r -NRLF REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Received *,^/aPCU^ i8S^ Accessions No. :2<^^yi/!L Shelf No. . / V A MANUAL OF THE SmA CHALDEE LANGUAGE; CONTAINING A CHALDEE GRAMMAR, CHIEFLY FROM THE GERMAN OF PROFESSOR G. B. WINER; CHRESTOMATHY, CONSISTING OF SELECTIONS FROM THE TARGUMS, AND INCLUDING THE WHOLE OF THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE, WITH NOTES ; AND VOCABULARY, ADAPTED TO THE CHRESTOMATHY. Mvn-H AN '^^^APPEJVDIX ON IJtHhTMJliri" ■ f CHARACTER AND STYLE. BY ELIAS RIGGS, A. M. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY PERKINS AND MARVIN, PHILADELPHIA — FRENCH AND PERKINS. Codman Press, Andover, 1832. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Perkins & Marvirt, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. ^L^ep^c^ KLAGG AND GOULD. ...PRINTERS. PREFACE BY PROFESSOR STUART. My young friend, who now ventures to make his appearance before the world in the following sheets, feeling a diffidence which is natural to youth and modest adventurers in a literary enterprise, prefers an in- troduction of his undertaking and object to the public by me, rather than to make one for himself With great readiness I yield to his wish- es, because I have it much at heart, to commend the good work in which he has been engaged. The study of the Chaldee language is worthy of commendation, on various grounds. (1) A knowledge of it is highly important, in aiding the student more fully to understand the Hebrew. The basis of Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan, is well known by every good oriental scholar, to be one and the same. Hence it may be truly said, that he, who has a solid and fundamental knowledge of the genius of one of these languages, possesses a real knowledge of them all. The mean- ing is, that the genius, structure, idiom, peculiarities of syntax, and a multitude of the words, are substantially the same in all ; so that he, who has acquired a radical acquaintance with any one of them, is pre- pared to make very rapid and easy progress in them all. The student who understands the Hebrew, has only to read through the pages of the Grammar in the following sheets, in order to be fully satisfied of the correctness of this statement. And if correct, then is it obvious, that in every step of his progress in the study of the Chaldee, he is gaining additional light and satisfaction and confirmation, in regard to the meaning, forms, and structure of the Hebrew. Who will say that the study of Greek, Latin, French (specially the Norman), and Saxon, does not cast light upon the English language? Indeed, how can it ever be radically understood, without some knowledge of these languages? But the Chaldee is much nearer to the Hebrew, than any of these languages to the English. (2) The most important ancient helps extant, for illustrating the meaning of Hebrew words, are in the Chaldee language. The two IV PREFACE. TarfTums of Onkclos and Jonathan, (which extend over the most con- siderable portion of the Old Testament), are more to be depended on in difficult cases, than any other aid to which we can resort, in all the store-houses of antiquity. In all probability they are older than the Christian era, (excepting a few later adscititious passages that have been mingled with them); and inasmuch as they are substantially of the same idiom with the Hebrew, so they often give us the exact shape, as well as meaning of the Hebrew, better than any or all other ancient versions. Let the attentive student note the use which Rosenmueller has, with so manifest advantage to his commentaries, often made of the Targums. We may reasonably have a confidence in such ancient Chaldee translators, that they, at least for the most part, rightly under- stood their original. (3) Several chapters in Ezra and Daniel, as exhibited in our He- brew Bibles, are in the Chaldee language. The student, then, who de- signs to acquire the power of consulting all the original Scriptures, must make himself acquainted with the Chaldee language. (4) Whoever designs to pursue Talmudic and Rabbinic literature, or to be able to judge of quotations from the Talmud or the Rabbins, must have some acquaintance with the Chaldee. The Gemara of the Talmud, is Chaldaic in its idiom; and so are nearly all of the older Rabbinical writings. All the works of this class are, indeed, of a cor- rupt dialect and mixed nature ; but they all Chaldaize. (5) The Chaldee is a very easy conquest to the well-grounded He- brew student. A few weeks devoted to it will enable him to read it with as much facility as he does the Hebrew. Buxtorf's Lexicon Chald. Talmud. Rabhinicum, is a complete store-house of these dialects, and is a book which may be procured for a trifle. It is an " opus triginta annorum ;" and truly a paragon in this species of lexicography. Eve- ry biblical student should possess it. A Polyglott Bible will present the student with all the Targums ; and Buxtorf s Biblia Rabhinica, will not only give these, but all the distinguished Rabbinic commentaries, such as those of Kimchi, Jarchi, Aben Ezra, etc. The present volume renders Chaldee accessible to our American students. Hitherto the means have not been in their power, and could not be without much expense and trouble. The price of such works as the present must be enhanced among us, because the cost of pub- lishing is so great, and the sale so limited and slow. The student, who takes all those things into consideration, will not complain of the price of the present work. I should not do justice to my feelings, if I should omit to say a word in this connection, respecting the publishers of this little volume. They PREFACE. have engaged in the present undertaking, without any expectation of pecuniary remuneration for their labours. My meaning is, that neither myself nor they, have thought it probable, that such a volume as the present could find purchasers sufficiently numerous, in our country, to yield any profit to the publishers. And on the same ground, the author of the volume has voluntarily relinquished a part of the reward which his labours might justly claim in other circumstances. The thanks of all who are engaged in the promotion of oriental study in our country, are justly due, for the generous adventure in which both author and publishers engage, in sending out this little volume into the world. Nearly all the sheets of the present volume have passed under my eye before they were struck off. My engagements have been so ur- gent during the printing of them, that I have not been always able to give that minute attention to them which I wished ; but I have no hes- itation in saying, that the student will not find many errors in the print- ing which will give him any serious annoyance. As to the work itself, the plan and the execution are throughout such as I can commend. The grammar is brief; but quite copi- ous enough for the student who is well versed in Hebrew. In the text, notes, and lexicon of the Chrestomathy, will be found all that is needful in an introduction to the Chaldee language. With Buxtorf's Lexicon and the Targums, one can easily make his own way, after reading this Chrestomathy. To all lovers of oriental study, I commend the work, and my young friend who has executed it. I hope and trust, that this is only the first fruits of a golden harvest which he may yet produce, to enrich the treas- uries of sacred Literature. MOSES STUART. Theol. Seminary ; Andover, Sept. 1832. ADVERTISEMEIVT. In the tables of pronouns and numerals, and generally in the gram- mar, unusual forms are included in parentheses. In references to the Scriptures, where the name of the Targum is not given, that of Onkelos is to be understood, when the passages cited are from the Pentateuch, and that of Jonathan, when they are taken from the prophets. Distinct meanings of words are separated, in ttie vocabulary, by semicolons. Where two or more words are employed to express or illus- trate the same definition, they are separated by commas. I ought not to omit this opportunity of expressing ray sincere grati- tude to those gentlemen who have in various ways rendered me assist- ance in the execution of this work ; especially to the Rev. Prof Stuart, to whose revision nearly all the sheets have been submitted before go- ing to the press, and who has kindly prepared the above preface. £. RIGGS. Tlieol. Sem. ; Andover, | Sept. 183a j CONTENTS. Page. I.VTKOD0CTION. ChALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ... 9 GRAMMAR. PART L — Orthography and Orthoepy. Consonants 17 Vowels 17 Dagesh 19 Mappiq 20 Accents 20 Tone-syllable 20 Of reading unpointed text 21 PART II.— Etymology. Deriration and inflection of words generally 22 Mutations of consonants 23 Vowel changes 25 PRONOUN'S ; personal and possessive 27 Suffix pronouns .28 Deraouitrative pronouns 30 Relative and interrogative 30 VERBS ; derivation and inflection 31 Conjugations 31 Moods and tenses 33 Inflection of the Regular Verb 33 Notes on the Par. of the Regular Verb 35 Personal inflection of the participles 37 Unfrequent Conjugations 38 auadriliteral Verbs 38 Verbs with Gutturals 38 Regular Verbs with Suffix-pronouns 39 IRREGUL.^R VERBS 41 Verbs Pe Nun 41 Avin doubled 42 PbYodh 43 Pe Aleph 44 Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh 45 Lamedh Aleph . 46 doubly anomalous 48 defective, and mixed forms 49 irregular, with suffix pronouns 50 NOUNS ; derivation 52 gender and number 52 states; emphatic -54 Declension 55 Dec. T. II 56 Dec. Ill 57 Dec. IV. V .58 Dec. VI. Vn. VIII 59 Dec. IX 60 Irresular nouns ; . . 61 ADJECTIVES • .... 61 Numerals ................. 61 P.VRTICLES; adverbs : 62 Propositio.i.j ; 63 Conjunctions 64 Interjections 64 Vlll CONTENTS. PART III.— Syntax. PRONOUNS; personal 65 Used instead of the subst. verb ; 65 Pronouns; relative 66 interrogativQ 66 reflexive, how designated . 66 indelinito 66 demonstrative 66 VERBS ; use of the tenses 66 Peculiar modo of designating certain tenses . . i 67 Use of the Imperative • 67 ' Infinitive 68 Participles 68. Optative mood 69 Agreement of the verb with its subject 69 Impersonal verbs ; how designated 69 Regimen of verbs 70 Verbs used for adverbs 70 Constructio pvaegnans 70 Ellipsis 70 NOUNS; designation of cases 71 Use of the cases 72 plural 72 Repetition of nouns 72 ADJECTIVES 73 comparison of 73 NUMERALS ; 73 PARTICLES ; adverbs 74 Negatives 75 Interrogat.'ve particles 75 PARADIGMS of verbs, nouns, &c 76 CHRESTOMATHY. PART I. — Select sentences from the Targum of Onkejlos . . 91 PART II. — Extracts from the Targums. L History of the fall, Gen. 3. Onkelos 93 II. The same. Gen. 3. Pseudo-Jonathan 95 III. The same, Gen. 3. Jerusalem Targum 98 IV. Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel, Gen. 4:8. Jerusalem Targum . . .99 V. Marriage of Samson, Judg. 14. Jonathan .100 VI. Prediction of Messiah's kingdom, Ps. 2. author of the Targum uncertain . . .102 VIL The praises of Jehovah, Ps. 8. 102 VIII. Parable of the vineyard, Isa. 5: 1 — 7. Jonathan 103 IX. Extract from Isaiah's prediction of the Messiah, Isa. 52: 13—53: 2. Jonathan . . 104 X. Aphorisms of Solomon, Prov. 10: 1 — 12. Targumist unknown 104 PART III.— The Biblical Chaldee. I. Jeremiah 10: 11 106 II. Daniel 2: 4—7: 26 106 III. Ezra 4: 8—6: 18 : 123 IV. Ezra 7: 12— 23 127 NOTES on Part I i ..... 199 on Part IL . . ; 135 on Part III 144 VOCABULARY 151 APPENDIX A. Rabbinical Character and Style 175 APPENDIX B. On the Syriac Language now spoken in the East 179 INTRODUCTION. CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The Aramean, one of the three grand divisions* of the Shemitish or Oriental languages, comprises two principal subdivisions ; viz. the Syriac, sometimes called, bj way of distinction. West Aramean, and the Chaldee, or East Ara- mean. The appropriate region of the latter was the province of Babylonia, between the Euphrates and Ti- gris, the original inhabitants of which, (related in respect of their origin to the Hebrews and Syrians, and who should not be confounded with the Chaldeans, a tribe which occupied that region much later,) cultivated this language as a distinct dialect, and communicated it to the Jews during the Babylonian exile. The Chaldeans [Xaldaloi, fi'''7t53] originated, as is evident from a comparison of the statements of Greek authors, (particularly Xeno- phon,) with those of the Bible, in the mountains of Armenia. Partly overcome by the Assyrians, they removed to the plains of Mesopota- mia, and especially of Babylonia, in the seventh century B. C. They afterwards not only gained their own independence, but rose to univer- sal dominion on the ruins of the great Assyrian Monarchy. The name Babylonians (Ezra 4: 9) we apply, on the other hand, to the ori- ginal inhabitants of Babylonia, who were of a Shemitish (Aramean) stock. To them belonged the language of which we are treating ; and it may therefore not inappropriately be termed Babylonish. For, that the Chaldeans did not speak the same language as the descendants of * Aramean, Hebrew and Arabic. 2 10 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. Abraham who settled in Palestine did, nor even a kindred dialect, is clear from the Chaldaic names of gods, kings, and offices, which appear in the Old Testament after the time of Nebuchadnezzar, and which are connected with the Medo-Persian language, (see Gesenius' Ge- schichte der Hebr. Sprach. p. 62 seq.), but which admit no adequate explanation from the Shemitish. The appellation Aramean (language) is derived from 2 Kings 18: 26. Isa. 36: 11. Ez. 4: 7, and Daniel 2: 4. In the first two passages the name n"';^"^i< is applied to the dialect through which the Assyrian and Chaldean officers made themselves understood in conversation with Hebrews [Jews] ; i. e. the universal language of the inhabitants of the Assyrian [Chaldean] kingdom on this side the Tigris. See Gesenius Com. zu Jes. .Vol. I. p. 956 seq. In the last case, on the other hand, the Chaldean magians address Nebuchadnezzar in Aramean ; which is indeed remarkable. It is manifest however that the same dialect is meant from the sequel, in which the speech of the magians is inserted in the Chaldee dialect, now so called. In the Greek and Latin lan- guages the term Aramean is not wholly wanting, (comp. Strabo I. p. 212. Ed. Siebenkees), although Syriac is very extensively used in respect to Syria, Mesopotamia and Babylonia, and specially of the Zan^Mo^es of these countries. Comp. Xen. Cyrop. 7, 5, 31. Jerome on Dan. 2: 4. Strabo II. p. 58. — On the name applied to the Chaldee by the Talmudists, see Lightfoot Hor. Heb. on John 4: 2. and below No. 2. Chaldaic, [C'^'^ips 'ji\rr] in the Old Testament, signifies the lan- guage of the inhabitants of Chaldea proper, which, according to Dan. 1: 4, was the court language under Nebuchadnezzar. On the other hand, Philo uses Xuldu'i'oil of the Babylonian also, and even of the an- cient Hebreiv. To what extent the Babyloneo-Aramean was cultivated as a sepa- rate dialect, and whether it ever became the language of books, histo- ry does not inform us. That it continued in Babylonia, in connexion with the proper Chaldee, as the language of ordinary intercourse, is evident, partly from the above-quoted Scripture passages and from sev- eral passages in Xenophon's Cyropaedia, but especially from the well known circumstance, that the exiled Jews found the Babylonish, as a living language, in the provinces to which they were carried. It a]> pears also, from the remains of the Pehlvi dialect, that the Babylonish produced a very great influence upon the ancient language of the Chal- deans, (i. e. the Median.) See Gesenius Com. iiber Jes. Vol. I. p. 947. 2. Bj means of the Jews \\\e Chaldee was transplant- CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1 1 ed into Palestine, where it became the vernacular tongue, and was employed by them, as it had been in Babylonia, as the language of books. Though the Aramean as spo- ken by Jews partook somewhat of the Hebrew charac- ter, no entire or very important corruption of it took place; and to this circumstance alone the Babylonians are indebted, for the survival, or at least the partial preser- vation, of their language, which, even in the mother coun- try, has, since the spread of Islamism, been totally ex- tinct. The Jews however did not, immediately after their return, adopt the Chaldee exclusively. It was not until the time of the Maccabees, that this language completely displaced the Old Hebrew, as Gesenius has demonstrated. Gesch. d. Heb. Spr. p. 44. Concerning the Chal- dee as the language of books among the Jews, see No. 3. It is clear from Ezra 4: 7, 8, that it was also the government-language of the western provinces of the Persian empire. The Samaritans also spoke a dialect very nearly resembling the Chaldee. In later times, the name Hebrcio (tj^gcc'ig, t^galg diaXfKTog, yXma- aa 7C0J' i§Qaio)v, t^^ja'Cati,) was transferred to the Babylonish dialect; comp. Prol. to Sirach, John 5: 2. 19: 13. Acts 21: 40. 22: 2. 26: 14. Rev. 9: 11. 16: 16. Jerome Prol. to 1. Mace. It was even cal- led TittiQioQ ylMOGu, ^(avrj. 2 Mac. 13: 37. Joseph. Jewish Wars Pref § 1. The Talmudists, on the other hand, call the Chal- dee, in distinction from the Old Hebrew, 'ins^ 'H5>n "jllUb- See Lightfoot on John 5: 2. Also '^D"nD [Syriac] Baba Kama fol. 83, 1, Sot. 49. 2. Pesach. 61. 1. Compare C. H. Zeibich de lingua Jud. Heb. tempore Christi. Viteb. 1741. The name Chaldaic did not, however, become totally obsolete. We find it again in Jerome, Prol. ad Tob., Judith. It is plain, from the nature of the case, that the Babylonish lan- guage would, as spoken and written by Jews, i. e. by those who inhab- ited Palestine, receive something of the Hebrew character. That such was the fact will be more particularly shown below, No. 3. Still the assertion is incorrect, that the Chaldee which we have, (and which has come to us only through the Jews,) has been extraordinarily corrupted by them, or is a mixture of Hebrew with pure Babylonian. See Mich- aelis Abh. v. d. Syr. Spr. 36 seq. Wahl Geschichte d. morg. Sprachen. § 78 seq. Meyer Hermeneut. d. A. T. vol. I. p. 266. Comp. Jahn Ein- 12 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. leitung ins A. T. I. 248, 284. For, from a comparison of the Chaldee (as it is found in the old Targums, for example,) with the Syriac, which we learn from native Syrian authors, it is evident that the Chaldee has all the most important peculiarities of grammatical form and syntactical construction, as well as the greatest part of its stock of words — copia vcrborum, in common with the Syriac. Its prominent features are those of an Aramcan dialect. On the other hand, those traits in which the Chaldee differs from the Syriac and agrees with the Hebrew, are few ; and those few relate mostly to orthography and punctuation. See No. 4. But why may not all this be regarded as dialectic differ- ence ? As widely as the Aramean was extended, it was natural that, like other languages extensively in use, it should split up into different dialects. The Hebrew and Phenician, notwithstanding their original relation and vicinity, exhibit variations of this kind. Besides, it would be difficult, on the other supposition, to say why the Jews varied from the Aramean character in so few points, and those such as differed from the Hebrew not more than others which they have left untouch- ed : why for example, they said bpp'^ instead of btpp: , N-taj? instead of i^rtSJiT:, which certainly did not savor more of foreign idiom than ^•'Sr^ for S'GbTo , N^ii for Qi'r; or bDp'J for ^Uf:: . The periods of Persian and Grecian supremacy introduced some Persian and Greek words into the Babylonish (though less than into the Syriac) ; whence even the Targum of Onkelos is not free from Greek words. But the Saracen dominion, which commenced with the invasion of Babylonia by the hosts of the Kaliphs, A. D. 640, soon to- tally annihilated the ancient language of the country, so that, at the present day, not a relic of it exists in the East : and the story that the Chaldee is now spoken in some villages near Mosul andMardin, (Nie- buhr Reise II. 363), is without probability and is not confirmed by more recent travellers. For another account, which however is not well attested, see Eichhorn's Bibliothek VIII. 435. But see Appendix on this subject. 