur & op- 
 ponuntur. Illi enim, nihil Iciri pofl'c, ftmpliciter aflerunt ; nos non multum 
 Iciri pofle in natura , ea, quae nunc in ulu eft, via : Verum illi exindc au- 
 thoritatem fenfus & intelleftus deftruunt j nos auxilia iildem cxcogitainus & 
 lubniiniftramus. 
 
 XXXVIII. Idol A & notioncs falfac quae intelleclum humanum jam 
 Qccuparunt, atque in co alte haercnt, non Iblum mentcs hominum ita obfi- 
 dent, ut veritati aditus diflicilis pateat; led ctiam dato & conceflb aditu, 
 ilia rurfus in ipla inftauratione fcientiarum occur rent, & molefta erunt; nifi 
 homines praemoniti, advcrfus ca fc, quantum fieri poteft, muniant. 
 
 XXXIX. QuATUOR Tunt genera idolorum quae mentes humanas obfi- 
 dent. lis (docendi gratia) nomina imporuimus, ut primum genus, idola 
 tribus; fccundum, idola ipecusj tertium, idola tori; quartum, idola thca- 
 tri, vocentur. 
 
 XL. ExciTATio notionum & axiomatum per induiHiionem vcram, eft 
 ccrte proprium remcdium ad idola arccnda & iUmmoveuda; led tamen in- 
 dicatio idolorum magni ell uius. Doftrina enim dc idolis limilitcr fe habet 
 ad intcrpretationem naturae, ficut do£lrina dc fophifticis elcnchis ad dialec- 
 ticam vulgarcm. 
 
 XLI. Idola tribus funt fundata in ipfa natura humana, atque in ipla - 
 tribu leu gente hominum. Fallb enim alVeritur, lenl'um humanum eflc 
 racnfuram rcrum; quin contra, omnes pcrceptiqnes, tam fenfus quam men- 
 tis, funt ex analogia hominis, non ex analogia univerfi. Eftque intclledus 
 huiVianus inftar fpeculi inacqualis ad radios rerum, qui fuam naturam na- 
 turae rcrum immifcer, eamquc diftorquet & intieit. 
 
 XLII. Idola fpecus funt idola hominis individui. Habet enim unuf- 
 quifquc (practer aberrationes naturae humanac in gencre) fpeeum Hve ca- 
 vcrnam quandam individuam, quae lumen naturae frangit & corrumpit ; vcl 
 propter naturam cujufquc propriam & fingularcm; vel propter educatio- 
 ncm 6i con\crlationcm cum aliis; vcl propter ledionem librorum, & au- 
 thoritatcs eorum quos quifque colit & miratur; vel propter ditferentias im- 
 prellionum, prout occurrunt in animo praeoccupato & praedilpofito, aut 
 in animo aequo & fedato, vel ejufmodi, ut plane I'piritus humanus (prout 
 difponitur in hominibus fmgulis) fit res varia, & omnino pcrturbata «Sc qua- 
 il fortuita. Unde bene Heraclitus, homines Icientias quacrcrc in minoribus 
 mundis, & non in majorc five communi. 
 
 XLIII. S iJNT ctiam idola tanquam ex contractu & focictate huinani gene- 
 ris ad invicem, quae idola fori propter hominum commereium & eonfortiun\ 
 appellamus. Homines enim per fermones fociantur; at verba ex captuvult^i 
 imponuntur. Itaque mala & iaepta verborum impofitio, miris modis intel-. 
 ledum obfidct. i^Jequedetinitiones aut cxplicationes, quibus homines docU
 
 KovuM organum: Lib':'lV 
 
 fe mUnirc & vindicare in nonnullis confucverunt, rem ullo modo rcfti- 
 tuunt. Scd verba plane vim faciunt intcllcdui, & omnia tiul">antj «Sc homi- 
 nes ad inanes & innumeras controverfias &c commcnta deducunt. 
 
 XLIV. Sunt dcnique idola quae immigrarunc in animos hominum ex 
 divcrfis dogmatibus philofophiarum, ac etiam ex pervcrfis legibus dcmoii- 
 ftrationum; quae idola theatri nominamus; quia quoc phUoiophiae recep- 
 tae aut inventac funt, tot fabulas produclas & adas cenlemus, quae man-, 
 dos effecerunt fiditios & feenicos. Ncquc dc Kis quae jam liabentur, aut 
 ctiam de veteribiis philolbphiis & fcdis tantum loquimur, cum complures 
 aJiae ejufmodi fabulae componi & concinnari poillnt; quandoquidem erro- 
 rum prorfus diveribrum caulae fint nihilominus fere communes. Neque 
 rurfus de philolbphiis univerfalibus tantum hoc intcUigimus, led ctiam de 
 principiis & axiomatibus complutibus Icicntiarum, quae ex traditione & fide 
 & neglcdu invaluerunt. Vcrum dc fingulis illis generibus idolorum, fiifi- 
 us & diftindius dicendum eft, ut intcllcdui humano cautum lit. 
 
 XLV. Intellectus humanus ex proprietatc fua facile ilipponit ma- 
 jorcm ordinem, & aequalitatem in rebus quam invenit: Et cum multa fint 
 in natura monodica & plena imparitatis, tamen affingit parallcla & corre- 
 fpondentia, & relativa quae non funt. Hinc commenta ilia, In coelcjiibus 
 omnia moveri per circulos perfeflos, lineis Ipiralibus & draconibus (nifi 
 nomine tenus) prorilis rejcdis. Hinc clementum ignis cum orbc fuo in- 
 trodudum eft ad conftituendam quaternioncm cum reliquis tribus, quae 
 fubjiciuntur fcnfui. Etiam dementis (quae vocant) imponitur ad placi- 
 tum, dccupla proportio excefius, in raritate ad inviccm; & hujufmodi fom- 
 nia. Neque vanicas ifta tantum valet in dogmatibus, verum etiam in noti- 
 onibus fimplicibus. 
 
 XLVI. iNTELLEctus humanus in iis quae fcmel placuerunt, (autquia 
 reccpta funt & crcdita, aut quia dcleclant,) alia etiam omnia trahit ad fiif- 
 fragationem & confenfum cum illis: Et licet major lit inllantiarum vis &' 
 copia, quae occurrunt in contrarium ; tamen eas aut non obfervat aut con- 
 temnit, aut diftingucndo fummovet & rejicit, non Tine magno perniciofo 
 praejudicio, quo prioribus illis lyllepfibus authoriras maneat inviolata. Ita- 
 que rede rcfpondit ilk, qui cum fufpenfa tabula in templo ei monftrarctur 
 eorum, qui vota folverant, quod naufragii periculo elapii fuit, atque inter- 
 rogando premeretur, anne turn quidem dcorum numen agnofceret: Quaefi- 
 vit denuo, At ubi funt illi depi^i qui p oft vota nuncupata perierint? 
 Eadem ratio eft fere omiuis fuperftitionis, ut in aftrologicis, in fomniis, omi- 
 nibus, nemefibus & hujuftriodi; in quibus homines deledati hujufmodi va- 
 nitatibus, advcrtunt eventus ubi implcntur; aft ubi fallunt, licet multo fre- 
 quentius, tamen ncgligunt & praetereunt. At longe fubtilius ferpit hoc 
 malum in philofophiis & fcientiis; in quibus quod Icmel placuit, rcliqua 
 (licet multo firmiora & potiora) inficir, & in ordinem rcdigit. Qiiinetiam 
 licet abfuerit ea, quam diximus, deledatio & vanitas, is tamen humano in- 
 tcllcdui error eft proprius & perpetuus, ut magis moveatur & cxcitetur af- 
 lirmativis, quam negativis; cum rite & ordine equum fc utrique praebcre 
 debeat; quin contra in omni axiomate vcro conftituendo, major eft vis in- 
 ftantiae negativae. 
 
 XLVII. Intellectus humanus illis, quae fimul & fubito mcntcm 
 ferire & fubirc poflunt, maxime moveturj a quibus phantafia impleri & 
 inflari confuevit; rcliqua vero modo quodam, licet impcrceptibili, ita fe ha- 
 bere lingit (Sc fupponit, quomodo i"e habent pauca ilia quibus mens obfide- 
 '''' I tur';
 
 Ijib,J. NOy.UM ORGANUxM. 279 
 
 tpr; ad ilium vcro tranfcurfum, ad inftantias remotas & hctcroccncas, per 
 quas axiomara tanquam ignc probantiir, rardus omnino inrellcinus eft, & iii- 
 habilis, nifi hoc illi per duras Icycs, & violcntum iinpcrir.m iinponatiir. 
 
 XLVIII. Gltsctt intcUcdus humanus, ncque confillcrc aut acqiiicf- 
 ccrc potis c(l, fed ultcrius pctir; at fruftra. Itaquc incogitabile cfl: ut fit 
 aliquid cxtremum aut cxtimum mundi, fed fcmper quafi nccclfaiio occur- 
 rit ut fit aliquid ultcrius. Nequc rurfus cogitari potcft quomodo aererniras 
 'dcfluxerit ad hunc dicmj cum diftiiiftio ilia quae rccipi confucvit, quod fit 
 infinitum a parte ante & a parte poll:, nuUo modo conftarc pollit ; quia in- 
 de fequcretur, quod fit unum infinitum alio infinito majus, atque ut confu- 
 iTiatur infinitum & vergat ad finitum. Similis eft fubtilitas de lincis fcmper 
 divifibilibus, ex impotentia cogitationis. At majore cum pernicie intervc- 
 nit haec impotentia mentis in invcntionc caufiirum: Nam cum maxime uni- 
 verfalia in natura pofitiva eflc debeant, qucmadmodum invcniuntur, nequc. 
 funt revcra caufabilia: tamen intellcftus humanus ncfcius acquiefccre, ad- 
 huc appetit notiora. Turn vero ad ultcriora tendens, ad proximiora recidir, 
 videlicet ad caufas finales; quae funt plane ex natura hominis, potius quam 
 univerfi: atque ex hoc fonte philolbphiam miris modis corrupcrunt. Eft au- 
 ■ftni acque imperiti & leviter philofophantis, in maxime univerfalibus cau- 
 fam requirerc, ac in fubordinatis & I'ubalternis caufam non dcfidcrarc. 
 
 XLIX. Intellectus humanus luminis ficci non eft; fed rccipit in- 
 fufioncm a voluntatc & afFeclibus; id quod generat ad quod -vult fcientias: 
 Quod enim mavult homo verum eflc, id potius credit. Rejicit itaquc dif- 
 ficilia, bb inquirendi impaticntiam; fobria, quia coardVant fpem; altiora 
 naturae, propter fupcrftitioncm; lumen cxperientiae, propter arrogantiam 
 & faftum, nc vidcatur mens vcrfari in vilibus & fluxis; paradoxa, propter 
 opinionem vulgi; deniquc innumeris modis, lifque intcrdum impcrccptibi- 
 Jibus, aifcftus intelledlum imbuit & inficit. 
 
 L. A T longe maximum impedimentum & abcrratio intellcdus humani 
 provenit a ftupore & incompetentia & fallaciis fenfuum ; ut ea quae iQTi' 
 lum fcriant, illis, quae fen fum immediate non feriunt, licet potioribus, prac- 
 pondcrent. Itaquc contemplatio fere definit cum aipeftu ; adeo ut rerum 
 invifibilium exigua aut nulla fit obfervatio. Itaquc omnis opcratio fpiritu- 
 iim' in corporibus tangibilibus incluforum later, «Sc homines fugit. Omnis c- 
 tiam fiibtilior metafchematifmus in partibus rerum craftiorum, (quam vulgd 
 altcrationem vocant, cum fit revcra latio per minima) latct fimiliter: & ta- 
 men nifi duo ifta, quae diximus explorata fuerint & in lucem producla, ni- 
 hil magni fieri poteft in natura quoad opera. Rurfus ipfa natura aifris com- 
 munis & corporum omnium, quae aerem tenuitate fupcrant, (quae plurima • 
 funt) fere incognita eft. Senfus enim per fe res infirma eft &abcrrans; 
 nequc organa ad amplificandos fcnfus aut acucndos multum valent; fed 
 omnis vcrior intcrpretatio naturae conficitur per inftantias, & cxperimenta 
 idonea & appofita; ubi fenfus dc cxperimento tantum, cxperimentum dc 
 natura &: re ipfa judicat. 
 
 LI. Intellectus humanus fertur ad abftracla propter naturara propri- 
 am; atque ea quae fluxa funt, fingit cffc conftahtia. Melius autem eft natu- 
 ram fecare, quam abftrahere; id quod Dcmocriti Ichola fecit, quae magis 
 penetravit in naturam quam rcliquae. Materia potius confiderari debet, & 
 gus fchematifmi & metafchematifmi, atque adus purus & lex actus five 
 motus; formac enim commenta auimi humani funt, nifi libcat IcgCs illas 
 s^m formas appellate, 
 
 T.ll. Hujusf-
 
 28o NOVUM ORGANUM. i.ib. 1. 
 
 LIl. HujusMODi itaqnc funt idoln, quae vocamus iJoLi tribus ; qune 
 ortum habcnt aut ex acqualitate fubftantiac fpiritus humani; ant ex pi-.ic- 
 occupatione ejus 5 aut ab anguftiis ejus; aut ab inquicto motuejus; aut ab 
 mfufione affcduum; aut ab incompctentia fenfuum; aut ab iniprellionis 
 modo. 
 
 LIII. Idol A fpecus ortum habentcx propria cujufque natura & auiir.i 
 & corporis; atque etiam ex educationc, & coniuetudine & fortuiti^^. Quod 
 <j;euu5, licet fit varium & multiplex, tamcn ca proponemus, in qnibus max- 
 ima cautio eft, quaeque plurimum valcnt ad pollucndum intclledum, ne fit 
 purus, 
 
 LIV. Adamant homines fcientias & contemplationes particulates; aut 
 quia authores & inventorcs fe earum credunt; aut quia plurimum in illis 
 opcrac pofuerunr, iilquc maximc alVucvcrunt. Hujufmodi vcro homines, 
 fi ad philolbphiam & contemplationes univerfalcs fe contulcrint, illas ex 
 prioribus phantafiis detorquent & corrumpunt; id quod maxime confpicu- 
 um cernitur in Ariftotelc, qui naturalem (liam philolbphiam, logicae ihac 
 prorlus mancipavit, ut cam fere inutilcm & contentiofam reddidcrit. Chy- 
 micorum autem genus, ex paucis expcrimentis fornacis, philoibphiam con- 
 ftituerunt phantafticam, & ad pauca ipcdantem : Qiiinetiam Gilbertus, poft- 
 quam in contempiationibus magnetis Ic laboriofinimc cxcrcuiflcr, conhnxit 
 Itatim philolbphiam confentaneam rei apud ipfum praepollenti. 
 
 LV. Maximum & vclut radicalc difcrimen ingcniorum, quoad philo- 
 fophiam & Icicntias illud eft; quod alia ingenia fuit fortiora 5c aptiora ad 
 notandas rcrum di.Tcrcntias; alia, ad notandas rcrum fimilitudines. Inge- 
 nia enini cpnftantia & acuta, figere contemplationes, & morari & hacrere 
 in omni fubtilitate diffcrentiarum polVunt: higenia autem fublimia & dif- 
 curfiva, etiam tcnuidimas & catholicas rcrum fimilitudincs & agnofcunt & 
 componunt : Utrumquc autem ingcnium facile labitur in cxceflum, prcn- 
 fando aut gradus rcrum aut umbras. 
 
 LVI. Reperiuntur ingenia alia in admirationem antiquitatis, alia in 
 aniorem & amplexum novitatis effufa; pauca veto ejus temperamenti funt, 
 ut modum tcncrc pollint, quin aut quae rede pofita funt ab antiquis con- 
 vcllant, aut ca contemnant quae rcftc aftcruntur a novis. Hoc vero magno 
 fcientiarum & philofophiac dctrimcnto ht, quum ftudia potius fint antiqui- 
 tatis & novitatis quam judicia : Veritas autem non a felicitate temporis ali- 
 cujus, quae res varia eft; fed a liunine naturae & experientiae, quod acrcr- 
 num eft, pctcnda eft. Itaquc abncganda funt ifta ftudia; & videndum, nc 
 intelledus ab illis ad confenfum abripiatur. 
 
 LVII. Contemplationes naturae 5c corporum in fimp'icitatc fua, 
 intelleftum frangunt & comminuunt : Contemplationes vcro naturae & cor- 
 porum in compofitione & configuratione fua, intclledum ftupefaciunt & fol- 
 vunt. Id optime cernitur in fchola Leucippi & Dcmocriti, collata cum re- 
 liquis philofophiis. Ilia enim ita vcrlatur in particulis rerum, ut fabricas 
 fere negligat; reliquae autem ita fabricas intucntur attonitae, ut ad fimpli- 
 citatem naturae non penetrent: Itaquc altcrnandae funt contemplationes 
 iftae, & viciilim fumendae; ut intclledus rcddatur fimul penetrans &c ca- 
 pax; & cvitentur ca quae diximus incommoda, atque idola ex iis prove- 
 nicntia. 
 
 LVIII. Talis itaque cfto prudentia contcmplativa in arcendis & fum- 
 movendis idolis fpecus; quae aut ex pracdominantia, aut ex excellli com- 
 pofitionis & divifionis, autexftudiii erga tcmpora, aut ex objcdis largis & 
 
 minutis.
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. 281 
 
 miiiutis, niaxime ortum habcnt. Gcncralitcr autem pro llifpcdo liabeiidum 
 unicuiqne icrum naturam contcmpianti, quicquid intelicclum luam potilli- 
 mum capit &cietinct5 tantoquc major adhibcndi m hiijui'modi phcitis crt 
 cautio, ut intelJedus fcrvetur aequiis & purus. 
 
 LIX. At idola fori omnium moleftillima ilint ; quae ex foedcrc verbo- 
 rum & nominum le iufinuarunt in intcilcctum. Crcdunt cnim lionjincs, ra- 
 doncm fuam verbis imperarc. Scd fit etiam ut verba vim lliam fuper inte!- 
 leftum rctorqueant & reflcclant, quod pliilofophiam & Icientias reddidit lo- 
 phiftiais & inaclivas. Verba autcni plerunque ex ciiptu vulgi induntur, at- 
 que per lincas, vulgari intclled\ui maximc confpicLias, res Iccant. Qiuim au- 
 tem intellcclus acurior, aut obfcrvatio diligcntior, eas lineas transfcrrc vc- 
 lir, ut illae fiat magis fecundum naturam; verba obftrcpunr. Uade fit ut 
 magnac & iblennes difputationes liominum dodlorum, laepc in controvcr- 
 fias circa verba &nomina dcfinant; a quibus (ex more & prudcntia mathe- 
 maticorum) incipere conlultius forct, eafquc per definitiones in ordincni rc- 
 digere. < '^lae tamen definitiones, in naturalibus & materiaris, liuic malo 
 mcderi non poflunt; quoniam & ipfae definitiones ex verbis confiant, & 
 verba gignunt verba: adeo ut ncceile fit, ad initantias particulates, carum- 
 que ferics & ordines recurrere; ut mox dicemus, quum ad modum & rati- 
 oncm conftituendi notiones &: axiomata devcntum tuerit. 
 
 LX. Idola quae per verba intellcdui imponuntur, duoriim gcneruni 
 funt : Aut enim funt rerum nomina, quae non funt, (quemadmodum cnim. 
 funt res, quae nomine carent, per inoblt'rvationem ; it?. fi.uit ex nomin.i quae 
 carent rebus, per fuppofitioncm phantafticam ; ) aut lunt n(5mina rerum 
 quae lunt, fed confufa & male terminata, & temere & inaequaliter a rebus 
 aDftrada. Prioris generis Hint, fortuna, primum mobile, planctarum orbes, 
 clemtntum ignis 6: hujufmodi commenta, quae a vanis ic talfis thcoriis or- 
 tum iiabent. Atquc hoc genus idoloram faciiius cjicitur, quia per conllan- 
 tcm abncgationem & antiquationcm tiacoriartim exterminari polllint. 
 
 At alterum genus perplexum eft, & alte haerens; quod ex mala & 
 impcrita abftratlionc cxcitatur. Exempii gratia accipiatur aiiquod verbum, 
 (Humidum, fi placet) & videamus quomodo fibi conftent, quae per hoc 
 verbum fignificantur : & invenietnr verbum iftud, Humidum, nihil aliud 
 quam nota confulk diverfarum adtionum, quae nuUam conftantiam aut rc- 
 dudionem patiuntur. Significat cnim & quod circa aliud corpus taciie Ic 
 circumfundit; & quod in fe eft indetcrminabilc, ncc confiltere poteft; & 
 quod facile ccdit undique; & quod facile fe dividit Sc difpergit; & quod 
 facile fc unit & colligit; & qUod facile fluit & in motu ponitur; & quod 
 alteri corpori facile adhaeret, idque madefacit; <Sc quod focile rcducitur 
 in liquidum, five colliquatur, cum antca confifteret. Itaquc quum ad hu- 
 jus nominis praedicationem & impofitionem ventum fit; fi alia accipias, 
 flamma humidaeft; li alia accipias, act humidus non eft; fi alia, pulvis mi- 
 nutus humidus ell; it alia, vitrum humidum eft, ut facile appareat illam 
 notioncm ex aqua tantum, & communibus &: vulgaribus liquoribus, ablique 
 ulla debita verificatione, temere abftradam clie. 
 
 In verbis autem, gradus funt quidam pravitatis & crroris. Minus viti- 
 ofum genus eft nominum fubflantiac alicujus, pracfcrtim fpecierum infi- 
 marum, & bene dedudarum; (nam norio crctac, lutibona; terrae, mala:) 
 vitiofius genus eft adionum, ut gencrare, corrumperc, alterare : vitiofilii- 
 mum qualitatum, (cxceptis objcdis fenfus immediaris) ut gravis, Icvis, te- 
 nuis, denfi, &c. Et tamen in omnibus iitis fieri non poteft, quin fint aliae 
 Vol. I. N n notiones
 
 282 NOVUM ORGANUM. lib. L 
 
 notioncs aiiis paulo mcliorcs, prout in rcnfiim humanum incidit rehim 
 
 LXI. At idola thcatri innata non Hint, ncc occulto in{inu.lta irt intcllec- 
 tum; fed ex flibulis thcoriarum & pcrvcrfis legibus dcmonllraripnum, 
 plane indita &: reccpta. In his autcm confiirationcs tcntarc & lulcipcrc 
 conicnraneum prorlus non eft illis, quae a nobis dida lUnr. Qiium cnim 
 necdc principiis conlcntiamus, ncc dc dcmonftrationibus; tollitur omnis ar* 
 gumcntatio. Id vcro bono tit faro, ut antiquis fuus conftct honos. Nihil 
 cnim illis dctrahitur, quum dc via omnino quaeftio fir. Ciaudus CKini' (ut 
 dicitur) in via, antcvcrtit curforcm extra viam. Eriam illud manifcfto li- 
 quet, currcnti extra \ iam, quo habijior fit & vclocior, co majorcm contin- 
 ucre aberrationcm. n'luq^uJ 
 
 Nostra veto inveniendi fcicntias ca eft ratio, ut non multum ingcrlio- 
 rum acumiui & robori relinquatur ; fed quae ingenia & intcf'ertus fere ex- 
 acquet. QLicmadmodum cnim ad hoc ut linca rcda fiat, aut eirculus perfec- 
 tus dcfcribatur, niultum eft in conftantia & excrcitatione manus, fi fiat ex 
 Vi manus propria, fin autcm adhibeatur regula, aut circinus, parum aut ni- 
 hil; omnino iimilis eft noftra ratio. Licet autem confutationum particula- 
 rium nuUus fit ullis ; dc fcftis tamen & generibus hujufmodi thcoriarum non- 
 nihil dicendum eft; atque etiam pauIo poft de fignis exterioribus, quod fe 
 male habcant; & poftremo dc caufis tantae infelicitatis, & tam diuturni & 
 gcncralis in erroreconfenfus; ut ad vera minus difficilis fit -aditus, & intel- 
 lectus humanus volcntius cxpurgetur, & idola dimittat. 
 
 LXII. Idola thcatri, five thcoriarum, multa funt, & multo plura cfle 
 poilluit, & aliquando fortafle erunt. Nifi cnim, per multa jam faccula, 
 hominum ingenia circa religioncm & theologiam occupata fuiflcnt; atquc 
 etiam politiac civiles (praelbrtim monarchiac) ab iftiufiiiodi novitatibus, 
 etiam in contcmplationibus, eflent averfae; ut cum periculo & detrimento 
 fortunarum fuarum in illas homines incumbanr, non folum praemio defti- 
 tuti, led etiam contemptui & invidiae expofiti; complurcs aliae proculdubio 
 philofophiarum & thcoriarum feftae, fimilcs illis quae magna varictatc olim 
 apud Graecos Horucrunt, introduftae fuiflcnt. Qiicmadmodum cnim fupcr 
 phacnomtna acthcris, plura themata coeli conhngi pofiiint; fimilitcr, & 
 multo magis, fupcr phaenomena philofophiae fundari poflunt & conftitui 
 varia dogmata. Atque hujufmodi theatri fabulae habent etiam illud, quod 
 in theatro poetarum ufu venit; ut narrationes fidae ad fccnam narratio- 
 nibus ex hiftoria vcris concinniores fint & elcgantiores, & quales quis magis 
 vcllet. 
 
 In gcncre autcm, in materiam philofophiae fumitur aut multum ex pau- 
 cis, aut parum ex multis ; ut utrinque philofophia fupcr expericntiae & na- 
 turalis hiftoriae nimis anguftam bafin fundata fit, atquc ex paucioribus quam 
 par eft, pronunciet. Rationale cnim genus philofophantium ex expcrientia 
 arripiunt varia & vulgaria, caque nequc certo comperta, ncc diligcnter 
 cxaminata & penfitata ; reliqua in meditatione atquc ingcnii agltationc po- 
 nunt. 
 
 Est & aliud genus philofophantium, qui in paucis experim.entis Icdulo 
 & accurate claborarunt, atque inde philofophias educere &i confingere aufi 
 funt; reliqua miris modis ad ca detorquentcs. 
 
 Est &i tertium genus eorum, qui theologiam & traditiones ex fide & 
 vcncratione immilccnt; inter quos vanitas nonnullorum, ad pctendas &: dc- 
 rivandas fcicntias, a fpiritibus fcilicet & gcniis, deflexit; ita ut ftirps erro- 
 
 rum.
 
 .^Lib. I. NOVUiM ORGAiNUM. isj 
 
 mm, & philofophui falia, trcncrc triplex /it: Sophiftica, cmpinca, & fupct- 
 ftitiofa. 
 
 LXIII. Prim I generis excmplum in Ariftotclc maximlc confpicuum eft: 
 Qui philolbphiani naturalem dialcdlica fua corrupit; quum mundum ex 
 carc^onis cifcccrit; animuc huraanac, nobilillimac lubftaiitiae, genus ex 
 vocibus lecundae Intcntionis tribuerit; negotium dcnfi & rati, per quod 
 corpora fubcunt majorcs & minores dimenfiones five fpatia, per fngidam di- 
 ftindioncni aclus & potcntiae tranfegerit, motum fuigulis corporibus unicum 
 & proprium, Sc, I'l parricipcnt ex alio motu, id aliunde movcri, afleruerit, 
 & innumcra alia, pro arbitrio liio, naturae rcrum impofuerit; magls ubiquc 
 iblicitu.s quomodo quis rcfpoildendo Ic cxplicet, & aliquid reddatur in ver- 
 bis polalvuni, quam dc interna rerum veritate. Quod criam optime Ic often- 
 dit in comparatione philotbphiac ejus, ad alias philolbphias, quae dpud Grae- 
 cos celcbrabautur. Habent cnim honioiomera Anaxagorae, atomi Leucip- 
 pi oc Democriti, coclum & terra Parmcnidis, lis & amicitia Empedoclis, re- 
 jblutio cbi-porum in adiaphoram naturam ignis, & replicatio corundem act 
 dcnUini Heracliti, aliquid ex philoibpho naturalij 6c rerum naturam & 
 cxperientiam, & corpora flipiunt; ubi Ariftotelis phyfica, nihil aliud ^uam 
 dialedicae voces plerunquc (bnet; quam ctiam in mttapliyficis llib fblen- 
 niorc nomine, & ut magis I'cilicct realisj non nominalis, retraclavit. Neque 
 illud quenqua.n moveat, quod in libns ejus de animalibus, & in problema- 
 tibus, & in aliis tliis tradatibus, verlatio trequens fit in experimentis. Illc 
 cnim prius dccrcverat; neque expcrienti.im ad conftituenda dccreta & axio- 
 hiara rite conlliluit; led poftquam pro arbitrio fuo dccreviflet, experien- 
 tlaiii ad ilia placita tortam circuniducit, & cip'tivam; ut hoc etiam ilpminc 
 Uvagis acculaiidiis iit, quam feclatores ejus modcrni (IchblilUcorum piiilolb- 
 phorum genus) qui cxperientiam onmino defcrucrunt. 
 
 LXiV. At plillofopaiac genus empiricum placita magis deformia & 
 nionftrola cducit, quam fophifticum aut rationale genus 5 quia non in luce 
 notionum vulgarium, (quae licet tenuis lit & lliperficialis, tamen eft qub- 
 dammodo univerfalis, & ad multa pertincns) fed in paucorum experimen- 
 torum anguiliis & oblcuritate funJarum eft. Itaquc talis philolbphia, illis, 
 qui in hujuhnodi experimentis quotidie ■(^erfatitur, atque ex ipfis phAntafiam 
 contamiiiarunt, prob'abilis videtur & qiiaff certa: caeteris, incredlbilis 6c 
 v^na. Cujus exemplum notabile eft in chymicis, eorumque dogmatibus; 
 alibi autem vix hoc tempore invenitur, niii forte in philolbphia Gilberti. 
 Sed tamen circa hujulmodi philolbphias cautio nuUo modo practermittcnda 
 trati quia mente jam praevidemus & auguramur, li quando homines, no- 
 llris monitis excitati, ad expa-ientiam l"e lerio contulerint (vdlcrc iuflis doc- 
 tcinis fophiihcis,) turn demum propter praematuraftl & prieproperam iri- 
 tclledus teftinationem, 6c laltum live volatuhi dd gciicialia, 6: rerum princi- 
 pia, lore, ut inifgi-»um ab huju/modi p'hilolbphlis pcriculum immineat : cui 
 malo etiani nunc oliviam irC dcbemus. 
 
 LXV. A T corruptio philolbphiae ex luperftitione, & theolbgi'a admifta, 
 latins omnino patet, & plurimum mali intcrt, aut in philolbphias integras, 
 aut in earum partes. Humanus cnim intellecUis non minus imprcflionibus 
 phancaliac elt obnoxius, quam imprcllionibus vulgarium notionum. Pug- 
 uax cuim genus piiilolbphiae & Ibphifticum illaqueat intelleclum; at illud 
 aUcrum phantailicum 6: rumidum, & quafi poeticum, magis blanditur iii- 
 tcHcdui. lueit cnim hcMuinl quaedam intelleclus ambitio, non minor quam 
 voluntatis i pradertun in ingeniis altis & clcvatis. 
 
 Vol. 1 Nil 2 Hut us
 
 284 NOVUM ORGANUM. Libi 1 
 
 *" Hujus autcm generis exemplum inter Graccos illucefcir, praccipue in 
 Pytha'j;ora, fed cum fuperftitione magis crafla & oncrofa conjimctum; ar 
 periculofius & fubtilius in Platonc, atque ejus fchola. Invcnitur etiam hoc 
 genus mali in partibus philofopliiarum reliquarum, introdueendo formas ab- 
 ftraftas, & caufas finales, & caufas primas; omirtendo laepiflime medias, 
 & hujufmodi. Huic autcm rei fumma adliibcnda crt cautio. Pellmia enim 
 res eft errorum apotheofis, & pro peftc intelleclus habenda eft, fi vanis ac- 
 cedat veneratio. Huic autcm vanitati, nonnulli ex modernis fumma levi- 
 tate ita indulferunt, ut in primo capitulo Genefcos, & in libro Job, & aliis 
 fcripturis facris, philofophiam naturalcm fundarc conari ilnt; inter •vi'va 
 qnaerentes mortna. Tantoque magis haec vanitas inhibenda venir, & co- 
 crcenda, quia ex divinorum & humanorum malcfana admiftionc, non fo- 
 lum educitur philofophia phantaftica, fed ctiam religio haerctica. Itaque 
 falutare admodum eft, fi mente fobria fidei tantum dcntur quae tidci funt. 
 ^ LXVI. Et de malis authoritatibus philofophiarum, quae ut in vulgaribus 
 notionibus, aut in paucis expcrimcntis, aut in fuperftitione fundatae funt, 
 jam diftum eft. Dicendum porro eft & dc vitiola materia contcmplatio- 
 num, praefertim in philofophia naturali. Inficitur autem intcllectus hiima- 
 nus ex intuitu eorum, quae in artibus mechanicis fiunt, in quibus corpora 
 per compofitiones aut feparationes ut plurimum alterantur; ut cogitct, fimile 
 quiddam etiam in natura rerum univerfaji fieri. Unde fiuxit commcntum 
 illud elementorum, deque illorum concurfu, ad conftitucnda corpora natu- 
 ralia. Rurfus, quum homo naturae libertatem contemplctur, inciditin Ipe- 
 cics rerum, animalium, plantarum, mineralium; unde facile in cam Jabitur 
 cogitationem, ut exiftimet, efle in natura quafdam formas rcrum priniarias, 
 quas natura educere moliturj atque reliquam varictatem ex impcdimentis 
 & aberrationibus naturae in opere fuo confieiendo, aut ex diverlarum fpe- 
 cierum conflidu, & tranfplantatione alteriusin alteram, provcnire. Atque 
 prima cogitatio qualitatcs primas ekmentares, fecunda proprictatcs «xxultas 
 & virtutes fpecificas, nobis pcperit; quarum utraque pertinct ad inaniacon- 
 tcmplationum compendia, in quibus acquiefcit animus, & a folidioribus a- 
 vcrtitur. At medici, in fecundis rcrum qualitatibus & operationibus, at- 
 trahendi, repellcndi, attcnuandi, infpiflandi, dilatandi, aftringcndi, difcu- 
 tiendi, maturandi, & hujufmodi, operam praeftant melioremj atque nifi ex 
 illis duobus (quae dixi) compcndiis (qualitatibus fcilicet elementaribus, & 
 virtutibus fpecificis) ilia altera (quae rede notata funt) corrumpercnt, rcdu- 
 cendo ilia ad primas qualitatcs, earumque mixturas fubtiles «Sc incommenfu- 
 rabiles; aut ea non producendo, cum majore & diligentiore obfervatione, 
 ad qualitatcs tertias & quartas, fed contcmplationem intempcftive abrunv 
 pendo; illi multo melius profeciflent. Ncque hujuiiiiodi virtutes (non dico 
 eaedem, fed fimiles) in liumani corporis mcdicinis tantum exquirendae funt j 
 fed etiam in caeterorum corporum naturalium mutationibus. 
 
 S ED multo adhuc majore cum malo fit, quod quiefccntia rcrum principia, 
 ex quibus, & non moventia, per quae res fiunt, contemplcntur & inqui- 
 rant. Ilia enim ad fcrmones, ifta ad opera fpedant. Nequc enim vulgarea 
 illae differentiae motus, quae in naturali philofophia recepta notantur, gene- 
 rationis, corruptionis, augmentationis, diminutionis, alterationis & iationis, 
 ullius funt prctii. Quippe hoc fibi volunt ; fi corpus, alias non mutatujn, 
 loco tamcn moveatur, hoc lationem efle; fi manentc & loco & fpecie, qaa- 
 litate mutetur, hoc alterationem efle; fi veto ex ilia mutatione moles ipfa, 
 & quantitas corporis non cadcm mancat, hoc augnjentationis «Sc diminutio- 
 nis
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. 285 
 
 «is motuni c.Tc ; /i eatcnus mutcntur, ut fpccicm ipfam & fubftantiam ni'J- 
 tent, & in alia migrcnr, hoc generationcm &: conuptioncm eflc. At ifta 
 mere populaiia Cunt, & nuUo modo in naturam penetrant; funtquc mcn- 
 iurae & pcriodi tantum, non fpccies motus. Innuunt cnim illud, Hncuf- 
 que^ & non, Guowodo, vcl Ex quo fo7ite. Neque enlm de corporum ap- 
 petitu, aut dc partium eorum proccflu, aliquid fignilicant; fed tanriun 
 quum motus illc rem alitcr ac prius, craffo modo, Icnfui cxhibear, inde divi- 
 fioncni Iliam aufpicantur. Etiam quum dc caufis motuiim aliquid /ii;nilica- 
 rc volunt, atque diviPionem ex illis inlUtucre, ditfcrentiam motus naturalis 
 «Sc violcnti, maxima cum focordia, introdueunt; quae & ipfa omnino ex 
 norionc vulgari eft; cum omnis motus violentus etiam naturalis revcra fit, 
 Icilicet cum externum efficiens naturam alio modo in opcre ponet, quam 
 quo prius. 
 
 At hi fee omiflis; ft quis (exempli gratia) obfervaverir, ineflTe corporibus 
 appetitum contaftus ad invicem, ut non patiantur unitatem naturae prorlus 
 dirimi aut abfcindi, ut vacuum detur, aut fi quis dicat, inefle corporibus 
 appetitum fe recipiendi in naturalem fuam dimcnfionem vel tenfuram, uc 
 il ultra earn, aut cirra cam, comprimantur aut dillrahantur, ftatim in vctc- 
 rem fphaeram & exporredionem fuam fe recuperare & remittcre moliantur; 
 aut liquis dicat, inefle corporibus appetitum congrcgationis ad mafias con- 
 naturalium fuorum, denforum videlicet vcrfus orbcm terrac, tenuiorum & 
 rariorum verlus ambitum coeli; haec & liujufmodi vcre phyfica Hint gene- 
 ra motuum. At ilia altera plane logica funt & fcholaftica, ut ex liac col- 
 latione eorum manifcfto liquet. 
 
 . Nequ6 minus etiam malum eft, quod in philofophiis & contcmplationi- 
 ■bus fuis, in prineipiis rerum atque ultimitatibus naturae invcftigandis & trac- 
 tandis, opera infumatur, cum omnis utilitas & facultas operandi, in me- 
 diis confiftat. Hinc fit, ut abftrahere naturam homines non definant, donee 
 ad niatcriam potentialem & informem ventum fuerit ; nee rurfus lecarc na- 
 turam definant, donee pervcntum fuerit ad atomum ; quae, etiamfi vera ef- 
 fent, tamcn ad juvandas hominum fortunas parum poflunt. 
 
 LXVII. Dan DA eft etiam eautio intelleclui, de intemperantlis philo- 
 fophiarum, quoad aflcnfum praebendum aut cohibcndum; quia hujulinodi 
 intemperantiac videntur idola figerc & quodammodo perpetuare, ne detur 
 aditus ad ea fummovenda. 
 
 Duplex autem eft exceflus; alter eorum, qui facile pronunciant & 
 fcientias rcddunt pofitivas & magiftrales; alter eorum, qui acatalcpfiam in- 
 troduxerunt, 6: inquifitioncm vagam line termino. Qiiorum primus intel-- 
 ledum deprimit, alter cnervat. Nam Arillotelis pliilolbphia, poftquanl 
 caeteras philofophias (more Ottomanorum erga fratres fiios) pugnacibus con- 
 futationibus contrucidaQet; de llngulis pronuneiavit j & iplae rurlus quae- 
 ftiones ex arbitrio fuo fubornat, deinde confieit; ut omnia certa fint & de- 
 Grcta : Qiiod etiam apud fliccefiiones fuas valet, & in ufu eft. 
 
 At Platonis fehola acatalcpfiam introduxit, primo tanquam per jocum &: 
 ironiam, in odium veterum fophiftarum, Protagorae, Hippiac, & reliquo- 
 i:um, qui nihil tarn verebantur, quam ne dubitare de re aliqua vidcrentur. 
 At nova academia acatalcpfiam dogmatizavit, «Sc ex profeflb tenuit : Qiiae 
 licet honcftior ratio fit, quam pronunciandi licentia, quum ipfi prof»: dicant, 
 fe minime confundere inquifitioncm, ut Pyvrho fecit »Sc Ephcticl, fed habe- 
 re quod icquantur ut probabilc, licet non habcant quod teneant utverum; 
 tamcn poftquam animus humaiius de veritate invenienda lemel defperaverit, 
 
 omninv 
 2
 
 286 NCDVUM GRGANUM. Lib. j. 
 
 dmnino omnia fiunc languidiora: Ex quo fit, ut dcficdant hohiincs potius 
 id amocnas difputationcs & dilcurfus, «5c rcrum qual'dam pcragratio- 
 ncs, quam in Icveritatc inquifitionis Tc ful^incant. Vcrum quod a principio 
 diximus, & pcrpctuo agimns, Icnfui 3c intcllccl:ui humano, coiuniquc iniir- 
 mitati, authoriras non eft dcroganda, led auxiiia pracbcnda. 
 
 LXVIII. At QUE de idolorum fuiguiis gencribus, coi-umque apparatu, 
 jam diximus; quae omnia conftanti & folcnni dccreto llint abncganda 
 & rcnuncianda, 6c intellcdus ab iis omnino liberandus eft & cxpurgandus, 
 ut non alius fere fit aditus ad rcgnum liominis, quodfundatur in fcientiis, 
 quam ad rcgnum cbeldiruhi ; in quod nijifub perfona infant is, i7U rare non 
 datiir. _ . _ ;,,^.^j 
 
 LXIX; At pravac dcmonftrationcs, idolorum veluti munitioncs qaac- 
 dam funt & pracfidia; eacquc, quas in dialedicis habemus, id icrc agunt, 
 ut mundum plane cogitationibus humanis, cogitationcs autcm verbis addi- 
 cant & mancipent. Dcmonftrationcs vero potentia quadam philofophiac 
 ipfae funt ^ Teientiae. Quales enim cac llmt, ac prout rite aut male iniii- 
 tutae, tales fequuntiir philolbphiae & contemplationcs. Fallunt autem, & 
 Incompetentes llmt eae, quibus utimur in univerlb illo procellli, qui a Tcnfu 
 & rebus ducit ad axiomata & conclufioncs. Qui quidem proceOlis quo.- 
 druplex eft, & vitia ejus totidem. Primo, imprcilioncs lenftis ipfuis vitio- 
 fac funt; fcnfus enim & dcftituit 6c fallir. At dcftitutionibus iubftitutio- 
 nes, fallaciis redificationes dcbcntur. Sccundo, notioncs ab iniprclllonibus 
 fcnfuum male abftrahuiitur ; & intcrminatac & confuiae funt, quas ttiiji- 
 natas & bene finitas eflc oportuit. Tcrtio, indudio mala eft, quae per e.iUT 
 merationcm funplicem principia concludit fcientiarum, non adhibiti;, cxtjiiur 
 iionibus & folutionibus, five feparationibus naturae debitis. Poftremo, mo- 
 dus illc invcniendi & probahdi, ut primo principia maxime gcncralia coi,Tfi:i- 
 tuantur, deindc media axiomata ad ea appliccntur & probentur, erroriiiicj 
 Inatcr eft & fcientiarum omnium calamitas. Vcrum de illis, quae jam qbi-; 
 tcr perftringimus, fufius dicemus, quum veram intcrprctandac naturae \'i::ni, 
 abfolutis iftis expiationibus & expurgationibus mentis, proponemus. 
 
 LXX. Sed dcmonftratip longc optima eft experientia; modo ii;^creat in 
 ipfo cxperimento. Nam fi traducatur ad alia, qude fimilia cxiftimantur, nifi 
 rite & ordinc fiat ilia traduclio, res fallax eft. At modus cxpericndi, quo 
 homines nunc utuntur, caecus eft & ftupidus. Itaque cum errant & vagan- 
 tur nulla via ccrta, fed ex occurfu rcrum tantum confilium capiunt, circum- 
 fcruntur ad multa, fed parum promovent; & quandoquc geftiunt, qui.ndo- 
 que diftrahuntur j & fcmper invcniunt quod ultcrius quacrant. Fcrc autcm 
 ita fit, ut homines leviter & tanqudm pet ludum experiantur, variando pau- 
 lulum cxperimcnta jam cognita; &, fi res non fuccedat, faftidiendo 5c co", 
 natum dcfercndo. Qiiod fi magis ferid & conftanter ac laboriofe ad cxperi- 
 hicntafcaccingant; tamcn in uno aliquo cxperimento crucndo operum col- 
 locant; qucmadmodum Gilbertus lii magncte, chymici in auro. Hoc au- 
 tcm faciunt homines, inftituto non minus impcrito, quam tcnui. Nemo 
 enim alicujus rci naturam in ipfa te fcliciter pcrfcrutatur; fed amplianda eft. 
 hiquifitio ad magis communia. 
 
 Quod fictiam fcientiam quandam & dogmata ex experimcntis moh'an^ 
 tut; tamcn fempcr fere ftudio praepropcro & intciiipcftivo dcfledr.nt ad 
 praxin: non tantum propter ufum & fructum cjufmodi praxeos; led ut in 
 optrc aliquo novo veluti pignus fibi arripiant, '^c non inutilitcr in relicjuis 
 verfaturos: atque ctiam aliis fc vcnditcnt, ad cxiftimatidncm mcliorcm com-,! 
 
 pairandani
 
 r 4 • 
 
 . t 
 
 ii'b/I. NOVUM ORG A NUM. . 287 
 
 parandam dc 11s in quibus occupati lunt. Ira fir, ut more Ataltinrac, uc Ma 
 dccedant ad tollcndum aurcum pomum ; interim vcro cuifiim auerrumparir, 
 & victoriani cmittant e manibus. Verum in cxpericntiae vero curriculo, co- 
 que ad nova opera produccndo, divina prudcntia omnino & ordo pro cxcm- 
 plari Ilimcnda llint. Dcus autcm primo die crcationis luccm tantum crea\ir, 
 eique opcri diem integrum atrribuit; nee aiiquid materiati opcris co die 
 creavit. Similiter 5c ex omnimoda experientia, primuni inventio cauiarum 
 & axiomatnni verorum elicicnda eft; & liicitera expcrimenra, non frudi- 
 fera quacrenda. Axiomata autem rccle inventa &c conftituta praxin non 
 ftridim, fed confertim inftruunt; & opcrum agmina ac turmas port fe tra- 
 hunt. Vcrum de expericndi viis, quae non minus quam viae judicandi ob- 
 feflae funt & intcrclufae, poftea diccmus: Impraelcntiarum dc expcricntij 
 vuigari, tanquam de mala demonftratione, tantum loquuti. jam vcro po- 
 iitulat ordo rerum, ut dc iis, quorum paulo ante mcntionem fecimus, fignisj 
 (quod philofophiae & contemplationes in ulli male Cc habcant,) & de caufis 
 tci primo intuitu tarn mirabilis & incredibilis, quaedam fubjungamus. Sig- 
 norum enim notio praeparat afl'enfum: Cauiarum vero explicatio tollit mi- 
 raciilum : Qluc duo ad extirpationem idolorum ex intclledu faciliorcm & 
 clementiorem multum juvant. 
 
 LXXI. SciENTiAE, quas habemus, fere a Graecis fluxerunt. Qiiae 
 enim fcriptores Rornani, aut Arabes, aut recentiores addiderunti non mul- 
 ta, aut magni momenti funtj & qualiacunquc fuit, fundata lunt fupcr bafin 
 corum quae inventa lunt a Graecis. Erat autem fapientia Graecorum pro- 
 fcllbria, & in difputationes effula: quod genus inquifitioni vcritaris ad\er- 
 fiUlmum eft. Itaque nomen illud Ibphiftarum, quod per contemptum ab 
 iis, qui fe philofophos liaberi voluerunt, in antiquos rhetores rejedum & 
 tradudum eft, Gorgiam, Protagoram, Hippiam, Polum; etiam univcrlb 
 generi compctit, Piatoni, Ariitoteli, Zenoni, Epicuro, Theophrafto; & 
 corum fucceflbribus, Chryfippo, Carncadi, reliquis. Hoc tantum intere-' 
 rat; quod prius genus vagum fucrit & mcrccnarium, civitates circumcur- 
 fando, & fapicntiam fuam oftentando, & merccdem exigendo; alterum 
 vero folennius & generofius, quippe eorum qui fcdcs lixas habucrunt, & 
 fcholas aperuerunt, & gratis philolbphati funt. Sed tamcn utrumque ge- 
 nus (licet caetera difpar) profeflbrium crat, & ad difputationes rem deducc- 
 bat, & fetlas quafdam atque hacrefcs philofophiae inftitucbat & propugna- 
 bat; ut elfent fere dodrinac eorum (quod non male cavillatus eft Dionyltus 
 in Platonem) Verba otio forum ftnnm ad imperitosjuvenes. At antiquich 
 res illi ex Graecis, Empedocles, Anaxagoias, Leucippus, Democritus,- 
 Parmcnides, Heraclitus, Xcnophancs, Philolaus, reliqui, (nam Pythagoram, 
 ut fuperftitiofum, omittimus) fcholas (quod novimus) non aperuerunt; fed 
 majore filentio, & feverius & funplicius, id eft, minore cum aftedatione' 
 & oftcntatione, ad inquilitionem veritatis fe contulerunt. Itaque & meliuSi 
 ut arbitramur, fe geflerunt; nifi quod opera corum a levioribus iftis, qui 
 vulgari captui «5c alFedui magis refpondent ac placent, tradu temporis ex-"" 
 tinda fint: tempore (ut fluvio) leviora & magis inflara ad nos devehentCi' 
 graviora »5: folida mergente. Nequc tamcn ifti a nationis vitio prorfus im- 
 munes erant; fed in ambifionem &: vanitatem fcdae condendae, & aurac 
 popularis captandae, nimium propendcbant. Prodefperata autem habenda 
 eft veritatis inquifitio, cum ad hujufmodi inania defledat. Etiam non oniit- 
 rc'ndum vidctur judicium illud live vaticinium potius faccrdotis AEgyptii de 
 Graecij: ^od femper pueri effent; neque hakerent antiquitatem fcien- 
 tiae^
 
 288 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. J. 
 
 t'lae, aut fcientiam antiquitatis. Et ccrtc habent id quod puerorum eft ; 
 ut ad t-arrlcndum prompti fiat, gcncrarc autem non polnnt: Nam vcrboia 
 videtur fapicutia corum, & opciiim Iterilis. Itaquc ex ortu & gcntc philo- 
 Ibphiae, quae ia ulU cir, quae capiuntur ftcna bona non Unit. 
 
 LXXII. Neque multo meliora funt %na, quae ex natura tcmporis 
 & aetatis capi poflunt, quam quae ex natura loci & nationis. Angufta e- 
 nim erat & tenuis notiria per iilam aetatem, vel temporis, ve! orbib, quod 
 longe pellimum eft, praclcrtini iis qui omnia in cxperientia ponunr. Ne- 
 que enim mille annorum hiftoiiam, quae digna erat nomine hiftoriae, ha- 
 bcbant; fed tabulas & rumorcs antiquitatis. Regionum veto tractuumque 
 mundi cxiguam partem noverant 5 cuni omnes liypcrboreos, Scytlias i om- 
 ncs occidcntales, Celtas indiftinde appellarent : nil in Africa ultra cirimam 
 AEthiopiae partem, nil in Afia ultra Gangemj multo minus novi orbis pro- 
 vincias, ne per auditum lane aut famam aliquam certam & conftantem, nof- 
 Icnt; imo & plurima climata & zonae, in quibus populi infiniti Ipirant & 
 degunt, tanquam inhabitabiles ab illis pronunciata flnt: quinetiam peregri- 
 nationcs Democriti, Platonis, Pythagorae, non longinquae profefto ^^(zd 
 potius fuburbanae, ut magnum aliquid celebrarentur. Noftris autem tem- 
 poribus, & novi orbis partes complurcs, & veteris orbis extrema undiquc 
 innotefcuntj & in infinitum experimentorum cumulus excrevit. Qiiare ii 
 ex nativitatis aut geniturae tempore (aftrologorum more) figna capienda 
 fmt, nil magni de iftis philofopliiis iigniticari videtur. 
 
 LXXIII. Inter figna nullum magis certum aut nobile eft, qvam quod 
 ex fruclibus. Frudlus enim & opera inventa, pro veritate phiioi'opliiarum 
 velut fpontbres (Scfidejullbres lunt. Atque ex philofophiis iftis Graecorum 
 & dcrivationibus earum per particulates fcientias, jam per tot annorum Ipa- 
 tia, vix unum experimentum adduci poteft, quod ad hominum ftatum Id- 
 vandum & juvandum fpeftet, & philofophiae Ipeculationibus ac dogriiatibus 
 vere acceptum rcferri poflit. Idque Celliis ingenue ac prudcnter faterur; 
 nimirum, experimcnta medicinae primo inventa tuille, ac poftca homines 
 circa ea philolophatos efle, & caufas indagafle & aftignaflcj non ordine 
 invcrfo evcnifle, ut ex philofophia & caufarum cognitione, ipfa experi- 
 mcnta inventa aut deprpmpta eflent. Itaque mirum non erat, apud AEgyp- 
 tios (qui rerum invcntoribus divinitatcm & conlecrationem attribucrunt) 
 plures fuiftl- brutorum animalium imagines, quam hominum : quia bruta 
 animalia, per inftinctus naturales, multa inventa pcpercrunt •-, ubi homines, 
 ex fermonibus & conclufionibus rationalibus, pauca aut nulla exhibuerint. 
 
 At chymicorum induftria nonnulla peperit; fed tanquam fortuito & 
 obiter, aut per experimentorum quandam variationem, (ut mechanici fo- 
 lent) non ex arte aut thcoria aliqua; nam ea, quam confinxerunt, experi- 
 menta magis perturbat quam juvat. Eorum ctiam, qui in magia (quam vo- 
 cant) naturali verfati funt, pauca reperiuntur inventa; eaquc levia & im- 
 pofturae propiora. Quocirca, quemadmodum in religionc cavetur, at ri- 
 des exopcribus monftrctur; idem ctiam ad philoibphiamoptimc traducitur, ut 
 ex fructibus judicctur, & vana habeatur quae fterilis lit: idque eo magis, Ci 
 loco fruduum uvae & olivae, producat dilputationum & contentionum cat- 
 duos iJc Ipinas. 
 
 LXXIV. Capienda ctiam riant figna ex incrcmentis & progrefllbus 
 philofophiarum & fcientiarum. Qiiac enim in natura fundata lunt, crel- 
 cunt & augentur: quae autem in opinione, variantur non augenrur. ita- 
 que ri iftac doctrinae plane inftar plantac a ftirpibus luis revuUae non eflent, 
 
 fed
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. 289 
 
 fed utero naturae adhacrercnt, atquc ab eadem alercntur, id minlmc cvetl- 
 turum fuiflet, quod per annos bis millc jam fieri videmus: nempc, ut fci- 
 entiae fuis liacreant vcftigiis, & in codem fere ftatu mancnnt, nequc aug- 
 mentum aliquod mcmorabile llimpfcrint, quin potiusin primoauthore maxi- 
 mefl'oruerint, & deincepsdcclinaverint. In artibus aurcm mcchanicis, quae 
 in natura & expericntiac luce fundatae funt, contra evcnirc videmus: quae 
 (quamdiu placcnt) vcluti fpiritu quodam rcpictae, continue vcgctant & cre- 
 fcunt; primorudcs, dcindc commodac, polka excultae & perpctuo auftac. 
 
 LXXV. Etiam aliud fignum capicndum eft; (fi modo figni appella- 
 tio huic competat; cum potius tcftimonium fit, atque adco tcftimoniorum 
 omnium validiirimum;) iioc eft, propria confcillo authorum, quos homi- 
 nes nunc fcquuntur. Nam & illi qui tanta fiducia de rebus pronunciant; 
 tamcn per intervalla cum ad fe rcdeunt, ad qucrimonias dc naturae llibtili- 
 tate, rerum obicuritate, liumani ingcnii infirmitate Ic convcrtunt. Hoc 
 vcro fi fimpliciter fierct, alios fortafle, qui llmt timidiorcs, ab ultcriori inqui- 
 fitione deterrere, aliosvero, quilunt ingcnio alacriori & magis fidenti, ad ul-' 
 teriorcm progrefllim acuere &incitarc, pofllt. Vcrum non fatis illis eft, d<i 
 fc confiteri, led quicquid fibi ipfis aut magiftris fiais incognitum aut intac- 
 tum fuerit, id extra terminos poffibilis ponunt; & tanquam ex arte, cognitu 
 aut fadu impofllbile pronunciant : lumma fuperbia & invidia ftiorum in- 
 ventorum infirmitatem, in naturae ipfius calumniam & aliorum omnium 
 defperationem vertentes. Hinc fchola academiae novae, quae acatalep- 
 fiam ex profeflb tcnuit, & homines ad fempitcrnastenebrasdamnavit. Hind 
 opinio, quod formae five vcrae rerum differentiae, (quae revcra funt le2;es 
 adus puri) inventu impofllbiles fint & ultra hominem. Hinc opiniones il- 
 iac in aftiva & operativa parte; calorcm folis & ignis toto generc difterre; ne 
 fcilicet homines putent fe per opera ignis, aliquid fimile iis, quae in natura 
 fiunt, cducere & formarc pofle. Hinc illud: Compofitionem tantum opus 
 hominis, miftionem vcro opus folius naturae eile; nc fcilicet homines fpc- 
 rent aliquam ex arte corporum naturalium gencrationem aut transformatio- 
 nem. Itaque ex hoc figno homines fibi pcrlliadcri facile patientur, ne cum 
 dogmatibus non folum dcfpcratis, fed etiam defperationi dcvotis, fortunas 
 fuas «Sc labores mifceant. 
 
 LXXVI. Neque illud fignum praetermittendum eft, quod tanta fuerit 
 inter philofophos olim diflenfio, & fcholarum ipfarum varictas : Qiiod fa- 
 tis oftcndit viam a fenlli ad intcUeftum non bene munitam fuidc, cum ea- 
 dem materia philofophiae (natura fcilicet rerum) in tam vagos & multipli- 
 ces errores abrepta fuerit & diftrada. Atquc licet hifce temporibus dif^ 
 fenfiones & dogmatum diverfitates circa principia ipfa, & philofophias in- 
 tegras, ut plurimum extinftae fint, tamen circa partes philofophiae, innu- 
 merae mancnt quaeftiones & controverfiae ; ut plane appareat, nequc in 
 philofophiis ipfis, neque in modis demonftrationum aliquid ccrti aut fani 
 cfle. 
 
 LXXVII. Q,uoD vero putant homines, in philofophia Ariftotelis mag- 
 num utique confcnfum effe; cum poft illam cditam, antiquorum philo- 
 fophiae ceflaverint & exolevcrint; aft apud tcmpora, quae fcquuta funt, 
 nil melius inventum fuerit; adeo ut ilia tam bene pofita & fundata vidca- 
 tur, ut utrumquc tempus ad fe traxerit : Primo, quod de ceflatione antiqua- 
 rum philofophiarum poft Ariftotelis opera edita homines cogitant, id fallum 
 eft; diu enim poftea, ufque ad tcmpora Ciceronis, &laccula fcquentia, man- 
 fcruut opera vcterum philofophorum. Scd temporibus infcqucntibus, ex 
 
 Vol. I. Co inunda-
 
 290 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM/ Lib. I. 
 
 iiiundationc Baibaroruni in impcrium Romanum, poftquam dodrina huma- 
 
 na velut naufragium pcrpefla cfletj turn demum philolbphiae Ariftotelis& 
 
 Platonis tanquam tabulae ex materia leviore & minus Iblida per flu<!iiis tcm- 
 
 porum fcrvatac fiuit. lUud etiam de confenfu fallit homines, fi acutius rem 
 
 inrrofpiciant. Vcrus cnim conienfus is eft, qui ex libertate judicii (re pri- 
 
 us explorata) in idem convenicnte confiftit. At numerus longc maximus 
 
 eorum qui in Ariftotelis philolbpliiam confenfcrunt, ex praejudicio & au- 
 
 tlioritatc aiiorum fc illi mancipavit ; ut lequacitas fit potius & coitio, quam 
 
 conlenfus. Quod Ci fuillet ille vcrus coni'entlis & late patens, tantum abeft, 
 
 ut conrenllis pro vera & folida authoritate haberi dcbcat, ut etiani violen- 
 
 tam praelumptionem inducat in contrarium. Peflunum cnim omnium eft 
 
 augurium, quod ex conlenfu capitur in rebus intcllcdualibus : cxccptis di- 
 
 vinis & politicis, in quibus Tuffragiorum jus eft, Nihil enim multis placet, 
 
 nifi imaginationem feriat, aut intelledum vulgarium notionum nodis aftrin- 
 
 gat, ut lupra didum eft. Itac]ue optime traducitur illud Phocionis a mori- 
 
 bus ad intelleclualia ; Ut Jtatim f'e examinare debeant homines^ quid er- 
 
 raver int aut peccaverint -, fi mtiltitudo confentiat d^ complaudat. Hoc 
 
 fignum igitur ex averfilllmis eft. Itaque quod figna veritatis «Sc fanitatis 
 
 philofophiarum & Icientiarum, quae in ulu lunt male le habeant; five ea- 
 
 piantur ex originibus iplarum, five ex frudibus, five ex progrellibus, five 
 
 ex confeftionibus authorum, five ex confenfu; jam didum eft. 
 
 LXXVIII. Jam vero venicndum ad caufas erroium, & tarn dinturhae 
 in illis per tot faecula moracj quae plurimae fimt & potentilliinae : ut tol- 
 latur omnis admiratio, haec quae adducimus homines hucufque latuifte & 
 fugiiVe, & maneat tantum admiratio, ilia nunc tandem alicui mortalium in 
 mentem venire potuifie, aut cogitationem cujufpiam fubiiflc : quod ctiam 
 (ut nos exiftimamus) fclicitatis magis eft cujuldam, quam exccUentis ali- 
 <ujus tacultatis; ut potius pro temporis partu haberi dcbcat, quam pro par- 
 tu ingcnii. 
 
 Primo autem tot faeculorum numerus, vere rem reputanti, ad magnas 
 anguftias recidit : Nam ex viginti quinque annorum centuriis, in quibus 
 memoria & dodrina hominum fere vcrfatur, vix fex centuriae feponi & ex- 
 ec rpi poflunr, quae fcicntiarum fcraccs, earumvc proventui utiles fucrunt. 
 Sunt enim non minus temporum quam regionum eremi & vaftitates. Tres 
 cnim tantum dodrinarum revolutiones & period! rede numerari poflant : 
 Una, apud Graecos; altera ipud Romanos; ultima, apudnos, occidentales 
 fcilicet Europae nationes : quibus fingulis vix duae centuriae annorum me- 
 rito attribui polVunt. Media mundi tcmpora, quoad fcicntiarum iegetera 
 ubcrem aut lactam infelicia fuerunt. Nequc enim cauli eft ut vcl Arabum 
 vcl fcholafticorum mentio fiat : qui per intermedia tcmpora fcientias potius 
 ct ntrivcnuit numerofis tradatibus, quam pondus earum auxcrunt. Itaque 
 prima caufa tam pufilli in fcientiis profedus, ad anguftias temporis ei'ga illas 
 propitii rite (5- ordinc refcrtur. 
 
 LXXiX. At fecundo loco fe cflfert caufa ilia magni certc per omnia 
 momenti: ea videlicet quod per illas ipfas actatcs, quibus hominum ingenia 
 & literae maxime vcl etiam mediocritcr florucrint, naturalis philofophia mi- 
 nin'iam partem humanac operae fortita fit. Atque haec ipla nihilominus pro 
 magna icientiarum matre haberi debet. Omnes cnim artes & fcientiae ab 
 hac ftirpe rrvulfac, poliuntur fortaftc & in ufum affinguntur; led nil ad- 
 moduni crefcunr. At manifeftum eft, poftquam Chriftiana fides recepta fu- 
 iflct & adoleviflet, longc maximam ingeniorum praeftantifiimorum partem 
 
 ad
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. 291 
 
 ad thcologiam fccontulifle; atquc huic rei & amplifllma pmemia propofi- 
 ta, & omnis generis adjumenta copiofifiime fubminiftrata fuilVc : Atque hoc 
 ■ theologiae ftudium praecipuc occupaflc tcrtiam illani partem five pcriodum 
 ' temporis apud nos Europaeos occidcntalcs; co magis, quod fub idcm.-ferc 
 tcmpus & litcrac florcrc, & controvcrfiac circa rcligioncm pullularc, cocpc- 
 rint. At acvo llipcriori, durante pcriodo ilia Iccunda, apud Romanos, po- 
 tifllmacphilofoplKJrum mcditationes& indullriac in moraliphilofophia (quae 
 erhnicis vice theologiae erat) occupatac & conlbmptae fucrunt: Etiam lum- 
 ma ingenia illis tcmporibus ut plurimum ad res civilcs fc applicucrunt, prop- 
 ter magnitudiBcm imperii Romani, quod plurimorum honjinum opera in- 
 digcbat. At ilia aetas, qua naturalisphilolbphia apud Graccos maxiinc fio- 
 ^rere vifa eft, particula fuit temporis niinime diuturna 5 cum & antiquiori- 
 ous tcmporibus Ibptcm illi qui lapientcs nominabantur, omnes, (praeter 
 Thaletem) ad moralcni philofophiam & civilia Ic applicucrint ; & pofte- 
 ^ xioribus tcmporibus, poftquam Socrates philofophiam dc coclo in terras de- 
 duxiflct, adhuc magis invalucrit moralis philolbphia, & in'genia homitiym 
 a naturali a\'ertcrir. 
 
 At ipfillima ilia pcriodus temporis, in qua inquifitiones de natura vigu- 
 crunt, contradictionibus & novorum placitorum ambitionc corrupta eft & 
 inutilis rcddita. Itaquc quandoquidcm per tres iftas periodos, naturalis phi- 
 lofopiiia majorem in modum ncgleda aut impedita fuerir, nil mirum fi ho- 
 mines parum in ca re profecerint, cum omnino aliud egerint. 
 
 LXXX. AcCEDiT & illud, quod naturalis philofophia in iis ipfis viris, 
 qui ei incubuerint, vacantcm & integrum hominem, praefcrtim his recenti- 
 ^oribus tcmporibus vix nafta fit; niii forte quis monachi alicujus in cellula, 
 aut nobilis in villula lucubrantis, cxempluni' adduxerit: Sed fada eft de- 
 mum naturalis philofophia inftar tranfitus cujufdam & pontiftcrnii ad alia. 
 
 A T qy E magna ifta fcientiarum mater mira indignitat-c ad officia ancillae 
 dctrul'a eft; quae medicinae aut mathcmatices operibus miniftret, & rurlus, 
 quae adolefccntium immatura ingenia lavet & imbuat vclut tlndura quadam 
 prima, ut aliam poftca felicius & commodius cxcipiant. Interim nemo ex- 
 pcftet magnum progreflum in fcicntiis, (praelertim in parte carum opera- 
 tiva) nifi philofophia naturalis ad Icicntias particulates produfta fucrit, & 
 fcicntiae particulates rurlus ad naturalem philofophiam redudae. Hinc 
 cnim fit, ut aftronomia, optica, muilca, plurimae artes mcchanicae, atquc 
 ipfa medicina, atquc (quod quis magis mitctur) philofophia moralis & ci- 
 viHs & fcicntiae logicae, nil fere habcant altitudinis in profundo; fed per 
 fuperficicm & varietatcm rerum tantum labantur: quia poftquam particu- 
 larcs iftae fcicntiae dilpertitae & conftitutae fuerint, a philofophia naturali 
 non amplius alantur; quae ex fontibus & vcris contemplationibus, motu- 
 um, radiorum, fonorum, texturae & fchematilmi corporum, afteduum, £c 
 prehenfionum intcllcdualium, novas vires &: augmenta illis impertiri potu- 
 crit. Itaquc minimc mirum eft, il Icientiac non crelcant, cum a radicibu.s 
 fiiis fint feparatae. 
 
 LXXXI. RuRSUS fc oftcndit alia caufa potcns & magna, cur fcicntiae 
 parum promovcrint. Ea vero hacc eft; quod fieri non poillt, ut rede pro- 
 cedatur in curriculo, ubi ipla mcta non rode pofita fit iSc dcfixa. Meta au- 
 tem Icicntiarum vera & Icgitima, non alia elt quam ut dotetur vita huma- 
 na novis invcntis & copiis. At turba longc maxima nihil ex hoc lapit, led 
 meritoria plane eft & profeflbria; nifi forte quandoquc evcniar, ut artifcx 
 aliquis acrioris ingcnii & gloriae cupidus, novo alicui invcnto dct opcram ; 
 
 Vo L. I. O o 2 quod
 
 292 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. I. 
 
 quod fcrc fit cum lacultatum difpcndio. At apud plcrofquc tantum abeft, 
 ut homines id fibi ptoponant, ut rdcntiarum & artium mafia augmentum 
 obtincat; ut ex ca quae praeflo cfl mafia, nil amplius fumant aut quacrant, 
 quam quantum ad ulluii profeflbrium, aut lucrum, aut exiflimationcm, aut 
 hujufmodi compendia convcitcrc polllnt. Qiiod fl quis ex tanta multitu- 
 dinc fcicntiam afFedu ingenuo & propter fc cxpctat; invenictur tamcn illc 
 ipfc, potius conte'mplationum & doclrinarum varietatcm, quam veritatis le- 
 vcram & rigidam inquifitionem lequi. Rurfus, fi alius quifpiam fortaile ve- 
 ritatis inquifitor fit fevcrior; tamen & iile ipfe talem fibi proponct veritatis 
 conditioncm, quae menti & intcliectui latisfaciat in redditione caufarum, rc- 
 rum quae jampridem funt cognirac; nou cam quae nova operum pignora, 
 & novam axiomatum lucem aflcquatur. Itaquc, fi finis fcicnriarum a ne- 
 mine adhuc bene pofitus fir, non mirum cff, fi ia lis quae funt fiibordinata 
 ad finem, fequatur aberratio. 
 
 LXXXIL QuEMADMODUM autcm finis & meta fcicntiarum male po- 
 fita fi.mt apud homines; ita rurfus etiam ft ilia reclc poflra fuiflcnt, viam 
 tamcn ilbi delcgcriuit omnino crroncam & impcrviam. Qiiod fkipore quo- 
 dam animum rite rem rcputanti percuiferit; non uUi mortalium curac aut 
 cordi fuifle, ut intclleclui humano, ab ipfb fenfli & cxpcricnria ordinata & 
 bene condita, via aperiretur & muniretur; fed omnia vcl tradirionum cali- 
 gini, Vel argumcntorum vcrtigini & turbini, vcl cafus & cxpericntiae va- 
 gae &. inconditac undis & ambagibus, permifla cflc. Atquc cogitct quis 
 fobrie & diligcnter, quails fit ca via quam in inquifirionc & invcntione ali- 
 cujus rci homines adhibcre confuevcrunt. Et primo notabit proculdubio 
 inveniendi modum fimpliccm & inartificiofum, qui hominibus maximc cfl fa- 
 miliaris. Hie autcm non alius cil, quam ut is qui fe ad inveniendum aliquid 
 comparat & accingit, primo quae ab aliis circa ilia dlfta fint, inquirat & cvol- 
 vat; deindc propriam mcdirationcm addat, atque per mentis mulram agira- 
 tioncm, fpiritum fuum proprium iblicitct, & quafi invocct, ut fibi oracula pan- 
 dat ; quae res omnino fine fundamento ell:, & in opinionibus tantum volvitur. 
 
 At alius quifpiam dialcdicam ad inveniendum ad\'occt, quae nomine 
 tcnus tantum ad id quod agitur, pcrtinct. Invcntio cnim dialcclicae non eft 
 principiorum & axiomatum praecipuorum, ex quibus artcs conftant, fed 
 eorum tantum quae illis confentanea videntur. Dialcc'tica cnim magis curio- 
 fos & importunos, & fibi negotium faccficntcs, eamque intcrpellantcs dc 
 probationibus & inventionibus principiorum, five axiomatum primorum, ad 
 fidcm, & veluti facramentum cuilibet arti praeftandum, notifilmo refponfo 
 •rejicir. 
 
 Rest AT expcrientia mcra, quae, fi occurrat, callis; fi quacflta fit, ex- 
 pcrimentum nominatur. Hoc autcm cxpericntiae genus nihil aliud eft:, 
 quam (quod aiunt) fcopac dillblutac & mcra palpatio, quali homines noc- 
 tu utuntur omnia pcrtcntando, fi forte in rcciam viam inciderc dctur ; qui- 
 bus multo fatius & conlultius foret diem praeftolari, aut lumen acccnderc, 
 & dcinccps viam inire. At contra, verus cxpericntiae ordo primo lumen 
 acccndit, deindc per lumen iter dcmonftrat, incipicndo ab expcrientia ordi- 
 nata & digefla, & minimc pracpoftcra aut erratica, atquc ex ca cducendo 
 axiomata, atquc ex axiomatibus conftitutis rurfus cxpcrimcnra nova, quum 
 nee Vcrbum divinum in rerum maffam abfquc ordinc opcratum fit. 
 
 Ita QUE dcflnat homines mirari, fi fpatium fcicntiarum non confcclum 
 fit, cum a via omnino aberraverint; rclidta prorflis & dcfcrta expcrientia, 
 aut in ipfa (tanquam in labyrinthoj fc intricando & circumcurlando; cum 
 
 rite
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 293 
 
 rite inftitutus ordo, per expcrientiae fylvas, ad aperta^ axiomatum, tramlrc 
 conftanti ducat. 
 
 LXXXIII. ExcREviT auteni mirum in modum iftud malum ex opi- 
 nione quadam, five neftimatione invcterata, vcrum tumida & damnofa; mi- 
 nui ncmpc mentis iiumanac majcftatcm, fi experimcntis, & rebus particula- 
 ribus fenfui llibjeftis, & in materia dctcrminatis, diu ac multum verlctur; 
 praclertim quum hujufmodi res ad inquirendum laboriofac, ad meditandum 
 ignobiles, ad dicendum alpcrae, ad pradicam illibcrales, numero infinitae, 
 <5c llibtilitate tenues, cfle Ibleant. Itaque jam tandem hue res rcdiit, ut via 
 vera non tantum deferta, led ctiam interclufa & obftrufta fit ; faftidita c\*- 
 pcrientia, nedum reiicla, aut male adminiftrata. 
 
 LXXXIV. RuRsus vero homines a progrcflU in fcicntiis dcrinuit & 
 fere incantavit revercntia antiquitatis, & virorum, qui in phiiofophia magni 
 habiti funt, authoritas, atque deinde confenllis. Atque de conlenlu Tupe- 
 rius didum eft. 
 
 De amiquitate autcm opinio, quam liomines de ipla fovent, ncgliuens 
 omnino eft, & vix vcrbo ipli congrua. Mundi cnim I'cnium & grandae- 
 vitas pro antiquitate vere habenda lunt; quae temporibus noftris tribui dc- 
 bcnt, non juniori aetati mundi, qualis apud antiques fuit. Ilia eiiim actas 
 rclpedu noftri, antiqua & major; relpedu mundi iplius, nova & minor 
 fuit. Atque revera quemadmodum majorem rerum humanarum notitiam, 
 & maturius judicium ab homine fene expedamus quam a juvene, propter 
 cxpericntiam, & rerum, quas vidit «5c audivit & cogitavit, varictatcm & 
 copiam; eodem modo & a noftra aetatc (fi vires fuas noftet, & experiri &z 
 intcndere vellct) majora multo quam a prilcis temporibus expcdari par eft; 
 utpote aerate mundi grandiore, & infinitis experimcntis & oblervationibus 
 auda £<. cumulata. 
 
 Neq^ue pro nihilo acflimandum, quod per longinquas navigationcs & 
 pcrcgrinationes (quae laeculis noftris increbucrunt) plurima in natura patu- 
 crinr Sc reperta fl'it, quae novam phiiofophiae luccm immittcrc poflint. Qiiia 
 & turpe hominibus foret, fi globi materialis tradus, terrarum videlicet, ma- 
 rium, aftrorum, noftris temporibus immenllim aperti & illuftrati fint; globi 
 autem intelleduaiis fines inter vetcrum inventa & anguftias cohibeantur. 
 
 AuTHORES vero quod attinet, rnmmae punilaniniitaris eft anrhoribus 
 infinita tribuere; author! autcm authorum, atque adeo omnis authoritatis, 
 tempori, jus ftium denegare. Rede enim Veritas temporis filia dicitur, 
 non authoritatis. Itaque mirum non eft, fi faicina ifta antiquitatis, & au- 
 thorum & confcnftis, hominum virtutem ita ligaverint, ut cum rebus ip (is 
 confuctcerc (tanquam maleticiati) non potucrint. 
 
 LXXXV. NEt)_UE Iblum admiratio antiquitatis, authoritatis, ^cconfenfus 
 hominum induftriam in iis, quae jam inventa funt, acquiefccrc compulitj 
 verum ctiam operum ipforum admiratio, quorum copia jampridcm fada eft: 
 humano generi. Etenim quum quis rerum varictatcm & pulcherrimum 
 apparatum, qui per artcs mechanicas ad cultum humanum congcftus & in- 
 trodudus eft, oculis fubjecerit, eo certe inclinabit, ut potius ad opulentiae 
 humanac admirationem, quam ad inopiae fcnlimi accedat; minime adver- 
 tens primitivas hominis obicrvationcs, atque naturae opcrationes, (quae 
 ad omncm illam varictatcm, inftar animae iunt, & primi motus) nee mul- 
 tas, nee altc pctitaseirc; cactera ad patientiam hominum tantum, & fubti- 
 1cm & ordinatum manus vcl inft:rumcntorum motum, pcrtinere. Res cnim 
 (exempli gratia) fubtilis eft certe & accurata confcdio horologiorum, talis 
 
 fcilicct, 
 I
 
 294» .iiif,rNOVUM ORGANUM. UhV^ 
 
 fcilicct, quae coclcftia in rotis, puUum animalium in motu fucccflivo <5c or- 
 dinate, vidcatur imitari^ quae tamcn res ex uno aut altcro naturae .axio- 
 matc pcndct. 
 
 Q^uoD-'fi quis rurfusfubtilitatcm illam intLieatur, quae ad artcs libcralcs 
 pertinct; aut etiam cam, quae ad corporum naturalium pracparacioncni per 
 artcs meehanicas fpcftat, & huiulmodi res lUlpiciat; veluti inventionem 
 motuum coclcftium in alh-onomia, conccntuuni in muHca, literarum a!pha- 
 beti (quae etiam adhuc in regno Sinarum in ulli non Unit) in grammaticaj 
 aut rurfus in mechanicis, faciorum Bacchi & Cereris, hoc ell, pracparatio- 
 nem vini & ccrvifiae, panificiorum, aut etiam meniac deliciarum, & diililia- 
 tionum, &: fimilium; ille quoque fi Tecum cogitet & animum advertar, per 
 quantos temporum circuitus (cum haec omnia praeter dilUUationes antiqua 
 fuerint) haec ad earn quam nunc habemus culturam pcrducl:a finr, & (iit 
 jam de horologiis didum eft) quam parum habeant ex obfervationibus &c 
 axiomatibus naturae, atque quam facile, & tanquam per occafiones obvias, 
 & contemplationes incurrentes, ifta inveniri potuerintj ilk (inquam) ab 
 omni admiratione fe facile liberabit, & potius humanac conditionis miferc- 
 bitur, quod per tot faccula, tanta fuerit rerum & invcntorum pcnuria &: 
 llerilitas. Atque haec ipfa tamen, quorum nunc mentionem fccimus, in- 
 venta, philofophia & artibus intellcftus antiquiora fuerunt : adeo ut, (Jl ve- 
 rum dicendum fit) cum hujufmodi fcientiae rationales «5c dogmaticae inccpe- 
 rint, invcntio opcrum utilium dcHerit. 
 
 Quod fi quis ab officinis ad bibliothecas fe converterit, & immenlam 
 quam videmus Hbrorum varietatem in admiratione habuerit, is examinatis& 
 diligentius introipeclis ipforum hbrorum materiis & contentis, oblhipelect 
 certe in contrarium; & poftquam nuUum dari finem repctitionibus obierva- 
 verit, quamque homines eadem agant & loquantur, ab admiratione varie- 
 tatis tranfibit ad miraculum indigentiae & paucitatis carum rerum, quae homi- 
 num mentcs adhuc tenuerunt & occuparunt. 
 
 Quod fi quis ad intuendum ea, quae magis curiofa habentur quam fana, 
 animum fubmiferit, & alchymiftarum aut magorum opera penitius intqo- 
 fpexerit, is dubitabit forfitan, utrum rifu, an lacrymis potius, ilia digna 
 fint. Alchymifta enim Ipem alit aeternam, atque ubi res non fuccedir, er- 
 rorcs proprios reos fubftituit; fccum accufatorie rcputando, fe aut artisaut 
 authorum vocabula non fatis intellexiflc; unde ad traditiones &auriculares 
 fufurros animum applicat; aut in praclicac fuac fcrupulis & momcntisali- 
 quid titubatum efl'ej unde expcrimenta in infinitum repetitj ac interim 
 quum inter experimentorum fortes, in quaedam incidit aut ipia facie nova, 
 aut utilitatenon contemnenda; hujufmodi pignoribus animum palcit, eaquc 
 in majus oftentat & celebrat; reliqua fpc fuftentat. Neque tamen ne- 
 gandum eft alchymiftas non pauca invenifte, & inventis utilibus homines 
 donafic. Verum fabula ilia non male in illos quadrat dc ienc, qui filiis au- 
 rum in vinea defoflum (fed locum fe nelcire fimulans) Icgaverit; unde ill! 
 vineae fodiendae diligenter incubuerunt, & aurum quidem nullum veper- 
 tumj fed vindemia ex ea cultura fada eft uberior. 
 
 At naturalis magiae cultores, qui per rerum iympathias & antipaihias 
 
 omnia expediunt, ex conjeduris otiofis & fupiniflimis, rebus virtutes & 
 
 operationes admirabiles aflinxerunt; atque fi quando opera exhibuerint, ea 
 
 ■"'''illius funt generis, ut ad admirationem & novitatem, non ad frudum & 
 
 utilitatcm, acconimodata fint.
 
 LJb.I, NOVUM ORGANUM. 295 
 
 In fupcrftitlofa autcm magia, (fi 5c dc hac diccndum Ht) illud imprimis 
 animadvcrteadum clt, efic tautummodo certi cujuldam & dcliniti gcacris 
 flibjeda, in quibus artcs Curiofae &: rupcrflitiolac, pciomiics nationcsatquc 
 actatcs, atquc ctiam religioncs, aliquid potucrint aut lulcrint. Itaque ifta milla 
 faciamus. Interim nil niirum clt, i] opinio copiac caulam inopiae dcdcrir. 
 
 LXXXVI. Atq^ue hominum admiration! quoad doclrmas & artcs, per 
 fe fatis fimplici & prope puerili, incrcmentimi acceflk ab corum aftu & 
 artificio, qui fcicntias traclavcrunt & tradidcrunt. Illi cnim ca ambitionc 6c 
 affedationc cas proponunt, atquc in cum modum cifbrniatas, ac vckiti pcr- 
 fonatas, in hominum confpcclum producunt, ac fi iliac omni ex parte per- 
 fcdue eflent, & ad exitum pcrdudae. Si cnim mcthodum alpicias & parti- 
 tioncs, iliac prorfus omnia complcdi & concludcre vidcntur, quae in illud 
 ilibjcdum caderc poiVunt. Atquc licet membra ilia male impleta, c< veUiti 
 capfulac inancs fmt; tamcn apud intclkdum vult^arcm I'cicntiac formam & 
 rarioaem integrae prac fe ferunt. 
 
 A T primi & antiquinimi veritatis Inquifitorcs, mcliore fide & fato, co?- 
 nitioncm iliam, quam ex rcrum contcmplationc dcccrpcre cicinuilini recon- 
 derc Iktuebant, in aphoiifmos, five breves, eafdemquc Iparfas, hcc metlio- 
 dorevindas fententias, conjicerc ibicbant 5 nequc Ic artem univcrfam complcc- 
 ti fimulabant aut prorttcbantur. At co quo nunc res agiiui modo, mini- 
 mc mirum eft, fi homines in iis ulteriora nun quaerant, quae pro pertcdis & 
 i\umeris fuis jampridem abfolutis tradunrar, 
 
 LXXXVil. Etiam antiqua mngnnm cxifamationis & fidci incrcmen- 
 ttim acccperunt, ex corum vanitatc & levitate qui nova propofucrunt; prae- 
 fcrtim in philolophiac naturalis parte adiva & operativa. Nequc cnim de- 
 fiierant homines vaniloqui 6c phantaftici, qui partim ex crcdulitatc, partim 
 ex impoltura, genus humanuni promillis onerarunr: vitac prolongationcnij 
 fenedutis retardationcm, dolorum Icvationem, naturahum dcfcduum repa- 
 i'ationcm, I'eniuum dcceptiones, affeduum ligationcs & incitationcs, intel- 
 ledualium facu'tatum illuminationcs & exaltationcs, Tublbntiarum tranf- 
 morationcs, &motuum ad libitum roboraiiones Sr multiplicationes, a^'risim- 
 prcfiiones lic airerationcs, coclcftium inrtucnciarum dcdudioncs >>: procura- 
 tiones, rcrum tliturarum divinationes, rcmotarum repraefcntationcs, occnl- 
 tarum revelntiones, & alia complura pollicitando «S: ollentando. Verum dc 
 iftis largitoribus non multum abcrraverit, qui ilHufmodi judicium feccrir, 
 tantum nimirum in dodrinis philolophiac, inter horum vanitatcs, & vcras 
 artcs, intcrcfle, quantum inter res gellas Julii Cacfaris, aut AlcxandriMagni, 
 & res geftas Amadicii ex Gallia, aut Arthur! ex Britannia, in hiftoriae narra- 
 tioiiibus interfit. Invcniuntur cnim clarillimi illi impcratores rcvera majora 
 geilillc, quam umbratilcs ilH heroes ctiam fecilTc finganturj fed modis & 
 viis fcilicct adionum minime fabulofis & prodigiofis. Nequc propterea ac- 
 quum ert veruc memoriae tidem dcrogari, quod a fabulis ilia quandoque 
 laefa fit & violata. Scd interim minime mirum eft, ii propofitionibus no- 
 vis (praefertim cum mentione operum) magnum fit fadum pracjudicium 
 per iftos impoftorcs, qui fimilia tentavcrunt; cum vanitatis cxccfllis & falli- 
 dium, etiam nunc omnem in cjulmod! conatibus magnanimitatcm dcftrux- 
 erit. 
 
 LXXXVIII. A T longe majora a pufiUanimitatc, & penforum, quae hu- 
 mana induftria fib! propofuit, parvitatc & tcnuitate, detrimenta in identias 
 inveda funt. Et tamcn (quod pcllimum crt) pufillanimitas ilb non iinc 
 
 arrogantia 6c faftidio fe offert. 
 
 Primum
 
 296 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. I. 
 
 PRIMUM cnim, omnium artium ilia rcperitur cautcia jam fada familia- 
 ris, ut in qualibet arte authorcs artis liiae infirmitatcm in naturae calum- 
 niam vcrtantj & quod ars ipforum non aflcquitur, id ex eadcm arte im- 
 poflibile in natura pronunciant. Neque certe damnari poteft ars, fi ipfa ju- 
 dicet. Etiam philo lop Ilia quae nunc in manibus eft, in fuiu llio pollta quae- 
 ciam fovct, aut placita, quibus (fi diligentius inquiratur) hoc liominibus om- 
 nino perluadcri volunt; nil ab arte, vel hominis opere, arduum, aut in na- 
 ruram impcriofum & validum, expectari debere; ut de hctcrogenia caloris 
 aftri & ignis, & miftione, luperius didum eft. Quae fi notentur ac.:urarius, 
 omnino pertinent ad humanac potellatiscireumfcriptionem malitiofam, &ad 
 quaefitam & artiticiolam dclperationem, quae non Iblum Ipci auguria tur- 
 bet, led etiam omnes induftriae ftimulos & nervos incidat, atque ipfius ex- 
 pericntiae aleas abjiciat; dum de hoc tantum Ibliciti fait, ut ars corum per- 
 fecla cenfeatur; gloriae vanillimae & pcrditiilimae dantcs operam, kilicet 
 ut quicquid adhuc invcntum & comprchenlum non fit, id omnino nee in- 
 veniri nee comprehcndi pofle in futurum credatur. At fi quis rebus ad- 
 derc fc, & novum aliquid repcrire conetur, ille tamcn omnino fibi propo- 
 nct & dcilinabit unum aliquod invcntum (nee ultra ) perfcrutari & eruere ; 
 ut magnetis naturam, maris fluxum & refluxum, thema coeli, & hujufmo- 
 di, quae fecreti aliquid habere videntur, & hadenus parum feliciter tradata 
 fint: Quum Tummae fit imperitiae rei alicujus naturam in le ipfa perfcru- 
 tari; quandoquidcm eadem natura, quae in aliis videtur latcns & occulta, 
 in aliis manifefk fit, & quafi palpabilis; atque in illis admirationcm, in his 
 nc attentionem quidem moveat. Ut fit in natura confiit-entiac, quae in ligno 
 vel lapide non notatur, fed Iblidi appellatione tranfmittitur, neque amplius 
 de fuga fcparationis aut folutionis continuitatis inquiritur : At in aquarum 
 bullis eadem res videtur fubtilis & ingeniofaj quae bullae fe conjiciunt in. 
 pclliculas quaidam, in hemifphaerii formam curiolc cffidas, ut ad momen- 
 tum temporis evitctur folutio continuitatis. 
 
 Atq^ue prorlus ilia ipla quae habcntur pro fecretis, in aliis habent na- 
 turam manifeftam & communem; quae nunquam le dabit confpicicndam, 
 fi hominum experimenta aut contemplationes in illis ipfis tantum verfcntur. 
 Gencraliter autem &: \'ulgo, in operibus mechanicis habentur pro novis in- 
 vaitis, fi quis jampridem invcnta fubtilius poliat vel ornet elegantius, vel 
 fimul uniat & componat, vel cum ufu commodius copulet, aut opus majore, 
 aut etiam minorc quam fieri confucvit mole vel voluminc exhibeat, & fi- 
 milia. 
 
 It A QUE minime mirum eft, fi nobilia & gcnere humano digna inventa 
 in luccm extrada non fint, quum homines hujufmodi exiguis penfis & puc- 
 rilibus contenti & deledati fuerint; quinetiam in iifdem le magnum ali- 
 quod fcquutos aut alfcquutos putaverint. 
 
 LXXXIX. Neque illud praetermittendum eft, quod nada fit philo- 
 fophia naturalis per omnes aerates adverfarium moleftum <5c difficilem ; fu- 
 perftitionem nimirum & zelum religionis caecum & immodcratum. Ete- 
 nim videre eft apud Graecos, eos qui primum caufas naturales fulminis & 
 tcmpcftatum infuetis adhuc hominum auribus propofuerunt, impictatis in 
 deos CO nomine damnatos : Nee multo melius a nonnuilis antiquorum patrutn 
 religionis Chriftianae exceptos fuiflc eos, qui ex certiilimis demonftrationi- 
 bus (quibus nemo hodie fanus contradixerit) tcrram rotundam cfl'e pofue- 
 jfunt, atque ex confequcnti aatipodas eflc allerucrunr. 
 
 Q.UJN.
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 297 
 
 QuiNETiAM ut nunc flint res, conditio fcrmonum do natura fad a eft 
 durior & magiscum pcriculo, propter thcologorum fchoiafiicorum fummas 
 & methodos ; qui cum theoiogiam (fatis pro potcfbtc) in ordincm rcdege- 
 rinr, & in artis formam cffinxerint, hoc inlliper cfFcccrunr, ut pu^nax & 
 Ipinofa Aril^otelis philofopiiia corpori rciigionis, plus quam par erat, immif- 
 cerctur. 
 
 EoDEM ctiam fpeclant (licet divcrfo modo) corum commcntationes, 
 qui vcritatcm Ciiriilianac rciigionis ex principiis & authoritatibus piiilofo- 
 piiorum dcduccrc & confirmarc iiaud vcriti lunt ; fidci 6c fcnfus conjugium 
 tanquam Icgitimum multa pompa & folcnnitatc cclcbrantcs, & grata rcrum 
 varietatc animos hominum pcrmulccntcsj fed interim divina liumanis im- 
 pari conditione pcrmifcentcs. At in hujufmodi mifturis theologiac cum 
 philofophia, ca tanrum, quae nunc in philofopliia rcccpta lunt, comprc- 
 hcnduntur ; fed nova, licet in melius mutata, tantum non fummoventur 
 6c cxicrminantur. 
 
 Deniq_t;e invcnias ex quorundam thcologorum imperitia aditum alicui 
 philofophiac, quamvis cmendatae, pene interclufum cfic. Alii fiquidcm fim- 
 plicius ilibverentur, nc forte altior in naturam inquifitio ultra conccflum fo- 
 brictatis tcrminum penctrct j traduccntes & perpa-am torquentes ca, quae, 
 de divinis myrtcriis in fcripturis ficris, advcrlus rimantes lecreta divina di- 
 cuntur, ad occulta naturae, quae nullo intcrdido prohibentur. Alii callidius 
 coniiciunt & animo verfant, fi media ignorentur, fmgula ad manum & vir- 
 gulam divinam (quod rciigionis, ut putant, maxime interfit) faciiius poflc 
 referri; quod nihil aliud eft, quam Deo per mendacium gratiiicari vcllc. 
 Alii ab cxempio metuunt, ne motus & mutationes circa philofophiam in 
 rdigionem incurrant ac dcfuiant. Alii dcniquc foliciti videntur, nc in na- 
 turae inquifitione aliquid invcniri pofllt, quod rcligioncm (praefcrtim apud 
 indodos) fubvertat, aut faltem labefadct. At ifti duo poflcriores metus 
 nobis videntur omnino fapientiam animalem fapere ; ac fi homines in men- 
 tis fuae recelllbus & fecretis cogitationibus, defirmitudinc rciigionis, &: ndci 
 in fcnfum impciio, diffidcrcnt ac dubitarcnt ; & proptcrea ab inquifitione vc- 
 ritatis in naturalibus periculum illis impenderc mctuercnt. At vere rem rc- 
 putanti, philofophia naturalis poft verbum Dei, certillima fuperftitionis me- 
 dicina eft .; cademquc probatifllmum fidci alimentum. Itaque merito reli- 
 gioni donatur tanquam fidiilima ancilla : cum altera voluntatcm Dei, altera 
 potcflatcm, manifcftct. Neque enim crravit illc qui dixit; Erratis, nefci- 
 entes fcriptnras ci" potejtatem T)ei : informationcm de voluntatc, 5c mcdi- 
 tationem de poteilate, nexu individuo commifccns & copulans. Interim mi- 
 nus mirum ci\, fi naturalis philofophiac incremcnta cohibita fint ; cum reli- 
 gio, quae plurimum apud animos hominum poUet, per quorundam imperi- 
 tiam & zclum incautum in partem contrariam tranficrit & abrepta fuerit. 
 
 XC RuRSUS in moribus & inftitutis fcholarum, acadcmiarum, coUc- 
 giorum, &: fimilium conventuum, quae dodorum hominum fedibus & eru- 
 ditionis culturac deftinata lunt, omnia progrclfui fcientiarum adverfa inve- 
 niuntur. Lediones enim & cxcrcitia ita lunt difpofita, ut aliud a confuctis 
 haud facile cuiquam in mentem veniat cogitate aut contcmplari. Si vcro 
 unus aut alter fortafle judicii libertatc uti luftinuerit, is fibi foli Wane opc- 
 ram imponcre pofllt ; ab aliorum autcm conlbrtio nihil capict utilitatis. Sin 
 & hoc toleraverit, tamcn in capeflcnda fortuna induftriam hanc & magna- 
 nimitatcm fibi non Icvi impedimcnto fore cxpcrictur. Studia enim homi- 
 num in eiufmodi locis in quorundam authorum fcripta, vcluti in carccres 
 
 Vol. I. Pp conclufa
 
 2g8 N O V U M O R G A N U M. \%Hi 
 
 conciuw lunt J a quibus fi quis diiVcntiat, conrinuo lit hvomo turbidus,'& 
 rcrum novarum cupidus corripitur. At magnum ccrtc difciimcn inter ixs 
 civilcs & artcs : Non cnim idem pcriculum a novo motu & a nova luce. 
 Vcrum in rebus civilibus mutatio etiam in melius lufpcda eft ob pcrturtja- 
 tioncm ; cum civilia authoritate, confenfu, fama & opinione, non denjoii- 
 ftrationc nitantur. In artibus autcm & fcientiis tanquam in nicralli fodinis, 
 omnia novis operibus & ulterioribus progrcllibus circumllrepcre debeijr. 
 Atquc fccundum rcdam raiionem res ita fe habet, fed interim non ita yi- 
 vitur : fed ifta, quam diximus, doftrinarum adminiftratio & politia fcien- 
 tiarum augmenta durius premcrc confuevit. 
 
 XCI. A T QU E inluper licet ifta invidia ccflaverit ; tamen fatis eft ad co- 
 hibcndum augmentum fcicntiarum, quod hujufmodi conatus &: induftriac, 
 premiis careant. Non enim penes eofdem eft culrura fcicntiarum & prae- 
 mium. Scientiarum enim augmenta a magnis utiquc ingeniis provcniunt j at 
 pretia & praemia fcicntiarum funt penes vulgus aut principes viros, qui 
 (nifi raro admodum) vix mediocritcr dofti funt. Qiiinctiam hujufmodi 
 progrclfus, non folum praemiis 6c bcncficcntia hominum, vcrum etiam ipla 
 popular! laude deftituti funt. Sunt enim illi fupra captum maximae partis 
 hominum, & ab opinionum vulgarium ventis facile obruuntur & cxtinguun- 
 tur. Itaque nil mirum, fi res ilia non feliciter fuccefierit, quae in honorc 
 non fuit. 
 
 XCII. Sed longe maximum progreftibus fcicntiarum, & novis pcnfis 
 ac provinces in iifdcm fufcipicndis, obftaculum deprchcnditur in dcfpcra- 
 tionc hominum & fuppofitionc impoftlbilis. Solent enim viri prudentes 
 & fevcri in hujufmodi rebus plane diffidcre : Naturae obfcuritatcm, vitac 
 brevitatem, fenfuum fallacias, judicii infirmitatcm, expcririicntorum diffi- 
 cultatcs, & fimilia fecum reputantes. Itaque cxiftimant cfle quofdam fcicn- 
 tiarum, per tcmporum & aetatum mundi revolutiones, fluxus & refluxus ; 
 cum aliis temporibus crefcant & floreant, aliis declincnt & jaccant : ita ta- 
 men, ut cum ad certum qucndam gradum 6c ftatum pcrvenerint, nil ul- 
 terius poflint. 
 
 Itaq^u e 11 quis majora credat aut fpondeat, id putant cfle cujufdam impo- 
 tcutis & immaturi animii atquc hujufmodi conatus, initia fcilicct laeta, me- 
 dia ardua, extrema confufa habere. Atque cum hujufmodi cogitationes 
 cae iint, quae in viros graves & judicio praeftantes fiicile cadant ; curandum 
 revera eft, ne rci optimae & pulcherrimac amore capti, fcveritatem judicii 
 rclaxemus aut minuamus 5 & fcdulo \ idcndum, quid fpei affulgcat, & ex 
 qua parte (c oftendat ; atquc auris Icvioribus fpei rejcftis, cac quae plus fir- 
 mitudinis habere videntur, omnino difcutiendae funt & pcnikandac. Quin- 
 ctiam prudentia civilis ad coniilium vocanda eft (Sc adhibcnda, quae ex prac- 
 fciipto diiiidit, & de rebus humanis in deterius conjicir. Itaque jam & de 
 fpc dicendum eft i pracfertim cum nos promiflbres non ilmus, nee vim aut 
 infidias hominum judiciis faciamus aut ftruamus, fed homines manu & 
 fponte ducamus. Atque licet longe potentiftimum futurum fie remedium 
 /fad fpem imprimendam, quando homines ad particularia, pracfertim in ta- 
 bulis noftris invcnicndi digefta & difpofita, (quae partim ad fccundam, fed 
 multo magis ad quartam inftaurationis noftrae partem pertinent) adducc- 
 mus; cum hoc ipfum fit non fpcs tantum, fed tanquam res ipfa : tamcn ut 
 omnia clementius riant, pergendum eft in inftituto noftro de praeparandis 
 hominum mcntibus ; cujus praeparationis, ifta oftcnilo fpei pars eft non 
 . .cxigua. Nam abfque ea, rcliqua taciunt magis ad contridationcm homi- 
 2 uuui,
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 
 
 niim, (fcilicct ut detciiorcin vSc vilioicm habcant dc iis, quae jam in ufu 
 funt, opinionem, qium nunc habcnt ■■, & Ihae conditionis intortunium plus 
 icntiant & pcrnofcant) quani ad alacriratcm aliquam induccndam, aut in- 
 duftriam expcriendi acuendam. Itaquc conjcdurae noftrac, quae fpcm in 
 hac re faciunr probabilcm, apcriendac llinr & proponcndae ; iicut Colum- 
 bus fecit ante navigationcm illam fuam mirabilem maris Atlantici j cum ra- 
 tiones adduccret, cur iple novas terras & continentcs, practcr cai quae an- 
 te cognitac fuerunt, Inveniri pofle conrtdcrct : Quae rationes licet prime re- 
 jcclae, pofica ranien expcrimcnto probatac funt, «5c rerum maximarum cau- 
 fae & initia fuerunt. 
 
 XCIII. Principium autem fumcndum a Deo: Hoc nimirum quod 
 agitur, propter cxcellentcm in ipib boni naturam, manifclk a Deo elfe j 
 qui author boni & pater luminum eft. In operationibus autem divinis 
 initia quaeque tenuillima exitum ccrto trahunt. Atque quod de fpirituali- 
 bus didum eft, Regnum 'Dei non venit cum obprvatione s id etiam in 
 omni majore operc providentiae divinac evcnire reperitur : ut omnia iinc 
 ftrcpitu & fonitu placidc labantur ; atque res plane aizatur, priufquani ho- 
 mines earn agi putent aut advcrtant. Neque omittenda eft prophetia Dani- 
 elis de ultimis mundi temporibus; Mult i per trayifibunt, O' multiplex erit 
 fcientia: Manifeftc innucns & iignificans efle in fatis, id eft, in providcn- 
 tia, ut pertranfitus mundi, (qui per tot longinquas navigaioncs impletus 
 plane, aut jam in opere cfte vidctur) &; augmcnta fcientiarum in eandem 
 aetatem incidant. 
 
 XCIV. Seq^uitur ratio omnium maxima ad faclcndam fpcm ; nempc 
 ex crroribus temporis praeteriti, & viarum adhuc tcntatarum. Optime enini 
 eft ca reprehcnfio, quam de ftatu civili hand prudentcr adminiftrato quif- 
 piam his verbis complexus eft : §lnod ad praeter'tta pejjimum efi, id ad 
 futura optimum videri debet. Si enim vos omnia, quae ad officium ve- 
 firum fpedant, praejtitijfetis -, neque ta^nen res vejtrae m meliore loco 
 ejfent 5 ne fpes quidem iilla reliqua foret, eas in tnelius provehi polj'e. 
 Sed cum rerum vejlrarum flatus, no'ii a vi ipfa rerum, fed ab error lous 
 'veflris male fe habeat -, fperandnm efl, illis erroribus mijjis aut correc- 
 tis, magnam rerum in melius ?nutationem fieri pojfe. Simili modo, fi 
 homines per tanta annorum fpatia viam vcram invcniendi & colendi Icien^ 
 tias tenuiflent, nee tamen ulterius progrcdi potuiOent, audax proculdubio 
 & temcraria foret opinio, pollc rem in ulterius provehi. Qiiod ft in via 
 ip(a erratum fit, atque hominum opera in iis eonl'umpta, in quibus minimc 
 oportebat; fequitur ex eo, non in rebus ipfis difficultatem oriri, quae potc- 
 ftatis noftrae non funt; fed in intellcdlu humano, ejufque ufu & app'icatio- 
 nc ; quae res remedium & medicinam llafcipit. Itaquc optimum fuerit il- 
 los ipfos errores proponere : Qiiot enim fuerint errorum impedimenta in 
 praetcrito, tot funt fpei argumenta in futurum. Ea vero licet in his quae- 
 luperius dida funt, non intadfa omnino fuerint i tamen ea etiam nunc bre- 
 viter verbis nudis ac funplicibus repraefentare viiiim ell. 
 
 XCV. Q_ui traftaverunt fcientias, aut empirici autdogmatici fuerunt. Em- 
 pirici, formicae more, congerunt tantum & utuntur : Rationales, aranearum 
 more, telas ex I'e conticiunt : Apis vero ratio media eft, quae materiam ex 
 floribus liorti & agri elicit; fed tamen earn propria facultate vertit & dige- 
 rit. Neque abfimile philolbphiae verum opifitium eft j quod ncc mentis 
 viribus tantum aut praecipue nititur, neque ex hiftoria naturali & mecliani- 
 cis expcrimentis praebitam niatcriam, in memoriaintegram, fed in intclledu 
 
 Vol. I. Pp 2 mutataiu 
 
 299
 
 3<^o 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. t 
 
 mutatam & fubadam rcponit. Itaqne ex harum facultatum (expcrimcnta- 
 lis fcilicet & rationalis) arcliorc & landiore focdere (quod adhuc fadum non 
 eft) bene fperandum eft. _ .,,,,jp 
 
 XCVI. Naturalis philofophla adhuc fincera non invenitur, fed in-'- 
 fefta &corrupta : in Ariftotelis fchola per logicam ; in Platonis Ichola per 
 theologiam naturalcm j in fccunda Ichola Platonis, Procli & aliorum, per 
 mathematicam ; quae philofophiam naturalem tcrminarc, non gcneiare aut 
 procreare debet. At ex philofophla naturali pura & impermifta meliora 
 Iperanda funt. 
 
 XCVII. Nemo adhuc tanta mentis conftantia & rigorc inventus eft, ut 
 decreverit & fibi impofuerit theoiias & notiones communes penitus abo- 
 Icre, & intclleftum abrafum & aequuni ad particularia de integro appli- 
 care. Itaque ratio ilia humana, quam habcmus, ex multa fide & multo 
 etiam cafu, nee non ex pucrilibus, quas puimo haufimus, notionibus farra- 
 go quaedam eft & congeries. 
 
 Quod fi quis aetate matura, & fcnfibus integris & mente repurgata, fe 
 ad experientiam & ad particularia de integro applicet, de eo melius fperan- 
 dum eft. Atque hac in parte nobis fpondemus fortunam AlexandriMagni:,,- 
 neque quis nos vanitatis arguat, antequam exitum rci audiat, quae ad exu- 
 endam omnem vanitatem fpedlat. 
 
 Etenim de Alexandre & ejus rebus gcftis AEfchines ita loquutus eft : 
 Nos certe vitam mortalem non vivimiis s fed in hoc nati fttmus, ut pa- 
 fieritas de nobis portenta narret & praedicet : perindc ac fi Alexandri 
 res geftas pro miraculo habuiflet. 
 
 At aevis fcquentibus Titus Livius melius rem advertit & introfpcxit, 
 atque de Alexandre hujufmodi quippiam dixit : Erim non aliiid quam bene 
 mifum vana contemnere. Atque ilmilc etiam de nobis judicium futuris 
 temporibus faftum iri cxiftiniamus : Nos nil magni fecijfe, fed tantiim ea 
 quae pro magnis habentur, minor is fecijfe. Sed interim (quod jam dixi- 
 mus) non eft fpes nifi in regencrationc fcientiarum ; ut eae fcilicet ab expc- 
 rientia certo ordine cxcitentur & rurfus condantur : quod adhuc fadum cf- 
 fc aut cogitatum, nemo (ut arbitramur) affirmaverit. 
 
 XCVIII. Atque experientiae fundamenta, (quando ad hanc omnino 
 
 deveniendum eft) aut nulla, aut admodum infirma adhuc fuerunt ; ncc 
 
 particularium fylva & materies, vcl numcro, vel gcnerc, vel ccrtitudine, 
 
 informando intclledui competcns, aut ullo modo fufficicns, adhuc quacfita 
 
 eft & congefta. Sed contra homines dodi (fupini fane & faciles) rumores 
 
 quofdam experientiae, & quafi famas & auras ejus, ad philofophiam fuam 
 
 vel conftituendam vcl confirmandam excepcrunt, atque illis nihilominus 
 
 pondus Icgitimi teftimonii attribuerunt. Ac veluti fi regnum aliquod aut 
 
 ftatus non ex literis & relationibus a Icgatis & nuntiis fide dignis millis, fed 
 
 ex urbanorum fermunculis & ex triviis confilia Ilia & ncgotia gubcrnaretj 
 
 omnino talis in philofophiam adminiftratio, quatcnus ad experientiam intro- 
 
 duda eft. Nil debitis modis cxquifitum, nil verificatum, nil numeratum, 
 
 nil appenfum, nil dimenfum in natural! hiftoria rcperitur. At quod in ob- 
 
 fervatione indefinitum & vagum, id in informatione tallax & infidum eft. 
 
 Quod fi cui haec mira didu vidcantur, & querelac minus juftac propiora ; 
 
 cum Ariftoteles tantus ipfe vir, & tanti regis opibus fubnixus, tam accura- 
 
 tam de animalibus hiftoriam confecerit ; atque alii nonnulli majorc diligen- 
 
 tia (licet ftrepitu minorc) multa adjecerint ; & rurfus alii de plantis, de" 
 
 mctallis & follilibus, hiftorias & narrationcs copiofas confcriplcrintj is fane,, 
 
 non 
 
 X..
 
 fiibM NOVUM ORG A NUM.'' 3bt' 
 
 ;oi rntBi 
 
 non fatis artcndcrc & pcrfpiccrc vidctur, quid agatur in praefcntia. Alia 
 enim cil ratio naturalis hiftoriac, quae propter To confeda eft ; alia ejus, . 
 quae coilcda ell: ad informandum intcllcclum in ordine ad condendam phi- 
 lofophiam. Arquc hac duae hiftoriae turn aliis rebus, turn praccipuc in lioc 
 difFcrunt ; quod prima ex illis Ipecierum naturalium varietatem, non arti- 
 um mechanicarum cxperinienta contincat. Qucmadmodum cnim in civilibus 
 ingcnium cujufque & occultus animi atfeCtuumque Icnfus melius elicitur, 
 cam quis in pcrturbatione ponitur quam alias : Simili modo, & occulta na- 
 turae magis Ic produnt per vexationcs artium, quani cum curili luo meant. 
 Itaque turn demum bene Iperandum eft de natural! philotbphia, poftquam 
 hiftoria naturalis (quae ejus bafis eft & fundainentum) melius inllruda fu- 
 erit, antea vcro minime. 
 
 XCIX. Atq^ue rurfus in ipfa experimentorum mcchanicorum copia, 
 fumma eorum, quae ad intelleftus informationem maxime faeiunt & juvanr, 
 detegitur inopia. Mechanicus cnim de veritatis inquifitione nullo modo 
 folicitus, non ad alia quam quae operi fuo fubferviunt, aut animum eri.;it, 
 aut manum porrigit. Turn vero de fcientiarum ulteriore progrellu ipcs 
 bene fundabitur, quum in hiftoriam naturalcm recipientur & aggrcgabun- 
 tur complura experimenta, quae in fc nullius funt ulus, fed ad inventionem 
 caufarum •& axiomatum tantum faeiunt ; quae nos lucifera experimenta 
 ad difFerentiam fruftiferorum appellarc confuevimus. Ilia autem miram ha- 
 bcnt in fe virtutem & conditioncm i banc videlicet, quod nunquam fallant 
 aut fruftrentur. Cum enim ad hoc adhibeantur, non ut opus aliquod effici- 
 ant, fed ut caufam naturalem in aliquo revelent, quaquaverfum cadunt^ 
 intentioni aeque fatisfaciunt, cum quaeftionem terminent. 
 
 C. At non folum copia major experimentorum quaercnda eft & pro^ .-. 
 curanda, atque ctiam alterius generis, quam adhuc factum eft } fed ctiam x 
 nicthodus plane alia & ordo & procefllis, continuandae & proveliendac ex- a 
 pcrientiae, introducenda. Vaga enim experientia & fe tantum fequens, (ut i 
 liipcrius diftum eft) niera palpatio eft, & homines potius ftupefacit quam i 
 informat. At cum experientia lege certa procedct, fcriatim & continenter^ • 
 de fcientiis aliquid melius fperari poterit. 
 
 CI. Post QUAM vero copia &c matcrics hiftoriae naturalis & experien- 
 tiae talis, qualis ad opus intelledlus five ad opus philofophicum requiritur, 
 pracfto jam fit & parata > tamen nullo modo fufficit intelledus, ut in illam 
 matcricm agat fponte & memoritcr ; non magis, quam fi quis computatio- 
 nem alicujus cphemaidis memoritcr fe tenere, & fuperare pofle fperct. At- > 
 que hadlenus tamen potiores meditationis partes, quam fcriptionis in invc- • 
 nicndo fueruntj neque adhuc experientia litcrata fadta eft: Atqui nulla i 
 nifi de fcripto inventio probanda eft. Ilia vero in ufum vcnicnte, ab ex- i 
 perientia fada demum litcrata melius fperandum. j x> 
 
 CII. Atque infuper, cum tantus fit particularium numcrus & quafi ex- , 
 crcitus, ifque ita fparliis & diffufus, ut intcllcclum dilgrcget & confundat > :j 
 de velitationibus & levibus motibus, & tranfcurfibus intelleftus, non bene \ 
 fperandum eft ; nili fiat inftrudio & coordinatio per tabulas inveniendi ido- ; 
 neas, & bene difpofitas & tanquam vivas, eorum quae pertinent ad fubjcc-; j 
 turn, in quo vcrfitur inquifitio, atque ad harum tabularum auxilia praCf^o j 
 parata & digcfta mens applicetur. 
 
 cm. Verum poft copiam particularium, rite & ordine veluti fub oculos 
 pofitorum, non ftatim tranfeundum eft ad inquifitionem, & inventionem no- j 
 vorum particularium aut opcrum ; aut faltem fi hoc fiar, in eo non acqui- 
 
 efcendum.
 
 30i! 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. I. 
 
 efccnduin. Ncque cnim ncgamus, poftquam omnia omnium artium cxpo 
 rimenta coUcfta & digcfta t'ucrint, atquc ad unius hominis notitiam & juui- 
 cium pcrvencrint j quin ex ipla tradudionc cxpcrimcntorum unius artis ia 
 alias, multa nova invcniri poilint ad humanam vitam & itatum utilia, per 
 iftam cxperientiam quam vocamus litcratam : fed tamcn minora dccalpe- 
 randa funt 5 majora vero a nova luce axiomatum, ex particulaiibus iilis ccr- 
 ta via & regula eduftorum, quae rurllis nova particulaiia indiccnt & de- 
 ftgnent. Ncque enim in planovia fita eft, fed alcendendo iSc dclccndendo ; 
 afcendendo primo ad axiomata, defcendcndo ad opera. 
 
 CIV. Neque tamen permittcndum eft, ut intelleftus a particulatibus 
 ad axiomata rcmota & quafi gencraliHlma, (qualia funt principia, quae vo- 
 cant, artium & rerum) faliat & volet j & ad corum immotam vcritatem 
 axiomata media prober & expcdiat: quod adhuc fadum crt, prono ad hoc 
 impetu natural! intellcclus, atque etiam ad hoc iplum per demonftrationcs, 
 quae fiunt per lyllogifmum, jam pridem edofto 6c afluefaclo. Scd de fci- 
 entiis tum demum bene fperandum eft, quando per fcalam veram & per 
 gradus continuos, & non intermiflbs aut hiulcos, a particularibus afcendc- 
 tur ad axiomata minora, & deinde ad media, alia aliis fuperiora, Scpoftremo 
 demum ad generaliirima. Etenim axiomata infima non multuni ab experi- 
 entia nuda difcrepant. Suprema vero ilia & generalifli ma, (quae habentur) 
 notionalia funt & abftrada & nil habent folidi. At media funt axiomata 
 ilia vera & folida 6c viva, in quibus iiumanae res 6c fortunac fitac funt ; 8c 
 fupra haec quoquc tandem ipfa ilia generaliilima 5 talia fcilicet, quae non 
 abftrada fint, fed per haec media vere limitantur. 
 
 iTAquE hominum intelledui non plumae addendac, fed plumbum po- 
 tius 6c pondcra ; lit cohibeant omnem faltum 6c volatum. Atquc hod adhuc 
 fadum non eft ; quum veto fadum fuerit, melius dc fcientiis fpcrare li- 
 ccbit. 
 
 CV. In conftituendo autem axiomate, forma indudionis alia, quam ad- 
 huc in ufu fuit, cxcogitanda eft; eaque non ad principia tantum (quae vo- 
 cant) probanda 6c invenicnda, fed etiam ad axiomata minora, 6c media, 
 dcnique omnia, hidudio enim, quae procedit per cnumerationem limpli- 
 cem, res puerilis eft, 6c precario concludit, 6c periculo exponitur ab in- 
 ftantia contradidoria, 8c plcrumque fecundum pauciora quam par eft, 6c 
 ex' his tantummodo quae pracfto funt, pronunciat. At indudio, quae ad 
 invcntioncm 8z demonftrationem fcientiarum 6c artium crit utilis, na- 
 turam feparare debet, per rejediones 6c cxclufioncs debitas ; ac deinde 
 poft negativas tot quot lufficiunt, fuper affirmativas concludere , quod ad- 
 huc fadum non eft, ncc tentatum certe, nifi tantummodo a Platonc, qui 
 ad excuticndas definitiones 6c ideas, hac certe forma indudionis aliquate- 
 nus utitur. Vetum ad hujus indudionis five demonftrationis inftrudionem 
 bonam 8c Icgitimam, quamplurima adhibcnda funt, quae adliuc nullius 
 mortalium cogitationem fubiere ; adeout in ea major fit confumenda opera, 
 quam adhuc conlumpta eft in fyllogifmo, atque hujus indudionis auxilio, 
 non folum ad axiomata invenicnda, verum etiam ad notitioncs terminan- 
 das, utendum eft. Atque in hac certe indudione fpes maxima fita eft. 
 ■ CVI. At in axiomatibus conftituendis per hanc indudionem, cxamina- 
 tio 6c probatio etiam facienda eft, utrum quod conftituitur axioma aptatum 
 fit tantum, 6c ad men furam fadum eorum particularium, ex quibus cxtrahi- 
 tur ; an vero fit amplius 6c latius. Quod fi fit amplius aut latins vidcndum, 
 an cam fuam amplitudinem 6c latitudincm, per novorum particularium de- 
 I fi^nationcm,
 
 Lib. I. iSI O V U M O R G A N U M. 
 
 fignationcm, quafi fidcjuflionc quadam firmer ; nc vel in jam notis tant'um 
 hacrcamus, vel laxiore fortafle complexu, umbras & formas abftradas, noa 
 Iblidi & dctcrminata in materia, prenfemus. Haec vero cum in ufum ve- 
 nerint, folida turn demum fpes mcrito afFulferit. 
 
 evil. ArquE hie etiam refumcndum eft, quod fapcrius dictum eft dc 
 naturali philolbphia produdla, & fcientiis particularibus ad earn redudis, 
 ut non fiat Iciilio & truncatio fcientiarum j nam etiam abfquc iioc minus 
 de proi;reiru Ipcrandum eft. 
 
 CVIII. At Q^u E dc delperatione tollenda, & Ipe facicnda, ex praeteriti 
 t^mporis erroribus valcrc juilis, aut redificatis, jam didum eft. Vidcndum 
 'autem & {[ quae alia fint, quae fpcm faciant. lUud vcro occurrit j fi ho- 
 minibus non quaerentibus, & aliud at;,entibus, multa utiiia tanquam cal'u 
 <juodam, aut per occafionem, inventa fint ; nemhii dubium elle polle, quin 
 iifdem quaercntibus, & hoc agentibus, idque via & ordine, non impetu & 
 dcfultoric, longc plura detcgi nccelle frt. Licet cnim leaiel r.ut itcrum ac- 
 tiidcrc poflit, ut quiipium in id forte fortuna incidat, quod magno conatu & 
 <ie induftria fcrntantem antea fugit; tamcn in lumma return proculdubio' 
 contrarium invenitur. Itaquc longe plura & mcliora, atquc per minora in- 
 tcrvalla, a r^tione & induftria, & diredione & intentionc iiominum, fpc- 
 randa funt, quam a calu & inftindu animalium, & hujulinodi, quae hadc- 
 nus principium inventis dcderunt. 
 
 CIX. Etiam illud ad fpemtrahi poflit, quod nonnulla Cx his, quae jam 
 inventa funt, ejus iinr generis, ut antcquam invenirentur, hand facile cui- 
 quam in mentem veniOct, dc iis aliquid fulpicari ; fed plane quis ilia ut 
 impoflibilia contempfiHet. Solent cnim homines dc rebus novis, ad exem- 
 plum vctcrum, & fccundum phantaftam ex iis praeceptam & inquinatam, 
 hariolari ; quod genus opinandi falladflimum eft, quandoquidcm multa ex 
 his, quae ex fontibus rcrum pctuntur, per rivulos confuctos non fluant. 
 
 Veluti fi quis ante rormentorum igneorum inventionem, rem pcref- 
 fcdus dcfcripfiU'et, atque in hunc modum dixiflct ; inventum quoddam dete- 
 dum cOe, per quod muri & munitioncs quacque maximac, ex longo intcr- 
 vallo concuti & dejici pollint ; homines lane de viribus tormentorum & 
 machinarum, per pondcra & rotas & hujufmodi arietationes & impuUlis; 
 multiplicandis, multa & varia lecum cogitaturi tuiOcnt: De vento autem 
 igneo, tarn llibito & violcnter fe expandente & cxfultlante, vix unquam 
 aliquid alicujus imaginationi, ut phantafiae, occurfurum tiiinit 5 utpotc 
 cuius excmplum in proximo non vidillet, nili forte in tcrrae motu aut ful- 
 mine, quae ut magnalia naturae, & non imitabilia ab hominc, homines fta- 
 tim rejeduri fuiftent. 
 
 EoDEMmodo, fi ante fili bombycini inventionem, quifpiam hujufmodi^ 
 lermoncm injeciiret 5 cftc quoddam fili genus inventum ad vcllium & fu- 
 pelledilis utlim, quod filum linteum aut laneum tcnuitate, & nihilominus 
 tenacitatc, ac etiam Iplcndore & mollitie, longc llipcrarct; liomines ftatim 
 aut dc ferico aliquo vegetabili, aut de animalis alicujus pilis delicatioribus, 
 aut de avium plumis 6c lanugine, aliquid opinaturi tuiilcnt; verum de ver- 
 mis pufilli textura, eaque tarn copiola, & le rcnovante, & anniverlaria, nil 
 fuiftent certe commcnturi. Qiiod fi quis etiam de vermi verbum aiiquod in- 
 jeciflct, ludibrio ccrtc futurus tuiftet, ut qui novas uranearum operas Ibmniarct, 
 
 Similiter, li ante inventionem acus nauticae, quilpiam hujulinodi 
 lermoncm intuliftet J inventum cfte quoddam inftrumentum, per quod car- 
 diacs & punda cocli, cxade capr & dignofci pollint 5 homines ftatim dc 
 
 magis 
 
 3^3
 
 
 4 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. I. 
 
 mri2,is exquifita fabricatione inftruaicntorum aftronomicorum, ad multa &: 
 varia, per au;itationcai phantailae, clilaullui fuificnt 5 :.]uod vcro aliquid 
 inveniri poOlt, cujus motus cum cocleftibus tarn bene convenircr, atque ip- 
 fum tallica ex cocleftibus non cflct, fed taiitum fubftanria Japidca aut me- 
 talllca ; omnino incredibi'.c vifum tuillcr. Atquc hacc tamen, & fiinilia, per 
 tot mundi actatcs, homines latuerunt, nee per philolbphiani, aut artcs ra- 
 tionales invcnta lunt, fed cafu, & per occafioneni ; llintque illius (ut dixi- 
 mus) generis, nt ab iis quae antea cognita fucrunt, plane hetcrogenea & re- 
 niotiflinia fint, ut praenotio aliqua nihil prarliis ad ilia conducerc potuiflet. 
 
 It AQUE Iperandum omnino eft, cffe adhuc in naturae finu niu'.ta exccl- 
 lentis ufus rccondita, quae nullam cum jam inventis cognationem habcntaut 
 paralleliimum ; fed omnino fita funt extra vias phantailae > quae tamcn ad- 
 huc inventa non lunt ; quae proculdubio per niultos facculorum circuitus Sc 
 ambages, & ipfa quandoque prodibunt, licut ilia fupcriora prodierunt ; fed 
 per viam, quam nunc tradamus, propere & fubito, & fimul rcpracfentari 
 & anticipari poflunt. 
 
 ex. At tamcn confpiciuntur «Sc alia inventa ejus generis, quae fid em 
 faciant, poflc genus humanum nobilia in^•enta, etiara ante pedes pofita, 
 praeterire & tranfilire. Utcunquc enim pulveris tormenrarii, yel fill bom- 
 bycini, vel acus nauticac, vcl facchari, vcl papyri, vol luBilium inventa, 
 quibufdam reruni & naturae proprictatibus niti videantur ; ac certc impri- 
 mendi artificium nil habet, quod non fit apcrtum & fere obvium. Et ni- 
 hilominus homines non advertentes, litcrarum modulos difficilius fcilicet 
 collocari, quamliterac per motum manus fcribantur } fed hoc intcreflc, quod 
 litcrarum moduli fcmel coUocati, infinitis imprefilonibus, literae autem per 
 manum exaratac, unicae tantuni fcriptioni fufficiant ; aut fortafle itcrum non 
 advertentes, atramentum ita infpillari pollc, ut tingat, non fluat ; praefcrtini 
 litcris refupinatis, & imprelllonc faifta* dcfuper : hoc pulchcrrimo invcnto 
 (quod ad dodrinarum propagationem tantum facit) per tot faecula caruerunr. 
 
 SoLET autem mens humana, in hoc invcntionis curriculo, tarn laeva fae- 
 penumcro & male compofita cfle, ut primo diffidat, & paulo poft fc con- 
 temnat ; atque primo incrcdibile ci videatur, aliquid talc inveniri pofl'e j 
 poftquam autem inventum fit, incrcdibile rurfus videatur, in homines tam- 
 diu fugere potuiflc. Atque hoc ipfum ad fpem rite trahitur 5 fupercllc ni- 
 niirum adhuc magnum invcntorum cumulum, qui non folum ex operatio- 
 nibus incognitis eruendis,fcd & ex jam cognitis transfcrendis & componcndis 
 & applicandis, per earn, quamdiximus experientiamlitcratam, deduci pollit. 
 
 CXI. Neque illud omittcndum ad faciendam fpcni ; rcputent (fi placet) 
 homines infinitas ingenii, tcmporis, facultatum cxpcnfas, quas homines in 
 rebus & ftudiis longc minoris ufus &c pretii coUocant ; quorum pars quota, 
 11 ad fana & folida verteretur, nulla non diHicultas fuperari pollit. Quod 
 idcirco adjungcre vifum eft, quia plane fatemur hiftoriae naturalis & cxpe- 
 limcntalis colledionem, qualem animo nietimur, & qualis efle debet, opus 
 cflct magnum & quafi regium, 6c multae operae atquc impenfae. 
 
 CXII. Interim particularium niultitudinem nemo reformidet, quin 
 potius hoc ipfum ad fpem revocct. Sunt cnim artium & naturae pafticularia 
 phaenomena, manipuli inftar, ad ingenii commenta, poftquam ab evidcn- 
 tia rerum disjunda & abftrada fucrint. Atque hujus viae exitus in apcrto 
 eft, & fere in propinquo j alterius exitus nullus, fed implicatio infinita. 
 Homines cnim adhuc parvam in expcrientia moram fccerunt, & cam Icvitcr 
 pcrftrinxerunt, fed in mcditationibus & commcntationibus ingenii infinitum 
 
 tcmpus
 
 Lib. I. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 fempus contiivcrunt. Apud nos vero fi eflet praefto quirpiam, qui de faclo 
 naturae ad intcrrogata rcfpondcrct, paucorum annorum cflct invcntio cau- 
 farum & fcicntiarum omnium. 
 
 CXIII. E Ti AM nonnihil hominibus fpci fieri pofle putamus ab cxemplo 
 noftro proprio 5 ncque jadantiae caufa lioc dicimus, led quod utile didu fit. 
 Si qui diliidant, mc vidcant, homincm, inter homines actatis mcac, civilibus 
 negotiis occupatiflimum, nee firma admodum valetudine, (quod magnum 
 habct temporis difpendium) atque in liac re plane protopirum, & vcftigia 
 nullius fequutum, neque haec ipfacum ullo mortalium communicantemi & 
 tamen veram viam conftantcr ingreflum, & ingcnium rebus fubmittentem, 
 haec ipfa aliquatenus (ut cxiftimamus) provcxidc : Et dcinceps videant, 
 quid, ab hominibus otio abundantibus, atque a laboribiis confociatis, atque 
 a temporum rucceflione, poll haec indicia noftra expcdandum fit ; procfcr- 
 tim in via, quae non fingulis folummodo pervia eft, (ut nt in \ia iila rationali) 
 fed ubi hominum labores & operac (praefertim quantum ad expericntiae 
 colledam) optime diftribui, & deindc componi poftint. Tum eniin homi- 
 nes vires fuas noflc incipient, cum non eadem infiniti, led alia alii prae- 
 ftabunt. 
 
 CXIV. PosTREMo, etiamfi multo infirmior & obl'curior aura fpci ab 
 /Jla nova continente fpiraverit ; tamen omnino cxpericndum effe (niil veli- 
 mus animi eflc plane abjcdi) ftatuimus. Non enim res pari periculo non 
 tcntatur, & non fuccedit j cum in illo, ingentis boni ; in hoc, cxi^uae hu- 
 manae operac, jadura vcrtatur. Verum ex diclis, atque etiam ex non didis, 
 vifum eft nobis, fpei abunde fubcfle, non tantum homini ftrcnuo ad cxpe- 
 ricndum, fed etiam prudenti & fobrio ad credenduni. 
 
 CXV. Atq^ue de defperationc tollcnda, quae inter caufas potentiilimas 
 ad progreflum fcicntiarum rcmorandum &inhibcndum fuit, jam didum eft: 
 Atque fimul fermo de iignis & caufis errorum & inertiae & ignorantiac, 
 quae invaluit, abfolutus eft; praefertim cum fubtiliores caufic, & quae in 
 judicium populate aut obfcrvationcm non incurrunt, ad ea quae de idolis 
 animi humani dicta lunt, referri debeant. 
 
 Atqjje hie flmul pars dcftruens inftaurationis noflrac claudi debet, quae 
 pcrficitur trjbns rcdargutionibus ; redargutione nimirum humanae rationis 
 nati\ae, & fibi pcrmilfae ; redargutione demonftrationum ; & redargutione 
 theoriarum, /ive philofophiarum & doftrinarum, quae rcceptae iunt. Ilcdar- 
 gutio vero carum talis fuit, qualis eflc potuit ; videlicet per ilgna &: evi- 
 dcntiam caufirum ; cum confutatio alia nulla a nobis (qui & dc principiis, 
 & de dcmonftrationibus, ab aliis dilfcntimus) adhiberi potucrit. 
 
 QuociRCA tcmpus eft, ut ad ipfam artem & normam intcrprctandi na- 
 turam vcniamus -, & tamen nonnihil rcftat, quod praevertendum eft', (^uum 
 cnim in hoc primo aphorifmorum libro illud nobis propolitum iit, ut 
 tarn ad intclligendum, quam ad recipiendum ea, quae fequuntur, mentes 
 hominum praeparentur ; expurgata jam & abrafa & acquata mentis area, 
 fcquitur ut mens fiftatur in poiltione bona, & tanquam afpedu benevolo, 
 ad ea quae proponcmus. Valet enim in re nova ad picjiidicium, non Ib- 
 him praeoccupatio fortis opinionis \ctcris, fed & praeceptio five praefigu- 
 rajio falfa rei, quae affertur. Itaquc conabimur efficcre, ut habeantur bo- 
 nae & vcrae, de lis quae adduCimus, opiniones, licet ad tcmpus tantum- 
 modo, cc tanquam ufurariae, donee res ipfa pcrnofcatur. 
 
 CXVI. Primo itaque poftulandum videtur, nc exiftiment homines, nos 
 
 more antlquorum Graccorum, aut quorundam novorum hominum, Telcfii, 
 
 Vol. I. C^q Patricii, 
 
 305
 
 o 
 
 06 N O V U M O R G A N U M*1 Lib. I. 
 
 P-a^ricii., Scv<:i'ini, fccj.;£im aiiquaivi in philolbphiae contierc yelk: Nc'que 
 cnim.hQC aiiimuSj. jicqu,e etiam mukum intcrcflc putamus, ad hominum 
 fortuiras, qualcs qiiis opinioiics abftradas de ratura & rcrum prijicipiis ha- 
 bcat : Ncquc diibium eft, quin multa hujulmodi, & vctcra revocaii, Ck: nova 
 introcluci poilJnt,; qucaiiidmodum & complura thcmata cocli lupponi poimnr, 
 quae cum phacnonicnis Ut bene convcniunt, inter Ic tamcn dillentiunt. 
 
 At nosdc hujufmodi rebus opinabilibus, Sc fimul inutilibus, non labora- 
 mus. At contra nobis conllitutum eft experiri, an revera potentiac & am- 
 plitudinis humanae iirmiora fundamcnta jaccrc, ac fines in latins proferre 
 poilimus. Atque licet fparfun, & in aliquibus ftibjcclis fpecialibus, lonsre 
 vcriora habeamus, & certiora, (ut arbitramur) atquc etiam magis fruftuofii» 
 quani quibus homines adhuc utuntur, (quae in quintam infburationis no- 
 ftrae partem congelllmus) tamcn theoriam nuUam univerfalem, aut inte- 
 gram proponimus. Neque cnini huic rci tempus adhuc adefle vidctur. 
 Qiiin nee fpem haberaus vitac producendac, ad Icxtain inllau ration is partem 
 (quae philolophiac, per legitimam naturae interpretationem inventae, defti- 
 nata eft) abfolvendam j fed fatis habemus, ft in mediis Ibbrie & utiliter nos 
 geramus, atque interim fcmina ^'eritatis iincerioris in pofteros Ipargamus, 
 atque initiis rerum magnarum non defimus. 
 
 CXVII. Atque quemadmodum feclae conditorcs non Tumusi ita ncc 
 opcrum particuiarium largitores aut promiftbres. Attamen poilit aliquis 
 hoc modo occurrcre ; quod nos, qui tarn facpe opcrum mentionem faciamus, 
 & omnia eo trahamus, etiam opcrum aUquorum pignora exhibeamus. Vc- 
 rum via noftra & ratio, (ut faepc perfpicue diximus, & adhuc dicere juvat,) 
 ea eft ; ut non opera ex operibus, five experimcnta ex expcrimentis, (ut 
 empirici) fed ex operibus & expcrimentis caufas & axiomata, atque ex cau- 
 fis & axiomatibus rurfus nova opera 6i experimcnta, (ut legitimi naturae 
 intcrprctes) extrahamus. 
 
 Atque licet in tabulis noftris inveniendi, (ex quibus quarta pars inftau- 
 rationis confiftit) atque etiam excmpUs particuiarium, (quas in fccunda parte 
 adduximus) atque inliiper in obfervationibus noftris fuper hiftoriam, (quae 
 in tertia parte operis dcfcripta eft:) quivis vcl mediocris perfpicaciae & fo 
 Icrtiae, complurium opcrum nobilium indicationes & dcfignationcs ubiquc 
 notabit; ingenue tamcn fatemur hiftoriam naturalcm, quam adhuc habe- 
 mus, aut ex libris, aut ex inquiiltione propria, non tam copiofam eflc & vc- 
 rificatam, ut legitimae interprctationi fatisfacere aut miniftrare pofllt. 
 
 Ita QUE fi quis ad mcchanica lit masis aptus & paratus, atquc lagax ad 
 vcnanda opera, ex convcrfationc Ibla cum expcrimentis, ci permittimus & 
 rclinquimus illam induftriam, ut ex hiftoria noftra & tabulis, multa tanquam 
 in via decerpat & applicet ad opera, ac veluti foenus recipiat ad tempus, do- 
 nee fors haberi polllt. Nos vcro, cum ad majora contendamus, moram om- 
 nem praeproperam & praematuram in iftiufmodi rebus, tanquam Atalanrac 
 pilas (ut faepius Iblemus diccrc) damnamus. Neque cnim aurea poma pueri- 
 liter affeclamus, fed omnia in vidoria curfus artis llipcr naturam ponimns j 
 neque mufeum aut fegetem hcrbidam demcterc feftinamus, led meflcm teai- 
 pcftivam expcclamus. 
 
 CXVIII. OccuRRET etiam alicui proculdubio, poftquam ipfam hiflo- ■ 
 riam noftram, & inventionis tabulas perlegerit, aliquid in ipfis expcrimentis 
 minus certum, vcl omnino falfum 5 atque proptcrea fecum fortafte rcputa- 
 bit, fundamentis & principiis falfis Si. dubiis, invcnta noftra nlti. W'tiim 
 hoc nihil eft s neccflt cnim eft, talia iub initiis cvcnirc. Simile cnim eft 
 5 ac
 
 Lib.I. N O V U M O R G A N U M. -^"^y 
 
 ac fi in fcriptionc aut imprcflionc, una forte litera aut altera, pcrpcram po^ 
 fira aut coUocata fit; id cnim legcntcm non multum impedirelblct, quun- 
 doquidem errata ab ipfo (enfu facile corrii!;untur. Ira ctiam coa,itent homi- 
 nes, multa in hiftoria naturali experimcnta falfo credi & rccipi poflc ; quae 
 paulo poft a caufis SiC axiomatibus invcntis facile expunguntur & rejiciuntur. 
 Sed tamcn vcrum cii, fi in hiftoria naturali & cxpciimcntis, mat;na & cre- 
 bra & continua fucrint errata, ilia nulla ingcnii aut artis felicitate corrigi aut 
 cmendari poflc. Itaquc fi in hiftoria noftra naturali, quae ranta dilieentia 
 & fcvcrirate, & fere rclitzione probata & colleda eft, aliquid in parriculari- 
 bus quandoque fubfit talfitatis aut erroris 5 quid tandem de naturali hiftoria 
 vulgari, quae prae noftra tam negligens eft & faciiis, dicendum erit? aut dc 
 philofophia & fcicntiis liipcr hujufmodi arenas (vel fyrtes potiu.s) aedificatis ? 
 Itaque hoc quod diximus, ncmincm moveat. 
 
 CXIX. OccuRRENT etiam in hiftoria noftra & cxperimentis plurimae 
 res ; primo Icves & vulgatae, delude viles & illibcrales, poftremo nimis Ibb- 
 tilcs ac mere fpcculativac, & quafi nuUius ufus : Qiiod genus rcrum homi- 
 num ftudia avcrtcre & alienarc pofiir. 
 
 At QUE de iftis rebus, quae vidcntur vulgatae, illud homines cogitent ; 
 folere fane cos adhuc nihil aliud agere, quam ut eorum, quae rara funt, 
 caufas ad ea, quae frequenter fiunt, referant & accommodcnt ; at ipforum, 
 quae frequenter evcniunt, nuUas caufas inquirant, fed ea iplii recipiant tan- 
 quam concefla & adniilla. 
 
 Itaq^ue non ponderis, non rotationis coelcftium, non caloris, non fri- 
 goris, non luminis, non duri, non mollis, non tenuis, non denii, non li- 
 quidi, non coniiftcntis, non animati, non inanimati, non fimilaris, non 
 diffimilaris, nee demum organici caufas quaerunt j fed illis tanquam pro 
 evidentibus & manifeftis receptis, dc caeteris rebus, quae non tam frequen- 
 ter & familiariter occurrunt, difputant & judicant. 
 
 Kos vero, qui fatis fcimus, nullum de rebus raris aut notabilibus judicium 
 fieri pofle, niulto minus res novas in luccm protrahi, abfquc vulgarium re- 
 rum caufis & caufarum caufis rite examinatis & repertis ; necelfario ad res 
 vulgarillimas in hiftoriam noftram recipiendas compellimur. Quinetiam nil 
 magis philofophiae ofFeciflc deprehendimus, quam quod rci, quae famili- 
 arcs funt & frequenter occurrunt, contemplationem hominum non morentur 
 & detineant, fed rccipiantur obiter, neque earum caufae quacri foleant ; uc 
 non facpius rcquiratur informatio de rebus ignotis, quam attentio in notis. 
 
 CXX. Quod vero ad rcrum utilitatem attinct, vel etiam turpitudinem, 
 quibus (ut ait Plinius) honos praefandus eft 5 eac res, non minus quam lau- 
 tifliniae & pretiofiftimae, in hiftoriam naturalem recipiendae funt. Nequc 
 propterea polluitur naturalis hiftoria : Sol cnim aeque palatia &: cloacas in- 
 greditur, neque tamen polluitur. Nos autem non capitolium aliquod aut 
 pyramidem hominum lliperbiae dedicamus aut condimus, fed templum fan- 
 dum ad exemplar mundi in intelledu humano fundamus. Itaquc exemplar 
 fequimur. Ni:m quicquid eflcntia dignum eft, id etiam fcicntia dignum ; 
 quae eft cflentiac imago. At vilia aeque fubliftunt, ac lauta. Quinetiam, 
 ut e quibufdam putridis materiis, veluti mufco & zibctho, aliquando op- 
 timi odores generantur; ita & ab inftantiis vilibus & fordidis, quandoque 
 cximia lux & informatio emanat. Verum de hoc nimis multa; cum hoc 
 genus faftidii fit plane puerile & effoeminatum. 
 
 CXXI. At de illo omnino magis accurate difpicicndum : Qtiod plurima 
 in hiftoria noftra captui vulgari, aut ctiam cuivis intcUectui, (rebus prae- 
 
 VoL. I. • Q^q 3. fcnribus
 
 3o8 N O V U M O R G A N U M. Lib. I 
 
 tentibus affucfado) vidcbuntur curiofac cujufdam & inutilis fubtilitatis. In- 
 quc de hoc ante omnia & didum <5cdiccndum clV. Hoc Iciliccr; nos jam 
 fiib iaitiis & ad rempus, tantum lucifera expcrimcnta, non trudifera quac- 
 rcre ; ad excmplum creationis divinae, quod faepius diximus, quae prime 
 dicluccm tlntum produxit, eiquc foli unum integrum diem attribuit, ne- 
 que illo die quicquam matcriati opcris immifcuir. 
 
 It A QUE fi quis iftiufmodi res nullius cfle ufus putct, idem cogitet ac fi 
 nullum etiam luciscflc ufum cenfeat, quia res fcilicet iblida aut matcriatanoa 
 fit. Atque revera diccndum eft, fimplicium naturarum cognirionem bene 
 examinatam & definitam iaftar lucis elle i quae ad univerlii opcrum pene- 
 tralia aditum pracbct J atque tota agmina opcrum & turmas, 5: axiomatum 
 nobiliflimorum fontes, poteftate quadam complcftitur, & poll le traiiit; in fc 
 tamcn non ita magni u(us eft. Quin & literarum elementa per le & lepara- 
 ' tim nihil rigniticant, ncc alicujus ufus funt s led tamcn ad omnis Termonis 
 compofitionem & apparatum inftar materiac primae funt. Etiam lemina 
 rerum poteftate valida, (ufu nifi in proceflii fuo) nihiii funt. Atque lucis 
 ipfius radii difperfi, nifi coeant, beneficium fuum non impertiuntur. 
 
 Quod fi quis fubtilitatibus fpeculativis offcndatur 5 quid de fcholafticis 
 viris diccndum erit, qui fubtilitatibus immenfum indulfcrunt ? Qiiae tamen 
 fubtilitates in verbis, aut faltem vulgaribus notionibus, (quod tantundcm 
 valet) non in rebus aut natura confumptae fuerunt j atque utilitatis expertes 
 erant, non tantum in origine, fed etiam in confequentiis : Tales autem non 
 fuerunt, ut haberent in praefens utilitatem nullam, fed per confequens infi- 
 nitam; quales funt eae de quibus loquimur. Hoc vcro fciant homines pro 
 certo, omnem fubtilitatcm difputatlonum 3c difcurliuun mentis, fi adhibeatur 
 tantum poft axiomata inventa, feram cftc & pracpofteram ; Sc fubtilitatis 
 tempus verum ac proprium, aut faltem praecipuum, verfari in penfitanda 
 cxperientia, & inde conftitucndis axiomatibus : Nam ilia altera fubtilitas 
 naturam prenfat & captat, fed nunquam apprehendit aut capit. Et verilll- 
 mum certc eft, quod de occafionc five fortuna dici folet, fi transferatur 
 ad naturam : videlicet, earn afronte comatam, ab occipitio calva?n. ejfe^n 
 
 Den I QUE de contcmptu in natural! hiftoria rerum aut vulgarium aut. 
 vilium aut nimis fubcilium, & in originibus fuis inutilium, ilia vox mulier- 
 culae ad tumidum principem, qui petitionem ejus, ut rem indignam & 
 majeftate fua infcriorem abjeciflet, pro oraculofit; 'Define ergo rex ejfe: 
 Quia certiflimum eft, imperium in naturam, fi quis hujufmodi rebus ut ni- 
 mis exilibus & minutis vacate nolit, ncc obtineri nee geri poflc. 
 
 CXXII. OccuRRiT etiam & illud ; mirabile quiddam efle & durum, 
 quod nos omncs fcicntias atque omnes authores fimul, ac veluti una idu & 
 impetu, fummovcamus -, idque non afllimpto aliquo ex antiquis in auxilium 
 & praefidium noftrum, fed quafi viribus propriis. 
 
 Nos autem fcimus, fi minus finccra fide agere voluiflemus, non difficile 
 fuifle nobis, ifta, quae afferuntur, vel ad antiqua faecula ante Graccorum 
 tempora, (cum fcicntiae de natura magis fortalfe, fed tamcn majore cum fi- 
 lentio, floruerint i ncquc in Graecorum tubas & fiftulas adhuc incidiftcnt ;) 
 vel etiam (per partes certe) ad aliquos ex Graecis ipfis referrc, atque afti- 
 pulationem & honorem inde petcre 5 more novorum hominum, qui nobili- 
 tatem fibi ex antiqua aliqua profapia, per genealogiarum favores, aftruunt & 
 affingunt. Nos vero rerum evidentia frcti, omnem commcnti & impoftu- 
 rac conditionem rejicimus, lieque ad id quod agitur plus interelic putamus, 
 utrum, quae jam invenicntur antiquis olim cognita, & per rerum viciflitu- 
 
 I dines
 
 Lib.I. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 
 
 dines & faecula occidentia & oricntia fint ; quam hominibus curac cflc de- 
 here, utrum novus orbis fuerit inlula ilia Atlantis, & vetcri mundo co"ni- 
 taj an nunc piimnm reperta. Rcium cnim invcntio a naturae luce pctcn- 
 -•.<la, non ab antiquitatis tencbrls rcpetcnda eft. 
 
 ■>i Quod veto ad univerlalcm iftam rcprchcnfionem attinet, ccrtiflimum eft 
 vere rem rcputanti, cam & magis probabilem efle, &magis modcftam, quam 
 /i fafta fuifTct ex parte. Si cnim in primis notionibus errores radicati noil 
 fuiflent, fieri non potuilTct, quin nonnuila rede inventa, alia perpcram in- 
 vcnta correxiiTcnt. Sed cum errores fundamentales fuerint, atque ejulmodi- 
 ut homines potius res neglcxciint ac pracrerierint, quam dc illis parvum aut 
 faUum judicium fecerint ; minime mirum eft, i\ homines id non obtinuerinr 
 quod non cgerint j ncc ad metam pervenerint, quam non pofuerint aut 
 collocarint i ncque viam emcnfi fint, quam non ingrefti fint aut tenuerint. 
 
 Atq^ue infolentiam rei quod attinet j certe fi quis manus conftantia at- 
 que oculi vigorc lineam magis rectam, aut circulum magis perfcftum fc dc- 
 fcribere pofle, quam alium quempiam, fibi aflumat ; inducitur Tcilicct facul- 
 tatis comparatio: Quod fi quis aflerat, fe, adhibita regula aut circumdudto 
 circino, lineam magis reftam, aut circulum magis pcrfectum pofle defcri- 
 berc, quam aliquem alium vi Tola oculi & manus ; is certe non admodum 
 jadator fuerit. Quin hoc, quod dicimus, non folum in hoc noftro conatu 
 primo & inceptivo locum habet ; fed etiam pertinet ad eos, qui huic rei 
 porthac incumbent. Noftra enim via inveniendi fcientias exacquat fere in- 
 genia, & non multum exccllentiae corum rclinquit : cum omnia per cerrifti- 
 mas regulas & demonftrationes tranfigat. Itaque haee noftra (ut faepc dix- 
 imus) felicitatis cujufdam funt potius quam facultatis, & potius temporis 
 partus quam ingenii. Eft enim certe cafus aliquis non minus in cogitatio- 
 nibus humanis, quam in operibus 6c fadis. 
 
 CXXIII. Itaque dicendum de nobis ipfis quod ille per jocum dixit, 
 praelertim cum tam bene rem fecct : Fieri non poteft tit idem fentiant, 
 qui aquam & qui vinum bibant. At caeteri homines, tam vetcrcs quam 
 novi, liquorem biberunt crudum in fcicntiis, tanquam aquam vel fponte 
 ex intelledu manantem, vel per dialedicam tanquam per rotas ex puteo 
 hauftam : At nos liquorem bibimus & propinamus ex infinitis confcdum 
 uvis, iifque maturis & tempeftivis, & per racemos quoidam collcdis ac dc- 
 cerptis j fubinde in torculari prellis, ac poftremo in vale repurgatis S)^ cla- 
 rificatis. Itaque nil mirum, fi nobis cum aliis non convcniat. 
 