3. The principal remains of the Chaldee dialect in our possession are' the following (l) In the canonical books, Ezra 4: 8—6: 18. 7: 12—26. Daniel 2: 4—7: 28. Jerem. 10: 11. (2) A class of translations and paraphra- ses of the books of the O. Test. [Targums] which have originated in different ages, and which exhibit very consid- erable varieties of linguistic and exegetical character. Note I. In respect to linguistic character, with which alone we are CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 13 at present concerned, these remains of the Babylonish dialect may be divided into three classes. The purest Chaldee, (i. e. the freest from Hebraism,) appears in the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch. Similar to this in respect to words, orthography and grammatical con- struction, but somewhat inferior, is the Biblical Chaldee, which is in- terspersed throughout with Hebrew peculiarities ; e. g. the substitu- tion of M for N whether quiescent or not, the Plural termination d"^— , the Dual form, the conj. Hophal. Finally, the remaining Targums are composed in a language, not only abounding in foreign words, but exhibiting many peculiar fijrms, (e. g. Hiphil tl'^pni* from Cnp , 12 preformative of the Infin. Pael, Ithpeel and Ithpaal,) part of which resemble the Syriac or Rabbinic, (as 2 prefixed to the 3d p. Fut. and the syllable n3 prefixed in Passives,) and part arise from con- tractions, (as in the numerals). These peculiarities have been noti- ced, though inadequately by Eichhorn (Einl. ins A, T. H. 6 seq. 00 seq). They deserve indeed to be collected into a separate treatise. In the sequel the later Chaldee will constantly be distinguished from the earlier. Note 2. The language of the Talmud is commonly termed Chaldee. The Mishna and the Gemara are however very different. The former is written in a dialect nearly resembling the Hebrew, and is only dis- figured by some Chaldee forms ; the style of the Gemara exhibits the fundamental characteristics of Chaldee, both in respect to the roots of words and their grammatical conformation — still it is to be regarded, especially the Jerusalem Gemara, as a very corrupt Chaldee. Its grammar needs therefore to be treated separately. See J. E. Faber Anm. z. Erlernung des Talmud, und Rabbin. Gott. 1770. Note 3. The Chaldee [Syrochaldaic] originals of several of the Apocryphal books [those which were written in Palestine] are lost. See Jerome Prol. ad Tob., Judith, I. Mace, and the Tntrr. of Eichhorn, Bertholdt and De Wette. Josephus also wrote his work on the Jewish War in the Syrochaldaic language, (Jewish War, Preface § 1). 4. The Chaldee with which we are now concerned sustains, as is apparent from the shghtest observation, a near relation to the Syriac, and shares with that dialect all its essential peculiarities, both in respect to the forms of words and their themes, but differs from it in details sufficiently to claim separate individuality as a dialect. These variations concern rather the grammatical forms than the themes of words, and especially punctuation, in 14 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. which the Chaldee nearly accords with the old Pheni- cian and Hebrew. Note 1. On the connexion of Chaldee with Syriac, see Michaelis Abhandl. von der syr. Sprache, pp. 12 seq. Note 2. A full consideration of Chaldee ground-forms would be out of place here. I shall only notice the change of letters for others of somewhat different sounds, in such words as the Chaldee has in common with the Hebrew. In consequence of that flat pronunciation which characterises the Aramean dialects, we frequently find n and n substituted for the Hebrew f and ':ji ; e. g. ni'7 to offer (sacrifices), an'7 gold^ ^^'l seed, 'nin to break in pieces, *i^n an ox ; and 'c for ^, as ^^D « rock, NUy counsel. Besides these, j{ is used almost constantly instead of fn final, i£ is sometimes changed into y, as yiN [7~i.J<]. (On the cause of this change, compare Gesenius Heb. Lex. letter v) ; 2 in- to b, as NbJab.N a ividoio. Finally, it is scarcely necessary to remark, that letters of the same organ may be interchanged ; e. g. n''")i3 [Heb. rT'-jS^J brimstone, i'^ip [Heb. 5-n'i3] a helmet, iUVJO [Heb. n:^n] to tvander. Note. 3. In respect to grammatical forms, the Chaldee shares the following peculiarities in common with the Syriac. (1) The same forms of words are pronounced with fewer vow- els than in Hebrew, so that the consonants predominate in grammati- cal formations; as !:Dp , ^b^^ , b''pp • (2) The emphatic state (of nouns) equivalent to the article in Hebrew and Arabic. (3) 1: as a mark of the Accusative. (4) The termination ']'i_. for the plural of masculines. (5) Distinction of genders in the 3d p. plur. Pret. of verbs. (6) The formation of Passives by prefixing the syllable nw^. (7) The formation of the third conjugation like Vl?.i^N • (8) Imperatives Passive. (9) Two participles in the Actives of the second and third Conj. (10) The use of the participles with pronouns for a separate tense. (11) The preference of N to n as a termination of words ; e. g. fObJ2 a queen, and the consequent confusion of verbs Nb and rh- (12) The use of pleonastic suffixes before the Genitive. (13) The use of the 3d p. pi. of Actives in a Passive sense. Note 4. Peculiarities of the Chaldee, in which it differs from the Syriac, and more nearly resembles the Hebrew. (1) Preference of the clearer-sounding vowels. Thus a is often substituted for the Heb. and Syr. o ; e. g. Sn3 , Syr. Is As ; N^^N , Syr, ] C)^ ; D^y , Heb. CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 15 , p fibi3>; d3N:, Heb. uJSN; bf? , Heb. V^p; ^np , Syr. \f£) ; the plural termination of feminines ]_ instead of Syr. y_. So the Chaldee often has T where T occurs in Syriac, e. g. Hs ,y^ ; and _ for the Syr. _ ; e.g. ^ppn Syr. N5ia.^£)Z. — (2) Avoiding diphthongs; compare N73i"^ with f.lDQj. , ^^b^ const, st. with >_.^l:;.i£) , T'^.iN with r-^o|, ib^ with alii.v«^ also otiant letters ; compare iD^tt my king with ^-.S-i^bo , •«^t:p with v_i!!:::5.a.^£) , Nbt2p with ^!b:;k.^\£;. — (3) The possibility of doubling letters not guttural ; as biap , ^.^^ . — (4) The tone regularly on the ultimate ; nb'bf^ , ( "^ \v^ . — (5) The formation of the Inf except in Peal without the prefix 73, &:.c. — In respect to orthography, it may be remarked here that the scriptio jjlena, or full mode of writing quiss«tr: cents, is decidedly prevalent in Chaldee. '^\\!^*' >7 '" or THE THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPAL HELParEBltty E K S I>T STUDY OF CHALDEE. \s^ instead of inOni^t. So in Latin we have immi- nutus for inminutus, mi for mihi, hodie for hoc die, &c. It is plainly with this latter class of changes that we are at present chiefly concerned. § 6. Mutations of Consonants. The derivation and inflection of words, so far as they depend on the consonants, are effected .by other letters (beside those which compose the root), being prefixed, in- serted or suffixed ; or by the radicals themselves being omitted, doubled or commuted with other letters; e. g. b'OJ^P,, ^VJp., &«5Vop,, ^Ipp_ from yjp; nD from niD; '^\^ from i^by . For these purposes the Chaldee em- ploys the letters j^, 51, 1, % 12,2,7] . It belongs to the details of etymology to exhibit the manner in which these servile letters are employed in each particular case. Those changes only will be noticed in this place, which, in the formation and inflection of words, are the results of eu- phony. Such are the assimilation, transposition, omission, commutation and insertion of consonants. a. Assimilation takes place regularly, (l) Of the letter 3, when it occurs as the final consonant of a mixed syllable and immediately precedes another consonant. Thus instead of pSD*] is commonly written pS*^, Dn!D'Q instead of Dn!l)3^. Comp. § 18. — (2) Of n in the passive prefix n^i with a succeeding D or 'I , more rarely with any other letter. See § 10. 5. Note. The converse of this takes place, when, instead of doubling a consonant, the letter 3 is inserted ; e. g. ""rirp for '^iip ; nni:^ for nzN Job 31: 12. Dan. 4: 9. (This takes place however in only a few words which must be learned by practice.) — "^ also is so used in the later Tar- gums ; e.g. "jn^il^iit instead of p'-ip^N Gen. 38: 9. Pseudo-Jon. ''^'^73 in- stead of -^^12 Eccl. 10: 12. 24 § 6. MUTATIONS OF CONSONANTS. b. Transposition. The D of the passive preformati've Dfii regularly changes places with the first radical, when . that happens to be a sibilant (t, D, 2, ^ or "iD); e.g. c. The following letters are dropped, (l) "^ and 3 in some forms in which they would stand in the beginning of a word without a vowel; e.g. pS instead of pSD , ^l [Imp.] for S?'!']. — (2) Consonants destitute of vowels, by contraction; e.g. "idrii^J instead of ^^'xrii^, lO'^nri in- stead of "1D57 'i^in. Here belong also "TSJ^ instead of "TSwyj^, >iniD instead of iXni^'D Ex.9: 31. Jon.— (3) 3 without a vowel and in the end of a syllable, of partici- ples changed into tenses ; e. g. lirT^^Dp for ]'^n3''^Dp . — (4) Very frequently the quiescents ; e. g. ITll^^ instead of 11152.^'^, 'inm instead of '^n&{Tn.— (5) n in' the end of words, constantly in the absolute state of feminine forms like n'lD^'Q;~also in the later Targums '^IS for n^'S Gen. 22; 19. Jonath. d. Commutation takes place, especially of quiescents ; (l) When one quiescent letter is exchanged for another capable of quiescing in the same vowel ; as ^1^1^ instead of "l^JilO , (which is merely an orthographical change;) — (2) When a quiescent, homogeneous with the charac- teristic vowel of a particular form, is substituted for one which would be heterogenous ; as G'^pJi for CIpN (Dlpi^). But those numerous cases of verbs Nb do not belong here, in which "^ appears instead of N ; nor such instances as ^jn'^anjo instead of Nni<^"ij5 ; for in these cases the "^ is only the original consonant (which had been displaced by another), restored. See above. e. Insertion. X prosthetic is sometimes inserted in ca- ses where otherwise a syllable would commence with two consonants ; e. g. ^T\'dlii , *'*^ni^ • Here belong also § 7. VOWEL-CHANGES. 25 such cases as l.^ril^ instead of ")5i^n>{ , !:t3p^l^i instead of 7Dpi;{n>}. For Dogesh Jorte is here euphonic, being pri- marily designed to shorten the pronunciation, (see Gese- nius Lehrgeb. p. 860) though it constantly indicates the doubling of the consonant; and for this purpose the vol el of the i^5 falls back to the H of the prefix, j^^^^ LIB^J' OF THB ^ .n T. 7 . ,;U1TIVEIISIT7 § 7. Vowd changes. \ /> j, ob- ^ k The derivation and inflections of words are effected, in the second place, by vowels, when forms of words de- rived from the same ground-form are characterized by different vowels ; ex. '^bp from "^bp , ^ I2p from 7Dp , ^^D from 7^D . It is impossible to decide, in each par- ticular case, why such and such vowels have been select- ed as characteristic of the form. We can distinctly as- certain, however, what are the characteristics of particular forms: and this again must be referred to the details of etymology. Only some variations from the general prin- ciples which regulate these forms, and some other modi- fications of vowels which result from facility of pronun- ciation, will be noticed here. Vowels, in the course of formation and inflection, are commuted, transposed, dropped, or inserted. a. Commutation of vowels; (l) Short for long, when a mixed syllable loses the tone; as 'j'^il^S from 7b, (HSH from in, "1j5l? const, state of "lp5^. In these cases 'I pure generally becomes _ ; and _ , _ . When the long vowel remains unchanged, either that is impure, or the last con- sonant of the ground-form is thrown forward and pro- nounced with thesuflfix; e.g. "jisa'^d Dan. 3: 31. So con- stantly in Hebrew; as ^TjID'l. See above § 2. 2. — 26 (^i ^' VOWEL-CHANGES. (2) Long vowels take the placo of short; — in pause; as DDD Dan. 2: 32. l^X Dan. 4: 6, nwX Gen. 4: 11. vhm Ex. 'at : IT v; : ^T IT T • 4: 13. (though this is not universally the case ; comp. Dan. 2: 9, 17.); — before a guttural which would regular- ly be doubled ; as T^nn^Q instead of 'rjnS^^ , ii^^l^^^, in- stead of i^5'"li^^, (although this likewise is not without e x ceptions, especially if the guttural be n or H • Dan. 4: 16, 24.); — before other consonants, less frequently ; as ']i"1j?'^^ Instead of 'ji"lp5^ Gen. 38: 9. Ps. Jon. see § 6. a. ; — when a quiescent which would regularly have a composite She- va, drops it and quiesces in the preceding vowel ; as yy^b instead of in^^.^.'— (^) ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ o^ ^"■ phony that, in final syllables which terminate in a guttural, Pattahh is usually found before it, instead of the usual char- acteristic vowel ; as TlbjD) instead of H ^^Ui"] , HSp instead of nUltD; also that when a syllable terminates in a quies- cent preceded by a heterogeneous vowel, that vowel be- comes homogeneous; e. g. 5]'^D1i^ instead of jTj'^DIi^. The case of simple syllables, in which long vowels have displaced the short ones, does not belong here. In most of these instances, the punctuators probably employed the short vowels ; and such forms as ^Sjyii , ^"iJ^S occur only in particular editions. b. Transposition of vowels takes place in some mono- syllabic forms of verbs, the vowel of which is between the two last radicals, when they receive a pronominal suf- fix; as fl^Dj? from 7C3p ; — also in some contracted forms of verbs y^ ; as 'p'V for 'p'p^'^', — and finally, in cases like Dip for Dip, ^ri)2 for "^ITlfi^^, ? when the moveable &{ or T , etc. throws back to the preceding consonant its own vowel, for the sake of quiescing in it. c. Vowels are dropped^ in the final syllable of ground- ^ 8. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 27 forms, only when formative syllables are added, and then much less frequently than in Heb. ; e. g. i^l2bp from Q^y , 'I'^bp;^^ from VJj'P, i6l1p_ from t?nS, ]'lb^'p,) from ^DJ?']. The vowels most frequently omitted are Pattahh, Tseri and Hhireq. d. Finally, vowels are inserted; (l) When two conso- nants would otherwise stand together without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable; as pDp*^ from pDp, '^'^.^.^ from Y>p . The vowel most commonly employed in such cases to facilitate pronunciation is Hhireq. But when the following consonant is a guttural, and has a composite She- va, the preceding consonant takes the short vowel cor- responding with this Sheva ; as iiD5<1, iDiSJ'P . — (2) In cases like llinj'n Ez. 7: 18, n^innn Ez. 4:" 15, instead ' : ~ r - : T IT of "llinjTl ,nillinn; where three consonants would come together, in the beginning of a syllable, without a vowel. Note. In case (1) the inserted vowel regularly belongs to the first of the two consonants which would have been without vowels. In the later Targums, a practice somewhat different prevails to considerable extent. Instead of a sJiorf vowel under the first consonant, a long vow- el appears under the second; e. g. "^HN"] instead of T3N;!i Gen. 3: 1. Ps. Jon. et passim. Nb''r):^1 instead of Nb'^n^T Gen. 3: 24. Ps. Jon. CHAP. II. PRONOUNS ^ 8. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. 1. Personal pronouns are divided, as in Hebrew, into two classes, separate and suffixed. The former express, with some exceptions, the nominative case, and the latter the oblique cases. 28 ^ 8. PERSONAL AND I'OSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. TABLE OF THE SEPARATE PRONOUNS- OR GROUND-FORMS. Singular. I.e. N;N , {'rr-^) / 2. c. riN, n;N (nn:i<) thou 3. m. N^n (=in\^i, in:N =in Prov. 25:20. like the Syr.) he 3. f. N^n(Nn'^NOn\^,) she I.e. 2. m. 2. f. 3. m. 3. f. Plural. ■ \ "ji/an, i?an > they 2. The suffix (or inseparable) pronouns are appended to verbs, to the signs of cases (§ 60) and prepositions, or to nouns. In the last case they are usually translated by possessive pronouns, though the Genitive of personal pro- nouns would more exactly express them ; exactly as in Greek, naxrjg fiov, &c. The following are the suffixes at- tached to verbs. 2.m. ^_) 2.f. r-.,"]^., r^.y 3.m. 3. f. me thee n-, (Nn,) her us you them Which of the forms is to be used in each particular case, is explain- ed in § 16. where also will be found an explanation of the §o-called Nun epenthetic, which is frequently inserted between the verbal form and its suffix. 3. The suffixes of nouns are divided again, into two classes, viz. those attached to nouns singular, and those at- tached to nouns plural. The latter are expressed by somewhat lengthened forms, in which the '^ of the plural termination commonly appears. They are generally the following. I.e. ••_ I. SUFFIXES TO NOUNS SINGULAR. Singular suffixes. Plural suffixes. 7111/ n:_ 2.f ^;., ^v( % ]l^' ^'"^ } 3.m.n^. his -T-j /j3^j^) 3. f n_ , (in. bibl. Ch. r-,^) her y 2.m.^_ ) pn,(nin)) our your their ^ 8. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 29 Note 1. Twice, instead of n_ appears N- Dan. 4: 15. 5:8; the Targumists wrote likewise "^Tii Gen. 1: 12, 21. or with the full orthogra- phy n"'_ .. Appended to the words iN , hN and tih which before sufF. take the forms t:iN , etc., the suff. of the 2d and 3d per. sing, take the forms ^ ,'^ri , Nrj ; which forms do not elsewhere occur as noun-suffixes. The same forms are attached to prepositions, (excepting such as are originally plural nouns, § 44. 2.) and to the signs of cases b , n^ , etc. ; as ■'b , ""S , nn^ , etc. See below § 44. II. SUFFIXES TO NOUNS PLURAL. Singular suffixes. 1. c. 'I 2. m. t--H } 2. f T.-->^^.> * 3. m. ■^m, •>! my thy his 3. f Nn J , (n-*^ Dan. 7:7,19.) her Plural suffixes. N3''_* our your their Note 1. These suffixes are regularly appended however, only to plu- rals masculine. Indeed, it is from the termination of such nouns, that the ■* comes, which appears in the suffix of the 2d per. sing, and in all the plural suffixes. Feminines frequently take the sing. suff. ''_. , fi_, etc. Gen. 20: 17. Dan. 2: 32. 5: 2. Ez. 4: 17. 6: 18. Is. 1: 4. Prov. 1: 18. Gen. 47: 9. In Syriac this is constantly the case. The Chaldee ex- hibits a medium between the usage of the Hebrew and that of the Sy- riac. Note 2. The suffix !]"'_ is in some editions written ^^^_ or '^'^■'.-; • Frequently it appears abbreviated ^_ Dan. 5: 10. 2 Sam. 11:8,24. Ps. 119: 4. — So also the feminine '!^1_ is in many editions written ^— , so that the genders are not distinguished. Isa. 49: 18. Ven. Note 3. The possessive pronoun may be expressed separately from its noun by appending suffixes to b'^'7 (comp. of the relative '^"7 , and b , sign of the dative case;) or, more rarely, to T'n (comp. of '^'7 relative and " , sign of the genitive case,) e. g. ^b'^'7 ^btt , thy king, lit. the king who [is] to thee. Usage has however made these particles mere signs of the genitive ; for even to them '7 (relative) is prefixed. Note 4. Prepositions which are originally plural nouns take the suf- fixes of pi. nouns ; e. g. """ins ; "TfiTsni? , "^niby , l^D''?.''? . See § 44; 2. So also do n\\ [=Heb. •>:;.■;] and iSas , as; e. g. "^nW^ , ''nirT'N , ]itl'^^.3, and the suffix must be rendered in the nominative case. 30 § ^- OTHER PRONOUNS. § ^' Other Pronouns. 1. The Demonstrative Pronouns are, sing. masc. '?|'l (^i'^'l Gen. 37: 19. "^^^^ Job 9: 24.), "j'^, 'j'^'^ ('j'^'in Jer. 26: 9.); fem. '^m, «'l; com. 'jS'n, fiiD'l, (HD^,,) 'j3'^ (Ps. 24: 6, 52: 8.); this, that; plur. com. ^^'i^^, nVfii, 't?i?., '^^.i? Note. With the Hebrew article, Nirtrr , iC^N" (Ex. 20: 1.) are equiva- lent to our expressions this very, precisely this. So also are the forms «in^N , N'^n'^it, Nn\\ (Ruth 1: 16. Lam. 1: 4.) 2. The Relative Pronoun Is "^ (as a prefix), or ^''^ (as a separate word), of both genders and both numbers. It designates regularly the Nominative or Accusative. How the other obhque cases are indicated, see in Syntax § 60. 3. The Interrogative Pronouns are expressed, sometimes, according to the Hebrew analogy, by 1^ who? of per- sons, (whence 13^ for in 1^ Prov. 20: 6. 27: 4.) and i«^ (n^) what? of things; sometimes, by prefixing the inter- rogative particle "^i^ iothe demonstrative pronoun-, ■j'^T'l^ m. 5i to take root, from tJniri a root; ^^tli^Tl to pitch a tent, from i<7rii< a tent; y^ll^ntlJJ^ to be acquainted, from y^i\l2 an acquaintance. 