 CXXIV. OccuRRET proculdubio & illud : nee metam aut fcopum 
 fcientiarum a nobis ipfis (id quod in aliis rcprehendimus) vcrum & op- 
 timum praefixum efle. Efle enim contemplationem vcritatis, omni ope- 
 rum utilitatc & magnitudine digniorem & cclfiorem : longam vero iftam & 
 folicitam mcram in experientia «Sc materia, «Sc rerum particularium fludi- 
 bus, mentem veluti liumoaffigerc, vel potius in tartarum quoddam confu- " 
 iionis & perturbationis dejicere j atque ab abftradac lapientiae ferenitate & 
 tranquillitate (tanquam a ftatu multo diviniore) arcere & Ibmmoverc. Nos 
 vero huic rationi libenter aflcntimur; & hoc ipfum quod innuunt ac prae- 
 optant, praecipue atque ante omnia agimus. Etenim verum exemplar mun- 
 di in intelledu humano fundamus, quale invenitur, non quale cuipiam fua 
 propria ratio didavcrit. Hoc autem perfici non poteft, nifi fada mundi 
 difledione atque anatomia diligentilllma. Modulos veroineptos mundorum 
 & tanquam fimiolas, quas in philofophiis phantafiae hominum extruxerunt, 
 omnino dilHpandas edicimus. Sciant itaque homines, (id quod ftiperius dix- 
 
 imus 
 
 309
 
 lo N O V U M O R G A N U M. Lib. I. 
 
 inius) quantam inrcrflr inter humanac mentis idola & divinac mentis ideas. 
 Ilia enim nihil alkid lunt quam ablh-aclioncs ad placituni : Hac aiiteni iUnt 
 vera fioinacula Crcatoris fiipcr crcaturas,- prout in materia per lineas vcras & 
 exquifitas iniprimuntur & terminantur. Itaque ipfiHimae res Tunt (in hoc 
 ccnere) Veritas & utilitas : atquc opera ipla pluris facienda funt, quatcnus 
 ilint veritatis pignora, quam propter vitae commoda. 
 
 CXXV. Occur RET fortafle & illud : nos ranquam actum agcre ; at- 
 quc antiquos ipfos candcm, quam nos, ^ iam tcnuiflc. Itaque vcrifimilc pu- 
 tabit quilpiam ctiam nos, poll: tanrum motum & molitionem, deventuros 
 tandem ad aliquam ex illis phiiofophiis, quae apud antiquos valuerunr. Nam 
 & illos in meditationum fuarum principiis vim & copiam magnam exem- 
 plorum & particularium paraviOc ; atque in commentaries per locos & titu- 
 los digeflille ; atquc inde philolophias llias & artes confecilic, cc poftca re 
 •comperta pronuntiallc i & cxempla ad fidem & docendi lumen ipariim ad- 
 didillc ; fed particularium notas & codicillos, ac commcntarios luos in lu- 
 ccm cdere, lupcrvacuum & moleltum putalTc : idcoque fcciHe quod in ae- 
 dificando fieri ibleti nempc pofi: aedificii ftruduram, machinas & Tcalas a 
 confpedu amovifle. Neque aliter faftum efle credere certe oportet. Ve- 
 rum nifi quis omnino obiitus fuerit eorum, quae fuperius dida funt, huic 
 obieftioni (aut fcrupulo potius) facile refpondebit. Formam cnini inqui- 
 rendi & inveniendi apud antiquos & ipfi profitcmur, & fcripta eorum prae 
 fe ferunt. Ea autem non alia fuit, quam ut ab excmplis quibufdam & par- 
 ticularibus (additis notionibus communibus, & forralfe portionc nonnulla 
 ex opinionibus reccptis, quae maxime placuerunt) ad conclufiones maxime 
 gcncrales five principia fcientiarum advolarent ; ad quorum veritatcm im- 
 motam & fixam, conclufiones inferiores per media educerent ac probarent, 
 ex quibus artem conftitucbant. Tum demum fi nova particularia &: excm- 
 pla mota client 6c addutta, quae placitis fuis refragarcntur ; ilia aut per 
 diftincliones, aut per rcgularum fuarum explanationes, in ordinem fubtiliter 
 redigebant ; aut demum per exceptiones groifo modo fummovebant : At rc- 
 rum particularium non rcfragantium caufas, ad ilia principia fua laboriofc 
 & pcrtinaciter accommodabant. Vcrum nee hiftoria naturalis & experien- 
 tia ilia erar, quam fuilfe oportebat s (longe certe abeft) & ifta advolatio ad 
 gcneralilTinia, omnia perdidit. 
 
 CXXVI, OccuRRET & illud; nos propter inhibitionem quandam pro- 
 nunciandi, &: principia certa ponendi, donee per medios gradus ad genera- 
 lilllma rite pervcntum fit -, fufpenfionem quandam judicii tueri, atque ad 
 acatalepfiam rem dcducere. Nos ^■ero non acatalepfiam, fed cucatalep- 
 fiam mcditamur & proponimus: Senfui enim non derogamus, fed mini- 
 Ilramus ; & intelleftum non contcmnimus, fed rcgimus. Atque melius eft 
 fcire quantum opus fit, & tamen nos non penitus fcirc putare ; quam pc- 
 nitus fcire nos putare, & tamen nil eorum quae opus eft fcire. 
 
 CXXVII. Etiam dubitabit quilpiam potius quam objiciet ; utrum nos 
 dc naturali tantum philofophia, an etiam de fcientiis reliquis, logicis, cthi- 
 cis, politicis, fecundum viam noftram perficiendis, loquamur. At nos cer- 
 te de univcrfis haec, quae dicia funt intelligimus : Atque quemadmodum 
 vulgaris logica, quae regit res per fyllogifmum, non tanrum ad natu rales, 
 fed ad omnes fcientias pertinet ; ita & noftra, quae procedit per indudio- 
 nem, omnia compleditur. Tam enim hiftoriam & tabulas inveniendi con- 
 ficimus de ira, metu & verccundia, 6c fimilibus ; ac ctiam dc excmplis rcruiTi 
 civilium : nee minus dc motibus mentalibus memoriae, compolltionisifcdi- 
 
 \ilionis,
 
 Life. IJ NO VUM ORG A NUM. 311 
 
 vifibm;?, judicii, & reliquoriim j quam de calido & frigido, aut luce, aut 
 vegctarione, aut fimilibus. . Sed tamcn cum noftra ratio intcrprcrandi, port 
 liHtoriam praeparatam & ordinatam, non mentis tantum motus & difcur- 
 fusj {ut logica vulgaris) fed & re rum naturam intueatur; ita mentcm regi- • 
 
 mus, ut ad rerum naturam fc, aptis per omnia modis, applicarc poffit. At- 
 que propterea multa 6c diverfa in dodrina interpretationis praccipimus/l 
 quae ad fubjedi, de quo inquirimus, qualitatem & conditionem, modutn 
 inveniendi nonnulla ex parte appliccnt. * • 
 
 CXXVIII. At illud de nobis ne dubitarc quidem fasf\t 5 utrum nosphi- 
 lofophiam & artes & fcientias, quibus utimur, deftruere & demoliri cupia- 
 mus : Contra cnim earum & uium & cultum & honorcs libenter ample- 
 dimur. Ncque enim uUo modo officimus, quin iftae, quae invaluerunt, &"? 
 dilputationes alant, & fermones ornent, &c ad profeflbria munera ac vitac ci- ' 
 vilis compendia adhibeantur & valeant ; denique tanquam numifmata quae- 
 dam conienfu inter homines recipiantur. CHiinetiam fignificamus apertc 
 ea, quae nos adducimus, ad illas res non multum idonea futura ; cum ad 
 viilgi captum deduci omnino non pofllnt, nifi per efFefta & opera tantum. 
 At hoc ipfum, quod dc affcclu nortro & bona voluntate crga fcientias re- 
 ceptas dicimus, quam vcre profiteamur, fcripta noftra in publicum cdita 
 (praefcrtim libri de progreflli fcientiarum) fidem faciant. Itaque id ver-'^ ' 
 
 bis amplius vinccre non conabimur. lUud interim conftanter & diferte mo- 
 nemus ; his modis, qui in ufu funt, nee magnos in fcientiarum doftrinis & 
 contemplatione progreiTus fieri, nee illas ad amplitudinem opcrum deduci 
 poffe. 
 
 CXXIX. SuPEREST ut de finis excellentia pauca dicamus. Ea ft pri- 
 us difta'fuiflent, votis fimilia vidcri potuiflent : fed fpe jam fafta & iniquis 
 praejudiciis fublatis, plus fortailc ponderis habebunt. Quod fi nos omnia 
 perfcciflemus & plane abfolviflcmus, nee alios in partem & confortium la- 
 borum fubinde vocaremus ; ctiam ab hujufmodi verbis abftinuiflcmus, ne 
 acciperentur in pracdicationcm mcriti noftri. Cum vcro aliorum induftria 
 acucnda -fit, & animi excitandi atque acccndendi ; confentaneum eft, ut quae- 
 dam hominibus in mentcm rcdigamus. 
 
 pRiMo itaque, videtur invcntorum nobilium introduclio inter adiones 
 humanas longc primas partes tencre j id quod antiqua fKcula judicaverunr. 
 Ea enim rerum invcntoribus divinos honores tribuerunt : iis autem qui in 
 reblis civilibus merebantur, (quales crant urbium & impcriorum condito- 
 rcs, legiflatorcs, patriarum a diuturnis malis liberatorcs, tyrannidum debel- ' 
 latores, <5c his fimiles) heroum tantum honores decrcverunt. Atque certc '' 
 fi quis ea refte conferat, juflum hoc prifci faeculi judicium rcperiet. Ete- 
 nim invcntorum bcneficia ad univerfum genus humanum pertinere pofluntj 
 civilia ad ccrtas tantummodo hominum fedes : hacc ctiam non ultra paucas 
 actatcs durant i ilia quafi pcrpctuis temporibus, Atque flatus emcndatio in 
 civilibus non fine vi & pcrturbatione plerumquc procedit : at inventa be- 
 ant, & bcncficium defcrunt abfquc alicujus injuria aut triditia. 
 
 Etiam inventa quafi novae creationes funt, & divinorum opcrum imi- 
 tamenta, ut bene ceeinit ille : 
 
 , .'.X '■■■ ■ 
 
 ■ , 'Prtmae frugiferos foetus mortalibus aegris 
 
 lyid'tderunt qtiondam praeflanti nomine Athenae : 
 
 Et RECREAVERUN.T vitam, legefqiie rogarunt. 
 
 Lucret. L. vi. i. 
 
 A T QV E
 
 312 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. I. 
 
 At QUE videtur notatu dignum in Solomonc ; quod cum impcrio, auro, 
 ma2;nificentia operum, fatellitio, fanralltio, claflc infupcr, & Jiominis cla- 
 ritate, ac fumma hominum admirationc florerct; tamcn nihil horum dclc- 
 oerit fibi ad gloriam, fed ita pronunciavciit : Gloriam 'Dei ejfe, celare rem ; 
 gloriam regis, inveftigare rem. 
 
 RuRSUS (fi placet) reputct quifpiam, quantum interfit inter hominum 
 vitam in cxcultifiima quapiam Europac provincia, & in regione aliqua no- 
 vae Indiae maxime fera & barbara : Ea tantum diiferrc exiftimabir, ut me- 
 rito hominem homini deum eflc, non ibluni propter auxilium & bencfi- 
 cium, fed etiam per flatus comparationcm, rede dicipollit. Atque hoc non 
 folum, non coelum, non corpora ; fed artes praeftant. 
 
 RuRSUS, vim & virtutem & confequentias rerum inventarum notarc 
 juvat, quae non in aliis manifeftius occurrunt, quam in illis tribus, quae 
 ■ antiquis incognitae ; & quarum primordia, licet rcccntia, oblcura & ingloria 
 funt : Artis nimirum imprimendi, pulveris tormentarii, & acus nauticae. 
 Haec enim tria, rerum fliciem 6c ftatum in orbe terrarum mutavcrunt : pri- 
 nium, in re literaria : fecundum, in re bellica : tcrtium, in navigationibus : 
 Unde innumerae rerum mutationes fequutae lunt, ut non impcrium ali- 
 quod, non ledla, non flella majorem efficaciam & quafi influxum lliper res 
 humanas exercuifle videatur, quam ifta mechanica exercucrunt. 
 
 Praeterea non abs re fuerit, tria hominum ambitionis genera & qusffi 
 gradus diftinguerc. Prinium eorum, qui propriam potentiam in patria Ilia 
 amplificare cupiunt ; quod genus vulgare eft & dcgcner. Secundum eo- 
 rum, qui patriae potentiam & impcrium inter humanum genus amplificare 
 nituntur : lllud plus certe habet dignitatis, cupiditatis haud minus. Quod 
 ft quis humani generis ipfius potentiam & impcrium in rerum univcrfitateni 
 inftaurarc & amplificare conetur; ea proculdubio ambitio (fi modo ita vo- 
 canda fit) reliquis & fanior eft & auguftior. Hominis auteni impcrium in 
 res, in folis artibus & fcicntiis ponitur : Naturae enim non impcratur, nifi 
 parendo. 
 
 Praeterea, fi unius alicujus particularis invent! utilitas ita homines af- 
 feccrit, ut cum, qui genus humanum univerlum beneficio aliquo devincire 
 potuerit, hominc majorem putavcrint 5 quanto celfius vidcbitur talc ali- 
 quid invenirc, per quod alia omnia expedite inveniri polllnt ? Et tamen (ut 
 vcrum omnino dicamus) quemadmodum luci magnam habemus gratiam, 
 quod per cam vias inire, artes exercere, legcre, nos invicem dignolcere 
 poflimus, & nihilominus ipia vifio lucis res praeftantior eft & pulchrior, 
 quam multiplex ejus ufus : Ita certe ipfa contemplatio rerum, prout funt, 
 fine fupcrftitione aut impoftura, crrore ant confufionc, in fe ipfa magis 
 digna eft quam univerfus inventorum frudus. 
 
 Postremo fiquis depravationem fcientiarum & artium ad malitiam &: 
 luxuriam, & fimilia, objeccrit ; id neminem moveat. lllud enim dc omni- 
 bus mundanis bonis dici poteft, ingenio, fortitudine, \iribus, forma, divi- 
 tiis, luce ipfa, & reliquis. Recuperet modo genus humanum jus fuum in 
 naturam, quod ei ex dotatione divina compctir ; & dctur ci copia : ufum 
 vcro rcfta ratio & fana religio gubcrnabir. 
 
 CXXX. Jam vero tempus eft, ut arrem ipfim interprctandi naturam 
 proponamus : in qua licet nos utilillima & vcriOlma praeccpillc arbitremur j 
 tamen necellltatem ei abfolutam (ac fi abfquc ea nil agi polllt) aut ctlani 
 perfectionem non attribuimus. Etenim in ea opinione liimus i fi juftam na- 
 turae & cxpcrientiac hiftoriam praefto habcrcnt homines, atque in ea fedu- 
 
 lo
 
 Lib.II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 313 
 
 lo verfarentiu- 5 fibiqiic duas res impcrarc poflcnt ; unam ut rcccptas opi- 
 niones & notiones dcponcrent ; alteram, ut mentcm a general ifiimi^ & proxi- 
 mis ab illis, ad tcnipiis cohibercnt ; fore ut etiam vi propria & genuina men- 
 tis, abfque alia arte, in tbrmam noftram interpretandi incidcre pollenr. Eft 
 enim interpretatio vcium & naturale opus mentis, demptis iis, quae obftant : 
 Sed tamen omnia certc per noflra pracccpta crunt magis in procindu & 
 multa firmiora. 
 
 Nequk tamen illis nihil addi pofTc affirmamus : fed contra, nos qui men- 
 tiem relpicimus, non tantum in facultatc propria, led quatcniis copulatur 
 cum rebus ; artem invcniendi cum inventis adolcfcerc polll*, ftatucrc de- 
 bcmus. 
 
 LIBER SECUNDUS 
 
 APHORISMORUM, 
 
 D E 
 INTERPRETATIONE NATURAE, 
 
 Sive dc Regno 
 
 H O M I N I S. 
 
 S' 
 
 Aph. I. ^^UPER datum corpus novam naturam, /ive novas naturas ge- 
 ncrarc & liiperinduccre, opus & intentio eft humanac potcn- 
 tiae. Datac autcm naturae formam, five diftercntiam veram, 
 five naturam naturantem, five fontem emanationis, (ifta enim 
 vocabula habemus, quae ad indicationcm rci proxime acccdunt,) invenirc, 
 opus & intentio ell humanac (cientiae. Arque his operibus primariis, llibor- 
 dinantur alia opera duo lecundaria & inferioris notae ; priori, transformatio 
 corporum concrctorum de alio in aliud, intra terminospoilibiles ;polleriori, 
 inventio in omni gcnerationc & motu, latentis procclllis continuati ab cffi- 
 cicnte manifeflo & materia manitcfta, ufquc ad formam inditam ;& inventio 
 fimiliter latentis fchematifmi corporum quiefcentium & non in motu. 
 
 II. QuAM infcliciter fe habcat fcientia humana, quae in ufu eft, etiam 
 ex illis liquet, quae vulgo aflcruntur. Rede ponitur i l^ere fcire^elj'e per 
 caufas fcire. Etiam non male conftituuntur caul'ac quatuor j materia, for- 
 ma, cfficiens & finis. At ex his caufa nnalis tantum abell: ut profit, ut e- 
 tiam fcicntias corrumpat, nifi in hominis adtionibus. Formae inventio ha- 
 betur pro dcfpcrata. Efficicns vero & materia, (quales quaeruntur & rc- 
 cipiuntur, rcmotac fcilicet, abfque latenti proeelVu ad formam,) res pcrfun^ 
 tloriae funt & fiiperliciajes, & nihili fere ad Icientiam veram & adivam. 
 Neque tamen obliti fumus, nos fupcrius notalfc & correxilfc errorem men- 
 VoL. 1. Rr tis
 
 314. N O V U M, O RG AN U M. Lib.JJ. 
 
 tis humanac, in cictcr<;ndo fpnr.is piimas cflcntiac. Licet cnim in iiaiu^a 
 nihil vcix exiftat practcr corpora individua, edcntia actus puros individujjs 
 ex Ic^e ; in doclrinis tamcn, ilia ipfa lex cjufque inquifirio, & invcntio gj- 
 quc explicatio, pro fundamcnto ci^ tarn ad Iciendum quam ad opcrmuunj. 
 £am autem legem, cjulque paragraphos, formarum nomine intcliiiyiiiii;S(,; 
 "pracfeitim cum hoc vocabulum invaluerit & familiaritcr occurrat. 
 
 111. Qui caulam alicujus naturae (veluti albcdinis aut caloris) Iri e^rti's 
 
 tantum lubjcclis novit j ejus fcientia imperfecta eft. Et qui etfcdum fupcy: 
 
 ccrtas tantum materias (inter eas quae I'unt fulceptibiles) inducerc potdi-i 
 
 ejus potcntia piuirer Impertecta eft. At qui efficicntem & marerialem cau- 
 
 1am tantummodo novit, (quae caufae fluxae funt, & nihil aliiid quain.ve- 
 
 ,hicula & cauCie formam deferentes in aliquibus,) is ad noya inventa, in ma- 
 
 ,tc.ria aliquatenus rnmli & praeparata, pervenire potcft; fed rerum tcrmi- 
 
 •'jCios altius fixos non movet. At qui formas novit, is naturae unitatem ia 
 
 jQiatcriis clillluiillimis.compledtitur. Itaquc quae adhuc facta non funt, qua- 
 
 iia nee naturae viciOitudii^iis,, neque experimentales induftriae, neque car 
 
 fus ipfe, in actum unqiiam. pcrJiiAiirent, neque cogitationem humanam fa- 
 
 bit;:ra fuillent ; dctegerc .^ producerc pott!:. Qiiarc ex formarum inven- 
 
 ttipiie fequitur conteaiplatip vera & operatio libera. 
 
 . IV. Licet viae ad pdtcntiam, atque ad fcientiam humanam, coniua- 
 
 ftiilimac lint & fere rocdem ; tamcn propter perniciolam & inveteratam con- 
 
 fucfudinem vcrknai inabftraclis, tutius omnino eft ordiri & cxcitare feien- 
 
 tias ab iis fundamentis, quae in ordine funt ad partem adivam, atquc ut 
 
 ilia ipfa partem coutc aplativara fignet & determinet. Videndum itaque eft 
 
 ad aliquam naturam fupcr corpus datum generandam & fuperinducaidam, 
 
 quale quis praeccptum, -ut qualcm quis diredionem aut dedudioucm . wax- 
 
 ime optarct; idque fermone limpiici & minime abftrulb. /^ 
 
 ExKMPLi graria; fi quis argento cupiat fuperinducere flavum colorem 
 auri, aut augaicntum ponderis, (lervatis legibus materiae,) aut lapidi aliciu 
 non diaphano diaphaneitatcm, aut vitro tcnacitatem, aut corpori alicui ncuj 
 vcgctabili vcgetationcm ; videndum (inquam) efl:, quale quis praeccptum 
 aut dedudionem potilllmum fibi dari exoptet. Atquc primo, exoptabit 
 aliquis proculdubio fibi monftrari aliquid hujulmodi, quod opere non fru- 
 ftret, neque experimento fallat. Sccundo, cxoptabit quis aliquid iibi prac- 
 fcribi, quod ipiimi non aftringat & cocrccat ad media quacdam, dc mqc 
 dos quoidam operandi particulates. Fortall'c enim defliLuetur, nee hahc- 
 bit flicultatem & commoditatem talia media comparandi & procurandi. Qpod 
 a fint & aha media, & alii modi (practer illud praeccptum) progigncndac 
 talis naturae ; ea fortaflc ex iis erunt, quae funt in operantis poteliate j a 
 quibus nihilominus per angiiilias praecepti excludetur, nee fruclum c^piet, 
 Tcrtio, optabit aliquid fibi monftrari, quod non fit aeque difficile, ^ ilia 
 ipla operatio dc qua inquiritur, fed propius accedat ad praxin. ^miinoa 
 
 Itaq^ue dc praecepto veto & perfcclo operandi pronunciatum erittale^ 
 Ut fit certum, liberum & difponens, five in ordine ad actionem. Atquc 
 hoc ipfum idem eft cum inventionc formae verae. Etenim forma xaaturae 
 alicujus talis eft, ut ca pofita, natura data infallibiliter fequatur. Itaquc ad- 
 cft pcrpetuo, quando natura ilia adeft, atque earn univerlaliter affirmat, at- 
 quc ineft omni. Eadem forma talis eft, ut ea amota, natura data infallibi- 
 liter fugiat. Itaquc abeft pcrpetuo, quando natura ilia abeft, eamquc pcr- 
 petuo abnegat, atque ineft foli. Poftremo, forma \'cra ta is eft, ut naturam 
 datam ex foute aliquo eflentiac deducar, quae ineft pluribus, & notior cli 
 
 naturae
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 315 
 
 naturae (ut loquuntur) quam ipla forma. Itaquc dc axiomata vcro & pcr- 
 fedo Icicndi pronunciatum Scpracccptum tale cftj Ut inveniatnr natura 
 alia, quae Jit cum natura data convert ibilis, c^ tamen fit limit atio na- 
 turae notioris infiar generis veri. Ida autcm duo pronunciata, aclivum 
 & contemplativum, res cadcm lunt j &C quod in opcrando utiliflimum id 
 in fcienda veriffimum. 
 
 V. At pracceptum five axioma dc transformationc corporlim, duplicis 
 eft generis. Primum intuctur corpus, uc turmam five conjugationcm natu- 
 rarum /implicium, ut in auro iiacc convcniunt ; quod ilt flavum ; quod fit 
 ponderofum, ad pondus tale ; quod fit mallcabile aut duftilc, ad cxtcnfio- 
 nem talcin; quod non fiat volatile, ncc dcpcrdat dc quanto fuo per igncm ; 
 quod fluat fluore tali ; quod Icparetur & Iblvatur modis talibus, & fimili- 
 ter dc cactcris naturis, quae in auro concurrunt. Itaquc huiufmodi axioma 
 rem deducit ex formis naturarum fimpliciuni. Nam qui formas & modos 
 novit fupcrinduccndi flavi, pondcris, dudilis, fixl, fluoris, folutionum, & 
 fic de rcliquis, & corum gradationcs & modos ; videbit & curabit, ut ifla 
 conjungi pollint in aliquo corporc, undc Icquatur transformatio in aururri. 
 Atque tioc genus operandi pertinct ad adioncm primariam. Eadem enim 
 cd ratio gencrandi naturam unam aliquam finiplicem &plures; nifi quod 
 arctetur magis & rcftringatur homo in opcrando, il pluresrcquirantur propter 
 dif?icultatem tot naturas coadunandi ; quae non facile convcniunt, nifi per 
 vias naturae tritas & ordinarias. Utcunquc tamcn dicendum efl, quod il^c 
 modus operandi, (qui naturas intuctur fimplices, licet in corporc concrcto,) 
 
 {»rocedat ex iis, quae in natura lunt conftantia & actcrna & catholica, & 
 atas pracbcat potcntiae humanac vias, quales (ut nunc funt res) cogitatio 
 humana vix capere aut rcpracfcntare pollit. 
 
 A T fccundum genus axiomatis, (quod a latcntis proccfllis inventione 
 pcndet,) non per naturas fimplices proccdit, fed per concreta corpora, qucm- 
 admodum in natura inveniuntur curfli ordinario. Exempli gratia, in cafi.i 
 ubi fit inquifitio, ex quibus initiis, & quo modo, & quo procciTu, auruni 
 aut aliud quodvis metalium aut lapis gencretur, a primis menftruis aut ru- 
 dimentis fuis, ulque ad mineram perfeftam: Aut fimiliter, quo proceflii 
 herbac gcnercntur a primis concretionibus fuccorum in terra, aut a fcmini- 
 bus, ufque ad plantam formatam, cum univcria ilia fuccelTIonc motus, & 
 divcrfis & conriiuiai is naturae nixibus : Similiter, de "cncratione ordinatim 
 cxplicata animalium, ab initu ad partum ; & fimiliter de corporibus aliis. 
 
 Enimvero ncque ad gencrationcs corporum tantum Ipedat hacc in- 
 quifitio, ("cd ctiam ad alios motus & opificia naturae. Exempli gratia ; in 
 cafli ubi fit inquifitio de univcria fcrie & continuatis aftionibus alimentan- 
 di, a prima reccptione alimenti ad aflimilationcm perfeftam ; aut fimiliter 
 de motu voluntario in animalibus, a prima imprcilionc imaginationis & 
 continuatis nixibus fpiritus, ulquc ad flcxiones & motus artuum ; aut dc 
 cxplicato motu linguae, & labiorum, & inftrumcntorum rcliquorum, ulquc 
 ad editioncm vocum articulatarum. Nam iiacc quoque fpedant ad naturas 
 concrctas, five collcgiatas & in fabrica; & intucntur veluti confuctudines 
 naturae particulates & Ipccialcs, non leges fundamcntales & commiuies, 
 quae conllituunt formas. Veruntamen omnino fatcndum eft rationcm illam 
 vidcri cxpcditiorcm, & magis fitam in propinquo j & fpem injiccrc magis, 
 quam illam primariam. 
 
 At pars opcrati\a fimiliter, quae huic parti contcmplativac refpondct, 
 
 opcrationem cxtcndit & promovet, ab iis, quae ordinario in natura invcni- 
 
 VoL. I. R r 2 untur.
 
 3i6 N O V U M O U G A N tJ M. LIB. It 
 
 untur, ad quacdam proxima, aut a proximis non admodum rcmota; fcA 
 altiorcs & radicalcs operationcs fupcr natdtafli, pendent utiqirc ab axioma- 
 tibus primariis. Quinctiam ubi non datur homini tacultas operandi, fed 
 tantum fcicndi, ut in coclcftibus, (neque enim con-ccditur homini operari in 
 cocleftiaaut ca immutarc aut transtbrmarc ;) tamcn inquifitiofadi ipflus, ii\t 
 veritatis ici, non minus quam cognitio caufarum & confenfuum, ad prima- 
 ria ilia & catholica axiomata dc naturis fimpliclbus^ (veluti de natura rotatio- 
 nis fpontancae, attradionis ftvc virtutis magncticae, & aliorum complnriuni, 
 quae magis communia liint quam ipfa coclcftiia,) rcfertur. Neque enim 
 fperetaliquis terminate quacftionem, utrum in motu drurno revcra terra aut 
 coelum rotct ; nifi naturam rationis fpontancae prius comprchendcrit. 
 
 VI. L AT ENS autem procefllis, dc quo loquimur, longe alia res eft, 
 quam animis hominum (qiialitcr nunc obfidentur) facile pollit occurrcrc. 
 Neque enim intelligimus mcnfuras qualliam, aut figna, aut fcalas proccilus, 
 in corporibus fpcflabilcs 5 led plane proceflum continuatum, qui maxima 
 ex parte fcnfum fugit. 
 
 Exempli gratia; in omni generationc & transformatione corporum in- 
 quirendum, quid dcperdarur >^v evolcr, quid mancat, quid accedat j quid 
 dilatctur, quid contrahatur ; quid uniatur, quid fcparetur; quid continuetnr, 
 quin ubfcindatur 5 quid impcilat, quid impcdiat j quid dominctur, quid fuc- 
 cumbat s & alia complura. 
 
 Neq^ue hie rurfus, hacc tantum in generationc aut transformatione cor- 
 porum quacrcnda funt ; fed & in omnibus aliis alterationibus & motibus fi- 
 militer iiiquirendum, quid antcccdat, quid fuccedat ; quid fk incitatius, quid 
 rcmil]ius; quid motum praebcat, quid regat j & hujufmodi. Ilia veto om- 
 nia fcicntiis, (quae nunc pinguilUma Minerva, & prorfus inhabili, contcxun- 
 tur,) incognita funt & intacta. Cum enim omnis adio naturalis per mi- 
 nima tranllgatur, aut faltem per ilia quae funt minora, quam ut fenfura 
 fcriant ; nemo fe naturam regere aut vcrtere poflc fperct, nifi ilia dcbitO 
 modo comprchcnderit & noravcrir. 
 
 VII. Similiter, inquifitio &; inventio latentis fchcmatifmi in corpori- 
 bus res nova eft ; non minus quam inventio latentis procelVus & formac. 
 Vcrfamur enim plane adhuc in atriis naturae, neque ad intcriora paramus 
 aditum. At nemo corpus datum nova natura dotare, vel in novum corpus 
 felicirer 6c appofite tranfmutare potcft, nifi corporis alterandi aut transfor- 
 mandi bonam habuerit notitiam. In modos enim vanos incurret, aut fal- 
 tem difficiles & perverfos, nee pro corporis natura, in quod opcratur. Ita- 
 que ad hoc etiam via plane eft aperienda & munienda. 
 
 Atq__ue in anatomia corporum organicorum (qualia funt hominis &ani- 
 malium) x^pera fane rede & utiliter infumitur, & vidctur res fubtilis, & 
 fcrutinium naturae bonum. At hoc genus anatomiae fpedabile eft, & fenfui 
 fubjedum, & in corporibus tantum organicis locum habet. Verum hoc ip- 
 fum obvium quiddam eft & in promptu fitum, prae anatomia vera Ichema- 
 tifmi latentis in corporibus, quae habcntur pro fimilaribus ; pracfenim in re- 
 bus fpecificatis, & earum partibus, ut fcrti, lapidis ; & partibus fimilaribus 
 plantae, animalis, veluti radieis, fobi,' fioris, carnis, ianguinis, ollis, &c. 
 At etiam in hoc gcnere non prorfus ccffavit induftria humana ; hoc ipfum 
 enim innuit fcparario corporum funilarium per diftillationes, & alios iblu- 
 tionum modos, ut dillimilaritas compoliti per congicgationcm partium ho- 
 mogencarum appareat. Quod etiam ex ufu eft, & facit ad id quod quaeri- 
 nius5 licet, faepius res fallax fit : quia complures naturae feparationi impu- 
 2 tantur.
 
 lAhM NOVUM ORGANUM. 31^ 
 
 tantur & attribuunrur, ac Ci prius lubftitiflcnt in compofito j quas revcra 
 ignis & calor, & alii modi apertionum dc novo indunt & liipcriaducunt. 
 Sed & haec quoque parva pars eft opcris, ad inveniendum fchematifmum 
 verum in compofito j qui Ichcmatifmus res eft iongc fubtilior & accura- 
 tior, & ab operibus ignis potius confunditur, quam cruitur 6c eluccicit. 
 
 Itaq^ue tacienda cftcorporum leparatio &. Iblutio; non per ignem ccrte, 
 fed per rationcm & indnccionem veram, cura cxpcrinientis auxiliaribus ; & 
 per comparationem ad alia corpora, & reduflionem ad naturas fimplices & 
 carum formas, quae in compofito conveniunt & complicantur ; & tran- 
 Ibundum plane a Vulcano ad Minervam, fi in animo fit veras corporum 
 tcxturas & fchematifmo-;, (unde omnis occulta atque, ut vocant, Ipecifica 
 iproprietas & virtus in rebus pendet, unde etiam omnis potentis alterationis 
 &transformationis norma educitur,) in lucem protrahere. 
 
 Exempli gratia; inquirendum, quid fit in omnicorpore fpiritus, quid 
 «flentia tangibilis ; atque ilk ipic Ipiritus, utrum fit copiollis & turgeat, 
 an jejunus & paucus; tenuis aut crailior ; magis aiireus aut igncus 5 acris 
 aut deles ; exilis aut robuftus ; in progreflli aut in regreflli ; abfeifllis aut 
 ■continuatus i conlcnticns cum externis & ambientibus aut dillentiens j &c. 
 Et fimiLitcr, eflentia tangibilis ; (quae hon pauciores recipit difFerentias quam 
 fpiritus,) atque ejus villi & fibrae, & omnimoda textura. Rurftis autem 
 coUocatio fpiritus per corporcam molem, cjufque pori, meatus, venae & 
 cellulac, & rudimenra fwc tentamenta corporis organic!, fub eandem inqui- 
 Jttionem cadunt* Sed & in his quoque, atque adeo in omni latentis Ichc- 
 matifmi inventione, lux vera & clara ab axiomatibus primariis immittitur^ 
 quae Gcrtc caliginem omnem & fubtilitatem difcutit. 
 
 -T<rVIII. Neque propterea res deducetur ad atomum, qui pracfupponit 
 vacuum & matcriam non fluxam, (quorum utrumque fallum eft;) led ad 
 particulas veras, quales inveniuntur. Neque rurliis eit, quod exhorreat 
 quiipinm iitam fubtilitatem, ut inexplicabilemi fed contra, quo magis vcr- 
 git inquifitio ad naturas fimplices, eo magis omnia erunt fita in piano &per- 
 fpicuo ; rranllato negotio a multiplici in fimplex ; &ab incommenlurabili ad 
 commenfurabile ; & a furdo ad computabile ; & ab infinito & \ago ad deti- 
 nitum & ccrrum } ut rit in dementis literarum, & tonis concentuum. Op- 
 rime autem cedit inquifitio naturalis, quando phyfieum terminatur in mathc- 
 matico. At rurfus multitudinem aut fradiones nemo reformidet : In rebus 
 cnim quae per numcros tranfiguntur, tarn facile quis pofuerit aut cogitave- 
 rit miljenarium, quam unum ; aut millefimam partem unius, quam unum - 
 integrum. 
 
 IX. Ex duobus generibus axiomatum, quae fupcrius pofita funt, oritur 
 vera divifio philolbphiae & fcientiarum ; tranflatis vocabulis receptis (quae 
 ad indicationcm rei proxime accedunt) ad fenfum noftrum. Videlicet, uc 
 inquifitio formarum, quae funt (ratione ccrte & fua lege) aeternae & im- 
 mobiles, & conftituat metaphyficam ; inquifitio veto etHcientis & materiae, &c 
 latentis procelVus, & latentis fchematifmi, (quae omnia curium naturae com- 
 munem & ordinarium, non leges fundamentales & aeternas refpiciunr,) con- 
 ftituat phyficam ; atque his fubordincntur fimilitcr pradicae duae; phyficac 
 mevivaniea ; metaphyfieae (perpurgato nomine) magia, propter latas ejus 
 vias, & majus imperiam in naturam. 
 
 X. PosiTO itaque dodrinac fcopo, pergendum ad praccepta ; idquc 
 ©I'dine minime pcrverfo aut perturbato. Atque indicia de interpretatione 
 uaturae compleduntur partes in gcnerc duas ; primam, de cducendis aut ex- 
 'ijiiiur citaijdis
 
 i8 N O V U M O' R G A N U M.- Lib. H. 
 
 cltandis axiomatibus ab expcricntia j fecundiim, dc dcduccndis aut dcpivandis 
 cxperiiTicntis novis ab axiomatibus. Prior autcm trifariam dividitur; in trcs 
 ncmpc miniftrationcs ; miniltrationcm ad fcnfiim ; miniftrationcm ad me- 
 moriam i & miniftiationcm ad mcntem five rationcm. 
 
 PaiMocnim paranda eft hiftoria naturalis & expeiimentalis, fufficicns 
 & bona i quod fundamcntum rci eft : Ncque enim tingendum aut cxcogi- 
 tandum, fed inveniendum, quid natura faciat aut fcrat. 
 
 HiSTORiA vcro naturalis & cxperimentalis tarn varia eft & fparfa, ut 
 intelleftum confundat Sc diigregct, nifi fiftatur & compareat ordine idoneo. 
 Itaque formandae lunt tabulae & co-ordinationcs inftantiarum, tali modo 
 &inftrudione, ut in eas agere pollit intelledus. 
 
 Id quoque licet fiat; tamen intelledus fibi permifllis, Sc fpontc movens, 
 incompetens eft & inhabilis ad opificium axiomatum, nifi regatur & munia- 
 tur. Itaque tertio, adhibenda eft indudio legitima & vera, quae ipla cla- 
 vis eft interprctationis. Incipienduni autcm eft a fine, & retro pergendum 
 ad reliqua. 
 
 XI. Inquisitio formarum fie proccdit j fiiper naturam datam primo 
 facienda eft comparentia ad intelledum omnium inftantiarum notarum, quae 
 in eadcm natura conveniunt, per materias licet dilfimillimas. Atquehujul- 
 niodi colledio facienda eft hiftorice, abfque contcmplatione praefeftina aut 
 fubtilitate aliqua majore. Exempli gratia; in inquiiitione dc forma calidi. 
 
 Infiantiae coni'enientes in natura validi. 
 
 1. Radii foils, praefertim acftatc & mcridie. 
 
 2. Radii folis refiexi & conftipati, ut inter montcs aut perparietes, & 
 maxime omnium in Ipeculis comburentibus. 
 
 3. Meteora ignita. 
 
 4. FuLMiNA comburcntia. 
 
 f. Eructationes flammarum ex cavis montium, &c. 
 
 ^. F L A M M A omnis. 
 
 7. Ignita folida. 
 
 8. Balnea calida naturalia. 
 
 9. LiQjuiDA ferventia aut calcfada. 
 
 10. Vapores & fumi fervcntes, atqucaer ipfe, qui fortifllmum & fu- 
 reotem fufcipit calorcm, fi concludatur -, ut in reverbcratoriis. 
 
 11. Temp ESTATES aliquae fudae per ipiam conftitutionem aeris, non 
 habita rationc tcmporis anni. 
 
 12. Aer conclufus & fubterrancus in cavcrnis nonnullis, praefertim 
 hycme. 
 
 13. Omnia villofa; ut lana, pelles animalium, & plumagines, habcnt 
 nonifihil tcporis. 
 
 14. Corpora omnia, tarn folida quam liquida & tarn denfa quamte- 
 nuia, (qualis eft ipfe aer,) igni ad tempus approximata. 
 
 If. SciNTiLLAEcx filicc & chalvbc per fortem percuflionem. 
 
 16. O M N E corpus fortiter attritum, ut lapis, lignum, pannus, &c. adeo 
 ut temoncs, & axes rotarum, aliquaudo flammam concipiant j & mos exci- 
 tandi ignis apud Indos occidentales fuerit per attritionem. 
 
 17. Herbae viridcs& humidae fimul conclufae & contrufac, ut rofae, 
 pifae in corbibus 5 adeo ut foenum, fi repofitum fuerit madidum, faepc con- 
 cipiat flammam. 
 
 18. Calx
 
 Lib.II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 319 
 
 -,;t^,,i8..CAi,x viva, aqua afpcrfa. 
 
 -,,19. Ferrum, cum primo diflblvitur per aquas fortes iij vitro, idque 
 bfquc ulla admotione ad ignem, & ftannum flmilitcr, &c. fed non adco 
 intenfe. 
 
 J,. 20. Animalia, praefertim & pcrpctuo per intcrlora ; licet in infcclis 
 calor ob parvitatem corporis non dcprciiendatur ad tacluni. 
 
 21. FiMUS cquiaus, & hujufmodi excrementa animnlium rccentia. 
 
 22. Oleum forte fulphuris & vitrioli exequitur opera caloris, in linteo 
 adurcndo. 
 
 ,ji2^. Oleum origani, & hujufmodi, exequitur opera caloris in adurcn- 
 dis oflibus dcntium. 
 
 24,. Spirit us vini fortis & bene rcdificatus. exequitur opera caloris; 
 adcQ ut fi albuincn pvi ill cum injiciatur, concrefcat &c albefcat, fere inmo- 
 dum albuminis cocli ; panis injeclus torrefiat & incruftctur, ad modum pa- 
 «is tofti, 
 
 25". Aromata & herbae calidae, ut dracunculus, nafturtium vctus, 
 &c. licet ad manum non fmt calida, (nee Integra, nee pulveres eorum ;) 
 tamen ad linguam & palatum parum mafticata, percipiuntur calida, & quaii 
 adurentia. 
 
 ._ 26. AcETUAi forte, & omnia acida, in membro ubi non fit epidermis, 
 ut in oculo, lingua, aut aliqua alia parte vulnerata, & cute deteda, dolorcm 
 cient, non multum difcicpantcm ab eo, qui inducitur a calido. 
 
 27. EriAMfrigora acria & intenfa inducunt fenfum quendam uftionis : 
 
 Nee boreae penetrabile frigns adnrit. 
 . 28, Alia. 
 ""Hang tabulam cflcntiae & praefentiae appellarc confucvimus. 
 
 XII. Sec UN DO, focienda eft comparentia ad intelledum inftantiarum, 
 quae natura data privantur; qui forma (ut diftum eft) non minus abcfli: 
 debet, ubi natura data abeft ; quam adclfe, ubi adeft. Hoc vcro infinitum 
 efl'et in omnibus. 
 
 Itaque fubjungenda funt ncgativa affirmativis, &; privationes infpici- 
 endae tantum in illis fubjedis, quae funt maxime cognata illis alteris, in 
 quibus natura data incft & comparer. Hanc tabulam declinationis five ab- 
 Icntiae in proximo appellarc confucvimus. 
 
 Injtantiae in proximo, quae privantnr 7iatura calidi^ 
 Ad inftantiam primam affirmativam. 
 
 LuNAE & ftcUarum, & cometarum radii, non inveniuntur calidi ad' 
 tattum : quinctiam obfervari folcnt acerrima frigora in pleniluniis. 
 
 Injiantia prima negativa vel fubjimftiva. 
 
 Arftellae fixae majorcs, quando fol eas fubit, aut iis approximatur, cx- 
 iftimantur fervorcs folis augerc & intenderc ; ut fir, cum fol filHtur in leone 
 & diebus canicularibus. 
 
 Ad fecimdam, fecunda. 
 
 Radii folis in media (quam vocant) regione aerisnoli calcfaciunt j cii- 
 )us ratio vulgo non male rcdditur ; quia rcgio ilia ncc fuis appropinquat ad 
 corpus folis undc radii emanant, nee etiam ad terram, undc rcfleduntur. 
 Arquc hoc liquet ex faftigiismontium, (nifi fint pracaltl,) ubi nivcs pcrpctuo 
 4uij:anr., Sed contra notatum eft a nonnullis, quod in cacumine Picus dcTe- 
 I naripfi,
 
 320 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 nariph, atqnc ctiam in Andis Pcrnviac, ipfa faftigia montium nivc dcflituta 
 fint ; nivibus jaccntibus tantum infcrius in afccnlu. Atquc inllipcr aer in 
 illis ipfis verticibus montium dcprchcndinu' minime frigidus, fed tenuis tan- 
 tum & accr; adco ut, in Andis pungat & vulncfct oculos per nimiam acri- 
 moniam, atquc ctiam pungat os ventriculi, & inducat vomitum. Atque ab 
 antiquis notatum ell, in verticc Olympi tantam tuiilc aeris tenuitatem, ut 
 nccefle fuerit illis, qui co afcendcrant, fccum deferrc Ipongias aceto & aqua 
 madcfaftas, caique ad os & narcs liibinde apponerc ; quia aer ob tenuitatem 
 non fufficicbat relpirationi. In quo verticc etiam reiatum eft tantam fuifle 
 fcrcnitatem & tranquillitatcm a pluviis & nivibus & vcntis; ut lacriticanti- 
 busJiterae dcfcriptae digitoin cincribus lacrificiorum fuper aram Jovis, ma- 
 nercnt in annum proximum ablquc ulla pcrturbationc. Atquc etiam hodic 
 alcendcntes ad verticcm Picus dc Tenariph, co vadunt noctu &: non intcr- 
 diu i & paulo poll: ortum Iblis monentur & excitantur a ducibus fuis, ut fe- 
 ftinent dclccndcre propter pcriculum (ut videtur) a tcnuitatc aeris, ne Ibl- 
 vat fpiritus & iuftbcet. 
 
 Ad feamdam^ tert'ta. 
 
 Reflexio radiorum folis in regionibus prope circulos polarcs, admo- 
 dum debilis & inctHcax invenitur in calore ; adeo ut Belgac, qui hybcrna- 
 runt in Nova Zembla, cum cxpcdarent navis fuae liberationem »5c dcobftru- 
 dionem a glaciali mole, (quae cam obiederat) per initia mcnfis Julii fpe fua 
 fruftrati fint, & coa£li fcaphae le committcre. Itaque radii folis dircfti 
 vidcntur parum pofle, etiam fuper terram planam 5 ncc reflcxi etiam, nifi 
 multipliccntur & uniantur, quod Ht, cum fol magis vcrgit ad perpendicu- 
 lum h quia turn incidentia radiorum facit angulos acutiores ; ut lineac radio- 
 rum fuit magis in propinquo ; ubi contra in magnis obliquitatibus folis an- 
 2;uli funt valde obtufi, & proinde lineac radiorum magis diftantcs. Sed in- 
 terim notandum eft, multas efle poflc operationes radiorum folis, atque etiam 
 ex natura calidi, quae non funt proportionatae ad taclum noftrum; adeo ut 
 refpcclu noftri non operentur ufquc ad calefaclioncm, fed refpedu alioaim 
 nonnuUorum corporum exequantur opera calidi. 
 
 Ad fecimdam, quart a. 
 
 Fiat hujufmodi experimcntum. Accipiatur fpcculum fabricatum, con- 
 tra ac fit in fpeculis comburentibus ; & intcrponatur inter manum & radios 
 folis; & fiat obfervatio, utrum minuat calorem folis, quemadmodum fpc- 
 culum comburens eundem auget & intcndit. Manifqftum eft enim quod 
 radios opticos, prout fabricatur fpcculum in denfitatc inaequali refpcdu me- 
 dii & laterum, ita apparcre fimulachra magis diftufa, aut magis contradta. 
 Itaque idem videndum in calore. 
 
 Ad fecundam, qiiinta. • - 
 
 Fiat experimcntum diligenter, utrum per fpecula comburentia fortifllma 
 & optime fabricata, radii iunae polTint excipi & colligi in aliqucm vcl mini- 
 mum gradum tcporis. Is vero gradus teporis, fi fortalle nimis fubtilis & 
 debilis fuerit, ut ad taclum pcrcipi 8c dcprehcndi non polllt ; confugiendum 
 erit ad vitra ilia, quae indicant conftitutionem aeris calidam autfrigidam ; ita 
 ut radii lunac per fpcculum comburens incidant & jaciantur in fummitatcm 
 vitri hujufmodi ; atquc turn notctur, fl fiat deprefilo aquae per tcporem. 
 
 Ad
 
 Lib.II. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 321 
 
 Ad fecundam, fexta. 
 
 Practicetur etiani vitrum combuicns fupcr calidum, quod non fit 
 radiofum aut Iuiiiino(Lim ■■, ut ferri & lapidis cdlcfacli, fed non igniti -, auE 
 aquae fcrventis, aut ^milium : «S: notctur, utrum fiat augnientum & intcn- 
 tio calidi, ut in radiis Iblis. 
 
 Ad fectindam, feptima. 
 Practicetur ctiam fpcculum comburcns in flamma communi. 
 
 Ad tertiam, oEiava. 
 
 Cometarum (fi & illos numcrarc inter mctcora libucrit) non dcpre- 
 hcnditur conftans aut manitclhis cffcclus in augcndis ardoribus anni, licet 
 Ticcitatcs laepius inde lequi notatae fint. Qiiinctiani trabcs, & columnac 
 lucidae, & chafmata, & fimilia, apparent faepius teniporibus hybernis quam 
 aellivis; & maxime per intcnfiilima frigora, led conjuncla cum ficcitatibus. 
 Fulmina tamen & corufcationes & tonitrua rare cvcniunt liycme, led lub 
 tcnipus magnorura fervorum. At ftellac (quas vocant) cadcntes, cxifti- 
 mantur vulgo magis conftare ex vifcofa aliqua materia fplendida & acccnla, 
 quam efle naturae igneae fortioris. Scd de hoc inquiratur ulterius. 
 
 Ad quartam, nona. 
 
 Sunt quacdam corufcationes, quae praebcnt lumen, fed non urunt : Eac 
 veto ftmper fiunt fuie tonitru. 
 
 Ad quint am, decima. 
 
 Eructationes 5c eruptioucs flammarum inveniunturnon minus in 
 rci.'.onibus frigidis quam calidis ; ut in Illandia & Grocnlandia : quemad- 
 nioJum & arbores per rcgiones frigidas magis funt quandoque intlamma- 
 bilcs, & magis piceae ac rcfuiofae, quam per regiones calidas i ut fit in abi- 
 etc, pinu, 6c reliqiiis : Verum in quali fitu & narura foli hujufmodi erup- 
 tioucs fieri Ibleant, ut poflimus alErmativae fubjungere ncgativam, non ia- 
 tis quaciitum eft. 
 
 Ad fextam, undecima. 
 
 Omnis flamma perpetuo eft calida magis aut minus, ncqucOmnino fubjun- 
 gitur ncgativa. Et tamen referunt ignem fatuum, (quem vocant,) qui ctiam ali- 
 quando impingitur in parictcm, non multum habere caloris ; fortafle inftar flanl- 
 mac fpiritusvini,quae clemens &lenis eft. Sedadhucleniorvidetureaflamma, 
 quae HI nonnullis hiftoriis fidis & gravibus invenitur apparuilTe circa capita Sc 
 comas pucrorum & virginum ; quae nuUo modo comas adurebat, fed molli- 
 ter ciiciun cas trcpidabat. Atque certiftimum eft, circa equum in itincre fudan- 
 tcm, aodu & llida tempeftatc, apparuilfc quandoque corufcationem quandam 
 abfque mnnifefto calore. Atque paucis abhinc annis noriftimum eft, & pro 
 miraculo quafi habitum, gremiale cujuldam pucllae paulo morum aut fri- 
 catum corufcairc ; quod fortafle tadum eft ob alumen aut fales, quibus gre- 
 miale tinclum crut, paulo cralfius haerentia ex. incruftata, & ex fricationo 
 frada. Atque certillimum eft, faccharum omnc live conditum, (ut vocant,) 
 five fimplex, modo fit durius, in tcnebris fradum aut cultcllo fcalptum co- 
 rufcare. Similiter aqua marina & lalia, nodu ir.tcrdum imeilitur remis for- 
 titer pcrcuila corufcare. Atque ctiam in tcmpcftatibus Ipuma maris fortiter 
 agitata nodu corufcat 5 quam corufcationem Hifpani pulmoncm marinum 
 
 V o L. I. S f vocant»
 
 322 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II 
 
 vocant. Dc ilia flamma autcm, qiiam antiqui nautac vocabant Caflorcm 
 & PoUluccm, & modcrni focum lancli Ermi, qualcm calorem habcat, iion 
 fatis quacfitum clL 
 
 Ad feptlmam, duodecima. 
 
 Omne ignitum ita ut vcrtatur in ruborem igneum, etiam /inc flamma 
 perpctuo calidum eft ; neque huic aftirmativae fubjungin^r ncgativa -, fed 
 quod in proximo eft, videtur cjflc lignum putrc ; quod Iplcndct noftu, ne- 
 que tamcn depixhcnditur calidum : & IqLiamac pilcium putrclccntes, quae 
 ctiam fplendcnt noctu, nee invcniuntur ad tadum calidae; ncque ctiam 
 corpus cicindclae aut niulcae, (quam vocant luciolam,) calidum ad tadlum 
 deprchenditur. 
 
 Ad oeiava?n, decima tertia. 
 
 De balneis calidis, in quo fitu & natura foli cmanare folcant, non fatis 
 quacfitum eft : itaquc non fubjungitur negativa. 
 
 Ad nonam, decima quart a. 
 
 Li QUID IS fervenribus fubjuugitur negativa ipfius liquidi in natura fua. 
 Nullum enim invcnitur iiquiuum tangibilc, quod fit in natura Ilia & ma- 
 neat conftanter calidum ; fed fuperinduciturad tcmpus tantumcaior, ut natura 
 afcititia ; adeo ut quae poteftate oc opcratione funt maxime caliaa, ut fpiritus 
 vini, olea aromatum chymica, etiaw. olea vitrioli & luiphuris, & fimilia, quae 
 paulo poft adurimt, ad primum tadum fint frigida. Aqua autcm balneo- 
 rum naturalium excepta in vas aliquod, & feparata a fontibus fuis, defer- 
 vcfcit pcrindc ac aqua ignc calcfafta. At verum eft corpora oleofa ad raclum 
 paulo minus eflc frigida qua.vi aquea ; ut oleum minus quam aqua, lericum 
 minus quam lintcum. Verum hoc pcrtinet ad tabulam graduum dc frigido. 
 
 Ad decimam, decima quinta. 
 
 Similiter vapori fervido fubjungitur negativa naturae ipfius vaporis, 
 qualis apud nos invenitur. Etenim exhalationcs ex oleofis, licet facile in- 
 flammabiles, tamen non invcniuntur calidae, nifi a corpore calido reccn- 
 ter exhalaverint. 
 
 Ad decimam, decima fexta. 
 Similiter acri ipfi fervcnti fubjungitur negativa naturae atris ipfius. 
 Neque enim invcnitur apud nos acr calidus ; nifi fucrit aut conclufus, aut 
 attritus, aut manifefte calcfactus a fole, ignc, aut aliquo alio corpore calido. 
 
 Ad iindecimam, decima feptima. 
 
 SuRjUNGiTUR negativa tempeftatum frigidarum magis quam pro rati- 
 onc temporis anni, quae eveniunt apud nos flante euro & borea : queraad- 
 modum & contrariae tempeftatcs eveniunt flante auftro & zcphyro. Eti- 
 am inclinatio ad pluviam (pracfcrtim temporibus hyemalibus) coaiitatur 
 tcmpcftatem tepidam : at gclu contra frigidam. 
 
 Ad duodecimam, decima oEla'va. 
 
 SuBjUNGiTUR negativa aeris conckifi in cavernis tempore acftivo. 
 At de acre conclufo omnino dlligentius inquirendum, Primo enim noa 
 abfquc caufa in dubitationem venit, qualis fit natura aeris, quatenus ad ca- 
 lidum & frigidum in natura fua propria. Rccipit enim aer calidum maiii- 
 
 fefto
 
 t. 
 
 ^ Lib. II. N O V U M O R G A N U M. 323 
 
 fefto ex impreflione cocleftium j frigidum autem fortaffc ab cxpiiMtidnc tcr- 
 rae; & rurlUs in media (quam vocant) rcgione aeris, a vaporibus frigidis 
 & nivibus : Ut nullum judicium fieri poflitdc aeris natura peraercm, qui 
 foras eft & fub dio, fed verius forct judicium per aerem conclulum. At- 
 qui opus eft etiam, ut aer concludatur in tali vale & materia, quae necipfa 
 imbuat aerem calido vel frigido ex vi propria, ncc facile admittat vim aeris 
 cxtranei. Fiat itaque experimentum per ollam figularem mulriplici corio 
 obductam ad muniendam ipfam ab acre extraneo, fada mora per tres aut 
 quatuor dies in vale bene occlufo : deprehenfio autem fit poft apertionem 
 ■bads, vel per manum, vel per vitrum graduum ordine applicatum. 
 
 Ad decmam tertiam, declma nona. 
 Sub EST fimiliter dubitatio, utrum tcpor in lana & pellibus & plumis, 
 & hujufmodi, fiat ex quodam exili calore inhaerente, quattnus excernun- 
 tur ab animalibus ; aut etiam ob pingucdinem quandam & oleofitatem, quae 
 ftc naturae congruae cum tepore j vel plane ob conckifioncm c: fractioncni 
 aeris, ut in articulo praeccdcnre didum eft. Vidctur eni;n oninis aiir ab- 
 fcisllis a continuitate aeris forinfeci habere nonnihil teporis. Itaqac fiat 
 experimentum in fibrofis, quae fiunt ex lino; non ex lana aut plumis aut 
 ferico, quae excernuntur ab animatis. Notandum eft etiam, omnes pul- 
 veres (ubi manifefto inciuditur aer) minus efTe frigidos, quam corpora In- 
 tegra ipforum : quemadmodum etiam exiftimamus, omnem Ipumam (ut- 
 pote quae aerem contineat) minus efle fiigidam, quam liquorem ipium. 
 
 Ad decimam quartam, 'vicejima. 
 
 Huic non fubjungitur negativa. Nihil cnim reperitur apud nos five 
 tangibilc, five fpiritale, quod admotum igni non excipiat calorcm. In eo 
 tamcn ditferunt, quod alia excipiant calorem citius, ut aer, oleum & aqua ; 
 alia tardius, ut lapis & metalla. Verum hoc pertinet ad tabulam graduum. 
 
 Ad decmam quint am, vie efima prima. 
 
 Huic inftantiae non fubjungitur negativa alia, quam ut bene notctuf; 
 non cxcitari Icintillas ex filice & chalybe, aut alia aliqua lubftantia dura, 
 nifi ubi excutiuntur minutiae aliquae ex ipfa fubftantia lapidis vel metalli : 
 neque aerem attritum unquam per fe generate fcintillas, ut vulgo putant : 
 Qifin & ipfae illae fcintillae ex pondere corporis ignici macis verg'int dc- 
 orfiim quam furfum, 6c in extindtionc rcdeunt in quandam fuligincm cor- 
 poream. 
 
 Ad decimam fextam, vicefima fecunda. 
 
 ExiSTiMAMUs huic inftantiae non fubjungi negativam- Nullum C- 
 nim invenitur apud nos corpus tangibile, quod non ex attritione manifefto 
 calefcat ; adeo ut veteres fomniarent non inefle coeleftibus aliam viam aut 
 virtutem calefaciendi, nifi ex attritione aeris per rotacionem rapidam & in- 
 citatam, Verum in hoc genere ulterius inquirendum eft, utrum corpora, 
 quae emittuntur ex machinis, (qualia funt pilae ex tormentis,) non ex ipfa 
 percuftione contrahant aliquem gradum caloris 5 adeo ut poftquam dcci- 
 derint, inveniantur nonnihil calida. At aer motus magis infrigidat quam 
 calefaeit; ut in ventis & follibus & flatu oris contradi. Verum hujuf- 
 modi motus non eft tam rapidus, ut excitet calorem ; & fit fecundum to- 
 tum, non per particulas : ut miruin non fit, fi non gcncrct caloiem. 
 
 Vol. I. Sf 2 A4
 
 324 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUJVi'^ Lib. if • 
 
 "" muiut, ?xi>rt rnina f,(if»A -,,,-,,j„^,j,j.l, 
 
 tmu^ iiu Ad decimamfeptimam, vicejima tertta. '""''■ 
 
 CliiCA hancinftantlam facienda eft inquifitio diligcntior. Videntur c- 
 nlm herbac & vegctabilia viridia &. humida aliquid habere in Tc occulti ca- 
 loris. II le vero ealor tarn tenuis eft, ut in ftngulis non percipiatur ad ta- 
 dum : Verum poftquam ilia adunata fint & conclula, ut ipiritus iptbrum 
 non cxpiret in acrem, led fe invicem foveat -, turn vero oritur ealor ma- 
 nifcftus, & nonnunquam flamma in materia congrua. 
 
 Ad dec'imam oSiavam, vicejima qnartd. 
 
 Etiam circa hanc inftantiam diligentior facienda eft inquifitio. Vidctur 
 enim calx viva, aqua afpcrfa concipere calorem, vel propter unioncm caloris^ 
 qui antca diftrahebatur, (ut ante dictum eft de hcrbis conclufis,) vel ob ir- 
 xitationem & exafperationcm fpiritus ignei ab aqua, ut tiat quidam conflic- 
 tus & antipcriftafis. Utra vero res lit in caula, facilius apparebit, fi loco 
 aquae immittatur oleum. Oleum enim aequc ac aqua valcbit ad unioncm 
 fpiritus inclufi, fed non ad irritationem. Etiam faciendum eft expcrimen- 
 tum latius tam in cineribus & calcibus diverforum corporum, quam per 
 immiffionem diverforum liquorum. 
 
 Ad decimam nonam, 'viceJima qiiinta^ 
 
 Huic inftantiae fubjungitur negativa aliorum metallorum, quae funt 
 magis moUia & fluxa. Etenim bradcolac auri folutae in liquorcm per a- 
 quam regis, nullum dant calorem ad taftum in diflblutione : neque fimili- 
 tcr plumbum in aqua forti. Neque etiam argentum vivum, (ut mcmini,) 
 fed argentum ipfum parum excitat caloris, atquc etiam cuprum, (ut mcmi- 
 ni,) fed magis manifefto ftannum, atque omnium maxime ferrum & cha- 
 lybs ; quae non folum fortcm excitant calotem in diflblutione, fed etiam, 
 violcntam cbullitionem. Itaque videtur ealor fieri per conflidum, cuinat, 
 quae fortes penetrant & fodiunt, & divcllunt partes corporis, & corpora 
 ipfa rcfiftunt. Ubi vero corpora facilius cedunt, vix excitatur ealor. 
 
 Ad vicefimatn, 'vicefitna fexta. , ' 
 
 Calori animalium nulla fubjungitur negativa, nifi infeclorum (ut dic- 
 tum eft) ob parvitatem corporis. Etenim in pifcibus coUatis ad animalia 
 terreftria magis notatur gradus caloris, quam privatio. In vegetabilibus 
 autem & plantis- nullus percipitur gradus caloris ad tactum, neque in lacry- 
 niis ipforum, neque in mcdullis recenter apertis. At in animalibus magna 
 reperitur diverfitas caloris, tum in partibus ipforum ; (alius eft enim ealor 
 circa cor, alius in ccrcbro, alius circa externa,) tum in accidcntibus eorum, 
 ut in cxercitarione vehementi & febribus. 
 
 Ad 'vkejimam prim am , 'viceJima feptima. 
 
 Huic inftantiae vix fubjungitur negativa. Quinetiam cxcrcmcnta ani- 
 malium non recentia manifefte habent calorem potentialcm, ut ccrniturin 
 impinguatione foli. 
 
 Ad vkejimam fecundam er tertiam, 'vkejima oSfava. 
 
 LiQUORES, (five aqua vocentur five oka,) qui habent magnam & in- 
 tenfam acrimoniam, exequuntur opera caloris in divulfione corporum, at- 
 quc aduftione poft aliquam moram : fed tamen ad ipfum tadtum manus, non 
 funt calidi ab initio. Opcrantur autem fccundum anaiogiam & poros cor- 
 
 2 poris.
 
 Lib. Ilf .' N O V U M O R G A N U M. 335 
 
 poris, cui adjunguntur. Aqua enim regis aurum folvit, argentum minimc : 
 At contra, aqua fortis argentum folvit, aurum minime : Neutrum autcm 
 
 folvit vitrum : Et fic dc caetcris. a^hni 
 
 .1 
 
 Ad vicefimam quart am, I'icejima nona. 
 
 Fiat cxperimcntum fpiritus vini in lignis, ac ctiam in butyro, aut ccrd, 
 aut pice 5 fi forte per calorem fuum ea aliquatcnus iiqucfaciat. Etcnim itl- 
 ftantia vicefima quarta ollcndit potcftatcm ejus imitati\am caloris in incru- 
 ilationibus : Itaque fiat fimiliter cxperimcntum in liquefadionibus. Fiat e- 
 tiam experimcntum per vitrum graduum ilve calendare, quod concavum fit 
 in fummitate fua per cxtcrius ; & immittatur in iilud concavum exterius fpi- 
 ritus vini bene rcciilicatus, cum operculo, ut melius contineat calorem fu- 
 um; & notctur utrum per calorem fuum faciat aquam defccndcrc. 
 
 Ad vicejimam qnintam, tricejima. 
 
 Aroma T A, & hcrbac acres ad palatum, multo magis fumptac interius, 
 percipiuntur caiida. Videndum itaque in quibus aliis matcnis cxcqnantur 
 opera caloris. Atque rcferuut nautac, cum cumuli & mallae aromatum 
 tiiu conclulae fubito aperiuntur, periculum inRarc illis,, qui eas prime agi- 
 tant & extrahunt, a fcbribus & inflammationibus fpiritus. Similiter fieri 
 poterit experimcntum, utrum pulveres hujufinodi aromatum aut herbarum 
 non arefaciant laridum & carnem llifpcnfam fupcr ipfos, veluti fumus ignis. 
 
 Ad vicefimam fextam, tricefima prima. 
 
 AcRiMONiA five pcnetratio ineft tarn frigidis, qualia fuiit acctum & 
 oleum vitrioli, quam calidis, qualia funt oleum origani, & fimilia. Itaque 
 fimilitcr & in animatis cicnt dolorem, & in non-animatis divcllunt partes & 
 confumunt. Neque huic inllantiae fubjungitur negativa. Atque in ani- 
 matis nullum reperitur dolor, nifi cum quodam fenfu caloris. ' 
 
 >;■.■ 
 
 Ad vicefimam feptimam, tricefima fectmda. 
 
 Communes funt complures aftiones & calidi & frigidi, licet divcrfa 
 admodum ratione. Nam & nives puerorum manus vidcntur paulo poft 
 urcre 5 & frigora tuentur carnes a putrefadione, non minus quam ignis '•, 
 & calores contrahunt corpora in minus, quod faciunt & frigida. \'eruni 
 haec & fimilia opportunius eft refcrrc ad inquifitionem de frigido. 
 
 <Aphor. XIII. Tertio facienda eft comparentia ad intellcdium inftan-' 
 t^arum in quibus natura, dc qua fit inquifitio, ineft fecundum magis & mi- 
 nus ; five fada comparatione incrcmcnti & decrementi in codem fubjedo, 
 five fada comparatione ad invicem in fubjedis diverfis. Cum cnirn forma 
 rei fit ipfiflima res ; ncque differat res a forma, aliter quam differunt appa- 
 rcns & exiftens, aut cxtcrius & interius, aut in ordine ad hominem & in 
 ordine ad univerfum ; omnino lequitur, ut non recipiatur aliqua natura pro 
 vera forma, nifi perpetuo decrel'cat quando natura ipfa decretcit, & fimili- 
 tcr perpetuo augeatur, quando natura ipfa augetur. Hanc itaque tabulam, 
 tabulaiu graduum five tabulam comparativae appellate confucvimus. 
 
 Tabula gradmmi, five comparativae in calido. 
 Primo itaque dicemus de lis, quae nullum prorilis gradum caloris ha- 
 bent ad tadum j led vidcntur habere potcntialcm tantum quendam calo- 
 rem, five difpofttioncm & pracparationem ad calidum. Poftea demum dc- 
 
 fccndcmus
 
 236 N O V U M O R G A N U xM. Lib. 11. 
 
 fcendcmus ad ca, quae funt aftu five ad taclum calida, corumque fortitu- 
 dines & gradus. -■ "t' •'''>" «ou* 
 
 1, In corporibus folidis & tangibilibus non invcninir aliqnid, 'quod in 
 natura fua calidiim fit originalitcr. Non cnim lapis aliquis, non metalium, 
 non lulphur, non fofllle aliquod, non lignum, non aqua, non cadaver ani- 
 malis, invcniuntur calida. Aquae autcm calidae in baineis vidcntur cale- 
 iieri per accidcns, five per flammam aut ignem lubterrancum, qualis ex 
 AEtna & montibus aliis compluribus evomitur } five ex confliclu corporum, 
 qucmadmoduni calor fit in ferri & ftanni diffolutionibus.k Itaque gradus 
 caloris in inanimatis, quatcnus ad tadum humanum, nullus eft } verunta- 
 men ilia gradu frigoris difFerunt ; non enim aequc frigidum eft lignum, ac 
 metalium. Sed hoc pertinet ad tabulam graduum in frigido. 
 
 2. Attamen quoad potentiales calores & praeparationes ad flammam, 
 complura inveniuntur inanimata admodum dilpofita, ut ftilphur, naphtha, 
 petroleum. 
 
 ' 3- Quae antea incaluerunt, ut fimus equinus ex animali, nut calx, aut 
 fortaffe cinis, aut fuligo ex igne, rcliquias latenrcs qualdam caloris prions 
 jretineiit. itaque fiunt quaedam diflillationcs & fcparationes corporum^'pet 
 fepulturam in fimo cquino j atque excitatur calor in cake per alpcrfionent 
 aquae; ut jam diftum eft. '^'^ 
 
 ,' 4. Inter vegctabilia non invenitur aliqua planta five pars plantac, 
 (veluti lacryma aut medulla,) quae fit ad tadum humanum cnlida. Sed 
 tamen (ut lliperius didum eft) herbac virides conclul'ae calcfcunt ; atque 
 ad interiorem tadum, veluti ad palatum, aut ad ftomachum, aut etiam 
 ad interiores partes poft aliquam moram, (ut in emplaftris & unguentis,) 
 alia vegctabilia invcniuntur calida, alia frigida, 
 
 y. Non invenitur in partibus animalium, poftquam fuerint mortuae aut 
 feparatae, aliquid calidum ad tadum humanum. Nam nequc fimus equi- 
 nus ipfc, nifi fucrit concluftis & Icpultus, calorem rctinet. Sed tamen om- 
 nis fimus habere videtur calorem potentialem, ut in agrorum impinguationc. 
 Et fimilitcr, cadavera animalium hujulmodi habcnt latcntcm & potentia- 
 lem calorem -, adeo ut in coemeteriis, ubi quotidie hunt fcpulturae, terra 
 calorem quentiam occultum colligat, qui cadaver aliquod rcccnter impofi- 
 tum confumit, longc citius quam terra pura. Atque apud orientales tradi- 
 tur inveniri textile quoddam tenue & molle, fadum ex avium plumagine, 
 quod vi innata butyrum fiDlvat & liquctaciat, in iplb leviter involutum. 
 
 6. Quae impinguant agros, ut fimi omnis generis, crcta, arena maris, 
 fal, & fimilia, difpofitionem nonnullam habent ad calidum. 
 
 7. Omnis putrefadio in fe rudimenta quaedam exilis caloris habet, licet 
 non huculque, ut ad tadum percipiatur. Nam nee ea ipfa, quae putrefada 
 folviuitur in animalcula, ut caro, cafeus, ad tadum pcrcipiuntur calida ;■ 
 nequc lignum putre, quod nodu fplendet, deprchenditur ad tadum cali- 
 dum. Calor autem in putridis quandoque fe prodit per odores tetros SC 
 fortes. 
 
 8. Primus itaque caloris gradus, ex lis quae ad tadum humanum pcr- 
 cipiuntur calida, videtitr cfte calor animalium, qui bene magnam habet gra- 
 duum latitudiuem.i nam infimus gradus (ut in infedis) vix ad tadum deprc- 
 henditur; liiiOmus autem gradus vix attingit ad gradum caloris radiorum 
 folis in regionibas 6i temporibus maxime ferventibus; nequc ita acris eft, 
 quirt tolerari pollit a manu. Et tamen referunt de Conftantio, aliifque non-" 
 nuilis, qui conftitutionis & habitus corporis admodum ficci fuerunt, quod. 
 
 acutilli-
 
 Lib.n. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 327 
 
 acutillimis febribus correpti ita incaluerint, ut manum adrriotam aliquantu- 
 lum urcrc vifi fint. 
 
 9. Animalia ex mom & cxercitationc, ex vino & epulis, ex vencrc, 
 ex febribus ardcntibus & ex dolore, augentur calorc. 
 
 10. Animalia in accefllbus febriuni intermittcntium, a principiofii- 
 gorc & liorrore corripiuntur ; fed paulo poft majorcm in nioduni incalcf- 
 cunt 5 quod etiaiii faciunt a principio in caulbnibus, & febribus peftilcuti- 
 alibu$. 
 
 11. Inquiratur ulterius de ealorc comparato in divcrfis nnimalibu';, 
 vcluti pifcibus, quadrupedibus, ferpentibus, avibus s atque eriam fccundum 
 fpecies ipforum, ut in leone, milvio, hominc : Nam ex vulgari opinione, 
 piYces per iHtcriora minus calidi funt, aves autem maxime calidac ; prefcr- 
 tim columbae, accipitres, ftruthioncs. 
 
 12. Inq^uiratur ulterius dc calore comparato in eodem animali fc- 
 cundum partes & membra ejus diverla. Nam lac, fanguis, fperma, ova, 
 inveniuntur gradu modico tepida, & minus calida quam ipfa caro exterior 
 in animali, quando movetur aut agitatur. Qiialis vero gradus fit caloris in 
 cercbro, ftomacho, corde & reliquis, fimiliter adhuc non eft quaefitum. 
 
 13. Animalia omnia per hyemeni & tempcftatcs frigidas fecunduni 
 exterius frigent ; fed per interiora etiam magis eflc calida exiftimantur. 
 
 14,. Calor coclcftium etiam in rcgionc calidillima, atque tcmporibus 
 anni & diei calidiilimis, non eum gradum caloris obtinet, qui vel lignum 
 aridiflimum, vel ftramen, vel etiam linteum uftum inccndat aut adurat, nifi 
 ,pcr fpccula comburcntia roborctur ; fed tamcn e rebus humidis vaporcm 
 excitarc potefi:. 
 
 15. Ex traditione aftronomorum ponuntur ftellae aliae magis, aliae mi- 
 nus calidae. Inter planetas enim poft folem ponitur Mars calidillimusi de- 
 lude Jupiter, deinde Venus; ponuntur autem tanquam frigidi, luna, &de- 
 indc omnium maxime Saturnus. Inter fixas autem ponitur calidillimus firi- 
 usj deinde cor leonis live regulus 5 delude canicula, &c. 
 
 16. Sol magis calefacit, quo magis vergit ad perpendiculuni five ze- 
 nith i quod etiam credendum eft dc aliis planetis, pro modulo fuo caloris ; 
 exempli gratia, ]ovem magis apud nos calcfaccre, cum pofitus fit fub caa- 
 cro aut leone quam fub capricorno aut aquario. 
 
 17. Credendum eft, folem ipfum 6c planetas reliquos magis calefa- 
 cere in perigacis fuis, propter propinquitatem ad terram, quam in apo- 
 gacis. Qtiod fi cveniat, ut in aliqua regione ibl fit limul in perigaeo, & 
 propius ad perpendiculum ; neccflc eft, ut magis calcfaciat, quam in re- 
 gione ubi fol fit fimiliter in perigaeo, fed magis ad obliquum. Adeo \\t 
 comparatio exaltationis planetarum notari debeat, prout ex perpendiculo 
 aut obliquitate participet, fccundum regionum varietatem. 
 
 18. Sol etiam, & fimiliter reliqui planctac, caleUcere magis exiftiman- 
 tur, cum fint in proximo ad ftellas rixas majores ; vcluti cum fol ponitur 
 in leone, magis vicinus fit cordi leonis, caudae leonis, & fpicac virginis, &: 
 firio & caniculae, quam cum ponitur in cancro ; ubi tamcn magis iiftitur ad 
 perpendiculum, Atque credendum eft, partes cocli majorcm infundcre ca- 
 lorem, (licet ad tadum minimc percepribilcm,) quo magis ornatac ilnt 
 fteliis, pradertim majoribus. 
 
 19. Omnino calor cocleftium augetur tribus motiis ; videlicet ex per- 
 pendiculo, ex propinquitatc five perigaeo, <5c ex conjunftionc five confortio 
 ilcUarum. 
 
 I 20. Mag-
 
 328 N OVUM ORG AN UM. Lib. II. 
 
 io. Magnum omnino invenitur intcrvallum inter calorcm animalium, 
 he eriam radioruni cocleftium, (prout ad nos defcruntur,) atque fl.immain, 
 licet ienilliiiKim, atque ctiam ignita omnia, atque inliapcr liquores aut aercm 
 ipfum, majorem in modum ab igne calefadum. Etenim flamma IpHitus 
 vini, pracfertim rata, nee conftipatn, tanien potis eft ftranicn aut lintcum 
 aut papyrum incendcrc, quod nunquam faciet calor animalis vel folis, abf- 
 quc Ipeculis comburentibus. 
 
 21. Flammae autem & ignitorum plurimi funt gradus in fortitudine 
 & debilitate caloris. Verum de liis nulla eft facia diiigens inquihtio; at 
 
 J.. nccelle fit ilia levitcr tranfmittere. Videtur autem ex flammis ilia ex ibi- 
 
 ritu vini efle mollillima; nifi forte ignis fatuus aut flammae, feu corufca- 
 tiones ex fudoribus animalium, fint moUiores. Hanc fequi opinaniur flam- 
 mam ex vegetabilibus Icvibus & porofis, ut ftramine, fcirpis & foliis are- 
 ■ faclisj a quibus non multum ditferre flammam ex piiis aut piumi?. Hanc 
 fequitur fortalle flamma ex lignis, praelcrtim iis quae non multum habent 
 ex refina aut pice; ita tamen ut flamma ex lignis, quae parva funt mole, 
 (quae vulgo coUigantur in fafciculos) lenior fit, quam quae lit ex trunci^ 
 arborum & radicibus. Id quod vulgo experiri licet in fornacibus, quae' 
 ferrum cxcoquunt, in quibus ignis ex fafciculis &: ramis aiborum non ci\ 
 admodum utilis. Hanc fequitur (ut arbitramur) fiamma ex oleo & fevo 
 & ccra, &: hujufmodi oleofis & pinguibus, quae funi; fine magna' acrimonia. 
 Fortiflimus autem caior reperitur in pice & refina, atque adhuc magis in. 
 fulphure & caphura Sz naphtha, & petroleo & falibus, (poftquam materia 
 cruda eruperit,) & in horum compofitionibus, vcluti pulvere tormentario, 
 igne Gracco, (quem vulgo ignem ferum vpeant,) & diverfis ejus gencri- 
 bus, quae tarn obftinatum habent calorem, ut ab aquis non facile exrin- 
 guantur. 
 
 22. ExisTiMAMUs Ctiam flammam, quae refultat ex nonnullis metal- 
 lis impcrfeclis, efle valdc robuftam & acrcm. Verum de iflis omnibus in- 
 quiratur ultcrius. 
 
 23. ViDETUR autem flamma fulminum potentiorum has omnes flam-' 
 mas fuperare ; adeo ut ferrum ipfum perfedlum aliquando colliquaverit in 
 guttas; quod flammae illae alterae facere non poflunt. 
 
 24. In ignitis autem diverfi funt etiam gradus caloris, de quibus ctiam 
 non fatla eft diiigens inquifitio. Calorem maxime debilem exiltimamus efle 
 ex linteo uft:o, quali ad flammae exeitationcm uti folemus i & fimiliter ex 
 ligno illo fpongiofo aut funiculis arefaftis, qui ad tormentorum accenfio- * 
 neni adhibcntur. Poft hunc fequitur carbo ignitis ex lignis & anthraci- 
 bus, atque etiam ex lateribus ignitis, & fimilibus. Ignitorum autem vc- 
 hementiflime calida exiftimamus efle mctalla ignita, ut ferrum 5c cuprum, & 
 cactera. Verum de his etiam facicnda eft ulterior inquifitio. 
 
 25-. In V EN lUNTUR ex ignitis nonnulla longe calidiora, quam nonnul- 
 lae ex flammis. Multo cnim calidius eft & magis adurens ferrum ignitum, 
 quam flamma fpiritus vini. 
 
 26. Inveniuntur etiam ex illis quae ignita non funt, fed tantum ab 
 igne calefafta, ficut aquae fervcntcs, & aer conclullis in revcrberatoriis, 
 nonnulla quae fuperant calore multa ex flammis ipfis & ignitis. 
 
 27. MoTUsauget calorem; ut videre eft in foil i bus (S: flatu ; adeo ut 
 dui'iora ex ir.ctallis non folvantur aut liqucfiant per ignem mortuum aut 
 quictum, nifi flatu excitctur. 
 
 28. FlAX
 
 Lib. II. N O V U M O R G A N U M. 
 
 28. Fiat cxpcrimentum pci,- Ipccula comburcnria, in qiiibiis (lit rtic- 
 mini) hoc fir; ut fi I'pccukun ponatiir icxcmpli gratia) ;ul dillantiam fpi- 
 thamac ab objcdo co;nbufiibili, non untoucrc inccndat aut ndurar, quaiu 
 fi pofitum fucrit fpcculum (exempli gratia) ad diflanttam rcmilpitlvamao, 
 & gradatim & Icntc trahatur ad diflantiam rpithaMinc. ConuS tamca & 
 unio radiorum cadcm funt, kd iplc niotus augct opcrationem calorls. 
 
 2t>. ExiSTiMANTUR incendia ilia, quae liiii^.r flanrc veiiro forti ma- 
 jores proLMcfliis faccrc adverlus vcntum, quain lecundiini vcntum ; quia 
 Ibilicct flamnia refilit motu perniciorc, ven.to reiuittcntc, quain procedir, 
 vcnto impcllcntc. 
 
 30. Flamma non cmicat aut gcncratur, nifi dctur aliquid concavi, in 
 qilo flamma movere pofiit & ludcre ; praeterquam in liammis iiatuolis pul- 
 vcris tormcntarii, & fimilibus, ubi compicilio iSc incarccratio flammae au- 
 ger c'jus furorem. 
 
 51. I NCOS per malleum calcfcit admodum; adeo ut fi incus fucrit la- 
 niinae tcnuioris, cxiftimcmus iilam per fortes & continues ictus mallei 
 poflc rubcfcere, ut ferrum ignitum ; led dc hoc fiat cxperimcntum. 
 
 32. At in ignitis quae lunt porola, ita ut detur Ipatium ad cxerccndum 
 motum ignis, fi cohibeatur hujufinodi niotus per comprefiionem fortemj 
 ftatim cxtinguitur ignis i veluti cum linteum uftum, aut filum ardens can- 
 dclac aut lampadis, aut ctiani carbo aut pruna ardens, comprimitur per 
 preflbrium, aut pedis conculcationem, aut hujufmodi, ftatim ccflant ope- 
 rationes ignis. 
 
 53. AppROXiMATio ad corpus calidum auger calorcm, prograduap- 
 proximationis; quod etiam fit in luminc : Nam quo propius collocatur ob- 
 jeftum ad lumen, eo magis eft vifibile. 
 
 34«. Unio calorum diverforum augct calorcm, nifi fa(^a fir commiftio 
 corporum. Nam focus magnus & focus parvus in codcm loco, nonnihil 
 invicem augcnt calorcm ; at aqua tcpida immifla in aquam fervcntem rc- 
 frigcrat. 
 
 3f. Mora corporis calidi auget calorcm. Etcnim calor perpctuo tran- 
 fiens & emanans, commifcctur cum calorc praeinexilknte, adeo ut multi- 
 plicet calorcm. Nam focus non acque calefacir cubiculum per moram 
 fcmihorae, ac Ci idem focus duret per horam integram. At hoc non facie 
 lumen ; ctenim lampas aut candela in aliquo loco pofita, non magis illu- 
 niinat per moram diururnam, quam ftatim ab initio. 
 
 ^6. Irritatio per frigidum ambiens, auget calorcm; ut in focis vi- 
 derc eft per gelu acre. Qiiod cxiftimamus fieri non tantum per conclufio- 
 ncm & contradioncm caloris, quae eft fpecies unionis ; fed per exalpera- 
 tionem ; veluti cum acr aut baculum violenter comprimitur aut fleditur, 
 non ad pundum loci prioris refilit, fed ultcrius in contrarium. Itaque fiat 
 diligens cxperimcntum, per baculum vel fimile aliquid immiifum in flam- 
 mam, utrum ad latera flammae non uratur citius, quam in medio flammae. 
 
 37. Gradus autcm in fulccptione caloris funt complures. Atque 
 primo omnium notandum eft, quam parvus & cxilis calor, etiam ea corpo- 
 ra, quae caloris minime oninium funt fufccptiva, immutet tamcn & non- 
 nihil calcfaciat. Nam ipfe calor manus globulum plumbi aut alicujus 
 metal li paulifpcr detcntum nonnihil calcfacit. Adeo facile, & in omni- 
 bus tranfmittitur & cxcitatur caior, corporc nuUo modo ad apparcntiam im- 
 mutato, 
 
 VoL.I. T t ' ^8. Facil- 
 
 329
 
 ^30 NOVUM O R G A N U M. f.ib. IL 
 
 58. Fa CILLIME omnium Gorporum apud nos & cxcipit &rcmittitca- 
 ''lorcm aer.: (^uod optime cernitur^ in yjtris calcndaribus. Eotum coufe- 
 '^G.io eft talis;' accipiatur vitrum ventre concavo, collo tcnui & oblonso; 
 rcfupinctur & dcmittatur huj,ufmodi vitrum, ore dcorfum verfo, ventre 
 '^'furfur)!, in aliud vaiculum vitreum ubi tit aqua, tangendo funduni yalculi 
 illius recipientis, cxtremo ore vitri immifll ; & incumbat paululum vitri 
 immifll collum ad os vitri recipientis, ita ut ftarc poflit j quod ut commo- 
 dius fiat, opponatur parum cerae ad os vitri recipientis, ita tamcn ut 
 ,non penitus obturetur os ejus, nc ob defcdum aeris fuccedentis inipedja- 
 •tur motus, de quo jam dicetur, qui eft admodum facilis & delicatus. .^^^. 
 Oportet autem ut vitrum demiirum, antequam inferatur in alteram, 
 calefiat ad ignem a parte fuperiori, ventre fcilicet. Poftquam autem fueric 
 vitrum illud collocatum, ut diximus, recipiet & con^rahet le aer (qui dila- 
 tatus erat per calcfaclioncm) poft moram lufficientem pro extinclione illius 
 ^afcititii caloris, ad talcm extenfioncm five dimenfionem, qualis crit aeris 
 'ambicntis aut communis tunc temporis, quando immittitur vitrum ; atque 
 ■"attrahct aquam in furfum ad hujulmodi mcnfuram. Debet autem append! 
 charta angufta & oblonga & gradibus (quot libucrit) intcrftinda. Videbis 
 autem, prout tempeftas dici incalefcit aut frigelcit, aerem fe contraherc in 
 anguftius per frigidum, & cxtendere fe in latins per calidum ; id quod con- 
 ipicietur per aquam afccndentem quando contrahitur aer, & defcendcntcm 
 five dcpreflam quando dilatatur aer. Senilis autem aeris, quatenus ad ca- 
 lidum & frigidum, tarn fubtilis eft & exquifitus, ut facultatem tadus hu- 
 mani multum fuperet 3 adeo ut foils radius aliquis, aut calor anhelitus, 
 multo magis calor manus, fuper vitri fummitatem pofitus, ftatim deprimat 
 aquam manifcfto. Attamen exiftimamus, fpiritum animalium magis adhuc 
 exquilitum fenfum habere calidi 6c frigidi, njfj quod a mole corporca in> 
 pediatur & hebetctur. 
 
 35). Post aerem exiftimamus corpora efle maximc fenfitiva caloris ca, 
 quae a frigore recenter immutata fint &; comprelfa, qualia funt nix & gla- 
 ciesj ca enim leni aliquo tepore folvi incipiunt & coUiquari. Poft ilia 
 fequitur fortafle argentum vivum. Poft illud Icquuntur corpora pinguia, 
 ut oleum, butyrum & fimilia; deinde lignum j dcindc aqua. Poftremo 
 lapides & mctalla, quae non facile calefiunt, praefertim interius. Ilia ta- 
 men calorem femcl fufccptum diutilTIme retinent =, ita ut later aut lapis, aut 
 ferrum ignitum, in pelvim aquae frigidac immilTum & demerlum, per 
 quartam partem horae (plus minus) retineat calorem, ita ut tangi non 
 poflit. 
 
 40. Quo minor eft corporis moles, co citius per corpus calidum ap- 
 proximatum incalefcit; id quod demonftrat omnem calorem apud nos dfc 
 corpori tangibili quodammodo adverfum. 
 
 4.1. Calidum, quatenus ad fenfum & tadum humanum, res varia eft 
 & relpcdiva ; adeo ut aqua tepida, ft manus frigore occupetur, fentiatur 
 efle calida ; fin manus incaluerit, frigida. 
 
 y/jf/jor. XIV. (yuAM inopes iimus hiftoriae, quivis facile advertct, cum 
 in tabulis lliperioribus, praeterquam quod loco hiftoriae probatae & in- 
 ftantiarum ccrtarum nonnunquam traditiones Sc. relationes inferamus, (^etj:^-,^^ 
 per tamcn adjeda dubiae fidei & authoritatis nota,) faepenumero ctiam 
 hifcc verbis, fiat experimcntum,^ vel inquiratur ulterius,, uti cogamur. 
 
 XV. Atq^ue opus & ofticium harum trium tabularum, comparentiam 
 inftantiarum ad intelledum, vocare coiafacviraus. Fada autem copparcn- ■ 
 
 .3 , ..nf'*»
 
 Lib.lT. NO VUM ORG ANUM. 331 
 
 ria, in opere poncnda eft ipfa indudio. Invcnicnda eft enim, fupcr com- 
 parentiam omnium & ilngularum ioiftantiarum, natura talis, quae cum na- 
 Tura data pcrpctuo adfit, abfit, atquc crefcat & dccrclcat ; fitquc (ut fupc- 
 rius didum eft) limitatio naturae magis communis. Hoc ii mens jam ab 
 initio faccre tcntet affirmative, (quod fibi pcrmifla Temper taccrc folet) 
 occurrent phantafmata & opinabilia & notionalia male terminata, & axio- 
 mata quotidic emendanda i nifi libeat (fcholarum more) pugnare pro falHs. 
 Ea tamen proculdubio erunt meliora aut praviora, pro facultate & robore 
 ihtcllcdus qui operatur. At omnino Deo (formarum inditori & opifici) 
 aut fortaflc angclis & intelligentiis compctit, formas per affirmationem im- 
 mediate noflc, atque ab initio contemplationis. Sed certa lupra liominem 
 eft ; cui tantum conccditur, procedere primo per ncgativas, & poftremo lo- 
 co defincrc in affirmativas, poft omnimodam exclufionem. 
 
 X VI. I T A QU E naturae facienda eft prorfus folutio & feparatio ; non 
 per ignem certe, fed per mentem, tanquam ignem divinum. Eft itaque 
 induftionis verac opus primum (quatenus ad inveniendas formas) rc;edio 
 five exclufiva naturarum fingularum, quae non inveniuntur in aliqua in- 
 ftantia, ubi natura data adcft; aut inveniuntur in aliqua inftantia, ubi na- 
 tura data abeft ; aut inveniuntur in aliqua inftantia crcfcere, cum natura 
 data decrefcat ; aut decrefcere, cum natura data crefcat. Tum vero poft 
 rcjedioncm & cxcluftvam debitis modis fadam, fecundo loco (tanquam in 
 fundo) mancbit (abeuntibus in fumum opinionibus volatilibus) fornia af- 
 firmativa, folida & vera & bene terminata. Atque hoc breve didu eft, 
 fed per mliltas amb;iges ad hoc pervenitur. Nos autem nihil fortafie dc 
 lis, quae ad hoc faciunt, praetermittemus. 
 
 XVII. Cavendum autem eft, & monendum quafi perpetuo, ne cum 
 tantae partes formis videantur a nobis tribui, traltantur ea, quae dicimus, 
 ad formas eas, quibus hominum contemplationes & cogitationes hadenus 
 aflueverunt. 
 
 Primo enim dc formis copulatis, quae funt (ut diximus) naturarum 
 fimplicium conjugia ex curfu communi univerfi, ut leonis, aquilae, rofac 
 auri & hujufmodi, impraefentiarum non loquimur. Tempus enim crit dc 
 lis tradandi, cum ventum fuerit ad latentes proceflus & latentcs fchcma- 
 tifmos, eorumque inventionem, prout rcpcriuntur in fubftantiis (quas vo- 
 cant) feu naturis concretis. 
 
 RuRSUS veto non intelligantur ea, quae dicimus (ctiar\,i quatenus ad natu- 
 ras fimplices) de formis & ideis abftradis, aut in materia non determinatis, aut. 
 male determinatis. Nos enimquum dc formis loquimur, nil aliud intelligimus, ' 
 quam leges illas & dcterminationes adus pueri, quaenaturam aliquam fimpli- 
 cem ordinant & conftituunt -, ut calorem, lumen, pondus, in omnimoda ma- 
 teria & fub^cdo fulceptibili. Itaque eadem res eft forma calidi aut forma lu- 
 minis, & lex calidi live lex luminis ; nequc vero a rebus ipfis &: parte ope--^ 
 rativa, unquam nos abftrahimus aut recedimus. Qiiarc cum dicimus (ex- 
 empli gratia) in inquifitione forme caloris, Rejice temtitatern, aut tenui- 
 tas non eft ex forma caloris -, idem eft ac fi dicamus, foteft homo fiiper- 
 inducere calorem in corpus denfum ; aut contra, pot eft homo aiiferre aut 
 arcere calorem a corpore tenui. 
 
 Quod fi cuiquam videantur etiam formae noftrae habere nonnihil al> 
 ftracli, quod mifceant & conjungant heterogenea, (videntur enim valde 
 clfe heterogenea calor coeleftium & ignis ; rubor ftxus in rofi, aut fimili- 
 bus, & apparcns in iridc, aut radiisopali, aut adamantis; mors ex fum- 
 
 VoL. i. Tt 2 mcrfionc
 
 332 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. tib. It. 
 
 merftonc, ex cremationc, ex pundUira gladu, ex apoplcxia, ex atrophia ; 
 iSc tamcn convcniunt ifta in natiu-a calidi, ruboris, mortis) is fe habere 
 intcllcdum norit, confuctudine & integralitate rerum, & opinionibus cap- 
 turn & detentum. Ccrtifllmum eilim eft, ifta iifcunquc licterogcnca & 
 aliena, coirc in formam, five legem eam quae ordinat calorem aut ruborerri 
 aut mortem 5 nee emaneipari pofle potcntiam humanam, & Uberari a natu- 
 rae curlli communi, & expandi & exaltari ad efficlentia nova, & modos ope- 
 randi novos, nifi per rcvelationem & inventionem hujufmodi formnrum 5 
 & tamcn poft iftam unionem naturae, quae eft res maxinic prhicip ilis, de 
 naturae divifionibus & venis, tarn ordinariis, quam interioribus & vcrio- 
 ribus, luo loco poftca dicctur. 
 
 XVIII. JAM vero proponcndum eft cxanplum exclufionis five rejcdi- 
 onis naturarum, quae per tabulas comparcnriac reperiuntur non cfic ex 
 forma calidi ; illud interim monendo, non folum iufHcere iuigulas tabulas 
 ad rejcftionem alicujus naturae, fed etiam unamquamque ex inftantiis Itn- 
 gularibus in illis contentis. Maniteftum enim eft ex iis quae dida lunt, om- 
 ncm inftantiam contradidoriam deftruere opinabile de forma. Sed nihilonii- 
 nus quandoque, perfpicuitatis caufa, & ut ul'us tabularum clarius demon- 
 ftretur, exclufivara dupiicamus aut repetimus. 
 
 Exemphim exclujivaej five rejeEilonis natttranim a forma calidi. 
 
 1. Per radios foils, rejiee naturam elementarem. 
 
 2. Per ignem communem, & maxime per ignes fubtcrraneos (qui rc- 
 motifllmi funt, & plurimum intercluduntur a radiis coeleftibus) rejicc na- 
 turam cockftem. 
 
 5. Per calcfadionem omnigenum corporum, (hoc eft, mincralium, vc- 
 getabiiium, partium extcriorum animalium, aquae, olei, aeris, & reliquo- 
 rum) ex approximationc fola ad igncni aut aliud corpus calidum ; rejicC 
 omncm varietatem, five fubtiliorem texturam corporum. 
 
 4. P E R ferrum & mctalla ignita, quae calefaciunt alia corpora, nee ta- 
 men omnino ponderc aut fubftantia minuuntur ; rejiee inditionem five mix- 
 turam fubftantiae alterius calidi. 
 
 5. P ER aquam ferventem, atquc aercm,atqueetiam per metalla &alia folida 
 calefida, led nonufque adignitionem five ruborem ; rejiee lucem & lumen. 
 
 6. Per radios lunac & aliarum ftellarum, (excepto fole) rejiee etiam lu- 
 cem & lumen. 
 
 c 7. Per comparativam ferri igniti & flammae fpiritus rini, (ex quibus 
 ferrum ignitum plus habet calidi & minus lucidi, flamma autem fpiritus vini 
 plus lucidi & minus calidi) rejiee etiam lucem & lumen. 
 
 8. Per aurum & alia metalla ignita, quae denfillimi funt corporis ft- 
 cundum totum ; rejiee tenuitatcm. 
 
 9. Per aerem, qui invenitur & plurimum frigidus, & taraen manct te- 
 nuis 5 rejiee etiam tenuitatcm. 
 
 10. Per ferrum ignitum, quod non intumefcit mole, fed manet intra 
 candem dimenfionem vifibilem j rejiee motum localem, aut expanfivum, 
 fecundum totum. 
 
 11. Per dilatationem aeris in vitris calendariis & flmilibus, qui movetur 
 loealiter & expanfivc manifefto, neque tamen colligit manifellum augmen- 
 tum caloris ; rejiee etiam motum localem, aut cxpanfnum, fecundum totum. '- 
 
 13. Per facilem tcpefadionem omnium corporum, abltpe aliqua deftra- 
 dioiie aut altcratione notabili ; rejiee naturam dcftriidivam, aut inditionem 
 violentam al cujus naturae novae. 13. Peh
 
 Lib. ir/f NO V UM ORG A NUM. ^33 
 
 13. Per confenfuni & conformitatcm opcrum /imilium, qiioc cdiintur 
 a calore & frigoic i rcjicc motum tarn expanfivum quam contraclivum, le- 
 cundum totum.j^ ^, rnnvr • -'-' 
 
 14. Per acccnUonem caloris ex attritionc corporum; rcjice fiaturam 
 principialem. Naturam principialcm vocamus earn, quae pofitiva rcperituf 
 in natura, nee caufatur a natura praccedentc. 
 
 Sunt & aliae naturae: neque enim tabulas conficimus perfc(flas, fed ex- 
 cmpla tantum. 
 
 Omnes & fingulac naturae praediftad non funt ex forma calidi. Atque 
 ab omnibus naturis pracdicris libcratur homo in opcratione fuper calldum. 
 
 Aphor. XIX. A TQ^UE in cxclufiva jadla funt fundamcntainduclioni.s verac 
 quae tamcn non perticitur donee fiftatur in affirmativa. Kequc vcro ipfa 
 cxclufiva uUo modo pcrfcfta eft, neque adeo cfle poteft fub iniriis. £il 
 tnim exclufiva (ut plane liquet) rejedio naturarum fimplicium. Qiiod fi 
 non habeamus adhuc bonas & veras notiones naturarum fimplieium, quo- 
 niodo redtificari poteft exclufiva? At nonnullae ex fupradidis (vcluti notio 
 naturae elementaris, notio naturae coeleftis, notio tenuitatis) funt notiones 
 Vagae, nee bene terminatae. Itaque nos, qui nee ignari fumus, nee obliti, 
 quantimi opus aggrediamur, (viz. ut faeiamus intellcdlum humanum rebus 
 & naturae parem) nullo modo acquiefcimus in his, quae adhuc praeccpimus ; 
 fed & rem in ulterius provehimus, & fortiora auxilia in ufum intclleclus 
 machinamur & miniftramus ; quae nunc fubjungcmus. Et ccrte in inter-' 
 pretationc naturae animus»omnino taliter eft praeparandus & formandus, uc 
 & fiiftincat fe in gradibus debitis certitudinis, & tamen cogitet, (praefertim 
 fub initiis) ea, quae adfunt, multum pendere ex iis quae fuperfunt. 
 
 XX. At TAMEN quia citius emergit Veritas ex errore quam ex confu- 
 fionc, utile putamus, ut fiat permiflio intclledui, poft tres tabulas compa^ 
 rcniiae primae (quales pofuimus) fadas & pcnfitatas, accingendi fe & ten- 
 tandi opus interpretationis naturae in affimiativa ; tarn ex inftantiis tabula- 
 fum, quam ex iis quae alias occurrent. Qiiod genus tentamenti, permiflio- 
 ncni intelledus, five intcrpretationcm inchoatam, five vindemiationem pri- 
 mam appeliarc confuevimus. 
 
 Vindemiatio prima de forma calidi. 
 
 AniMaBvertendum autem eft, formam rci inefle (ut ex iis, quae 
 dida limt, plane liquet) inftantiis univerfis & fingulis, in quibus res ipfa 
 inefti aliter enim forma non ellct: Itaque nulla plane dari poteft inftantia 
 contradidoria. Attamen longe magis coni'picua invenitur forma & evidens 
 in aliquibus inftanuis, quam in aliis ; in iis videlicet, ubi minus cohibita eft 
 natura formae, & impedita & redada in ordinem per naturas alias. Hu- 
 jufmodi autem inftantias, elueefcentias, vel inftantias oftenfivas appeliarc 
 confuevimus. Pergendum itaque eft ad vindemiationem ipfam primam dc 
 forma calidi. Per univerfas & fingulas inftantias, natura, cujus limitatio eft 
 caior, vidctur efle motus. Hoc autem maxime oftenditur in flamma, quae 
 pcrpetuo movetur; & in liquoribus fcrventibus aut bullicntibus, qui etiam 
 perpetuo movcntur. Atque oftenditur etiam in incitationc five incremento 
 caloris fado per motum; ut in follibus & vcntis : de quo vide hijiaiit. 29. 
 Tal>. ^. Atque fimiliter in aliis modis motus, de quibus vide Injiant. 28. 
 &31. Tab.-},. Rurfus oftenditur in extintlione ignis & caloris per omnem 
 fortem compreflionem, quae fraenat & cellare facit motum : dc qua vide 
 Injiant. 7,0. &32. Tab. 3. Oftenditur etiam in hoc, quod omnc cor^uis dc- 
 
 ftruitur,
 
 334- 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib.U; 
 
 ftmltur, ant faltcm infijnitcr altcratur ab omni ignc & fcalorc forti ac vc- 
 hemcnti. Undc liquido conftat, fieri a calorc tumultum & pcrtiirbationcm 
 & motum acrcm, in pautibus intCL-nis corporis ; qui Icnfim vcrgit ad diflb- 
 lutioncm. "^ b zuiX 
 
 Intelligatur hoc quod dixiinus de motu, (ncmpc, ut /it inftar ge- 
 neris ad calorem) non quod calor gcneret motum, aut quod motus gcnerct 
 calorem 5 (licet & hacc in aliquibus vera fmt) led quod ipliilimus calor, 
 five quid ipliim caloris fit motus, & nihil aliud : limitatus tamen per diflfe- 
 xentias, quas mox lubjungcmus, poftquam nonnuUas cautioncs adjcccrimus 
 ad evitanduni cquivocum. 
 
 Calidum ad Icnfum, res rcfpediva eft, & in ordine ad homincm, non 
 ad univerfum ; & ponitur rede ut efFcclus caloris tantum in Ipiritum ani' 
 malcm : Quin etiam in fc iplb res varia eft, cum idem corpus (prout Icn- 
 fus praedil'ponitur) inducat perceptionem tam calidi quam trigidij ut patet 
 per Injlant. 41. Tab. 3. 
 
 Neq^ue vero communicatio caloris, five natura ejus tranfitiva, per quam 
 corpus admotum corpori calido incalefcit, contuiidi debet cum forma calidi. 
 Aliud cnim elT: caliduni ; aliud calcfaclivum. Nam per motum attritionis 
 inducitur calor abfque aliquo calido praecedente, unde excluditur calcta- 
 ftivum a forma calidi. Atque etiam ubi calidum cfficitur per approxima- 
 tionem calidi, hoc ipfum non fit ex forma calidi •■, led omnino pendet a na- 
 tura altiore & magis communi ; viz. ex natura allimilationis Jl\c muitiplica- 
 tionis lui j de qua facienda eft feparatim inquifitiy. 
 
 A T notio ignis plcbeia eft, & nihil valet : compofita enim eft ex con- 
 curlli qui fit calidi & lucidi in aliquo corporc 3 ut in liamma conwiuwi, 
 & corporibus accenfis ufquc ad ruborem. fninin 
 
 Remoto itaque omni aequivoco, vcnicndum jam tandum eft ad diflfc- 
 rcnrias veras qi'ae limitant motum, & conftituunt cum in formam calidi. 
 
 Prima igitur differentia ea eft, quod calor fit motus cxpanfivus,. pet 
 quern corpus nititur ad dilatationcm lui, & recipiendum fe in majoicm; 
 fphacram five dimenfioncm, quam prius occupaverat. Hacc autcm differen-j 
 tia maximc oftenditur in fiamma; ubi fumus five halitus pinguis manifefto 
 dilatatur & aperit fc in flammam. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR ctiam in omni liquore fervcnte, qui manifefto intumcl^ 
 cit, infiirgit <5c cmittit buUas; atque urgct procellum expandcndi fe, doneci 
 vcrtatur in corpus longc magis extenfum & dilatatum, quam fit ipfe liquor ;,■ 
 viz. in vaporem, aut fumum, aut aerem. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in omni hgno & combuftibilij ubi fit aliquando 
 exudatio, at femper evaporatio. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in colliquationc metal lorum^ quae (cum fint cor- 
 poris compadifljmi) non facile intumefcunt & fe dilatant : fed tamen fpiri- 
 tus eorum, poftquam fuerit in fe dilatatus, & majorem adeo dilatationcm 
 concupierit, trudit plane & agit partes crafiiorcs in liquidum. Qiiod li c- 
 tiam calor fortius intcndatur, folvit & vertit multum ex iis in volatile. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in ferro aut lapidibus ; quae licet non liqucfiant 
 aut fundantur, tamen emolliuntur : Qiiod ctiam fit in baculis ligni ; quae 
 calcfada paululum in cincribus calidis fiunt fiexibilia. 
 
 Optime autem ccrnitur ifte motus in acre, qui per cxiguum calorem 
 fe dilarat continuo & manifefto, ut per hijlant. 38. Tab. 3. 
 
 Os T EN D 1 T u R Ctiam in natura contraria frigidi. Frigus enim omne cor- 
 pus contrahit tSc cogit in angullius ; adco ut per intenla frigora ciavi exci- 
 
 daiit
 
 I]ib.'ll. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 335 
 
 dant ex paiictibus, aera diflllianr, vitrum ctiam calefadum & fubito pofi- 
 tum in frigido diililiat & frangatur. Similiter aer per levcm infrigidatiQ- 
 nem recipit fe in anguftius : iit per Inftant. 38. Tab. 3. Vcrum dchis fii- 
 fius dicerur in inquifitionc de frigido. 
 
 Neque minim eft, fi calidum & frigidum cdant complurcs atHiiones 
 communes, (dc quo vide Inflant. 32. Tab. 2.) cum inveniantur duac e;c 
 lequentibus difFerentiis (de quibus mox dicemus) quae compcrunt utrique 
 naturae ; licet in Iiac differentia (de qua nunc loquimur) adioncs fint ex dia- 
 metro oppofitac : Calidum enim dat motum expanfivum & dilatantcm, fri- 
 gidum autcm dat motum contradivum & coeuntem. 
 'ioSecunda differentia eft modificatio prioris i haec videlicet, quod ca- 
 lot fit motus cxpanfivus five verfus circumfercntiam : hac lege tamcn, ut 
 una feratur corpus furllim. Dubium enim non eft, quin fint motus com- 
 plurcs mixti. Exempli gratia : fagitta aut fpiculum fimul & progrcdiendo 
 rotat, & rotando progrcditur. Similiter & motus caloris fimul eft & cx- 
 panfivus, & latio in furfum. 
 
 Haec vero differentia oftenditur in forcipc, aut bacillo ferrco immiflb in 
 igncm : quia fi immittatur perpendiculariter, tenendo manum fuperius, cito 
 manum adurit ■■, fin ex latere aut infcrius, omnino tardius. 
 
 CoNSPlcuA ctiam eft in diftillationibus perdefcenforium j quibus utun- 
 tur homines ad flores delicatiores, quorum odores facile evanefcunt. Nam 
 hoc reperit induftria, ut coUocent ignem non fubtcr fed fupra, ut adurat 
 minus. Neque enim flamma tantum vergit furfum, fed ctiam onine ca- 
 lidum. 
 
 Fiat autem experimentum hujus rei in contraria natura frigidi : viz.' 
 utrum frigus non contrahat corpus defcendendo deorfum ; quemadmodum 
 calidum dilatat corpus alccndendo furfum. Itaque adhibeantur duo bacilla 
 ferrea, vel duo tubi vitrei, quoad caetera pares ; & caletiant nonnihil ; & 
 ponatur fpongia cum aqua frigida, vel nix fubtcr unam, & fimiliter fuper 
 alteram. Exiftimamus enim celoriorem fore refrigerationem ad cxtremi- 
 tates in eo bacillo, ubi nix ponitur fupra, quam in co, ubi nix ponitur fub- 
 ter : contra ac fit in calido. 
 
 Tertia differentia ea eft 5 ut calor fit motus, non cxpanfivus unifor- 
 mitcr fccundum totum, *^c^ cxpanfivus per particulas minorcs. corporis 5 & 
 fimul cohibitus & repulfus & reverberatus ; adeo ut induat motum alter- 
 nativum, & perpctuo trcpidantem & tentantcm & nitcntem, & ex rcper- 
 cufiionc irritatum ; undo furor ille ignis 6c caloris ortum habet. 
 
 IsTA vero differentia oftenditur maxime in flamma .Sc liquoribus bullicn- 
 tibus : quae perpctuo trepidant, & in parvis portionibus tument, &: rurfus 
 fubfidunt. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in iis corporibus, quae funt tam durac compagis^" 
 ut calefadla aut ignita non tumefcant, aut dilatentur mole ; ut fcrrum ig-' 
 nitum, in quo calor eft accrrimus. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in hoc, quod per frigidilfimas tcmpcftatcs focus 
 ardeat acerrimc. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam in hoc, quod cum cxtcnditur aer in vitro calcn- 
 dari abfque impedimcnto aut repulfione, unifonniter fcilicct & aequallteti 
 non percipiatur calor. Etiam in vcntis conclufis, licet crumpant vi maxi- 
 ma, tamcn non pcrcipitur calor infignis ; quia fcilicct motus fit fccundum 
 totum, abfque motu alternante in particulis. Atquc ad hoc fiat experimen- 
 tum, utrum flamma non urat acrius verfus latcra, quam in medio flammae^ '^ 
 
 •vL QSTEN-
 
 -7<j6 N O V U M O R G a N U M. Lib. II, 
 
 OsTENDiTUR ctiani ia hoc, quod oniOis uftio tranlliiatur per minuros 
 poros corporis, quod uritur ; adco lit ullio fubruar & pcncrrer, & fodicct 
 & llimulct > pcrindc ac li client infiaitac culpidcs acus. Iraquc ex hoc ii- 
 lud etiam fit, quod omnes aquae fortes (fi proportionatac Jtnt -ad corpus, 
 in quod agunt) edant opera ignis ex natura fua corrodentc & pungente. 
 
 Atquk ilk diiferentia (dc qua nunc dicimus) communis ell cum natu- 
 ra frigidi ; in quo cohiberur motus contradivus, per reniteiitiam expanden- 
 di ; quemadmodum in calido cohibetur motus cxpanfivus, per renitentiain 
 contrahendi. 
 
 Itaq^ue five partes corporis pcnetrent vcrfus interius, five penctrcnc 
 vcrlus cxrerius, fimihs ell: ratio ; hcct impar admodum iit fortirudo : quia 
 non habcmus hie apud nos in fupcrtieic terrae aliquld, quod fit impenlc 
 frigidum. Vide Injfayit. zj . Tab.c). 
 
 Quart A differentia eft moditicuio prioris : Haec fcihcct, quod motus 
 illc uimulationis ar.t pcnerrationis debeat cllc nonnihil rapidus & minimc 
 lentus ; atquc hat etiam per particulas, licet minutas 5 tamcn non ad c.v 
 tremam fubtilitatem, led quafi majufculas. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR liacc dilfcrcntia in comparatione operum quae edit ii;nis, 
 cum iis quae edit tcmpus five aetas. AEtas enim five tempus arefacit, con- 
 liimit, ilibruir, & ineinerat, non minus quam ignis ; vel potius longc fub- 
 tilius : fed quia motus ejufmodi cil lentus admodum iSc per particulas valdc 
 exiles, non percipitur calor. 
 
 OSTENDITUR ctiam incomparationcdiflbkuionum fcrri & auri. Anrum 
 cnim diflblvitur abfquc calore excitato; ferrum autem cum vehcmenti cx- 
 citatione caloris, licet fimili fere intervallo quoad tempus. Qiiia fcilicct ill 
 auro, ingrefilis aquae feparationis eft clemcns &: fubtiliter inlinuans, & cef- 
 fio partium auri facilis : At in fcrro, ingreftus eft afper, 6: cum conflidu, 
 & partes ferri habent obftinationem majorem. 
 
 OsTENDiTUR Ctiam aliquatenus ia gangracnis nonnullis & mortifica- 
 tionibus carnium ; quae non excitant magnum calorcm aut dolorem, ob 
 lubtiiitatcm putrefadtionis. 
 
 Atq^ue haec fit prima vindemiatio ^wc intcrpretatio inchoata dc forma 
 calidi, facta per permifllonem intelledus. 
 
 Ex vindemiatione autem ifta prima, forma five dcfinitio vera caloris 
 (ejus, qui eft in ordine ad univerfum, non relativus tantimimodo ad fcn- 
 fum) talis eft, brevi vcrborum complexu. Calor eft motus cxpanfivus, co- 
 hibitus, & nitens per partes minores. Modiricatur autem expanfio; ut 
 cxpandcndo in ambitum, nonnihil tamen inclinet vcrfus fuperiora. Modi- 
 ficatur autem & nixus illc per partes: Ut non lit omi ino fegnis, fed inci- 
 tatus, & cum impetu nonnullo. 
 
 Quod veto ad opcrativam attinet, cadem res eft. Nam defignatio eft 
 talis. Si in aliquo corpora naturali potcris cxcitarc motum ad fc dilatan- 
 dum aut expandcndum > cumquc motum ita rcprimere & in fe verterc, 
 ut dilatatio ilia non procedat aequaliter, fed partim obtineat, partim rc- 
 trudaturi proculdubio generabis calidum : Non habita rationc, five cor- 
 pus illud fit clementare, ( ut loquuntur ) five imbutum a cocleftibus j 
 five luminofum, five opacum ; five tenue, five denfum i five localitcr cx- 
 panfum, five intra clauftra dimenfionis primae contentum 5 five vergens ad 
 diftblutionem, five manens in ftatu i five animal, five vcgctabile, five mi- 
 iieralc 5 i\\c aqua, five oleum, five aer, aut aliqua alia fubftantia quaecuu- 
 quc fufccptiva motus pracdicti. Calidum autem ad fcnfum res cadem 
 
 eft:
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 
 
 eft : fed cum analogia, qualis compctit fenfui. Nunc vcro ad utteriora 
 auxilia proccdendum eft. j 
 
 Aphor. XXI. Post tabulas comparentiac primae & rejcdlionem five 
 exclufivam, nccnon vindemiationem primam factam fecundum cas ; per- 
 gcndum eft ad rcliqua auxilia intelkftus, circa intcrpretationcm naturae 6c 
 induftionem vcram ac perfcctam. In quibus proponcndis, ubl opus erit ta- 
 bulis, proccdemus ftiper calidum & frigidum ; ubi autem opus erit tantum 
 cxcmplis paucioribus, proccdemus per alia omnia : ut nee confundatur in- 
 quifitio, & tamen doctrina verlctur minus in angufto. 
 
 DicEMus itaque primo loco, de praerogativis inftantiarum : Sccundo, 
 de adminiculis induclionis : Tcrtio, dc redificatione indudionis : Qiiarto, 
 de variationc inquifitionis pro natura llibjedi : QLiiuto, de praerogativis na- 
 turarum quatenus ad inquiiitionem ; five de eo quod inquirendum eft pri- 
 us & pofterius : Sexto, de terminis inquifitionis, five de lynopii omnium 
 naturaruni in univerfo : Scptimo, de dedudionc ad praxin, five de co quod 
 eft in ordine ad hominem : Odavo, de paralcevis ad inquifitionem : Po- 
 ftremo autcm, dc Icala afcenforia & dercenlbria axiomatum. 
 
 XXII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, primo proponcmus inftantiaa,- 
 folitarias. Eac autem funt Iblitariac, quae exhibcnt naturam, dc qua fit in- 
 quifitio, in talibus ftibjedis quae nil habent commune cum aliis ftibjedis, 
 praeter illam ipfiim naturam: aut rurftis quae non exhibent naturam, dc 
 qua fit inquifitio, in talibus ftibjedis quae funt fimilia per omnia cum aliis 
 fubjedis, praeterquam in ilia ipfa natura. Maniteftum enim eft, quod hu- 
 jufmodi inftantiae toUant ambages, atque accelercnt & roborcnt exclufi- 
 vam ; adeo ut paucae ex illis fint inftar multarum. 
 
 Exempli gratia: fi fiat inquifitio de natura caloris, Inftantiae folitariac 
 funt prifmata, gemmae cryftallinae, quae reddunt colorcs, non folum in fe, 
 fed exterius fupra parietem ; item rores, &c. Iftae enim nil habent com- 
 mune cum coloribus fixis in floribus, gemmis coloratis, mctallis, lignis, &c. 
 praeter ipfum colorem. Unde facile colligitur, quod color nil aliud lit quani 
 modificatio imaginis lucis immilTae & receptae: in priore genere, per gra- 
 dus diverfos incidcntiae -, in poftcriore, per tcxturas & fchematifmos vari- 
 es corporis. Iftae autem inftantiae funt folitariac quatenus ad fimilitu- 
 dinem. 
 
 RuRsus in eadem inquifitione, venae diftindae albi & nigri in marmo- 
 ribus, & varicgationes colorum in floribus ejuldem Ipecici, limt inftantiae 
 folitariac. Album enim & nigrum marmoris, & maculae albi &: purpurei 
 in floribus caryophylli, conveniunt fere in omnibus praeter ipfum colorem. 
 Unde facile colligitur, colorem non multum rei habere cum naturis alicu- 
 jus corporis intriniecis, fed tantum fitum cflb in pofitura partium crafliori 
 & quafi mechanica. Iftae autem inftantiae funt folitariac, quatenus ad dif- 
 crepantiam. Utrunque autem genus, inftantias folitarias appellare confuc- 
 vimus j aut ferinas, fumpto vocabulo ab aftronomis. 
 
 XXIII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, poncmus fccundo loco in- 
 ftantias migrantes. Eae lunt, in quibus natura inquifita migrat ad gcnera- 
 tionem, cum prius non exifteret ; aut contra migrat ad corruptioiifm, cuiu 
 prius exifteret. Itaque in utraque antiftrophe, inl^antiae tales funt fcmpcr 
 geminae; vel potius una inftantia in motu five tranfitu produda ad perio- 
 dum advcrfam. At hujulinodi inftantiae non Iblum accelerant & roborant 
 exclufivam, fed ctiam compellunt affirmativam, five formam iplam in an- 
 .;guftum. Necefle eft enim ut forma rei fit quippiam, quod per hujulmodi 
 
 Vol. I. U u migra- 
 
 337
 
 338 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 mi2;rationem indatur j aut contra per hujulmodi migrationcm tollatur & 
 deftruatur. Atque licet omnis cxcluflo promoveat affirmativam, tamcn hoc 
 magis direftc fit in fubjedo eodem, quam in diverfis. Forma autem (ut 
 ex omnibus, quae dida iunt, manifefto liquet) prodens Te in uno, ducit ad 
 omnia : quo autem limplicior fuerit migratio, co magis habcnda eft inftantia 
 in pretio. Practcrea inftantiae migrantes magni funt ufus ad partem opcra- 
 •tivam ; quia cum proponant formam copulatam cum cfficientc aut privante, 
 perfpicue defignant praxin in aliquibus j undo facilis etiam ell tranfitus ad 
 proxima. Subeft tamcn in illis nonnihil periculi, quod indigct cautione i 
 hoc videlicet, ne formam nimis retrahant ad efficientcm, 6c intcllcduni pcr- 
 fundant, vel faltem perftringant falfa opinionc dc forma, ex intuitu cffi- 
 cientis. Efficiens vero femper ponitur nil aliud cfle quam vehiculum, five 
 deferens formac. Vcrum huic rci, per cxclufivam legitime fadam, facile 
 adhibctur remedium. 
 
 Propone NDUM itaque eft jam cxemplum inftantiae migrantis. Sk 
 natura inquifita, candor five albedo : Inltantia migrans ad gcnerationem 
 eft vitami integrum, & vitrum pulverifatum. Similiter, aqua fimplcx, & 
 aqua agitata in Ipumam. Vitrum cnim integrum, & aqua fimpiex, diapha- 
 na funt, non alba : At vitrum pulverifatum, & aqua in fpuma, alba, non 
 diaphana. Itaque quaerendum, quid acciderit ex ifta migratione vitro aut 
 aquae. Manifeftum enim eft, formam albcdinis dcfcrri & invchi per iftam 
 contufionem vitri, & agitationem aquae. Nihil autem rcperitur acccflillc, 
 praeter comminutionem partium vitri & aquae, & aiiris infertioncm. Ne- 
 que vero parum profedum eft ad invcniendam formam albcdinis, quod cor- 
 pora duo per fc diaphana, fed fecundum magis & minus, (aer fcilicet & 
 aqua, aut aer & vitrum) fimul pofita, per minutas portiones cxhibeant al- 
 bedinem, per refradionem inacqualem radiorum lucis. 
 
 Verum hac in re proponendum eft etiam cxemplum periculi & cautio- 
 nis, de quibus diximus. Nimirum facile hie occurrct intclledui ab hu- 
 jufmodi cfficicntibus dcpravato, quod ad formam albcdinis aer femper requi- 
 ratur ; aut quod albedo gencretur tantum per corpora diaphana, quae omni- 
 no falfa funt, & per multas exclufiones convida. Qiiin potius apparcbit, (mif- 
 foaerc & hujufmodi) corpora omnino acqualia (lecundum portiones opti- 
 cas) dare diaphanum ; corpora vero inacqualia, per texturam fimpliccm, dare 
 album; corpora inacqualia fecundum texturam compofitam, fed ordinatam, 
 dare reliquos colores, praeter nigrum; corpora vero inacqualia per textu- 
 ram compofitam, fed omnino inordinatam & confufam, dare nigrum. Ita- 
 que de inftantia migrante ad gcnerationem in natura inquifita albcdinis, pro- 
 pofitum eft jam cxemplum. Inftantia autem migrans ad corruptionem in 
 cadem natura albedinis, eft fpuma dillbluta, aut nix diilbluta : Exuit enim 
 albedinem, & induit diaphanum aqua, poftquam fit integrate fine acre. 
 
 N E Qu E vero illud uUo modo praetermittendum eft, qi?od fub inftan- 
 tiis migrantibus comprchendi debeant non tantum iliac quae migrant ad 
 gcnerationem & privationcm ; fed etiam iliac quae migrant ad majoratio- 
 nem & minorationem ; cum iliac etiam tendant ad invcniendam formam, 
 ur per definitioncm formac fuperius fadam, & tabulam graduum manifefto 
 liquet. Itaque papyrus, quae ficca quum fuerit, alba eft; at madefada (ex- 
 clufo acre, & rccepra aqua) minus alba eft, & magis vcrgit ad diaphanmnj; 
 ilmilem habet rationcm cum inftantiis fupradidis. 
 
 XXIV. Inter pracrogativas inltantiarum, tertio loco poncmus inftan- 
 
 tias oftcnfivas, de quibus in vindemiationc prima de calido mcntioncm fc- 
 
 ^ cimus >
 
 Lib.II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 cimus i quas etlam eluccfcentias five inftantias Jibratas & praedomlnaiitcs, 
 appcllarc confucvimus. Eae funt, quae oftcndunt naturam inquifiram nu- 
 dam & fubftantivam, atque etiatn in exaltatione fua, aut fummo gradu po- 
 tentiae iliac } cmancipatam fcilicet, & libcratam ab impedimcntis, vel lal- 
 Ktn per fortitudincm fuae virtutis dominantem lupcr ipla, caqiic luppri- 
 mentem & coercentem. Cum enim omne corpus fulcipiat multas natu- 
 rarum formas copulatas & in concreto i fit ut alia aliam retundar, deprimat, 
 frangat & ligct s undc obfcurantur formac fingulac. Invcniuntur autcm lub- 
 jefta nonnulla, in quibus natura inquifira prac aliis eft in fuo vigorc ; vei 
 per ablentiani impedimenti, vcl per praedominantiam virtutis. Hujufniodi 
 autem inftantiae Ihnt maxime olknfivae formae. Verum & in his ipfis in- 
 ftantiis adhibcnda eft cautio, & cohibendus impetus intellcctus. Quicquid 
 enim oftentat formam, eamque trudit, ut videatur occurrerc intellcdui, pro 
 ^fufpedo iiabendum eft, 6c recurrcndum ad exclufivam ievcram & diiigen- 
 tcm. 
 
 Exempli gratia; fit natura inquifita, calidum. Inftantia oftenfiva mo' 
 tus expanfionis, (quae, ut fuperius didum eft, portio cl\ praecipua formac 
 calidi,) eft vitrum calcndarc aeris. Etenim flamma, licet manifcfto cxhi- 
 bcat cxpanfionem ; tamcn propter momentaneam extindionem non oftendit 
 progrcftum expanfionis. Aqua autcm fcrvcns, propter facilcm tranfitioncni 
 aquae in vaporem & aercm, non tarn bene oftendit expaniionem aquae in 
 corpore ftio. Rurlus ferrum ignitum, & fimilia, tantum abcft ut progrcf- 
 fum oftcndanr, ut contra per retufionem & fractioncm Ipiiitus, per partes 
 compadas & craflas, (quae domant & fracnant cxpanfionem,) ipla expanfio 
 non fit omnino confpicua ad fenfiim. At vitrum calendare clare oftendit 
 cxpanfionem in acre, & confpicuam, & progrcdicntem, & durantcm, nc- 
 que tranlcuntem. 
 
 RuRSUS, exempli gratia; fit natura inquifita, pondus. Inftantia often- 
 fiva pondcris, eft argcntum vivum. Omnia enim llipcrat pondcre mac^no 
 intervallo, practer aurum 5 quod non multo gravius eft. At praeftantior 
 inftantia eft ad indicandam formam ponderis argentuna vivum, quam au- 
 rum ; quia aurum folidum eft & confiftens, quod genus rcferri vidctur ad 
 dcnfum ; at argcntum vivum liquidum eft, & turgcns fpiritu, & tamcn 
 multis partibus cxuperat gravitate diamantem, & ca quae putantur Iblidiill- 
 ma. Ex quo oftcnditur, formam gravis five pondcrofi, dominari fimpli- 
 citcr in copia matciiac, & non in arda compage. 
 
 XXV. Intkr praerogativas inftantiarum poncmus quarto loco inftan- 
 tias clandeftinas, quas etiam inftantias crcpulculi appcllarc confucvimus : 
 Eac funt veluti oppolitac inftantiis oftcnfivis. Exhibcnt enim naturam in- 
 quifiram in infima virtutc, & tanquam in incunabulis, &. rudimcntis fuis ; 
 tcntantcm, & tanquam primo expcrientem, fed Ibb contraria natura laten- 
 rem & (iibactam. Sunt autcm hujufmodi inftantiac magni omnino mo- 
 nicnti, ad invcnicndas formas ; quia ficutoftenfivac ducunt facile ad difFcrcn- 
 tias, ira claiidcftinac ducunt optimc ad genera; id eft, ad naturas iUas com- 
 munes, quarum naturae inquifitae nihil aliud funt quam limitationcs. 
 
 ExEMi'i, I gratia ; fit natura inquifita, confiftens, five fc dctcrminans j 
 cujus contrarium eft liquidum, five ftucns. Inftantiac clandeftinac Hint il- 
 iac, quae exhibcnt graduni nonnuUum debilcm Sc infimum confillcntis in 
 fluido ; veluti bulla aquae, quae eft tanquam pellicula quacdam confiftens 6c 
 dctcrminata, fada ex corpore aquae. Similiter ftillicidia, quae, fi adfuerit 
 aqua quae lliccedat, producunt l"c in filum admodum tcnue, nc difconti- 
 VoL. I. U u 2 nuciu* 
 
 339
 
 340 
 
 i 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 nuetur aqua ; at fi non detur talis copia aquae, quae fuccedere poilit, cadit 
 aqua in 2,uttis rotundis, quae eft figura, quae optimc aquam fuftinet contra 
 difcontinuationem. At in iplb temporis articulo, cum dcfinit filum aquae, 
 & incipit defcenfus in guttis, refilit ipfa aqua furfum ad cvitandam difcon- 
 tinuationem. Quin in metallis, quae quum funduntur, funt liquida, fed 
 maQ;is tcnacia, recipiunt fe iaepe guttae liquefaclae furfum, atquc ita hae- 
 rcnt. Simile quoddam ell in inftantia fpcculorum puerilium, quae folcnt fa- 
 cere pueruli in fcirpis ex faliva, ubi cernitur etiam pellicula conliftcns a- 
 quae. At multo melius fe oftendit hoc ipfum in altcro illo ludicro puerili ; 
 quando capiunt aquam, per faponem fadani paulo tcnaciorcm ; atque in- 
 fiant earn per calamum cavum, atque inde formant aquam, tanquam in 
 caftellum bullarum ; quae per intcrpofitionem aeris inducit confillcntiam, 
 CO ufque ut fe projici nonnihil patiatur abfque dilcontinuatione. Optime 
 autem cernitur hoc in fpuma & nive, quae talcm induunt confiftentiam, ut 
 fere fccari poflint ; cum tamcn iint corpora formata ex acre & aqua, quae 
 utraque funt liquida. Qiiac omnia non obfcure innuunt, liquidum &con- 
 fiftens eflc notioncs tantum plcbeias, & ad fenfum ; inelTc autcm revcra om- 
 nibus corporibus fugam & evitationem fe dilcontinuancli ; cam vcro in corpo- 
 ribus homogeneis (qualia funt liquida) eflc debilem & infinnam j in corpori- 
 bus veto quae funt compofita ex heterogeneis, magis eflc vividam & for- 
 tem : propterca quod admotio hctcrogcnei conftringit corpora ; at fubintra- 
 tio homogenei folvit & rclaxat. 
 
 Similiter, exempli gratia j iit natura inquifita, attradlio five coitio cor- 
 porum. Inftantia circa formam ejus oftenfiva maxime infignis eft, magnes. 
 Contraria autcm natura attrahcnti eft, non attrahens ; licet in fubftantia/imili. 
 Veluti fcrrum, quod non attrahit terrum, quemadmodumncc plumbum plum- 
 bum, nee lignum lignum, nee aquam aqua. Inftantia autcm clandeftina eft 
 macncs ferro armatus, vel potius ferrum in magncte armcto. Nam ita fert na- 
 tura, ut magnes armatus in diftantia aliqua non trahat fcrrum fortius, quam 
 magnes non armatus. \' erum ii admoveatur fcrrum, ita ut tangat ferrum 
 in magnetc armato, tunc magnes armatus longe maj us pondus ferri luftinet, 
 quam magnes flmplex & inermis ; propter funilitudincm fubftantiac ferri 
 verfus ferrum; quae opcratio erat omnino clandeftina Platens in ferro, 
 antcquam macnes acccftilTct. Itaque manifeftum eft formam coitionis eflfe 
 quippiam, quod in magncte fit vividum & robuftum, in ferro debile & la- 
 tens. Itidem, notatum eft fagittas parvas ligneas ablquc cufpidc fcrrea, 
 cmiflas ex Iclopctis grandibus, altius pcnctrare in materiam ligneam, (pu- 
 ta latera navium, aut (imilia) quam eafdem fagittas ferro acuminatas, prop- 
 ter fimilitudinem fubftantiac ligni ad lignum, licet hoc ante in ligno latu- 
 crit. Itidem, licet aer aiircm, aut aqua aquam, manifefto non trahat in cor- 
 poribus intcgris ; tamcn bulla approximata bullae, facilius diflblvit bullam, 
 quam fi bulla ilia altera abcflet, ob appetitum coitionis aquae cum aqua, & 
 aeris cum aere. Atque hujufmodi inftantiae clandcftinae (quae funt ufus 
 nobiliftlmi, ut didum eft) in portionibus corporum parvis & lubtilibus maxi- 
 me Ic dant confpiciendas: (>uia maflac rerum majores fequuntur formas 
 magis catholicas & gcnerales ; ut fuo loco dicetur. .jft 
 
 XXVI. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus quinto loco inftan- | 
 tias conftirutivas, quas etiam manipulates appellate confucvimus. Eae funt, ™ 
 quae conftituunt unam fpcciem naturae inquifitae tanquam formam mino- 
 rem. Cum cnim formae Icgitimae (quae funt femper convertibiles cum na- 
 turis inquifitis) lattant in profundo, ncc facile invcniantur j poftulat res & 
 
 infirmi-
 
 Lib.ir. NOVUM ORGANUMv- 
 
 infirmitas humani intelledus, ut formae particulares, quae funt congre£^a- 
 tivae manipulorum quorundam inftantiarum (ncutiquam vcro omnium) ^iii 
 notionem aliquam comniuncm, noa negligantur, vcrum diligcntiusnotcia- 
 tur. Quicquid cnim unit naturam, licet modis imperfeciis ; ad inventioneni 
 formarum viam fternit. Itaquc inllantiae, quae ad hoc utiles funt, non funt 
 contemnendae poteftatis, fed habent nonaullam pracrogarivam. 
 
 Verum in his diligens eft adhibcnda cautio, ne intelledus humanus, 
 poftquam complurcs ex iftis formis particulatibus adinvcncrit, atque inde 
 partitioncs Civc divifiones naturae inquifitae confeccrit ; in illis omnino ac- 
 quiefcat, atque ad inventioneni legitimam formae magnae fe non accin^at j 
 fed pracfupponat, naturam velut a radicibus elTe multipHceni & divilam^ 
 atque ulteriorem naturae unioncm, tanquam rem fupcrvacuac fubtilitatis Sc 
 Vergentcm ad merum abdradum, failidiat & rcjiciat. 
 
 Exempli gratia; fit natura inquifita, mcmoria, five excitans & adju- 
 vans memoriam. Inllantiae conftitutivac funt ; ordo, five diftributio, quae 
 manilefto juvat memoriam. Item loci in memoria artificiali ; qui aut pof- 
 funt elle loci fecundum proprium fcnfum, vcluti janua, angulus, feneftra, 
 & fimiiia; aut poiVunt efl'c perfonac fimiliarcs & notaej aut pollunt efle 
 quidvis ad placitum ; (modo in ordiac certo ponantur) veluti animalia, 
 herbac ; etiam verba, litcrae, charaderes, perfonae hiftoricae, & caetera } 
 licet nonnuUa ex his magis apta fint & commoda, alia minus : Hujufaiodi 
 autem loci memoriam infignirer juvant, camque longc fupra vires naturales 
 cxaltant. Item carmina facihus haercnt & difcuntur mcmoriter, quam 
 profa. Atque ex illo manipulo trium inllantiarum, videlicet ordinls, loco- 
 rum artificialis memoriae, & verfuum, conltituitur fpecies una auxilii ad me- 
 moriam. Species autem ilia, abfcillio infiniti rede vocari poflit. Cum e- 
 nim quis aliquid rcminifci aut revocare in memoriam nititur ; il nullam prae- 
 notionem habcat aut pcrceptionem ejus quod quacrir, quacrit certc «5c moli- 
 tur, & hac iliac difcurrit, tanquam in infinito. Quod fi certam a'iquani 
 praenotionem habeat ; ftatim abfcinditur infinitum ; & fit difcurfus memo- 
 riae magis in vicino. In tribus autem illis irilantiis quae fuperius diclae 
 funt, praenotio pcrfpicua eft & certa. In prima videlicet debet elle aliquid 
 quod congruat cum ordine : In fecunda debet efie imago, quae relationem 
 aliquam habcat, five convcnientiam ad ilia loca certa : In tertia debent eflc 
 verba, quae cadant in vcrfum. Atque ita abfcinditur infinitum. Aliae 
 autem inftantiae dabunt banc alteram fpcciem ; ut quicquid deducat intel- 
 Icduale ad fcriendum fcnfum (quae ratio etiam praecipue viget in artifi- 
 cial! mcmoria) juvet memoriam. Aliac inftantiae dabunt hanc alteram fpc^ 
 ciem ; ut quae faciunt imprefilonem in affcdu forti, incuticntes fcilicet me- 
 tum, admirationem, pudorem, deledationcm, juvcnt memoriam. Aliae 
 inftantiae dabunt hanc alteram fpcciem, ut quae maxime imprimuntur a 
 mente pura, & minus praeoccupata ante vcl poft ; veluti quae difcuntur in 
 pueritia, aut quae commentamur ante fomnum, etiam primae quacque re- 
 rum vices i magis haereant in mcmoria. Aliae inftantiae dabunt hanc al- 
 teram fpcciem, ut multitudo circumftantiarum, ftvc anfarum, juvet memo- 
 riam ; veluti fcriptio per partes non continuatas j Icdio, five recitatio voce 
 alta. Alia dcniquc inftantiae dabunt hanc alteram fpcciem, ut quae cx- 
 pedantur & attcntioncm excitant, meUus haereant, quam quae praetcrvo- 
 lant. Itaque fi fcrlptum aliquod vicies perlegeris, non tam focile iilud mc- 
 moriter difces, quam fi illud legas dccies, tentando interim illud rccitarc, & 
 ubi deficit memoria, infpiciendo librum. Ita ut fint vcluti lex formae mi- 
 ll ores 
 
 34-t
 
 «4.2 koVUM ORGAN UM. Lib. II. 
 
 Jioi-cs eorum, quae juvant memoriamj videlicet abfciflio infiniti ; dcdudio 
 * intellediialis ad fcnfibilc ; imprcllio in afFcftu forti ; imprcilio in mcnte 
 •purai multitudo anfamm J prac cxpeftatio. 
 
 Similiter, exempli gratia; fit natura inquifita guftus, five guftatio. 
 Inftantiae, quae Icquuntur, funt conftitutivae : videlicet, quod qui non ol- 
 faciunt, fed Icnfu eo a natura deftituti lunt, non pcrcipiant, aut guftu diftin* 
 <Tuant cibum rancidum aut putridum ; ncquc fimiliter alliatum aut rofa- 
 tum, aut hujufmodi. Rurfus, illi qui per accidcns narcs habcnt per defccnfum 
 rheumaiis obftrudlas, non dilccrnunt aut pcrcipiunt aliquid putridum aut 
 rancidum, aut aqua rofacca inlpcrlum. Rurfus, qui alficiuntur hujufmodi 
 rheumatc, fi in ipfo momento, cum aliquid foetidum aut odoratum liabent 
 in ore, five palato, emungant fortiter ; in ipfo inftanti manifcftam pcrcep- 
 tionem habent rancidi vcl odorati. Qiiac inftantiae dabunt & conlUtuent 
 hanc fpcciem vcl partem potius guftus; ut fcnfus guftationis ex parte .nihil 
 ■ aliud fit, quam olfadus interior, tranficns & defcendcns a narium mcatibus 
 fuperioribus in os & palatum. At contra, falfum & dulce & acre & aci- 
 dum & aufterum, & amarum & fimilia ; haec (inquam) omnia aequc fcn- 
 tiunt illi, inquibus olfadus deeft, aut obturatur, ac quifquam alius: ut 
 manifeftum fit, fenfum guftus efle compofitum quiddam ex olfadu interiori, 
 & ta£lu quodam exquifito ; de quo nunc non eft diccndi locus. 
 
 Similiter, exempli gratia j fit natura inquifita, communicatio quali- 
 tatis, abfque commiftione fubftantiae. Inftantia lucis, dabit vel conftituet 
 unam fpcciem communicationis ; calorvero & magncs, alteram. Commu- 
 nicatio enim lucis eft tanquam momcntanea & ftatim pcrit, amota luce ori- 
 ginali. At calidum & virtus magnetica poftquam tramifla fuerint, vel po- 
 tius cxcitata in alio corpore, haerent & mancnt ad tempus non parvum, a- 
 moto primo movente. 
 
 Den I QUE magna eft omnino pracrogativa inftantiarum conftitutivarum ; 
 ut quae plurimum faciant & ad dctinitiones, (praefertim particulates) & ad 
 divifiones, five partitiones naturarum ; de quo non male dixit Plato, ^od 
 habendiis fit tanqtiam pro 'Deo, qui dejinire & divider e bene fciat. 
 
 XXVII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus fcxto loco inftan- 
 tias conformes five proportionatas; quas etiam parallelas, five fimilirudincs 
 phyficas, appellarc confuevimus. Eae vero funt, quae oftcndunt fimilitu- 
 dines & conjugationes rerum, non in formis minoribus (quod faciunt inftan- 
 tiae conftitutivae) fed plane in concrcto. Itaquc funt tanquam primi & in- 
 fimi gradus ad unionem naturae. Neque conftituunt aliquod axioma ftatim 
 ab initio; fed indicant & obfervant tantum qucndam confenfum corporum. 
 Attamealicet non multum promovcant ad invcnicndasformas; nihilominus 
 magna cum utilitate revelant partium univerfi fabricam, & in membris ejus 
 exercent veluti anatomiam quandam ; atquc proindc vcluri manu-ducunt 
 interdum ad axiomata fublimia & nobilia; praefertim ilia quae ad mundi 
 configurationcm pertinct, potius quam ad naturas & formas fimpliccs. 
 
 Exempli gratia; inftantiae conformes funt, quae fequuntur : Speculum 
 & oculus ; & fimiliter fabrica auris, & loca reddcntia echo. Ex qua con- 
 formitate, practcr ipfam obfcrvationem fimilitudinis, quae ad multa utilis 
 eft, proclive eft infuper colligerc & formarc illud axioma , videlicet, orga- 
 na fcnfuum & corpora, quae pariunt reflexiones ad fenfus, efle fimilis natu- 
 rae. Rurfus ex hoc ipib admonitus intelledus, non acgre infurgit ad axi- 
 oma quoddam altius & nobilius. Hoc nimirum ; nihil intcreflc inter con- 
 icnfus five fympathias corporum fcnfu pracditorum, <5c inanimatorum fine 
 
 ienfu i
 
 jLib.II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 fcnfu ; niH quod in illis acccdat fpiritus animalis ad corpus ita dl/po/itum ; 
 in his autem abfit. Adeo ut quot fint confenfus in corporibus inanimatis, 
 tot poflint efle fcnfus in animalibus, fi client pcrforationcs in corporc ani- 
 mato, ad difcurfum fpiritus animalis in mcmbrum rite difpofitum, tanquam 
 in organum idoneum. Et rurflis, quot lint icnfus in animalibus, tot fint 
 proculdubio motus in corpora inanimato, ubi fpiritus animalis abfucrit } licet 
 neccfle fit multo plures efle motus in corporibus inanimatis, quam fcnfus in 
 animatis, propter paucitatem organorum Icnfus. Atque hujus rci oftcndif 
 fe exemplum valde manifeftum in doloribus. Etenim quum fint plura ge- 
 nera doloris in animalibus, & tanquam varii illius charaderes, (veluti alius 
 eft dolor uftionis, alius frigoris intcnfi, alius punfturac, alius comprefllonis, 
 alius extenfionis, & fimilium) ccrtiilimum eft, omnia ilia, quoad motum, 
 inefle corporibus inanimatis 5 veluti ligno, aut lapidi, cum uritur, autpcr 
 gelu conftringitur, aut pungitur, aut fcinditur, aut flectitur, aut tunditur; 
 & ftc dc aliis : licet non fubintrent fcnfus, propter abfentiam fpiritus ani- 
 malis. 
 
 I T EM inftantiac conformes (quod miruni fortafle didlu) funt radices & rami 
 plantarum. Omne enim vegetabile intumcfcit, & cxtrudit partes in circum- 
 ferentiam, tam furfum quam dcorfum. Ncque alia eft differentia radicum & 
 ramorum, quam quod radix includatur in terra, & rami exponantur aeri & 
 foli. Si quis enim accipiat ramum tenerum & vegetum arboris, atque ilium 
 . refleftat in aliquam terrae particulam, licet non cohaereat ipfi loco, gignit 
 ftatim non ramum, fed radicem. Atque vice vcrfa, fi terra ponatur fupc- 
 rius, atque ita obftruatur lapide, aut aliqua dura fubftantia, ut plaiita cohi- 
 beatur, nee poflit frondefccre furfum 5 edet ramos in aerera dcori'um. 
 
 Item inftantiac conformes funt, gummi arborum, & pleraeque gemmae 
 rupium. Utraque enim nil aliud funt quam exudationes & percoiationes 
 fuccorum : In primo genere Idlicct, fuccorum ex arboribus ; in fccundo, 
 ex faxisj unde gignitur claritudo & fplendor in utrifque, per percolationem 
 nimirum tenuem & accuratam. Nam inde fit etiam, quod pili animalium 
 non fiht tam pulchri, & tam vividi coloris, quam avium plumae complu- 
 res ; quia fucci non tam delicate percolantur per cutem, quam per calamum. 
 
 Item inftantiac conformes funt, fcrotum in animalibus mafculis ; «5c ma- 
 trix in foemcUis. Adeo ut nobilis ilia fabrica, per quam fexus differunr, 
 (quatenus ad animalia terrcftria) nil aliud videatur efte, quam fecundum 
 cxtcrius & interius ; vi fcilicet majore caloris genitalia in fexu mafculo pro- 
 trudcnte in extcrius, ubi in foemellis nimis debilis eft calor, quam ut hoc 
 faccrc poflit ; unde accidit, quod contineantur interius. 
 
 Item inftantiac conformes funt pinnae pifcium, & pedes quadrupedum, 
 aut pedes & alac volucrum, quibus addidit Ariftoteles quatuor volumina in 
 motu ferpentum, Adeo ut in fabrica univerfi, motus vivcntium plerumque 
 videatur expediri per quaterniones artuum five ftexionum. 
 
 Item dentes in animalibus terreftribus, & roftra in avibus, funt inftan- 
 tiac conformes ; unde manifeitum eft in omnibus animalibus perfcdis fluerc 
 durani quandam fubftantiam verfus os. 
 
 Item non abfurda eft fimilitudo & conformitas ilia, ut homo fit tanquam 
 planta inverfa. Nam radix nervorum & facultatum animalium, eft caput i 
 partes autem feminales funt infimae, non computatis extremitatibus tibiarum 
 & brachiorum. At in planta, radix (quae inftar capitis eft) rcgulariter in- 
 fjjxio loco «ollocatur j femina autem fuprcmo. 
 
 '^"" ■ , .-.i-.-:.., -:-. ^..^:oi Denique 
 
 343
 
 344- 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. IT. 
 
 Denique illud omnino praecipicndum eft, & facpius moncndum 5 ut 
 dili^entia hominutn in inquifitione & congcric naturalis hlftoriac dcinccps 
 mutetur plane, & vertatur in contiarium ejus, quod nunc in ufu eft. Magna 
 cnim huGufque atque adeo curioia fuit hominum induftria, in notanda re- 
 rum varietate, atque explicandis accuratis animalium, herbarum & foflilium 
 difFerentiis j quarum pleraeque magis lunt lulus naturae, quam f'eriae ali- 
 cujus utilitatis verfus fcientias. Faciunt certe hujufmodi res ad deleftatio- 
 nem, atque etiam quandoque ad praxin ; verum ad introfpiciendam naturam 
 parum, aut nihil. Itaque convertcnda plane eft opera ad inquirendas & uo- 
 tandas rerum fimilitudinc & analoga, tarn in integralibus, quam partibus: 
 like enim funt, quae naturam uniunt & conftitucre fcientias incipiunt. 
 
 Verum in his omnino eft adhibenda cautio gravis & fevera j ut accipi- 
 antur pro inftantiis conformibus & proportionatis, iliac quae denotant fimi- 
 litudines (ut ab initio diximus) phyficasi id eft, realcs & fubftantiales & im- 
 merfas in natura ; non fortuitas & ad fpeciem s multo minus ftapcrftiriofas 
 aut curiofas, qualcs naturalis magiae fcriptorcs (homines Icvifllmi & in rebus 
 tarn feriis, quales nunc agimus, vix nominandi) ubique oftentant; magna 
 cum vanitate & defipientia inanes fimilitudincs & lympathias rerum de- 
 fcribentes, atque etiam quandoque affingentes. 
 
 Verum his miflis, etiam in ipla configurationc mundi inmajoribus, non 
 funt negligcndae inftantiae conformes ; \'eluti Africa, & rcgio Peruviana, 
 cum continente fe porrigcnte ufque ad fretum MagcUanicum. Utraquc 
 enim rcgio habet fimiles ifthmos, & fimilia promontoria, quod non temcre 
 accidit. 
 
 Item novus & vetus orbis ; in co quod utrique orbes verfus feptentrio- 
 nes lati funt, & exporrefti ; verfus aultrum autcm angufti & acuminati. 
 
 Item inftantiae conformes nobilillimae funt, frigora intenfa in media 
 (quam vocant) aeris region e 5 & ignes acerrimi, qui lacpe reperiuntur 
 crumpentes ex locis iubterraneis ; quae duac res funt ulrimitates & extrema; 
 naturae fcilicet frigidi verfus ambitum coeli, & naturae calidi verfus vifcera 
 terrae i per antipcriftafin, five rejedlionem naturae contrariae. 
 
 Postre MO autem in axiomatibus fcientiarum, notatu digna eft confor- 
 mitas inftantiarum. Veluti tropus rhetoricae, qui dicitur praeter cxpefta- 
 ■tum, conformis eft tropo muficae, qui vocatur declinatio cadentiae. Simi- 
 liter, poftulatum mathematicum, ut quae eidem tcrtio aequalia funt, etiam 
 inter fe fint aequalia, conforme eft cum fabrica fyllogifmi in logica 5 qui 
 unit ca, quae conveniunt in medio. Denique multum utilis eft in quam- 
 plurimis, fagacitas quaedam in conquirendis & indagandis conformitatibus 
 & fimilitudinibus phyficis. 
 
 XXVIII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, ponemus feptimo loco in- 
 ftantias monadicas ; quas etiam irregularcs, five hetcroclitas (fumpto voca- 
 bulo a Grammaticis) appellare confuevimus. Eae lunt, quae oftendunt 
 corpora in concrete s quae videntur cfle extravagantia, & quafi abrupta in 
 natura, & minime con venire cum aliis rebus ejufdcm generis. Etenim in- 
 ftantiae conformes funt fimiles alterius j at inftantiae monadicae funt fui fi- 
 miles. Ufus vero inftantiarum monadicarum eft talis, qualis eft inftantia- 
 rum clandeftinarum : viz. ad evehendam & uniendam naturam ad inveni- 
 enda genera, five communes naturas, limitandas poftea per difterentias veras. 
 Neque cnim defiftcndum ab inquifitione, donee proprictatcs & qualitates, 
 quae invcniuntur in hujufmodi rebus, quae poftlint ccnferi pro miraculis 
 naturae, reducantur & comprcliendantui; fub alicjjua fprma five lege ccrta : 
 
 ut
 
 'J 
 
 Lib. il. NOVUM R G A N U M. ^^ J 
 
 at irregularitas five fingularitas omnis rcpcriatur pcnderc ab aiiqua forma 
 commuui miraculum vcro illiid fit tandem rolummodo in diftcrcntiis ac- 
 curatis, & gradu & conciirfu raro, & non in ipta Ipccic ; Ubinunccon- 
 femplationcs hominum non procedant ultra, quam ut ponant hujiifmodi 
 res pro fecrctis & magnalibus naturae, & tanquani incaufabilibus, & pro 
 cxccptionibus rcgularum gcncralium. 
 
 Ex E MP LA inftantiaruni monadicarum itint, fol & luna, inter sftra; 
 magncs, inter lapidcs ; argcntum vivum, inter metalla ; clcphas, inter 
 quadrupcdcs -, fenlus veneris, inter genera tadus -, odor venaticus in cani- 
 bus, inter genera olfaftus. Etiani S litera apud gramrnaticos, habctur pro 
 moAadica 5 ob facilcni compofitionem, quam fuflinet cum conlbnantibus 
 aliquando duplicibus, aliqtiando triplicibus ; qiiod nulla alia litera flicit. 
 Pkirimi autem tacicndae funt hujufmodi inrtantiae, quia acuunt & viviti- 
 cant inquifitionem, & mcdentur intelledui depravato a confuetudine, Scab 
 lis quae fiunt plerunquc. 
 
 XXIX. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, poncmus loco oclavo inftan- 
 tias dcviantes ; crrores Icilicet naturae, & vaga, ac monftra : ubi natura 
 declinat & deflcftit a curfu ordinario. Ditferunt enini crrores naturae ab 
 inftantiis monadicis, in hoc; quod monadicac fint miracula fpccieruni, at 
 crrores fint miracula individuorum. Similis autem fere Hint ufus •> quia 
 rcdificant intelleftum adverfus confucta, & rcvclaiit formas communes. Nc- 
 que cnim inhisetiam defiftendumab inquifitionc, donee invehiatur caufa hu- 
 jufmodi declinationis. Veruntamen caufa ilia non exurgit ad formamali- 
 quam proprie, fed tantum ad latentem proceflum ad formam. Qiii enini 
 vias naturae noverir, is dcviationes ctiam facilius obfervabit. At rurfus, 
 qui deviationes noverit, is accuratius vias defcriber. 
 
 A T Qu E in illo difFcrunt etiam ab inftantiis monadicis, quod multo ma- 
 gis inftruant praxin & operativam. Nam novas fpecies generate arduum ad- 
 modum foret ; at fpecies notas variare, & inde rara multa ac inufitata pro- 
 ducer6, minus arduum. Facilis autem tranfitus eft a miraculis naturae ad mi- 
 racula artis. Si enim deprehendatur femcl natura in variatione fua, ejufque 
 ratio maLnifefta fuerit, cxpeditum erit eo dcducerc naturam per artem, quo 
 per cafum' abcrraverir. Nequc folum eo, fed & aliorfum ; cum errorcs ex una 
 parte monftrent & apcriant viam ad crrores & dcflexiones undequaque. Hie 
 veto cxemplis non eft opus, propter corundcm copiam. Facicnda enim eft 
 congeries five hiftoria nattiralis particularis omnium monrtrorum, &partuum 
 naturae prodigioforum i omnis deniquc noviratis & raritatis, & inconfueti 
 in natura. Hoc vcro fa'cicndum eft cum fcNcriilimo deledu, ut conftct 
 fides. Maxime autem habcnda fuqt pro fufpectis, quae pendent quomodo- 
 cunque a religione -, ut prodigia Livii : Ncc minus, quae invcniuntur in 
 fcriptoribus magiae naturalis, out etiam alchymiac, & hujufmodi hominibus > 
 qui tanquam proci funt & amatorcs fabularum. Sed depronicnda funt ilia 
 ex gravi & fida hiftoria, & auditionibus ccrtis. 
 
 XXX. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, pohemus loco nono inilan'- 
 tias limltaneas; quas etiam participia vocare confuevimus. Eae veto funt,' 
 quae cxhibent fpecies corporum tales, quae videntur eflc compofitac ex Ipe- 
 ciebus duabus, vel rudimenta inter fpcciem unam & alteram. Hac verc^ 
 inftantiac inter inftantias monadicas five hcterocUtas rede numerari poftunt : 
 Sunt cnim in univerfitate rerum rarae & extraordinariac. Sed tamen ob dig- 
 nitatem feorfim tradlandae & poncndae funt : optime cnim indicant com- 
 pofitioncm & fabricam reruni;, & innuunt caufasnumcri & qualitatis Ipecic- 
 VoL. I, Xx rum
 
 «46 N O V U M O R G A N U xM. Lib. 1% W 
 
 rum ordinarlarum in univerfo, & dcducunt intclkaum ab co quod eft, ad 
 id quod eflc potcft. 
 
 Haritm exempla liint: Mufcus, inter putixdincm & plantam ; comctae 
 nonnulli, inter ftellas & mcteora ignita ; pilces voiantes, inter avcs & pie- 
 ces > vefpertilioncs, inter aves & quadrupedcs j etiam 
 
 Simia e^nam Jimilis turpiffima bejl'ia 7iobis ; 
 
 & partus animalium biformes, & commifti ex fpecrebus diver/is , & fimilia. 
 
 XXXI. Inter praerogativjs inftantiarum poncmus decimo loco inftan- 
 tlas potcftatis, ftvc fafcium, (fumpto vocabulo ab infignibus imperii ;) quas 
 etiam ingenia, five manus hominis, appellate conliievimus, Eae funt opera 
 maxime nobilra & pcrfeda, & tanquam ultima in unaquaque arte. Cura 
 enim hoc agatur, praecipue ut natura pareat rebus & commodis humanis ; 
 confentaneum ell: prorfus, ut opera, quae jampridem in poteilate hominis 
 fuerunt, (quafi provinciae antca occupatae & lubadlae,) notentur & nume- 
 rentur ; praefertim ea, quae funt maxime cnueleata & perfcfta ; propterca 
 quod ab iftis proclivior & magis in propinquo fit tranfitus ad nova & hadc- 
 nus non invcnta. Si quis enim ab horum contemplatione attenta propofitum 
 acriter & ftrcnue urgcre velit ; fiet certe, ut aut producat ilia paulo longius, 
 aut defleftat ilia ad aliquid, quod finitimum eft ; aut etiam applicet & tranf- 
 ferat ilia ad ufum aliquem nobiliorem. 
 
 Neque hie finis. Verum quemadmodum ab operibus naturae rarls & 
 inconfuetis crigitur intelledus, £c clevatur ad inquirendas & inveniendas for- 
 mas, quae etiam illorum funt capaces : ita etiam in operibus artis cgrcgiis i5c 
 admirandis hoc ufu venit^ Idque multo magis 3 quia modus cfficiendi «Sc 
 operandi hujufmodi miracula artis, manifcftus ut plurimum eft; cum ple- 
 runquc in miraculis naturae fit magis obfcurus. Attamcn in his ipfis cautio 
 eft adhibcnda vcl maxime ■■, nc deprimant Icilicet intellcctum, & eum quali 
 humo affigant. 
 
 Periculum enim eft, ne per hujufmodi opera artis, quae videntur velut 
 fummitatcs quacdam & faftigia induftriae humanae, reddatur intellcclus at- 
 tonitus & ligatus, & quafi maleficiatus quoad ilia ; ita ut cum alils confue- 
 fcere non polllt, fed cogitet nihil ejus generis fieri pofle, nifi eadem via qua 
 ilia eftecla funt, accedcntc tantummodo diligentia majore, & praeparationc 
 
 niagis accurata. 
 
 Contra illud ponendum eft pro certo ; vias & modos cfficiendi res 
 & opera, quae adhuc rcperta funt & notata, res eflc plcrunque paupcrculas, 
 atque omnem potentiam niajorcm pendcre, & ordine derivari a fontibus 
 formarum,. quarum nulla adhuc invcnta eft. 
 
 Ita QUE (ut alibi diximus) qui de machinis & arletibus, quales erant 
 apud vetcrcs, cogitaflct ; jicct hoc feciflct obnixe, atque aetatem in eo coii- 
 fumpfiflct ■■> nunquam tamcn incidiflet in inventum tormentorum igncorum 
 opcrantium per puhercm pyrium. Neque rurfus, qui in lanificiis & feri- 
 co vegetabili obfervationcm fuam «Sc meditationem coUocaffet, unquam per 
 ea rcperiflct naturam vermis aut ferici bombycini. 
 
 QuociRCA omnia invcnta, quae ccnferi poflunt magis nobilia, (fi ani- 
 mum advertas) in luccm prodicrc, nullo modo per pufdlas enucleationes 
 & extcnfioncs attium, fed ^mnino per cafum. Nihil autem repraefentat aut 
 anticipat cafum, (cujus mos eft, ut tantum per longa faecula operetur,) prae- 
 ter inventioncm formarum. 
 
 Z E.XEM-
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 347 
 
 ExEMPLA autcm hujiifmodi inftantiarnm particularia nihil opus eft ad- 
 duccrc, propter copiam corundcm. Nam hoc omryno agendum, ut viC- 
 tentur & pcnirus introfpiciantur omncs artcs mcchanicac, atquc libcralcs 
 etiam, (quatcnus ad opera,) atquc indc facicndaert congeries five hiftoria par- 
 ticularis, tanquam magnalium & opcrum magiftralium, & maximc perfc- 
 dlorum in unaquaque iplarum ,• una cum modis effeftionis five opcrationis. 
 
 NEquE tamen aftringimus diligentiam, quae adhibenda eft in hujulino- 
 di colleda, ad ea quae ccnfcntur pro magifteriis & arcanis alicujus arris ran- 
 tum, atquc movent admirationem. Adniiratio cnim proles eft raritatis : 
 Siquidem rara, licet in gcnere fint ex vulgatis naturis, tamen admiratio- 
 nem pariunt. 
 
 At contra, quae rcvcra admiration! cflc debent propter difcrepantiam, 
 quae inert illis in fpecic, coUatis ad alias fpccies ; tamen fi in ufti familiari 
 praefto fint ; Icviter notantur. Debent autcm notari monadica artis, non 
 minus quam monadica naturae; de quibus antea diximus. Atquc qucm- 
 admodum in monadicis naturae poftiimus folem, lunam, magnctcm, & fimi- 
 lia, quae re vulgatifllma funt, fed natura tamen fere fingulari : idem & dc 
 monadicis artis faciendum eft. 
 
 Exempli gratia: inftantia monadica artis, eft papyrus; res admodum 
 vulgata. At fi diligentcr animum advcrtas, matcriae artificiales aut plane 
 textiles funt per fila direfta & tranfverfai qualia funt pannus fericus, aut 
 Janeus, & linteus, & hujiifmodi: aut coagmentantur ex fuccis concretis i 
 qualia funt later, aut argilla figularis, aut vitrum, aut efmalta, aut porccl- 
 lana, & fimilia ; quae fi bene uniantur, fplendent j fin minus, indurantur 
 ccrte, fed non fplendent. Attamen omnia talia, quae fiunt ex fuccis con- 
 crctis, funt fragilia ; nee ullo modo haerentia & tenacia. At contra, papy- 
 rus eft corpus tenax, quod fcindi & lacerari pofllr, ita ut imitetur & fere 
 aemuletur pellem five membranam alicujus animalis, aut folium alicujus ve- 
 getabilis, <5c hujufmodi opificia naturae. Nam nequc fragilis eft, ut vitrum ; 
 nequc textilis, ut pannus ; fed habct fibras ccrte, non fila diftinfta, omnino 
 ad modum matcriarum naturalium : ut inter artiticialcs materias vix invenia- 
 tur fimilc aliquid, fed fit plane monadicum. Atquc praefcrenda fane funt 
 in arrificialibus ea, quae maxime accedunt ad imitationeni naturae, aut e 
 contrario cam potenter regunt & invcrtunt. 
 
 RuRsus, inter ingcnia & manushominis, non prorfus contcmnenda funt 
 pracftigia & jocularla. Nonnulla cnim ex iftis, licet fint ufu Icvia & lu- 
 dicra, tamen informationc valida elTc poflunt. 
 
 PosTREMo: nequc omnino omittenda funt fuperftitiofa, & (prout vo- 
 cabulum fcnfu vulgari accipitur) magica. Licet cnim hujufmodi res fint 
 in immcnfum obrutae grandi mole mendaciorum & fabularum ; tamen in- 
 fpicicndum paulifpcr, fi forte fubfit & lateat in aliquibus earum aliqua ope- 
 ratic naruralis : ut in fafcino ; & fortificationc imaginationis ; & confenfu 
 rcrum ad diftans ; & tranfmifllonc imprcflionum a fpiritu ad fpiritum, noa 
 minus quam a corpore ad corpus; & fimilibus. 
 
 XXXII. Ex iis, quae ante difta funt, patct ; quod quinquc ilia inftan- 
 tiarnm genera, dc quibus diximus, (viz. inftantiarum conformium, inftanti- 
 arnm monadicarum, inftantiarum deviantium, inftantiarum limitancarum, 
 inftantiarum potcftatis,) non dcbeant rcfcrvari, (Jonec inquiratur natura ali- 
 qua certa ; (quemadmodum inftantiac reliquae, quas primo loco propolui- 
 raus, nccnon plurimac ex iis, quae Icquentur, rcfcrvari debent:) fed fta- 
 tim jam ab initio facicnda cfl carum collciflio, tanquam hiftoria quacdani 
 
 Vol, I. X X 2 particu-
 
 348 NOVUM ORGANUM. Llibnl ' 
 
 particulars ; co quod digcrant ca, quae ingrediuntur intclleclum, & corri- 
 gant pravain complexioncm intcUcclus iplius, qucm omnino ncccirc^lijui- 
 bui & iniici, & demum pcivcrri ac diltorqucri ab incuiTibus quotidianis & 
 confuctis. 
 
 It A QUE adhibcndae funt cac inftantiac tanquam pi-aeparativum aliquod 
 ad rcdificandum & cxpurgandum intcllcdiuii. Qiiicquid cnim abdiicic iu- 
 tcllcctum a confuctis, aequac & complanat aicam ejus, ad rccipicaduai lu- 
 men ficcum & pururn notionum vcrarum, 
 
 QuiN ctiani liujufmodi inftantiac ftcrnunt & pracftruunt viani ad opc- 
 rativam ; ut fuo loco diccmus, quando dc dcduciionibus ad praxin lera» 
 erit. 
 
 XXXIII. Inter preiogativasinftantiarum ponemus loco undecimo in- 
 ftantias comitatus, atque holHlcs s quas ctiani inftantias propofitionum frca- 
 runi appellate conllievimus. Eae funt inftantiac, quae exhibcnt aliquod 
 corpus five concretum tale, in quo natura inquillta pcrpctuo lequatur tan- 
 quam comes quidam individuus : aut contra, in quo natura inquilita pcr- 
 pctuo fugiar, atque ex comitatu cxcludatur, ut hoftis & inimicus. Nam ex 
 hujufmodi inftantiis formantur propofitioncs ccrtae & univcrialcs ; aut af- 
 firmativac, aut negativac : in quibus llibjcctum crit tak corpus in con- 
 creto, pracdicatum vero natura ipfa inquilita. Etcnim propoiitiones par- 
 ticularcs omnino fixac non funt, ubi fcilicet natura inquiflta rcpcritur in 
 aliquo concrcto fluxa & mobilis j viz. acccdens, five acquifita, aut rurfus 
 fcccdcns, five depofita. Qiiocirca particularcs propofitioncs non habcnt 
 pracrogativani aliquam majorcm, nifi tantum in cafu migrationis; de quo 
 antca diclum eft. Et nihilominus, ctiani particulates iliac propoiitiones 
 coniparatac & collatac cum univcrfalibus multum juvant ; ut liio loco di- 
 cetur. Ncque tamcn, ctiam in univcrfalibus iftis propofitionibus cxactani, 
 aut abfolutam affirmationem vel abnegationcm requirimus. Sufficir cnim 
 ad id quod agitur, etiamfi cxccptionem nonnullam fingularcm aut raram 
 patiantur. 
 
 Us us autcm inftantiarum comitatus eft ad anguftandam affirmativam 
 formac. Quemadmodum enim in inftantiis migrantibus anguftatur affirma- 
 tiva formac i viz. ut necefl'ario poni dcbcat forma rci efl'c aliquid, quod 
 per actum ilium migrationis indirur aut deftruitur : Ita ctiam in inilantiis 
 comitatus anguftatur aftirmativa formac ; ut ncccflario poni dcbeat forma rci 
 eft'c aliquid, quod talcm concrctionem corporis fubingrcdiatur, aut contra 
 ab cadem abhorreat ; ut qui bene norit coiiftitutioncm aut fchematilmum 
 hujufmodi corporis, non longc abfucrit ab cxtrahcnda in lucem forma na- 
 turae inquifitae. 
 
 Exempli gratia i fit natura inquilita, calidum. Inftantia comitatus eft 
 flamma. Etcnim in aqua, acre, lapide, mctallo, & aliis quampkuinus, ca- 
 lor eft mobilis, & acccdcre potcft & recedere : At omnis flamma eft calida, 
 ita ut calor in concrctione flammac pcrpctuo fcquatur. At inftantia hofti- 
 lis calidi nulla rcpcritur apud nos. Nam de vifccribus terrae nihil conftac 
 ad fcnfum 5 fed corum corporum, quae nobis nota funt, nulla prorfus eft 
 concrctio, quae non eft fufccptibilis caloris. 
 
 A T rurfus, fit natura inquilita, conliftcns : inftantia hoftilis eft acr. Etc- 
 nim mctallum potcft flucre, potcft confiftcre h fynilitcr vitrum ; ctiam aqua 
 poteft confiftcre, cum conglaciatur : at impoHlbilc eft, ut acr unquam con- 
 fiftat, aut cxuat fluorcm. 
 
 3 Verum 
 
 1
 
 Lib. IJ. N O V U M O R G A N U M. 
 
 Verum dc inflantiis hujulmodi propofitionum fixaruin riipcrfunt duo 
 monita, quae iitllia funt ad id quod agitur. Primum, ut ii dcfucrit plane 
 univcrfalis atfirmativa aut ncgath'a, illud ipliim diligentcr norctur tanquain 
 non-ens: flcut fccimus dc calido, ubi univcrlalis ncgativa (quatcnus ad cntia, 
 qu^c ad noflram notitiam pcrvcncrint) in return natura dcclh Siniiiiter, 
 a narura inquifita fit aeternum aut incorruptibiic ; dccft affirmativa univct- 
 falis hie apud nos. Ncque cnim pracdicari potcit aeternum aut incorrupti- 
 biic dc aliquo corporc coruni, quae intra coclcilia lunt, aut fupra interi- 
 ora tcrrae. Alterum monitum clV, ut propofitionibus univcrlalibus, tarn 
 tffirmativis quam ncgctivis dc aliquo concreto, lubjungantur fimul ea con- 
 creta, quae proximc vidcntur accedcre ad id quod ell ex non-cntibus : ut in 
 calore, flammac mollillimac & minimum adurentes j in incorruptibili, au- 
 rum, quod proximc acccdit. Omnia enim ifta indicant terminos naturae 
 inter ens & non ens i & taciunt ad circumlcriptioncs formarum, ne glif- 
 cant & vagcntur extra conditioncs matcriae. 
 
 XXXIV. Inter praerogativas inltantiarum, ponemus loco duodecimo 
 jpfas illas inllantias llibjunclivas, dc quibus in fuperiori aphoriimo dixi- 
 fnas : quas etiam inibntias ultimitatis five termini appellare conluevimus. 
 Nequc enim hujulmodi inftantiac utiles lunt tantum, quatcnus lubjungun- 
 tur propofitionibus iixis ; verum etiam per fc & in proprietatc Ilia. Indi- 
 cant cnim non obfcure vcras leclioncs naturae, & menfuras rerum, & 
 illud quoulquc natura quid faciat & ferat, & deindc tranfitus naturae ad 
 aliud. Talia funt i aurum, in pondere ; ferrum, in duritie ; cete, in quan- 
 titate animalium; canis, in odorc ; inflammatio pulveris pyrii, in expanfi- 
 onc ccleri; & alia id genus. Ncc minus exhibcnda funt ca, quae funt ul- 
 tima gradu infimo, quam quae fupremo : ut fpiritus vini, in pondere; fcri- 
 cum, in mollitie ; vcrmiculi cutis, in quantitate animalium ; & caetera. 
 
 XXXV. Inter praerogativas inrtantiarum ; ponemus loco decimo ter- 
 tio inftantias foederis five unionis. Eac funt, quae confundunt & adunant 
 naturas, quae cxiftimantur clfc hcrcrogcncae ; & pro talibus notantur & fig- 
 nantur per divifiones rcceptas. 
 
 At inftantiac foederis oftendunt opcrationcs & cffeftus, quae deputan- 
 tur alicui ex illis heterogeneis ut propria, competere etiam aliis ex hetero- 
 geneis; ut convincatur ifta hcterogenea (quae in opinione eft) vera non eft'c, 
 aut eftentialis ; fed nil aliud clVe, quam modificatio naturae communis. 
 Optimi itaque funt ufus ad elevandum & cvehendum intellcdum a diftc- 
 rentiis ad genera, & ad tollendum larvas 5: fimulachra rerum, prout oc- 
 currunt & prodcunt perfonatac in fubftantiis concretis. 
 
 ExEMPL I gratia: fit natura inquifita, calidum. Omnino videtur efle di- 
 vifio folcnnis & authentica, quod iint tria genera caloris : videlicet calor 
 coelcftium, calor animalium, & calor ignis : quodque ifti calores (praefer- 
 tim unus ex illis, comparatus ad reliquos duos) fint ipfa ellbntia Sc fpecie, 
 five natura fpecitica, diftcrcntes & plane hetcrogenei : Quandoquidcm calor 
 coelcftium & animalium generet & fovcat, at calor ignis contra corrumpat 
 & deftruat. Eft itaque inftantia foederis cxperimentum illud latis vulga- 
 tum, cum recipitur ramus aliquis vitis intra domum, ut Ik focus afllduus, 
 ex quo maturefcunt uvac, etiam mcnfe integro citius quam foras : Ita ut 
 maturatio frudus etiam pendentis fupcr arborem fieri polllf, fcilicet ab ig- 
 nc, cum hoc ipfum vidcatur cftc opus proprium folis. Itaque ab hoc ini- 
 tio facile in furgit intcUcdus, repudiata heterogenea ciVentiali, ad inquiren- 
 dum quae iint differentiae illae, quae revcra rcpcriuntur inter calorcm folis 
 
 & 
 
 349
 
 350 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II 
 
 & isnis, ex qiubus fir, ut corum opcrationcs fint tarn difllmiles, utcunquc 
 illi "ipfi participent ex natura communi. 
 
 Quae differentiae repericntur quatuor : viz. primo, quod calor Iblis re- 
 fpcdu caloris ignis, fit gradu longe clemcntior & lenior : fccundo, quod 
 fit (praefertim ut dcfertur ad nos per aeiem) qualitatc mulro humidipr : 
 tertio, (quod caput rei eft) quod fit fumme inaequalis, atquc accedcns & 
 auclus, & deinccps rcccdens &c diaunutus : id quod maximc confert ad gene- 
 rationem corporum. Rede enim afleruit Arii^otclcs caulam principalenj 
 eenerati-onum & corruptionum, quae fiunt hie apud nos in fuperticie tcrrac, 
 clle viam obliquam Iblis per zodiacura : undc calor Ibli^, partim per vicinitLt- 
 dines di-ei & noclis, parcini per lucceiliones aeftatis &: hyemis, evadit miiis 
 modis inaequalis, Ncquc tamen dcfinit ille vir, id quod ab eo rede in- 
 vcntum fuir, ftatim corrumperc & dcpravarc. Nam ut arbiter fcilicct na- 
 turae (quod iJli in more cfi:) valdc magiftralircr afiignat caulam gcneratio- 
 nis acceOlii iblis ; ciufam autem corruptionis, reccHui : cum utraquc res 
 (acccfllis videlicet fialis, & reccfllis) non rcfpcclive, icd quafi indifFerenter 
 praebeat caufam tarn generation! quam corruption! : quandoquidem inac- 
 qualitas caloris generationi & corruptioni rcrum j aequalitas conkrvationi 
 tantum, miniftret. Eft & quarta differentia inter calorem folis & ignis, 
 magni prorfus momenti : viz. quod fol opcrationes luas infinuct per longa 
 teniporis fpatia ; ubi opcrationes ignis (urgcnte hominum impaticntk) per 
 breviora intervalla ad exitum pcrducantur. Quod fi quis id fi:dulo agar, ut 
 calorem ignis attemperet & reducat ad gradum moderatiorem & leniorem ; 
 (quod multis modis facile fit) deinde ctiam inlpergat & admilceat nonnul- 
 1am humiditatem ; maxime autem fi imitctur calorem folis in inaequalitate; 
 poffrcmo, fi moram patienter toleret, (non certe earn quae fit proportiona- 
 ra operibus folis, Ccd largiorem, quam homines adhibcre folcnt in opcribus 
 ignis;) is facile miflam faciet heterogencam illam caloris : & vol tentabit, 
 vcl exaequabit, vel in aliquibus vincet opera folis, per calorem ignis. Simi- 
 lis inAantia foederis eft, rcfufcitatio papilionum, ex frigore ftupentium & 
 tanquam cmortuorum, per exiguum teporcm ignis: ut facile ccrnas, non 
 magis negatum efle igni, vivificare animantia, quam maturarc vegctabilia. 
 Etiam inventum illud cclebrc Fracaftorii de fartagine acritcr calefatla, qua 
 circundant mcdici capita apoplcdicorum defperatorum, cxpandit manifeftc 
 fpiritus animales, ab humoribus & obftrudionibus cerebri comprcflbs & 
 quafi cxftindos ; illofquc ad motum cxcitat, non aliter quam ignis opcratur 
 in aquam aut aercm 3 & tamen per conf^rqucns vivificar. Etiam ova ali- 
 quando excluduntur per calorem ignis ; id quod prorfus imitatur calorem 
 animalem & complura ejufmodi, ut nemo dubitarc polln, quin calor ignis 
 in multis fubjcdis modificaripoflit ad imagincm calores coclcftium & anima- 
 lium. 
 
 Similiter fint naturae inquifitae, motus & quics. Vidctur efle divi- 
 fio folennis atque ex intima pliilofophia, quod corpora naturalia vcl rotent, 
 vcl ferantur rcda, vel ftcnt five quicfcant. Aut enim ell motus fine tcr- 
 mino, aut ftatio in termino, aut latio ad tcrminum. At motus ille percn- 
 nis rotationis, vidctur elle coclcftium proprius : Sratio five quies, vidctur 
 coifipctere globo ipfi tcrrae : At corpora caetera (gravia quae vocant, & 
 levia ; extra loca fcilicet connaturalitatis fuae fita) feruntur rcda ad mafias 
 five congrcgationes fimiliumj levia furfum, verfus ambitum cocli; gravia 
 dcorfum, verfus rcrram : Atquc ifta pulchra didu fiint. 
 
 At
 
 Lib. 11. N O V U M O R G A N U M. 35 1 
 
 At inflantia foederis eft comcta aliquis humilior; qui cum fit Joiif^e 
 infra coclum, tamen rotat : Atquc comnientum Ariftotclis, dc alligationc 
 five fequacitae comctac ad aftrum aliquod, jampiidem cxplofum eft ; nou 
 tantum quia ratio ejus non ci\ probabilis; fed propter cxpcrientiam mani- 
 feftam difcurfus, & irregularis motus cometarum per varia loca cocli. 
 
 At .rurfus alia inftantia foederis circa hoc fubjcclum, cfl motus aifris; 
 qui intra tropicos (ubi circuli rotationis funt majores) vidctur & ipfe rotare 
 ab oricntc in occidcnrem. 
 
 Et alia rurfus inftantia forct fluxus & rcfluxus maris, fi modo aquae ip- 
 fa£ dcprehendantur fcrri motu rotationis (licet tardo & cvanido) ab oriente 
 in occidentcm ; ita tamen, ut bis in die rcpercutiantur. Itaque li haec 
 ita fc habcant ; manifeftuni eft, motum iftum rotationis non tcrminari in 
 cocleftibus, fed communicari aeri & aquae. 
 
 Etiam ifta proprietas levium, nimirum ut ferantur furfum, vacillat 
 nonnihil. Atquc in hoc, lumi potcft pro inftantia foederis, bulla aquae. 
 Si enim acr fucrit fubtcr aquam, afcendit rapidc verfus fupcrficiem aquae, 
 per motum ilium plagae, (quam vocat Democritus) per quam aqua defccn- 
 dens percutit & attoliit aerem furfum; non autem per contentionem aut- 
 nixum aeris ipfius. Atqui ubi ad fupcrficiem ipfam aquae vcntum fucrit, 
 turn cohibctur aer ab ulteriorc afcenfu per levem refiftcntiam, quam rcpc- 
 rit in aqua non ftatim tolerante fe difcontinuari : ita ut exilis admodum 
 ilt appctitus aeris ad iiiperiora. 
 
 Similiter fit natura inquifita, pondus. Eft plane divifio reccpta ; ut 
 denfa & folida ferantur verlus centrum tcrrac, rara autem & tenuia verfus 
 ambitum coeli ; tanquam ad loca fua propria. Atquc loca quod attinet i 
 (licet in fcholis hujufmodi res valeant) plane inepta & pucriHs cogitatio 
 eft, locum aliquid polfe. Itaque nugantur philofophi, cum dicunt, quod 
 fi perforata eflct terra, corpora gravia fc fiftcrent quando vcntum cflet ad 
 centrum. Elfet cnim certc virtuofum plane & efficax genus nihili, aut pun- 
 di mathematici ; quod aut alia afficercnt, aut rurfus quod alia appcterent : 
 ciorpus cnim non nifi a corporc patitur. Verum ifte appctitus afcenden- 
 di & dcfccndcndi, aut eft in fchematifmo corporis quod movetur, aut in 
 fympathia five confcnfu cum alio corporc. Qiiod fi inveniatur aliquod cor- 
 pus denfum & folidum, quod nihilominus non feratur ad tcrram ; confun- 
 ditur hujufmodi divifio. At fi recipiatur opinio Gilberti, quod magnetica vis 
 terrac ad allicicndum gravia, non extendatur ultra orbcm virtutis fuae, 
 (quae operatur femper ad diftantiam certam, & non ultra) hocquc per ali- 
 quam inftantiam vcrificctur j ca demum crit inftantia foederis circa hoc fub- 
 jcclum. Neque tamen occurrit impraefcntiarijm aliqua inftantia fuper hoc 
 ccrta & manifefta. Proximc videntur accederc cataradac coeli, quae in na- 
 vigationibus per occanum Atlanticum verfus Indias utrafquc facpc confpici- 
 initur. Tanta cnim vidctur cflc vis & moles aquarum, quae per hujuftno- 
 di cataradas fubito eff'unditur; ut vidcatur collcdio aquarum fuiflc ante fa- 
 da, atquc in his locis hacfiifc & manfiffe, & poftca potius per caufam vi- 
 olentam dqcda & detrufa cftc, quam naturali motu gravitatis cccidiflc : 
 adco ut conjici poftit corporcam molcm, denfam atquc compadam, in mag- 
 na difrantia a terra, fore penfilcm tanquam tcrram ipfam; nee cafuram, nifi 
 dcjiciatur. Verum de hoc nil certi affirmamus. Interim in hoc & in 
 multis aliis facile apparcbit, quam inopes fimus hiftorias naturalis, cum loco 
 inftantiam certarum, nonnunquam fuppofitiones aflcrre pro cxcmplis co- 
 sr.mur. 
 
 Similiter
 
 05^ 
 
 NOVUM O R G A N U M. Lib. It 
 
 Similiter fit natura inquifita, dU'curfus ingenii. Vidctur omniao di- 
 tifio v^ra, rationis humanac, & Iblcrtiac brutorum. Attamcn Ilint non- 
 iiullae inrtaiitiac aftionutn, quae cduntuf a brutis, per quas vidcntur ctiam' 
 bruta quafi fyllogizarc : ut memoriae prodirum eft dc corvo 5 qui per mag- 
 nas ficcitatcs tcrc eneftus fit!, confpcxit aquam in trunco cavo arborisi^ 
 dtque cum non darctur ci intrarc propter anguftias, noh ceffavit jaccre 
 multos lapillos, per quos furgerct & atcenderet aqua, ut biberc police ? 
 quod poftcaccflit in proverbium. 
 
 SiAiiLiTER fit natura inqulfira, vifible. Viderur omnino efle divifio 
 vera & certa, lucis, quae eft vifibilc originalc, & primam copiam facit vi- 
 fui : & coloris, qui eft vifibile fecundarium, & fine luce non cernitur, ita 
 at vidcatur nil aliud efle quam imago aut modificatio lucis. Attaincn ex- 
 utraque parte circa hoc videntur efle inftantiae foederis ; fcilicct, nix iiv 
 magna quantitate, in flamma ililphuris : in quarum altera vidctur efle co- 
 lor primulum lucens, in altera lux vergens ad colorem. 
 
 XXXVI. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus loco dccimo quar- 
 to inftantias crucis; tranllaro vocabulo a crucibus, qune ercdae in bivii?, 
 indicant &: iignant vi.irum feparationes. Has etiam inltantias decilbrias Sc 
 judiciales, & in cafibus nonnullis inftantias oraculi & mandati, appellarc 
 confiaevimus. Earum ratio talis eft. Cum in inquifitione naturae alicujus, 
 intelleclus ponitur tanquam in aequilibrio, ut inccrtus fir, utri naturarum e 
 duabus, vel quandoque pluribus, caufa naturae inquifitae attribui aut ailig- 
 nari debcat, propter complurium naturarum concurium frcqucntem & ordi- 
 iiarium ; inftantiae crucis oftendunt conlbrtium unius ex naturis (quoad na- 
 turam inquifitam) fidum & indiflblubilc, altcrius autcm varium & Icpara- 
 bile i unde terminatur quaeftio, & recipitur natura ilia prior pro caufa, 
 miflTa altera & repudiata. Itaquc hujufmodi inftantiae funt maximac lucis, 
 & quafi magnae authoritatis 5 ita ut curriculum intcrprctationis quandoque 
 in illas definat, & per illas perficiatur. Interdum autem inftantia crucis 
 illae occurrunt, & inveniuntur inter jam pridem notatas j at ut plurimum 
 novae funt, & dc hiduftria atquc ex compofito quacfitae & applicatae, & 
 diligentia fedula & acri tandem erutae. 
 
 Exempli gratia; fit natura inquifita fluxus & refluxus maris, ille bis 
 rcpetitus in die, atque fexhorarius, in acceflibus & receflibus fingulis, cum 
 differentia nonnulla quae coincidit in motum lunac : bivium circa lianc na-> 
 turam tale eft. 
 
 Necesse prorfus eft, ut ifte motus cfficiatur, vcl ab aquarum progrcfiU 
 & regreflu, in modum aquae in pelvi agitatae, quae quando latus unum 
 pelvis alluit, deferit alterum ; vel a fublatione & fubfidcntia aquarum e 
 profundo, in modum aquae ebullienris, & rurfus fubfidentis, utri veto cau- 
 fae fluxus & refluxus ille alHgnari debcat, oritur dubitatio. Qiiod fi reci- 
 piatur prior aflTertio, necefle eft, ut cum fit fluxus in mari ex una parte, fiat 
 fub idem tempus alicubi in mari refluxus ex alia. Itaque ad hoc reducitur 
 inquifitio. Atqui obfervavit Acofta, cum aliis nonnullis (diligenti facia in- 
 quifitione) quod ad littora Floridae, & ad iittora adverfa Hifpaniae & Afri- 
 cae, fiant fluxus maris ad eadem tempora, & refluxus itidem ad cadem 
 tempora; non contra, quod cum fluxus fit ad littora Floridae, fiat re- 
 fluxus ad littora Hifpaniae & Africae. Attamen adhuc diligentius attcn- 
 denti, non per hoc cvincitur motus attollcns, & abnegatur motus in pro- 
 greflu. Fieri enim poteft, quod fit motus aquarum in progreflii, & nihilo 
 miiius inundct adverfa littora cjufdcm alvei fimuh fi aquae fcilicct iliac coii- 
 
 trudanrur
 
 Ub. II. NOVUM ORGANUlVJf. 353 
 
 trudaiitur & compcllaatur aliunde; qucmadmodum fit in fluviis, quifluunt 
 dc refluunt ad utrumquc littus horis iifdcm, cum tamcn iftc motus liquido 
 fit motus in progrcflU, nempc aquarum ingrcdicntium oltia fluminum ci 
 mari. Itaque fimili modo fieri potcft, ut aquae vcnicates magna mole ab 
 oceano oricntali Indico, compellantur & trudantur in alvcum maris Atlan- 
 tici, & propterea inundent utrumque latusfimul. Quacrendum itaque eft, 
 an fit alius alveus, per quem aquae pofllnt iifdcm tcmporibus minui & rc- 
 flucrc. Atque pracllo clt mare auftralc, maii Atlantico neutiquam minus; 
 fed potius niagis latum & extenfiun, quod ad hoc fufficerc pofiit. 
 
 Itacj^ue jam tandem perventum eft ad inftantiam crucis circa hoc fiib- 
 jcftum : Ea talis eft. Si pro ccrto inveniatur, quod cum fit fluxus ad lit- 
 tora adverfa tam Floridac, quam Hilpaniae, in niari Atlantico; fiat fimul 
 fiuxus ad littora Pcruviae, &c juxta dorfiam Chinae in mari auftrali; turn 
 certc per lianc inftantiam decilbriam abjudicanda eft aflertio, quod fluxus 
 & rcfluxus maris, de quo inquiritur, fiat per motum progrcflnoim. NcquC 
 cnim relinquitur aliud mare, aut locus, ubi pofiit ad eadem tempora fieri 
 regreflus aut rcfluxus. Commbdifllmc autem iioc fciri poflit, fi inquira- 
 tur ab incolisPanamae &Limae, (ubi uterque oceanus, Atlanticus «Sc auftra- 
 lis, per parvum ifthmum leparantur) utrum ad contrarias ifthmi partes 
 fiat fimul fluxus & rcfluxus maris, an c contra. Verum hacc decifio, five 
 abjudicatio certa videtur, pofito, quod terra ftct immobilis. Qiiod fi terra 
 rotet, fieri fortafte poteft, ut ex inacquali rotatione (quatenus ad celcrita- 
 tem five incitationem) terrae & aquarum maris, fequatur compulfio vio- 
 lenta aquarum in cumulum fiirfiim, quae fit fluxus & relaxatio earundem, 
 (poftquam amplius cumulari non fiiftinuerint) in dcorfiun, quae fit rcfluxus, 
 Verum de hoc facieuda eft inquifitio fi:paratim. Attamen etiam hoc iiip- 
 pofito, illud aeque manct fixum, quod netefle fit fieri alicubi refluxuni 
 maris ad eadem tempora, quibus fiunt fluxus in aliis partibus. 
 
 Similiter fit natura inquifira, poftcrior ille motus ex duobus, quos 
 fi.ippofiiinius; videlicet motus maris Te attollens, & rurlus fijbfidens; fi 
 forte ita accidcrit, ut (diligcnti hQ:o examine) rejiciatur motus alter, dt 
 <\yio diximus, progrcfllvus. Turn vero crit trivium circa hanc natufam talc; 
 Necefie eft, ut motus ifte, per quem aquae in fluxibus & refluxibus fe at- 
 toUunt, (5c rurfus relabuntur, abfque aliqua accefiione aquarum aliarum,- 
 quae advoivuntur, fiat per unum ex his tribus modis: vcl quod ifta aqua- 
 rum copia emanct ex interioribus terrae, & rurfus in ilia fe rccipiat; vcl 
 quoanon fit aliqua amplior moles aquarum, fed quod eaedem aquae (non 
 audo quanto fuo) extendantur, five rarefiant, ita ut majorem locum &: di- 
 menfioncmoccupent, & rurfiisfe contrahant ; vcl quod nee copia acccdat major,- 
 nee extcnfio amplior, fed eaedem aquae (prout lUnt, tam copia quamdenfi- 
 tate aut raritate) per vim aliquam magncticam deluper cas attrahentem, & 
 evocantcm, & per confenfum feattollant, & deinde (e rcmittant. Itaque re- 
 ducatur (fi placet ) jam inquifitio (miflis duobus illis motibus prioribus) ad 
 hunc ultimum; & inquiratur fi fiat aliqua talis fublatio per confenfiam, five 
 vim magncticam. Atqui primo manifi^ftum eft univerfas aquas, prout ponuntur 
 in fofl'a iive cavo maris, non poflc fimul attolli, quia decflet quod fucce- 
 dcret in fundo; adeo ut fi foret in aquis aliquis hujufinodi appctitus lb at- 
 toliendi, ille ipfe tamen a ncxu reriim, five (ut vulgo loquuntur) ne dc- 
 tur vacuum, fradus foret & cohibitus. Relinquitur, ut attollantur aquae 
 ex aliqua parte, & per hoc minuantur & cedant ex alia. Enimvcro rur- 
 VoL. 1. Y y fus
 
 1 
 
 54 
 
 ^ NOVUM ORGANUM. ^^UhAl 
 
 fus neceflaiio fequetur, ut vis ilia magnctica, cum iuper .toiuin opcrad non 
 pollit, circa medium opcrctur intcnfillime; ita ut aquas in medio attolratj 
 iilae vero iublatac, latcra per luccelVionqm dcferaut & dv'iUtuftnr.: ., 
 
 lTACt.uE jam tandem petventum eft ad inftantiam crucis circa hoc tlib- 
 jeftum: £a talis eft. Si inveniatur, quod in refluxibus maris aquarum 
 lupcrhcies in niari fit arcuata magis & rotunda, attoiientibus fe Icilicet aquis 
 in medio maris, & deftcientibus circa latcra,, quacllint littora, Scinliuxibus 
 cadcm ftiperticies fit magis plana & aequa, redeuntibus icfticet aquis ad 
 priorem luam pofitionem ; turn certe per banc inftantiam deciforiam potcfl: 
 rccipi lliblatio per vim magaeticam^ aliter prorfus abjudicanda eft. .Hoc 
 vero in fretis per lineas nauticas non difficile eft experiri ; videlicet utrum in 
 refluxibus verUis medium maris mare non fit magis alrum five proiiuidum, 
 quam in ftuxibus. Notandum autem eft, fi hoc ica ftt, fieri (contra ac cre- 
 ditur) ut attoUaut ie aquae in refluxibus, dcmittant I'e tantum in ftuxibus, 
 ita ut littora veftiant & inundent. 
 
 Similiter, lit natura inquifita, motus rotationis Ipontancus & fpccia- 
 • tim, utrum motus diurnus, per quem lol & ttcllae ad conlpedum noftrum 
 oriuntur & occidunt, fit motus rotationis verys in coeleftU^us: aut motus 
 apparens in coeleftibus, vcrus in terra. Poterit efle inftantia erucis fuper 
 hoc ftibjedum talis. Si inveniatur motus aliquis in oceano ab orieiite in oc- 
 cidentem, beet admodum languidus & cncrvatusi fi idem motus rcperiatur 
 paulo incitatior in acre, praelcrtim intra tropicos, ubi propter majores cir- 
 Gulos eft magis perceptibilis; fi idem motus rcperiatur in humilioribus come- 
 tis, jam fadlus \'ivus & validus j fi idem motus rcperiatur in planetis, ita ta- 
 men dilpenlatus & graduatus, ut quopropius abfit a teiTa, fit tardior; quo 
 longius, celcrior, atque in coelo dcmum ftellatofit velociflimus; turn certe 
 recipi debet motus diurnus pro vero in coclis, & abnegandus eft motus tcr- 
 rae; quia manifeftum erit, motum ab oricntc in occidentem cftc plane cof- 
 micum, & ex confenfti univerfi, qui in fummitatibus coeli maximc rapidus 
 gradatim labafcat, & tandem definat, & extinguatur in immobili, videlicet 
 terra. , 
 
 Similiter, fit natui'a inquifita, motus rotationis ilk alter apud aftro- 
 nomos decantatus, renitens Sc contrarius motui diurno, videlicet ab occiden- 
 te in oricntem, quem veteres aftronomi attribuunt planetis, ctiam coelo ftcl- 
 latoj at Copernicus & ejus fedatores, terrac quoque ; & quaeratur, utrum 
 in\cniatur in rerum natura aliquis talis motus, an potius res confida fit & 
 iuppofita, ad compendia & commoditates calculationum, & ad pulcliruni 
 illud, fcilicet de expcdiendis motibus coeleftibus per circulos perfedos. 
 Neutiquam enim evincitur iftc motus efle in lupernis vcrus & realis, nee 
 per defedum reftitutionis planetae in motu diurno ad idem pundum coeli 
 ftellati, ncc per diverlam politatem zodiaci, habito relpedu ad polos mundi, 
 quae duo nobis hunc motum pcpererunt. Primum enim phacnomenon per 
 anteverfionem 6c derelidioncm optime lalvatur, iccundum, per lineas ipira- 
 Ics; adeo ut inaequalitas reftitutionis, 6c dcclinatio ad tropicos, poftmt efle 
 poiius modiflcationes motus unici illius diurni, quam motus renitentes, aut 
 circa diverfos polos. Et certifllmum eft, fi paulilper pro plebciis nos gera- 
 mus, (miftlsalironomorum & Tcholae commentis, quibus illud in more cit, 
 ut fcnfui in multis immerito vim faciant, & oblcuriora malint) talcm efle 
 motum iftum ad lenilim, qualem diximus; cujus imagincm per fila ferrea 
 (veluti in inrvchina) aliquando rcpraerentari fccimus. 
 
 . Vj&rum
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORG A NUM. 355 
 
 Vekum inftaniia crucis llipcr 1:oc lubjcdum potcrit efli; talis. Si invc- 
 riatur iiiaiiqua hiftoria fide digna, fuilTc coinctam aliquem, vcl iuWimiorcm 
 vcl iiuniiliorcm, qui non rotaveiir cum conlcnlu nianifcfto (licet admoduiu 
 irrc<4ularitcr) tiiotus diurni, led potius rotavcrit in contiaiium cocli-; tuiu 
 ccrte huculquc judicandum eft, pofle eflc in natura aliqucni talcm mo- 
 tuin. Sin nihil hujufmodi invcniatur, habcndus eft pro lulpcdo, & ad alias 
 inftantias crucis circa hoc confui^icndum. 
 
 Similiter, lit natura inquifita, pondus five grave. Eiviuni circa hanc 
 naturam talc c(l. Ncccllc eft, ut gravia & pondcrofa vel tcndant ex natu- 
 ra iua ad centrum tcrrac, per proprium rchcmatlfmum 5 ^cl ut a mafia cor- 
 porca ipfius terrae, tanquam a congregatione corporum connaturalium, at- 
 trahantur & rapiantur, & ad cam per confcnfum fcrantur. At pofterius hoc, 
 fi in caufa fit, fequitur, ut quo propius gravia appropinquant ad terram, co 
 fortius & majore cum impctu fcrantur ad cam; quo longius ab ea abfint, 
 dcbilius &c tardius, (ut lit in attraclionibus magneticis?) idquc fieri intra 
 fpatium ccrtum; adco ut fi elongata fuerint a terra tali diftantia, ut virtus 
 rcrrae in ea agere non polllt, penfilia nianfura fint, ut & ipfa terra, nee 
 omnino dccafura. 
 
 I T A QU E talis circa hanc rem poterit efle inftantia crucis. Sumatur horo- 
 Jogium ex iis, quae movcntur per pondera plumbea; & aliud ex iis quae 
 niovcntur per compreftionem laminae ferreae; atquc vere probentur, ne al- 
 rcrum altero velocius fit, aut tardius ; delude ponatur horologium illud mo- 
 vens per pondera, fuper faftigium alicujus teuipli altiflimi, altero illo inlVa 
 detento; & notetur diligenter, fi horologium in alto fitum tardius movcatur 
 quam folcbat, propter diminutam virtutem ponderum. Idem fiat expcri- 
 mcntum in profundis minerarum, alte fub terra depreflarum; utrum horo- 
 logium hujufmodi non movcatur velocius quam folcbat, propter audam vir- 
 tutem ponderum. Quod fi invcniatur virtus ponderum minui in fublimi, ag- 
 gravari in fubtcrraneis ; recipiatur pro caufa ponderis attradio a mafta cor- 
 porca tcrrac. 
 
 Similiter, fit natura inquifita, verticitas acus ferreae, ta£tae magnete. 
 Circa hanc naturam talc erit bivium. Neceflc qft, ut taftus magnetis vel ex 
 fe indat ferro vcrticitatcm ad feptentrioncs & auftrum; vel ut excitet fer- 
 rum tantummodo & habilitet : Motus autem ipfe indatur ex praefentia ter- 
 rae, ut Gilbertus opinatur, & tanto conatu probare nititur. Itaquc hue 
 fpedant ca, quae ille perfpicaci induftria conquifivit. Nimirum quod cla- 
 vus ferreus, qui diu duravit in iltu verfus Icptentriones & auftrum, colligat 
 mora diutina vcrticitatcm, abfque tadu magnetis: Ac R terra ipfa, quae ob 
 diftantiam debiliter opcratur, (namquc fuperficies aut extima incruftatio 
 terrae virtutis magncticae, ut ille vult, experscft) permoram tamen longam 
 magnetis tadum fupplerct, & ferrum excitet, deindc cxcitum coiiiormarct 
 & vcrtcrct. Rurfus quod ferrum ignitum & candcns, fi in cxtindionc fua 
 cxporrigatur inter feptentrioncs <Sc auftrum, colligat quoque vcrticitatcm 
 ablque tadu magnetis : Ac fi partes ferri in motu poiitae per ignitioncm, & 
 portca fe recipientes, in ipfo articulo cxtindionis fuac magis eflent llilccp- 
 tivae, & quafi fenfitivae virtutis manantis a terra, quam alias; & inde ficrcnt 
 tanquam cxcitae. Verum hacc, licet bene obfervata, tamen non cvincunt 
 prorfus, quod ille aflerit. 
 
 Instant I A crucis autem circa hoc fubjcdum poterit cfic t^s. Ca- 
 piatur terrella ex magncte, & notentur poli ejus; & ponantur poli terrcllac 
 verfus oricntem & occafmn, non verftis feptcntriones 6c auftrum, atquc 
 
 Vol. I. Yy 2 11a
 
 35^ 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM/'^ Lib. IJ. 
 
 ita jaceaiit ; dcinde iuperponatur acus fcrrea intafta, & permlttatnr ita mancre 
 ad diesfex aut fcptcm. Acus vcro (nam de hoc non dubitatur) dum nianet 
 fuper magnetem, rclidts polls mundi, fe vcitet ad polos magnctis. Iraque 
 quamdiu ita nianet, vcrtitur fcilicct ad oricntcm & occidentcm mundi. Qiiod 
 ft invcniatur acus ilia remota'a magnate, & pofita fupcr vciToiium, ftatim 
 le applicarc ad feptentriones & auflrum, vcl ctiam paulatim fc eoiecipcre; 
 turn rccipi-enda eftpro caufa, pracfcntia tcrrac : Sin autem vcrtatur (utprius) 
 in orientcm & cecidcntem, aut perdat vcrticitatem, habenda eft ilia caufa 
 pro fufpefta, & ulterius inquirendum eft. 
 
 Similiter, fit natura inquifita, corporea fubftantia lunae; an fit te- 
 nuis, flammca, five aerca, ut plurimi ex prifcis philofophis opinati funtj 
 an folida & denfa, ut Gilbertus & multi modcrni, cum nonnullis ex anti- 
 quis, tcncnt. Rationes poftcrioris iftius opinionis fundantur in hoc maxiinc, 
 quod luna radios folis reflcctat; nequc vidctur fieri reflexio lucis nifi a Ib- 
 lidis. 
 
 Itaq^ue inftantiae crucis circa hoc fubjedum cae cflcpotcrint, (fi modo 
 aliquae fint) quae demonftrent rcflexioncm a corpore tenui, qualis eft flam- 
 jna, modo fit craflitici fufiicientis. Ccrte caula crepufculi inter alias eft 
 reflexio radiorum fiDhs a fupcriore parte aeris. Etiam quandoque reflefti 
 videmus radios folis temporibus vefpertinis fcrcnis, a fimbriis nubium rofci- 
 darum, non minori fplcndore, fed potius illuftriori & magis gloriofo, quam 
 qui redditur a corpore lunae 5 neque tamcn conftat eas nubes coaluifle in 
 corpus denfum aquae. Etiam videmus aerem tenebrofum pone fcncftras 
 nociu refiettcre lucem candelae, non minus quam corpus denfum. Tcn- 
 randum etiam foret experimentum immifiionis radiorum folis per foramen, 
 fuper flammam aliquam fubfufcam & coerulcam. Sane radii aperti folis in- 
 cidentes in flammas obfcuriores videntur eas quafi mortificare, ut confpici- 
 antur magis inftar fumi aibi, quam flammae. Atque haec impraefentiarum 
 occurrunt, quae fint ex natura inftantiarum crucis circa hanc remj & mc- 
 liora fortaffe reperiri poflunt. Scd notandum femper eft, reflexionem a 
 flamma non cffe expedlandam, nifi a flamma alicujus profunditatis : nam 
 aliter vergit ad diaphanum. Hoc autem pro certo poncndum, lucem fem- 
 per in corpore aequali, aut cxcipi &tranfinitti, aut refilire. 
 
 Similiter, fit natura inquifita, motus mifliliumj vehiti fpiculorum, 
 ' fagittarum, globulorum, per aiircm. Hunc motum fchola (more fuo) valde 
 
 - negligenter expedit; fatis habens, fi eum nomine motus violenti a naturali 
 ' (quem vocant) diftinguat: & quod ad primam pcrcuflioncm five impulfio- 
 
 - nem attinct, per illud, (quod duo corpora non pofllnt cfle in uno loco, nc 
 'fiat pcnctratio dimenfionum) fibi fiuisfaciat; & de proceflu conrinuato 
 
 iftius motus nihil curet. At circa hanc naturam bivium eft tale: aut ifte 
 motus fit ab aerc vehente, & pone co'rpus emiilum fe coUigcntc, inftar flu- 
 vii erga fcapham, aut venti crga paleas; aut a partibus ipfius corporis non 
 fuftincntibus imprcflionem^ fed ad eandcm laxandam per fuccefiioncm Ic 
 promoventibus. Atque priorem ilium rccipit Fracaftorius, & fere omnes qui 
 de hoc motu paulo fubtilius inquifivcrunt: Neque dubium eft, quin fint 
 aeris partes in hac re nonnullac; fed alter motus proculdubio vcrus eft, ut 
 - ex infinitis conftat cxpcrimentis. Sed inter caeteras poterit elfc circa hoc 
 ' fubjedum inftantia crucis talis 5 quod lamina aut filum ferri paulo conru- 
 macius; vcl ctiam calamus five penna in medio divifa, adducta & curvara 
 inter poUicem & digitum, exiliant. Manifeftum enim eft, hocnon poflc 
 imputari aeri fe pone corpus colligentj, quia fons motus eft in medio lami- 
 nae vel calami, non in extremis. S i M 1 l i-
 
 Lib. lU NOVUM ORGANUM-^ 357 
 
 .y^S IMI LITER, fit natura inquifita motus illc rapidus Sc potcns expanfionis 
 pulveris pyrii in flammani; unde taiitac moles fubvcrtuntur, tanta pondcra 
 eQiittuntur, quanta in cuniculis majoribus & bombardis vidcmus. Bivium 
 circa lianc natuiam tale eft : aut cxcitatur ifte motus a mcro corporis ap- 
 petitu fc dilatandi, poftquam fueric inflammatum; aut ab appetitu mixto 
 ipiritus crudi, qui rapidc fugit igncm, & ex co circumfufo, tanquam ex 
 carccrc, violcnrcr.crumpir. Schola autcm & vulgaris opinio tanrum vcrfa- 
 tur circa priorcm ilium appctitum. Putant cnim homines fe pulchrc philo- 
 fophari, fi aflerant flammam ex forma eleraenti necclTitate quadam donari, 
 locum ampliorcm occupandi, quam idem corpus cxpleverat, cum fubirct for- 
 mam pulvcris, atque inde fequi motuni iftum. Interim minime adverrunt, 
 licet hoc vcrum fit, pofito, quod flamma gencrctur, tamcn poflc impcdiri 
 flammae gencrationem a tanta mole, quae illam comprimere & fuffocarc que- 
 st ; ut non dcducatur res ad iftam neceflitatcm, de qua loquuntur. Nam 
 quod neccfle fit fieri expanfionem, atque inde icqui cmlflioncm, aut remo- 
 tionem corporis quod obftat, fi generctur flamma, rede putant. Scd ifta 
 ncccffitas plane evitatur, fi moles ilia folida flammam fupprimat, antequam 
 gencretur. Atque videmus flammam, pracfertim in prima generatione, 
 moUem cfle & lencm, & rcquirere cavum, in quo experiri & ludcre pofllr. 
 Itaque tanta violentia huic rei per fe aflignari non potcll. Sed iilud verum ; 
 generationcm hujufmodi flammarum flatulentarum, & veluti vcntorum ignc- 
 orum, fieri ex confliclu duorum corporum, eorumque naturae inter fc plane 
 contrariae; alterius admodum inflammabilis, quae natura viget in fulphurci 
 altcrius flammam cxhorrcntis, qualis efl: fpiritus crudus, qui eft in nitroj 
 adeo ut fiat confiidus mirabilis, inflammantc fe fulphure quantum potcft, 
 (nam tertium corpus, nimirum carbo falicis, nil aliud fere pracftar, quam ut 
 ilia duo corpora incorporct, & commode uniat) & erumpcnte fpiritu nitri 
 quantum potcft, & una fe dilatante, (nam hocfaciunt & aer, & omnia cruda, 
 & aqua, ut a calore dilatentur) & per iftam fugam & eruptionem, interim 
 flammam lulphuris, tanquam foUibus occultis, undequaque exufllantc. 
 
 PoTERANT autem efle inftantiac crucis circa hoc fubjedlum duorum ge- 
 nerum. Alteram eorum corporum, quaemaximefunt inflammabilia, qualia 
 funt fulphur, caphura, naphtha, & hujufmodi, cum eorum mifturis; quae 
 citius 6c facifius concipiunt flammam quam pulvis pyrius, fi non impcdian- 
 tur: Ex quo liquet appctitum inflammandi per fe elfedum ilium ftupendum 
 nonopcrari. Alterum eorum, quae flammam fugiunt & exhorrent, qualia 
 funt falcs omnes. Videmus cnim, fi jaciantur in igncm, fpirltum aqueum 
 crumperccum fragorc, antequam flamma concipiatur ; quod ctiam Icnitcr fit 
 in foliis paulo contumacioribus, parte aquca erumpcnte, antequam oleola 
 concipiat flammam. Sed maxime cernitur hoc in argento vivo, quod non 
 male dicitur aqua mineralis. Hoc cnim abfquc inflammatione, per erup- 
 tionem & expanfionem fimpliccm, vires pulvcris pyrii fere adaequatj quod 
 ctiam admixtum pulveri pyrio, ejus vires multiplicaie dicitur. 
 , Similiter, fit natura inquifita, tranfitoria natura flammae & cxtiniflio 
 ejus momentanea. Non cnim vidctur natura flammea hie apud nos figi & 
 confiftere, fed fingulis quafi momcntis generari, & ftatim cxtingui. Mani- 
 feftum cnim eft in flammis, quae hie continuantur & durant, iftam duratio- 
 nem non e!le ejufdem flammae in individuo, fed fieri per fuccclfioncm novae 
 flammae fcriatim gencratae, minime autcm manere eandcm flammam nu- 
 inero; id quod facile perfpicitur ex hoc, quod'Tubtrafto alimento five fo- 
 inicc flammae, flamma ftatim pcrcat. Bivium autcm citca hanc naturam 
 
 talc
 
 358 NOVUM ORG A NUM. Lib. 11. 
 
 tale eft. Momentanca iib natura, aut lit rcmittcnrc Ic caull^, quae eani pri- 
 mo gcmiir, nt in luminc, Ibnis, & motibus (quos vocant) vioicntis; aut 
 quod flainma in natura luapoHit hie apud nos niancrc, led a contrariis na- 
 turis circumfufis vim patiatur & dcrtruatur. 
 
 Itaquk potent cllc circa hoc iubicdum inftantia crucis talis, ^'idcrnus 
 Rammas in mcendiis majoribus, qiiam aire in llirllim alccndanr. Qiianto e- 
 nim bafis flammac eft latior, tanto vertex fublimior : Jtaque vidctur princi- 
 piinn cxtinclionis fieri circa latera, ubi ab aere flamma comprimirur, 6: male 
 habetur. At meditullia flammac, quae aer non contingit, led alia ftaiji- 
 nu undique circundat, eadcm numcro niancnt; neque extin>4uuntur, donee 
 paulatim anguftentur ab acre per latera circumfuib. Iraquc omnis flamma 
 pyramidalis eft baii circa fomitem largior, vcrtice aiitcm (inimicantc acre, 
 nfc fuppeditantc fomitc) acutior. At fumus anguftior circa bafim alcen- 
 dcndo dilatatur, & fit tanquam pyramis inverfa; quia fcilicet atr ibmum 
 rccipit, flammam (ncquc enini quifpiam Ibmniet aercm ellc flammam ac- 
 cenlam, cum iint corpora plane hctcrogenea) comprhnit. 
 
 AccuiiATioR autcm poterit ellc inftantia crucis ad banc rem accommo- 
 data, fi res forte maniteftari poftit per flammas bicolores. Capiatur igitur fi- 
 tula parva ex metallo, & in ca figatur parva candela cerca accenfa; pona- 
 tur fitula in patera, Sccircumfundaturfpiritus viniin modica quantitate, quae 
 ad labra litulac non attingat; turn acccnde Ipiritum vini. At fpiritus ille 
 vini cxhibebit flammam magis fcilicet coerulcam, lychnus candelae auteni 
 magis flavam. Notetur itaquc utrum flamma lychni (quam facile eft per 
 colorem a flamma fpiritus vini diftinguere; neque cnim flammac, ut liquo- 
 res ftatim commifcentur,) maneat pyramidalis, an potius magis tendatad for- 
 mamglobolam, cum nihil inveniatur quod, camdeftruat aut comprimat. At 
 hoc pofterius ft fiat, manere flammam eandem numero, quamdiu intra aliam 
 iiammam concludatur, ncc vim inimicam aeris cxperiatur, pro ccrto poncn- 
 dum eft. 
 
 A T Q^u E de inftantiis crucis hacc dicta fint, Longiores autem in iis trac- 
 tandis ad hunc finem fuimus, ut homines paulatim dilcant & aflucfiant, dc 
 natura judicarc per inftantias crucis, & expcrimcnta lucifera, & non per ratio- 
 nes probabiles. 
 
 XXXVII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus loco dccimo 
 quinto inftantias divortii; quae indicant feparationes naturarum carum, quae 
 ut plurimum occurrunt. Difterunt autem ab inftantiis, quae fubjunguntur 
 inftantiis comitatus; quia iliac indicant feparationes naturae alicujus ab ali- 
 quo concreto, cum quo ilia familiariter confuefcit : hae vero feparationes 
 naturae alicujus ab altera natura. Difterunt etiam ab inftantiis crucis 5 quia 
 nihil determinant, led monent tantum de feparabilitatc unius naturae ab al- 
 tera. Ufus autem carum eft ad prodendas falfas formas, & diftipandas levcs 
 contcmplationes ex rebus obviis oricntes; adco ut veluti plumbum & pon- 
 dcra intellcdui addant. 
 
 Exempli gratia: Sint naturae inquifttae quatuor naturae illae; quas 
 contubcrnales vult eflb Teleftus, & tanquam ex cadem camera: viz. 
 calidum, lucidum, tenue, mobile, ftvepromptum ad motum. At plurimac 
 invcniuntur inftantiae divortii inter ipfas. Aer cnim tenuis eft & habilis ad, 
 motum, non calidus aut lucidus : Luna lucida, ablque calore: Aquafervens, 
 calida abfquc lumine: Motus acus fcrreae fuper verforium, pernix &agilisi 
 & tamcn in corporc frigido, denfo, opaco : & complura id genus. 
 
 SiMILl-
 
 lO 
 
 111 
 
 ,tib. 11. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 Similiter, fint naturae iiiquifitac natura corporea & aftio naruralis. 
 
 Vidctiir enini non invcniri adio naturally, m{[ lubfillens in aliquo coiporc' 
 
 . Attaaicn poffit tortaflc clFc circa hanc rem inftantia nonnulJa divorrii. £a 
 
 eft adio magnctica, per quam fcrrum fcrrur ad magnctem, graviaad 2;lobum 
 
 /..terrae. Addi etiam poflint aliac nonnullae operationes acT diftans. Adic 
 
 -.fiquidcm hujurmodi & in tempore fit, per momenta, non in pundo tempo 
 
 ■ris; & in loco, per gradus & fpatia. £ft itaquc aliquod momentum tern- 
 
 poris, & aliquod intcrvallum loci, in quibus ifii virtus live adio iiacret iii 
 
 -medio inter duo ilia corpora, quae motum cient. Reducitur itaquc contcm 
 
 platioad hoc; utrum ilia corpora, quae funt termini motus, dilponant vel 
 
 . altcrent corpora media, ut per fucceilionem S: tadum vcrum labatur virtus 
 a tcrmino ad tcrminum; & interim fubitllat in corpore medio j an horum 
 niliilfir praeter corpora, & virtutem, & fpatia? Atquc in radiis opticis^ & 
 fonis, 6c calorc, & aliis nonnullis opcrantibus ad diftans, probabile eft me- 
 dia corpora difponi (Scaltcrari; eo magis, quod requiratur medium qualifi- 
 catLim ad deferendam operationem talem. At magnctica ilia five coitiva vir- 
 tus admittit media ranquani adiaphora, ncc impeditur virtus in omnigcno 
 medio. Qiiod R nil rei habeat virtus ilia aut adio cum corpore medio fc- 
 quitur, quod lit virtus aut adio naturalis ad tempus nonnullum, & iu loco 
 nonnullo, fubfiftens line corpore: cum ncque fubfiftat in corporibus termi- 
 nantibus, nee in mcdiis. Qiiarc adio magnctica potcrit eflc inftantia divortii, 
 
 . circa naturam corporcam & adionem naturalem. Cui hoc adjici poteft tan- 
 quam corollarium aut lucrum non praetermittcndum : viz. quod etiam fe- 
 cundum fcnfum philofophandi fumi poflit probatio, quod fint aitia & fub- 
 ftantiac Icparatae & incorporcae. Si enim virtus & adio naturalis cmanans 
 a corpore, iublilkre pollit aliquo tempore 6c aliquo loco, omnino fine cor- 
 pore; propc eft, ut poflit etiam emanate in origine fua a fubftantia incorpo- 
 lea. Videtur enim non minus requiri natura corporea ad adionem natura- 
 lem fuftentandam & devehendam, quam ad excitaiidam aut gcnerandam. 
 :.i XXXVIII. Sequuntur quinque ordines inftantiarum, quas uno voca- 
 
 'bulo general! inftantias lampadis, fne informationis primac, appcllarc con- 
 fttcvimus. Eae funt, quae auxiliantur lenfui. Cum enim cmnis inrerprc- 
 tatio naturae incipiat a lenfu : atque a fcnfuum pcrccptionibus, rcda, con- 
 ftanti, & munita via, ducat ad perceptiones intellcdus, quae funt notioncs 
 verae 6caxiomata; necellc eft, utquanto magis copiofae & exadae fuerint 
 repraefentationes, five praobitiones ipfius Icnfus, tanto omnia cedant facilius 
 & telicius. 
 
 ^'-^ Harum autem quinque inftantiarum lampadis: Primae roborant, am- 
 
 ' pliant, 6c redificant acliones. tenfus immcdiatas: Sccundae deducunt non- 
 Icnfibile ad fenfibile: Tertiae indicant procefliis continuatos five leries ea- 
 rum return 6c motuum, quae (utplurimum) non notantur nifi in cxituaut 
 periodis: Qiiartae aliquid liibftituunt fenfui in mcris deftitutionibus: Qiiin- 
 tac excitant attcntionem ienllis 6c advertcntiam, atque una limitant fubtili- 
 
 ..tacem rcrum. Dc his airtem fingulis jam dicendum eft. 
 
 XXXIX. Inter pracrogativas inftantiarum, ponemus loco decimo Tcx- 
 to inftantias januae fi\-e portae: Eo enim nomine cas appellamus, quae ju- 
 
 _:Vant adiones fenfus immcdiatas. Inter fenllis autem manifcftum eft partes 
 prinias tencre vilum, quoad informationcm; quare huic lenfui praecipuc 
 auxliia conquirenda. Auxilia autem tripUcia eflc poife videntur: vel ut 
 pcrcipiatnon vifa; vel utma^orc intervallo5 vel ut cxadius 6c diftindius. 
 
 Primi 
 
 359
 
 36g novum ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 Prim I generis funt (miffis bif-oculis, & hujufmodi, quae valcnt tantum 
 ad corrii2,endain & kvaadam iiifirmitatem vifus non bene difpolui, atque 
 ideo nihil aniplius informant) ea, quae nuper invcnta lunt pcifpicilla; quae 
 latentesSc invifibiles corporum minutias, & occultos fclicmarilinos, & motus 
 (audla infigniter fpecierum magnitudine) demonllrant ; quorum vi in pu lice, 
 mufca, vermiculis, accurata corporis figura & lineamenta, necnon colorcs 
 & motus prius non confpicui, non fine admiratione cernuntur. Qiiinetiam 
 aiunt lineam reftam calamo vel penicillo defcriptam, per hujurmodi per- 
 fpicilla inacqualeni admodum & tortuolam ccrni : quia Icilicet ncc motus 
 manus licet per regulam adjutac, nee imprcllio atramenti aut coloris, rcvcra 
 acqualia cxilbnt; licet iliac inaequalitatcs tarn minutac finr, ut fine adju- 
 mento hujufmodi perfpicillorum confpici ncqueant. Etiam fuperftitiofam 
 quandam obfcrvationem in hac re (ut tit in rebus novis & niiris) addiderunt 
 homines: viz. quod hujufmodi pcrfpicilla opera naturae illuftrenr, artisde- 
 honeftent. Illud vero nihil aliud eft, quam quod tcxturae naturales multo 
 fubtiiiores fint quam artificiofae. Perfpicillum enim illud ad minuta tr.ntum 
 valet; quale perfpicillum fi vidiflet Democritus, exiluifiet forte, &modum 
 videndi atomum (quam ille invifibilem omnino affirmavit) invcntum fuifle 
 putaflet. Verum incompetcntia hujufmodi perfpicillorum, practerquani ad 
 minutias tantum, (neque ad ipfas quoque, fi fucrint in corpore majufculo) 
 ufum rei deftruit. Si enim inventuiji extendi poflet ad corpora majora, aut 
 corporum majorum minutias; adeo ut textura panni lintei confpici pofTec 
 tanquam rete; atquc hoc modo minutiae latentes & inaequalitatcs geuima- 
 rum, liquorum, urinarum, fanguinis, vulncrum, & multarum aliarum rerum 
 ccrni poflent; magnae procoidubio ex co invento commoditates capi pof- 
 fent. 
 
 Secundi generis funt ilia altera pcrfpicilla, quae memorabiliconatuad- 
 invenit Galilaeus: quorum ope, tanquam per fcaphas aut navicula.s, ape- 
 riri & exerceri poflint propiora cum cocleftibus commercia. Hinc enim 
 conflat galaxiam efle nodum five coacervationem ftellarum parvarum, plane 
 numeratarum & diftindlarum, dc qua re apud antiquos tantum fufpicio fuif. 
 Hinc dcmonftrarc videtur, quod fpatia obvium (quos vocant) planctarunn 
 non fint plane vacua aliis ftellis ; fed quod coelum incipiat ftcllefcere, an- 
 tequam ad coelum ipfum ftellatum ventum fit; licet ftellis minoribus, quam 
 ut fine perfpicillis iftis confpici poflinr. Hinc choreas illas ftellarum par- 
 varum circa planctam Jovis, (unde conjici poflit, efle in motjbus ftellarum 
 pldra centra) intueri licet. Hinc inaequalitates luminofi & opaci in iuna 
 didlinftius cernuntur & locantur; adeo ut fieri polUt quaedam feleno-gra- 
 phia. Hinc maculae in fole; & id genus: Omnia ccrte inventa nobilia, 
 quatenus fides hujufmodi demonftrationibus tuto adhiberi pofllt. Quae no- 
 bis ob hoc maximc fufpedae funt, quod in iilis paucis fiftatur cxpcrimen- 
 tum, neque alia complura inveftigatu acque digna eadem ratione inventa 
 fint. 
 
 Tertii generis funt bacilla ilia ad terras menfurandas, aftrolabia, & fi- 
 milia; quae fenfum videndi non ampliant, fed rectificant &dirigunt. Quod, 
 fi fint aliae inftantiae, quae reliquos fenfus juvent in ipforum aZlionibus im- 
 mediatis & individuis; tamen fi ejufmodi fint, quae informationi ipfi nihil 
 addant plus quam jam habetur; ad id, quod nunc agitur, non faciunt : ita- 
 que earum mentionem non fecimus. 
 
 XL. Inter pracrogativas inftantiarum pone»uis loco decinio-fcptimo 
 inftantiascitantesj fumpto vocabulo a foris civilibus, quia citant ca ut conri- 
 
 pareaiit, 
 I
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. jS'i 
 
 pareant, quae prius non comparncrunt; quas etiam inftantias cvocantcs ap- 
 pellare conluevimus: Ene dcduciint non-lcnfibile ad fenfibilc. 
 
 Sensum autem fugiunt res, vcl propter diftantiam objccti locati ; vcl 
 propter interccptionem fcnfiis per corpora media; vel quia objcclum non 
 eft liabile ad impreflionem in fenfu facicndam; vel quia deficit quantum in 
 objcdo pro fcricndo lenfu ; vcl quia tempus non cfl: proportionatum ad 
 actuandum fenllim; vcl quia objcdi pcrculTio non tolcratur a fcnfu; vcl 
 quia objedtum ante implcvit & pollcdit fenlum, ut novo motui non fit lo- 
 cus. Atquchaecpraecipuc ad vifum pertinent, & delnde ad taduni. Nam 
 hi duo icnfus lunt informativi ad laraum, atquc dc communibus objcdlisj 
 ubireliqui trcs non informent fere, niJl immediate & de propriis objectis. 
 
 In primo generc non fit dedudio ad fenfibilc, nifi rei, quae cerni non 
 poflit propter diftantiam, adjiciatur aut fubftituatur alia res, quae fenfum 
 magis c longinquo provocarc Sc fcrire poflit : vcluti in fignificationc rerum 
 per igncs, campanas, & fimilia. 
 
 In fccundo generc fit dcdudio, cum ca, quae interius propter interpo- 
 fitionem corporum latent, ncc commode apcriri pofllint, per ca quae funt 
 in fuperficic, aut ab intcrioribus ciBuunt, pcrducuntur ad fenfum: ut fla- 
 tus humanorum corporum per pulfus & urinas, & fimilia. 
 
 At tertii & quarti generis dedufliones ad plurima fpcdant, atque un- 
 dique in rerum inquifitionc funt conquirendae. Hujus rei exempla funt. 
 Patet quod aiir & fpiritus, & hujufmodl res, quae funt toto corpore tcnu- 
 GS & fubtilcs, ncc cerni nee tangi pollint: Qiiare in inquifitionc circa hujut- 
 modi corpora dcdudionibus omnino eft opus. 
 
 Sit itaquc natura inquifita adio & motus fpiritus, qui includitur in cor- 
 poribus tangibilibus. Omnc cnim tangibile apud nos continct fpiritum in- 
 vifibilem & intadilcm, eique obducitur, atquc cum qua/i vcftit. Hinc fons 
 triplex potens ille, & mirabilis proceffus fpiritus in corpore tangibiJi, Spi- 
 ritus enim in re tangibili emifllis, corpora contrahit & dciiccat: Dctcntus, 
 corpora intenerat & colliquat; nee prorlus cmiflus ncc prorfus dctcntus, 
 informat, membrificat, afilmilat, cgerit, organizat, & fimilia. Atquc haec 
 omnia dcducuntur ad fenfibilc per cffedus confpicuos. 
 
 Etenim in omni corpore tangibili inaniinato, fpiritus inclufus primo 
 multiplicat fc, & tanquam depafcit partes tangibilcs eas, quae funt maxin-.c 
 ad hoc facilcs & pracparatae; cafque digcrit, & conficit, & vcrtit in Ipi- 
 ritum, & dcindc una evolant. Atque haec contcdio & multiplicatio fpiri- 
 tus deducitur ad fenfum per diminutioncm ponderis. In omni cnim dcfic- 
 catione aiiquid defluit dc quanto; nequc id ipfum cX fpiritu tantum prac- 
 incxiftcnte, fed ex corpore quod prius fuit tangibile, & noviter vcrftim eft: 
 Spiritus enim non pondcrat. Egreflus autem five cmifiio fpiritus deduci- 
 tur ad fenfibilc in rubigine mctallorum, & aliis putrefadtionibus ejus gene- 
 ris, quae fiftunt fc, antcquam pcrvcnerint ad rudimcnta vitae; nam iliac ad 
 tcrtium genus procefllis pertinent. Etenim in corporibus magis compadis 
 fpiritus non invenit poros & meatus, per quos evolct : Itaquc cogitur partes 
 ipfas tangibilcs protruderc & ante fc agere, ita ut iliac fimul cxcant; atquc 
 indc fit rubigo, & fimilia. At contradio partium tangibilium, poftquam 
 aiiquid dc fpiritu fuerit cmifllim, (unde fequitur ilia deficcatio) deducitur 
 ad fenfibilc, turn per ipfam duritiem rei audam, turn multo magis per fcif 
 lliras, anguftationcs, corrugationcs, & complicationcs corporum, quae in- 
 de fcquuntur. Etenim partes ligni dcfiliunt & anguftantur; pcllcs corru- 
 gantur: neque id folum, fed (C\ fubita flicrit emilTio fpiritus per calorcm 
 Vol. I. Z z ignis)
 
 362 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. IL 
 
 ignis) tantum propcrant ad contiadionein, ut Ic complicent &: convol- 
 vant. 
 
 A T contra, ubi fpirltus dctinctur, & tamcn dilatatur <5c cxcitatur per ca- 
 lorem aut ejus analogaj (id quod fit in corporibus magis folidis aut tcna- 
 cibus) tufn vcro corpora emolliuntur, ut ferrum candens; fluunt ut metal- 
 ta; liquefiunt, ut gummi, cera, & fimilra. Itaquc contrariae illae opcrati- 
 oncscaloris (ut ex eo alia durcfcant, alia liquefcant) facile rcconciliantur ; 
 quia in illis, fpiritus emittiturj in his, agiratur & dctinctur: quorum poftc- 
 rius eft adio propria caloris & fpiritus 5 prius, adtio partium tangrbiliuni 
 tantum per occafionem fprritus emifli. 
 
 AsT ubi fpiritus ncc dctinctur prorfus, nee prarfus cmittitur; fed tantum 
 inter clauftra lua tentat & cxpcritur, atque nada eft partes tangibiles obe- 
 dicntes & fcquaccs in promptu ; ita ut quo fpiritus agif, cac iunul Icquan- 
 tur: turn vero fcquitur cfFormatio in corpus organicum, & membrificatio, 
 & reliquac aftiones vitalcs, tarn in vcgctabilibus quam in aninialibus. At- 
 que haec maxime deducuntur ad fenfum,. per notationcs diligences primo- 
 tum inccptuum & rudimentorum, five tentamcntorum vitac in animalculis 
 ex putrefaclionc natis; ut in ovis formicarum, vcrmibus, mufcis, ranis poft 
 imbrem, &c, Requiritur autemad vivificationcm, & Icnitas caloris, &: Icn- 
 tor corporis; ut Ipiritus nee per fcllinationem erumpat, ncc per contuma- 
 ciam partium coerceatur : quin potius ad ccrae modum illas plicarc & effin- 
 gere pollit. 
 
 RuRsus, differentia ilia fpiritus maxime nobilis, & ad plurima perti- 
 nens, (viz. Ipiritus abfcifll; ramofi ftmplicitcr; ramofi fimul 6c ccUulati: 
 ex quibus prior eft fpiritus omnium corporum inanimatorum; fecundus, 
 vegctabilium; tertius, animalium:) per plurimas inftantias deduclorias tan- 
 quam lub oculos ponitur. 
 
 Similiter, patct, quod fubtiliores texturae & fchematifmi rcrum (licet 
 toto corpore vifibilium aut tangibilium) ncc ccrnantur, ncc tangantur. Quare 
 in his quoquc per dedudionem proccdit informatio. At differentia Ichc- 
 matifmorum maxime radicalis & primaria fumitur ex copia vel paucitate 
 matcriac, quae fubit idcn\ fpatium fwc dimcnfum. Reliqui enim fchema- 
 tifmi (qui rcferuntur ad difllmilaritates partium, quae incodem corpore con- 
 tinentur, & collocationes ac pofituras carundem) prac illo altero funt Ic- 
 eundarii. 
 
 Sit itaquc natura inquiflra, expanfio iivc coitio materiac in corporibus 
 refpcclive: viz. quantum materiac implcat quantum dimcnfum in fingulis. 
 Etenim nil vcrius in natura, quam propofitio illagcmella; ex nihilo nihil 
 fieri: nequc quicquam in nihilum redigi: verum quantum ipfum mate- 
 tiac five fummam totalcm conftare, ncc augeri aut minui. Ncc illud minus 
 verum; Ex quanto illo matcriae fub iifdem fpatiis five dimcnflonibus, 
 pro diverfitate corporum, plus & minus contineri; ut in aqua plus, in 
 acre minus: Adeo ut 11 quis aflerat, aliquod contcntum aquae in par con- 
 tentum aifrjs vcrti poflc, idem fit ac It dicat, aliquid polfc redigi in nilii- 
 lum : contra, /I quis affcrat, aliquod contcntum atiris in par contcntum a- 
 quac vcrti poflc; idem fit ac fi dicat, aliquid poffc fieri ex nihilo. Atquc 
 ex copia illi & paucitate materiac, notioncs iliac denfi &c rari, quae varic 
 & promifcue accipiuntur, propric abftrahuntur. Alfumcnda eft & aflcr- 
 tio ilia tcrtia, ctiam fatisccrta: quod hoc, dc quo loquimur, plus (5c minus 
 materiac in corpore hoc vel illo, ad calculos (facia collationc) iSc propor- 
 tioncs exaclas, aut exadis propinquas, reduci pofllt. \''cluti li quis dicat 
 
 incfl'e 
 
 3
 
 Lib. H. NOVUM O R G A N U M. '363 
 
 ineffe in dato contcnto ami talcm coaccrvdtioncm matcriac, ut opus habcat 
 fpiritus vini ad talc quantum matcriac aequaiidum, fpatio vicics 6c lemcl 
 majorc, quam implct aurum; non crravcrit. 
 
 CoACERVATio autciTi matctiac, & rationcs ejus dcducuntur ad fcnfi- 
 bile per pondus. Pondus cnini relpondct copiac materiae, quoad partes rqi 
 tangibilis : fpiritus autcm, & ejus quantum ex materiae, non vcnit incompii- 
 tationem per pondus; Icvat enim pondus potius quam gravat. At nos liu- 
 jus rei tabulam fccimus iatis accuratam ; in qua pondcra & fpatia iin^ulo- 
 rum mctallorum, lapidum praecipuorum, Jignorum, liquorum, olcoiiim, 
 & plurimorum aliorum corporum, tam naturalium quam artificialium, ex- 
 ccpimus: Rem polychrcftam, tam ad luccm intbrmationis, quam ad nor- 
 mam operationis; & quae multas res revelet omnino praeter cxpedatum. 
 Nequc illud pro minimo liabcndum eft, quod dcmonftret omnem varie- 
 tatem, quae in corporibus tangibilibus nobis notis vcrlatur, (intelligimus 
 autcm corpora bene unita, nee plane fpongiofa, & cava & magna ex parte 
 aerc impleta) non ultra rationcs partium viginti & unius exccdcre: tam rinita 
 fciliet eft natura, aut ialtcm ilia pars ejus, cujus- ufus ad nos maxime per- 
 tinct. 
 
 Etiam diligcntiae noftrac elTe putavimus cxperiri, ft forte cnpi pof- 
 fint rationcs corporum non-tangibilium five pneumaticorum, rcfpcdlu cor- 
 porum tangibilium. Id quod tali molitione aggreHi fumus. Pliialam vi- 
 tream acccpimus, quae unciam fortalTe unam capere poffit: parvitatc vafis 
 ufi, ut minori cum calorc poflct fieri cvaporatio fcqucns. Hanc pliialam 
 fpiritu vini implcvimus fere ad coUum; eligcntes fpiritum vini, quod pec 
 tabulam priorcm, cum efte ex corporibus tangibilibus (quae bene unita, 
 nee cava lunt) rariflimum, & minimum continens materiae fub fuo dimen- 
 fo, obfcrvavcrimus. Deinde pondus aquae cum phiala ipfi cxadc notavi- 
 mus. Poftea veficam accepimus, quae circa duas pintas contineret. Ex 
 ca aevem omnem, quoad fieri poruit, exprcflimus, eo ufque ut vcficac am- 
 bo latera cfl'cnt contigua : Etiam prius veficam oleo oblevimus cum fricati- 
 one Icni, quo vefica cflet claufior; ejus, fiqua crat, pOrofitate oleo obtu- 
 rata. Hanc veficam circa os phialac, ore phialac intra os vcficac recepto, 
 fortiter ligavimus; filo parum ccrato, ut melius adhaercfccret & ariftius li- 
 garct. Turn dcmum pliialam fupra carboncs ardcntes in foculo collocavi- 
 mus. At pauIo pod vapor five aura fpiritus vini per calorem dilatati, & in 
 pneumaticum verfi, veficam paulatim fufflavit, camquc univcrfam vcli in- 
 ftar undcquaquc cxtendit. Id poftquam tacluni fuit, continuo vitrum ab 
 igne rcmovinius, & fuper tapctem polliinius, ne frigore dilrumperetur : Sta- 
 tim quoquc in funimitate veficae foramen fecimus, ne vapor, ceflante calorc, 
 in liquorcm reftitutus rcfiderct, «5c rationcs confunderet. Turn vcro vefi- 
 cam ipfam fuftulimus, & rurfus pondus exccpimus fpiritus vini, qui remane- 
 bat. Indc quantum confumptum fuiflct in vaporem leu pneumaticum, com- 
 putavimus; & fada collatione, quantum locum five Ipatium illud corpus 
 implcllct, quando eflct Ipiritus vini in phiala, & rurfus quantum fpatium 
 iniplcvcrir, poftquam fadum fuiffet pneumaticum in vefica, rationcs fub- 
 duximus: ex quibus manifeftc liquebat, corpus iftud ita vcrfum & muta- 
 tuni expanfioncm ccntuplo majorem, quam antca habuillct, acquifiviflc. 
 
 Similiter, fit natura inquifita calor aut frigus; ejus ncmpc gradus, 
 
 ut a fcnfu non percipiantur ob debilitatcm. Hacc dcducuntur ad Icnfum 
 
 per vitrum calendarc, quale fupcrius dcfcripfimus. Calor enim & frigus, 
 
 ipfi non percipiuntur ad tadum : At calor acrem cxpandir, frigus contrahit. 
 
 Vol. 1. Z z 2 "^ Ncquc
 
 ^^ NOVUM organum; m.tt 
 
 NcqUe rurfus illa expanfio & contraftio acris percipitur ad vifum : At aer 
 ille expanius aquam dcprimit; contractus, attollit, ac turn dcmum fit^e-: 
 duftio ad vifum, non ante, aut alias. .!.■£]•*> 
 
 Similiter, fit natura inquifita miftura corporiim; viz. quid habcanr 
 ex aqueo, quid ex olcolb, quid ex ipiritu, quid ex cincre & falibus, & hir- 
 jiifmodi; vel etiam (in particulari) quid habeat lac butyri, quid coaguli-, 
 quid feri, & hujufmodii Hacc dcducuntur ad ienlum per artificiolas & pc- 
 ritas tcparationes, quatenus ad tangibilia. At natura Ipiritus in ipfis, liccc 
 immediate non pcrcipiatur, tamen deprehcnditur per varios motus & nixus 
 corporum tangibilium, in ipfo aclu & proccflii feparationis I'uae; atquc 
 ctiam per acrimonias, eorrofioncs, & divcrlbs colores, odorcs, Sclaporcsco- 
 rundcm corporum pofl: fcparationcm. Atque in hac parte, per diftillationcs 
 atquc artificiolas li'parationcs, ftrenue lane ab hominrbus claboratum clt; 
 led non multo fclicius quam in caetcris experimentis, quae adliuc inulli funt? 
 modis nimirum prorliis palpatorii-s, & ^•iis caecis, & magis operofc quam in- 
 telligenter; & (quod peilimum eft) nulla cum imitatione aut aemulatioac 
 naturae, led cum deftrudione (per calorcs vchementcs, aut virtutes nimis 
 i?alidas) omnis fubtilioris Ichematifmi, in quo occultae rerum virtutes & 
 confenfus praecipuefttaelunt. Neque 11 lud etiam, quod alias monuimus, ho- 
 minibus in mcntem aut oblervationem venire Ibkt in hujulrnodi feparatlo- 
 nibus; hoc eft, plurimas qualitatcs in corporum vcxationibus, tam per ig- 
 iiem quam alios modos, indl ab iplb igne, iifque corporibus, quae ad Icpara- 
 tioncm adhibentur, quae in compofito prius non fuerunt; undc mirac fal- 
 laciae. Neque enmi Icilicet vapor univerfus, qui ex aqua emittitur per ig- 
 nem, vapor aut aer antea fuit in corporc aquae; led fadus eft maxima ex 
 parte per dilatationem^ aquae ex ealore ignis. 
 
 Similiter hi genere omnes exquifitae probatlones corporum, five na- 
 turalium five artificialkim, per quas vera dignofcuntur ab adulterinis, melio- 
 ' ra avilloribus, hue referri debent: Deducunt enim non-lcnfibile ad fenfi- 
 
 bile. Sunt itaque diligent! cura undiquc conquirendae. 
 
 QuiNTUM vcro genus latitantiae quod attinet ; manifcftum cftaftioneni 
 fenfus tranfigi in motu, motum in tempore. Si igitur motus alicujus cor- 
 poris fit vel tam tardus, vel ram velox, ut non fit proportionatus ad momen- 
 ta, in quibus tranfigitur aftio Icnlus; objedum omnino non pcrcipitur: ut 
 inmotnindicishorologir, ^crurlusinmotupilac fclopeti. Atquc motus, qui 
 ob tarditatem non pcrcipitur, facile & ordinario dcducitur ad Ienlum per 
 lummas motus; qui veto ob velocitatem, adhuc non bene mcnlurari con- 
 lucvit; led tamen poftulat inquifitio naturae, ut hoc fiat in aliquibus. Ji;:. 
 
 S E X T u M autem genus, ubi impcditur fcnfi-is propter nobiiitatem objcdi- 
 recipit dcdudionem; vel per clongationem majorcm objcdi a fcnfii; vel per 
 hebetationem objedi per interpofitionem medii talis, quod objcclum dcbili- 
 tet, non annlhilet; vel per admifilonem & exceptionem objedi rcflcxi, ubi 
 percuflio dircda fit nimis tbrtis; ut fi^lis in pelvi aquae. 
 
 Septimum autem genus latitantiae, ubi fi;n(us ita oneratur objefto, ut 
 novae ad mi 111 oni non fit locus, non habet fere locum nifi in olfadu & odo- 
 jribus5 ncc ad id, quod agitur, multum pertinet. Quare dc dedudionibus 
 non-fenfibilis ad lenfibilc haec dida fint. 
 
 Qu A N D o (^u E tamen dcdudio fit non ad fi:nfiim hominis, fed ad llnlbm 
 alicujus alterius animalis, cujus fenfus in aliquibus humanum exccllitj uc 
 nonnullorum odorum, ad fenfum Canis; lucis, quae in aerc non cxtiinfccus 
 illuminato latcnter cxiftit, adfcnfum fclis, noduac & hujufmodi animalium, 
 
 quae
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. ' 365 
 
 quae cernunt noftu. Re£lc enim notavit Tclcfius, etiam in acre ipfo incfie 
 lucem quandam originalcm, licet cxilcm £c tcnucm, & maxima ex parte 
 oculis hominum aut plurimoram animalium non infcrvicntcm ; quia ilia anir 
 malia, ad quorum fenfum hujufmodi lux eft proportionata, ccrnantnodu; 
 id quod vcl fine luce fieri, vcl per lucem internam, minus crcdibilc eft. 
 
 At QUE illud utique notandilm eft; de deftitutionibus fcnfuum, eorum- 
 que remediis, hie iios tradlarc* Nam fallaciac fenfuum ad proprias inquifi- 
 tiones de fcnfu & fcnfibilii remittendac funt; exccpta ilia magna fallaciii 
 fcnfuum, nimirum quod conftituant lincas rcrum ex analogia hominis, & 
 non ex analogia univerfi; quae non corrigitur, nifi per rationcm & philofo- 
 phiam univerlalem. 
 
 XLI. Inter praerogativas inftantiatum ponemus loco decimo-oclavo 
 inftantias viae ; quas etiam inftantias itinerantcs, & inftantias articulatas, ap- 
 pellate confucvimus. Eac Hint, quae indicant naturae motus gradatim con- 
 tinuatos. Hoc autem genus inftantiarum potius fugit obfcrvationem, quam 
 fenfum. Mira enim eft hominum circa hanc rem indiligentia. Contem- 
 plantur iiquidcm naturam tantummodo defultorie & per periodos, & poft- 
 quam corpora fuerint abfolutaac completa, & non in operatione Ilia. Quod 
 fi artifieis alicujus ingenia & induftriam explorare & contemplari quis cupe- 
 retj isnon tantum materias rudesartis, atque delude opera perfeda, conlpi- 
 cere defidcraretj fed potius praefcns elTe, cum artifex operatur, & opus fuum 
 promovet. Atque fimile quiddam circa naturam faciendum eft. Exempli 
 gratia; fi quisde vegetatione plantarum inquirat, ei infpiciendum eft abipla 
 latione feminis alicujus, (id quod per cxtradlionem, quafi fingulis dicbus, 
 feminum, quae per biduum, triduum, quatriduum, & fic deinceps in terra 
 manferunt, eorumque diligentem intuitum, facile fieri poteft) quomodo (Sc 
 quando femen intumefcere & turgere incipiat, & veluti fpiritu impleri ; de- 
 inde quomodo corticulam rumpere, & emittere fibras, cum latione nonnuila 
 fui interim furfum, nifi terra fuerit admodum contumax ; quomodo etiam 
 cmittat fibras, partim radicales deorfum, partim cauliculares furfum, ali- 
 quando ferpendo per latera, ii ex ea parte inveniat tcrram apertam & magis 
 facilcm, & complura id genus. Similiter faccre oportet circa cxclufionem 
 ovorum; ubi facile confpici dabitur proceflus vivificandi & organizandi, & 
 quid, & quae partes fiant ex vitcllo, quid ex albumine ovi, & alia. Similis 
 eft ratio circa animalia ex putrefaftionc : nam circa animalia perfeda & ter- 
 reftria, per excdliones foetuum ex utero, minus humanum ellct ifta inqui- 
 rere; nlfi forte peroccafionesabortuum&venarionum, &fimilium. Omnino 
 igitur vigilia quaedam fervanda eft circa naturam, ut quae melius fc confpi- 
 ciendam pracbeat noftu, quam interdiu, Iftac enim contemplationes tanquam 
 nodurnae ccnfcri poflint, ob luccrnac parvitatem & perpetuationem. 
 
 Q\j 1 N & in inanimatis idem tentandum eft : Id quod nos fccimus in in- 
 quirendis apcrturis liquorum per ignem. Alius enim eft modus aperturae 
 in aqua, alius in vino, alius in accto, alius in omphacio; longe alius in 
 lade, & oleo, & caeteris. Id quod facile cernerc erat per cbuUitionem fuper 
 ignem lenem, &invafe vitreo, ubi omnia ccrni perfpicue poflint. Verum 
 haec brevius perttringimus ; fufius & exadius de iis fermoncs habituri, cum 
 ad inventionem latentis rcrum proccfliis ventum crit: Semper enim me- 
 moria tenendum eft, nos hoc loco non res iplas tradare, led exempla tan- 
 tum adduccre. 
 
 XLII. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, ponemus loco decimo nono 
 inftantias fiipplemcnti, five fubftitutionis; quas etiam inftantias pcrfugii ap- 
 pellate
 
 3,66 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II, 
 
 pcllare eonfucvimus. Eac fiuit, quae fupplent informatioiicm, ubi lenfus 
 plane dcftituitur ; atquc idcirco ad eas confugimus, cum inftantiae propriac 
 habcri nonpoflint. Duplicitcr autem fit fubftitutio; aut per graduationcm, 
 aut per analoga. Exempli gratia j non im'cnirur medium, quod inhibcat 
 prorfus operationem magnctis in movcndo ferrum ; non aurum intcrpofitum, 
 non argentum, non lapis, non vitrum, lignum, aqua, oleum, pannus aut 
 corpora fibrofa, aer, flamma, &caetera. Attamenpcrprobationemexadam 
 fortafle inveniri pofllt aliquod medium, quod hebetet virtutcm ipfius plus 
 quam aliquod aliud, comparative & in aliquo graduj veluti quod non tra- 
 hat magnes ferrum per tantam craflltiem auri, quam per par Ipatiumaeris: 
 aut per tantum argentum ignitum, quam per frigidum & iic de flmilibus. 
 Nam dc his nos cxperimentum non fccimus : ied llifficit tamcn, ut propo- 
 nanturloco exempli. Similiter non invcniturhicapud nos corpus, quod non 
 lufcipiat calidum igni approximatum. Attamen longc citius fufcipit calo- 
 rem acr, quam lapis. Atquc talis eft fubftitutio, quae fit per gradus. 
 
 SuBSTiTUTio autem per analoga, utilis fane, fed minus certa eft:; atquc 
 idcirco cum judicio quodam adhibcnda. Ea fit, cum deducitur non-fen- 
 flbile ad fcnfum; non per operationcs fenfibilcs ipfius corporis infcnfibi- 
 lis, fed per contemplationem corporis alicujus cognati fenfibilis. Exempli 
 gratia: fi inquiratur de miftura fpirituum, qui funt corpora non-vifibilia> 
 videtur eflc cognatio quacdam inter corpora & fomites, five alimenta fua. 
 Fomes autem flammae videtur efle oleum &: pinguia; aeris, aqua & aquca: 
 Flammae cnim multiplicant fe fupcr halitus olci, aiir fuper vaporcs aquae. 
 Videndum itaqae de miftura aquae & olci, quae fc manifcftat ad fcnfum ; 
 quandoquidem miftura aeris & flammei generis fugiat fenfum. At oleum 6c 
 aqua inter fe per compofitionem aut agitationem imperfede admodum mil- 
 centur, eadem in herbis, & fanguine, &partibusanimalium, accurate & deli- 
 cate mifcentur. Itaque fimile quiddam fieri poftit circa mifturam flammei 
 &aerci generis in fpiritalibus : quae per confufionem fimplicem non bene 
 fuftinent mifturam: eadem tamcn in Ipiritibus plantarum & animalium mil- 
 ccri videntur; praefertim cum omnis fpiritus animatus depafcat humida utra- 
 que, aquea & pinguia, tanquam fomites fuos. 
 
 Similiter, fi non de pcrfectioribus mifturis fpiritalium, fed dc com- 
 pofitione tantum inquiratur; ncmpc utrum facile inter fe incorporentur ; an 
 potius (exempli gratia) fint aliqui venti & cxhalationes, aut alia corpora 
 fpiritalia, quae non mifcentur cum acirc communi, fed tantum haerent & 
 natant in eo, in globulis & guttis, & potius fraguntur ac comminuuntur ab 
 acre, quam in ipfum rccipiuntur & incorporantur. Hoc in acre communi & 
 aliis fpiritalibus, ob fubtilitatem corporum, percipi ad fenfum non poteft; 
 attamen imago quaedam hujus rci, quatcnusfiat, concipi poflit in liquoribus 
 argcnti vivi, olei, aquae; atquc etiam in aerc & fradione ejus, quando difii- 
 patur & afccndit in parvis portiunculisper aquam; atquc etiam in fumis craf- 
 fioribus, dcnique in pulvere cxcitato & haerente in acre; in quibus omni- 
 bus non fit incorporatio. Atquc repraefcntatio praedicla in hoc fubjccto non 
 mala eft, fi illud primo diligenter inquifitum fuerit, utrum pofllt efle talis 
 hcterogenea inter fpiritalia, qualis invenitur inter liquida : Nam tum demum 
 haec fimulacra per analogiam non incommode fubftituentur. 
 
 Atq^ue de inftantiis iftis fupplementi, quod diximus, informationem ab 
 its hauriendam efle, quando defiut inftantiae propriac, loco perfugii, nihil- 
 ominus intelligi volumus, quod illae ctiam magni fint ufus, etiam cum pro- 
 priac inftantiae adfint; ad roborandam fcilicet informationem yna cum pro- 
 
 priis.
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 367 
 
 priis. Verum de his cxa£lius dicemus, quando ad adminicula iaJuctlonis 
 tradanda fermo ordinc dilabetur. 
 
 XLIII» Inter praerogativas inftantlarum, poncmus loco viccfimo ia- 
 ftantias pcrfccantcsj quas etiam inllantias vcliicantcs appellarc confucvimus, 
 fed diveiTa rationc. Vellicaatcs enim cas appellamus, quia vcllicant intcUcc- 
 tunij perfccantes, quia perfecant naturam: unde etiam illas quandoquc iii- 
 ftantias Democriti nominamus. Eac funt, quae de admirabili & cxquifita 
 fubtilitate naturae intcllcdum lubmoncnt, ut cxcitetur & expcrgifcatur ad at- 
 tcntioncm, & obfcrvationcm, 6c inquifitioncm dcbitam. Exempli solatia i 
 quod parum guttulac atramenti ad tot literas vei lineas extendatur ; quod ar-< 
 gcntum exterius tantum inauratum, ad tantam longitudiiiem fili inaurati con- 
 tinuetur; quod pufillus vcrmiculus, qualis in cute invenitur, habcat in le 
 Ipiritum fimul & figuram dlllimilarcm partium; quod parum croci, etiam 
 dolium aquae colore inficiat; quod parum zibcthi aut aromatis, longe ma-r 
 jus contentum aeris odore; quod cxiguo liiffitu tanta cxcitetur nubcs fumi; 
 quod Ibnorum tarn accuratae differentiae, quales fint voces articularac, per 
 aerem undequaque veliantur, atque per foramina & poros etiam ligni & a- 
 quac (licet admodum extenuatae) penetrcnt, quin etiam repercutiantur, id- 
 que tarn diftinde &velocitcr; quod lux & color etiam tanto ambitu & tarn 
 pernicitcr, per corpora folida vitri, aquae, & cum tanta & tam cxquifita va- 
 rietate imaginum permccnt, etiam refringantur & refledantur; quod mag-, 
 nes per corpora omnigena, etiam maxime compada, opcretur: Sed (quod 
 magis mirum eft) quod in his omnibus, in medio adiaphoro (quale eft acr) 
 unius adio aliam non magnopere impcdiat ; nempe, quod eodem tempore 
 per fpatia aeris devchantur & vifibilium tot imagines; & vocis articulatae 
 tot percufllones; & tot odores ipecilicati, ut violae, rofae; etiam calor & 
 frigus; & virtutes magneticae; omnia (inquam) fimul, uno alterum non 
 impedientc; ac fi fingula liabcrent vias & meatus fuos proprios feparatos, 
 neque unum in alterum impingerct aut incurreret. 
 
 So LE MU s tamen utiliter hujulmodi inftantiis perfecantibus fubjungerc in- 
 ftantias, quas metas pcrlccationis appellarc confucvimus : veluti, quod in iis, 
 quae diximus, una adio in diverfo genere aliam non perturbet aut impediati 
 ami tamen in eodem genere una aliam domet & cxtinguat : veluti, lux fo- 
 lis, luccm cicindelae: fonitus bombardac, vocem? fortior odor, delicatio- 
 rem ; intcnfior calor, remilllorem ; lamina fcrri iutcrpofita inter magiicteni 
 & aliud ferrum, operationem magnctis. Verum de liis quoquc inter admi- 
 nicula indudionis erit proprius dicendi locus. 
 
 XLIV. Atq__ue de inilantiis, quae juvant lenfum, jam didum cltj quae 
 praecipui ufus lunt ad partem informativam. Informatio enim incipit a 
 fcnfu. At univerllim negotium definit in opera: Atque quemadmodum il- 
 lud principium, ira hoc finis rei eft. Sequentur itaque inftantiae praecipui 
 ufus ad partem operativam. Eae genere duae funt, numero fcptem: Qiias 
 univerlas, generali nomine, inftantiaspradicas appellarc confucvimus. Ope- 
 rativae autem partis vitia duo, totidemque dignitatcs inftantiarum in genere» 
 Afit enim fallit operatic, autoneratnimis. Fallit operatio maxime (pracfer- 
 tim poll diligentem naturarum inquifitioncm) propter male determinatas 5: 
 menfuratas corporum vires & adioncs. Vires autem & adiones corporum 
 circumfcribuntur & menflirantur, aut per Ipatia loci, aut per momenta tcm- 
 poris, aut per unionem quanti, aut per praedominantiam virtutis: quae qua- 
 tuor, nifi fuerint probe & diligentcr penfitata, crunt fortalfe fcientiac ijjccu- 
 latione quidcm pukhrac, fed opcic inadivac. Inftantias vcro quatuor iti- 
 
 dcm.
 
 j68 NOVUM ORGANUM. iib.lt 
 
 dcm, quae hue refcruntur, uno iiomiue inftantias mathematlcas vocamus, c'v 
 inftantias menlurae. 
 
 On EROS A autcm fit praxis, vcl propter mifturam rcrum inutilium; vcl 
 propter multiplicationem inftrumentorum i vel propter molcm matcriae & 
 corporum, quae ad aliquod opusrequiri contigerint. Iraque eae inftantiae in 
 prctio ellc dcbent, quae aut dirigunt operativam ad ca quae maximc homi- 
 num inrerfunt; aut quae parcunt iuftruinentis; aut quae pnrcunt matcriae 
 five fupellcftili. Eas autem tres inltantias, quae iiuc pertinent, uno nomi- 
 ne inftantias propitias five benevolas vocamus. Itaquc de his Icptcm in- 
 ilantiis jam figillatinn dicemus: atque cum iis partem illam de praeroga- 
 tivis five dignitatibus inftantiarum claudemus. 
 
 XLV. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum, ponemus loco vicefimo primo 
 inftantias virgae, five radii ; quas etiam inftantias perlarionis, vel de non 
 ultra appcllare conlucvimus. Virtutcs enim rerum & motus operantur & 
 expediuntur per fpatia, non indetinita aut fortuica, led iinita & certa; quae 
 ut in fingulis naturis inquifitis teneantur & notentur, plurimum intereft prac- 
 ticae 5 non folum ad hoc ut non fallat, fed etiam ut magis fit auda &: po- 
 tens. Etcnim intcrdum datur virtutcs producere, & diftantias tanquam re- 
 trahere in propius; ut in perfpicillis. 
 
 Atqu e plurimae virtutes operantur & afficiunt tantum per tadum mani- 
 ftftum ; ut fit in percufllone corporum, ubi alterum non liimmovet alterum, 
 nifi impellens impulfiim tangat. Etiam mcdicinae, quae exterius applican- 
 tur, ut unguenta, emplaftra, non cxercent vires fuas, nifi per radum cor- 
 poris. Deniqucobjedafenfuum, tadus & guftus, noiiferiunt, nili contigua 
 
 organis. 
 
 S u N T & aliae virtutcs, quae operantur ad diftantiam, verum valde exi- 
 guam, quarum paucae adhuc notatae fi.int, cum tamen plures fint quam ho- 
 mines fiafpicentur : ut (capiendo exempla ex vulgatis) cum fijccinum aut 
 gagates trahunt palcas; bullae approximatae folvunt bullas; medicinae non- 
 nullae purgativae eliciunt humores ex alto, & hujufmodi. At virtus ilia 
 magnctica, per quam fisrrum & magnes, vel magnetes, invicem coeunt, 
 operatur intra orbem virtutis ccrtum, led parvum : Ubi contra, f\ fit aliqua 
 virtus magnctica cmanans ab ipia terra (paulo nimirum intcriorc) fiipcr a- 
 Gum fi:rream, quntcnus ad verticitatem, operatio fiat ad diftantiam magnam. 
 
 RuRSUS, fi fit aliqua vis magnctica, quae operetur per confenfum in-' 
 ter globum tcrrae & pondcrofa, aut inter globum lunae & aquas maris, 
 (quae maxime credibilis videtur in fluxibus Sc rcfiuxibus lemi-menftruis) 
 aut inter coclum ftellatum & planctas, per quam cvoccntur & attollantur 
 ad fua apogaeaj haec omnia operantur ad diftantias adniodum longinquas. 
 Inveniuntur & quaedam inflammationes five conccptioncs flammac, quae 
 ■'fiunt ad diftantias bene magnas in aliquibus mareriis; ut referunt de naph- 
 tha Babylonica. Calorcs etiam infinuant Ic per diftantias amplasj quod 
 etiam faciunt frigop: adco ut habirantibus circa Canadam moles five maf- 
 lae glacialcs, quae abrumpuntur & natant per oceanum Icptentrionalem, & 
 defcruntur per Atlanticum verllis illas oras, percipiantur & incutiant frigdra 
 c longinquo. Odores quoque (licet in his vidcatur Temper effc quaedam 
 emiillo corporea) operantur ad diftantias notabilcs; ut evenire folet navi- 
 gantibus juxta lirtora Floridae, aut etiam nonnulla Hifpaniae, ubi fi,uit fyl- 
 vae totaeexarboribus limonum, aurantiorum, & hujufiiiodi plantarum odo- 
 r-atarum, aut frutices roriliiiarini, majoranae, & fimilium. Poftrcmo radiatio- 
 ncslucis, & impreilioncs fonorum, operantur fci licet ad diftantias fpatiofas. 
 
 Verum
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 369 
 
 Verum hacc omnia utcunquc opcrentur ad diftaiitias parvas five ihag- 
 nas, opei-antur certc ad finitas & naturae notas, ut fit quiddam non ultra j 
 Idque pro rationibus, aut molis feu quanti corporum ; aut vigoris & dcbi- 
 litatis virtutum s aut favoribus & impcdimcntis mcdiorum ; quae omnia in 
 computationem venire & notari debent. Quinetiam menfurae motuum 
 violentorum, (quos vocant) ut millilium, tormcntorum, rotarum, & fimi- 
 lium, cum hae quoque manifefto fuos habeant limitcs certos,notandae funt. 
 
 iNviENiUNTUR etiam quidam motus & virtutcs contrariae illis, quae 
 opcrantur per taduni, & non ad diftans , quae opcrantur Icilicct ad diftans, 
 & non ad tadum ; & rurfus, quae operanrur rcmiflius ad dilhntiam mino- 
 jrem, & fortius ad diftantiam majorcm. Etcnim vifio non bene tranfij^itur 
 ad taftum, fed indiget medio & diftaritia. Licet merainerim, mc audiflc 
 ex relatione cujufdam fide digni, (^uod ipfe in curandis oculorum fuorum 
 cataradis (erat autem cura talis, ut immitteretur feftuca quaedam parva ar- 
 gentea intra primam oculi tunicam, quae pell iculam illam cataraftae remo- 
 veret & truderet in angulum oculi) clariflime vidiflet fcftucam illam fupra 
 ipfam pupillam movcntem. Quod utcunquc vcruni eflc poilir, manifcftum 
 eft, majora corpora noh bene aut diftindle ccrni, nifi in cufpide coni, co» 
 euntibus radiis objedli ad nonnullam diftantiam. Quin etiam in fenibus 
 bculus melius cernit, remoto objcfto paulo longius quam propius. In mif- 
 filibus autem certum eft, percuftionem non fieri tarn fortcm ad diftantiam 
 nimis parvam, quam paulo poft. Hacc itaque & flmilia in menfuris mo- 
 tuum quoad diftantias notanda funt. 
 
 Est & aliud genus menfuraelocalis motuum, quod non practcrmirtendunt 
 eft. Illud veto pertinct ad motus non progrcflivos, fed fphacricos; hoc eft, r.d 
 expanfionem corporum in majorem Iphacram, autcontradioncm iiiminoicm. 
 Inquirendum enim eil inter menfuras iftas motuum, quantam comprclTioncm 
 aut extenfioncm corpora (pro natura ipforum) facile & libcater patiantur, 
 6c ad quem terminum rcluftari incipianr, adco ut ad extremum non ultra 
 fcrant, ut cum vefica inflata comprimitur, fuftinct ilia compreilionc:-:! non- 
 nullam aeris, led fi major fuerit, non patitur aer, led rumpitUi vcfica. 
 
 At nos hoc ipfum fubtiliore cxperimcntomagis exadc probavimus. Ac- 
 ccpimus enim campanulam ex mctallo, Icviorem fcilicet & tcnuiorcn-, qua- 
 li ad excipiendum ialem utimur; eamquc in pclvim aquae immiflmus, ita 
 ut deportaret fccum aerem, qui contincbatur in concavo ufque ad funduni 
 pelvis. Locaveramus autem prius globuium in fundo pelvis, (iiper qucm 
 campanula imponcnda eflct. Quare ilkid cvcniebat, ui it globulus ille ef- 
 fet minufculus (pro ratione concavi) rcciperet fc aer in locum minorcm, 
 & contruderetur folum, non extrudcrctur. Qiiod fi grandioris elTct ma"^- 
 nitudinis, quam ut aer libenter ecderer, turn aer majoris prcflurac inipa- 
 tiens, caxnpanulam ex aliqua parte elcvabat, & in bullis afccndebar. 
 
 Etiam ad probandum qualem extenfioncm (non minus quam com- 
 prefilonem) pateretur aer, tale quippiam praclicavimus. Ovum vitr. um 
 accepimus, cum parvo foraminc in uno cxtrcmo ovi. Aerem per foiauicii 
 exuftione forti attraximus, & ftatim digito foramen illud obturavimus ; 6c 
 ovum in aquam immerfimus, & dein digitum removimus. Aer vero tcn- 
 fura ilia per cxuftionem fadla tortus, & magis quam pro natura fua dihta- 
 tus, ideoquc fe recipcrc &: contrahcre nitons, (iia ut ii ovum illud in aquan\ 
 non fuiflet immerfum, aifrem ipf.im traxifllt cum fibilo) aquam traxit ad tale 
 quantum, quale fiiificere pofllt ad hoc, ut aer antiquam rccuperaret Iphac- 
 ram ixvc dimenfiouem. 
 VoL.I. Aaa AxquB
 
 3^ NOVUM ORGANUM. Ub. II, 
 
 At QUE ccrtum eft, corpora tenuiora (quale eft aer) pati Gontradlioncm 
 nonnuUam notabilcm, ut diclum eft : At corpora tangibilia (quale eft aqua) 
 multo acgrius, & ad minus fpatium patiuntur comprcftlonem : Qualem au- 
 tern patiatur, tali experimciito inquifivimus. 
 
 Fieri fecimus globum ex plumbo cavum, qui duas circiter piatas vi- 
 narias contineret ; cumque latis per latera craflum, ut majorem vim fufti- 
 nerct. In ilium aquam immifimus, per foramen alicubi fadtumj atquc fo- 
 ramen illud, poftquam globus aqua implctus fuiller, plumbo liqucfadlo 
 obturavimus, ut globus deveairet plane confolidatus. Dein globum forti- 
 mallco ad duo latera advcrla complanavimus : Ex quo ncccflc fuit aquam 
 in minus contrahi, cum fphaera figurarum fit capacrfllma. Dcinde, cum 
 mallcatio non amplius iLifticeret, acgrius fe recipiente aqua, molendino feu 
 torculari ufi fumus; ut tandem aqua impatiens preflurae ulterioris, per 
 folida plumbi (inllar roris delicati) cxftillaret. Poftea, quantum fpatii per 
 cam comprcftlonem imminutum forer, computavlmus : Atque tantam com- 
 prcftlonem palVam clle aquam (fed violentia magna fubadlam) intellcximus. 
 
 A T folidiora, ftcca, aut magis compada, qualia funt lapides & ligna, nec- 
 non metalla, multo adhuc minorem compreftionem aut extenftoncm, & fere 
 imperceptibilem fcrunt; fed vcl fradlLonc, vel progreflione, vel aliis per- 
 tentationibus fe libcrant, ut in curvationibus ligni aut metalli, horologiis 
 moventibus per complicationein laminae, miflllibus, malleationibus, & in- 
 numeris aliis motibus, apparet. Atque haec omnia cum menfuris fuis in in- 
 dagatione naturae notanda & exploranda funt ; aut in certitudine fua, aut 
 per aeftimativas, aut per comparativas, prout dabitur copia. 
 
 XL VI. Inter praerogativas ixiftantiarum poncmus loco viccfimo fe- 
 cundo inftantias curriculi, quas etiam inftantias ad aquam appellate confue- 
 vimus ; fumpto vocabulo a clepfydris apud antiques, in quas infundcbatur 
 aqua loco arenae. Eae mcnfurant naturam par momenta tcmporis, quem- 
 admodum inftantiae virgae per gradus fpatii. Omnis enim motus ftve ac- 
 tio naturalis tranfigitur in tempore i alius vclocius, alius tardius, fed ut- 
 cunque momentis certis, & naturae notis. Etiam illae actiones, quae fu- 
 bito videntur operari, & in idu oculi, (ut loquimur) deprehenduntur rcci- 
 pere majus & minus quoad tempus. 
 
 Primo itaque videmus, rcllitutiones corporum coclcftium fieri per tem- 
 pera numerata ; etiam fluxus & reftuclus maris. Latio autcm gravium vcr- 
 fus terram, & levium verfus ambitum coeli, fit per cerra momenta, pro 
 rationc corporis quod fertur, & mcdii. At velificationes navium, motus ani- 
 malium, perlationes miflilium, omnes fiunt itidem per tcmpora (quantum 
 ad fummas) numerabilia. Calorcm vero quod attinct, videmus pucros, 
 per hyemem manus in flamma lavare ; ncc tamen uri j & joculatorcs vafa 
 plena vino vel aqua, per motus agiles & aequales vcrterc deorfum, &fur- 
 fum rccuperare, non eftufo liquore j & multa hujuftiiodi. Ncc minus ip- 
 fiie comprefliones, & dilatationes, & cruptiones corporum fiunt, aliac vc- 
 locius, aljae tardius, pro natura corporis & motus, fed per momenta certa. 
 Qiiinetiam in explofione plurium bombardarum ftmul, quae cxaudiuntuf 
 quandoquc ad diftantiani triginta milliarium, percipitur fonus prius ab iis, 
 qui prope abfunt a loco ubi fit fonitus, quam ab iis, qui longe. At in vifa 
 (cujus adio eft perniciftima) liquet etiam rcquiri ad cum aduandum mo- 
 menta certa tcmporis 5 idque probatur ex iis, quae propter motus velocita- 
 tem non cernuntur 5 ut ex latione pilae ex fclopcto. Vclocior enim eft- 
 praetcrvolatio pilae, quam impreflio ipecici ejus, quae dcfcrri poterat ad 
 vifum. AjqijK
 
 Lib.II. NOVUM ORGANUM. n 
 
 71 
 
 Atq^ueHoc, cum fimilibus, nobis quandoquc dubit.itioncm pepcrit plane 
 monftrofam; videlicet, utrum cocli fcreni & llcllati facics ad idem tcnipus 
 cernatur, quando verc exilHt, an potius aliquanto poll: ; & utruni non lit 
 (quatenus ad vilum coelellium) non minus tcmpus vcrum, & tcmpus vi- 
 fum, quam locus verus, & locus villis, qui notatur ab aftronomis in paral- 
 Jaxibus. Adeo incrcdibilc nobis vidcbatur, IpccicS five radios corporum 
 coeleftium, per tarn immenfa fpatia milliaiium fubito dcfcrri poflc ad vi- 
 lum J fed potius dcbctc cas in tempore aliquo notabili delabi. Vcrum ilia 
 dubitatio (quoad majus aliquod intcrvallum temporis inter tcmpus vcrum 
 & viium) poftea plane evanuit; reputantibus nobis jacluram illam inlini- 
 tam, & diminutioncm quanti, quatenus ad apparcntiam inter corpus ftellac 
 vcrum, & fpccicm vilam, quae caufatur a diftantia ; atque fimul notanti- 
 bus ad quantam diftantiam (fexaginta fcilicct ad minimum milliariorum) 
 corpora, caque tantum albicantia, lubito hie apud nos cernantur > cum du- 
 bium non fit lucem coeleftium, non tantum albedinis vividum colorcm, 
 verum etiam omnis flammae (quae apud nos nota eft) luccm, quoad vigo- 
 rem radiationi.s multis partibus excedere ; etiam immenla ilia velocitas in 
 ipfo corporc, quae ccrnitur in motu diurno, (quae etiam viros graves ita 
 obftupefecit, ut mallcnt credere motum terrae) facit motum ilium cjacu- 
 lationis radiorum ab ipfis (licet celeritate, ut diximus, mirabilem) magis 
 credibilem. Maxime vero omnium nos movit, quod fi interponeretur in- 
 tcrvallum temporis aliquod notabilc inter vcritatem & vilum, tbret ut Ipe- 
 cies per nubes interim orientes, & funiles medii perturbationes, intercipe- 
 rcntur faepcnumero, & confundcrentur. Atque dc menfuris tcmporum 
 iimplicibus haec dida fmt. 
 
 Verum non Iblum quacrcnda eft menfura riiotuum & aclionum fimpli- 
 citer, fed multo magis comparative : Id enim cximii eft ufus, & ad pluri- 
 ma fpedat. Atque videmus ftammam alicujus tormenti ignci citius ccrni, 
 quam Ibnitus audiatur i licet neccfl'e fit pilam prius acrem pcrcutcre, quam 
 flamma, quae pone crat, cxirc potuerit ; lieri hoc autcm propter velociorcm 
 tranfadionem motus lucis quam Ibni. Videmus etiam Ipecies vifibilcs a 
 villi citius excipi, quam dimitti 5 undc fit, quod nervi fidium digitoimpul- 
 fi, dupliccntur aut triplicentur quoad Ipccicm, quia Ipecies nova recipi- 
 tur, antcquam prior dimittatur ; ex quo etiam fit, ut annuli rotati videan- 
 tur globofi, & fax ardens nodu veloeiter portata, confpiciatur caudata. 
 Etiam ex hoc fundamento inaci^ualitatis mofuum quoad velocicatem, exco- 
 gitavit Galilacus caulam fiuxus.Sc refluxus maris, rotante terra velocius, a- 
 quis tardius; ideoquc accumulantibus Ic aquis in furfum, & deinde per vi- 
 ces fe remittentibus in deorfum ; ut demonUratur in vale aquae incitatius 
 movente. Sed hoc commcatus eft conceftb non concefiibili, (quod terra 
 ncmpe movcatur ;) ac etiam non bene informatus dc oceani motu fexho- 
 rario. 
 
 At cxcmplum hujus rei de qua agitur, videlicet dc comparativis m.en- 
 furis motuum, neque iblum rei ipfius, fed & ulUs infignis ejus, (de quo 
 pauIo ante loquuti fumus) eminet in cuniculis fubtcriancis, in quibus col- 
 iocatur pulvis pyrius; ubi immenfae moles terrae, aedifieiorum, & fimili- 
 um, fiibvcrtuntur, 6c in altum jaciuntur, a puiilla quantitatc pulveris py- 
 rii. Cujus caufa pro ccrto ilia eft, quod motus ditatationis pulveris qui im-. 
 pdlit, multis partibus fit pcrnicior, quam motus graviratis per quem fieri' 
 poflit aliqua rcfiftcntia ; adeo ut primus motus pcrtund'tus fit, antcquam' 
 motus advcrfus mcepcrit ; ut in principiis nuUitai quacdani fit rciiftcntiae. 
 
 Vql. I. A a a 2 Hinc
 
 
 NOVUM ORG A NUM. Lib. lii 
 
 Kinc ctiiun fit, quod in omni miilili ictus non tarn robuftus, quam acntus 
 ■5c celor, ad pcrlationcni potiilimiim valcat. Kequc ctiam fieri poruitlcf, 
 i\t narva quantitas fpirirus aiiimali^ in animalibus, pracfcrtim in ram.vafu^ 
 corporibiis, qiiaiia lunc balacnac aut olcphanti, tantam molcm corporcam 
 flcdoret & rcgcrct • nili propter vclocitatem motus Ipiritus^ & hcbctik!;> 
 jiem corporeac molis, quateiius ad cxpcdiendam fuam rcfiftcntiam. 
 
 Deniqjje, hoc ununi ex praecipuis tundamcntis eft cxpcrimcntoruni 
 magicorum, dequibus mox dicemus; ubi fcilicct parva moles materiae lon- 
 ge majorem fuperat, & in ordincm redigit : iioc inquam; fi fieri polHt an- 
 tcverfio motuuai per velocitarcm uniiis, antcquam alter le cxpcdiat. 
 
 PosTREMo, hoc ipium prius & poftcrius in omni aclione naturali no- 
 rari debet j vcluti quod in infuftonc rhabarbari eliciatur purgaciva vis prius, 
 aftrictiva port 5 fimile quiddam etiam ia^ infufione violarum in acerum ex- 
 perti llnvius ; ubi primo excipitur lliavis & dclicatus floris odor ■■, poi^, pars 
 tloris magis terrca, quae odorem confundit. Itaque fi intundantur violac 
 per diem integrum, odor multo languidius excipitur, quod fi infundanrur 
 per partem quartam horac tantum, & cxtrahantur ; & (quia paucus clt fpi- 
 iitus odoratus, qui flibfiftit in viola) infundantur poft fingulas qu.'^rtas horae 
 I'Solac novae & rcccntes ad fexics 5 turn demum nobilitatur intufio, ita ut li- 
 cet non manferint violae, utcunqe renovatac, plus quam ad fefquihoram ; 
 tamen permanferit odor gratiiilmus, & viola ipfa non inferior, ad annum 
 integrum. Notandum tamen eft, quod non ic colligat odor ad vires fuas 
 plenas, nifi poll menlem ab infufione. In diflillationibus veto aromatum 
 maceratorum in fpiritu vini patct, quod liirgat primo phlcgma aqucum & 
 inutile, deinde aqua plus habcns ex fpiritu vini, deinde poft aqua plus ha- 
 bcns ex aromatc. Atque hujus generis quampiurima invcniuntur in diflil- 
 lationibus notatu digna. Verum haec fufficiant ad excmpla, 
 
 XLVII. Inter praerogativas inftantiaruni poncmus loco vicefimo ter- 
 tio inftantias quanti, quas ctiam dofes naturae (fumpto vocabulo a mcdici- 
 nis) vocare confuevimus. Eae funt, quae menlurant virtutcs per quanta 
 corporum, & indicant quid quantum corporis taciat ad modum virtutis. Ac 
 primo funt quaedam virtutes, quae non lubfiftnnt nifi in quanto cofmico, 
 hoc eft, tali quanto, quod habcat conlpifiim cum configurarione & fabrica 
 univer/i. Terra cnim ftatj partes ejus cadunt. Aquae in maribus fluunt 
 & refluunti in fluviis minime, nifi per ingreflum moris. Deinde ctiam om- 
 nes fere virtutes particulates lecundum multum aut parum corporis operan- 
 tur. Aquae largae non facile corrumpuntur ; exiguac cito. Muftum & 
 Gcrvi/ia maturelcunt longe citius, & fiunt potabilia in utribus parvis, quam 
 in doliis magnis. Si herba ponatur in majore portione liquoris, fit infufiof 
 mag?s quam imbibitio : Si in minore, fit imbibitio magis quam infufio. 
 Aliud igitur erga corpus hiunanum eft balneum, aliud levis irroratio. Eti- 
 am parvi rores in acre nunquam cadunt, fed diftipantur, & cum aerc in- 
 corporantur. Et viderc eft in anhelitu fupcr gemmas, parum illud humo- 
 lis, quafi nubeculam vento difllpatam, continuo folvi. Etiam fruftum c- 
 juldem magnctis non trahit tantum ferri, quantum magnes integer. Sunt 
 etiam virtutes, in quibus parvitas quanti magis potel^ ; ut in pcnetrationibuSy 
 ftylus acutus citius penetrat, quam obtufus -, adamas punctuatus fculpit in 
 vitro, & fimilia. 
 
 Verum non hie morandum eft in indefinitis, fed ctiam dc rationibus 
 quanti corporis erga modum virtutis inquirendum. Proclive cnim foret cre- 
 dere, quod rationcs quanti rationes virtutis adaequarentj ut fi pila plumbea 
 
 unius
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM O R G A N U M, 
 
 unius unclac cadcrct in tali tempore, pila unciatiim duarum dcberct cadere 
 duplo cclcrius, quod falfillimum eft i iice cacdcin rationes in omni genere 
 virtutum valent, led longe diverlae. Itaque hac inenllirae ex rebus ipfis 
 petcndac funt, & non ex ^-erifimilitudiac aut conjectutis. 
 
 Deniq_ue in omni inquifitionc natura quantum corporis requiratur ad 
 aliquod cfFedum, tanquam dolls, notandum 3 & eautiones de niniis & pa- 
 rum afpcrgcndae. 
 
 XLVIII. Inter pracrogativas inflantiarum, poncmus loco vicc/imo 
 quarto inftantias luctae i quas etiam inftantias pracdominantiac appellate 
 conlucvimus. Eac indicant pracdominantiam & cellionem virtutcm ad in- 
 vicem ,- & quae ex illis fit fortior & vincat, quae inhrmior & luccumbat. 
 Sunt enim motus & nixus corporum compolui, dccompofiri, & complicati, 
 non minus quam corpora ipla, Proponcmus igicur prinuim fpccics praeci- 
 puas motuum five virtutum adivarum ; ut magis perlpicua fit iplarum com- 
 paratio in robore, & exinde demonftratio atque dcfignatio inftantiarum lu- 
 ctae & praedominantiac. 
 
 Mot us primus fit motus antitypiac materiae, quae inert in fingulis por- 
 tionibus ejus; per qucm plane anniliilari non vult : ita ut nullum inccndi- 
 um, nullum pondus aut dcprefiio, nulla violentia, nulla deniqueaetas aut diu-» 
 turnitas temporis polllt redigere aliquam vel minimam portioncm materiae 
 in nihilum, quin ilia &c fit aliquid, & loci aliquid occupet ; & fc, (in 
 qualicunque neceffitatc ponatur) vel formam mutando vel locum, libcret s 
 vel {Ci non detur copia) ut eft, lubfill:at ; ncque unquam res eo dcveniat, 
 ut aut nihil fit, aut nuUibi. Qiiem motum fchola (quae Icmper fere &dc- 
 nominat & detinit res, potius per cfFeftus i3c incommoda, quam per caufas 
 interiores,) vel denotat per illud axioma, quod duo corpora non pofllnt eflc 
 in uno loco; vel vocat motum, ne fiat penetratio dimenfionum. Nequc 
 hujus motus exempla proponi confentaneuni eft : Ineft enim omni corpori. 
 
 Sit motus fccundus, motus (qucm appellamus) nexus; per quern corpora- 
 Hon patiuntur Cc ulla ex parte Ibi dirimi a contadu alterius corporis, ut quae 
 niutuo nexu & contaftu gaudcant : Qiicm motum fchola vocat motum, ne 
 detur vacuum : Veluti cum aqua attrahitur lurfiam cxudionc, aut per riftu- 
 las ; care per vcntofas i aut cum aqua fiftitur, nee effluit in hydriis pcrfo- 
 ratis, nifi os hydriae ad immittendum aerem apcriatur ; & innumcra id ge- 
 nus. 
 
 S I T motus tertius, motus (qucm appellamus) libcrtatis ; per qucm cor- 
 pora le liberare nituntur a prcflbra aut tenfura practernaturali, & reftitu- 
 cre fe in dimenfiim corpori ilio conveniens. Cujus motus etiam innumera 
 fant exempla : Veluti (quatenus ad libcrationem a prelVura) aquae in natan- 
 do, aeris in volando ; aquae in remigando, aeris in undulationibus vcntorum, 
 laminae in horologiis. Nee incleganter le oftendit motus aeris comprelli in 
 fclopetis ludicris puerorum, cum alnum aut fimile quiddam excavant, & in- 
 farciunt frufto alicujus radicis iucculentac, vel fimilium, ad utrolque fines ;dc- 
 indc per embolum trudunt radieem, vel hujufinodi farcimentum in foramen 
 alterum : Unde emirtitur & cjicitur radix cum fonitu ad foramen alterum, id- 
 que antequam tangatur a radice, aut farcimentocitimo,autembolo. Qiiatenus 
 vero ad libcrationem a tenfura, oftendit fe hie motus in acre poft exudionem 
 in ovis vitrcis remancnte ; in chordis, in corio, & panno ; refilientibus poft 
 tcnfiiras fuas, nifi tenfurae illae per moram invaluerint, &c. Atque hunc nio- 
 tum fchola llib nomine motus ex forma dementi innuit ; fatis quidcm inlci- 
 te, cum hie motus non tantum ad aerem, aquam, aut flammam pertineat, fed 
 I ad 
 
 /1 f-» O 
 
 O / C
 
 ,^4. N O VU M ORG ANUM. Lib.H. 
 
 ^d' oinnem divcrfitatcm confiftcntiac ; ut ligni, ferri, plumbi, panni, mcm- 
 branac, &c. in quibus, fingula corpora fiiac habent dimcnfionis modulum; 
 & ab eo aegi'c ad Ipatiurn aliquod notabilc abripiuntur. Vcrum quia mo- 
 tus iftc libcrtatis omnium eft maximc obvius, & ad intinita lpccl:ans,conrul- 
 tum fucrit eum bene & perlpicuc diflingucrc. Qiiidam enim valdc ncgli- 
 sjcnter confundunt hunc motum cum gcmino illo motu antitypiae & nexus ; 
 libcrationem Icilicct a preflura, cum motu antitypiae; a tcnfura, cum mo- 
 ru nexus : ac fi rdco ccdetcnt aut fe dilatarent corpora comprcfl'a, nc leque- 
 recur pcnetratio dimenfionum i ideo rcfilirent & contraherent le corpora 
 tenia, nc fequeretur vacuum. Atqui i\ aiir comprefllis le vcUet rccipere in 
 denfitatem aquae, aut lignum in deniaatcm lapidis, nil opus forct pcnctra- 
 tione dimenfionum ; & nihilominus longe- major poflet efic eomprellio illo- 
 rum, quam ilia uUo modo patiuntur. Eodem modo fi aqua te dilatarc vei- 
 kt in raritatem aeris, aut lapis in rariratem ligni, non opus foret vacuo i 
 & tamen longe major poflet fieri extenfio eorum, quam ilia uUo modo pati- 
 untur. Itaquc non reducitur res ad penetrationem dimenfionum & vacuum, 
 iiifi in ultimitatlbus condenfationis & rarefaftionis i cum tamen ifti motus 
 longe citra cas fiftant & vcrlentur ; neque aliud fint, quam defideria corpo- 
 rum conlcrvandi le in confilTientiis fuis, (five, fi malint, in formis llii*) ncc 
 ab iis recedendi fubito, nifi per modos iuaves, ac per conicnfum altercntur. 
 At lon2;e magis neccllarium eft, (quia multa fecum trahit) ut intimeturho- 
 » ininibus motum violentum, (quem nos mechanicum ; Democritus, qui in 
 
 motibus luis primis expediendis etiam infra mediocrcs philofophos ponen- 
 dus eft, motum plagae vocavit) nil aliud cfle quam motum libcrtatis, fcili- 
 cet u compreflionc ad relaxationem. Etenim in omni five fimplici protru- 
 fione, five volatu per aerem, non fit fummotio aut latio localis, antequam 
 partes corporis practcrnaturaliter patiantur & comprimantur ab impcllente. 
 Turn rcro partibus aliis alias per lucceftlonem trudentibus, fertur totuni ; 
 ncc folum progrcdicndo, led etiam rotando fimul ; ut etiam hoc modo 
 partes fe liberate, aut magis ex aequo tolerare poilint : Atque dc hoc motu 
 hactenus. 
 
 Sit motus quartus, motus cui nomcn habctur motus hyles : Qui motus 
 antiftrophus eft quodammodo motui, de quo diximus, libcrtatis. Etenim 
 in motu libcrtatis corpora novum dimenfum, five novam fphaeram, five no- 
 vam diiatationcm aut contraclionem, (hacc enim verborum varietas -idem 
 innuit) exhorrent, refpuunt, fugiunt, &: refilire ac vcterem confiftentiam 
 recnperarc totis viribus contendunt. At contra in hoc motu hyles, corpora 
 novam fphaeram five dimenfum appetunt ; atque ad illud libcnter &c pro- 
 pcre,~6i quandoquc valentiflimo nixu (utin pulverc pyrio) afpirant. Inllru- 
 xncnta autcm hujus motus, non fola ccrte, fed potentifiima, aut faltem fre- 
 quentillima, funt calor & frigus. Exempli gratia: Aer fi per tenfuram 
 (vclut per exuftioncm in ovis vitreis) dilatctur, magno laborat dcfiderio 
 feipfum reftituendi. At admoto calore, e contra appetit dilatari, & concu- 
 pilcct novam fphaeram, & tranfit & migrat in illam libcnter, tanquam in 
 •novam formam (ut loquuntur.) Nee poft diiatationcm nonnuUam dc redi- 
 tu curat, nifi per admonitioncm frigidi ad cam invitetur ; quae non reditus eft, 
 fed tranlmutatio repetita. Eodem modo & aqua, fi per comprcftmncm ar- 
 ftetur, recalcitrat ; & vult fieri qualis tuit, icilicct latior. At fi intcrveniat 
 frigus intcnfum & continuatum, mutat fe fponte fua Sc libcnter iii conden- 
 iationcm glaciei > atque fi plane continuctur frigus, nee a ttporibus intcr- 
 
 lumpa^r,
 
 Lib. 11. NOVUM O R G A N U M. 
 
 rurapatur, (ut fit ia fpcluncis & cavcrnis paulo profundioribus) vertitur hi 
 cryftallum, aut materiam fimilcm, ncc unquam rcftituirar. 
 
 Sit motus quintus, motus continuarionis : IntcUigimus autcm non con- 
 tinuationis fimplicis & primariae, cun\ corporc aliquo altero ; (nam ille eft 
 motus nexus) fed continuarionis lui, in corporc ccrto. Ccrtifllnium enim 
 eft, quod corpora omnia folutioncm continuitatis exhorrcant ; alia magis, alia 
 minus, fed omnia aliquatenus. Nam ut in corporibus duris (vcluti clialybis, 
 vitri) rclutlatio contra difcontinuationcm eft maximc robufta Sc valida ; ita 
 ctiam in liquoribus, ubi ccfl'arc aut languerc faltem vidctur motus ejufmodi, 
 tamen non prorfus rcpcritur privatio ejus; fed plane ineft ipfis in gradutan- 
 quam infimo, & prodit fe in experimentls plurimisj ficut in bullis, in rotun- 
 ditate guttarum, in fills tcnuioribus ftillicidiorum, & in fequacitate corporuni 
 glutinolbrum, & ejufmodi. Scd maxime omnium fc oftendit appetitus iftc, 
 fi difcontinuatio tentctur ufquc ad fracliones minores. Nam in mortariis, 
 poft contufionem ad certum gradum, non amplius operatur piftillum : Aqua 
 non fubintrat rimas minores : Qiiin & ipfe aer, non obftante fubtilitate cor- 
 poris ipfius, poros vaforum paulo folidiorum non pcrtranfit fubito, ncc nifi 
 per diuturnam infuiuationem. 
 
 Sit motus fextus, motus quem nominamus motum ad lucrum, five mo- 
 tum indigcntiac. Is eft, per quem corpora, quando verfantur inter plane 
 heterogenea & quafi inimica, fi forte nancifcantur copiam aut commoditatem 
 evitandi ilia heterogenea, & fc applicandi ad magis cognata; (licet ilia ipfa 
 cognata talia fucrinr, quae non habcant arftum confenfum cum ipfis) tamcii 
 ftatim ea ampledluntur, & tanquam potiora malunt ; & lucri loco (undo 
 %'ocabulum fumpfimus) hoc ponere videntur, tanquam talium corporum in- 
 diga. Exempli gratia ; aurum, aut aliud metallum foliatum, non deleftatur 
 aerc circumfufo. Itaque fi corpus aliquod tangibile & craftum nancifcatur, 
 (ut digitum, papyrum, quidvis aliud) adhaeret ftatim, ncc facile divellitur. 
 Etiam papyrus, aut pannus, & hujufmodi, non bene fe habent cum acre, 
 qui inferitur & commiftus eft in ipforum poris. Itaque aquam aut liquorum 
 libentcr imbibunt, & aerem exterminant. Etiam faccharum, aut fpongia 
 infufa in aquam aut vinum, licet pars ipforum cmineat, & longc attollatur 
 fupra vinum aut aquam, tamen aquam aut vinum paulatim & per grac^us 
 attrahunt in furfum. 
 
 Unde optimus canon fumitur apcrturac & folutionum corporum. Mif- 
 fis enim corrofivis & aquis fortibus, quae viam fibi aperiunt s fi poflit inve- 
 niri corpus proportionatum & magis confenticns & amicum corpori alicui 
 folido, quam illud, cum quQ tanquam per necellltarcm commifcetur : ftatim 
 fc apcrit & relaxat corpus, & illud altcrum intro recipit, priore «clufa 
 aut fummoto. Ncque operatur, aut poteft, ifte motus ad lucrum, folum- 
 modo ad taftum. Nam eleftrica opcratio (dc qua Gilbertus & alii poft eum 
 tantas cxcitarunt fabulas) non alia eft quam corporis per fricationem levem 
 excitati appetitus, qui acrem non bene tolcrat, fed aliud tangibile mavult, 
 fi reperiatur in propinquo. 
 
 Sit motus feptimus, motus (quem appelhmus) congregationis majoris ; 
 per quem corpora feruntur ad mafllis connaturalium ftiorum ; gravia ad 
 globum tcrrac; Icvia ad ambitum cocli. Hunc fchola nomine motus natu- 
 ralis infignivit, levi contcmplatione 5 quia fcilicet nil fpedabilc erat ab ex- 
 tra, quod cum motum cicr^t ; (itaque rebus ipfis innatum atquc infitum pu- 
 tavit :) aut forte quia non ceflat. Nee mirum : Icmper enim pracfto func 
 coelum & terra ; cum c contra caufac & origincs plurimorum ex reliquis 
 2 motibus 
 
 37:
 
 376 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 motlbus iiiterdum abfint, interdum adfint. Itaque hunc, quia non intermit- 
 tit, fed cacteris intermittentibus ftatim occurrit, pcrpetuum & propiium i 
 rcliquos, afcititios pofuit. Eft autcm iftc motus revera fatis infirmus & 
 hebcs, tanquam is qui (nifi fit moles corporis major) caeteris motibus, quan- 
 diu operantur, cedat & fuccumbat. Atque cum hie motus hominum cogi- 
 tationes ita implevcrit, ut fere reliquos motus occultavcrit 5 tamcn parum eft 
 quod iiomines dc co fciunt, fed in multis circa ilium erroribus vcrfantur. 
 
 S I T motus odavus, motus congregationis minoris i per qucm partes ho- 
 mogenea in corpore aliquo feparant fe ab heterogeneis, & coeunt inter 
 fefe; per quem etiam corpora Integra ex fimilitudine fubftantiae fe ample- 
 duntur & fovent, & quandoque ad diftantiam aliquam congrcgantur, at- 
 trahuntur, & conveniunt : Vcluti cum in lade flos ladis poft moram aliquam 
 fupcrnatat j in vino faeces & tarlarum fubfidunt. Ncque enim hacc fiunt 
 per motum gravitatis & kvitatis tantum, ut aliae partes fummitatcm petant, 
 aliae ad imum vergant, fed multo magis per defiderium homogeneorum in- 
 ter fe coeundi & fe uniendi. DifFcrt autem ifte motus a motu indigentiae, 
 in duobus : Uno, quod in motu indigentiae fit ftimulus major naturae ma- 
 lignae & contrariae : At in hoc motu {R modo impedimenta & vincula ab- 
 fint) uniuntur partes per amicitiam, licet abfit natura alicna, quae litem mo- 
 veat : Altero, quod ardior fit unio, & tanquam majorc cum delcclu. In 
 illo enim, modo evitetur corpus inimicum, corpora ctiam non admodum 
 cognata concurrunt : At in hoc coeunt fubftantia, gcrmana plane fimili- 
 tudine devindlae; & conflautur tanquam in unum. Atque hie motus om- 
 nibus corporibus compofitis ineft j & fc facile conl'piciendum in fingulis 
 daret, nifi ligaretur & fraenaretur per alios corporum appetitus & neccflita- 
 tes, quae iftam coitionem difturbant. 
 
 LigaTur autcm motus iftc plerumque tribus modis: Torpore cor- 
 porum ; fracno corporis dominantis ; & motu extcrno. Ad torporcm cor- 
 porum quod attiilet i certum eft inefle corporibus tangibilibus pigritiam 
 quandam fccundum magis &. minus, & cxhorrcntiam motus localis : ut nifi 
 'excitcntur, malint ftatu fuo (prout funt) efle contcnta, quam in melius fe 
 expedire. Difcutitur autem ifte torpor iriplici auxilio : aur per calorcm, auc 
 per virtutem alicujus cognati corporis eminentem, aur per motum vividum 
 Si. potcntcm. Atque primo quoad auxilium caloris : hinc fit, quod calor 
 pronuncictur efle illud, quod feparet hcterogenca, congregct homogenea : 
 Quam dcfinitioncm Peripateticorum merito dcrifit Cilbertus ; diccns, cam 
 efle perinde ac fi quis diccret ac definiret homincm illud efle, qund fcrat 
 triticum, & planter vineas ; efle enim dcfinitioncm tanti'm per effcdus, eof- 
 quc particulares. Sed adhuc magis culpanda eft ilia dcniuiioj quia etiam 
 eflfedus illi (quales, quales funt) non funt ex proprietate caloris, fed tantum 
 per accidens, (idem enim facit frigus, ut poftca diccmus i) ncmpe ex dcfiderio 
 partium homogenearum coeundi, adjuvantc tantum calorc ad difcuticndum 
 Torporcm, qui torpor defiderium illud antea ligaverat. Quoad vcro auxi- 
 lium vhrtutis inditae a corpore cognato ; illud mirabilitcr cluccfcit in mag- 
 nctc armato, qui excitat in fcrro virtutem detinendi ferrum per fimilitudincm 
 fubftantiae, difcuflb torpore ferri per virtutem magnetis. Quoad vcro auxi- 
 lium mbtus, confpicitur illud in fagittis ligncis, cufpide ctiam lignca ; quae 
 altius penetrant in alia ligna, quam fi fuiflent armatae fcrro, per fimilitudi- 
 ncm iubftantiae, difcuflb torpore ligni per motum celercm : dc quibus duo- 
 bus expcrinientis etiam in aphorifmo dc inftantiis clandcftinis dixiauis. 
 
 I LiGATIO
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 LiGATio vcro moms congregationis minoris, quae fit per fracniim cor- 
 poris dominanti,., confpicirur in lolurionc fanguinis & urinarum per Irigus. 
 Qiiamdiu enim rcpleta fuerint corpora ilia fpiritu agili, qui iingulas corum 
 partes cujulcunquc generis, ipfe ut dominus totius ordinar & cohibet; 
 tamdiu non coeunt hctcrogcnca propter Iraenuni: fed poftquam ille Ipiritus 
 cvaporaverit, aut lliffocatus t'uerit per frigus, turn Iblutae partes a fraeno, 
 coeunt fccunduiii defideriuni fuum naturale. Atque ideo fit, ut omnia cor- 
 pora, quae continent fpiiitum acrem, (ut Tales, &hujufmodi) durent&non 
 folvantur, ob fracnum pcrmancns & durabilc Ipiritus dominantis & impe- 
 riofi. 
 
 LiGATio vero motus congregationis minoris, quae fit per motum ex- 
 ternum, maxime conipicitur in agitationibus corporum, per quas arcetur 
 putrefadio. Omnis enim putrcfadio fundatur in congrcgatione homogcnc- 
 orum5 undc paulatim tit corruptio prioris (quam vocant) formac, & gene- 
 ratio novae. Nam putrefadionem, quae fternit viam ad generationem no- 
 vae formac, praccedit folutio vcteris; quae eft ipfa coitio ad homogeneam. 
 Ea vero fi non impedita fucrit, fit folutio firaplex; fin occurrant varia quae 
 obftant, fequuntur putrcfacliones, quae funt rudimenta gcnerationis novae. 
 Qitod fi (id quod nunc agitur) fiat agitatio frequens per motum externum; 
 turn vcro rnotus ifte coitionis (qui eft dclicatus & mollis, & indiget quicte ab 
 cxtcrnis) difturbatur & cefl'at; ut fieri vidcmus in innumeris: veluti, cum 
 quotidiana agitatio aut profluentia aquae areeat putrefadionem 5 vcnti ar- 
 ceant pcftilcntiam aeris; grana in granariis veria 6c agitata maneant pura; 
 omnia dcnique agitata exterius non tacile putrefiant intcrius, 
 
 SuPEREST ut non omittatur coitio ilia partium corporum, unde fit prae-' 
 cipue induratio 6c deficcatio. Poftquam enim fpiritus, aut humidum in 
 fpiritum verfum, cvolaverit in aliquo corporc porofiorc, (ut in ligno, oflc, 
 membrana, & hujufmodi) tum parte? cralliores majore nixu contrahuntur & 
 coeunt, unde fequitur induratio aut deficcatio: quod exiftimamus fieri, noii 
 tam ob motum nexus, nc detur vacuum, quam per motum ilium amicitiae 
 & unionis. 
 