2. The roots of verbs consist, generally, of those con- sonants which are pronounced in one syllable with the vowel _ under the middle radical. A few consist of four consonants [quadriliterals], and are pronounced with _. __ ; as ^31& to cover. The root is the third person singular mas- culiiie Praeter, and from this are derived, not only the oth- er parts of the active voice, but a passive consisting of the same moods and tenses. Other Conjugations. 3. As in Hebrew, other forms, derived from the root and analogous to it, are employed to express various modifications of the original sense. These also are con- jugated through an active and a passive voice. They are generally two, pDj? and ?tpj?&5- These, as well as the ground-form, are called conjugations ; so that we may reckon in Chaldee three usual conjugations, each inclu- ding an active and a passive voice. For the unusual conjugations, Shaphel, Poel, Pilel, see § 14. 4. Characteristics and signification of the conjugations, (l) The 2d conjugation or Pael is characterised, like the Hebrew Piel, by Dagesh forte in the 2d radical, (a) 32 § 10. VERBS ; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. Its signification is usually causative^ v\'hcn Peal is intran- sitive ; as DDn to be wise, QSH to make wise ; "lln to be white, IIH to make white, to wash. (6) Fi'cquently Pael has merely the sense of exhibiting, regarding, or treat- ing a person as being or doing what is expressed in Peal ; e. g. 2'TD to lie, D'lS to regard one as a liar, to convict one of falsehood, (c) Sometimes it is privative; as 'Jui'M to remove ashes ; 'ppD to clear out stones. (2) The characteristic of the 3d conjugation or Aphel is i>i (sometimes t]) prefixed to the root, and the vowel _ (or _) in the last svHable. In signification it is usually (a) causative of Peal (especially in verbs which want Pael, though both are sometimes found; e. g. p'QD , 'p')p)' Thus 'ujjb to put on, HJilVfi^ to cause [another^ to put on, to clothe, JiCJn to sin, "^l^TM^ to seduce or entice to sin. Sometimes, (6) like Pael, it has merely the sense of exhibit- ing, &c. e. g. P'm2J< to show [a persoti] to be righteous, to treat as righteous, to acquit. Note. The same conjugations are not in use in all verbs. A large number appear only in Peal, others in Pael only ; for examples of the later compare "i73t , liJl , fjID , nbO . Where the same verb has, both Pael and Aphel, these two conjugations, for the most part, have different senses ; e. g. '^\')2 to advise, ^^HN to constitute a king. 5. The Passives of all the conjugations are character- ized by the preformative syllable flJi . The n of this prefix is sometimes assimilated to the succeeding letter, or transposed with it, as follows. (a) When the active form commences with *! , tJ or D , the n of the passive prefix is assimilated, and expressed by Dagesh forte in the following letter; e.g. '^D'^^{, riSuDi^, "l!3n^{, from 1^1, D'Dp and "linn . Less frequently, and only in the later Targums, does the same assimilation take place before other letters ; e. g. D'^flSJ^ it is written, for n^nsriwv, Eccl. 12: 10. § 11. REGULAR VERBS ; INFLECTION. 33 (b) U the ground-form commences with a sibilant, [T, 0,2, 123 or dj the D is inserted after that letter ; e. g. pDn a3^{ . But after T j it is changed into 1 ; as 'jS'^Ti^ from "jlDT. The signification of these forms is not merely passive, but sometimes reflexive or reciprocal; as tlP^QriJi to con- sult together ; frequently, even in the sense of the Greek middle voice; e. g. "jDnDi^t to get an advantage. Moods and Tenses. 6. All these conjugations have, in both active and pas- sive voices, the Praeter and Future tenses, the Infinitive and Imperative moods, and the Participle. The actives have two participles throughout. All these arise out of the ground-form, mediately or immediately, by the inser- tion of formative letters, or by a different pronunciation of the radicals, or by both together. The different per- sons of the Praeter and Imperative are formed, as in He- brew, by suffixes, and the Future by prefixes and suffixes, originally fragments of personal pronouns. 7. Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former class includes all those verbs, the radicals of which re- main unchanged throughout all their inflections ; the lat- ter, those which suffer a change or omission of one or two radicals. § 11. Inflection of the Regular Verb. 1 . Most nearly connected with the Praeter stands the Imperative, from which the future is derived. The Im- perative of Peal is characterised by the vowel _ , those of Pael and Aphel are pronounced like the Praeter. 2. The Future is derived from the Imperative by pre- fixing '1 ; which is pronounced in Peal with _ , in Pael with 5 34 <^ 1 1 . REGULAR VERBS ; INFLECTION. _ , in Aphel (where the 5^ suffers eHslon) with _ , and in all the Passives with _. [n**]. 3. The Infinitive is formed from the Praeter in two ways, (a) In Peal by the prefix !Q . (6) In the other conjugations and in all the Passives, by the sufformative syllables >? 4. The Participles are also derived from the Praeter, and are formed, (a) In Peal, by merely changing the vow- els, 7Ljp , p'^Dp ; (6) In all the other conjugations and in the Passives, by prefixing 12 which is pronounced m Pael with _ , in Aphel with _ and in the Passives with _ , ri'Q . Of the two Participles in the Active forms, the first has _ constantly in the last syllable, and is active ; the second has _ in the ultiaiate, with a passive signification. 5. The formation of the persons is more simple in the Praeter and Imperative, in the Future more complex. The following table exhibits the letters and syllables em- ployed in forming the different persons. Sing. 3. m. 3. f. 2. m. 2. f. I.e. PI. 3. m. 3. f. 2. m. 2. f. I.e. Praeter. _ n_ rj- n_ n_ 1_ N_ I^Pl- "JP!- it3- Imperat. -. ">- T_ n:_ Future _" _n _n '}"'_n _S< '}1_"' 'j-"' -jri-n l-Pi _2 6. When sufformatives are added which take the tone, (a) The vowels _, _ and _ (the latter only in the Fut. Peal) of the final syllable of the ground-form, are dropped, provided the sufformative commences with a vowel. Those which precede ^ and i<— of the .3d person plural Praeter, and the termination of the Imp., since these suf- formatives do not take the tone, are retained. (6) In the 3d pers. fem. and 1st pers. com. sing. Praet. in Peal and Ithpeel, where two consonants would, accord- ing to the above rule, come together without a vowel, Hhireq is introduced to facilitate pronunciation. § 12. REGULAR VERBS J NOTES ON THE PARADIGM. 35 Note. The principal variations of the Chaldee, from the mode of forming the persons in Hebrew, are, that, in the former, the 2d p. sing. Praet. has, generally, no distinction of gender, while the 3d p. plur. has ; and that the 3. plur. fem. Fut. takes "^ instead of n for its preformative. The sufFormatives of the Future (e. g. ■}_) are capable of an easier ex- planation than in Hebrew. ^ 12. JYotes on the paradigm of the Regular Verbs. I. Generally. 1. Forms with _ are often written fully ("'_.) or even with — , e. g. a. Ising. and 2. f plur. Praeter ; as n"'r:q'4J Gen. 3: 10. (n"^3?7:'4; Pseudo-Jonathan,) ]"'ri155'. Ex. 1: 18. Ps. Jon. b. Pael and Aphel ;' e. g. ■j-'pnN 2 K. 6: 23. nb^V.^ Ps. 16: 2. c. The Part. act. in Pe. e. g. nrt; Dan. 4: 10,' 20. rT^D: Gen. 3: 15. Jeru. Targ. "lip Gen. 3: 9. Pseudo-Jon. should doubtless be read ^iD . d. The Participle Peil sometimes, though seldom appears in a con- tracted form ; as bpn Dan. 5: 27. 2. Praeter. The 2. p. sing. masc. sometimes as Nribl^JP Prov. 2^: 8. 2 Sam. 14: 13. The 1 st pers. sing. m. sometimes appears in the form rr^btsp , Gen. 3: 10, 13. Pseud. Jon. ; or even like the 2d person; e.g. N^Tp? > Cren. 3: 22. Pseud. Jon. The 3. p. pi. m. sometimes in the later Targums takes a paragogic ); e.g. "JTI^?: Gen. 3: 7. ']in3'v23 Ps. 148: 7. The fem. sometimes appears ending in "]-; as 'j'^'^Nt Ruth 1: 10. 'i^J2ii 1: 19. 3. Future. Instead of the formative'' the Targum of Proverbs, in accordance with the Syriac, exhibits also 3 ; e. g. b^3T3 Prov. 16: 10, etc. Compare Dathe, de ratione consensus version. Chald. et Syr, Prov. Leipzig 1764. 4. pp. 16.— Instead of "iT, appears n as termination of the 3dp.pl. m. Ez. 4: 12. ^Itonv 4. Infinitive. The biblical Chaldee has nl sometimes instead of ixl termination of all the Inf excepting Peal. Dan. 2: 12, 14. Ez. 7: 14. Dan. 6: 4. In the Targums sometimes appears m (without suffixes) Esth. 1:5. Ps. 102:23. Sometimes the characteristic ending N_ is omitted ; as 1 Sam. 26: 25. 30: 8. Pael, Aphel and the Passives have sometimes a 73 prefixed to the Inf. e. g. NoVn^a Sol. S. 1: 7. N'v^NSa Deut. 32: 23. Jerusalem Targ. Forms like "^sibn Lev. 13: 7. Jon. ■^binnN Job 1: 13. ""qiDpN Deut. 18: 10. Jer. T., with paragogic ■•_, are more rare. 5. Passives. In the later Targums, instead of riN , occurs for the 1st. conj. n: ; e. g. ~)D'3n; 1 Sam. 23: 7 ; and this agrees with the Rab- binical conj. Nithpael. In the Inf of all the conj. n53 ; as N73j53n73 Ex. 21: 20. Jer. T. i^p^Vnpyq Deut. 32: 1. Jer. T. 36 ^ 12. REGULAR VERBS ; NOTES ON THE PARADIGM. II. Notes on the several conjugations. 1. Peal. a. Some verbs, especially such as are intransitive, take _ (■'_) or _ ("^_) and a few T as the characteristicvowel of the Praeter ; e.g. TrN^ to be evil, sNitO to be good, '2n'^ to sit, ^^'D''^ to lie (recline), ?lj5n to be strong, T^iQ^ to sleep. Gen. 2: 21. ii'lh to be dry. These vowels remain in those persons where _ is usually retained ; e. g. nVNip Prov. 30: 7. N3rN\p Ez. 5: 9. =ipVD 4: 12. iniiri Jer. 49: 4. The 3d p. sing. fern, also retains its vowel ; as ri^l3l2 Ez. 4: 24. n5"i"lf. Ezek. 26: 2. — Such verbs in _ or _ form the Imp. in _ , _ or _ ; as '•:J/^b 1 K. 22: 30. b.TN Gen. 22: 2. n-ip Job 2: 5; the Future in ^ , _ or 1 ; as uJ3Dn Dan. 5: 16. n-inPi Deut. 28: 30. f]ipn^ Gen. 31: 35. When two forms of the Future, as - and _ , or -.. and T coexist in the same verb, they have different significations ; e. g. ahp/] Num. 1: 51. [who] will approach, (Future), '^^p.l Isa. 5: 19. let [it] approach, (Opta- tive), etc. But verbs in i form the Fut. in =1 ; e. g. '!]T/3n'; Ps. 121: 4. b. The Infinitive, in the later Targums, has sometimes the termina- tion N_; e.g. tV'iJ'Da Ps. 118: 7. Sometimes it has the form -tip's. Job 29: 6. Ruth 4: 6; less frequently like the Heb. biDj^ or bit:p ; e. g. Gen. 49: 6. Ruth 2: 1. Ps. 105: 14. (even with suff.), or as Inf. absol. "^biup Lev. 13: 7. Pseud. Jon. c. The Imperative exhibits, in a few instances, the full orthogra- phy b=lt:p , 2 Sam. 13: 20. Ps. 31: 24. It sometimes occurs with Hho- lem in accordance with Hebrew analogy ; as pna Ps. 26: 2; especially with suffixes; e.g. "'^bitip 1 Sam. 20: 8. 2. Ithpeel. The last syllable sometimes takes _ ("'_) ; e. g. pnr[i'ipl^ Dan. 2: 44. comp. 2K. 7: 4. Prov. 3: 5. Gen. 9: 7. 1i\-^nN Ecci.'l2: 11. — Preformative sometimes DN , Dan. 7: 15. 3. Pael. N preformative of 1. sing. Fut. has sometimes -.; e.g. '^D5^t Isa. 42: 9. tJJ'biDN 63: 3. — As in Hebrew, Dagesh forte is some- times omitted when the middle radical has Sheva. Heb. Gram. ^ 214. note 2. 4. Ithpaal. Final vowel sometimes _ or t. ; e.g. tt22nN Hos. 4: 11. ^•'sr.nN Ps. 105: 25 ]p3n73 Gen. 3: 15. Jer. T. l7a1T73 Isa. 53: 5. is a Heb. Pual form. 5. Aphel. In the biblical Chaldee, and occasionally in the Targums m appears, as the preformative of this conj. (blOpn), and even in the Fut. and Part, after the characteristic prefixes ; e. g, 1T''i|'nfi Ez. 5: 12. «iT-;pn Dan. 5: 29. ^B'^iTj^ 7: 24- p^T:r;n Ez. 4: 13. I^a-ipn^ 6: 10.— Hiphil sometimes takes the place of Aphel in the biblical Chaldee ; e. g. b'«nNn Dan. 5: 20. 7: 22. § 13. PARTICIPLES ; PERSONAL INFLECTION. 37 6. Ittaphal. For this conjugation, which indeed elsewhere is seldom found, the biblical Chaldee constantly exhibits Hophal; e. g. Ez. 4: 15. Dan. 4: 33. 7: 11. (with Qamets Hhateph or Shureq). § 13. Personal inflection of the Participles. 1. The Participles of all the conjugations, in order to supply the want of a Present tense, are, as in Hebrew, constructed with the separate Personal Pronouns of the first and second persons; e. g. JJiDii b^'^'p I kill. Beside this mode, the Chaldee has one peculiar to itself, viz. to inflect the Participle by the addition of pronominal frag- ments, thus forming in fact a new tense. The two Par- ticiples Peal are, after this mode, inflected as follows. First Sing. Participle. Plur. Second Sing. Participle. Plur. 2 m. rhp;p* ■j^n^yop ^^-^'^P. "I'ln^^'^Dp 2 f. ^nVqp i^>;^.p. ^Thyci}>^ W.V"^P. 1 m. i^,")Dn5i, n^nni^*, Fut. q^^^n!, DEn:, Part. 3. Verbs Ajin guttural. Pea/, Praet. IHS; Imp. 1^1^. 5 (■jinS); Inf. inn^q; Fut. ]nn^; Part. ]t72* 1^12.—//^ pee/, jnnnw^, •j'^niDriii.— Pae^'dnn.— Aphei, innvx. 4. Verbs Lamedh guttural. Peal, Praet. HlDp iem. nnD'd; Imp. nsd , ^n^d ; Fut. n^pv nVp'; (3?i"t:p^); Part.* ny-o, m;6 .—itiipeei, n^nd>{, fem". nn:Dnip.v. — Pac7 Praet. HSp, Fut. n^t\— Ithpaal, Uj^m^ — Jphel, nSpi^, n^5*pi^, 1st. pers.nnStliwVt. Note 1. When the first radical of a verb Pe guttural happens to be a, this letter is frequently dropped in Ithpeel when it would be without a vowel (i.e. would have a composite Sheva), and by way of compensa- tion, n of the prefix takes Dagesh forte ; e. g. ThnN instead of nriNDJ* Num. 15: 13. 35: 33. ' ' ' "' ' ' Note 2. Verbs Lamedh guttural have the Praet. 3. sing. fem. some- times terminating in _ _ or _ ^ (the latter only in verbs nb) with the tone on the penult ; e. g. nn^N Gen. 30: 16. nnaN Dan. 5: 10. n"Ti51 Gen. 16: 3. Note 3. When the 1st. radical takes a comp. Sheva, verbs ND and 5n3 usually have _, Dan. 2: 9. Sol. S. 5: 3. ; verbs ho and ^D, general- ly -• Note 4. Forms like ]''0'nn Dan. 7: 22. belong not to Aphel but to Hiphil, and are Hebraisms. " § 16. Regular Verbs with suffix Pronouns. 1. Of the suffixes given above in the table, § 8, 2. those vs^hich begin with a vov^^el, are generally appended to verbal forms terminating in a consonant ; and vice versa, those which begin with a consonant, to verbal forms ter- minating in a vowel. The Imperative and Participles 40 § IG. REGULAIl VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. must be excepted, as thej frequently take those suffixes (of the 1st pers. sing, and plur.) which have no union- vowel ; as "'^bpp^ , fi<5 S\ ^n>y . (by]^_ Dcut. 32: 13. is altogether peculiar.) An Instance of Hophal, 12^^, occurs Dan. 7: 11- § 22. IRREGULAR VERBS ; AYIN VAV. 45 (b) '^nwNI , vl'^wNI and i^DN frequently take in the Fut. and Part. Pael, the contracted form Cj^J^i^, vl^.*i52, in conse- quence of which Ji is frequently dropped. (c) The J^ of some others is dropped in Ithpaal and compensated by Dagesh forte in D of the prefix, which also receives the vowel which belonged to i^ ; e. g. l^niX for n3wSn^{ 1 Sam. 2: 5. Ezek. 47: 11. § 22. Verbs Ayin Vav (Ayin Yodh.) The commutation of 1 and '', in these verbs, is more abundant in Chaldee than in Hebrew. The following particulars are worthy of notice. J. In the first conjugation (with the exception of the 1st Part, which has the form DJtp) and in the third, these verbs are monosyllabic throughout ; as Dp , Qp^ , Q'^pJX . The preformatives of the Fut. and Inf. of both conjuga- tions generally have _ , though in the later Targums, they are not unfrequently pointed with _ , _ or _. ; e.g. Ruth 2. 17. Gen. 27: 4. Zech. 1: 16. Ps^66: 19- The form '!|n\ Fut. Peal from '^^n, Ez. 5: 5. 6: 5., is entirely pe- culiar. Note. The 2d Part. Peal sometimes like the Inf. t3ip , Dan. 6: 18. 2. In IthpeeJ, the first radical is pronounced with _, and the n of the preformative doubled, Dpn&{. In the later Targums occurs also the lengthened form DprT^i^ Ex. 40: 17. Hhireq something takes the place of Qa- mets; e.g. D^pn^V Jer. 33: 22. Gen. 38:26. Jer. T.Dan. 4: 9. 3. Pael and Ithpaal are regularly inflected from the ground-forms D'^p and D^pni^ . Many verbs, however, substitute for these conjugations Polel D52lp or Palpel np^p. 46 § 23. IRREGULAR VERBS ; LAMEDH ALEPH. 4. Aphel has occasionally the form of verbs IS ; e. g. t]^j?1&< Ps. 78: 13. Gen. 18: 16. Jon. p^IlwX Ps. 14: 2. See 1, of this section. 5. The following verbs are inflected as "^y; (a) on, r\^l2, n^D, D'^to, and q^^T, in Pea/; thus n'^D, nn'^D," n'^n^b, etc. Gen. 27: 1.' Prov. 23: 22. 1 Sam. 12':" 2; Imp. D'^^i: , '^^D^'l!) , Ez. 4: 41 ; Fut. Pin*] Deut. 1*5: 6. (b.) ]^2 in Ithped, fully, l|;3n&<, or contracted, ]'2^i^^, Job 28: 23. 11: 12. 37: 14. Ps. 73: 17. Note. Those vejbs which have t moveable for their middle radical, (as !:]", ^Th) N13 etc.), do not belong here, but are regular. The number of such verbs is greater in Chaldee than in Hebrew. Some verbs with the same radicals exist in both forms, and in that case have different significations ; '^in to look at, ^iti to be icise; 'tV\'^ to sink down, n^UJ to sprout. <§, 23. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. This class includes all those verbs which are com- prehended in Heb. under the two classes fh (including verbs originally 1^ and *>!?,) and ^b , the difference be- tween the two classes being entirely lost in Chaldee. Rarely, (and almost exclusively in the biblical Chaldee), the radical form of these verbs terminates in t]— ; e. g, Dan. 2: 16. 4: 8. 6: 3. Num. 5: 26. Their chief anoma- lies are the following. 1. In those forms which terminate in the 3d radical, (a) In Peal Praeter, and Inf., as well as in the Fut. Imp. and 1st Part, of all the conjugations, that radical is usually it ; as &t^5, itbs , it'y], tubp^l', (6) In the Praet. and 2d Part, of the other conjugations and in the Imp. Peal, "i; as '^b^nii, "^Vs , ''^5, ''b}p_. Note. The Inf. Peal sometimes has "'j e.g. \:72a Gen. 1: 14. ''intt Is. 22: 12. So the 1st Part; e.g. ^nN Sol. S'. 1:3. Prov. 17:21. More frequently •» appears in the Fut. and Imp. Gen. 3: 18. Jer. T. Job 9: 3. Is. 41: 19, etc. <^ 23. IRREGULAR VERBS ; LAMEDH ALEPH. 47 2. This 1^ quiesces in the Praeter Peal in _? in the Inf., Fut. and Part, in _; the "^ in the Praeter of Ithpeel and Aphel usually in _ , in the Imp. and Part, in _; in the passive Part, of Pael and Aphel only, is "^ moveable; Note. For examples of the Praet. Peal with "'_ see Gen. 2: 18. Jon. Deut. 30 : 9 ; of the Praet. Aphel with V. , Ps. 78: 11. 2 K. 8 : 8 ^ of the Futures with ■•_ Is. 30: 26. Jer. 51: 8. 3. In the course of inflection the 3d radical is (a) Dropped^ before the suffbrmative D— of 3d fern, sing. Praeter Peal, before !n^- [for J4_] of the 3d fern, plur., before ^hand ^^ in the Fut. of all the conjugations; before the sufformatives of the Imp. (in which T general- ly occurs instead of "=!) ; and in the 3d pers. plur. masc. Praet. Peal before i , which, in these verbs, takes the place of the regular ^; e. g. vb}^, Jlijbrj, 1^5, X'\}V\^, Xh^iT^/, (6) Exchanged^ for ^ moveable^ before the sufformatives ri— and i^_ , 3d fem. sing, and plur. Praeter of all the con- jugations except Peal, also before ]_ of the 2d and 3d pers. fem. plur. Fut.; e.g. D^V^, ^Iv^J^^, ]'^T^'];for '^ quiescent^ (quiescing sometimes in _., sometimes in __) be- fore all the sufformatives which begin with ] or n, and before 1 of the 3d plur. Praeter (which is here moveable) in all the conjugations except Peal; e. g. riv5, prT'^S, Notes on the Paradigm of verbs nK 1. Praeter. The 3d per. sing. fem. Peal sometimes appears with the full orthography ; as n^bTO , Dan. 2: 35. Sometimes it follows the an- alogy of the other conjs. ; thus T\l1X2 Job 17: 7. (or like riN'^'ii Is. 1: 7. or nbi] Dan. 2: 35. 4: 19). The 2d per. sing. m. is sometimes writ- ten /m%, terminating in N- . The 3d per. pi. m. follows, in some cop- ies, the Hebrew form ; as ^'nj? Lam. 1: 3. Sol. S. 3: 1. l^-j Num. 26: 48 § 24. VERBS DOUBLY ANOMALOUS. 64, or the analogy of the other conjs. ; as T'lO'i. Dan. 3: 21. The 3d per. pi. f. occurs in the form 'jbi} Deut. 2: 11, or "jN^ra Ruth 4: 17. Finally a few instances occur of the Praet. Pe. with N prosthetic ; e. g. "'"iSN Prov. 20: 12. vn'vlJN Dan. 5: 4. In the other conjugations the 3d per, pi. instead of T"- sometimes takes 1 {«''_; Ezek. 23: 10. Is. 11: 4. Jer. 6: 14. 