 Ad coitioncm veroaddiftans quodattinet, ea infrequcns eft & tara: & 
 tamen in pluribus ineft, quam quibus obfervatur. Hujus fimulacra funt, 
 cum bulla folvat buUam ; medicamcnta ex fimilitudinc fubftantiac trahant 
 humores ; chorda in divcrfis fidibus ad unifonum moveat chordam ; & hu- 
 jufmodi. Etiam in fpiritibus animalium hunc motum vigcrc exiftimamus, 
 fed plane incognitum : At cminet certc in magnetc 6c ferro cxcito. Cum 
 autem de motibus magnetis loquimur, diftinguendi plane funt. Quatuor 
 enim virtutes five operationes funt in magnete, quae non confundi, fed fc- 
 parari debent, licet admiratio honlinum 6c ftupor eas commifcucrit. Una, 
 coitionis magnetis ad magnetem, vcl ferri ad magnetem, vel fcrri exciti ad 
 ferrum. Sccunda, verticitatis ejus ad fcptentriones Sc auftrum, atquc fimul 
 declinationis ejus. Tertia, penctrationis ejus per aurum, vitrum, lapidem, 
 omnia. Qiiarta, communication is virtutis ejus de lapide in ferrum,- 6c dc 
 ferro in ferrum, abfquc communicationc fubftantiae. Vcrum hoe loco dc 
 prima virtute ejus tantum loquimur, videlicet coitionis. Infignis etiam eft 
 motus coitionis argcnti vivi 6c aurij adeo ut aurum alliciat argentum \i\uni 
 licet confedum in unguenta, atquc operarii inter vaporcs argcnti vivi ibie- 
 anttenerein ore fruftum auri ad colligendas cmifllones argcnti vivi, alias 
 crania 6c ofla corum invafuras; undc etiam fruftum illud paulo poll albclcir. 
 Atquc de motu congregationis minoris hacc dida fiat. 
 
 Vol. I. Bbb Sit 
 
 377.
 
 78 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. II. 
 
 Sit motus nonus, motus magneticus, qui licet fit ex gcnctc motus con- 
 grcgationis minoris, tamcn fi opcrctur ad diftantias magnas, & lupcr naaffas 
 rcrum magnas, inquifitionem mcrctur feparatam; praefcrtim fi nee incipiat 
 a tcicflu, quemadmodum plurimi, nee perducat actionem ad taiTium, qucm- 
 admodum omnes motus congregativi; fed corpora tantum clevct, aut cain- 
 tumefcere faciat, nee quicquam ultra. Nam fi luna attollat aquas, aut tur- 
 gefcere, aut intumefcerc faciat humida; aut coelum ftcUatum attrahat pla- 
 netas verfus fua apogaea; aut fol alliget aftra veneris & mercurii, ne longius 
 abfint a corporc ejus, quam ad diftantiam certam; vidcntur hi motus nee 
 fub congregatione m.ajore, nee fubcongrcgationeminorc bene coUocari, fed 
 efle tanquam eongrcgativa media & impcrfefta, ideoquc Ipeciem dcbcrc con- 
 ftituere propriam. 
 
 Sit motus decimus, motus fugae 5 motus fcilicet motui congregationis 
 minoris contrarius ; per quem eorpora ex antipathia fugiunt <5c fugant ini- 
 mica, fcque ab illis fcparant, aut cum illis mifcere fe recufant. Qiiamv^is 
 enim videri pofllt in aliquibus hie motus efle motus tantum per accidcns, 
 aut per confequens, refpedu motus congregationis minoris, quia nequeunt 
 coire homogenea, nifi hcterogeneis cxclufis & remotis : tamen ponendus eft 
 motus ifte per fe, & in fpeciem conftituendus, quia in multis appetitus fu- 
 gae cernitur magis principalis, quam appetitus coitionis. 
 
 E MI NET autem hie motus infigniter in excrctionibus animalium; nee 
 minus etiam in fenfuum nonnullorum odiofis objedis, praecipue in olfliciu 
 & guftu. Odor enim foetidus ita rejicitur ab olfadu, ut etiam inducat in os 
 flomachi motum expulfionis per confenfum; fapor amarus & horridus ita 
 rejicitur a palato aut gutture, ut inducat per confenfum capitis conquaflatio- 
 nem Schorrorem. Veruntamen etiam in aliis locum habetifte motus: Con- 
 fpicitur enim in antiperiftafibus nonnullis? ut in aeris media regionc, cujus 
 frigora videntur efle rcjcftiones naturae frigidae ex confiniis coclcftiumj 
 quemadmodum etiam videntur magni illi fervores & inflammationes, quae 
 inveniuntur in locis fubtcrraneis, efle rcjediones naturae calidae ab interio- 
 ribus terrac. Calor enim & frigus, fi fuerint in quanto minore, fe invicem 
 pcrimuntj fin fuerint in maflls majoribus, & tanquam juftis exercitibus, tum 
 vero per confliftum fe loeis invicem fummovent & ejiciunt. Etiam tra- 
 dunt cinnamomum & odorifera fita juxta latrinas & loca foetida, diutius 
 odorem retinere, quia recufant exire & commifccri cum foetidis. Certe ar- 
 gentum vivum, quod alias fe re-unirct in corpus integrum, prohibetur per 
 falivam hominis, aut axungiam porei, aut terebinthinam, & hujufmodi, no 
 partes ejus coeant, propter malum confenfum quem habent cum hujulmodi 
 corporibusj a quibus undiquc circumfufis fe retrahunt: adco ut fortioi fit 
 earum fuga ab iftis interjacentibus, quam defiderium unicndi fc cum parti- 
 bus fui fimilibus; id quod vocant mortificationem argenti vivi. Etiam quod 
 oleum cum aqua non mifccatur, non tantum in caufa eft differentia Icvita- 
 tis; fed malus ipforum confenfus : ut vidcre eft in fpiritu vini, qui cum le- 
 vior fit oleo, tamen fe bene mifcet cum aqua. At maxime omnium infig- 
 nis eft motus fugae in nitro, & hujufmodi corporibus crudis, quae flammam 
 exhorreat; ut in pulvere pyrio, argento vivo, necnon in auro. Fuga vero 
 terri ab altero polo magnetis a Gilberto bene notatur non efle fuga propria, 
 fed conformitas & coitioadfitum magis accommodatum. 
 
 Sit motus undecimus, motus aflimilationis, five multiplicationis fui, five 
 etiam gencrationis fimplicis. Generationem autem fimpliccm dicimus non 
 corporum imegralium, utinplantis, aut animalibus; fed corporum fimila- 
 
 rium.
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 379 
 
 rium. Nempc per hunc motum corpora fimilaria vcrtunt corpora alia affi- 
 nia, aut raltcm bene dilpofira & pracparata, in lubftantiam & naturam Iham; 
 ut flamma, quae fupcr halitiis & olcola multiplicat fc, & gcncrat novam flam- 
 mam; aer, qui llipcr aquam & aquca multiplicat fc, & gcncrat novum ac- 
 rem; fpiritus vegctabilis & animalis, qui fupcr tenuiorcs partes, tarn aquci 
 quam olcofi, in alimcntis fuis multiplicat fc, & gcncrat novum fpirirum; 
 partes folidac plantarum & animalium, veluti folium, flos, care, os, & fie 
 dc cactcris, quae fingulac ex fuccis alimcntorum adlmilant, & gcncrant fub- 
 ftantiam fucceflivam & cpiufiam. Ncquc cnim qucnquam cum Paracclfo 
 deUrare juvcr, qui (dii^iliationibus fuis fcilicet occaccatus) nutritioncm per 
 feparationem tantum fieri voluit; quodquc in pane vcl cibo latcat oculus, 
 nafus, cerebrum, jccur; in fucco tcrrac radix, folium, flos. Etcnim ficut 
 faber ex rudi maffa lapidis vcl ligni, per feparationem & rcjcdioncm fuper- 
 flui educit folium, florcm, oculum, nafum, manum, pcdem, & fimilia; ita 
 Archacum ilium fabrum internum ex alimento per feparationem & rejcdio- 
 nem educere fingula membra & partes, aflcrit illc. Vcrum miflls nugis 
 ccrtillimum eft partes fingulas tarn fimilarcs quam organicas, in vcgctabi- 
 Ijbus & animalibus, fuccos alimcntorum fuorum fere communes, aut non 
 multum diverfos, primo attrahere cum nonnullo dclcdu, dcindc afllmilarc, 
 & vertcre in naturam fuam. Nequc afllmilatio ifta, aut gencratio fimplex, 
 fit folum in corporibus animatis; vcrum & inanimata ex hac re participant; 
 veluti de flamma & aere diftum eft. Quinctiam fpiritus emortuus, qui in 
 omni tangibilianimato continetur, id perpetuo agit, ut partes cralllores di- 
 gerat & vr tat in fpiritum qui deindc exeat; undc fit diminutio ponderis Sc 
 exftccatio, ut alibi diximus. Nequc etiam rcfpucnda eft in aflimilationc, 
 accrctio ilia, quam vulgo abalimentatione diftinguunt; veluti cum lutum 
 inter lapillos concrefcit, & vertitur in materiam lapidcam ; fquamae circa 
 dcntes vertuntur in ilibftantiam non minus duram, quam funt dentes ipfi, 
 &.(:. Sumus cnim in eaopinione, inefte corporibus omnibus dcfiderium afli- 
 milandi, non minus quam coeundi ad homogcnea; verum ligatur ifta virtus, 
 ■ licut & ilia ; licet non iifdcm modis. Sed modos illos, necnon folutionem 
 ab iifdcm, omni diligentia inquirerc oportct; quia pertinent ad fcneclutis 
 refocillationem. Poftrcmo vidctur notatu dignum, quod in novcm illis 
 motibus, de quibus diximus, corpora tantum naturae fuae confcrvationcm 
 appcterc vidcntur; in hoc decimo autcm propagationem. 
 
 Sit motus duodecimus motus cxcitationis; qui motus vidctur cftc ex 
 genere aflimilationis, atquc eo nomine quandoquc a nobis promifcuc voca- 
 tur. Eft cnim motus dift'ufivus, & communicativus, & tranHtivus, «Sc mul- 
 tiplicativus, ficut & illc; atquc cffcftu (ut plurimum) confentiunt, licet: 
 efficicndi modo & fubjcfto differant. Motus cnim aflimilationis proccdic 
 tanquam cum impcrio & potcftatc; jubet cnim & cogit aflimilatum in af- 
 fimilantcm verti & mutari. At motus cxcitationis proccdit tanquam arte & 
 infinuatione, &furtim5 & invitat tantum, & difponit cxcitatum ad natu- 
 ram excitantis. Etiam motus aflimilationis multiplicat & transformat cor- 
 pora & fubftantias; veluti, plus fit flammae, plus aeris, plus Ipiritus, plu-v 
 carnis. At in motu excitationis, multiplicantur «Sc tranfeunt virtutcs tan- 
 tum; & plus fit calidi, plus magnctici, plus putridi. Eminct autcm ifle 
 motus praecipue in calido & frigido. Ncquc cnim calor diftundit fe in calc- 
 facicndo per communicationem primicaloris ; fed tantum per cxcitationcm par- 
 tium corporis ad motum ilium, qui eft forma calidi; dc quo in vindemia- 
 tionc prima dcnatura calidi diximus. Itaquc longctardius &difficiliusexcita- 
 VoL. I. B b b 3 tur
 
 380 NOVUxM ORGANUM. Lib. It 
 
 tur calor in lapide aut mctallo, quam in acre; ob inhabiliratcm & impromp- 
 titudinem corporum illorum ad motum ilium; ita ut vcriiimile fit, pofle 
 efle intcrius vcrlus vilccra tcrrae matcrias, quae caleficri proifus rcfpuant; 
 quia ob condcnfationcm majorcm Ipiritu illo dcftituuntur, a quo motus ifte 
 excitationis plerunque incipit. Similiter magncs induic fcrrum nova parti- 
 um difpofitionc, & motu conformi; ipl'c autem nihil ex virtute pcrdit. Si- 
 militer fernientum panis, & flos ccrvifiac, & coagulum ladis, & nonnulla 
 ex venenis, excitant & invitant motum in mafia farinaria, aut ccrvifia, aut 
 cafeo, aut corpore humano fucccilivum & continuatum: non tam ex vi ex- 
 eitantis, quam ex praeditpofitionc & faclli cellionc excitati. 
 
 Sit motus deeimus tcrtius, motus imprcllionis; qui motus eft ctiam ex 
 generc motus aflimilationis; clique ex diifufivis motibus lubtilifiimus. No- 
 bis autem vi-fum eft eum in fpeciem propriam conftituere, propter differcn- 
 tiam infigncm quam habct crga priorcs duos. Motus enim aflimilationis 
 iimplex corpora ipfa transformat; ita ut fi toUas primum movens, nihil ia- 
 teriit ad ea quae lequuntur. Neque enim prima acccnfio in flammam, aut 
 prima vcrflo in aerem, aliquid facit ad flammam aut aercm, in gencrati- 
 oneliiccedentem. Similiter, motus excitationis omninomanct, remoto pri- 
 mo movente, ad tempora bene diuturna; ut in corpore calefadto, remoto 
 primo calorc ; in ferro excito, remoto magnete ; in mafia farinaria, remo- 
 to fermcnto. At motus imprcflionis, licet fit difFufivus & tranfitivus, ta- 
 mcn pcrpctUQ pcndcre vidctur ex primo movente: adco ut lliblato aut 
 ecflante illo, ftatim deficiat & pereat; itaque etiam momento, aut laltem 
 cxiguo tempore tranfigitur. Quare motus illos aflimilationis & excitationis, 
 motus gcnerationis Jovis, quia gcncratio manct; hunc autem motum, mo- 
 tum gcncrationis Saturni, quia natus ftatim devoratur & abibrbetur, appel- 
 late conllievinuis. Manifeftat fe vero hie motus in tribus; in lucis radiisj 
 fonorum pcrcufllonibus; & magneticis, quatenus ad communicationem. 
 Etenim amota luce, ftatim pereunt colores, & reliquac imagines ejus; a- 
 motapercuflione prima, & quaflatione corporis inde fada, paulo poft perit 
 fonus. Licet enim foni etiam in medio per vcntos tanquam per undas agi- 
 tentur: tamcn diligentius notandum eft, quod fonus non tam diu duraty 
 quam fit rcfonatio. Etenim impulfa campana, foaus ad bene magnum rem- 
 pus continuari vidctur; unde quis facile in crrorem labatur, fi cxiftimet 
 toto illo tempore fonum tanquam natare & haerere in aere ; quod falfifli- 
 mum eft. Etenim ilia rcfonatio non eft idem fonus numcro, fed renova- 
 tur. Hoc autem manifcftatur ex fcdatione five cohibitione corporis pcr- 
 cufli. Si enim fiftatur & dctincatur campana fortiter, & fiat immobilis,. 
 ftatim perit fonus, iiec refonat amplius: ut in chordis; fi poft primam per- 
 cullionem tangatur chorda, vcl digito, ut in lyra ; vel calamo, ut in ef- 
 pinctis; ftatim dcfinit rcfonatio. Magnete autem remoto, ftatim ferrum 
 decidit. Luna autem a mari non poteft removeri ; nee terra a pondcrofa 
 dum cadit. Itaque de illis nullum fieri poteft cxpcrimentum ; fed ratio 
 cadein eft. 
 
 Sit motus deeimus quartus, motus configurationis, autfitus; per qucm 
 corpora appctere videntur non coitionem aut feparationem aliquam; led 
 fitum, & collocationem, & configurationem cum aliis. Eft autem ifte mo- 
 tus valde abftrufus, nee bene inquifitus. Atque in quibufdam videturqua- 
 fi incaufabilis; licet revera (ut exiftimamus) non ita fit. Etenim fi quae- 
 ratur, cur potius coclum volvatur ab oriente in occidentem, quam ab oc- 
 cidcntc in oricntem: aut cur vcrtatur circa polos pofitos juxta urfas, potius 
 
 quam. 
 
 3
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 381 
 
 quam circa orioncm, aut ex alia aliqua parte cocli : videtur ifta quacflio 
 tanquani quacdam ccllafis; cum i(la potius ab cxpericntia, & ut pofitiva, 
 rccipi dcbeant. At in natura profcfto funt quacdam ultima & incaufabilia; 
 vcrum hoc ex illis non cfle videtur. Etenim hoc fieri exiftimamus ex qua- 
 dani harmonia & confcnfu mundi, qui adhuc non venit in obfervationcm. 
 Qiiod {[ recipiatur motus terrac ab occidentc in orientem ; eacdcm manent 
 quacilioncs. Nam & ipfa fupcr aliquos polos movetur. Atque, cur 
 tandem dcbeant ilti poli collocari magis ubi funt, quam alibi. Item vcr- 
 ticiras, & dircdio, & dccllnatio magnctis ad hunc motum refcruntur. Eti- 
 am invcniuntur in corporibus tam naturalibus quam artiticialibus, praefcr- 
 tim confiftentibus, & non fluidis, coUocatio quacdam & pofitura partium, 
 & tanquam villi & fibrac; quae diligcntcr invcftigandae lunt; utpotc fine 
 quarum inventione corpora ilia commode traftari aut regi non pofllint. At 
 circulationes illas in liquidis, per quas ilia, dum prcfla lint, antequam fe 
 liberate pofllinr, fe inviccm relevant, ut comprcfiionem illam ex aequo to- 
 lerent, motui libertatis vcrius ailignamus. 
 
 Sit motus decimus quintus, motus pertranfitionis, five motus fccun- 
 dum meatus; per quern virtutes corporum magis aut minus impcdiuntur, 
 aut provehuntur a mediis ipforum, pro natura corporum & virtutum ope- 
 rantium, atque etiam medii. Aliud cnim medium luci convcnit, aliud lb- 
 no, aliud calori & frigori, aliud virtutibus magneticis, necnon aliis non- 
 nullis refpedive. 
 
 Sit motus decimus fextus, motus regius (ita enim eum appellamus) 
 five politicus ; per quern partes in corpore aliquo praedominantcs & impe- 
 rantes, reliquas partes fraenant, domant, fubigunt, ordinant, & cogunt cas 
 adunari, Icparari, confifterc, moveri, collocari, non ex dcfideriis ibis, led 
 prout in ordine fit, & conducat ad bene elle partis illius imperantis; adeo 
 ut fit quafi regimen & politia quacdam, quam excrcet pars rcgens in partes 
 fubditas. Eminct autcm hie motus praecipue in fpiritibus animalium, qui 
 motus omnes partium reliquarum, quamdiu ipfe in vigore eft, contcmpe- 
 rat. Invenitur autem in aliis corporibus in gradu quodam inferiore ; quemad- 
 niodum didum eft de languine & urinis, quae non folvuntur, donee Ipiritus 
 qui partes carum commilcebat & cohibcbat, cmiiiiis fucrit aut Uiftbcatus. 
 Neque ifte motus omnino fpiritibus proprius eft, licet in plerifque corpori- 
 bus rpirirus dominentur ob motum celerem, & penetrationem, Verunta- 
 mcn in corporibus magis condcnlatis, nee Ipiritu vivido & vigente (qualis 
 incft argento vivo & vitriolo) rcplctis, dominantur potius partes craftiorcsj 
 adco ut nifi fracnum & jugum hoc arte aliqua excutiatur, de nova aliqua 
 hujufmodi corporum transtormatione minime fpcrandum fit. Neque vero 
 quifpiam nos oblitos elle exiftimet ejus quod nunc agitur, quia, cum ifta 
 lerics & diftributio motuum ad nil aliud Ipcdet, quam ut illorum praedo- 
 minantia per inftantias ludae melius iuquiratur, jam inter motus ipfosprae- 
 dominantiae mentionem faciamus. Non enim in defcriptionc motus iftius 
 regii, de praedominantia motuum aut virtutum tradamus, fed de praedo- 
 minantia partium in corporibus. Haec enim ea eft pfacdominantia, quae 
 fpeciem iftam motus pcculiarem conftituit. 
 
 Sit motus decimus feptimus, motus rotationis fpontaneus j per quern cor- 
 pora motu gaudentia, & bene collocata, natura fua fruuntur, atque feipfa 
 lequuntur, non aliud; & tanquam proprios petunt amplexus, Etenim vi- 
 dentur corpora aut movere fine termino ; aut plane quiclccre ; aut I'erri .id 
 terminum, ubi pro natura Ilia aut rotcnt aut quicfcant. Atque quae be- 
 ne
 
 382 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. IF. 
 
 ric collocata funt, fi raotu gaudeant, movent per circulum: motu fcilicct 
 aeterno & infinito. Quae bene collocata funt, & motum exhorrent, pror- 
 fus quiefcunt. Quae non bene collocata funt, movent in linca rcda (tan- 
 quam tramite brevirtlmo) ad confortia fuorum connaturalium. Rccipir 
 autem motus iftc rotationis ditferentiasnovcm. Primam, ccntri fui, circa quod 
 corpora movent : Secuudam, polorum lucrum, lupra quos movent: T:r- 
 tiam, circumfercntiae five ambitus lui, prout dillant a ccntro: (^lartam, 
 incitationis luae, prout celerius auc tardius rotant : Qiuntam, conlcquutio- 
 nis motus fui, veluti ab orientc in occidcntcm, aut ab occidcnte in oricn- 
 tcm: Scxtam, declinationis a circulo pcrfetto per fpiras longius aut propius 
 diftantcs a centre fuo: Septimam, declinationis a circulo perfedto per fpi- 
 ras longius aut propius diftantcs a polls fuis : Oftavam,. dirtantiac propioris 
 aut longioris fpirarum- fuarum ad invicem: Nonam & ultimam, variationis 
 ipforura polorum, fi Hnt mobiles: quae ipla ad rotationem non pertinet, ni- 
 ft tiat circularitcr. Atque iftc motus communi & invctcrata opinionc ha- 
 betur pro proprio coelcftium. Attamen gravis de illo motu lis eft inter non^ 
 nuUos tarn ex antiquis quam modcrnis, qui rotationem terrae attribacrunt. 
 At multo fortafle juftior movctur controvcrfia, (f; modo res non lit omnino 
 extra controverfiam) an motus videlicet iftc (conccflb quod terra ftcr) coc- 
 li finibus contineatur, an potius defccndat, & communicctur acri & aqui.<f. 
 Motum autem rotationis in mi ill libus, ut in fpiculis, fagittis, pilis fclopcto- 
 rum, & funilibus, omnino ad motum liberratis rejicimus. 
 
 Sit motus decinius oclavus, motus trcpidationis, cui (ut ab aftronomis 
 intelligitur) non multum tidci adhibemus. Nobis autem, corporum natu- 
 raliuni appetitus ubique fcrio pcrfcrutantibus, occurrit iftc motus; & con- 
 ftitui dcbere vidctur in fpccicm. Eft autem hie motus veluti aetcrnac cu- 
 jufdam captivitatis. Videlicet ubi corpora non omnino pro natura fua bene 
 locata, & tamen non prorfus male fc habentia, perpetuo trepidant, & irre- 
 quiete fe agunt, nee ftatu fuo contenta, nee ultcrius aufa progrcdi. Talis 
 invenitur motus in corde & puUibus animalium; &: necelfe eft ut fit in om- 
 nibus corporibus, quae ft:atu ancipiti ita degunt inter commoda & incom- 
 moda, ut diftrada liberare fetentent, & denuo repulfam patiantur, & tameiv 
 perpetuo experiantur. 
 
 Sit motus decimus nonus & poftremus, motus ille cui vix nomen motus 
 eompetit, & tamen eft plane motus: Qli em motum, motum decubitus, five 
 motiim exhorrcntiae motus, Vocare licet. Per hunc motum terra flat mole 
 fua, movcntibus fe extremis fuis in medium; non ad centrum imaginati- 
 vum, fed ad unionem. Per hunc ctiam appctitum omnia majorem in mo- 
 dum condcnfata motum exhorrent ; atque illis pro omni appetitu eft noa 
 movcri; & licet infinitis modis vellicentur & provoccntur ad motum, tamen 
 naturam fuam (quoad poftlmt) tuentur. Qijod {\ ad motum compcllantur, 
 tamen hoc agere fcmpcr videntur, ut quictem & ftatum fuum recuperent, 
 neque amplius moveant. Atque circa hoc ccrte fe agilia pracbent, & fatis 
 perniciter & rapide (ut pcrtaefa & impaticntia omnis morae) contendunt. 
 Hujus autem appetitus imago ex parte tantum ccrni poteft; quia hie apud nos, 
 ex fubadionc & concoftione coelcftium, omne tangibile non tantum non con- 
 denfatum eft ad ultimitatcm, fed ctiam cum fpiritu nonnullo mifcetur. 
 
 Proposuimus itaque jam fpecies, five clementa fimplicia motuum, 
 appetituum, & virtutum adivarum, quae funt in natura maximc carholica: 
 Neque parum fcientiae naturalis fub illis adumbratum eft. Non ncgamus 
 tamen, & alias fpecies fortafle addi pofle; atque iftas ipfas divifiones fecun- 
 
 dum
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORG A NUM. ^8 
 
 dum veriores remm venas transfcrri ; dcniquc in minorcm numcrum polTc 
 redigi. Neque tamen hoc dc divifionibus aliquibus abftradlis intclliiiiiiius: 
 veluri fi quis dicat; corpora appctcre vel confcrvationcm, vcl cxaJtatio- 
 nem, vcl propat;arioncm, vcl frnitioncm naturae fuac: aut fi quis dicat, 
 motus rerum tcadcrc ad conrervationem & bonum, vel univerfi, uc antity- 
 piam & ncxum : vcl univcrfitatum magnarum, ut motus congrctziationis ma- 
 jorjs, rotation is, & cxhorrcntiae motus i vcl formarum fpccialium, ut rcli- 
 qnos. Licet cnim hacc vera fmt, tamcn nifi tcrmincntur in materia & fa- 
 brica fecundum veras lincas, fpccuiativa funt, «Sc minus utilia. Interim fuf- 
 ficient, & boni crunt ufus, ad pcnlitandas pracdomiuantias virtutum, & cx- 
 quircndas inftantias ludacj id quod nunc agitur, 
 
 E TENIA! ex his, quos propofuimus, motibus, alii prorfus funt Invinci- 
 bilesj alii aliis funt fortiorcs, & illos ligant, fracnant, difponuntj alii aliis 
 longius jaculantur5 alii alios tempore & celeritatc pracvcrtunt; alii alios 
 fovcnt, roborant, ampliant, accelerant. 
 
 Motus antitypiac omnino eft adamantinus & invincibilis: utrum verb 
 njptus nexus fit invincibilis, adhuc haeremus. Neque cnim pro ccrto affir- 
 mavcrimus, utrum detur vacuum, five coaccrvatum, five permiftum. At 
 de illo nobis conftat; rationem illam, propter quam introdudum eft vacu- 
 um a Lcucippo, & Dcmocrito, (videlicet quod abfque co non poflent ca- 
 dem corpora complcdi & implcre majora & minora fpatia) falfam cflc. Eft 
 cnim plane plica matcriae complicantis & rcplicantis fc per fpatia inter ccr- 
 tos fines ablque interpofitione vacui: Neque eft in acre, ex vacuo, bis mil- 
 lies (tantum cnim cllc oportet) plus quam in auro. Id quod ex potcntil- 
 fimis corporum pneumaticorum virtutibus, (quae aliter tanquam pulveres 
 minuti natarent in vacuo) &c multis aliis demonftrationibus, nobis latis li- 
 quet, Reliqui veto motus regunt & reguntur inviccm, pro rationibus vi- 
 goris, quanti, incitationis, ejaculationis, necnon turn auxiliorum, tum im- 
 pcdimcntorum, quae occurrunt. 
 
 Exempli gratia; magncs armatus nonnuUus detinct & fufpcndit fer- 
 rum ad fexagecuplum pondus ipfius; eo ufquc dominatur motus congrcga- 
 tionis minoris, fuper motum congrcgationis majoris; quod fi majusfucrit 
 pondus, fuccumbit. Vedis tanti roboris fublevabit tantum pondus; eo 
 uiquc dominatur motus libertatis fuper motum congrcgationis majoris; fia 
 majus fuerit pondus, lliccumbit. Corium tenfum ad tcnfuram taleni noa ■ 
 rumpitur; eo ulque dominatur motus continuationis fuper motum tcnfurac; 
 quod fi ulterior fuerit tenfura, rumpitur corium, & fuccumbit motus conti- 
 nuationis. Aqua per rimam perforationis talis effluit; co ufquc dominatur 
 motus congrcgationis majoris fuper motum continuationis; quod fi minor 
 fuerit rima, fuccumbit; & vincit motus continuationis. In pulvcrc ful- 
 phuris folius immifti in fclopetum cum pila, & admoto igne, non emittitur 
 pila; in co motus congrcgationis majoris vincit motum hyles. At in pi'.l- 
 verc pyrio emillo vincit motus hyles in fulphure; adjutus motibus hyles 
 & fugae in nitro. Et fie dc caeteris. Etenim inftantiae ludae (quae indi- 
 cant praedominantiam virtutum, & fecundum quasrationes& calculospracdo- 
 mincntur 6c fuccumbant) acri& feduladiligentia undique funt conquircndac. 
 
 Etiam modi & rationcs ipfius fuccumbentiae motuum, diligcntcr funt 
 introfpiciendae. Ncmpe, an omnino ccflenr, vel potius ufquc nitantur, fed 
 ligentur. Etenim in corporibus hie apud nos nulla vera eft quics, nee in 
 integris, ncc in partibus; fed tantum fecundum apparcntiam. Quies autcm 
 ifta apparcns, eaufatur aut per aequilibrium; aut per abfolutan» pracdonu- 
 
 nantiam
 
 384 NOVUM ORGANUM. lib.lj. 
 
 nantkm motuum. Per acquilibriamj ut in bilancibus, quae ftant, f; acqua 
 lint pondcra. Per praedominantiam, ut in hydriis pcrforatis, ubi cuicfeit 
 aqua, & detinctur a decaili per praedominantiam motus nexus. Notandum 
 "tamen eft (ut diximus) quatenus iiiiantur motus iili fuccumbcnrcs. Ete- 
 nim fi quis per kiclam detineatur extenlus in terra, braehiis & tibiis vindis, 
 aut aliter detentis; atque ilk tanicn totis viribus rcllirgcre nitatur; non eft 
 minor nixus, licet non proiiciat. Hujus autcm rei conditio (icilicct utrum 
 per praedominantiam motus Iliccaaibcns quafi anniiiilctur; an porius con- 
 tinuetur nixus, licet non confpiciatur) quae later in confticlibus, apparcbit 
 fortalle in concurrentiis. Exempli gratia j iiat experimentum in klopetis, 
 ittrum fclopetus pro tanto ipatio, quo cmittat pilam in linea dircda, five 
 '(ut vulgo loquuntur) in punclo bianco, debiliorem cdat percuilionem ejacu- 
 lando in fupra, ubi motus icius eft iimplex, quam defupcr, ubi motus gra- 
 Vitatis concurrit cum iclu. 
 
 ' EfiAM canonespracdominantiarumquioccurrunt, coiligcndi funt. Ve- 
 luti, quod quo communius eft bonum quod appetitur, co motus eft fortior: 
 ut motus nexus qui rcfpicit communioneni univerfi, fortior eft motu gravi- 
 tatis, qui refpicit communioneni denforum. Etiam, quod appetitus qui funt 
 boni privati, non praevalcnt plcrunque contra appetitus boni magis public! ; 
 nifi in parvis quantis: quae utinam obtinerent incivilibus. 
 
 XLIX. Inter praerogativas inftaatiamm poncmus loco viccfimo-quin- 
 to inflantias innuentes; cas fci licet, quae commoda hominum innuunt aut 
 defignant. Etcnim ipfum pofl'e &ipfum fcire, naturam humanam ampli- 
 fTcanr, noh bcant. Itaque decerpenda funt ex univcrfitate rerum ea quae 
 ad ufus vitae maxime faciunt. Verum de iis erit magis proprius diccndi lo- 
 cus, cum deduftiones ad praxim tradabimus. Quinetiam in ipfo opcre in- 
 terprctationis circa fuigula fubjecta, locum fcmper chartac humanac, five 
 chartae optativae aflignamus: Etenim & quaerere & optare non inepte, 
 pars fcicntiae eft. 
 
 L. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus loco viccfimo-fexto in- 
 'ftantias polychreftas. Eae funt, quae pertinent ad varia, & faepius occur- 
 runt; ideoque operac & novis probationibus hand parum parcunt. At- 
 que de Irtftrumentis ipfis atque ingeniationibus proprius erit dicendi locus, 
 ciim deduftiones ad praxim & cxperimentandi modos traftabimus. Quin 
 c'tiam quae adhuc cognita funt, & in ufum vcnerunt, in hiftoriis particular! bus 
 ■iingularium artium defcribentur. In praefenti autem fubjungenous quacdam 
 fcatholica circa ea pro exemplis tantum polychrefti. 
 
 Opera TUR igitur homo fuper corpora naturalia (practer ipfanladmo- 
 t'ioncm & amotionem corporum fimplicem) feptem praccipue modis : ncm- 
 pe, vel per exclufioncm corum quae impediunt & difturbant: vcl per com- 
 preflloncs, extcnfiones, agitationes, <5c hujufmodi: vel per calorem & fri- 
 gus: vcl per moram in loco convenienti : vel per fracnum & regimen mo- 
 tus: vel per confcnfus fpeciales: vel per alternationcm tcmpcftivam & de- 
 bitam, atque ieriem & iiicccllioncm horum omnium ; aut laltcm nonnul- 
 lorum ex iilis. 
 
 • Ad primum igitur quod attinct; aer communis, qui undiquc pracftocftSc 
 feingcrit, atque radii coelcftium, multum turbant: Quae itaque ad illo- 
 rum exclufioncm faciunt, merito haberi poilint pro poiycbreftis. Hue igi- 
 tur pertinent matcries & crallitics vaforum, in quibus corpora ad opcratio- 
 nem pracparata rcponuntur. Similiter modi accurati obturationis vafomm, 
 pet conlblidationem & lutum fapicntiae, ut ioquuntur chymici. Etiam 
 
 claufura
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGAN UM. 38I 
 
 claufura per liquorcs in cxtiiiiis uriliffima res eft: ut cum infundunt ole- 
 um fupcr vinum aut lliccos herbarum; quod cxpandciido fc in Ibmmitare 
 inftar opcrculi, optimc ca confervat illacfa ab aerc. Ncquc pulvcrcs res 
 malae lunt; qui licet contincant acrcm permiftum, tamen vim aeris coaccr- 
 vati & circumfufi arccnr; ut tit in coniervationc uvarum & fruduum intra 
 arenam & farinam. Etiam ccra, mel, pix, & hujufmodi rcnacia, rcdc ob- 
 ducuntur ad claururam pcrfccliorcm, & ad lummovendum acrcm & coelc- 
 ftia. Etiam nos cxperimcntum quandoque fccimus, poncndo vas, nccnon 
 aliqua alia corpora intra argcntum vivum, quod omnium longe denfinimum 
 eft ex iis quae circumfundi poflunt. Quinctiam Tpccus & cavcrnae lubter- 
 raneac magni utus lunt ad prohibcndum iniblationcm & aerem iftum a- 
 pertum pracdatorium ; qualibus utuntur Gcrmani Tcptcnrrionalcs pro sra- 
 nariis, Nccnon rcpofitio corporum in fundo aquarum ad hoc fpcftat: 
 ut mcmini me quippiam audiile dc utribus vini dcmiflis in profundum 
 putcum, ad inlrigidationem Icilicct; led cafu & per ncgledum ac ob- 
 Jivioncm ibidem rcmanentibus per multos annos, & deinde extractis; un- 
 de vinum fadlum eft non Iblum non vapidum aut cmortuum, fed mul- 
 to m.igis nobilc ad guftum; per commixtioncm partium Tuarum (ut vidc- 
 tur) magis cxquilltam. Quod fi poftulet res, ut corpora dcmittantur ad 
 fundum aquarum, vcluti intra fluvios aut marc, ncquc tamen aquastangant, 
 ncc in vaiibus obturatis concludantur, fed aerc tantum circundentur; bo- 
 nua eft uibs vafib illius, quod adhibitum cil: nonnunquam ad operandum fub- 
 tcr aquis iupcr navigia dcmerla, ut urinatorcs diutius mancrc poftint ilib 
 aqnisj & per vices ad tempus relpirare. lllud hujufmodi crat: Conficic- 
 batur dolium ex metallo concavum, quod dcmittebatur aequabilitcr ad fu- 
 perficicm aquae, atquc fie deportabat totum aerem, qui contincbarur in do- 
 lio iecun: in fundum maris. Stabat autcm fupcr pedes tres, (inftar tnpodis) 
 qui loii^;itudinis crant aliquanto minoris ftatura hominis : ita ut urinator pof- 
 Ict, Gum ai;hclitus deticeret, immittere caput in cavum dolii, & refpirarc, 
 & cleindc opus continuare. Atque audivimus inventam eflc jam machinam 
 aii'iuain nuviculae aut fcaphac, quae homines lubter aquis vehere poflit ad 
 fp ..tia nonnulla. Verum fub tali vafe, quale modo diximus, corpora quac- 
 vi> iaciic lufpendi pofllnt; cujus cauia hoc cxperimcntum adduximus. 
 
 Est & alius ullis diligentis & pcrfeclae claufurae corporum: ncmpc, 
 non folum ut prohibeatur aditus aeris per exterius (dc quo jam diduni eft) 
 verum eriam ut cohibeatur cxitus fpiritus corporis, fupcr quod fit opcratio 
 per inierius. Neccile eft enini ut operanti circa corpora naturalia conftet 
 de fummis fuis: viz. quod nihil expirarit aut cfiiuxerit. Fiunt cnim pro- 
 fundac alterationcs in corporibus, quando natura prohibentc annihilationem, 
 ars piohibeat etiam deperditionem aut cvolationem alicujus partis. Atque 
 hac dc re invaluit opinio falla; (quae fi vera eflet, de ifta confervationc 
 fumHiac ccrtae abfquc diminutionc eflet fere defperandum :) viz. fpiritus 
 corporum, & acrcm majori gradu caloris attenuatum, nullis vaforum clau- 
 ftris pofle contincri, quin per poros vaforum fubtiliores evolcnr. Atquc in 
 hanc opinioncm addudi funt homines per vulgata ilia cxperimenta, poculi 
 inverfi fupcr aquam cum candela aut charta infiammata; ex quo fit ut aqua 
 furfum attrahatur : atquc fimiliter vcntoiarum, quae fuper flammam cale- 
 faOac trahunt carnes. Exiftimant enim in utroquc cxpcrimento acrcm at- 
 tenuatum eniitti, ik. inde quantum ipfius minui ; idcoque aquam aut carnes 
 per nexum fucccdere. Quod falfiflimum eft. Aer cnim non quanto dimi- 
 nuitur, fed Ipatio contrahitur; ncquc incipit motus ifte fucccllionis aquao^ 
 Vol. I. Ccc ante-
 
 386 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. li; 
 
 antequamfiatexftinclio flamniae, aut refrigcratioaeris: Adco ut mcdici, quo 
 fortius artmhant vcntolae, ponant fpongias fiigidas aqua madcfodas llipcc 
 vcntolas, Itaque noa cll, cur homines multum fibi mctuant dc faciii cxita 
 aeris aut ibintuuni. Licet cnim verum fit, ctiam folidillima corpora liabc- 
 re fuos pores, tameii acgrc patitur aer aut fpiritus commiiiutioncm fui ad 
 tantam fubtilitatcm ; queiiiadniodum & aqua cxirc recufat per rimam mi- 
 nufculam. 
 
 De fecundovero niodo ex fcptem praedidis illud inprimis notandum eft, 
 valcre certe comprellioncs & hujulmodi violcntias ad motum localcm, at- 
 qucalia id genus, potentillimcj ut in machinis & millllibus: etiam ad dc- 
 ftrudioncni corporis organici, atque earum virtutum, quae connftuiit plane 
 in motu. Onuiis cnim vita, immo ctiam omnis flamma & ignitio, deftruitur 
 per comprefliones; ut & omnis machina corrumpitur 6z confunditur per 
 caldem. Etiam ad delh-uclioncm virtutum, quae confiftunt in pofituris, & 
 diillmilaritatc partium paulo crafllorc; ut in coloribus: (nequc enim idem 
 color floris integri & contufi, ncque fuccini integri & pulverizati.) Etiam 
 in laporibus: (neque enim idem fapor pyri immaturi & cjufdcm comprelli 
 acfubadi; nam manifefto dulcedinem majorem concipit.) Verum ad tranf- 
 formationes & alterationes nobiliores corporum fimiiariuni non multum va- 
 lent iftae violcntiacj quia corpora per eas non acquirunt confiftentiam ali- 
 quam novam conftantem & quiefcentem, fed tranfitoriam & nitentcm fcni- 
 per ad reftitutionem 6c liberationcm fui. Attamcn non abs re forct, hujus 
 rei facere experimenta aliqua diligentioraj ad hoc fcilicet, utrum condcn- 
 fatio corporis bene fimilaris, (qualia funt aer, aqua, oleum, &hujufmodi) 
 aut rarefaftio, fimiiitcr per viokntiani indita, poflint fieri conftantes & fixae, 
 6c quail mutatae in naturam. Id quod primo expcriendum per moram 
 ilmplicemj deinde per auxilia & conl'enfus. Atque illud nobis in promptu 
 fuiflct, (fi modo in mentem veniflet) cum aquam (dc qua alibi) per mal- 
 leationes & prcflbria condenfavimus, antequam erunipcrct. Debueramus 
 cnim fphaeram complanatam per aliquot dies fibi permififle, & turn demum 
 aquam extraxilfcj ut fieret experimentum, utrum ftatim impletura fuifict 
 ralem dimenfionem, qualem habebat ante condenfationem. Quod fi nonfe- 
 cillet aut ftatim, aut certe paulo port; conftans videlicet fada videri potu- 
 jflct ilia condenfatio: Sin minus; apparuilVet faftam fuilfe reftitutionem, & 
 comprellloncm fuiflc tranfitoriam. Etiam ftmile quiddam faciendum erat 
 circa extenfionem aeris in ovis vitreis. Etenim debuerat fieri, poil cxudio- 
 nem fortem, fubita & firma obturatio; deinde debuerant ova ilia mancrc 
 ita obturata per nonnullos dies, & turn demum expcriendum fuiflct, utrum 
 aperto foraminc attradus fuiflct aiir cum fibilo, aut ctiam attrada fuiflct tan- 
 ta quantitas aquae poft immerftonem, quanta fuiflct ab initio, il nulla adhi- 
 bita fuiflct mora. Probabile cnim aut faltem dignum probationc eft, hacc 
 fieri potuiflc & pofle; propterea quod in corporibus paulo magis diflimila- 
 ribus flmilia efficiat mora temporis. Etenim baculum per compreilionem 
 curvatum poft aliquod tempus non rcfilit : neque id imputandum eft alicuL 
 depcrditioni ex quanto ligni per moram j nam idem fiet in lamina feiri, (ft 
 augeatur mora) quae non eft expirabilis. Quod ft non fuccedat experimen- 
 tum per moram fuiiplicem; tamcn non defercndum eft negotium, fed aux- 
 ilia alia adhibenda. Non enim parum lucri fit, ft per violcntias indi pof- 
 fint corporibus naturae fixac & conftantes. Hac cnim ratione aer poflit vcr- 
 ti in aquam per condenfationcs: & complura alia id genus. Dominus cninv 
 eft homo motuum violcntorum, magis qiiam cacterorum. 
 
 At
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 387 
 
 At tertius cx fcptem modis, rcfcrtur ad magnum illud organum, tarn na- 
 turae quam artis, quoad opcrandum; videlicet calidum & frigidum. At- 
 que in hac parte claudicat plane potentia liumana, tanquam cx uno pedc. 
 Habcmus enim calorem ignis, qui caloribus folis, (prout ad nos deferuntur) 
 &caloribus animalium, quafi infinitis partibus potentior eft & intenlior. At 
 dccft frigus, nifi quale per tempcftates hyemaks, aut per cavcrnas, aut per 
 circundaiioncs nivis & glaciei, haberi poteft : quod in comparationc aequari 
 potcft cum calore fortafle Iblis mcridiano, in regjone aliqua cx torridis audo, 
 infuper per reverbcrationes montium & parictum : Nam hujulitiodi, utique 
 tarn calores quam frigora, ab animalibus ad tcmpus exiguum tolerari pof- 
 funt. Nihili autcm i'unt fere prae calore fornacis ardentis, aut alicujus fri- 
 goris quod huic gradui rcfpondeat. Itaquc omnia hie apud nos vergunt ad 
 rarefadionem & dcficcationem, & conrumptioncm; nihil fere adcondcnfa- 
 tionem & intcnerationem, nifi per mifturas & modos quafi Ipurios. Quare 
 inftantiae frigoris omni diligentia lunt conquirendac : quales \identur in\'eniri 
 in cxpofitione corporum lupcr turres quando gelat acritcr: in cavernis fub- 
 tcrrancis: circundationibus nivis & glaciei in loeis profundioribus, & ad 
 hoc excavatis : Demitli one corporum in puteos: Scpulturis corporum in ar- 
 gento vivo & mctallis; immerfione corporum in aquis, quae vcrtunt ligna 
 inlapides; defolllone corporum in terraj (qualis fertur apud Chinenfes cfle 
 confedio porcellanae, ubi maflac ad hoc faclae dicuntur manere intra tcr- * 
 rain per quadraginta aut quinquaginta annos, & tranfmitti ad hacrcdes, 
 tanquam minerae quacdam artiiiciales) & hujufinodi. Quinetiam quae in- 
 terveniunt in natura condeniationcs, faclae per frigora, fimiliter ilxnt invc- 
 ftigandae; ut caufis corum cognitis, transfcrri pofllnt in artes. Qualcs 
 cernuntur in cxudatione marmoris & lapidum ; in rorationibus fupcr vitra 
 per interius feneftrarum fub auroram, poft gelu noclis; in originibus & 
 coUedionibus vaporum in aquas fub terra, unde faepc fcaturiunt fontes, 6c 
 quaecunque funt hujus generis. 
 
 Inveniuntur autcm praeter ilia quae funt fxigida ad tadum, quac- 
 dam alia poteftate frigida, quae ctiam condenfant; veruntamen operari vi- 
 Qcntur fupcr corpora aaimaliumtantum, &vix ultra. Hujus generis fe often- 
 dunt multa in medicinis & emplaftris. Alia autcm condenfant carncs & 
 partes tangibilcs; qualia funt medicamenta aftringentia, atque ctiam infpif- 
 fantia; alia eondcniant fpiritus, id quod maxime cernitur in foporifcris. 
 Duplex autcm eft modus condcnfationis fpirituum per medicamenta fopori-> 
 fera, five provocantia fomnum: Alter per fedationcm motus 5 alter per fu- 
 gam fpirituum. Etenim viola, rofa ficca, laduca, & luijufmodi benedida 
 five benigna, per vapores fuos amicos & moderate refrigerantes, inxitant fpi- 
 ritus ut fe uniant, & ipforum acrcm & in quietum motum compclcunt. 
 Etiam aqua rofacca appofita ad nares in dcliquiis animac, fpiritus refolutos 
 & nimium relaxatos fe recipere facit, & tanquam alit: At opiata & corum 
 affinia Ipiritus plane fugant, ex qualitate fua maligna & inimica. Itaquc ft 
 appliccntur parti cxteriori, ftatim aufugiunt fpiritus ab ilia parte, nee am- 
 plius libenter influunt: Sin fumantur interius, vapores corum afccrtdentes 
 ad caput, fpiritus in vcnrriculis cerebri contcntos undequaque fugant i cum- 
 quefc retrahant ipiritus, ncque in aliam partem effugere polllnt, per con- 
 feqiiens coeunt & condenfanturj & quandoque plane exftinguuntur & lut- 
 focantur: Licet rurfus eadem opiata moderate fumpta, per accidens fccun- 
 darium, (videlicet condenlationem illam quae a coitionc fuccedit) confor- 
 VoL. I. Ccc 2 tent
 
 388 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. 11. 
 
 tent fpiritus, cofque reddant magis robuftos, & rctundant eorum inutilcs & 
 inccniivos motus : ex quo ad curas morborum & virae prolongationem hand 
 parum confcrant. 
 
 E T I A M pracparationcs corporum ad excipiendum frigus non funt omit- 
 tendac ; veluti quod aqua parum tepida facilius conglacictur, quam omnino 
 frigida & hujuimodi. 
 
 Praeterea, quia natura frigus tarn parcc fuppeditat, faciendum eft 
 quemadmodum pharmacopolae folent; qui quando fimplex aliquod haberi 
 non poflit, capiunt fuccedaneum ejus, & quid pro quo, ut vocant : Veluti 
 lignum aloes pro xylobalfamo, calliam pro cinnamomo. Simili modo diligen- 
 tcr circumfpiciendum eft, fi quae ftnt fuccedanea frigoris; videlicet quibus 
 modis fieri pollint condcnfationes in corporibus aliter quam per frigus, quod 
 illas efficit, ut opus fuum proprium. lllae autem condcnfationes videntur 
 intra quaternum numerum (quantum adhuc liquet) contineri. Quarum pri- 
 ma videtur fieri per contrufionem fimplicem; quae parum potcft ad denfi- 
 tatem conftantem, (refiliunt cnim corpora;) fed nihilominus forte res auxi- 
 liaris efle queat. Secunda fit per contradionem partium crafliorum in cor- 
 porc aliquo poft evolationcm aut exitum partium tenuiorum, ut fit in indu- 
 rationibus per ignem, & rcpetitis extindionibus mctallorum, & fimilibus. 
 Tertia fit per coitionem partium homogcnearum, quae funt maxime folidae 
 in corpore aliquo, atque antea fuerant diftraftae, & cum minus folidis com- 
 miftae: Veluti in rcftitutione mercurii fublimati, qui in pulvere longe ma- 
 jus occupat fpatium, quam mercurius iimplex ; & fimiliter in omni repur- 
 gatione mctallorum a fcoriis fuis. Quarta fit per confenfus, admovendo 
 quae ex vi corporum occulta condenfant, qui conlcnfus adhuc raro fe often- 
 dunt, quod mirum minime eft, quoniam antequam inventio fucccdat for- 
 marum & ichematifmorum, de inquilitione confenfuum non multum fperan- 
 dum eft. Certc quoad corpora animalium, dubium non eft, quin fint com- 
 plures mcdicinae tam interius quam exterius fumptae, quae condenfant, 
 tanquam per confenfum, ut paulo ante diximus. Sed in inanimatis rara eft 
 liujufmodi operatic. Pcrcrebuit fane, tam fcriptis quam fama, narratio dc 
 arbore in una ex infulis five Terceris five Canariis, (ncque enim bene memi- 
 ni,) quae perpetuo ftillat ; adeo ut inhabitantibus nonnullam commoditatem 
 aquae praebeat. Paracelfus autem ait, herbam vocatam Rorem foils meri- 
 dic & fervcntc folc rore impleri, cum aliae herbae undique fint ficcac: At 
 nos utramque narrationem fabulofam effe cxiftimamus. Omnino autenv 
 illae inftantiae nobiliftimi forent ufus & introfpedione digniflime, fi client 
 verae. Etiam tores illos mellitos & inftar mannac, qui fuper foliis quercus 
 invcniuntur menfe Maio, non cxiftimamus fieri & dcnfari a confenfu aliquo 
 five a proprietate folii quercus; (cd cum fuper aliis foliis pariter cadant, 
 contineri Icilicet & durare in foliis quercus, quia funt bene unita, nee fpon- 
 giofa, ut plurima ex aliis. 
 
 C A LOR E M veto quod attinet i copia 6c poteftas nimirum homini abunde 
 adeft; obfervatio autem & inquifitio deficit in nonnuUis, iifque maxime ne- 
 ceflariis; utcunque Spagirici fe venditent. Etenim caloris intenfioris opr- 
 ficia exquiruntur & confpiciuntur ; remiflioris vero, quae maxime in vias 
 naturae incidunt, non tentantur, adeoque latent. Itaque videmus per vul- 
 canos iftos, qui in pretio funt, fpiritus corporum magnopere cxaltari, ut in 
 aquis fortibus, & nonnuUis aliis oleis chymicis, partes tangibiles indurari, & 
 cmilTo volatili, aliquando figi; partes homogencas feparari; etiam corpora 
 
 heteroge-
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. 389 
 
 hctcrogcnca groflb modo incorporari & commifccri j maxime aiitcm compa- 
 gcs corporum compofitorum & fubtiliorcs fchcmatifmos dcftrui & confundi. 
 Debuerant autcm opificia caloris lenioris tcntari & cxquiri ; undc lubtiliores 
 mifturac & Ichematifmi ordinati gigni poflint & cduci, ad cxcmplum natu- 
 rae, & imitationem opcrum folis; quemadmodum in aphorifmo de inftan- 
 tiis foederis quaedam adumbravimus. Opificia cnim naturae tranfiguntur 
 per longc minores portioncs, & pofituras magis exquifitas & varias, quam 
 opificia ignis, prout nunc adhibctur. Turn vero videatur liomo rcvcra auc- 
 tus potelkte, fi per calorcs & potentias artificiales opera naturae poflint 
 fpecie rcpraefentari, virtute pcrfici, copia variari: Qiiibus adderc oportet 
 accelerationem tcmporis. Nam rubigo ferri longo tempore procedit, at 
 . verfio in crocum martis fi.ibito; & fimilitcr de aerugine & ccrufia. Cry- 
 ftallum longo tempore conficitur, vitrum llibito coniiatur. Lapidcs longo 
 tempore concrefcunt,lateresfiabito coquuntur, &c. Interim (quod nunc agi- 
 tur) omncs divcrfitates caloris cum effcclibus fuis refpediVe diligenter & in- 
 duftrie undique fiint colligendae & cxquirendae: Coelcftium, per radios fuos 
 dircdtos, rcflcxos, refrados, & unitos in fpcculis comburcntibus : Fulguris, 
 flammac, ignis carbonum; ignis ex divcrfis matcriis; ignis apcrti, conclufi, 
 anguftati & inundantis, denique per diverfas fabricas fornacium qualificati) 
 ignis flatu exciti, quieti & non exciti; ignis ad majorem aut minorem diftan- 
 tianiremoti; ignis per varia media pcrmeantis 5 calorum iiumidorum, ut bal- 
 nei Mariae, fimi, caloris animalium per exterius, caloris animalium per inte- 
 rius, foeni conclufi j calorum aridorum, cineris, calcis, arcnac tepidaej deni- 
 que calorum cujufvis generis cum gradibus eorum. 
 
 Praecipue verotcntanda cftinquifitio & invcntio effcfluum & opifici- 
 orum caloris accedentis & reccdentis, graduatim & ordinatim, & pcriodicc, 
 & per dcbita fpatia, & moras. Ifta enim inacqualitas ordinata revera filia 
 coeli eft, & generationis mater : Neque a calore aut vchemcnti, aut pracci- 
 piti, aut fubfultorio, aliquid magni expeftandum eft. Etenim & in vcgeta- 
 bilibus hoc manifcftiflimum eft, atque etiam in uteris animalium magna 
 eft caloris inacqualitas, ex motu, fomno, alimentationibus & pafllonibustbe- 
 mellarum, quae urcrum gcftant ; denique in ipfis matricibus terrae, lis nimi- 
 rum in quibus metalla & foflilia efFormantur, locum habct 6c viget ifta inac- 
 qualitas. Qlio magis notanda eft infcitia aliquorum alchymiftarum ex refor- 
 matis, qui per calorcs aequabiles lampadum, & hujufmodi, perpetuo uno 
 tcnore ardcntium, fe voti compotes fore exiftimarunt. Atque de opificiis 
 & cffedibus caloris haec difta lint. Neque vero tcmpeftivum eit ilia peni- 
 tus fcrutari, antequam rcrum formae & corporum fchematifmi ulterius invc- 
 ftigati fuerint, & in lucem prodierint. Tum enim quaerenda & adoperanda, 
 & aptanda funt inftrumenta, quando de cxemplaribus conftitcrit. 
 
 Q^u A RTUS modus operandi eft per moram, quae ccrtc & promus 6c con- 
 dus naturae eft, 5c quaedam difpenfatrix. Moram appellamus, cum corpus 
 aliquod fibi permittitur ad tempus notabile, munitum interim 6c defcnlum 
 ab aliqua vi externa. Tum enim motus inteftini fe produnt 6c perficiunt, 
 Gum motus extranci 6c adventitii ccflant. Opera autcm aetatis funt longe lub- 
 tiliora quam ignis. Neque enim poflit fieri talis clarificatio vini per ignem, 
 qualis fit per moram ; neque etiam incinerationcs per ignem tarn I'unt exqui^ 
 fitae, quam refolutiones 6c comfumptioncs per faecula. Incorporationes etiam 
 6c miftioncs fubitae 6c praccipitatae per ignem, longc infcriorcs funt illis, 
 
 quae
 
 ;90 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUiM Lib. Hi ' 
 
 quae nunt per moram. At dillimilarcs 5c vara Ichematumi, quos corpora 
 per moras tcntant, (quales fiint putrcdines) per igncm aut calorem vchcmeii- 
 tiorem deftruuntur. lllud interim non abs re fuerit notare 5 motus corporum 
 penkus concluforum habere nonnihil ex violento. Incarceratio enim ilia im- 
 pcdit motus Ipontancos corporis. Itaque mora in vafc aperto plus facit ad 
 leparationes ; in vafc penitus claufo ad commiftioncs 5 in vale nonnihil claufo, 
 fed fubintrante acre, ad putrefadioness utcunque de opificiis & cftcftibus 
 morae undique funt diligentcr conquirendae inlhintiae. 
 
 At regimen motus (quod eft quintus ex modis operandi) non parum va- . 
 let. Regimen autem motus vocamus, cum corpus aliud occurrens, corporis' 
 alterius motum fpontaneum impedit, repellit, admittit, dirigit. Hoe vero 
 plerunque in figuris & fitu valbrum confiftir. Etcnim conus ercftus juvat ad 
 condenfationcm vaporum in alembicis; at conus inverfus juvat ad defaeca- 
 tionem facchari in vafis refupinatis. Aliquando autem finuatio requiriturj^' &^' 
 anguftatio, & dilatatio per vices, & hujufmodi. Etiam omnis percolatiohuc 
 ipeclat; fcilicet cum corpus occurrens, uni parti corporis alterius viam ape- 
 rit, altcri obftruit. Neque Temper percolatio aut aliud regimen motus fit per 
 extra ; fed etiam per corpus in corpore ; ut cum lapilli immittuntur in aquas 
 ad colligendam limofitatem ipfarum; fyrupi clarificantur cum albuminibus 
 ovorum, ut cralHores partes adhaerefcant, & poftca fcparari pollint. Etiam , 
 huic rc2,imini motus fatis leviter & infcite attribuit Telefius ticuras animali- 
 iim, ob rivulos fcilicet & loeulos matricis. Debuerat autem notare fimilem 
 eftbrmationem inteftis ovorum, ubi non funt rugae aut inaequalitas: Atvc-^ 
 rum eft regimen motus eftbrmationes perficere in modulis & proplaflicis. ' 
 
 Opera TioNEs vero per confenfus aut fugas (qui fextus modus eft) la- 
 tent fiepcnumero in profundo. Iftae enim (quas vocant) proprietates oc- ' 
 cultae & fpecificae, & fympathiae & antipathiae, funt magna ex parte cor- 
 jTuptelae philofophiae. Neque de confenlibus rerum invenicndis multum 
 fpcrandum eft ante inventionem formarum & fchematifmorum fimplicium. 
 Confenfus enim nil aliud eft quam fymmetria formarum & fchematifmorum 
 ad inviccm. 
 
 A T QJLJ I majores <Sc magis catholici rerum confenfus non prorfus obfcuri 
 funt. Itaque ab iis ordiendum: Eorum prima & fumma diverfitas ea eft; 
 ut quaedam corpora copia & raritatc materiae admodum difcrcpent, fehc- 
 matilmis confcntiant; alia contra, copia & raritate materiae confentiant, 
 fchematifmis difcrcpent. Nam non male notatum eft a chymicis in prin- 
 cipiorum fuorum triade, fulphur & mercurium quafi per univerfitatem 
 rerum permeare : (Nam de fale inepta ratio eft, fed introduda, ut pofllt 
 comprehendere corpora terrea, ficca, & fixa.) At certe in illis duobus 
 videtur confenfus quidam naturae ex maxime catholicis conlpici. Ete- 
 nim confentiunt fulphur; oleum & exhalatio pinguis; flamma; & for- 
 tafle, corpus ftellae: Ex altera parte conicntiunt mercurius; aqua & va- 
 pores aquci; aer; & fortafle aether purus & interftellaris. Attamen iftae 
 quaternionesgeminae, fivemagnae rerum tribus, (utraque intra ordinesfuos) 
 copia materiae atquc denfitate immenfum differunt, fed fchcmatifmo valde 
 conveniunt ; ut in plurimis fe produnt. At contra metalla diverfa copia & 
 denfitate multum conveniunt, (pracfertim rcfpedu vcgetabilium, Sec.) fed 
 fchcmatifmo multifariam difterunt; & ftmiliter vegetabilia & animalia di- 
 verfa fchematifmis quafi infinitis variantur : fed intra copiam materiae, five 
 denfitatem paucorum graduum contincntur. 
 
 Seq^uitur
 
 Lib. II. NOVUM ORGANUM. S^jF 
 
 Seq^uitur confenfus niaxlmc poft priorcm catholicus, videlicet corpo- 
 rum principalium & fomitum fuorum; videlicet mcnftruorum & alimcii- 
 torum. Itaque cxquirendum, fub quibus climatibus, & in qua tellurc, & 
 ad quam profuiiditatem, metalla iingulageiiercntur; & /imilitcr dc gemmis; 
 live ex rupibus, five 'inter mineras natis: In qua gleba tcrrac, arborcs fin- 
 gulac, & frutices, & hcrbae potiflimum proveniant, & tanquam gaudcanr,^ 
 & infimul quae impinguationes, five per fteicorationcs cujul'cunque generis, 
 iive per cretam, arcnam maris, cinercs, &c. maximc juvent; & quae fint 
 ex his pro varictate glebarum inagis aptae & auxiiiarcs. Etiani initio Sc 
 inoculatio arborum & plantarum, carumquc ratios quae Icilicct plantac 
 llipcr quas felicius infcrantur, &c. multum pendct dc confcnlu. la. qua 
 parte non injucundum foret experimentum, quod noviter audivimus cfic rcn- 
 tatum dc infitionc arborum fylvcftrium, (quae huculquc in arboribus hor- 
 tenfibus fieri confuevit,) unde folia & glandes majorem in modum amplili- 
 caatur, & arbores fiunt magis umbrofae. Similiter alimenta animalium rc- 
 fpcftive notanda lunt in generc & cum ncgativis. Neque cnim carnivora 
 fuftincnt herbis nutriri; unde etiam ordo Folictanorum (licet voluntas hu- 
 mana plus poflit quam animantium caetcrorum llipcr corpus fuum) poft ex- 
 perientiam faftam, (utaiunt) tanquam ab humana natura non tolerabilis, 
 fere cvanuit. Etiam materiac divcrfac putretadtionum, unde animalcula 
 generantur, notandac Hint. 
 
 Atq^ue conlcnfus corporum principalium crga fubordinata fua (talcs 
 cnim ii polllnt cenfcri, quos notavimus) fatis in apcrto lunt. Quibus addi 
 pofiunt fcnfuum conlcnfus erga objcfta fua. Qiii confenfus cum manifeftif- 
 iiini fmt; bene notati, & acriter excufli, etiam aliis confenfibus, qui latent, 
 magnam praeberc poflint lucem. 
 
 At interiorcs corporum confenfus & fugae, five amicitiae & litcs, (tac- 
 det cnim nos fere vocabulorum fympathiae & antipathiae, propter fuperftiti- 
 oncs &. inania) aut falfo alcriptae, aut fabulis confperfae, aut per neg- 
 Icdtuni, rarae admodum funt. Etenim fi quis aflerat, inter vineam & braf- 
 iicam cil'c diilidium, quia juxta lata minus laete proveniunt i praefto ratio 
 cil, quod utraque planta fucculcnta fit, & dcpraedatrix, unde altera alteram 
 defraudat. Si quis allerat cflc confenfum & amicitiam inter fegctcs & cya- 
 neum, aut papaver fylveftre, quia hcrbae illae fcrc non proveniunt nifi in 
 arvis cultis: dcbuit is potius alfererc, diilidium cfle inter ea, quia papaver 
 & cyancus cmittuntur & crcantur ex tali llicco terrac, qualem fegctcs rcli- 
 querint & repudiavcrint; adco ut fatio fcgctum tcrram praeparet ad corum 
 provcntum, Atquc hujufmodi falfiirum afcriptionum magnus eft numc- 
 rus. Qiioad fabulas vero, iliac omnino funt cxterminandae : Reftat tenuis 
 ccrte copia corum confcnfuum, qui ccrto probati funt experimento; qualcs 
 funt magnetis & ferri, attjue auri & argenti vivi, & fimilium. At in cxpc- 
 rimcntis chymicis circa mctalla invcniuntur & alii nonnulli obfervationc dig- 
 iii. Maxima vero frequentia corum (ut in tanta paucitate) in\'cnitur in 
 medicinis nonnuUis, quae ex proprictatibus fuis occultis (quas vocant) & 
 fpcciiicis, rcfpiciunt aut membra, aut humores, aut morbos, aut quando- 
 que naturas individuas, Neque omittendi funt confenfus inter motus & af- 
 fedus lunac, & paflioncs corporum inferiorum, prout ex cxpcrimentis a- 
 griculturac, nauticae, & medicinae, aut alias cum deledu fcvero & finccro 
 coliigi & rccipi pollint. Vcrum inftantiac univerfac confcnfuum fccrctip- 
 
 rum
 
 r« 
 
 ^.1- 
 
 593 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. Lib. 11. 
 
 rum quo niagis funt infrcquentcs, eo majori cum diligcntia funt inquireii- 
 dae, per traditioncs, & narratioiics fidas & probas; modo hoc fiat abiquc 
 ulla levitate aut crcJulitatc, fed fide anxia & quafi dubitabunda. Rcllat 
 confenfus corpoium modo operandi, tanquam inartificialis, fed ufu poly- 
 ciirellus, qui nullo modo omittcndus eft, fed fcdula obfervatione invelii- 
 gandus. Is cftcoitio five unio corporum proclivis, aut diffieilis, per com- 
 pofitioncm iivc appoHrionem fimpliccm. Etenim corpora nonnulla facile 
 •& libenter commifccntur & incorporantur : alia autem aegrc & perverfe. 
 Veluti pulvercs melius incorporantur cum aquis j calces & cinercs. cum oleis^ 
 & lie de ftmilibus. Neque rantum funt coUigendae inftantiae propcnfio- 
 nis, aut averflonis corporum erga mifturam, fed ctiam coUocationis parti- 
 um, &dirtributionis, &digeftionis, poftquamcommiliafint: dcnique & prae- 
 •dominantiac poft mifturam tranfactam. 
 
 SuPF.REST ultimo loco ex modis feptem operandi feptimus & poftre- 
 mus ; operatio fcilicet per akernationem, & viciflitudincs priorum fex : de quo 
 antequam in /ingulos illos paulo altius fuerit inquilltum, tcmpcftivum noa 
 foret exempla proponere. Series autem five catena hujulrnodi alternationis, 
 prout ad fingula effeda accommodari poflit, res eft & cognitu maxime diffi- 
 cilis, & ad opera maxime valida. Summa autem dctinct & occupat homi- 
 nes impaticntia hujufmodi, tam inquifitionis quam praxeos; cum tamen fit 
 inftar fill labyrinthi, quoad opera majora : Atquc haec fufficiant ad exem- 
 plum polychrefti. 
 
 LI. Inter praerogativas inftantiarum ponemus loco vicefimo fcptimo 
 atque ultimo inftantias magicas. Hoc nomine illas appcllamus, in quibus 
 materia, aut efficiens, tenuis aut parva eft, pro magnitudine operis 6c cftcc- 
 tus qui fequitur: adeo ut etiamfi fuerint vulgarcs, tamen fmt inftar mira- 
 culi, aliae primo intuitu, aliae etiam attentius contemplanti. Has vcro na- 
 tura ex fcic fubminiftrat parce; quid veto fadura fit finu excufib, & poft 
 invcntionem formarum, & procefilium, & fchematifmorum, futuris tempo- 
 libus apparebir. At ifta cffcda magica (quantum adhuc conjicimus) fiunt 
 tribus modi'^: Aut per multiplicationem fui; ut in igne, & venenis, quae 
 vocant Ipecitica; necnon in motibus, qui tranfeunt & fortificantur de rota 
 in rotam; aut per cxcitationem five invitationem in altero, ut in magnete, 
 qui excit acus innumeras, virtute nuUatenus depcrdira aut diminuta; aut in 
 fermento, & hujufmodi 5 aut per antcverfionem motus, ut didum eft de 
 pulvere pyrio, & bombardis, & cuniculis : quorum priores duo modi inda- 
 gationem confcnfuum requirunt; tertius, menfurae motuum. Utrum vcro 
 lit aliquis modus mutandi corpora per minima (ut vocant) & traulponendi 
 fubtiliores materiae fchematifmos, (id quod ad omnimodas corporum tranf- 
 formationes pertinet : ut ars brevi tentpore illud facere poftlt, quod natura 
 per multas ambages molitur) de co nulla hadenus nobis conftant indicia. 
 Quemadmodum autem in foUdis & veris afpiramus ad ultima & fumma; 
 ita vana & tumida perpctuo odimus, & quantum in nobis eft, proftiga- 
 mus. 
 
 LII. Atq^ue de dignitatibus five pracrogativis inftantiarum haec dida 
 fint. Illud veto monendum, nosin hoc noftro organo tradare logicam, non 
 philofophiam. Sed cum logica noftra doceat intcUcdum, & crudiat ad hoc, 
 ut non tenuibus mentis quafi claviculis, rcrum abftrada captet & prenlet, 
 (ut logica vulgaris;) fed naturam rcvera pcrfecct, & corporum virtuites & 
 1 adus^
 
 Lib.lt. NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 aftus, corumquc leges in materia detcrminatas invcniatj ica ut non foluni 
 ex natura mentis fed ex natura rerum quoque hacc fcicntia cmanet : mirum 
 ■non eft, fi ubique naturalibus contemplationibus & expcrimcntis, ad cxem- 
 pla artis noftrae, confperfa fuerit & illuftrata. Sunt autcm (ut ex iis quae 
 ditla funt patet) praerogativae inftantiarum numero viginti feptcm : No- 
 minibus : inftantiae folitariae : inftantiac migrantcs : iriftantiae oftenfivae : 
 infl:antiac clandeftinae : inftantiac conftitutivac : inftantiac conformes : in" 
 ftantiae monadicae : inftantiac deviantcs : inftantiae ]imitancae : inftantiae 
 potcftatis : initantiae comitatus & hoftiles : Inflantiae fubjun£livac : in- 
 ftantiae foederis : inftantiae crucis : inftantiac divortii : inftantiac janu- 
 ac : inftantiae citantes : inftantiae viae : inftantiae fupplementi ; inftan- 
 tiac perfecantes : inftantiae virgac : inftantiac curriculi : dofes naturae : 
 inftantiae luftae : inftantiae innuentes : initantiae polychreftac : inftantiac 
 magicae. Ufus auteni hairum inftaritiaruin, in quo inftaiitias vulgarcs ex- 
 cellunt, verfatur in genere, aut circa partem informativam, aut circa opcra- 
 tivam, aut circa utramquc. Atquc quoad informativam, juvant iliac aut 
 fenfum, aut intcUcdum : Senfum, ut quinque inftantiae lampadis : Intel- 
 Icdum : aut accelerando exclufivam formae, ut folitariae ; aut anguftando 
 & propius indicando affirmatlvam formae, ut migrantcs, oftcnfivac, comi- 
 tatus, cum fubjundivis: aut erigcndo intcUedum, & duccndo ad genera 
 & naturas communes : idquc aut immediate, ut clandcftinac, monadicae, 
 foederis : aut gradu proximo, ut conftitutivac : aut gradu infimo, ut con- 
 formes : aut redificando intcUedlum a confuetis, ut deviantcs : aut duccn- 
 do ad formam magnam, five fabricam univer/i, ut limitancae : aut cavcn- 
 <io de formis & caufts falfis, ut crucis & divortii. Quod vcro ad operati- 
 vam attinet ; iliac pradicam aut defignant, aut menfurant, aut fublevant. 
 Defignant aut oftendcndo a quibus incipicndum, nc aftuni agamus, ut in- 
 ftantiae potcftatis : aut ad quid afpirandum, fi dctur facultas, ut innuen- 
 tes. Menfurant quatuor iliac mathematicae : fublevant polychreftac & 
 magicae. 
 
 RuRSUS ex iftis inftantiis viginti feptcm, nonnuUarum (ut fupcriusdiximus 
 de aliquibus) facienda eft colledio jam ab initio, nee expcdanda particu- 
 iaris inquifitio naturarum. Cujus genefis funt inftantiae conformes, mona- 
 dicae, deviantcs, limitancae, potcftatis, januac, innuentes, polychreftac, 
 magicae. Hae enim aut auxiliantur & mcdcntur intcllcdui & fenliii ; aut 
 inftruunt praxin, in genere. Rcliquac tum demum conquircndae funt, cum 
 conficicmus tabulas comparentiac ad opus intcrpretis circa aliquam naturam 
 particularcm. Sunt enim inftantiac pracrogativis iftis infignitae & donatae, 
 animae inftar inter vulgarcs inftantias comparentiac : Et ut ab initio dixi- 
 mus, paucae illarum funt vice multarum. Quocirca cum tabulas conlici- 
 mus, iliac omni ftudio funt invcftigandae, & in tabulas refercndac. Erit 
 ctiam carum mcntio neccflaria in iis quae fcquuntur. Pracponendus itaquc 
 crat eariim tradatus. Nunc vero ad adminicula & rcdilicationcs indudio- 
 nis, &: deinccps ad concreta, & ktcntes procefliis, & latentes fchematifmos,' 
 & rcliqua, quae aphorifmo, viccfimo primo ordine propofuimus, pcrgendum ; 
 ut tandem (tanquam curatores probi & fidclcs) tradamus hominibus fortu- 
 nas fuas, emancipato intcUcdu, & fado tanquam majorc ; undc neccfle eft 
 fcqui emcndationem ftatus hominis, & ampliationcm potcftatis ejus fupcr 
 natm-am. Homo enim per lapfum & dc ftatu innoccntiae dccidit, & dc 
 regno in crcaturas. Utraque autem res ctiam in hac vita nonnulla ex parte 
 
 Vol. 1. D d d rcparari 
 
 393
 
 394 
 
 NOVUM ORGANUM. 
 
 Lib. II. 
 
 rcparan poteft ; prior per rcligionem & iidcm, poftcrior per artes & icicn- 
 tias. Nequc enim per malcdidionem fafta eft creatura prorius & ad extrc- 
 jnum rebellis : Sed in virtute illius diplomatis, in fudore vultus comcdcs 
 panem tuum, per labores varies, (non per difputationes certe, aut perotioJas 
 ceremonias magicas j) tandem & aliqua ex parte ad panem homini praebcu- 
 tium, id eft, ad ufiis vitac humanae fubigitur. 
 
 i 
 
 FINIS, 
 
 t\ 
 
 INDEX.
 
 ,11 .fJlJ 
 
 MWAAOSIO 
 
 • n^*-- 
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 A 
 
 J RON orator, P^g. 169 
 
 yibccedarium naturae, 44 
 
 Abel & Cain imago duarum vi- 
 tarum, ^ 47 
 
 Abies dac picem, 321 
 
 Abfumptio humidi, five deficcatio, 377, 
 
 .379' 387 
 Academiae, 60. Quae neceflaria iis inilruen- 
 
 dis ornandifque, 60, 61, 62 
 
 Academicorum philofophia praeftantifTima, 
 
 63 
 
 — juxta Ciceronem, ihid. 
 Academia nova, 2 89 
 Academiarum arcSbior coniunftiovalde utilis, 
 
 . . .^3 
 Academki & Sceptici philofophi fcientiae 
 
 certitudinem abftiilerunt, 45, 121, 141 
 Acatalepjiae opinio, ibid. Acatalepfia Pla- 
 
 tonis, 285, 289, 310 
 
 Accentiis verborum & pronunciatio, 161, 
 
 162 
 Acctimulatio legum, 254, 255 
 
 Acerbitas legum, 248 
 
 Acidilas potus, 144 
 
 Acojla de fluxu & refluxu maris, 352 
 
 Accujiica, ^g 
 
 Acroamalicum five AEnigmaticum dicendi 
 
 genus dehoneftatum, 166 
 
 Actiaca pugna, 247 
 
 Aclionss theatrales maxime utiles, 80. Earum 
 
 utilitas denuo, 161. ASlionis theatralis 
 
 ufus multiplex, 193 
 
 Axioms praefentes nofli*e plurimum prodeft, 
 
 ■ 230 
 
 ASliones ad amplificandas literas circa tria 
 
 verfantur objedta, 60. A£fio naturalis, 
 
 359 
 Anionum folennifates, 72 
 
 Acuminatum fortius penetrat quam obtufiim, 
 
 171 
 
 Acus nauticae inventio, 303. Motus ejus 
 
 convenit cum coeleflibus, 304 
 
 — ejus verforium, 113, 114, '^^^, &cc. 
 Adavias praecellit auro, 174 
 Adilus flicilis & vultus comis, 215 
 Admiratio proprie quid, 30 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 — eft fcmen fcientiae, ibid. Admiratio eft 
 proles raritatis, 347. Admiratio Dcuni 
 fpccftat, fcientia crcaturas, 30 
 
 Adolefce?ites fpc beati, 196 
 
 Adonidis ftatua, _ 39 
 
 Adrianus fecreti inveftigator inexplebilis, 
 
 yfi/«/(7/zoliterarumdignitati nocet, 37. Ejus 
 turpitudo, -^j, 38. Magis ex more quam 
 malitia, 189. Aucupii genu?, ibid. 
 
 /f^^'Oi-^/aw quid com mcndat, 121. Eorum 
 perorationes, i^j 
 
 AEdificii partes efFormarc aliud, aliud com- 
 paginare, 203 
 
 AEgyptus feptem annos fertiles totidem fte- 
 
 riles habuit. 
 
 21. 
 
 AEgyptii vetuftiftimi indagatores antiquita- 
 tis, _ 47 
 
 — iis plurimae artes debent initium, 1 39 
 AEgyptii facerdotis de Graecis vaticinium, 
 
 288. Rcrum inventoribus divinitatem 
 tribuerunt, ibid. 
 
 AEmtili & AEquales confiderandi, 233, 234 
 AEiieae oraculum, 74 
 
 AEnigmata fphingis, 80 
 
 AEnigmata dehoncftata, 1 66 
 
 — eorum ufus & fines, ibid. 
 AEquivocationes funt fophifmata fophifma- 
 
 tum, 153 
 
 Aeris conftitutio peftilens, 102. Aer am- 
 bicns praedatorius, 129. y^^Vvj magis & 
 minus falubresdignofccndi, 146. Aerismo- 
 tus, 151. yf^'r furentemconcipit calorem 
 fi concludatur, 318,322. TicAerecon- 
 clufio inquirendum, 322. Facillimeex- 
 cipit & remittit calorem, 330. A'cris 
 dilatatio & expanfio, 332. Frigora in- 
 tenfx in media Aeris regione, 344. Aer 
 nunquam exuit fluorem, 348 
 
 Aer fubter aquam afcendit prefl'ura aquae, 
 351. Aer non eft flamma accenfa, 358. 
 Super aquam fe multiplicat, ^jc). Aeris 
 extenfio in ovis vitreis, 3 36 
 
 ^£/2:/&/»fj voluptatibus deditus, 2i- Redar- 
 guitur a Demofthene, ibid. De rebus 
 geftis Alexandri Magni eloquium, 300 
 
 AEj'culapius, 120. Mcdicinae deus, ibid. 
 
 AEfculapio quare Circe a poetisdata foror, 1 2 2 
 Ddd 2 AEfoni
 
 INDEX, 
 
 AEfopi fibulie. So. llde Fabuk. Pag. 
 
 JEdimatio virium ad belliim neceffiria, 88 
 
 JEtatis opera funt longe lubtiliora quam 
 ignis, Z^^ 
 
 AEtna mons, 326 
 
 AF.ternitas, non cogitari potefl quomodo 
 defluxerit, _ 2 79 
 
 AfeclatJcnes vame, 38. Affe^atJoingcnm- 
 t.\:is putredo lucens, 188 
 
 Jff!'c?us animorum nemo melius defcripfit, 
 "quam poetae & hiftorici, 208. Quomo- 
 do compefcendi, i^c. ibid. Etiam fcpul- 
 ti refurgunt, 90, 91 
 
 — niinquam acquiefcunr, ibid. 
 
 — indomiti funt inftar Tigridum, ibid. 
 
 — deformes & inconditi, ibid. 
 
 — quod experientia repudiavit, ambiunt, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 — funt hederae fimiles, 91 
 
 — in religionibus luxuriantur, ibid. 
 
 — funt brevis furor, 92 
 
 — quomodo a ratione difFerunt, 1 70. Ad 
 bonum apparens feruntur, ibid. 
 
 — vehementiores Affeilus ambigui funt 
 fexu?, 91 
 
 Africa antiquis non cognita ultra citimam 
 AEthiopiae partem, 288. Africa i\m\\t5 
 habet ifthmos, i^c. 344> 35^ 
 
 Agetis patiens, 200, 201 
 
 y^^^/<2/de Pharnabazodiflam, 35. Incho- 
 avit fubverfionem Perfiae, S5- Compa- 
 rator Timoleonti, 17^ 
 Agilitas funambulorum, 130 
 AgricuUtira, qualis traftatus ifti arti infervi- 
 ret, 208. Agricidttira exercenda a fundi 
 dominis, 244 
 Agrippina, 58. Tiberium verbis aculeatis 
 commovet, 231 
 Alacritas nimia cohibenda, 233 
 Albedinis caufa in nive, 108 
 Albertus notatur, 42 
 Album Praetoris apud Romanes, 253 
 Alchermes confeftio, 126 
 Alchymia multum habet Phantafiae, 42 
 Alchymifiae & Paracelfus refutantur, 121 
 
 — eorum opera, 294 
 
 — error & infcitia, 389. Inventa eorum, 391 
 Alexajidri Borgiae dictum, 1 15 
 Alexandri M. res geftae ab AEfchine pro 
 
 miculo habitae, 300. De eo aliter lo- 
 
 cutus T. Livius, ibid. 
 
 Alexander Magnus, 31. Ejus expeditio in 
 
 Afiam, quo modoprimo excepta, 43 
 
 — Achilli praeconem Homerum invidit, 51 
 
 — ab Ariftotcle, Callifthene, aliifque edoc- 
 tus, ibid. 
 
 — maluit dodrina quam imperio omnibus 
 praecellere, ibid. 
 
 — Caflandrum perftrinxit, Callifthenem 
 clam odio habuit, 5i 
 
 )2, 243 
 
 ibid. 
 52. 53 
 
 — AflTentatores irrifit, P<^^- 52 
 
 — Antipatrum perftrinxit & Parmenionem, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 — noluit fuffurari viftoriam, 
 
 — fummus Logicus, 
 
 — in Rlietoricis elegantifTimus, 
 
 — in Politicis verfatifTimus, 
 
 — ejus de Darii arcula judicium, viz. ut 
 Homeri opera in ea aflervarencur, fcn- 
 tentiam tulit, 51 
 
 — epiftola objurgatoria ad Ariftotelem 
 miffa, ibid. 
 
 — Apophthegma in -Diogenem, 51 
 
 — magnamvim pecuniae fuppeditavit Arif- 
 toteli, 62 
 
 — non in finitimis bellis occupatus, 81} 
 
 — didlum ejus de fomno & venere» 184 
 Alexandri Severi jmperium, 32 
 Algebra non bene confumnuta, 114 
 Alimentatio quatuor modis promovetur, 1 29 
 Alphabetum vulgare & occultuni, 162 
 
 — nullum in regno Sinarum, 294 
 Altercationes vanac fcholaflicorum, 40 
 Amadicius de Gallia, 295 
 Amanuenjium infcitia in aulis principum, 164 
 Amare & I'apere non femper cuique conce- 
 
 ditur, 64 
 
 Ambigua quomodo tollenda, 256, 257 
 
 Amhitio eft peflis hominum, 201. Ejus 
 
 genera^ 3 1 2 
 
 AmbroJiuSj 70 
 
 -^/«/V/cadant, modoinimici intercidant, 240 
 
 — funt fures temporis, 416 
 
 — moveant fe invicem, 226 
 y^;«zVz//fl eidem facit, quae fortitude, 188 
 Amicitia cum quibus contrahenda ad inqui- 
 
 fitionem animorum, 232 
 
 Amicorum deledus fit prudens, 225 
 
 — eorum mollifies in admonendo repre- 
 henditur, 226 
 
 Amnefiia, 225 
 
 Amor rerum concordia, 86. Varii nomi- 
 
 nis, 188. Mores optime format, 212. 
 
 Ejus charafteres a Menandro & Xeno- 
 
 phonte, ibid» 
 
 Anabaptifiarum Haerefis, 199 
 
 Analytica, 152 
 
 Anatomicae difquifitiones ubi defiderantur, 
 
 124 
 ^/Zrt/o»j/fl fimplex & comparata, 124. Plu- 
 rimae diffetfliones ad comparatam necef- 
 fariae, i24> 125 
 
 Anatomia vivorum defideratur, 125 
 
 — corporumorganicorumcommendatur,3i6 
 Anaxagorae invcntio, 82. v. 107, 287. 
 
 — ejus philofophia de omoiomeris, 283 
 Anaxarchi patientia, cum linguam in os 
 
 tyranni expueret, Ii5 
 
 Anaximenes aerem rerum principium fta- 
 
 tuit, 82 
 
 Andis
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Andis Peniviani cacutnen nive deftitutum, 
 
 Pag. 320 
 y^«^^// cecidcmnr, 212 
 
 — eorum & ipirituiim natura, ncc infcru- 
 tabiJis nee interdiLta, 97 
 
 ^-^ veneratio prohibita, ibid. 
 
 — natura deo proxima, 46 
 
 — ordines Angelorum varii, ibid. 
 Angli bellicofi, 244 
 Anglia regnum haereditarium, 74 
 Angliae hiftoria quam vilis & indigna, 73. 
 
 Angliae colon i Galliae rufticos lliperant, 
 244. Quae in Anglia ad potentiam mi- 
 litarem apprime conducunt, 245 
 
 Animae rationalis organum eft aurae divinae 
 particula, 
 
 — fubftantiarum fimplicifTima, 
 
 — quo dignior eo plus compatitur. 
 
 Antiperijtajts, 
 Antipodas afTerentes, 
 
 Tag. 378 
 296 
 
 De 
 
 anima 
 
 241 
 121 
 224 
 hu- 
 
 Anima fenfibilis, 72 
 
 mana doftrina, 131,132 
 
 y/«/»?^ fenfilis five produ<5ta, 132 
 
 /fnimarum emanationes duae, 132, Ejus 
 generatio primiriva, ibid. Plurimae ejus 
 {\i}pra. animas brutorum praecellentiae,/'^/^, 
 
 Animae facultates,five de objeftisflicukatum, 
 ibid. Facultates ejus notilTimae, 133. 
 Non eft entelechia, 135. Eft forma for- 
 marum, 138. Ejus mcdicina, 206, l£c. 
 Et remediuni fummarium, 211. Ejus 
 ftatus, divinitatis charaiftere ab Arifto- 
 tele infignirus, 211, 212. Animae an^ 
 guftae & degeneres immifericordes, 221 
 
 Animi bona primum quaerenda, 241 
 
 — cultura, 206 
 
 — emendatione opus, 238 
 Animus humanus tabricatus inftar fpeculi, 
 
 29. Animus ne fit penfilis anhelat, 152. 
 
 Quando vere fanus & validus cenfendus 
 
 eft, 199 
 
 Animi impetum cohibere immenfum quid, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Animi hominum nunc in perfedbiore, nunc 
 
 in deteriore ftatu reperiuntur, 211. Si- 
 
 milis aquis & fpecuio, 227. Animi vex- 
 
 atio & inquietude, 213 
 
 — • qua clave referandi certifllmc, 231 
 
 Animi janua fijnc oculi, os, vultus,gL'ftus, 230 
 
 Animus humanns quomodo fleftendus & ef- 
 
 fingendus, 237 
 
 Annates quomodo a diariis difFerant, 76 
 
 — res illuftres annalibus mandantur, ibid. 
 Anni tempeftates falubriores, 146 
 AnthropomorphilarumXxxtrt'^x^, 154. In cellis 
 
 monachorum orta, ibid. 
 
 Anti-cato^ g^ 
 
 Anlichriftus omnium faeculorum maximus 
 
 impoftor, 98 
 
 Anticipationes, earum ufijs & abufus, 176 
 
 Antidolus, 
 
 Antinomiae legum retra(5tandae, 
 
 49) 
 
 160 
 
 254 
 
 Antiqui, quam exiguam mundi partem no 
 vcrant, 288 
 
 Antiquitas quatenus retinenda, 98. Vel mi- 
 nimum ab antiquorum opinionibus & lo- 
 quendi more dcfiedendum, ibid. Autho- 
 ritatis eft patronus, 255 
 
 — ejus reverentia, 43. Nimia ejus reveren- 
 tia homines a progreffu in fcientiis deti- 
 nuif, 293 
 
 Antiquitatis & novitatis ftudium iniquum, 
 
 ^ 43 
 
 Antiquitatis nimium ftudiofi, 161 
 
 Antiquilates fimt hiftoria dcformata, 72 
 
 — hiftoriarum reliquiae tanqiiam tabulae 
 naulragii, ibid. 
 
 — ex quibus monumentis & quanto cum 
 l.iborc colliguntur, ibid. 
 
 Antiquilates Icgum, 257, 258 
 
 Antitheta rerum varia, a pag.179, ufque 191 
 Antoninus cymini fi.dlor vocatus, 50. Sub- 
 til is & fcholafticus, ibid. Regnum ejus 
 calamitatis expers, 51. Ejus vitium evi- 
 tandum, 168. Ei grata fuic aurigatio, 
 
 201 
 Anytus Socratis accufator, 31 
 
 Apis & philofophiae fimilitudo, 299 
 
 Aphorifmi unde conficiendi, 16$, paflim. 
 Apogaea, 103 
 
 Apollo medicinae deus, 120. Cur muficae 
 etiam, 121 
 
 Apophthegmata fecures & mucrones verbo- 
 rum, "]<). Caefaris, ibid. 
 
 — veterum fapientum per fimilitudines, 81 
 Apotheofis five relatio inter divos, 49. Ejus 
 
 tres gradus, ibid. Apotheofis errorum, 284, 
 Peftis intelleftus, quia vanis accedit vene- 
 ratio, ibid. 
 Apparatus., 1 89 
 Appetitus Icientiae, a quibus caufis, 45 
 Appetituum Sc motuum duo genera, 105. 
 Appetitus duplex rerum creatarum, viz. 
 confervandi & propagandi, 200 
 Aqua non afcendet altius quam caput fontis. 
 
 Aqua falfa lucefcit node, 136, 321 
 
 — in fummo pofita vinum dilutum lepara- 
 bit, 144. Plus ponderis & minus dimen- 
 fionis habet quam vinum, 146 
 
 — balneorum naturalium, 322. Aqua re- 
 gis folvit aurum, 325. Fortis argentum 
 folvir, ibid. 
 
 — calida in balneis, quomodo calefir, 326 
 
 — Aqua aegre patitur comprelfionem, 370. 
 Aquae exiguac cito corrumpuntur, ^Ji. 
 Non fijbintrat rimas minorcs, 375. Re- 
 pofitio liquorum in tiindo aquarum, 385 
 
 Aquae dudtus in quen> fincm excogitatus, 
 
 60 
 Arabes
 
 I N D ^ X. 
 
 Arales fcrjptores fabnlofi, 42. Quae addi- 
 
 derunt in fcientiis non multum habenc 
 
 momenti, P^g- 287 
 
 Arhelae campi, 243 
 
 Arhor monarchiae, 245 
 
 Arbores quomodo fruftuofiores evadant, 61 
 
 Arborum infitio & inociilatio, 143. Quae 
 
 juxta fc fata laetius proveniunt, & e con- 
 
 . — inflammabiles in regionibusfrigidis, 321 
 Area in diluvio, in eremo, in templo, 78 
 yfrf<TKfl difficuker tegi polTunt, 231. Eo- 
 rum revelatio quibus rationibus imputan- 
 da, ibid. 
 
 Archaeus faber, opinio ejus rifu cxcipienda, 
 
 379 
 Archetypus, 46 
 
 Arcbias, poeta bonus, memoria praepollens, 
 
 Archimedes, 42. "Eupw« ejus de quantitate 
 ' * ponderis & dimenfionis, 146 
 
 ArchiteHura, quae ad earn fpeftanr, 137. 
 Incentio ejus duplex, 203. ArchiteiJura 
 fcientiarum, 138 
 
 Argentum vivum an vertatur in aurum, 112 
 Argenlum v'lvum, 143, 144, 355' 375' 4o8, 
 
 410 
 
 — quomodo ftupefit, & ita figatur ut fiat 
 malleabile, 144 
 
 Argentum, an ei fuperinducatur flavus color 
 aut augmentum ponderis, 314 
 
 — ejus cum auro confenfus & coitio, ^yy 
 Argos, 1 89 
 Ariadne Dionyfi uxor, 90 
 Arion, _ _ 171 
 Arijlippus Dionyfio ad pedes procidit, 38 
 Ariftoteles in philofophia diftator, 40. Ejus 
 
 integritas in confcribenda hiftoria anima- 
 lium, 42, 300 
 
 Ariftoteles logicam phi'.ofophiae immifcuit, 
 44. Liberalirate Alexandri inftruftior 
 acceffit ad confcribendam hiftoriam ani- 
 malium, 62. Exemplo fuo decoravit hi- 
 ftoriam mirabilium, Sy 
 
 ■i— Alexandri praeceptor, 51 
 
 — ait naturam in portionibus minimis op- 
 time cerni, 68 
 
 — improbatur quod nova artium vocabula 
 finxerit, 98 
 
 — ubi notatur confidentia ejus & impetus 
 contradiftionis, ibid. 
 
 — ingenii admirabilis, fed ambitiofus, /^/V^. 
 Alexandrum aemulatus, monarchiam in 
 opinionibus affeftavir, 99 
 
 — Ottomannis fimilis, 107, 285. Accu- 
 fmdus quod naturam pro Deo fubftitu- 
 erit, no. Et quod caufas finales perpe- 
 tuo inculcat, ibid. Scripfit ut logicae 
 amator, no. Promifcue traftavit me- 
 chanicam, in. Dicit phyficam & ma- 
 
 fj^ 
 
 iTv f"' 
 
 thematicam generlfe mec^iaTJicamT'^?^^ 
 
 — fabricam corporis quiefc'entis tra^av^f 
 folerter, 118. Diftum ej^us de imperio 
 animae in corpus, 13S. Sui temporis 
 fophiftas deridet, 148. In 'omni itiotlf 
 corporum ftatuit aliquid quiefcens, 152. 
 Perperam Democritum fugillat, 167. 
 Coepii colligere colores boni & mail ap- 
 parentis, 171 
 
 — ejus erga Rhetores aemulatio, 169. AiC 
 adolefcentes pofle beatos effe fpe, 196, 
 Quam ob rem Herodici memlnir, 199. 
 Viam acquirendae virtutis inculcat, 206. 
 AfFeftus in ethicis praetermifit, '208. De 
 voluptate & dolore, ibii. 
 
 — fententia ejus de confuetudine rejicitur, 
 209. Naturalem philofophiam logicae 
 prorfus mancipavit, 2 So. Etiam corrupit 
 283. Experientiam ad conftituenda axio- 
 mata non rite confuluit, ibid. Quomodo 
 fe gefllt verfus alios, 285. Laus&^ vitu- 
 perium ejus, ^50 
 
 Ariftotelis commentum de alligatione come- 
 
 tae ad aftrum, 351 
 
 Ariftippi abjefta fubmifllo, 38. Ait Dio- 
 
 nyfium geftare aures in pedibus, ihid. 
 Arithmetica quam male traftata, 1^14 
 
 Aromata, 3x9, 325 
 
 Ars metallica ante diluvium, 47 
 
 Ars a natura, & artificial ia a natural ibus, 
 
 quomodo diff'erant, 66, ^c. 
 
 Ars & induftria liumana naturae & fato fub- 
 
 miniftrant, 123 
 
 Ars indicii, 151, 152. Dividitur in ana- 
 
 lyticam & doftrinam dc elenchis, , 152 
 
 — fine ufu parvi facienda, 158 
 
 — multa exempla artium iautilium afi^run- 
 tur, ibid. 
 
 Ars imperii, 242 
 
 Ars non damnanda, " 29^ 
 
 yfr/zV impreflbri.ie commoda, 260. Inven- 
 tio aperta & fere obvia, 304 
 
 Artaxerxes, 1^4. 
 
 Artes quid efficiant, " ,30 
 
 — emolliunt mores, 33. Artes quaeplijs 
 habent ex phantafia quam demonflrati- 
 one, 42 
 
 — inveniendi adolefcunt, 149, paffim. Li- 
 bcrales florent,republica in fummo pofita, 
 
 i3r 
 
 Artes ficut plantae, 165 
 
 — Quale fuper res humanas exercent impe- 
 
 rnim. 
 
 H2 
 
 y^r/fj Mechanicae, carum progrefius, 8. De 
 iftis artibus colleftiones, 67. Quam fun- 
 damentales hiftoriac natural!, 68. Anes 
 Logicae quatuor, 138. A tenuibus initiis 
 ortum ducunt, 144 
 
 -^ malae damnantur, 240, 24T 
 
 ■ — quae
 
 t n b n, X. 
 
 S79 
 Ex 
 
 "3 
 
 — quae ad vifum & auditum pertinent quare 
 Jiberales, Pag. 131 
 
 y^r/ter«j Britannus, 112, 295 
 
 Articuli inqiiifitionis de gravi & levi, 149 
 Afcmfiis particularium ad generalifTima, 302 
 Jfchamus, praeledlionibus illuftrat Cicero- 
 
 nem, 39 
 
 Afia antiquis incognita, 288 
 
 Affentatio infima eft afTentatio vulgi, 187 
 Affimilatio., pafTim, 
 AJirii nulla ineft fatalis neceflltas, 102. 
 
 ajtris flita elici non poirunt, 
 AJlrolabium, 62, 360 
 
 Afirologia multum habet phantafiae, 42. In 
 
 plurimis fundamento caret, 100 
 
 AJirologia mukisfuperftitionibus referta,ioi 
 *— fana defideratur, 102. Quid in ea defi- 
 
 deratur, ibid. Quomodo conlicienda, ibid. 
 
 — ad quid adhibenda, 103, 104 
 Ajirologiae multa commenta refelluntur, 
 
 lOI 
 
 — videlicet planetarum per certas Iioras im- 
 perium, ibid. 
 
 — diftributiones domorum, ibid. 
 ' — doftrina de nativitatibus aut conceptio- 
 
 nibus, 102 
 
 Ajirologiae quid retinendum, ibid. Potius 
 
 expurganda quam abjicienda, loi 
 
 — quid in ea defideratur, 102. Doftrina 
 de revolutionibus plus habet fanitatis quam 
 reliqua ajirologiae, ibid. Eorum fuperfti- 
 tio, 176 
 
 AJirologia i-Ana., 103. Quales praediftiones 
 ex ea fi.-ri poflunt, ibid. Mod is qui- 
 bus ad emendatam nftrologiam via fterni- 
 tur, 104. Infduh ajlrologica, 105. Suas 
 habet praed id: i ones, 133. In ajirologiae 
 traditionibus diftindla ingenia, 207 
 
 Ajlronomia comparatur Prometheo, 100, 
 
 lOI 
 
 — in plurimis difFert ab aftrologia, 100 
 
 — quid & quantum in ilia defideratur, 10 1 
 /^«//homines, unde artem trahnnt, 119 
 Atalantae pomum aureum, 16, 45, 287. 
 
 Pilae, 306 
 
 Atheijmi caufae, 30 
 
 Athenienjes culpantur a Demofthene, 237 
 
 — quales in bellis fulcipiendis, 247. Eorum 
 leges condendi mos, 254. In inventione 
 legum & artium clari, 311 
 
 Athletica quo fenfu accipienda, 130 
 
 Atlanticitm mare, 353 
 
 /f//j;?//; fabula, 152. Ad polos mundi cra- 
 
 ducitur ab Ariltotele, ibid. 
 
 Atomi, ex quo fonte eorum opinio manavit, 
 
 82. Huic fe applicuit Democritus, ibid. 
 
 Aioini five pulvifcuLi Detnocrito non fu- 
 
 erunt principia rerum, 146 
 
 Afridae, 1 7 1 
 
 Atrophia fenilis, 128 
 
 Atticus Ciceronem monet de vultu & gefta, 
 
 Pag. 2 1 5 
 Attritione mos excitandi ignem, 318 
 
 Aucupum & venatorum mos ad capiendas 
 
 volucres & beftias, 209 
 
 Audacia, 1 87 
 
 Augurum mos & vanitas, 8 1 
 
 S. Augujiintis, 70 
 
 Augiijlinus Donius male non fi:ripfit de ani- 
 
 ma fenfibili, 133 
 
 — Telefii difcipulus, ibid. 
 Augujli eloquenda ex Tacito, 27. Preca- 
 
 batur fibi euthanafiam, 125 
 
 Augujlus Caelar non fuit diffimulator, 236. 
 
 Formula ejus jurandi apud popuium, ibid. 
 
 — ad ftatuam J ulii Caefaris manum proten- 
 dit, ibid. 
 
 ' — potius ab avunculo diverfus quam illo in- 
 ferior, 229 
 
 — moriturus ab amicis quid petierit, ibid. 
 
 — in oculis hominum vixit, 233. Debuin 
 autnunquamnafciautnunquam mori,24i 
 
 ■ — fijmma patravit mala, etiam bona, ibid. 
 
 Atirum aliquando excoquitur igne, quando- 
 que in arenulis purum invenitur, 66. Pro- 
 duci forfan poteft multa & fagaci molid- 
 one, 112. y/«r«;« potabile, 128. Juxta 
 pofitum, argentum vivum imbibit, 144 
 
 — habet plus ponderis & minus dimenfionis 
 quam argentum, 146. yf«r/ proprietates, 
 
 215 
 
 Auri & argenti vivi coitio, 377. Fruftum 
 
 auri detentum in ore opcrariorum, in fo- 
 
 dinis argenti vivi, ibid. 
 
 Authentici fcriptores, 
 
 Authores artium confecrati inter deos, 
 
 Authorum mos improbandus, 
 
 Aiithypojlatae proj-ofitiones, 
 
 Auxiliares libri in Icientia juris. 
 
 Axes rotarum flammam concipiunt, 
 
 Axiomatd unde, 275, 277, i^c. Perperam 
 
 tradtata ab Ariltotele, 283 
 
 — convertibilia tacere,feliciseft ingenii, 168 
 Axiomatum iniquitas corrigenda, 67 
 
 — varia, 94 
 
 — divcrfis fcientiis applicantur, 94, 95 
 
 — qualia adhuc nemo compofuit, C)^. De 
 axiomate conrtituendo, 302, paflim. Ax- 
 iomatum genera. 
 
 '^57 
 49 
 
 264 
 
 257 
 31S 
 
 Z^S 
 
 B. 
 
 BAcchus, 90. Vide Dionyfius : circa cur- 
 rum ejus fiablUltant daemones, 91 
 Baconus, honefta ejus propenfio in generis 
 humani commoda, 4 
 
 — ipondet fe comitari antiquitatem ufquj 
 ad aras, 99. Inani gloriae abnunciat, 
 ut commoJis humanis infcrviat, 196 
 Vide Verulamiiis. 
 
 Bactdus
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Baculus incurvus in contrarium fleftendus, 
 
 Pag. 2 1 o 
 Salhs, 63 
 
 .Bfl/«fa artincialiacommendantur, 127. Ca- 
 
 lida naturalia, 318 
 
 Balnea calida, 322 
 
 Balneum Mariae, 389 
 
 Bafilifctis afpedtu necat, fi primus quempiam 
 
 confpexerit, 204 
 
 Bella Romanorum quomodo gefta, 88 
 
 — qu;ile genus belli eligendum, 87 
 
 — de genere belli eligendo praecepta, 87 
 
 — moderna in tenibris geruntur, 89, 247 
 
 — ob vindidam juftam fere felicia, 83 
 
 — non levi de caufa fufcipienda, 87, 88 
 Belli caufae, 88, 236, 246, iSc. 
 
 — propagatio legis & fedtae, 245 
 
 — injuriae illatae, ibid. 
 
 — auxilia fociis mittenda alacriter, 88, 246 
 
 — fit caufa jufta bellorum, 88 
 
 — in hello maxime prodeft celeritas, ibid. 
 
 — & conciliorum occultatio, 88, 89 
 ^— providencia a Pallade, 88 
 
 — ejus nervus an fit pecunia, 243 
 BelhiKi Peloponnefi, 73 
 Belhim adverfus Brutum & Cafllum vindica- 
 
 vit mortem Caelaris : Severi mortem Per- 
 tinacis: Bruti Lucretiae mortem vindica- 
 vir, 88. Britannicum a Carolo VIII. 
 Galliae rege geftum, ibid. 
 
 Bellum civile inftar caloris fcbrilis, 247. Mo- 
 derna bclla, ibid, 
 Benedi£lio Judae & Iflacharis, 244 
 Berecynthia., 96 
 £cn;rtri^/«w Telefius, 133 
 Biantis monitum, ames tanquam inimicus 
 futurus, oderis tanquam amaturus, 239 
 Bibliotheca S. Viftoris, 158 
 Bibliothecae, earum ufusi, 60. Immenfa li- 
 brorum varietas in iis, 294 
 Bi color es flam mac, 258 
 Blaefus praefeftus, 193 
 Bombycini fili inventio, 303, 346 
 £wa corporis humani quatuor, 120. Boni 
 & maii colores, 171, 172, i^c. Boni 
 genera & gradus, 196 
 Bona animi & corporis raro in homine con- 
 veniunt) 213 
 5(?«/ exemplar, 197. Pofitivi natura opti- 
 me defcripta, ibid. Etiam comparati, //"/V/. 
 Bonorum animi & corporis relatio, 213. Ex 
 quibus feorfim confl:at, ibid. Bonorum 
 fama efflord'cit, 219 
 Boiium individuale, 198 
 Bcnum adtivum difliert a bono communionis, 
 
 201 
 
 — commune quantum praevaleat individu- 
 al!, 198 
 
 • — communionis five officii, 202 
 
 ■ — individuale veladivumvdpaffivum, 200 
 
 — jB(J«z atSlivi praeeminentia, Pag. ibid. 
 
 — paflivum dividitur, ibid. Perfectivum, 
 ibid. Confervativum, ibid. 
 
 Borgias vitam facerdotalem ejuravit, 233. 
 
 Indignus principatu & iacerdotio, ibid. 
 
 Borgiae de expeditione Gallorum in Italiam 
 
 didtum, 277 
 
 Botrus contra Botrum citius maturefcit, 144. 
 
 Briareus, igg 
 
 Britannia potentia navali praecellit, 247 
 
 Bruiorum animae, 72, 73. Ex elemento- 
 
 rum matricibus ortae, 132 
 
 Bruta iy\\o^\zi.m\z, 352. Eorum folertia, 
 
 ibid. 
 BrUlus, Junius, vindicavit mortem Lucre- 
 tiae, 88 
 Bruli animadverfio fevera in filios, 205. 
 Ejus diftum quod fub exitu profudit, 241 
 Brutus & Caffius, 205 
 Buccinator -pagnim non init, 116 
 Burgundus quidam, principis Araufionenfis 
 interfedtor, 118. Tolerantia ejus, ibid. 
 
 C. 
 
 CAEfar confilium ejus de republica in- 
 Itauranda, ^5 
 
 — epiftoia ejus ad Oppium &Balbum, 63 
 Caefaris modeftia in tituJo commentariorum, 
 
 72. Apophthcgmata, 79. Quinqueama- 
 nuenfibus fimul didlarepotuit, 117. Ad 
 gubernatorem navis, 177. Eum Cicero 
 laudat coram, 204. Si bello fuccubuiffet 
 C<Jf/^r odiofior fuiflfct Catilina, ex mente 
 Machiavelli, 210. Infolentiae profanae 
 notatur, 229. Caufis agendis vaJedixit 
 cummu!toseloquentiaclarosvidiiret,2 34. 
 In amicis deligendis notandus, ibid. 
 
 — ejus libri deanalogia, 160. Maluitefle 
 primus in obfcuro loco, quam fecundus 
 Romae, 236 
 
 Calcearius Ariftotelis, 148 
 
 Calendare vitrum, 325, 330 
 
 Cakndarium dubitationum & faIfitatum,iO^ 
 
 Vide p. 211. 
 Calidi natura ex inftantiis, 318 
 
 Calidorum acrlmonia., 325. Tabula gradu- 
 
 um in cai'ido, ibid. 
 
 Calidum fuffum fertur citius quam deorfum, 
 
 Calidiora climata producunt ingenia ncuti- 
 
 ora, 173 
 
 Callifihenes gentem Macedonicam. laudar, 
 
 52 
 
 — difiertationes ejus extemporaneae fumma 
 laude digniffimae, 117 
 
 Calor intenditur per reflectioncm, 177 
 
 Calor natural is inelt acri abfcifio, 323. 
 
 Etiam pellibus 6c plumis, ibid. Aroma- 
 
 tibus, 325. Ejus diverfitas ui animali- 
 
 bus.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ■*■•'■ lyis, 324, 327. Caloris animalium & ra- 
 cli<frum coelcftium diverfitas, 327, Ca- 
 \-kr coeJeftis aiigetur tribus modis, ibid. 
 Ejus communicatio, 332, 334. Motiis 
 i dxpanfivus, /i^;V. Ctf/mJ tria genera, 350. 
 Caloris folis & ignis differentiae, 331, 
 350. Eft motus expanfivus cohibitus, 
 
 Pag. 336 
 Calumniandi praeflxtio, laudes, 172 
 
 Calumniare audafter, ^c. 234 
 
 In campana pulla cur foni contimiatio, 380 
 Calx viva aqua confperfa concipit calorem, 
 
 324 
 Camelotmn., 142 
 
 Canada, 368 
 
 Candor pedorls, 234 
 
 Capra animal fcanforium, 84 
 
 Cardanm-, 42 
 
 Carmen quid fir, '](). Carminum varia ge- 
 nera, 161 
 
 — vera narratio carmine., & fifta in oratione 
 foluta confcribi poteft, 79. Carmina faci- 
 lius difcuntur memoriterquam profa, 157 
 
 Carneades ob eioqucntiani Roma pulfus a 
 
 Catone, 31, 341. In utramque partem 
 
 extempore diflerere potuit eleganter,i 17. 
 
 Vide p. 287. 
 
 Games in nonnullis cellis citius putrefiunr, 
 
 146 
 
 Carnojttates, 12^ 
 
 Carolus VIII. rex Franciae, 88. Res ejus 
 
 melius ceflere in longinquis expeditioni- 
 
 bus quam finitimis, ibid. 
 
 Caroli V. imperatoris difterium, fortunam 
 
 imitari mores muiierum, 241 
 
 Carri praeleftiones, 39 
 
 Ca(fn & Bruti imagines, 35. Eorum mors, 
 
 88 
 Caftor & Pollux five focus S. Ermi, 322 
 Caftellis minutis non immorandum, 167 
 Cafus omiffi legis, 249 
 
 Cafus omnes himuna prudentia capere non 
 poteft, ibid. 
 
 — quomodo iis adhibeatur remedium, 250, 
 Cafus omiflTus ubi habetur pro expreflb, 
 ibid. Cafus enormes, 255, 346 
 
 Cataraoiae oculorum, 369 
 
 De Catena aurea tabula, cfG 
 
 Catilinae conjuratio, y^ 
 
 Catilina inccndiarius rcrum publicarum, 
 
 240. Incendium rei publicae non aqua 
 
 fed ruina rcftinguerct, ibid. 
 
 Cato Cenforius Carneadem dimittendum de- 
 
 cernit, jji. Linguam Graecam difcit 
 
 feptuagcnario major, 34 
 
 C^/a nocet rei publicae, '^6. Loquitur tan- 
 
 quam in republica Platonis, ibid. 
 
 Cato major fuae fortunae faber, 228. For- 
 
 tunae architedlus peritiflimus, 237, Eo 
 
 quod Catonis ingenium verfatile, ibid. 
 
 Vot.I. 
 
 Cato fecundus antipodas ncgat, Pag. "J j 
 Catoni minori Lius a Cicerone data, 206. 
 
 Amplexus philofophiam non difputahdi 
 
 fed Vivendi caufa, ibid.' 
 
 Ci2/oUticenris laboriofus, fed parum ad rem, 
 
 omnia magno ftudio agebar, 2jS 
 
 Caufae funt quatuor ; materia, forma, eftici- 
 
 ens & finis, ^ j ^ 
 
 — finalium inquifitin fterilis, 109. Phy- 
 ficae hominem a Deo & providentia non 
 abducunt, no. Finales inquifitione dig- 
 nae, ibid. Finales corrupcrunr philofo- 
 phiam, *' 279 
 
 De cautelis & vitiis refpeftivis defideratur 
 
 inquifitio, 204 
 
 Celeritas in aftione necefl*aria, 88 
 
 Celeritas in fervis maxime fpectatur, 223 
 
 Celfus, anatomia vivorum ab eo damnatur, 
 
 125. De inventis Celfus medicus laudii- 
 
 tur, 139. De experimentis medicinae 
 
 opinio, 288 
 
 Centrum gravitatis^ 151 
 
 Centurio apud Taciturn, 1 1 S 
 
 Cepae femen capiti alterius cepae inditum, 
 
 an felicius germinaret, 14 j 
 
 Ceremcniae, de iis pi u rim a, i88 
 
 Cereris inventio Pani tribuitur, 86. Ceres 
 
 melior Dodona, 172 
 
 Cervifia citius maturefcit in utribus parvis, 
 
 372. Cervifiae flos, 380 
 
 C^^frOT^y^ proelium, 88. IneoPhilippus 
 
 in ultimum difcrimen addudlus, ibid. 
 
 Chaldaei quid ftatuebant de aftrologia, lOi 
 
 Chaldaeorum aftrologia qualis, 13 3; 
 
 C/>rtr?7^j fcientias alit, 6r. Vinculum per- 
 
 feftionis, 212 
 
 — non admittit exceftum, ibid. 
 Chinenfes ; an inventio papyri iis tribuenda, 
 
 142 
 
 Chinenfium charafteres reales, 159. Res 
 
 non verba exprimentes, ibid. Modus 
 
 conficiendae porcellanac, 387 
 
 C.hiromantia res prorfus vana, 119 
 
 Chorographia mundi generalis, vanitas, i£c. 
 
 240 
 Chriftus fummus medicus, 120, 121 
 
 Chronica amplitudinem a(5tionum publica- 
 rum proponunt, 72 
 Chronologia, 70 
 Chryfippus inter fophiftas annumcratus, 287 
 Chymica cui com.paranda, 42. Quas in fe 
 fufcipit partes, ibid, 
 Chymici, 125 
 Chymicorum nova philofophia, 44. Diftum 
 eorum deVulcano, 97. Ex fornacis ex- 
 perimentis philofophiam conftituerephan- 
 tafticam, 280. Eorum dogmata, 283 
 
 — Eorum Phalanx tanatica, 154. Eorum 
 induftria nonnulla fortuito pcperit inven- 
 ts, 2 &S. Eorum trias, 39a 
 
 E e e Ciceroni»
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ticeronis vacillationes notantur in epiltolis 
 ad Atticum, 33. Catonem incufat erro- 
 
 -ot ris, , P^g-3^^ 
 
 -*^philofophorum difta dunora excufat, zi'^fl. 
 Di£tum ejus dc^ miifico quodam, 44 
 
 Ciceroy 34, 39. Hjus fylva vcl iupellex, 62. 
 Pofl:DemoltheR€m,dicit bonam tamam efie 
 propriam poficffionem defunftorum, 75. 
 Cur de Socrate & fcbola ejus conqueritur, 
 117. Quid de Archia magiftro fuo me- 
 morat, tbid. Ethim de ulli uni rei dedi- 
 to, 140. Sententia ejus de oratore, 148. 
 Totis viribus eloquentiae incubuit, 169. 
 Didum ejus ad Caefarem, 177. Quid 
 notavit de exercitiis, 193. Laudat Cato- 
 nem juniorem, 206. Caelarem laudat co- 
 ram, 204. Oratio ejus pro Marcello, ibid. 
 Eloquentiae cujufdam in tacendo memi- 
 nit, 214. De petitioneconiulat'js, 217. 
 Diflum ejus de vultu claufo, 215. Ait 
 omnem famam manare a domefticis, 220. 
 Quid vult,oratorem perfeclum depingens, 
 240. Sententia ejus de Pompeii appara- 
 tu, _ 247 
 
 — vocabulum (ineptum) Graece reddi pofle 
 negat, 1 60 
 
 Cicindela nodit \uctns, 136 
 
 Cinnamomum recufatmifceri cum foetidis,378 
 Ciphrarum genera baud pauca, 162. In iis 
 virtutes requirendae tres, ibid. Gradus 
 ejus altifTimus ut fufpicione careat, ibid. 
 Ciphrarum referatio, 1 64 
 
 Circes transformatio, impudicida, 184 
 
 Circtili perfefti, 278 
 
 Cii)ilis hiftoria res geftas hominum narrat, 
 6^. Ejus divifio, 69. Vide hiftoria. Ci- 
 ^ilis fcientia, difficillime reducitur ad 
 axiomata, 215 
 
 Civilis fcientiae laus» 214. Ejus tres partes, 
 215, 242. Ejus defiderata, 242 
 
 Civitatis jus liberaliter largienduni, 245 
 Claudius t 221 
 
 dementis VII. erfores notantur a Guicciar- 
 dino ejus domeftico, 32 
 
 Cleonis mos pefTinnis, 170 
 
 Climata calidiora gaudent ingeniis acutiori- 
 ,.- bus, 173 
 
 Coacervalto matefiacj 363 
 
 Coagulum laftis, 380 
 
 Coetejlia moventur perpetua & invatiabiii ad 
 le invicem diltantia, 84. Quatenus ex 
 eispraediftionesdeduci poflunt, 103, 104 
 Coemeteria citius cadavefa confumunt quam 
 terra pura, 326 
 
 Coe7ta ad quam Brutus, CafTius & alii invi- 
 
 tati, 
 
 20: 
 
 Cogitationes quot modis explicandac, 159 
 Cognitio in Deo elt originalis, 46 
 
 Coitio argenti vivi & auri, 377 
 
 Cvilegin^ 60, 61 
 
 Collegia majora & nunora, 69. hi cpU^:: 
 aemulatio major inter adolelcentulos,/^^^. 
 
 192 
 Collocaiio in oratione plurimum gcatiae pa- 
 ri r, ,vtK^i\&^ii$f 
 Coloni Angliae, ' 244 
 Colonias novas deducendi confuetudo, 241^ 
 Colores boni & mali, • i^i 
 Color modificatio lucis, 337 
 Columbus, 43 . Rationes adduxit ante navi- 
 gationem, 299 
 Cohtmniae lucidac, "■ 3-2 1 
 Comelae poflunt praenuntiari, 103. Ao nu- 
 merandi inter meteora, 3^1 
 — quomodo rotentur, 355 
 Comifiaei Jaus in confcribenda hiftoria, 207 
 Comiiiaei fententia de principe fufpiciofo & 
 credulo, 221 
 Co?nmentarii propria quid, 72 
 Commixtiones radiorum ftellarum fixarum ad 
 praedi6tiones inutiles, 103. Fidep. ^S^ 
 Commcdus, Lucius, 50, 51 
 Communio7iis bonum, 202 
 Compendia inania, 165. A compendiis ctl- 
 vendum, 192. Compendia conteraplati- 
 onum inania, 284 
 Coniperendinatio cavenda, 218 
 CompreJfwneSy 370 
 Conclave cardinalium, 207 
 Concordiam tradlandi via duplex, 225 
 Condenjatio^ 113. Metallorum, 145. Aquae, 
 370. De ilia plura, 386 
 Confidentia valde efficax ad occultandos de- 
 tenus, 235 
 Coiifiguratio corporum, 2S0 
 Confujio linguarum poft diluvium, 47 
 Confutationibus in fcientiarum traditione par- 
 ce utendum, 167 
 Confutationum nullus eft ufus ubi de princi- 
 piis diflentimus, '• 277 
 Conglaciatio aquae, 113 
 Ccw^rif^i impar fugiendus, 218 
 Co«;'Kw<f7;<3ard;amilitarisvirtutis&literariae, 
 
 54 
 
 Conjuratio Catilinae, ' ' Ji 
 
 Confalvi diiflum egregium, 199. Quaiem 
 
 conftantiam in hominem miJuari require- 
 
 bat, 200 
 
 Confcientiae lex, 263 
 
 Confcientias irritate grave, 217 
 
 Confervatio return qualis, -128 
 
 Conftlia violenta, 190 
 
 Cw//?/;fl callida expeftatione laeta, lie. 226. 
 
 Fere infelicia quae profunda diffimulati- 
 
 one obteguntur, 237 
 
 Confilii prudentia & fanitate opus eft ad 11- 
 
 teras, 59 
 
 Confiliorum propriorum occultatio, hoftili- 
 
 um exploratio, in bcllo plurimum poteft, 
 
 - «9 
 - Confiliarii
 
 1 N D E X, 
 
 C(?»/?//«m quidarti fidiclnes, 242, 243. Qji- 
 dam negotiis pares, ibid. Empiricis ^ 
 indoftis fummam rerum mandare pcri- 
 culofum, ;i'( ■ :• J^ag. 31 
 
 Confiftentia fluiditati oppofita, - '339 
 
 Covfortium ^\Aton\m. vicandum. ■ '• ■ ' 218 
 . Cofijiantia, 184. Viri militaris, 200 
 
 Coftflantinus, cur Trajanuminfignivit titulo 
 parietariae, 51 
 
 CotiJianliuSf habirus ejus corporis ficcus, 
 
 326 
 
 — febribus correptus manum admotam ure- 
 bat, 327 
 
 Confuetudinis vis, 130. Confiietudini.^ pro- 
 
 grciTus arithmeticus, 1S2. De ea per- 
 
 peram tradtat Ariftoteles, 209 
 
 Co«/«f/«io altera nanira, 210. Ejus magna 
 
 vis copulata, 209. Ne generet calus le- 
 / gum, 250 
 
 • Confnmptio fit a duabus depraedationibus, 
 
 129. Utriufque duplex prohibicio, ibid. 
 Conttmplatio creaturarum producit icienti- 
 
 am, 30. Earum materia vitiofa in phi- 
 
 lofopliia naturali, 284 
 
 Contemplativam vitam nefcit theologia, 198. 
 4i J Tamen adlivae eft praeferenda aliquibus 
 8 1 ', in cafibus, ibid. 
 
 vContentio cum indigno vitanda, 2 1 8 
 
 'Continuitatis folutio in fcientiis vitanda, i j 7. 
 
 In morbis, 125 
 
 Contrarioruin eadem eft ratio, 1 70. In cok- 
 
 trarium niti ubi & quanti valet, 209 
 
 Coniroverfiae fere defmunt in verba, v>.8i 
 
 Converfationis norma, 2 1 5 
 
 , — m Converfando \>r\.\<\tnu3., 215 
 
 • < Conus five unio radiorum in Ipeculis combi'- 
 
 rentibus, '^2.^) 
 
 Conus ereiftus, 39a. Inverftis in conden- 
 
 fandis & dcfaecandis liquoribus, ^c. ibid. 
 Copernicus, loy, 354. Ejus fententia de 
 
 rotatione terrae revinci non poteft, 1 1 7 
 Copiae opinio caufa inopiae, 6j 
 
 Copiae mercenariae pennas extendunt nido 
 
 majores, 244 
 
 Cor Solomonis tanquam arena maris, 217 
 Corii firmitudo in animalibus, quibus ufibus 
 
 inferviat, 110 
 
 Corona civica, (£c. 247 
 
 Corpora caloris maxime fcnfitiva, quae? 321 
 
 Pneumatica five non tangibilia, 363 
 
 Corporis h.nmM\ bona quatuor, 120. Mun- 
 
 ditja unde promanat, 130 
 
 Cer/)om condenfatio, 113, 387. Fit qua- 
 tuor modis, ibid. 
 
 — ejus partes internae tarn diffimiles funt ia 
 hominibus, quam frontes aut nali, 124 
 
 Corpus nullum, five naturale five politicum 
 
 abfque exercitatione fanum, 247 
 
 Corpus legum viciofum quid reddic, 254 
 
 Corpus tangibilc attritione calelcit, 323 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 Correptio am icorum, ' Pag. 226 
 
 Corufcation^s non urcntes, 321 4 328 
 
 Cofmetica ex quibus conftat, 130. Gorpo- 
 ris munditia a modeftia morum & reve- 
 rcntia erga Deum promanat, ibid. 
 
 Cofnicgraphm., quoad partes mundi integra- 
 Ics, haud probanda, 69 
 
 Creatio duplicem Deiratis cmanationem ex- 
 prim it, 4(J 
 
 Creationis liiftoria, ibid. 
 
 Credere dignius eft, quam fcirequaliter nunc 
 fcimus, 263 
 
 Cfedulitas & impoftura plerunque cocunt, 
 
 ... ^^ 
 
 Credulitas ecclefiafticis hiftoriis nocuit, ibid. 
 
 Credulitas quae tribuitur opinionibus, 42 
 Credulus libenter dccipit, 41 
 
 Crepufculi caufa, 356. Reflexio radioruni 
 folis a fuperiore parte aeris, ibid. 
 
 Cretenfes mendaccs, 208 
 
 Critici in laude & cenfura toti, 70 
 
 Cridca, 191. Quomodo tradlanda. 19a 
 Critici eruditi efft; debent in fcientiis, de 
 quibus libri ab ipfis editi traftant, 192 
 Criticorum quorundam temericas, ibid. Mor- 
 bus, ibid. 
 
 Croc/us Soloni aurum oftendir, 243. Quid 
 ei refponfum fuit, 244 
 
 Crudelitas a vindicla & periculo, 184 
 
 Cryftallum & vitrum, 38(^ 
 
 De Culpa admifili, cum nondum de authore 
 conftat, homines valdetumultuanrur, j.-]c, 
 Cultura animi, 206, iSc. Rcmcdium ejus 
 fumniarium, 211 
 
 Cupiditatis origo bonum apparens, 90 
 
 Curiae, 252. Ccnforiae &c Practoriae, ibtd. 
 Jurifdidio ampliari mulca contentione 
 non dcbtr, 259, 260 
 
 Curiofstas in Uteris damnatur, 38 
 
 — vcrfatur in verbis & rebus, ibid. Quan- 
 tum in vita res interturbat, 218^ Ani- 
 nium fufpicionibus onerar, 219 
 
 Curio/us in aliena republica, 7-j 
 
 Curfolares infulac, 247 
 
 Cujlodiendi ars, 1 1^6 
 
 Cyancus, 391 
 
 Cydrae confedores, i^^. 
 
 Cygnorum circa fluvium Lethes fabula, 74 
 Cymini feflores, 50, 168 
 
 Cyrenaicorum fchola, 19S 
 
 Cyrus junior, expeditio ejus in Afiam contra 
 Artaxcrxem, 54,73, niorsejus, Wi/. Ob 
 niemotiam prodigiofus, nS 
 
 D. 
 
 DAEmcKes five fpirltus immundi, 97 
 Daniel denoviffimis temporibus, 77. 
 Ejus prophetia, 299 
 
 Darjiy beadus quam accipere, 200 
 
 E s e 2 Davidis
 
 tWD E X, 
 
 Dtfw'^j'fe'x mititarisi 6l. De inanentlBus- 
 
 ad farcinas, Pag. i^^d. 
 
 Beamhulatio flomacho infervit, 124 
 
 Becimae facultatum exiguntur, 241 
 
 Deciphratio five referatio ciphrarum, 1 64 
 Deciftones ]ut\5, 258 
 
 JDeclamatio \n mt^ico^ 122 
 
 JDeclaratio fui quam fit utilis Sr quomodo ex- 
 
 ercenda, _ 234 
 
 Declaratoria lex refpicit ad praeterita, 253 
 Decreta exeant palam, 252 
 
 Dedicationes, ^ 38 
 
 DefeElus quomodo occultandi, 235 
 
 Befinitionum & divifionum termini non tranf- 
 
 ponendi, ^52 
 
 Definitiones quid poffunt, 155. Definitiones 
 
 legis verborum, 258 
 
 JDeformes Felices evadunt, 236 
 
 BefunSiorum propria poflTeirio bona fama, 75, 
 
 219. Propter extindtam invidiam, 219 
 
 — tamen hoc aevo negligitur, js 
 D«judiciainfcrutabilia, 78. Et tamen ma- 
 
 joribus charafteribus defcripta, ibid. Bet 
 
 opera per ambages fiunt, 84. Bei po- 
 
 tentis & fapientis duo maximi praecones, 
 
 verbum & mundi imago, 85. Bei opera 
 
 oftendunt ejus potentiam & fapientiam ; 
 
 non imaginem, 96 
 
 Df//«j natator, 120 
 
 Bemocradae, 245, 247 
 
 Bemocritus, do6lrina ejus de atomis unde, 
 
 94. Ejus opinio de fcientia probatur, 97. 
 
 •y. 107. Rifuexceptus, III. De figuris 
 
 atomorum dodtrina, 114,283. QuaeDe- 
 
 mocrito falfifllme objiciebantur, 146. Ab 
 
 Ariftotele culpatus inique, 167 
 
 — magis penetravit in naturam quam reli- 
 quae fcholae, 279, 287. Ejus inftantiae, 
 367. Cur infra mediocres philofophos 
 ponendus, 374. Vacuum, 383. Ejus 
 philofophia folidior eft quam Ariftotelis 
 & Platonis, no 
 
 Bemonjlrationes quid, 286. Pravae, ibid. 
 Earum funt quatuor genera, 155. Re- 
 dargutio, _ _ 305 
 
 Bemonjlratio optima experientia, 286 
 
 Bemojihenes AEfchinem voluptatibus deditum 
 redarguit, ^^ 
 
 Bemojihenes laudatur, 237. Gives fuos af- 
 fatur, 33. Tutius Athenienfibus confilia 
 fua ampledi, quam Demoftheni dare, 36. 
 Laudatus a Cicerone, y^. Querela, 175. 
 Diligentia ejus in exordiis orationum 
 componendis, 148. Profecit in eloquen- 
 tia, exemplis& praeceptis, 169. De cul- 
 pa & fpe Athenienfium, 175. Iterum 
 Athenienfium culpam exagitat, 237 
 
 Bendamis Indi refponfio ad Alexandri nun- 
 cios, 263 
 
 Dtp fecreta cordis & fucceffione? remporis 
 
 dum, Pag. 299 ~ 
 
 Bepurationis metallorum error, 'i'4^* 
 
 Berifor non progreditur in fcientia, • 264 ' 
 Ben/or non erudiendus, 219. QnoriiaW 
 
 fcientiam faftidio habet, ibid; 
 
 Berifores rempublicam perdunt multis mo- 
 
 dis, 221 
 
 Bejtderia quaedam humilia : Cithara Nero- 
 
 ni ; gladiatoria Commodo-, aurigatid 
 
 Antonino, 20.1 
 
 Befignatio publica virorum idoneorum ad 
 
 inquirendas fcientia inftituenda, 63, 64 
 BefperatiOy 1 5^4 
 
 Befperatio apud Deum eft contumelia, 263 
 
 — omnia reddit languidiora, 285, 286 
 Befperatio !LrU^c\o(z., ' ''•■'iL^S 
 BeJliUandi modus per pondu?, 144 
 Bejlillatio claufii pofTitne fieri, 147. v. 372 
 Bei gloria celare rem, perperam intellec- 
 
 tum, 48 
 
 — primo illiterates ad diflTeminandam fidem 
 evocavit, ibid. 
 
 Beus, fandlus, fanftus, fanflus, 109 
 
 — captui humano fe accommodat, 141. Fa- 
 cultatum decimas, temporis feptimas, exi- 
 git, _ _ ^41 
 
 — ad infirmitatem captus noftri fe demihir, 
 
 264 
 Biaetae Pythagoricae & Monafticae, 129 
 D/rt/f<?/f« fubfervit intelleftui, 16^. -Ejus 
 
 finis docere formam argumentorilm, ibid. 
 — difFertaRhetorica,i7o.Ejusinventio,292 
 Biaphaneitas, lapidi non diaphanoan fuper- 
 
 inducenda, 314 
 
 Biaria differunt ab annalibus, 76. In ufu 
 
 res levidenfes iis niandantur, ibid. Sub 
 
 Ahafuero afta palatii in diaria refereban- 
 
 tur, ibid. 
 
 Biafcorditm, 1 2 6 
 
 Bichotomiae ctnfuTZ, 165. Bichotomiae fci- 
 
 entiis damnofiftimae, ibid. 
 
 Biifamina generalia in fcientiis, 258 
 
 Bi£iatura in fcientiis, 8 
 
 Bies., qua Deus requievit, benedida, 46 
 Biffcrentia inter oratorem & fophiftam, 153 
 Bifferentiae limitantes motum & conftitu- 
 
 entes eum in formam calidi, 334, 335, I3c, 
 Biffidetitia error in quibufdam literatis, 43 
 Bifficuhates quas ob caufas fuperandae, 59 
 Bigejlum locorum communium, 156 
 
 Bigejium novum, 255. Quot rebus con- 
 
 ftar, ibid. 
 
 Bignitas fcientiae in archetypo quaerend > 
 
 46. Bignitas legum, 249 
 
 D/^«zV<?/fjingeniahominumcorrumpunt,2oS 
 Biligentiae trudtus, 224 ■ 
 
 Bimidium fadi qui bene coepit habet, 176 
 Bicgenis praeclare di<5tum de philofophis & 
 
 divitibiis, 38 
 
 — qilales
 
 t N D E X.x 
 
 — quales animi vires laudavit, Pag. 199 
 
 — didum alterum de abftinendo & fulU- 
 nendo, 199 
 
 Dionyfi febula unde nomen accepit, 90 
 
 Dionyfius Areopagita, 46 
 
 Dionyfius^ de eo Ariftippi diftum, 38 
 
 ■ .Dr"(j«j)y?/ Syracufani didum in Platonem, 41, 
 
 287. Verba otioforum fenum, ibid, 
 i)ionyfius fenior minus mains fuic quam ju- 
 nior apud Syracufanos, 1 72 
 T)ifcipUna prifca revocata eft, 35. Quomo- 
 do crefcat, 166 
 Difcipuli qualeni magiftris fidem debeant, 43 
 Difcordiae domefticae incommdda, 220 
 
 ■ Difcurfus fuper hiftoriam & exempla, 228; 
 
 Super epiftolas, ibid. 
 
 Difpofitio five methodus, T.6^ 
 
 Difpofitionum five ingenidrum charafberes, 
 
 207. Unde feligendi, ibid. 
 
 Difputatio inquifitioni veritatis adverfiffima, 
 
 287 
 Difputaiionum cardui & fpinae, 288 
 
 Difftmulatio vix rebus gerundis apta, 236 
 Diffimulatio errores parit & diffimulatorem 
 
 illaqueat, ibid. 
 
 Difftmulator liber non eft, 187, 230 
 
 Dijiribtttio OTpst'iSf 12. Honorum apud ve- 
 
 teres, 49 
 
 Divinatio duplex, 133. Naturalis, ihid. 
 
 Plurimis fuperftitionibus repleta, ibid. 
 Divitiarum honos tollendus ut refpublica 
 
 collapfa inftauraretur, o,c,. Divitiarum 
 
 magnarum nullus ufus, 181. Divitiaeho- 
 
 na ancilla, peffima domina, ibid. 
 
 Divitis fervi maxime fervi, 172, 173 
 
 DoSiJfmi viri, haereticorum coryphaei, 28, 
 
 29 
 
 DoSrinae in re militari porentia, 51. Doc- 
 trina Temper progreffum fpirat, ^6. Om- 
 nis doSlrina ad ufum & aftionem refe- 
 renda, 61, Ejus partitio ex triplici 
 facultate animae rationalis, 64, 6c,. Im- 
 mortalitaterri parit, 93. De fchematif- 
 mis matefiae & de appetitibus & moti- 
 bus, 105. De foedcre, 117. Deanima 
 humana five de fpiraculoj 131, 132. De 
 idolis animi humani, 155, 277 
 
 Doifritta de fonis, quae ad earn referenda, 
 161. Dotlritia de exemplari, 197. Doc- 
 trina de affeftibus & perturbationibus, 
 '208. Moralis, 212. DoSirina civilis, 
 214, 215. De converfatione, negotiis 
 & imperio, 215. De fparfis occafioni- 
 bus, 228. Doffrina naufragium perpefla 
 inundatione barbarorum in Romanum im- 
 perium, 290 
 
 t)o£frittae impedimenta^ 29. DoSfrina om- 
 nis, fcientia acquifita, 46. De excellen- 
 tiis humani generis defideratur, 117. Re- 
 Yoludones tres, 290, 291 
 
 n 
 
 Do£trinae egrcgia effefta, 36. Tres intem- 
 
 pcries, Pag. 38 • 
 
 Doclrinae fedes animae rationalis facultas,64; 
 
 Speculativae partitio, 98 
 
 Dodotia bona Ceres melior, 172 
 
 Dogmatici five rationales aranearum more te- 
 
 Jas ex fe conficiunt, -299 
 
 Dolor nullus reperitur in animatis nifi cum 
 
 fenfu caloris, 325, Doloris genera, 343 
 Domitiani vaticinium, 54»» 
 
 Donativa, 247 
 
 Dramatica eft hiftoria fpeftabilis, y^. The- 
 
 atrum habet pro mundo, Sd 
 
 Dramatica Poefis ufu eximia Xi fana, ibid. 
 
 Vide Poefis. 
 Driifus a Tiberio in fenatu laudatur, 231 
 Dubartas, didtum ejus de adulatione, 38 
 D«^w juris quomodo tollenda, 256, 257 
 Dubiorum propofitio dqplicem in le habet 
 
 frudtum, 106 
 
 Dubitationes folvendae & certo terminandae* 
 
 ibid^ ■" 
 Dubitationum calendarium defideratur, ibid. ^ 
 
 ECclefiaftica hiftoria, S^. Vide Hiftoria; 
 Ecclefia area in diluvio, in eremo, in 
 templo, 'j'j., 7^ 
 
 — crudicionem gentilem fervavit, 48 
 Echo Pan is uxor, '86 |f 
 Ecjiajis charitatis, 198 ^ 
 Editio emendata authorum probatorum, 191^ 
 Educatio revocata in Jefuitarum collegiis, 35 
 £/e<f7/o quatenus ret inenda quoad aftra, 102, 
 
 103, 104 
 Elementa, 6g. Eorum matrices, 132. Li- 
 
 terarum furda, 159 
 
 Ekmentum \gniSy 278. Element orum com- 
 
 mentum, unde fluxitj 284 
 
 Elenchi veluti monitorcs adhibendi, 152. 
 
 Eorum divifio, ibid, 
 
 Elenchi fophifmatum, 153. Ab Ariftotele 
 
 traftatij ibid. 
 
 — A Platone melius quoad exertipla, ibid. ^ 
 Hermeniae, 153. Jmaginum fiveidolo- 
 rum, ibid. Sunt profundiffimae mentis 
 flillaciae, ibid. 
 
 -^ eorum doftrina defideratur, 155. Elen- 
 chorum colleftio, 171 
 
 Eli fab et ha, 34 ■ 
 
 Elifabethae Angliae Reginae felicitas, gg, y^ 
 Elifabethae cum Henrico VII. nuptiae, 74 
 Elixir-, 112 
 
 Elogia quae fub obitum, 207 
 
 Eloqiientia Augufti, 27 
 
 Eloquentia & fapienfia difFerunt, 1691 
 
 — fapJentia inferior, ibid. Tamen in popu- 
 lari aeftimatione earn fuperat, ibid. Quae 
 in ea defiderantur, ibid. Sine rerum cu- 
 piditsne nocet, 196 
 
 Emanationts
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Emanationes fcripturarum defiderantur, Pag. 
 
 267 
 
 Emblema pars memoriae artificial is, 157 
 
 Emendatio legiim, 248 
 
 Empedoclis lis & amicitia, 283. Vide 287 
 
 Empiricorum temeritas, 31, 208. Undeta- 
 
 mam aiicup-int, 126. lifdem utuntur 
 
 medicamentis ad omnes, 208. Placita 
 
 monrtrofa, 283 
 
 Endymionis fabula, ?>y 
 
 Entium conditiones tranfcendentes, 153 
 
 Enthymemata, 1 52 
 
 Epaminondas Thebanus fregic Spartanoriim 
 
 potentiam, 3 1 
 
 — fortuna ejus, 178 
 EpiBeti di6tum de fragili & morrali, 55 
 
 'juEpi£ietus fuperiorem locum attribnit iis qui 
 
 3i feipibsaccufant, 175. De gradibus tran- 
 
 Se' quillitatis locutus, ibid. 
 
 - .''.iE/'r<f7^/i philolbphia, 199. Praeceptum de 
 
 '■■ philofopho, 232 
 
 Epicurei quid pronunciant de felicitate Stoi- 
 
 corum, 176 
 
 -Epicurus^ profanum ejus didhim de fato, 6^. 
 
 ::•:. Philofophiam naturalem morali fubjecit, 
 
 ibid. Non veritatis patiens, ibid. Ne- 
 
 gare deos vulgi non profanum, author eft, 
 
 86. Quam ob caufam rifu exceptus, 1 1 1 . 
 
 Diis humanam figuram tribuebat, 154. 
 
 Quae ejus tentamenta, 176. Hauftu vi- 
 
 tam obruit, 126. De vitae ejus genere, 
 
 287 
 
 Epidermis., ejus ufus, 319 
 
 Jtpilcgi orationis haud oblivifcendi, 220 
 
 Epifcopi antiqui in omni eruditione egregie 
 
 verfati, 48 
 
 :, Epiftolae kcnn^um feriem temporum difpo- 
 
 nendae, 79. Ad hiftoriam prae omnibus 
 
 neceflariae, ibid. 
 
 £/>^(?/flf maxima auxilia ad inftruendam pru- 
 
 dentiam miniftrant, 79 
 
 Epiftclae S^xn^nzc^ 164. Ciceronisad At- 
 
 ticum, 33, 228 
 
 — magis ad vivum negotia repraefentant 
 quam annales aut vitae, 228 
 
 Epitctnae hiftoriarum ut teredines rejiciun- 
 
 tur, _ _ 72 
 
 Eqiii optimi in breviflimo fpatio fe fiftere & 
 
 vertere poffunt, 299 
 
 ..Equus fudans, 321 
 
 '-^Jirafmus dcctm annos confumpfit in legendo 
 
 «;. Cicerone, 39. Ejus Echo, ibid. 
 
 Error in digeftione prima, 141 
 
 Errores varii, quibus literae impediuntur, 
 
 reccnfentur, 43, (s'c. Errorum caufae di- 
 
 uturnae, 290 
 
 EruSiationes flammarum, 318, Tarn in re- 
 
 gionibus trigidis quam calidis, 321 
 
 . Jirudilio gentilis, 48 
 
 stEruditio mores emoUit, 55. Mentem bar- 
 
 barie exult, ibid. Mortis timorem.Tni- 
 niiit, aufert, Pag. ^5 
 
 — non alaude fed accipitri fimilis, 229. Plus 
 remedii affert, quam mali, 32*- ^Pcviiticis 
 non eft impedimento, .."*i*:i\>v gi 
 
 Eruditi malunt latere, 35, 36. lisqoisitnax- 
 ime notam inurat, - 217 
 
 £ra</;/K»; faeculum a morteDomitianiufquc 
 ad Imp. Commodum, 50 
 
 EJife fejundlum a bene elTe, maledi<5io, 240 
 £//f«//a tangibilis, -S'? 
 
 Ab EJu carnium Eflaei & Pythagorei abfti- 
 nuerunt, ..i.c i-l j ■■ 222 
 
 Ethica de voluntate & affedtibus differir, 
 137. Ejus finis, '169 
 
 Ethica duplex, 195. Prius difcenda quam 
 politica, 210. Theologiae obfequium 
 praeftare debet, 206. Difficilior quam po- 
 litica, 215. Parti tio quare mutanda,; 194 
 Etymologia originalis nominum rejicienda, 
 
 160 
 
 Evafio dolofa, 253 
 
 Eiicatalepfia authoris, 310 
 
 Euclidi s GtQxnexn-i., 114. Nihil additum 
 
 laboribus ejus a fequacibiis, ibid, 
 
 Eudidis Theon, 192 
 
 Euphonia & Dyfphonia, 161 
 
 Euthanafta exterior defideratur, 126 
 
 Euthydemtis fophifta, i'^3 
 
 Euthymia Epicuri, 83 
 
 Examen fui inftimendum, ^^33 
 
 Exceptio lirmat vim legis in cafibus non cx- 
 
 ceptis, 250 
 
 £AT«y2j/zo e re nata proferenda, 218 
 
 Exempla rtmotd. inepta, recentia corrupta 
 
 funt, 189. Ab exemplis cavendum, 234 
 
 Exempla quomodo in jure traftanda, 250. 
 
 Exempla quae in confuetudinem tranlie- 
 
 runt tanquam lex racita, ibid. Recentia 
 
 reiftam rationem non fapiunt, 2511 . Ve- 
 
 tuftiora caute recipienda, ibid. Sunt in- 
 
 ftar aquae in profluente faniffima, ihid. 
 
 Eorumfragmentisabftinendum, quae funt 
 
 ancipitis ufus, ibid. 
 
 Exemplaris doctrina, 197. Mundi in incel- 
 
 ledu humane, 309 
 
 Exercitationes ad fanitatem tuendam pluri- 
 
 mum valent, 123 
 
 Exercitia fcholaftica qualia efle debeant,,62. 
 
 In iis divortium inventionis & memoriae 
 
 noxium, ibid, 
 
 — tutius intermittere, quam fubinde repe- 
 tere, 193. Exercitationis neceflitas, 247 
 
 Exercitus Perfarum in campis Arbelae, 243 
 
 — robur praecipuum plerunque in peditaiu 
 confiftit, 244 
 
 — ad quid conducat veteranus exercitusy 
 
 247 
 
 Eitijlimatio bona ubi eft, fere decent omnia, 
 
 '.Kii , . . ,207 
 
 1 Expedilie
 
 1 N D E X. 
 
 Exptditio Cyri, 73/ Neapolitana, Pag. 88, 
 
 I li 
 
 ■ JExperiemiae debentur inventa utiliflima, 86. 
 ; Litfrata, 142, 301 
 
 Expcrienda Rrmtindi juvenes, 210. Longe 
 optima demonftratio, 286. Verus fjus 
 ordo, 292. Fundamcnra, 300, 501 
 
 E>:peri}nenta iUcifera,ordine creationis, prae- 
 ., cederenc fruftitera, 9, 301, 308 
 
 Experiment andi modus, quomodo procedcre 
 debet, 142, 300, 318 
 
 Experimenium fpirkus vini in lignis, 32^. 
 In butyro, cera aut pice, il^id. Imniiin- 
 onis radiorum folis per loramen, 356. 
 Sclopen, 382, & alibi paflim. Experi- 
 menti fortes, 147. Variatio, 142. Pro- 
 ducflio, 143, 144. Tranflatio, 144. In- 
 verfio, 145. Compulfio, 145, 146. Ap- 
 plicatio, 146. Copulatio, ibid. Licet 
 non Temper fuccedant, tamen informant, 
 
 H7 
 Ezekiel de Pharaone, 229 
 
 F. 
 
 Fj^ber fortunae, 229, (3'c. 
 
 Fabitts Maximus reprehenditur a Ma- 
 chiavello, 237 
 
 Fabula ^zW'i AEfopicif 58. Fahula iptrnmi- 
 qua membrorum, de lite ventriculo in- 
 tentata, 61. De philofopho ftellas intu- 
 enti, Sj. AEfopi, 80. Earum ufus ex- 
 imius, 81. PofV literas facras funt anti- 
 quiffimae, ihid. Fabula Panis, ibid, En- 
 dymionis, 87. Ycxicx fabula., ibid, Bac- 
 chi, 90. De infulfae muiieris gallina, 143. 
 De duabus ranis in magna ficcitate, 174. 
 De feli & vulpe, 179. ^x{\\\k\ fabula., 
 204. Hirudinis, 225. Fabulae exem- 
 plorum fupplementa, 228. Fabula de- 
 cuplae proportionis elementorum quoad 
 raritatem, 278. Fabiilarum proci, ma- 
 giae & alchymiae cultores, 345 
 
 — Penthei & Orphei, 90 
 
 Fabula Menenius Agrippa feditionem feda- 
 vit, 8 1 
 
 Facer e haec oportet & ilia non omittere, 
 
 239 
 
 Facilitas nimia credendi quantum nocuerir, 
 41. Ejus antitheta, 186. Facilitas mo- 
 rum in judice corruptela munerum perni- 
 ciofior, 225 
 
 Fa£lionum mos, totus in laude & vituperio, 
 
 171, 172 
 
 Fa^io fadione continetur, 209 
 
 /vi<{?2V non omnino fidendum, 231 
 
 Facultates, quomodo fedes earum a Platone 
 coUocatae, 120 
 
 Falinus regis Artaxerxis legatus, 54. Lu- 
 djbrio haber Xenophontem, ibid. 
 
 Fallacia (tnianm, 146. Fallaciarum gcnns 
 quomodo a Seneca comparatum, 1.33. 
 Fallaciae fenfuum quo remittcndae, Pag. 
 
 365 
 
 Falfitatum & errorum calendarium defidera- 
 
 cur, 106 
 
 Fama quanti eftimanda in bello, 95. Caufa 
 
 impulfiva virtutis, 177. Virorum aeter- 
 
 nitas, i8i. Deterior judex quam nun- 
 
 cia, 182 
 
 — laliva vulgi, ihid. Bonorum & malorum 
 
 qualis fit poll obitum, 75, 219. Omnis 
 
 a domefticis manat, 218, 220. Etiam 
 
 verior, ibid. 
 
 Fama & exiftimatio aeftus habenr, 238. 
 
 Famam praccipitantem arduum retro« 
 
 vertere, ibid. Fama virtutis, 240 
 
 In Familia difcordi humilis quidam fitprae- 
 
 potens, 2 1 8 
 
 Familiae fuae perturbatores poflidebunt ven- 
 
 tos, 220 
 
 Famulitia inferiora feftorum vigiliis compa- 
 
 rantur, 17 j 
 
 Famulitia & fatellitia ad militarem potenti- 
 
 am conducunt, 245 
 
 FafcinatiOy ejus defcriptio, 134 
 
 Fajii & chronologiae, 72 
 
 i^(?/?/M mathematicorum, 114 
 
 Fata rerum quid, 83. Fatis accedendum, 
 
 238 
 
 Feles, 364. Feles & ululae cur noclu vide- 
 
 ant, 136 
 
 Ff//f;7«jres inimitabilis, 177. Signum fa- 
 
 voris divini, ibid. 
 
 — in quibus collocatur a philofopiiis, 19S. 
 
 A Socrate, 202 
 
 Ferrum, de eo inquifuiones plurimae, 144 
 
 Fiducia quomodo concilianda, 19^ 
 
 Fides Abrahami, 263 
 
 Filius miigls reterat avum vel proavum quam 
 
 patrem, 32 
 
 De/«/^«j proferendis, 24.2, iffc. Fines pro- 
 
 ferre reges penes elt, 248 
 
 Finitima bella detreftanda, 88 
 
 Flagitiqfi minus corrumpunt mores publicos, 
 
 quam ex parte mali^ 47 
 
 Flanmae altitudo pendet a latitudine bafis, 
 
 358, Cur pyramidalis, ibid. 
 
 Flaiumae rtdtura, 1 51 . Omnis calida, 321. 
 
 Radii ejus extremi fortius urunt, 329, 357 
 
 Flammae flatulentae, ^^y 
 
 Flatus calorcm auget, 328 
 
 Flos iacflis, 151. F/wlaftis &• vini faeces, 
 
 376. Cervifiae, 380 
 
 Floridae litora, 352, 56!? 
 
 Florum infitio, 143 
 
 Fluiditas & confiftcntia, 339 
 
 Fluor metalloruni 362 
 
 Fluxiis & refluxus maris, 352. Qiiomodo 
 
 fiat, .^^ , iii'...: .i 352, 372 
 
 Focui
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Focus S. Ermi, 322. Quo nomine antiqui- 
 tus infigniebatur, P^g. ii>id. 
 
 Foedus zr\\mze & corporis, 117, In diias 
 partes diftrihui poteft, 118 
 
 Folia fruftus muniunt, ne patiantur a fole 
 aut vento, 1 10 
 
 Foiietani, 39 ^ 
 
 Jo«/^^juftitiae non turbandi, 225. Fontes 
 juris, _ _ 248 
 
 Formae eflTentiales inveniri poffunt, 107, 
 108. Sunt verum obj^ftum fcientiae, 
 108, 109. Commenta funt animi hu- 
 mani, 279 
 
 jRjrff;^ calidi, 331,— 333. Luminis, 332. 
 Caloris, _ 33^ 
 
 Formarum five differentiarum efientialium 
 inventio, 314. Earum definitio, 314, 
 32a. De forma calidi vindemiatio prima, 
 333. Formae copulatae ubi & quomodo 
 traftandae, 331 
 
 Formicae prudentia, 140. Se tuetur, at hor- 
 tis nocet, 228 
 
 Formicarium artium, liber, 158 
 
 Formidinis & fpei afFedlus alios omnes coer- 
 cent, 209 
 
 Formularum minorura colleftio defideratur, 
 
 191 
 
 JIj^wk/^^ agendi circa judicia, 258 
 
 Fortiludo a dominstu fortunae nos liberal, 185 
 
 Fortitudinis & multitudinis imparcs congref- 
 
 fus, _ 243 
 
 i^5r^?^»^ vulgi filia, 83. Galaxia, 182. Tan- 
 
 quam Proteus, fi perfeveres, redit ad for- 
 
 mam, 185. Fortunae naufragia, 219 
 
 Foriuna fubita animum plerumque enervat, 
 
 208. Et in ejus ftatu quam incremento 
 
 modus facilius adhibctur, ibid, Virtutis & 
 
 benemerendi organum, 230. Sponte in 
 
 grcmium influir, 240. KA. fortunae -xx- 
 
 dua jugis & irrequieta anhelatio, 240, 
 
 241. Ejus doftrina & fpeculatio, 230 
 
 Fortunae fiber amuffi fua perite utatur, 237. 
 
 Ejus flibula defideratur, 229. Ejus ner- 
 
 vus funt vires animi, 238. Qiiifque fuae 
 
 fortunae faber, 229. Quomodo id fiat, 
 
 230. Viri cgregii {pontc fortunae renun- 
 
 ciant, ibid. Ad/(5r/?«ia?« comparandam 
 
 tarn gravia requiruntur, quam ad virtu- 
 
 tem, ibid. 
 
 Fortuna imitatur mores mulierum, 241 
 
 Fracaflorii celebre inventum, 350. Ejus 
 
 de motu mifTilium opinio, 356 
 
 Fraficifcits Rabelefius, 158. Catalogus ejus, 
 
 ibid. 
 Fraiis fibi in parvis fidcm ftruit, 231 
 
 Frigidum an kratur deorfum, 145 
 
 Frigora acria inducunt fenfum uftionis, 319. 
 Frigidi & calidi afbiones communes, 325. 
 Intenfa in media aeris regione, 344 
 
 Frigus folvit fanguinem & urinam, 377 
 
 Frond nulla fides. Fag. 230 
 
 Frutfus fcrotini quomodo comparandi, 146 
 Fucanda facies non eft, " \'^q 
 
 Fulmina cornhMTtntix, , 31?^ 
 
 Fnmus five halitus pinguls aperit fe in flani- 
 
 \ 
 
 mam. 
 
 334- 
 
 Fumus cur pyramis inverfa, 
 
 Funainbulorum a^\\\tis, 130 
 
 Furor facer, 1^4 
 
 G Agates fricatus paleas trahir, 143 
 
 Galaxia, coacervatio parvarum ftcHo,* 
 rum, ^ _ 365 
 
 Callus AEfopicus, 58 
 
 G^//«-«;;; expeditio Neapolitana, 115. Gal- 
 liae ruftici cedunt Anglbe colonis, 244 
 Ganges, 288 
 
 Gangraena'm\cg\h\^s, 254. Incorpore, 336 
 Gemma IMartii Sc Mali, 173. In gtmmis 
 nitidis nubecula in oculos incurrit, 226 
 Gemmae rupium, 343 
 
 Gemmariorum prudentia, 202 
 
 Genealcgiae afficlae, 308 
 
 Generalia cur magis deledtant animum quam 
 particularia, 114. Magnocum fcientia- 
 rum detrimento, ibid. Fide p. ^23 
 
 Generalia nimium non informant, ibS 
 
 Generalia principia ne conftituantur, i3c. 
 
 286 
 In omni Gencratione corporum quid inqui- 
 rendum, 316. Generatio fimplex, ^7^ 
 Geographia ab antiquis non excuha, 288 
 Geometria magno cum acumine traftata eft, 
 
 114 
 
 Georgica animi, 195, 196, 212 
 
 Gecrgius Agricola diligenter traclavit mecha- 
 
 nicam in mineralibus, 1 1 1 
 
 Germani feptentrionales, 38-^ 
 
 Germanicus quomodo laudatus a Tiberio 
 
 Caefare, 251 
 
 G(y?K5 oculos alloquitur, 119. Ex congruo 
 
 res fignificat, 159 
 
 Gefius Hieroglyphici in tranfitir. Hid. De 
 
 geftu &c vultu ad dignitatem componen- 
 
 dis, 215 
 
 Gilbertus ex magnete elicuit philofophiam, 
 
 44. Qiiaeftio ejus num corpora a terra 
 
 diftantia gravitent, 84. De magnete ex- 
 
 quifite fcripfit, ibid. Fhilolai . dogmata 
 
 repofuit, 107. Opinio ejus, 140. Philo- 
 
 fophia ejus, 283. Ejus in magnete ex- 
 
 perimentum, 286. Ejus opinio de luna, 
 
 2^6. Merito derifit definitionem caloris 
 
 fecundum Ptripateticos, 376. Quantas 
 
 de eleflro excitavit fabulas, 375 
 
 Glacies & nitrum maxime refrigerant, 146 
 
 Gladiatoria Commodo gratiflima, 201 
 
 Cloborum lufus renum morbis medetur, 124 
 
 Globus
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Globus plumbeus a turri demifius non acce- 
 
 Jerabitur juxta rationem quanti, 145. 
 
 Globus fcientianim, Pag. 164 
 
 Glorioji fortitudo fita eft in ocii!is Tpeftanti- 
 
 um, 33. Qualcs funt, 184 
 
 Gordianus junior fub rutore claruit, 32 
 
 <Ti?r^/^i,fiimrDaejuseloquentia, 117. Exan- 
 
 tiquis fophiftis, 153. Gorgias^ 287 
 
 Corgones, 87 
 
 Gothi, linguae quae ab iis fiuxere afpiratis 
 
 gaudent, i6r 
 
 Craccae forores, 87 
 
 -:JCrtf^for«;« tapientia qualis, 7. Eorum lingua 
 
 compofitionibus rcfertifrima, i"6o. Diph- 
 
 tiiongis fcatet, 161. Magis ambus ido- 
 
 nei, Romani rebus gerundis, 160 
 
 Gramfcientiarum authores, 287, Tamen 
 
 in difputaciones efFufa illorum fapientia, 
 
 287 
 Graeca lingua, Cato earn afpernabatur, 34 
 Graeci, pueri, ex mentellicerdotis AEgyptii, 
 47. Nee habent fcientiam antiquicatis, 
 nee antiqUitatem fcientiae, 47, 287, 
 288. Mutuati funt de Hebraeorum my- 
 fteriis, 82. Laudantes cfFufius animo 
 nocendi, puftulam in eorum naribus 
 oriri fabulancur, 172. DeGmeconcm m'l- 
 rabili fapientia, 214. Habent id quod 
 puerorum eft, ut ad garriendum funt 
 prompti, 288. Hyperboreos Scythas, 
 occidentales Celtas indiftinfte appella- 
 bant, ibid. 
 
 Grammaticu five organum fermonis, 159. 
 Duplex, ibid. 
 
 Grammatica viatoris locum erga caeteras fci- 
 entias obcinet, 160 
 
 Grammatica bipartita, ibid. Quaenam pro- 
 banda & rejicienda, ibid. Exiguus ejus 
 ufus in Unguis vernaculis, major in erudi- 
 tis, ibid. Philofophans inter defiderara, a 
 fimplici & literaria diftin(5l3j 161. Quae 
 ad earn pertinere judicantur, ioid. 
 
 Granaria, qualibus utuntur Germani fepten- 
 trionales, 7,'fi^ 
 
 Gratia divina in virtutibus utitur motibus 
 voluntatis, 138 
 
 De Gravi & levi inquifitio topica, 149 
 Gravia terram petuiir, 197 
 
 Gravis & levis, 149. Simplex & compa- 
 rata gravitas, 149, 150. Gravitas ex 
 copia materiae non ex arfta compage, 339 
 Gregorius I. memoriam authorum ethnico- 
 rum obliterare ftudet, 48 
 
 Gr^««a/^ corufcans, 321 
 
 GuicciardinusC\cmtnx.\s, VII. errores depin- 
 git, 32. Tamen ejus fuit doniefticus, 
 ibid, Laudes ejus repelitae, 207 
 
 Gummi arborum, 343 
 
 Guftiis inquifitio, 342 
 
 Guttae aquae rotundaCj 340 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 H. 
 
 HAlacuc propheta, Pag. 22^ 
 
 Habitum in adtiones naturalcs nihil 
 
 poffe, male ftatuit Ariftoteles, 209 
 
 Habitus virtuces & vitia compL'(ftitur, ibid. 
 
 Ad habitum comparandum duo obfervan- 
 
 tur tempora, 210 
 
 Hadrianus CatTar, qS 
 
 Haerefiarchae, quali deleftatione perfundun- 
 
 tur, 56 
 
 Haeretici ethnicorum Bacchanalia fuperaiu, 
 
 St 
 
 Hannibal m'xdti Phormioni in aliena arte de 
 bellis confcribenti, 203 
 
 Harmonia planetarum, 84 
 
 Harmonia fapientiae divinae & rationis hu- 
 manae, 86 
 
 //kz^z/jplenioresphilofophiaeadreligioneni 
 ducunr, 30» Haujius pleniores epoci, 61 
 
 Hebdoniadae divifio antiqua & late reccpta, 
 
 lOl 
 
 Hebraeorum myfteria, 82 
 
 Hebraei verborum compofitionemrefugiunt, 
 
 161 
 Hebrnea gens Nazarea, ibid. 
 
 Hederd Centenaria cur Dionyfio facra, 91 
 Hemicranicus dolor, 145 
 
 Henoch vitae contemplativae princeps, 198. 
 Ecclefiam prophetiae libro dotavit, ibid. 
 HenricusYU. regni ejus deicriptio, 74 
 
 Henrici feptimi edidtum prudens, 244 
 
 Henricus VIII. impetu magis quam confilio 
 regnum admiuftravir, 74 
 
 Henricus dux Guifii quantus in rcmunerandis 
 amicis, ^3 
 
 /fifr^c/Z/rdichim de lumine flcro, 30. Opi- 
 natores [erftringic, 44. Ignem rerum 
 principium afltruit, 80. Parabola ejus 
 de inquifuionc fcientiarum, 155. Mo- 
 net homines fcier.tias quaei ere in mundis 
 minoribus, 155, 277. D:)fl:rina ejus de 
 denfo, 283. Fidep.28y. 
 Herbae conclufae flam mam concipiunt, 324 
 Hercules, 39. Ejus columnae, 59. Qiiid 
 ei diviair.item conciiiavit, 88, 183 
 
 Hermes Trilmegiitus, triplici gloria infigni- 
 tus, 28 
 
 Hero, 111 
 
 Herodianus laudatus, 207 
 
 Herodicus v.ilctudinem curavit, 199. Et 
 nihil aliul per totam vitam egic*, ibid. 
 Hcrmogenes, 33 
 
 Heroes five Scmidei, 49 
 
 Heroica virtus Ariftotelis, 212 
 
 Heteroclita naturae, 66 
 
 Heterogenea, quae aliis elementa, 331 
 
 /:/7Vro a Pindaro laudatus, 117. QuaL re- 
 fponfum accepit a Pychagoraj i^S 
 
 Fff Hieroglyphic gi
 
 J^N D E X, 
 
 Hieroglypbica Uteris antiquiora, 8i. Ex 
 congruo res fignificant, Pag. 15^ 
 
 Hieroglypbicorum ufus vetuftus & facer apud 
 AEgyptios, ibid. 
 
 Hippias jaftabundus cum Socrate difputans, 
 6j. Fide p. 285. 
 
 Hippccratesy hus ejusy 118. Diligentia & 
 methodus ejus in morbis fanandis, 124. 
 Arcis parens liabitus eft, ibid. Aphorif- 
 mus ejus de iis qui gravi morbo correpti 
 funt, ' 206 
 
 Hirudinis fnhuh, _ 225 
 
 Hijpanica lingua tenues literas odit, 161 
 
 Hifpani parce imperriunt jus civitatis, at in- 
 digenarum paucitatem jam fentiunt, 245. 
 Bellicofi olim, 246. Exercitum vetera- 
 num alunt, 247. Et Itali arte loca re- 
 frigerant, 
 
 Hifpanorum adagiiim de mendacio, 231 
 
 Hifpanorum imperium, 245. Hifpani foli 
 profitentur ftudium armorum, 246 
 
 Hj/?onr2 veritatis magiftra, 32, Admemo- 
 riam refertur, 64 
 
 Hiftoria natural is, qualis inftauranda, 5. In 
 hijloria naturali multa temere recepta, 41. 
 Materies confcribendae hijhriae naturalis, 
 62. Sacra, 65. Hijloria naturalis & ci- 
 vilis, ibid. Quae comprehendi debent 
 in naturali, 66. Hi/loria mirabilium non 
 reiicienda, 67. Non conftat quoufque 
 efieftus mirabiles ex caufis naturalibus 
 pendent, ibid. Hiftoriae mechanicae fun- 
 damentales erga philofophiam naturalcm, 
 
 68. Hiftoriae naturalis ufus duplex, ibid. 
 Dividitur in narrativam & induftivam, 
 
 69. Subtradisfubtrahendisad nil magni 
 recidet, ibid. Praeter-generationum & 
 artium hiftoriae defiderantur, ibid. Hifto- 
 ria literarum, ibid. Dcfideratur, 70. Ea- 
 rumantiquitates, progrefTus, migrationes, 
 i^c. commemorandae, ibid. Dignitas & 
 difficultas literarum hiftoriae .,']\. Plurima 
 iftam hiftoriam circumftant vitia, ibid. 
 //i/?cr/fl civilis tripartita, 71, 72. Hifto- 
 ria jufta conftat ex chronicis, vitis & rela- 
 tionih'.is, 72, 73. Hiftoriae temporum, 
 75. //i/?or/V? prudeiiti'T qualis, 77. Mate- 
 ria & copia ex quibus hiftoria conficienda, 
 
 70. Hiftoria legitima & abloluta rariftime 
 invenitur, 71. Angliae & Scotiae Hi- 
 ftoriae quales, 73. Res levioris momenti 
 plurimum dcrogant hiftoriae, ^6. Cof- 
 mographica multiplcx,77. Hiftoriae parce 
 inferenda politica, 76,77. Ecclefiafticae 
 partitio, 77, 78. ////^tm ad prophetias, 
 & hiftoria nemekos, ibid. Hiftoricorum 
 elogia, 207. Hiftoria temporum quid 
 praeftat, 228. Infelicitasquaedam inter 
 hiftoricos vel optimos, 251. Hiftoriae na- 
 turali ingens acceflit cumulus ex naviga- 
 
 tione protenfa, 260. Hiftoriae i^t^taii^w 
 nimis angufta bafis, 282. Per millc 
 annos Graecorum hiftoriae indigna^, 288. 
 Hiftoriae naturalis ftatus, 300. Ejus dur 
 plex confideratio, 301. Ejusdefcriptio • 
 ex authoris modulo, 306, 307,- Qualii; 
 hiftoria experimentalis paranda, 3.18, 
 Circa hiftoriam naturalem cautioncs, Pag. 
 
 344- 
 
 Hiftorici legibus & adtis judicialibus non iatis 
 
 immorantur, 25^,5 
 
 Hiftoricum Veritas decct, yp 
 
 Homerus, 50, g§. Plures aluit quam Sylla^ 
 
 Caefar aut Auguftus, 57. Quoc centu- 
 
 rias duravere ejus carminn, /bid. Cit.i- 
 
 tus, 116. Ejus carmina fponte fluentia, 
 
 — decantata ejus catena ad pedem folii Jovis 
 
 fixa, 30, S3, 96 
 
 Homo collocatus in paradifo, ad operkndum, 
 
 46. Ad Dei charitatem afpirare debet, 
 
 212. Cecidit, ibid. 
 
 Homo homini lupus, 225. Se abneget & 
 
 accedat ad Deum, 262 
 
 Homo naturae minifter & interpres, 274 
 
 Homo tanquam planta inverfa, J43 
 
 Homo motuum violentorum dominus magis 
 
 quam caeterorum, 
 
 ?86 
 
 Homines domi celebres, in metropoli vulga- 
 res, 1 64 
 
 — mutantur cumaftionibus, 230. Eoruni 
 notitia quot modis elicitur, ibid. 
 
 Hominis na.tun & ftatus, 117, Digna eft 
 ut in fcientiam redigatur, ibid. Refer- 
 tur ad mifcrias & praerogativas bominis, 
 
 ibid. 
 Hominutn phantafticorum impoftura, 295, 
 
 296 
 
 — tria hominum ambitioforum genera, 3 1 2 
 Homoionomiae expungendae, 255 
 Honor velut e craffiore tela contexendus, 
 
 200 
 
 Honores in liberis monarchiis quam fub ty- 
 
 rannis fuaviorcs, p^6. Faciunt virtutes & 
 
 vitia confpicua, iSi. Hojiores ingenia 
 
 mutant in deterius, 208. Quibus gradibus 
 
 ad eos datur aditus, 238. Honor trium- 
 
 phi monarchiae non competif, 248 
 
 Hora nativitatis & quaeftionis, 113 
 
 Horae fubfecivae quomodo collocandae, 33 
 
 Horae longiores aegrotantibus videntur fine 
 
 horologio, quam fi hoc ipfo menfurentur, 
 
 178 
 Horologiorum confeftio, 293. Ex uno aut 
 altero naturae axiomate pendet, 294. Di- 
 verfitas & genera, 355, 370 
 
 Hortus mcdicus, 62 
 
 Hofpitia militibus emeritis deftinata, 247 
 Hofti fecuro aggrediendum, 89 
 
 //«^0 Burdegalenfis, 112 
 
 Humatmm
 
 I ND E X, 
 
 Bumanum corpus multiplicitcr compofitum, 
 
 Pag. 121 
 Humidum^ 281 
 
 Hydraulica prope obfolevit, 1 3 1 
 
 Hyles motus, 374. Ubi corpora novum 
 dimenfum appsrunt, ibid. 
 
 Hypochondriaci, iig 
 
 I. 
 
 JAcohi Angliae regis clogium, 27, 28. 
 Ejusliteratiffima tempora, 34. Dic- 
 tum ejus, 119. Ejufdem monarchica jura 
 & elogium, 203, 204. Ctlebre diftum 
 ejus alterum, 204 
 
 JaSlantia vitium potius in ethicis quam po- 
 ll. icis, 234 
 lambe Panis filia, 82. Putativa tantum fi- 
 Jia, 87 
 'Janus bifrons, 137. Janus in legibus non 
 placet, 253 
 Jafon Thcffalus defignavit invafionem Per- 
 farum, 55 
 — aiebat aliqua injufte facienda, ut multa 
 jufte fianr, 205 
 Iberia^ 87 
 Ideae m.ntis divinae, 276. Qu.mtum inter- 
 fit inter idola mentis humanae Videos di- 
 vinae, 310 
 Ideae abftraftae, 3^1 
 Jdola mentis humanae, fallaciae, 153, 276, 
 310. Eorum p;enera quuiuor-, Tribus, 
 fpecus, fori, theatri, 154, & fcq. & z^']., 
 & feq. Eorum cxtirpatio, 286 
 Jehu rerponfum ad nuntium, 265 
 Jejunia &c vidtus liljeralis, 123 
 Jefuitae literis ftrenue incumbunt, 48, 49. 
 Romauam fedem ftabiliunt, 49. Eorum 
 induftria in informanda juventute, 35. 
 Eorum fcholaecommendantur, 192. Eo- 
 rum difciplina laudatur, 193 
 Jefebel facicm pigmentis oblivit, 113 
 Ignts haud idoneus ad feparanda corpora, 
 317. Ignis excitandi mos apud Imios oc- 
 cidentales, 318. Ignis fatuus non urir, 
 
 321 
 Ignis Graecus live ferus, 328 
 
 Ignominia muldtati aliquando felices evadunt, 
 
 Ignoratio partim ex intelieftu ipfo, 3 
 
 I/laqueatio malitiofa praetextu legis, 248 
 IlUnioncs in fide Chrilliana quid prolint, 
 
 264 
 /////fr«//caecitas &mileria, 1^^. lUitcratus 
 
 nefcit in it defcendere, 56 
 
 Illuminationis divinae fedes, 138 
 
 Imaginaiionis vires, 134. Ufus ejus in motu 
 
 \'o]untario, ibid. 
 
 Imagines ingeniorum temporuminjuriis non 
 
 obnoxiae, 57 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 Imaginum ufus quid cfficiat, Pag. 134 
 
 Imbalfamationes^ 144 
 
 Imitatio ■xWoxwvnnow inepte fufcipienda, 234 
 Immijfio lucis per foramen, 356 
 
 Imparitas in congreflTu fugienda, 218 
 
 Impeditnenla do(5t:rinae, 28 
 
 Imperandi ars tria compledlitur officia, uc 
 res confer ventur, floreant, & amplificen- 
 tur, 242 
 
 Imperatores infigniter dofti & bellicavirtuD-r 
 clari, 01 
 
 Imperatoris nomen a belli ducibus mutua- 
 tum, 247 
 
 Imperii dignitas pendet a fubjeflis, 56. Su- 
 pra volentes magis honorilicum, ibid. 
 Imperium fcientiae cclfiffimum, r^6. Dc //»- 
 perio do<5brina, 215 
 
 Imperii fines quomodo profcrendi, 242 . Hi- 
 fpanorum, 245 
 
 — magnitudo quomodo obtinenda, 243, 
 
 244 
 
 — menfurae & calculis fubjicitur, 243 
 Impetus animi cohibendus, 233 
 Impiorum mifericordiae crudeles, 221 
 Impoftura & credulitas quantum literis no- 
 
 ceat, 41 
 
 Imprejfiones animi in corpus, & vice verfa, 
 
 119, 120, 286 
 Impudicitia peffima Circes transformatio, 
 
 184 
 Incerlitudo legum unde oritur, 249 
 
 Increpatio Paulina, 40 
 
 Incubus., I J 9 
 
 Incus per maileum calefcit, an rubefcat, 329 
 Indiae occidentalis inventionis caufa, 139. 
 Ejus thefauri maris imperio accedunt, 
 247. Indiae ftatus Europae forti compa- 
 ratur, 312, Mos apud cos excitandi ig- 
 nis, 31S 
 Indicii & direftionis are defideratur, 142,6?^. 
 Indigenarum ufus, 245 
 Indilidua fenfum percellunt, 65 
 Induilionis forma vitiofa & incompetens, 
 140, 302. Va.na InduJ/to, 141. Viti- 
 ofa & Icgitima, 152. Oftendit viamqua. 
 ad fcientiam pervi.-ntum, 165. F 
 mcrationein fimplicium, mala 
 Ciavis interpretationis, 318. 
 nis verae fund mienta, 
 Ineptitm Graece non dicitur. 
 Infantes quafvis muliercs matres vocant, 107. 
 In utero matrix, 120 
 Influxus ftcUarum, 102, i^c. 
 Informatio prima in quavis caufi judioeni 
 xnaxime occupat, 223 
 Infufionesy 372 
 /;/_^c;'/a fecundum climata, 173, 174. Jn- 
 genia in (ludiorum dele<:^u penfitanda,i 93 
 Ingenia audacula fine judicio fe ingcruiit, 
 
 235 
 
 F f f 2 — ix 
 
 cr enu- 
 elt, 286. 
 Indudlio- 
 
 160
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 — ex/w^^wnVprincipesjudicantur, Pag. 232 
 
 — ad ei exercenda modi duo, 192, 193. 
 Gravia plus dignitatis qaam fdicitatis ha,- 
 bent, 2^7. Jngenicriim c\\-3.x:idiitxc%, 206, 
 TQ-. Diverfuas five difcrimen eorum, 
 
 280 
 
 ///^«;/«w irritatum tandem nofcitur, 68. In- 
 
 ^«:« libertati favendum, 192. Pravi & 
 
 malevoli dcfcripcio, 224. Non omnes 
 
 ingenio jud'oandi, 232 
 
 7?;j^?-5;i/2^i(3 erga benemeritos, 183. Iterum, 
 
 224 
 
 Inimici, ^7} 
 
 Injt<ftitiae fonstripkx, vis, illaqueatio & ri- 
 gor, 24S 
 
 Innovaiio, 189. Non periculofa in artibus 
 aeque ac in civilibiis, 298 
 
 hqulfitio caufarum cffi:iendum & materia- 
 Jium, 
 
 Inqiiifitio de gravi & levi, 
 
 Inqiiifitio de torma calidi, 31 
 
 Jegitimae vera norma, 230, 
 
 II I 
 
 149 
 
 Inquifitlonis 
 232. Vide 
 
 p. 349' ^*^- 
 Infitio in arboribus fylveftribus rare tentata, 
 
 i43> ^9^ 
 hjlantiae certae locandae inter hiftoriae pro- 
 
 330 
 
 batae relationes, 
 
 InJla7Uiarum praerogativae, 337. Solita- 
 riae, Md. 
 
 Injiantiae migrantes, 2,'i7'> 33S- Oftenfi- 
 vae, 338, 339. Nudam oftendunt na- 
 turam in fummo gradu potentiae, 339. 
 Clandeftinaein rudimentis fuis, 339, 340. 
 Conftltutivae, 340, ^c. Conformes five 
 paraliclae, 342. Non multum promo- 
 vent ad inveniendas formas, 342, & feq. 
 Sunt nobiliffimae, 343, 346 
 
 — monadicae, 344. Dcviantes, 345. Quo- 
 modo dilferunt a monadicis, ibid. Limi- 
 taneae, 245, 246 
 
 hijlantiae poteftatis, 346. Comitatus, 348. 
 Subiunftivae five ulcimitatis, 349. Foe- 
 dens feu union is, ibid. Crucis, 352. Di- 
 vorcii, 358. Lampadis, feu informatio- 
 nisprimae, 359. Januae, ibid. Citan- 
 tes, 360. Viae, ■^Sc^. Supplement!, 365, 
 366. Perfecantes, 367. Pradicae, ibid. 
 Mathematicae, z^/W. Propitiae, 568. Vir- 
 gae feu radii, z'^/V/. Curriculi, 370. Quan- 
 ti, 372. LuiSbae, 373. Innuentes, 384. 
 Polyciireftae, ibid. Frigoris, 387. In- 
 jiantiae magicae, 392 
 
 Infiantiarum ullis, 393 
 
 I}jJiauratto\eom-(\Mx\\?,, 255. Injlauratio- 
 nis magnac pa' s deftruens, 305 
 
 Injiauralronii Magnae pars quarta, quinta, 
 & fexta, 306 
 
 Infiinilus aniraantium, 140 
 
 IrtJiiLutionibiu juvenes ad arduajuris diligen- 
 tius praeparandi, 257 
 
 Injlmmenta non grandiir;ma, led apcilTims 
 opus perficiunt, 238. Iiijhiime?2iQru})f 
 verae intentiones confirmandaej: Pag-. 
 
 • 253 
 
 Inlegrales partes univerli a pliyfiologilUs 
 
 male traftatac, '69 
 
 InteUeclus impedimenta, 3. Inteile£ius hu- 
 
 manus fibi permilfus, qua is, 9. Intel- 
 
 Icilus humani adoratorr-s, five intelleBua- 
 
 lijlae., 44. Jtitelleiiiii auxilia idoHea 
 
 comparanda, 142. Magis afncitur affir- 
 
 mativis qua'ii negativis, 154. Eft glo' 
 
 buscryftalfinusunivcrfi, 229. IntelleJSus 
 
 fibi permiflus, , ^75 
 
 Jntelkiliis humanus, 276, i^c. Ejus impe- 
 
 dimentum & aberratio unde, 279 
 
 InteUc"us abrafus, 300. Quae in ufum in- 
 
 telleclus ulterius niinifhranda, 333 
 
 Intemperantiae philofophiarum, 285 
 
 Intentio legis unde petenda, 256 
 
 Interpretatio naturae quid, 142, 313, 333 
 
 Interpret PAio fcripturac, 265. Mcthodica 
 
 & foluta, ibid. Omnis a fenfu incipii. 
 
 359 
 
 Interrogatio prudens dimidium fcientiae, 1 48, 
 149. In fine interrogationis vocem ele- 
 vate moris eft, 162 
 Invenire quid fit, 147 
 Inveniendi qualis modus rejeftus, 286 
 Inventa quafi novae crcationes, 311 
 Inventariuni opum humanarum, 1x3, De- 
 fundi, 139 
 Inventio & memoria, ne dividantur in exer- 
 citiis fcholafticis, 62 
 Inventio Cereris Pani tribuenda, 85. 7«- 
 ventioxms, 91. 7«W''.-.':'o«zj logicae fpe- 
 cies, 138 
 /«wk//ok/j duae fpecies, 139. Artium & 
 fcientiarum defideratur, ibid. Inventio 
 rerum tribuitnr cafui potius quam arti, 
 ibid. B.ttiis & avibus, 140. Inventio- 
 ns genera, 147, 148. Argumentorum 
 non proprie inventio. ibid. Topica part 
 ticularis apprime utilis, I'-ventionis lub- 
 jcdlis appropriata, 149. Dialedticae r»- 
 ventio., 292. Tormentorum igneorum 
 inventio, 303. Fili bombycini & acus 
 nauticae, ibid. Inventio papyri, typo- 
 grapiiiae&atramenti, 304. Rerum /'«- 
 ventio a naturae luce peicnda, non ab an- 
 tiquitatis tenebris, 309. Inventum fca- 
 phae, quae homines !ub aquis vehere pof- 
 fit per nonnuUa i'patia, 3S5 
 Inventores rerum & artium, 47, Trad:atus 
 qui habentur de iis funt infrudluofi, 70. 
 lis divini honores tribuuntur, 31 1 
 Inventorum i'umma, 28S, jo^ 
 Inventum Fracaftorii de fartagine calcfafta 
 in ufum apopledlicorum, 35^ 
 
 Invia
 
 INDEX. 
 
 invia vlrtuti nulla eft via, Pag. 229 
 
 /«W/« honiinum, 173. In rebus publicis 
 
 non nocet, 183 
 
 Jnvidorum mo'^, 38. /«wV/a bonorum poft 
 
 mortem cxtinda, 219 
 
 Jobi quaeftio, 30. Liber ejus myfteriis na- 
 
 turalis philolbphiae plenus, 47, 48 
 
 Joci, 1 88. Politicumeft tranfire a ferioad 
 
 jocum, &c. ibid. 
 
 ^ocularia ars ilnfuum deceptio, 131 
 
 Johannes Saxoniae dux mortem contempfit, 
 
 118 
 Jofephi venditio in AEgyptum, 84 
 
 Jracundis cum hominibus ne resnoftras mif- 
 ceamus, 225 
 
 tra moHi refponfione frangenda, 218 
 
 Jris unde, 66 
 
 Iridum artificiofarum imitatio, 144 
 
 Irridendi cacoethes, 2D4 
 
 Irritatio alicujus ingenium prodit, 68 
 
 Italia antiqua, 244 
 
 Imicum adagium, 232 
 
 Italorum mos, 231 
 
 Iter pigrorum quafi fepes fpinarum, 224 
 Judae & Iflacharis benediftiones non conve- 
 niunt, 244 
 
 Ithacus, 1 7 1 
 
 Judici tutilTimum audirc alteram partem, 
 
 223 
 Judex perfonas non refpiciat, 225. In judice 
 facilitas morum, quam corruptela mune- 
 rum, magis perniciofa, ibid. Judex quis 
 opnmus, 253 
 
 Judicium five ars.Judicandi, 151,152. Quo- 
 modo difFcrt ab inventionc mcdii, 152 
 Judicandi artis appendix defideratur, 155 
 Judicationes judicationum, 155 
 
 Judicia T)c\ inlcrucabilia, 78. Judicium per 
 indudlionem & fyllogifmum, 152. Cor- 
 ruptum tribuithoncftatem infcitiae &; fim- 
 plicitati, 205 
 
 Judicia anchorae legum, 257 
 
 Judicium inflime cavendum, 225, Judicii in- 
 opia in rebus gerundis, 237. Judicia Dt^i 
 impiorummachinasfubvertunt, 241. Serie 
 temporis digerenda, non ilib titulis, ibid. 
 Non facile funt refcindenda, 253, 259. 
 Per perfonas & caulas liiflas tentari non 
 debent, 259 
 
 Judiciorum vacillatio unde, 259, ^c. 
 
 Juliani ediiftum adverfus Chriftianos, ne ad 
 fcholas mitterentur, funeftilFimum, 48 
 Julius Caefar rerum bellicarum & optima- 
 rum arcium gloria floruit, 3 1 . Educatio 
 & eruditio ejus, 53. Scripta & libii ejus, 
 viz. commentarii, ibid. Analogia, 53, 
 160. Anticato, Si- Apophthegmata, 
 ibid. Doiflrina Caefaris non cedit po- 
 tentiae ejus, ibid. Computatio anni ab 
 ejusedidoemendata, ibid. Unico VL'rbo 
 I 
 
 fcditiofos in exercitu comprimit, ibid. 
 Regis noinen affedabat, 54. Didlum 
 ejus durius Metjiio aerarium reckidenti, 
 ibid. Quam acriter perfl:rinxit Syllam 
 in deponenda dicTiatura, ibid. Confcripfit 
 librum apophthegmatum, 79. Mors ejus, 
 88. Ab initio orator &caufasegir, 234. 
 Quomodo impotenciam arcanarum co- 
 gitationum prodidit, 229. Amici ejus 
 per vitam Caefaris jurare folcbant, Pag. 
 
 234 
 
 Juniorum inftitutio literatis committitur, 35 
 
 Juno, 18^ 
 
 Jurifconfulti illuftriores cafus & novas deci- 
 
 liones icriptis mandent, 124. De legi- 
 
 bus fcribentes tanquam e vinculis fermo- 
 
 cinantur, 248 
 
 Jurifdiaiones quae ftatuunt, 250, 252. De 
 
 iis altercationes ne alantur, 259, 260 
 
 In quibus jus pofleffione transfertur, 184. 
 
 Variay«r«, 245 
 
 Jus publicum privati cudos, 249. Juris 
 
 privati firmamentum, ibid. Latet fub tu- 
 
 telayam publici, ibid. Ex quibus exem- 
 
 plishauriendum, 251. Jus aequum & 
 
 llrid:um iifdcm curiis ne deputentur, 253. 
 
 ^'«J enucleandi modus, 256. Jura'pti- 
 
 tis a judicibus fumenda, 259 
 
 y///?z manet memoria, 219 
 
 Jujlinianus obfokta vocat antiquas fabulas, 
 
 255 
 Jufiiniani opus non aetate erudita inftaura- 
 
 tum, ibid. 
 
 Jujlitia, 1 84. Non ab ca dcfledendum 
 
 propter fdutem patriae, 205 
 
 Jufiitia univerfalis, 248 
 
 Jufius miferetur etiam jumcnd, 221 
 
 Juveues pracpropere addifcunt Jogicam & 
 
 rhetoricam, 62 
 
 Jtivenes non idond ethices auditores, 210. 
 
 Multo minus politicae, ex fententia Ari- 
 
 ftotelis, ibid. 
 
 7«-je«/z.'.';V inftauratio, 113. Juven/uspoc- 
 
 niterltiae can-,pus, 180. Juveniutis inlVi- 
 
 tutio collegiata probanda, 192 
 
 Ixionis fabula fpes vanas arcet, 23- Ixion 
 
 centauros & chimaeras progenuit, 1 1 2 
 
 K 
 
 K. 
 
 Alendariuni dubitationum & falfitatuni 
 dclidcratur, 106 
 
 I.. 
 
 LAbor omnia vincit, 140 
 
 Labcres manuum & linguae feparati, 
 
 226 
 Lacedaemoiii qualia geflerunt b.-lla, 247 
 LaSiinliiis, 107 
 
 Lapis
 
 I N D E X, 
 
 Ldph angularis, ciii innitendum, 241. La- 
 ;>z J«w accretio five generatio, 379. La- 
 fides Sc lateres, P^g. 3^9 
 
 L^iqt'.ei non funt pejores quam legum poena- 
 lium, 254 
 
 Larginoiies, 247 
 
 ifl/^ffj proceffus quid, 316, 317, 331 
 
 Latittido legis non ex praeambulo fed ex 
 corpore legis petenda, 256 
 
 LatrociniKtn publicum ubi fontes juftitiae 
 turbantur, 225 
 
 Lrt«j apud Graccosfufpiciofii, 172. Saliva 
 vulgi, 182. LiJ«j eft ancilla virtutis, 184 
 
 Laudari nemo debet coram, 204 
 
 Ztfwi^j variorum variae, 171, 172. Mo- 
 deratae profunt importunae nocent, 227 
 
 LeSio eft converfatio cum prudentibus, a6tio 
 cum rtultis, 186 
 
 Lenionibus in publicis quid defideretur, 60, 
 61. Confultationes & vifitationes iis 
 promovendis neceflariae, 62 
 
 iLf^a^«j pontificis facetus, 231 
 
 Z-ifj^/j verba, 190. X,fx in equuleo tyrannis 
 pefTima, ibid. Leges amicitiae & grati- 
 tudinis, 205 
 
 Leges juftae hiftoriae feverae, 75. Legis 
 fententia adverfus verba, 148, 179 
 
 Leges fint certae, 249. Plurimum differunr, 
 ibid. Finis ad quern leges debent intueri, 
 ibid. Legum leges., ibid. Poenales, multo 
 minus capitales, non lunt extendendae, 
 250. Reipublicae anchorae, 257. In 
 iis a gangracna cavendum, 254. Anti- 
 quae fabulae non intermifcendae, 258. 
 Multi cafus omifTi, 250. Legibus nemo 
 fapientior efie debet, quatenus accipien- 
 dum, 254. Y)c legibus oh^o\Qlh, ibid. De 
 legibus fcripferunt philofophi & juris con • 
 fulti, 248. Sed melius cives, ibid. Opti- 
 ma lexc[ua.t minimum rclinquunt arbitrio 
 judicis, 253 
 
 Legum Icopus & finis, 248, 249. Incerti- 
 tude duplex, 249 
 Leguih dignitas, 249. Extenfio, ibid. Mo- 
 ralium magna ;;ars fubiimior eft, quam 
 quo ! imt-u naturae poffit afccndere, 263. 
 t. purgatio five digeftum novum, 255. 
 Oblcuritas, 254. Regeneratio & inftau. 
 ratio quomodo fit inftituenda, 255. De 
 legum retrolpeftione, 253. Obfcuritas ex 
 quatuor caufis, wz. accumulatione nimia, 
 isc. 254. Di novis digeftis, 255, 258. 
 Dr defcriptione obfcura & ambigua, 254. 
 De modis enucleandi juris ncgleftis, ibid. 
 Prologi virandi, 256. De dubiis legum 
 tol.cndis, 256 
 Legulei ad expediendas lites minime idonei, 
 
 Le^dus nunquam fervilis fcjntgntiae author, 
 tv 227 
 
 — licet tarn faevis temporibus vixit, Pag. 227 
 Lepra, .47 
 
 Leucipfus author opinion is de atomis, 82. 
 
 Vide p. 107. 
 ZeK«/>/)/ fchola, 280. Atomi, 283. Vide 
 
 p. 287. Diflerit, utrum datur vacuum, 
 
 383, &paffim. 
 Leves guftus in philofophia quid moveant. 
 
 Lex militaris Davidis de manentibus ad far- 
 
 cinas, 61 
 
 Lex Mofis Chrifti praefiguratio, 47 
 
 Lex vim iapiens, 248 
 
 Zfx perplexa, 254. Regulae Leftjiae, 256 
 
 Liber de officio regis authore Jacobo Angliae 
 
 rege, . . _ 203 
 
 Liber Ciceronisdepetitioneconfijlatus, 217. 
 
 Unicus fiji generis ab antiquis confcriptus, 
 
 ibid. Libri controverfiarum in theologia 
 
 nimio plures, 266 
 
 Liberales artes quae ad auditum & vifum 
 
 fpedtant, 131. In quo ftatu reipublicae 
 
 florent, ibid. 
 
 Liberis aufti praecipue funt foliciti de futu- 
 
 ris temporibus, 59 
 
 Libertas nrhiirWi 1^7- Libertas ftrmonis, 
 
 232 
 Libri politic!, 210 
 
 Libri auxiliares, 257 
 
 Libros nuncupandi mos receptus, 38. Qui- 
 bus & quomodo nuncupandi, ibid. Libri 
 duo fcripturarum & creaturarum, 49. In 
 philofophia naturali & medicina haud u- 
 nica fubfidia e libris petenda, 61. Libri 
 hiftoriae naturalisfabulofi plus nimio plu- 
 res, 66. Libros fpedantes ad munus vel 
 artem authoris unum duntaxat vitium oc- 
 cupat, 203. LZ/rr prifcorum fcriptorum, 
 quare parum profinr, 211 
 
 Liguria, 8 8" 
 
 Lmeae femper divifibiles, 279 
 
 Linguarum confufio poft diluvium, 47. L/k- 
 ^«flf funt vehirula fcientiae, 48. De Un- 
 guis qualis traftatus defiderandus, J 60. 
 Linguarum variarum proprietates, ibid. 
 Liquefaffio unde oritur, 362 
 
 Liquidum tangibile non natura calidum, 322 
 Liquorum acrimonia, 324. Vide p. 339. 
 Literae reverentiam legum non convellunt, 
 33. Sed emolliunt mores & fequaces red- 
 dunt, ibid. 
 
 Literae quid efficiant, 31, 32. Animum 
 non reddunt incertum, 32. Nequedefides 
 & imbelles nospraeftant, 33. Humani- 
 ores religion! duo officia perfolvunt, 49. 
 Magis locupletant quam regna, ^6, 57. 
 Literis hiftoria propria fcorfim attribui 
 debet, 6^. Quibus operibus amplificen- 
 tur, 60. Verborum tellerae, 159. Lite- 
 rarum elemenca furda, ibid. Literarum 
 
 antithct^t,
 
 IN D E X. 
 
 antitheta, i86. Quid ad ///cr<7r«;« per- 
 fedtionem fpeftar, 229. Jam tertio ad 
 mortales rediifle videntur, P^g' 260 
 
 Z,//^rflr«»> dignitatis diminutio, unde, 34, ■^^ 
 
 Lilerarum i'umma voluptas, gy. E^aruni 
 monumenta diiitius durant quam quae 
 manufaiSta funt, §y. Pcriodiis tertia ("quae 
 noltro hoc faeculo eft) Graecos & Ro- 
 manos longo intervallo fuperat, 260 
 
 X//fr«/jexperientia qualis, 142, 301, paf- 
 fim. 
 
 Literati foli ncgotiis deleftantur propter ie, 
 35. Non conductini, i/ird. 
 
 Literati ad pdtentcs fe dcbent applicare, 38, 
 Ettempori fervirc, ii^id. Frequenter in- 
 ppes, vitam umbraiilcni degentes, 34. 
 E'orum mores & fortuna, 35, 36. Non 
 obfervant decorum, 37. Neque facile 
 fe accommodant iis quibufcum vivunt, 
 
 ii^iJ. 
 
 Liieris & belio clari populi, 31 
 
 Livia cum artibus mariti & fimulatione filii 
 compofita, 237 
 
 Livius optimus hiftoricus, 34. Dc urbe 
 Roma di6luni cius egregium, 34, 35 
 
 — Alexandri in Afiam expeditionem elevat, 
 43. Qualis in imagine Africani & Ca- 
 tonis, 207. Monitum ejus de arrogante, 
 
 216 
 
 Livius quantum tribnitCatoni Majori, 228. 
 
 Diiit Alcxandrum non aliud quam bene 
 
 aufum vana contemnere, 300. Ejus pro- 
 
 digiii pro fufpeftis, 345 
 
 Loci communes, eorum ufus, 148, 156 
 
 — Syntaxes eorum, quae iiabentur, nullius 
 fjnt pretii. Hid. In promptu habendi in 
 utramque partem difputati, 179 
 
 Lo^'ca & Rhetorica non a pucris fed a pro- 
 vetlioribus tradtanda, 62 
 
 Lo^ica ti Ethica continent doflrinam circa 
 tacjitatum animae objefta, 157 
 
 Logicae nugae, 1 32. Logica de intelleftu & 
 ratione tradat, 137. Spinolae fubtilitatis 
 laqjeus fecundum quoidam, 138. Artcs 
 logicae quatuor, ibid. 
 
 Logica, zy§. Naturalis, 310, Per induc- 
 tion ;m, 310 
 
 Loquacitatis & fdentii antitheta, 187 
 
 Loquendum ut vulgus, fentiendum ut fapi- 
 uites, 155 
 
 iMcianus philofophum parafitum defcribit, 
 57. Jovem impetit, 43 
 
 — mos ejus cynicus, 204 
 Lucidoritm, five lucentium quorundam (abf- 
 
 que igni) exempla, 136, 322 
 
 Lucis forma non inquifita, 136. Origines 
 
 ejus non traftantur, 136 
 
 Lucii communicatio, 342 
 
 Lucius Commodus eruditus, 50, 5 1 
 
 Lucretia, .M 
 
 Lucretii didtum, quo literarum voluptatertl 
 depingit, ^j. Athenicnfibus lai:dcm in- 
 ventionem tribuit, Pag. 2,11 
 
 Lucri & vidlus caufa pleriquc fcientiam ap- 
 petunt, 4^ 
 
 Z,a///7 ars impofturae, 168 
 
 Lunae fabula ad Endymionem dormientera 
 ledemittentis, 87. Ejus aetatisoblervacio 
 in plantationibus non frivola, 104. Lu- 
 nae radii an ignem concipiant per I'pecula» ■ 
 143. Vide p. 319. Ejus fubllantia cor» " 
 porta, 356. Ejus fuperhcies inacqualis, 
 360. Quantum ejus obfervatio inferviat 
 agriculturae, nauticac & medicinae, 391 
 Lupus Jiomo honiini, 225 
 
 Lupus muiticudinem pecorum non curat, 
 
 243 
 Lufus ingenii poefis, i jjj 
 
 Lutheri temporibus orationis luxuries inva^.^^ 
 luit, 39. Item odium & contcmptus 
 contra fcholafticos, ibid. 
 
 Lutum fap'entiae, ex ufu chymicorum, 384 j^ 
 La:v prima creatarum formarum, 46. De\ 
 ea non debita eft fafta inquifitio, 135.* 
 Di ea Platonicum commentum, ibid. 
 Lux per foramen immifla in locum tene- 
 brofum, 145, 356. Quomodo de luce 
 tradlandum, 208. Z,z<x naturae vitiapotius ^ 
 redarguit quam de officiis plene informat, 
 
 263 
 
 Luxus eruditus, quid apud Taciturn, 140 
 
 Lyfandri diftum perniciofum, viros perjuriis 
 
 alliciendos, 240 
 
 M. 
 
 MAchiavelli diftum de fpifcopis & mo- 
 nachis, 34. Profert quod homines 
 fai ere folent, 204. Laudatur, ibid. Dic- 
 tum ejus de Caefare, 210. Monitum ejus 
 de fcrvis tradlandis, 223. Quaeftio ejus 
 de ingratitudine principis & populi, 224. 
 Quomodo traftavit politicam, 228. Vi- 
 ros fortes nerves belli ftatuit, 238. Vir- 
 tutem ipfam non magnopere curandam 
 praecipit, in politico, 240 
 
 MacLiuaiij feu fabricam fabricarc aliud, aliud 
 fabricaram erigere, 203 
 
 Macro, 224 
 
 Maculae folis, 360 
 
 Magellanicum fretum, 344 
 
 Magia plus habet ex phantafia quam ex ra- 
 iionc, 42. iWrt_g^/<3 Perfarum fibncas re- 
 rum naturalium notat, 95, Delideratur 
 naturalis Magia, 112, Coeleftis, 105. 
 Cultores ejus ex fcholaParacclii prodicre, 
 134. A/tf^/« ceremopialis, /^/(/. Magtae 
 naturalis invcnta, 288, 294. Supcrfti- 
 tiola, 295. Magiae effedlus, 347 
 
 Magi tres, reges, 112. Alagorum opcm, 295 
 
 Magijtratu$
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ma<riftratus viris indigentibus non commit- 
 tendi, P^g- 225 
 
 Magjjiratiium authoritas ex quibus pendet, 
 
 249 
 
 Ma^nalia naturae quid manifeftat, 112. 
 Extra vias tritas jacent, 147 
 
 Mi.:gnanimitas in moribus non deftruenda, 
 
 202 
 
 Magnetem laboriofiflime defcripfit Gilbertus, 
 84. Vide^. 144.. 
 
 Magnes lapis metallicus fcrrum attrahit, 1 44. 
 Nam ullus, aut aquis fortibus macerarus, 
 virtutem deponet, 146. Magnet i s d>ci^ix\ 
 conknius, 391. Magnes incrmi?,^ 340. 
 Virtures ejus variae praefertim verticitate 
 ferri, 355." Tcrrella ejus, 355. Quatuor 
 operationes in magnet e, 377. Ejus tuga 
 improprie fic dicta, 37^^ 
 
 Magnes fufpendit ferrum ad fexagecuplum 
 pondus, _ - 3^3 
 
 Mahometis religio omni interdicit difpurati- 
 oni, _ 264 
 
 Malacijfationes exbalneis, emplaftris & uiic- 
 tionibus, 129 
 
 — per exterius fieri debent, 130. Rebus 
 tribus ablblvuntur, H'id. 
 
 Malorum fama vergit in infamiam, 219 
 M^/or«»2 per bona com penfatio, _ 241 
 Mancipiorim ufus, recepta lege Chriftiana, 
 abiit in defuetudinem, 245 
 
 Mania & melancholia, 119 
 
 iWijKz^corwff? ftupendae vires, 130 
 
 Manus inftrumentum inftrumentorum, 138. 
 
 Vide p. 274. 
 Manus fihilofophus, 51. Patiens erga mo- 
 res uxoris, i^id. 
 M<2m dominium eft Monarchiae Epitome, 
 247. De CO quid Icnlerit Pompeius 65 
 Themiftocles, ^ _ ibid. 
 
 — Indiae thefauri ejus imperio accedunt, 
 
 ibid. i£c. 
 Margaritae porcis non projiciendae, 219 
 Martyrum miracula multis fabulis fcatenr, 
 
 41 
 
 Materia prima philofophiae, 6^ 
 
 iWij/m« informis parabolica, 82. Potenti- 
 
 alis, 285 
 
 Materiae annihilatio non datur, 373 
 
 Malhematica c[\\\h\.\s \\^\b\is infcrviat, 114. 
 
 Eft aut puraaut mixta, ibid. Ejus partes 
 
 &fummautilitas, 114, 115. Eft phyficae 
 
 ancilla, 114. Inter fcientias maxime 
 
 abftrafta, 167. Nimiae feftinationi rtme- 
 
 diam miniftrat, 193 
 
 Mathematicorum prudentia, 281 
 
 Mechanicas artes temporis progrefiTusftipple- 
 
 vit, 42. Mechanica eft natura fubadla & 
 
 fa,cliria, 67. Mechanicae hiftoriae ufus, 
 
 68. QuaiiS defideretur, ibid. Produdtio 
 
 ejus, 
 
 III, 113 
 
 Mechanicae artes fedentariac animis bellicofis 
 contrariae, Pag. 245 
 
 Mecbanicusdt vcfitate inquifitionis haud lo- 
 licitus, 301 
 
 Medendi ratio nimis compendiofa, 127 
 
 Medicamenta foporifera, u-j 
 
 Medici impcirium, 20G. OfRcium, 125, 
 
 127 
 
 •^— eventu honorem reportat vel dedecus, 
 
 III 
 
 Medica ars, 117, 119, 120. Conjc.^tura- 
 lis, 121. Succeflujudicatur, ;W, Quid 
 in ea defidcratur, 126, 127 
 
 Medici vu'gares magis accedunt ad aegrotos 
 quam lanos, 17^ 
 
 Af^,://«magisalienoftudioquam arti propriae 
 intent!, 122. Naturae obviam ire debent, 
 
 123. Et generalibus renunciare, ibid. 
 Potius in circulo quam in progreflu fe 
 exercent, ibid. Curationi niorborum in- 
 vigilarunt, 124, Morbos complures male 
 infanabiles decernunt, 125. Eosadulte- 
 riorem difquifitionem rcvocare debent, 
 ibid. Eorum negligentia perftringitur, 
 
 124. -/lA'^/«« Judacus Enropaeos liigil- 
 lat, 126. Eorum praelagia, 133. Quae 
 in medici poteftate fita funt, 206, 207. 
 In fecundis qualitatrbus utileni navant o- 
 peram, 2 84 
 
 Medicinae infervientia, 61. Ejus fubieftum, 
 121. In philolbphia non fundata parvi 
 aeftimanda, 123. Oftentata non ampli- 
 ficata, _ ibid. 
 
 Medicina authentica & pofitiva defideratur, 
 
 — ejus partes tres, 123, Ejus Deifs AEfcu- 
 lapius, quare? 120. Multosimpoftorcs 
 habet, 122, 127. Narrationes medici- 
 nales defiderantur, 124. Condenfantes 
 medic irae, 388 
 
 Medicinak filum defideratur, 127. Philo- 
 lbphia naturalis & adiva, medicinae inler- 
 viens, inter defidcrata, 127, 128 
 
 Medufa, 87. A Perfeo obtrunc<nur, ibid. 
 
 Mel cum balfamo cadavcra confervat, 144, 
 & feq. 
 
 Membrificatio., ^62 
 
 Membrorum corporis lis cum ventriculo, 61 
 
 Mcmoria localis, 144, Aler/wriae admini- 
 culum, fcriptio, 156 
 
 iVfcwer/a artrficialis, 156, 157. Dememo- 
 ria confirmanda & amplianda ars mtlior 
 inftitui poteft, 156. Ars »;««<?/•/«? duplici 
 innititur intentioni, 157. Ordo menicriam 
 juvat, ibid. Memoriam roborat aftio the- 
 atralis, 193. Diftributio five loci mani* 
 fefto juvant memoriam, 341, 342 
 
 Memoriae five pracparationes ad hiftoriam, 
 
 — commentaries & regiftra continent, ibid. 
 
 Alenandri
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Minandr't^xdoxm de amore fenfuali, Pag.r 1 2 
 
 Mindacium eruic veritatem, ex Hifpanorum 
 
 adagio, 231 
 
 Menenius Agrippa fcditionem fabulafedavir, 
 
 81 
 Menftrua, 39 1 
 
 Menfurae temporum-fimplice?, 370, 371 
 Mens humana inftar fpeculi incantaci, 154 
 Mentis pars logica & mathcmatica quan- 
 tum diffcrunt, 237 
 Mentis humanae idola, 276 
 Mercatorum prudentium rhos, 2^5 
 Meratrius \nYiW\o, 6^. Ejusaxillares, 87 
 Metallica ars ante diluvium, 47 
 Metalloriim depurationes errores habent, 143 
 Metallorum calor intenfus, 326, 327, 328 
 Melapbyfica affinis tlieologiae naturali, 83 
 JWir/fl/»i^y?t:« defcribitur, 98, 99. Aphyftca 
 . diftinguitur, 99. Eil inquifitio caufarum 
 formaliutn & finalium, 99, 108 
 — ejus pars quae defideratur, 108, 109. 
 Commendatio ejus, 109. Ejus pars fe- 
 cunda, ii>ici. Producic magiani, 1 1 i 
 Metafcbematifmus, 279 
 Metempfycbojis , 133 
 Meteororurn non invenituraliqUahifloria, 69. 
 Quouique omne genus tiieteororum prae- 
 nunciari poffit, 103, 104. Met ear a ig- 
 nita, 318, 321 
 Metbodi fermonis, 1 65. Varia ejus genera, 
 ibid. Magiftralisautinitiativa, ^/-/'i^. Ex- 
 oterica aut aenigmatica, i66. Per me- 
 tbodum craditio, ibid. Parces duae metbo- 
 di, difpofitio & li mi ratio, 167 
 Meihodus impofturae, 168. Scientiarum 
 nrchitetlura, ibid. 
 Mfzcntius Deorum contemptor, 229, Ejus 
 tormentum, 2^4 
 Ml,!ast arbiter inter Apollinem & Panem, 
 
 48 
 Militaris potentia, 245, 246, i£c. Vide 
 
 imperium, regnum. 
 Militaris ars nafcente republica floret, 131. 
 
 Ars militaris literataque proxime fe con- 
 
 fequuntur, 3 1 
 
 Militiae ordines, 247 
 
 Milo gloriae fegetem perdidit, Clodio inimi- 
 
 co fublato, 172 
 
 Minijlrum regium quae deceant, 61. Qua- 
 
 les efle debeant, 240 
 
 Mirabilarii & prodigiaftri, 67 
 
 Miracula fufpiciola, 41 
 
 Miracula a Deo edita funt non ad conver- 
 
 tendos athcos led fuperftitiofosidololatras, 
 
 96. Mrr<^n(/tf Sjrvatorisqualia, 121. Na^ 
 
 turae miracula, 344, 345 
 
 Miramur vel nova vei magna, 55. Mira 
 
 humanae naturae, 2 1 8 
 
 Mifericordiae ^?it^ns, 221 
 
 Mifericordiae praecepta fub lege veteri, 222. 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 Impiorum crudclis, ibid. A natura liorhl- 
 
 iii indita, Pa^. 22 1 
 
 Mi/itheus Gordiani niinoris paedagoguSj 
 
 32 
 MiJJilia fortius percutiunt ad diftantiam ali- 
 
 quam, 3C9 
 
 Mitbridatium, 126 
 
 Moderationis nonnulli dant poenas, 255 
 Moderna bella in tenebris gefta, quare, 247 
 iWoc/wexercendi inge'niaj 193. Experiendi 
 
 fcientias, 286, & feq. Inveniendi, 292. 
 
 Operandi per moram, 275, 3S9, (3c. 
 
 Modi feptem opcrationis fuper corpora 
 
 naturalia, 3S4 
 
 Momi tetrici ingeniis fuis obfecundantes, 1 72 
 Momus feneftram requifivit, 236 
 
 Mw^f^zchymici operculum in fublime jac- 
 
 tum, 144 
 
 Monadica multa in natura, 154 
 
 Monarchla Romana inter mundanas, ut cre- 
 
 ditur, ultima, 248 
 
 Monarcbiae :ixhox , 245. Honor tiiumphi in 
 
 monarcbia non conceditur, 248 
 
 Af<7;z«/?.'Va vita mors civilis, 198. Nonvcre 
 
 contemplativa, ibid. 
 
 M(?wo(ra/(7duriusperdercunumoculum,quam 
 
 qui utrumque habet, 175 
 
 Montaneus, 233 
 
 Cur Mora corporis calidi auget calorcni, 
 
 Virtutes A/(?r^/^/, 118. Philofophia wcm- 
 lis, 206 
 
 In moralibus quae regnent, 209. Philofo- 
 phia moralis theologiae ancilia, 211 
 
 Morbo laboranti horae longiores videntur, 
 
 Morbo correpti, qui dolorem non fentiunt, 
 
 mente aegrotant, 206. in 'lUorhis perfa- 
 
 nandis tria confideranda, 206, 207 
 
 A/(>r^(?rKWcuratioquomodoinftituenda, 123, 
 
 124 
 
 iV/ijriJ/ infanabiles, 125. Dj iftis perperam 
 
 conclamatum efl, ibid. Tria obfervanda 
 
 in niorbis animi perfanandis, 206 
 
 Moribus innumeris qui fipit aptus crit, 227 
 
 Moriendi necefTitas omnibus impofua, 30 
 
 Mors lenis & placida, five euthanafia, 125 
 
 Mortificatio argenti vivi, 378 
 
 iVfor/M naturalis genera, 31. Lenis & pla- 
 
 cidae cxempla, 125. Apparatus advcrfus 
 
 mortem^\^{\m magistimcndamtfficit, 182. 
 
 Mors Tola reconciiiatinvidiam virtuti, 1 83i 
 
 Mortis formidinem medendo augent phi- 
 
 lofophi, 202. A/or/f non piectcndusnifi 
 
 qui novit, prius fe in vitam fuam peccafle, 
 
 252 
 
 Morum retentio difficilis aeque turbulenta 
 
 ac novitas, 189 
 
 Morum elegantia ne in afteclationem tram- 
 
 cat. 
 
 Ggg 
 
 216 
 Mcr'AS
 
 I N D 
 
 Moms Angliae Cancellarias, P^g. ii8 
 
 Mdfes primus leginator & Dei notanus, 47 
 -^ lex ejus ceremonialis, ibid. In mentis 
 feceffu moranis eft, 19S 
 
 M'oJ Romanorum alloquendi exercitum, 53. 
 Mom fervi temporis ludibria, 189 
 
 MotUum duo ^tntxz, .■.;;■:.-■•.; .105 
 
 Motus fimplex & cofnpafitus,'»/'/^. & feq-. 
 Terrae diurnus falfus, 103. Extra locum 
 ijapidus, in loco placidus, i2i/- :Vo1uh- 
 -.tarius quomodo difponendus, i^i.-fefeq. 
 >ejus caula & fons, 134, i?5-' ^"^«^ 
 :^ gravitatis, 149, 150, 151. Sympathiae, 
 »151. Motus coeleftium per circulos per- 
 fcftos, 154. Rotationis, 353, 354- Diur- 
 nus, 354. Miflilium, 356. yWomvulgares 
 differentiae contemnendae, 284, 285. 
 :>Mot.us inquifitio, 350. Rotationis cde- 
 leftium proprius, i^id. 
 
 Motus pilae Iclopeti, 364, 370. Motus 
 iucis&foni, 371. A/(?/z^«»; genera, t>»z. 
 , -Mc/a^antitypiae, 373, 383. Nexus, 373. 
 ' Libertatis, ibid. Mechanicus, 374. Mo- 
 ytus Hyles, ibid. Continuationis, 375. 
 X Motus ad lucrum feu indigentiae, ibid, 
 ■ Congregation is majoris, ibid. Congre- 
 gationis minoris, 376. Ejus diverfitas a 
 . motu indigentiae, & ligatur tribus modis, 
 {ibid. Torpore, fraeno, motu externo, //"/i. 
 <.-.Motus magneticus, 378. Motus fugae, 
 8iJ;W. Affimilationis, ibid. Excitationis, 
 t4l^ ■ ImprelTionis, 380. Configura- 
 j'tienis feu fitus, zi"/^. Pertranfitionis, 381. 
 Motus regius five politicus, ibid. Rota- 
 tionis fpontaneus, ibid. Recipitdifferen- 
 tias novem, 382. Trepidationis, ibid. 
 . Gravis inter nonnullos lis de his mctibus^ 
 'ibid. Decubitus five exhorrentiae, ibid. 
 Muiieres fub Alexandre Severo feliciter im- 
 perium gerunt, 32. In orgiis Bacchi, 90. 
 Infelix faftum iedulo diffimulant, 175. 
 Medicii didum, de mulieribus a medica- 
 ,mentis abhorrentibus, ibid. Earum mo- 
 •res,.-.-- 241 
 
 Multitudinis cum fortitudine impar congref- 
 . fiis, 243 
 
 Multitudo fcriptorum authenticorum in lege 
 noxia, _ 257 
 
 Munditia corporis a modeftia morum & re- 
 verentia erga Deum promanat, 130 
 
 Mundi exemplar in intelledu huniano, 309 
 Mu»dus imago Dei, homo mundi, habttus 
 ab ethnicis, 96. Eremus, 128. Mundi 
 ^omnia funt vanitas, 241 
 
 Mufarum I'edcs, iis iniUtuendis quae neceffa- 
 ria, - 60 
 
 Mitfae cupiditatum cornices & pediflequae, 
 ■ :: ■ 91 
 
 Mufcus inter putredinem & plantam, ^S'» 
 
 Mujca Indica, 136. Mcirtuae mufc'ae. Paor. 
 
 Mufua^ ■ i» ven tores; 471" •" 'Maftca ' five •harr 
 ■'monia duplex, 86. Sapientiaedivinae fe' 
 rationis'humanae, ibid. Regula muficjai- 
 a cadentia, "'■ '^'^r, 
 
 iWiij/fcar auribus divtrfis- fe accommodar, 
 
 Mufium, _ ■'"'''jm 
 
 Mutationes in ftatu orbis a tribus inventis a- ' 
 lim incognitis, 312 
 
 MutianUi vir fui temporis prudentiflimus, . 
 234. I mpofijit Antonio primo, amicQS 
 ejus ad dig'nitates evehehs, 231! '■ 
 
 Alyjteria fidei quomodo traftanda,' 96;,' Ad 
 animi humani anguftias nori conlb-ingen- 
 da, 264 
 
 Myfttri^rum explicatio, - ''^'"■'■^fl^. 
 
 Mytbologia poecarum, "" ' "50 
 
 N. " - 
 
 NAtiones finitimae baud fiibjugandaejS^, , 
 Ut ab inftantiis Philippi & Alexan- " 
 dri conftar, 88 
 
 Nativorum plebs ex tribus generibus, 246. 
 viz. Ex agricolis, famulis ingenuis ^ ar-. 
 tificibus, -ibid.' 
 
 Natura in triplici ftatu, 65, 66 
 
 — irritata fe clarius prodir, 6%. Natufd 
 cujufqiie rei minutis in portionibusopti'rhe 
 cernitur, 68. Citius?/fl/art2ffj fallas quarn 
 premas, 85. Natura divinae potemjae 
 & fiipientiae alterum praeconium, ihid. 
 
 Natura percutic intelleftum radio -dirciEto, 
 93. Qaae in natura eximie po!lenf,-'iiz^. 
 Natura fpeculum artis, 144. Natiirttpt-^ 
 dantius eft, 182. Natura rtrum coafxi- ^ 
 lenda, 197. Magnalia mtttrae extra Viis 
 tritas jacent, 147. Ad uaturam-ndinliQ- 
 rem inferiores aipirant, 201. Odir itri- 
 perium, psrfuafionem admittit, 2ro.'''N[i- 
 hil facit fruftra, iii, 239. Natufd pz-^ 
 rendo vincitur, 274. A'^/wr^^ combara-. 
 tur fortunae, 208. Nattira principialis,'" 
 quae reperitur, non caufatur a praete'-'' 
 
 «^^"^^' . . iUf 
 
 Naturae fubtilitas, 274. Anticipation'es, '• 
 
 276. Interpretationescedunt antlcipatir^ 
 
 onibus, itid. Naturarum ^\m^\\c\um nhti^ 
 
 -habemus veras notiones, 333, ■ Naturae 
 
 be corporis contemplatio, eJQsprornus& 
 
 condusj''-*''"'^ ■ .;-->.'' ^'"'^gp 
 
 Naturalis aftio, motu»; & progrefTro, eft ve- 
 
 natio, 85. Ex naturalium intuitu 'fides 
 
 & ejus myftcria non inquirenda, ^6. ■'Nh- 
 
 turalium principia examini fubjiritrhttiV,^ 
 
 - ■;" ..'-■'■ "• --i^^ 
 
 Naiuralia artificialibus praeponuntgr, 178. 
 Navales m&:(m^Q finem belli racitmt,"^2'iy'
 
 INDEX, 
 
 De Tiaufragii periculo einpfis, quaeftfo, 
 278. NaufragiumdoQ.v\nd.Cy Pag. 2C)0 
 PJavis invcncLim, c^j 
 
 ^avigationes praefenti tempore peruriiver- 
 fum orbcm, -jy, 288 
 
 }Jau:ac, corum relationes de aromatibus 
 conciufis, 325 
 
 Nnutic'Cj 42 
 
 Nautica acus, niim eadem via ad polos mun- 
 di fc applicat, qua coeleftia, 144 
 
 Netjpolitaiia cxpcdnio, 88, 115 
 
 Nehtichadnczzaris monarchia, 245 
 
 Kegotiandi prudcnlia, de ifta niilli confcri- 
 i buntur libri, 2 1 7. Inter defiderata tamen, 
 ibid. Et apud Romanes exercita, ibid, 
 De negotiis doftrina, 215, 216. Ejus 
 particio, 216. Nunquam ab aliquo trac- 
 tata pro rei momento, ibid. 
 
 Negotiorum divcrfus finis, 33 
 
 Neptitnusy 1 54 
 
 Neronis quinquennium Tub Seneca paedago- 
 go, 32. Neronis cithara, 201 
 
 Nerva princeps dod:us, 50, Apollonii fa- 
 miliaris, ibid. ClementifTimus, quique 
 orbi dedit Trajanum, 51 
 
 Nervus belli populus bellicofus, 243 
 
 Nicodemus, 265 
 
 Nitrum & glacies maxime refrigerant, 146 
 iV/.v, albedinis ejus caula, loS. Nix licet 
 formata ex liquidis, viz. acre & aqua, ta- 
 men confiftentiam induit, 340 
 Nobiks in ftadio refpeftant nimis, 180. 
 Ne Ncbilcs multiplicentur, 244. Eorum 
 famuli, ibid. Mancipia & operarii func 
 plebs, ibid. Multitude in regno com- 
 paratur fylvae caeduae, ibid. 
 Nobilitasy 179. Non contemnenda, 180. 
 jVb^///7<j/f»jintroducentes in familiam fere 
 digniores funt pofteris, 189. Nejufto 
 fit numerofior, 244. Nobilitas novorum 
 hominum, 308 
 NoEluae noftu cernunt, 136. Deduftio a 
 vifu noSiiiaCy 364 
 iVb/i-^ teipfum ex oraculo, 116, 233 
 Notae reriim duplices, abfque ope verbo- 
 rum, 159 
 Notiones religionis reges ab errore refrae- 
 nant, 50 
 Notimes verborum animae, 141. Verba 
 notioHum tcflerae, ibid. Generales quid 
 incommodi ferant, 153. Ex naturae lu- 
 mine noiiones habemus nonnullas, 263. 
 Notiones falfae hominum mentes oblidenr, 
 277. Ab impreffione fenfuum male ab- 
 ftrahuntur, 286. Notiones vAgic non bene 
 terminatae, 333 
 Notitia hominum quot modis elicienda, 
 
 230 
 Notitia aliorum, 233. Sui maxime necef- 
 faria, ibid. 
 
 Vot. I. 
 
 Novi homines ex gcnealogiis anficiM 
 cujiis tamiiiac nobilitatem aftruunt 
 
 Novus orbis fcienTiarum, 
 
 Novitatis aut varieratis amor, 
 
 Novitas naturae h'Jmanae grata. 
 
 Nubecula in gemma oculos ferit, 
 
 Nugae logicae, 
 
 Numerortim poteftas, 
 
 Nitmifmata rerum intelletftualium. 
 
 Quae conlenfu reeipiuntur, 
 Nummorum rationes, 
 Nutritio hominis. 
 
 ae ali-' 
 Pag.. 
 30ii 
 267 
 200 
 224 
 220 
 132 
 114. 
 
 ISP- 
 S'*. 
 232 
 
 121 
 
 o. 
 
 OBaerationis gradus, y^. Obaeratis & 
 indigentibus praefeifturae non com- 
 mittendae, 225 
 
 OiJ'/a//o«wfpontaneaequotidianafacrifici»,27 
 Obturalio valbrum, 3S4, 385 
 
 Occafio., inftarSibyllae.minufitoblatum, pre- 
 tium auget, 175, 189 
 
 Occafiones redeunt in orbem, 79 
 
 Occafiones aliquando provocandae magis 
 quam expedtandae, 237, 238. Idem fa- 
 tetur Demofthenes, 238. Quidam iisuti 
 norunt, caeterimachiniscomparandi, 239 
 Occultatio confiliorum in rebus perficiendis 
 neceffiiria, 88 
 
 Occultatio defeduum non minus neceflaria, 
 
 235 
 
 Occultae proprietates, 284 
 
 Oculi quorundam animalium in tenebris lu- 
 cent, 136 
 Ociilus videndo non fatiatur, 29 
 Odorifera cum foetidis mifccri recufant, 37^^ 
 OEconomica folatia, 219. 0-Economica con- 
 tinetur fub dodrina de republica, 242 
 Officia fpecialia & refpediva, 202, 203. 
 Sparfim tradata & a veteribus in corpus 
 intefz;rum non digefta, 203 
 De Officio regis liber, Jacobo Angliae rege 
 autore, 203. 0^«cr«;« corruptelae, 204 
 Officia comparata, 205. Minora, alimenta 
 focordiae fecundum Demofthencm, 231 
 Olei & unguentorum ufus, 129. Oka adu- 
 rentia, 319. Tadu frigida, poteftateca- 
 lida, ^2 
 Olympus mons frondofus, 109. Ejus ver- 
 tex quaiis, 320 
 Olympica ccrtamina, 130 
 Oneris nimium ingenium obtundit, 209 
 Opera quaeque maxima quomodo fuperan- 
 da, 59. Eorum inventa quomodo ve- 
 nerint in hominum notitiam, 1 1 1 
 Operarii inter vapores argent» vivi in ore le- 
 nent auri fruftum, 377 
 Operatio Eledrica, 376 
 Opiatorum Sc jiitratorum ufus, 129 
 Ggg 2 Opiatum
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 Opiatim aliquOd infigne quid pracftet, Peg. 
 
 Opiata fpiritus fuganr, 387. Vitam pio- 
 
 ducnnt, 3^^ 
 
 Opinaiores, 44 
 
 Opiniones populares, 167 
 
 Oppcrtunitas creanda, 216. Elapfa, 237 
 
 Orationes, 78 
 
 ■*— ad rerum notitiam & eloquentiam mul- 
 
 tum valent, 78, 79 
 
 MuTiUS Oraiionum verfatur in rebus lio- 
 
 neftis ornandis, 170. Ejus finis melior 
 
 quam principium, 220. Or^/w incercila 
 
 magis penetrat quam continuata, 222 
 
 Orator diligens praemeditatum habet quic- 
 
 quid in difceptationem venerit, 148. Ora- 
 
 toris & fophiftae differentia,- 153. Aaron 
 
 orator, 169. Perfeftus Ciceronis, 240. 
 
 Oratores ventis fimiles, 208 
 
 Orbis noftra aetate mirum in modum tene- 
 
 ftratus, y-]. Orbis novus fcientiarum, 
 
 267. Or^V flatus, quibus inventis im- 
 
 mutatus, 2 1 3 
 
 Ordo non eft ex fubfl-antia fcientiarum, 109. 
 
 Tantum ad illuftrationem pertinet, ibid. 
 
 Ordo rerum & tcmporis quid praeftet, 238, 
 
 & feq. Ufus & abufus ejus, ibid. 
 
 Ordinum & graduum confufio nocet rebus 
 
 civilibus, 76. Ordo memoriam juvar, 
 
 157. Orc//»/jabfentiaresamplificat, 178 
 
 Or Ak^j Angel orum, 46, & feq. 
 
 Orgamun novum, 147, 151, 152, Quae 
 
 ad iftud amandanda, 144 
 
 Organum fermonis defideratur, 159 
 
 Organi o\t\.\m, 319 
 
 Orpkei theatrum, 50, 90. Beftiae fuavitate 
 
 Ivrae captae feritatem deponunt, ibid. 
 
 Difcerptus narratur in orgiis Bacchi, 90. 
 
 Orpheus in fylvis, 171 
 
 Ortelii Chorographia, ' 168 
 
 Orthographia, de ea variae quaefliones, 162. 
 
 An fcriptio pronunciationi confona fit, 
 
 ibid. 
 Oforius Lufitanus, ftylus ejusj 39 
 
 OJfa mons, 109 
 
 OJientatio decens exiftimationem hominis 
 valde auger, 234. OJlentatione opus, 235 
 Ottomannorum mos, 2 85 
 
 Ovis induta pcUe leonina, 243 
 
 Ovorum exclulio, 365 
 
 Ovum vitreuni, ejus ufus, 2^c), 386 
 
 PAce emoiliuntur animi, 247 
 
 Paedagogi ludibria, 35. Paedagogica 
 quomodo inftituenda, 192 
 
 Palatum Ifraelitarum in defcrto, 138 
 
 P«//<z^;j fpeculum, 87, 88, 89 
 
 Palpebrarum niuS) no 
 
 P^w, ejusfobula, Si. Generatio, f7'zV. Ef- 
 figies, ibid. Ab antiqu'tate defcribitur,- 
 ibid. Potcftates & munera, Si, 82. Res- 
 geftae, ibid. Amores, ii>id. Filia, 
 Venatio Panis, Pi^o- 
 
 P/?Kf/^r^^-empiricorum, 
 
 PanicHs terror. 
 
 Pantomimic 
 
 Papilionum refufcitatio, 
 
 Papyri confcctio, 142, 
 baud probanda, ibid. 
 fo acre, minus alba, 
 
 Parabolas Solomon is, 48. 
 
 ibid.- 
 
 3»- 
 82 
 
 122 
 
 Ex pannis fericis 
 Madefafta, exclu-- 
 
 Earum ufus cir-- 
 ca facra adhibitus, 80. Levitate ta^men 
 quandoquecontaminatae, ibid. Antiquif- 
 fimae, 81 
 
 Paraoolae Hebraeis frequentes, 228. Ea- 
 rum fcribendi modus, 227, 228 
 Paracelfus, 107. Deliramentum ejus de 
 corpore humano, 121. Perllringitur,i34. 
 Intemperies ejus fcholae, 266. Ejus de- 
 lirium, 379. De rore folis opinio fabu- 
 lofi, _ 3S8 
 Paradiji defer! ptio, 46 
 Parallaxes aftronomorum, 371 
 Paraftti barbati, 37. Eorum defcriptio a 
 Luciano, ibid. 
 Paridis judicium primas amori dedit, /58 
 Parmenides, 107. Speculatio ejus, 109. 
 Ejus philofophia de coelo & terra, 283. 
 Scholam non aperuit, 287 
 Parmenio, rejeClum ejus confilium ab Alex- 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 290 
 
 119 
 
 Indi- 
 
 130 
 
 andro de fuffuranda vidtoria, 
 Parfmonia fera, 
 Partitw dodrinae humanae, 
 Partus temper i>, 
 
 Pajfwnes quoufque agant in corpus, 
 Patientiae fiicm^\um mirum, 117 
 
 gentiae & cruciatus. 
 Cum patria agendum utcum parentibus, 36 
 Patritius Venetus Platonicorum fumos fub- 
 
 limavit, 107- 
 
 Patritii & nobiles non multiplicandi, 244 
 Paulus foius inter Apoftolos literatus, 48. 
 
 Vide p. 265. 
 Pauper pauperem calumnians quaiis, 225 
 Pauper I as veneranda per aliquot apud Ro-- 
 
 manos faecula, 34, 35, Virtutis fortu- 
 
 na, ibid. Viator! armato fimilis, 219- 
 Peeuuia non fummo loco collocanda, 2:;ii. 
 
 Non eft nervus belli, ibid. Neque ner- 
 
 VU3 fortunae, ibid. 
 
 Pecunia nervus belli, quando nervus lacer- 
 
 torum in gente molli dceft, 243 
 
 Peditatus praecipuum robur exercitus, 244 
 Pegafus alatus ex fanguine Medufae, 87. Ex- 
 
 I'ufcitatio ejus famam denotat, 90 
 
 Pelicn mons, 10^ 
 
 Penelope, Sr- 
 
 Penetratie dimenfionum, 373, 374 
 
 Penja 
 
 3
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Penfa quanta quibufve ingeniis imponcndn, 
 
 Pag. 209, £5?f. 
 
 Pentbetis, go 
 
 Perceptio qiiomodo differt a fenfu, 135. E- 
 
 jus doftrina defideratur, ibid. 
 
 Percolatio, 390 
 
 Periander confultus de conferv^anda Tyran- 
 
 nide fummitates florum eminentiorum 
 
 carpebat, 159 
 
 Pericles, 2^3 
 
 Pericidum nor\cik.\tY&, fi leve videatur, 190 
 
 Perigaea, 103 
 
 Peritia fidicularia quorundam confiliario- 
 
 rum, 242 
 
 Perfcriptio ]\id\c\ovnm, 257 
 
 Perfarum magia pro fapientia fiiblimi, 112 
 
 Perfarum exercitus in campis Arbelae, 243. 
 
 Eorum difciplina, 246 
 
 Perfei fabula, 87. MifTus a Pallade ad ob- 
 
 triincandam Medufam, Hid. Quae dona 
 
 a diis accepit, 88 
 
 Perfonarum rcfpedus malus in judice, 225 
 
 Perfpeoiiva, 95. De ea nil bene inquifitum- 
 
 eft, 136 
 
 Perfpicilla minuta multiplicant, 146 
 
 — eorum a Galilaeo inventio nupera, 360 
 
 Pertinax, mortem ejus vindicavit Severus, 
 
 88 
 
 Perturbatio mentis unde oriatur, 30. Per- 
 
 turbationes torturae, 231 
 
 Perturbator familiae fuae poflidebit ventos, 
 
 220 
 Peruviana regio, 344 
 
 Pejlilens conftitutio aeris, 102 
 
 Perverfum aliquorum de arte judicium, 66 
 Phaenomena coeleftium, 69 
 
 PZ;^«?(7»?aza philofophiae, 282. Artis& na- 
 turae, 
 Phantcifia & ratio differunt, 
 
 tas ejus non exigua, 
 Pharmacay 
 
 Pharmacopolarum pyxides, 
 Pharnabazi diligcntia, 
 Philippi & Alexandri diverfae belligerandi 
 rationes, 88, ^c. In proelioCliaeronenrx 
 Pliilippus in difcrimen adduftus, ibid. 
 Philo,- 107 
 
 Philolaus, 107. Ejus dogmata, ibid. Vide 
 
 p. 287. 
 Philofophia & virtus bellica in eodem faecu- 
 lo, 31. Inanis decipit, 28. Quomodo 
 accipienda, 29. Cur in primis auchori- 
 bus viguerit, 42. Eft opificium ratio- 
 nis, 6^. Singulare remedium exliibet 
 contra errores, 49. Ejus delcriptio, 6^,. 
 Secundum fabulas antiquas inter defidera- 
 ta, 81. Ejus triplex objeftum & triplex 
 radius, 93, Ejus divilio in fodinam & 
 fcrnacem, ^y. In fpeculativam & ope- 
 rativam, ibid. 
 
 m- 
 
 304 
 
 Autori- 
 
 138 
 
 126 
 
 35 
 
 Philofophia naturalls mediclnaeinfe'rviensdei 
 lidcratur, 127, 128. Philofophia circa 
 an imam, 131. Ejus abuilis, 199. viz. 
 Verfa eft in profcflbrium genus viiae, 199, 
 
 Pag. 287 
 
 Philofophia moralis theologiae ancilians,2 1 /. 
 Quae in philofophiam moralem nunquani 
 incorporata fuerunt, 208. Philofophiam 
 in theologia quaerere, eft mortuos quae- 
 rere inter vivos, 266. Philofophiae &c Ici- 
 entiarum difcrimen, 2S0. Philofophia tm- 
 piricorum monftrofa & deformis, 283. 
 Sophiftica&fuperftitiofa, z/^/ii. Ariftotelis 
 & Anaxagorae, ibid. Et chymicorum^ 
 ibid. Philofophiam quid corrumpit, ibid. 
 Philofophia vulgaris de generatiofiC, cor- 
 ruptione, ^c. nu'lius pretii, 284. Va- 
 ria figna, 288. Philofophia ex frudibus 
 judicanda, ibid. Philofophiae Ariftotelis 
 & Platonis tanquam tabulae ex materia 
 leviore fervatae funt, 290. Philofophia 
 naturalisfuperftitionismedicina,297.Cum 
 poteftatem Dei manifeftet, ibid. Cor- 
 rumpitur per logicam Ariftotelis, theo- 
 logiam Platonis & mathematicam Procli, 
 
 300 
 
 Philofophorum placita, 107. Antiquorum 
 dogmatum opus defideratur, ibid. Quo- 
 rundam veterum teneritudoad morigeran- 
 dum, 200. Antiquifllmi nimis facile a re- 
 bus civilibus fe fubduxerunt, ibid. Philo- 
 fophi mortis formidinem medendoaugent, 
 202. Eorum genera, .282 
 
 Philoflratus, 107 
 
 Phocae, 95 
 
 Phocion errat, ^2' Notatur pervicaciac, 35. 
 Cum populus ei plauderet, quaefivit, 
 num forte deliqui, 171. Ejus didum re- 
 petitum de plaufu populi, 290 
 
 Phlebotomia civilis, 184 
 
 Phormionis difputationes de bellis, 203. Ab 
 Hannibalc rejedae & pro fomniis aefti- 
 matae, ibid. 
 
 P%?iv? ametaphyficadiftinguitur, (^(^. Par- 
 titio ejus in dodrinas tres, 99, 100. Inter 
 hiftoriam naturalcm & meraphyficam, 
 100, Phyficae de abftradtis adumbratio, 
 105. Producit mechanicam, m 
 
 Phyficae fparlae divifio in concretam & ab- 
 llradam, 99, 100. Concreta, 100. Ab- 
 ftra6ta dividitur in doftrinam de fcheina- 
 tifmis materiae, &de motibus, 105. Me- 
 chanica, 1 1 1 
 
 Phyfwgnomia, 118. Qu id in ea dcfid c ret ur, 
 ibid. Animi inclinationes & voluntatis 
 figna oftendit, 
 
 Pictoria idem facit quod potifis, 65 
 nia imitatur ac defcribif, 
 
 PiHoria ars. 
 
 119 
 Om- 
 
 122 
 131 
 
 Pleurae
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pleurae &c imagines comparantur hiftoriae 
 
 civili, Pt!g. 7 1 
 
 Picus de TeiieriiF, cacumen ejus nive de- 
 
 ftitiitiim, 319, 320 
 
 Pigmenlorum confuetiido damnanda, 1 30 
 
 Pigritia in fine laboriofa, 224 
 
 Pilcfitas ex humiditatum orificiis, 1 10 
 
 P;«iidn« laudat Hieronem, 117. De for- 
 
 tuna I'ubita & indulgente, animum ener- 
 
 vante, 208. Dicit non difta, interdum 
 
 magis afficere quam didla, 214. In fen- 
 
 tcntiola inopinata ejus laus, ibid. 
 
 Pinus picea niagis in rcgionibusfrigidisquam 
 
 calidis, 32 1 
 
 Pifces, qui loco non moventur, 95. Volan- 
 
 ces, ibid. Quadrupedes, ibid. Per inte- 
 
 riora minus calidi ex vulgari opinione, 
 
 327, Pifces volantes inter aves & pifces., 
 
 34-6 
 Pius ^^iinlus, qualis ad papatum afcendit, 
 
 PlaJitae tenerac. 
 
 193 
 
 Platonis dogma aflerens fcientiam eflc; remi- 
 
 27 
 
 niicentiam, 
 
 Piato corruptiores videns civium mores a 
 publico abftinuit munere, o,^. Platonis 
 clogium de praeceptore fuo Socrate, o,']. 
 Immifcuit philofophiae theologiam, 44. 
 Vide p. 107. Hippiam fophiftani cum So- 
 crate dilputantem pulchre introducit, 6y. 
 Ex rupe excelfa omnia circumfpiciebat, 
 I08. Omnia per fcalam ad unitatem af- 
 cendere ftatuit, 109. Caufas finales per- 
 peram introducit, 110. Neque prorfus 
 contemnendus neque cupide recipiendus 
 in collocatione facultatum, 120. Ubi 
 meduliam philofophiae figit, 139, In- 
 duit perfonam Socratis, 153. Etymolo- 
 giam nominum non contcmpfit, 160. 
 Rhetoricam inter voluptarias perperam 
 coilocavit, 170. Coquinariae fimilem 
 dicens, ibid. Ejusdidlum de virtute, ibid. 
 Subtilior ejus fuperftitio, 284. Schola 
 ejus quomodo acaralepfiam introduxit, 
 285. Ejus peregrinatio non longinqua 
 fed ibburbana, 288. Ejus acatalepfia & 
 philofophia, 289, 290, 300. Induftionis 
 tormam tentavit, fed non perfecit, 302 
 Platonicum commentum aflerens lucem ma- 
 teria antiquiorcm, 136 
 Plautus, mirum ejus de fene benefice, 108 
 Pkbs vilis & rgnava ubi, 244 
 Piebs naiivorum tribus generibus conftat, 
 
 246 
 Pliniusy Cardanus, Albertus multa fabulofa 
 fcripferunt, 42. Hiiloriae naturalis op- 
 timus author Plinius, 66. Licet cam 
 quandoque indignis modis tradtavit, ibid. 
 Quae, iplojudice, in cam fiuit recipien- 
 
 • da. 
 
 307 
 
 Plinius fecundus ftylo gaudet moderatIori« 
 
 40. Laudatur, u8. Trajaniim coram 
 
 laudavit, 204. Et eum exemplar propo- 
 
 nit virtutis divinae, Pag. 212 
 
 Plumngo, ^2.6 
 
 Plutarchus., 39. De placitis philofbphorum, 
 
 107. De Timoleonte, 178 
 
 Phitonis galea Perfco concefTa, 87, S8, 89 
 
 Pluviae, 322 
 
 Poenales leges ne extendantur, 250 
 
 Pc'^fts refertur ad phantafiam, 64, 79, i;;S. 
 
 Ex tribus conftat partibus, 79. V'erbis 
 
 plerunque adftrid:a,rebus foluta, ibid. Du- 
 
 plici fenfu fumitur, ibid. Ell hiftoria ad 
 
 placitum confifta, ibid. 
 
 — Narrativa five heroica, 80. Dramatica 
 apud antiques, animos hominum ad vir- 
 tutem inftituebar, ibid. Parabolica tan- 
 quam res flicra & augufta videtur, ibid. 
 Humanae naturae largitur quae hiftoria 
 denegat, ibid. Divinitatis eft particeps, 
 ibid. Dodrinae tanquam fomnium, 95 
 
 — faeculis etiam rudibus & apud nationes 
 barbaras honori fuit, ibid. Ingenii e(t 
 lufus, 138. Quadniplex ejus divifio, 207. 
 Dicinir vinum daemonum, 210 
 
 Pcetae ethnici virtutes morales ftomachan- 
 tur, 263 
 
 Pcetae cygni, 74. IHorum mores info'en- 
 tes, 236 
 
 Politici^ quibus opprobriis literas afpergunt, 
 30. Literatos pedaneorum nomine ele- 
 vant, 32. Eorum commenta reprehen- 
 denda, ibid. Literas contumelJis incef. 
 funt, 34. Omnia ad le rcterunt politico- 
 rum turba, ^6. Magis pervias obliquas 
 quam dire(5basincedunr,85, Abeventude- 
 decus vel honorem TL-nortant, 121, 122. 
 Pc/;//V^ immerfa & compofiti, 167. Res 
 eft difficilis vere fcliticus & moralis fieri, 
 229. Politicoruvi arte?; pravae, 240 
 
 Politicus ne fit uni rei unice intentus, 239 
 Politica quomodo traftatur a Machiaveilo, 
 228. Politicus motus, 381 
 
 Poloni., 244 
 
 Polus fophifta, 287 
 
 Polychreftorum c'Xf;Ao^%, 113. Inter defi- 
 derata, 268 
 
 Polyphemi ftatua, eruto oculo, 69 
 
 Polypragmofyne res temeraria, 232 
 
 Pcmpeius Magnus, mcmorabile ejus dicturn 
 de vitandis periculis, 198. Prudentiaejus 
 in Scrtorii chart is comburendis, 219. 
 occiiltior non melior Caefare, ex mente 
 Taciti, 236. Ambitionem alte condidit, 
 ibid. Con fill iblus fadlus, ibid. Euit ore 
 probo, animo inverecundo, ut ait Sallufti- 
 us, 236. Propter imitationem in errorem 
 incidit, 234. Et propter morum diffi- 
 militudinem non poiuic praeftare quod 
 
 Sylla,
 
 I N D E X, 
 
 iSylla, 234. P<?»i/>^f; confilium Themif- 
 
 ,tocleurn, -vi'..'.^ ul/is.. Pag.i^y 
 Popular es quare reglbus fhvifi, 224 
 
 Populares Q'piniont%t 167. Cohrs popu/um 
 
 cftcoli, 186 
 
 Populus mari fimllis, oratores vends, 208 
 Pop'dus bellicofus firmat regnum, 243. Po- 
 
 j>Hbis triburis oppreffus nuncjuam fortis, 
 
 ^244, Bellicoforiim catalogus, 246. Er- 
 
 roruni magifter Populus, 251 
 
 Peros habent folidiffima corpora, 386 
 
 Pc>r/e^ geminae fomni, 212 
 
 Poffibtlia quae dicantur, 64 
 
 Pojftdonius eloqiientia claruir; 117 
 
 Peftulatum machematicum, 344 
 
 Pot'entiae in patria fua cupidi, notati, 312 
 Pftores ^.^yi■^t & vini, 309 
 
 Pitas aciditas quomodo emendetur, 144 
 PraSlica ab ethicis omiflli, maxima ex parte, 
 
 196 
 Praeambulum legis, 256 
 
 Qaibus Praedia vicina aut conjunfta, reditus 
 
 mojores videntur, 179 
 
 Praedicamenlorum ufus, in reprimendis defi- 
 
 nitionum confufioiiibus, .0 n;/. - 153 
 Praedi£iiones & ekftiones quatenus retinen- 
 
 dae, 103 
 
 Praefe£iurae iion committendae obaeratis, 
 
 .225 
 Pratjudicium informationis primae vix po- 
 
 tell elui; 223 
 
 Praelatiomm quarundam ftultiffimarum ex- 
 
 empla, 58 
 
 PraekSionum dtlc&us inftituendiis, 60, 61 
 PraekSliones de jure, ne fine ad controverfias 
 
 exatandas fed fedandas, 259 
 
 Praeludia muficorum, 260 
 
 Praemiorum & poenarum ufus in civilibiis, 
 
 209 
 Praenotio memoriae artifieialis pars prima, 
 
 Praerogativae humani generis, 1 1 7 
 
 P^aetextus legis malitiofusj 248 
 
 P rae lor is zVoum, 2^3 
 
 Pragmatica fandio qiiando promulgata, 245 
 
 Priami fortuna, i8i 
 
 Precipes pupillares aduitis longe praeftitere, 
 
 'i\'A} 'V. 32 
 
 Principibus fub eruditis faecula maxime fue- 
 
 ,.runr Felicia, 50 
 
 Prhicipum ambitioforum feneftus fere trilti- 
 
 .oxi _ 57 
 
 Princfips mendaciis credens,. 221. Sufiirro- 
 
 nilnis Sc fycophiancis ne credar, ibid. Prin- 
 
 f//>^icredulipeflimi, ibid.. Principis kum 
 
 .incurrens, quomodo fe gerat, 222, 22-^, 
 
 ,Viris obaeratis praefcfturas n© commit- 
 
 .tant, 225, Pn«cz/)fj ex ingeniis, privati 
 
 .ex finibus judicancur, 232. Principa^ 
 
 nili raro,. vix mediocriter dodi, 29 K 
 
 Prindpiurn rerum unicum, 82. Principiis 
 
 oblta, : ^mOD ;j«:i,yt«r! jPr?^. ? ^61 
 
 Privati non ingenio, fed finejudicandi, 232 
 Privatio, de ea fophifma, /^;^"' T .•l^ 172 
 Probatio per incommodum, 152, Qnac- 
 nam nuter errorum & calamitas fcienti;t- ' 
 rum, 28^1 
 
 Probkmala & placica, 106, 107. Arirto-^ 
 telis commendantur, - '107^ 
 
 Procejjus fpirirus in coi'pore tahgibili, 361 
 Produs e fecunda fchola Platonis, 44.. Ma- 
 thematicae dedicus, ibid. Arithmeticini 
 . myfticam inflauravit, 114 
 
 Prodi philofophia corrupta, 300 
 
 Prodigos naufragia fortunarum psrdunt, 219 
 Proditiones bellorum forores, Scj''- 
 
 Proelia navalia, quanti momenti, 247 
 
 ProfeJJionum laboriofarum catalogus, 239 
 Prologi legum difputantes liaud probandi, 
 
 25^ 
 Prolongatio virae unde petenda, 1 13~" 
 
 Pro/o«^^//i9 vitae defideratur, 128. Eft res 
 laboriofa, ibid. Quomodo inftituenda, L 
 ibid. Unde expedtctur, .129- 
 
 Prometheus quomodo fraudem Jovi fecit, 
 
 100, loi. Et iterum, 139, 1461 
 
 Promptitudo & expeditus lifus cognicionis, 
 
 148 
 
 Promt condi, 20a 
 
 Pronundatio, i6i, 162. In fine periodi, 
 
 vocem fubmictere, in interrogatione vo-- 
 
 cem elevare, folenne, 162 
 
 Pronuruiationis efficaciam temperat aftid. 
 
 Prophet iae hiftoria, 77, y% 
 
 — Danielis, 299. Earum adimpletio, 78 
 Propofnionum limitationes, 168 
 
 Proprietates occultae, 284 
 
 Proferpina Bacchum nutrit^ 90 
 
 Profodia non ad carminum genera & mcn- 
 
 furas reftringenda, ^ 261 
 
 Profcriptiones medicorum exagitatae, 125. 
 
 Syllae profcriplionibus atrociores, ibid. 
 Prc/flo-<?nw eloquentiffimus, 117. Scphifta, 
 
 ic,^. Nihil tam verebaturrjuam ne d^ 
 
 , ce aliqua dubitare videretur,. jS^ 
 
 Proteus quomodo traftandus, 68. Material, 
 
 147. Fortunae, .:■ ~r-': ^.'.id.^.inliiigf^ 
 Providentiae five ncmefeos hiftoria, yy 
 
 Prcsidentiae aecerna & divinaj^udicia, corili' • 
 
 deranda, ,fr.;j-:;v..;!:. 241 
 
 Pr(?w//^?/a in bello Perfei, 88 
 
 Pr^vccatio ad pollcrosde-cooaribusauthoris, - 
 ,i/.f'ao-> ?tKJj«nr?ij <;ud!ii c'.::-.:- .. • 261'^- 
 Prudi'tis non rdoneas, in legatione obeunda, 
 
 '■•' ■• '■■'■• . ■ ■■ ' -231 
 
 Pmdcntss puievident e:iitium qucxl vifcuti- 
 
 .bu5 imminet^ ^■2 7'."'Advcrtunt ad gftf- 
 
 •iLiS hios, ftuki diverluntdd dofo?, «a^b. 
 
 Prudmthtm mens Ipt-ciilis & aquis llwiili<;.
 
 INDEX, 
 
 alios mtuetur, 227. Error eorum facilis^ 
 
 ut ex proprio ingenio alios metiantur, 
 
 P.7^. 232 
 Prudetitiae civilis pars maxima, 119. Pru- 
 
 dentia traditiva five methodus, 165. 
 
 Prudentia fcrpentina, 204 
 
 Prudentiae duae fpecies, vera & falfa, quae 
 
 etiam degener, _ _ 226 
 
 Prudentiae, nummorum, fidei, rationes mi- 
 
 nores, quam quis piitaret, _ 232 
 
 Prudentia inquinata, 240. Impertiendi con- 
 
 filii aliis & rebus luis profpiciendi, 228. 
 
 Prudentia privati lermonis defideratur, 
 
 171 
 Pfalmi invitant ad contemplationem ope- 
 
 rum Dei, 49 
 
 Pftttaci XxXfty _ 140 
 
 Ptokmaeus, principia ejus afl.Tonomica, 107 
 Pueri placentis allicicndi, viri perjuriis ex 
 
 mente Lylandri, 240 
 
 Ptierites anni quomodo inftituendi, 193 
 Pugna ad Adtium orbis imperium dijudi- 
 
 cavit, 247. Ad infulas Curlblares quid 
 
 praeftitit, ibid. 
 
 Pulchritude, _ 180 
 
 Pulmo marinus, 136. Ita vocitatus ab Hif- 
 
 panis, 321 
 
 Pulveris pyrii inquifitio,- 357 
 
 Putredo peftilentior eft ante, quam poft ma- 
 
 turiratem, _ 47 
 
 PutrefaSiio in fe habet rudimenta caloris, 
 
 326. Eft generatio formae novae, ubi 
 
 de ifta varia, 377 
 
 Putei Jacobi, _ 265 
 
 Pygmaleonis infainia, 39 
 
 Pyrrho, 2S5 
 
 Pythagorae teflerae, 80. Citatus, 107. Na- 
 
 turam rerum ex numeris conftitui aflerit, 
 114. Refponllim ejus Hieroni, 198. 
 
 Craftii ejus fuperftitio, 284, 287. Non 
 
 longinqua flme ejus peregrinado, 287, 
 
 288 
 Pythagorei ab efu animalium abftinebant, 
 
 222 
 
 Pyxides antiquorum pharmacopolarum qua- 
 
 ks, 37 
 
 OUalitates primae, 284 
 
 ^antitas eft fubjedum mathemati- 
 cae, 114. Idcoque inter formas eflenti- 
 ales nunieranda, ibid, 
 
 ^anti inftantiae, five dofes naturae, 372 
 ^antiim cofmicum, ibid. Acris quantum 
 non minuitur, ^'^^^ i^c. 
 
 ^uies, 350. ^iies nulla vera, 383 
 
 ^id iplbm caloris fit motus, 334 
 
 i:^intej[entia, 113 
 
 ^is philofophiae debeat eflTe finis, 45 
 
 R. 
 
 RAhbini, unde colligunt juventutem ae-» 
 tatem effe digniorem fenio, 35. In 
 eruenda naturali & morali Tenfu cenrmoni- 
 arum Mofaicarum operam non male col-> 
 locarunt, Pag. 47 
 
 Rabbini & Cabaliftae notantur, 266 
 
 Radicum & ramorum conformitas, 343 
 Radices potius quam fiirculi in aliud fohim 
 transferantur, -^6^ 
 
 Radii Iblis quomodo congregantur & diffili- 
 unt, 145 
 
 Radii lunares, 320. Solares, ibid. Eorum 
 reflexio, ibid. 
 
 — per fpecula comburunr, 143, 34^ 
 Radix omnium malorum in fcientiis, 274 
 Ragioni di ftato, pefllme audit, 32 
 Rami methodi, quae probentur, quae rejici- 
 
 antur, 168 
 
 De Ranis AEfopi fabula, 174 
 
 Raritatis elementorum proportio decupla, 
 
 278 
 Ratio hum-ana qualis, 3. Tribus modis per- 
 
 turbatur, 169 
 
 i?«//o fermonis anima, 158. Quomodo & 
 
 quantum diftat ab afFeftibus, 170 
 
 Ratio '^nxta. ac verbum Dei non audienda. 
 
 Ratio inveniendi fcientias, 282 
 
 — circa ufum rationis & difputationis me- 
 diocritas aurea, 264. Humanae in divi- 
 nisufus, item excelTus, duplex, 264. Ra- 
 tionis humanae redargutio fibi permiflTae, 
 
 Reconciliandi amicos via duplex, 225 
 
 Rectum & fui index eft & obliqui, 152 
 
 Re^forum confultatio & vifitatio requiritur 
 
 ad literarum incrementum, 62 
 
 Redu^io doftrinarum in methodos prava, 44 
 
 Redu£iio per medios terminos duplex, 152 
 
 Referendarius j udex, 257 
 
 Reflexionum organa cum fenfiium organis 
 
 conveniunt, 95 
 
 RefraSiio radiorom lucis, 338 
 
 In reges orientis oculos defigere nefas, 37, 
 
 Corda eorum curiofius rimari hand decet, 
 
 ibid. Sub eruditis regibus f.iecula maxime 
 
 felicia, 50. Suos habent errores, ibid. No- 
 
 tiones religionis eos ab erroribus refrae- 
 
 nant, ibid. Regis titulus minus illuftris 
 
 quam Caefaris, 54. Debent profpicere 
 
 exercitiis fcholafticis, 62. Reges inftar 
 
 aftrorum, 181. Dei vices gerunr, ibid. 
 
 Requiem habent nullam, 182. Eorum 
 
 ingenia ex mente Saliuftii, 208. Prae 
 
 omnibus grata iis celeritas in negotiis ob- 
 
 eundis, 224 
 
 Regiae voluntates mobiles, 208 
 
 Regimen
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Regimen bonum & tempora mala, Pag.zi^ 
 
 ^egifira duplicis naturae, 72. Continent 
 
 tirulos rerum & perfonarum ferit; tem- 
 
 poris, ibid. Aftorumquc folemnitates, /^/^. 
 
 Regna & refpublicae ad quam formam exi- 
 
 genda, 248 
 
 Regnorum magnitudo qiiibus artibus obti- 
 
 nenda, 243, ^c. Nempe gente belli- 
 
 cofa, 243, 244. Quae non graveturtri- 
 
 butis, 244. In qua nobiles & generofi 
 
 non nimium multiplicentur, ibid. Nu- 
 
 mero indigenarum, ibid. Agricolis, fa- 
 
 mulis ingenuis, & artificibus, non mecha- 
 
 nicis fedentariis, 246. Armorum ftudio, 
 
 ibid. Juftis caufis armacapelTendi, ibid. 
 
 Exercitu veterano feu milite perpetuo, 
 
 ibid. Maris dominio, 247. Praemiisnon 
 
 folum emeritis & mutilatis, ibid. 
 
 Regnum quid firmer, 243, 244 
 
 Regnum Dei non venit cum oblervatione, 
 
 fed fine ftrepitii, 299 
 
 Regnum Dei prime quaerendum, 241. Coe- 
 
 lorumquaregranofinapiscomparatur,242 
 
 Regidae juris, 257, 258. De iis traftatus 
 
 optimis jurifconfultis credendus, 258 
 
 i?f/iT/z«zfj aftionum fpeciales, 73, Puriore 
 
 & magis fincero veritatis candore vefti- 
 
 endae, ibid. Maxime tamen fufpeftae 
 
 cum partium ftudio terc utrinque edan- 
 
 tiir, ibid. Vide p. 75. 
 
 Rcligio quomodo aditum ad animum quae- 
 
 rit, 138 
 
 Reliquiae fiin^loriim & coeli, 205 
 
 Remuncratio literates fovct, 61 
 
 Reprehenftonis pericula & difficultas, 219. 
 
 Reprehenfio de ftatu civili baud feliciter 
 
 adminiftnito, 299 
 
 Renum morbis quid conveniat, 124 
 
 Rerum publicarum columen praemia & poe- 
 
 nae, ■ 209 
 
 Rejipifccntiae ferae exempla, 237 
 
 RefpeSlus perfonarum damnatur in judice, 
 
 225 
 Refponfa prudentum, 259. Ubi de refpon- 
 
 fis & confultis. 
 
 7?(?//)(?K/f(j mollis frangit iram, 219 
 
 Refpublicae feliciter adminiftrantur a viris e- 
 
 ruditis, 32. /'lW /jk^/zV^^ tardius moven- 
 
 tur, 215. Dei2f/)a^/zVfladminiftranda,242 
 
 Retinendi feu cuftodiendi ars, 156 
 
 Retrofpe£lio legum, 253 
 
 /Jfyfrfi»//^ fui, fraenum vitiorum, 184, An- 
 
 tiquitatis, 293 
 
 Revolutiones majores ftellarum, 10 1. Ea- 
 
 rum regulae, 104 
 
 Re.v eruditus miraculum, 28 
 
 Rbabarbarum, 372 
 
 Rhetores antiqui, 148 
 
 Rbe t orica jiX\vomh\x% haud fufcipienda, 62. 
 
 Sapientia inferior, 169. Finis & offici- 
 
 VOL.I. 
 
 um ejus, ibid. Virtutem reddit confpi- 
 cuam, Pag. 170 
 
 Rhetorica {vide etiam eloquentia, oratoria) 
 inter dialefticam & politicam ab Arifto- 
 tele prudcnter collocata, 170. Subvertit 
 phantafiam, ibid. Virtutem & bonum 
 depiugit, ibid. Illam Plato male inter vo- 
 luptarias collocavit, ibid. Ejus appen- 
 dices five defiderata, 171. Rk>etorica fo- 
 phifinata ab Ariftotele colleda, ibid. In 
 tribus claudicant, ibid. 
 
 Rigor legum caute mirigandus, 253 
 
 Robiir l(:ientiarum quomodo confiftar, 40 
 Romae ftatus feliciflimus, 50 
 
 Romana refpublica cives profufe recipit, 245 
 Romani ad imperii faftigium, donee ad arti- 
 um culmen, non pervenerunt, 34. Re- 
 bus gerendis magis idonei quam Graeci, 
 160. Romani imperii incrcmcntum tri- 
 buitur prudentiae regum, 193. Romani 
 ovibus fimiles, ex mente Catonis cenforis, 
 215. Romani non fe dilFuderunt fuper 
 univerfum, fed orbis fuper Romanes, 245. 
 Prompt! ad auxilia mittenda fociis, 246. 
 Celebres triumphi & ingentes militibus 
 largitiones, bello feliciter gefto, 247, 248. 
 Apud eos mos triumphandi, 248. Con- 
 tinebat gloriam ducum, aerarii locuple- 
 tationem, & donativa militum, ibid. Ro- 
 mana monarchia inter mundanas, uc credi- 
 tur, ultima, ibid. 
 
 Romulus civibus fuis legavit rem militarem, 
 
 246 
 Rofae ferotinae quomodo comparandae, 146 
 Rot alio fpontanea, 316 
 
 Rubigo metallorum ab emiffionc fpirituum, 
 
 Rubricae fanguinis ne funto, 252 
 
 Rumor comparatur ventis, 220 
 
 Ruricolae magis fecundum naturam vivunc 
 
 quam urbani, 85 
 
 S. 
 
 SLiterae poteftas, 345 
 
 Saburra Icgis, 258 
 
 Saccharum inter frangendum lucet, 136,321 
 — aquam aut vinum attrahit in furfum, 
 
 375 
 Sacerdos AEgyptius acriter perftrlnxit Grae- 
 cos in perfona Solonis, 47 
 
 Sacerdotium regni rivale, 5J 
 
 Sagittae ligneae fine cufpide ferrea altius pe- 
 netrant lignum, 340. Iterum altius pe- 
 netrant quam fi ferro armatac, ijS 
 Sagittatio pulmonibus convenit, 124 
 Sal in coquinaria carncs condit, 145. Quid 
 in conglaciationibus artificialibusefnciat, 
 ibid. Quid in condenliitionc metallorum, 
 
 ibid. 
 H h h Saliva
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salh'a hominis quomodo agit in argentum 
 vivum, . ^^g- 37^ 
 
 Salluftius de principum ingeniis, 208 
 
 Salvatoris noftri in terram adventus, 4S. 
 Potentiam oftendit primam in profligan- 
 da ignorantia, ibid. Duos nobis libros 
 proponit evolvendos, 49. Ejus refponia 
 baud pauca, qualia, 266 
 
 Samuel JeflTai filios videns, 140 
 
 Sanitas quomodo tuenda, 123 
 
 Sapiens fi cum ftulto contendit, non inve- 
 niet requiem, 218. Sapientes avertunt 
 calamitatem,2i9. Eorumerroribusquam- 
 vis leviflimis baud facile ignofcitur, 220, 
 Sapientior quam oportet, 226. Sapiens 
 dominabitur aftris, 229. Fingit forninam 
 fibi, _ i^^<i' 
 
 Sapientia Graecorum pueritia quaedam, 7, 
 47, Sapientiae donum ex petitione So- 
 lomonis, 48. Super omnia praevalet, 60. 
 Sapientia mirabilis Graecorum, 214 
 
 Sapientia habitualis a natante in cerebrodi- 
 ftinfta, 226 
 
 Saraceni, 4^ 
 
 Sarah, rationis imago naturalis, 263 
 
 Satellites Jovis, ^^o 
 
 Saxoniae dux, Johannes, mortem appropin- 
 quantem fubrifit, 1 1 8 
 
 Scapha fub aquis, _ 385 
 
 Scenae in vitam transferendae deformitas,2 1 6 
 Sceleratos ulcifcentur mores fui, 241 
 
 Sceptici philofophi cum academicis fcientiae 
 cerutudinem fuftulerunt, 45, 121, 141 
 Schaccorum ludus, 264 
 
 Schematifinus materiae, 105 
 
 Schematifmus, 2'j(), 291. Latens in corpo- 
 ribus, 316. Ejus anatomia, 316. Sche- 
 matifmorum differentia primaria fumitur 
 ex copia vel paucitate materiae, 362. 
 Schema tifmi fimplices, 390 
 
 Schola Paracelfi, cultores immodici magiae 
 naturalis, 134 
 
 Schola Democriti, 279, 280. Et Leucippi 
 commendantur, 280. Zenonis, Socratis, 
 Epicuri, Pyrrhonis, &Herilli, 198, 199 
 Scholarum publicarum neceflitas, 60. Com- 
 moda earum plurima, 192 
 
 Scholafticorum ftylus tempore Lutheri, 39. 
 Doftrina eorum defpedlui habita, 39, 41. 
 Subtilitates & inanes quaeftiunculae atque 
 akercationes quantum literis noceant, 40. 
 OperofifTmias conficiunt telas, ibid. Com- 
 parantur Scyllae, 41. Ariftotelis philo- 
 ibphiam religioni immifcuerunt, 297, 
 Subtilitatibus immenfum indulferunt, 308 
 Scientia quid, 274 
 
 rSn>»/zflrK»2 inftauratio unde petenda, 3. Ea- 
 rum flatus, 7. Celebrantur, non promo- 
 ventur, 8. Diftatura quaedam mfcien- 
 ttis, ibid. In flare dicitur, tamen non in- 
 flat, 28,29. Sine charitate baud magni 
 
 pretii, 29. Per fc jucunda, 30, Lumert 
 ficcum, Pag, 30 • 
 
 Scientia nihil zViud quam Reminifcentia, ex 
 mente Platonis, 27. Ejus exccllentia & 
 opprobria ex quorundam placitis, 28. 
 QualisLapfum peperit, appetitus nimius, 
 29. Nullum effe periculum a quantitate 
 fed a qu^\ita.te fcientiae umum, ibid. Sci- 
 entiae limites, 29, 30. Scientiae Tub in- 
 itiis viguerunt, at non artes, 42. Ejus 
 dignitas in attributis & adis Dei, 46. 
 5«>H//(Zf non fatietas, 57. Aquarumfi- 
 milis, viz. coelitus dekcndens, vel ema- 
 nans e terra, (^2- Scientiae inftar pyra- 
 midum, 109. Ejus officium abbreviare 
 longa itinera, ibid. Scientia noftri ex ora- 
 culo, 116. Eft Bms fcientiarum, 117. 
 Scientia pabulum animi, 138. Scientiae 
 hauriuntur ex Unguis eruditis, 160. 5f/- 
 fK//^ tanquam tela pertcxenda, 165. In 
 y?/V«///V tradendis mcthodus, 167. Scien- 
 tiarum architeftura eft methodus, 168. 
 Earum longitudo & latitudo, ibid. Non 
 eft_/??V«//fl^ latietas, 1S5. Scientiae civi- 
 lis fubjeftum, 215. Poftulat tantum bo- 
 nitatem externam, ibid. Tres habet par- 
 tes, ibid. De converlatione a nonnullis 
 eleganter traftata, 216. Scientiae civilis 
 defiderata, 242. Scientiarum calamitas, 
 286. 5«>K//fl^ fuis haerent vcftigiis, 289, 
 Cur parum promoverint, 290, 291, 6ff. 
 Scientiarum impedimenta, 293 — 298. 
 Scientia eflTentiae imago, 307, Scientiae 
 ab ipfis fundamentis excicandae, 314. 
 Vera per caufas, 313 
 
 Scintillae per percuftionem ex fubftantia fili- 
 cis aut chalybis, 323. Et ideo vergunc 
 deorfum, ibid. 
 
 ^a/Zi? magnum memoriae decus, 118 
 
 Scire vere, eft per caufas _/2-/V^, 313 
 
 Scotia hiftoria qualis, 73 
 
 Scribendi modus aptiffimus, 228 
 
 Scriptio memoriae adminiculum, 156. De 
 Scriptoribus luxhtnucii, 257. Multitudo 
 eorum ne fit enormis in lege, ibid. 
 
 S. Scripturae interpretatio quomodo inftitu- 
 enda, 265, & feq. Non eodem, quo 
 fcripta humana, modo interpretanda, 266 
 Scuta gentilitia, 247 
 
 Scyllae fabula, 41 
 
 Scythae, 48 
 
 Ad 5^f«/« naturae referandafumptibusopus, 
 
 62 
 5^frf/amra?» infcitia & imperitia, 164. Eo- 
 rum officium, 194. 
 Secundis aut tertiis gradibus etiam licet ac- 
 quiefcere, 239 
 Sedentariae artes mechanicae miiitaribus ani- 
 mis contrariae, 245. Et ideo alicnige- 
 nis aut fervis committantur, 245, 246 
 
 Sedes
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sedes mufarum, quibus operibus ornandae, 
 
 Pag. 60 
 
 Semele Jovis pellex ex voti completione pe- 
 riit, 90 
 
 Selenographia, 360 
 
 Semidei, quinam ad iftum honoris ticulum 
 apud ethnicos evehebantur, 49 
 
 Senatores eruditi me! lores aliis, 50. Inge- 
 nio derifores, 221 
 
 Seneca paedagogus Neronis per quinquen- 
 nium feliciteradminiftravitimperium, 32. 
 Diftum ejus de mollibus quibufdam, 33. 
 Quomodo Neronem inftituerit, 36. In 
 eo ftylus efFufior, 40. Verborum minu- 
 tiis rerum frangit pondera, ibid. Praetu- 
 ]it Diogenem Alexandre, 51. Vide p. 39. 
 Di fallacia pinguiori judicium, 153. Di- 
 ligentia ejus in hypothefibus five cafibus, 
 179. Sanum ejus deeloquentia judicium, 
 
 196 
 
 Seneca, didlum ejus de viro vere magno, 197. 
 Etiam de vitae ratione, 206 
 
 Senecfus retardari auc juventus inftaurari po- 
 teft, 1 1 3 
 
 Senex beneficus inftar miraculi, 108 
 
 Senftbile fortius percutit memoriam quam 
 intelledluale, 157 
 
 Senfus & fenfibilis uberior inquifitio, 135 
 
 Senfus vifus & auditus, 29. Senfus folem 
 referunt, naturalia referant, divina occlu- 
 dunt, 30. 5f«/«jeftjanua intelleitus, 65. 
 Senfuum & reflexionum convenientia, 95. 
 Procul ab obictto plurimum faliicur, 122. 
 Quibus in rebus diffi;rt a perceptione, 135. 
 Senfuum fallaciae, 279. Imprefliones vi- 
 tiofae, 286. Secundum fenfum philofo- 
 phandi funt fubftantiae incorporeae, 359 
 
 Separatio fluidorum, 144. Separatio vini & 
 aquae, 150, 151 
 
 Separatio corponim non per ignem tacienda, 
 
 317 
 Septimae temporis, 241 
 
 Septimius Severus debuic aut nunquam naici 
 
 aut nunquam mori, 241. Vide Severus. 
 
 Sera parfimonia in fundo eft, 175 
 
 Sermonis anima ratio, 158. Ejus triplex 
 
 divifio, viz. organi, methodi & ornatus, 
 
 159. Sermonis organon eft grammatica, 
 
 ibid. Altera de locutione, de fcriptione 
 
 altera, ibid. Methodus, 165. Ea duplex, 
 
 ibid. Iterum duplex, ibid. Sermonum mu- 
 
 crones non negligendi, 171. Omnesytr- 
 
 mones non audiendi, 218, 219. Sermonis 
 
 regimen omnium minime prudens & po- 
 
 liticum, 222. Sermonem marinum aqua 
 
 fluviatili abluere, 220 
 
 Serlorius, 219 
 
 Servitus ultimum malorum, 205 
 
 iS'^Tw" divitis maximey^rw, 172, 173 
 
 Servi non del icate tradiandi, 221, Per gra- 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 dus promovendi, ibid. In iis quid potif- 
 fimum defideratur, Pag. 221 
 
 5^rw/j prudens dominabitur in filium ftul- 
 tum, 218. Modus ergay^riwobfervan- 
 dus, 223 
 
 Sever inus Danus Paracelfi philofophiam in 
 corpus redegit, 107 
 
 Severitas cum dementia temperanda, 252 
 Severus vindicavit mortem Pertinacisj 88 
 Sexus differentia, 343 
 
 Sibylla duos libros comburens pretium du- 
 plicavir, 175 
 
 5;f///ora»; praftica in cera, ^f. 144. Ty- 
 pographiae viam monftravit, 145 
 
 Silenlimn inter artes, 214 
 
 A /dent io coniwm'xci cavendumj 218 
 
 Siliquae fcientiarum, 165 
 
 Simulatio fimulationem impellens, 231 
 
 — ejus commoda &incommoda, 236, 237 
 Sinarum regnum nondum gaudet ufu alpha- 
 bet!, 294 
 Sixtus V. Pontifex pro fraterculo habitus 
 cum eveheretur ad papatum, 32. In ne- 
 gotiis tamen civilibus verlatifiimus, ibid. 
 Sobole aufti magis foliciti de ftatu futurorum 
 temporum, 5^ 
 Socrates, 3 1 . Accufatur fub triginta tyran- 
 nis, 34. Heroibus annumeratus & om- 
 nibus honoribus cumulatus, ibid. 
 Socratis elogium a Platone, 37 
 Socrates, omnia in dubio reliquit, 45. Quo 
 fenfu philofophiam devoc.avitde coeIo,45j 
 291. Altercatio ejus cum fophifta^ 6"]. 
 Itcrata vice, 202. Ironia utitur, 141. 
 A Cicerone notatus, 117, Natacorejus 
 Delius, 120 
 Soda, 14^ 
 5ij/ bonus & malus diverfo afpeftu, 173. 
 Solem orientem plures adorant quam occi- 
 dentem, 224. De fole plurima, 319, 
 327. Caloris ejus refpe(5tu ignis differen- 
 tia, _ _ 350 
 Soliditas codorum rejicienda, 100 
 Solenni tales verborum &c adtorum, 250 
 Sokrtia brutorum, 352 
 Solomonis aphorifmi five proverbia,2 1 7,2 1 8, 
 i^c. Pronuntiatum, 312. Sententiae 
 quacdam de fcientia, 28, 29, 30, 109. 
 Sapientiae donum ab eo praelatum, 48. 
 Quibus in rebus caeteris excelluerit, ibid. 
 Solomon, 35, 48 
 Solon leges dedit optimas, quas civcs acci- 
 pere voluerunt, 2^. Acre didlum adver- 
 fus eum fub perfona Graeci, 40. Re- 
 fponfum ejus Croefo aurum oftentanti, 
 
 243, 244 
 
 Solutio continuitatis in fcientiis vitanda, 117 
 
 Somni geminae portae, 212. Somniorum 
 
 naturalium interpretatio, 118, 119. Plu- 
 
 rimis ineptis fcatet, 119. Somnns & ve- 
 
 H h h 2 nus
 
 I N D E J^, 
 
 nus mortis arrhabones, ex mente Alexan- 
 
 dri, P^g- I ^'4 
 
 Sonus tremulus fidium, ^^. So-ii progref- 
 
 fus, 370. Soni communicatio, 380 
 
 Sopbifmata fophilmatum, 153. Sopbifma- 
 
 tum colleftio, 171, i^c. 
 
 Sophifta differt ab oratore, 153 
 
 Sopbijiarum nomen in rhetores antiques rc- 
 
 jeftum, 287 
 
 Sophron^ five legitinuisufus rationis, in theo- 
 
 logia defideratur, 265 
 
 Spagiria', 3S8 
 
 Spartam qui non exornanf, 203 
 
 Spartani parci in coopcandis novis civibus, 
 
 245. Gives habebant bellicofos, ibid. 
 
 Unde potentiaeorum coriuit, ibid. Spar- 
 
 tani belligeratores, 246 
 
 Specijicae virtutes, 284 
 
 Specilla ocularia ad vifijm debllem juvan- 
 
 dum, 144 
 
 ^pt'cw/^ comburentia, 143, 3:9. Specula ex 
 
 metallo, 168 
 
 Speculum artis naturn, 144. Speculum magi- 
 
 eum, 218 
 
 Speculum divinum & politicum, 232. Fa- 
 
 bricatum contra ac in comburcntibus, 
 
 320. T/W^p, 329. 
 Specus idol.i, 755 
 
 Speeus Platonis, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Spes malorum antidotnm, 174. Magis de- 
 
 ledamur iis qirae fperamus, quam iis qui- 
 
 bus fruimur, 224 
 
 Spes eft vigilantis infomnium, ibid. Quid 
 
 /pel affiilgeat de inftaurandis fdentiis5298, 
 
 299 
 Spifaculi do£tr'ma^ 131, 132 
 
 Spiritus Sanfti adventus in dono linguarum, 
 
 48 
 Spiritus vini, 143, paffim. 
 
 Spiritus in fpiritum imprefHo, 133, 134 
 Spiritus vini fortis, 319. Spiritus vini flam- 
 ma, 328. Spiriius in corpoie tangibili, 
 effecflus ejus varius, 361, 379 
 
 Splendor rerum ficlilium, unde, 247 
 
 Spoitgia, 375. Frigida aqua madefacta fuper 
 vcntofas, 386 
 
 Spontciieae oblationes at quotidiana facrifi- 
 cici, 27 
 
 Spumae albedo, loS, 338 
 
 Spuma maris agitata nodlu corufcat, 136, 
 321. IMinus ell trigida quam liquor ipfe, 
 
 Spurii felices evadunt, 236 
 
 Squamae piicium putrcfcentes noftu fplen- 
 dent, 322 
 
 Squamae circa dentes, 379 
 
 Stans in vallc optime perluftrat montem, 
 
 203 
 Statua Polyphemi, 69 
 
 Statuarii mos in fculpendo fimulachro, 2 1 1 
 
 Status civilis male -adnJiinifti-atirit&pri?henfro, 
 
 Pag. 299 
 
 5/«/tf/fl teraporis leges, s'go 
 
 Statutum cxplanatorium, iliid. Sfatuti novi 
 condendi ratio, ■ 254 
 
 Stellae, de iis, multa antiquitu:? recepra ex- 
 plofa, 100. Fixarum conjunctiones ad 
 praediftiones non utiles, 103. J idep. 319 
 
 ^/^//ae cadences, 321. Aliac magis, aliae 
 minus calidae, 319 
 
 Stillicidid, ^^a 
 
 Siipendia fumptuofli rcquiiimturad literarum 
 & fcientiarum cognitionem, 61. Eorum 
 tenuitas quantum obfit literi", ibid. 
 
 Stoicorum mos merito derifus a Cicerone, 
 170. Eorum felicitasin virtutecollocata, 
 finiilis hiftrioni in icena, 176. Eorum 
 rommentatio, 20S, Slcica trifritia & 
 Itupiditas, 213 
 
 5/w^r<z in mores abeunr, 25-> -'i- In ftii- 
 diorum deledu ingenia nofle res plurimi 
 eft, 193 
 
 Cum Jlulto non contcndendum, 216 
 
 Sturmii diligentia in edendis operibus Cice- 
 ronis & Hermogenis, 39 
 
 Styli genus conciftim & intemperies litera- 
 rum, ibid. 
 
 Subfecivae horae quomodo collocandae, ^3 
 
 Subfiantia animae, immediate a Deo infpira- 
 ta, 132. De ea plurimae inquifitiones, 
 ibid. Suhftantia incorporea, 350 
 
 Suhilitas litigiofa, 40. SubtiUtas naturae 
 lubtilitatem flnftis & intelleftus fuperat, 
 
 274 
 
 Infuccejfore principis quae concurrunt, 224 
 
 SucceJJus felicitati, non virtuti aut induftriae 
 tribuendi, 229 
 
 Succinum paleas trahit, 143 
 
 Suetonius in conlcribendahiftoria feriem tem- 
 poris neglexit, 107 
 
 Sujf'ragiorum ']as in divinis & politicis, 290 
 
 Sulphur chalybem facit fluere, 143 
 
 Summitas five ultimitas humanae naturae, 
 
 117 
 
 Summus naturalis catenae annulus folio Jovis 
 affixus, 30, 83, ^6 
 
 De fummo bono ethnicorum Chriftianisnon 
 difputandum, igC 
 
 Suwmae legum cum diligentia, fide & judi- 
 cio conficiendae, 258 
 
 SuperbiainCna., 175. Infociabilis, 183. Vitia 
 cxpellit quam plurima, ibid. Quantam 
 calamitatem attulit fciciuiis, 196 
 
 SupcrJlitiov\i\^\, terror eft panicus, 86. Ex- 
 emplaantithttorum dt Juperjiiiioiie, 183 
 
 Superjiitio admifta theologiae corrumpit plii- 
 iolbphiam, 283, 296 
 
 — Platonis & Pythagorac, 284 
 
 Surculus trunco arboris infitus felicius pul- 
 iUlatj 143 
 
 Surdajter
 
 i^ i\r D E X. 
 
 Sardaftcr polTitne Inftrumento juvari, Pag. 
 
 144 
 
 Sufpicio &r diffidentia, 43. Eariim intem- 
 
 peries eft mania quaedam civilis, 190 
 
 Sycophantis princeps ne credat^ 221 
 
 Sylla ncfcivic literas & diclare, ex judicio 
 
 Caefaris, 54. Eju^ profcriptiones res ni- 
 
 hili prae profcripdonibusmedicorum,i25 
 
 Sylla felix, non magniis, 201. Orbis per- 
 
 turbator, ibid. Sc tclicem non magnum 
 
 cognominavir, 229 
 
 Syllae votum ut mvindi ftatus penderet a 
 
 niitu ejus, 236 
 
 5)'//i?g'//;««J',quibusuribusinferviat,quibu.snon, 
 
 14, 141. Probatio ejus non immediata, 
 
 152. Cum intelkdu magnam habct iym- 
 
 pathiam, ibid. Direc^tus & inverfus, ibid. 
 
 .Ad principia fcientiarnm non adhibetur, 
 
 275. Ex quibus conftar, ibid. 
 
 Sylvae limonum & aurantiorum, 368 
 
 Symbolum praefentis aeratis, jj 
 
 Syntpatbia veri & boni indma, 137. Ferri 
 
 ad magnetem, 197 
 
 Synodi, yy 
 
 Syrupi clarificanti'.r albuminibus ovorum, 
 
 390 
 Syjiole & diaftole, 105 
 
 TAbula graduum in calido, tSc. 323. 
 Comparentiae, 332. Coitionis & 
 cxpanfionis materiae, 363 
 
 Tacendi ars, 214. In arte ifta, eloquentia 
 quaedam ex fententia Ciceronis, ibid, 
 Taciturnitatis antidicta, 186 
 
 Taciturnitas fidem conciliat, quare, 232. 
 'Taciiitrnitalis profundae utilitas, 236 
 Tacitus dc Auguiti eloquentia, 27. De ima- 
 ginibus Cafiii & Bruti, 35. In eo ftylus 
 moderatior, 40. Senrentiaejus de fama 
 & rumoribus, 41. Didium ejus de dia- 
 riis & annalibus, 76 
 
 Tacitus chronologiam non contempfir, 107. 
 Narratio ejus de forti centurione, 1 1 8 
 TiJaV/ Luxus eruditus, 140. Malemulcta- 
 tus a criticis, 192. Exemplum ejus (.\c 
 Vibuleno hillrione, 193. Ejus mcthodus 
 in confcribenda hilloria, 207. Quid ob- 
 fcrvat de honoribus & dignitatibus, 208. 
 pidtim ejus de Claudio, 221. Senten- 
 nu ejusde confiliiscalidis, 226. De vir- 
 tute fententia, ibid. De Lepido judicium, 
 viz. quod nunquam fervilis lententiae au- 
 thor fuit, 227. In Tiberio notat diver- 
 fum modum loquendi, 230, 231. Judi- 
 cium ejus de Pompeio, 236 
 TaSiiis magnetis, 359 
 Tartarorum fagittationes, 155 
 Taunts mons, ^8 
 
 Bernardinus Tetejiui, i:;^. Quatnor "ejus 
 contubernales naturae, P^i-i5^ 
 
 Tekjius Confentinus, 107: Parmcnidis phi- 
 lofophiam inftauravit, ibid. F'.jus de luce 
 opinio, '358, 365 
 
 Temperamentum corporis quatenus immuret 
 animam, 119 
 
 Tcmperantia vires animi firmar, 185. Ttni- 
 perauiaediim incumbimus, adtbrnrudi- 
 nem, &"(:. propcrainus, 211 
 
 Tempejiates frigidae a ventis pendent, 322 
 
 Tanpora indodra feditionibus niaxime ob- 
 noxia, ^'^ 
 
 Tempus inftar fluvii, levia devehens, gravia 
 demergens, 9, 44 
 
 Tempus authorum author, & vcritatis parens, 
 43» 293. 2l:7«/>or« adeundi perfonas, 119. 
 Tc'/W/'?^ novator maximus, 189, Tempo- 
 ruvt bonorum & malorum obrcrvatio,2 11. 
 Tempora mala Ibb bono regimine, 215. 
 In ahqua re iufcipienda non multum tc;n- 
 poris infumendum, 239. Tempus res la- 
 picntiffima, 252 
 
 Tcpor undc fiat, ^vz. avcntis, 322. In hina, 
 peilibus & plumis, 323 
 
 Tercerae infulae, ^%'i 
 
 Terella magnetis, 0,^^ 
 
 Terrae globus cum univerfitate colhitus quafi 
 collicukis formicarum, ^^. Ejus motus 
 diurnus falfiffimus, 100. Terrae motus, 
 
 103 
 Terra, armis & ubere glcbae potens, 244. 
 
 Penfilis, 150. Ejus vis magnetica, 351. 
 
 viz. Ex fententia Gilbcrti, z'/'/W. Dc ro- 
 
 tatione terrae varia, 35'i'> 354 
 
 Terrores panici qui, 82, 85, 86 
 
 Tejles, 190 
 
 Texturae naturales fubtiliores quam artificia- 
 
 ics, 360 
 
 Thales aquam rcrum principium ftatuit, 82 
 
 Thealralis adtio ufui vario infv;rvir, 193 
 
 Themijloclis didlum de fe arrogans, 37, 242 
 
 Author efl:, qui mari potitur, eum rerun 
 
 potiri, 247. Refponfum ejus legato parvi 
 
 oppidi, 267 
 
 Theologia tribus conftat partibus, 65. Na- 
 
 turalis affinis metaphyficae, 83. Infpi- 
 
 rata, (^^. Laborum & peregrinationum 
 
 fabbatum, 93, 261. Naturalis five phi- 
 
 lofophia divina, 96. Rationc objevSli di- 
 
 vina, rationc informationis naturalis, 7/^;(/. 
 
 Se extendit ad Atheifmum confutanduni, 
 
 ib. Non ad adftruendam religioncm, ib. 
 
 Ejus limitcs, ibid. Philofophia moralis in 
 
 Tbeologiae famulitium recipienda, 206. 
 
 Ejus tres appendices, 261. Hauriturex 
 
 verbo Dei, non ex lumine naturae, 263 
 
 Theologica fcripta innumera, 266 
 
 Tbeoniachia qualis, 201 
 
 Theoriarum
 
 P- N D E X. 
 
 Theoriarum idola & flibiilae, 282. Redar- 
 
 gutio, Pag. 305 
 
 ^beophrajlus^ 287, Gratis philofophatus 
 
 eft, Hid- 
 
 Tberiaca, 126 
 
 'Thermanm artificialium compofitio defide- 
 
 ratur, 127 
 
 Thefeus., 90 
 
 'Tbucydides quid objecit Cleoni, 1 70 
 
 Tiberius., diclum ejus de Macrone, 224. Eo 
 
 nemo ocailcior, 230 
 
 Tiberius cur ludos publicos nunquam fpefta- 
 
 vir, 233. Nee per duodecim annos in 
 
 fenatum venit, ibid. 
 
 Tigellmus, metus Neronis rimatur,232. Qua 
 
 aftutia aemulum ejus evertebat, ibid. 
 
 Tigranes Armenius a Romanis quorum vires 
 
 luJibrio habuit, profligatur, 143 
 
 Timoleon homo fortunatiffimus, 178. Ejus 
 
 res comparantur cum rebus Agefilai & 
 
 Epaminondae a Plutarcho, ibid. Et Ho- 
 
 meri carminibus Iponte fluentibus, ibid. 
 
 Timore nil magis terribile, 1S4 
 
 TimothcHS Athenienlis, 228. In republica 
 
 bene adminiftranda nullas formnae partes 
 
 tribuit, 229. Dein omnia ceflere ei in 
 
 infortunium, ibid. 
 
 Titi Livii de Alexandre magno diftum, 300. 
 
 Vide Livius. 
 
 Tonitrua & fulgura imitamur, 144. Pul- 
 
 veris pyrii inventore monacho, ibid. 
 
 Topicae particio in generalem & particula- 
 
 rem, 148. Particularisfummeneceflaria 
 
 &fru6luola, 149. Rara ejus mentio apud 
 
 authores, neque pro dignitate traftata, ib. 
 
 Topica inquifitionis de gravi & levi, ibid. 
 
 Tormenta ignea, 303 
 
 Traditio lampadis defideratur, 166. Me- 
 
 thodica, ibid. Per aphorifmos plurima 
 
 fecum fert commoda, ibid, 
 
 Traditivae partitio & ejus organum, 159 
 
 Trcjanus erga literates munificentior, 50. 
 
 BIbliothecarum inftitutor, ibid. Belli pa- 
 
 cifque arcibus maxime florens, 51 
 
 5rrt;Vi«/ vitae exemplar, 204, 212 
 
 Tranfcendentes conditiones entium quae fint, 
 
 <)S-> 153- Illarum doftrina & inquifitio 
 
 Iblida defideratur, ^S 
 
 Transformatio corporum, 315 
 
 Trebo7iianus quid fecit in digefto & codice, 
 
 — antiquas fabulas cum legibus mifcendas 
 vctat, 258 
 
 yrfjdodirinaeintemperies, 38. Tres'invtn- 
 tiones ad vitam prolongandam, 129 
 
 Tributa Belgarum excilae vocantur, Anglo- 
 rum fublidia, 244. Tributis oppreffus 
 populus bcllicofus non fit, ibid. Quae ex 
 confenfij conferuntur magis eligenda, 
 quam quae ex imperio imponuntur, 244 
 
 Triumphi, Trophaea, largitiones, coronae, 
 
 tituli, privilegia militibus collata, bello 
 
 feliciter gefto, 247. Mos triiimphandi 
 
 apud Romanos, Pag. 248 
 
 Triumphus tria compleditur bona, ibid. 
 
 Tunica Salvatoris inconfijtilis, 265 
 
 Turcae eleemofynas brutis dant, 222. Neque 
 
 animalium torturas luftinent, ibid. In 
 
 magna declinatione militiae, 246. Unde 
 
 geftant circulum in naribus, 247 
 
 Turpilianus, 232 
 
 Typhon, 86 
 
 Typocofmia, 85. Qualis a nonnullis exarata, 
 
 168 
 Typographia, 260 
 
 Tyrannides debellandae, 88 
 
 Tyrannis pelFima, lex in equuleo, 190 
 
 Tyranniim an liceat occidere, 205 
 
 V. 
 
 Vyf«7/rt//o judiciorum unde, 259 
 
 Vacuum., 94, 285. An & qualis de- 
 
 tur, 383 
 
 Vaenales magiftratus, 35 
 
 Valentinus Borgia e facerdote miles, 233 
 Valerius Maximus, laus ejus, 118 
 
 Valetudo, 180. ^<2/^/a^/»/j cura empiricis 
 
 non tradenda, 31 
 
 Valor verus ciixa vires alicujus imperii, eft 
 
 res maxime errori obnoxia, 243 
 
 Vana gloria ingentem Icientiis calamitatem 
 
 attulit, 196 
 
 Vanitas vanitatum, 240 
 
 Vapores & halitus, cur & quoufque feruntur 
 
 in altum, j^j 
 
 Varia notantur imperia, ^5 
 
 Variatio experimenti, 142 
 
 ^(2r;>/«j facierum & verborum, 122. Va- 
 
 rietatis amor, 200. Varietas mentis & 
 
 manus, 274 
 
 Varro optimus antiquarius, 34 
 
 Vaticinium facerdotis AEgyptii de Graecis, 
 
 287 
 Vegetatio plantarum, ■^Se,-, 379 
 
 Vehicula medicinarum, 126 
 
 Velleius Epicurus nil tarn metuebat quam ne 
 
 dubitaret, 4^ 
 
 Velleius., inepta ejus interrogatio, 154 
 
 Vena frontis quando incidenda, 145 
 
 Venatio Panis, Zc,. Sive literata experien- 
 
 tia, 142 
 
 Venatorum deus, 85 
 
 Venator urn mos, 209 
 
 Ventofae, 373, 385 
 
 Ventus igneus, 303, 357. Ventio^rcent-pt- 
 
 ftilentiam aeris, 377 
 
 Vera fama a domefticis manat, 232 
 
 Verba fiint rerum imagines, 39. Verborum 
 
 fplendor non damnandus, ibid. Eorum 
 
 memoria
 
 1 I^ D E X< 
 
 memoria fervanda, 7S. Notionum tef- 
 fcrae funfi, 141. Ad paucas literas alpha- 
 bed reducenda, 122. Verhorum {xibtiW- 
 tates cedunt operationibus naturaJibus, 
 . 141. Redargutio & caucio circa ufum 
 tjerborum, 153. Verlavit^x^i^. rarionis 
 lunt, 160. Plerunque ex vulgi captu, 
 155. Cogitationum tefferae, 159, 275. 
 Verba legis, 190. Verba noii vultu de- 
 ftruenda, 215. i^i?r^(? Dei fidem habere 
 tenemur, etiam reludlatite rationt;, 263. 
 Verba ex capcii vulgi imponuntur, 277, 
 281. Et vim faciunt inteliedui, 278. 
 Verba mcretricia quomodo deprchendan- 
 tur, 231. F6T/'<?r«»? fignilicatio in lege, 
 
 P^g'^57^ 258 
 
 Verhofae leges, 255 
 
 Verecundia inutilis, 208 
 
 P'era philofophiae divifio, 317 
 
 Vert & boni fympathia, 137 
 
 Veri obfervantiae limices, 37 
 
 Veritas & bonitas ficut figillum & impref- 
 fio, s^- Veritatis vehiculum faepe jocus, 
 
 188 
 Veritatis inveniendae duae viae, 275. Unde 
 petenda, 280 
 
 Vermes, 125. Vermis homhycxmis, 303 
 Verticitas acus, 355, 381 
 
 Verulamius ■Am<^\\^\V[\\im magiftratum regni 
 adminiftravit, 242. Mukos honoris gra- 
 dus fuftinuitj/^zW. Regiis alloquiis diu ufus, 
 ibid. Artibus, hiftoriis & legibus incu- 
 buit, ibid. Vide Baconus. 
 Vefpafianus mutatus in melius fufcepto reg- 
 no, 208 
 Vefpertiliones., 95. Inter aves & quadrupe- 
 des, 346 
 Veftis ccck'fiat: verficolor, 265 
 Veteres amicis & aequalibus fcripta fua dica- 
 bant, 38 
 Via perveniendi ad aftrologiam, 104. Via 
 brevior profpicienti videtur in planitie 
 quam fi aliquid interjaceat, 178. Ad fcien- 
 tiam, 314 
 Vihtilenus hiftrio, 193 
 S. Vi5loris bibliotheca, 158 
 Vi£loria naval is, 247 
 Vigili ae k^oxum, ly^ 
 Vinculum kmma.e Si: corporis, 117. In duas 
 ^ partes more foederum diftribuendiim, 1 18 
 Vinculum perfeftionis charitas, 212 
 VindiSiae divinac, 78, Vindi£la jufta, 88. 
 Ds ea plura, 189 
 Vini Ipiritus per deftillationem unicam, 143 
 Vinius Titus acccpta pecunia patronum egic, 
 
 192 
 Vinum cupiditatis communis femes, 90. Vini 
 confeftio, ibid. Etiam conficitur expo- 
 mis, 144. Vina Tub primam calcationem 
 fuaviora, 266. Vini & aquae potores, 309 
 
 Spiritus vini fortis exequitur opera calo-- 
 ris, 319. F/«y faeces & flos laftis, 376. 
 Ejus clarificatio per igiiem* Pag. 389 
 
 ^/m externae nihil praedantj nifi gens for- 
 tis fit, 243 
 
 Vtrgilius, 31, 34, 55 
 
 Vtrgilius ftudia fua patriae exiftimationi polt- 
 habuir, 21 
 
 Virgilius caufarum cognitionem cum metus 
 profligatione copulat, ^^. Augufto af- 
 fignat longe optimos honores, ^6. Dic- 
 tum ejus, poiTunt quia poire vidcntur, 64. 
 De rcrum inventione, 140. Non mino- 
 rem confecutus eil gloriam in Georgicis 
 quam in AEneae gellis, ig6. Vide p. 60, 
 Quo charadlere infignivit Italiam anti- 
 quam, _ 244 
 
 Virorum illuftrium minima quaeque vitia 
 ftatim inoculos hominum incurrunt, 220 
 
 Virgulta nunquam laeta in propinquo gran- 
 dium arborum, 172 
 
 Virtus bellica floruit una cum philofophia, 
 31. Virtutis mater bonum exiftens, 90 
 
 P'irtus a latente affeclu vix potcft diftingui, 
 92. Virtute parta funt praeftantiora,quam 
 quae beneficioautfortunadefcruntur, 1 77. 
 Virtutis Jocus honos, i8i. Ariftotelis 
 virtus divina, 2 1 2. Non curanda fecun- 
 dum Machiavellum, 240. Quae a vir^ 
 /a/^ profluunt funt imitabilia, 177. Prop- 
 ter feipfam eligitur, non propter auram 
 popularem, 176. Nonnihil intenditur 
 per laudes, ut calor per reflexionem, i -j^^ 
 177. Si confpiceretur, ingentes fui amo- 
 res concitaret, 1 70. In quibus fita eft ex 
 mente philofophorum, 190. Ufus ejus 
 in perturbationibus fedandis, 202. ^ir- 
 /«m acquirendae modi, 206. In virtute 
 Claris errores minimi confpiciuntur, 220* 
 Virtutibus magnis quandoque exitiuni 
 certum, 226. Virtutes & facultates ali- 
 orUm ab amicis difcendae, 232. Virtutis 
 diminutio quomodo contingat, 235, Vir^ 
 tut is fama ipfi virtuti apud JMachiavelluni 
 praeftaf, 240. Virtutis praemium virtus 
 ipfa, 241. Ei nulla via eft invia, 229 
 
 Virtutes intelleduales, 27. Cedunt mora- 
 libus, 118. Morales animo infunt habi- 
 tualiter non naturaliter, 19- 
 
 Vis mera, 24S 
 
 Vifcoji & nodofi ad converfandum Inepti ho- 
 mines, 237 
 
 Vifcofitas animi rebus gerendis damnofiffi- 
 ma, 237 
 
 Vifto non bene tranfigitur ad tadlum, ^^^ 
 Momenta temporis ad cam rcquiruntur, 
 
 37'=^ 
 Vitae patrum, jy 
 
 Vita &c mors, 182, 183. Vitae fuae pro- 
 
 digus alienae periculofus, 185. Vitae de- 
 
 fiderium
 
 INDEX. 
 
 fulerium amori patriae pofthabendum, 
 198, Contemplativa non praeferenda ac- 
 tivae. ihid. Vita fine propofito vaga, 
 201. F/Vfl^ fines proponendi, 211. Vita 
 Henrici VII. regis Angliae, Pag. 244 
 
 Vita brevis, ars longa, 109. Viaefimilis,240. 
 Brevior coenofior, ihid. 
 