2. Future. The 3d per. m. sing, terminates indifferently in "'-. or N_ . It sometimes appears even with Q.amets; e. g. Nl2"in^ Is. 53: 2. Na'^n") Zech. 6: 12, (according to Buxtorf ) The 3d per. pi. sometimes takes the termination p instead of p. Comp. Dan. 7: 26. Is. 65: 23. Ex. 22: 31. 3. Imperative. The 2d f. sing, ends sometimes in N« ; as Gen. 19: 32. The form Ji''in , Gen. 24: 60, is anomalous. 4. Infinitive. In Peal it sometimes takes a paragogic N ; e.g. N;;i£n72 Prov. 25: 17. Esth. 5: 14. Ez. 5: 9. The regular form is em- ployed as Inf absolute Is. 61: 10. Am. 5: 5. Gen. 26: 28. The InfF. of the other conjugations, in the biblical Chaldee, terminate in r;^_ ; e. g. Dan. 2: 10. 5: 2. 6: 8., more rarely, in the Targums in '';.■) ; e. g. ■'['.iyri'ip^ Num. 12: 8. Jon. For the Participles of verbs Nb, see below § 34. Note. Apocopate Futures and Imperatives are less frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. The following are examples. Fut. apoc. nujn Hab. 2: 16. "^rr (tItT: EccI. 11: 3. like the Heb. ^hn"d^), ••nn, "jinn Ex. 22:31. from H^rri , (elsewhere fully, sNin;;., Ninn Gen. 17: 4. 24: 14.) ; ''h^ "'hn , ■^HN , phn, f 24. Verbs doubly anomalous. 1. "jS and !}<7(.np). These unite the irregularities of both classes; e. g. !JiiI3D, Aphel, ''"JpX. 2. Jtb and n!V E. g. MDNl , iXDNl., vVTN, iSDNl . Peal Fut. 'in;'^, Deut. 29: 20. ^n;*^ Gen. 33: 14. Inf. J^Ttl (wST^q) Dan. 3: 19. ^rTa Dan. 3: 2.-^Ithpee1, '^&n.S Lev. 13: 18. Fut. '^n/n^ Lev. 13: 2.— Pael, ''Di«, Part. *^0p_ 2 Kings § 25. DEFECTIVE VERBS AND MIXED FORMS. 49 20: 5. Ithpaal '^Dri.^i 2 Kings 5: 13. Aphel, ''H^fi^ Gen. 4: 4. Part. '^ri/'^Zl, Gen. 6: 17. Imp. Peal in one case, hy Aphae- resis, ^'^H (Lond. ed. iriJ^) venite, Prov. 9: 5. Else- where irivS , Dan. 3: 26. 3. "^D and si"^ . E. g. !^"i'] (n'7'^> Nm, ft^^*; . PeaJ, Fut- '^p'; Ps. 50: 16. Aphel, ^liii Ps. 75^2. Inf. T[m\^ Ex. 12: 33. Part. ^^yCl Prov. 28: 13. Imp. '^niw^? Gen. 19:22. Illi^ Judg. 5: 2. Note. Those verbs Mb which have 1 for their middle radical are re- gular, so far as *) is concerned, i. e. the ^ is always a consonant ; as N]'^ , § 25. Defective verbs and mixed forms. 1. But few verbs actually exhibit all, or nearly all, the moods and tenses. So far as this deficiency is occasioned by the fewness of those remains of the Chaldee which have reached our time, it does not belong to a grammat- ical treatise. Those verbs only must be noticed here which, though cases frequently occur where certain forms would naturally be employed, constantly supply their pla- ces by forms borrowed from different themes. The fol- lowing are examples; Dn*] and "jriD, to give, the former occurring in Peal Praet. and Imp. and in Ithpeel ; the latter chiefly in Peal Fut. and Inf. — p^!D and pDD to ascend, the former being us- ed in Praet. Peal, in Pael, and the Passives of the first and second conjugations; the latter in the Inf. and Imp. Peal, and in Aphel. Deut. 9: 9. 10: 1. 2 Kings 17: 4.— ft^np and iSjxtri to drink; fi^ntd in Peal, ^^|'?tl^ in Aphel.— 'T]!:n and '^'^n to go; the former chiefly in Pael, the latter in Inf. and Fut. Peal. An example of double inflection in the same word is sy] . The 7 w*>'r 50 § 26. IRREGULAR VERES WITH SUFFIXES. Future is commonly S^i like verbs "i^. The 1st per. sing, only follows the analogy of verbs "'D , S^nj* Ps. 39:5. 101: 4. though i"7:N also oc- curs, Dan. 2: 9. 2. The following, which have been called mixed Jorms^ are improperly so designated, ^^")£^l^i Dan. 7 : 15. and D^intDi;} Dan. 4: 16. are but Sjriac pointings of the Prae- ter; and the Future 1st sing. S'nSriwV Jud. 15: 7. (Ven. ed.) for ^nSrii^ is not destitute of all analogy; comp. in Hebrew t:l'3^i , Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 312. p^^^ Hos. 4; 2. can hardly be called a mixture of Fut. and Part. ; for, (as the Future of this verb has the form ^ly^^^, 1^'^'^ may be considered 3d plur. fern, analogous with "jV^ri Jer. 3: 19. § 2G. Irregular verhs with suffixes. 1. The forms of most irregular verbs before suffixes do not differ essentially from those of the rcy;ular verbs ; and, I! '' II II II " SO lar as verbs "jD , 5^3? , 15? , and ^tj are concerned, may be learned from § 16. The following examples will illustrate this remark; (a) ]S,Peal; "jlS^SD Judg. 20: 32. ^rjDlVLq'] Ps. 91: 12. "r^^hprn^ Ps. 28: 3.— Aphel; 1^DjPS5< Ex. 32: 12. '^Dnp^SwS Job 10: 18. w\3inpDuX Num. 20: 5." (6) IpV , Peal ; 'jl3lT2'] Jer. 20: 5.— Aphel ; nsp'^n with epenthetic D, Dan. 7: 23. v\]n::^X Ps. 44: 20.' ^D^l^^n Dan. 2: 24- i^V)bZ^_ Jud. 19: 3. (c) lV, Peal; ^Wte Gen. 50: 26. iTi^Q^a Ez. 5: 14. nrdlin Dan. 7: 23.— Pael; nS^IJ? Ps. 105: 10.— Aphel; nil^jPN:. Dan. 3: 2. wVaS^'^p.^ Hos. 6: 2. wVDin^nn Ez. 5: 11. (^) '^S, Peal; ^Ti;^__ Ez.28:19. nn^l'] Dcut. 22: 2.— ^ ^i-n. § 2G. IRREGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 51 Aphel, npniriNI. Dan. 5: 7. "^Dn^^lin Dan. 2: 13. "^^D^^^rh Dan. 2: 26. " 2. The forms of verbs 1^7 before suffixes differ more widely from those of the regular verbs. Thus (a) &i and *^ final quiescent are commonly dropped before suffixes in the Praeter and Future ; Avhile the former takes suffixes with the union vowel _ or _, and the latter with 3 epenthetic ; e. g. '^DTH he saw me, 2 Sam. 1 : 7. '^nTH he saw him, Jud. 19: 3. "jID^n Is. 42: 5. nDTH;. Lev. 13: 21. 'iJDTn'^ Ex. 33 : 20. Sometimes they are retained ; e. g. ^:i^1'2 Prov. 8: 22. n^^TH Gen. 38: 15. Aph. 'TI'^Tni^ Deut. 4: 36*. ":\'Vp}^_ Obad. 3. ^r:^Di^ Gen. 3: 13. Pseudo-Jon. (h) ^ final quiescent in the Imp. of all the conjugations is retained ; e. g. ^0521 Ex. 4 : 3. vVDiTHJi Ex. 33 : 18. (But Jer. 36: 15, wSn"lp for .yjl'^np ). (c) The i of the 3d pers. plur. Praet. Peal, and of the Imp. is generally changed into 1; l*^— into ^"^ ; e.g. ''Dl^D'l Jon. 1: 12. N^n^TH Lam. 1: 7. {d) The persons of the Praeter in n*^— and D*^.. remain unchanged; e. g. '^Dri''53'n Jon. 2: 4. (e) n_ of the 3d pers. sing. fem. Praet. is changed in- to n^; e. g. "jlDnlJi^.Dw^ Hos. 4: 12. On the Inf. Peal and the Participles, see below § 35. '^ 52 ^^ 27. 28. NOUNS ; gender and number. CHAPTER IV. NOUNS. §27. Derivation of Nouns. 1. Nouns, in Chaldee as in Hebrew, are either jmm- itive or derivative. The former are, for the most part, the same as in Hebrew, and are regarded as primitive for similar reasons. Comp. Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 478. seq. Heb. Gram. §316. The derivatives, constituting the great majority of nouns, are formed either from verbs, (which is generally the fact), and these are termed verbal; or from other nouns, and then they are called denominative, 2. Verbals derived from the Infinitive are generally abstract in signification, i. e. they express the action, and have the forms ?Dp, Vjjp^, Vjp, Vop , h'q^^, Y'^J,, !:''t:p>, pilip , PiDp, PCJp^, etc.; those derived from Participles are generally concrete^ i. e. express the actor, and have the forms VlP_P, Vjp, ^t^lP, '^-^Dp, ^^Lpj-p, ^VJp, etc. 3- Denominatives are generally formed by adding the termination '^_ C*^-), fern. ii?1_ (iT^-); or],^ . They are generally adjectives, especially ordinal numerals, or patro- nymic or gentile nouns; e.g. "^^D] a foreigner, "^"yilZ an Egyptian, 1^"^^ « reie/. Many feminine nouns in rT^— and nl are also denominative ; e. g. rise's a kingdom, from ^12 a king ; ri^D^^5< widowhood, from '[^'^^ a wid- ow ; n'^kDItD a rooting out, extirpation, from "eS'ltD a root. § 28. Gender and number of nouns. ]. The genders are two, masculine and feminine. The latter generally terminate in 5^_ (H-), 1 (n1), '^-- (n''_), or nV It should be noticed however that i>{_ is also the <5, 28. NOUNS ; GENDER AND NUMBER. -53 termination of the emphatic state in masculines. Conse- quently, in ascertaining the gender of nouns, the analogy of the other dialects and the sense are more certain guides than the mere form of a noun. Note 1. The termination ft- is generally to be considered a Hebra- ism. It is regular in Chaldee, only in feminines derived from mascu- lines in ■'_; as lnNai(5 fem. from "'Q'lJ^ . Note 2. There are a considerable number of feminine nouns with masculine forms, mostly the same as in Hebrew ; e. g. ]1N a stone, fTnk a path, y^N earth, ]1TN an ear, S'lH a sword. Some are common; e. g. nN a mark, ii3ii_Jire, N3ST;t a vine, and the numerals from 20 to 100. 2. The numbers are two, singular and plural. The iew dual forms which occur are to be reg^arded as Hebra- isms. They occur only in the biblical Chaldee, terminat- ing in the absolute state, in "j*^-. See Dan. 2: 34. 7: 4. The dual in the other states cannot be distinguished from the plural. Compare Dan. 2: 33, 41. 7: 7- In the Tar- gums the double members, etc. are expressed by the plural, and where the number two is required, "j'^ID is inserted. Plurals masculine end in ]'^_ , plurals feminine in ]_ . To most masculine nouns, viz. to those which terminate in a radi- cal letter, the termination "j"^— is directly appended; e.g. "^'ts « rock, pi. ']'^~l^t3 . But those which terminate in N_ derived from verbs Nb , take "j''__ ; those in ''_ or "'k\_ take ]"^N-; ■ Feminines in N- change this ending directly into ]_ ; those in m and n"*— change these termin- ations into "JT and ];; ; e. g. m2b73 , ri"^-;p73 , plural ]'J3b73 , ]^"iui'3 ; and finally, those in ilN- from masculines in ''_ form the plural in "j^- ; e. g. J-IN»^)^ plur. l^^'liT . As in Hebrew, there are also in Chaldee many nouns having the form of masculines in the sing, but of feminines in the pi., and vice versa ; e.g. yt!N.,"i^'"}i< ; n73N,')^72N; NV:q, ■{"'V's; i for their final syllable, and those which end in '^_ change this ending into MN_ ; e. g. Nbi , N'^b^ ; 6. Feminines in iX_ change k\ in the emph. sing, into n; e.g. NSb?^ , * So in Danish, Landene, the countries, from Lande, countries. Rask Danish Grammar, p. 14, Also in Albanian, Gour, stone ; Gown, the stone. Malte Brun Univ. Geog. vol. VI. p. 201. § 30. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 55 eraph. NnsVo : those in mN— change this ending into riV ; e. g. rtN73lj5, emph. Nn"l'2'ij2 , finally those in 1 and '^_ appear in the emph. state with their original full endings m and V)"^—; e.g. Nn^3b72. c. In the plural, the masc. endings "j"^— and "j^- are changed into N^_ ; as N;^3bn , 'i"'N_ (from sing. ■^_. ) becomes "^N- ; as ■j"'N72'i[5 , emph. d. In feminines plur., the emphatic state is formed by adding J<_ to the construct : e. g. Nn;"'l?3 , Nm^b^j , Nn^riJ . But such as termi- nate in the sing, in nN_ (from masculines in "'_) resume here their original "^ ; e. g. N*ri;;7:'i|2 from riNQ'ijD . 4. Before suffixes [in the suffix state]^ nouns exhibit the following modifications. a. Derivative masc. nouns in % change this ending into N_ before suff. ; as nJitaTi^ from "^ly^p^^ ; those in N-, (from verbs Nb) change this termination into "^ moveable ; as ni^b^ from Nb.^ . b. All masc. plur. nouns drop the ending 'j'^— (■)";-) and then take the sufF. of nouns plural. c. Feminines in i{_ change N into n in the sing. ; as rrnSb^ from iob'i -• those in T and ^_ take the construct form before suffixes ; as nm^b^a ; those in N^ {radical) change this ending to n"'—. ; and those in r;N_ (from masc. in ''-—) resume their original "^ ; e.g. !^rj';'W'i[?_ . d. In the fem. pi., suffixes are appended to the construct state ; e. g. f :t«;'» :r:;~ § 30. Declension ofJVoiins. Since no vowels are dropped, except those of the final syllable of ground forms, (comp. § 7. c), and since changes of any kind are less frequent than in Hebrew, (the first vowel of the ground form remaining throughout invariable, except in monosyllables andsegholate forms), fewer modes of declension would naturally be expected, than appear in Hebrew. Accordingly we reckon in Chaldee nine declen- sions, six of masculine, and three of feminine nouns. 50 §^ 31. 32. nouns; first and second declensions. §31. First Declension. The first declension includes all nouns which have all their vowels immutable. It comprehends, (a) Nouns which have "^^ , ''_, i or 1 before their final consonant ; as "jID a Jish, U)^ a day, HJ'^'n a head, '2^^p near. In a few nouns which would seem to belong to (a), the quiescents are treated as fulcra. Such belong to Dec. IV. e.g. "^TS^N Num. 25: 15. Pseu- do-Jon. instead of "'^aN . (6) Nouns which have _ in their final syllable ; as DD good, ^35 « thie^. Note 1. Nouns with _ in the ultimate are chiefly of six classes. ( 1 ) Nouns derived from verbs ii> ; e. g. b)5 , pt2 , (Heb. bip , iiu ) ; (2) Nouns of the form Snrs , tib'^J , (Heb. Qib'vU) ; (3) Nouns of the form btajP , (Arabic 3^^*^*' Heb. with _ impure); (4) Nouns like bti^ , (Heb. with _ jJure), and bt:"'p_ ; (5) Nouns which have the formative ending ]_ ; as l^'ij^ (Arab. 5 / c^ {j\jj); and (6) Nouns of the form bnip; as ^:^^ii , nni3> . The first three of these classes retain _ in all the inflections, and consequently belong regularly to Dec. I. Nouns of the fourth, fifth, and sixth classes sometimes take _ in- stead of — in the construct sing., and before the suff". ]TD and ]in. Elsewhere the _ is retained. The punctuation of these nouns is how- ever variable ; and as they present no other irregularity, and are not very numerous, they may better be regarded as exceptions from Dec. I. than as forming a separate declension. Note 2. There are also a kw nouns, (principally of the form biup), having Qamets in the penultimate, which are sometimes varied accord- ing to the first declension, but sometimes drop their penultimate vowel, out of the absol. sing. § 32. Second declension. The second declension includes nouns with final _ or _ , either monosyllabic, or having the preceding vowels im- mutable; as "1^, Dd, ub^ J '^'^^P,- This _ or _ is drojj- § 33. NOUNS ; THIRD DECLENSION. 57 ped before pronominal suffixes or formative syllables, begin- ning with a vowel. Note 1. Form with a guttural liya , with suffix rtl^^tt Job 28: 2C. Note 2. Forms Uke ■J"'bDj5 (_ shortened into _) from bip.jP , 1st part. Peal, e. g. 'J'^'^lDn Gen. 3: 5. etc. are to be set down to the account of ir- regular punctuation. Analogy requires ')'^!^UP . Note 3. In this declension may be reckoned bj^S , emph. MbtiB , etc. as if from bj["]S. Note 4. Before ]13 and pti , monosyllables, as in Hebrew, take _ , _, or_; e.g. li"»^ Zeph. 1: 17. ■jiDn^. Isaiah 1: 15. The form V'P^? from -^y^ Ezek. 27: 2. is peculiar. <^ 33. Third Declension. ■ This declension corresponds with the sixth in Hebrew according to Prof. Stuart's arrangement, and includes all nouns which correspond to the Segholate forms in Hebrew. They may be written in Chaldee, as in Hebrew, either with two vowels, the second of which is always considered a furtive vowel ; as ^bl2 , Ubtl (these forms almost exclu- sively in the biblical Chaldee), H'^S, (^7p); or with only one vowel, which belongs between the last two consonants ; as '^b^, "ISD. They are inflected, for the most part, as in Hebrew. But, a. In the Plural absol. the forms '^b'a and "nsp become, as they do in most other inflections, ^b^j and '^■dD . h. The form uj'ip sometimes follows the analogy of Hebrew ; as NSpn Dan. 2: 37 ; sometimes takes _ ; as N;^bn3 Ez. 5: 8. Very rare- ly, Hholem is retained ; as "'r.TiZJ'nTi; , Isa. 53: 2. c. In a few cases the "^ of the form n";3 remains moveable in its in- flections ; e. g. Nn";2 Ez. 5: 3. nry Sol. S. 4: 8. d. Nouns of the forms ^ra and "iDp in the course of inflection, gen- erally take ^ or — under their first radical, according to the paradigm. ITh , "i^.S , Q!:h , Tiy and some others take-. Comp. Dan. 4: 6. 5: 12. Gen. 32: 16. Isa. 53: 2. Nouns having gutturals for their first or second radical, naturally take _. ; as fiyt? , J^Q^.t: ; 'liS'. , N'^^y . e. Participles Ithpeel, with a few nouns, not properly Segholates, follow the analogy of this declension ; e. g. b^ipriiq , inflected precisely like ^V.^ • 68 §^ 34. 35, NOUNS ; fourth and fifth dec. § 34. Fourth Declension. The fourth declension includes all nouns which double the final consonant when they receive accession. They are mostly monosyllables derived from verbs >'3?. The long vowels — , i and (for the most part) 1 are exchanged in the course of inflection for the corresponding short vow- els. In some nouns _ becomes _; as nS, JiDS ; ^!£, l^'^S Ex. 19: 23. ^5^5, '\^h}b}_ Dan. 7; 9. ' ^3 has in the emph. st. N^b etc. with the tone on the penultimate ; but with suff. which draw the tone forward, limV^Dan. 2: 38. 7: 19. § 35. Fifth Declension. The fifth declension includes nouns, participles, and in- finitives, derived from verbs 1^7 and terminating in i^_, v., ""-_ or \; as Ji^5, i^^5, ^^p^, '^b^p_, ^b^pp^. The"'' generally appears, in the course of declension, as the third radical, displacing the substituted fii in forms like ^i'p•^ . The termination "l^— of the plural absolute is sometimes contracted into "J-. More rarely it follows the Hebrew analogy, and terminates in 1'^—; as Job 1: 13. Lam. 1 : 3. Sometimes, perhaps by mistake of transcribers, it is point- ed ];_.; as ]y^ Dan. 7: 3. "{^n^ Gen. 3: 15. Jeru. Tar- gum, where the connexion decides that these forms are masculine. In the const, and emph. plural, no trace of the radical '^ remains. Note 1. Peculiar forms of this declension, '^'ni'; PI. with suff. ]T!T^*iy Is. 10: 2.— ^21) Plur. ^^.:y Lev. 19: 10.— ^.3 PI. 'yj.Z Deut. 6: 3. Jer." Targ.— ^n-| pi. ii;5-i iiuth 2: 21. Note 2. Infinitives Peal of verbs Nb are sometimes regularly inflec- ted in this declension. Comp. Dan. 4: 23. 2 Sam. 13: 6. Ez. 5: 9. But sometimes the N is dropped ; as ^yn:o 1 K. 18: 16. ^m?3 2 Sam. 13: 5. Ii3''.'rn)2 Josh. 3: 3. nsaa Gen. 23: 2. §§ 36 — 38. NOUNS ; sixth to eighth dec. 69 § 36. Sixth declension. Here belong the derivative nouns terminating in the formative syllable ''_ (''fi<_), compare § 27. 3. They arc mostly gentile or patronymic nouns, or ordinal numerals. a. These nouns, when they receive accession, change their final '^ into N , which is likewise moveable, and commences a new syllable. As a consequence, _ is here changed into _. b. The plur. emph. terminates in "'_. , agreeing in form with the construct, as has been remarked above § 29. 3. c. Exc. from 6. iii'^r^^ Dan. 2: 5, i<.":nsri Dan. 3: 2, 3. N^.'iin": Dan. 3: 8, Ez. 4: 12, 23. 5: 1, 5. This declension includes also some de- rivatives from verbs N^ which terminate in '^_ but are not passive parti- ciples. (Comp. the preceding decl.); e. g. "iV^; , pi. "^N^y Gen. 1: 6. Jer. T. Ps. 104: 13. ^?T , emph. tiNSt , pi. ';\\3T Jer. 19:' 4. <§ 37. Seventh declension. The seventh declension includes all invariable feminines, i. e. all nouns with the feminine endings i^__ , *•_ and 1 , the final syllable of which commences with only one conso- nant; as ^1^2 heig-ht, i^iy counsel, ^^^2^ strengrth, i^^y)2 a roll, 1DD iroodness, "^Sl^ a nurse. Whatever vowels precede this termination are immu- table ; so that the paradigm exhibits all the changes of these nouns in accordance with the principles stated in §§ 28, 29. Note. In forms like a, if the penultimate be a simple syllable, the Sheva which takes the place of the final Q.amets in the emphatic and suffix states singular is silent ; e. g. mtdhlnd, emph. midhintd : if the penultimate be a mixed syllable, that Sheva is vocal ; as megilld, emph. migilhthd. ^ 38. Eighth declension. The eighth declension includes all those feminines, the final syllable of which commences with two consonants; e. g. iiS}^ a lip, ^^L^^^^ (i. q. aioAfj^ a robe, ^5T purity. 60 § 3^* NOUNS ; NINTH DECLENSION. a. Nouns in i<_ of this declension must evidently supply a vowel in the emph. and suff. states ; for otherwise they would exhibit the impos- sible forms Nntiip, Nnba*)!* , etc., viz. with two vocal Shevas in imme- diate succession. This supplied vowel is Hhireq or Pattahh, (the latter with gutturals) ; more rarely Seghol : e. g. NS'd) , NnD\p M73N , Mn^N , Nbby belongs here, and is treated as if written Nbb^ ; e. g. emph. St. Nnb^y : but the vowel of the first syllable is dropped for the sake of euphony. h. The paradigm h. comprises all feminines in N^ , derived from verbs Nb , which have a consonant without a vowel, immediately pre- ceding this termination. The supplied vowel is Hhireq, in which "• qui- esces. c. Those in *'_ and =1 are regular in the sing, like Dec. VII. In the plur., as becomes necessary, they also take a supplied vowel, Hhi- req or Pattahh. § 39. JYinth declension. Here belong feminines in S^N _ derived from masculines in ^_. of Dec. Vl.Comp. §28. 