 Vitae, "ji, 73. Earum confcribendarum 
 ratio jufta, 73. Vitae pliilorophorum, 
 107. Prolongatio vitae in medicina unde 
 expeftanda, 113. Vitae prolongatio of- 
 ficiummedicinae, 123. De ^z'/^ prolon- 
 ganda regulae, 128. Diftinguendum inter 
 ea quae ad vitam fanam & longam conte- 
 Tun^, ibid. In ea tres intentiones, 129 
 
 Vitium fub umbra virtutis fe recipit, 173. 
 Later proximitateboni, 173,235. Vitia 
 &c defeftus aliorum difcantur ab inimicis, 
 232. Sibi ipfi vitium fijpplicium, 241 
 
 Vitrum, an tenacitas ei luperinducenda, 315 
 
 Vitrum calendare five graduum, 325, 330, 
 
 339 
 
 F;/ncalendarisconfe61:io, 330, &feq. Pul- 
 
 verifatum, 338. In eo aer dilatatus de- 
 
 primit aquam, 330. Comburens, 329, 
 
 & pafiim. Calefadtum in frigido pofitum 
 
 fubito diffilit, 335. Vide p. ^6^. 
 
 Vivaria, 148 
 
 Ulcer a, 125 
 
 i///z;«//<z/f J humanae naturae, 117. Rerum, 
 
 285 
 
 Ulyjfes vetulam praetulit immortalitati, 58 
 
 Umbra fuper album congregacur, 145 
 
 Unguentorum ufus, 129 
 
 Unio rofarum, 73. Et regnorum, 74 
 
 Unifonus five concentus, 377 
 
 De Unitatis gradibus in civitate Dei trada- 
 
 tus defideratur, 265 
 
 Vocabtila antiqua retinenda, 98 
 
 Vohintariiis motiis ad doftrinam de anima 
 
 rejiciendus, 131. Dirigitur ab imagina- 
 
 tione, . ^34 
 
 Voluntas fallendi & facilitas credendi, fini- 
 
 timae, 41, 42, Voluntates regiae quales, 
 
 208 
 
 Voluntas Dei revelata & fecreta, 78 
 
 Voluptarii faepius fiunt monachi, ^y 
 
 Voluptas & dolor, 208 
 
 Voluptaria ars, 120. Difpertita fecundum 
 
 fenfus, 1 30 
 
 Voluptaria Roret, republica declinante, 131 
 
 Votum perniciofum, 90 
 
 FoAT humana quam varia, 122 
 
 Urbanitas & morum elegantia quando in fub- 
 
 fidium peti debeat, 2 16. Veftis eit animi, 
 
 ibid. Ne in affedationem tranfeat, ibid. 
 
 Urbes munitae quid fint abfque gente forti. 
 
 Fag. 243 
 Urina folvitur a frigore, 377 
 
 Urinatores anheWtum mirifice cohibent,i3o. 
 Quomodo fub aquis diutius manere pof- 
 fint, 385 
 
 Ufus & naturam & artem vincit, 140 
 
 Ufus rationis hiimanae in fpiritualibus multi- 
 plex, 264 
 Utres in fundo aquarum, 385 
 Vulcanus id perficit celeriter quod natura per 
 ambages, gy. A Vulcano ad Minervam 
 tranfeundum in feparandis corporibus,3 1 7 
 Vulgo n\\ moderatum gratum eft, 187. Vul- 
 gares differentiae motus nullius pretii, 
 
 284, 334 
 De Vulpe & feli AEfopi fabula, 179 
 
 Vultus five faciei varietas, 122. Vultus & 
 geilus moderatio, 188. Vultum ad de- 
 corum componit adio, 193 
 Vultus quantum habet ponderis in converfa- 
 tione, 215. Compofitio quid praeftet, 
 ibid. Hoininum notitia per vultum & ora, 
 
 230 
 Uxores & libcri, 180, i8r 
 
 X. 
 
 XEnophanes & alii fcholas non aperue- 
 runt, 287 
 
 Xenophon At\\tn\tn^is viam fl:ravitad everfio- 
 nem Perfiae, 31, S5- E ludo Socratis 
 cum Cyro juniore in Afiam profeftus, 54. 
 Idque ob amicitiam Proxeni, ibid. Falino 
 regis legato refpondet, ibid. Exercitum 
 Babylone in Graeciam reduxit, ibid. A- 
 morem caeteris affedtibus praefert, 212, 
 Vide p. 29- 
 
 Xylobalfamum, 388 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZElotypia, 184 
 
 Zelus caecus philofophiae natural! in- 
 imicus, 296 
 
 Zembla nova, 320 
 
 Zeno7ii, nomen fophiftae, competit, 287 
 Zenonis, Socratis, & Epicuri fcholae, 198 
 
 — quibus in rebus felicitatem coUocarunt, 
 
 ibid, 
 
 — Pyrrhonis & Herilli, 199 
 Zibetlmm, 307 
 Zizania, 262. Non protinus evellenda, 265 
 Zodiaci quoad terrae frudus incrementa, 350 
 Zonae torridae aeftus minus tolerabiles quam 
 
 ipfi aequinodiales, & quare, 328 
 
 APPENDIX:
 
 APPENDIX: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 SEVERAL PIECES 
 
 O F 
 
 LORD BACON, 
 
 Not printed in the laft edition in four volumes in folio j 
 
 And now publifh'd from the original manufcripts in 
 the library of the Right Honourable the Earl of 
 Oxford. 
 
 Of the true Greatriefs of the kingdom of Britain^ 
 
 to King James. 
 
 Fortunatos nimitim fua Ji bona nori^t. 
 
 THE greatnefs of kingdoms and dominions in bulk and territory 
 doth fall under mcafureand dcmonftration that cannot err: but 
 the juft mcafurc and elHmate of the forces and power of an eftate, 
 is a matter, than the which there is nothing among civil affairs 
 more fubjed to error, nor that error more fubjcd to perilous confcqucnce. 
 For hence may proceed many inconfiderate attempts and infolent provocations 
 in ftatcs that have too high an imagination of their own forces : and hence 
 may proceed, on the other lide, a toleration of many fair grievances and 
 indignities, and a lofs of many opportunities, in ftates that are not fen- 
 iible enough of their own ftrength. Therefore that it may the better 
 appear what greatnefs your Majefty hath obtained of God, and what 
 greatnefs this iiland hath obtained by you, and what greatnefs it is, that by 
 the gracious plcafure of almighty God, you fhall leave and tranfmit to your 
 children and generations as the firft founder ; I have thought good, as far as 
 I can comprehend, to make a true furvcy and reprefentation of the greatnefs 
 Vol. L * A of
 
 OF THE TRUE GREATNESS 
 
 of this your kingdom of Britain, being for mine own part perfuaded, rllat 
 the fuppofcd prcdidion Video folem orientem in occidl'7iti% may be no Ic-ts 
 true a virion applied to Britain than to any otlicr kingdom oi Eitrape ; and 
 being out of doubt that none ot>hc great moiiarchics, which in tiic mciiibt- 
 •ry of times have rifen in the habitable world, had fo fair Iceds and beginnings 
 as hath this your cdate and kingdom, wharfoevcr the event fhall be, whi'ch 
 muft depend upon the difpcniation of God's will and providence, and HJs 
 bicfling upon your defcendcnrs. And becaulc I have no purpofe vainlv of 
 aflcntatorily to rcprelent this greatnels, as in water, which fhcws thin»^ 
 bigger than they arc, but rather as by an inftrumcnt >of art, helping the 
 fcnie to take a true magnitude and dimcnfion : thcrcfoiel will ufe no hidden 
 order, which is fitter for infinuations than found proofs, but a clear and 
 open order, Firft by confuting the errors, or rather correcting the cxccUcs 
 of certain immoderate opinions, which alcribe too much to fomc points of 
 grcatutls, which are not lb ellcntial, and by reducing thofc points to a 
 true value and eftisration : then by propounding and confirming thofc other 
 points of greatncfs which arc more folid and principal, though in popular 
 difcourfe leis obfervcd : and incidently by making a brief application in both 
 thefe parts, of the general principles and pofitions of policy unto the fiate 
 and condition of thefe your kingdoms. Of thcfc the former part will branch 
 it felf into thefe articles. 
 
 Firft, That in the meafuring or balancing of greatncfs, there is commonly 
 
 too much afcribed to largenels of territory. 
 Seco7idly, That there is too much afcribed to treafurc or riches. 
 Thirdly, That there is too much afcribed to the fruitfulncis of the ibil^ 
 
 or affluence of commodities. jriuol r. 
 
 And Fourthly, That there is too much afcribed to the ftrcngth and 
 
 fortification of towns, or holds. 
 The latter will fall intotliis diftribution: 
 Firjl, That true greatncfs doth require a fit fituation of the place or 
 
 region. v/.^i 
 
 Secondly, That true greatncfs conftfteth eflentially in population and breed 
 
 of men. 
 Thirdly, That it confiftcth alfo in the valour and military difpo/ition of 
 
 the people it brecdcth; and in this, that they make profelllon of arms. 
 Fourthly, That it confiftcth in this point, that every common fubjed; by 
 
 the Pole, be fit to make a foldicr, and not only ceitain conditions or 
 
 degrees of men. 
 Fifthly, That it confiftcth in the temper of tlie government fit to k^cp 
 
 the fubjeds in good heart and courage, and not to keep them in the 
 
 condition of fervile vaflals. 
 And Sixthly J That it confiftcth in the commandment of the fea. 
 
 And let no man fo much forget the fubjccl propounded, as to find 
 ftrange, that here is no mention of religion, laws, policy. For we fpcak 
 of that which is proper to the amplitude and growth of ftates, and not of 
 that which is common to their prefcrvation, happincfs, and all other points 
 of well-being. Firft therefore, touching largenefs of territories, the true 
 greatnels of kingdoms upon earth is not without fomc analogy with the king- 
 dom of heaven, as our Saviour defcribes it : which he doth- relemblc, not to 
 
 ■ any
 
 OF B R I T A I Nh 1 
 
 ^tiy great kernel or nur, but to one of the Icafl grains, but yet fucli a one, 
 as hath a property to grow and fprcad. For as for large countries and 
 multitude of provinces, they arc many times rather matters of burden than 
 of ftrength, as may manifeftly appear both by rcaibn and example. By 
 reafon thus. There be two manners of fccuring of large territories, the 
 one by the natural arms of every province, and the other by tlie protecting 
 arms of the principal eftatc, in which cafe commonly rlK provincials arc 
 held dilarmed. So are there two dangers incident unto every eftatc, foreign 
 invafion, and inward rebellion. Now fuch is the nature of things, that 
 thole two remedies of eftatc do fall rcfpedivcly into thefe two dangers, in cafe 
 of remote provinces; For if fuch an cftate reft upon the natural arms of the 
 provinces, it is fure to be fubjcd to rebellion or revolt i if upon protecting arms, 
 it is fure to be weak againft invafion : neither can this be avoided. Now 
 for examples, proving the weakncls of ftates poill-ncd of large territories, I 
 will ufe only two, eminent and ielectcd. The ftrft lliall be of the kingdom 
 of Terjla, which extended from Egypt inclufive unto Ba£fria, and the 
 borders of the Eaft India, and yet ncverrhclcfs was over-run and conquered 
 in the fpace of fevcn years, by a nation not much bigger than this iile of 
 Britahi, and newly grown into name, having been utterly obfcure till the 
 time of "Thillp the Ion of Amyntas. Neither was this effected by any rare 
 or hcroical prowefs in the conqueror, as is vulgarly conceived (for that 
 Alexander the Great goeth now for one of the wonders of the world ;) for 
 thofc that have made a judgment grounded upon realbn of eftatc, do rind 
 that conceit to be meerly popular, for fo Livy pronounceth of him, nihil 
 aliud quam bene aitflts 'vana contemnere. Wherein he judgeth of vaftncfs 
 of territory as a vanity that may aftonilh a weak mind, but no ways trouble 
 a found refolution. And thofc that are converfant attentively in the 
 hiftories of thofe times, fhall find that this purchafe which Alexander made 
 and compaftcd, was offered by fortune twice before to others, though by 
 accident they went not through with it; namely, to Agefilaus and fafoii 
 oVTheJJaly : for Agefilaus, after he had made himfelf mafter of moft of the 
 low provinces oi Afia-, and had both defign and commilllon to invade the 
 higher countries, was diverted and called home upon a war excited againft 
 his country by the ftates of Athens and 'Thebes, being inccnlcd by their 
 orators and counfellors, which were bribed and corrupted from Terjia, as 
 Agefilaus himfelf avouched plcafantly, when he laid, that an hundred 
 thoufand archers of the King oi'Perfia, had driven him home; underftanding 
 it, becaufe an archer was the ftamp upon the 'Perfiari coin of gold. And 
 Jafon of Thejfaly being a man born to no greatnefs, but one that made 
 a fortune of himfelf, and had obtained by his own vivacity of fpirit joined 
 with the opportunities of time, a great army compounded of voluntaries 
 and adventurers, to the terror of all Graecia, that continually expected 
 where that cloud would fall; dilclofed himfelf in the end, that his dc/ign 
 was for an expedition into Terfia (the fame which Alexander not many 
 years after atchieved) wherein he was interrupted by a private confpiracy 
 againft his Ufe, which took effeft. So that it appearcth, as was (aid, that it 
 was not any miracle of accident, that raifcd the Macedonian monarchy, but 
 only the weak compofition of that vait ftate of 'Perfta, which was prepared 
 for a prey to the firft relblute invader. 
 
 Th e fecond example that I will produce, is of the Roman empire, which 
 had received no diminution in tcrritoty, though great in virtue and forces, 
 
 till
 
 OF THE TRUE GREATNESS 
 
 till the time of Jovianus. For fo it was allcd^cd by lucli ,as oppAfed 
 thcnilclvcs to the rendering -AZz/i^vj upon the difhonourable retreat of the Ro- 
 man army out oi^Ferfia. At wiiich time it was avouched, that the Romans 
 by the fpace of 800 years, had never before that day, made any ceffion or 
 renunciation to any part of their territory, whereof they had once had a 
 conftant and quiet pollellion. And yet neverthclels, immediately .after the 
 .fhoLt reign of Joviamis, and towards the end of tl\e joint reign of 
 yaJentm/anus :ind yalens, which were his immediate fucceflbrs, and much 
 more in the times fuccecding, the Roman empire, notwithllaiuiing the 
 magnitude thereof, became no better than a carcalc, whereupon all the 
 vultures, and birds of prey of the world, did feize and ravine for many 
 ages, for a perpetual monument of the elfcntial difference between the 
 leak of miles, and the fcale of forces. And therefore upon thele rea- 
 ibns and examples, we may fafely conckidc, that largcnefs c^, territory 
 is fo far from being a thing inleparablc from greatneis of power, as it is 
 many times contrariant and incompatible, with the lame. But to make a 
 rcdudion of th^t error to a truth, it w ill ftand thus, that tlicn greatnefs 
 of territory addeth ftrength, when it hath thcfe four conditions : 
 
 Firjl, That the territories be compacted, and not difperfed. 
 
 Secondly, Tliat the region which is the lieart and feat of the ftatc, be 
 
 fufficient to fupport thofe parts, which are but provinces and additions. 
 Thirdly J That the arms or martial virtue of the ilate be in Ibme degree 
 
 anfwerable to the greatnefs of dominion. 
 And Lajlly, That no part or province of the Hate be utterly unprofitable, 
 
 but do confer fome ufc or fervice to the ftatc. 
 
 The firft of thefe is manifeftly true, and fcarcely needcth any explication. 
 For if there be a ftate tliat confifteth of fcattered points inftead of lines, and 
 flender lines inftead of latitudes, it can never be Iblid, and in the folid figure 
 is ftrength. But what fpcak we of mathematical principles? The reafon of 
 ftate is evident, that if the parts of an eftate be disjoined and remote, and 
 fo be interrupted with the provinces of another fovereignty ; they cannot 
 poiubly have ready fuccours, in cafe of invafion, nor ready fupprelllon, in 
 cafe of rebellion, nor ready recovery ia cafe of lofs or alienation by either 
 of both means. And therefore we fee what an endlefs work the King of 
 Spain hath had to recover the Lo'-ja Cotmtries, although it were to him 
 patrimony and not purchafe; and that chiefly in regard of the great dillance. 
 So we fee that our nation kept Calais a hundred years fpace after it loft 
 the reft of France, in regard of the near iituation ; and yet in the end they 
 that were nearer, carried it by furprize, and over-ran I'uccour. 
 
 Therefore 7/r«j §lnintius made a good comparilon of the ftate of the 
 Achaians to atortoife, which is fafe when it is retired witliin the fhell, but 
 if any part be put forth, then the part expofed endangercth all the reft. For 
 fo it is with ftates that have provinces difperfed, the defence whereof doth 
 commonly confume and decay, and Ibmetimes ruin the reft of the eftate. 
 And fo likewife we may obferve, that all the great monarchies, the 'Ferjians, 
 the Rotnans, (and the like of the Turks) they had not any provinces to the 
 which they needed to demand accefs through the country of another: 
 neither had they any long races or narrow angles of territory, which were 
 environed or dafped in with foreign ftatesj but their dominions were 
 
 continued
 
 OF BRITAIN. 
 
 continued and entire, and had thickncfs and fquarcnefs in their brb or 
 contents. But thcfe things are without contradidion. 
 
 For the fccond, concerning the proportion between the principal region, 
 and thofc which arc but fecondary, tlierc mu(t ever more diftindion be made 
 between the body or ftcm of the tree, and the bouglis and branches, for 
 if the top be over great, and the ftalk too flender, there can be no ftrength. 
 Now, ttic body is to be accounted lb much of an eflate, as is not fcparated 
 or diftinguifhcd with any mark of foreigners, but is united fpccially with 
 the bond of naturalizarioa; and tiiereforc we fee tiiat when the ftate o^ Rome 
 grew great, they were enforced to naturalize the Latins or Italians, bccaufc 
 the Roman ftem could not bear the provinces and Italy both as branches : 
 and the like they were contented after to do to moft of the Gauls. So on the 
 contrary part we fee in theftate oi Lacedaemon, which was nice in that point, 
 ?nd wouid not admit their confederates to be incorporate with them, but reftcd 
 upon the natural-born liibjefts oi Sparta, how that a fmall time after they had 
 embraced a larger empire, they were prefently lurcharged, in rcfpcd to the 
 flendernefs of the ftcm. For lb in the defcclion of the Thebans and the reft 
 againft them, one of the principal revolters fpake mod: aptly, and with great 
 efficacy in the aflcmbly of the aflbciatcs, telling them, that tlieltate oi Sparta, 
 was like a river, which after that it had run a great way, and taken other rivers 
 and ftrcams into it, ran ftrong and mighty, but about the head and fountain of 
 it was fhallow and weak 5 and therefore advifed them to affail and invade the 
 main of Sparta, knowing they fhould there find weak refiftance either of towns 
 or in the field : of towns, becaufe upon confidence of their grcatnefs, they 
 fortified not upon the main ; in the field, becaufe their people was cxhaurt 
 by garrifdns and fetvices far off. Which counfel proved found, to tlae 
 altonilhment of all Graecia at that time. 
 
 For the third, concerning the proportion of the military forces of a ftatc 
 to the amplitude of empire, it cannot be better demonftrated than by the 
 two firft examples, which we produced of the weaknefs of large territory, 
 if they be compared within themfelves according to difference of time. For 
 ^Perjia at a time was ftrengthened with large territory, and at another time 
 weakened ; and fo was Rome. For while they flourifhed in arms, the 
 largcnefs of territory was a ftrength to them, and added forces, added treafurcs, 
 added reputation : but when they decayed in arms, then greatnefs became a 
 burden. For their protcfting forces did corrupt, lupplant, and enervate the 
 natural and proper forces of all their provinces, which relied and depended 
 upon the fuccours and direftions of the ftatc above. And when that waxed 
 impotent and flothful, then the whole ftate laboured with her own magnitude, 
 and in the end fell with her own weight. And that no qucftion was the 
 reafon of the ftrange inundations of people which both from the eaft and 
 northweft overwhelmed the Roman empire in one age of the world, wliicli 
 a man upon the fudden would attribute to fome conftellation or fatal 
 revolution of time, being indeed nothing clfe but the declination of the 
 Roman empire, which having effeminated and made vile the natural ftrength 
 of the provinces, and not being able to fupply it by the ftrength imperial 
 and fovereign, did as a lure caft abroad, invite and entice all the nations 
 adjacent, to make their fortunes upon her decays. And by the fame 
 reafon, there cannot but cnfue a diilblution to the ftate of the Turk, in 
 regard of the largenefs of empire, whenfoever their martial virtue and 
 difcipline Ihall bo further relaxed, whereof the time fccmeth to approach. 
 
 Vol. I. *B for
 
 6 OFTHETRUEGREATNESS 
 
 For certainly like as great ftature in a natural body is I'omc advantage iii 
 youth, but is but burden in age ; fo it is with great territory, which when a. 
 ftatc bcsinneth to decline, doth make it ftoop and buckle fo much the fallcr. 
 
 f OR the fourth and laft, it is true, that there is to be required and cxpcdcd 
 as in the parts of a body, fo in the members of a ftatc, rather propriety of 
 fervice, than equality of benefit. Some provinces are more wealthy ^^ ibme 
 more populous, and Ibmc more warlike ; feme fituate aptly for the excluding or 
 expuHing of foreigners, and Ibme for the annoying and bridling of fuipectcd and 
 tumultuous lubjccls j foine are profitable in prefent, and fome may be canvcrccd 
 and improved to profit by plantations and good policy. And therefore true 
 confiderarion of cltatc, caa hardly find what to rejeft, in matter of tcrritorv in 
 any empire, exxcpt it be fome glorious acquefts obtained fometime in tlic 
 bravery of wars, which cannot be kept without cxceffive charge and trouble; of 
 which kirid were the purchafcs of King Henry VIII. that oiTotirnay, and tli^t 
 o'i Bologne i and of the fame kind are infinite other the like examples almoli in 
 every war, which for the mod: part upon treaties of peace are reitored. 
 
 Thus have we now defined where tire largenefs of territory addeth true 
 greatnefs, and where nor. The application of thefe pofitions unto tHe 
 particular or fuppolltion of this your Majelty's kingdom o'^ Britain, requircth 
 few words, for as I profeffed in the beginning, I mean not to blazon or 
 amplify, but only to obfcrve and expreft matter. 
 
 First, Your Majcfty's dominion and empire, comprehendeth all the 
 illands of the northweft ocean, where it is open, until you come to the 
 imbarred or frozen fea, towards Iceland i in all which trad, it hath no inter- 
 mixture or interpofition of any foreign land, but only of the fea, whereof 
 you are alfo abfolutely Mafter. 
 
 Secondly, The quantity and content of thefe countries is far greater 
 than have been the principal or fundamental regions of the grcatelt 
 monarchies, greater than 'Perfla proper, greater than MaceJon, greater than 
 Italy. So as here is potentially body and ftem enough for Nabucboilonofor's 
 tree, if God Ihould have fo ordained. 
 
 Thirdly, The prowefs and valour of your fubjcfts is able to maftcr ajvi 
 wield far more territory than fallcth to their lot. But that followeth to be 
 fpoken of in the proper place. 
 
 And lajUy,. It muft be confelled, that whatfocver part of your countries 
 and regic«is (hall be counted the meaneft, yet is not inferior to thofe countries 
 and regions, the people whereof fome ages fince over- ran the world. We fee 
 further by the uniting of the continent of this ifland, and the fhutting up of 
 the poftern, (as it was not unfitly termed 5) all entrance of foreigners is 
 excluded r and we fee again, tliat by the fit /ituation and configuration of 
 the north of Scotlayid toward the north of Ireland, and the reputation, 
 commodity and terrour thereof, what good effefts have cnfued for the better 
 quieting of the troubles oi Ireland. And fo we conclude this firll branch 
 touching largenefs of territory. 
 
 The fecond article was. 
 
 That there is too much afcribed to trcafurc or riches in the ballancing 
 
 of greatnefs. 
 
 Wherkin no man can be ignorant of the idolatry that is generally 
 
 committed in thefe degenerate times to money, as if it could do all things 
 
 publick and private ; but leaving popular errors, this is likcwife to be 
 
 examined by rcafon and examples, and fudh reafon, as is no new conceit or 
 
 invention.
 
 O F B R I T A I N, .7 
 
 invention, but hath formerly been difcerncd by the founder fort of judg- 
 ments. For we fee that Solon, who was no contemplative wife man, but 
 a ftatefman and a lawgiver, ufed a memorable ccnlure to Criefas, when 
 he Ihcvvcd him great treafurcs, and ftorc of gold and filver that he had ga- 
 thered, telling him, that whenfocver another fhould come that had bctter 
 iron than he, he would be maftcr of all his gold and fiiver. Neither is the 
 authority ol Machiavelio be defpifed, Ipecially in a matter whereof he law 
 the evident experience before his eyes in his own times and country, who 
 dcrideth the received and current opinion and principle of cftatc taken firft 
 from a fpecch oi Miitianns the lieutenant of Vefpajian--, that money was 
 the fincws of war, afiirming, that it is a mockery, and that there are no other 
 uuc fincws of war, but the llnews and mufcles of mens arms : and that there was 
 never any war, wherein the more valiant people had to deal with the more 
 wealthy, but that the war, if it were well conducted, did nourifh and pay itfelf. 
 And had he not rcafon ib to think, when he law a needy, and ill-provided army 
 of the French (though needy, rather by negligence than want of means, as the 
 French manher oftentimes is) make their palfage only by the reputation of their 
 fwords by their fides undrawn, thorough the whole length of Italy, (at 
 that time abounding in wealth after a long peace) and that without refiilancc, 
 and to feize and leave what countries and places it pleated them ? But it was 
 not the experience of that time alone, but the records of all times that do 
 concur to falfify that conceit, that wars are decided not by the fharpeft 
 fwoi-d, but by the grcateft purfe. And that very text or faying of Mutianiis 
 which was the original of this opinion, is mifvouched, for his fpeech was 
 Pecuniae funt nervi belli civtlis^ which is true, for that civil wars cannot 
 be between people of differing valour ; and again becaufe in them men are 
 as oft bought as vanquiflied. But in cafe of foreign wars, you fhall fcarccly 
 find any of the great monarchies of the world, but have had their foundations 
 in poverty and contemptible beginnings, being in that point alfo conform to 
 the heavenly kingdom, of which it is pronounced, Regniim T>ei non 'venit 
 cum obfervatione. T'erfia, a mountainous country, and a poor people in 
 comparifon of the Medes, and other provinces which they fubdued. The 
 ftatc of Sparta, a (late wherein poverty \\as cnadcd by lav/ and orduiancc ; 
 all ufc of gold and filver and rich furniture being intcrdicled. The ftatc of 
 'Macedonia, a ftate mercenary and ignoble until the time of Philip. The 
 ftatc of Rome, a ftate that had poor and paftoral beginnings. The ftate of 
 the Turks, which hath been fince the terror of the world, founded upon a 
 tranfmigration of fome bands of Sarmatian Scythes, that defcended in a 
 vagabond manner upon the province that is now termed Turcomannia'-, out 
 of the remnants whereof, after great variety of fortune, fprang the Othoma7i 
 tamily. But never was any pofition of cftatc fo vifibly and fubftantially 
 confirmed as this, touching the prehemincnce, yea and predominancy of 
 valour above trealure, as by the twodefccnts and inundations of necefiitous 
 and indigent people, the one from the caft and the other from the weft, that 
 of the Arabians or Saracens, and that of the Goths, Vandals and the reft : 
 '-5who, as if they had been the true inheritors of the Roman Empire, then 
 dying, or at leaft. grov/n impotent and aged, entered upon Egypt, Afia^ 
 Graecia, Africk, Spain, France, coming to thele nations, not as to a prey, 
 but as to a patrimony ; not returning with Ipoil, but fcating and planting 
 thcmfeivcs in a number of provinces, which continue their progeny, and 
 bear their names till this day. And all thcfe men had no other wealth but 
 
 theu
 
 OF THE TRUE GREA'TNESS 
 
 thciL adventures, nor no other title bar their fwords, nor no other pycfs biTC 
 their poverty. For it was not with molt of thel'c people as it is in countries^ 
 reduced to a regular civiUty,- that no man almoft marrieth except he fee he 
 have means to live ; but population went on, howibever fuftentation follow ed, 
 and taui;ht by ncceflity, as Ibmc writers report, when they found tiicmfclves 
 furcharged with people, they divided their inhabitants into thvce,p.u-ts, and 
 one third, as the lot fell, was fent abroad and left to their adventures. 
 Neither is the reafon much unlike (tliough the etfcdl hath not followed in re- 
 gard of a fpecial diverfion) in the nation of the Szi'ijfes inlubitiiii; a country, 
 which in regard of the mountainous lituation, and the popular eftate, dotk 
 generate falfcr than it can fuftain. In wliich people, it well appeared what 
 an authority iron hath over gold at the battle of Ora7ifon, at what time one 
 of the pi-incipal jewels of Burgundy was fold for twelve pence by a poor 
 S'-Jnifs, that knew no more a precious (lone, than did /£.jbfs cock. And 
 although this people have made no plantations with their arms, yet we ice 
 the reputation of them fuch, as not only theh forces have been employed and 
 waged, but their alUance fought and purchafed by the greatell kings and llates 
 of Europe. So as though fortune, as it fares fomctimes with princes to their 
 fervants, hath denied them a grant of lands, yet fhe hath granted them liberal 
 penfions, which are made memorable and renowned to all porterity, by the 
 event which cnfucd to Le\x:is the twelfth, who being prclled uncivill)- by 
 meflage from them for the inhauncing their 'penfions, entered intodiolcr and 
 broke out into thefc words, What I 'ivillthefe -villains of the mountains 
 put a tax i!po?i me ? which words coft him his duchy o^ Milan^ and utterly 
 ruined his atfairs m Italy. Neither were it indeed pofllble at this day, that 
 that nation fhoivld kibllft without defcents and impreilions upon their 
 neighbours, were it not for the great utterance of people which they make 
 into the fervices of foreign princes, and eliates, thereby difcharging not only 
 number, but in that number, Ihch fpirits as arc moll: Ihrring and turbulent. 
 
 And therefore we may conclude, that as largcnefs of territory fever'd 
 from military virtue, is but a burden ■■, lb that treafure and riches Icn-er'ii 
 from the (iime, is but a prey. It reikth therefore to make a reduclion of this 
 error alio- unto a truth by diftindion and limitation, which will be in thi^; 
 manner : 
 
 Treasure and monies do then add true greatncfs and ftrcngth to a Aatc, 
 when they are accompanied with thefe three conditions : 
 
 First, The fame condition which hath been annexed to largcnefs oif 
 territory, that is, that they be joined with martial prowefs and valour. 
 
 Secondly, That treafure doth then advance greatncfs, when it ia.ratlicr 
 in mediocrity than in great abundance. And again better, when fome 
 part of the ftate is poor, than when all prts of it are rich. 
 
 And la/lly. That treafure in a ftate is more or Icfs ferviccablc, as the hands 
 are in which the wealth chiefly refteth. 
 
 For the lirft of thefe, it is a thing that cannot be denied, that in equality 
 €>f valour, the better purfe is an advantage. For like as in wreftling, between 
 man and man, if there be a great overmatch in ftraigth, it is to little purpofe, 
 though one have the better breath 5 but if the ftrcngth be near equal, then he' 
 that is fliorter winded will (if the wager confift of many falls) in the end have 
 the worft : lb it is in the wars, if it be a match between a valiant people and 
 a cowardly, the advantage of treafure will not ferve ; but if they be near in 
 valour, thcivthe better monied ftate, will be the better able to continue the 
 
 war.
 
 OFBRiTAIN. ^ 
 
 war, and fo in the end to prevail. But if any man think that money can 
 make thotc provifions at the firft encounters, tliat no difference of valour can 
 countervail, let him look back but into thofe examples which have been 
 brought, and hemuft confefs, that all thofe furnitures whatfocver arc but fhews 
 and mummeries, and cannot fhrowd fear againil; refolution. For there (hall he 
 find companies armed with armour of proof taken out of the ilately armories 
 of Kings who fpared no coft, overthrown by men armed by private bargain 
 and chance as they could get it : there fhall he find armies appointed with 
 horfes bred of purpofe, and in choice races, chariots of war, elephants, and 
 the like terrours, maftercd by armies.mcanly appointed. So of towns ftrongly 
 fortified, bafely yielded, and the like, all being but fhccp in a lion's skin where 
 valour faileth. 
 
 For the fecond point, tliat competency of treafure is better than furfeit, 
 is a matter of common place or ordinary dilcourfe, in regard that excefs of 
 riches, neither in publick nor private, ever hath any good effects, but maketh 
 men cither flothful and effeminate, and fo no enterprizers; or infolcnt or 
 arrogant, and fo over-great embracers; but moll: generally cowardly and 
 fearful to lofe, according to the adage, 'Timidus 'Fliitus, fo as this needcth 
 no further ipcech. But a part of that affertion requireth a more deep con- 
 iideration, being a matter not lb familiar, but yet moft affurcdly true. For 
 it is neceliary in a iT:atc that Ihall grow and inlarge, that there be that compofi- 
 tion which the poet fpeaks of. Mult is utile helium, an ill condition of a ibtc 
 (no queftion) if it be meant of a civil war, as it was fpoken ; but a condition 
 proper to a flate that Ihall encreafe, if it be taken of a foreign war. For 
 except there be a fpur in the ftate, that fhall excite and prick them on to wars, 
 they will but keep their own, and feek no further. And in all experience and 
 ftories you fhall find but three things that prepare and difpofe an eftate to war ; 
 the ambition of governours, a ftate of foldiers profeffed, and the hard means to 
 live of many fubjects. Whereof the lart is the moft forcible and the moft con- 
 ftant. And this is the true reafon of that event which we obferved and rehearfed 
 before, that moft of the great kingdoms of the world have fprung out of 
 hardnefs and fcarcenefs of means, as the ftrongeft herbs out of the barreneft 
 foils. 
 
 For the third point concerning the placing and diftributing of treafure in 
 a ftatc^j the pofition is fimplc, that then treafure is greateft flrength to a flate, 
 when it is fo dilpofed, as it is readiefl: and eafieft to come by for publick fervicc 
 and ufc ; which one pofition doth infer three conckifions. 
 
 FisRT, that there be quantity fiiflkient of treafure as well in the treafury 
 of the crown or ftate, as in the purfe of the private fubjed:. 
 
 Secondly, that the wealth of the fubject be.rather in many hands than 
 in few. 
 
 And Thirdly, that it be in thofe hands, where there is likcft to be greateft 
 fparing, and encreafe, and not in thofe hands, wherein there ufeth to be 
 greateft: expence and confumption. 
 
 For it is not the abundance of treafure in the fubjeds hands that can make 
 fudden lupply of the want of a ftate, becaufe reafon tells us, and experience 
 both, that private perfons have leaft will to contribute, when they have moft 
 caule ; for when there is noife or expedation of wars, then is always the 
 deadeft times for monies, in regard every man reftraincth and holdcth faft his 
 means for fiis own comfort and luccour, according as Solomon faith, 'The 
 riches of a man are as ajfrong hold in his O'lsjn imagination ; and therefore 
 Vol. I. *C wc
 
 ,o OF THE TRUE GREATNESS 
 
 we fee by infinite examples, and none more memorable than that of Con- 
 Jtantinus the laft emperor of the Greeks y and the citizens of Conjtantinoplej 
 that fubjecls do often chufe rather to be frugal difpenfers for their enemies, 
 than liberal lenders to their prince. Again, whercfocver the wealth of the 
 fubjed is cngroflcd into few hands, it is not poiliblc it Ihould be fo refpondent 
 and yielding to payments and contributions for the publick, both becaufe 
 the true cftimation or aflcflment of great wealth is more obfcure and un- 
 certain, and becaufe the burden feemeth lighter when the charge lieth upon 
 many hands ; and further, becaufe the fame greatnefs of wealth is for the moft 
 part not collected and obtained without fucking it from many, according to 
 the received flmilitude of the fpleen, which never fwcllcth but when the reft 
 of the body pineth and abatcth. And laftly, it cannot be that any wealth 
 fhould leave a fecond overplus for the publick that doth not firft leave an 
 overplus to the private flock of him that gathers it ; and therefore nothing is 
 more certain, than that thofe ftates are Icall: able to aid and defray great charge 
 for wars, or other publick disburfemcnts, whofc weal.th relkth chiefly in the 
 hands of the nobility and gentlemen. For what by reafon of their magni- 
 ficence and wafte in expence, and what by reafon of their dcfue to advance 
 and make great their own families, and again upon the coincidence of the 
 former reafon, becaufe they are always the feweft ; fmall is the help, as to 
 payments or charge, that can be levied or expected from them towards the oc- 
 caiions of a ftate. Contrary it is of fuch Itatcs whofe wealth refteth in the 
 hands of merchants, burghers, tradcfmen, freeholders, farmers in the country, 
 and the like, whereof we have a moft evident and prefent example before our 
 eyes, in our neighbours of the Lo\v Countries, who could never have endured 
 and continued fo ineftimablc and infupportable charge, either by their natural 
 frugality, or by their mechanical indultry, were it not alio that there was a 
 concurrence in them of this laft reafon, which is, that their wealth was difperfed 
 in many hands, and not ingrofled into few, and thofe hands were not much 
 of the nobility, but moft and generally of inferior conditions. 
 
 To make application of this part concerning trcafure to your Majefty's 
 kingdoms : 
 
 First, I fuppofc I cannot err, that as to the endowment of your crown, 
 there is not any crown oi Europe, that hath fo great a proportion of demefne 
 and land revenue. Again, he that fhall look into your prerogative fhali 
 find it to have as many ftreams to feed your trcafury, as the prerogative of 
 any of the faid Kings, and yet without oppreflion or taxing of your people. 
 For they be things unknown in many other ftates, that all rich mines Ihould 
 be yours, though in the foil of your fubjedts; that all wardfhips fhould be 
 yours, where a tenure in chief is, of lands held of your fubjeds ; that all 
 confifcations and efcheats of trcafon fhould be yours, though the tenure be 
 of the fubjed; that all adions popular, and the fines and cafualities there- 
 upon may be informed in your name, and fhould be due unto you, and a 
 moiety at the leaft where the fubjed himfclf informs. And further, he that 
 fhall look into your revenues at the ports of the fea, your revenues in courts 
 of juftice, and for the ftirring of your feals, the revenues upon your clergy, 
 and the reft, will conclude, that the law of England ftudied how to make a 
 rich crown, and yet without levies upon your lubjed. For merchandizing, 
 it is true, it was ever by the kings of this realm defpifed, as a thing ignoble 
 and indign for a King, though it is manifeft, the fituation and commodi- 
 ties of this ifland confidcrcd, it is infinite, what your Majcfty might raife, 
 
 if
 
 37i!OF BRITAIN. 
 
 II 
 
 if you would do as a King of 'Portugal doth, or a Duke of Florence ia 
 matter of merchandize. As for the wealth of the fubjeft * : 
 
 To proceed to the articles affirmative, the firl!: was, = 
 
 "That the true greatnefs of an cftatc conftikth in the natural and fir 
 fituation of the region or place. ' 
 
 Wherein I mean nothing fuperftitioufly touching the fortunes or fatal 
 dcfliny of any places, nor philofophically touching their configuration with 
 the fuperiour globe. But I underftand proprieties and refpcfts meerly civil' 
 and according to the nature of human aftions, and the true conflderationS 
 of cftate. Out of which duly weighed, there doth arife a triple diftribution 
 of the fitnefs of a region for a great monarchy. Firft, that it be of hard accefs. 
 Secondly, that it be featcd in no extreme angle, but commodioully in the 
 midfl of many regions. And thirdly, that it be maritime, or at the leaft 
 upon great navigable rivers; and be not inland or mediterrane. And that 
 thefe are not conceits, but notes of event, it appcareth manifcrtly, that all 
 great monarchies and ftates have been featcd in llich manner, as if you would 
 place them again, obferving thefe three points which I have mentioned, you 
 cannot place them better ; which fhews the prcheminence of nature, unto 
 which human induftry or accident cannot be equal, fpecially in any con- 
 tinuance of time. Nay, if a man look into thefe things more attentively, he 
 fhall fee diverfe of theie feats of monarchies, how fortune hath hovered flill 
 about the places, coming and going only in regard of the fixxd rcalbn of 
 the convenicncy of the place, which is immutable. And therefore firfl wc 
 fee the excellent fituation of Egypt ; which fecmcth to have been the moft 
 anticnt monarchy, how conveniently it fliands upon a neck of land com- 
 manding both Teas on either fide, and embracing as it were with two arms 
 Afia and Africk, befides the benefit of the famous river of Nilus. And 
 therefore we fee what hath been the fortune of that country, there having 
 been two mighty returns of fortune, though at great diftance of time, the 
 one in the times of Sefojtris, and the other in the empire of the Mamalukes^ 
 befides the middle greatnefs of the kingdom of the Ttolemys^ and of the 
 greatnefs of the caliphs and fultans in the latter times. And this region, wc 
 fee likewife, is of ftrait and defenftble accefs, being commonly called of the 
 Romans, Clan fir a /Eg ypti. -f- Confider in like manner the fituation o^Babyloriy + ^^'^'"- "^* 
 being planted mofl: rtrongly in regard of lakes and overflowing grounds \i^-'fonsofthei'hrte 
 tween the two great navigable rivers of Euphrates and Tygris, and in thtP'^op^'^''^'- 
 very heart of the world, having regard to the four cardines of caft and weft 
 and northern and fouthern regions. And therefore we fee that although the 
 fovcreignty alter, yet the feat flill of the monarchy remains in that place. 
 For after the monarchies of the kings of AJfyria, which were natural kings 
 of that place, yet when the foreign kings of 'Perjia came in, the feat re- 
 mained. For although the manfton of the perfons of the kings of 'Perjia 
 were fometimes at Siifa, and fometimes at Ecbatana, which were termed 
 their winter and their lummcr parlours, becaufe of the mildncls of the air in 
 the one, and the frelhnefs in the other; yet the city of eflate continued to be 
 Babylon. Therefore wc fee, that Alexander the Great, according to the 
 advice of Calanus the Indian, that fhewed him a bladder, which if it were 
 borne down at one end, would rife at the other, and therefore wifhed him 
 to keep himfclf in the middle of his empire, chofc accordingly Babylon for 
 his feat, and died there. And afterwards likewife in the family of Seleucus 
 
 and 
 
 * Mem. Here ixas a blanJ: fide left, to cstitinite t}?e fesji.
 
 12 NOTES OF A SPEECH CONCERNING 
 
 and his defccndants, Kings of the eaft, although divers of them for their own 
 glory, were founders of cities of their own names, as Antiochia, Seleucia, 
 and divers others, (which they fought by all means to raife and adorn) yet 
 the greatncfs ftill remained according unto nature with the antient feat. Nay 
 further on, the fame remained during the greatnefs of the kings of 'Parthia^ 
 as appeareth by the verfe of Lucian who wrote in Nero's time i 
 
 Cumqiie fnperba fiaret Vi^hyXowfpolianda trophae'ts. 
 
 And after that, again it obtained the feat of the higheil: caliph or fucceflbrs of 
 Mahomet. And at this day, that which they call Bagdat, which joins to the 
 ruin of the other, containcth one of the greateft Satrapies of the Levant. _ 
 So again, Terjia being a country imbarred with mountains, open to the Seas 
 and in the middle of the world, we fee hath had three memorable revolutions 
 of great monarchies. 
 
 The rirft in the time o'i Cyrus h the fecond in the time of the new Ar- 
 taxerxeSy who railed himfelf in the reign of Alexander Severus Emperor 
 of Rome ; and now of late memory, in Ifmael the Sophy, whofe defcendants 
 continue in empire and competition with the Turks to this day. 
 
 So again, Conftantinople being one of the moil excellentcft feats of the 
 world, in the confines of Europe and AJia. 
 
 Notes of a S p E E c H, concerning a war with Spain. 
 
 THAT ye conceive there will be little difference in opinion, but 
 that all will advife the King not to entertain further a treaty, where- 
 in he hath been fo manifcftly and fo long deluded. 
 
 That the difficulty therefore will be in the confequcnccs thereof; for 
 to the breach of treaty, doth neceflarily fuccecd a delpair of recovering the 
 ^Palatinate by treaty, and fo the bufinefs falleth upon a war. And to that 
 you will apply your fpeech, as being the point of importance, and bcfides, 
 moft agreeable to your profeffion and place. 
 
 To a war (fuch as may promife fuccefi) there are three things required : 
 a juft quarrel ■■, fufficient forces, and provifions ; and a prudent and politick 
 choice of the dcfigns and actions whereby the war fhall be managed. 
 
 For the quarrel, there cannot be a more jull quarrel by the laws both 
 of nature and nations, than for the recovery of the ancient patrimony of 
 the King's children, gotten from them by an ufurping fword, and an in- 
 fidious treaty. 
 
 But further, that the war well confidered is not for the Palatinate 
 only, but for England znd Scotland i for if we ftay till the low country- 
 men be ruined, and the party of the papifts within the realm be grown too 
 ftrong, England, Scotland, and Ireland, are at the ftakc. 
 
 'Neither doth it concern the ftate only, but our church ; other Kings, 
 papifts, content themfelves to maintain their religion in their own domi- 
 nions ; but the Kings of Spain run a courfe to make themfelves proteftors 
 of the popifh religion, even amongft the fubjecls of other Kings : almoft 
 like the Ottomans, that profefs to plant the law of Mahomet by the fword; 
 and fo the Spaniards do of the Pope's law. And therefore, if either the 
 
 K" * 
 ings
 
 A WAR WITH SPAIN. 13 
 
 King's blood, or our own blood, or Chrift's blood be dear unto us, the 
 quarrel is juft, and to be embraced. 
 
 For the point of fufficient forces, the ballancing of the forces of thefe 
 kingdoms and their allies, \j\x\\ Spain and their allies, you know to be a 
 matter of great and weighty confideration 5 but yet to weigh them in a 
 common underftanding, for your part, you are of opinion that Spain is 
 no fuch giant 5 or if he be a giant, it will be but like Goliah and T>avid^ 
 for God will be on our fide. 
 
 But to leave thefe Ipiritual confiderations, you do not fee in true dit- 
 courle of peace and war, that we ought to doubt to be over-matched. To 
 this opinion you are led by two things which lead all men ; by experience, 
 and by reafon. 
 
 For experience, you do not find that for this age (take it for 100 years) 
 there was ever any encounter between Spanijh and Englijh of importance, 
 cither by fea or land, .but the Engltpi came off with the honour 5 witnefs the 
 Lammas-IDay, the retreat of Gaunt, the battle of Ne'-jiport, and lomc 
 others : but there have been fome adions both by fea and land, fo memo- 
 rable as fcarce fuffer the lefs to be fpoken of By fea, that of cighty-ci^ht, 
 when the Spaniards putting themfelves moft upon their ftirrups, lent forth 
 that invincible Armada which fhould have fwallowed up England quick i 
 the fuccefs whereof was, that although that fleet Iwam like mountains upon 
 our feas, yet they did not fo much as rake a cock-boat of ours at fea, nor 
 fire a cottage at land, but came through our channel, and were driven, as 
 Sir IValter Raleigh fays, by fquibs (tire-boats he means) from Calais^ 
 and were foundly beaten by our Ihips in fight, and many of them funk, 
 and finally durft not return the way they came, but made a fcattered per- 
 ambulation, full of Ihipwrecks, by the Irijh and Scotijl leas to get home 
 again ; juft according to the curie of the fcripture, that they came out 
 againft tis one '■duayj and fled before us fenjen ways. By land, who can 
 forget the two voyages made upon the continent irfclf of Spain, that of 
 Lisbon, and that of Cales, when in the former we knock'd at the gates of 
 the greateft city either of Spain or 'Portugal, and came off without leeing . 
 an enemy to look upon us in the face ? And though we failed in our foun- 
 dation, (for t\y\x Antonio whom we thought to replace in his kingdom found 
 no party at nil) yet it was a true trial of the gcntleneis of Spain, which fuf- 
 fered us to go and come without any difpute. And for the latter, of Cales, 
 it ended in victory ; we ravilhed a principal city of wealth and ftrength 
 in the high countries, lacked it, fired the Indian fleet that was in the port, 
 and came home in triumph ; and yet to this day were never put in fuit for 
 it, nor demanded reafon for our doings. You ought not to forget the battle 
 6^ Kinfale \\\ Ireland, what time xhc Spanijh forces were joined with the 
 Irip (good foldiers as themfelves or better) and exceeded us far in number, 
 and yet they were loon defeated, and their general TiAvila taken prilbner, 
 and that war by that battle quenched and ended. 
 
 And it is worthy to be noted how much our power in thofe days was 
 infcriour to our prefent llate. Then, a lady old, and owner only of E7tg- 
 land, intangled with the revolt of Ireland, and her confedcri;tes of Holland 
 much weaker, and in no conjundlure. Now, a famous King, and ftrcngthened 
 with a Prince of lingular expeilation, and in the prime of his years, owner 
 of the entire illc o{ Britain, enjoying Ireland populate and quiet, and in- 
 finitely more fupportcd by confederates of the Low Countries, ^imnark. 
 Vol. I. * D diver.s
 
 14- NOTES OF A SPEECH CONCERNING 
 
 divers of the Princes oi Germany and others. As for the comparifon of 
 Spain as it was then, and as it is now, you will for good relpeds for- 
 bear to fpcak ; only you will fay this, that Spain was then reputed to have 
 the wifeft council of Europe, and not a council that will come at the whiftle 
 of a favourite. 
 
 Another point of experience you would, not fpeak of, if it were not 
 that there is a wonderful erroneous obfervation, which walkcrh about, con- 
 trary to all the true account of time; and it is, that the Spaniard where 
 he once gets in, will feldom or never be got out again, (and they give it an 
 ill-favoured fimile which you will not name) but nothing is Icfs true : they 
 got footing at Breft, and fome other parts in Britain, and quitted it : they 
 had Calais, Ardes, Amiens, and vvcre part beaten out, and part they ren- 
 dred : they had Vercellcs in Savoy ^nd fairly left it : they had the other 
 day the Valtoline, and now have put it in dcpofite. What they will do 
 at Ormus we fhall fee. So that to Ipeak truly of later times, they have ra- 
 ther poached and offered at a number of enterprizcs, than maintained any 
 conftantly. And for Germany, in more ancient time, their great Emperor 
 Charles after he had Germany almoft in his fift, was forced in the end to go 
 from Isburgh as it were in a mask by torch-light, and to quit every foot 
 of his new acquefts in Germany, which you hope likcwil'e will be the here- 
 ditary iffiie of this late purchafc of the '■Palatinate. And thus much for 
 experience. 
 
 For reafon. It hath many branches; you will but extract a few firft. It 
 is a nation thin fown of men, partly by reafon of the fterility of their foil ; 
 and partly becaufe their natives are exhauft by fo many imploymcnts in fuch 
 vaft territories as they poflefs, fo that it hath been counted a kind of miracle 
 to fee together ten or twelve thoufand native Spaniards in an army. And 
 although they have at this time great numbers oimifcellany foldiers in their 
 armies and garrifons, yet if there fhould be the misfortune of a battle, they 
 are ever long about it to draw on fupplies. 
 
 They tell a tale of a Spanijh ambalfador that was brought to fee their 
 treafury of St. Mark at Venice, and llill he looked down to the ground ; and 
 being asked the reafon, faid. He isjas looking to fee '■whether the treafure 
 had any root, fo that if that -^'ere fpent, it would gro's) again as his majter's 
 had. But howfoever it be of their trealure, certainly their forces have fcarcely 
 any root, or at leaft fuch a root as putteth forth very poorly and flowly ; 
 whereas there is not in the world again fuch a fpring and leminary of military 
 people as is England, Scotland, and Ireland, nor of leamen as is this idand, 
 and the Low Countries : fo as if the wars Ihould mow them down, yet they 
 fuddenly may be fupplied and come up again. 
 
 A fecond reafon is (and it is the principal) that if we truely confider the 
 greatnefs oi Spain, it confifteth chiefly in their trealure, and their treafure in 
 their Indies, and their Indies (both of them) is but an accellion to fuch as 
 are mafters by fea; fo as this axle-tree whereupon their greatnefs turns, is foon 
 cut a-two by any that fhall be ftronger than they at fea. So then you report 
 your felf to their opinions, and the opinions of all men, enemies or who- 
 foever ; whether that the maritime forces of Britain, and the Low Countries, 
 are not able to beat them at fea. For if that be, you fee the chain is broken 
 from fhipping to Indies, from Indies to trealiirc, and from treafure to 
 
 greatnefs. 
 
 The
 
 A WAR WITH SPAIN. 15 
 
 The third reafon (which hath fome affinity with this fecond) is a point 
 comfortable to hear in the ftate that wc now are ; wars are generally caufes 
 of poverty and confumption. Tiie nature of this war you are perfuaded will 
 be matter of reftorative and enriclimgj fo that if we go roundly on with 
 fuppUcs and provifions at the firft, the war in continuance will find it felf. 
 Tliat you do but point at this, and will not enlarge it. 
 
 Lastly, That it h not a little to be coniidcred, that the grcatnefs of 
 Spain is not only diftracted extremely, and therefore of lefs force, but built 
 upon no very found foundations; and therefore they can have the lefs ftrength 
 by any afllired and confident confederacy with France: they arc in com- 
 petition for Navarre, Milan, Naples, and the Franch County of Burgundy % 
 with the fee of Rome, for Naples alio j for Portugal, with the right heirs 
 of that line ; for that they have in their Low Countries, with the United 
 'Provinces i for Ormus (now) with Perfia ; for Valencia, with the Moors 
 expulfed and their confederates ; for the Eaft and Weft Indies, with all the 
 world. So that if every bird had his feather, Spain would be left wonderful 
 naked. But yet there is a greater confederation againft them than by means of 
 any of thcfe quarrels or titles; and that is contracted by the fear that almoft 
 all nations have of their ambition, whereof men fee no end. And thus much 
 for the balkncing of their forces. 
 
 For the lafl point, which is the choice of the defigns and enterprizes, in 
 which to condud the war ; you will not now fpeak, becaufe you ihould be 
 forced to defcend to divers particulars, whereof fome are of a more open, 
 and fome of a more fecret nature. But that you would move the houlc to 
 make a feleded committee for that purpofe. Not to eftrange the houfe in 
 any fort, but to prepare things for them, giving them power and commiflion 
 to call before them, and to confer with any martial men or others that arc 
 not of the houfe, that they Ihall think fit, for their advice and information : 
 And fo to give an account of the bufmefs to a general committee of the whole 
 houfe. 
 
 Orationes,
 
 t6 
 
 OrationeSy Acia^ Inflrumenta circa res civiksy 
 
 Fr. Bacon. 
 
 A book of Speeches in Parliament, or otherwife de- 
 livered by Sir F R A N c I s Bacon the King's 
 SoUicitor-General : 
 
 Alfo Declarations, Proclamations, or other Acts or 
 Instruments touching matters of eftate, penned by him* 
 
 Mr. Bacon's Difcourfe in the praife of his 
 
 Sovereign. 
 
 No praife of magnanimity, nor of love, nor of knowledge, can intercept 
 her praife that plantcth, and nourifheth magnanimity by her example, 
 love by her perfon, and knowledge by the peace and ferenity of her 
 times. And if thefe rich pieces be io fair unlet, what are they ict, and let 
 in all perfeftion ? Magnanimity no doubt confifteth in contempt of peril, in 
 contempt of profit, and in meriting of the times wherein one liveth. For 
 contempt of peril, fee a lady that cometh to a crown after the experience of 
 Ibme adverfe fortune, which for the moft part extenuateth the mind, and 
 makcth it apprchenfive of fears. No fooner fhe taketh the fcepter into her 
 facred hands, but fhe putteth on a rcfolution to make the greateft, the moft 
 important, the moll dangerous that can be in a Hate 5 the alteration of religion. 
 This (he doth, not after a fovereignty eftabliChed and continued by fundry 
 years, when cuflom might have bred in her people a more abfolutc obe- 
 dience ; when trial of her fcrvants might have made her more allured 
 whom to imployj when the reputation of her policy and virtue might 
 have made her government redoubted. But at the very entrance of her 
 reign, when fhe was green In authority, her fervants leant known unto 
 her, the adverfe part not weakened, her own part not confirmed. Neither 
 doth Hie reduce or reunite her realm to the religion of the ftatcs about her, 
 that the evil inclination of the fubjeft might be countervailed by the good 
 corrcfpondence in foreign parts: but contrary wife, Ihe iutroduccth a religion 
 exterminated and pcrfecuted both at home and abroad. Her proceeding here- 
 in is not by degrees and by Health, but abfolute and at once. \A'as Ihe 
 encouraged thereto by the ftrength fhe found in leagues and alliances with 
 great and potent confederates ? No, but Ihc found her realm in wars 
 with her nearcft and mightieft neighbours. She Hood fingle and alone, 
 and in league only with one, that after the people of her nation had made 
 his wars, left her to make her own peace ; one that could never be by any 
 follicitation moved to renew the treaties ; and one that ^\\\cz hath proceeded 
 from doubtful terms of amity to the higheft ad:s of hoftility. Yet, notwith- 
 
 ftanding
 
 IN PRAISE OF Q. ELIZABETH. if 
 
 {landing the oppofition fo great, the fuppoit fo weak, the fcafon Co unproperj 
 yet, 1 lay, bccaule it was a rehgioa wherein fhe was nourifhed and brought 
 lip 5 a religion that freed her fubjecls from pretence of foreign powers, and 
 indeed the true religion; flie brought to pafs this great work with liiccefs 
 worthy fo noble a rclblution. See a Queen, that wlien a deep and lecret con- 
 fpiraey was plotted againil her facred perfon, pradifed by fubtile inftruments, 
 embraced by violent and dcfperatc humours, (Irengthened and bound by 
 vows and facraments, and the fame was revealed unto her (and yet the nature 
 of the affairs required further ripening before the apprehcnfion of any of the 
 parties) was content to put her lelf into the guard of the divine providence 
 and her own prudence, to have Ibmc of the conlpirators in her eyes, to fuffer 
 them to approach to her perlbn, to take a petition of the hand that was con- 
 jured for her death; and that with luch majefty of countenance, fuch miidncis 
 and fcrenity of gcfturc, fuch art and impreflion of words, as had been fuffi- 
 cient to have reprell and bound the Ivand of a conlpirator, if he had not been 
 difcovered. Laftly, fee a Queen, that when her realm was to have been in- 
 vaded by an army, the preparation whereof was like tlic travel of an elephant, 
 the provifions were iminite, the letting forth whereof was the terror and 
 woadcT of Europe^ it was not feen tliat her chear, her fafhion, her ordinary 
 manner was any thing altered : not a cloud of that ftorm did appear in that 
 countenance wherein peace doth ever ihinej but with excellent alllirance, and 
 advifed fecurity, fhe infpircd her council, animated her nobility, redoubled 
 the courage of lier people, IHII having this noble apprehcnfion, not only that 
 llic would communicate her fortune with them, but that it was Ihe that would 
 protcd theivi, and not they her : which fhe teflilied by no lefs demonllration 
 than her prclence in camp. Therefore, that magnanimity that neither feareth 
 greatncfs of alteration, nor the views of conlpirators, nor the power of 
 enemy, ismoretliau heroical. 
 
 For co;ueiiipt of profit, confidcr her offers, confider her purchafes. 
 She harh reigned in a moll: populous, and wealthy peace, her people greatly 
 multipiied, v. ealthily appointed, and fingularly devoted. She wanted not 
 the example of the power of her arms in the memorable voyages and in- 
 vafions prolperouily made and atchieved by fundry her noble progenitors. 
 She hath not wanted pretences, as well of claim and right, as of quarrel 
 and revenge. She hath reigned during the minority of fomc of her neigh- 
 bour princes, and during the taclions and divifions of their people upon deep 
 and irreconcilable quarrels, and during the imbracing greatnefs of fomc 
 one that hath made him lelf fo weak through too much burthen, as others 
 are through decay of ftrength ; and yet fee her fitting as it were within the 
 compafs of her lands. Scotland, that doth as it were eclipfe her ifland; 
 the United TroviJias of the Lo\Sj Countries, which for wealth, commo- 
 dity of traifick, atfcdion to our nation, were molf meet to be annexed 
 to this crown; Ihe left the polVeflion of the one, and refufcd the Ibve- 
 reignty of the otlier : fo that notwithflanding the greatnefs of her means, 
 the jultnefs of her pretences, and the rarenefs of her opportunity ; fhe hath 
 continued her firllmind, flie hath made the poflellions which Ihc received 
 the hmits of her dominions, and the world the limits of her name, by a 
 peace that hath llaincd all viclories. 
 
 For her merits, who doth not acknowledge, that fhe hath been as a ftar 
 of moft fortunate influence upon the age wherein fhe hath Ihined ? Shall wc 
 fpcafc cf merit of t:!cmcncy ? or merit of beneficence ? Where fhall a man 
 
 Vol. I. * E take
 
 18 A DISCOURSE IN PRAISE 
 
 take the moll: proper aiid natural trial of her royal clemency ? Will it bcft appear 
 in the injuries that were done unto her before fhe attained the crown ? or 
 after fhe is feated in her throne? or that the commonwealth is incorporated 
 in her perfon ? Then clemency is drawn in queftion, as a dangerous encoun- 
 ter of juftice and policy. And tliercfore, who did ever note, that ihe did 
 relent (after that fhe was eftablilhed in her kingdom) of the wrongs done 
 unto her former eftate ? Who doth not remember how Ihc did revenge the 
 rigour and rudencfs of her jaylor by a word, and that no bitter but fair, 
 and fuch as fhcwcd rather the excellency of her wit, than any imprclllon of ^ 
 het wrong ? Yea, and further, is it not lb manifeft, that fince her reign, 
 notwithftanding the principle that Princes fhould not neglect that the Com- 
 tnowji-ealth's '■j:;rong is included in themfelves -, yet when it is quelhon of 
 drawing the fword, there is ever a conflid between the jufticcof her place 
 joined with the necefllty of her ftatc and her royal clemency, which as a 
 fovcreignand precious balm continually diftilleth from her fair hands, and fal- 
 leth into the wounds of many that have incurred the offence of her law. 
 
 Now, for her beneficence, what kind of perfons have breathed during 
 her moft happy reign, but have had the benefit of her virtues conveyed^' 
 unto them ? Take a view, and confider, whether they have not extended 
 to fubicds, to neighbours, to remote Grangers, yea, to her grcatell ene- 
 mies. For her fubjccls, where fhall we begin in liich a maze of benefits 
 as prefenteth itfelf to remembrance ? Shall we fpcak of the purging away 
 of the drofs of religion, the heavenly trcafurc ; or that of money, the 
 earthly treafure ? The greater was touched before, and the latter deferveth 
 not to be forgotten. For who belie\eth not (that knoweth any thing in 
 matter of eftate) of the great abiurdities and frauds that arifc of divorcing 
 the legal eftimation of moneys from the general, and fas I may term it) 
 natural eftimation of the metals, and again of the uncertainty and waver- 
 ing values of coins, a very labyrinth of coufenages and abufc, yet fuch as 
 great Princes have made their profit of towards their o\\n people. Pafs 
 on from the Mint to the revenue and receipts : there fhall you find, no 
 raifing of rents, notwitliftanding the alteration of prices and the ulage of 
 the times; but the over-value, befides a realbnable fine left for the relief of 
 tenants and reward of fervants; no raifing of cuftoms notwithftanding her 
 continual charges of fetting to the lea ■■> no extremity taken of forfeiture 
 and penal laws, means ufed by fome Kings for the gathering of great trea- 
 fures. A few forfeitures indeed, not taken to her own parlc, but let 
 over to fome others for the trial only, whether gain could bring thole laws 
 to be well executed, which the minifters of jufticc did negled. But after 
 'it was found, that only compalTions were ufed, and the law never the nearer 
 the execution, the courfc was ftraight fupprcflcd and difcontinued. Yea, 
 there have been made laws more than one in her time for the reftraint of 
 the vexation of informers and promoters : nay, a courfe taken by her 
 own direction for the repealing of all heavy and Ihared laws, if it had not 
 been crofted by thofe to whom the benefit iliould have redounded. There 
 ihall you find, no new taxes, impofitions, nor devices ; but the benevolence of 
 the fubjedl freely offered by allent of parliament according to the ancient 
 rates, and with great moderation in afleflment ; and not lb only, but fome 
 new forms of contribution offered likewife by the fubjccl in parliament ; 
 and the dcmonftration of their devotion only accepted, but the thing never 
 put in lire. There Ih^Il you find loans, but honourably anlwered and paid 
 
 as
 
 OF QJJ EEN ELIZAfiSf'H: i^ 
 
 as it were the contraft of a private man. To conclude, there fliall you 
 find moneys levied upon failis of lands, alienation Crhough not of the an- 
 cient patrimony) yet of the rich and commodious purchales and perquifitcS 
 of the crown only, becaufe flic will not be grievous and burthenfome to 
 the people. This trcafurc, fo innocently levied, fo honourably gathered 
 and raifed, with fuch tendernefs to the fubjed, without any baicncfs or 
 dryncfs at all ; how hath it been expended and imployed ? V^Hicre be the 
 waftcful buildings, and the exorbitant and prodigal donatives, the fump- 
 tuous diflipations in pleafures, and vain oftcntations which we tind have 
 cxhauilcd tiic coffers of fo many Kings? It is the honour of her houfe, the 
 royal remunerating of her fervants, the prefervation of her people and 
 ftatc, the protection of her fuppliants and allies, the encounter, breaking 
 and defeating the enemies of her realm, that hath been the only pores and 
 pipes whereby the treafure hath ifllied. Hath it been the finews of a blef- 
 Icd and profperous peace ? Hath Hie bought her peace ? Hath fhe lent the 
 King of Spain money upon (bme cavillation not to be repeated, and fo 
 bought his favour ? A nd hath Oie given large pcnfions to corrupt his council ? 
 No, but fhe hath ufcd the moft honourable diverfion of troubles that can 
 be in the world. She harh kept the fire from her own walls by fcckin"" 
 to quench it in her neighbours. That poor brand of the ftate of Burgundy ^ 
 and that other of the crown of France that remaineth, had been in afhcs 
 but for the ready fountain of her continual benignity. For the honour of 
 her houfe it is well known, that almoft the univcrfal manners of the times 
 doth incline to a certain parfimony and dryncfs in that kind of expcnce : 
 yet Ihc retaincth the ancient magnificence, the allowance as full, the charge 
 greater than in time of her father, or any King before : the books appear, 
 the computation will not flatter. And for the remunerating and reward- 
 ing of her fervants, and the attendance of the court, let a man caft and 
 fum up all the books of gifts, fee-farms, Icafes and cuftodics that have 
 palled her bountiful hands. Let him confider again what a number of 
 commodious and gainful offices heretofore beltowed upon men of other 
 education and profeilion, have been withdrawn and conferred upon her court. 
 Let him remember, what a number of other gifts difguifed by other names, 
 but in effed as good as money given out of her coffers, have been granted 
 by her ; and he will conclude, that her royal mind is far above her means. 
 The other benefits of her politick, clement, and gracious government to- 
 wards the fubjeds arc without number ; the (tate of jultice good, notwith- 
 ftanding the great fubtilty and humorous affedions of thefe times 5 the 
 Iccurity of peace greater than can be dcfcribed by that vcrfe 5 
 
 Tutus bos cten'im rura perambulat : 
 Niitrit rura Ceres, almaque Faujiitas, 
 
 Or that other, 
 
 Condit quifque diem coUibns in fiiis. 
 
 The opulcncy of the peace fuch, as if you have refpcci: (td hke one ilgri 
 for many) to the number of fair houfes that have been built lince her 
 reign, as Augujius faid, that he had recci\ed the city of brick, and left 
 it of marble ; lb llic may lay, flie received it a realm of cottages, and 
 hath made it a realm of palaces : The Itatc of traffick great and rich : the 
 cuftoms, notwithftanding rhcfc War^ nnd interruptions, not lallen : many • 
 
 profitable
 
 2b A DISCOURSE IN PRAISE 
 
 pfofitable trades, many honourable difcovcrics : and laftly to make sai 
 end wKere no end is ; the fhipping of this realm lb advanced and made 
 Co mi<^hty and potent, as this iiland is become (as the natural Cue thereof 
 defcrvcd) the lady of the Tea ; a point of fo high confcqucnce, as it may 
 be truly faid, that the commandment of the fea is an abridgment or a 
 quinteflence of an univcrfal monarchy. 
 
 This and much more hath fhe merited of her fubjcfts: now to fet forth 
 the merit of her neighbours and the dates about her. It fcemeth the things 
 have made themfelves purveyors of continual, new, and noble occafions for 
 her to fhew them benignity, and that tlie tires of troubles abroad have been 
 ordained to be as lights and tapers to make her virtue and magnanimity more 
 apparent. For Vv hen that one, itranger born, the family of Gu/p, being as 
 a hafty weed fprung up in a night, had fpread itfelf to a greatnefs, not civil but 
 feditious; a greatnefs, not of encounter of the ancient nobility, not of 
 preheminency in the favour of Kings, and not remits of atfairs from Kings ; 
 but a izreatnefs of innovation in itate, of uliarpations of authority, of atfeding 
 of crowns, and that accordingly under colour of contanguinity and religion, 
 rhey had brought i'V^»^/?; forces into Scotland, in the abtence of their King 
 and Qireen being within their ufurped tutele; and that the ancient nobility 
 of this realm, feeing the imminent danger of reducing that kingdom under 
 the tyranny of foreigners and their fadtion, had according to the good in- 
 telligence betwixt the two crowns prayed her neighbourly fuccours: (he 
 undertook the adion, expelkd the ftrangers, reftored the nobility to ditir 
 degree ; and left any man Ihould think her intent was to unncftlc ill neigh- 
 bours, and not to aid good neighbours, or that the was readier to reilorc 
 what was invaded by others than to render what was in her own hands : lee 
 if the time provided not a new occafion afterwards, when through their own 
 divifions (without the intermifc of ftrangers) her forces were again fought and 
 required; ihe fortbok them not, prevailed lb far as to be pollefied of the 
 calile of Edinburgh^ the principal ftrength of that kingdom, with peace, 
 incontinently, v/ithout cundations or cavillations (the preambles of a waver- 
 ing faith) fhe rendered with all honour and fecurity ; and his perlbn to lafe 
 and faithful hands; and fo ever after during his minority continued his prin- 
 cipal guardian and protedor. In the time and between the two occafions of 
 Scotland, when the fame fadion of Cuife, covered ftill with pretence 
 of reliaion, and ftrengthened by the defire of retaining government in 
 ri\e (^ue en-Mot her oi France, had raifed and moved civil wars in that king- 
 dom, only to extirpate the ancient nobility, by Ihocking them one againlt 
 another, and to wafte that realm as a candle which is lighted at both 
 ends : and that thofc of the religion, being near of the blood royal, and 
 othcrwitc of the greatcll: houfe in France, and great officers of the crown 
 oppoled themlclves only againft their intblency, and to their fupports called 
 in her aid, giving unto them Ne'-Ji'haven for a place of fecurity : fee with 
 what alacrity in tender regard towards the fortune of that young King, whole 
 name was ufed to the fuppliants of his ftrength, Ihe embraced the enterprizc ; 
 and by their fupport and reputation the fame party fuddenly made great 
 proceedings, and in conclufion made their peace as they would themtelves : 
 aud although they joined themfelves againft her, and pertbrmed the parts 
 rather of good patriots than of good confederates, and that attcr great 
 demonl^'ation of valour in her fubjeds. For as the French will to this day 
 report, fpecially by the great mortality by the hand of God, and tiie rather 
 
 bccaule
 
 OF Q^UEEN ELIZABETH. si 
 
 bccaufe it is known Ihe did never much afFcd the holding of that town 
 to her own ulb ; it was left, and her forces withdrawn, yet did that no- 
 thing dimiaiili her merit of the crown, and namely of that party who re- 
 covered by it fuch ftrength, as by tiiat and no otiicr thing they fublilkd 
 long after : and left that any Ihould finifterly and malicioufly interpret that 
 {he did nouriih thole divifions ; who knoweth not what faithful advice, 
 continual and earneft foUicitation fhe ufed by lier embafladors and miniftcrs 
 to the French Kings fucceillvely, and to their mother, to move tliem to 
 keep then- edicls of pacitication, to retain their own authority and greatnefs 
 hy the union of her fubjects ? Which counfel, if it liad been as happily 
 followed, as it was prudently and jincerely given ; France at this day had 
 been a moft flourifhing kingdom, which now is a theatre of mifery. And 
 now at laft, when the faid houfe of Guife, being one of the whips of 
 God, whereof themfelves arc but the cords, and Spain the ftock, had by 
 their infinite afpiring praftices wrought the miracles of ftatcs, to make 
 a King in poflcflion long eftablifhed to play again for his crown, without 
 any title of a competitor, without any invafion of a foreign enemy, yeaj 
 without any combination in fubftance of a blood royal or nobility ; but 
 only by furring in audacious perfons into fundry government, and by 
 making the populace of towns drunk with feditious preachers : And that 
 King Henry the third, awaked by thofe prefling dangers, was compelled 
 to execute the duke of Guife without ceremony •-, and yet neverthelefs, 
 found the defpair of fo many perfons embarked and engaged in that con- 
 fpiracy, fo violent, as the flame thereby was little afliiaged 5 lb that he was 
 inforced to implore her aids and fuccours : Confider, how benign care and 
 good correfpondence fhe gave to the diftreflcd requcfts of that King ; and 
 he foon after, being by the facrilegious hand of a wretched Jacobin lifted 
 up againft the facrcd perfon of his natural fovereign, taken away, not 
 wherein the criminous blood of Gitife, but the innocent blood which he 
 hath ofcen fpilled by inftigation of him and his houfe was revenged, and 
 that this worthy gentleman who reigneth come to the crown; it will 
 not be forgotten by fo grateful a King, nor by fo obferving an age, how 
 ready, how opportune and reafonable, how royal and fufficient her fuc- 
 cours were, whereby flie enlarged him at that time, and preferred him 
 to his better fortune : and ever fince in thofe tedious wars, wherein he 
 hath to do with a Hydra, or a monfter with many heads, the hath Ibp- 
 ported him with treafure, with forces, and with imployment of one that 
 fhe favoureth moil. What fhall I fpcak of the offering of T>07i Anthoiiy 
 to his fortune ; a devoted catholick, only commended unto her by his 
 cpprelfed ftate ? What ihall 1 fay of the great Itorm of a mighty invafion, 
 not of preparation, but in aft by the Turk upon the King of Tolami, 
 lately diflipated only by the beams of her reputation : which with the 
 Grand Signor is greater than that of all the ftates of Europe put toge- 
 ther ? But let me refl: upon the honourable and continual aid and relief ihc 
 hath gotten to the diftreffed and dcfolate people of the Lo"^' Countries -, 
 a people recommended unto her by ancient confederacy and daily inter- 
 courfc, by their caufe fo innocent, and their fortune fo lamentable. And 
 yet notwithftanding, to keep the conformity of her own proceeding never 
 ftained with the leaft note of ambition or malice, fiie refufed the fovereignty 
 of divers of thofe goodly provinces oflfcred unto her with great inftance, 
 to have been accepted with great contentment both of her own people 
 Vol. I. ' *f and
 
 i^ A^!5T[SCOURSE IN PRAISE 
 
 and others, and juftly to be derived either in rcfpcft of the hoflilitv of 
 Spain, or in refpeft of the conditions, liberties and privileges of thofe i'ub- 
 jefts, and without charge, danger, and offence to the King oi Sp/iin and 
 his partifans. She hath taken upon her their defence and prorcclion with- 
 out any further avail or profit unto herlclf, than the honour and merit 
 of her benignity to the people that hath been purfued by their natural 
 King only upon paflion and wrath, in luch fort that he doth confumc his 
 means upon revenge. And, liaving to verify that which I faid, that her 
 merits have extended to her greateft enemies ; let it be rcmembrcd what 
 hath pafled in that matter between the King of Spain and her : how in 
 the beginning of the troubles there, fhe gave and imparted to him faith- 
 ful and friendly advice touching the courlc that was to be taken for quiet- 
 ing and appealing of them. Then fhe interpoicd herfelf to moft iuil and 
 rcafonable capitulations, wherein always fhould have been prefcrved unto 
 liim as ample intereft, jurifdicbion, and fuperiority in thofe countries as 
 he in right could claim, or a Prince well-minded would fcek to have : and 
 (which is the greateft point) fhe did by her advice, credit and policy, and 
 all good means, interrupt and appeach, that the fame people by dcfpair 
 ihould not utterly alien and diftrad themfelves from the obedience of the 
 King of Spain, and caft themfelves into the arms of a ftrangcr : infomucii, 
 that it is moft true, that {he did ever perfuade the Duke of Anjou from that 
 adion, notwithftanding the affedion fhe bare to that Duke, and the obfh- 
 nacy which fhe faw daily growing in the King of Spain. Laftly, to touch 
 the mighty general merit of this Queen, bear in mind, that her benignity 
 and beneficence hath been as large as the oppreflion and ambition of .S/'/?/». 
 For to begin with the church of Rome, that pretended apoftolick tec is 
 become but a donative cell of the King of Spain ; the vicar of Chrift is 
 become the King oi Spain's chaplain; he parteth the coming in of the 
 new Tope, for the treatiire of the old : he was wont to exclude but fomc 
 two or three cardinals, and to leave the eledion of the reft ; but now he 
 doth include, and prefent diredly Ibme fmall number, all incapable land 
 incompatible with the conclave, put in only for colour, except one or 
 two. The ftates of Italy, they be like little quillets of freehold being intcr- 
 mixt in the midft of a great honour or lordfhip : France is turned up- 
 fide down, the fubjed againft the King, cut and mangled infinitely, a coun- 
 try of Rodamonts and Roy te lets, farmers of the ways : Portugal ufurpcd 
 by no other title than flrength and vicinity : the Lo\z; Countries warred 
 upon, becaufc he fecketh, not to pofTefs them, for they were poUcflcd by 
 him before, but to plant there an abfolute and marrial government, and 
 to fupprefs their liberties : the like at this day attempted upon jlrragon : 
 the poor Indies, whereas the Chrijfian religion generally brought infran- 
 chifemcnt of flaves in all places where it came, in a contrary courfc arc 
 brought from freemen to be flaves, and Haves of moft mifcrablc condi- 
 tion : fundry trains and pradices of this Kings ambition in Germany, 
 'Denmark, Scotland, the eaft towns, arc not unknown. Then it is iicr 
 government, and her government alone, that hath been the I'conce and fort 
 of all Rnrope, which hath lett this proud nation from over-running al!. 
 If any ftate be yet free from his fadions creded in the bowels thereof; 
 if there be any ftate wherein this fadion is ereded, that is not yet fired wirh 
 civil troubles > if there be any ftate under his protcdion upon whom he 
 ufurpeth not > if there be any fubjed to him that enjoyeth modcrifrc 
 
 ji berry
 
 SOF QJLJEEN ELlZABETaA 23 
 
 liberty upon whom he ryrannizeth not : let them all know, it is by the 
 mercy of this rcno\\'ncd Queen, that ftandeth between them and their 
 misfortunes. Tliefc be feme of the beams of noble and radiant magnani- 
 mity, in contempt of peril which fo manifcftly, in contempt of profit w hich 
 lb many admire, and in merit of the world which fo many include in 
 thcmlelves ; fct forth in my limplicity of fpeech with much lofs of luftre, 
 but with near approach of truth ; as the fun is fcen in the water. 
 
 Now to pafs to the excellencies of her pcrfon 5 the view of them wholly Aftrfind^ 
 and not fcverally, do make fo fweet a wonder, as I fear to divide them. 
 Ai^ain, nobility extraftcd out of the royal and vidorious line of the Kings of 
 England--, yea, both roles, white and red, do as well flourifh in her nobility 
 as in her beauty, as health, fuch as was like, fhe fhoukl have that was broui;ht 
 forth by two of the mofl: goodly princes of the world, in the ftrengih of their 
 years, in the heat of their love 5 that hath been injured neither with an over- 
 liberal nor over-curious diet, that hath not been fullained by an umbratile 
 life ftill under the roof, but ftrengthcned by the ufe of the pure and open air^ 
 that ftill retaineth flower and vigour of youth. For the beauty and many 
 graces of her prefence, what colours are tine enough for fuch a portraiture? 
 let no light poet be ufed for fuch a defcription, but the chaftcft and the 
 royaleft : 
 
 Of her gait •■, Et vera incejfu patuit "Dea. 
 
 Of her voice ; Ncc -vox hominem fonat . 
 
 Of her eye ; Et laetos ociilis afflavit honores. 
 
 Ofher colour j Indum fanguineos veluti vtolaverat oftro 
 
 Siquis ebnr. 
 Of her neck ; Et rofea cervice reftilfit. 
 Of her brcaft •■> Vefte (inns collegia fnentes. 
 Of her hair i Ambrofiaeqtte comae divimtni vertice odorem 
 
 Spiravere. 
 
 1 F this be prefumption, let him bear the blame that Oweth the verfes. What 
 fhall I Ipcak of her rare qualities of compliment; which as they be excellent 
 in the things thcmfelves, fo they have always befides fomewhat of a Qiieen : 
 and as Qiieens ufe lliadows and veils with their rich apparel ; methink in all 
 her qualities there is fomewhat that flieth from ollentation, and yet inviteth 
 .tlae mind to contemplate her more ? 
 
 h What fliould 1 fpeak of her excellent gift of fpeech, being a charader oi Aftrmme^ 
 the grcatnefs of her conceit, the height of her degree, and the fweetnefs of 
 her nature ? What life, what edge is there in thofe words and glances where- 
 with at plcafurc ihe can give a man long to think ; be it that fhe mean to 
 daunt him, to encomage him, or to ama:2c him! How admirable is her 
 difcourfe, whether it be in learning, ftate, or love! what variety of know- 
 ledge ; Nvhat rarenefs of conceit } what choice of words j what grace of 
 utterance ! Doth it not appear, that though her wit be as the adamant of 
 excellencies, which drawcth out of any book ancient or new, out of any 
 writing or fpeech, the beft : yet fhe refineth it, flic enricheth it far above the 
 value wherein it is received ? And is her fpeech only that language which the 
 child Icarncth with pleafure, and not thofe which the ftudious learn with 
 induftry ? Hath Ihe not attained, befide her rare eloquence in her own 
 language, intinitely polillied fince her happy times, changes of her languages 
 both learned and modern 5 fo that (he is able to negotiate with divers am- 
 
 bafladoi*
 
 ^4 A DISCOURSEKN PRAISE 
 
 baffadors in their own languages; and that with no difadvantagc unto rhcm, 
 \vho I think cannot but have a great part of their wits diftractcd from their 
 matters in hand to the contemplation and admiration of liach pcrfedions. 
 What {hould I wander on to tpcak of the excellencies of her nature, which 
 cannot endure to be looked on with a difcontented eye : of the conftancy of 
 her favours, which niakcth fervice as a journey by land, whereas the fervice 
 of other princes is like an embarking by fca. For her royal wildom and policy 
 of government, he that fhall note and obfervc the prudent temper fhc ufctii 
 in admitting accels ; of the one fide maintaining the majcfty of her degree, 
 and on the other fide not prejudicing her felf by looking to her eftatc througli 
 too few windows: her exquifirc judgment in chufing and hnding gooti fcr- 
 vants (a point beyond the former) her profound difcretion in afligning and 
 appropriating every of them to their apteft employment : her penetrating 
 fight in difcoverins; every man's ends and drifts : her wonderful art in keeping 
 iervants in fatisfadion, and yet in appetite : her inventing wit in con- 
 triving plots and overturns: her exad caution in cenfuring the propo- 
 litions of others for her fervice : her forefeeing events; her ufage of oc- 
 cafions: he that Ihall confider of thefc, and other things that may not uell 
 be touched, as he fhall never ccafc to wonder at fuch a Queen, lb he fhall 
 wonder the lefs, that in fo dangerous times when wits arc lb cunning, hu^ 
 mours extravagant, paflions lb violent, the corruptions fo great, the di Si- 
 mulations fo deep, fodions fo many 5 Ihe iiath notvvithftanding done iuch 
 great things, and reigned in felicity. 
 
 '4foriuna. To fpcak of her fortune, that which I did refcrve for a garland of Jicr 
 honour ; and that is, that flie liveth a \irgin, and hath no children : fo it is 
 that which maketh all her other virtues and ads more facred, more auguft, 
 more divine. Let them leave children, that leave no other memory iii then; 
 times : Brutonim aeternitas, fuboles. Revolve in hiftorics the memories of 
 liappy men, and you (hall not lind any of rare felicity but either he died JK\\'3^ 
 lefs, or his line fpent foon after his death ; or ellc was unfortunate in his 
 children. Should a man have them to be flain by his vaflals, as the pojlhumus 
 of Alexander the great was ? or to call them his impoltors, as Avgujius 
 Caefar called his ? Pcrufe the catalogue : Cornelius Sylla, Julius Caefar^ 
 Flavins Vefpajianus, S events, Conjl ant inns the great, and many more. 
 Generare & liberty humana : Creare & operari, divina. And therefore, 
 this objedion removed, let us proceed to take a view of her felicity. 
 
 A felicitate. A mate of fortune fhe never took : only Ibme advcrfity fhc palled at the 
 fii-ft, to give her a quicker fenfc of the profpcrity that Ihould follow, and to 
 make her more repofed in the divine providence. W'ell, Ihe cometh to the 
 crown : It was no Imall fortune to find at her entrance Ibmc fuch Iervants 
 and counfcllors as fhe then found. The French King, who at this time by 
 reafon of the peace concluded with Spain, and of the intercfl he had ia 
 Scotland, might have proved a dangerous neighbour : by how Ih-ange an ac- 
 cident was he taken away ? The King of Spain ; who, if he would have 
 inclined to reduce the Lo'-jj Countries by lenity, confidering the goodly 
 revenues which he drew from thofe countries, the great commodity to an- 
 noy her ffatc from thence, might have made mighty and perilous matches 
 againft her repofe ; putteth on a refolution not only to ule the means of thole 
 countries, but to fpend and confume all his other means, the trcafurc of his 
 Indies J and the forces of his ill-compaded dominions there and upon thcn?t. 
 The Carles that rebelled in the North, before the Duke of Norjoiiis pl<3t 
 (which indeed was tile ftrcngthand fcalof that commotion) was fully rip^:, 
 
 br^ke
 
 OF Q^UEEN ELIZABETH. 25 
 
 brake forth and prevented their time. The King, Sebaftian oi'Portugaf, 
 wiiom the King of Spai7i would fain have perfiiaccd that it was a dcvoutcc 
 enrcrprizc to purge Ckriftendom than to enlarge it (though I know fomc 
 think that he did artificially nourifh him in that voyage; is cut a-picccs with 
 his army in Africa : then hath the King of Spain work cut out to make all 
 things in rcadincfs during the old Cardinal's time for the conquefl: oVPortugali 
 whereby his delirc of invading oi England \f^s flackcncd and put off fomc years, 
 and by that means was put in execution at a time for fomc rcfpeds much 
 more to his difadvantagc. And the fame invafion, like and as if it had been 
 attempted before, it had the time much more proper and favourable 5 (o 
 Jikcwife, had it in true difcourle a better feafon afterwards: for, if it had 
 been diflblved till time that the League had been better confirmed in France ; 
 which no doubt would have been, if the Duke of Quife, who was the only 
 man of worth on that fide, had lived ; and the French King duril never have 
 laid hand upon him, had he not been animated by the Englip viclory asainft 
 the Spaniards precedent. And then, if Ibmc maritime town had been 
 gotten into the hands of the League, it had been a great furety and ftrength 
 to the enterprize. The F'opes, to confider of them whofe courfc and policy 
 it had been (knowing her Majcfty's natural clemency) to have temporized 
 and difpcnfcd with the Papifts coming to Church, that through the mask of 
 their hypocrify they might have been brought into places of government in 
 the flate and in the country : thefe, contrary wife, by the inftigation of fomc 
 fugitive fcholars that advifed him, not that was belt for the fee of Rome, 
 but what agreed beil with their eager humours and delpcratc ftates; difcovcr 
 and declare thcmfelves fo far by fending moft Seminaries, and taking of 
 reconcilements, as there is now feverity of laws introduced for the rcprelling 
 of that fort, and men of that religion arc become the fufpcft. What ihould 
 I fpeak of fo many confpiracies miraculoufly deteded ? the records fhew the 
 trcafons : but it is yet hidden in many of them how they came to light. What 
 Ihould I fpeak of the opportune death of her enemies, and the wicked in- 
 ftrumcnts towards her cftate? "Donjuan died not amifs: 'Darleigh, Duke 
 of Lenox, who was ufed as an inftrumcnt to divorce Scotland from the 
 amity of England, died in no ill feafon : a man withdrawn, indeed at that 
 time to France ; but not without great help. I may not mention the death 
 of fomc that occur to mind: but ftill mcthink, they live that fhould live, 
 and they die that Ihould die. I would not have the King oi Spain die yet ■■, he 
 '\i,feges gloriae : but when he growcth dangerous, or any other bcfidcs him; I 
 am perluaded they will die. What fhould I fpeak of the fortunes of her 
 armies, which notwithftanding the inward peace of this nation, were never 
 more renowned? What fhould I recount Leith and Ne'-ji'haven for the 
 honourable skirmifhes and fervices? they arc no blcmifli at all to the militia 
 of England. 
 
 In xhc Low Countries ; t\\t Lammas Az)\ the retreat o^ Ghent, the day 
 of Zutphen, and the profperous progrefs of this fummer : the Bravado in 
 'Portugal, and the honourable exploits in the aid of the French King, befidcs 
 the memorable voyages in the Indies , and laftly, the good entertainment of 
 the invincible Navy, which was chafed till the chafers were weary, after 
 infinite lofs, without taking a cock-boat, without firing a fheep-coat, failed on 
 t"hc mercies of the wind, and the difcrction of their adventures, making a 
 perambulation or pilgrimage about the Northern feas, and ignobling many 
 fhores and points of land by Ihipwreck : and fo returned home with fcorn and 
 
 Vol. I. *G diflionour.
 
 26 - THE PROCEEDINGS OF 
 
 difhonour, much greater than the tcrrour and expcdation of their lettu:!"- 
 
 These vcrtues and perfeclions, with fo great fch'clrv, have made her the 
 honour of her times, the admiration of the world, tlie liiite aiid albiiiiiL!; of 
 greateft Kings and Princes, who yet duvll never have afpired unto her, but as 
 their minds were raifcd by love. 
 
 But why do I forget, that words do extenuate and embafe matters of fo 
 great weight. Time is her beft commender, whicli never brought forth llich 
 a Prince, whofe imperial vcrtues contend with the excellency of her perfon : 
 both vcrtues contend with her fortune : and both vcrtuc and fortune contend 
 %\ ith her fanie. 
 
 Orbis amor, famae carmen, coelique pnpilla : 
 Th decus omne tins, tn deciis ipfa tibi I 
 
 The * Proceedings of the Earl of Effcx. 
 
 The points of form worthy to be obfcrved. 
 
 THE fifth o^Jiine in Trinity Term, upon Thnrfdav, being no Star- 
 chamber day, nt the ordinary hour when the courts fit at JVeftmin- 
 jter, were alfembled together at the Lord-keeper's houfe in the great 
 chamber, her Majefty's privy-council, inlargcd and ailifted for that time 
 and caufc by the fpecial call and alfociating of certain felefted pcrfons, 
 -viz,, four earls, two barons, and four judges of the law, making in the 
 whole a council or court of eighteen perfons, who were attended by four 
 of her Majefty's learned counfel for charging the carl ; and two clerks of 
 the coun':il, the one to read, the other as a rcgiftcr, and an auditory of 
 , perfons, to the number, as I could guefs, of rvvo hundred, almoft all men 
 of quality, but of every kind or profefllon ; nobility, court, law, country, 
 city. The upper end of the table left void for the carl's appearance, who,, 
 after the commiflloncrs had (at a while, and the auditory was quiet from 
 tlie firft throng to get in, and the doors fhur, prcfentcd himfelf and kneeled 
 down at the board's en*.i, and fo continued till he was liccnfed to ftand up. 
 
 The names of the commijji oners. 
 
 Lord ArchbiQiop, 
 Lord Keeper, 0"r. 
 
 A decTara- T X WIS Opened, that hcr Majefty being imperial, and immediate under 
 Mri"d[v s^' A God, was not holden to render account of her aclions to any ; how- 
 proceeding, belt, bccaufe flie had chofen ever to govern, as well with latisfaclion as 
 with fovcrci'^nty ; and the rather, to command dow n the winds of mali- 
 cious and fcditious rumours wherewith mens conceits may have been tolled to 
 and fro, fhe was pleafed to call the world to an underftanding of hcr princely 
 courfc held towards the carl of Ejfex^ as well in hcrcbeforc protracling 
 as in now proceeding. 
 
 The 
 
 * At YorkHeu/r, in Juire^iCoo, fTefi:tTed-fbt<^een FJizaietb hy her cotUra.ind, and reaJ to her by' 
 Mr. Bacon, b.it never publillicd.
 
 'THE EARL Ot?>itisS#£ 27 
 
 The carl repairing from his government rnt<5 this realm '!ii'^/'r;//^M 
 contrary to her Majedy's cxprels and moft judicial conimandmcnr, tholl^h 
 the contempt were in that point viflblc, and her Majci^-'s mind prepared "to 
 a jult and high difplcafurc, in regard of that realm of Ireland fet at hazard 
 by his former difobediencc to her royal diretlions, yet kept tlut ftay as 
 Ihe commanded my lord only to his chamber in court, until his allegations 
 might by her privy-council be qucflioncd and heard ; which account ^takcn 
 and my lord's anfwcrs appearing to be of no defence, that fliadow of de- 
 fence which was offered confilkd of two parts, the one his own con- 
 ceit of fome likelihood of good effecls to cnfuc of the courfe held the 
 other a vehement and over-ruling pcrfuafton of the council there, (though 
 he were indeed as abfolutcly freed from opinion of the council of Ireland 
 as he was abfolutcly tied to her Majefty's trult and inrtruaions.) Neverthc- 
 lefs her Majefty not unwilling to admit any extenuation of his offence; 
 and confidering the one point required advertifement ovx oi Ireland, and 
 the oriier further expeflation of the event and fequel of the affairs there 
 (and fo both points asked time and protraction ;) her Majcfty proceeded flill 
 with refervation, not to any rellraint of my lord according to the nature 
 and degree of his offence, but to a commitment of him, fiib libera cufto- 
 dia, in the Lord-keeper's houfe. 
 
 After, when both parts of this difference plainly failed my lord, yea 
 and proved utterly advcrlc to him, (for the council of Ireland'm plain terms 
 difavowed all thofc his proceedings, and the event made a mitcrable inter- 
 pretation of them;) then her jMajefty began to behold the offence in nature 
 and likenets, as it was divefkd from any palliation or cover, and in the 
 true proportion and magnitude thereof, importing the peril of a kingdom; 
 which confidcration wrought in her Majel^y a firangc effect (if any" thin"- 
 which is hcroical in virtue can be ftrangc in her nature) for when offence 
 \vas grown unmcaturably offenfive, then did grace fuperabound ,- and in 
 the heat of all the ill news out of Ireland, and other advertilcmcnts thence 
 to my lord's diladvantagc, her Majefty entrcd into a rctblution, out of heir 
 fclf and her inlbrutable goodnels, not to overthrow my lord's fortune ir- 
 reparably, by publick and proportionable juftice : Notwithftanding, inaf- 
 much as about that time there did fly about in London ftrcets and theatres 
 divers feditious libels ; and 'Po-joles and Ordinaries were full of bold and 
 factious ditcourlcs, whereby not only many of her Majefty 's faithful ;x\\iX 
 zealous counlcUors and fervants were taxed, but withal the hard eftate of 
 Ireland was imputed to any thing rather than unto the true caufe (the 
 carl's defaults) though this might have made any Prince on earth to lay 
 afidc flraightways the former refolution taken, yet her Majefty in her mo- 
 deration perfirtcd in her courfe of clemency, and bethought herfelf of a 
 mean to right her own honour, and yet Iparc the carl's ruin ; and there- 
 fore raking a juft and moft neceflary occafion upon thele libels, of an ad- 
 monition to be given leafonably, and as is oft accuftomed ; the XzSS. Star- 
 chamber day oi Michaelmas term was pleafed, that declaration fhould be 
 made, by way of teftimony, of all her honourable privy-council, of her 
 Majcfty's infinite care, royal provifions, and prudent direclions for the 
 profecutions in Ireland, wherein the carl's errors (by wliich means fo great 
 care and charge was fruftrated) were incidcntly touched. 
 
 B u T as in bodies very corrupt, the medicine rather fHrreth and cxafperatcth 
 the humour than purgeth it, fo fome turbulent Ipirits laid hold of this pro- 
 ceeding 
 
 5
 
 28 THE PROCEEDINGS OF 
 
 cccding in fo fingular partiality towards my Lord, as if it had been to his dif- 
 advantagc, and gave out that this was to condemn a man unheard, and to 
 wound him on his back, and to Icvivc iufticc her iVord, and take away her 
 ballancc, which confillcd of an accufation and a defence, and llich other 
 feditious phrafes ; whereupon her Majefty feeing iier fcif intcrcftcd in honour, 
 tv'hich fhe hath ever fought to prcferve as her eye, clear and without mote, 
 was inforccd to rcfolvc of a judicial hearuig of the caufc, which was accord- 
 ingly appointed in the end of Hilary term. At the which time warning 
 being given to my Lord to prepare himfclf, he falling as it fcemed in a deep 
 confideration of his eflatc, made unto her Majelly by letter an humble and 
 effeclual fubmillion, befeeching her that that bitter cup of jiiflice might pafs 
 from him, (for thofe v%^erc his words ;) which wrought llich an imprcllion in 
 her Majelly's mind, that it not only rc\ivcd in her her former refolution to 
 forbear any publick hearing, but it fetched this virtue out of mercy by the 
 only touch, as few days after my Lord was removed to further liberty in his 
 own houfe, her Majelty lioping that theic bruits and malicious imputations 
 would of themlelves wax old and vanilh; but finding it otherwife in proof, 
 upontafte taken by fome intermilTion of time, and efpceially beholding the 
 humour of the time in a letter prcfumed to be written to her Majefty iicr felf 
 by a lady, to whom though nearefi: in blood to my Lord, it appertained 
 little to intermeddle in matters of this nature, otherwife than in courfc of 
 humihty to have Ibllicitcd her grace and mercy 5 in which letter, in a certain 
 violent and mineral fpirit of bitternefs, remonftrancc and rcprefcntation is 
 made to her Majefty; as if my Lord fuffered under paill on and faction, and 
 not under juftice mixed with mercy: which letter, though written to her 
 facred Majeity, and therefore unfit to pafs in vulgar hands, yet was firft divulg- 
 ed by copies every where (that being as it fcemeththe ncwell and fined form 
 of libelling) and fince committed to the prefs, her Maicfty in her wifdom 
 feeing manifeftly thefe rumours thus nourifhedhad got too great a head to be 
 reprefled without fomc hearing of the caufc, and calling my Lord toanfwcr. 
 And yet on the other fide being ftill informed touching my Lord himfclf, of 
 his continuance of penitence and fubmifllon, did in conclufion, refolvc to ufe 
 juftice, but with the edge and point taken off and rebated ; for whereas no- 
 thing leaveth that teint upon honour (which inapcribn of my Lord's con- 
 dition ishardheft repaired) in queftion of jufticc, as to be called to the ordinary 
 and open place of offenders and criminals, her Majefty had ordered that the 
 hearing Ihould be intra domejticos parietes, and not luce for enji. And where- 
 as again in the Star-Chamber, there be certain formalities (not fit in regard of 
 example to be difpenfed with) which would ftrike deeper both into my Lord's 
 fortune and reputation 5 as the fine which is incident to a fentence there 
 given, and the impritbnment of the To-jner, which in calc of conten^pts 
 that touch the point of eftatc doth likewife follow; her Majefty turn- 
 ing this courfc, had directed that the matters fhould receive before a great, 
 lionourable, and fcleded council, a full and dehberatc (and yet in refpcd) 
 a. private, mild, and gracious hearing. 
 
 All this was not fpoken in one undi\ided fpecch, but partly by the 
 firft that fpakc of the learned counlel, and partly by fomc of the com- 
 niiflioners: for in this and the reft I keep order of matter, and not of 
 circumftancc. 
 
 The
 
 THE EARL OF ESSEX. ^««9. 
 
 7%e matters laid to 7/2 v Lord's char'^e. 
 
 The matters wherewith my Lord was thariiod were of two fevcral The charge, 
 natures 5 of an higher, and of an inferior degree of otfencc. 
 
 The former kind purported great and high contempts ansl points of 
 mifgovernancc in his office of her iMujcily's lieutcannt and governour of 
 her realm of Ireland ; and in the trult and authority thereby to him com- 
 mitted. 
 
 The latter contained divers notorious errors and neglccls of duty, as 
 well in liis government as otherwife. 
 
 The great contempts and points of mifgovcrnment and malvcrfatioii 
 in his oiiiec, were articulate into three heads. 
 
 I. The firft was the journey \mo Munfier, whereby the profecution in-phgtjj^ee 
 due time upon Tyrone in Uljler was overthrown, wherein lie pro- rrii-.cipal Ar- 
 ceeded contrary to his diredions, and the whole dcilgn of his cm- ''•'"• 
 ployment ; whereof cnllied the conlumption of her Majefly's army, 
 treafurc and provifions, and the evident peril of that kingdom. 
 
 II. The fecond was the difhonourable and dangerous treaty held, and 
 ceflation concluded with the lame arch-rcbcl Tyrone. 
 
 HI. The third was his contemptuous leaving his government, contrary 
 to her Majefty's ablblute mandate under her hand and lignet, and in a 
 time of fo imminent and inftant danger. 
 
 'o* 
 
 For the firft, it had two parts; that her Majefty's refolution and direc- 
 tion was precifc and abfolute for the northern profecution, and that the 
 lame direction was by my Lord, in regard of the journey to Munjier-, 
 wilfully and contemptuouily broken. 
 
 It was therefore delivered that her Majcfty, touched with a true and That her 
 princely fenfe of the torn and broken eftatc of that kingdom of Ireland, '^'ii^:^'^^^^. f * 
 entered into a moft chriftian and magnanimous refolution to leave no fa- prec iie and 
 culty of her regal power or policy unimployed for the reduction of that abioUitc for 
 people, and for the fupprelllng and utter quenching of that flame of re- proicculion." 
 hellion, wherewith that country was, and is wafted: whereupon her Ma- 
 jefty was pleafcd to take knowledge of the general conceit, how the for- 
 mer making and managing of the anions there had been taxed, upon two 
 exceptions 5 the one, that the proportions of forces which had been tlierc 
 maintained and continued by fupplies, were not fufhcient to bring the 
 profceutions to a period : the other, that the prolccutions had been alio 
 intermixed and interrupted with too many temporizing treaties, whereby 
 the rebel did not only gather ftrength, but alfo find his ftrength more 
 and more, fo as ever fuch fmothers broke forth again into greater flames. 
 Which kind of dilcourfes and objedions, as they were entertained in a 
 popular kind of obfervation, fo were they ever chiefly patronized and appre- 
 hended by the Earl, both upon former times and occallons, and now lafl: 
 when this matter was in deliberation. So as her Majefty to acquit her honoui* 
 and regal fundion, and to give this fatisfadion to her felf and others, that 
 fhe had left no way untried, refolvcd to undertake the adion with a royal 
 army and puilfant forces, under the leading of fome principal nobleman ; in 
 fuch fort, that as far as humane difcourfe might difcern, it might be hoped 
 that by the expedition of a fummcr, things might be brought to that Hate, as 
 
 * H both
 
 ^^ 
 
 THE PROCEEDINGS OF 
 
 both realms may feci fome eafc and rel^iration ; this fi;om charge and levj>;5j; 
 and that from troubles and perils. Upon this ground her AJajcfty, n>*dff' 
 choice of my Lord of Effex for that fcrvicc, a principal peer and officer of 
 her realm, a perlbn honoiuxd \vith the trull; of a privy counfellor, graced" 
 with the noteof her Majefty's Ipecial favour, infallibly betokening and redoubt 
 ling his worth and value, ijrabled with the experience and reputation ftf 
 former fervices, and honourable charges in the wars,- a man every >vay 
 eminent, felect and qualilicd for a general of a great enterprize, intended for 
 t\\c recovery and reduclion of that kingdom, aiid not only or meeriy a§ ^ 
 lieutenant or governour of Ireland. 
 
 My Lord, after that he had taken the charge upon him, fell ftraiizjitways' 
 to make proportions anfwerable to her Majcfly's ends, and anfwerable to hi» 
 own former difcourfss and opinions ; and chiefly did Qzt down one full anti 
 diftinft refolution, that the delign and action, which of all others was moft 
 final and fummary towards an end of thofe troubles, and which was worthv 
 ker Majcfly's enterprize, with great and puiflant forces was a profccurigir tc»- 
 be made upon the Arch-traitor Tyrone in hi? own flrengths withi^i ;^thW 
 province of Uljier-, whereby both the inferior rebels which rely upon him, 
 and the foreigner upon whom he relieth might be difcouragcd, and fo to cut 
 afunder both dependances : and for the proceeding with greater ftrength and 
 policy in that aClion, that the main i-nvafion and impreillon of her Majefly's 
 army fliould be accompanied and corrcfponded unto by the plantation of 
 ftrong garrifons in the north, as well upon the river oi Loghfoile 2.% a poftcrii 
 of that province, as upon the hither frontiers, both for tlic diftratting an(i 
 bridling of the rebels forces during the action ; and again, far the keeping, 
 poUcflion of the victory, if God fiiould fend it. . ,^1, , , j 
 
 This propofition and project nioving from my Lord, was debated in niatvyi 
 eonfultations. The principal men of judgment and fervice in the wars, as a, 
 council of war tO' ailift a council of flatc, were called at times unto it; &p4i 
 this opinion of my Lord was by himfcif fortified and maintained againft all cou- 
 tradicticn and oppofite argument 5 and in the end, ex nnanimi confenfn, it was 
 concluded and refolved that the axe fhould be put to the root of the tree ; whidi 
 refolution was ratified and confirmed by the binding and royal judgment of her 
 facred Majcfty, who vouchlafed her Idngly prcfence at molt of thofc, flQijn 
 lliltations. . v,,,^ 
 
 According to a propofition and enterprize of this nature, were the 
 proportions of forces and provifions thereunto allotted. The firft proportioa 
 fet down by my Lord was the number of 12000 foot and 1 200 horfe ; whicl». 
 being agreed unto, upon fome other accident out of Ireland the Earl pro- 
 pounded to have it made 14000 foot, and 1500 horfe, which was likewife 
 accorded : within a little while after the Earl did newly infift to have anaug' 
 mentation of 2000 more, ufing great perfua/ions and confident fignification*- 
 of good cffeet, if thofe numbers might be yielded to him, as which he alfo 
 obtained before his departure; and befides the fupplies of 2000 arriving in 
 yuly, he had authority to raife 2000 7r//7; more, which he procured by his- 
 letters out of Ireland, with pretence to further the northern fervice; fo as 
 the army was railed in the conclufion and lift to 16000 foot, and 1300 horfe, 
 fupplied with 2000 more at three months end, and increafcd with 3000 Irijk 
 upon this new demand ; whereby her Majefty at that time paid iSooo foot 
 and 1300 horfe in the realm of Ireland. Of thefe forces, divers companies 
 drawn out of the experienced bands of the Lo-s;-Countries, fpecial care taken 
 that the new levies in the country flrould be of the ableft, and molt difpofed 
 Ijodics; the army alfo animated and encouraged with the fervice of divers 
 
 brave
 
 THE EARL OF ESSEX. 3t 
 
 brave and valiant noblemen and gentlemen voluntaries 5 in fum, the moH: 
 floLirilhing and complcat troops that have been known to have been font out 
 of ournation in any late memory. A great mafs of treafure provided and 
 ifllicd, amounting to fuch a total, as the charge of that army, all. manner 
 of ways, from the time of the firft provifions and letting forth, to the time 
 of my Lord's returning into England, was verified to have drawn out of the 
 coffers, befidcs the charge of the country, the quantity of 300000 /. and fo 
 ordered, as he carried with him three months pay before hand, and likewifc 
 visual, munition, and all habiliments of war whatfoever, with attendance 
 of fliipping allowed and furnilhed in a fortablc proportion, and to the full of 
 all my Lord's own demands. For my Lord being himfclf a principal coun- 
 fcllor for the preparations, as he was to be an abfolute commander in the ex- 
 ecution, his fpirit was in every conference and conclufion, in fuch fort, as 
 when i:hcre happened any points of difference upon demands, my Lord uftng 
 the forcible advantages of the toleration and liberty which her Majefty's 
 fpecial favour did give unto him, and the great devotion and forwardncfs of 
 hisfcllow-counfellorsto the general caufe, and the ncccflity of histhenprefent 
 fervice, he did ever prevail and carry it; infomuch as it was objected and laid 
 to my Lord's charge as one of his errors and prcfumptions, that he did often- 
 times upon their propofitions and demands enter into conteftations with \\zi 
 Majcfty, more a great deal than v/as fit. All which propofitions before 
 mentioned being to the utmoft of my Lord's own askings, and of that height 
 and grearnels, might really and demonftratively exprefs and in.timatc unto 
 him, bcfides his particular knowledge which he had as a counfellor of eftate, 
 of the means both of her Majcfty and this kingdom, that he was not to expe(ft 
 to have the commandment of 16000 foot and 1300 horfe as an appurtenance 
 10 his lieutenancy of Ireland, which was impolfible to be maintained ; buc 
 contrarywife, that in truth of intention, he was defigned as general for one 
 great adion and expedition, unto which the reft of his authority was but 
 acceflary and accommodate. 
 
 It was delivered further, that in the authority of his commifHori, which 
 was more ample in many points than any former lieutenant had been verted 
 with; there were many direct and evident marks of his defignation to the 
 northern aftion, as principally a claufe whereby merum arbitrium belli & 
 pads was rcpofed in his fole truft and difcrction, whereas all the lieutenants 
 were ever tied unto the peremptory afTiftance and admonition of a certain 
 number of voices of the council of Ireland. The occafion of which claufe 
 fo paflcd to my lord, doth notably difclolc and point unto the preclfe truft: 
 committed to my lord for the northern journey; for when his commiflioa 
 was drawn at firft according to former precedents, and on the other fide m/ 
 lord iniifted ftrongly to have this new and prima facie vaft and exorbitant au- 
 thority, he uied this argument; that the council of Irelandh:id many of them 
 livings and poflcftions in or near the province oi Lemjter and Munfter; but: 
 that Ulfter was abandoned from any fuch particular refpects, whereby it was 
 like the council there would be glad to ufe her Majefty's forces for the clear- 
 ing and afluring of thofe territories and countries where their fortunes and 
 cftates were planted : fo as if he fhould be tied to their voices, he were like to 
 be diverted from the main fervice intended, upon which rcafon that claufe 
 was yielded unto. 
 
 So as it was then concluded that all circumftances tended to one point, 
 that there was a full and precifc intention and diredtion for Ulfter, and that 
 my lord could not dclccnd into the confidcration of his own quality and va-
 
 32 THE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST 
 
 I.UC, he could not mufter his fair army, he could not account with, the ti^- 
 furcr, and take confideration of the s;reat mafs ot'treafure iU'uedi he conld 
 not look into the ample and new claule of his letters patents; he could not 
 look back, either to his own former dilcourfes, or to the late propolltions 
 whereof himlelf was author, nor to the conferences, confultations and con- 
 clufions thereupon, nor principally to her Majcfty's royal diredionand expec- 
 tation, nor generally to the conceit both of lubjeds of this realm, and the 
 rebels theml'elves in Ireland; but which way focver he tiu^ned, he mufl: find 
 himfelf trufted, diredcd, and engaged wholly for the northern cxpedrtion. 
 
 The parts of this that was cliarged were verified by three proofs ; the firlt, 
 the moft autlunitical but the leaft prelled, and that was her Majeily's own royal 
 affirmation, both by her fpeech now and her precedent letters,- the fecond^ 
 the teftimony of the privy council, who upon their honours did avouch the 
 lubdance of that was charged, and referred themfelves alio to many of their 
 lordftips letters to the fame effect; the third, letters written from my lord 
 after his being in Ireland, whereby the relblutrou touching the delTgn of the 
 north Is often knowledged. 
 Tke proofs. T H E R E foUaw fon^c claufes boch of her Majcrty's letters and of the lords 
 of her council, and of the earl's and the council of Ireland, for the \crificab 
 tion of this point. ,. 
 
 Her Majefty, in her letter of the 15)''' of 7'//y to my lord of £/7^^v, upon 
 tlic lingering of the northern journey, doubting my lord did value Icrvice, 
 rather by the labour he endured, than by the ad\antagc of her Majeily's 
 royal ends, hath thefe words: 
 Her Mp-jeily [You have in this dilpatch given us fmall light, either when or in what 
 ^^'^'^^^"'''^order you intend particularly to proceed to the northern aclion; wherein if 
 jlk, 'imme- you Compare the time that is run on, and the oxcHive charges that are Ipcnt, 
 diateiy after -y^vith the cffcfts of any thing wrought by this voyage (howfoever we reniaui 
 iourney""^''^'^ fatisficd With yout own particular cares and travails of body and mind) yet 
 you muft needs think that we that have the eyes of foreign Princes upon our 
 adions, and have the hearts of people to comfort and chcrilTi, who groiui un- 
 der the burden of continual levies and impofitions, which are occafioncd by 
 thefe lateadions, can little pleafe our ielf hitherto with any thing that liatU 
 J)een effeded.] , 
 
 I N another branch of the fame letter, refleding her royal regard upon her 
 own honour intercf[cd in this delay, hath thefe words : 
 A ffcond dWhcreunto we will add tills one thing tlvat doth more difplcafc us than any 
 
 ciaufe of the charge or offcucc that happens, which is, that it mulf be the Qiicen oi Eng^ 
 feme letter, f^^^^'^ fortune (who hath held do\\'n the greateft enemy (he had) to make 5r 
 tafe bufh-kern to be accounted lb famous a rebel, as to be a perfon againft 
 whom lb many thoufands of foot and horic, befide the force of all the nobi- 
 lity of that kingdom, mutl be thought too little to be imployed.] 
 \ In another branch, difcovcring as upon the advantage ground of her 
 princely wifdom what would be the illlic of the couiics then held, hath thclc 
 words : 
 Athirdclaufe [A N D therefore although by your letter, we found your purpofc to go 
 ©fthe fame northwards, on which depends the main good of our fervice, and which wc 
 ^''^"- expeded long fince fhould have been performed ; yet becauic we do hear ic 
 
 bruited (bcfidesthe words of your letter written with your own hand, wliich 
 carries fome fuch fenic) that you who allcdge llich fickneis in your army by 
 being travelled with you, and find lb great and important afiairs to digcft at 
 
 *• "Dublin, 
 
 e
 
 THE EARL OF ESSEX. 33 
 
 'Dublin, will yet ingage your felf perfonally into Qphalie (being our ticy- 
 tcnant) when you have there fo many interiors able, might visual a fort, or 
 fcek revenge againft thofe who have lately prolpcred againft our forces. And 
 when we call to mind how far the fun hath run his couric, and what depend* 
 eth upon the timely plantation of garrifons in the North, and how <z;reat Ican- 
 dal it would be to our honour to leave that proud rebel unatKu ed, when 
 we have with f) great an expedlation of our enemies cngas^ed our feives 
 fo far in the adlion ; fo that without that be done, ail thofe former courfcs 
 will prove like via navis in mari: bcfides that our power, wliicli hitherto 
 hath been dreaded by potent enemies, will now even be held contemptible 
 amongft our rebels : We muft plainly charge you, according to the duty you 
 owe to us, fo to unite foundncfs of judgment to the zeal you have to do us 
 fervicc, as with all fpced to pafs thither in fuch fort, as the axe might be put 
 to the root of that tree, which hath been the treafonable ftock from whom 
 fo many poifoned plants and grafts have been derived; by which proceedin"-s 
 of yours, we may neither have caufe to repent of our imployment of your 
 felf for omitting thole opportiuiitics to fhortcn the wars, nor receive in the 
 eye of the world imputation of fo much wcaknefs in our feh'to begin a work 
 without better forcfight, what would be the end of our excellive charge, the 
 adventure of our peoples lives, and the holding up of our own grcatnefs againft 
 a wretch, whom we have railed from the duft, and who could never profpcr, 
 if the charges we have been put to were orderly imployed.] 
 
 Her Majefty in her particular letter written to my lord the 30th of July, Her Majefty 
 bindethftill expreflly upon the northern profccution, my lord, adprinapa- ^° ""-y Lord 
 liarerum, in thefe words : oiEjtxnoih 
 
 [First, you know right well, when we yielded to this excefllve charge, 
 it was upon no other foundation than to which your felf did ever advife us 
 as much as any, which was to aflail the northern traitor, and to plant garri- 
 fons in his country; it being ever your firm opinion, amongrt other out 
 council, to conclude that all that was done in other kind in Ireland, was 
 but wafte and confumption.] 
 
 Her Majefty in her letter of the pth ol Anguft to my Lord of Effex and 
 the council of Ireland, when after Mimfter journey, they began in a new 
 time to dilluadc the northern journey in her excellent car, quickly finding a 
 difcord of men from themfelves, chargeth them in thefe words : 
 
 [Observe well what we have already written, and apply your counfclsHer Mijc/iy 
 to that which may ihorten, and not prolons; the war; feein<' never any of^","? '"'''' 
 you was of other opuiion, than that all other courfcs were but coniumptions, c;i QUniai.d^ 
 except we went on with the northern profccution.] <^th Au^uji. 
 
 The lords of her Majefty 's council in their letter of the loth o^ Angttfi 
 to my Lord of Ejjex and the council of Ireland, do in plain terms lay be- 
 fore them the firft plot, in thefe words : 
 
 [We cannot deny but we did ground our counfcls upon this foundation, The lords of 
 that there Ihould have been a profccution of the capital rebels in the North, ''"^''°'"''^^'''' 
 whereby the war might have been fhortened; which refolution, as it was ad- |"e council of 
 vifed by your felf before your going, and affented to by moft part of the hi!<"t'i, loth 
 council of war that were called to the qucftion, fo muft we confcfs to your '"-"-'''• 
 lordftiip, that we have all this while concurred with her Majefty in the fanjc 
 dcfire and expeftation.] 
 
 My Lordof ^/T^.v and the council of 7r if /rtW.;/, in their letter of the fthof 
 May to the lords of the council before the Munjter journey, write in h.vc 
 •verba. * I [ Mo r e o v e r, 
 
 a
 
 34. THE PROCEEDINGS, Sec, 
 
 My Lord of [MoTcover, iiiyour lordfliip's great wifdom, you xyill likcwifc judge wha': 
 f£'^cil"of'^^P^'ida the rebels \\'ill grow to, wlut advantage the foreign enemy may take, 
 7r^/an//to the and what lofs her Ma;efty fhall receive, if this fummcrtiic arch-traitor be 
 lorde, 5//' iiot aflailcd, and garrifons planted upon him.] 
 "■^" M V Lord ofE/fex in his particular letter of the I rth of Jnly, to the lords 
 
 of the council after Munfier journey, writcth thus : 
 The earl to [-^\ 5 f^j^ 35 1 can Call thefc ttoops together, 1 will go look upon yonder 
 luhju/j. proud rebel, and if I find him on hard ground, and in an open country; 
 though 1 fhould find him in horfe and foot three for one, yet will I by God'Sjj 
 grace dillodge him, or put the council to the trouble of, ^d | 
 
 The Earl oiEjJ'ex in his letter of the i^th of Auguft to the lords of the"" 
 council, writeth out of great affection, asitfcemeth, in thcle words : ^^ 
 
 The earl to [Y E T muft thcfc rebels be aflliilcd in the height of their pride, and our bafe 
 the lords, clowus mufl: bc taught to fight again ; elfe will her Majefty's honour never be 
 H^/^ ^"g'^fl- i-ecovcrcd, nor olu- nation valued, nor tliis kintz,dom reduced.] ,',,n,, -,^ 
 
 Besides- it was noted, that whereas my lord and the council of lreland^\.^ 
 had by theirs of the ifth oi'July defired an incrcafc of 2000 Irljh purpofely^ 
 for the better fetting on foot of the northern fervice ; her Majcfty, notwith- 
 ftanding her proportions by often gradations and riilngs, had been raited tp.^.j 
 the highcft elevation, yet was pleated to yield uiiro it. ,'^ 
 
 1. The firtl part concerneth my lord's higreft into his charge, and that* . 
 which patled here before his going hence ; now foUoweth an order, both of 
 time and matrer, what was done after my lord ^^'ns gone into Ireland^ and 
 had taken upon him the government by her Majefty's commiHion. 
 Thatmylord 2. The fccoud part then of the firft article was to fiiew, that my lord did- 
 did wilfully wilfully and contemptuoufly hi this great point of eftate, violate and infringe , 
 Km turufly h^"^ Majelty's diredion before remcmbred. 
 
 violate her' In delivering of the evidence and proofs of this part it was laid down for a 
 Majeftys «I'- foundation, that there was a full performance on her Majcfty 's part of alL 
 
 reftion touch- . . ' , - , . ^ ,- • ,- i • j- 
 
 ing the north- the pouits agreed upon for this great protecution, io as there was no impcd;- 
 ern profe- j-nciit Or caut'c of interruption from hence. 
 
 *""°"' T H I s- is proved by a letter from my Lord of Ejfex, and the council of 
 
 Ireland to the lords of the council here, dated pth May, which was fomc 
 
 three weeks after my lord had received the fword, by which time he might 
 
 well and thoroughly inform himlclf v hethcr promife were kept in all things 
 
 or no, and the w ords of the letter are thefc : 
 
 The Earl of [A s yout lordfhips do very truly let forth, we do very humbly acknow- 
 
 "^■^Tcfro/^^ Jedi^e her Majcfty's chargeable magnificence and royal preparations and trant- 
 
 /,w^»/tothepoi-rations of men, munition, apparel, money and victuals for the recovery 
 
 lords of thy of t[iis ttifti-effcd kingdom;] where note, the tranfportations acknowledged 
 
 council, (.)tn ,, , • 
 
 iiny. as well as the preparations. 
 
 Next, it was let down for a fecond ground, that there was no natural 
 
 nor accidental impediment in the eflate of the aifairs themfelves, againft the 
 
 protecution upon Tyrone, but only culpable impediments raited by the 
 
 journey oi Mimjler. 
 The Earl of Thu appeared bv a letter from my lord and the council of Ireland to the 
 ^£;^j)"^/'''" lords of rhe council here, dated the 28th of April, whereby they advertife, 
 jreianJto the that thc profccutiou ofUlJhr, in regard of lack of grats and forage, and the 
 lords of the^ poorncfs of cattle at that time of year, andfuch like difficulties of the fealbn, 
 ^™//')/.''*" and not of the matter, will in better time, and with better commodity for 
 
 the army, bc fully executed about the middle of J me or beginning of 'julyi 
 
 and
 
 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 35 
 
 and fignify, that the Earl intended a prefent profccution fhould be fet on foot 
 \n Lemfier, to which letters the lords make anfwer by theirs of the 8th of 
 May, fignifying her Majefty's toleration of the delay. 
 
 Of the State of Eu rope. 
 
 IN the confidcration of the prefent ftate of Chrijlendon?, depending on 
 the inclinations and qualities of the princes, governors of the fame: firft 
 the perfon of the Pope, acknowledged for fupremc of the princes catho- 
 lick, may be brought forth. 
 
 Gregory XIII. ofthe age of feventy years, hy £\ixnzrx\c BoncompagnOj^o^ti, 
 born in Bolonia ofthe meancft ftatc of the people ; his father a fhoemaker by 
 occupation, of no great learning nor undcrftanding, bufy rather in pradice, 
 than defirous of wars, and that rather to further the advancement of his fon 
 nnd his houfe (a relped highly regarded of all the Popes) than of any incli- 
 nation of nature, the which yet in tlicfe years abhorreth not his fecret plea- 
 furcs. Howbeit, two things efpecially have fet fo Iharp edge to him, where- 
 by he doth bend himfclf fo vehemently againft religion. The one is a mere 
 neceflity, the other the folicitation ofthe King of Spain. For if we confider 
 duly the cftate of the prefent time, we fhall find that he is not fo much carried 
 with the dcfire to fupprefs our religion, as driven with the fear ofthe down- 
 fall of his own, if in time it be not upheld and rcftored. 
 
 Th e reafons be thefe; he fceth the King of Spain already in years, and 
 worn with labour and troubles, that there is little hope in him of long life. 
 And he failing, there were likely to enfue great alterations of ftate in a'l his 
 dominions, the which fhould be joined with the like in religion, efpecially 
 in this divided time, and in Spain already fo forward, as the fury ofthe in- 
 quifition can fcarce keep in. 
 
 In France, theftate of that church fecmcth to depend on the fole life of 
 the King now reigning, being of a weak conftitution full of infirmities, not 
 likely to have long life, and quite out of hope of any iffue. Of the DukC 
 of Anjou he doth not alfure himfelf, befules the opinion conceived of the 
 weaknefs ofthe complexion of all that racC, giving neither hope of length 
 of life nor of children. And the ne.xt to the fuccefiion make already pro- 
 fellion of religion, befides the increafc thereof daily in France; Etigland 
 and Scotland are already, God be thanked, quite reformed, with the better 
 part of Gerjnany. And becaufe the Queen's Majcfty hath that reputation to' 
 be the defender ofthe true religion and faith, againil: her Majefty, as the head 
 of the faithful, is the drift of all their mifchiefs. 
 
 The King of i5)'^/« having erefted in his conceit a monarchy, wherein 
 fccking reputation in the proteftion of religion, this conjundion with the 
 Pope is as ncccflary to him for the furtherance of his purpofes, as to the Pope 
 bchoveful for the advancing of his houlc and for his authority; the King of 
 Spain having already bcftowcd on the Pope's fon, degree of title and of office, 
 with great revenues. To encourage the Pope herein, being head ofthe church, 
 they let before him the analogy of the name Gregory^ laying that we were firft 
 under a Gregory brought to the faith, and by a Gregory are again to be re- 
 duced to the obedience of Rotne. 
 
 A prophecy likewife is found out that foretcllcth, the dragon fitting in the 
 mh-xxioi 'Peter, great things ihould be brought to pafs. Thus
 
 OFTHE STATE OF EUROPE. 
 
 Thus is the King of France foliicitcd againfl: thofc of the religion •Ins. 
 France ; the Emperor againti: thofe in his dominions ; divifions let in Germany ? 
 the Loiv Cw/w^r/mifcrably opprcflcd ; and daily attempts againlt her Majcl})v 
 both by force and practice: hereto lerve the fcminiries, where none are now 
 admitted, but take the oath againft her Majcfty. 
 
 The fed of the ]efuits are fpccial inftruments to alienate the people from 
 her Majcfty, fowfedion, and to abfolvetlicm of the oath of obedience, and 
 prepare the way to rebellion and revolt. 
 
 Besides, for confirmation of their owfc religion they have ufcd fora© 
 rcformati on of the clergy, and brought in cateclaifing. 
 
 To go forth '■jcith the Trine es «t/" Italy next in Jit nation : 
 
 Duke of TV- The Great T)\x\.z oi Tufcany\ Francifco de Medici, fon to Co/mo, and 
 ««> the third duke of that family and province; of the age of forty years, of dif-. 
 
 pofition fevcre and lad, rather than manly and grave ; no princely port or 
 behaviour more than agrcat jufticcr, inclined to peace, and gathering money. 
 All Tufcany is fubjed unto him, wherein were divers cammon wealths > 
 Whereofthe chief were i7tf/-^«f^, Siena ^^nd T^ fa, 'Frato znd Tijloia, fav- 
 ing Lucca and certain forts on the fea-coaft, held by the King o'i Spain. 
 
 He rctaineth in his fervice few, and they ftrangers, to whom he giveth. 
 penfions. In all his citadels he hath garrifon of Spaniards, except at Siena-y 
 in houfe-keeping Ipcndcth little, being as itr were in penfion, agreeing for 
 £b much the year with a citizen of Florence for his diet : he has a fmall guard 
 of SiJi-iJlfers, and when he rideth abroad a guard of forty light horfcmen. 
 The militia of his country amountcth to forty thoufand foldicrs, to the whiclx 
 hegranteth leave to wear their weapons on the holy days, and other immuni- 
 ties. Befidcs, he entertainetli- certain men of arms, to the which he giveth 
 fcven crowns the montln Hcalfo maintaineth feven gallies, the whichfervc 
 under his knights, ereded by his father in Tifa, of the order of St. Stephanoy 
 ef thefe gallies, three go every year in chafe. 
 
 His comnion exercife is in diftillations, and in trying of conclufions, the 
 V/liich he doth exercife in a houfe called CaJJlno in Florence, where he fpend- 
 eth the moft part of the day, giving ear in the mean feafon to matters of af- 
 feirs, and conferring with his chief officers. His revenues are efteemcd to 
 amount to a million and a half of crowns, of the which Ipending half a mil- 
 lion, he layeth up yearly one million. But certainly he is the richeft Prince 
 rn all Europe of coin. I he form of his government is ablblute, depending 
 only of his will and plcnUire, though retaining in many things the ancient 
 offices and fhew. But thole magistrates rcfolve nothing without his exprcfs 
 diredions and plcafure. Privy council he ufeth none, but repolcth moft 
 liistrufton found fecretaries, and conferreth chiefly with, his wife, as his fa- 
 ther did w ith one of his Iccretaries. For matter of examinations, one Corbob 
 hath the cfpccial truft; he doth favour the people more than the nobility, 
 becaufe they do bear an old grudge to the gentlemen, and the people are the 
 more in number, without whom the nobility can do nothing. One thing 
 Ml him giveth great contentment to the fubjeds, that be vouchfafcth to- 
 receive and hear al 1 their petitions himfelf. And in his abfence from Florence, 
 thofc that have fuit darefort to the office, and there exhibit their bill endor- 
 iedr whereof within three days ablblute anfwcr is returned them, unlefsthe 
 matter be of great importance, then have they direclion how to proceed. 
 He is a great jufticcr, and for the eale of the people; and to have the better 
 «yc over juftice, hath built hard by his palace a fair row of houfes for all 
 ©^es together in one place. T w ©
 
 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 37 
 
 Two years fithcnce he married /^ Si^nor;a B/a?ica\\h concubine, z Vene- 
 tian of Cafa Capelli, whereby he entered ftreighrer amity with tlic J^ene- 
 ''tians: with the Pope he had good inteUigence, and fomc affinity by the 
 marriage of Signer Jacomo, the Pope's Ton, in Cafa Sforza. 
 
 To the Emperor he is aUicd, his firft wife being the Emperor Maximi- 
 lian-i fifter. 
 
 With Spain he is in ftreight league, and his mother was of the houfc of 
 Toledo \ his brother likcwife T). Tietro married in the fame iioule. With 
 France he ftandeth at tliis prefent in fomc milliicing. 
 
 With Ferrara always at jar, as with all the Dukes of Italy for the 
 prcfeance in fomc controverfy. 
 
 All his revenues arife of taxes and cuftoms ; his domains arc very fmall. 
 
 He hath by his firfl: wife one fon, of the age of four or five years, and 
 four daughters; he hath a bafe child by tliis woman, and a bale brother ©. 
 Joanni, fixteen years of age, of great cxpedation. 
 
 Two brothers, 'D.'Pietro, and the cardinal. 
 
 T HE Duke of Ferrara, Alfonfo T)'Eftei\\c fifth Duke, now about forty Ferrara. 
 years of age, his i\x^ \w\ic Lticrecia, daughter to Cofrno de Medici, whom 
 they fay he poifoned ; his fecond, daughter to FtW/«<2«^ the Emperor; his 
 third wife now living, ^«//6' daughter to the Duke oi Mantua. He hath no 
 child. The chief cities of his Itate are Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio: he 
 IS rich in money, growing as thc'nioft of Italy of exadions ; of all the Princes 
 of Italy alone inclineth to the French, with the Pope hath fome jar about 
 the paiTagc of a river. The Venetians and he fall in great hatred, with Florence 
 hath enmity, with Lucca little skirmifiies every year for a caftic, he buildeth 
 on their confines, to raife a great toll in a llrair pallage, by realbn of his 
 hiorl'ter a Guifc. 
 
 JVIL L I AM of the houfe of Gonfaga, the third Duke o^ Mantua ; his Mmtua; 
 wife Barbara daughter to the Emperor Ferdinand, by whom he hath a fon 
 of twenty two years of age, and a daughter. His fon is called Vtncentio, 
 his daughter Anne married of late to the Duke of Ferrara--, his fon likcwife 
 married a year fithcnce to the Prince oiT^armas daughter. The Duke his felf 
 very deformed and crook-backed, well in years. Montferrat likcwife ap- 
 pet taincth to him ; divers of his houfe have penfion always, and fcrve the King 
 of Spain--, his brother the Duke of Nevers remaineth in France. He only 
 feekcth to maintain his eftatc and enrich himfclf; his grcatcft pleafure is in 
 horfes and buildmg. 
 
 The Duke of Urbin, Francefco Maria, of the houfc of Rover e, x\xzvrbin. 
 fecond of that name, a Prince of good behaviour and witty. In his ftatc arc 
 leven reafonable fair cities, F'efaro, Augubto, Sinigaglia, Foffombrone, 
 Sanleo, Cagli, Urbino i Tefaro and Sinigaglia are fortrefles on the fca fide, 
 Urbin and Sanleo on the Appenine, well fortified. He holdeth three pro- 
 vinces, Montefeltro, Ma([a Trebaria, and Vicariate di Mondavio. 
 
 There have been good Princes and valiant of that houfe, not fo great 
 cxaftors as the rert of Italy, therefore better beloved of their llib'jccts, which 
 love reftored their houfe, being difplaced by Pope Leo X. 
 
 His wife Leonora, filler to the Duke of Ferrara, by whom he hath no 
 children, and now is divorced. He hath two fiftcrs, the one married to the 
 Duke of Gravina, the other to the Prince Bijignano, and a third is to marry, 
 whofe name is Lavinia. 
 
 Vol. I. .*K OTTAVIANO,
 
 ]j: 
 
 2. 
 
 38 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 
 
 farma. OTTAFIANO, fiifl Dukc of Q/^rfi', t\\cn.o( Camerino, and after of 
 
 ^arma and '■PiaceHza, with great trouble rcftorcd to his eftate; now is aged 
 and livcth quietly : his wife, Marguerite daughter to Charles the fifth, firft 
 Nvife to Alexander de Medici tirft Duke ol Florence. He hath one Ion called 
 Alexander, now general for the King of Spain in the Lo\ju-Countries j hi» 
 daughter Vittoria was mother to the Duke of Urbin. 
 
 The Cardinal Farnefe, his uncle, of great credit in that college, long 
 
 J time hath afpired to be Pope, but withftood by the King o^ Spain ; on whom 
 
 ' though now that houfe depend, yet forgcttctii not, as he thinketh, the death 
 
 of Tier Luigi, and tl^e lofs of '•Parrna and Piacenza, reftored to their 
 
 ^ houfe by the French. 
 
 The young Princes of Mirandola, in the government of their mother 
 Fulvia Correggio^ and under the proteclion of the King of France, who 
 maintaineth there a garrilbn. 
 Safiy. Tht. Tiukc oi Savoy, Carlo Emanuel, a young Prince of twenty one 
 
 years, very little of rtaturc, but well brought up and difpofed. His territory- 
 is the greateft of any Duke oi Italy, having Tiejnont beyond the Alps, and 
 Savoy on this fide ; divers fair towns and rtrong holds, richly left of his 
 father, who was accounted a very wile Prince. This Duke, as is thought, 
 is advifed to remain always indifferent between Spain and France, being 
 neighbour to them both, unlcfs fome accident do counfel him to declare him- 
 felf in behalf of either. Therefore both thole Princes go about by marriage 
 to have him nearer allied to them. His mother was filter to King Francis 
 the Great; his father being expulfed his dominions by thcFrcnch,\/zs reftored 
 by the King oi Spain, with whom while he lived he had ftraight intelligence. 
 As yet his inclination doth not appear ; he retaineth his father's alliances with 
 Venice, efpecially in Italy, and with the Emperor. With Florence he hath 
 queftion for prcheminence. 
 
 His revenues are judged to a million of crowns yearly ; now he is in arms 
 againft Geneva, and guarded againft Bern. 
 
 Of free eflates, Lucca the leaft, is under the protedion of the King of 
 Spain, fmall in territory ; the city it felf well fortified and provided, becaufc 
 of the doubt they ha\'e of the Duke of Florence. 
 
 GENOAh recommended to the King of Spain, their gallies ferve under 
 him, and the chicfcft of their city are at his devotion. Though there is a 
 faftion for the French, whereto he doth hearken lb weakly, that the Spaniard 
 is there all in all ; by whom that ftate in few years hath made a marvelous gain. 
 And the King of Spain hath great need of their friendlhip, for their ports, 
 where embark and land all men, and whatfoever is fcnt between Spain and 
 Milan. 
 
 They hold Corjica an Ifland, and Savona^ fair city, and the goodlieft 
 haven in Italy, until it was deftroyed by the Genevois i the which now 
 make no profefllon but of merchandize. 
 
 There is a dangerous faction amongft them, between the ancient houfes 
 and the new, which were admitted into the ancient families. 
 
 ST. GEORGE \s their trcafure houfe and receiver, as at Venice St. 
 Mark, 
 t'enke. VENICE retaining ftill the ancient form of government, is always for 
 
 it felf in like eftate and all one ; at this time between the Turk and the King 
 of Spain in continual watch, feeming to make more account of France, not 
 fo muchinhopeofany great affiance at this prefent to be had in him, but 
 ■ '-!.'*•.,. for 
 
 Lucca. 
 
 Genoa.
 
 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 39 
 
 for the reputation of that nation, and the amity always they have had with 
 the fame, and behoving them fo to do. They ufe it with good forefight and 
 fpcedy preventing, fparing for no charge to meet as they may with every ac- 
 cident. Of late they have had feme jar with the Pope, as well about the 
 inquifition, as title of land. With Ferrara and the Venetians is ancient 
 enmity, fpecially becaufe he receiveth all their banifhcd and fugitives. They 
 make moft account or the Duke o( Savoy amongft the Princes of Italy. They 
 maintain divers anibafladors abroad, with the Turk, the Emperor, France, 
 Spam, and at Rome : with them is an ambaiVador of France and Savoy al- 
 ways refidcnt, and an agent of Spain, becaufe they gave the prefeance to 
 France. 
 
 In this it feemeth all the potentates o^ Italy do agree to let all private 
 grudges give place to foreign invafion, more for doubt of alteration in re- 
 ligion, than for any other civil caufe. 
 
 There is none amongft them at this day in any likelihood to grow to any 
 grcatnefs. For Venice is bridled by the Turk and Spain. The Duke of 
 Tufcany lecketh rather title than territory, otherways than by purchafing. 
 
 SA VO J" is yet young ■■, the reft of no great force of themfelves. France 
 hath greatly loft the reputation they had in Italy by neglecting the occafions 
 offered, and lufFering the King of Spain to fettle himfelf 
 
 The ^wv^tx.ot Adolphe of thehoule o't Aujlriche, fon to Maximilian,'£.m-ftiQi. 
 about thirty years of age ; no ftrong conftitution of body, and greatly weaken- 
 ed by immoderate pleafurc ; no great quicknefs of fpirit. In faftiion and 
 apparel all Spanijh, where he had his education in his youth. He was moft 
 governed by his mother while fhe remained with him, and yet altogether by 
 his fteward T>yetnjian, and his great Chamberlain Romphe, both penfi- 
 onaries of Spain, and there with him maintained. 
 
 Of the empire, he hath by the laft imperial diet one million of dollars 
 towards the maintenance of the garrifons oi Hungary ; and bcfides, his guards 
 are paid of the empire. 
 
 To the Turk he payeth yearly tribute for Hungary 40000 dollars, befides 
 the charge of the prefents and his ambaftadors, amounting to more than the 
 tribute; in all 100,000 dollars. 
 
 The ordinary garrifons in Hungary are to the number of but 
 
 evil paid at this time. 
 
 The rcveiiuesand fubfidiesof ///m^^zr)' donot pafs 100,000 florins. The 
 laft Emperor affirmed folemnly, that the charge of Hungary amounted to 
 one million and a half. 
 
 The rc\cnucso£ Bohemia, ordinary and extraordinary, amount to 50000 
 dollars. 
 
 In the abfencc of the Emperor, the Baron of Rofemberg is governor of 
 Bohemia, who pofleileth almoft a fourth part of that country, and is a papift ; 
 neither he nor his brother have children : he beareth the Emperor in hand to 
 make him his heir. 
 
 Of Silejia and Moravia, the Emperor yearly may have 200,000 florins. 
 
 Out oi Auftriche of fubfidy and tribute 100,000 florins, for his domains 
 are all fold away and engaged. 
 
 Thus all his revenues make half a million of florins. 
 
 T o his brothers Maximilian and Erneji, he alloweth yearly by agreement 
 made between them 45000 florins a-piece, as well for Auftricbe, as that might 
 hereafter fall unto them by the deceafe of the Archduke Ferdinand \\\ Tyrol, 
 the which Ihall come to the Emperor. 
 
 The
 
 40 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 
 
 The Euipcio!: altogether cicpeiuicth on Spain, as well in relpccl of hij 
 houfc, as the education he rccci\ ed there, and tlic rule his mother hath over 
 him with the chief of his council. He is utter encmv to religion, havina 
 well declared the fame in banifhing the minlllcrs out of Vmma, and divers 
 other towns, where he gocth about to plant jefuits. 
 
 Of his fubjects greatly miflikcd, as his houl'e is hateful to all Germany. 
 
 The Archduke Charles holdeth Styria and Carinthia, his chief abode is 
 at Gratz, ■■> his wife is fiftcr to the Duke of Bavyre, by whom he hath 
 children. 
 
 The Archduke Ferdinand hath Tyrol, and remaincth the moft part at 
 Ilsbmg. For his cldefl: fon he hath bought in Germany a pretty Hate, not 
 tar from Ulms; the fecond is a cardinal. Now he is a widower, and faid, 
 that he fliall marry a daughter of the Duke oi Mantiia. 
 
 These are uncles to the Emperor; befides Maximilian and Erneft, he 
 hath two brothers, the Archduke Matthias that hath a penfion of the cftates 
 of the Lo'jj Country, and a cardinal archbifhop of Toledo. 
 Germany. In Germa7iy there are divers Princes diverfly atfeded. The elector palatine 
 
 Ltidovic a Lutheran -, his chief abode is at Heidelberg. 
 
 Wis htoxlx^x John Cafimir, C^Wmiit, zt Keifers-lautern, ot Nieujladt. 
 
 RICH ART) their uncle at Symyers. 
 
 During the life of the lall Eledor, Ltidovic dwelt at Amberg in the 
 higher palatinate. 
 
 ^T HI LIT LUT>OVIC dwelt at Norbourg on the T>anow, and is- 
 commonly called Duke of. 
 
 yOHN d\jQ\\zx.\\ 2.1 Rypont, o^ Soneybourgh, ox: m Bergefaber -, the 
 other three brethren have no certain dwelling place. George J ohn^ fon pf 
 Rupert, Count Tualatin, dwcUcth at Lyjfeljieyn. 
 Princes of AUGUSTUS Duke and Elector of Saxen remaineththe moft part at 
 Cerma):y. 1)refden on the Elbe i fometimcs at Torge on Elbe, a goodly caftle fortified 
 by John Frederick. This eledor is Lutheran, and great enemy to our pro- 
 feilioni offixty years of age, half frantick, fevere, governed much by his 
 wife, greater exactor than the German Princes arc wont to be, and retaincth 
 in his fervice divers Italians; his eldeft fon married of late the daughter of 
 the Duke of Brandeburg. 
 
 The fons oijohn Frederick captive, and yet in prifon, remain at Coburge 
 in Eajt Franconia, near the forelt of Turinge. 
 
 The Ibns of John JVdliam abide at Vinaria in Tiiringia. 
 
 J O AC HIM FR E T>E R ICK, fon of John George Elector of Bran- 
 debourg at Hala in Saxony on the river of Sala, as adminiftrator of the 
 archbilfioprick of Magdebourg. 
 
 GEORGE FRET>E RICK, ioxv oi George, dc^vzWoAx^tOrsbuche 
 in Eafl Franconia, or at BlaJfetibourgCy the wWch was the tnanfion of 
 his uncle Albert the warrior. 
 
 The Elector oi Br andebourg John George remaineth at Berlin on the 
 river of Sprea : his uncle John dwelleth at Cajiryne beyond Odera^ very 
 flrong both by the fituation, and fortified. 
 
 WILL I AM Duke of Bavyre, a papiit at Munich In Bavary, married 
 the daughter of the Duke of Lorrain. 
 
 His fecond brother Ferdinand remaineth moft at Landjlutt. 
 
 The thu'd Erneji, is bifhop oi Fnfmghen and Hildejbeim, and late of 
 Liege. 
 
 JULIUS
 
 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE, 4.1 
 
 JULIUS Duke oi Bmnfujick, at the i^ron^ cmcoUVolfenLittt el o\x 
 Oker. 
 
 ERJCKE o'i Brunf-jjick, (on to Magnus, uncle to Ju/ius, rcmaincth 
 AtMyn^a, or where the rivers of /Ferra and Fu/^a do join, making the river 
 of Fipi^gis navigable. 
 
 WILLIAM Duke of Lunebtirg hath his being at Cella, on the river 
 Albera. 
 
 HE NRT h:\s brother at Gryforn, where before, their uncle Francis 
 Wns wont to dwell. 
 
 OTHO their coufin Duke of Ltinebnrg inhabiteth Harbourg on this ilde 
 the Elbe, over right againft Hamburgh. 
 
 The Dukes of Tomer ania, John Frederick dwelleth at Stetin. 
 
 BUG ESL J US M Campena,Cometimcan:Lhhcy inthccoiinty of Bardru/e. 
 
 ER NE STL UT> FICKzt JVolgaft on the river of Tanis that runneth 
 into the Baltick lea. 
 
 BARMIN at Ragen-juald in further Tomerania, on the borders of 
 Poland ^nA Truljia. 
 
 CASIMIRE at Camyn, winch biflioprick he holdeth, cither as admi- 
 niftrator, or in his own poircilion and right. 
 
 ULRICKE Duke of Meckelbourg, remaineth moft at Gujiro-^' ■■, his 
 brother John Albert dwelleth at S'v^erin, whofe two fons are in the court of 
 the Duke of Saxon. 
 
 AT> OLTH Duke of HoIJl and T>ytmarch ; his chief feat is at Gottorp 
 in the duchy of Slefwick. 
 
 JOHN his elder brother unmarried, hath his abode at Hadersberge -, 
 John, fon to Chriftiern King of 'Denmark, and brother to the Duke of 
 Holji, and to Frederick now King of Denmark, bilhop of Oefelya and. 
 Cour land in Livonia, 
 
 JVILLIAM Duke of Juliers, Clevc, and Bergen, hath his court at 
 *Diiffeldorp in the dukedom of Bergen fe. 
 
 WJL L I AM Landgrave of Hep, dwelleth at Cajfel on Fulda. 
 
 L UT> O VICK at Marpurge. 
 
 T HI LIT at Brubache on the Rhine. 
 
 GEORGE ^t Tiarmftadt. 
 
 L UT) O FICK Duke of Wirtenberge, his chief houfc at Stutgard. 
 
 FREDERlCKzt Montbelgard. 
 
 The marquifcs of Bathe: the cider Erneft, the fecond Jacob, the third 
 brother yet younger 3 their chief dwelling-place is at Forjheim^ or at 
 *T>urlach. 
 
 The fons of Thilip at the Bath called Baden. 
 
 ERNEST JOACH I M?nncc of Anhalt at Zerbejl, in the midway 
 between Magdebourg and IVittemberg -, his other manfion is at "Depu on 
 Mylda, where he was born, new built and fortified by his grandfather Ernejt : 
 he hath befides the caftlc of Cathenen, the which was the habitation of 
 Wolfgang Prince of Anhalt his 2;reat uncle ; Erneji favoureth religion. 
 
 GEORGE ERNE ST Vtiaze and Earl of Hennebetg at Schlewjing, 
 by the forcft called Turing. 
 
 GEORGE Duke of Silejia znd Brieke, of the family of the Kings of 
 Teland, dwelleth ztBrieke-, his eldcttfon, Joachim Frederick, hath married 
 fhe daughter of the Prince of Anhalt y his fecond fon, John George. 
 
 H EN R T Duke of Silejia :Lnd Lignitz, fon to the brother of George^ 
 dwelleth at Limit z ; he hath no children alive. 
 
 Vol. I. *L FRE-^
 
 42 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 
 
 FRE'T) ERICK, brother to Henry unmarried. 
 
 CHARLES Duke of Mimjlerbcrg and Oljfe, his wife the Countefs of 
 Sternberg in Bohemia, where he maketh his abode. 
 
 HEN R2, brother to Charles, remaincth at Olife. 
 
 JOHN FRET>E RICK ViukcoiTefchen: 
 
 C HA RLE SDi\kc of Lorrain, his chief court at Nancy. 
 
 His cldcfl: Ibn Henry of man's eftatc. 
 
 CHARLES Cardinal Archbifhop o^ Mets. 
 
 A daughter in the Fre?ich court. 
 
 Besides, there are in Germany three elc£lors bifhops, and divers oifhops 
 of great livings. 
 
 The free towns of greatcfl: importance are Nor ember g, Aufpurg, Ulmes, 
 and Strasbjirg : Then the cantons of the Sivijfes, the Grijons and i^alois. 
 
 The greateft trouble in Germany at this time is about the concordatc, 
 furthered by the Duke of Saxon, and the Count '^Palatine. 
 
 There is at this prelcnt no Prince in Germany greatly toward or re- 
 doubted . 
 
 The Duke Ca(imir\ credit is greatly impaired, and his ability fmall. 
 
 The Dyet imperial fhortly fhould be held, where the concordate fhall be 
 urged, coUeclion for Hungary made, and a King of Rotnans named. 
 France. The French King, Henry the third, of thirty years of age, of a very 
 
 weak conftitution, and full of infirmities j yet extremely given over to his 
 wanton pleafurcs, having only delight in dancing, fcafting and entertaining 
 ladies and chamber-pleafurcs : No great wit, yet a comely behaviour and goodly 
 perfonagc, very poor through exacting inordinately by all devices of his fub- 
 jecfts greatly repining that revenge and hungry government, abhorring wars 
 and all adtion, yet daily workcth the ruin of thofc he hateth, as all of the 
 religion andthc houfe oi Bourbon, doting fondly on fome he chufeth to favour 
 extremely, without any virtue or caufe of defert in them to whom he giveth 
 prodigally. His chief favourites now about him are the Duke JoyenfCy la 
 Valette, and Monfieur 'D'Au. The Qiieen mother rulcth him rather by 
 policy and fear he hath of her, than by his good will j yet he always doth 
 fhew great reverence towards her. The Gnife is in as great favour with him- ' 
 as ever he was ; the houfe is now the greateft of all France, being allied to 
 Ferrara, Savoy, Lorrain, Scotland, and favoured of all the papifts: the 
 French King having his kinfwoman to wife, and divers great perfonages in 
 that realm of his houfe. 
 
 The chiefeft at this prcfcnt in credit in court whofe counfcl he ufeth arc, 
 Villeroy, ydlaqnier, Bcllie-vrej the Chancellor and Lord Keeper, Birague 
 and Chiverny. 
 
 ■.He greatly entcrraineth no amity with any Prince, other than for form j 
 neither is his fricndfliip otherwile relpeclcd of others, favein refpedl of the 
 reputation of fo great a kingdom. 
 
 The Pope bearcth a great fway, and the King of Spain, by means, of his 
 pcnfions ; and of the Qiiecn-mother with the Gtiife 5 fhe for her two daugh- 
 ters, he for other regard, can do what he lift there, or hinder what he would 
 not have done. 
 
 The divifion in his country for matters of religion and ftatc, through 
 mifcontentment of the nobility to fee ftrangers advanced to the greateft 
 charges of the realm, the offices of jufticc fold, ithc treafury wafted, the 
 people polled, the country dcftroyed, hath bred great trouble, and like to fee 
 iiiore. The faction between the houfe of Gtsife againft that of Montmorancy, 
 hath gotten great advantage. At
 
 OF THE STATE OF EUROPE. 43^ 
 
 X r this prcfcnt the King, is about to rcftore 'Doa Ant07no King of 
 'Portugal, whereto arc great levies and preparation. 
 
 FRANCIS Duke o't Anjon and of Brabant, for his caliini!; and "^"'^ °f 
 quahty greatly to be confidcred as any Prince this day living, being fecond'^'^''^'"''' 
 perfon to the King his brother, and in likelihood to ilicceed him. There is 
 noted in the difpolition of this Prince, a quiet miidnefs, giving fatisfadion to 
 all men ; facility of acccfs and natural courtefy ; underfbnding and Ipeech 
 great and eloquent ; fecrecy more than commonly is in the French •■> from 
 his youth always defirous of adion, the which thing hath made him always 
 •followed and relpccted. And though hitherto he hath brought to pals no 
 great purpofe, having fuffered great wants, and reliftance both at home and 
 abroad, yet by the intermeddling is grown to good experience, readinefs and 
 judgment, the better thereby able to guide and govern his affairs, both in 
 pradice, in treaty, and adion. Moreover, the difeafed elbte of the world 
 doth fo concur with this his adiveforwardncfs, as it giveth him matter to . 
 AVorkupon: and he is the only man to be fecn of all them in diftrcfs, or 
 defirous of alteration. A matter of fpecial furtherance to all fuch as have 
 atchicved great things, when they have found matter difpofed to receive 
 form. -' •' ■ 
 
 A ND there is to be found no other Prince in this part of the world fo to- 
 wards and forward as the Duke, towards whom they in diflrefs may turn 
 their eyes. We do plainly fee in the moft countries of Chriftendom fo un- 
 found and fhaken an eftate, as defircth the help of fome great perfon, to fet 
 together and join again the pieces afunder and out of joint. Wherefore the 
 prefamption is great, that if this Prince continue this his courfe, he is likely 
 to become a mighty potentate : for one enterprize failing, other will be 
 offered, and ftill men evil at cafe, and defirous of a head and captain, will 
 run to him that is fitted to receive them. Befides, the French defirous to 
 Ihake off the civil wars, muft needs attempt fomewhat abroad. This Duke 
 lirft liad intelligence with the Count Ludovic in King Charles's days, and 
 an enterprize to efcape from the court, and in this King's time joined with 
 them of the religion and malcontents : after was carried againfl: them, feeketh 
 the marriage with her Majefty fo mighty a Princefs, as it were to marry 
 might with his adivity. 
 
 ' He hath had pradicc in Germany to be created King of Romans ^ made a . 
 fudden voyage with great expedition into the Lo'-jo Countries, now is there 
 again with better fucccfs than fo foon was looked for. 
 
 The King o'i Spain, Thilip fon to Charles the Fifth, about fixty years o^spai»: 
 age, a Prince of great underftanding, lubtle and afpiring, diligent and cruel.' 
 This King efpccially hath made hisbcndu of the time, where his laft attempt 
 on y<7r^//^d!/dcfervethcxadconfidcration, thereby as by the workmanihip 
 to know the mafter. 
 
 The firft fuccefs he had was at St. f^iintin, where he got a notable hand 
 of xhz French •■) he fought to reduce the Lo'vu Countries zo tin abfoliite fub- 
 jedion. 
 
 He hath kept France m continual broil, where, by hispenfions and the 
 favour of the houfe of Guife, by means of rhe Qiieen-mother in contempla- 
 tion of her nieces, he beareth great fway. With the Pope he is fo linked, 
 as he may do what him lift, and difpole of that authority to ferve his purpofes : 
 Ashe has gotten great authority m pretending to protcd the church ana reli- 
 gion. 
 
 He
 
 4^ OFTHE STATE OF EUROPE. 
 
 He poQcflcth the onchaJfof //■^/v, comprehending j'/a/)' s^aX S.irJhra, 
 with Nap/es and Milan •-, tlie which cftarcs do yield him littk other proSty 
 five the maintenance of lb many Spaniards as lie kecpcth there alv/ays. 
 
 The Diilce oi Florence rciieth greatly upon him, as well in rcfpcft of the 
 ftate o't Siena, as of the ports he holdcth, and of his grcatncfs. Lucca is 
 under his protcftion. Genoa, the one fadion at his devotion, Nvitli their 
 gallies : at hispenfion is moft of the greateft there. 
 
 Besides the Lo-jj Countries, he holdcth the Franch Comtc, the bcft 
 ufed of all his fubjcfts, and Luxembourg : the Weft-Indies furnini him gold 
 and filver, the which he conlumcth in the wars of the Lo'u.' Countries, and 
 in pcnfions, and is greatly indebted, while he workcthon the foundation his 
 father laid, to erect a monarchy, the whicli if he fucceed in the conquefl of 
 '^Portugal, he is likely to atchicvc, unlcfs death do cut him off. 
 
 He hafih. onefonof the years of five by his lafl: wife, two daughters by the 
 French King's fifter, two hale fons. 
 
 H E hath greatly fought the marriage of the Qiiccn's daughter of France,. 
 fidcr to hishifl wife, and coufin Germain removed. 
 Thefwr-fjre- His rcvcnucs arc reckoned to amount to fixtccn millions, 
 thousht^wbe The chicf in credit with him of martial men and for council arc, 
 equal witk He makcth account to have in continual pay foooo ibldicrs. 
 ^"" He maintaincth gallies to tlic number of 140, whereof there are 60 in 
 
 ^ortngoil, the reft are at Naples, and other places. Now is on Icag^uc with 
 the Turk. 
 Fortugai. T>. ANTONIO, elcd King oiTortiigal, thrufl out by the King of Spain, 
 
 of forty-five years of age, a mild fpirit, Ibbcr and difcrcet : he is now in France , 
 \vhcre he hath levied foldicrs, whereof part are embarked, hoping by the 
 favour of that King, and the good-will the 'Portngals do bear him, to be 
 reftored again. He holdcth the Torges, and the Eaft- Indians yet remain 
 well affected to him, a cafe of it felf deferving the confidcring and relief of 
 all other Princes. Befides in his perfon, his clcdlion to be noted with the 
 title he claimeth very fingular, and feldom the like fcen, being chofen of 
 all the people ; the great dangers he hath efcaped likcwife at fundry times. 
 PoianJ. The King of Poland, Stephen Batoaye, a Baron oi Hungary, by the 
 
 favour of the Turk chofen King of the Pollacks, after the cfcapc made by 
 the French Kingj aPrincc of thegrcateftvalucand courage of anyattliisday, 
 of competent years, fufficlcnt wifdom, the which he liath fhcwed in the ficgc 
 o^Danske, and the wars with the Mufcovite. 
 
 The Hu?igarians could be content to cxdiange the Emperor for him. 
 The Bohemians likcwife wifh him in the ftcad of the other. He were like 
 to attain to the empire, were there not that mortal enmity between thofc 
 two nations as could iiot agree in one fubjcdtion. 
 
 Str eight upon his election he married the Infant o£ Poland, fome- 
 what in years and crooked, only to content the "pollacks, but never com- 
 panied with her. He doth tolerate there all religions, himfelf hearcth the 
 mats, but is not thought to be a Papift : he had a great part of his education. 
 inTurkv, after lerved the laft Emperor. 
 Dmrwrk. FR EDER ICK the Second, of forty-eight years. King of T>en7nark and 
 Norn-ay i his Wife Sophia, dzv\s,htc]: to C/lricke Duke of Mechele/pourg, by 
 whom he hath fix children, four daughters and two fons, Chriftianus and 
 Ulricus, the cldeft of five years of age. 
 
 The chiefeft about him, Nicholas Cafe lifs chancellor, in whofe coiin- 
 Tcl he doth much repofe. 
 
 He
 
 OF THE STATE OP EUROPE. 4j 
 
 -He liath always Soo horfc about his court, to whom he givcthtcn dollars 
 the month. 
 
 His Father dcccafcd in the year iffp, after which he had wars ten years 
 rpacc with the S-Jnede, which gave him occafion to arm by fea. His navy 
 is. fix great fhips of 1 5-00 tun, and fifteen fmaller, ten galHcs which fail to 
 pafs the Streights. 
 
 His revenues grow chiefly in cuftoms, and fuch living as were in the 
 hands of the abbeys, and bifliops, whereby he is greatly enriched: his chief 
 \viiscw\% Copenhagen, where always his navy iieth. 
 
 Hisbrdther y<?/;;?Duke of //(9^i?in '/«///(^W, married to the daughter of 
 the'Dukc of inferior Saxony. 
 
 MAGNUS his other brother bifliop of Coiirland, married the daughter 
 oi i\ic Mitfcovite's brother. 
 
 The chiefell wars that the King of 'Denmark hath is with S'lsjeden, with 
 whom now he hath peace. The Duke of llolji is uncle to the King now 
 reigning ; they make often alliances with Scotland. 
 
 J O HN King of S'-jueden, fon of Guftavns. StueJen. 
 
 This Gt/flavus had four: ions, Erick-, John, Magnus, Charles. 
 
 ERICK married a foldier's daughter, by whom he liad divers children, 
 and died in prifon. 
 
 JOHN, now King, married the f\{[cr of Sigi/mond htc King of 'Pa- 
 land. 
 
 MAG NUS bcftraught of his wits. 
 
 CHAR LES married a daughter of the Taljgrave^ 
 
 F I VE daughters of Gujlavns. 
 
 KATHE RINE m:imcd to the Earl of Eajl-Frifeland. 
 
 ANNE to one of the 'Palfgraves. 
 
 CICIL I A to the iMarquis of Baden. * 
 
 ■ SOPHIA to the Duke of inferior Saxony. 
 
 EL IZAB E TH to the Duke of Meclebmg. 
 
 This Prince is of no great force nor wealth, but of late hath incrcafed his 
 navigation by reafonof the wars between him and the "Dane, the which, the 
 wars ceafmg, they hardly maintain. 
 
 The Mufcovite Emperor of RuJJla, John Bajil, of thrccfcore years of ilfi//-w> 
 age, in league and amity with no Prince ; always at wars with the Tartari- 
 ans, and now with the Pollake. 
 
 He is advifcd by no council, but governeth altogether like a tyrant. He 
 Iiath one fon of thirty years of age. Not long fithence this Prince depofed 
 hlmfclf, and fct in his place a Tartar, whom he removed again. Of late fcnt 
 an ambaflador to Rome, giving fomc hope to lubmit himfelf to that fee. 
 Their religion is ncareft the Cr^^i church, full of fuperftition and idolatry. 
 
 Written about the year 1 5-80. 
 
 Vol. 1. *M State:
 
 46 PROCLAMATION DRAWN FOU 
 
 State-Pieces in tlie Reigii of King J a m e s. 
 
 A Proclamation drawn for hisMajeltys nrit coming in. • 
 
 Prepared, but not ufed. 
 
 e lad AloTji : xi5i ii 
 
 HAVING great caufc at this time to be moved with divcrfity of affec- 
 tions, we do infirft place condole with all our loving lubjeds oi Eng- 
 land, for the lofs of their lb virtuous and excellent Queen j being a 
 Prince that we always found a dear ilftcr, yea a mother to our felf in many 
 her adions and advices. A Prince, v horn we hold and behold as an excellent 
 pattern and example to imitate in many her royal virtues and parts of govern- 
 ment, and a Prince whofe days we could have wifhed to have been prolonged j 
 we reporting our felvcs not only to the teftimony of our royal heart, but to 
 the judgment ofall the world, whether there ever appeared in us any ambi- 
 tious or impatient defire to prevent God's appointed time. Neither are wc 
 fo partial to our own honour, but that wc do in great part afcribc this our 
 moft peaceable and quiet entrance and coming to thole our crown&^ next un- 
 der the blclUng of almighty God, and our undoubted right, to the fruit of 
 her Majefty's peaceable and quiet government, accuftoming the people to all 
 loyalty and obedience. As for that which concerneth our fclves, we would 
 have all our loving fubjeds know, that we do not take fo muchgladnels and 
 contentment in the devolving of thefe kingdoms unto our royal pcrfon, foe 
 any addition or increalc of glory, power or riches, as in this, that it is lb 
 manifcftan evidence unto us (cfpecialiy the manner of it confidcred) that we 
 ftand (though unworthy) in God's favour, who hath put more means into our 
 hands to reward our friends and fervants, and to pardon and obliterate inju- 
 ries, and to comfort and relieve the hearts and eftates of our people and loving 
 lubjeds, and chiefly to advance the holy religion and church of almighty 
 God, and to derer\c well of the chriftian commonwealth. And more 
 cfpecialiy we cannot but gratulate and rejoice in this one point, that it hath 
 pleafed God to make us the inftrument, and, as it were, the corner ftone, 
 to unite thefe two mighty and warlike nations of England xw^ Scotland into 
 one kingdom. For although thefe two nations arc fcituatc upon the conti- 
 nent of one iQand, and are undivided either by feas or mountains, or by di- 
 verfity of language; and although our neighbour kingdoms oi Spain and 
 France have already had the happinefs to be reunited in the feveral mem- 
 bers of thofe kingdoms formerly disjoined ; yet in this ifland it appcareth not 
 in the records of any true hiftory, no nor fcarccly in the conceit of any fabu- 
 lous narration or tradition, that this whole ifland of Great Britain was ever 
 united under one Ibvercign Prince before this day. Which as wc cannot but 
 take as a fingular honour and favour of God unto our fclves : fo wc may 
 conceive good hope that the kingdoms of Chrijtendom Handing diftributcd 
 and countcrpoilcd, as by this laft union they now are; it will be a foundation 
 of theuniverfalpcace of all chrillian Princes, and that now the ftrife that 
 iliall remain between them, fhall be but an emulation who ihali govern bed, 
 and moft to the weal and good of his people. 
 
 ANOTHi;S.
 
 HIS MAJESTY'S FIRST COMING IN. 47 
 
 ANOTHERgrcat caufcofour juil rejoicing is, the aflurcd hope that wg 
 conceive, tliat whereas our kingdom of /r^//?w^ hath been fo long time torn 
 and afflifted with the mifcries of wars, the muking and profcciiting of which 
 ■wars hath coft fiich an infinite deal of blood and treafure of our realm of 
 England, to be fpilt and confumed thereupon ; we (hall be able, through 
 God's favour and afiiftance, to put a fpccdy and an honourable end to thofc 
 wars. And it is our princely defign and full purpofe and refolution, not on- 
 ly to reduce that nation from their rebellion and revolt, but alfo to reclaim 
 them from their barbarous manners, to jufticc and the fear of God ; and to 
 populate, plant, and make civil all the provinces in that kingdom: which al- 
 fo being an aftion that not any of our noble progenitors, YJm^soi England , \ 
 hath ever had the happinefs throughly to profecutc and accomplifh, we take 
 fo much to heart as we arc pcrfuadcd it is one of the chief caufes, for the which 
 God hath brought us to the imperial crown of thcfe kingdoms. 
 
 Further, we cannot but take great comfort in the ftatc and correfpon- 
 dcnce which wc now ftand in of peace and unity with all chriftian Princes^ 
 and orhcrwifc, of quictnefs and obedience of our own people at home: 
 whereby wefhal! nor need tocxpofcthat our kingdom o{ England to any 
 quarrel or war, but rather have occafion topreferve them in peace and tran- 
 quility, and opcnnefs of trade with all foreign nations. 
 
 Lastly and principally, wc cannot but take unfpcakable comfort in the 
 great and wonderful confcnt and unity, joy and alacrity, wherewith our 
 loving fubjccls of our kingdom of E^igland have received and acknowledged 
 us their natural and lawful King and Govcrnour, according to our moft clear 
 and undoubted right, in fo quiet and fettled manner, as if wc had been long 
 ago declared and cllablinied fucceflbr, and had taken all mens oaths and 
 homages; greater and more perfcd unity and rcadincis could not have been. 
 For confidering with our felvcs, that notwithftanding difference of religion^ 
 or any other fadion, and notwithftanding our abfence fo far off", and not- 
 withftanding the fparing and rclervcd communicating of one another's minds; 
 yet all our loving fubjcc^s met in one thought and voice, without any the 
 leaft difturbance or interruption, yea, hcfitation or doubtfulnefs, or any 
 Ihew thereof; we cannot but acknowledge it is a great work of God, who 
 hath an immediate and extraordinary diredion in the difpofmg of kingdoms 
 and flows of peoples hearts^ 
 
 Wherefore after our moft humble and devout thanks to almighty God^ 
 by whom Kings reign, who hath cftablifhed us King and Govcrnour of thelc 
 kingdoms; wc return our hearty and afix-dionate thanks unto the Lords fpirl- 
 tual and temporal, the Knights and Gentlemen, the Cities and Towns, and 
 generally unto our Commons, and all cffates and degrees of that our king- 
 dom of ^w^/^zW, for their fo acceptable firlVfruits of their obedience and 
 loyalties offered and performed in our abfence ; much commending the 
 great wifdom, courage, and watchfulnefs ufed by the peers of that our king- 
 dom, (according to the nobility of their bloods and lineages, many of them 
 mingled with the blood royal ; and therefore in nature affeclionatc to their 
 rightful King :) And likewii'e of the counfcllois of the late Queen according 
 to their gravity and oath, and the fpirit of their good mirtrefs (now a glorious 
 iaint in heaven) in carrying and ordering our affairs with that fidelity, mode- 
 ration, and content, which in them hath well appeared ; and alfo the great 
 readinefs, concord and cheerfulnefs in the principal knights and gentlemen 
 of fcveral countries, with the head officers of great eitics, eorporations and 
 
 towns :
 
 4^, DRAUGHT OF A PROCLAMATION 
 
 towns : And dc rake kuowicdgc by name ofthcTcadincfs and good zeal of that 
 our chicfcft and moil famous city, the city of Londoji 5 the chamber of that 
 our kingdom : afluring them, tiiat we will be unto that city by all incans of 
 confirming and incrcafing their happy and wealthy cflatc, not only a juft- 
 and gracious fovcrcign Lord and King, but a fpecial and bountiful patron 
 and bcnefaftor. 
 
 And wc on our part, as well in remuneration of all tlicir loyal and 
 loving affcclions, as in difchargc of our princely office, do promrfe and 
 aflure'thcm, that as all manner of eftates have concurred and confented 
 in their duty and zeal towards us, fo it fhall be our continual care an4 
 refolution to prefervc and maintain every fevcral cftate in a happy and 
 flourifhing condition, without confufion or over-growing of any one to the 
 prejudice, difcontentment, or difcouragcmcnt of the reft : and generally in 
 all eftates we hope God will ftrengthen and afllft us, not only to extirpate all 
 grofs and notorious abufes, and corruptions of fimonies, briberies, extor- 
 tions, exactions, oppreffions, vexations, burdenlbme payments, and ovcr- 
 cliarges, and the like ; but further to extend our princely care to the fuppiy 
 of the very negletls and omiilions of any thing that may tend to the TOod,of 
 our people. So that every place and fcrvicc that is fit for the honour or good 
 ofthe commonwealth fhall be filled, and no man's virtue left idle, unimployed, 
 or unrewarded ; and every good ordinance and conftitution, for the amend- 
 ment of the cflateand times, be revived and put in execution. 
 
 In the mean time, minding by (iod's leave (all delay fet apart) to comfort 
 andfecurcour loving fubjedls in our kingdom of £«g-//?W by our perfonul 
 prefence there, we require all our loving llibjecls joyfully to expect the fame : . 
 And yet lb, as wc fignify our will and pleafure to be, that all fuch ceremonies 
 and preparations as fhall be made and ufed to do us honour, or to exprefs 
 gratulation, be rather comely and orderly, than lumptuous and glorious 5 aiid 
 for the cxprefllng of magnificence, that it be rather imployed and beftow,cd 
 upon the funeral of the late Qiicen, to whofc memory we are of opinipa too 
 much honour cannot be done or performed. 
 
 'A Draught of a Proclamation touching his Majefty's 
 
 ftyle, 2^° J AC OBI, 
 
 Prepared, not ufed. 
 
 AS it is a manifeft token, or rather a fubftantial cffcft of the wrath and 
 indignation of God, when kingdoms are rent aiuf divided, which 
 ha\e formerly been entire and united under one monarch and go- 
 vcrnourj fo on the contrary part, when it fhall pleafc the Almighty (by 
 whom Kings reign as his deputies and lieutenants) to enlarge his commifHohs 
 of empire and Ibvereignty, and to commit thofo nations to one King to go- 
 vern, which he had formerly committed to fevcral Kings, it is an evident 
 argument of his great favour both upon King and upon people; upon the. 
 King, in as much as he may with comfort conceive that he is one of thofc 
 fcrvantsto whom it was faid, Thou haft been faithful in the lefs, I iz'Hl 
 make thee Lord of tnore ; upon the people, bccaufc the grcatncfs of king- 
 doms and dominions, cfpeciaily not being fcattered but adjacent and corn- 
 pad, doth ever bring with it greater fecurity from outward enemies, and 
 greater freedom from inward burdens, unto both which people under petty 
 
 and
 
 TOUCHING HIS MAJESTY'S STYLE. 4^ 
 
 and weak cftates are more expofed ; whicli lb happy fruit of the union of 
 kingdoms is chiefly to be underftood, when fuch conjundion or augmenta- 
 tion is not wrought by conqucft and violence, or by pad and fubminionj 
 but by the law of nature and hereditary defccnt. For in conqucft it is com- 
 monly fcen, although the bulk and quantity of territory be mcrcalcd, yet 
 the ftrcngth of kingdoms is diminiOied, as well by the wailing of rhe forces 
 of both parts in the conflift, as by the evil colicrence of the nation conquer- 
 ing and conquered, the one being apt to be infolent, and the other difcon- 
 tcnt ; and lb both full of jealoufies and dilcord. And where countries arc an- 
 nexed only by aft of cftates and fubmiifions, luch kibmillions are commonly 
 grounded upon fear, which is no good author of continuance, bei^dcs the 
 quarrels and revolts which do enfue upon conditional and articulate fubjec- 
 tions : But when the lines of two kingdoms do meet in the peribn of one 
 Monarch, as in a true point or perfed angle; and that from marriage (which 
 is the firft conjunclion in human fociety) there iLall proceed one inheritor in 
 blood to fcveral kingdoms, whereby they areadually united and incorporate 
 under one head , it is the work of God and nature, whcrcunto the works of 
 force and policy cannot attain ; and it is that which hath not in it felf any 
 manner of feeds ofdifcord or dilunion, other than fuch as envy and malig- 
 nity iliall fow, and which groundeth an union, not only indiflbluble, but 
 aU'o raoft comfortable and happy amongft the people. We therefore in all 
 humblenefs acknowledge, that it is the great and blelled work of Almighty 
 God, that thefe two ancient and mighty realms oi England diwd. Scotland, 
 which by nature have no true but an imaginary feparation, being both iituate 
 and comprehended in one moft famous and renowned illand oi Great Bri- 
 tanjf, compaflcd by the ocean without any mountains, feas, or other boun- 
 daries of nature, to make any partition, wall or trench between them, and 
 being alfo exempted from the rirft curfe of difunion , which was the confu- 
 fion of tongues, and being people of a like conftitution of mind and body, cfpe- 
 cially in warlike prowefs and difpofition : and yet neverthelefs have in fo many 
 ages been disjoined under feveral Kings and Governours, are now at the lart 
 by right inherent in the commixture of our blood, united in our perfort 
 and generation, wherein it hath pleafed God to anoint us with the oil of 
 gladnefs and gratulation above our progenitors, Kings of either nation. 
 Neither can we fufficiently contemplate and behold thepaflages, degrees and 
 infinuations, whereby it hath pleafed the eternal God (to whom all his 
 works are from the beginning known and prefent) to open and prepare i. 
 way to this excellent work ; having firft ordained that both nations fhould be 
 knit in one true and reformed religion, which is the perfedeft band of all u- 
 uity and union ; and fecondly, that there Ihould precede fo long a peace con- 
 tinued between the nations for fo many years laft paft, whereby all feeds 
 and fparks of ancient difcord have been laid aflcep, and grown to an obli- 
 teration and oblivion; and laftly, that our felves in the true meafure of our 
 afFeftions, fhould liave fo juft: caufe to imbrace both nations with equal and 
 indifferent love and inclination, inafmuch as our birth and the palling of 
 the firft part of our age hath been in the one nation, and our principal feat 
 and manfion, and the palling of the latter part of our days is like to be in the 
 other. Which our equal and upright holding of the ballance between both 
 nations, being the higheft point of all others in our diftributive juftice, we 
 give the world to know, that we arc conftantly refolved to prefervc invio- 
 VoL. I. * N late
 
 56 DRAUGHT OF A PROCLA M A TI ON 
 
 Ibrc againft all emulations and partialities, not making any diftcrcncc ac 
 all between the lubjecls of cither nation, in affection, honours, favours, 
 gifts, employmcnrs, confidences, or tlic like; but only fuch as the true 
 didindions of tlie perfons, being capable or not capable, tic or not fit, ac- 
 quainted with atfairs or nor acquainted with affairs, needing our princely 
 bounty or not needing the fame, approved tons by our t:>; peri c nee or not 
 approved, meriting or nor meriting, and the fevGral degrees of thefe and the 
 l4ke conditions ftiall in right realbn tie us unto, without any manner of 
 regard to-thc country in it felf, to the end that they may well perceive, that 
 m our mind and apprehenfion they are all one and the fame nation; and 
 rhat our heart is truly placed in the center of govcrnmcnc, from whence all 
 lines to the circumference arc equal and of one fpace and diftance. Bur 
 for the further advancing and perfecting of this work, we have taken into 
 our princely care and cogitations, what it is that may appertain to our owa 
 i^nperial power, right, and aurliority ;■ and what requireth votes and aflcnts- 
 of our parliaments orcftatcsf and again, what may prcfcntly be done, and 
 what muft be left to further time, that our proceeding niay be void of all ii>- 
 eonveniencc and informality; wherein by the example of Almighty God, 
 who is acciiftomed to begin all his great works and dctignments by alterations 
 or impofitions of names, as the fitteft means to- imprint in the hearts of 
 people a charader and expectation of that which is to follow; we have 
 thought good to withdraw and difcontinue the divided names of Engla7id 
 and Scotland out of our regal ftyle and title, and to ufe in place of them the 
 common aiKl contracted name oi Great Br it any : not upon any vain-glory, 
 whereof wcperfuade our felvas our aflions do fuiiicicntly free us in the judg- 
 ment of all the world; and if any fuch humour Ihould reign in us, it were 
 better latisfied by length of ftyle, and enumeration of kingdoms: but onl/ 
 as a fit llgnification of that which is already done, and a figntficant prefigura- 
 tion of that which wc farther mtend. For as in giving names to natural per- 
 ions, it is ufcd to impofe them in infincy, and not to ftay till fulncl's of growthi- 
 fo it feemed to us not unfcafonable to bring in further ufe this name at the firft, 
 and to proceed to the more fubftantial points of the union after, as faft and 
 as far as the common good of both the realms iTiould permit, efpecially con- 
 fidering the name of i9?-;f ^wr was no coined or new-devifed or affected name 
 at pleallire, but the true and ancient name which God and time hath impo- 
 fcd, extant, a)id received m hiftorics, in cards, and in ordinary fpeech and 
 writing, where the whole ifland is meant to be denominate, lo as it is not 
 accompanied with fo much as any ftrangensfs in common fpeech. And al- 
 though wc never doubted, neither ever heard that any other prefumed to 
 doubt, but that the form and tenor of our regal ftyle and title, and the de- 
 lineation of the fame, did only and wholly of mere right appertain to our 
 fiiprcme and abfolutc prerogative to exprefs the fame, in fuch words or fort, 
 as feemed good to our royal pleafure : Yet becaufc we were to have the advice 
 and allcntofour parliament concerning other points of the union, we were 
 pleated our faid parliament fhould, amongft the reft, take alfo the fame into 
 their confidcration. But finding by the grave opinion of our judges, who 
 arc the interpreters of our laws, that in cafe that alteration of ftyle which 
 feemed to us but verbal, fhould be cftablifhcd and cnaded by parliament, it 
 might involve by implication and confequence, not only a more prcfent al- 
 teration, but alio a further innovation thanwe any ways intended ; or at lead: 
 iiikfet be lubjcct to fomc colourable fcruplc of fuch a perilous conftrudion : 
 
 o 
 
 wc
 
 TOUCHING HIS MAJiiSTY'S STVLE. 5f 
 
 we rcftcd well fatisficd to rcfpitc the fame, as to require it by ad of parlbmcnt»-- 
 But being ftill rcfolvcd and fixed that it may conduce towards this happy end 
 of the better uniting of the nations, we have thought good by the advice of 
 our council to take the fame upon us by our proclamation,, being a courfe lafe 
 and free from any of the perils or fcruples aforcfaid. And therefore we do 
 by rhefc prcfents, publifh, proclaim, and afllune to our felves from henceforth, 
 according to our undoubted right, the ftyle and title of King of Great Bri- 
 tany, France, znd Ireland, and otherwife as foUoweth in our ftyle formerly 
 ufed. And we do hereby ftraitly charge and command our chancellor, 
 and all fuch as have the cuftody of any of our feals; and all other our officers 
 and fubjeds whatlbever, to whom it may in any wife appertain, that from 
 henceforth in all commillions, patents, writs, procefles, grants, records, 
 inftruments, imprcllions, fermons, and all other writings and fpcecheswhat- 
 foevcr, wherein our ftyle is ufed to be fct forth or recited, that our faid ftyle, 
 as is before by thefe prcfents declared and prefcribed, be only ufed, and no 
 other. And bccaufe we do but now declare, that which in truth was before, 
 our will and pleafure is, that in the computation of our reign, as to all 
 writings orinftruments hereafter to be made, the fame computation be taken 
 and made, as ifwe had taken upon us the ftyle aforefaid immediately after 
 the dcceafe of our late dear lifter. And we do notify to all our fubjcdls, 
 that if any perfon, of what degree or condition foever he be, fhall impugn 
 our faid ftyle, or derogate and detrad from the fame by any arguments, fpeeches, 
 words or otherwife; we (hall proceed againft him, as againftan offender a- 
 gainft our crown and dignity, and a difturber of the quiet and peace of our 
 kingdom, according to the utmofl: feverity of our laws in that behalf Ne- 
 verthclefs our meaning is not, that where in any writ, pleading, or other re- 
 cord, writing, inftrument or fpeech, it hath been ufed for mention to be 
 made of England, or the realm of England, or any other word or words 
 derived from the fame, and not of our whole and entire ftyle and title j that 
 therein any alteration at all be ufed by pretext of this our proclamation, which 
 we intend to take place only where our whole ftyle fhall be recited, and noc 
 otherwife; and in the other cafes the ancient form to be ufed and obfcrvcd. 
 
 The mod humble Certificate or Return of the 
 CommiiTioners of England and Scotland^ 
 
 Authorized to treat of an UNION for the Weal of 
 both Reahns, 2 Jac. I. 
 
 Prepared, but altered. 
 
 WE the commiflioners for England :ind Scotland rcCpcCtivdy named 
 and appointed, in all humblenefs do fignify to his moft excellent 
 Majefty, and to the moft honourable high courts of parliament of 
 both realms, that we have aftemblcd our felves, confulted and treated ac- 
 cording to the nature and limits of our commiflion; and for as much as we 
 do find that hardly within the memory of all times, or within the compafs 
 of the univcrfal world, there can be iTiewcd forth a fit example or precedent 
 
 of
 
 53 CERTIFICATE OF THE COMMISSIONERS 
 
 6(- the work we have in hand concurring in all points mata-ial^ we thouglxt 
 our felves lb much the more bound to rclbrt to the infallifaic and original 
 grounds of ntiturcand common rcalon, and freeing our fclvcs from the lead- 
 ing or miilcading of examples, to inltll and fix our conftdei-atioui» upon riic 
 itidividual bufmcts in hand, without wandring or difcourfcs. It fcenicd 
 therefore unto us a matter dcmonftrative by the light of rcalon, that wc were 
 i'iifirft place to begin with the remotionand abolition of all manner of hoililc, 
 envious, or malign laws on cither fide, being in thcmfclves mcrt temporary, 
 and now by time become directly contrary to our prclcnt moft happy clbtci 
 which laws, as they are already dead in force and vigour, lb we thought fit 
 now to wifh them buried in oblivion ; that by the utter cxtinguifhmcnt of 
 the memory of difcords paft, we may avoid all feeds of rclapfc into difcords 
 to come. Secondly, as matter of iiature not unlike the former, we entered 
 into confideration of fuch limitany conftitutions as ferved but for to obtain a 
 form of jufticc between fubjeds under fcvcral Monarchs, and did in the very 
 grounds and motives of them prcluppofc incurfions, and intermixture of ho- 
 iHlity : All which occafions, as they are in them fclvcs now vaniilied and done 
 away, fo wc wifh the abolition and ceflation thereof to be declared. Third- 
 ly, for fo much as the principal degree to union is communion and partici- 
 pation of mutual commodities and benefits, it appeared to us to follow next 
 in order, that the commerce between both, nations be fet open and free, lb 
 as the commodities and provifions of either may pals and flow to and fro, 
 without any flops or obftrudions, into the veins of the whole body, for the 
 better fuftcntation and comfort of all the parts: with caution nc\erthelcfs, 
 that the vital nourifliment be not lb drawn into one part, as it may endanger 
 a confumption and withering of the other. Fourthly, after the commu- 
 nion and participation by commerce, which can extend but to the tranfmilllon 
 of fiach commodities as are moveable, perfonal and tranfitory, there luccccd- 
 ed naturally that other degree, that there be made a mutual endowment 
 and donation of either realm towards other of the abilities and capacities to 
 take and enjoy things which are permanent, real and fixed; as namely, free- 
 hold and inheritance, and tlie like: And tlut as well the internal and vital 
 veins of blood be opened from interruption and obftruclion in making pedi- 
 gree, and claiming by dcfcent, as the external and elemental veins of paflagc 
 
 , and commerce, with refcrvation nevertheleis unto the due time of fuch abi- 
 ikies and cnpacisies only, as no power on earth can confer without time and 
 education. And laftly, bccaufe the perfcdlion of this blcfled work confTfteth 
 in the union, not only of the folid parts of the cftatc, but alib in the fpirit 
 and fmews of the fame, which are the laws and government which nevcr- 
 thelefs are already perfcftly uraited in the l\cad, but require a further tiane tO' 
 be united in the bulk and frame of the whole body ; in contemplation hereof 
 we did conceive that the firrt: flep thereunto was to provide, that the juftice 
 of cither realm fhould aidandallift, and not fruftratc and interrupt the juftice 
 of the other, fpecially in fundry cafes criminal; fo that either realm may 
 not be abufed by malcfaftors as a fincluary or place of refuge, to avoid the 
 Condign punilhment of their crimes and oftences. All which fcvcral points, 
 
 • as wc account them, fummcd up and put together, but as a degree or mid- 
 dle term to the perfection of this blclTcd work ; fo yet wc conceived them 
 to make a }uft and fit period for our prefent confultation and proceeding. 
 And for fo much as conccrneth the manner of our proceedings, we may 
 truly mskc this attcftation unto out felves, that as the mark we Ihot at was 
 
 uiiiion
 
 FOR AN UNION. . , 
 
 union and unit)'', fo it plcafcd God in the handling thereof, to blefs us with 
 the fpirit of liairy, in.'oniach as fiom our firft fittins^ unto the breaking up 
 of our aflembly , (a thing moft raxc, the (;:ircumftance of the caufe and pcrfoas 
 confidered) there did not happen or intervene, neither in our debates or 
 arguments, any manner of altercation or ilrifc of words j nor in our refolutions 
 any variety or divifion of votes, but the whole paflcd with an unanimity and 
 uniformity of con fent: and yet ib, as we fuppofe, there was never in any 
 confultation greater piainncfs and liberty of fpeech, argument and debate, 
 replying, contradiaing, recalling any thing fpoken where caufe was, ex- 
 pounding any matter ambiguous or niiflakenj and all other points of free 
 and friendly interlocution and conference, without cavillations, advantages 
 or overtakings: A matter that we cannot afcribe to the skill or temper of 
 our own carriage, but to the guiding and conducing of God's holy providence 
 and will, the true author of all unity and agreement; neither did we, where 
 the bufinefs required, reft fo upon our own fenfc and opinions, but we did 
 alfo aid and ailift our fclves, as well with the reverend opinion of judges and 
 perfons of great fcicncc and authority in the laws, and alfo with tlie wifdom 
 and experience of merchants, and men expert in commerce. In all which 
 our proceedings notwithftanding, we arc fo far from pretending or aiming at 
 any prejudication, cither of his royal Majefiy's fovercign and high wifdom, 
 which we do mod dutifully acknowledge to be able to pierce and penetrate 
 far beyond the reach of our capacities, or of the folidand profound judgment 
 of the high courts of parliament of both realms, as we do in all humblcnefs 
 fubmit our judgments and doings to his facred Majcftj, and to the parlia- 
 ments, protcfling our fincerity and craving gracious and benign conftru£lion 
 and acceptation of our travails. ..^ ^ ^. 
 
 We therefore with one mind and confent have agreed and concluded, 
 that there be propounded and prefentcd to his Majcfty and the parliament of 
 both realms, thefc articles and propofitions following. 
 
 x-^n Argument ofSir Franc IS Bacon, the King's 
 Soilicitor^ in the lower houfe of Parliament, 
 
 Proving the King's right of impofitions on merchandifes 
 imported and exported f . 
 
 AND it plcafc you, Mr. Speaker, this queftlon touching the right of 
 impofitions is very great; extending to the prerogative of the King 
 on the one part, and the liberty of the fubjecl on the other; and that 
 in a point of profit and value, and not of conceit or fancy. And therefore 
 as weight in all motions increafeth force, fo I do not marvel to fee men ga- 
 ther the grearcft ilrcngth of argument they can to make good their opinions. 
 And fo you will give me leave likewife, being ftrong in mine own perfuafion 
 that it is the King's right, to (hew my voice as free as my thought. And for 
 my part i mean to obfervc the true courfe to give ftrength to this caufe, which 
 is, by yielding thofc things which are not tenable, and keeping the queftioii 
 Vol. I. * O within 
 
 f This matter was much debated by the lawyers and gentlemen in the parliament, 1610, and 1614, 
 or. and afterwards given up by the crown in 16+1. 
 
 53
 
 54 ARGUMENT CONCERNING 
 
 within the true ftatc and compals, which will difcharge many popular Ar- 
 guments, and contrad the debate into a lefs room. 
 
 Wherefore I do deliver the queftion, and exclude or fet by, as not 
 in queftion, five things. Firft, the queftion is de portorio, and not de tri- 
 buto, to ufe the Ro7nan words for explanation fake 5 it is not, I fiy, touch- 
 ing any taxes within the land, but of payments at the ports. Secondly, it 
 is not touching any import from port to port, but where cla-ves reg7in\\c keys 
 of the kingdom are turned to let in from foreign parts, or to fend forth to 
 foreign parts; (in a word) rhatter of commerce and intcrcourfc, not /imply 
 of carriage or vecture. Thirdly, the queftion is (as the diilinclion was u- 
 fed above in another cafe) de vera ^ f^lfi, and not de bono cj' malo^ of 
 the legal point, and not of the inconvenience, otherwife than as it lervcs 
 to decide the law. Fourthly, I do fet apart three commodities, wools, wool- 
 fells, and leather, as being in different cafe from the reft; becaufe the cuftom 
 upon them is antiquacujtuma. Laftly, the queftion is not whether in matter 
 of impofing, the King may alter the law by his prerogative, but whether the 
 King have not fuch a prerogative by law. 
 
 The ftate of the queftion being thus cleared and freed, my propofitioa 
 IS, that the King by the fundamental laws of this kingdom hath a power to 
 impofe upon mcrchandife and commodities both native and foreign. In my 
 proof of this propofirion all that I fhall lay, be it to confirm or confute, I 
 . will draw into certain diftind heads or confiderations which move me and 
 may move you. 
 
 The firft is an univerfal negative : there appcarcth not in any of the King's 
 courts any one record wherein an impofition laid at the ports, hath been 
 overthrown by judgment; nay more, where it had been queftioned by plead- 
 ing. This plea, quodfitmmapraedii^ammusjnjleimpojitafuit, ^ contra 
 leges dr confuetudi72es regni hujns Angliae, iinde idem Bates illamfoli'ere 
 recnfavit prout ei bene liciiit j is primae imprejjionis. Bates was the firft 
 man ab origine mnndi (for any thing that appcareth) that miniftred that plea; 
 whereupon I offer this to confideration : the King's ads that grieve the fub- 
 jed are either againft law and fo void, or according to ftridncfs of law, and 
 yet grievous And according to thefe feveral natures of grievance, there be 
 leveral remedies : be they againft law? overthrow them by judgment: be 
 they too ftreight and extreme, though legal ? propound them in parliament. 
 For as much then as impofitions at the ports, having been fo often laid 
 were never brought into the King's courts of juftice, but ftill brought to par- 
 liament, I may moft certainly conclude, that they were conceived not to 
 be againft law. And if any man (hall think that it was too high a point to 
 queftion by law before the judges, or that there fhould want fortitude in 
 them to aid the fubjed ; no, it fhall appear from time to time in cafes of 
 equal reach where the King's ads have been indeed againft law, the courfc 
 of law hath run, and the judges have worthily done their duty. 
 
 i2/7f«. 4. ^s in the cafe of an impoiition upon linnen cloth for thealnagci ovcr- 
 1 3 Hen. 4. r r o 
 
 thrown by judgment. 
 
 40 Affif. The cafe of acommiflion of arreft and committing of fubjeds upon exa- 
 
 mination without convidion by jury, difallowed by the judges. 
 
 a Eiiz. A commiftlon to determine the right of the exigenter's place, fecundnm 
 
 Scrap's cafe.y^^^^ difcretionepi, difallowed by the judges. 
 
 43 £fc. The cafe ofthc monopoly of cards overthrown and condemned by judg 
 
 ment.
 
 IMPOSITIONS ON MERCHANDISES. ^5 
 
 I might make mention of the jurifdidion of fomc courts, of difcrction 
 wherein the judges did not decline to give opinion. Therefore had this been 
 againftLiw, there would not have been altumfilentium in the King's courts. 
 (5f the contrary judgments I will not yet fpcak; thus much now, that there 
 is no judgment, no nor plea againft it. Though I laid no more, it were 
 enough, in my opinion, to induce you to a non liquet, to leave it a doubt. 
 
 The fecond confideration is the force and continuance of payments made 
 by grants of merchants, both ftrangers and EngUjl, without confcnt of par- 
 liament. Herein I lay this ground, that fuch grants conHdered in them- 
 felvcs are void in law : for merchants, cither ftrangers or lubjecls, they arc 
 no body corporate, but fmgular and difpcrfed perfons^ they cannot bind 
 fuccellion, neither can the major part bind the refidue : how then Hiould 
 their grants have force ? No othcrwife but thus ; that the King's power of 
 impofing was only the legal virtue and ftrength of tiiolc grants; and that 
 the confent of a merchant is but a concurrence, the King is frmcipale agens-, 
 and they are but as the patient, and fo it becomes a binding ail out of the 
 King's power. 
 
 Now if any man doubt that fuch grants of merchants fhould not be of 
 force, I will alledge but two memorable records, the one for the merchants 
 ftrangers, the other for the merchants Englip. That for the ftrangers is up- 
 on the grant o^ chart, mercator. of three pence in value v.ltra antiqnas .^ E,t.\. 
 tiiftiimas •■> which grant is in ufe and praftice at this day. For it is \^Q.\\Chart. mcr-. 
 known to the merchants, that that which they call ftranger's cuftom, and '"'"'"'"'■ 
 crroneoufly double cuftom, is but three pence in the pound more than Emi^- 
 lifi. Now look into the ftatutes of Ilibiidyof tonnage and poundage, and 
 you fhall find fa few merchandife only excepted) the poundage equal upon 
 nlienand fubjeftj fothat this ditference or excels of three pence hath no 
 other ground than that grant. It falleth to be the fame in quantity; there 
 is no ftatute for it, and therefore it can have no ftrength but trom the mer- 
 chant's grants; and the merchant's grants can have no ftrength but from 
 the King's power to impofe. 
 
 For the merchants E?ig/iJJ\ take the notable record in jy E. 3. where 17 £,/. j. 
 the commons complained of the forty ftiillings upon the lack of wool as a 
 male-toll let by the aflent of the merchants without confent of parliament; 
 nay, they difpute and fay it were hard that the merchants confent ftiould be 
 in damage of the commons. W^hat layeth the King to them ? doth he grant 
 it or give way to it? No; but replies upon them and layeth, it cannot be 
 rightly conftrued to be in prejudice of commons, the rather becaufc provi- 
 sion was made, that the merchants ftiould not work upon them, by colour 
 of that payment to increale their price; in that there was a price certain let 
 upon the wools, and there was an end of that matter : which plainly affirm- 
 eth the force of the merchants grants. So then the force of the grants of 
 merchants both Eng///h and ftrangers appeareth, and their grants being not 
 corporate, are but 9iot/?i a^Ije^ives without \\\c King's power to unpole. 
 
 The third confideration is of the firft and moft ancient commencement of 
 cuftoms; wherein I am fomewhat to leek; for as the poet {:i\\.\\ Ingreditnr- 
 que fulo, 6" capv.t inter nnb'ila condit, the beginning of it is obfcure : but 
 1 rather conceive that it is by common law than by grant in parliament. For 
 lirft, Mr. ©yrr.f opinion was, that the ancient cuftom for exportation was 
 by the common laws; and goeth further, that that ancient cuftom was the 
 'cuftom upon wools, woolfeils and leather : he was deceived in the particular, 
 
 atK*
 
 56 
 
 ARGUMENT CONCERNING 
 
 tnd the diligence of your fcarcli hath revealed it ; for that cuftom upon tliefe 
 three mcrckandifes grew by grant of pari lament 3° E. I. but the opinion in 
 general was found i for there was a cultom before that: for the records 
 themfelves which fpcak of that cuflom do term it a new cuftom alentcnr del 
 novel aiji owe, as concerning the new cuftom granted, &c. this is pregnant 
 there was yet a more ancient. So for the ftrangers, the grant in 3 1 E. I. 
 Chart. Mercator. is that the three pence granted by the ftrangers fhould 
 be ultra antiquas cujinmas, which hath no affinity with that cuftom upon 
 the three fpccies, but prefuppoleth more ancient cuftoms in general. Now 
 if any man think that thofe more ancient cuftoms were likcwife by acl of 
 parliament, it is but a CGBJefturei it is never recited 2iltra aiitiquas cujlu- 
 mas prills corueffas, and acts of parliament were not much ftirring before 
 the great cliarter, which was 9 H. III. And therefore I conceive with 
 Mr. T>yer, that whatfoever was the ancient cuftom was by the common 
 law. And if by the common lavs% then what other means can be imagined 
 of the commencement of it but by the King's impofing.' 
 
 The fourth confideration is of the manner that was held in parliament in 
 the abolilhing of impofitions laid, wherein I will confidcr tirft the manner of 
 the petitions exhibited in parliament 5 and more fpecially the nature of the 
 King's anfwers. For the petitions 1 note two things; firft, that to my 
 remembrance there was never any petition made for the revoking of any 
 impofition upon foreign merchants only. It pleafed the 'Decem%iri in 
 5° E. II. to deface chart. Mercator. and fo the impofition upon ftrangers as 
 againft law : but the opinion of thefc reformers I do not much truft, for 
 they of their gentlenefs did likcwife bring in doubt the demy-mark, which it 
 is manifeft was granted by parliament, and pronounced by them the King 
 fhould have it, s'il avoir le doit : but this is declared void by i • E. 111. 
 which reneweth chart. Mercator. and void muft it needs be, becaufe it 
 was an ordinance by commiflion only, and that in the time of a weak King, 
 and never either warranted or confirmed by parliament. Secondly, I, note 
 that petitions were made promifcuoufly for taking away impofitions fet by 
 parliament as well as without parliament ; nay, that very tax of the nenfiefme 
 the ninth flieaf or fleece, which is recited to be againft the King's oath and in 
 blemifhment of his crown, was an aft of parliament, 14° E. III. So then to 
 infer that impofitions were againft law, becaufe they are taken away by fuc- 
 ceeding parliaments, it is no argument at all •■> becaufe the impofitions let by 
 the parliaments themfelves, which no man will fay were againft law, were 
 neverthclefs afterwards pulled down by parliament. But indeed the argu- 
 ment holdeth rather the other way, that becaufe they took not their remedy 
 in the King's courts of juftice, but did fly to the parliament, therefore they 
 were thought to ftand with law. 
 
 Now for the King's anfwers \ if the impofitions complained of had been 
 againft law, then the King's anfwer ought to have been fimple, tanquarn 
 refponfio catcgorica, nonhypothetica, as let them be repealed, or let the 
 law run : but contrarywife, they admit all manner of diverfities and 
 qualifications; for 
 
 Sometimes the King dil'puteth the matter and doth nothing, as 
 
 17 E. III. 
 Sometimes the King diftinguifheth of rcafonablc and not reafonabjc, 
 as38 £. III. 
 
 Sometimes
 
 IMPOSITIONS ON MERCHANDISES. 57 
 
 Sometimes he abolinicth them ia parr, and Icttcth rhcm Ibnd ia 
 parr, as 11 £J. II. rhc record of the Alntuim, and 14. £. III. the 
 printed ftatutc, whereof I fhall fpeak more anon. 
 
 Sometimes that no impoflrion fliall be let duruit; the time that the 
 grants made of fubfidies byparUament lha!l continue, 3547 E. HI. 
 
 Sometimes that they fhall ceafc ad 'volnntatem nojiram. 
 
 And fomctimes that they fhall hold over their term prefixed or afleifed. 
 
 All which fheweth that the King did not difclaim them as unlawful, 
 
 for aciv.s legit'imiis non recipit tcmpus ant conditionern. If it had been a 
 
 dilaffirnlancc by law, they muft have gone down infolido^ but now you fee 
 
 they have been tempered and qualified as the King liiw convenient. 
 
 The fifth confideration, is of that which is offered by way of obiedionj 
 which is, firft, that fuch grants have been ufually made by confent of parlia- 
 ment; and fecondly, that the ftatutes offublldies of tonnage and poundage 
 have been made as a kind of (tint and limitation, that the King (hould hold 
 himlclf unto the proportion fo granted and not impofe further; the rather 
 becaufc it is cxpreired in fome of thefe ftatutes of tonnage and poundage, 
 fometimes by way of protcftation, and Ibmetimes by wayof condition that 
 rhcy fhall not be taken in precedent, or that the King fhall not impofe any 
 further rates or novclrys, as 6 R. II. c) R. II. 13 H. IV. i H. V. whicu 
 fubfidies of tonnage and poundage have fuch claufes and cautions. 
 
 To this objedion I give this anfwer. f irft, that it is not ftrange with 
 
 Kings» for their own better ftrength, and the better contentment of their 
 
 people, to do thofe things by parliament which nevcrthclels have perfedion 
 
 enough without parliament. We fee their o\Vn rights to the crown vvhich 
 
 arc inherent, yet they take recognition of them by parliament. And tiiere 
 
 was a fpecial realbn why they fhould do it in this calc, for they had found by 
 
 experience that if they had not confent in parliament to the letting of them 
 
 up, they could not have avoided fuit in parliament for the taking of them 
 
 down. Befides, there were fome things requifite in the manner of the levy 
 
 for the better ftrengthning of the fame, which percafe could not be done 
 
 without parliament, as the taking the oath of the party touching the value, 
 
 the inviting of the difcovery of concealment of cuftom by giving the moiety 
 
 to the informer, and the like. Now in fpecial for the ftatutes of fubfidies of 
 
 tonnage and poundage, I note three things. Firft, that the Confideration 
 
 of the grant is not laid to be for the reftraining of impoiitions, but expreftly 
 
 for the guarding of the fea. Secondly, that It is true that the ancient fonn 
 
 is more peremptory, and the modern mof-e fubmils; for in the ancient 
 
 form fometimes they infert a flat condition that the King ihall not further 
 
 impofe; in the latter they humbly pray that tb.e merchants may be demeaned 
 
 without opprefllon, paying thofe rates; but whether it be fupplication, ot 
 
 •whether it be condition, it rather implicrh the King hath a power; forclfe 
 
 both were needlels, for conditio anncciitiir ubi libertas praejhwitur, and rhc 
 
 word opprefllon fcemeth to refer to excefllve impofitions. And thirdly, 
 
 that the ftatutes of tonnage and poundage are but cumulative and not priva- 
 
 //'x'i' of the King's power precedent, appcareth notably in the three pence 
 
 overplus, which is paid by the merchants ftrangers, which fliould be taken 
 
 awaycjuite, if thofe ftatutes were taken to be limitations; for in that, as 
 
 was touched before, the rates are equal in the generality between llibieds 
 
 and ftrangers, and yet that impofition, notwithflanding any fuppoled rcflric- 
 
 tion of thefe afts of fubfidies of tonnage and pouudas^e, lemainethar this day. 
 
 Vol. I. *P The
 
 58 CERTIFICATE TOUCHING 
 
 The fixth conriciciation is likcwifc of an objcftion, which is matter of 
 pradicc, fi^. that from R. Il's time to Q. jMarj, which is ahnolt 200 years, 
 there was an intcrmilTion of impofitions, as appcaretli both by records and 
 the cuftom-books. 
 
 To which I anfwer; both that we have in effect an equal number of 
 years to countervail them, namely, 100 years in the times of the three Kings 
 Ed'-jaards added to 60 of our WX years ; and extrema obruunt media -, for 
 we have both the reverence of antiquity and thcpoflefllon of thcprefcnt times, 
 and they but the middle times; and befides, in all true iudgmcnt there is a 
 very great dilFerence between an ufage to prove a thing lav.ful, and a non- 
 ufageto prove it unlawful: for the prafticc plainly impiieth confent; bur 
 the difcontinuance may be cither becaufe it was not needful, though lawful; 
 or becaufe there was found a better means, as 1 think it was indeed in rclped 
 of the double cuftoms by means of the llaplc at Calais. 
 
 A Certificate to his Majefty, touching the projects of 
 Sir Stephen Proctor, relating to the Pe- 
 nal Laws. 
 
 It may pie afe your f acred Majefly, 
 
 WITH' the firft free time from your Majefty's fervice of more prefent 
 difpatch, I have perufed the projeds of Sir Stephen Tractor, and 
 do find it a colleclion of extreme diligence and inquifition, and 
 more than 1 thought could have met in one man's knowledge. For though 
 It be an eafy matter to run over many offices and profefllons, and to note in 
 them general abufes or deceits; yet nevcrthelcfs to point at and trace out 
 the particular and covert practices, fhifts, devifes, tricks, and as it were ftra- 
 tagems in the meaner fort of the minifters of julHce or publick fervice, and 
 to do it truly and underftandingly, is a difcovery whereof great good ufe 
 may be made for your Majcfty's fervice and good of your people.' But be- 
 caufe this work I doubt not hath been to the gentleman the work of years, 
 whereas my certificate muft be the work but of hours or days, and that it is 
 commonly and truly laid, that he that imbraceth much, flraineth and hold- 
 eth the lefs, and that propofitions have wings, but operation and execution 
 hath leaden feet; 1 mofi: humbly dellre pardon of your Majefty, if I do for 
 the prelent only feleft fomeone or two principal points, and certify my opi- 
 nion thereof; referving the reft as a fheaf by me to draw out at further time 
 further matter for your Majcfty's information for io much as I fhall conceive 
 to be fit or worthy the confideration. 
 
 For that part therefore of thefe projccls which conccrneth penal laws, 
 1 do find the purpofe and fcopc to be, not to prcfs a greater- rigor or feverity 
 in the execution of penal laws ; but to reprcls the abufes in common infor- 
 mers and fome clerks and under-miniftcrs that for common gain partake 
 with them: for if it had tended to the other point, I for my part fhould be 
 very far from advifing your Majcfty to give ear unto it. For as it is laid in 
 x\\c Pfalm, If thou Lord fbould be extreme to mark ivhat is done amifs, 
 'who may abide it? So it is moft certain, that your people is fo enfnared in 
 amultitude of penal laws, that the execution of them cannot be borne. And 
 as it foUoweth; But '■juith thee is mercy, that thou 7nayejl be feared : lb it 
 
 is 
 
 I
 
 THE PENAL LAWS. 59 
 
 is an intermixture of mercy and jufticc, tiiat will bring you fear and obedi- 
 ence: for too much rigor makes people dcfperatc. And therefore to leave 
 tliis, which was the only blemifh of King Henry VII's reign, and the unfor- 
 tunate fervice of Emjjfon and 'Dudley, whom the people's curfes, rather 
 than any law, brought to overthrow; the other work, is a work not only 
 of profit to your Majcfty, but of piety towards your people. For if it be 
 true in any proportion, that within thcfe five years of your Majefty's happy 
 reign, there hath not five hundred pounds benefit come to your Majefty by 
 penal laws (the fines of the Star-chamber, which are of a higher kind, only 
 except) and yet ncverthclefs there hath been a charge of at leall fifty thoufand 
 pounds which hath been layed upon your people, it were more than time it 
 received a remedy. 
 
 This remedy hath been fought by diverfe ftatutes, as principally by a 
 ftatutc in 1 8. and another of 3 1. of the late Queen of happy memory. But 
 I am of opinion that the appointing of an officer proper for that purpofc, 
 will do more good than twenty (latutcs, and will do that good cfFcdually, 
 ■which thcfe ftatutes aim at intentionally. 
 
 And this I do allow of the better, becaufe it is none of thofc new fu- 
 perintendencies, which I fee many times offered upon pretence of reforma- 
 tion, as if Judges did not their duty, or ancient and fworn officers did not 
 their duty and the like: but it is only to fet a C///?(7X or watchman, neither 
 over Judges nor clerks, but only over a kind of people that cannot be fuffici- 
 cntly watched or overlooked, and that is the common promoters or infor- 
 mers; the very awe and noife whereof will do much good, and the practice 
 much more. 
 
 I will therefore fetdown firft what is the abufe or inconvenience, and then 
 what is the remedy which may be expefted from the induftry of this officer. 
 And I will divide i: into two parts, the one, for that they may concern the 
 cafe of your people (for with that I will crave leave to begin, as knowing it 
 to be principal in your Majefty's intention) and the other for that, that may 
 concern your Majefty's benefit. 
 
 Concerning the eafe of his Majefty's fubjeds, polled and vexed 
 
 by common informers. 
 
 The abtifes or inconveniencies. The remedies by the tndujlry of the 
 
 officer. 
 
 I. An informer exhibits an infor- 1. The officer by his diligence find- 
 mation, and in that one information, ing this cafe, is to inform the court 
 he will put an hundred feveral fub- thereof, who thereupon may grant 
 jefts of this information. Everyone good cofts againft the informer, to 
 fhall take out copies, and everyone every ofthefubjcds vexed: and with- 
 ftiall put in his feveral anfwer. This al not futfcr the fame informer to re- 
 will coft perhaps a hundred marks: vivc his information againft any of 
 that done, no further proceeding, them; and laftly fine him, as for a 
 But the Clerks have their fees, and mifdemeanor and abufc of jufticc, and 
 the informer hath his dividend for by that time a few of fuch examples 
 bringing the water to the mill. be made, they w ill be foon weary of 
 
 It is to be noted, that this vcxa- that pradicc. 
 tion is not niet with by any ftatutc. For
 
 6o CERTIFICATE TOUCHING 
 
 For it is no compofition, but a dit- 
 continuancc ; and in that caic ti^rc 
 is no penalty, but cofts : and the pooi- 
 fubjed will never fue for his cofts, 
 left it awake the informer to revive 
 his information, and lb it clcapetlx 
 clearly. 
 
 
 3. Informers receive penfions of 
 divers perlbns to forbear them. And 
 this is commonly of principal often- 
 ders, and of the wealthicft fort of 
 tradefmen. For if one tradefman 
 may prefume to break the lav/, and 
 another not, he will be foon richer 
 than his fellows. As for example, if 
 one draper may ufe tenters, becaufe 
 he is in fee with an informer, and o- 
 thcrs not, he will foon outftrip the 
 good tradefman that keeps the law. 
 
 An D if it be thought ftrange that 
 any man iliould feek his peace by one 
 informer, when he licth open to all, 
 the experience is otherwile: for one 
 informer will bear with the friend of 
 another, looking for the like meafure. 
 
 And bcfides they have devifcs to 
 get priority of information, and to 
 put in an information de bene ejje, to 
 prevent others, and to proteft their 
 penfioners. 
 
 And if it be faid this is a pillory 
 matter to the informer, and there- 
 fore he will not attempt it; although 
 therein the ftatute is a little doubtful : 
 yet if hanging will not keep thieves 
 from ftcaJing, it is not pillory will 
 keep informers from polling. 
 
 And herein Sir Stephen addeth a 
 notable circumftance : that they will 
 pcrufe a trade, as of brewers or viclu- 
 allers, and if any ftiand out, and will 
 not be in'fce, they will find means to 
 have a dozen informations come upon 
 him at once. 
 
 3. Th h fubjccf is often for the fame 
 oftcncc vexed by feveral informations : 
 Ibmetimes the one informer not 
 knowing of the other; and often by 
 confederacy to weary the party with 
 charge: upon cvcrj^ of which goeth 
 
 procefs. 
 
 2. This is anabufe that appcareth 
 not by any proceeding in court, be- 
 caufe it is before fuit commenced, 
 and therefore requireth a particular 
 enquiry. 
 
 But wlicn it fhall be the care and 
 cogitation of one man to overlook in- 
 formers, thcfe things are eafily difco- 
 vered : for let him but look who thev 
 be that the informer calls inqutllion, 
 and hearken who are of the lame trade 
 in the fame place and are fpared, and 
 it will be eafy to trace a bargain. 
 
 In this cale, having difcovcred the 
 abulc, he ought to inform the barons 
 of the exchequer, and the King's learn- 
 ed council, that by the Star-chamber, 
 or otherwife, fuch taxers of the King's 
 fubjefts may be punifhcd. 
 
 3. The officer keeping a book of 
 all the inibrmations put in, with a 
 briefnotc of the matter, may be made 
 acquainted w ith all informations to 
 come in: and if he find a precedent 
 for the 1' mc caufc, he may inform 
 
 fomc
 
 THE PENAL LAWS. 
 
 procefs, and of every of them hcmufl: fomc of the barons, that by their or- 
 take copies, and make anfwers, and der the receiving of tlic latter may be 
 fo relieve himfelf by motion of the ftayed without any charge to the party 
 court if he can; all which multipli- at all ; fo as it appear by the due pro- 
 eth charge and trouble. fecution of the former, that it is not 
 
 a fuit by coUufion to protect the party. 
 
 6i 
 
 Concerning the King's benefit, which may grow by a moderate 
 profecution of fome penal laws. 
 
 T/^e abiifes or inconveniencies. 
 
 I. After an information is ex- 
 hibited and anfwcred, (for fo the (ta- 
 tute requires) the informer for the 
 moft part groweth to compo/ition 
 with the defendant: which he can- 
 not do without peril of the ftatute, 
 except he have licence from the court, 
 which licence he ought to return by 
 order and courfe of the court, together 
 with a declaration upon his oath of the 
 true fum that betakes for the compo- 
 iition. Upon which licence fo return- 
 ed, the court is to tax a fine for the 
 King. 
 
 This ought to be, but as it is now 
 ufed, the licence is feldom returned. 
 And although it contain a claufe that 
 the licence fhall be void, if it be not 
 duly returned; yet the manner is 
 to fuggeft that they arc ftill in terms of 
 compofition, and fo to obtain new 
 days, and to linger it on till a parlia- 
 ment and a pardon come. 
 
 Also when the licence is return- 
 ed ; and thereupon the judge or baron 
 to fefle a fine : there is none for the 
 King to inform them of the nature of 
 the offence, of the value to grow to 
 the King if the fuit prevail; of the a- 
 bilityoftheperfon, and the like. By 
 reafon whereof, the fine that is fet is 
 •but a trifle, as 20, 30, or 40 s. and it 
 runs in a form likewife which I do not 
 well like : for it is ut parcatur mijis, 
 which purporteth, as if the party did 
 not any way fubmit himfelf, and take 
 the compoikion as of grace of the 
 court, but as if he did jullify himfelf, 
 
 Vol. I. *Ct 
 
 The remedies. 
 
 I. The officer in this point is to 
 perform his grcatcft lervice to the 
 King, in follicitmg for the King in 
 llich fort as licences be duly returned, 
 the deceits of thefe fraudulent com- 
 pofttions difcovered, and fines may 
 be fct for the King m fomc good pro- 
 portion, having rclpeft to the vahics 
 both of the matter and the perfon : 
 for the King's fines are not to be de- 
 livered, as moneys given by the party 
 ad redimendam vexationem, but as 
 moneys given, ad redimendam cul- 
 pam c^ poenam legis -, and ought to 
 be in fuch quantity, as may not make 
 the laws altogether trampled down 
 and contemned. Therefore the offi- 
 cer ought firft to be made acquainted 
 with every licence, that he may have 
 an eye to the fequcl of it : then ought 
 he to be the perfon that ought to pre- 
 fer unto the judges or barons, as well 
 the bills for the taxations of the fines, 
 as the orders for giving further days, 
 to the end that the court may be duly 
 informed both of the weight of caules, 
 and the delays therein ufed : and lalHy, 
 he is to fee that the fines felled be duly 
 put in procefs, and anfwcred. 
 
 and
 
 62 
 
 CERTIFICATE TOUCHING 
 
 and were content to give a trifle to a- 
 void charge. 
 
 Which point of form hath a 
 flirewd confcquencc: for it is fome 
 ground that the fine is fct too weak. 
 
 And as for the informer's oath 
 touching his compofition, which is 
 commonly a trifle, and is the other 
 ground of the fmallnefs of the fine, it 
 is no doubt taken with an equivoca- 
 tion: as taking fuch a fum in name 
 of a compofition, and fome greater 
 matter by fome indirect or collateral 
 mean. 
 
 A L s o thefc fines (light as they be) 
 are feldom anfwered and put in pro- 
 cefs. 
 
 2. An information goeth on to 
 trial, and pafleth for the King. In 
 
 this cafe of recovery, the informer 
 will be fatisfied, and will take his whole 
 moiety, (for that he accounts to be no 
 compofition:) that done, none will 
 be at charge to r:cm\:nth.c pqfiea, and 
 to procure judgment and execution 
 for the King. For the informer hath 
 that he fought for, the clerks will do 
 nothing without fees paid, which there 
 being no man to profecute, there can 
 be no man likewifetopay; and fo the 
 King lofeth his moiety, when his 
 title appears by verdidf. 
 
 3. It fallcth out fometimes in in- 
 formations of weight, and worthy to 
 be prolecutcd, the informer dieth, or 
 falls to poverty, or his mouth is flop- 
 ped, and yet lb as no man can charge 
 him with compofition, and {o the mat- 
 ter dieth. 
 
 4*. T H E R E be fundry feizures made, 
 in cafe vv'here the laws give feizures, 
 Vrhich are rcleafcd by agreements un- 
 derhand, and fo money wrcfled from 
 the fubjeft, and no benefit to the 
 King. 
 
 All feizures once made ought not 
 to be difcharged, but by order of the 
 court, and therefore fome entry ought 
 to be made of them. 
 
 2. The officer is to follow for the 
 King, that the To/lea's be returned. 
 
 3. The officer in fuch cafe is to in- 
 form the Kings learned counfcl, that 
 they may profecute if they think fit. 
 
 4. T H E officer is to take knowledge 
 of fuch feizures, and to give informa- 
 tion to the court concernins; them. 
 
 T H IS IS ot more dimculty, becaufc 
 feizures arc matter in fact, whereas 
 fuits are matter of record : and it may 
 require more perfons to be employed, 
 as at the ports where is much abu/e. 
 
 There be other points wherein the officer may be of good ufe, which 
 may be comprehended in his grant or inftrudions, wherewith I will not now 
 trouble your iVIajcfty, for I hold thefc to be the principal. Thus
 
 THE PENAL LAWS. 6 
 
 Thus have I according toyoiu- Majcfty's reference certified my opinion 
 of that part of Sir Stephen TroBor's projects, which concerneth penal laws : 
 which I do wholly and moft hnmbly fubmit to your Majcfty's high wil- 
 dom and judgment, wifhing withal that fomc conference may be had by 
 Mr. Chancellor and the Barons, and the reft of the learned counfel, to draw 
 the fervice to a better perfedion. And moft Ipecially, that the travels there- 
 in taken may be confidered and difcerned of by the Lord Trealurcr, whofe 
 care and capacity is fuch, as he doth always cither find or choolc that which 
 is beft for your Majcfty's fervice. 
 
 The recompence unto the gentleman, it is not my part to prefume to 
 touch, othcrwife than to put your Majefty in remembrance of that propor- 
 tion, which your Majefty is pleated to give to others out of the prohts they 
 bring in, and perhaps with a great deal lefs labour and charge. 
 
 A Certificate to the Lords of the Council, upon in- 
 formation given, touching the fcarcity of filver at 
 the Mint, and reference to the two Chancellors, 
 and the King's Sollicitor. 
 
 It may pleafe your hordjhtpij 
 
 ACCORDING unto your Lordftiips letters unto us dire£led, ground] 
 ed upon the information, which his Majefty hath received con- 
 cerning the fcarcity of filver at the Mint, we have called before 
 us as well the officers of the Mint, as fome principal merchants, and Ijxnt 
 two whole afternoons in the examination of the bufinefs ; wherein we kept 
 tills order, firft to examine the fad, then the caufes, with the remedies. - 
 And for the fadt, we direfted tlie officers of the Mint to give unto us 
 a diftinguiftied account how much gold and ftlver hath yearly been brought 
 into the Mint, by the fpace of fix whole years laft paft, more fpecially for 
 the laft three months fuccceding tiie laft proclamation touching the price 
 of gold, to the end we might by the fuddennefs of the fall, difcern whe- 
 ther that proclamation might be thought the efficient caufe of the prelent 
 fcarcity ; upon which account it appears to us, that during the fpace of fix 
 years aforefaid, there hath been ftill degrees of decay in quantity of the 
 filver brought to the Mint, but yet fo, as within thefc laft three months 
 it hath grown far beyond the proportion of the former time, in fo much 
 as there comes in now little or none at all. And yet notwithftanding it 
 is fome opinion, as well amongft the officers of the Mint as the merchants, 
 that the ftate need be the lefs apprehenfive of this etfecl, bccaufe it is like 
 to be but temporary, and neither the great flufti of gold that is come into 
 the Mint fince the proclamation, nor on the other fide the great fcarcity of 
 filver, can continue in proportion as it now doth. 
 
 Another point of thefadl, which we thought tit to examine, was, whe- 
 ther the fcarcity of filver appeared generally in the realm, or only at the Mint ; 
 wherein it was confelVed by the merchants, that filver is continually imported 
 into the realm, and is found ftirring amongft the goldfmitlis, and other wile, 
 much like as in former times, although in rcfpetl of the greater price which it 
 
 hath 
 
 .>
 
 64 CERTIFICATE RELATING 
 
 hath with the goldfmith, it cannot find the way to the Mint. And thus 
 much for the tart. 
 
 For the caiilcs with the remedies, we have heard many propofitions 
 made, as well by the Lord Knevet, who alllfted us in this conference, as 
 by the merchants ; of which propofitions few were new unto us, and much 
 lefs can be new to your Lordfhips ; but yet although upon former conful- 
 tations, we are not unacquainted what is more or Icfs Ukcly to ftand with, 
 your Lordfhips grounds and opinions, wc thouglit it neverrhclers the beft 
 fruit of our dihgence to fet them down in articles, that your Lordfhips 
 with m.ore eafe may difcard or entertain the particulars, beginning with, 
 thofe which your Lordfhips do point at in your letters, and fo defccnd- 
 ing to rlic reft. 
 
 The firft propofition is, touching the difproportion of the price be- 
 tween gold and filver, which is now brought to bed, upon the point of 
 fourteen to one, being before but twelve to one. This we take to be 
 an evident caufe of Icarcity of filver at tlae Mint, but fuch a caulc as will 
 kardly receive a remedy ; for cither your Lordfhips muft draw down again 
 the price of gold, or advance the price of filver ; whereof the one is go- 
 ing back from that which is fo lately done, and whereof you have found 
 good effcd, and the other is a thing of dangerous conicquence in refpert: 
 of the lofs to all moneyed men in their debts, gentlemen in their rents, 
 the King in his cuftoms, and the conunon fubjed in railing the price of 
 things vendible. And upon this point it is fit we give your Lordfhips 
 nnderftanding what the merchants intimated unto us, that the very voicing 
 or fufpert of the raifing of the price of filver, if it be not cleared, would 
 make fuch a deadncfs and retention of money this vacation, as (to ufe 
 their own words) will be a mifery to the merchants, fo that we were 
 forced to ufe proteftation, that there was no fuch intent. 
 
 The fecond propofition is, touching the charge of coinage j wherein it 
 was confidently avouched by the merchants, that if the coinage were brought 
 from two fhillings unto eighteen pence, as it was in Queen Elizabeth's 
 time, the King would gain more in the quantity than he fhould lofc in 
 the price : and tlicy aided themfehes with that argument, that the King 
 had been plcafcd to abate his coinage in the other metal, and found good 
 of it j which argument, though it doth admit a ditFercnce, becaufe that 
 abatement was coupled with the raifing of the price, whereas this is to go 
 alone, yet neverthelefs it fcemed the officers of the Mint were not unwil- 
 ling to give way to fomc abatement, although they prefumcd it would be 
 of fmall etfed, bccaui'e that abatement would not be equivalent to that 
 price which Spanijh filver bears with the goldlmith; but yet it may be ufcd 
 as an experiment of ftate, being recoverable at his Majefty's pleafure. 
 
 The third propofition is, concerning the exportation of filver more than 
 informer times, wherein we fell firfl upon the trade into xhc Eajf Indies^ 
 concerning which it was materially in our opinions anfwered by the mer- 
 chants of that company, that the filver which fupplies that trade being gene- 
 rally Spantfl) moneys, would not be brought in but for that trade, fo that it 
 fucks in as well as it draws forth. And it was added likcwife, tiiat as long 
 as the Lo\Z' Countries maintained that trade in the Indies, it would help 
 little though our trade were diflblved, becaufe that filver which is exported 
 immediately by us to the Indies, would be drawn out of this kingdom for 
 the Indies immediately by xXxcDutchi and for the filver expoited to the 
 Levant:) it was thought to be no great matter. As for other exportation, 
 
 wc
 
 TO THE MINT. 65 
 
 wefaw no remedy but the execution of the laws, fpecially thofe of employ- 
 ment being by Ibmc mitigation made agreeable to the times. And,,thelc 
 three remedies are of that nature, as they ferve to remove the caufcs of this 
 fcarcity. There were other propofitions of policies and means, diredly to 
 draw filver to the Mint. 
 
 The fourth point thereof was this : It is agreed that the fdver which hath 
 heretofore fed the Mint, principally hath been Spanijl} money. This now 
 comes into the realm plentifully, but not into the Mint. It was propound- 
 ed in imitation of fome precedent in France, that his Majefly would by pro- 
 clamation rcftrain the coming in of this money y}/^ rnoda, tliat is, tliat cither 
 it be brought to the Mint, or othcrwife to be cut and defaced, bccaufc that 
 now it pafieth in payments in a kind of currency. To wiiich it was colour- 
 ably objedled, that this would be the way to have none brought inat all, bc- 
 caufc the gain ccafing, the importation would ceafes but this objection was 
 well anfvvcrcd, that it is not gain altogether, but a necellity of Ipccdy pay- 
 ment, that caufeth the merchant to bring in Hlver to keep his credit, and to 
 drive his trade : fo that if the King keep his fourteen days payment at the 
 Mint, as he always hath done, and have likcwife his exchangers for thole 
 moneys in fome principal parts, it is fuppofcd that all Spanijl) moneys, which 
 is the bulk of filver brought into this realm, would by means of fuch a procla- 
 mation come into the Mint ; which may be a thing confidcrablc 
 
 The fifth propofition was this : It was warranted by the laws of Spain to 
 bring in filver for corn or victuals ; it was propounded that liis Majefly 
 would reftrain exportation of corn, fub modo, except they bring the filver 
 which refulted thereof unto his Mint, that trade being commonly lb benefi- 
 cial, as the merchant may well endure the bringing of the filver to the Mint, 
 although it were at the charge of coinage, which it now beareth further, as 
 incident to this matter. There was revived by the merchants, with Ibmc 
 inftance, the ancient proportion concerning the crcdiion of gi'anarics for 
 foreign corn, forafmuch as by that increafe of trade in corn, the importa- 
 tion of filver would likcwife be multiplied. 
 
 The fixth propofition was. That upon all licence of forbidden commodi- 
 ties, there fhall be a rate fet of filver to be brought into the Mint, which 
 neverthelefs may feem fomewhat hard, becaufe it impoicth upon the fubjed, 
 that v/hich caufeth him to incur peril of confifcation in foreign parts. To 
 trouble your Lordfliips further with difcourfes which we had of making fo- 
 reign coins current, and of varying the King's ftandard to weight, upon the 
 variations in other dates, and repreding furfeit of foreign commodities, that 
 our native commodities, furmounting the foreign, may draw in trcafurc by 
 way of overplus ; they be common places fo well known to your Lordfhips, 
 as it is enough to mention them only. 
 
 There is only one thing more, which is, to put your Lordfhips in mind 
 of the extreme excefs in the wafting of both metals both of gold and filver 
 foliate, which turns the nature of thefe metals, which ought to be perdu- 
 rable, and makes them perifliable, and by confumption muft be a principal 
 caufe of fcarcity in them both ; which we conceive may receive a Ipecdy 
 remedy by his Majefty's proclamation. 
 
 Lastly, We are humble fuitors to your Lordfhips, that for any of thefe 
 propofitions, that your Lordlhips fhould think fit to entertain in confulta- 
 tions, your Lordfliips would be pleafcd to hear them debated before yoiu: 
 felves, as being matters of greater weight than wc are able to jud^ of. 
 And fo craving your Lordfhips pardon for troubling you fo long, we com- 
 mend your Lordlhips to God's goodnels. 
 
 Vol. L * R. A
 
 66 DECLARATION FOR THE 
 
 A frame of Declaration for the Mafter of the Wards, 
 
 at his firft fitting;. 
 
 THE King (whofc vcrtucs are luch, as if \vc, that arc his mii-viikr.s 
 were able duly to corrcfpond unto them, it were cnouyh to make a 
 (^oldcn time) hath commanded certain of his intentions tobcpub- 
 Hfhed, touching the adminiftration of this place, becaufe they are fomc- 
 what differing from tlie ufage of former times, and yet not by way of novel- 
 ty, but by way of reformation, and reduction of things to their ancient aiid 
 true inftitution. 
 
 Wherein neverthelefs it is his Majefty's exprefs pleafure it be fignified, 
 that he underftands tliis to be done, without any derogation from the me- 
 mory or fer\dce of thofe great perfons, which have formerly held this place, 
 of whofe doings hisMajeftyretainetha good and gracious remembrance, cfpc- 
 tially touching the fincerity of their own minds. 
 
 But now that iiis Majefty meaneth to be as it were Mafter of the Wards 
 himfelf, and that thofe that he ufeth, be as his fubftitutes, and move wholly 
 in his motion} he doth expeft tilings be carried in a fort worthy of his own 
 
 care. 
 
 First therefore his Majefty hath had this princely confidcration with 
 himfelf, that as he is Tater patriae, fo he is by the ancient law of this 
 kingdom Vater pupillorum, where there is any tenure by knight's fcrvicc 
 of himfelf; which extendcth almoft to all the great families noble and gene- 
 rous of this kingdom ; and therefore being a reprelcntative father, his pur- 
 pofe is to imitate, and approach as near as may be to the duties and offices of 
 a natural father, in the good education, well beftowing in marriage, and 
 prefervationofthe houfes, woods, lands, and eftates of his wards. 
 
 For as it is his Majefty's direction, that that part which concerns his 
 own profit and right, be executed with moderation ; fo on the otlier fide, 
 it is his princely will that that other part, which conccrneth prorcdion, be 
 overfpread and extended to the utmoft. 
 
 Wherein his Majefty hath three perfons in Iiis eye, the wards thcm- 
 felves, ideots, and the reft of like nature ; the fuitors in this court, and 
 the fubjefts at large. 
 
 For the firft, his Majefty hath commanded fpccial care be taken in 
 the choice of the perfons, to whom they be committed, rliat the fame 
 be found in religion, fuch whofe houfes and families are not noted foe 
 diflblute, no greedy perfons, noftep-mothcrs, nor the like, and with thcie 
 qualifications, of the nearcft friends ■■, nay further, his Maicfty is minded not 
 fo to delegate this truft to the committees, but that he will have once 
 in the year at the Icaft, by perfons of credit in every county, a view and 
 infpeftion taken of the perfons, houles, woods, and lands of the wards, 
 and other perfons under the protedtion of this court, and certificate to be 
 made thereof accordingly. 
 
 For the fuitors, which is the fecond ; his Majefty's princely care falls 
 upon two points of reformation ; the firft, that there be an examination 
 of fees, what are due and ancient, and what are new and exacted ; and thole 
 of the latter kind put down : the other, that the court do not entertain 
 
 caufcs
 
 MASTER OF THE WARDS. 67 
 
 caufes too long upon continuances of liveries after the parties are come of 
 full age, which ferveth but to waftc the parties in luit, con/idering the de- 
 crees cannot be perpetual, but temporary ; and therefore controvcrfics here 
 handled, are fcidom put in peace, till they have pafl: a trial and dccifion in 
 other courts. 
 
 For the third, which is the fubjed at large; his Majefty hath taken 
 mto his princely care, the unneceflary vexation's of his people by feodaries, 
 and other inferior minifiers of like nature, by colour of his tenures ; of 
 which part I fay nothing for the prcfent, bec^ufc the parties whom it con- 
 cerns, are for the moft part abfent : but order fhall be gi\'en, that they fhall 
 give their attendance the laft day of the. term, then to undcrftand further hi$ 
 Majefty 's gracious pleafure. 
 
 Thus much by his Majefty 's commandment; now we may proceed to 
 the bufmefs of the court. 
 
 Directions for the Mafter of the Wards, to obferve 
 for his Majefty's better fervice, and the general 
 
 good. 
 
 FIRST, that he take an account how his Majcfty's laft inftruclions 
 have been purfued; and of the incrcafc of benefit accrued to his 
 Majefty thereby, and the proportion thereof. 
 
 Wherein firft in general it will be good to caft lip ai year's benefit, 
 •viz,, from February 1610, which is the date of the inftruftions under the 
 great feal, to February 161 1; and to compare the total with former years 
 before the inftruftions, that the tree may appear by the fruit, arid it may 
 be feen how much his Majefty 's profit is redoubled or increafed by that 
 courfe. 
 
 Secondly, It will not be amifs to' compute riot only the yearly be- 
 nefit, but the number of wardftiips granted that year, and to compare that 
 with the number of former years ; for though the number be a thing 
 cafual, yet if it be apparently lefs than in former years, then it may be 
 juftly doubted, that men take advantage upon the laft claufe in the in- 
 ftruitions (of exceptions of wards concealed ) to pradlife delays and mil- 
 finding of offices, which is a thing moft dangerous. 
 
 Thirdly, In particular it bchoveth to peruie and review the bargains 
 made, and to conlider the rates, (mens eftates being things, which for 
 the moft part cannot be hid) and thereby to difcern what improvements 
 and good husbandry hath been ufed, and how much the King hath more 
 now when the whole benefit is fuppofed to go to him, than he had when 
 three parts of the benefit went to the committee. 
 
 Fourthly, It is requifite to take confideration what commiftlons havtf 
 been granted for copyholds for lives, which arc excepted by the inftrudiofis 
 ttom being leafed, and what profit hath been railed thereby. 
 
 Thus much for the time paft, and upon view ofthefc accounts, r^ 
 dab'if corijilium, for further order to be taken. 
 
 FcR
 
 ^ DIRECTIONS FOR THE MASTER OF WARDS. 
 
 For the time to come, firftitisfit that the mafter of the wards, being a 
 meaner perfon, be ufually prefcnt as well at the treaty and beating of the bar- 
 sain, as at the concluding, and that he take not the bufmcfs by report. 
 
 -'Secondly, When fuit is made, the information, by furvcy and coftiv 
 million is but one image, but the way were by private diligence to be really 
 informed : Neither is it hard for a perfon that liveth in an inn of court, 
 where there be underftanding men of every county of England, to obtain 
 by care certain information. 
 
 Th I r dly. This kind of promife of preferring the next a- kin, doth much 
 oblcure the information, which before by competition of divers did better 
 appear 5 and therefore it may be neceflary for the mafter of the wards 
 Ibmccimes to dired letters to fome pcrlbns near the ward living, and to 
 take certificate from them ; it being always intended the fubjed be not 
 racked too high, and that the neareft friends that be found in religion, and- 
 like to give the ward good education, be preferred. 
 
 Fourthly, That it be examined carefully whether the ward's revenues 
 confift of copyholds for lives, which are not to be comprized in the Icafe, 
 and that there be no neglect to grant commiffions for the lame, and rha 
 the mafter take order to be certified of the protits of former courts heM 
 by the ward's anceftor, that it may be a precedent and dircciion for the cbm- 
 miHioners. 
 
 Fifthly, That the mafter make account every fix months (the ft:atc ap- 
 points one in the year) to his Majefty ; and that when he bringeth the biit 
 of grants of the body for his Majefty 's fignature, he bringeth a Ichedulc 
 of the truth of the ftate of every one of them, (as it hath appeared to him 
 by information) aiKl acquaint his Majefty both with the rates and ftatcs. 
 
 Thus much concerning the improvement of the King's profit, which 
 concerneth the King as Tater familias 5 now as 'Pater patriae. 
 
 First for the wards themfelves, that there be fpecial care taken in xhc 
 choice of the committee, that he be found in religion, his houle and fa- 
 mily not diflblute, no greedy perfon, no ftep-mother, nor the like. .^ 
 
 Further, that there be letters written once every year to certain prin- 
 cipal gentlemen of credit in every country, to take view not only of the 
 perfon of the wards in every county, and their education ; but of their 
 houfes, woods, grounds, and eftate ■-, and the lame to certify that the com- 
 mittees may be held in fome awe, and that the blelTing of the poor or- 
 phans and the pupils may come upon his Majefty and his children. 
 
 Secondly, for the iuitors; that there be a ibaight examination con- 
 cerning the raifing and multiplication of fees in that court, which is much 
 fcandalized with opinion thereof, and all exacted fees put down. 
 
 Thirdly, for the fubjects at large; that the vexation of cfcheators 
 and feodaries be repreflTed, which (upon no fubftantial ground of record) 
 vex the country with inquifitions and other extortions : and for that pur- 
 pole that there be one let day at the end of every term appointed for 
 examining the abufes of fucli inferior officers, and that the mafter of wards 
 take fpecial care to receive private information from gentlemen of quality 
 and confcience, in every (hire touching the lame. 
 
 I P H IL o-
 
 69 
 
 Philosophical Pieces 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 LORD BACON. 
 
 Mr. Bacon in praife of Knowledge. 
 
 SILENCE were the beft celebration of that, which I mean to com- 
 mend, for who would not ufe filence, where /ilencc is not made; and 
 wliat cryer can make filcncc in fuch a noifc and tumult of vain and 
 popular opinions ? My prailc fhall be dedicated to the mind itfclf. The 
 mind is the man, and the knowledge of the mind. A man is but what 
 he knoweth. The mind itfelf is but an accident to knowledge ; for know- 
 ledge is a double of that which is. The truth of being, and the truth 
 of knowing, is all one. And the pleafures of the afTcftions greater than 
 the pleafures of the fenfcs. And are not the pleafures of the intellcft 
 greater than the pleafures of the affe(fl:ions ? Is it not a true and only na- 
 tural pleafure, whereof there is no fatiety ? Is it not knowledge that doth 
 alone clear the mind of all perturbations ? How many things arc there 
 which we imagine not ? How many things do we efteem and value other- 
 wile than they are? This ill-proportioned eftimation, thelc vain imagi- 
 nations, thefe be the clouds of error that turn into the ftorms of pertur- 
 bation. Is there any fuch happinefs as for a man's mind to be railed above 
 the confufion of things ; where he may have the prolpcd: of the order of 
 nature, and the error of men ? Is this but a vein only of deliuht, and not 
 of dilcovery : of contentment, and not of benefit .' Shall we not as well 
 difcern the riches of nature's warehoufe, as the benefit of her fhop ? Is 
 truth ever barren ? Shall he not be able thereby to produce worthy eftccls, 
 and to endow the life of man with infinite commodities? But fhall I makt 
 this garland to be put upon a wrong head ? Would any body believe me, 
 if I fhould verify this, upon the knowledge that is now in ufe ? Are we 
 the richer by one poor invention, by reafon of all the learning tl"iat hath 
 been thefe many hundred years ? The induftry of artificers maketh fomc 
 fmall improvement of things invented ■■> and chance fometimes in experi- 
 menting, maketh us to iVumble upon fomewhat which is new : But all the 
 difputation of the learned never brought to light one effed of naiturc be- 
 fore unknown. \\''hcn things are known and found out, then they can 
 del'cant upon them, they can knit them into certain caufcs, they can re- 
 duce them to their principles. If any inftance of experience (land againft 
 them, they can range it in order by fome diftindions. But all this is but 
 a web of the wit, it can work nothing. I do not doubt but that conv 
 VoL. I. * S mon
 
 70 INPRAISEOFKNOWLEDGE; 
 
 mon notions which we call rcafon, and the knitting of them together, 
 which wc call logick, arc the ait of rcafon and ftudics. But they rather call 
 obfcurity, than gain light to the contemplation of nature. All the phi- 
 •lolbphy of nature which is now received, is either the philofophy of the 
 Grecians, or tliat other of the Alchemifts. That of the Grecians hath 
 the foundations in words, in ortentation, in confutation, infects, in fchools, 
 in dilputations. The Grecians were (as one of themfehcs faycth) yon Gre- 
 cians ever children. They knew little antiquity ; they knew (except fables) 
 not much above five hundred years before themfelves. They knew but a 
 fmall portion of the world. That of the Alchemifts hath the foundation 
 in impofture, in auricular traditions and oblcuriry. It was catching hold 
 of religion, but the principle of it is, Topulns vult decipi. So that I 
 know no great difference between thefc great philofophers, but that the one 
 is a loud crying folly, and the other is a whifpering folly. The one is 
 gathered out of a few vulvar obfervations, and the other out of a few ex- 
 periments of a furnace. The one never faileth to multiply v/ords, and 
 the other ever faileth to multiply gold. Who would not fmile at Ariftotle^ 
 when he admireth the eternity and invariablenefs of the heavens, as there 
 were not the like in the bowels of the earth? Thole be the confines and bor- 
 ders of thefe two kingdoms, where the continual alteration and incurfion 
 are. The fuperficics and upper parts of the earth are full of varieties. 
 The fuperficics and lower parts of the heavens (which v.-e call the middle 
 region of the air) is full of variety. There is much Ipirit in the one part, 
 that cannot be brought into mafs. There is much mafly body in the 
 other place, that cannot be refined to fpirit. The common air is as the 
 wafte ground between the borders. A^ ho would not finile at the aftro- 
 nomers, I mean not thclc few carmen which drive the earth about, but 
 the ancient aftronomers, which feign the moon to be the fwifteft of the 
 planets in motion, and the reft in order, the higher the flower ; and io 
 are compelled to imagine a double motion : whereas how evident is it, 
 that that which they call a contrary motion, is but an abatement of mo- 
 tion ? The fixed ftars overgo Saturn, and fo in them and the reft all is but 
 one motion, and the nearer the earth the flower. A motion alio whereof 
 air and water do participate, though much interrupted. But why do I in 
 a conference of pleafure enter into thefe great matters, in fort that pre- 
 tendins; to know much I fhould forget what is fealbnable ? Pardon me. 
 it was becaufe all things may be indowed and adorned with fpecches, but 
 knowledge itfelf is more beautiful than any apparel of words that can be 
 put upon it. And let not mc fecm arrogant without reipeft to thefe great 
 reputed authors. Let me fo give every man his due, as 1 give time his 
 due, which is to difcover truth. Many of thefe men had greater wits, 
 far above mine own, and fo are many in the univerfities of Europe at this 
 day. But alas, they learn nothing there but to believe : firft to believe 
 that others know that which they know not 5 and after themfelves know 
 that which they know not. But indeed facility to believe, impatience to 
 doubt, temerity to anfwer, glory to know, doubt to eontradift, end to 
 gain, floth to fcarch, feeking things in words, rcfting in part of nature; 
 thefe, and the like, have been the things which have forbidden the happy 
 match between the mind of man, and the nature of things ; and in place 
 thereof have married it to vain notions, and blind experiments : And what 
 the pofterity and iflije of fo honourable a match may be, it is not hard
 
 IN PRAISE OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 .^d COnfidcr. Printing, a grofs invention ; artillery, a thin^ tlut Jay nof 
 far out ot the way 5 the needle, a thing partly known before • what a 
 change have thcfe three made in the world in thefc times ; the one in 
 ftate of learning, the other in ftate of the war, the third in the ftatc of 
 treafurc, commodities and navigation ? And thole I fay were but ftumbled 
 upon and lighted upon by chance. Therefore, no doubt the fovereis^nty 
 of man liefh hid ni knowledge i wherein many things are rcferved which 
 Kings with their trcafure cannot buy, nor with their force cor^mand ; 
 their fpials and intelligencers can give no news of them, their fcamen and 
 difcoverers cannot fail where they grow : Now we govern nature in opi- 
 nions, but we are thrall unto her in ncccfllty ; but if wc would be led 
 by her in invention, we fhould command her in adion. 
 
 Valerius Terminus of the Interpretation 
 
 of Nature : 
 
 With the Annotations of //£i2M£5' STELLA, 
 
 A few fragments of the fitft book ; viz. 
 
 I. The firft chapter entire, of the ertds and limits of knowledge. 
 
 %. A portion of the ii"» chapter, of the fc ale. 
 
 3. A fmall portion of the 9''' chapter, being an inducement to the in- 
 vent ary. 
 
 4,. A fmall portion of the 10"' chapter, being the preface to the in- 
 ventary. 
 
 5". A fmall portion of the 10''' chapter, being a preface to the in-Ji'ard 
 elenches of the mind. 
 
 6. A fmall portion of the 4,*'' chapter, of the impediments of knowledge 
 
 in general. - 
 
 7. A fmall portion of the 5'"' chapter, of the diverfion of wits. 
 
 8. The &^ chapter intire. 
 
 5>, A portion of the j^^ chaptcl'. 
 iQv The 8'*' chapter intire. 
 
 11. Another portion of the p*** chapter. 
 
 12. fHEabridgmentof the 12'"', 13''*, 14."*, 15''', !(>*'', 17''', 18*, 19*'*, 
 21'', 22'*, 2f^ and 26''* chapters of the firft book. 
 
 13. The firft chapter of a book of the fame argument, written in Latin^ 
 and dertined to be feparate and not publick. 
 
 None of the annotations oi Stella arc fet down In thefc fragments. 
 Chap. I. Of the limits and end of knowledge. 
 
 IN the divine nature ; both religion and philofophy hath acknowledged 
 goodnefs in pcrfcdion, fciencc or providence comprehending all things, 
 and abfolute fovercignty or kingdom. In afpiring to the throne of 
 power, the angels tranfgrefled aid fell; inprcfuming to come within the 
 
 oracle
 
 72 
 
 OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 oracle of knowledge, man tranigrcUcd and fell ; but in purfuit towards the 
 fimilitudc of God's'goodncfs or love (which is one thing, for love is nothing 
 clfe but '^oodncfs put in motion or applied ) neither man or fpirit ever hatli 
 tranfgrelied, or fhall tranfgrcfs. 
 
 The angel of light that was, when he prefumed before his fall, faid with- 
 in \\ivc\k\C I'^'ili^^f'-^^^^ and be like unto the h'lgheft -, not God, but the 
 hi"heft. To be like to God in goodncfs, was no part of his emulation : 
 knowledge, being in creation an angel of light, was not the want which did 
 moft Ibllicit him 5 only becaufc he was a minifter he aimed at a I'upremacy ; 
 therefore hib climbing or afcenfion was turned into a throwing down or 
 precipitation. 
 
 Man on the other fide, when he was tempted before he fell, had offered 
 unto him this fuggeflion, that he jhonld be like unto God. But how ? not 
 fimply, but in this part, kno-uning good and evil. For being in his creation 
 invefied with Ibvercignty of all inferior creatures, he was not needy of 
 power or dominion. But again, being a fpirit newly enclofed in a body of 
 earth, he was fittclt to be allured with appetite of light and liberty of know- 
 ledge. Therefore this approaching and intruding into God's fecrets and 
 myfterics, was rewarded with a further removing and eftranging from God's 
 prelence. But as to the goodncls of God, there is no danger in contend- 
 ing or advancing towards a fimilitude thereof; as that which is open and pro- 
 pounded to our imitation. For that voice (whereof the heathen and all 
 other errors of religion have ever confefled that it founds not like man ) 
 Love your enemies -, be you like unto your heavenly father., that fuffereth 
 his rain to fall both upon thejiifl and the unjujl Aoth. well declare, tliat wc 
 can in that point commit no excefs. So again we find it often repeated in 
 the old law. Be you holy as I am holy ■■, and what is holinefs elfc but good- 
 nefs, as we confider it leparate, and guarded from all mixture, andallaccefs 
 of evil? 
 
 ^VHEREFORE feeing that knowledge is of the number of thofe things 
 which are to be accepted of with caution and dirtindlion ; being now to open 
 a fountain, fuch as it is not eafy to difcern where the ifllies and ftreams 
 thereof will take and fall j I thought it good and neceflary in the firft place, 
 to make aftrong and found head 01* bank to rule and guide the courfe of the 
 waters i by fctting down this pofition or firmament, namely, That all 
 kno'-Ji>ledge is to be limited by religion, and to be referred to ufe and action. 
 
 For if any mun fhall think by view and enquiry into thcfe fenfiblc and 
 material things, to attain to any light for the revealing of the nature or will 
 of God 5 heftiail dangeroufly abufe himfelf It is true, that the contempla- 
 tion of the creatures of God hath for end (as to the natures of the creatures 
 themfelves) knowledge; but as to the nature of God, no knowledge, but 
 wonder : which is nothing elfe but contemplation broken off, or loofing it 
 fclf Nay further, as it was aptly faid by one of Tlato's fchool, the fen fe of 
 man refembles the fun, "jvhich openeth and re-vealeth the t err cftrial globe, 
 but obfcurethandconcealeth the celejiial -, fo doth the fenfe difcovernatu- 
 ral things, but darken and fhut up divine. And this appearethfufficientlyin 
 that there is no proceeding in invention of knowledge, but by fimilitude ; 
 and God is only felf like, having nothing in common with any creature, 
 otherwife than as in fhadow and trope. Therefore attend his will as himfelf 
 openeth it, and give unto faith that which unto faith bejongeth; for more 
 worthy it is to believe than to think or know, confidcring that in knowledge 
 
 (as
 
 ' X J'X '' ■'■ *f r^ -^' '-' 
 
 O "F" 'N'A t U R E. 
 
 (as we now arc capable of it) the mind fufFcrcth fi-om inferior natures ; but 
 in all belief it faffercth from a Ipirit, which it holdeth fuperior, and more 
 authorized than it felf. 
 
 To conclude; the prejudice Iiath been infinite, that both divine and hu- 
 man knowledge hath received by tiie intermingling and tempering of tlie 
 one with the other ; as that which hath filled the one full of herefics, and the 
 other full of fpeculative fidions and vanities. 
 
 But now there are again, which in a contrary extremity to thofe which 
 gi\'e to contemplation an over-large fcopc, do offer too great a reftraint to 
 natural and lawful knowledge; being unjuftly jealous that cvety reach and 
 depth of knowledge wherewith their conceits have not been acquainted, 
 fhould be too high an elevation of man's wit, and a fearching and ravelling 
 too far into God's fecrets ; an opinion that arifeth either of envy (which is 
 proud weaknefs, and to be cenfurcd and not confuted) or clfe of a deceitful 
 iimplicity. For if they mean that the ignorance of a fecond caufe doth make 
 men more devoutly to depend upon the providence of God, as fuppofing the 
 cffcdls to come immediately from his hand ; I demand of them, as "/^Z' de- 
 manded of his friends, J Till you lye for God, as man ijoill for man to gra- 
 tify him ? But if any man, without any iinifter humour, do:h indeed 
 make doubt that this digging further and further into the mine of natural 
 knowledge, is a thing without example, and uncommendcd in the fcripturcs, 
 or fruitlefs ; let him remember and be inftrudled : for behold it was not that 
 pure light of natural knowledge, whereby man in paradife was able to give 
 unto every living creature a name according to his propriety, which gave 
 occafion to the fall; but it was an afpiring dcfire to attain to that part of 
 moral knowledge, which defineth of good and evil, whereby to difputc 
 God's commandments, and not to depend upon the revelation of his will, 
 which was the original temptation. And the firll holy records, which with- 
 in thofe brief memorials of things which paffed before the flood, entered 
 few tilings as worthy to be regiftred, but only linages and propagations, yet 
 neverthelcls honour the remembrance of the inventor both of mufick and 
 works in metal. Mofes again (who was the reporter) is faid to have been 
 fcen in all the Egyptian learning, which nation was early and leading in 
 matter of knowledge. And Solomon the King, as out of a branch of his 
 wifdom extraordinarily petitioned and granted from God, is faid to have 
 written a natural hiftory of all that is green, from the cedar to the niofs 
 (which is but a rudiment between putrcfadion and an herb) and alfoofall 
 that liveth and movcth. And if the book of Job be turned over, it will be 
 found to have much afperfion of natural philolophy. Nay, the fame Solomon 
 the King affirmcth diredly, that the glory of God is to conceal a thing, 
 but the glory of the King is to find tt out, as if according to the innocent 
 play of children, the divine Majcfty took delight to hide his works, to the 
 end to have them found out; for in naming the King he intendcth man, 
 taking fuch a condition of man as hath moft excellency and greatelf com- 
 mandment of wits and means, alluding alfo to his own perfon, being truly 
 one of thofe cleared burning lamps, whereof himfelf fpeaketh in another 
 
 rs 
 
 .._ ^ pr . . - 
 
 of Socrates, who fcorned the pretended learned men of his time tor railmg 
 -rcat benefit of their learning -whereas .-/«^x.^g-fr^j- contrary wife, and divers 
 - Vol. I. ' ' *T others
 
 7^ 
 
 OF TFIE INTERPRETATION 
 
 others being born to ample patrimonies, decayed tlicm in contemplation) cfc- 
 livereth it in precept yet remaining, Buy the truth and fell it not j and ib 
 ©f wilUoni and knowledge. 
 
 And left any man fliould retain a fcrupic, as if this thirft of knowledge 
 were rather an humour of the mind, than an emptinefs or want in nature 
 and an inftind from God ; the fame author defineth of it fully, faying, 
 God hath made every thing in beauty according tofeafon -, alfo he hathfet 
 the "jjorld in man's heart, yet can he not find out the -j^^ork 'isshich God 
 'Kjorketh from the begitming to the end : declaring not obfcurely that God 
 hath framed the mind of man as a glafs, capable of the image of the univerfal 
 world, ;oying to receive the fignature tl-kercof, as the eye is of light ; yea, 
 not only fatisfied in beholding the variety of things, and viciflitude of times, 
 but railed alfo to find out and difccrn thofc ordinances and decrees, which 
 throughout all thefc changes arc infallibly obfcrvcd. And although the 
 highcft generality of motion, or fummary law of nature, God fhould ftili 
 relervc within hrs own cctrtain ; yet many and noble are the inferior and fe- 
 condary operations which arc within man's founding. This is a thing wl\icl> 
 I cannot tell whether I may fo plainly fpcak as truly conceive, that as all 
 knowledge appcareth to be a plant of God's own planting, fo it may fecm 
 the fprcading and flourilhing, or at leaft the bearing and frudifying of this 
 plant, by a providence of God, nay, not only by a general providence, but 
 by a fpccial prophecy, was appointed to this autumn of the world : for to my 
 undcrftanding, it is not violent to the letter, and fafc now after the event, fa 
 to interpret that place in the prophecy of T>aniel, where fpeaking of the 
 latter times, it is laid, Alany fiallpafs to and fro, and fcience jball be en- 
 creafed •■, :vs if the opening of the world by navigation and coaimerce, and 
 the further difcovery of knowledge (hould meet in one time of age. 
 
 But howfoever that be, there are befides the authorities of fcripturcs be- 
 fore recited, two reafons of exceeding great weight and force, why religion 
 ihoiUd dearly protcd all increafe of natural knowledge : the eaie, becaulc k 
 leadethtothegreater exaltation of the glory of God; for as the pialms and 
 other fcriptures do often invite us to coi>fider, and to magnify the great and 
 wonderful works of God ; fo if we fhould reft only in the contemplation of 
 thofe fhews which firft offer themfelves to our fenfcs, wc fhould do a like in- 
 jury to the majefty of God, as if wc fhould judge of the ftorc of fomc excel- 
 lent jeweller, by that only which is fct out to the ftreet in hi-s fhop. The 
 other reafon is, becaufc it is a fingnlar help and a prcfervatrve againft unbe- 
 lief and error : for faith our Saviour, Tou err, not kno'xing the fcriptures, 
 nor thepo-sjer of God; laying before us two books or volumes to ftudy, if 
 we will be lecured from error ; firft, the fcriptures revealing the will of 
 God, and then the creatures cxpreiling his power; for that latter book will 
 certify us, that nothing which the firft teacheth fhall be thought impolllble. 
 And moft fure it is, and a true conclufion of experience, that a little natural 
 philofophy inciineth the mind to atheifm, but a further proceeding bring- 
 eth the mind back to religion. 
 
 To conclude then; Let no man prefumc to check the liberality of God's 
 gifts, who, as was faid, hath fet the 'norld in man's heart. So as whatlb- 
 evcr is not God, but parcel of the world, he hath fitted it to the comprc- 
 henfion of man's mind, if man will open and dilate the powers of his undcr- 
 ftanding as he may. 
 
 Bur
 
 - ■ OF' NAT U R E; 
 
 But yet evermore it muft be rcmembrcd, that the kail part of know- 
 ]cdt;,e pafled to man by this fo large a charter from God, mult he lubjcct to 
 that ule for which God hath granted it, which is the benefit and reUef of tl\c 
 ftatc and fociety of man ; for othcrwife all manner of knowledge bccomcth 
 malign and Icrpentine, and therefore as carrying the quality of the Icrpent's 
 fting and maUce, it maketh the mind of man to fwcU ; as the fcripture faith 
 excellently. Knowledge blo'weth up, but charity buildeth up. And atjain, 
 the (ame author doth notably difavow both power and knowledge, luch as 
 is not dedicated to goodnefs or love; for faith he. If I have all faith fo 
 as I could remove mountains (there is power active) if I render my body to 
 the f re (there is power pailivc) iflfpeak -juith the tongues of men arid an- 
 gels, (there is knowledge, for language is but the conveyance of knowledge) 
 all'were nothing. 
 
 And therefore it is not the plcafurc of curiofity, nor the quiet of refolu- 
 tion, nor the raifing of the fpirit, nor viiflory of wir, nor faculty of ipccch, 
 nor lucre of profcflion, nor ambition of honour or fame, or inablement for 
 bufincfs, that arc the true ends of knowledge ; fome of thefe being more 
 worthy than other, though all inferior and degenerate : but it is arellitution 
 and reinvcfting (in great part ) of man to the ibvcreignty and power, (for 
 whenfoever he Ihall be able to call the creatures by their true iiamcs, he fliali 
 again command them) which he had in his firftftate of creation. And to 
 fpcak plainly and clearly, it is a difcovery of all operations and poflibilities of 
 operations ifrom immortality (if it were pofllble) to the meaneft mechanical 
 pradlice. And therefore knowledge, that tendeth but to fatistuclion, is but 
 as a courtifin, which is for pleafurc and not for fruit or generation. And 
 knowledge that tendeth to profit or profelllon, or glory, is but as the gol- 
 den ball thrown before ^/■^/<3«/^<3: ; which while Ihe goeth afide, and ftoop» 
 cthtotake up, Ihe hindrcth the race. And knowledge referred to fomc 
 particular point of ufe, is but as Harmodms, which putteth down one ty- 
 rant : and not like Hercules, who did perambulate the world to fupprefs 
 tyrants and giants and monfters in every part. 
 
 It is true, that in two points the curfe is peremptory, and not to be re- 
 moved: the one, that vanity muft be the end in all human etfecls ; eternity 
 being refumed, though the revolutions and periods may be delayed. The 
 other, that theconfentof the creature being now turned into rcluctation, this 
 power cannot othcrwife be exercifed and adminiib-cd but with labour,- as well 
 in inventing as in executing ; yet neverthelefs chiefly that labour and travel, 
 which is defcribed by the fweat of the brows, more than of the body j that 
 is, fuch travel as is joined with the working and difcurfion of the fpirits in 
 the brain : for as Solomon faith excellently. The fool putteth to more 
 jtrength, but the '•jjifeman confidereth ijuhichway -, flgnifying thecledlion 
 of the mean to be more material than the multiplication of endeavour. It 
 is true alio, that there is a limitation rather potential than actual, which is 
 when the etfed is pofTible, but the time or place yieldeth not the matter or 
 bafis whereupon man fhould work. But notwithftanding theic precincts 
 and bounds, let it be believed, and appeal thereof made to time, (with re- 
 nunciation neverthelefs to all the vain and abuling promifcs of Alchcmijis 
 and Magicians, and fuch like light, idle, ignorant, credulous and tantalli- 
 cal wits and feds) that the new-found world of land was nOt greater addition 
 to the ancient continent, than there remaineth at this day a world of inven- 
 tions and fcicnces unknown, having refped to thole that arc knov^ n, with 
 
 this 
 
 IS
 
 ;S OF THE INTERPRETATION' 
 
 this difFcrcncc, that the ancient regions of knowlcdt'C will fccm as barSa--.. 
 rous, compared with the new; as the new rci^ions of people fecm bacbaious.. 
 compared to many of the old. 
 
 The diginity of this end (of endowment of man's life with new com- 
 modities) appearcth by the eftimation that antiquity made of fach as guisfelt 
 thereunto; for whereas founders of ftates, law-givers, extirpers of tyrants,, 
 fathers of the people, were honoured but with the titles of worthies or demi- 
 gods, inventors were ever confecrated amongft the Gods themfelvcs. And 
 &"the ordinary ambitions of men lead them to fcek the amplification of their 
 own power in their countries, and a better ambition than that hath moved 
 men to leek tiie amplification of the power of their own countries amongft o- 
 thcr nations ; better again and more worthy muft that afpiring be, which, 
 fceketh the amplification of the power and kingdom of mankind over the 
 world : the rather, becaufe the other two profecutions are ever culpable of 
 much perturbation and injufticcj but this as a work truly divine, Which 
 Cometh m aura lent, without noile or obfcrvation. 
 
 The accefs alfo to this work hath been by that port or padagc, which the 
 divine Majcfty (who is unchangeable in his ways) doth infallibly continue 
 and obferve ; that is, the felicity wherewith he hath blelfed an humility of 
 mind, fuch as rather laboureth to fpell, and fo by degrees to read in the vo- 
 lumes of his creatures, than to Ibllicit and urge, and asit were toinvocatea 
 man's own fpirit to divine, and give oracles unto him. For as in the inquiry 
 of divine truth, the pride of man hath ever inclined to leave the oracles of 
 God's word, and to vanifh in the mixture of their o\\'n inventions ; fo in the 
 felf-fame manner in inquilition of nature, they have ever left the oracles of 
 God's works, and adored the deceiving and deformed imagery, which the 
 unequal mirrours of their own minds have reprefented unto them. Nay, it is 
 a point fit and neceflary in the front, and beginning of this work, w ithoud 
 hefitation or relervation to be profefled, that it is no lefs true in this humau 
 kingdom of knowledge, than in God's kingdom of heaven, that no mau 
 fiiall enter into it, except loe become firjt as a little child. 
 
 The chapter immediately followmg the hroentary\ hci?ig the 
 1 1 th 171 order ^ a part thereof. 
 
 IT appearcth then what is now in propofition, not by general circumlo^ 
 cution, but by particular note, no former philofophy varied in terms or 
 method; no new placet or fpeculation upon particulars already known; 
 no referring to adion, by any manual of pradicc ; but the revealing and dif- 
 covering of new inventions and operations. This to be done without the 
 errors and conjefturcs of ait, or the length or difficulties of experience; th« 
 nature and kinds of which inventions have been defcribed as they could be 
 dtfcovcrcd ; for your eye cannot pafs one kenning without further failing: 
 only wc have flood upon the beft advantages of the notions received, as upon 
 amount, to Ihcw the knowledges adjacent and confining, if therefore the 
 true end of knowledge, not propounded, hath bred large error, the beft and 
 perfefteft condition of the lame end, not perceived, will caufe fome decli- 
 nation. For when the butt is fet up, men need not rove, but except the 
 white be placed, men cannot level. This pcrfeftion^ vrc mean, not in the 
 
 v.ojth
 
 OF N A T U R E. 
 
 worth of the cfTccls, but in the nature of the dircaion, foi our pnrpofc i^ nor 
 to ftir up mcus hopes, but to guide rheu- travels. The ti-hicls of ducaion to 
 
 work, and produce any ctfca,Gonrilkthiiu\voconJjnoa;-^,cerraintv and Iik-rrv 
 Certainty is, when the direaion is not only true for the moll part, but infallible 
 Liberty is, when the dircdion is nor rdlraiiicd to fome definite i!ieans but com- 
 prchendcth all the means and ways poiiiblci for tlu- poet faith wcil. Sapient ibii^ 
 
 ««^/^«^/^/tf^/zw? v/.2f J and where there i.,tiiei;rcateilplura]irv ofdlan^e, there 
 is the grcateft fingularity of choice. Bciides, a's a conjcchiral dircdion^niakcrli 
 a cafual effeft, fo a particular and rcftrained direction is no lefs cafual than 
 uncertain. For thofe particular means whcreunto it is tytd, may be out (>•( 
 your power, or n>ay be accompanied with an overvalue of preiudiccj and 
 fo if for want of certainty in direclion, you arc fruftrated in fucccfs, for 
 want of variety in direclion, you are flopped in attempt. Jf therefore your 
 diredion be certain, it muit refer you, and point you to fomcwhiit, whiLh 
 if it bcprefent, the efted: you feek willof ncccflity foliov/, elfc may you per- 
 form and not obtain. If it be free, then mulT: it refer you to foniev.hat, 
 which if it be abfent, the effecl: you ieek will of necelTity withdraw, elfemav 
 you have power and not attempt. This notion Ariftotle had in li'^hr, thoui^h 
 not in uic. For the two commended rules by him kt down, thereby the 
 •axioms oi fcienccs are precepted to be made convertible, and which the latter 
 men have not without elegancy furnamcd ; the one the rule of truth, becaufe 
 it prcventcth deceit; the other the rule of prudence, becaufe it freethclcdion, 
 are the fame thing in (peculation and afhrmation, which we now obfervc. 
 An example will make my meaning attained, and yet pcrcafe make it thought 
 that they attained it not. Let the effed to be produced be whitenelsj let the 
 firrt diredion be, tlut if air and water be intermingled, or broken in fmall 
 portions together, whitenefs will enfue; as in fnow, in the breaking of the 
 ways of the iiix and rivers, and the like. This diredion is certain, but very par- 
 ticuJar ; and retrained, being tycd but to air and water. Let the I'ccond diredion 
 be^that if air be mingled as before with any tranfparent body, fuch neverthclcfs 
 as is uncoloured and more groffly tranfparent than air it felf, that then, c~r. 
 as glafs or crylial, being beaten to fine powder, by the intcrpofition of the 
 air becometh white; the white of an egg, being clear of it felf, receiving air 
 by agitation, becometh white, receiving air by concodion, becometh white; 
 here you arc freed from water, and advanced to a clear body, and Hill tyed 
 to air. Let the third diredion exclude or remove the reilraint ofan uncolour- 
 ed body, as in amber, faphires, c^r. which beaten to fine powder, become 
 white in wine and beer; which brought to froth, become white. Let the 
 fourth diredion exclude the reftraint of a body more grofily tranfparent than 
 air, as in flame, being a body compounded between air and a finer fubfianco 
 than air; which flame, if it were not for the fmoke, which is the third fub- 
 ftance that incorporateth it felf and dieth, the flame would be more perfed 
 white. In ail thefc four diredions air flill beareth a part. Let the fifth di- 
 rcdion then be, that if any bodies, both tranfparent, but in an unequal de- 
 gree, be mingled as before, whitcncfs will follow: as oil and water beaten 
 to an ointment, though by fettling, the air which gathcreth in the agitation 
 be evaporate, yet remaineth white; and the powder of glafs or cryflal, pur 
 into water, whereby the air giveth place, yet remaineth v/hite, though not 
 fo perfed. Now arc you freed from air, but (till you are tyed to tranfparent 
 bodies. To afcend further by lirale I do forbear, partly becaufe it would 
 dr^w on the example to an over-great length, but chiefly becaufe it would 
 open that whic!\ in this work I determine to refcrvc; for to pafs through the 
 VoL.L "^ >!*'hok 
 
 1l
 
 ^8 OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 wdiolc hiilory .ind obfcrvation of coioursand objeds vifiblc, were too loftg 
 a di^rcflion; and our purpofc is now to give an example of a free dlrcAfoii, 
 thereby to diftinguiPn and deferibc it; and not ro let down a form of inter- 
 pretation liow to recover and attain it. But as we intend not now to re- 
 veal, fo we arc circumfpcd not to miflead; and tlicrcforc (this w'arning 
 beiniz; given) returning to our purpofe in hand, we admit the fixth diredion 
 to be, that all bodies, or parts of bodies, which arc unequal equally, that 
 is, in a fimplc proportion, do rcprcfcnt whitencfs; we will explain this, 
 though we induce it not. It is then to be undcrilood, that abfolutc c- 
 quality producerh tranfparcnce, inequality in fimplc order or proportion pro 
 duccth whitencls, inequality in compound or reipcLiive order or proportion 
 produccth other colours, and ablblute or orderlefs inequality producerh black- 
 jicfs; which diverfity, if fo grofs a dcmondration be needful, may be figni- 
 tied by four tables; a blank, a chequer, a fret, and a medley; whereof the 
 fret is evident to admit great variety. Out of this alfcrtion arc latisfied a 
 multitude of cffcfts and obfcrvations, as that whitenefs and blackneis arc moft 
 incompatible with tranfparcnce; that whitenefs kcepcth light, and black- 
 nefs lloppeth light, but neither palT'eth it; that whitencls or blackneis arc 
 jicvcr produced in rainbows, diamonds, crylbls, and the like; that white givcth 
 no dye, and black hardly taketh dye ; that whitenefs feemerh to have an affinity 
 with dry nefs, and blackneis withmoifturc; thataduftion caulcth blackneis, and 
 calcination whitenefs; that flowers arc generally of frcfh colours, and rarely 
 black, c^f . all which I do now mention confufedly by way of derivation, and 
 jiot by way of indudlion. This fixth diredion, which 1 have thus explained, is of 
 good and competent liberty, for whitenefs fixed and inherent ; but not for 
 whitenefs fantaftical, or appearing, as Avail be afterwards touched. But firll 
 do you need a redudion back to certainty or verity? for it is not all pofition 
 or contexture of unequal bodies that will produce colours; for Aaua fortis^ 
 oil of Vitriol^ &c. more manifcftly, and many other fubllances more obfcurcly, 
 do confift of very unequal parts, wliich yet are tranfparcnt and clear. Therefore 
 the rcdudion muft be, that the bodies or parts of bodies fo intermingled as before, 
 be of a certain groflhcfs or magnitude ; for the unequalities which move the fight 
 mull: have a further dimenfion and quantity, than thofe which operate many 
 other effeds. Some few grains of falfron will give a tindure to a tun of 
 water, but lb many grains of civet will give a perfume to a w hole chamber 
 of air. And therefore when T)emocrittis (from whom Epicurus did bor- 
 row it) held that the pofition of the folid portions was the caufc o'i colours; 
 yet in the very truth of this alfertion he fliould have added, that the portions 
 arc required to be of fome magnitude. And this is one caufc why colours 
 have little inwardnefs, and ncccllitudc with the nature and proprieties of 
 things, thofe things refcmbling in colour, which otherwifc ditfer mof}, as fait 
 and fugar; and contrariwife differing in colour, which othcrwife refemble 
 molV, as the white and blue violets, and the fcveral veins of one agate or 
 marble, by rcafon that other virtues confill in more fubtile proportions than 
 colours do; and yet are their virtues and natures, which require a groflcr 
 magnitude than colours, as well as fcents and divers other require a more 
 fubtile; for as the portion of a body will give forth fcenr, which is too final 1 
 to be fccn, fo the portion of a body will Ihew colours, which is too fmall 
 to be endued with weight: and therefore one of the prophets with great c- 
 legancy defcribing how all creatures carry no proportion towards God the 
 <:reator, faith, that all the natio'ns in refpe^ of him are l:ke the dnji upon 
 
 the
 
 :>^OIT O F NATURE, 
 
 the bfllUncci vhich is a thing appcarcth, but wcighcth nor. But to return,- 
 tlKi-c rcftctli a further freeing of tl^is lixth dircdioni for the clearncls of a ri- 
 ver or ftrcam (heweth white at a diftance, and cryftallinc glalles dcUvcrthc 
 fcice or any otlier objecl falfified in whitenefs, and long beholding the ihow, 
 to a weak eye, giverh an imprelliou of azure, rather than of whitenefs. bo 
 as for whitenefs in apparition only, and reprefenration, by the qualifying of 
 tile light, altering the intermedium, or atflcling the eye it felf, it reachcth 
 not. But you muft free your direction to the producing of fuch an i neidcnce, 
 imprellion or operation, as may caufe a precife and determinate pallion of 
 the eye, a matter which is much morceafy to induce than that which we have 
 pafl: through; but yet becaufc it hath a full coherence both with that ad of 
 radiation (which hath hitherto been conceived and termed lb unproperly and 
 untruly, by fomc an effluclion of fpiritual fpecies, and by others an invcilin<; 
 of tiic inter medium, with a motion which luccellivcly is conveyed to the eye T) 
 and with the ad of fenfe, wherein I fhould likcwifc open that which I think 
 good to withdraw, 1 will omit. Neither do 1 contend, but that this notion, 
 which I call the freeing of a diredion in the received philofophies, as fat- 
 as a fwimming anticipation could take hold, might be perceived and difccrn- 
 cdj being not much other matter, than that which they did not only aim at 
 in the two rules of axioms before remembred, but more nearly alfo than that 
 • which they term the form or formal caufe, or that which they call the true 
 difterence ; both which ncverthelefs it feemeth they propound rather as impof- 
 fibilities and wifhes, than as things within the compafs of human comprehen- 
 sion : for 'Plato cafleth his burden, and faith, that he '■jjill revere him as a 
 God, that can truly divide and define-, which cannot be but by true forms 
 and differences, wherein I join hands with him, confefling as much, as yet 
 adliming to my felf little; for if any man can, by the ftrength of his anti- 
 cipations, find out forms, I will magnify him with the foremoif. But as any 
 of them would fay, that if divers things, which many men know by in- 
 Arudion and obfervation, another knew by revelation, and without thofc 
 means they would take him for fomcwhat fupernatural and divine; fo I do 
 acknowledge, that if any man can by anticipations reach to that which a 
 weak and inferior wit may attain to by interpretation, he cannot receive 
 too high a title. Nay, 1 for my part do indeed admire to fee how far Ibme 
 of them have proceeded by their anticipations; but how? it is as I wonder 
 at fomc blind men to fee what fhift they make without their cyefight; think- 
 ing with my felf that if 1 were blind I could hardly do it. Again, Anflotle's 
 fchool confcfleth, that there is no true knowledge but by caufes, no true 
 caufe but the form, no true form known except one, which they are 
 pleafed to allow; and therefore thus far their evidence ftandeth with us, 
 that both hitherto there hath been nothing but a fliadow of knowledge, 
 and that we propound now that which is agreed to be worthiefl: to be fougitt, 
 and hardeft to be found, there wanteth now a part very necelfary, not by 
 way of fupply, but by way of caution: for as it is feen for the moft part, 
 that the outward tokens and badge of excellency and perfedion are more 
 incident to things merely counterfeit, than to that which is true, but for 
 a meaner and bafer fort; as a dubline is more like a perfed ruby than a fpinel, 
 and a counterfeit angel is made more like a true angel, than if it were an 
 angel coined of China gold. In like manner, the diredion carrieth a rc- 
 femblance of a true diredion in verity and liberty, which indeed is no di- 
 redion at all. for though your diredio;^. Iccm to be certjiu and free, by 
 
 pointing 
 
 79
 
 8t) OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 pointing you to nature that is unfcpariblc from tlic nature you enquire upon j, 
 yet if it do not carry you on a degree or remove nearer to adion, opcratro» 
 or lis^ht, to make or produce, it ii but fupcrficial and counterfeit ; v hercfore 
 to fecure and warrant wliat is a true dirctlion, tliough that general note I 
 have given be perfpicuous in it felf, (for a man ffiail Ibon caft witii himfclf 
 whether he be ever the near to effect and operate or no, or whether he have 
 won but an abftraft or varied notion) yet for better inftruftion, 1 will dehvcr 
 three particular notes of caution. The firfl: is, that the nature difcovercd be 
 more original than the nature fuppofed, and not more fecondary,^ or of tiie 
 like degree ; as to make a (lone bright, or to make it fmooth, it is a good 
 diredion to fay, make it even 5 but to make a i^one even, it is no good direc- 
 tion to foy, make it bright, or make it fmooth : for tiie rule is, that the dil- 
 pofition of any thing referring to the ftate of it in it felf, or the parts, is more 
 original than that which is relative or tranfiti\'e towards another thing. 
 
 So cvennefs is the dil'pofition of the ftone in it felf, but linooth is to the 
 hand and bright to the eye, and yet neverthelefs they all duller and concur ; 
 and yet the diredion is more unperfed, if it do appoint you to luch a rela- 
 tive, as is in the fame kind, and not in a diverfe. For in the diredion, to 
 produce brightnefs by fmoothncfs, although properly it w in no degree, and 
 will never teach you any new particulars before unknown, yet by way of 
 fuggeftion, or bringing to mind, it may draw your condderation to fomc 
 particulars known but not rcmembred ; as you iiiall fooner remember fomc 
 pradical means of making fmoothncfs, than if you had rixed your confidc- 
 ration only upon brightnefs j but if the diredion had been to make bright- 
 nefs, by making reflexion as thus, make it fudi as you may fee your face in 
 k ; this is merely fecondary, andhelpeth neither by way of informing, nor 
 by way of fuggefting. So if in the enquiry of whitenefs you were dircded 
 to make fuch a colour as l"hould be icen furthcft in a dark light ; here you arc 
 advanced nothing at all. Por thefe kinds of natures are but proprieties, 
 effcds, circumftances, concurrences, or what clfe you will like to call them, 
 and not radical and formative natures towards the nature fuppofed. The fc- 
 €ond caution is, that the nature inquired be colledcd by divifion before 
 compofition, or to fpcak more properly by compofition fubaltern, before 
 youafcend to coiiipofttion abfolute, (^c. 
 
 A fart of the 9th chapter^ immediately precedent to the Ir> 
 vmtary^ and inducing the fame. 
 
 BUT yet neverthelefs here I may be miftaken, by reafon of fomc which 
 have much in their pen the referring fciences to adion and the uieof 
 man, which mean quite another matter than I do. For they mean a con- 
 triving of dircdions, and precepts for readinefs of pradice, which 1 difcom- 
 mend not, fo it be not occafion that fome quantity of the fciencc be lolt ; for 
 clfe it will be fuch a piece of husbandry, as to put away a mannor lying 
 fomcwhat fcattered, to buy in a clofe that lieth handlomely about a dwel- 
 ling. But my intention contrarywifc is to increafe and multiply the reve- 
 nues and poffcrtions of man, and not to trim up only, or order with convc- 
 niency the grounds whereof he is already flatcd ; wherefore the better to 
 make my felf undcrftood, that I mean nothing lefs than words, and dircd- 
 ly to deinonftratc the point which wc are now upon, tliat is, what is the 
 true end, Icope, or office of knowledge, which I have fct down to conftft 
 'x not
 
 O F N A T U R E. 8x 
 
 rrot in any plaufiblc, delcflablc, ixvcrcnd or admired dikomfc, oi any fuif- 
 faftory arguments, but in cffcding and working, and in difcovery of parti- 
 culars not revealed before, for tlic better indownicnt and iiclp of man's life ; 
 I have thought good to make, as it were, a kaleudar or inventory ofth^ 
 wealth, furniture, or means of man, according to his prclcnt cliuc, as far 
 as it is known ; which I do not to fhew any univerfality of fcnlc or know- 
 ledge, and much Icfs to make a fatirc of rcprchenfion in rcfpcct of wants and 
 errors, but partly becaufe cogitations new had need of fomc grofliiels and 
 inculcation to make them perceived, and chiefly to the end, that for the time 
 to come (upon the account and ftate now made and cail up) it may appear 
 what increafe this new manner of ufc and adminiftration of the flock (if it be 
 once planted) rtiall bring with it tiereaftcrj and for the time prefent (in calc 
 I Ihould be prevented by death to propound and reveal this new light as I 
 purpofc) yet I may at the lead give Ibme awaking note, both of the wants in 
 man's prelent condition, and the nature of the fupplics to be wifliedi though 
 for mine own part neither do I much build upon my prefent anticipations, 
 neither do I think our felves yet learned or wile enough to wilh realbnably: 
 for as it asks fome knowledge to demand a qucftion not impertinent ; Co it 
 asketh feme fenfe, to make a wifh not abfurd. 
 
 The Inveittary^ or an enumeration and view of inventions al- 
 ready difcovered in ufe, together with a note of the wants^ and 
 the nature of the ftipplies^ being the i oth. chapter \ and this 
 a fmall fragment thereof, being the preface to the Inventary. 
 
 THE plained method, and moft direcily pertinent to this intention, 
 will be to make diftribution of fcienccs, arts, inventions, works and 
 their portions, according to the ufe and tribute which they yield and render 
 to the conditions of man's life, and under thole feveral ufes, being as feveral 
 offices of provifions, to charge and tax what may be reafonably exacicd or de- 
 manded, not guiding our felves neither by the poverty of experiences and 
 probations, nor according to the vanity of credulous imaginations ; and 
 then upon thofe charges and taxations to dillinguifh and prelent, as it were, 
 in "feveral columns, what is extant and already found, and what is dcfedive 
 and further to be provided. Of which provifions, becaufe in many of them 
 after the manner of llothful and faulty olliccrs and accomptants, it will be re- 
 turned (by way of cxcuie) that no fuch are to be had, it will be fit to give 
 fome light of the nature of the fupplies, whereby it will evidently appear, 
 that they are to be compalled and procured. And yet ncvcrthelefs on the 
 other fide again, it will be as fit to check and controul the vain and void af- 
 fignations and gifts, whereby certam ignorant extravagant and abufing wits 
 have pretended" to indue the ftate of man with wonders, differing as much 
 from truth in nature, as Cacfar's commentaries ditfererh from the ads of 
 Kins; Arthur^ or Hiion oC Bour dealt x'm ftory. For it is true that die fur 
 did greater things than thofe idle wits had the audacity to feign their llippofcd 
 worthies to have done; but he did them not in that monftrous and fabulous 
 manner. 
 
 Vol. I. *X Of
 
 g2 OF THE INTERPRETATION. 
 
 Of the internal and profound errors a7id fuperftitions in the 
 nature of the mind^ and of the four forts of idols cr ft! ions 
 which offer themfelves to the underfla?iding i?z the inqiiifition 
 of knowledge ; being the 1 6th chapter, and this a fmall frag- 
 ment thereof, being a preface to the inward clenches of the 
 mind. 
 
 THE opinion oi Epictiriis-, that the Gods were of human (hape, was 
 rather juftly derided than ferioully confuted by the other feds, de- 
 manding wliethcr every kind of fenfible creatures did not think their own fi- 
 gure faireft, as tlic horfe, the bull, and the like, which found no beauty but 
 in their own forms, as in appetite of luft appeared. And the hercfy of the 
 Anthrcpomorphites was ever cenfured for a grofs conceit, bred in the obfcure 
 cells of folitary monks that never looked abroad. Again, the fable fo well 
 known of Guispinxit leonenh doth fet forth well, that there is an error of 
 pride and partiality, as well as of cuftom and familiarity. The reflexion alfo 
 from glafles fo ufually refembled to the imagery of the mind, every man 
 knoweth to receive error and variety both in colour, magnitude and fhape, 
 according to the quality of the glafs. But yet no ufe hath been made of thefc 
 and many the like obfervations to move men to fearch out, and upon fearch 
 to give true cautions of the native and inherent errors in the mind of man, 
 which have coloured and corrupted all his notions and impreflions. 
 
 I do find therefore in this inchanted glafs four idols, or falfe appearances 
 of feveral and diftinft forts, every fort comprehending many fubdivifions : 
 the firft fort, I call idols of the nation or tribe ; the fecond, idols of the pa- 
 lace 5 the third, idols of the cave ; and the fourth, idols of the theatre, c^r. 
 
 Of the impedifnents of htowledge ; being the 4th chapter, the 
 
 preface only of it. 
 
 IN fome things it is more hard to attempt than to atchieve 5 which fallah 
 out, when the difficulty is not lb much in the matter or fubjed, as it is 
 in the croflhefs and indifpofition of the mind of man to think of any fuch 
 thing, to will or to refolveitj and therefore Titus Livius in his declama- 
 tory digreffion, wherein he doth deprefs and extenuate the honour of Ale- 
 xander's conquefts, faith. Nihil aliiid qnam bene aiifus -vana contemner e : 
 in which fort of things it is the manner of men firft to wonder that any fuch 
 thing fhould be poflible, and after it is found out, to wonder again how the 
 world Ihould mifs it fo long. Of this nature, I take to be the invention and 
 difcovery of knowledge, crc. 
 
 The impedifnents which have been in the timesy and in diverfon 
 of wits \ being the 5 th chapter, a fmall fragment in the be- 
 ginning of that chapter. 
 
 THE incounters of the times have been nothing favourable andprofpc- 
 rous for the invention of knowledge, fo as it is not only the dainti- 
 nefs of the feed to take, and the ill mixture and unliking of the ground to 
 
 nourilh
 
 OF NATURE. 
 
 hourifh or raifcthis plant, but the ill fcalon alio of the weather, by which ic 
 hath been checked and blafted. Elpecially in that the fcalbns have been pro- 
 per to bring up and fct forward other more hafty and indifferent plants, 
 whereby this of knowledge hath been ftarved and o\'crgrown j for in the 
 dcfcent of times always there hath been fomewhat elfc in reign and reputa- 
 tion, which hath generally aliened and diverted wits and labours from that 
 employment. 
 
 For as for the uttermoft antiquity, which is like fame that muffles her 
 head, and tells tales, I cannot prefume much of it ; for I would not willing- 
 ly imitate the manner of thofe that delcribe maps, which when they come to 
 fome far countries, whereof they have no knowledge, fct down how there 
 be great waftcs and dcfarts there : fo I am not apt to affirm that they knew 
 little, bccaufc what they knew is little known to us. But if you v/ill jud<Tc 
 of them by the lafl: traces that remain to us, you will conclude, thou"h not 
 fo fcornfully as Ariftotle doth, that faith our anccftors were extreme "rofs 
 as thofe that come newly from being moulded out of the clay, or fomc 
 earthly fubftance, yet reafbnably and probably thus, that it was with them 
 in matter of knowledge, but as the dawning or break of day. For at that 
 time the world was altogether home-bred, every nation looked little be- 
 yond their own confines or territories , and the world had no thorough li-^hts 
 then, as it hath had fince by commerce and navigation, whereby there 
 could neither be that contribution of wits one to help another, nor that 
 variety of particulars for the corrcding the cuftomary conceits. 
 
 And as there could be ho great collection of wits of feveral parts or na- 
 tions, fo neither could there be any fucceflion of wits of feveral times^ 
 whereby one might refine the other, in regard they had not hiftory to any 
 purpofe. And the manner of their traditions was utterly unfit and unpro- 
 per for amplification of knowledge. And again, the ftudies of thofe times 
 you fhall find, bcfides wars, incurfions and rapines, which were then almoft 
 every where betwixt ftates adjoining (the ufe of leagues and confederacies be- 
 ing not then known) were to populate by multitude of wives and generation, 
 a thing at this day in the waftcr part of the J Fcft- Indies principally aftecl;ed ; 
 and to build, fometimes for habitation towns- and cities, fomctimes for lame 
 and memory monuments, pyramids, coloflcs, and the like. And if there 
 happened to rife up any more civil wits ; then would he found and ercft 
 fome new laws, cultoms and ulagcs, fuch as now of late years, when the 
 world was revolutc almoft to the like rudencfs and obfcuriry, we fee both in 
 our own nation and abroad many examples of, as well in a number of te- 
 nures referved upon men's lands, as in di\crs cuftoms of towns and man- 
 nors, being the devifes that fuch wits wrought upon in fuch times of deep 
 ignorance, &c. 
 
 'The impediments of knowledge for want of a true fucceffion of 
 wits^ and that hitherto the length of one ^naiUs life hath heefi 
 the greateft meafure of knowledge; being the 6th chapter, the 
 whole chapter. 
 
 IN arts mechanical the firft devife comes fhorrcft, and time addeth and per- 
 fefteth. But in fciences of conceit, the firll author gocth furtheft, and 
 time lecfcth and corrupteth. Painting, artillery, failing, and the like 
 
 I grollly 
 
 83
 
 ^4 OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 wroflly managed at firft, by time accommodate and refined. The philof o- 
 phics and fcicnces of ^r//?<?r/f, "Plato, T>emocritus, Hippocrates, of m oft 
 visiour at firft, by time degenerated and imbaled. In the former many wits 
 and indufti'ics contributed in one. In the latter many mens wits fpent to 
 deprave the wit of one. 
 
 The error is both in tlie deliverer and in the receiver. He that delivereth 
 knowledge, defiretW to deliver it in fuch form as may be foonclf believed, 
 and not as may eafilieft be examined. He that receivetli knowledge, defircrh 
 rather prefent fatisfadion than expedlant fearch, and fo rather not to doubt 
 than not to err. Glory maketh the author not to lay open his weaknefs : 
 and floth maketh the dilcipie not to know his flrength. 
 
 Then begin men to afpire to the fecond prizes, to be a profound inter- 
 preter and commenter, to be a fharp ciiampion and defender, to be a metho- 
 dical compounder and abridger. And this is the unfortunate fucccllion of 
 wits which the world hath yet had, whereby the patrimony of all know- 
 ledge gocth not on husbanded or improved, but wafted and decayed. For 
 knowledge is like a water that will never arife again higher than the level 
 from which it fell. And therefore to go beyond Ariftotle by the light of 
 Ariftotle, is to think that a borrowed light can increale the original light 
 from whom it is taken. So then, no true fucceflioa of wits having been in 
 the world; either we muft conclude, that knowledge is bur a task for one 
 man's life, and then vain was the complaint, that life is port, and art is 
 long : or elfe, that the knowledge that now is, is but a fhrub ; and not that 
 tree which is never dangerous, but where it is to the purpofe of knowing 
 good and evil ; which defire ever rifeth upon an appetite toeled, and not to 
 obey, and fo containeth in it a manifeft defection. 
 
 That the prete72ded fuccejft07i of wits hath heen evil placed^ for as 
 mttch as after variety of feSls afid opinio?ts^ the mofi popular 
 a?2d ?tot the truefi prevaileth and iveareth out the refl ; being 
 the yth chapter, a fragment. 
 
 IT is fenfible to think, that when men enter firft into fearch and enquiry, 
 according to the feveral frames and compofitions of their underftanding, 
 they light upon differing conceits, and fo all opinions and doubts are bea- 
 ten over ; and then men having made a tafte of all, wax weary of variety, 
 and fo reject the wotft, and hold themfelvcs ro the beft, cither fome one if it 
 be eminent ; or fome two or three, if they be in fome equality h which after- 
 ■^x'ards are received and carried on, and the reft extincl. 
 
 But troth is contrary ; and that time is like a river, which carrieth down 
 things which are hght and blown up, andiinketh and drowneth that which is 
 lad and weighty. For howfoever governments have feveral forms, Ibmc- 
 times one governing, Ibmetimes few, fomctimes the multitude 3 yet the 
 ftate of knowledge is ever a dcmocraty, and that prevaileth which is moft 
 agreeable to the fenfes and conceits of people. As for example, there is nc 
 great doubt, but he that did put the beginnings of things to be folid, void, 
 aiid motion ro the center, was in better earneft than he that put matter, form 
 and ihift, or he that put the mind, motion and matter. For no man ftialL 
 enter into inquifition of nature, but fhall pafs by that opinion of T>emocriti{Si. 
 
 whereas
 
 OF NATURE. S^ 
 
 whereas he (hall never come near the other two opinions, but leave tlicm 
 aloof, for the (chools and table-talk. Yctthofe oi Arijiotle and Tlato^ bc- 
 caufe they be both agreeable to popular fenle, and the one was uttered with 
 lubtilty and the Ipint of contradidion, and the other with a ftylc of orna- 
 ment and majeity, did hold our, and the other gave place, O'C. 
 
 Of the impediments of knowledge^ in handling it by parts, and 
 in flipping off particular fciences, from the root a?id flock of 
 U77ivc?fal knowledge ; being the 8tli chapter, the vvliole 
 chapter. 
 
 /^ICE RO the orator, willing to magnify his own profellion, and tliere- 
 ^^ upon Ipending many words to maintain that eloquence v/as not a fliop of 
 good words and elegancies, but a trcafury and receipt of all knowledges, fo 
 far forth as may appertain to the handling and moving of the minds and at- 
 feciions of men by fpeeeh ; maketh great complaint of the fchool oi So- 
 jcrates •■> that whereas before his time the lame profellbrs of wildom n\ Greece 
 did pretend to teach an univerfal iapience and knowledge both of matter and 
 words, Socrates divorced them, and withdrew philofophy, and left rhcto- 
 rick to it fclf, which by that dcfhtution became but a barren and unnoblc 
 fcicnce. And in particular fciences we fee, that if men fall to fubdividc their 
 labours, as to be an oculift in phyfick, or to be perfedf in fome one title of the 
 Jaw or the like, they may prove ready and fubrilc, but not deep orfufficient, 
 no not in that fubjed which they do particularly attend, becaulc of that con- 
 lent which it hath with the rcfl:. And it is a matter of common dilcourlc, 
 of the chain of fciences, how they are linked together, in lb much as the 
 Grecians, who had terms at will, have fitted it of a name of Circle Learn- 
 ing. Neverthelefs I that hold it for a great impediment towards the advance- 
 ment and further invention of knowledge, that particular arts and fciences 
 have been difincorporated from general knowledge, do not underfland one 
 and the lame thing, which Cicero's difcourfe, and the note and conceit of 
 the Grecians in their word Circle Learning do intend, for I mean not 
 that ufe which one fcience hath of another for ornament or help in practice, 
 as the orator hath of knowledge of affedlions for moving, or as military 
 fcience may have ufe of geometry for fortifications ; but I mean it diredly of 
 that ufe by way of fupply of light and information, which the particulars 
 and inftances of one fcience do yield and prefent for the framing or corred- 
 ingof the axioms of another fcience in their very truth and notion. And 
 therefore that example of oculifts and title lawyers doth come nearer my con- 
 ceit than the other two 5 for fciences diftinguli"hed have a dependance upon 
 univerfal knowledge to be augmented and redificd by the fupcrior light 
 .thereof; as well as the parts and members of a fcience have upon the maxims 
 of the lame fcience, and the mutual light and confcnt which one part receiv- 
 cth of another. And therefore the opinion of Copernicus in artronomy, 
 which altronomy it fclf cannot corrcd, becaufe it is not repugnant to any of 
 the appearances 5 yet natural philofophy doth corred. On the other fide, if 
 fome of the ancient philofophers had been perfed in the obfervations of agro- 
 nomy, and had called them to counfel when they made their principles and 
 fo'ftaxioms, they would never liavc divided their philofophy, asthcCofmo- 
 VOL, I, * Y graphcrs
 
 ^6 OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 «rashers do their defcriptions by globes, making one philofophy for hcaveri'y 
 and another for under heaven, as in effect they do. 
 
 Soif the moral phliofophcrs, that have fpcnt fuch an infinite quantity of 
 debate touchuig good, and tlic higheft good, had call: their eye abroad iipoia 
 nature, and beheld the appetite that is in all things to receive and to give ; 
 the one motion atfecling prcfervation, and the other multiplication; which 
 appetites arc moft evidently feen in living creatures, in the plcafure of nou- 
 vifliment and gcncrat?on ; and in mail do' make the aprcll and moll natural 
 divifion of all his dcfires, being either of fenle of plcallirc, or fenle of 
 power, and in the univerfal frame of tlic world are figured, the one in the 
 beams of heaven which iflue forth, and the other in the Jap of the earth which 
 takes in : And again, if they had oblcrved the motion of congruity, or fi- 
 tuation of the parts in refpcft of the whole, evident in fo many particulars : 
 And laftly, if they had confideredthe motion (familiar in atrratlion of thing?») 
 to approach tO'that which is higher in the fame kind : When by thcfe obfcr- 
 vations, lb cafy and concurring in natural philofopin-, they fhould havt 
 found out this qnaternioa of good, in enjoying or fruition, effeding or o- 
 peration, Gonfcnting or proportion, and approach or alfumption ; they 
 would have laved and abridged much of their long and wandring difcourlcs 
 ofpleafure, vertue, duty and religion. So likewifc in this fame logick and 
 rhctorick, or afts of argument and grace ofipeech, if the great mafters of 
 them would but have gone a form lower, and looked but into the obfervar 
 tions of grammar concerning the kinds of words, their derivations, de- 
 flexions and fyntax, ipecially inriehing the fame, with the helps of fevepal 
 languages, with their differing proprieties of words, phrafes and tropes > 
 they might have found out more and better footfteps of common reafo% 
 help ofdifputation, and advantages of cavillation, than many of thefe which 
 they have propounded. So again, a man Ihould be thouglit to dally, if he 
 did note how the figures of rhctorick and mufick, arc many of them the 
 fame. The repetitions and traduftions in Ipccch, and the reports and haunts 
 ings of founds in mufick, are the very lame things. 'P/ntarch hath almoft 
 made a book of the Lacedemonian kind of jetting;, which joined ever pi ear 
 fure with diftaltc. Sir, (faith a man of art to '^Phdip King oi Macedon^ 
 when he controlled him in his faculty) God forbid your fortune pould he 
 fuch as to kno'Ji! thefe things better than I. In taxing his ignorance in his 
 art, he reprefented to him the perpetual grcatncis of his fortune, leaving 
 him no vacant time for lb mean a skill. Now in mufick it is one of the 
 crdinariclt flowers to fall from a difcord, or hard tunc,, upon a (weet accord. 
 The figure that Cicero and the reft commend, as one of the beft points of 
 elegancy, which is the fine checking of expectation, is no lefs well known 
 to the mufieians, when they have a Ipecial grace in flying the clofc or 
 cadence. And thefe arc no allufions but dircdt communities, the fame de- 
 lights of the mmd being to be found not only in mufick, rhctorick, but in 
 moral philofophy, policy and otl^cr knowledges, and that obicure in the one, 
 which is more apparent in the other 5 yea, and that dilcovercd in the one, 
 which is not found at all in the other ; and fo one fcicnce greatly aiding tO- 
 the invention and augmentation of another. And therefore, without this 
 intcrcourfe, the axioms of fcicnccs will fall out to be neither full nor true > 
 but will be fuch opinions, as Arijlotlexw Ibme places doth wifely ccniiu-e, 
 when he faith, Thefe are the opinions of perfons that have refpeci but to a 
 fc'-jij thmgSt So then wc fct% that this note leadcth us to an adminiftration 
 
 of
 
 M-^0 F NATURE,,^- 8^ 
 
 of knowledge in fome fuch order and policy, as the King ofSfiah^, in rc£;ard 
 of his great dominions, ufeth inflate: who though he hath paiticuiar coun- 
 cils for fcveral countries and affairs, yet hath one council of flare, or laft re- •- 
 fort, that reccivcth the advertilcmcnts and certificates froin all the reft. 
 Hitherto of the diveriion, fucceffion and conference of witSi 
 
 T^ai the end and /cope of knowledge hath been gemj-ally jnif- 
 taken^ and that men were never -well advifed what it r^as 
 they fought \ being the 9th chapter, whereof a fra?ment 
 (which is the end of the fame chapter) is before. 
 