1. Note 1. In the emphatic state and before suffixes, i{ is exchanged for "^ moveable, though ordinal numerals, for the most part, take '^^ or ^^^ or entirely drop it; e.g. l«n'^3''^OT Lev. 25:22. fi^n^^'Dp Deut. 15:9. I^n^lp^nd v. 12. (but" comp. ^^^']y'^n"), ban. 7: 19.) The same substitution of "^ for li^ occasionally ap- pears even in the absolute and construct plural ; as ')'^1513 Gen. 13: 15. Note 1. As in Hebrew, the fem. forms are sometimes so mixed that the singular is of one declension and the plural of another ; e. g. Nb?. pi. "Jiby, as if from 'iry ; n""!:^^-!': , pi. ]!;b2-ia and ]yr5n^ . Note 2. When feminine nouns are formed from masculines by add- ing the terminations N_ , T and "'_. , the changes in the ground-form are precisely the same which appear in the emph. st. of masculines. Note 3. Segholates in n — - are rare. They are inflected precise- ly as in Hebrew. LIB) <5»§ 40 42. IRR. NOUNS ADJECTIVES NUMEJ^lJ^iJ'*' o^IbB itttehsity; § 40. Irregular and defective nouns, y^"^ f TpAT?'^^*''' These are doubtless such as were in most frequc The following are the principal. Di^ , Hi^ , DX , ^i^^{ , ISDN; , ''Dij, nwv, i^nw^, n^iD, nsi, na, en, ^Vq, ^^ vs^dd, u:i_, '^n'^S, "^np 5 td'^'n and GiD or Did. Their anomalies are given in the vocabulary. <§> 41. Adjectives. The most frequentybrms of adjectives are 7Dp, P'^t^p and 7'^EDp ; less usual are 7l2p and ^Dlp . They are in- flected like nouns. For the comparison of adjectives see § 64. . Note. Adjectives of the first, third, and fourth declensions have their feminines generally declined according to the seventh ; those of the se- cond and fifth, according to the eighth ; and those of the sixth, accord- ing to the ninth. <5>42. JVumerals. 1. Cardinals, a. These, from 3 to 10, present the same anomaly as in Hebrew, the masculines being indicated by fern, forms, and the femi- nines by masc. forms. See Par. XI. Note, "^"iri sometimes takes suffixes, and then appears in the form l^'^l e.g. "jiriM-in 6o2-)N , etc. the prefixed units being feminine ; 1000 Cl^N , 2000 'l'^^~ii I'^'ir;! , 3000 'p^^^ ^^\^ J 6tc. the prefixed units being masculine ; 10,000 ian , 120,000 iia-i ^•no^_ Nn-)n , Jon. 4: 11. 2. Ordinals. The first two have peculiar forms, viz. _/rs< "'^IJ^ ? seconr/ "J ^iJPi , (comp. Heb. C^:"i;). a. From ZJ^p3zn truth, truly, T73 immediately ; or without them ; as 1:^3 wholly, iXr\T\'r\beloto. b. Verbal forms, viz. Inf. and Part. ; as ^'72^ backwards, i=in again, once more. § 44. PREPOSITIONS. • 63 c. Adjectives, numerals, and pronouns; e. g. 'j3 {firm] truly, thus, etc. i^'in? \as one] together, ri733 {like what ?^ how ! how very ! 4. Compound adverbs ; V'^D'^N how ? ''n!^'^N when ? !13~15 \to here] hitherto, n3?3 [from here] hence, N^''na whence ? DriM thence, T\''\ [Nb n\s] there is not. For the mode in which the last, as well as n'^N , takes pronominal suffixes, see § 8. 3. II. Note 4. 5. A simple question is expressed by the prefix n, (before a conso- nant with Sheva, simple or composite, n). Pronouns or adverbs express an interrogative sense by prefixing "^N , e. g. yiiz "^N whence ? ibN "^ij icho? comp. §9. 3. Before interrogative adverbs "^N is intensive ; as "^rp^ \^_, to which I believe our language has nothing precisely equivalent, unless it be the questionable phrase, lohere in the world 1 § 44. Prepositions. 1. The following are originally prepositions ; (a) The inseparable 3,3, and 7 prefixed to nouns and pointed with _ before simple Sheva ; as 1&&3 ; be- fore a word, the first letter of which has a composite Sheva, with a corresponding short vowel; as 'ilJDJO , 'iDy?. In the latter case, contraction sometimes takes place ; as i^n!:wV!p Dan. 5: 23. (b) The separable monosyllables DTp , fl'DlD , m3 , which before nouns, appear as separate words. They take pro- nominal sufiixes without change; as ^DT? with me. Instead of 3 prefix, appears the separate form "^3, Sol. S. 1:9. 13. 2. Words employed as prepositions but originally nouns or other parts of speech; viz. iibs without, (compounded of the adv. Nb and 3), "J^^ [part] from, of, bij^, and Q'lj? before, yz between, F|^bn instead of, nihPi under, b^i^T: and bTi:3^i< on account of These, (with the excep- tion of the first,) and some others, are originally nouns, and conform to the analogy of nouns, in receiving suffixes ; sometimes, a. Having feminine forms; e.g. N2riblt373 . But b^£3J2 retains the masc. form before "pn and pD; or h. Having plural forms ; e. g. ^^b? , ^^'^j^. , '^•7^'^'^? i ^^c. 3. Compound prepositions ; Q'lj? 'J7J , b^j^b , "'JsbTq . S4 §§45. 46. CONJUNCTIONS — interjections. § 45. Conjunctions. 1. Primitive conjunctions are 1 and, 3 as, b that (before Fut.), "JJI if, *I3 si«ce, "^"^N because, ")N or. Borrotoed from other parts of speech tl'^2 6m<, irib so, ■^■7 that. Compounded J 48 50. SYNTAX OF VERBS ; TENSES. § 48. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 1. The relative pronoun ''7, (as a prefix ■=!), corresponds tq the He- brew ^i2:n ; e. g. with noun suff. forming a Gen., rr"'?;^'^';: 2>?3">Z}ri Nb '''n, WHOSE language thou slialt not understand ; with the adverb of place, ■jaP) .... '7 , sometimes ■;72n'7^=Hebrew D'^T . . . . ^UJN , where. 2. The interrogative appears as a Genitive, where a noun immediate- ly precedes it in the construct state ; e. g. riN "J^ na whose daughter art thou 7 Gen. 24: 23. § 49. Mode of designating pronouns for which specific forms do not occur in Chaldee. 1. Reflexive and reciprocal. These senses are indicated, a. Simply by passive verbs ; h. By the personal pronouns ; e. g. Judg. 20: 40. The Benjamites looked 'jirT'nna behind them [i. e. behind themselves, the English usage being analogous]. c. By dc: , i^, or rtrtt ; e. g. "^UJSD myself, ^2-.3 upon thyself, Ex. 9: 14 ; Nn^-aa Gen. 18: 12, Sarah laughed within herself. So fT^l^'^r) himself, Ruth 3: 8. 2. Indefinite. Some one ^:N , something fians , Na3ns(=^ Hebrew ^S'^) and Cy^'O . So no one ^jj* N^ , in Nb , nothing C^'^tt Nb , also '^y^iz^ Nb Job 6: 6. 3. Demons{/^ative. Sometimes by NT" , J^^rj, or with the Hebrew article Ninii , N'^nrr . — A peculiar mode of designating the same idea is to attach a suffix to the preceding word ; e. g. ^*2'3T "3 Dan. 3: 8, at that time, (lit. in it, the time), comp. ^^m N"^" ""S Sol. S. 1: 13. Other forms might be mentioned, but they will occasion no difficulty which the analogy of the Hebrew will not readily solve. CHAP. II. SYNTAX OF VERBS. ^ 50. Use of the tenses. 1. The same variety of signification exists here as in Hebrew. Thus the Praeter sometimes, (especially in verbs of existence or condition,) corresponds to our Pres- <§§ 51. 52. SYNTAX OF VERBS ; IMPER. AND INFIN. 67 ent, sometimes to our Pluperfect ; and the Future to the Optative, Subjunctive, or Imperative mood. It some- times expresses even past time. This use of the Future is more common than in Hebrew^. Comp. Dan. 4: 9, 33 . 2. When the Future is used in an Optative, Impera- tive, or Subjunctive sense, it not unfrequentlj takes the prefix 7 that^ lit, and the preformative "^ falls out; e. g, ]T\^^. "i^ "^riDn^n % presents be to thyself, Dan. 5 : 17. Tll'l^ iiinb, with the beasts of the field shall be thy divellim. Dan. 5: 22. Though in the latter case Gesenius (Lehrgeb. p. 787), considers J^ltl?. as Inf instead of U^linpb , and compares the frequent use of the Infinitive for finite tenses in Hebrew. Comp. Heb. Gram. § 543. To this use of ^ with the Fut., corresponds entirely the Arabic \ ^ Rosenmiiller's Inst, ad fundam. Ling. Arab. p. 331. Compare also the French que. § 51. Peculiar mode of designating certain finite tenses. 1. A Pluperfect is formed. In the later Targums, by prefixing >iin to the Praeter; e. g. pSD >iin he had gone out. The Arabic has a similar usage. 2. A kind of Paulo-post-future, to be about to do any thing, Is expressed by prefixing 1*^11^. [ready^ to the Inf. with b; e. g. yiSnJ^b ^^^ ^^i"]?.? Jehovah is about to pun- ish, i.e. will speedily punish ; by 1^1 H; e. g. J!? ^53Nl said (some one) to Joseph ; • •• : : (Jb) The 3d pers. plur. ; which frequently must be 70 §§ 57 50. SYNTAX OF VERBS ; REGIMKN, ETC. rendered by the passive; e. g. Dan. 4: 13. [English Version 4: 16.] iS":^!^*^ Hj^b ^^^ his heart be changed, lit. let them change his heart. (c) The 2d per. sing, sometimes expresses the same idea, Is. 41: 12. [d) Also the plur. Part.; as '!'^"i^i^ Dan. 3: 4, it is spoken. § 57. Regimen of Verhs. The use of the simple Accusative or Dative, of two accusatives, and of verbs with prepositions, may be learned from the Hebrew analogy. Comp. Heb. Gr. §§ 508—513. § 58. V^erhs used for Adverbs. In Chaldee, as in Hebrew (comp. Heb. Gr. § 533), two verbs are often so connected that one of them may be best translated by an adverb. The verbs most commonly so employed are Ci'^DIi^ to add, for again, more ; n^IJli< io make good, for tvell; C'^P to precede, for before j nin to return, for again ; inifi< ^^ hastefi, for quickly ; e. g. fi^'^'i^ n*^ "ISHI DD^ Isaac digged again (lit. returned and digged) the ivells, Gen. 26. 18. So in English we say, make haste and come, for come quickly. § 59. Constructio praegnans and Ellipsis. 1. Constructio praegnans. Comp. Heb. Gr. § 566. &iD"inii* iilib "^^^ Ti'^b ''Dtil, «?i^ Jehovah changed (his heart and gave) to him- another heart. 1 Sam. 10: 9. 2. Ellipsis is not frequent. Ps. 120:7. "j^sn D^d fi^DJSI i^^'^pb , I {desire) peace, they (are) for ivar. <5i 60. SYNTAX OF NOUNS ; CASES. 71 CHAP. III. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. § 60. Designation of cases. 1. The Genitive is indicated, (a) As in Hebrew, by the const, state of the preceding noun; e. g. iX!D7'D ^Tp^ the words of the king. {b) By the prefix ^ (or '''^), in which case the preced- ing word is ordinarily in the emphatic state; e. g. UiS^^ iS^nii'l the king of the earth, i«S'^z2 ^1 iiD^VtJ the king's captain, Dan. 2: 15. (c) In designations of time, by 7 ; e. g. ^^^'^ v ii^i'^ Gen. 8: 5. the day of the month; 2 Kings 12: 1, D 3 1233 U^^n'^P yyufi in the seventh year of Jehu. Note 1. The case b. may be compared with the Hebrew b "luJN: , and "'■^ be regarded as a real relative ; thus N3ba "'"i i^ti'^Vd might be ren- dered the captain who (belonged to) the king. NSb^ might be regard- ed as a Dative (b being omitted by ellipsis), or as a Genitive governed by '^" in the construct state. Note 2. In the later Targums the characteristic prefix of the Geni- tive is sometimes omitted; e. g. Esth. 1: 9, N^d: Nr\p?3 banquet of the women. In some instances, on the other hand, the characteristic of the Genitive case ('7) is inserted after a noun in the construct state. Note 3. The form of the construct, especially of the const, pi., some- times appears in the Targums instead of the absolute ; e. g. Gen. 1: 10, the collections of water ■^73"' N'lp, he called seas. 2. As in Hebrew, p prefixed forms the Dative. 3. The Accusative takes either 7 , (like the Syriac, — and this is almost universal in the Targum on Proverbs); or n^ (i. q. Heb. HX); or it has the simple form of the Nominative. 4. The Vocative is generally expressed by the form of the emphatic state. 72 ^§61. 62. SYNTAX OF NOUNS ; USE OF CASES, ETC. <^ 6 1 . Peculiar use of the cases. 1. The Genitive is often employed instead of au adjective qualifying the preceding noun ; e. g. Dan. 3: 5. Nl!l^ DibiZ an image of gold, i. e. a golden image. Note 1. Sometimes the first noun qualifies the second; e. g. ?)ipri2 *12 ^iil'' « strong hand — lit. with strength of hand. Note 2. The Hebrew student will not be disappointed to meet in Chaldee with phrases like N'^?3bf7. "''^.'3 Gen. 37: 19, lit. master ofdreatns, i. e. interpreter of dreams ; Nri'tU ^3 son of a year, i. e. a year old. 2. The Accusative of place answers the question, wliere 1 and must consequently be translated by at or in. The simple Accusative is also sometimes employed, by synecdoche where we must render, in respect of; e.g. iTti T)?'^7aD ruddy in respect to complexion, or of a ruddy com- plexion. Lam. 4: 7. This construction is less fi:equent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. In- stead of it the Targums sometimes employ 3 . 3. The case absolute, either the Nom. (which is most frequent), the. Ace, or even sometimes the Dat. (with i: signifying quoad), is employed as in Hebrew. Comp. Heb. Gr. §§ 415 — 417. § 62. Use of the plural and repetition of nouns. 1. The plural is sometimes employed where only one of the things designated is meant. Judg. 12: 7, Jephthah was buried, l^ba '^l'^j53 , in one of ^Ae cities of Gilead; Gen. 8: 4, The ark rested on one of the mountains, etc. 2. 'j'^")'3 and 'j'^sia'n are employed as plurals of excellence or respect. On the other hand "j'^nlrN has always a plural sense. In the biblical Chaldee only, occurs 'J"'3i"'bN , the 3Iost High, as a name of God, Dan. 7: 15. 3. The double members, etc., which in Hebrew require the dual, are designated in Chaldee by the plural. When the dual in Hebrew is em- ployed to designate definitely two persons or things, it is rendered in Chaldee by the plural with )'''yp\ . 4. The immediate repetition of a noun indicates, a. Multitude. Gen. 14: 10, 'J''")'^?. l^'^^r. niany toells. h. Partition or separation, expressed by each, etc. ; as Gen. 32: 16, N'n'iy N'^1^! each particular herd; Esth. 3: 4, i^l^i"^") Nigi"^ every day. ^§ 63 65. SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES, ETC. 73 §63. Construction of adjectives. 1. Exceptions from the general principle " that adjectives agree with the substantives which they qualify in gender" and number" are the same as in Hebrew. Comp. Heb. Gr. § 449. 2. When an adjective is the predicate of the sentence, it stands generally after the noun. Rarely, and only when the substantive verb is omitted, it precedes. 3. Adjectives used as simple epithets, follow their nouns. 4. The neuter gender is usually expressed by feminine adjectives ; Ps. 27: 4. "^n"^?^ ii'l'n. one thing have I desired. 5. An adjective is put in the construct state before a noun express- ing the thing in respect to which the quality is affirmed ; e. g. Prov. 16: 19. h^"^ bS'ilJ of a humble spirit, lit. humble of spirit. §64. Comparison of adjectives, 1. The comparative is formed, either (a) By ']^ simply, as in Hebrew ; or (b) By inserting '^W or "l^ri^ {abundant^ but here in the sense of more) before I'D; e. g. Ps. 119; 103. 'j'D'^D^ iX'dn'Tn '\12 I'^n*^ sweeter than ^one?/, lit. sweet more than etc. 2. The superlative is designated as in Hebrew. Comp. Heb. Gr. §455. Lev. 24: 9. wN^M ^^M the highest heav- en ; etc. § 65. JVumerals. 1. Numerals from 1 to 10 are placed either before or after nouns. Gen. 8: 10. f »'T^ tiy^'2':: . Dan. 3: 24. -j^nna Nnbn . 2. From 11 to 100 the numerals precede the substantive in the plu- ral. Jud. 11:33. V1"!R r"^.^^- ^"'- *^® *^^^ sometimes follow their substantives. Gen. 32: 14. Note 1. In a few instances the substantive appears in the construct state before its numeral. 1 K. 8: 63. Nia-^. riif*?."! -pn-jn "'lin 220,000 oxen. Comp. § 60. 1. note 3. Note 2. When n2 precedes the numeral, the noun is in the emph. St. ; e. g. Gen. 1: 16. N^'^jiri? 'J'^'in n;: the two great lights. 'lo""' 74 ^ 66. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES ; ADVERBS. Note 3. In designations of weights and measures the noun express- ing the weight, etc. is often, though not so frequently as in Hebrew, omitted. Thus Gen. 37: 28. ^03 r"3C?3 for 20 (shekels) of silver. So in designations of time, Mtti"> is still more frequently omitted. Comp. Gen. 8: 13. Lev. 23: 32. 3. Instead of the ordinals from 1 — 10 the cardinals are not unfre- quently employed. Gen. 8: 13. NtJ"!2' "'t!^ > on the first of the month. 2 K. 12: 1. Nvn;;b ^'^'4 ri2^3 in the seventh year of Jehu — lit. in the year VII. of Jehu. 4. Distributives are expressed by a simple repetition of the cardinals without 1 ; as N^^TIJ ^'^J?:V ^V sevens. 'J'^'nri 'J'^'nr) two and two, by pairs. Gen. 7: 2, 9. ' " ' ' 5. Numeral adverbs are of two kinds. a. Those of degree or intensity. These are expressed in Chaldee by prefixing ^h to the cardinals; e.g. Dan. 3: 19. N^iUJ Ih^ seven fold. h. Those of repetition. These are expressed, precisely as in Eng- lish, by times, 'J"'373T ; as Josh. 6: 3. itJ^^T N'lh, one time, once. Ex. 34: 23. nVn 'J'^:?3T three times, etc. CHAP. IV. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. ^ 66. Adverbs generally. 1. The repetition of an adverb expresses a. Intensity. Deut. 28: 43. Nnhnb Nnhnb very loio ; h. Repetition or continuation. Ex. 23: 30. "T^i'.T "i"'i';T by little and little. 2. Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed before them as nouns in the construct state. Gen. 18: 4, N^Q T'y" a little water. 3. Adverbs sometimes take prepositions before them ; e. g. TN2 in- stead of TN simply. Comp. Gesenius' Lehrgeb. p. 828. Note. In the last three cases, 1. 6, 2 and 3, these adverbs may be regarded as real nouns. Thus ^'^12 ^"^^It a small quantity of water, TN3 at that time. And so of many other cases. 4. Many adverbs are expressed by periphrasis of verbs. See § 58. <§§ 67. 68. NEGATIVES INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. 75 ^ 67. JVegatives. 1. The same distinction exists between Nb and D'^b. , as in Hebrew between Nb and 'J'^i* ; the latter, in both languages, implying the sub- stantive verb. 2. bb ij7jn3 dN . . . . b"^t3lrj , shall we go up to Ramoth Gilead to battle, or shall we forbear ? 3. The question with Nbn , being employed simply to excite atten- tion, is fi-equently better rendered by behold ! Comp. iH.'^'ri under the word Mb in Gesenius' Heb. Lex. Thus Deut. 11: 30. N'n^il^ 1=12^ Nbin ^-'7"?!1 behold they are on the other side Jordan, lit. are they not, etc. So also the frequent expression, 'J'^^'^rn^ I^SN Nbtl behold they are written. 76 Par. I. Regular Verbs. §§ 11—13. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael. Prael t. 3 m. ^Dj"? Vopnu^ <^.P- 3 f. n^tJp nV^pni^ nVqp 2 m. i5 nbL3p_nwS ^^!op_riw>^ N^^pp_n\s 'j^nVL2p_ri"wS inb^tipnit yjpi^ nVqpii nVopii nbtp.pi^ nV'opfii i^bpi^ •j^nVop^^ ■jnVLjpi^ ND^bpii VjpnwS nVjpriwS nVop^,^^ nb^Dpni^ nVjpni^ iyopn_i>5 w^^bprivs ■jinVop'm •jnVopn.s i^DVopnw^ ^«^bpn^« i<^bps* i^tJUpnii ^LDjPnv>5 ^'^?,^- ''^ppnwV ^VbpwX •ibioiprix iVbpi< wSDb^p.n.^. . ^«5^bp5i ^top_n^ ^4^?.'- Vtipnn yjp'n VL3p_nn ^'^.K^- I^V^EH^ ]^bp}p_ ^'^-t^.^. (bt}.ji^tx) ^jp^i^ 1^bti3p_n'] p;:Dp;_ iV^.P-Hl i^^.^'p;. 'jiyLDp_rn ■j^iVopn ihpz™. I.^P^ VLipflD Vbp3 ^Dpn>s '^^ppm iVbpm biypTi) Vopnn Vopnn I'^iVqpn: ^Vopn,"] ^iVt2pnn ■jbDpnn btyppiD 78 Par. II. Regular Verbs with suffixes. § 16. Suffixes. Sing. 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fem. 3 masc. 3 fem. Pe.Pr.3m. ^^VjjP r^j:ip_ ^^;q^_ JnVojP tlVOi? 2 m. ^2Tpiyp^ &c. Same as 3 f. except that it does not take 2£ ''3'^nV^P. ''H^'^.V^P. ™V^P ic. TjnV^V?- "^^.V^P. »^^.V^P f^^^.'^P PI. 3 m. ''diVjjp rpyjp_ 'n^5?^P_ "^^."iVop, n^Vjp. 2m.''Dr3^nyjp J^P.'I^'^V^P J^5^^V^P ic. — v}p-?. vk"^?. ^^?}p-?. ^'^i^yp-?. Inf. ^:^^^bp2^. il^.?P. T-i^PPP. ^^^^^^PTP. ♦^'V^.P^. Fut. 3 m. TV^P"! ♦^V^P^ PI. 3 m. '^DDl^qp^^'!]Diyq|?^ ^DDTTja^VLqp.'; nDlVtqp^ ♦^J^Vqp'] Imp. 2 m. '^]_'i3_^yL:p_ ^Vop i«n_n!:pp. 2f. '^D^bp.p 'H'^V^.P ^n^'V^P PI. 2 m. '^DD'^qiVop "^iny^pp i^^n^Vop 2f. ^^D^Dp ^n?V^p. ^"^n^V^p. Pa.Praet. ^Dbrqp_ ^bp}^ Tj^pj"? fl^Op, nbtqp Inf. ''^■'^"^P ^"^y^'^Jt ^^^^^y>. ^r'.'^b'^p nni!?r5p Par. II. Regular Verbs with suffixes. § 16. 79 Plur. 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fern. 3 masc. 3 fem. i^JDVqjp I'l^V^P. ]i?P^. T^^V^R ]t^P}L w^jnbDp^ I'l^nV^F? )?n--"^P. i^^^V^P. (3^.V^p. suffixes of the second person. i^D'^riVop. P^^^P2 ]T'^y^-?. li^rib/gp )?.J^.V^p. p^nV^p l^riV^p 15 i«]iVjp_ liiD^iVqp. 1?;.iVl:p_ ll3^!:t:p_ 131^12^ vVDD iij^nVjp li^iriV^p IJ'iri^^Dp I'l^^V^R 1?.3V^P I'^^dV^P 1;3V^P iXDVop^, I'l^V^P^. 1?.'.PP^ fJ^V^"^. )\I.V^P^ &«55V^.P^ I'l^^.V^.P^ IP.^.V^.P^ i^^V^P.^ if^P^P. fciDDV^PI I'l^^.V^P^ Ir'.^^.PP'! Ti^V^P^ IjV^P.*! j<53l^qp^ I'l^^.'i^PP? P.^^^PP^ 1^3^5?t:p^ ]T\Vci}>;^, ^3^.'?P ^I3^pp 13K9P Nj^Vpp ]l3^^Dp irK^p JiDl^Jpp ]l3i;?Dp V}^'^?: ^33^PP ^iD^bpp 133.!