 IT appearcth then how rarely the wits and labours of men have been con- 
 verted to the lev ere and original inqui;irion of knowledge j and in thofc 
 who have pretended, what hurt hath been done by the -ciffcctation of profel- 
 fors, and the diftracbioil of fuch as weTe no profeilbrs ; and how there was 
 never in effed any conjundion or combination of wits in the firft and in- 
 ducing fearch, but that e\'ery man wrought aparr, and would either have liis 
 own way, orelle would go no further tlian his guide, having in the one 
 cafe the honour of a firfl;, and in the other the cafe of a fecond ; and laftly, 
 how in the dcfccnt and continuance of v»its and labours, the fucccllion iuth 
 been in the moil popular and weak opinions, like unto the weakcfl natures, 
 which many times have mofl children ; and in them alfb the condition of fuc- 
 ceflion hath been rather to defend and to adorn than to add ; and if to add, 
 yet that addition to be rather a refining of a part than an incrcafc of the 
 whole. But the impediments of time and accidents, though they have 
 wrought a general indifpofition, yet are they not fo peremptory and bindin<i, 
 as the internal impediments and clouds in the mind and fpirit of man ^ where- 
 of it now foUoweth to fpeak. 
 
 The fcripture, fpeaking of the Worfl fort of error, faith, Errare fecit 
 eos in invio c?- non in -via. For a man may wander in the way, by round- 
 ing up and down; but if men have failed in their very direclion and addrefs, 
 that error v/ill never by good fortune Correct it fclf Now it hath fared with 
 men in their contemplations, as Seneca faith it fareth with them in their ac- 
 tions, T)e partibus vitae quifqiie deliberate de fiimma nemo. A courle 
 ;^Very ordinary with men who receive for the mofl part their final ends from 
 .(the inclination of their nature, or from common example and opinion, never 
 j-queflioning or examining them, nor reducing them to any clear certainty j 
 /j^nd ufe only to call themfelves to account and deliberation touching the 
 >nieans and fecond ends, and thereby fet themfelves in the right way to the 
 -vWrong place. So likewife upon the natural curiofity and defirc to know, 
 -they have put themfelves in way without forcfight or confideration of their 
 
 journey's end. 
 ^i, For I find that even thofe that have fought knowledge for it felf, and 
 • not for benefit, or oftentation, or any pradical inablement in the courfe of 
 their life, have neverthclefs propounded to themfelves a wrong mark, name- 
 ly fatisflidion (which men call truth) and not operation. For as in the 
 courts and fervices of princes and flates, it is a much eafier matter to give fa- 
 tisfadion than to do the bufinefs; fo in the inquiring of cauf'es and reafbns 
 it is much eafier to find out fuch caufes as will fatisfy the mind of man and 
 10 quiet objedioHS, than fuch caufes as willdircd him and give him light to 
 
 new
 
 $S OF THE INTERPRETATION. 
 
 new experiences and inventions. And this did Cclfus note witcly and truly, 
 how that the caufes which arc in uic, and whereof the knowledges now re- 
 ceived do conftft, were in time minors and fubfcquents to the knowledge of 
 the particulars out of which they were induced and coUeded ; and that it 
 was not the light of thole caufes which difcovered particulars, but only the 
 particulars being firft found, men did fall on gloHlng and difcourfing of the 
 caufes; which is the reafon, why the learning that now is hath the curie of ' 
 barrcnnefs, and is courtefan-like for plcafurc, and not for fruit. Nay, to. 
 compare it rightly, the ftrangc fiction of the poets of tlie transformation of 
 Scyllay feemeth to be a lively emblem of this philolbphy and knoN\'lcdge. A 
 fair woman upward in the parts of fhow, but when you come to the pai-ts of 
 ufe and cieneration, barking monfters; for no better are the endlel's diilorred 
 queftions, which ever have been, andof necemtyrnuftbe, the end and womb 
 of fuch knowledge. • ' ' 
 
 Here followeth an abridgment of divers chapters of the ji?'Jl 
 hook of the interpretatio?i of nature. 
 
 Chap. Xll. 
 
 THAT in deciding and determining of the tmth of knowledge, men 
 have put themfelves upon trials not competent. That antiquity and 
 authority, common and confeilcd notions, the natural and yielding conlenc 
 of the mind, the harmony and coherence of a knowledge in it felf, the efla- 
 blifhing of principles with the touch and reduction of other propofitions unto 
 them, indudions w^ithout inftances contradictory, and the report of the fenfes, 
 are none of them abfoluteand infallible evidence of truth; and bring no fe- 
 curity fufficient for efFeds and operations. That the difcovery of new works 
 or adive directions not known before, is the only trial to be accepted of; 
 ■ and yet not that neither, in cafe where one particular givcth light to another; 
 but where particulars induce an axiom or obfervation, which axiom found 
 out, difcovereth and defigneth new particulars. That the nature of this trial is 
 not only upon the point, whether the knowledge be profitable or no, but even' 
 upon the point, whether the knowledge be true or no. Not becaufe you may" 
 always conclude, that the axiom \\'hich difcovereth new inftances is true is btit: 
 contrariwife you may fafely conclude, that if it difcovcr not any new inftancc; 
 it is vain and untrue. That by new inftances are not always to be underftood 
 new recipes, but new alllgnations ; and of the diverfity between thefe two. 
 That the fubtilty of words, arguments, notions, yea of the fenfes thcmlclves, 
 li but rude and grofs in comparifon of the llibtilty of things. And of the floth- 
 ful and flattering opinions of thofe which pretend to honour the mind of man 
 in withdrawing and abftrading it from particulars; and of the inducements and 
 moti\cs whereupon fuch opinions have been conceived and received. 
 
 Chap. XIII. 
 
 OF the error in propounding, chiefly the fearch of caufes and produdions 
 of things concrcate, which arc infinite and tranfitory; and not of ab- 
 ftract n.itures, which are few and permanent. That thefe natures are as tlie 
 alphabet or fimple letters, whereof the variety of tilings confifteth; or as thq 
 colours mingled in the painter's ihell, wherewith he is able to make infinite 
 
 variety
 
 OFNATURE. §g 
 
 variety of faces or (hapcs. An enumeration of them according to popular 
 note. That at the firft one would conceive that in the fchools by natural 
 philofophy were meant the knowledge of the efficients of things concreate; 
 and by metaphyfick the knowledge of the forms of natures fimple 5 which is 
 a good and fit divifion of knowledge : but upon examination there is no 
 fuch matter by them intended. Tliat the little enquiry into the produdiou 
 of fimple natures, flieweth well that works were not fought; bccaufc by 
 the former knowledge Ibme ihiall and fupcrficial deflexions from the ordina: 
 ry generations and produdions may be found out, but the difcovcry of all 
 profound and radical alteration mull: arifcout of the latter knowledge. 
 
 Chap. XIV. 
 
 OF the error in propounding the fcarch of the materials, or dead be- 
 ginnings or principles of things, and not the nature of motions, in- 
 clinations and applications. That the whole Icope of the former fearch is 
 impertinent and vain ; both becaufe there are no fuch beginnings, and if there 
 were they could not be knowu. That the latter manner of fearch (which is 
 all) they pafs over compendioufly and flightly as a bye matter. That the fe- 
 yeral conceits in that kind; asthat the lively and moving beginnings of thin2;s 
 fhould be fhift or appetite of matter to privation; the fpirit of the worlds 
 working in matter according to platform, the proceeding or fruftifying of 
 diftind kinds according to their proprieties; the intercourfe of the elements 
 by mediation of their common qualities; the appetite of like portions to u- 
 nite themfelves; amity and difcord, or fympathy and antipathy; motion to 
 the centre, with motion of ftripe or prefs; the cafual agitation, aggregation, 
 and eflays of the folid portions in the void fpace; motion of (huttings and o- 
 penings, are all mere nugations. And that the calculating and ordination 
 ofthe true degrees, moments, limits and laws of motions and alterations (by 
 means whereof all works and effefts arc produced) is a matter of a far other 
 nature, than to confiil in fuch eafy and wild generalities. 
 
 Chap. XV. 
 
 OF the great error of inquiring knowledge in anticipations. That I 
 call anticipations; the voluntary collections that the mindmakethof 
 knowledge, which is every man's reafon. That though this be a folemn thing, 
 and ferves the turn to negotiate between man and man (becaufe of the con- 
 formity and participation of men's minds in the like errors) yet towards en- 
 quiry ofthe truth of things and works, it is of no value. That civil refpcds 
 are a lett that this pretended reafon Ihould not be fo contemptibly fpokcn of, 
 as were fit and medicinable, in regard that hath been too much exalted and 
 glorified, to the infinite detriment of man's eftatc. Ofthe nature of words, 
 and their facility and aptnefs to cover and grace the defeds of anticipations. 
 That it is no marvel if thefe anticipations have brought forth fuch diverfity 
 and repugnance in opinions, theories or philofophies, as fo many fable, of 
 feveral arguments. That had not the nature of civil cuftoms and gorvernment 
 been in moft times fomewhat adverfe to fuch innovations, though contem- 
 plative, there might have been, and would have been many more. That the 
 lecond fchool ofthe Academlcks and the feci of T*yrrho, or the confiderers, 
 that denied comprehenfion astothedlfabling of man's knowledge (entertain- 
 ed in anticipations) is well to be allowed; but that they ought, when they 
 Vol. I. ' * Z had 
 
 9
 
 5So' OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 had overthrown and purged the floor of the ruins, to have foticht to buHd 
 better in place. And more cfpecially that they did unjuftly and prejudicially^ 
 to charge the deceit upon the report of the fcnlcs, which adtnitreth very fpar- 
 hig remedy; being indeed to have been charged upon the anticiparions of 
 the mind, which admitteth a perfect remedy. That the information of tlic 
 lenfes is fufficient, not becaufc they err not, but becaufe the ulc of the fenfc 
 in difcovering of knowledge is for the moft part not immediate. So that It 
 is the work, elfed or inftancc, that trieth the axiom, and the fenfc doth but 
 try the work done or not done, being or not being. That the mind of man 
 in colleding knowledge needeth great variety of helps, as well as the hand of 
 man in manual and mechanical practices needeth great variety of inftrumcnts. 
 And that it were a poor work, that if inftruments were removed, men would 
 overcome with their naked hands. And of the diftinft points of want and 
 xiifufHciency in the mind of man. 
 
 Chap. XVI. 
 
 THAT the mind of a man, as it is not a veflcl of that content or receipt 
 to comprehend knowledge without helps and fupplies; fo again it is 
 not fincere, but of an ill and corrupt tincture. Of the inherent and pro- 
 found errors and fuperftitions in the nature of the mind, and of the four lorts 
 of idols or falfe appearances that offer themfclvcs to the underftanding in the 
 inquifition of knowledge; thatistofay, the idols of the tribe, theidols of the 
 palace, the idols of the cave, and the idols of the theatre : That thcfc four, added 
 to the incapacity of the mind, and the vanity and malignity of the afl^ections, 
 leave nothing but impotency and confufion. A recital of the particular kinds 
 of thefe four idols, with fome chofen examples of the opinions they have be- 
 got, fuch of them as have fupplanted the ilate of knowledge moft. 
 
 Chap. XVII. 
 
 OF the errors of fuch as have dcfcended and applied themfclvcs to e.v- 
 perience, and attempted to induce knowledge upon particulars. That 
 they have not had the refolution and ftrength of mind to free thcmfeivcs 
 wholly from anticipations, but have made a confufion and intermixture of 
 anticipations and obfervations, and lb vanifhed. That if any have had the 
 ftrength of mind generally to purge away and difcharge all anticipations; 
 they have not had that greater and double ftrength and patience of mind, as 
 well to repel new anticipations after the view and fcarch of particulars, as to 
 rejedt old which were in their mind before; but have from particulars and 
 hiftory flown up to principles without the mean degrees, and fo framed all 
 the middle generalities or axioms, not by way of fcale or afccnfion from par- 
 ticulars, but by way of derivation from principles, whence hath iflucd the 
 infinite chaos of fhadows and moths, wherewith both books and minds liavc 
 been hitherto, and may be yet hereafter much more peftcrcd. That in the 
 courfe ofthcfe derivations to make them yet the more unprofitable they have 
 ufed, when any light of new inftance oppofite to any aflcrtion appeared, ra- 
 ther to reconcile the inftance, than to amend the rule. 1 hat if any have had, 
 or fhall have the power and refolution to fortify and indole his mind againft 
 all anticipations, yet if he have not been or fliallnot be cautioned by the full 
 undcrftanding of the nature of the mind and fpirit of man, and therein of 
 rheftatcs, porcsandpaflagcsbothof knowledge and error, he hath not been 
 
 nor 
 
 3?
 
 OF NATURE. 
 
 nor fhall not be pofllbly able to guide or keep on his courfe aright. That 
 thofe that have been converfant in experience and obfervation, have ufcd, 
 when they have intended to dilcover the caufe of any cffeft, to fix their con- 
 iideration narrowly and exactly upon that efFed it Icif, with all the circum- 
 ftances thereof, and to vary the trial thereof as many ways as can be devifed; 
 which- coarfc amountcth but to a tedious curiofity, and ever breaketh off in 
 wondring and not in knowing. And that they have not ufed to enlarge 
 their obfervation to match and fort that efFedt with inftances of a divcrfc 
 fabjeft, which muft of neCclTlty be before any caufe be found out. That 
 they have palled over the oblervation of inftances vulgar and ignoble, and 
 flayed their attention chiefly upon inftances of mark; whereas the other fort 
 are for the moft part more figniticant, and of better Hghtand information. 
 That every particular that worketh any efFeft, is a thing compounded (more 
 or lefs) of diverfe finglc natures (more manifeft and more obfcure) and that 
 it appeareth not to whether of the natures the effcd is to be afcribed ; and 
 yet notwithftanding they have taken a courfe without breaking particulars, 
 and reducing them by exclullons and inclufions to a definite point, to con- 
 clude upon induQiions in grofs, which empirical courfe is no lefs vain than 
 the fcholaftical. That all fuch as have fought adion and work out of their 
 enquiry, have been hafty and preffing to difcover fome praftices for prefent 
 ufe, and not to difcover axioms, joining with them the new afllgnations as 
 their fureties. That the forerunning of the mind to frame recipes upon 
 axioms at the entrance, is like Atalantds golden ball that hindercth and 
 interrupteth the courfe; and is to be inhibited till you have afccnded to a cer- 
 tain ftagc and degree of generalities; which forbearance will be liberally rc- 
 compenced in the end: And that chance difcovereth new inventions by one 
 and one, but fcicnce by knots and clnfters. That they have not collefted 
 fufEcient quantity of particulars, nor them in fufficicnt certainty and fub- 
 tilty, nor ofallfeveral kinds, nor with thofe advantages and difcretions in 
 the entry and forting which are requifitc, and of the weak manner of coUed- 
 ing natural hirtory, which hath been ufed. Laftly, that they had no know- 
 ledge of the formulary of interpretation, the work whereof is to abridge 
 experience, and to make things as certainly found out by axiom in fliort time, 
 as by infinite experiences in ages. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. 
 
 THAT the cautels and devices put in pradicc In the delivery of know- 
 ledge for the covering and palliating of ignorance, and the gracing and 
 over-valuing of that they utter, are without number; but none more bold 
 and more hurtful than two: the one, tliatmen have ufed of a few obfer- 
 vations upon any fubjed, to make a folemn and formal art, by filling it up 
 with difcourfe, accommodating it with fome circumftances and directions to 
 pradice, and digefting it into method, whereby men grow fatisfied and fe- 
 cure, as if no more enquiry were to be made of that matter ; the other, that 
 men have ufed to difchargc Ignorance with credit, in defining all thofe eftedi 
 which they cannot attain unto, to be out of the conipafs of art and human 
 endeavour. That the very ftylcs and forms of utterance are fo many charaders 
 of impofture, fome chufing a ftyle of pugnacity and contention, fome of 
 fatire and reprehenfion, fome of plaufible and tempting fimilitudes and ex- 
 amples, fome of great words and high difcourfe, Ibmc of Ihort and dark len- 
 
 tenccs. 
 
 91
 
 ^2 OF THE INTERPRETATION 
 
 fences, fomc of exactncfs of method, all of pofitive affirmation j withous du~ 
 clofin"- the true motives and proofs of their opinions, or free confclling 
 tlieir i<morancc or doubts, except it be now and then for a grace and in cun- 
 ning to win the fnore credit in the reft, and not in good faith. That al- 
 tliousih men be free from thefc errors and incumbrances in the will and af^ 
 Fcclion, yet it is not a thing Co eafy as is conceived, to convey the conceit 
 of one man's mind into the mind of another, without lois or miftaking,, 
 efpecially in notions new and ditfcring from thofe that arc received. That 
 never any knowledge was delivered in the fame order it was invented, no 
 iiot in the mathematicks, though it fliould fecm otherwifc, in regard that 
 the propontions placed laft do ufe the propofirions or grants placed lm\ for 
 their proof and demonftration, that there are forms and methods of tradi- 
 tion wholly diftincl and differing, according to their ends whereto they arc 
 direfted. That there are two ends of tradition of knowledge, the one to 
 teach and inftrud: for ufe and practice, the other to impart or intimate for 
 re-examination and progrefllon. That the former of thcfe ends requircth a 
 method not the fame, whereby it was invented and induced, but luch asis 
 moft compendious and ready, whereby it may be ufed and applied. ' That 
 the latter of the ends, which is where a knowledge is delivered to be conti- 
 nued and fpun on by a fucceffion of labours, requircth a method whereby it 
 may be tranfpofed to anotlicr in the lame manner as it ^^•as coUcclcd, to 
 the end it may be difccrned both where the work is weak, and where it 
 breaketh off. That this latter method is not only unlit for the former end, 
 butalfo impoflible for all knowledge gathered and inflnuated by anticipations^ 
 bccaufe the mind working inwardly of it felf, no man can give a juit account 
 how he came to that knowledge which he hath received, and that therefore 
 this method is peculiar for knowledge gathered by interpretation. Tliat the 
 difcretion antiently obfcrved, though by the precedent of many vain pcrfons 
 and deceivers difgraccd, of publifhing part and refcrving part to a pri\'atc fiic- 
 ceilion, and of publilhing in a manner whereby it fliall not be to the capacity 
 nor tafte of all, but Ihall as it were fingle and adopt his reader, is not to be 
 laid afide, both for the avoiding of abufe in the excluded, and the ftrcngthen- 
 ing of afFeftion in the admitted. That there are other virtues of tradition, 
 cs that there be no occafion given to error, and that it carry a vigour to root 
 and fpread againft the vanity of wits and injuries of time; all which, if they 
 were ever due to any knowledge delivered, or if they were never due to any 
 human knowledge heretofore delivered, yet are now due to the knowledge 
 propounded. 
 
 Chap. XIX. 
 
 OF the impediments which have been in the affections, the principal 
 whereof hath been defpair or diffidence, and the ftrong apprehenfioii 
 of the difficulty, obfcurity and infinitencfs which bclongeth to the invention 
 of knowledge, and that men have not known their own ftrength; and that 
 the fuppoicd difficulties and vaffnefs of the work is rather in fhew and nuifter, 
 than in flare or fubftance, where the true way is taken. That this diffidence 
 hath moved and caufed fome never to enter into fearch, and others, when 
 they have been entred, cither to give over, or to feck a more compendious 
 courfc than can ftand with the nature of true fearch. That of thofe that have 
 fefufed and prejudged enquiry, the more fober and grave fort of wits liave 
 depended upon authors and traditions, and the more vain and credulous re- 
 
 fortcd 
 
 fcr.-
 
 O r'l^j'A T Xf R E. 
 
 ibrted to revelation and intelligence with fpirits and higher natures. That 
 of thofe that have entrcd into fearch, feme having fallen upon fome conceits, 
 which they after confiderto be the fame which they have found in former 
 authors, have fuddenly taken aperluafion that a man fhali (but with much 
 labour) incur and ligiit upon the fame inventions which he might with cafe 
 receive from others, and tliat it is but a vanity and lelf pieafing of the wit to 
 go about again, as one that would rather have a flower of his own gathering, 
 than much better gathered to his hand. That the fame humour of floth and 
 diffidence fuggefteth, that a man fhali but revive fomeancicnt opinion which 
 was long ago propounded, examined and rejeded. And that it is eafy to 
 err in conceit, that a man's obfervation or notion is the fame w ith a former 
 opinion, both becaufe new conceits muft of neceillty be uttered in old words, 
 and becaufe upon true and erroneous grounds men may meet in confcquence 
 or conelufion, as feveral lines or circles that cut in fome one point. That 
 the greateft part of thofe that havcdcfccndcd into fearch, have chofcn for the 
 moft artificial and compendious courfe, to induce principles out of parti- 
 culars, and to reduce all other propofitions unto principles 5 and fo inftead of 
 the nearcfl: way, have been led to no way, or a mcer labyrinth. That the 
 two contemplative ways have fome refemblance with the old parable of the 
 two moral ways, the one beginning with incertainty and difficulty, and end- 
 ing in plainnefs and certainty; and the other bc!;inning with fhew of plain- 
 nefs and certainty, and ending in difficulty and incertainty. Of the great 
 and manifeft error and untrue conceit or eftimatidn of the infinitencfs of par- 
 ticulars, whereas indeed all prolixity is in difcourfc and derivations : and of 
 the infinite and moft laborious cxpence of wit that h.ith been employed upon 
 toys and matters of no fruit or value. That although the period 6t one age 
 cannot advance men to the furtheft point of interpretation of nature (except 
 the work Ihould be undertaken with greater helps than can be cxpc6ied) yet 
 it cannot fail in much lefs fpacc of time to make return of man^" fingular 
 commodities towards the ftate and occafions of man's life. I hat there is lefs 
 reafon of diftruft in the courfe of interpretation now propounded, than in 
 any knowledge formerly delivered, becaufe this courfe doth in fort equal mens 
 wits, and leaver h no great advantage or preheminence to the perfed and ex- 
 cellent motions of the fpirit. Thattodrawaftreight line, or to make a circle 
 perfed round by aim of hand only, there muft be a great difference between 
 an unfteady and unpraftifed hand, and a fteady and pradifedj but to do it by 
 rule or compafs, it is much alike. 
 
 Chap. XXI. 
 
 OF the impediments which h^ve been in the twd extreme humours of 
 admiration of antiquity and love of novelty, and again of over-fervilc 
 reverence, or over-light fcorn of the opinions of others. 
 
 Chap». XXIL 
 
 OF the impediments which have been in the afFe£lion of pride, fpecially 
 of one kind, which is the difdain of dwelling and being converfant 
 much in experiences and particulars, efpecially fuch as are \ailgar in occurrency^ 
 and bafe and ignoble in ufe. That befides certain higher myfteries of pride, ge- 
 neralities feem to have a dignity and folemnity, in that they do not put men in 
 mind of their familiar adions, in that they have lefs affinity with arts mechanical 
 Vol. I. * A a and 
 
 53
 
 94 
 
 OF THE r^TERPRETATION. 
 
 and illiberal, in that they are not fo fubjecl to be controulcd by perfbflS 
 of mean oblervation, in tliat they Iccm to teach men that they know not, 
 and not to refer them to that they know. All which conditions direftlyP 
 feeding the humour of pride, particulars do want. That the majefty of 
 generalities, and the divine nature of the mind in taking them- (if they 
 be truly coUcfted, and be indeed the dired reflexions of things) cannot be 
 too much magnified. And that it is true, that interpretation is the very- 
 natural and direft intention, adion and progrcflion of the underftanding, 
 delivered from impediments. And that all anticipation is but a deflexion 
 or declination by accident. 
 
 Chap. XXV. 
 
 OF the impediments which have been in the fl;ate of heathen religion, 
 and other fuperftitions and errors of religion. And that in the true 
 religion there hath not, nor is any impediiTvcnt, except it be by accident 
 or intermixture of humour. That a religion which confifteth in rites and 
 forms of adoration, and not in confeflions and beliefs, is adverfe to knoWr, 
 ledge, becaufc men having liberty to enquire and difcourle of theology' 
 at pleafure, it cometh to pafs that all inquifition of nature cndeth and 
 luniteth itielf in luch metaphyfical or theological difcourfe ; whereas if 
 mens wits be fhut out of that port, it turneth them again to difcover, and 
 fo to feek reafon of reafon more deeply. And that fuch was the reli-r 
 gion of the heathen. That a religion that is jealous of the variety of leariv 
 ing, difcourfe, opinions and fefts (as mifdoubting it may fhakc the foun- 
 dations) or that cherilheth devotion upon fmiplicity and ignorance, as 
 afcribing ordinary effefts to the immediate working of God, is adverfe 
 to knowledge. That fuch is the religion of the Turk, and fuch hath been 
 the abufe of chriftian religion at ibme feveral times, and in Ibme Icveral 
 fadions. And of the fingular advantage which the chriitian religion hatli 
 towards the furtherance of true knowledge, in that it excludcth and inter- 
 didcth human reafon, whether by interpretation or anticipation, from ex- 
 amining or difcufling of the myfteries and principles of faith. 
 
 Chap. XXVI. 
 
 OF the impediments which liave been in the nature of fociety, and 
 the policies of ftate. That there is flo compofition of cftatc or fo- 
 ciety, nor order or quality of perfons, which have not fome point of con- 
 trariety towards true knowledge. That monarchies incline wits to pro- 
 iit and pleafure, and commonwealths to glory and vanity. That univerfi- 
 ties incline wits to fophiflry and afFeftation j cloilkrs to fables and unpro- 
 fitable fubtilty ; ftudy at large to variety ; and that it is hard to fay, whe- 
 ther mixture of contemplations with an aftive life, or retiring wholly to 
 contemplations, do difablc and hinder the mind more. 
 
 TExMPORIS
 
 n OF^^^.URE. ^^^ ^ 
 
 ■* trr\i 
 
 Temporis partus masculus, five Je interpre- 
 tatione naturae, lib. 3. 
 
 1. 'Perpolitio & applicatio mentis. 
 
 2. Lumen naturae i fm formula interpret atknis. - - <. _ . . 
 |{ '3. Nat lira illuminata i Jive Veritas rerum. 
 
 Cap. I. T'radendi modus h^itimus. 
 
 REPERIO (fili) complures in rerum fcientia, quam fibi videntur 
 adepti, vel profcrcnda vcl ruifus occultanda neutiquam c fide lua 
 ac officio fe gercre. Eodem damno, licet culpa fortaflis rpinorc, 
 peccant & illi, qui probe quidem mbrati, (a:^ minus pradcntes llint, nee 
 artem ae praccepra tenent quo quaequc modo Tint proponenda. Neque 
 tamen de hac tradentium fcicntiaium Hve mali!;n"ratc five infcitia querell 
 eft inftituenda. Sane fi rerum ponder.t doccndi impcritia frcgifl'cnt, non 
 immerito quis indignetur. Rerum vero incptiis docendi importuniratem 
 Vel jure debcri cxiftimandum eft, E^o autem lon^:.c ab his diverfus te im- 
 pertitums non ingenii eommcnta ncc verborum umbras, ncc rclii^ioncni 
 admiftam, nee obiervationes qualltam popularcs, vel cxpcrimcnta quacdam 
 nobilia in rheoriac fabulas coneinnata ; fed levera naturam cum foetibus 
 fuis tibi addidurus & mancipatiirus, num vie. or dignuin argumcntum prae 
 manibus habere, quod tracLandi vel ambitionc vcl mlcitia, vr! \itio quovis 
 poUuam ? Ita ^uw (lili) itaque hamani in univerfum imperii .nguftias nun- 
 quam fatis dcploratas ad datos fines proferam (quod mihi c\ humanis fo- 
 lum in voris eft) ut tibi optima fide, atquc ex altilllma mentis mcae pro- 
 videntia, & exploratiflimo rerum & animorum ftatu haec traditurus fim, 
 modo omnium maxime legitimo. Qiais tandem (inquies) eft iv.odus ille 
 legitimus ? C^iiii tu micte artes & ambages, rem cxhibe nudam nobis, ut 
 judicio noftro uti poflimus. Atque utinam (fili (liaviHime) eo loco fint 
 res veftrae ut hoc fieri poilet. An tu cenfes, cum omnes omnium men- 
 tium adifus ac meatus obfcuriHimis idolis, iifque alte haerentibus & inuftis 
 cbfcill & obrtrufli finr, veris rerum & nativis radiis finccras & politas areas 
 adeflc. Nova eft ineunda ratio, qua mentibus obdudiilimis illabi pollimus. 
 Ut cnim phrcneticorum deliramenta arte & ingcnio fiibvcrtuntur, vi & 
 contcntionc efterantur, omnino ita in hac univerlali infania mos gerendus 
 eft. Qiiid ? Icviorcs iliac conditiones, quae ad legitimiun fcicntiae tra- 
 dendac modum pertinent, an tibi tarn cxpeditae & tacilcs videntnr ? ut 
 modus innoccns fit , id eft, nulli prorfus errori an(am & oceafioncm prae- 
 beat ? ut vim quandam infitam & Innatam habcar, tum ad fidem concilian- 
 dam, tum ad pellcndas injurias temporis, rdco ut fcientia ita tradita, ve- 
 luti planta vivax & vcgeta, quotidie Icrpat & adolefcac ? ut idoneum & le- 
 gitimum fibi ledorem fc ponat & quaft adoptct ? Atquc haec oumia prae- 
 ftitcrim, nccne, ad tempus futurum provoco. 
 
 PILUM 
 
 !e
 
 S6 
 
 FILUM LABYRINTH!. 
 
 S I V E 
 
 Formula Inquisitionis. 
 
 AD F I L I O S : 
 
 PARSPRIMA. 
 
 i.'W^R^NCIS BACON thought in this manner. The knowledge 
 iH whereof the world is now poflefled, efpecially that of nature, ex- 
 *- tendeth not to magnitude and certainty of works. The phyitcian 
 pronounceth many difeafes incurable, and faileth oft in the reft. The alchc- 
 mifts wax old and die in hopes. The magicians perform nothing that is 
 permanent and profitable. The mechanicks take fmall light from natural 
 philofophy, and do but fpin on their own little thrids. Chance fomctimes 
 difcovereth inventions, but that workerh not in years,, but ages. So he faw 
 well, that the inventions known are very unpcrfed, and that new are not 
 like to be brought to light, but in great length of time, and thatthofe which 
 are, came not to light by philofophy. 
 
 2. He thought alfothis ftate of knowledge was the worfe, becaufemen 
 ftrive (againft themfclves) to fave the credit of ignorance, and to farlsfythem- 
 fclves in this poverty. For the phyfician, befidcs the cautelcs of practice, 
 hath this general cautele of art, that he difchargcth the weakncls of his art 
 upon fuppofed impollibilities ; neither can his art be condemned, when it 
 felfjudgeth. That philofophy alfo, out of which the knowledge of phyfick 
 which now is in ufe is hewed, reccivcth certain pofitions and opinions, 
 which (if they be well weighed) induce this perfuafion, that no great works 
 are to be expeftcd from art, and the hand of man ; as in particular, that 
 opinion, that the heat of the fun and fire differ in kind i and that other, 
 that comfofition is the 'ouork of man, and mixture ts the 'work of nature^ 
 and the like; all tending to the circumfcription of man's power, and to arti- 
 ficial dcfpair ; killing in men, not only the comfort of imagination, but 
 the induftry of trial : only upon vain-glory, to have then- art thought perfcd, 
 and that all is impoflible, that is not already found. The alchcmift difcharg- 
 cth his art upon his own errors, either liippofing a mifunderftanding of the 
 words of his authors, which makcth him lilkn after auricular traditions ; or 
 elfe a failing in the true proportions and fcruples of practice, which makcth 
 him renew infinitely his trials ; and finding alfo that he lighteth upon fomc 
 mean experiments and conclufions by the way, fcedeth upon them, and 
 magnifieth them to the moft, and fupplieth the reft in hopes. The magi- 
 cian, when he findcth fomcthing (as he conceiveth) above nature, cfFcdcd 5 
 rhinkcth, when a breach is once made in nature, that it is all one, to per- 
 form great things and fmall i not feeing, that they arc buffubjects of a ccr- 
 
 t£ia
 
 FILUM LABYRINTH I. 
 
 97 
 
 tain kind, wherein magicic and fuperftirion hath played in all times. TIic *^ 
 mechanical pcrfon, if ho can refine an invention, or put two or three obfer^ ' 
 varions or practices together in one, or couple things better with their ule, 
 or make the work in Icfs of greater volume, taketh himfelf for an inventor! 
 Sohcfaw well, that men either pcrfuadc themfclvcs of new inventions as 
 of impoflibilities; or elfe think they arc already extant, but in fecret and in 
 few hands ; or that they account of thofc little induftries and additions, as 
 of inventions, all which turncth to the averting of their minds from any juft 
 and conftant labour, to invent further in any quantity. 
 
 '3. He thought alfo, when men did fet before thcmfelvcs the variety and 
 perfection of works, produced by mechanical arts ; they arc apt rather to ad- 
 mire the provifions of man, than to apprehend his wants 5 not confidcring, 
 that the original inventions, and conclulions of nature, v/hich arc the life of 
 all that variety, are not many, nor deeply fetched ; and that the reft is but 
 the fubtilc and ruled motion of the inftrument and hand ; and that the (hop 
 therein is not unlike the library, which in fuch number of books containeth 
 (for the far greater part) nothing but iterations, varied fometimes in form, 
 but not new in lubllance. So he faw plainly, that opinion of florc was 
 a caufe of want; and that both works and dodlrines appear many, and 
 arc few. 
 
 4. He thought alfo, that knowledge is uttered to men in a form, as if 
 every thing were finifhed ; for it is reduced into arts and methods; which 
 in their divifions do feem to include all that may be. And how weakly fo- 
 ever the parts are filled, yet they carry the fliew and reafon of a total ; and 
 thereby the writings of fome received authors go for the very art : whereas 
 antiquity ufcd to deliver the knowledge which the mind of man had gather- 
 ed, in obfervarions, aphorifms, or Ihort and difperfed fentenccs, or fmall 
 tractates of fome parts that they had diligently meditated and laboured j 
 which did invite men, both to ponder that which was invented, and to add 
 and lupply further. But now, Icienccs are delivered as to be believed and 
 accepted, and not to be examined and further difcovercd ; and the fuccel^ 
 fion is between mafter and difciple, and not between inventor and continucr 
 or advancer ; and therefore fciences ftandat a ftay, and have done for many 
 ages, and that which is porttive is fixed, and that which is qucftion is kept 
 queftion, fo as the columns of no further proceeding are pitched. And there- 
 fore he law plainly, men had cut thcmfelvcs off from further invention ; and 
 that it is no marvel, that that is not obtained which hath not been attempt- 
 ed, but rather Chut out and debarred. 
 
 f . He thought alio, that knowledge is almoft generally fought either for 
 delight and fatisfaclion, or for gain or profeflion, or for credit and orna- 
 ment, and that every of thefc arc as ^talanta'shMs, which hinder the race 
 of invention. For men are fo far in theic courfcs from fccking to incrcafe 
 the mafs of knowledge, asofthatmafs which is, they will take no more 
 than will ferve their turn : and if any one amongft fo many feeketh know- 
 lcd>i,e for it felf, yet he rather feeketh to know the variety of things, than to 
 difcern of the truth and caufes of them ; and if his inquifition be yet more 
 fevcre, yet it tendeth rather to judgment than to invention ; and rather to 
 difcovcr truth in controvcrfy, than new matter ; and if his heart be fo 
 large as he propoundeth to himfelf further difcovery or invention, yet it 
 is rather of new difcourfe and fpcculation of caufes, than of eflctlls and 
 operations. And as for thofc that have fo much in their mouths, adion 
 Vol. I. . * B b and
 
 PtLUM LABYRINTH I. 
 
 and ufc and piaclicc, and the referring of fcienccs thereunto ; they mean j>. 
 6f application of that which is known, and not of a difcovcry of that which i* 
 unknown. So he faw plainly, that this mark, namely, invention of fur- 
 ther means to indow the condition and Hfe of man w ith new powers or 
 works, was almoft never yet fet up and refolved in man's intention and 
 enquiry, 
 
 6. He thought alio, that amongft other knov/ledges, natural philofophy 
 hath been the leafl: followed and laboured. For fince the chrittian faitli, the 
 <j;reatefl: number of wits have been employed, and the greateft helps and rc-^ 
 wards have been converted upon divinity. And before-time likewifc, the 
 2;rcarcll: part of theftudics of philofophcrswas contumcdin moral philofophy, 
 which was as the heathen divinity. And in both times a great part ot the 
 bcft wits betook themfelves to law, pleadings, and caufes of eftatc ; fpecially 
 in the time of the greatnefs of the Romans^ who by reafon of their large 
 empire, needed the fcrvice of all their able men for civil bufinefs. And the 
 time amongft the Grecians^ in which natural philofophy feemed moft ta 
 flourifh, was but a fhort fpace i and that alio rather abufed in ditfering feels 
 and conflicts of opinions, than profitably fpent. Since which time, natural 
 philofophy was never any profeffion, nor never polfefled any whole man, 
 except perchance fome monk in a cloyfter, or fome gentleman in the coun- 
 try, and that very rarely ; but became a fcience of palfage, to fcafon a little 
 young and unripe wits, and to ferve for an irrtroduclion to other arts, Ipcci- 
 ally phylick and the pradlical mathematicks. So as he faw plainly, that na- 
 tural philofophy hath been intended by few pcrfons, and in them hath occu- 
 pied the leaft part of their time ; and that in the wcakcft of their age and 
 jiidgment. 
 
 7. He thought alfo, how great oppofition and prejudice natural philofo- 
 phy had received by fupcrftition, and the immoderate and blind zeal of relit 
 gion; for he found that fome of the Grecians^ which fii ft ga\e the reafbii 
 of thunder, had been condemned of impiety ; and that the Coiiiiogr.-iphcrs, 
 which firft difcovered and defcribcd the roundnefs of the earth, and the coii- 
 fcquence thereof touching the Antipodes, were not much other wife cen- 
 fured by the ancient fathers of the chriftian church ; and that the cafe is now 
 much worfe, in regard of the boldnefs of the fchoolmen and their dcpeu- 
 dances In the monafteries, who having made divinity into an art, have almoft 
 incorporated the contentious philofophy of Arijfotle into the body of chri- 
 ftian religion ; and generally he perceived in men of devout fimplicity this 
 opinion, that the fecrets of nature were the fccrcts of God ; and part of 
 that glory whereinto rlie mind of man, if it feek to prefs, fhall be opprcflcd; 
 and that the dcfire in men to attain to fo great and hidden knowledge, hath 
 a refcmblance with that temptation which caufed the original fall ; and on 
 the other fide, in men of a devout policy, he noted an inclination to have- 
 the people depend upon God the more, when they are lefs acquainted with 
 fecond caufes 5 and to have no ftirring in philofophy, left it may lead to an 
 innovation in divinity, or elfe ftould difcover matter of further cor.tradic- 
 tion to divinity. But in this part, reforting to the authority of the fcrip- 
 tures, and holy examples, and to reafon, he 1-efted not fatisfied alone, but 
 iiiuch confirmed. For firft, he confidcred that the knowledge of nature, by 
 the light whereof man difccrned of every li\'ing creature, and impofed nanijes 
 according to their propriety, was not the occafion of tire fall v but the moral 
 knowledge of good and evil, affected to the end to depend no more upon 
 God's comnaandmcnts, but for man to direct himfclf Neither could he 
 
 find
 
 FILUM LABYRINTH I. 
 
 find in any fciipturc, that the mquiry and fcience of man in any thine, under 
 thcmyftcricsofthe deity, is determined and reflraincd, but contrari wife al- 
 lowed and provoked. For concerning all other knowledge, the fcripturc 
 pronoiinceth, That it is the glory of God to conceal, but it is the glory of ,, 
 man (or of the King, for the King is but the excellency of man) to invent ; 
 and again, The fpirit of man is as the lamp of God, ijOherewith he fearch- . 
 eth every fecret ; and again moft efFec'lually, That God hath made all 
 things beautiful and decent, according to the return of their feafons -, al- 
 fo that he hath fet the world in man's heart, and yet man cannot find out 
 the ijvork "xhich God isjorketh from the beginning to the end : Ihewing 
 that the heart of man is a continent of that concave or capacity, wherein the 
 content of the world (that is, all forms of the creatures, and vvhatfoever is 
 nor God) may be placed, or received? and complaining, that through the 
 variety of things, and viciffitudes of times, (which are but impediments 
 and not impuilfances) man cannot accomplifh his invention. In precedent 
 alfo he let before his eyes, that in thofe few memorials before the flood, the 
 fcripturc honoureth the name of the inventors of mufick and works in me- 
 tal 5 that A'lofl's had this addition of praife, that he was fecn in all the learn- 
 ing of the Egyptians; that Solomon, in his grant of wifdom from God, 
 had contained as a branch thereof that knowledge, whereby he wrote a na- 
 tural hiftory of all verdor, from the cedar to the mols, and of all that 
 breatheth ; that the book of Job, and many places of the prophets, have 
 grcat^afperfion of natural philofophy ; that the church in the bofom and lap 
 thereof in the greateft injuries of times, ever prcfcrved (as holy reliques) the 
 books of philofophy and all heathen learning ; and that when Gregory the 
 bifhop of Rome became adverfe and unjuft to the memory of heathen anti- 
 quity, it was ccnfurcd for pulillanimity in him, and the honour thereof 
 loon after reftored, and his own memory almoft perfecuted by his fucceflbr 
 Sabinian ; and laftly, in our times, and the ages of our fathers, when 
 Luther and the divines of the protcftant church on the one fide, and tlie 
 jefuits on the othei-, have enterprized to reform, the one the doctrine, the 
 other the difcipline and manners of the church oi Rome, he law well how 
 both of them have awaked to their great honour and fuccour all human learn- 
 ing ; and for reafon, there cannot be a greater and more evident than this, 
 that all knowledge, and fpecially that of natural philofophy, tcndeth highly 
 to the magnifying of the glory of God in his power, providence and benefits, 
 appearing and engraven in his works, which without this knowledge are be- 
 held but as through a veil : for if the heavens in the body of them do declare 
 the glory of God to the eye, much more do they in the rule and decrees of 
 them declare it to the underftanding. And another reafon, not inferior to 
 this, is, that the lame natural philolbphy principally amongftall other human 
 knowledge, doth give an excellent defence againfl: both extremes of religion, 
 fuperflition and infidelity; for both it frecth the mind from a number of 
 \veak lancics and imaginations, and it raifeth the mind to acknowledge that 
 to God all things are^pofliblc: for to that purpofe fpcakcth our Saviour in 
 that firlK-anon againft hcrcfies, delivered upon the cafe of the rcfurreaion. 
 Ton err, not kno-juing the fcriptures, vor the pavier of God; teaching, 
 that there arc but two fountains of herefy, not know ing the will of God re- 
 vealed in the fcriptures, and not knowing the power of God revealed or at 
 leail made molt fenfible in his creatures. So as he law well, that natural 
 philofophy was of excellent ufe to the exaltation of the divine Majcfty ; and 
 ^ ^ ^ that 
 
 99
 
 too 
 
 FILUM LABYRINTHf. 
 
 tlm which is admirable, that being a remedy of luperliition, it is nc%'crths- 
 kts an help to faith. He faw likewife, that the fomicr opinions to the pre- 
 judice hereof, had no true ground 4 but mull Ipring ather^out of mere ig- 
 norance, oroutof an excels of devotion, to have divinity all in all, whcreay 
 it {hould be only above all, (both which dates of mind may be belt pardoned ,} 
 or clfe out of worle caufes, namely out of envy which is proud v.cakncis, 
 and defcrveth to be defpiled; or out of Ibmc mixture of impolture, to tell a 
 Ive for God's caufe ; or out of an impious chtfidcnce, as if men fliould fear 
 to difcover fome things in nature, which mought llibvcrt faith. But ftill he 
 faw well, hovv^foever thele opinions arc in right realbn reproved, yet they 
 leave not to be nioft ctfcclual hinderanccs to natural phiiofophy and in- 
 vention. 
 
 8. He thought alfo, that there wanted not great contrariety to the fur- 
 ther difcovery of Iciences in regard of the orders and culloms of univcr- 
 fities, and alfo in regard of common opinion. For in univcrfitics and col- 
 leges mens ftudics are almoft conhncd to certain authors, from which if any 
 dilicnteth or propoundeth matter of redargution, it is enough to make him 
 thought a pcrfon turbulent; whereas if it be well advifed, there is a great 
 difference to be made between matters contemplative and adive. for ii> 
 government change is fufpeded, though to the better ; but it is natural 
 to arts to be in perpetual agitation and growth. Neither is the danger alike- 
 of new light, and of new motion, or remove; and for vulgar and received 
 opinions, nothing is more ufual, or more ulually complained of, than tliat 
 it is impofed for arrogancy and prefumption, for men to authorize them- 
 felves againft antiquity and authors, towards whom envy is ceaied, and re- 
 verence by time amortifed ; it not being confidercd what Ar'tftotle himlclf i 
 did, (upon whom the phiiofophy that now is chiefly dependeth ••,) who came ■ 
 with a profefled contradiclion to all the world,, and did put all his opi-. 
 nions upon his ov/n authority and argument, and never fomudi as nameth. 
 an author, but to confute and repro\e him ; and yet his fuccefs well ful- 
 filled the oblervation of him that laid. If a man come in his o-ji'n riamey 
 him '■juill you receive. Men think likewile, that if they fhould give them- . 
 felves to the liberty of invention and travail of enquiry, that they ihall light 
 again upon Ibme conceits and contemplations which have been formerly 
 offered to the world, and have been put down by better, which l\avc pre- 
 vailed and brought them to oblivion ; not feeing that howlbevcr the pro- 
 perty and breeding of knowledges is in great and excellent wits, yet the 
 cftim.ation and price of them is in the multitude, or in the inclinations of 
 princes and great perlbns meanly learned. So as thole knowledges are like 
 to be received and honoured, which have their foundation in the fubtility 
 or fineft trial of common fenfe, or fuch as fill the imagination, and noc 
 fuch knowledge as is digged out of the hard mine of hiftory and experience, 
 and falleth out to be in fome points as adverfc to common lenfc, or po- 
 pular rcafbn, as religion, or more. Which kind of knowledge, except it 
 be delivered with llrange advantages of eloquence and power, may be 
 likely to appear and diiclofe a little to the world, and ftraight to vanilh 
 and fliut again. So that time feemeth to be of the nature of a river or 
 flood, that bringeth down to us that which is light and blown up, and 
 finketh and drowneth that wliich is folid and grave. So he Ihw well that 
 both in the (late of religion, and in the aduiinillration of learning, aj|d' 
 in common opinion, there were many and contii\ual ltop<, and traver^s 
 to the courfc of invention. 
 
 I
 
 FILUM LABYRINTH I. 
 
 «). He thought alfo, that the invention of works and further pofTibilitv 
 was prejudiced in a more fpecial manner than that of fpcculative rruth ; 
 for bclides the impediments common to both, it hath by itielf been notably 
 liurt and difcreditcd by the vain promifcs and pretences of alchcmv, ma- 
 gick, aftrology, and fuch other arts, which (as they now pafs) hold much 
 more of imagination and behef, tiian of fenfc and demonftration. But to' 
 ufe the poets language, men ought to have remembred, that alrhou^h Ixion 
 ■of a clpud in the likenel's oijiino begat Caitatirs and Chitnacras, yet Ju- 
 piter alio of the ni\c Juno begat Vulcan znd Hebe. Neither is it jult to 
 deny credit to the greatnefs of the ads of Alexander, becaulc the like or 
 more ftrange have been feigned of an Amadis or an Arthur, or other fabulous 
 worthies. But though this in true reafon fhould be, and that men ou^ht nor 
 to make a confufion of unbelief; yet he faw well, it could not othcrwile be 
 in event, but that experience of untruth had made accefs to truth more dif- 
 ficult, and that the ignominy of vanity had abated all greatnefs of mind. 
 
 lo. He thought alfo, there was found in the mind of man an affcclion 
 naturally bred and fortified, and furthered by difcourfeand dodrinc, which 
 did pervert the true proceeding towards adive and operative knowledge. 
 This was a falfe eftimation, that it Ihould be as a diminution to the mind of 
 man to be much converlant in experiences and particulars, fubjeft to fenfc 
 and bound in matter, and which are laborious to fearch, ignoble to medi- 
 tate, harfh to deliver, illiberal to praftilc, infinite as is fuppoled in number, 
 «nd no ways accommodate to the glory of arts. This opinion or ftatc of 
 mind received much credit and ftrength by the fchool of Tlato, who think- 
 ing that particulars rather revived the notions, or excited the faculties of the 
 mind, than merely informed ; and having mingled his philofophy with fu- 
 perftition, which never finourerh the fenlb, cxtolleth too much the under- 
 llanding of man in the inward light thereof. And again, Arijtotle'% Ichool, 
 "which givcth the dew to the fenfc in aflertion, denieth it in practice much 
 more than that oi^Plato. For wc lee the Ichoolmen, Arijtotle's fucccflbrs, 
 which were utterly ignorant ofhiftory, refted only upon agitation of wit 5 
 ■whereas 'Plato giveth good example of inquiry by indudion and view of par- 
 ticulars; though in fuch a wandering manner as is of no force or fruit. So 
 tliat he faw well, that the fuppofition of the fuiiliciency of man's mind, hath 
 loft the wieans thereof. 
 
 SEQUELA CHARTARUM; 
 
 S I V E, 
 
 Inquifitio Legitima de Galore & Frigore, 
 
 SECTIO ORDINIS. 
 
 Charta fuggeftionis^ Jive Memoria fxa. 
 
 » 
 
 THE fun-beams hot to fenfe. 
 The moon-beams not hot, but rather conceived to have a qua- 
 Uty of cold, for that the greatcft colds arc noted to be about the 
 ;full, and the greatcft heats about the change. ^. 
 
 Vol. L * Cc The 
 
 lOl
 
 'i^2 . C jf C O R E T F R I G U S. 
 
 ilTHfi beams of the ftars have no fenrible heat by thefnfelves; but ai-e 
 conceived to have an augmentative heat of the fun-beams by the inftance 
 foUowins;. The lame chmate arclick and antarftick arc oblcrved to differ 
 in: cold, wx;. that the antartUck is the more cold, and it is manifeft the an- 
 tardick iicmifplicre is thinnei: planted of ftars. 
 
 T H E heats obferved to be greater in July than in June j at which time 
 the Ibn is ncarcft the grcateft fixed ftars, -viz,. Cot Leonis, Cauda Leonts, 
 Spica Virginis^ Syr his, Canicnla.xfj laijpii A:»tm. m »- 
 
 The conjundion of any two of the three highcrt planets noted to caufe 
 great heats. 
 
 Comets conceived by fome to be as well caufes as effcfts of heat,, 
 much more the ftars. . aHT 
 
 The fun-beams have greater heat when they are more perpendicular^ 
 than when they arc more oblique ; as appcarcth in diftercnce of regions, and 
 the difference of the times of lUmmer and winter in the fame region j and 
 chiefly in the diiFerencc of the hours of midday, mornings, evenings ia the 
 fame day. 
 
 The heats more extreme in July and Atignft than in May or June^ com- 
 monly imputed to the ftay and continuance of heat. 
 
 The heats more extreme under the tropicks than under the line: com- 
 monly imputed to the ftay and continuance of heat, bccaufc the fun tlKra 
 doth as it were double a cape. ; 
 
 The heats more about three or four of clock than at noon; commonly. 
 imputed to the ftay and continuance of heat. 
 
 The fun noted to be hotter when it Ihincth forth between clouds, than 
 when the sky is open and ferene. 
 
 '••The middle region of the air hath manifeft cfFedsof cold, notwithftand- 
 ing locally it be nearer the fun, commonly Imputed to AntiperiftaJiSy aP 
 fuming that the beams of the fun are hot cither by approach or by reflexion, 
 and that fallcth in the middle term between both ; or if, as fome conceive, 
 it be only by reflexion, then the cold of that region reftcth chiefly upon dif- 
 tance. The inflanccs Ihewing the cold of that region, arc the fnows which 
 defccnd, the hails which dcfcend, and the fnows and extreme colds whidl.arc 
 upon high mountains. -«rjr 
 
 •But §lti. of fuch mountains as adjoin to fandy vales and not to fruit- 
 ftft vales which miniftcr no vapours, or of mountains above the region 
 of vapours, as is reported of Olympus, where any inicription upon the 
 afhcs of the altar remained untouched of wind or dew. And note, it is 
 alfo reported, that men carried up fpongcs with vinegar to thicken their 
 breath, the air growing too fine for refpiration, which fccmeth not to ftand 
 with coldnefs. 
 
 The clouds make a mitigation of the heat of the fun. So doth the 
 •interpofition of any body which we term fhades ; but yet the nights in 
 fummer are many times as hot to the feeling of men's bodies as the days 
 are within doors, where the beams of the fun adually beat not. 
 
 There is no other nature of heat known from the celeftial bodies 
 or from the air, but that which cometh by the fun-beams. For in the 
 countries near the pole, we fee the extreme colds end in the fummer 
 months, as in the voyage of Nova Zembla, wheij^ they could not dif- 
 engage their barks from the ice, no tiot in July, and met Nvith great 
 mountains of ice, fome floating, fome fixed at that time of the ycar^ be- 
 ing the heart of fummer. 
 
 The
 
 CALOR ETFRIGUS* 
 
 The caves under the earth noted to be warmer in winter tliaa.in fUm- 
 mcr, and Co the waters that Ipring from within the earth. or hyn-.-.n^^-;^ 
 
 Great quantity of fulphur, and fometimes naturally burning after the 
 manner oi C/Etna, in Iceland y the like written of QroenUnd, and divers 
 other the cold countries *. 
 
 The trees in the cold countries are fuch as are fuller of rofin, pitch, 
 tar, wloich are matters apt for fire, and the woods thcmfelves more com- 
 buftible than thofc in much hotter countries ; as for example, fir, pine- 
 apple, juniper: §lu,. whether their trees of the fame kind that ours are, as 
 oak and afh, bear not in the more cold countries, a wood more brittle and 
 ready to take fire than the fame kinds with us? 
 
 The fun-beams heat manifeftly by reflexion, as in countries pent in with 
 hills, upon walls or buildings, upon pavements, upon gravel more than 
 earth, upon arable more than grafs, upon rivers if they be not very 
 open, S'C. 
 
 The uniting or colleftion of the fun-beams multiplieth heat, as in burn- 
 ing glaflcs, which are made thinner in the middle than on the fides (as 1 take 
 it, contrary to fpeftaclcs) and the operation of them is, as I remember, firft 
 to place them between the liin and the body to be fired, and then to draw 
 them upward towards the fun, which it is true maketh the angle of the cone 
 fharper. But then I take it if the glals had been firft placed at the lame dil- 
 tance, to which it is after drawn, it would not have had that force, and yet 
 that had been all one to the fharpnefs of the angle. Qu. 
 
 So in that the fun's beams are hotter perpendicularly than obliquely, it 
 may be imputed to the union of the beams, which in cafe of perpendicularity 
 refleft into the very fame lines with the direft, and the further from perpen- 
 dicularity the more obtufe the angle, and the greater diltance between the 
 dired beam and the reflecled beam. 
 
 The fun-beams raife vapours out of the earth, and when they withdraw 
 they fall back in dews. 
 
 The fun-beams do many times fcatterthe mifts which are in the morn- 
 ihg& ' 
 
 -?'-The fun-beams caufe the divers returns of the herbs, plants and fruits of 
 the earth ; for we fee in lemon-trees and the like, that there is coming on at 
 once fruit ripe, fruit unripe, and blollbmsi which may fhew that the plane 
 worketh to put forth contiuHally, were it not for the variations of the ac- 
 ecflcs and recefles of the fun, which call forth, and put back. 
 
 The excefiivc heat of the fun doth wither and dcftroy vegetables, as 
 well as the cold doth nip and blaft them. 
 
 ...The heat or beams of the fun doth take away the fmell of flowers, fpeci- 
 ally liichasare of a milder odour. 
 
 The beams of the fun do difclofe fummcr flowers, as the pimpernel^ 
 marigold, and almoft all flowers elfe, for they clofe commonly morning 
 and evening, or in over-call weather, and open in the brightnefs of the lun > 
 which is but imputed to drynefs and moifture, which doth make the beams 
 heavy or cred ■■, and not to any other propriety in the fun-beams : fo they 
 Report not only a clofing, but a bending or inclining in the HeUotroptu7n 
 ^nd Calendula. ^. 
 
 ■ The fun-beams df» ripe all fruits, and addcth to them a fwcctnefs or fat- 
 ri^(S) and yet fume fultry hot days ovcrcaft, arc noted to ripen more than 
 bright days.> iw amn 3jin.i The 
 
 ,'- No doubt but infinite power of the heat of the fun in cold countries, though it be not to tke ana- 
 ■^ogy of men, and fruits ts'c. 
 
 [03
 
 104 
 
 CALOR ET FRIGUS. 
 
 The fuii-bcams are thought to mend diftillcd waters; the glafics being 
 well flopped, and to make them more vertuous and fragrant. 
 
 The llm-bcams do turn wine into vinegar; but j^. whether they 
 would not fwceten verjuice. r.» • 
 
 The fun-beams doth pall any wine or beer that is fet in them. 
 
 The fun-beams do takeaway the luftre of any filks or arras. 
 
 There is almoft no mine, but licth fome depth in the earth; gold is 
 conceived to lie higheft and in the hottcft countries ; yet Thracia and Hun- 
 gary are cold, and the hills of Scotland have yielded gold, but in fmall 
 grains or quantity. 
 
 If you fet a root of a tree too deep in the ground, that root will pcrifh, 
 and the ftock will put forth a new root nearer the fuperticics of the earth. 
 
 Some trees and plants profper bcft in the fhade ; as the baycs, ftraw- 
 berries, fome wood-flowers. 
 
 Almost all flies love the fun-beams, fodofnakes; toads and worms 
 contrary. 
 
 The fun-beams tanneth the skin of man ; and in fome places turneth it to 
 black. 
 
 The fun-beams are hardly indured by many, but caufe head-ach, faint- 
 nefs, and with many they caufe rheums ; yet to aged men they are comfor- 
 table. 
 
 The fun caufes peftilencc, which with us rage about autumn; but it 
 IS reported, in Barbary they break up about June, and rage moft in the 
 winter. 
 
 The heat of the fun, and of fire, and living creatures, agree in fome 
 things which pertain to vivification ; as the back of a chimney will (ct for- 
 ward an apricock-tree as well as the fun ; the fire will raife a dead butterfly 
 as well as the fun ; and fo will the heat of a living creature. The heat of 
 the fun in fand will hatch an egg. ^«. 
 
 The heat of the fun in the hotteft countries nothing fo violent as that 
 of fire, no not fcarcely fo hot to the fenfe as that of a living creature. 
 
 The iun, a fountain of light as well as heat. The other celeftial bodies 
 manifeft in light, and yet non conjlat, whether all borrowed, as in the 
 moon ; but obfcure in heat. 
 
 The fouthern and weftern wuid with us is the warmeft, whereof the 
 one blowerh from the fun, the other from the fea ; the northern and eaflern 
 the more cold. ^. whether in the coaft of Florida, or at Brajil, the eaft 
 wind be not the warmefl:, and the weft the coldeft ; and fo beyond the an- 
 tardick Tropick, the fouthern wind the coldeft. 
 
 The air ufeth to be extreme hot before thunders. 
 
 The fea and air ambient, appeareth to be hotter than that at land; 
 for in the northern voyages two or three degrees farther at the open fea, 
 they find lefs ice than two or three degrees more fouth near land : but ^. 
 for that may be by reafon of the Ihores and fhallows. 
 
 The fnows diflblve fafteft upon the fea-coafts, yet the winds are counted 
 the bittereft from the fea, and fuch as trees will bend from. ^u. 
 
 The ftreams or clouds of brightnefs which appear in the firmament, 
 being ilich through which the ftars may be feen, and flioot not, but rcit, 
 are ligns of heat. 
 
 The pillars of light, which are fo upright, and do commonly flioot and 
 vary, arc figns of cold, but both thefc are figns of drowth. 
 
 T«E
 
 C A L O R E T F R I G U S. la? 
 
 Thk air when it is moved is to the fenfe colder i as in winds, fannlngs, 
 'vcntilabra. 
 
 The air in things fibrous, as fleeces, furs, cJrr. warm; and thofcftufFs 
 to the feeling warm. 
 
 The water to man's body feemeth colder than the air; and fo in fum 
 mcr, in fwimming it feemeth at the firft going in ; and yet after one hath 
 been in a while, at the coming forth again, the air feemeth colder than 
 the water. 
 
 The fnow more cold to the fenfc than water, and tlie ice than fnow; 
 and they have in Italy means to keep fnow and ice for the cooling of their 
 drinks ; ^i. whether it be fo in froth in refpcift of the liquor. 
 Baths of hot water feel hottcft at the firft going in. 
 The froft dew which we fee in hoar froft, and in the rymcs upon trees or 
 the like, accounted more mortifying cold than fnow ; for fnow chcrifhcth the 
 ground, and any thing fowed in it; the other biteth and killeth. 
 
 Stone and metal exceeding cold to tlie feeling more than wood; yea 
 more than jctt or amber, or horn, which are no lefs fmooth. 
 
 The fnow is ever in the winter feafon, but the hail, which is more of 
 the nature of ice, is ever in the fummcr feafon; whereupon it is conceived, 
 that as the hollows of the earth are warmefl: in the winter, fo that region of 
 the air is coldcft in the fummcr; as if they were a fugue of the nature of ei- 
 ther from the contrary, and a colledling it fclf to an union, and fo to a 
 further ftrength. 
 
 So in the fhades under trees in the fummer which ftand in an open field, 
 the fh-idc noted to be colder than in a wood. 
 
 Cold cffeftcth congelation in liquors, fo as they do confift and hold 
 together, which before did run. 
 
 Cold brcakcth glaflcs, if they be clofe ftopped in froft, wlienthe liquor' 
 frcezcth within. 
 
 Cold in extreme maketh metals, that are dry and brittle, cleft and crack, 
 AEraqne diJJUiunt -, fo of pots of earth and glafs. 
 
 Cold maketh bones of living creatures more fragile. 
 ' Cold maketh living creatures to fwell in the joints, and the blood to 
 clot, and turn more blue. 
 
 Bitter frofts do make all drinks to tafte more dead and flat. 
 Cold maketh the arteries and flelh more afper and rough. 
 Cold caufcs rheums and diftillations by comprefllng the brain, and laxcs 
 by like reafon. 
 
 Cold increafes appetite in the ftomach, and willingnefs to ftir. . 
 Cold maketh the fire to fcald and fparkle, 
 4 '^ ARACELSUS reporteth, that if a glafs of wine be fct upon atarras 
 in a bitter froft, it will leave fome liquor unfrozen in the center of the glafs^ 
 which excellcth fpiritus vini drawn by fire. 
 
 Cold in AJufcovy, and the like countries, caufes thofe parts which are 
 voideft of blood, as the nofe, the ears, the toes, the fingers, to mortify and 
 rot; efpccially if you come fuddcnly to fire, after you have been in the air 
 abroad, they arc fure to moulder and diflblvc. They ufe for remedy, as is 
 faid, walhint' in fnow water. 
 
 If a man come out of a bitter cold fuddcnly to the fire, he is ready to 
 fwoon, or overcome. 
 
 Vol.1. - * Dd So
 
 106- T. G A L O R E T F R I G U Sa:in 
 
 So contrariwifc at Nova Zembla^ when they opened their door at times 
 to go forth, lie that opened the door was in danger to be overcome, ion iUv 
 
 The quantity of hill in the cold countries, Morivay^ &c. very abundan'r." 
 
 The quantity of fowl and eggs laid in the cliffs in great abundance. 
 
 In Nova Zemblaxhcy found no beaft but bears and foxes, whereof tiic 
 bears gave over to be feen about September, and the foxes began. 
 
 Meat will keep from putrifying longer in frofty wcatlicr, than at other- 
 times, -ivv 
 
 In Iceland they keep fidi, by cxpofingit to the cold, from putrifying-with- 
 out fait. 
 
 The nature of man cndureth the colds in the countries of Scricfinnia^ 
 Biarmia, Lappla, Iceland, Greenland , and that not by perpetual keeping 
 in in ftovesin the winter time, as they do in Ruffia-, but conrrariwiie, their 
 chief fairs and intercourfe is written to be in the winter, becaule the ice evens' 
 and levelleth the paflages of waters, plafhes, <^c. 
 
 A thaw after a froft doth greatly rot and mellow the ground. 
 
 Extreme cold hurteth the eyes, and caufes blindncfs in many beafts^ 
 as is reported. 
 
 The cold makcth any folid fubftance, as wood, ftone, metal, put to the 
 fleni, to cleave to it, and to pull the flefh after it, and fo put to any cloth 
 that is moift. 
 
 Cold makcth the pelage of beads more thick and long, as foxes of Mufco- 
 ly, fabcls, &c. 
 
 Cold makcth the pelage of moft hearts incline to graynefs or whiteneis, 
 as foxes, bears, and fo the plumage of fowls; and maketh alfo the crcflsof 
 cocks, and their feet wloite,. as is reported. 
 
 Extreme cold will make nails leap out of the walls, and out of locks^ 
 and the like. 20up i4 
 
 Extreme cold maketh leather to be ftiff like horn. icup 
 
 In frofty weather the l\ars appear clearcft and moll fparkling. ■■■■- 
 
 In the change from froft to open weather, or from open weather to froftj, 
 commonly great mifts. 
 
 I N extreme colds any thing never fo little v/hich arrefteth the air makcth 
 it to congeal ; as we fee in cobwebs in windows, which is one of the leaft 
 and weakeft tlireads that is, and yet drops gather about it like chains of pearl. 
 
 So infrofts, the infide of glali windows gathereth a dew; ^/. if not more 
 without. 
 
 j^/. Whether the fweating of marble and ftones be in froft, or tO' 
 wards rain. 
 
 Oil in time of froft sathercth to a fubftance, as of tallow; and it is 
 faid to fparkle fome time, fo as it givcth a light in tlic dark. 
 
 The countries which lie covered with fnow, have a Ivaftier maturatioiit 
 of all grain than in other countries, all being within three months, or there- 
 abouts. 
 
 ^i~ It is faid, that compofitions of honey, as mead, do ripen, and arc 
 raoft pleafant in the great colds. 
 
 The froftswithus are cafuaJ, and not tycd to any months, (o as they 
 are not merely caufed by the rcccfs of the fun, but mixed with fome inferior 
 caufes. In the inland of the northern countries, as in RuJJia, the weather 
 for the three or four months of Nov ember, 'December, January, Febru- 
 ary is conftant, viz. clear and perpetual froft, without fnows or rains. 
 
 There
 
 REDARGUTiO PHILOSOPHIARUM. ihj 
 
 There is nothing in our region, which by approach of a matter hot 
 will not take heat by tranfition or excitation. 
 
 There is nothing hot licrc with Us, but is in ^ kind of confumption, if 
 it carry heat in it felf; for all fired things arc ready to con fume, chafed thitr^s 
 are ready to fire, and the heat of mens bodies ncedcth aliment to rcitore. 
 
 The tranfition of heat is without any imparting of fubftancc, and yet re^'' 
 maincth after the body heated is withdrawn; for it is not like fmells for 
 they leave fome airs Or parts not like ligiir, for that abideth not when thcfirft 
 body is removed, not unlike to the motion of the load-ftonc, which is 
 lent without adhefion of fubftance 5 for if the iron be filed where it was rubbed 
 yet it will draw or turn. 
 
 ^REDARGUTIO 
 
 £.JH ILOSOPHIARUM^ 
 
 DU M hacc traftarem, intervcnit amicus mens quidam ex Gallia rediens, 
 qucm cum falutaflem, arquc ego ilium, ille me dc rebus noftris fa- 
 miliaritcr interrogaflcmus: Tu vero, inquit, vacuis tuis ab dccupa- 
 tionibus civilibus intcrvallis, aut hiltcm rcmittentibus ncgotiis quidaijis? Op- 
 portune, inquam, nam nc nil mc agcre exiftimcs, mediror inftaurationem 
 phiIo(/)phiae, ejufmodi quae nihil inanis aut abflradi habcat, quieque vitac 
 humanae conditioncs in melius provehat. Honeftum profet^o opus, inquit: 
 &. quos foeios habes? Ego ccrte, inquam, profefto nullos : qiiin nee qucn- 
 quam habeo quo cum familiariter de hujufmodi rebus coUoqui pofllm, ut 
 mc laltem cxplieem & cxacuam. Durae, inquit, partes tuac funt : & fta- 
 timaddidit, atque tamcn Icito haec dliis curae cfle. Turn ego laetatus: "ut- 
 tula, inquam, inearperftlH, atque animam reddldifii. Egoehimanum quan- 
 dam fatidicam non ita pridcm conveni, quae mihi nefcio quid obmurmurans, 
 vaticinata eft, foetum meum in Iblitudine periturunL Vis, Inquit, ut tibi 
 narrcm quae mihi in Gallia circa hujufmodi negotiiam eVenerunt. Libcii- 
 tiflimc, inquam, atque infuper gratiam habebo. 
 
 TuM retulit fe Parifiis vocatum a quodam amico fuo', atqUe Introdudum 
 in conlcdum virorum, qualcm, inquit, vel tu vidcre vellcs; nihil enim in 
 vita mihi accidit jucuntiius. Erant autem circitcr quinquaginta viri, neqiie 
 ex lis quifquam adolefccns, fed omncs actatc provcdiores, qliique vultu ipfo 
 dignitatem cum probirate iinguli prac fe ferrent. Inter quos aiebat fc cog- 
 noviflc nonnuUos honoribus pcrfuncVos, atque alios ex fenatu; ctiam antilH- 
 tesfacrorum inlignc.s, atque ex omni fere drdinc eminentiorc aliquosi erant 
 etiam quidam, ut aiebat, pcrcgrini ex diverfis nationibus. Atque cum ille 
 prime introiiflct, invenit cos familiariter inter fc colloqucntes; fedebant 
 tamen ordinc fcdilibus difpofitis, ac veluti adventum alicujuscxpedafttcs. 
 • Neque ita multo poll ingrcilus eft ad cos vir quidam, afpeclus (ut ei 
 iidebatur) admodumplacidi & Icreni, nifi quodoriscompofitio erattanquam 
 tnifcranti.s, cui cum omncs afliu-rexincnt, ille circumfpicicns & fiibridcns-f 
 Kanquam, inquit, cxiftimavi potuUfc fieri, ut otium omnium vcftnim, cum 
 
 fhigiild^ 
 
 * Vide fcripta a Grutcro edita, 1653. p 318.
 
 loS REDARGUTIO PHILOSOPHIARUM i 
 
 fnit^ulos rccogiiofco, in unum atquc idem tcmpus coiiicidcrcr, idque quomo- 
 do evcncrit, latis mirari non polllim. Cumque unus ex coctu rcrpondurcr'. 
 eum ipfum lioc otium illis fcciflc, cum quae ab ipfo cxpcdarcnt illi duccicDc 
 omni negotiopotiora: Atque ut video, inquit, univerla ilia jactura ejus quod 
 hie confumctur temporis, quo ceite vos leparati multis morralibus proluino- 
 tis ad maas rationcs accedet. Quod fi ita eft, vidcndum proteclo ne vos di- 
 utiusmorcr: fiiiiul conledit, ablque lliggefto aut cathedra, led ex aequo cum 
 caetcris, atque hujufmodi quacdam apud cum conlellum verba tccitj nam 
 aicbar, qui haec narrabar, fe ilia turn cxcepiflc, ut potuir, licet cum apud Ic 
 una cum illo amico fuo qui cum introduxerat, ca recognolccret, tatcrctur 
 ca longe inferiora iis quae tum dida cflcnr, vifa eflc. Exemplum autem o- 
 rationis quam cxccpcrat, quod circa le habcbat, profcrebat. lUud ira fcrip- 
 tum erat. 
 
 Vos ccrtc, filii, homines cftis & mortales; nccconditionis vcftrae tantum 
 pocnitear, fi naturae vcftrae fatis memineritis. Dcus mundi conditor <Sc vc- 
 ftrum, animas vobis donavit mundi ipfius capaccs, ncc tamcn eo ipfo latian- 
 das. It.iquc fidem vcftram fibi rcpolliit, mundum fenfui attribuir: neutr.v 
 autem oracula clara clfc vohiit, fed involuta, ut vos excrccret, quandoqui- 
 dcm cxeellentiam rerum rcpenderct. Atquc de rebus divinis optima de vo- 
 bis Ipero: circa liumana autem, metuo vobis, nc diuturnus error vos ulu gc- 
 perit^ Exiftimo cnim hoc apud vos pcnitus credi, vos flatu uti fcientiarum 
 florente &: bono. Ego rurliis moneo, vos nc eorum quae iiabccis aut co- 
 piam aut utilitatem quafi ad magnum aliquod faftigium evedi, & votorunv 
 compotes, aut laboribus perfunfti accipiatis. Idque fic conilderatc. 
 
 Sr in omnem illam Icriptorum varictatem qua Icientiae tumcnt & luxu- 
 riantur, de eo quod aftcrunt intcrpcUetis, & rtricle & preffe cxaminetis, ubi- 
 que reperietis ejufdem rei repetitiones infinitas; verbis, ordinc, cxcmplis, 
 atque illuftratione, diver fas; rerum fumma (Sc ponderc ac vera poteftate prac- 
 libaras ac plane iteratas; ut in pompa paupertas fit, & in rebus jejunis fartidi- 
 um. Atque fi vobifcum familiariter loqui & jocari hac dc re liceat, vidv'tur 
 doftrina veftra cocnae illi liofpitis Chalcidcnfis iimillima, qui cum intcrro- 
 garctur unde tarn varia venatio? refpondit, ilia omnia ex manfueto fue cflc 
 fafta. Neque enim negabitis univerfim iftam copiam, nil aliud efle quam 
 portionem quandam philofophiae Graecorum, eamque certe minimc in falru 
 aut filvis naturae nutritam, fed in fcholis & ccllis, tanquam animal domcfti- 
 cum faginatum. Qt:od fi a Graccis iifque paucis abfccdatis, quid tandem ha- 
 bent vcl Romani, vel Arabes, vel noftri, quod non ab Ariftotelis, Platonis, 
 Hippocratis, Galeni, Euclidis, Ptolcmaei inventis derivetur, aut in cadem 
 recidat? Itaque videtis in fcx fortaflc hominum cerebellis & animulis, fpcs & 
 fortunas vcftras fitas efle. Neque vero idcirco Dcus vobis animas rationales 
 indidit, ut fuas partes, (fidem fcilicct veflram quae divinis dcbetur) homini- 
 bus deferrctis : neque fenfiis informationcm firmam & validam attribuit, ut 
 paucorum hominum opera, fed utfua dcmum opera, coelum &tcrram, con- 
 tcmplaremini; laudes fuas celebrantes, & hymnum authori vcftro canentcs, 
 iis ctiam viris, fi placet, (niliil enim obftat) in chorum acceptis. 
 
 QjuiN etiam ifla ipfa doclrina, ufu veftra, origine Graeca, quae tanta 
 pompa inccdit, quota pars fuit ilia fapientiae Graecorum? Ea cnim varia fuiti 
 varietas autem ut vcritati non acquiefcit, ita ncc crrorem figit, fed ad veri- 
 tatcm eft inftar iridis ad folcm, quae omnium imaginum eft maximc infir- 
 ma, & quafi dcperdita, fed tamcn imago. Vcrum & lunc quoquc varic- 
 tatem nobis extinxit (Graccus&ipfc) Ariftotclcs: credo, utdifcipuli res gcftas 
 acquaret. Atque difcipuli praeconium (fi rcclc mcmini; talc celebratur:
 
 REDARGUTIO P HI L O S OP H I A RU M. 109 
 
 Felix t err arum praedo, non utile nnindo 
 Editus exernplum, terras tot pojj'e fiib uno 
 EJfe viro. 
 
 A N & niaglftcr, fclix d6*flrinac praedo? Accrbc illud, fed quae icquun- 
 tur optime. Nullo cnim modo illc utilis rebus humanis, qui tot cgrcijia 
 ingcnia, tot, inquam, libera capita in fcrvitutcm rcdegcrit. Itaque, filii, 
 de copia veftra audiftis quam arfta, quam ad paucos rcdada. Divitiac cniiri 
 vcflrac fmit paucorum ccnfus. De utilitatc jam attenditc. 
 
 A T quern tandem aditum ad mcntcs & fenfus vcftros, non dicam impc- 
 
 trabimus (vos enim benevoli) fed ftruemus aut machinabimur, res fiquiderrt 
 
 diificilis ? Qiio fomitc, qua accen/ione lumen nobis innatum excltabimus 
 
 idque a praeftigiis luminis adventitii & infufi liberabinius ? Quo modo, 
 
 inquam, nos vobis dabimus, ut vos vobis reddamus ? Infinita praejudicia 
 
 ■fefta funt, opiniones hauftac, rcceptae, fparfae. Thcologi multa c philo- 
 
 fophia ifta fua feccrunt, & fpeculativam quandam ab utraque dodrina co- 
 
 agmentatam condiderunt. Viri civilcs, qui ad exiftimationis fuae fruftum 
 
 pcrtinere putant, ut dodi habeantur, multa ubiquc ex cadcm fcriptis fuis 
 
 & orationibus infpergunt. Etiam voces, filii, & verba ex didaminc ejufdem 
 
 philofophiae, & fecundum ejus praefcripta & placita, appofitc confida funt, 
 
 adeo ut funul ac loqui didiceritis (fclicem dicam an infclicem) banc erro- 
 
 rum Cabalam haurirc & imbiberc nccellc fuerir. Neque haec tantum con- 
 
 fcnfu fingulorum firmata, fed & inftitutis acadcmiarum, collcgiorum, ordi- 
 
 num, fere rerumpublicarum veluti lancita cit. 
 
 Huic itaque jam fubito rcnunciabitis? id nc fumus vobis authorcs? 
 Atqui ego, filii, hoc non poftulo, neque hujufmodi philofophiae vellrac fruc- 
 tus moror, aut eos vobis interdico, neque in folitudinem aliquam vos abri- 
 piam. Utimini philofophia quam habctis, dilputationes veftras ex ejus ubc- 
 ribus alitc, fcrmones ornate, graviores apud vulgus hominum hoc ipfo no- 
 mine eftorc. Neque enim philofophia vera ad haec multum utilis vobis crit : 
 non praefto eft, nee in tranfitu capitur, nee ex praenotionibus intelkd:ui 
 blanditur, non ad vulgi captum (nili per utilitatem & opera) defcendit. Ser- 
 vate itaque & illam alteram, & prout commodum vobis crit, adhibetc : atquc 
 aliter cum natura, aliter cum populo negotiamini. Nemo Cnim eft qui plus 
 multo quam alius quis intclligit, quin ad minus intelligentem, tanquam 
 perfonatus fit, ut fe exuat, altcridet. Vcrum illud vos familiaritcr pro rnorc 
 noftro moneo, habete Lai dew dummodo a Laide non habeamini. Judicium 
 fuftinctc, aliis vos date, non deditc; & vos melioribus fervate. Atquc vi- 
 dcmur minus quidd:tm vobis imponere, quod haec quae in manibus habetis, 
 ufu vobis 6c honore manebunt : ideoque acquiorc animo pafluri eftis, eadcm 
 de vcritate & utilitatc in dubium vocari. 
 
 Verum ctiamfi vos optime animati cffetis, ut quaecunque haiflenus didi- 
 ciftis aut credidiftiv, Ijpre'tis opinionibus, ac etiam rationibus veftrls privatis, 
 vel hoc ipfo loco dcpofituri fitis, modo dc vcritate vobis conftaret ; attamen 
 hac quoque ex parte haercmus: neque habemus fere quo nosvcrtamus; ut 
 fidcm vobis rci ram inopinatae & novae faciamus. Cerrc difpiitarionis lex 
 penitus fublata eft, cum de principiis nobis vobifcum non convcniat. Etiam 
 Ipes cjukicm praecifa eft, quia de demonftrationibus quae nunc in ufu funt, 
 dubitatio injecla eft, atquc accufatio fufcepta. Atquc hoc animorum ftatu . 
 Veritas ipfi vobis non tuto committitur. Itaque iiitclicdus vefter praeparan- 
 dus antcquam docendus, animi fanaiuli antequam cxcrccndi funt, area deni- 
 VoL. L * E c qu€
 
 jfio RETDARGUTIO PHTLO S O PH I A P.UM.( 
 
 que purganda antcquaminacdificanda: at que ad hunc fincm hoc tempore: 
 conveniftis. Qiia itiitui\ induftria aut commoditare hoc ncgotiura dilcutic- 
 mus aut agcmus? Non defpcrandum. 
 
 Ink ST profcdoi filii, animnc humanac urcunqiic OGCupatae 6: ob icflac,. 
 aiiqiia pars intellcdus pura & veritaris hofpita: clique ad cam aliqua moUr 
 clivo orbita deducens. Agite, lilii, vos & ego vir<).s doflos, ii qiiid in hoc 
 gcncre iumus, exuamusv & taciamusnos tanquani aliquos e plebc 5 & omii- 
 fe rebus iplis> ex %nis quibuldam cxternis conjeduras capiamus. Hacc cuiiij- 
 faltcai nobis cum hominibus communia funt. inifcii 
 
 DocTRTNA vellra, ut diclum eft, fluxit a Graecis. Quails natio.: Nil 
 mihi rci cum convitiocft, tilii; iraque quae de ea dicta funt ab aliis, ncc ro- 
 pctam, ncc iinitabor. 1 antum dico earn nationem fuille Icmpcr ingcnio 
 pracpropcram,. mo.c profcfibriam, quae duo lapientiae 6c veritati funt inimi- 
 cilllma. Nee practerire tas eft verba faccrdoris AEgyptii, praefertim ad vi- 
 runi c Graecia cxcellcntem proiata, ab authore ctiam nobiii e Graecia relata» 
 Is faccrdos ccrte vcrus vatcs fuit cum diccret, P^os Graeci femper puer'i. 
 Annon bene divinatum ell ? veriiiime certe, Graecos paeros acternos efle : 
 itlque non tantum in hiftoria & rcrum memoria, fed multo magis in rerum 
 contcmplationc. Quid m cnim fit inflar pueritiae ea philofophia, quae garrirc 
 & caufari noverit, gencrarc & procreare non pollit : difpurationibus incpta, 
 operibus inanis ? Mcmentote ergo, (utait propheta) rupis ex qua excifi cllis, 
 & de natione cujus authoritatem fequimini> quod Graeca fit, intcrdum 
 cogitate. 
 
 Shquitur temporis nota, qua philofophia ifla veftranata eft & prodiit. 
 AEtas erat, filii, cum ilia condita fuit, fabulis vicina, hiftoriae cgena, peregrinati- 
 onibus & notitia orbis parum infor mata aut illullrata, quacqnc nee antiquitatis ve- 
 nerationem, nee tcmporum reccntium copiam habebat, fed utraque dignitate 
 & praerogativa carebat. Etenim antiquis temporibus credere licet fuifle di- 
 vinos viros qui altiora quam pro honiinum communi conditione fapercnt. 
 Noftram autem aetatem, fatcri neccfle eft, prae ilia dc qua loquimur (ut taccam 
 i^igeniorum & medltationum fruclus & laborcs) etiam duorum fere mille 
 annorum eventis & experientia, & duarum rcrtiarum orbis notitia audlam efle. 
 Itaque videte quam angufte habitaverint, vel potius conclufa fueriiit iilius 
 aetatis ingenia, fi rem vel per tempora, vel per regiones computctis. Nequc 
 enim mille annorum hiftoriam, quae digna hiftoriae nomine fit, habebant > 
 led fabulas & foninia. Regionum vero tracluumque mundi quotam partem 
 novcrant, cum omnes hyperboreos Scythas; omnes occidentalcs, Celtas, 
 indillincle appellarcnt; nil in Africa ultra citimam AEthiopiae partem, nil in 
 Afia ultra Gangcm, multo minus no\ i orbis provincias, ne per auditum lane 
 aut fama noll'ent : imo & plurima climata & zonas, quibus populi infiniti 
 fpirant & degunt, tanquam inhabitabiles ab illis pronunciatae lint \ quine- 
 riam peregrinationes Democriti, Platonis, Pythagorae, non longinquae pro- 
 teclo, fed potius fuburbanae, ut magnum aliquid ccicbrantur. 
 
 At QUE experientia, filii, ut aqua, quo largior eft, co minus corrumpi- 
 rur. ■ Noftris autcm tcmporibus (ut fcitis) oceanus finus laxavit, & noviorbes 
 patuere, & vetcris orbis extrema undique iunotefciuit, idque diilincle ac 
 proprie. Itaque ex aetatis & temporis natura, veluti ex nativitate & geni^ 
 turd philofophiac veftrae, nil magni dc ca Chaldaei pracdixerint ? 
 
 D E hominibus videamuS; Qua in re optimo fato hoc fit, (nequc id arti- 
 licio aliquo noftro cautum eft, fed ipfa res hoc non folum patitur, verum 
 etiam poftulat) ut & illis honor fervctur, & nps modeftiam noftram tueri & 
 
 retincre 
 1
 
 RED ARGUTIO PHILO-SOPHIARUM. 
 
 retincrc poflimus, & tamcn fidcm Jibcrarc. Nos enim, filii, ncc invidiac 
 ncc jadantiac nobis confcii lumus, nee dc ingenii palma, ncc dc placironirn 
 regno contcndimus : lons^c alia noltra rctio dl, & thns, hocquc mox apciic- 
 tur. Itaquc antiquorum ingcniis, cxccilcntiae, facultati, nihil dctraiiimus, 
 fed gencri ipfi, viae, inflituto, authorirati, placiris, ncccllario dcroganius! 
 Immenfum cnim eft, quantum Icicnriaruni piOLrrefium dcprimanr, atque 
 opinio copiac inter maximas caulas inopiac rcpericar. 
 
 At(i^ue duo funt viii, filii, quorum placita ex libris eorum propriis 
 haurire licet. Plato & Arillotcles: utinam illud &: rcliquorum nonnullis 
 contigillct. Sed Ariftotelcs, Oiliomannorum more, rcguarc Ic non poruillc 
 cxiftimavit, nifi fratrcs trucidaflet. Idquc ei non ftatim lane, led poftca ex 
 voco nimis feliciter fuccellit. Dc hiis itaquc duobus pauca dicere inftituimus. 
 Xcnophontcni autcm tertium non adjungimus, luavcm Icriproicm & virum 
 excellentem. Vcrum cum illis qui philolbphiam tanquatn nigenii pcrcgrina- 
 tioncm amoenam & jucundam, non tanquam provinciam laboriolam &c Toli- 
 :citam fufceperunr, nobis non multum rei eft. 
 
 1taq_ue hos duos viros, Platoncm & Ariftotclcm, fi quis inter maxima 
 mortalium ingenia non numcret, aut minus perlpicit, aut minus aequus eft. 
 Ingeniaccrteillorum capacia, acuta, fublimia. Sed tamcn videndum primo, 
 Cujus generis philofophantium cenferi poftlnt. Invenio enim tria genera 
 apud Graecos eorum qui philofophiac cultorcs habiti fint. Primum erat So- 
 phirtarum, qui per plurimas civitatcs inftituta profedione, & per Jlngulas 
 manfitantes, adolcfcentes recepta mercede, fiipientia imbuere profclTi lunt, 
 -quales fuere Gorgias, Protagoras, Hippias ; quos Plato ubique exagitar, & 
 fcrc in comoediac morcm deridendos propinat. Ncque enim hii rhctores 
 tantum erant, aut orationum confcriptores, fed univerfalcm rcrum notitiam 
 fibi arrogabant. Secundum erat eorum qui majore faftu & opinione, locis 
 certis & Icdibus fixis, icholas aperiebant, atque placita & fedam condentes 
 aut excipientes, auditores, leftatorcs, fticccfibres infupcr habebant. Ex quo 
 generc erant Plato, Ariftotelcs, Zcno, Epicurus. Nam Pythagoras etiam 
 auditores traxit, & ledtam conftituit, led traditionum potius quam difputati- 
 onum plenam, & ftiperftitioni quam philofophiac propiorcm. Tertium au- 
 tem genus erant eorum, qui rcmoto ftrcpitu & pompa profcflbria, fcrio vcri- 
 tatis inquifitioni, & rcrum contemplationi dediti, (& tanquam Endymion) 
 folitarii, & quaft fopiti, fibi philofophabantur ; aut adhibitis panels, (quibus 
 idem amor erat) in coUoquiorum fuavitatem dcftinata pcrficiebant : ncque 
 Galateac more, cujus lufus in undis, difputationum procellis fe oblcdabant. 
 Atque talcs fucrc Empedocles, Heraclitus, Democritus, Anaxagoras, Par- 
 nienidcs. Nequc enim rcperietis hos Icholas aperuifl'c, fed tandem fpccula- 
 tiones & invcnta fua in fcripta rcdegiflc, & poftcris tranfmifiifc. 
 ■ Nunc autcm videtis certe, filii, quaeres agatur. Ego enim duo prima 
 genera (utcunque fc invicem obnegcnt & protcindant) tamai natura rci ipilus, 
 conncxa die ftatuo. Itaquc non hacfitabo apud vos dicere, me locum Piato- 
 ni & Ariftoteli tribuere inter Sophiftas : fed tanquam ordinis emendati & rc- 
 formati. Eandem enim rem prorfus video. Aberat fortafle loci mutatio & 
 circumcurfitio, & niercedis indignitas, & incpta oftentatio : atque lucct in 
 illis certe quiddam folcnnius & nobilius; lid adcrant fchola, auditor, fcda. 
 Itaque genus iplum profedo ccrnitis. jam veto dc viris ipiis aUquid le- 
 paratim dicamus, inftitutum fervantes, ut mi His rebus, ex iignis conjicia- 
 mus. 
 
 Itaque 
 
 Hi
 
 if2 REDARGUTIO PH IL OS O PHI ARUM. 
 
 Itaque ab Ariftotclc exorfi, mcmoriam vcftrani, filii, reftamur, fi in jihy- 
 jlcis ejus & mctaphyficis, noii facpius dialccticac quam naturae voces audiatjs. 
 Qviid cnim folidi ab co fpcrari polllt qui mundum tanquani c categoriis cffc- 
 ccrit ? qui negotium niatcriac & vacui, & raiitatis & dcnfitatis per dillinclio 
 nem actus & potentiac tranfegerit ? qui animae genus non multo melius quan^ 
 ex vocibus fccundae intcntionis tribuerit 2 Verum hacc ad res ipfas pcnetranr. 
 itaque ab hujufmodi lermonc abfiftcndum. Nam cum confutaiionem jiiihni 
 inltitucre immcmoris plane fit : ita & opiniones tanti hominis per latyram 
 perftringere fupcrbum tbret. Signa autem in illo non bona, quod ingcniuna 
 incitatum 6c fe proripiens, ncc alicnac cogitationis ncc propriae fcie paticni^ 
 quod quacftionum artifex^ quod contradidionibus continuus, quod aniiqui- 
 tati infcftus & infultans, quod quaefira oblcuritas eft; alia plunnu, quae 
 omnia ma^i-ftcrium lapiunt, non inquifitionem vcritatis. 
 
 Quod li quis ad haec, cenfuram rem proclivcm fortafle cfle, illud interim 
 conftarc, poft Ariftotelis opera cdita, plcraquc antiquorum veluti dclerta 
 exolcvilVe : apud tcmpora autem quae fequuta funt, nil melius inventum efle: 
 magnum, itaque virum Ariftotelem, qui utrumque tempus ad Ic traxcrit : atquc 
 vcrilimile efle philolbphiam in eo ipib tanquam fedes tixas pofuiflc, ut nihrl 
 reftet nifi ut conlcrvetur & ornetur. Ego, filii, cogitationcm hanc efle exil- 
 timo hominis vel imperiti, vel partibus infecti^ vcl dcfidis. Eft enim (ut dicii 
 fcriptura) defidia quacdam, quae fibi prudcns vidctur & leptcmplici rationum 
 pondcrc gravior. Atquc proculdubio (fi vcrum omnino dicendum eft) iib 
 defidia hujus opinionis invenietur pars vel maxima i dum humanae naturae 
 ingcnita fuperbia vitiis propriisnon Iblum ignorcens, verum ctiam cultum 
 quendam prophanum attribucns ; laborum & inquircndi & cxpcricndi fugam, 
 pro ca quae prudentiac comes fit diffidentia, vencrctur : ncquc ita multo 
 port focordia fmgulorum judicium & authoritatem univerforum repraclcntct 
 & effingat. 
 
 N OS veto primo illud interrogamus. An ob illud vir magnus Ariftoteies, 
 quod utrumque tempus traxerit ? Certc magnus : Itane ? At non major 
 quam impoftorum maximus. Impoftura cnim, atque adeo principis impo- 
 fturac, Antichrifti, haec praerogativa fingularis eft. Fieni (inquit Veritas 
 ipla) in nomine patris mei, nee recipitis me : fi quis 'venerit nomine ftto-, 
 eum recipietis. Audiftifnc filii ? Icnlu non proprio certe, led pio & veto, 
 qui in nomine, patcrnitatis aut antiquitatis venerit, non receptum iri, qui 
 autem priora proftcrnendo, deftruendo, authoritatem fibi uliirpaverit, & 
 in nomine propria venerit, eum homines fequi. Atquc fi quis unquam in 
 philolbphia in nomine proprio venit, is eft Ariftoteies, per omnia fibi author, 
 quiquc antiquitatcm ita defpcxit, ut neminem ex antiquis vel nominate fere 
 dignetur, nifi ad confutationcm & opprobrium. Quin & difertis verbis d:- 
 cere non erubefcit (bene ominatus certe ctiam in malcdido) verifimilc cflb 
 majores noftros ex terra aliqua aut limo procreatos fuillc, ut ex opinionibus 
 &: inftitutls corum ftupidis, & vere tcrrcis conjiccre licet. 
 
 Neque tamcn illud verum eft, antiquorum philofophorum opera, poft- 
 quam Ariftoteies de iis ex authoritatc propria triumphafl'ct, ftatim extinfta 
 fuiflc. Videmus enim qualis fuerit opinio de prudcntii Dcmocriti poft Cacfa- 
 rum tcmpora, 
 
 Cujns prudent ia monftrat, 
 Magnos pojfe viros, & magna exempla daturas^ 
 Verve cum in p atria, crajfoque fub aere uafct, 
 
 Atque
 
 REbARGU'Tib PrilLOSOPHIARUM. " u^ 
 
 Atquc fatis conftat fubtcmporacxcwitiora imperii Romaiai, pkuimos antiquo- 
 riim Graccorum libros incolumcs inanfillc. Ncque cnim tantuni potLiilVct 
 Ahrtotclcs (licet voluntas ci non dcfuerit; ut ea deleter, nift Attila & Gcn- 
 fericus & Gothi ei in hac re adjutores fuiflcnt. Turn cnim portquam doc- 
 trina humana naufragium perpefla cflet, tabula ifta Ariflotelicae philolbphiae 
 tanquam materiae alicujus Icvioris &c minus folidac fervata eft, & extinclis 
 acmuiis recepta. 
 
 At quod de confcnfu homines fibi fingunt, id & infidum & infirmuni 
 eft. An vos, filii, temporis partus habctis numerates & dcfcriptos in faftis, 
 COS inquam qui perierunt, latuerunt, aut aliis orbis pattibus innotuerunt ? 
 An & abortus qui nunquam in lucem editi lunt ? Itaque dcfinant homines 
 anguftias fuas mundo & faeculis attribuerc & imponere. Qiiid fi dc fuffragiis 
 ipfis litem movcamus, & negemus vcrum & Jegitimum conlcnfum eflc, cum 
 homines addidli credunt, non perfuafi judicant ? Tranfierunt, filii, ab igno- 
 rantia in pracjudicium : haec demum eft ilia coitio potius quam confenllis. 
 Poftremo, l\ dc ifto confenfu non diffiteamur, fed cum ipfum ut fufpeifium 
 rejiciamus, an nos inter morbum iftum animorum graflantem & epidcinicum 
 /anitatis poenitebit ? Peflimum certe, filii, omnium augurium eft dc confcn- 
 lU in rebus intelledualibus, cxccptis divinis, cum Veritas defcendit coelitus. 
 Nihil enim multis placet, nifi aut imaginationem feriat, ut llipcrftitio, aut 
 notiones vulgares, ut dodlrina fophiftarum : tantumque confcnfus ifteavera 
 & folida authoritatc abeft, ut etiam violentam praefumptionem inducat in 
 contrarium, Optime enim Graccus ille, i^//W peccavi ? cum complau- 
 dercnt. 
 
 Quod fi is eftct vir qui putatur efte Ariftoteles, tamen nullo modo vobis 
 author fim, ut unius hominis cogitata & placita inftar oraculi rccipiatis. Qiiao 
 cnim, filii, eft ifta volunraria icrvitus? tantone auditoribus monachi illius 
 cthnici dcteriores eftis? ut illi fuum, ipfe dixit, poft fcptennium deponc- 
 rcnt, vos illud poft annos bis millc retincatis ? Atque nee iftum ipfiim prae- 
 clarum authorem habuiflctis, fi antiquitatis fludium valuifl'et ; & tamen cadcm 
 in ilium lege & conditione uti vercmini. Qiiin fi me audietis, did:aturani 
 iftam non modo huic homini, led & cuivis mortalium qui fiant, qui erunt in 
 perpetuum negabitisi atque homines in rcclc inventis icquemini; ut vidcn- 
 tcs lucem, non in omnibus promilcue, ut caeci ducem. Neque certe vos 
 virium poeniteat, ft experiamini : nequc enim Ariftotelc ih fingulis, licet 
 forte in omnibus inferiores eftis. Atquc quod caput rei eft, una certe re 
 ilium longc Iliperatis, excmplis videlicet, & experimentis & monitis tem- 
 poris. Nam ut ille (quod narrant) librum confccerit, in quo ducentarum 
 quinquaginta quinque civitatum leges & inftituta collegerit ; tamen non 
 dubito quin unius reipublicac Romanac mores & cxempla plus ad pruden- 
 tiam & militarem & civilem conrulerint, quam omnia ilia. Similia ctiani 
 & in naturali phiiofophia cvenerunt. Itane vero animati eftis, ut non tan- 
 tum dotes veftras proprlas, ft:d etiani temporis dona projiciatis? Itaquc vin- 
 dicate vos tandem, & vos rebus addite, neque acceftio unius hominis eftote. 
 
 D E Platone veroca noftra fententiaeft ; ilium, licet ad rcmpublicam non 
 accelliftct, led a rebus civilibus adminiftrandis quodammodo refugiflct propter 
 temporum perturbationcs, tamen natura & inclinatione omnino ad res civiles 
 propenftun, vires eo praecipue intendiftc; ncque de phiiofophia naturali ad- 
 modum foUicitum fuifle i nifi quatenus ad philolophi nomen & celebritatcm 
 tuendam, & ad majeftatem quandam moralibus & civilibus doctrinis adden- 
 dam & afpcrgendam fufficcrct. Ex quo fit, ut quae de natura fcripfit, nil 
 
 Vol. I. . . * Ff ■ . firmiti;-
 
 ii4 REDARGUTIO PHlLOS O PHI ARUM 
 
 firmitudinis habcant. Quinctiam naturam tlicologia, noft minus quam A^^ 
 riftotclcs dialcctica infccit & corrupit. Optima autcm in co %na (fi cactcra 
 confcnfiflfcnt) quod & formarum cognitioiKm ambirct, & indutfdonc per 
 omnia, non tantum adprincipra, ted ctram ad mcdiaspropofitioncs utcrctur: 
 licet & haec ipta duo vcre divii>a, & ob quae nomciidivini non dlco tulit lc<t 
 meruit, corruperit & rnutHia reddrdcrit, dum & formas abftradas prenlarcr^ 
 & indudionis matcriam tantum ex rebus ob^iis & vulsaribus dcfumcrct : 
 quod hujufmodi Icilicet cxcmpla (quia notiora) difputationibus potius conve- 
 nirent- Itaque cum ei drligcus naturalium rerum contcmplatio & oblerv»' 
 tio dccfict, quae unica philolbphiac materia eft, nil mirum fi nee ingenium aW 
 tum, nee modus inquifttionis felix magnoperc profecerint. Vcrum nos ex 
 fi'^norum conftderatione, ncfcio quo mc^to in res ipfas prolabimur: noa 
 enim facile fcparari poflunt, neque ea ingrata vobis auditu fuifle arbitramur. ' ' 
 Qi/IN etiam fortaflc & illud infuper Icire vultis quid dc reliquis illislen^ 
 fiamus, qui alienis, non propriis fcriptis nobis noti Tunt, Pythagora, Empc- 
 docle, Heraclito, Anaxagora, Democrito, Parmenidc, aliis. Atque hac 
 de re, filii, nil reticcbimus, led animi noftri Icnfum integrum & fincerum 
 vobis apcriemus- Scitotc itaque, nos llimma cum diligentia & cura omnes 
 vel tenuiflimas auras circa horum virorum opiniones & placita captaflc: ut 
 quicquid de illis vel dum ab Ariftotele confutantur, vcl dum a Platonc & 
 Cicerone citantur, vel in Plutarchi fafciculo, vel in Lacrtti vitis, vel in Lu- 
 erctji poemate, vel in aliquibus fragmcntis, ^ el in quavis alia fparfa mcmoria 
 & mcntione, inveniri pollit, evolverimus, neque curltm aut contemptim, 
 i'cd cum fide & delibcratione examinaverimus. Atque dubium protcdo non 
 eft, quin fi opiniones eorum, quas nunc per internuncios quoldam minime 
 fidos Iblummodo habemus, in propriis extarcnt operibus, ut eas ex ipfisfon- 
 tibusliaurirc licerct, majorcm firmitudinem habiturae fuiflcnt; cum theoria- 
 rum vires in apta & fe mutuo fuftinente partium harmonia & quadam in or- 
 bcm demonftratione confiftant, ideoque per partes traditae infirmae firiti ;•-• 
 NE(^UE negamus nos reperirc inter placita tarn varia, haud pauca in 
 contemplationc naturae & caufarum aflignationc non indiligenter notata. 
 Alios autem in aliis (ut fere fieri folet) conftat feliciores fuifle. Quod fi cuni 
 Ariftotele conferantur, plane ccnfemus fuifle ex iis nonnullos qui in multis 
 Ariftotele longc & acutius & altius in naturam penctraverint, quod fieri ne- 
 ceflc fuit, cum cxpericntiac cultores magis religiofi fucrinr, praefcrtim Dc- 
 mocritus, qui ob naturae peritiam etiam magus habitus eft. Verilntamcn 
 nobis neceflc eft, fi fimpliciter & abfquc perfona vobilcum agerc ftat decre- 
 tum 5 nomina ifta magna, brcvi admodum fententia tranfmittere : cflc nt- 
 mirum hujufmodi philofophorum placita ac theorias, veluti diverfarum fa- 
 bularum in theatre argumcnta, in quandam veri fimilitudincm, alia elcgan- 
 tfus, alia ncgligcntius aut craifius confida ; atque habere quod fabularum 
 proprium eft, ut veris intcrdum narrationibus concinniora & commodiora 
 videantur : & qualia quis libentius credcrct. Sane cun> tfti famac & opi- 
 nioni tanquam Icenac minus fcrvirent quam Ariftotelcs & Plato & rcliqui 
 c fcholis, puriores fuere ab oftentatione & impofturd, atque eo nomine la- 
 niores, cactcra fimilcs erant. Una enim quafi navis philolbphiac Graecorum 
 Videtur, atque crrorcs diverfi, caufac errandi communes. 
 
 QuiNETiAM nobis minime dubium eft, fi penes populum & civirate.^ 
 libcras res manfiflcnr, fieri non potuiflc ut humani ingenii peregrinationcs 
 popularibus auris vQlificantes, utcunque inter tam numerofa &: varia theoria- 
 rum commenta l"c fifterc aut continere potuiflent, Qiiemadmodum enim in 
 aftronomicis, & iis quibus tcrram rotari placet, & eis qui per vetcrcm con- 
 
 ftrudioncm
 
 REDARGUTI O ,1^^ I L O S OP H J A R U M. 115 
 
 ftmdioncm tenucrint, phacnomcnorum in coclispatrociniaacqua llinr: quia 
 & tabulamm calculi unit'quc iclpoadcnt : codcni modo, ac multo ctiam fa- 
 cilius eft in naturali philofophia complurcs thcorias cxcoi^irarc inter Ic niul- 
 tum differcntcs, fed tamcn fingulas ftbi conftantcs, Sc cxpcriciuiam & prae- 
 fertim inftantias vulgares quae in quacftioiiibus philofoplucis (ut nunc fit) 
 judicia exercere folcnt, in diveifum trahcntes & pro tclUbus citantcs. 
 
 Neque cnim defuerunt ctiam noftra actatc, in noftris inquam frigidis 
 praecordiis atquc tempore quo res religionis ingenia confumfcrint, qui novas 
 philofophiac naturalis fabricas meditati funt. Nam Tilcfius ex Confentia 
 fcenam confcendit & novam tabulam egit, arguniento profcdo magis proba- 
 bilem quam plaufu celebrem. Et Gilbcrtus ex Anglia, cum naturam mag- 
 netis iaborlortHimc & magna inquifitionis firmitudine «5c conlbntia, nccnon 
 cxpcrimentorum magnocomitatu& fere agmine peri'crutatus ellct, ihtim im- 
 minebat & ipfc novae philofopiiiae condendae, ncc Xcnoplunis nomcn in 
 Xcnoniancm per ludibrium vcrfum expavit, in cujus icntcntiam inclinabat. 
 Qiiin & Fracaftorius, licet Icdam non condiderit, tamcn libcrtatc judicli ho- 
 ncfte ufus eft; eadeni aufus eft Cardanus, fed Icvior. 
 
 Atc^ue exiftimo, filii, vos ad iftam quam ex nobis auditis, tarn latam & 
 generalcm opinionum & authorum lejeclionem obftupciccrc. Licet enini 
 de nobis bene cxiftimctis, tamcn veieri videmini, ut invidiam hujufce rei no- 
 bifcum una ftiftinere poftltis. C^in & ipfi (credo) miremini&aniini pende- 
 ns, quorfum res hacc cvaftira fit, & ejuam tandem condirionem vobis arte 
 ramus. Itaquc diutius fufpenfos vos non tcnebimus: atque flmul & vos 
 admiratione, & nos invidia, ut fpcramus, nifi admodiim iniqua lueiit, ex- 
 olvemus. Atque meminiftis profcdo ctiam ab initio nos tale quiddam Hg- 
 nificaflc. Antiquis non ccrtc authoritatcm & fidem (id enim pcrniciofum) 
 fed iionorcm ac reverentiam intacla & immiiiuta fore; tamctfl pollemus pro 
 jure noftro, neque co iplb alio quam omnium, ii quid apud cos non recle in- 
 ventum aut politum fit, id reprehendcre aut notare. Sed res ipfa hoc non 
 poftular, fato quodam ut arbitrarnur ad invidiam & contradidionem cxtin- 
 gucndam & depellendam meliore. 
 
 AuDiTE itaquc, filii, quae jam dice mus. Nosfiprofiteamui' nosmeliora 
 afFcrrc quam antiqui, candem quam antiqui viam ingrelTos, nulla verborum 
 arte cfficcre poflimus, quin inducatur quacdam ingenii, vel exccllentiac vcl 
 tacultatis comparatio five contcntio: non ea quidem illicita aut nova; fed 
 irapar ob virium noftrarum modumj quern eum efle latis fentimus, ut non 
 folum antiquis, fed & vivis cedat. Cum autem (ut fimplicitcr apud vos lo- 
 quamur) claudus in via (quod dici folct) curforem extra viam antevertat, 
 commutata ratio eft. Atque dc via (memcntotc) non de viribus quaeftio 
 oritur, nofquc indicis non judicis partes fuftinemus. Itaquc aperte vale juUb 
 omni fuco & artificio, fatemur nos in hac opinione efle, omnia omnium ae- 
 tatum ingenia fi in unum coierint eo quo nunc res geritur modo, hoc eft, (ut 
 clarc loquamur) ex meditationc & argumcntationc, in fcientiismagnospro- 
 ceftiis faccre non pofle. Quin neque hie finis, fed addimus infupcr, quanto 
 quis ingcnio plus valet, cundem fi naturae lucem, id eft, hiftoriam & rcrum 
 p^rticularium evidentiam intempcftive deferat; tanto in obfcuriores & magis 
 perplexos phantafiarum receftlis, & quafi fpecus fe dctiuderc «Sc involvere. 
 - . An NON forte animadvcrtiftis, filii, quanta ingcniorum & acumina & ro- 
 bora apud philofophos fcholafticos otio & mcditationibus luxuriantcs, & ob 
 tencbras ipfas in quibus cnutriti erant feroces, qualcs nobis telas arancarum 
 pcpcrcrint, tcxtura & fubtilitatc fili njirabiles, ufus & commodi expcrtes. 
 
 j^ Etiam
 
 ii6 REDARGUTIO PHILOSOPHIARUM, 
 
 Etiamillud fimul affinnamus; n oft ram qu am ad artcs adducimus rationcm, 
 & iiiquifitionis formam talcm efle, quae hominum ingcnia & facultatcs, ut 
 hacreditatcs Spartanas fere acquet. Nam qucmadmodum ad hoc, ur linea 
 rcda aut circuliis pcrfcctus ddbribatuv, plurimum cfl: in manus ac viius fa- 
 cultate, fi pcrconftantiam manus & oculorum judicium tantum, rcstcntcturj 
 iin per rcgulam admotam, aut circinum circumdudtum, non item; cadcm 
 ratione, & in contcmplationc rerum, quae mentis viribus Iblum incumbir, 
 homo homini praeflat vei maxime. In ea aiitcm quam nos adhibcmus, noit 
 multo major in iiominum intclleftu cminetinaequalitas, quam in fcnfu incflc 
 folct. Qiiin & ab ingeniorum acumine & agilitatc, (ut didum eft) dura 
 luo motu tcruntur, periculum metuimus, atque in eo toti limuis, ut homi- 
 num in^cniis non plumas aut alas, led plumbum & pondcra addamus. NuIIo 
 enhii modo videntur homines adhuc noflc, quam Icvcra fit res verrtaris & na- 
 turae inquifitio; quamque parum hominum arbitrro rclinquat. Kcque ta- 
 mcn nos peregrinum quiddam, aut myfticum, aut Deum tragicum ad vos ad- 
 duckiius. Nil enim aliud eft noftra via, nifi litcrata expcricntia, atque ars 
 five ratio naturam fincere interpretandi, & via vera a fcnlu ad intcllcctum. 
 
 Verum annon videtis, filii, quid per hacc quae diximus efFcftum fit? 
 Primum antiquis fuus lionos manct. Nam in iis quae in ingenio & mcdita- 
 tione pofita funt, iili mirabiles vh-os fe praeftitcre; ncquc nobis (hue cam 
 viam ingreflis longo intervallo eorum progreflus acquare, ut arbitramur, vi- 
 res fulfeciflcnt. l3einde, intelligitis profecio, minus quiddam efle hanc rc- 
 jcdionem authorum gencralem; quam fi alios rcjcciflemus, alios probaflc- 
 mus. Turn enim judicium quoddam exercuifl'emusj cum nunc tanrummo- 
 do (ut didlum eft) indicium faciamus, Poftremo etiam perfpicitis quid no- 
 bis prorftas relinquatur: five nos aliquid lumere, five aliis aliquid nobis tribu- 
 erc libeat. 
 
 Non ingcnii, non excellentiae, non facultatis laus, fed fortuna quaedam, 
 ca magis veftra quam noftra, cum res fit potius ufu fruduola, quam invcntione 
 admirabilis. Nam utr vos fortaffc miramini, quando hoc nobis in mentem ve- 
 nire potuerit: ita& nosviciflim miramur, quomodo idem aliis in mentem jam 
 pridem non venerit : non ulli mortalium cordi aut curae fuiflc, ut intelleduiliu- 
 mano auxilia & praefidia ad naturam contemplandam& experientiam digercn- 
 damcompararctr fed omnia vel traditionum caligini, vel argumentorum verti- 
 gini& turbini, vel cafus&: cxperimentorum undis & ambagibus permiflacfle, 
 nee mediam quandam viam inter experientiam & dogmata aperiri pofiiifle? 
 Scd tamen mirari definimus, cum in multis rebus vidcre liceat, mentem hu- 
 manam tam laevam & male compofitam efle, utprimo diffidat, & paulo pofl: 
 fe contemnat: atque primo incredibile videatur, aliquid tale inveniripofle; 
 poftquam aiitem invcntum fit, rurfus incredibile \ideatur id homines tam diu 
 fugere potuifle: fed ut quod res eft proferamus; huic rei de qua nunc agimus 
 impedimcnto fuit non tam rei obfcuritas aut difficultas, quam fupcrbia humana, 
 cui natura ipfa magna ex parte eaque potiore fordefcit: quacquc iiomincs co 
 demcntiae provehit, ut fpiritus proprios, non fpiritum naturae confulant; ac 
 fi artes facerent, non invenirent. 
 
 ArquE, filii, inter iftam veftram tanquam perftatuas antiquorum dcam- 
 bulationem, fieri poteft ut aliquam partem porticus notavcritis velo cffe di(- 
 cretam. Ea funt penetralia antiquitatis ante doftrinam Graecorum. Sed 
 quid me vocatis ad ea tempora quorum & res & rerum vcftigia aufugerunt? 
 Annon antiquitas illainftar famae eft, auac caput inter nqbila condit & fi- 
 bulas
 
 REDARGUTIO P HI L OS OP H I ARUM. 117 
 
 bulasnan-at, f;i£la & infccia fimul cancns? Atqiie fatis fcio, fi minus finccra 
 fide agcrc vcUcm, non dilficilc i'orct hominibus pcrfiiadcrc, apiid antiquos 
 lapicntcs, diu ante Giaccoriun rcmpoia, Icicntias &; philolbphiain niajorc 
 viicurc, licet majorc ctiam fortalle filcntio rioriiilVc: idque Iblcnnius mihi 
 force ca quae jam affcrimcur ad ilia rcfcrre, ut novi homines Iblcnt, qui no- 
 biiitatem alicujus vcteiis proiapiac per genealogiaruni rumorcs & eonjcctu- 
 ras fibi affingunt. 
 
 Verum nobis flat fententia, rcrum cvidentia frctis, omncm impofturac 
 conditioncm, quantumvis lit licet bella & commoda, rccufarc. Itaquc judi- 
 cium notlrum dc illis laccu lis non intcrponimus; illud obiter dicimus, licet 
 poetarum iabulae verfatilis materiae finr, tamcn nos non multum arcani auc 
 myftcrii hujufmodi narrationibus rubeilc haud cunclantct pronunciaflcmus; 
 fi ab iis invcntae a quibus tradirac funt; quod nos fecus cfle cxiftimamus: 
 plcraequc cnini tiaduntur tanquam piiuii creditac & cognitac, non tanquani 
 novae ac tunc primo oblatac : quae res carum cxiftimationem apud nos auxit, 
 ac fi eilent reliquiae quacdam faerac temporum meliorum. Verum utcunquc 
 ca res le habct, non plus intcrelle putamus (ad id quod agitur) utrum quae 
 jam proponentur, aut iliisiortalle niajora, antiquis ctiam innotucrint; quam 
 hominibus curac cflc debcar, utrum nevus orbis fuerit infula ilia Atlantis, & 
 vctcri mundo cognita, an nunc primum rcpcrta; rcrum cnim invcntio a 
 naturae luce pctcnda, non a vctullatis tenebris rcpetcnda eft. 
 
 JAM vcro, lilii, ctiam ipontc, non fortalle intcrpcUati, ab expeftationc 
 vcilra de philofophia Chimiftarum opinioneni fubjungemus, Etcnim ilia 
 vcftra philofophia, difputationibus potens, opcribus invalida, artis chimicac 
 nonnullani cxiilimationcm apud quofdam peperit. Atque fane quod ad prac- 
 ticam Chimiftarum attinet, flibulam illam in cam compctcre cxiftimamus, 
 de fcnc qui liliis fuis aurum in vinca dcfoflum (nee fc fatis fcirc quo loco) Ic- 
 gaverit: undc illosprotinus ad vincam fodicndam incubuilfe; atque auri qui- 
 dcin nihil rcpcrtum, fed vindemiam ca cultura fadam fuille ubcriorem : fi- 
 mili modo &chimiae filii, dum aurum (five vcre five fecus) in naturae arvo 
 abditum & quafi dcfoflum, laboriofe cruere conantur: multa moliendo & 
 tcntando, magno proventui hominibus 8c utilitati fuerc, & compluribus 
 invcntis non contcmncndis vitam & res humanas donavcrc. 
 
 Veruntamen fpcculativam corum rem levcm & minus fanam cfle 
 judicamus. Nam ut ille adolcfcentulus dclicatus cum fcalmum in littorc 
 repcriflet, navem acditicarc concupivit: ita & hi arti fuac indulgentes ex 
 paucis fornacis cxperimentis philoibphiam conderc aggrelli funt. Atque hoc 
 'genus theoriarum & faepius & manifeftius vanitatis coarguitur, quam illud 
 altcrum: quod ccrtc magis fobrium & magis tectum eft; nam philofophia 
 vulgaris omnia pcrcurrcns & nonnihil fere de fingulis deguftans, fe apud 
 maxiniam hominum partem optimc tuetur. Qiii autcm ex paucis quibus 
 ipfc maximc infucvit reliqua comminifcitur : is & re ipfa errat magis, & apud 
 alios levior eft : atque ex hoc gcnere philoibphiam chimicamcfle ccnfcmus. 
 
 Certe ilia opinionis fabrica quae corum philofophiac bafis ell:, cfle ni- 
 mirum quatuor rcrum matrices five elcmenta, in quibus femina rerum fi\c 
 fpecies foetus fuos ablblvunt, atque producl:a corum quadriformia eftc, pro 
 differentia fcilicct cujufquc dementi: adeo ut in coelo, aiirc, aqua, terra 
 nulla fpecies invcniatur quae non habcat in tribus reliquis conjugatum ali- 
 quod & quafi parallelum (nam hominem ctiam pantomimum eftcccrunt, ex 
 omnibus conftatum, abufi elcgantia vocabuli microcofmi) hoc, inquam, com- 
 mcntum ncmincm judicio fcdatum poft fetraxerit: quln & cxillimamus huic 
 
 Vol. I. * Gg phan-
 
 ir8 REDARGUTIO P H I L O S O P H I AR U M. 
 
 phantafticac rcrum nnturalium phalangi, pcritum naturae contcaiiplatorcm 
 vix inter ibmnia Ilia locum daturum. '),•■■!». -nn-n^ 
 
 Verum illud non incommode accidit ad praecavendum, quod hacc phi- 
 lolbphia (lit coepimus dicere) erroris gcncrc, vcluti anriflropha vulgari phi- 
 iOtbphiac fif: vulgaris cnim philolbphia ad matcriam invcntionis parum ex 
 multis, haec nuiltum e panels decerpit.. Nos tamen, lilii, Jibcntcr Paraccl- 
 lum homincm, ut conjiccre liccr, latis vocalcm nobis pracconcm cxoprcmus, 
 ut illud lumen naturae quod totics inculcat, cclcbrct, <5c proclamcr. 
 
 Atqjje mentio Chrmiftarum nos admoner, ut aliquid ctiam de mngia 
 natural! ca quae nunc hocvocabulum folennc & fere ihcrum inquinavit, di- 
 camus: ca cnim inter philolbphos chimicos in honorc cflc con!uevit. Qiiae 
 nobis in hujufmodi Icrmonc inferior vidctur, quam ut condcmnctur: led le- 
 vitate ipia elfugiat. Qiiid cnim ilia ad nos, cujus dogmata plane phantafia & . 
 iupcrilitio: opera pracfligiae & impoftura? nam inter innumcra fallii, fi quid 
 ad effcctum perducitur, hujufmodi femper eft, ut fit ad novitatem & admira- 
 tioncm conrtfta, non ad ufum aut accommodata aut dcllinata. Etcnini c- 
 vcnit fere femper dc magicis expcrimcntis, quod poeta lafcivus ludit, ^ars 
 mtnima eft ipfa puellafuih quemadmodum autcm philofophiae propriimi eft 
 cfficerc, nt omnia minus quam fint admiranda vidcantur propter dcmouftra- 
 tiones; ita & impofturac non minus proprium eft ut omnia magis quam funt 
 admiranda vidcantur propter oftcntationem & falfum apparatum. Atquc ifta 
 tamen vanitas nefcio quo modo contemnitur & rccipitur ; unde cnim latyrion 
 ad venerem, pulmoncs vnlpis ad phthifim, nifi ex hac officina? vcrum nimis 
 multa de nugis5 nimis fane, ft, ut incptae, ita innoxiae eflcnr. 
 
 Resumamus orationis filum, & philofophiam quam in manibus habc- 
 mus ex fignis excutiamus; ifta cnim, filii, inferi oportuit ad intcllcdus veftri 
 pracparationem, quae res fola nunc agitur. Duplex cnim eft animorum prae- 
 ojccupatio feu mala inclinatio ad nova, quando ea proponi contigcrir : una 
 ab inlira opinione de placitis reccptis, altera ab anticipatione five praefigura- 
 tione crronea de re ipla quae aftertur, ac fi pcrtinerct ad aliqua ex jampridcm 
 damnatis & rejeclis, aut faltcm ad ea quae aninius ob Icvitatcm aut abfur- 
 ditatcm faftidit. 
 
 Ita QL' E jam rcverfi de fignis difprciamus. Atquc, filii, inter figna nul- 
 lum eft magis certum aut nobilc quam ex fructibus. Qiicmadmodum cnim 
 in religione cavetur, ut fides ex operibus monftretur, idem etiam ad philofo- 
 phiam optime traducitur, ut vana fit quae ftcrilis. Atque eo magis, fi loco 
 fruduum uvae vel olivae, producat difputationum & contentionum carduos 
 & fpinas; dc veftra autem philofophia vercor ne nimis verc cecinerit poeta 
 non folum illo carmine; 
 
 Infelix lollum <^ fieriles dominant ur avenae : 
 Scd & illo 5 
 
 Candida face InB am latrantibus inguhia monjlrls. 
 
 ViDETUR cnim ilia ex longinquo vifa virgo, Ijjccie non indecora, icdi 
 partibus fupcrioribus : habet cnim generalia quacdam non ingrata, & tan- 
 quam invitantia ; cum vero ad particularia ventum fit, vcluti ad uterum & 
 partes gcnerationis, atque ad id ut aliquid ex fe cdat, turn demum loco ope- 
 rum & aftionum quae contcmplationis proles eft digna & legitima, monllra 
 iila invenias rcfonantia, &oblatrantia &ingcniorum naufragiis fimiola. 
 
 Atc^ue hujus mail author imprimis Ariftotcks, altrix ifta veftra philo- 
 fophia.
 
 REDARGUTIO P H I L O S OP H I A RU M. 119 
 
 fophia. Illi cnim vcl ludo vcl gloriae crat quaeftiones minus utiles, piimo 
 llibornaic, dcindc confodcrc ; ut pro aflctrorc veiitatis contradidionum ar- 
 tifcx fir. Peflimo enim & cxemplo & fucccilli fcicntia traditur per quaef- 
 tiones fiibminiftratas, carumquc folutioncs. Qui cnim bene aliirmat & 
 piobat, & conftiruit & componir ; is errorcs & objeciioncs iongc rummo- 
 vct & vcluti cminus impcdir & abigit 5 qui autcm cum finguHs coiluclatur, 
 is exitum rci nullum invcnit fed dilputationes fcrir. Quid cnim opus fit ci 
 qui unum luminis & vcritatis corpus datum & radiofuni in medio ftatuit 
 parva quaedam & pallida confutationum cllychnia ad omnes crrotum an- 
 gulos circumferrc : folventi alia dubia, alia per ipfmi illam folutioncni cxci- 
 tanti ac vcluti gcnetanti ? vcrum id turae, ut vidctur, ptaccipuc fuit Ari- 
 ftoteli, ut homines habcrcnt paiata in fingulis quae pronunciarcnt, quae rc- 
 jfponderent, &pcr quaefe cxpcdircnr, potius, quamquid penituscrcdcrent, aut 
 liquido cogitarcnt, aut verc Icircnt. Philolbphia autem veflra tam bene au- 
 thoreni rcfert, ut quaeftiones, quas iile movit, ilia figat & faciat acternasj ut 
 quaeri videatur, non ut Veritas cruatur, fed ut difputatio alatur: adco ut 
 Naficae fententia illi Catonis praepondcrct. Neque enim illud agitur ut 
 temporis progreflu fublatis dubiis, tanquam hollibus a tergo, ad ulteriores 
 provincias pcnctrctur ; fed ut pcrpetuae irtac quaeftiones, tanquam Carthago, 
 militiam irtam difputandi excrceanr. 
 
 Quod vcro ad opcrum fruftum & proventum attinet ; cxiftimo ex ifta 
 philofophia, per tot annorum Ipatia laborata & culta, ne unum quidem ex- 
 perimentum adduci poflc, quod ad hominum ftatum levandum & locupletan- 
 dum fpcftct, & philofophiae fpcculationibus vcrc acccptum referri poftit : 
 adco utbrutorum animalium inftindus plura invcnta pepercrinr, quam doclo- 
 rum hominum fermones. Sane Celfus ingenue & prudentcr tatctur cxpcri- 
 racnta mcdicinae primo invcnta fuiflc, ac poftca homines circa ca philofo- 
 phatos cQe «Sc caufas explorafle & aflignanc ; non ordinc invcrfo cveniftc, ut 
 ex philofophia & caufarum cognitionc ipfa cxpcrimenta dcprompta cftent j 
 neque hie finis. Non male cnim mcrita cflet philofophia ifta dc pradica, li- 
 cet cam experimcntis non auxiftct ; fi tamen ufum ejus caftiorem & pruden- 
 tiorem reddidini-r, (quod fortaftc facit;) atquc interim ejus incrementis & 
 progreffibus nihil obfuifiet. lUud autem magis damnofum, & pcrniciofum, 
 quod invcnta non folum non cdar, led etiam opprimat & cxtinguat. 
 
 Nam affirmare hcet, fihi, veriilime, Ariftotclis de quatuor eiementis 
 commcntum rem ccrrc obviam & pingucm, quia hujufmodi corpora in 
 maxima quantitate & mole ccrnuntur, cui tamcn ilk potius authoritatem 
 quam principium dedit ; cum Empedoclis cft'et, a quo etiam melius crat 
 pofitum, quod poftca avide a medicis arrcptum, quatuor complexionum, 
 quatuor humorum, quatuor primatLim qualitarum conjugationes poft fe 
 traxit : tanquam malignum & infauftum fidus inftnitam, & mcdicinae, & 
 compluribus rebus mechanicis fterilitatem attulifle, dum homines per hu- 
 jufmodi concinnitatcs & compendiofis iiicprias fibi latisheri paticntes, nil 
 amplius curant : & vivas & utiles rcrum obfcrvationcs prorfus omiferunt. 
 Itaque R illud vcrum, ex frutlibus eornm, vidctis ccrte quo res redicrit. 
 
 Agite vcro, filii, & figna ex incrementis capiamus : certc, fi ifta doc- 
 trina plane inftar plantae a ftirpibus fuis rcvulfie non cftct, fed grcmio & 
 utero naturae adhaercrct, atquc ab eadcm alcrcrur ; id minimc cventurum 
 fuilVet, quod per annos bis mille jam fieri videmus, ut fcientiac in eodcm 
 fere ftatu maneant & hacreanr, neque augmcntum aliquod mcmorabilc fum- 
 feirint. Poliuntur fortaftc nonnunquam ab aliquo, & iliuitrantur & acconi- 
 modantur (dum tamcn interim ab intiaitis laccrtntur ^ dcfonucntut& mqui- 
 
 I ncntur'' 
 
 V
 
 I20 REDARGUTIO PHI LO S O PH I ARU M. 
 
 nentur) fed utcunquc non dilatantur aut ainpliticantur. Inartibiis autcra 
 mcchanicis contra cvcnux vidcmus 5 quae ut Ipiricii quodam replctac vcsic- 
 tant & crdcunr, primo mdcs, delude commodac, poll exculrae, Cud perpe- 
 tuo auctae : pliilolophia autem & rdentiae incelleclus ilatiiarimi moix adoran- 
 tur & celebrantur, led non moventur. Qiiinetiam in piimo nonnunquam 
 aurhore maxime florcnt ; & dcinceps dcclinant.&: exarcfcimt. 
 
 Neque vero minim efl: ilia dilerimina inter mcchanicam & philorcp'.iiam 
 conipici, cum in ilia ftngulorum ingenia mifccantur, in hac corrumpantur 
 & deilruantur. Qiiod fi quis cxiflimct, fcicntiarum ut rerum cctcrariim ellc 
 qucndam llatum, idque fere in tempus unins authoris incidcre, qui bcncficio 
 temporis ufus & luae aetatis princeps, infpcdis reliquis fcriproribus & judica- 
 tis, Icicntias ipfas ablblvat & perficiat ; quod poftquani factum fit, juniores 
 rite palmas fecundas petcre ut huiufmodi authoris opera vel cxplicent vcl diL-,e- 
 rant, vcl pro fui lacculi ratione palato accommodent & vcrtant : nae ilk ma- 
 jorcm rebus humanis prudcntiam & ordinem & felicitatcm tribuir, quam cx- 
 periii tas cit, res cnim catlun recipit, nifi quod vanitas hominum ctiam for- 
 tuira in detcrius detorquet. Nan) vere ficlc res Irabet; poflquam Icicntiaali- 
 qua muitorum obfervationc & diligcntin, dum alius alia apprchendit, per 
 partes tentata ierio & traclata fit, turn exoriri aliqucm mente fidentem, lin- 
 gua porentem, methodo ceicbrem, qui corpus unum ex fingulis pro llioarbi- 
 trid efficiat & pofteris tradat : plerifquc corruptis & depravaris, & cum ccrtii- 
 fima omiilione omnium quae altiores & digniores contemplationes exhibcrc 
 poiiint, ut opinionum immodicarum & extravagantium ; & pollcri rurllis faci- 
 litate rei & compendio gaudentes, fibi gratulantur ac nil ulterius quaerunt, 
 fed ad ilia minifteria lervilia quae diximus fe convertunt. Verum vobis, Jilii, 
 pro certo fit, quae in natura fundata funt, ut aquas percnncs, perpctuo no- 
 vas fcaturigincs & emanationes haberej quae autem in opinionc \crfantur, 
 \ariari fortafic fed non augeri. 
 
 Habemus & aliud fignum, fi modo figni appcllatio in hoc competit : 
 cum potius tertimonium fit, imo teftimoniorum omnium validillimum, hoc 
 elT:, propriam authorum quorum fidei vos committitis confcilionem & judicir 
 um. Nam & illi ipfi qui didaturam quandam in fcientiis invaferunt, & tan- 
 ta fiducia dc rebus pronunciant : tamcn per intervalla, cum adfcredeunt; 
 ad 'cjuerimonias dcmum de naturae fubtilitate, rerum obfcuritatc, humani 
 ingcnii infirmitate, & fimiiia fc convertunt: Neque proptcrca, rtlii, haec 
 modertiae aut humilitati, virtutibus in rebus intelleclualibus omnium felicif- 
 fimis, deputetis : non tam faciles, aut boni fueritis : cum contra ifta non 
 confcillo, fed profeilio five pracdicatio ex iuperbia, invidia, atquc id genus 
 arteclibus ortum pro certo habeat ; id enim prorfus voluut, quicquid in fcien- 
 tiis fibi ipfis aut magiftris fuis incognitum aut intaftum fucrit, id extra termi- 
 nos poflibiles poni & removeri : haec eft ilia modeftia atque humilitas. 
 
 I T A QXJ E pelli mo fato res gcritur. Nil cnim in his rerum humanarum an- 
 gulliis, aut ad praefens magis deploratum, aut in futurum magis ominofum 
 eft, quam quod homines ignorantiam ctiam ignominiac (ut nunc lit) eximant, 
 atque artis fuae infirmitatem in naturae caliunniam vcrtant: (Sc quicquid ars 
 ilia Ida non attingit, id ex arte fcitu aut ladu impoflibilc lupponant. Neque 
 fane damnari poteft ars, cum ipla judicet ; ex hoc fonte haud paucas opinio- 
 nes & placita in philofophia rcpcriatis, quae nihil aliud quam quacfitam iftam, 
 & artificiofam, & in cognofcendo & in operando dcfpcrarionem, ad artis de- 
 cus tSc gloriam perditifiimo iioc modo tuendum lapiant 6c foveant. 
 
 HlNC 

 
 REDARGUTIO PH IL O S O PHI A R U M. izt 
 
 HiNcfchola Acadcmica quae acatakpfian ex profcflb tcniiit, & hotwincs 
 ad fcmpitcrnas tenebras damnavit. Hinc opinio, quod formac five veiac rc- 
 rum differentiae inventu impollibiles lunt; ut homines in atriis naturae pcr- 
 pctuo obambulenr, ncc intra palatium aditum fibi muniant. Hinc poiitionc^ 
 illae infirmiflimac, caiorcm folis & ignis toto gcnerc diffcrre, atquecompofi- 
 tioncm opus liominis, miftioncm opus Iblius naturae cfle: ne forte ars natu- 
 ram, ut Vulcanus Mincrvam foiiicitarc aut expugnare tentet aut (nerct; & 
 compluria hujufmodi, quae tarn ad confeflioncm tenuitatis propriac, quam 
 ad repreflioncm induftriac alienae pertinent. 
 
 It A QUE neutiquam vobis, fiiii, pro amorc & indulgcntia noftra confulue- 
 ro, ut cum rebus non folum defperatis, fed & defpcrationi dcvotis fortunaS 
 veftras mifccatis. Verum, fiiii, tempus tugit, dum capti amore &: rerutn & 
 vcftriim circumveclamur, ac omnia movemus, & initiatinncm banc vcftram, 
 inftar Aprilis aut veris cujufdam ad congelationem omncm & obftinationcm 
 folvendam & apcriendam efle cupimus. 
 
 Rest AT fignum certiflimum de modis. Modi cnim facicndi funt, po- 
 tcntia, resipfae; & prout bene aut pravc inftitutae fucrint, ita res & cffeda 
 fe habent. Itaquc ft modi liujus veftrae philofopbiiac condcndac ncc debit! 
 fint nee probabilcs : non videmus quam fpcm foveatis nifi credulam & levem. 
 Atque certc, fiiii, fi obcliicus aliquis magnitudine infignis ad triumphi fortaffc 
 aut Itujufmodi magnificentiae decus transfcrcndus cflct, atque id homines nu- 
 dis manibus tentarent; annoneos helleboro opus liaberc cogitaretis? quod 
 fi numcrum opcrariorum augerent, atque hoc modo fe valCrc pofle confiderent,- 
 annon tanto magis? quod fi ctiam deleftum adhibercnt, & imbecilliores 
 fepararent, & robuftis tantum & vigentibus uti vcllent, & hinc demum fc 
 voti compotes fore praefumercnt, aut ne hoc quidem contenti, etiam attem 
 athleticam confulcrcnt, ac omncs cum manibus & laccrtis & ncrvis ex arte 
 bene undis tSc medicatis adeffc juberentj annon prorfus eos dare operam ut 
 cum ratione quadam & prudentia infanirent ciamaretis? & tamen fimili ho- 
 mines malefano impetu feruntur in intellcctualibus, dum intelledlum vcluti 
 nudum applicant, & ab ingeniorum vel multitudine vel excellentia magna 
 Ipcrant, vel etiam dialedicis quae mentis quaedam athletica cenferi polllt, 
 ingeniorum nervos roborant : neque machinas adhibent per quas vires & fm- 
 gulorum intcndantur, & omnium coeant. 
 
 Atq^ue ut mcnti debita auxilia non fubminiftrant : ita nee naturam re- 
 rum debita obfervantia profequuntur. Qiiid enim diccmus, an nihil aliud 
 cfl: philofophiam condcre quam ex paucis vulgaribus & obviis cxpcrimentis dc 
 natura judicium facere; ac dein tota faecula in meditationibus volutarc? At- 
 que, fiiii, nefcicbam nos tarn naturae fuifle familiares, ut ex tam levi & pcr- 
 fundoria falutatione ea nobis aut arcana fua patefacere aut bcncficia impertirc 
 dignarctur. Certe nobis perinde faccrc videnrur homines, ac fi naturam ex 
 longinqua & pracalta turri defpiciant & contemplentur; quae imaginem ejus 
 quandam feu nubem potius imagini fimilem ob oculos ponat : rerum autcm 
 differentias (in quibus res liominum & fortunae fitac funt) ob earum minutias 
 & diiliantiae intcrvallum confundat & abfcondat. Et tamen laborant & ni- 
 tuntur, & intclledum tanquam oculos coiMrahunr, e)ufdemque aciem medi- 
 tatione figunr, agitatione acuunt, quinetiam artes argumcntandi veluti fpe- 
 cula artiriciofa comparant, ut iftiufmodi differentias & fubtilitatcs naturae 
 mcnte comprehcndcire & vinccre poflinr. Atque ndicula certe elfct & prae- 
 fracla Inpicntia & fedulitas, fi quis ut pcrfcdiiis & diftindius ccrncrct, vel 
 turrim conlccadat vel fpecula applicer, vel palpcbras adducat, cum ei licear, 
 abfque univerla ifta operofa & ftrcnua machinationc & indufiria, fieri voti 
 
 Vol. I. + H h compo* .
 
 122 REDARGUTIO PHILOSOPHlARUM. 
 
 compos per rem facilcm, & tamcn ifta omnia bcncficio & ufu longc fiipcraiT- 
 tcm : hoc eft, ut def<;cndat & ad res propius accedat. Atquc ccrtc in iiitcl- 
 Jcdus ulli fimilis nos excrcct imprudciitia. 
 
 Neq^ue, tilii, poftulare debemus ut natiira nobis obviam cat: led latis 
 habcmus, fi accedentibus nobis idque cultii dcbito fc confpicicndam dcr. 
 Quod fi cui in mentem veniat opiiiari talc quippiam, ctiam antiquos atquc ip- 
 lum Ariftotclcm proculdubio a meditationum luarum principio magnam \ iin 
 & copiani exempiorum five particularium paravillc, atquc candcm viam, 
 quam nos vcluti novam indicamus & %namus, revera iniiftc & confeciflc, 
 adco ut aftum agere videri pollimus: certe, filii, hacc dc illis cogitate non 
 eft integrum: fotmam enim & rationem Ibam inquircndi & ipfi proHtentur 
 ficlGtipta corum imaginem cxprcflam prae fe fcrunt. Illi enim ftatim ab iu- 
 duclionibus nullius pretii adconclufiones maxime gencrales tanquani difputa- 
 tionum polos advolubant, ad quarum conftantem & immotam veritatcm reli- 
 qua expcdicbant. Verum Icicntia conftituta, turn dcmum fiqua conttover- 
 fia de aliquo exempio vel inftantia mota eflct, ut pofiris luis refraganre : nou 
 id agebant ut pofitum illud emendarctur; led pollto falvo lia|ufiiiodi inflan- 
 tias quae ncgotium facicbant, aut per diftindioncm aliquam fubtiicm & la- 
 pientcm in ordincm redigebant, aut per exeeptioncm plane (homines non 
 mali) dimittebant. Quod fi inftantiac aut particularis rci non contradidoriac 
 reconcihatio, fed obl'curac ratio quaereretur, cam ad I'pcculationcs fuas quan- 
 doquc ingcniofe accommodabant : quandoquc miferc torquebant : quae om- 
 nis induftria & contentio res fine fundamcnto nobis vidctur. 
 'It A QUE noUte commoveri, quod frcquens alicubi inter nonnuUa Arifto- 
 tchs fcripta inveniatur exempiorum & particularium mcntio. Noveritis 
 enim, id fero & poftquam decrctum fuiflet, factum fuillc : illi enim mos erat 
 non liberam experientiam confulere, fed captivam oftentare ; nee cam ad ve- 
 ritatis inquifitionem promifcuam & aequam, fed ad didorum luorum fidcm 
 ._, follicitatam & eledam adducere. Neque rurfus tale aliquod vobifcum cogi- 
 
 tate, earn quam nos tantopcrc dcfideramus difterentiarum fubtilitatem in dif- 
 tinftionibus philofophorum fcholafticorum haberi, atque adeo elucefcerc: 
 ncquc enim exiftimetis ab hac praepoftera fubtilitatc primae negligentiae & 
 fcftinationi& temcritati fubventum eflc. Longe abeft, filii, ut hoc fieri pol- 
 fit; quin, credite mihi, quod de fortuna dici folet, id de natura verinimum 
 eft, cam a fronte capillatam, ab occipitio calvam eflc. Omnis enim ifta fcra 
 fubtilitas & diligentia, poftquam vcrum tempus obfcrvationis praetericrit, 
 naturam prenfare aut captare poteft, fed nunquam apprchendere aut caperc. 
 
 Ec^uiDEM fatis fcio, idque vos non ita multo poft experiemini: poft- 
 quam verae & nativae rerum fubtilitati, & difFerentiis in experientia fignatis 
 & cxprcflis, & fenfui fubjedlis, aut faltem per fenfum in lucem cxtradis, pau- 
 lulum infucviftis; continuo fubtilitatem illam alteram difputationum &ver- 
 borum, quae cogitationes veftras non fine magna admiratione occupavit & 
 tcnuit, quafi pro re ludicra & larva quadam & incantationc habituri firis. 
 
 QuARE milfis iftis philofophiis abftradis, vos & ego, filii, rebus ipfis nos- 
 adjungamus: ncque ad fedac condcndae gloriam animum adjiciamus; led 
 utilitatis & amplitudinis humanac curam ferio fufcipiamui,^ atque, inter 
 mentem & naturam connubium caftum & Icgitimum (pronuba milcricordia 
 divina) firmcmus; precati ctiam Deum, cujus numine & nutu haec fiunt, 
 quique ut hominum& rerum, ita luminiun & confolationum pater eft, ut ex 
 illo connubio, non phantafiae monftra, fed ftirps heroum, quae monilra do- 
 met & extinguat, hoc eft, invcnta falutaria & utilia ad neccftitates humanas ' 
 (quantum fieri datur) debcilandas & relcvandas fufcipiatur. Hoc epithalamit 
 I'otum fit. ' Cerie> 
 
 J^^
 
 REDARGUTrOPHILOSO PHI ARUM. 12 
 
 Certe, filii, tacultates, artium & fcicntiarum omnium confcnfu, aut 
 cmpiricac aut rationales funt. Has autem bene commilhs & copulatas adiiiic 
 viderc non licuit. Empirici cnim, formicac more, congciunt tantum & 
 utuntur. Rationales autem, aranearum more, telas ex fc conficiunt. Apis 
 ratio media eft, qnacmatctiam ex floribus tam horti quam a'i;ri elicit, led ii- 
 mul ctiam earn propria facultarc vcrtit & dii;crit. Neque abfimilc verae phi- 
 lofopliiae opificium eft, quae ex hiftoria naturali & experimcntis mcclianicis 
 praebitam matcriam, non in mcmoria intcgram, fed in intcilciftu mutatam 
 & fubadam rcponit. Itaque huiulinodi mellis coelcftia dona fpcrate: ncquc 
 dicite cum pigro, Leo eji in 'Via, : fed vincla quae vos premunt excutite, 6c 
 vos recipitc. 
 
 ATQUEfanc, poft vlrtutcm veftram pfopriam, niliil animos vobis magis 
 addiderit, quam fi induftriam & felicitatem, & facinora: aetatis noftrae cogi- 
 tctis. Nos noftrum /»//// ultra antiquorum non ultra haud vane oppofuimus: 
 Nos iidcm, contra antiquorum non imitabile fulmen clle ; imifabilefulmcn 
 cfTc, minime dcmcntes, led fobrii, ex novarum macliinarum expcrimento 
 & demonftratione pronuntiamus. Quin, & coelum ipfum imitabile fccimub. 
 Coeli enim eft, circuire terram : quod & noftrae navigationcs pervicerunt. 
 Turpe autem nobis fit, fi globi matcriati tradus, tcrrarum videlicet & mari- 
 um, noftris tcmporibus in immenfum apcrti & illuftrati lint : globi autem in- 
 tclkdualis lines, inter vctcrum inventa & anguftias ftetcrint. 
 
 NEquE parvo inter fc nexu devinfta & conjugata funt ifta duo, pcrluftra- 
 tio regionum & fcicntiarum. Plurinia cnim per longinquas navigafiones & 
 percgrinationts in natura patuerunt, quae novam fapientiac & fcicntiae iiu- 
 manacluccm afFundere poffint, & antiquorum opinioncs &: conjcduras expc- 
 rimento rcgere. Eademduo non rationc folum fed ctiam vaticinio conjuncia 
 vidcntur. Nam eo prophctae oraculum haud obfcurc fpcclarc videtur: ubi 
 dc noviflimis tcmporibus loquutus, illud fub/ungit, Multi pertranftbunt, 
 Cf multiplex erit fcientia : ac fi orbis tcrrarum pertranfitus five pcragratio,& 
 fcicntiarum augmenta ^vic multiplicatio, cidcm aietati & facculodeftinarcntur. 
 
 Praesto ctiam eft imprimendi artificium veteribus incognitum, cujus 
 bcncficio fingulorum inventa fulguris modo tranfcm-rcre poflint, & fubito 
 communicari ad aliorum ftudia cxcitanda, & inventa mifcenda, Quarc uten- 
 dum eft aetatis noftrae pracrogativa, neque committendum, ut, cum haec 
 tanta vobis adfint, vobis ipfi dcfitis. Nos autem, lilii, ab animorum veftro- 
 rum pracparatione aufpicati, in rcliquis vobis non dccrimus. Probe cnim no- 
 vimus tabcUas mentis, a tabeUiscommunibus ditferfc. In ii's non alia infcrip- 
 fcris nifi priora delcvcris, in illis priora acgredeleveris, nifi nova infcripferis. 
 
 Itaq^ue rem in longum non difixrcmus: illud itfdcm vos moncntcs, nc 
 tanta vobis dc noftris invcntis polli'ceamini, quin meliora a vobis ipfis fperetis. 
 Nos enim Alcxandri fortunam nobis fpondemus, (ncquc vanitatis nos argua- 
 tisantequam rei exitum audiatis;) illius enim res gcftae reccnti mcmoria ut 
 portcntum accipicbantur. Ita cnim loquitur uiius ex aemulis oratoribus : 
 N.OS certe "vitam humanam non degimus ; fed in id nati futnus, ut pojleri 
 de nobis portenta praedicent . Sed poftquam dcferbuiflet ita admiratio, at- 
 que homines rem attentius introfpcxiflent, opcrac prctium eft animadvcrtcrc 
 quale judicium dc CO faciat fcriptor Romanus, Nil aliud quam bene aufiis 
 ejl vana cuntenmere. Ita & nos fimilc quiddam apofteri's audicmusi poft- 
 quam emancipati, & fui jam fadi, & proprias vires cxperti initia noftra mag- 
 nis intcrvallis fuperaverint. In quo fane judicio illud rede, noftra nil magni 
 clfc: illud non rede, fi aufis tribuant quae humilitati dcbcntur: humilitati 
 (inquam) & privationi cuidam iftius human ae.fuperbiac, quae univeria pcrdi- 
 
 dit.
 
 t24. TO THE LORD MOUNTJOYE. 
 
 dit, quacque volucrcs quafdam meditationcs loco divinac in rebus fignaturae 
 confccravit. Hac eiiim ex parte rcvcra nobis gratulaniur, cSc co nomine t'eii- 
 ccs nos & bene de gcncre humano mcritos elfe exirtimamus, quod olkndimus 
 quid vera & Icgitima Ipiritus humani humiliatio poflit. Verum quid nobis 
 ab liominibus dcbeatur, ipfi vidcrint ; nos certc nos noltraque vobis dtbeuuis. 
 
 Omnibus qui aderant digna magnitudinc generis & nominis humani 
 oratio vifa eft, & tamen libertati quamarrogantiae propior. Ita aurem inter 
 fe coUoquebantur : fe inftar corum eflc, qui ex locis opacis & umbrofis in 
 luccm apertam fubito exierint, cum minus videant quam priusj led cumcer- 
 ta & laeta fpe facultatis mclioris. 
 
 TuAi ille qui haec narrabat; tu veto quid ad ifta dicis? inquit. Grata 
 funt (inquam) quae narrafti. Atquc ^inquit) fi funt ut dicis grata, fi tu tortc 
 dc his rebus aUquid fcripferis, locum invenias ubi haec inferas, ncque pcrc-; 
 griaationis noftrac fruclus perire patiaris. AEquum pofculas, inquam, nc-- 
 que oblivifcar. 
 
 Mr. Francis Bacon of the Colours of Good and 
 Evil ; to the Lord Mountjoye. 
 
 Is END you the laft part of the bcft book of Ariftotle oiStagira^ who (as 
 your Lordfhip knoweth) goeth for the bcft author. But faving the civiF 
 refpcct which is due to a received eftimation, the man being a Grecian^ 
 and of a hafty wit, having hardly a difcerning patience, much lefs a teaching 
 patience, hath fo delivered the matter, as I am glad to do the part of a good 
 houfe-hen, which without any ftrangenefs will fit upon pheafants eggS: A n\S. 
 yet perchance, fome that ftiall compare my lines with Arijlotle's lines, will 
 mule by what art, or rather by what revelation I could draw thct'c conceits 
 out of that place. But I that fhould know beft, do freely acknowledge, 
 that I had my light from him ; for where he gave mc not matter to perfect, 
 at the leaft he gave me occafion to invent. Wherein as I do him right, bcins; 
 my felf a man that am as free from envying the dead in contemplation, as 
 from envying the living in adlion or fortune : fo yet ncverthelefs ftill I fay, 
 and I fpeak it more largely than before, that in perufing the writings of this 
 perfon fo much celebrated, whether it were the impediment of his wit, or 
 that he did it upon glory and atfecfation to be fubtile, as one that if he had 
 fcen his own conceits clearly and perfpicuoufly delivered, perliaps would 
 have been out of love with them himfelf; or clfe upon policy, tokcephim- 
 felf clofe, as one that had been a cltallengcr of all the world, and had raifed 
 infinite contradiction. To wliat caufe foe'ver it is to be afcribed, I do not 
 find him to deliver and unwrap himfelf well of that he fecmeth to conceive ; 
 nor to be a mafter of his own knowledge. Neither do I for my part alfo 
 (though I have brought in a new manner of handling this argument to make 
 it pleafant and lightfome) pretend fo to ha\e overcome the nature of the fub- 
 jeftj but that the full underftanding and ufe of itwiil be fomewhat dark, 
 and beft plcafing the tafte of fuch wits as are patient to ftay the digcfling and 
 folutingunto themfelvesof that which is fharp and fubtile. Which was the 
 caufe, joined with the love and honour which I bare to your Lordlhip, as 
 the perfon I know to have many virtues, and an excellent order of them, 
 which moved me to dedicate this writing to your Lordlhip, after the antient 
 manner : clwofing both a friend, and one to whom I conceived the argu- 
 ment was agreeable. FINIS. 
 
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