^.9P: v^iD^tDj? r^^.P.P 1?.V^.P ■jisbtop i;^p- ^<]n1^ap_ ]iin^^rop_ y^p^b^y>_ )inni!:tDp_ inny^Dj? 80 Par. III. Verbs Pc Nun. § 18. Peal. Aphel. Ittaphal. Praet. 3 m. jPSD pSw^ pEri&{ 3 f. np_si rip_£>^ z^p-^.^^^ 2 m. npSD np£fi^ npsnws; 2f. rip^si npbwv ri'p£_riw^{ 1 c. npsi npSi< ripEinj^ PI. 3 m. ^pSD ^pl^^'i ^pEm 3 f. ^tp^bi i>{pl5< i^ 2 f. 'ipl '^pl^^'i ''psrii^ PI. 2 m. ^p\ ipbfii ipl:n>* 2f. .NDpX 4^DpE>y jiDpsnwy Fut. 3 m. pSS"] P?.- psri'] 3 f. p^n psn pEnn 2 m. psn psn psnn 2f. l^psn rp^^ I'^penn 1 c. p^.^ pDJ^ psnws PI. 3 m. l^P^i i^ps: ppsn^ 3f. 1P^^ )m 1P^^^ 2 m. ■jipsn l^psn lip^nn 2f. IP^n 1ps?n- ip^^n 1 c. pS3 pSD P^-J^-^ 1 Part. m. P^.? p£^ f. fi^ 'P'-rq ^ZV{ ^Zl^J^. p'^nwx ''pf'ini^ ip^Mmy p'^^1 p^nn p'^nn rpl^l^ pi^l^^i^. pp'nn'; ]ip^rir] Par. V. 81 Verbs IS . § 20. Peal. Pr. ^!?'| &;c. reg. Inf. ^b^ri. Imp. 'I'P (inn nn) Fut. ibv. 1 Part. I'p; 2 Part. Tb^ 'P'lm ixp'^nn Ithpeel. l^.'^n.x Pael. Pr. Fut. Ithpaal. "^!n*? Aphel. Fut. Par. VI. Verbs '^D. §20. Peal. Pr. Fut. Pael. Pr. Fut. Aph. Pr. n^D\N! Inf. 5^rj\Nf Fut. n^D^'i 11-^ 82 Par. VII. Verbs Ay in Vav. § 22. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael. Ithpaal. Praet .3 m. °P. Dp^nwS n^p_ ^-Pn^ 3 f. n^_p^ n^pnj^ n^'.p nl3;p_nwN 2 ra. nt:p^ nr)_pnii nt)^j_ n^^^p_nN^ 2f. ritiiP n^j'PiiwS ritiy_ nt]'^p_n5< 1 c. n^£ or ri^j? ritijPriwV nri;p_ n^.^p_nws PI. 3 m. i53p; inpm '^R 'itf'pnw>^ 3 f. r 't ix^]prii«^ ^^?!.ji ^i5D'^jP^i^{ 2 m. lin^p. I'ln^i^riu^j pna;^.j? TiJn^.:p_nw>i 2f. 1^.^!^- inripj-ii^ ]™y- ■jnn^^p_n'w^i I c. ^?^.P- i(Dt3"t^p_nvX Inf. Qp^q vx^pnt^ iNi:Q^^p_ 5«^^^p_n&{ Imp. 2 m. Dip □p^nwy o.^.E n^p_ni^ 2f. •^^D^p ^5fjprii< ^i2};p_ ■i^'p™ PI. 2 m. laip 'i^p^nwx 153'p_ ')52^_p_ni^^ 2 f. Kiqip jiD^jp^n'^^ **?^.!.E i«5t)/;^jpnii Fut. 3 m. Q'lpl np^n^ ^^.F-"! ^iin"! 3f. D^pri Dp^nn °?.r-^'^" D^j^nn 2 m. nipn Dpnn Dy_n D;;ip_rin 2f. ■j^^qipri V^Z^P. r^^P-'H 1^5:^p_rin 1 c. nip.x ^?A^. ay_wS!" n^jpnwNj, PI. 3 m. ■j'ltt'ip^ I'l^pn^ r^'.P-'! P^tPn*! 3f. \^?] i^i^ 1^!P^ I^IP-*"!'! 2 m. ■ji^Dipn Ti^p^nn 1iatp_n ■|i^^p.nn 2f. ]:!2^pn pzyi^. ]:a^P_ri i^tP-HH 1 c. mp: Dp^nD n^j^_i D"^p_nD 1 Part. m. G;.p, Ci^j*? ^!r-^. f. wS^']jP ^^y-p. 2 Part. m. D^p apnt: ^-P-^ D^p_nti f. ^}n^"P ii12pTi)2 ii)2^p)2 i^12^pm Par. VII. Verbs Ayin Vav. §22. 83 Apliel. Ittaphal. Polel. Ithpolal. n^'jPws D'lpriwx m^p D^lpDwS ^^^K^. n^'^priN; r\iyDj\p nMipn>; r\12y^i<_ riq'^pnN n^^ip n^_i]iprifi«i nx]^p.ws nn^pn^y nMip n^^i:ipni<. nt:;p_Ni. nt);pn>{ HMip n^D^^qipn.^ nn^'pwx ^^yp.^. ^nx3ip ^^HiprivV ^^y.^. ji^^pnN it^^Dlp vH^^QIpnN; lin^qjp^Ni. prn;priwv ■jin:q:qip ]WMpnwV i^.^r?.^. ]nq^pniS ]n^^^ip '}n^^^_ipri>{ ■ ^?^J?.^: wSD^'^pnx iXD^Dbipri^i ^'^PJ^. ^^'^.^^ j^^bipDiX D'^jPNi, ^""pn^ n^_ip n^ipnvv ^^y.^.- •'^q^pri^^ •'^qbip '^^qiDipni^ 153*^^5^^ in'^priws; •in^^ip ^nbipn^v .xD^/'pnii .XD^b.ip jiDqbipn&i ^^r. D'^pn^, n^^ipl ciDipn'', a'^p^n D'^pnn Driipn D^ipnn n^pn D^pnn D^ipn D^ipnr r^.?.^. I'^ti^pnr r'^^.'^pn ■j'^at)ipnn Q^'p.^^. r:^pn>{, cr!_ipN Da_ipn.v 1^^?;. pn^pn'] ]^t:^^ip^ ^l^XDipn^ i^;p: i^'^P.^.i ]^^^F. l^a.ipr'] ■jlti^n li^'^prn ■;i52t;ipn ■jis^qipnn -,i3^pn "^^""prir] ]^X]ipr im^pnp^ a'^pD D'^pFI] cri^ipq D^QipnD c^p5:_ ap^53 c^pnt: G^1pt3 D^ipn^ iin^ipri^: 84 Par. VIII. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. § 23. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael. Praet. 3 ra. '- ^\^. ^bins; ^V5 3 f. nhi n^binwNj n^Vs 2 m. ^^^h ^^r^ n^?5n\^i n^V^ 2f. nVy, n^b.^ n'^^p.rinfi^ n^^s 1 c. ''n^'?^, rr^^'i n'^b.'in'ws r^^5 PI. 3 m. '"' i^ T^!?Vn\N{ 1^^5 3 f. ni5$a vy^?!in.x ii;?5 2 m. l^n'^Sa 'jin'i^in.N pn^s 2f. ir'.'^^.^ iny^psn^i I^.^V^ 1 c. ^i^% ND^ftriwNj iil^% ini: iih^p. nij^^nwX Imp. 2 ni. ^-T. ^''^}. fi«-. "'b^n^^ j(- "^hi 2f. t6i ^bjp,^. ini:^ PI. 2 m. ■^bi i^Vm iV5 2f. ^:}\ ^^D^^m ^3?^ Fut. 3 m. \ ^)}!^. \ Nbsn'] "i-. iitihy^ 3 f. i\b:\n ^r.?n^ vs^;_n 2 m. v\b:iri j^b^nn fi^V5n 2f. V'^}^. r^'^^n^. r^'^-K 1 c. >i^3fi<_ ^b}p.^. wVV5wV!" PI. 3 in. 1^'^^.^ Vb\r\^. , I'^^V. 3 f. »!^.^.1 v}i^^ ' i!''^^? 2 m. ■ji^in ■jiS^nn pbiri 2f. V.^.A^ j;;^5nn r^:^-^! 1 c. ^^V^^ i«^5riD i^tV^i 1 Part. m. ^c".? fi«V55q f. T :iT 2 Part. m. ''-. *^^.? i^bsn^ ^byn^ f. ^t'liji ii^Um ii'^hyi^ Par. VIII. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. § 23. 85 Ithpaal. Aphel. Ittaphal. ""k^Jl^. \. ^^A^- '•^^nii nilV^nwy nil^.V"^ nilbiriii n'^'psnwx n^V^fi^ rr^Viriii rT'V^n^^ n'^^ii^ n^^Vn« rr^V^nj^ n'lipii^ rr^^jin^t rVsnj^ ^^biii i^!ijin&< riij^'^'ini^ fti^b^ii* is*;;!pin_&5 rifijVsnwy r\i6y^_ Hfij^^riwS «_ "^v^n^^ wx_ ''^jji^ ii_ ^b}m j^iV5n'N ft<^^ii^ t6ir\_t^^ iV^riwX i^ifi^ i5in&« i«5?5n^« ^T^'^i^- i«5\5irij{. ''_ iib}_^) ''- 5^*^.:^! *^_ jxb^n'] i^bsnn ^^.^.^ N^,:inn iiVsnr] i^b^n ji^inn ^kiP?. iy3 ^c'.^^3 i«^5^ ^!;!^.?"^ ^\^^P. •^l^i^D j^^^^jnx} fii-^Vanxj j«^!?i:a it'^^iri^Q 12 SG Par. IX. Declension of nouns masculine. Sing. Abs. Const. Emph. Suff. 3 s. m. Suff. 2 pi. m. Dec. I. Singular. <^ 31. Dec. II. Singular. <^ 32. (6) ins inD wSDns nDn-) "jiDDns ^ I •» X I •• X X ~: T •• "; "T f • •• X Dec. hi. Singular. § 33. (a)(r^i2)'7\'?p(i\bi2)i^p^ i^:^bp_ nsb^_ ii^?^.^ (b) I^T 1tt_T iVD^^T HD^^T ]'^^^P,\ {c) thn rhn i^)2bn nti>n. p:3^.^n. (^) r? r? ^T^. ♦^r?. i'^^^.'^?. (or N->I?*7i;5 etc.) Dec. IV. Singular. § 34. (a) na na ^«^a n?a liD^a (i) T? Tip. fi^J5^ Wy -jilDiS? (c) nx l!;>{ ws^SwNt rim ]^^^^ Dec. V. Singular. § 35. («) vNb fti^a ii^b}^ n.'^^.a ■jiD^'^a Dec. VI. Singular. § 36. Par. IX. Declension of nouns masculine. 87 Plur. Abs. Const. Emph. Suff. 3. s. m. Suff. 2 pi. m. Dec. I. Plural. iniD ma N^mr: '^ni-iTo I'lDnit: T^k^^. ^?!v^. K'^yy. ^*t^\^^. v^^ti^^. Dec. II. Plural. mbv '^tiby s^^^^s? %^in^5? ]^^^)2by ''jns wv^'Dns ^nwD ■ji^'^jris Dec. III. Plural. ]'^':hp_ ^'Dbi2 i!^'dhp_ ^Tfi^bp, V^^H^P. •jm '^D^T N^D^T ^mi21 'liD'^DtlT l^^q^n. '^:abn fi^^^^n. ''H'^^^.n. I'l^'^?),^. •jhai;? '^r;?, 5^w ''niD^? li^^r?. {^p.":?) (N^ji?) (^^113^?) (I'l^T:?) 1^^'ip^ vij-ip^ 5t Dec. V. Plural. "h^ ii^b:s ^ni!:a ]^^^b^ vk^p^ ^\^p- ^^}-^p-. '^n'l^^^ v^^^^p Dec. VI. Plural. ^''fi^53^j? "^fijt^lj? \v^j|? ^n'^^^li^ I'l^'^^^.^.l^ 88 Par. X. Declension of nouns feminine. Abs. Const. Emph. Suff. 3. s. m. Suff.2pl. m. Dec. VIT. Singular. <5, 37. (a) t^:^^ii2 r\2^ii2 i^nD^itt nriD^it! liDnD^n^ (b) ^im nnm J^nnM ^^.""l^^ lisnntij^ (c) ^thp_ n^^bi2 i«nl3^.^ ^^!\^k^_ I'l^H''^^.^ Plural. (a) 15^^^ nmp^ i^nri-^. ''H'^^ri'^ r^nri^. Dec. VIII. Singular. ^ 38. (a) ws!?52n_j^ nb^q-ifi^ ^^ri^anfi^ »^J?.^.^1^1 I'lSJl^.^^ifi* (b) i^^i:i, n^U ND'^^s nn^U liDn'^^a (c) IST n^5T u^niiDT nn^ST lisn'iST Plural. '"^JT ^I"' TTJT • ■'"?▼ ' •T'T Dec. IX. Singular. <§ 39. nj{55'7jp nvV^^jP iuJn ■^ry'iJn - • s T •• • I 10 N'lD2> r^o? ^D? ■'Pi'iDy ^VD? Nrr^ri^D?, 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 B. Cardinals from 11 to 19 Masculines. { 'nD^n^n ) -' ^^ • (-lO's'^n) I Feminines. CHALDEE CHRESTOMATHY. PART I. SELECT SENTENCES TOR GRAMMATICAL EXERCISE. ^I53'i!2-r3 uh ni«^ ^nni t^:::^^ rr^nrr^ ^ntijp-n*^ 3 IT : - I V : vx>'-l^i^ .ynriD^T v\^mi ji5?-ii<3 m^^Ti in^i-'^n^ i><"ii*5-n'' "ii^Dnnni 19 • it ; • : r-T^n^ni^i n^sn '^ni^aipi ^nin 'rin^.N ^'^-n-' 20 -"•;":•: at ; • • j tI : c- ; • 'jt t •..; Jt; ' It : - ; )T X ;•; IT - ; )•• ; • c"' ; : ' T -; - : ' PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. I. History of the fall. Gen. 3. — Onkelos. '^^^}^^. T. ^^y- ^^\ ^yi ^^ri. ^'^^ ^^y^ ^t^. ^tp^. ^ ]«nD5-]b\^ 5?5 ^TS^ ^^yi^^ wvnn.x nn^^si t fi^nD; "i^\^^ 2 h-^j} i^-Dip ^^r\ 1-iw^ t iin^^n nan j«!?' ]«nnwx^ is^in 5 N^^snoi^b N0^\^? :i5-ini 'j'^d;^:^^ i^in-i&ij n.ws;.i ^iD^n^. na::^ tn!::j?nb"qN nnn;i n^DNi ♦^3>^.?. rin^^ODl n^n * rnt 1'^'^^. ''"^?'.^- T'-^^P. ^^PP- V^\ vj^tqni p3w>i, vvnDrjin 'qV.rin^ o^H'^'i^. ^H"^'^'!^.'''?. ^E"^- ^'^tim s 13 94 PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. ^iD^n Nns:^i ^^rn 'rjisj^q-!::^ .sna nin Vs^i is!. "i^t?. '^'^^'1^2 k:^-)wx iND''^ n\D^ bii^n i6 n^^52)^ 'Tjri^j^D ^"^ n^:sri I'^r^^'i^. Tr^^l ♦ '^^!'l ^^''^ ^'^ »^?*^^.^^. ^^?^. ^^ b^::^n ^^jEw^i wsriiJ'.TS t ^*"5Rn"i ^i^D5^"n:l ^'^^'^f?.! "^ ^^ n>s njn ri'^nriws dv^j Diij ^y^ \ ii^nn ^ns^b^ nj^ 20 D'lNb D'^n'^N} ;■] inyi t ixtiDwv-^pa ^d^ j^.l t n'^^iwsi i«5^\s "^TS i^ '^^ nnn;^ vs^n ^'^ins 13 fc<;;in &«nnw^^ nn^wsi n^in:; n*^ n^ ^^^k ^^*f^^. n^-iwsi. N^^in^ nt]wsi iiD^^ib (in^nbn a-^riV^j ^"^ ^n'^^si 14 bz ^'}^^ ^T^. b^^^ i^yj'p b'^p^ riN \:i^b i«7 rj^in:; i>«";s:^i 'Tifisn Nnis"! vso'^-iii^i i'^dd n^b ^^n ubm ^D5{ is^n-] ]inb nns jin'^sp^s ]inn^ n'^SDi "pip_ri^. n^'^ti)^ n^Dp £3i-iwsi. n^vNi. D"iws;b_^ t ^tp.npbi ^3tx;V 17 '^nin ^"i ni^^in i^!:'^ i^^a ^ypi^ i^'o^b mp !:^3-'n n^2:n ]^rqii] "j^nii'i } tj'^^n ^ti^i'^ '^5 n3pp;n ^^ya is a^iij p:^ j<-;n ^sj^ ^y^i >i3"tp5? n;: b^^^p^ ^b^^p '^s-ini i^n'^s^ns n^nnD ^^!?'^ '''^ ^^ip i^ ramn i^^ns i^jii PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 97 rj^nnDN crd d^IwS Nny jiisi n*:^^ ni^n nwi 20 fii^p^n .\;;iws::i 'I'lTri'i^ nin d^jj wsn ^'^'^"iZ. TP^P^. n^3^ °'ip''?>. TT^?.! i^^i"!^. '^^.P^ '^TH'] N*3w>;i N^nist: n"J3 ^V^s; d-'n!? nt: 1^2 ^'?"is^3. I^T'^. n^7TL:3i vn^y niT53 N'rjTF:^" "^ "1"^^. '"^'^1 ^^ T'"^.'' n;s "1^. 3D^i t^'^l'] "Lid's'^ ^b "i:;? t:"[j?. ]":p.^ ^^rijrj ]12 "^ ^!p_l '•n '^in mp^ t^^n ^^555 '|\^5, .sru i^^^n 'J'^^^. J152ri^ ''l^n'^1 ^'rj^'ii ^^_ nbs^!: nni^ irjn i^nniN* Nns ws^/ob^ Nnq j^!? ^;p Dip^_ i^^^niis T^nn ''n;s "j^ I'lp^sn']! 1^^^.\^" >^';p_1^^. p.^.l ^^r^. TRH^'i j<^^b:pn ixn^ni}^ (D^^s^^i lin^^nn ^n!:s '^'^ ^? ]s*3!:'^i^ ii^^nrii i nip n^?"! >inD5 inqi t rhyb ^m ^i^v.i ^i^:ln^ wX]b^\x ^ts 24 iinD^b nra^. ]''^"p_^ 1^ ^^^^?P.P y.) ^^'^^A °>1 ^1 fi<™i nsri'^s ]''pn5^i i>^n'^,ii5< ^^ns ]^yd y^bti ]^nn lipDSn^i ]^!?^'^;'.^ J^;p_^'l^^ ]7.?.1 i^r]^^ lEH^'i ]7.?.l ^T^^l rpn ^5^^. lEH^"^ ^1^^ TIPP. "^^^'S **r^'^ i^/o':;^^ ]in3^ 5?nsnn^^ i^ll^iipih ]'^")5?n5q ]n,:q^5i i^nniwx ii'^n iin-j '^^^n'l ^^byt)^ d^^P_i 'ti \in ]^7n IV, Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel. Gen. 4:8. — Jerusalem Targum. 1^ nini i^nn ^^i^b p^SDi j^nwst ^ihni^ ^nn^ ]y_ n^Nti "i^nN!. ^nnb n^xi ]y_ ^2:1 Nnn ^£5^!: ]i5iM"iri ipS3 n^ws ]lp_^^' i^!:'i ]nn>vi nbi ri^b) i^i n^!p.i ]^'i n^^. 100 PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. ^'^;r?31?. ^isnwsb^i &<;j?''"sb nD -15N; in!!: n\^i I'^sj^n '^in'iy ]in'ii !?? -^^rq i^^n ]''nD ]'^"iniy n^SD t ri'^n^ !?Dp.i ^in&5 ^nn V. Marriage of Samson. Judg. 14. — Jonathan. J iriwvb ''^ nn;; ^no yjp;i ^N^^d^s nsst] n^^nn ^n^Tn ^Dni "^iriNi. nDDs rr^!?, j^n ^i^m) Viin^s}, n^!p^ i-i^wsi^i 3 n'^'p. nrai iV^'i^ l^'^'n^.l ^^33 »T^?"ni ^j D"ip_ •j^T^ nni qid^/d ''p;)'^ nidDi sinn^vq ^^s:c:'^ 8 NDp i«ni ix;-)5^i ii-j:;S} n^ ^rnri^. -iDi nnD:qb 1;^^ PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TAUGUMS. 101 -i^wxi jtT^53? iini ]nnn ^^n^n ^ninm ri'^m ith 12 i<^ CwST } .sd'13'^^'7 V}j^,'^^. V^k^^ T^.i?^ V^t^. 1^ "^nTH "'^'^ ^^^ri ^"^^^"^.1 ^"^'9^^^" iiV^?'^ r^i^^^i'^ '^Vti) ■}rL:rid nriw\^ i-i^wsi.i Mwvrnd N^i'^n nini 15 ^-1 '^^i;; "i^jPiD .xxDb'^ Mn^^iin n^ ixDb ^wi 'T^'^^i^s n:i "iDrij^:':: nhn^ nn'qwNi^i ^r^bi "jida/d nnw>{ niDD^ le wsn^in wN^b ^'^1 ^a:^ ^pn': isn^in w>{n^,in ^^n^nn n^^i r"P.'=?. T^l ''*"1^1^L ^^^ v\52us;bi ^2^^ nvi ^b npNii i<;np52 "jinb rim wx^^i^ .N>;3d vni'?. n::nT t ""^n.si. 17 ^Dm2 I'lnpiB iisbiVws; linb n^wNi w\nwst3^ ^iv.n p wsn^n^ nil ^n^by ma^ \ ^niin iinnsdw^* &^7 19 vS-iDn rn'^^n 11-3^ yjpi itecj^^b nmi -^^ c^ip 5in/iin •'^w^^'in^^ ^^nV^-^^"^ ^^H V^^iy. ^- ^^^?.^ ']rii:52ci nn.s nini t ^nin^si. mb }>^bp;i n^nin ri'^jpni 20 14 J 02 PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUM9. VI. Prediction of Messiah's kingdom. Ps. 2. }v^{nip"iD V^nt] N^^aiwsn i^ii2i2v_ i^'dn.nt] n^sb i ii'ii'nh wS^HD l^nSiin': wV^oiuVdi .n:^1wX ^"Dbri yizy^ 2 ri^sp'in!: iinb ^V^_'] 1^7;^ t ]in^ .'rjn^^'] ;^i ^n^;^. ^ '^Dtl 7s t "rj^l^ V7. N'52i^ ^VwV^. HN^ST nj.y ^^ .SZ.Nb 8 ^ysp_ iys'-::wvi ^i;?"':^ T^p.^ t ii^z^nnn nns^ 10 ^^}, fpnra n^y.ii "i^^'.TS ")inv.7 irvjt] ^n-iiN^ VII. The praises of Jehovah. Ps. 8. ftiViss n2u:t],i 'tj^/lD ^"^bn n^^s w\5:i2"} N^nbwNt^ ^'; 2 ^^i2^'; r^^)2-a '^t:nN7 ^vjq { ws*5:iui Nn^'n ^^:pn 4 pr?. -li^Cn ir^Jt) N^LJD "IDI ^mvj i2ip; br^i2 e PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 103 ''n^is nin^.^ ]inVi5 ''nini ].\:? t ''i^n ninn s ''DiOwV ^'^hm ir\y\h] wva:i \:iDi wN^m' "^nss t fi^^rjpn 9 VIII. Parable of the vineyard. Isa. 5: 1 — 7. — Jonathan. &{^nib b''rip;^i bi^y^^h ]:?3 i^^ns.P^^. ^v;^3 n^wx i &i:!?>v:D n-; iron vS]Dn>^ ]inb n^nn;! b^.']^^^. ^T^.^. ]t!_i n2^_5 ]')3rt).'.p_i ]i3n-ip_:iT ]'i:r]dNp_i t j^d^m 2 n^nn;: ^1^152 pi^vi ]in^p;n '^^'^p^ ^^^^P^ ^T^A I^DD ]^ini:;? P'^^r.^ ^''IPAl I'lS^T^D. ^? ^"^l^^^^ ^n i'^^^. '"^P^- K"^.^. * ]^^''7P.'^^ vd\vni^ i^m Wi?_ 3 •jisfi^i ]^n'j ]^"2i:5? ]^"i3:i^^^. n^n^_N!. ]^'^ w\^ ]^nb T353b jiri^i ]inja ^-^3:3^ p''pD.s ^ayb "i^5?53b "i^n? •^nwsi. } rifijinq I'ln^^.?. I'^^MI ^V^. ^?.PA ^1'=^?. b^J] "^ i^yi2 n'-nn'] djwxi ^wsn';rj'^ n^zi nvxnir ;;ii n^as? roiDwX i^3&< ixni *iD^i ms;;'"^'^ n^n^^vii n^ni"in" 104 PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. IX. Extract from Isaiah's prediction of the Messiah. Isa. 52 : 13.— ^53 : 2.— Jonathan. n'^m'^ 13 t wS'oiDN ^:2i)2 lin'i^Ti iim-n &i^:a^:p ^d^s is ^^ iiJT'll ]''\r^) y':hp_ T^p^'P^ ''H'^^?. l'"'^!^^^ V^P.^- 'inrdnrd hV^^^'m ]^/i^::i inns:" i^nbn^q wsn/ninnp^_ iini^ V^i^.^^. ^k ^ vSD^^Dpl i^p^'sS^ r^^dDD wxn^^wN5_ ]S5^ i6 I ivd^n 3 mT)p a^imp^p j^^n w\-)n b^rin^ "^pTiji isin e ^DDD '^:p;u3-i'n -jin^qisni w>«;p_^'i2"i "^dn. bi ]y^rin ^T-^yi, i^pp') J^^n^.1^ ''E'^'-^l *^;"!^.'''^ * iisDiDn 7 PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 105 PART III. THE CHALDEE PORTIONS OF JEREMIAH, DANIEL, AND EZRA. I.— Jer. 10 : 11. IL— Dan. 2:4— 7: 28. I'lS'^nni I'lisj^rn v^'^n rn-i'iiisi i^i2hn ^^^v^^^fin ]:np_ "jinnn tTi.tpsi *i52^n ]ni t )i52';ari'; ^^iq e i^^^bn iiS^^ rT-^.^";! 'H'lr^Dn 133?. t'^3inn nnds'i 7 -153 -i52i;i VN3V52 riD!^ t n;innD nnpsi ''ni"in:^'^_ n^^ws^;*^ e l^n^jn "^ M !:;.p"^s 'j'^DnT ]in:5^ ND-ip "i- vnDwn:^ ::?i; n*^::^;! n53w\r:b ]ii^]52°Tn nn^ndi nn'iD nV^s^) "iiDn": N^^n yiDwV-i '^^ i-i52j< wS53bn ]nb .Npnd^ >^;"^ ''" "^^_ ""^"i?. 'p •'Knos V. 10. 'p Tinsttitn -jiipjXiTn s"s v. 9. i-ip •^snssV v. 5. PART III. Dan. 2: 10 — 24. 107 }^Dn '^ri^sri b'^b n"i3inb, itDwNi i<\y:) q^p^i dds •Tjin^N^, nrji wVJip^ n^nn ^n\*]^ ]^"i.\3 { n^jpn-tb 14 rij^ t^na ''a;3nb'_ ri^L^j':"': py ^^ i^sb^ ^^^^ .v^nrj-nn 15 t^'^2pb ]^5qn-ii i:?'i'inii'i i^'3hi2 r\2y } 5'iin'i wVD^^^b vvnps ^" "iin'; 26 n^5 ^^i2m tnVwN:_ ^i\\; D13 : i^^bpb rrynnh ]^'hp;i 28 J iiin n]^ r^y^m-b'^^ x?^i ^ithi 'rj^^bn wr;^_i^ ^T}b. ^^. ^H '^P^^. "-.^^''^■^^ ^^51^^.1 5^3^.^_ nnDwX 29 '^^ ^b}„ riDj. us*n wS*^^n-^5-j^ ^3 ^n\s«-^^ '"^^.H^. ^"^^ '^nnb ^Di^y.ii V^T^) ^'^^^.^-^. ^"^1?^ ''" ^"l^l"^^ 1^^.^ ^n nb:r i^ni.i n'^^in njn &«jb.^ nriD&^ { :?^:n 31 nni "^^^ip^. CwN^j"? n'^n^ in^Ti nn "jS"! vv^^b:: N^\vd 'bi t^^^bsb nnn^i -j^^i^n vxb-''^ "jnij. nnT^nn ^ m ^:^ ^p^ in^^?. t J'l^n np5,rii vs^srom i^'rnp_ ^^i '^nfei 35 niJ'S 'iini Nnn^ii i^sos t^bm &^i:pn ^bpp_ n4n^ niDndrr.y^ in^N-'^si isn'ri li^sn .Ntji D^-'^i^wS-jn '1 T>M'' ibid. '1 -i''ni V. 33. 'n -i">ri'' V. 29. PART III. Dan. 2: 36—47. 109 TiD^ wV3?nwy nnii id^^q aipn 'rinnni j .NDn"i '^'^ ntii^n 39 fi(!:ns ^"7 ^np-^5 ^^^'^P.^. ^^yP- ^T'^. HT^I ^^^.^'^ ^^ p"n rV.*?'^? :p:p";53-'^'^ n^'^^tidd'^ wvViD ^ism p'^ri^, ■'^^ vi&n p°n352 N^ni^s^uNi n*;!?5i nn'^m.-'^'ii 1 1^^}^ 41 "^^ iins2r]^^i nirin m^^s ,^::!?!o ^ns -jinD^i nns q&na n-ii^^D .N!:n& nmn '^s "^np-!:3 jqn-xnnb>s!:ns -]5q tp_n i^tim bnp )^rip^ i^'b^p_ ni^ssij.i \ nd'^d 42 '^l" } nn^Dn j^inn ns^^ ^^yp. ninn .sniD^,^ nsp 43 :?n?3 11^^ rn-i^Ti^^ .xri: DDnzi nn:?» i^brns ni-'n iihiit) ^i5-i«EDn"D5? n-):?n^ .y!? 44 N^ni &{Tinsi t -iisd^d^dd nvn ^^^ 4 -.^1:1!? **^."in^ vNnr^j-n^ "js&'^i te,^ ji!?-'^^-j53^ t i<'Dbp_ e 1^-)-o3Ds ,v5S'«2 Dhnv i>inv'i"iiii^ N3"lp '^p &{'^:2^5?-^3 •• T : • ' •• W- — :- I . T : - ' • : •-. c ; -r ; • .« '■1 -iTTi V. 7. '1 -iTll V. 5. 1-ip ■]'^>3i''pi V. 3. PART III. Dan. 3:9— 19. Ill ^p yad'^ ^'^ '^??^'^5"''" 0?.^ ^.^.'? '^^^.^ ^"^.^"^ ^^ Vdi NijDS'^Di T^nnq^DS NO -ip &hn;p_ fc^ri'ipi-i?:^ iH3"ip_ ' • ; IT T T ; !•• -; • J T -: -: •.'-.•: ' • ; It ▼ ' ^ t ntj^pn '''7 i^nn'i Db^bi i^nbs ]iiWi« i^^^ v6&i^.i:^3 'j^'inDiDS 1^53'^ Dhn;p &in'^pi-i"^;^ wSDnp ^p p5?Mn -i^^ -iSDi^'^n: i!<^bi2b ^-i^wsi i:^] in^i 'n'jj'^^: '^jTiP '1 -I'^lT' V. 15. 1-ip KiiiBtti&i ibid. 6in n":'"' n1^■' ibid. • 'n i.-i''lT> v. 10. •i-ip .•'Jhtos V. 19. 112 PART III. Dan. 3: 20—29. vriii lin'^'^^n!?^ ]inn^snDi ]in^ip^"05 ]in^!:3-|D-i -mb i^&3 i.i: 'inj'.i T|ip^5:^ 'ijiia ]innb;n '^Vwx iN^n^i 23 I'l'ini .\!:n '^ni-in^nnb -i^iji n?.::; n^nsnns apj niri in:;s"]5i ]nn; njn n5wNi-.xn 1^551 n?,:^ t i^^bp_ ^n*^^;! 25 ""f?.?.l "^-^^^^D^ '^iT'P "i^^"?! ^?.? ^"^^."r; ^^T^ P^^^' ^"in^ rp&: I'i'iwVB in>ii 'ipis k'^V^? i«n^>i-i'i '^niis:? 1^3 I'^rdDSn^DI t i^"}13 iD in:?i 'h^^^d '^-i^ui^ nb^n i^sb^ r'l.NS t inDis 30 T-x ":• ' :it; ■^:~ x; ' ' : -^ • jx-t-; CHAP. IV. ubn t^i?D;ns} •jDnr^'^?.^. ^M^.^'^.P "i^H^^^^. ^l^. I bnn "^^D^sn bbb ^iyi^^_ n!:3;3ri!?_ crq n^^io ^p^"^ \ ^^.^^:^^. 3 -vvb rintiD'i m'^mp nD^^ na>i itnbm ^^^nT:^1 h^i-^i:) ... . •• • X ~ xJt; ~ ' •• r: It — ; • ' • : J v^i5^\^^ nnn t iS'^iia rjti^'ini t^^ws ^i1:^s i^^^x ^!:vni n\in s t wV5?n.^5-!:s &id!? nnirni j^^a-iiii iSt:ti'i Ji53i-ii J^pn^ T ; — -r ' ; •• ""I"" '''I * ** r* "• Z I ^Vqn '^ri'ii'^nJ^. »^^'*«Vd^. i'miti j^^^to »i3d.^«i n^sip t^.'^sy 9 -^ ■|^tn^tnD:qi ii^M "^nsis ])^y^ ^niSMi vsns ni^n n^5? "\bi^^ ''2t)^ipi2'bz ^P^^. M».n^. J^MH J^J.n ^ ^^1"^^ ^^ 'ti'ST'V. 9. 1-ip ''5i3^^5n ass wvn'r^q 'li::? : ''ni?! "ip_^i Didp, '^ni'iniP.^-^D ^"i wN;53p ^b^_!: n'nnx]'! CHAP. V. i^yyn oros "i^_ni. n^wv^m^n tnnd j^^nt^n vVe'^x 2 n^SDiD'inD p£3n '^'^ i^sDi] ixnn'i ^Dw^^^b ri^n'^nb wsnni ^:i^i2 m^ri in^^*?. t '^^PJlk^ ^^k^.'^ ''n^^^l^.ll ^ t Nsinfi^i wsipij fr^^P.^ ^'^Tv iiSDSi ^^nn'^ '^n!:vN^, insdi ^Dp^b ]nnDi ir)5?5-'i:i '^^ l^^^fi:^. ipsa i«n?.^-?n3 5 njn w>(S^^^i i^^bp_ '^'7 i^^^^'^n ^n^-^'^ ^^T^-^:^ ^^^l^.?. "inrni '^niDt? '^rii'^T >i3^.5: ]^;i^^ t .NnnD ^"^ vST &s e vsnni J?;*]'^'^ wv^^s^'ijb Ji^^:;n^. i'^ri^ ^b^ i^np t i^pj^ 7 nnp']-^'=T 'diii^'b'D 'I'l ^nn ^53;snV i^iji i^s^.^ n?.::; -•^•^ i^^pi^.ni tDab"! ^'^?!!?>'^ '^^Diri'] Jinpsi jidi nnns "'r;T ■•■;:"- ' • ;~: • • "^ : : ~ i ' -: i •~ t • "j % n-'M'' V. 10. 'h n''r\-> v. 8. -(-ip 8S"«3tonV> ibifl. -i-ip •'SnCS v. 7. i-ip -ipss v. 5. V* oy THB (ht rr T "^ PART III. Dan. 5: 10 — 20. -•^n^Ni-n^rnz n^^^m i^nV^.'"?] 'ii^n: Ti^Zws;^ ^52^31 in3 ^'^i ^2p-V3 t i{3^_!q 'riiius:^ tra^iPn -jn^^ ■j^^^'^"^'^ ^stp&j 12 j«:Db^_-^^ -^^''.n^. »^?. nnsmn ]nLjp J^Tjit^i i^n^si^ * ^inn''. ^1"^^^ "^npn^ ^s\^_]^ 1:^5-12x1^12^3 hm-d^d ^\1P^^. ]^1<^F!1 ^'^^^.'''. TIP'? '^^.'^^"''^ "''^.?'. ^^l^.? xniD^^^n vNnbni ^"ivsr^-^:^ ^"^^n.l"'^" ^^^^^^ni d^bn 5*3^52 n'lp^^ n^wsn ^w^i^ri n]:^ ]^>n3 ta^^pri 17 iiniD^^ ^3p inr^rci fein^ii 1 fi^^DD-i'Mpriwxb vxniD'!:^-!?;? '2'^pni din." nij?, nDp 2 T^D-]D ]in3;Q >{V^^i \ a^ri^^hrrby^, '\^r}b '^ ^ I'^nt^.i nsj^q 3 -^•H^np-^ ^^,^35'i^dnNi.i N^^DnD-^:? h^dh^d nin nj'i ■«-ip nxTtt V. 1 . inp nsT»3 V. 30. 'p s2-:ttn-. v. 20. -^pnKVyv.21. I'AKT 111. Dan. 0: 1—15. 119 ■j'^Vr^wNP nn'^ndi nV:?-^^'! .NniD"^,^_ ^2:0 PwSjoY:? i^-jDwX D'^j-n vxsb^ i^D t ^'{:Qi'^n nn'pn ■{'']5qTi nbuj'n'] "1:3 nn;^^ n!?. wVS^^D riD:? ^n^^l^'i ^'i^^. ^'^?.in'! ^^}P- ^i^. ]^k T^k^. t wv^^yn i^!:-'^'^ Dnsi ""l^'n^s i«nV:q wvn^2^^ -^rm ^?^.^ in? ♦ ♦^n'15'3 Nj'2 fi<^^i^3 hni:n ]^3^,n nt3d-i i& ^s c'^ ^it'D^ ^yi ^riSh:^ m2 ^^^"O :>12id t^Dbti ''"is 120 I'AKT III. Dan. G: 15 — 27. 'qnbwNj^ ^.s'^Di^ n^.551 .vsb^nD:? ^^'^5^.^"^ '" l^'^'^r*'" 'i^T n iD nnrdi ^^!^^^Z. ^'^PM'^k 1 3^.11 ^r^ ^"^^'^ n'^p^nb n!:ri2nnni wvri:iD:q Dip^ i^^sisips jxid'^^^ -jn^"^?. * ''5^'ib? 20 !:p^3 bii'^p;ib .s^s^!? trtn-]p53Di } buNt_ J^nin^i^-'^T j^s^b 21 'Tjninrd^ !?3 v. vVT^ns n^-nbs nns.^ ^^ ^nb.N5 .s^'i ^ni^?'^ ni<;j vv^5\r; .x^^^^d ]^i.\n t np,:? 'nib rkj\2U 24 bws^o'] '^'^ ^n'l^ip- ''!^5^^r^'» ii.^. ^^n^A '^''^'!^Il ^^^^^^^ .v^^N ■wS^^a>:-bD!: nns i!'-^^ 5?3-iii ]^t}_ ^^}.^t Min.s. ^MH. s^jn hD'^ "irivs^s t »^^ nvp, -jdV^i 7 I^Ddi riTn^ J^s^pni ^'jTynta] nb^n'n Sj^>^"i. wn in^xT n^b:)-)^ ^nijpi np™ wN^bDwX jn-in-i i^b ^ns""^" "1^. '^1P,?>>':^. "^^I^^IR ^^':^1E"1^ ^Vl'' P'^'.^r?. ^H^.^ V'p^tia cs^ ws"i-vs*5-)_p_ii .s'dDwNt^ ''D^:?3 ■j'^r:? ^Kni.i "\^.1B nn^ l^^i^ P^n>-i i^^n pDnD ^"^ "i:? n^in nrn t pn^-i in;^D-is N^p_j n^:;^5 »t»?^'<"?. ^t^^ i^n :i^n3 ndin!: •'^p riipyns ibid. 'i -i^n-' v. 8. inp risy^iin v. 7. •^-lp nsD-is v. 29. 16 9 122 PART III. Dan. 7: 10—24. \ i{i, TinroVd i^r^n i^rn^'n iws^iai 12 nt:^, N^aj*^ pm"iT\ friin nnij d^ist^ ins n^'^m nn-ip pD3,^nnvipN'n\iTni nn^i^n.^N?.^^ 16 *iri^ib_^ I'lps.p'^l t n'^n:-]^ ]i52'ip^ ]^dhp_ si:!;3nw^ rs-i^s is a^:^ IT) ii^zbr-l'J t^rri^hri ]^:^m f^^^b^, ^la'^ip, pnn-i bV^t) DD^ t^b ^3^1:^1 (31 iV3-ipi nbn rM^52"Tp ^i"InJ -31 w\3-)pi n\in njn { rnrnnrrp^ 21 r^iTni 21 ji^;53i^ p^n3? nnisi-^i i;;? : jnb nb^^^ I'lp^ ip_-a5? nnp 22 i3Dnn ixn^i^52in"jri nd^^ti i^^i^^:'. ^P^ip'^ nn'; ^cd^ii nnto:^ nniD^^^ riD^q -i';i?:^. ^ir^.p^ ♦^^n^ll f^5P^"ri^ 24 SiiVa-i3 s"5 ibid. 'i n^n-" ibid. s^H-*^ ^"^ ^- ^^- "'"'P ytihvi V. 10. inp nsyian V. 23. ■'-ip n?B:i v. 20. PART III. Dan. 7:24— 28.— Ezra 4: 8—15. 123 N^WjP-i^D i>{3tp'] fri'ini Tn^nm^ dip*; i-jn^ji ■ji^j?'] i^s^,^ ^r^V?l ^"^niiD^^ai, t w\s:iD-^:^ ninin^^i JTiMn^. 27 .... • • : cT ; • --J ' -: • - •; •"••• '» : : ~ III. Ezra 4 : 8—6 : 18. "bz ^«'^^ iV-;55^ ^nn3 iXiSD ^d^qpi ci^t;"!^^^ mnn § -^^j^ ninn ]n?^. t ^5933 &{3^_^ j^n/ji'^annnw^^ n^.pi"i'] 9 iN'^iDnDnsi^i ii^D^'n linniDS ^^i^") fi^nsD ^d^^u:! 0:^1: •.•IV : T -;- --: t ; ' •^T : it • c-r :' • : fi<33nn '^ji vxn^np ]ri. ^'n ^"^^^.^^ ^"^MH^. ?^T. 1^^. ♦ ^^'^H!; i^^D^n nb^D-^^ !:3p-!?3 iJ's tpTDnn n^::^^ u^lm^ u T««» — . • •*} m T '~r •"! *!"" I""! riD^-!::^ i^!np.^_ wSd^ T")^'^^"'^'^^ ^^}P~ ^^^-^ i^^n^^. i^'^nD^ ^s&n npn-i^ ^'^ u\3^_^^^ ^'*?^l'i5i1 ^^^^JP -'^ 1-ip iVVsio {^-^-nwi V. 12. 1-ip Kim ibid, -inp ^''li'nS v. 9. i^p siK^rS v. 25. 124 PART HI. Ezra 4: 15 — 5: 3. -•TIT 't ■^::'* ■^t ~ ■':iT t i« t-; T -:- --: T : 'vst ; it : ' • :t • I I'-r .• t : ^"}p, Dns^ N^D*^^.?. iinn^ia-^'i f^Jl^.^^ j n3?.:D,i n^iii is '^1 ^^^?.?. ^' ^nb^ril "^"ijl^"^ ^r^. ^^'^ ^^^.'1 * '^^."p,. 1^ n5^-^:^"is:?t).^,i^c: iin'j'i-)'^n?') : Di!:n>sWD '^3^-n:^ 22 ni'^n?. hV^s in^^s :^w:?-;>>{3i^n^yL;ni ws^-^^^-in^ 24 CHAP. V. ^'^I'.T^r'^^ N^N^n] wsn'i3^"n3 nn_5Ti n^y ^nq \in '^2:nni 1 C';i3-p cn^ v^i2ii pi iinniDDi "^DTia nnt:i nin: PART III. Ezra 5: 3 — 15. 125 t]2^"^^i i^l'P}.. ritvnt Ti3&^-j^ tnb i^ppA ^^JP, IH^"?. ^ "")-_?. i^n^ ^^nn n^ti5-'»'i ixnn!i&{ i^.'^'is : riD^-^:^ e ^y:[l ^^^A ^^i ^)pJ^!^M ^^!P?^ ^T\^^ "in^'i ^y^^- n^ns nDi^^i ^li^b^, ^nbti ^^^^^ns t ii^^]>^^^ hbi^^ nb-n^_wvi { riM nns ^'m mot 122^^?^ 15 'n nimi V. 15. ssnV n"3 V. 13. i-ip nsiiss v. 12. 126 PART III. Ezra 5: 15 — 6: 9. 'i:p3-"i:5?i i^'iis^-'i^i DViiin^n '•'^ ixn^wv^ n^n-^'^ >5^':jw>? ■irJni3-'j^""^'s ^^l^^ -jn ^nnn '^^ nan i^s^_:q-^ ^ ti^m CHAP. VI. h'^ &^ns& rr^n^ i ^njini aro m i«s^52 tiii;-]'! ]^":wN3 i tDrj Die i^5b:2 ^'ni!) ii'^bi2 ^"i.is!? JTin nDpa 3 iXnp^SDDi nin 5?ij-^'n '^s'idi wxn^n !:!?5 ];i.i<"'^ ^ r^?"^. ^ nnd ?T]n.r"i^?'. ^ns ^Dnn ]:^3 t ^irjbvv mp.^ nnni e is^pn^^_ 'ijVwX w\;i_'3in'] '^nia-D}^ )l"in:?ri-^^ v^i:a^. arj n^^'^i: ykt^- Tl^!^^. n^.ll V^^^ ^P!^ V^^- ^'^^ ♦ ^^J^?^. ^ wsyris 1^5^55 ntaa.i n^n n!^t) ]'^DDn ^s^m jhI^ws!:. Jinil s"3 V. 5. PART III. Ezra 6:9 — 18, etc. 127 ^^Tik Vh'^^^ K^M ^k^k T^^^^"^. V^.yXl^. V\}^^^^i 10 iVDuin-] ^"^ uijwN-^D "^i arj a^";!5 ^3^1 \ '^niDn'i j'3"ifii ]nau^ ]^nix5: •jnD'i t ntix: nsD nnr^s c:':,^'!")''^ ^'^. IV. Ezra 7: 12—27. -^"i &in7 -)iDD iiDriD i•^^{ in the vocabulary. The reader will observe, on comparing the translation with the He- brew text, that the same train of accents appears in both. § 2. 9. h. This agreement is not perfect throughout. Where however the train of accents in the Targum is different from that of the Hebrew text, the accents are still similar. For the sake of comparison with the He- brew, the accents are inserted in the sentences of this part. II. Gen. 9:9, N2Nl,§ 7. d. 1. — tD^-.jTIO , do establish, 1st Part. Pael from Qnp, §22. 3.— lis^nna from nnV, § 8. 3. II. Note 4.— The first two accents in this sentence differ from those of the correspond- ing Hebrew words. Instead of Rebhia the Hebrew has Zaqeph Gha- dhol, and instead of Merka, Darga. The two former are both large disjunctives, and the two latter both conjunctives, and of course might easily be interchanged. Perhaps however the accents were originally transferred to the Targum from a Hebrew MS. which had Rebhia and Merka. The remaining accents in this sentence are the same as in the Hebrew. Similar remarks might be repeated on the other senten- ces ; but it will be unnecessary. NOTES ON PART I. 133 III. Gen. 9: 13, "^niiijl , with suff. 1. p. sing, from nujp. , Dec. III. a. — rrian;;, 1. sing. Pr. Peal from iii"^ , I do set, §50, 1. The He- brew likewise has the Praeter "^nnJ. — ^"n apoc. for Ninin 2 f. sing. Fut. from M]n . See the note at the close of § 23. — nN , const, state, _ being immutable. — '^")^'^^, , pronounced mem-ri, § 2. 3. In sense it is precisely equivalent to the Hebrew ■'\1;d2 , mi/ self or inc. See '^'!^'^'!2 in the vocabulary. IV. Gen. 9: 27, ^r\z2 , 3 sing. m. Fut. Aphel from nns , § 6. d 1. — ): , sign of the Accusative case, §60. 3. — And shall cause his glory to dwell, i. e. and he [God] shall dwell. — n"*.. pleonastic suffix, § 47. 2. lit. in the tents of him, (even) of Shem. •^j sign of the Gen. case, §60. 1. — Servant to them; Hebrew ittb n?.^ ; Sept. na7g amov ' Vulg. servus ejus. But the Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan versions agree with our Targumist in giving a plural rendering. V. Gen. 13: 15, ">jn , § 23. 1. note. — r7:"';nwS: , 1 sing. Fut. from ■jna ; r73% with 2 epenthetic, i. q. ri_ ; §16. nute 1. — ^jilb , to thy sons. See la . VI. Gen. 15: 6, ']"'»"'rt , Aphel from ';»';=';»«, (see the latter word in the lexicon), §20.3.6 and §12.11.5. — I",'! H^^'^"'^. ^ the Lord, i. q. "'i'tn , §49. 1. c. But this expression, which occurs fre- quentlv in the Targums as a translation of the Hebrew Tl'iTtl , is con- sidered by some critics as designating that Word which was afterwards " made flesh and dwelt among us." — ni'iJh , He (the Lord) reckoned it, § 16. 2. «.— n^ib , § 7. d VII. Gen. 27: 28, ■:;, sign of the Gen. case, § 60. 1. VIII. Gen. 42: 38, mn^. , Fut. of nn: , Tseri compensating for Dagesh forte, omitted on account of the guttural. — -iNn'vIJN , § 6. 6. IX. Gen. 45: 4, 'r^ l^na^t-^ , § 48. I. ''n^, pleonastic. X. Gen. 49: 10, iny^ , for Nny;; , § 6. d.l. — ']t2b=iu; nay, one exerci- sing sovereignty, a ruler. — "^pa , irreg. see 15 . — n''b"''l'T , (=Hebrew ib . . . . ton), to lohom, §8. 3. II. n. 3. — NTT , the pron. used for the substantive verb in the present tense. See § 47. 1. — ]13>»rTp"; , Ithpe. from yailj , § 6. 6. — N'^tt^? , irreg. see tJ?. One bearing rule shall not depart from {be wanting to) the house of Judah, nor a scribe from the posterity of his sons forever ; until 3Iessiah shall come, whose is the kingdom ; and to him shall the people hearken, or, him shall they obey. XI. Ex. 33: 14, Ti23'2i , »»y glory, doubtless equivalent to the He- brew "'zs , my presence, i. e. a mere periphrasis for /, used of course only in relation to God. Corap. nos. 4 and 13. — ^rjn , § 22. 1. — h''3N , 134 NOTES ON PART I. vi Aph. Fut. 1st pers. sing, from n^a , I will provide a resting place, ^b , for thee. XII. Lev. 26: 2, ^ir^^ , §8. 3. II. note 3.— "j^^m ; 1st Part Pe, from bn? . — "{"^Vtl" P!^I?» treat the house of my sanctuary with habit- ual reverence. Such appears to be the force of this combination. See§51. 1. XIII. Lev. 26: 12, inrtN , 1st pers. sing. fut. Pe. from N^n , instead of the usual form N^JiN , § 23. 1. 6. note. For the plural suff. of •j"'2 and nij^ see § 8. 3. it. note 4. XIV. Num. 10: 36, iriT~)'>p73, a plural, with suffix of the third per- son sing., formed from the inf Pe. of N-|"i3 , § 35. note 2. In its rest- ings, i. e. whenever it rested. — The frequent repetition of Maqqeph in this sentence is not occasioned by any special intimacy of connexion between the words thus joined. Its cause exists in the train of ac- cents, which is the same as in the Hebrew. Three words are intro- duced into the Targum which do not appear in the original — " Dwell in thy glory, in the jniclst of' — but for these there is no accent. It is for this reason that they are joined by Maqqeph to the next word. The four words are, in cantillation, theoretically one. XV. Num. 24: 5, ^-i\l3^73 , thy valley, if we derive it from "^lij-; . But perhaps "1'^'^Q should be regarded as a verbal from iTTi3 , and then we may translate it dwelling, habitation. XVI. Deut. 5: 7. XVII. Deut. 6 : 4. XVIII. Deut. 6: 5. XIX. Deut. 10: 19. XX. Deut. 10: 20, bh^n, § 15. 3.— nbcn, Qamets for Pattahh on account of a pause-accent. XXI. Deut. 32: 18, n^h'5, plur. const, from ^?brt2. Lit. the ter- rors of the Mighty One who created thee, thou hast forgotten ; i. e. the terrible and mighty One, § 61. 1. note 1. — ^i<"l3, §26. 2. a. — J\'n'^\p3nN , § 23. note 1.— NPip^'IJ , § 12. I. note 2.— ^n^y,§ 16. 2. a. — vT^jPn , strong, mighty, occurs likewise in vs. 30, 31, as a rendering of the Heb. 'nlit. XXII. Deut. 32: 29, "jinSTD, plural from ;qiD with suff. 3. pi. m. defectively written, § 6. c. (4.) XXIII. Deut. 33: 26, i^rrrN , an instance in which the emphatic state, (as is sometimes the case with the Hebrew article), corresponds to our indefinite article, a or an. — n'^n33>13~ {scriptio plena), § 8. 3, I. note 1. Lit. who, his glory, i. e. whose glory, <^ 48. 1. .4 NOTES ON PART II. No. I. Gen. 3: [Onkelos]. (1) "Jtt b'^";5' , comparative, §64. 1. a. rnoi-e cunning than. — ^3 , eve- ry. — '^'^ . So the London Polyglott, which has been followed in the text of the Chrestomathy. Also Buxtorf Bibl. Heb. Basil. 1665. The Paris and Antwerp Polyglotts read "^^"^ . The title page of Miinster's Bibl. Heb. Basil. 154G exhibits the form ^'''^ . Compare the note on Part I. No. I. — tJ"'!n '^, • Here likewise the Polyglotts differ, Buxtorf and the London edition giving constantly the Hebrew form, and the oth- er two mentioned above, NtlVN . — 'j^b^"'n , § 2L a. (2J nnJON , § 15. note 2. — r'la"'?. , Fut. expressing the sense of the Eng. Potential mood, wc may eat. (3) "jT3-!i5n, Future Pael instead of ^innpn, §2. 7. 6. Buxtorf has ]=il")i>n; the Antwerp and Paris Polyglotts, ^^l-ipp, in Peal. (4) "jimari n!^72 , an Inf with a finite verb to denote certainty, as in Hebrew. Heb. Gr. § 514. 6. (5) ■'b^ , Part. Peil from i^ti. , § 6. rf. (1), it is manifest before the Lord. — ■jtinsn";') , For this use of") instead of another conjunction, see Heb. Gr. § 560. 'jhriDn'; , Ithpaal Fut. 3d plur. fern. — "jTMn , Fut. Peal 2d plur. masc. from Nin . — 'j'^nnin , see i"} in Lex. — "j'^^^n , 1st Part. Peal from QSrj § 32. note 2, knowing [how to distinguish] he- tioeen, etc. — b "j"'2 For this use of b after ■J"'2 conip. Stuart's He- brew Chrestomathy, p. 83. Note on Gen. 1: 6. (6) nT^t , 3d sing. fem. Praet. Peal from Ntn . — 1DN (medicamen- tum) appears to refer to the effect which Eve expected the eating of the fruit to have, in opening her eyes to a clearer vision. But all the other ancient versions agree with the English translation in rendering niND t?rV.^, pleasant to the c_?/es.— a^-}^ , 2d Part. Pael. n"*! Nb^ftDiXb ^I'i'q expresses the idea conveyed, according to the other translators, in the previous clause ; desirable to behold, rr"*!! is pleonastic. — ni''D2 , <5, 12. II. 1. — n3iN» , see IN in the vocab. — nnri"^-] , § 7. ^ 20. A.—nr^llZ , of himself , indepen- dently. '^ Adam has become the only [being] in the world [able] of him- self to distinguish good and evil." Onkelos seems to have considered the Hebrew =127273 singular, as indeed it is capable of being ; and this probably led him to render nhN3 , {as one,) by "'"J"'!!'^. only. The other Targumists agree with, or perhaps rather follow, Onkelos. Nearly all the ancient versions, however, give the sense expressed in the English translation.— no^T Fut. of 3D: . (23) 172^173 ^ , whence, § 48. 1. (24) ^'^■^.ri , Praeter Pael, merely a full orthography for *]ni;|i . — N3S?jn73 ; Part. Ithpe. fem. sing, agreeing with Na"! h • — "it?'^ , Inf. from 'i'O^ . No. II. Gen. 3: Pseudo-Jonathan. (1) nni^'T , for the pointing see below. No. III. (7) and (9). It will be unnecessary to notice such cases in future. — '7 NtOw^Jpfi , is it true that, etc. ? fi interrogative with Dagesh forte euphonic. So in Hebrew sometimes. Heb. Gram. § 152. a. (2) rrittN , § 15. note 2. The Qamets is probably the result of a pause in pronunciation, though no accents have been appended to this Targum. — 'jb , contraction for tizb . (3) N:bl< , § 2. 6. c— ■'S'l , see "^3 in vocab. — N^'iTj , Hhireq is short, the '^ being a mere 7nater lectionis, § 2. 1 . (4) "nttN , etc., the serpent spake, calumniating his Malccr, and said. — Nni373iN -13, (comp. the Heb. "ja^D "jSI"}.!^, a fruitful hill, etc.) the PART 11. NOTES ON NO. II. 137 thing made, the result of labor. Every workman -bates the work of his own hands. (5) ]'':3"n^") '}'^5^{bC , superior angels. — "J'^^pH'^ , u^ho know. See above No. I. (5). — ^''7373 , to discern, discriminate. For tTie form, see §20.4. Comp. §2. 7. 'a. (6) r)J2f]l , Praet. Pe. 3. s, f. § 23. Note 1. on Par.— Dj^nT , § 13. 2. (7) J<~iSlt3 '^'I'zb , garments of the colour of the "iSD , i. e. purple. — l^nn, for ']1'^'n, 2 Part. Pe. fem.'pl. §53. 1.— I'lnnnria see nrrn^. ' (8) 'n7Jt2\V , Ithpe. from "^^D , § 7. a. (2).— -"'nnzN , § 6. a, note. (9) ^^26 , § 12. I. 1. c. and the parallel passage in the Jer. Targ. (10) n^^TO-^ , § 12. I. 1. a. and 2.— n^-iS^;^ , Aph. 1. s. Praet. from ^5?: § 12. I. 2. — ND1S"'3 "j^D ,for shame, i. e. because I was ashamed. (13) "^^i^dJ* , probably an incorrect reading for '^3"».v;iN . — '^3'^?|t3&J , seduced me, Aphel from n^'tD with suffix, § 26. 2. a. (14) "'n"'';^ , Aph. from NHN . For the pointing see §4. a. and §2. 5. 6.'— i-^DTO N-n , § 53. 1.— Nnti , adverbially, once. — Nnitt'? ND''"liJ deadly poison, § 61. 1. (15) "'=!;i3''wN; , 1 sing. Fut. Pa. from "'^.ilJ . The form is perfectly anom- alous. Compare ^»w*< instead of '^ttN .— n^?;")? , plur. const, from ""^'nt . — ]"'^pD , 1 Part, from '-i£23 . See above No. II. (7).— ■}"^:;hJ? , 1 Part, plur. from ^Y\12 . This also appears to be a masculine form like "j^'j.^, §35. Schaaf,' (Opus Aramaeum p. 308,) points it 'i':h72. 1ir;;;[i.q. ■jni^i^ ; so Schaaf ibid.] is understood, making it future, § 53. 1. " Oper- am dabunt ut percutiant." They shall make efforts and shall bruise thy head, i. e. they shall do it intently, and with all their power : — or, they shall be established, etc. taking the act. Part, in an intransitive sense. Comp. ';"'13ri» &iirin below, and above No. II. (15). — 'J'^J?^^ , § 32. note 2. — 'j'^lSri:^ ii^'}pT}. , thou shalt be established, or, perhaps, thou shall be intent upon injuring them. — li^'?., this use of Hhateph Pattahh after Seghol, which is not un frequent in this Targum, is probably the result of mere negligence in transcription. (16) ^:c^:*^q, for ^"Is^iiD; and ^T.^l^iJ , for ^'':.1^5> . For the pointing of these and similar forms, see § 7. a. (2). — l]"''in73 , contracted from ^■'^■ina , and so Buxtorf points it, ^"^intt .— D"!!:;*!: , \ 12. I. 1. c. — IJH ^M1^ , an obscure passage. Lit. he shall rule over thee, to do justice and to commit sin, i. e. as I understand the Targumist, whether he does right or wrong. (17)n5lj?,§12. II. 1. (19) ns"*?: , for T\m , § 6. a. note. (21) n^ttJN'7 , which he (the serpent) put off, TlT'llZfrom himself. (22) ""n^h-^ ,' for ^ii(T^\ •— '^^^ ''^ » \f ^ ^^ kept.—»^'Fny>Q , 18~ 138 NOTES ON NOS. H, III. PART II. 1 s. Pr. Pe. with suffi 3 m. s. § 16. 2. a.— Nm-'psB , § 12. 1. 2.— ^«^^•7 ,/or behold. — ■'in , Praeter in a future sense, or rather both this and the par- ticiple b''3>5 are to be taken as we use the Present tense in Enghsh, ex- pressing a general truth : — or, still differently, both may be regarded as Subjunctives, (I use the term in the general sense which it has in Latin grammar,) if he should eat, etc. he would live, etc. (23) bTN and isTi; (§ 12. II. 1.) are both Praeters. (24) NbTlQ-^ , 2d Part, from bna , which is like. Tseri is inserted, like Clamets in "TSJJ"] , etc. on account of the prefix with Sheva, § 7. d. note. — ~i13'''7, i. q. "n:'7 § 60. 1. b. — Nn">lJi< , an unusual pointing of N\-i-*Z^N or NnuJN , (§ 2. 7. c.) emph. state from N'i'N^ . — ■j'lab , § 7. c?. note. ■jnTa , Inf. of 'j^T — ]ir;3 , toith them, by means of them. — nnbcr , 1 Part. Pe. The law is better to him who observes it. — 'JO , than, § 64. 1. a. — t3*p , either this word should be pointed C^fD , or it may be considered as a different form of the adjective. " The law is better, to him who observes it, than the fruits of the tree of life, which Jehovah hath pre- pared for him who keeps it [the law], that he may be established, and may walk in the paths of the way of life, in the future world." No. III. Gen. 3: — Jerusalem Targum. (7) 'ilSy'i instead of the regular form Ili^V The almost entire confusion of Pattahh and Q,amets and even Hhateph Pattahh, which pre- vails in this Targum and that of the false Jonathan, appears here. It will not be necessary to notice it in every instance. See § 2. 2. The reader will also observe the singular character of this, so called, Tar- gum. It is evidently rather a collection of Rabbinical and traditionary remarks on the text, than a translation of it. — They made, etc. This perhaps implies the author's opinion that Adam and Eve made them by divine direction. Hebrew, The Lord God made, etc. (8) In the strength of the day — probably incorrect, although the Hebrew \V\ ~\ has sometimes a signification analogous to this. See Josh. 2: 11. (9) rT'nST, which I have created. Regularly n'''i^T . So, espe- cially in the Targum of the false Jonathan, 'IMN, with the prefix ], becomes "M^HC] . The punctuators probably had in mind the analogous Hebrew form, § 7. d. note.— ""^a , Pass. Part. Pe., §23. 1. note, ismani- fest before me. — "l^D , 1st Part. Peal. (15) ''^."^T , And it shall come to pass. The Vav conversive does not appear in Chaldee. — "J"'13ri^ , Part. Ithpa. from 'j-iD , full orthography, PART rr. NOTES ON NO. III. 139 § 12. II. 4.— ]^h72 , masc. pi. Act. Part, from 4 suffix pleonastic, § 47. 2. — ']''\iib T'V>S* , tJiese to those i.e. one to another. — J?n^1 WJJ, "Prave ut puto," says Buxtorf, Lex. art. Nnrs-^; . But whether the reading Nn^"'D"dJ (or i^nT'E'i:) be admitted or not, the meaning is still doubtful. Buxtorf renders it a trampling underfoot, conculcatio. Castell gives incolumi- tas, (probably deriving it from NC'^li in the Rabbinical sense, to be quiet, at peace ;) which the connection seems to favour. — "'iT^'i"' , suff. pleon. § 47. 2. — " And it shall come to pass, when the descendants of the wo- man shall diligently study the law and do the commandments, they shall be established, bruising thy head and killing thee ; but when the pos- terity of the woman shall desert the precepts of the law and not obey the commandments, thou shalt be established, biting them in their heels and afflicting them with sickness. Nevertheless, there shall be a re- medy for the sons of the woman ; but for thee, O serpent, there shall be no remedy. Moreover they shall apply remedies to the heels of one an- other in the end of the last days, in the days of king Messiah." (18) ■'Snn, i.e. N^"1N, the earth shall bring forth abundantly. — N"l5 ''SNl'T , which is upon the surface of the field, i. e. the grass. — ''ZV , Part, used for the Praeter. Adam ansivered, § 53. 1. note. — I'^^l , see the notes on vs. 7 and 9 of this chapter. — Nn'^^a "J^ , Let us not be regarded as though we were of the cattle, i. e. cattle. Comp. the French des betes, etc. — ''ybD , for N^bs §23. 1. note. (22) na adds nothing to the sense.— ]"'7a=ikX , see N72N in Lex. — N'^-]D73!:, evidently an Infinitive form. Perhaps it should be pointed iJ<\i;-)D73 , § 12. I. 4. — Nb 15 Dnj5 , before he shall, etc., or while he does not, etc. (24) The glory of his presence, i. e. his glorious presence. — Til'lBti 'J'^a'ljib ]^ , these two expressions are doubtless synonymous, the se- cond being explanatory of the first, which sometimes has a different sense. On the east, towards the sun-rising. This I think is better in the present instance than to consider "TaTj^b ]72 as relating to time ; al- though it is evident, from other places, that both the author of this Tar- gum and the Pseudo-Jonathan supposed the garden of Eden to have been planted before the creation of the world. See the next verse. Also Gen. 2: 15. Jeru. T. Gen. 2: 8. Pseudo-Jon.— l":n N^ ny t]-)j5 , two thousand years before the world was created, he made the law, etc. See above (22). — ^nU'-TT b? , because they kept. — N^on): , 1st Part. Pa. fem. sing, from N'3T . §12.1.3. — n-itsD, plural, contracted for itn"ltOD ; nnDD l^nl?^ J^bSN , lit. a sword, destroying from both sides, 140 NOTES ON NOS. III. IV. V. FART II. i. e. a two-edged sword. — "j'^'nysa, 1st Part. Pa. from 11*3. — "TiiJT , (Part, from NnN) the world which is coming, or, as we more commonly say, the world to come. — NTt , § 47. 1. the tree of life is, i. e. represents the law. — "iin, a form of the Praeter (§23. 2. note,) here used in the sense of a present tense, or as expressing a general affirmation. — Q"'"[5 , $4. a. This double "^ originated with an unpointed text, and should not have been retained when the points were affixed, nnboi? for nn'-Db , see above (7), to him who obeys it. No. IV. Gen. 4: 8. Jerusalem Targum. ■jnTsb , Inf for Fut. " no reward shall be given to the righteous nor vengeance taken of the wicked. The world was not created in mercy, neither in mercy is it governed. Why was your offering accepted from you with favor, but [mine] was not accepted from me with favour ? Abel answered and said to Cain ; There is a judgment, and there is a Judge, and there is a future world, and a reward shall be bestowed upon the righteous [lit. there is the giving of a good reward to the righteous,] and vengeance shall be taken upon the wicked ; and the world was created in mercy, and in mercy it is governed. But it is governed ac- cording to the fruit of good works. Because my works were more up- right than yours, my offering was accepted with favor, but yours was not accepted with favor. And they were both contending in the open field ; and Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and killed him." No. V. JuDG. 14. Jonathan. (1) n32 , see na in Lex. (2) pAo , § 12. I. 1. and II. 1.— ^zD , Imp. from n03 , § 12. II. 1. a. — ^Viii , see NnN;. (3) n^;^D , 3 sing. fem. from "lUiS, § 15. note 2. (5) iriwV, 3 m. pi. Pr. from i^rjwN; . — nnianpb, Buxtorf gives the pointing m;a']jO , which analogy demands. (8) rrao^jb, Inf from :nD: with prefix and suffix. (9) br»,'^21. a. (12) ■jiirtJirN; Buxtorf points it 'jlb.tiirN. (13) nsijr^-i:? , Fut. 1 pi. with suff' (15) '^^''Ti:', Imperative Pael. § 12. I. 1.— "'^jn*'! that he may tell. — T^jpi: , Aphel from ^Ji"; . — i<:nT53p55^fn , is it to try (perphx) us? For the ending n=i see § 16. 2. c. and for the prefix tt, § 12. I. 4. PART II. NOTES ON NOS. V. VI. VII. VIII. 141 (16) NIJil! , while, etc. (17) "IptJT, 3. sing. fern. Praet., with suffix, from ph'7 . (18) iiVpp_ , see ■'np in Lex.— ^ya Inf. from bb?.; . (19) ]irT'T"jT , c'ontrary to the analogy of Chaldee, but according to that of Hebrew. (20) rr'nlih'ib , to the person who was his companion. No. VI. Ps. 2. Author of the Targum not certainly known. (2) X'TTJi > ist Part. plur. from Q^ip . See the Par.— iX'i'na , Inf Pa. — '^^IZ'q , Inf Pe. from Ni23 , § 18. note 1. (4) i"'n^T , by ellipsis of the pers. pron., he who sitteih. (7) :3"'ih , Vocative ; O thou beloved., etc. — ^il<31 , eniph. masc. " Tu mihipurus es." Buxtorf (9) "ja , see "JN'O in the vocabulary. (11) V?:^ Imp. Pa. 2. pi. from ^Vx . (12) NhiN "p-!:3Trirn , " et amittatis viam," Walton. But the words are certainly susceptible of the sense expressed in Hebrew. Bux- torf, (Lex. under the word 11N), cites several examples in which liT^i has evidently the intransitive sense to perish. — "i1""'.1, Fut. from "l"ih . — rfnitD , suffix pleonastic, § 47. 2. Comp. Heb. "'n'^iN . No. VII. Psalm 8. Title. T'T'ib , b auctoris, as in Hebrew. The mode of writing this name with '^, which belongs in Hebrew to the later writings, is in Chal- dee the usual orthography. (2) ^n , for the ordinary form T^y] , § 2. 6. c. (3) ':]ip^''^":o , Part. Aph. from p^J? , enemies. (4) " ^'^'012 , probably this rendering originated in the false supposi- tion that the Hebrew "^3 is necessarily a causal conjunction. It should evidently be considered here as an adverb of time, when. (8) ''~\fiV\ , const, for emph. §60. 1. note 3. No. VIII. IsA. 5. i — 7. Jonathan. Instead of the fine poetical allegory of Isaiah, we are here presented with an interpretation. The Targumist has not simply translated the words of the prophet into Chaldee, as Ae has generally done, but has translated the allegory into plain language. Still, the extract is curious. 142 NOTES ONNOS. VIIJ. IX. PART II. and worthy of a perusal. As it differs so considerably from the original, I subjoin the Latin translation of the London Polyglott. " Dixit propheta: Cantabo nunc Israeli, qui comparatus est vineae, semini Abrahae dilecti mei, canticum dilecti mei, vineae suae. Popu- lus mens, dilectus meus Israel dedi eis haereditatem in raonte excelso, in terra pingui. 2. Et sanctificavi eos, et honorificavi eos, et sustenta- vi eos, sicut plantationem vitis electae ; et aedificavi sanctuarium raeura in medio eorura. Altare quoque meum dedi ad propitiandum super peccata eorum : et praecepi eis ut facerent opera bona in conspectu meo, et ipsi inique egerunt in operibus suis. 3. Propheta, die eis : Ecce do- mus Israel recesserunt a lege et nolunt converti. Nunc habitatores Hierusalem et viri Juda, judicate nunc judicium inter me et populum meum. 4. Quod bonum dixi ut facerem populo meo quod non fecerim eis ? et cum praeciperem eis ut facerent opera bona, quare fecerunt ope- ra mala ? 5. Nunc autem annunciabo vobis quod ego facturus sura populo meo. ToUam majestatem meam ab eis, et eruntin direptionem : conteram domum sanctuarii eorum, et eruntin conculcationem. 6. Et ponam eos derelictos : non erit eis sustentaculum nee fulcimentum ; et erunt transmigrantes et derelicti. Prophetis quoque mandabo, ne pro- phetizent super eos prophetiam. 7. Cluia populus Domini exercituum Israel est, et viri Juda plantatio laetitiae ejus. Et dixi ut facerent ju- dicium et ecce facti sunt calumniatores ; dixi ut facerent justitiam, et ecce ipsi multiplicant peccata." (1) rr'^hau.-N and n'^i^'iT, pleonastic suffixes, §47. 2.—'' Ofn, »iy beloved, 1st Part, from Shn*. (3) ]iiC , contracted form of the act. part. m. pi. from t«5"j: , § 35. — anX) , Inf from iln, (5) 7553 Inf from na . See the Par. It is treated as a noun, plun- der, and the corresponding word in the parallel passage, 'ij''^ , is a noun. (6) l-^babaTO , Pass. Part. Palpel from b^D . (7) "jap^, Aph. 1st Part. plur. from K^D, § 35. No. IX. IsA. 52: 13.— 53: 2. Jonathan. (13) M'lhb , see N'lh in the vocabulary. (15) =lN''yn"i;s< , they have told, for has been told, or rather, in the present instance, had been told, §56. 2. b. — I^T Ttri , tohat had not been told them they have seen, etc. The Latin Vulgate and Syriac versions agree with our Targumist in rendering these verbs in past time, they have seen, they have considered; the LXX and the Arabic version give PART II. NOTES ON NOS. IX. X. 143 the Future tense, as does our common English translation. The He- brew verbs are both in the Praeter tense. (1) 'J'^Q'^n , see ]ttJ<. — V:\T fliprn , lit. and the strength of the arm of JthovaKs power. Comp. §61. I. and note 1. (2) Nn-in-; , § 23. Note 2.— '^i-|Ti-)i\2; , § 33. h.—n-^^ , in the land which was in need of him, i. e. of the p'^"^ mentioned above, the Mes- siah. But the passage is quite obscure, and the more so as there is nothing in the original corresponding to this phrase. — V^T , so that every one who sees him shall attentively consider him. In the remainder of this chapter, so beautiful in the original, we are presented by the Targumist rather with his own views than with a trans- lation of Isaiah, and those too, expressed, for the most part, in a dull and sometimes quite obscure manner. No. X. Prov. 10: 1 — 12. Translator uncertain. Title, "'ibn^ , pleonastic suffix, § 47. 2. (1) •'nn: , instead of "^nn;: , Fut. Aph. from Nnn , § 12. 1. 3.— N^SD for NbrsD , § 32. note 2. (2) Y"!r?!!'2 , Part. Pa. from "in*; .— "^niriN, Buxtorf points the con- struct form of this word regularly '^n2£iN . — Ni"^^n'7 , § 60. 1. note 2. — M;i:c:q, Part. Pa. fem. sing, from ItiSS, §2. 7. c. (3) ;^'lhp3 , Fut. Pe. 3d p. sing. § 12. 'l. 3. (4) NDDM , Part. Pa. without Dagesh forte, §2. 7. c. (5) n"'rD'T , Part, with full orth. § 12. I. He who cultivates, viz. the earth. (6) -j-^iriri , § 23. note.— >:'»-^n , § 60. 1. note 3. (8) rr^'ab fi^s^i , § 63. 5.— rT\niD^4}n , plur. from nsip , § 39. note 1. (9) bn , for irn;: , Fut. of blN ! " " NOTES ON PART III. No. I. Jer. 10: 11. NI'lS , an adv. of manner, compounded of 3 and IXZ"^ (dem. pron., this,) after this (manner.) — Ni^-)N , emph. of p^N. This commutation of S> and p resulted probably from a pronunciation of i* in this word like the Arabic P or nearly like our g hard.— Tii:^;; , for "jl — , § 12. 3. Pattahh is restored by Darga, a conjunctive accent. This is not usual, although, I believe, similar cases are not wholly wanting in Hebrew. — !l!rN , probably in apposition with N'^nbN! , and giving emphasis to the declaration, " thei/ shall perish." So Veneraa, C. B. Michaelis, Rosen- miiller, etc. In respect to the authenticity of this verse, three things may be ob- served. 1. It would be remarkable that any author should, in the midst of a discourse, insert a single sentence in a language different from that which he generally employed. 2. All agree that this part of Jeremiah's prophecy was composed several years before the captivity, and consequently before the Chaldee language came into use among the Jews. 3. This verse interrupts the connexion of the preceding and follow- ing verses. Verse 12 commences with a participle, Tr^'y, which must be read in close connexion with the noun with which it agrees in verse 10. tJinb also, in v. 11, has no antecedent expressed. " Thus shall ye say to them, etc." To whom ? The text does not inform us. " Non sine ratione, aut temere, statueretur, additamentum esse ab alia manu, tempore morae in exilio, profectum," says Venema ; and this Rosenmiiller quotes with approbation. I will merely subjoin two extracts from writers of different opinions on this point. • " This verse is omitted in one* MS It seems probable to me that some public teacher during the captivity . . . had it inserted in the margin, * 526 Kennicott. PART III. NOTES ON NOS. 1. II, 145 and perhaps usually read together with this section of the prophecy in the assemblies of the people, in order that the common people might have their answer always ready whenever they were molested on the point of religion, or importuned to join in the idolatrous worship of the Chaldeans." Dr, Blayney on Jeremiah. " This verse is writ in the Chaldean tongue, and not in the Hebrew, that when they came among those that did worship their idols, they might openly and plainly profess the true God in that language which the enemies understood better than they did the Hebrew, and that in such kind of language as this ; Let all those gods perish from off the earth, and under the heavens, that were not able to make either. It is an imprecation upon their idols." Matthew Poole, Annotations. With this latter opinion Scott, Henry, etc. substantially agree. No. II. Dan. 2: 4—7: 28. Ch. II. v. 4. ■^•;h. Imp. from N^f,- See the Par.— "i^N , Imp. Pat- tahh, § 15. 4. (5) MDy and i:Di< , participles used instead of the Praeter, §53. 1. note. So "i:gN and its plural ]''"i»N frequently. — ^."''1^51:5 , the pointing is intended for the marginal reading, "'N'^iU?, the regular form of Dec. VI. The Kethib is generally pointed by Lexicographers N.I'^jtJ? . Per- haps it should rather be N^'7ip? in analogy with the other declensions. — N-TTN , a peculiar form. It is probably fem. from 1TN, 2d part. Peal from n]^t. , § 12. I. 1. d. The _.. would regularly be impure and immu- table. It is here treated as if pure and mutable, and the Part, is varied according to^ Dec. III. a. — "^ssiyninn , Fut. Aph. from 3>n^ , § 12. II. 5. For the suffix see § 16. 2. 6. and Par. II.— "jilD^n^ , PI. of n^a with suff. 2d pers. pi.— ']l»-rin'^ , 3. pi. m. Fut. Ithpe. from tiTiU , see Par. VIL (6) f^hJlJ? , 2. pi. Fut. Aph. from NJln , § 12. II. 5. (7) mUJST , Emph. !-i instead of N, a substitution very common in the Biblical Chaldee, Intr. 3. note; unless this word should have been pointed rTi/iUDI . (9) 'j'lnsjsTri, the pointing is that of the Keri 'j^M;72'jTri , 2. pi. m. Pr. Ithpa. from "jm . The Kethib should be read in Aphel, ITDDttTrr, or like the Heb. Hiph. ITM^trt .— ^^^N, 1 sing. Fut. from 3>n": , §20. 4. and § 2. 7. a. (10) JS'^'^J^'^ , see above on verse 5. (12) PlEpi D33 , synonymous terms, used to heighten the idea. Per- "' "' 19 146 NOTES ON NO. II. PART HI. haps however ?]^p may be understood as expressing more violent anger than D3Z . — fTiainb , Inf. Aph. from liN , perhaps derived from an ob- solete verb Pe Yodh. (14) ■'^."'Shb, Accusative, §60. 3. (16) "jn;"; , Fut. of in: with the force of a subjunctive in consequence of the •^7 , that he would give. For the form see § 18. note 2. and § 12. I. 1. (19) ^r.5 , Praeter Passive, §13. 2.— -^-i^ , Pael, § 12. 1. 1. &•— nrN^. , Accusative § 60. 3. (20) Ml tiV. , for Nirr;;b , Fut. with b and an optative sense, § 50. 2. (22) Nnj^'^ay , fem. pi. emph. from p'^^?., deep, inscrutable thi?igs, § 41. note. — NnnnDTO , Pass. Part. Pa. fem. pi. emph. from "inp. — ^inynin, 2. m. sing. Praet. Aph. from S-"i^ with suff. Ip. sing, see Par. II. (25) b?:- , Aph. from r?^ , § 12. II. 5, and § 2. 7. «.— bN^inb , this Accusative with b is of frequent occurrence. It will perhaps be unne- cessary to notice it again. — ■•" in the beginning of a speech superfluous like the Greek on. — ni^^uin , § 15. 4. (26) ^"'rj^'Kri , art thou ? compounded of the interrogative 11 , "'ri'^N and the suffix ^''_. — ":ny^inb, Inf. Aph. from ^'T' with suffix, § 16. 2./. (27) n^innl:, Inf. Aph. from NTi,§23. Notes on the Par. 4. (28) i Fut. Ithpa. from yiii: . (13)nn:n:,§12. 1. 1. 148 NOTES ON NO. 11. PART III. (14) Q'^'vUDt* , Hebraism, Intr. 3. note 1. — bsip, in the construct state, the base of men, i. e. the basest. (16) ■>«-)« , from i v. 9. — 'J^'^J^.^JO , Part. pi. Tthpa. from S^yi No. II. (8) ^!'^uj2^ , the pointing is that of n"^;>pDl . (15) ^b2^n, Hophal, a Hebraism not of frequent occurrence, Introd. 3. note I. See bb? . The marginal reading, without Dagesh, seems to be required by the analogy of Aphel, though Peal receives Dagesh. (16) bsin, point the Kethib b^nn. This and the Keri biSn are both in use as Futures of b^^ , q. v. (20) Qi , Praet. pass. § 13. 2.— T^^yrr , 3. m. pi. Pr. Aph. from fifl?. (25) I^T n:73 , These are passive participles Peal, the third and fourth in a contracted form, § 12. I. 1. d. (27) Nnir^pPi , Praet. Pass. 2. sing. m. § 13. 2. (28) nD"'-iiS and nn"'--; , Praeters Passive 3. sing, f (30) N'^'^UJS , according to the pointing, and to the marginal reading, this word is an adjective in the emph. sing, agreeing with Nsb/Q . CHAP. VI. (1) V^'l^ > fern, of )^^p\ , see Par. XI. (2) V'nb, ■•'7 , who were to be, should be, § 50. 2. (3) pp^"," 1 iPart. Pe. § 12. I. 1. c. (14) iai ba^j^ "^"T, as '^'7 occurs so frequently, its several uses should be carefully distinguished. It occurs four times in this verse. In the first instance it is a conjunction, equivalent to the Greek on, and, like that particle, in the beginning of a speech, need not be translated into English ; in the third it is the preposition of, or a sign of the Genitive case ; and in the second and fourth, it is a relative pronoun, in the for- mer case Nominative, in the latter, Objective. (15) ■'nibi^ , the suffix is reflexive, § 49. 1. b. — Lit. the king was dis- pleasing to himself, better in English, was displeased with himself. PART III. NOTES ON NOS. II. III. 149 (18) n^n%'l, an irregular Hophal 3. sing. fern. Pr. from JtnN . — nTOjD , Pr. pass. 3. sing. fem. from Cnt), §22. 1. note, and § 13. 2. (19) ^nVry , so in Latin, verbs oi taking away are construed with a Dative of the person. (24) bNl'.a'ib , Accusative, § GO. 3. It is governed by nj5D3r;^ . CHAP. VII. (3) -J^SUJ , 1 Part. pi. fem. from N3ip. (4) ^U"'-):^ , Praet. pass, from D-^a . (5) "it^UibT , "itiip , the Keri, is doubtless the true reading. The Targums employ "nup . (15) n!-]3riN , § 12. II. 2. (20) bVaa ,§12. I. 1.— ]» 3"5 , comparative, as in Heb. § 64. 1. a. No. III. Ezra 4: 8—6: 18. Chap. IV. v. (10) DDySI , according to Gesenius, equivalent to the common expression and so forth. His different etymologies do not however appear entirely satisfactory. (12) t?n"4i=iNi=i NP)nn?3, these forms are both feminines in the em- phatic state from ina and ^^J<2. § 41. note. (14) acrim , prob. lit. " we eat our salt from the palace" i. e. we de- rive our sustenance from the royal bounty. If the sense proposed by Buxtorf and some others be admissible , Nbri"'!^ must be taken as refer- ring to the temple. See hb73 . (18) ■'"IP. , Praet. pass. The composite Shevais occasioned by the '~\. CHAP. V. (I) nN^S3 , in this and similar forms of the same word, N, with the pointing of the text, must be considered otiant. It might be treated as a consonant, and receive the pointing MiJ'^32 , N*'^N''i3 , etc. See N''i3 in the vocabulary. (3) nn? , const. St. from nhs .— nbbS'iib , Shaph. from b^3 No. I. (8) t)il5ri73 , Part. Ithpe. from filii: .— i<"inyn53 , Part. Ithpe. fem. sing, of the same form with the absol. masc. Dec. 111.^. (II) •^r;;^,^ 26. 2. a. ( 13) ^}ib, § 50. 2. The pointing of the Keri-, (without Dagesh,) is doubtless the correct one. (15) Nia, Imp. of NiD3 , § 18. 2. 150 NOTES ON NOS. III. IV. PART III. CHAP. VI. (5) ^r:-^^, , Fut. of^'n. (15) N'^^'^TD , Pass. Part. Shaph. or Praet. Passive from n:£\ No. IV. Ezra 7: 12—29. (12) ^■'tta , perfect (peace), according to the common Eng. version. Gesenius explains it as a term of respect applied to the person address- ed, and renders it learned. (14) "Ti't:?.;; , for "^rit^?^ , pl- Part, from 1:^"; . The frequent substitu- tion of Pattahh for Qamets has been mentioned before. (24) N'3'^n2 , strictly 2d Part.pl. from 'jn3 , consecrated persons, hence, those devoted to the service of the sanctuary, Nethinim. VOCABULARY. i^ 13N , iN m. a father, irreg. emph. MSN , with sufl'. it takes tlje form 1::n"; e. g. ^nSN thy father, Tl^nN , •^TiN Ms father, N^ln^iriN her fa- ther^' N;^nN our fctlherl pS^iN your (masc.) father, "j^lSN your [fern.) father, etc. Instead of "^InN my father, which occurs only Dan. 5: 13, the empli. t{2N is elsewhere universally employed. Plur. ^^^N const. nniN ,emph. NnniN with sufF. TiniN or "^nnSN my fathers, etc. mth the sufT. of either sing. or plur. nouns. SN emph. N2N , NS""/}* and N32N m. Dec. IV. h.fi-uit. n^N to perish.— Aph. ^n^N and 151 n to destroy ; also intrans. to perish. — Hoph. ^^Irt to be destroyed. •jlaN c. g. Dec. III. a. a stone. ISN m. Dec. III. a. a reward. t{'~l3N f. Dec. VIII. a. an epistle, a letter. ^■''IN adv. then. With i prefixed, ■jilNS, idem. fi"tN m. pr. n. Adam. tD'lN m. Dec. III. a. also &3N and tS'l'^N Dec. II. a. also C'^N and tn''i< Dec. I. b. i. q. hi blood. J^n'IN f Dec. VII. a. the ground, the earth. •^TN m. Dec. I. a. the month Adar, part of February and March. ^■JN m. Dec. II. a. a threshing-floor. V^^-^'yy^- ™'* (fo^'"d only in the plu- ral), chief judges, senators. N'TT'iIN adv. (i. q. c(S^d(na=udQdu- TO)?), carefully, exactly. i>nnN: c. g. Dec. II. a. (i. q. Heb. 5T"1T with i< prosthetic,) an arm. T'lllIN adj. Dec. I. a. other, another. IsblN m. Dec. I. b. doctrine, instruc- tion. ]J31N m. Dec, I. b. an artificer, work- man ; a maker. tliaiK and T:;ciN f Dec. VII, c. the making or doing any thing; the thing made or done. "l^TJ^ m. Dec. I. b. treasure ; place of deposit. niTN m. Dec. III. d. a loay, access. i^'^'^TM f Dec. VII. a. law. MT N and riTN , 2d Pait. NJN , to light, kindle. TTNi. q. btwS. bjii' Fut. b^T\': , Inap. VlN , b\rN: "and bT^. > ^'^ SO ; to depaii. !lN m. a brother, irreg. emph. ftflNl , with sufF. ''tlN or ""rii* my brother ; rf^hN thy brother, ""n^nN ("'Tni* Gen.' 4: 8. Jer. T.) his brother, etc. Plur. -J-^hN with suff. ""hN. my brothers, r]"'.-TN and ^rjN. % broth- ers, "ri'inN his brothers. This form is distinguished from the sing, by Hholem while the latter has Shu- req. '}TD"»hN, etc. nhN to lay hold of, take, take posses- sion of. Ithpe. pass. N^iinN and NnTlN. f. Dec. VII, a. taking possession, possession. n-inN f. Dec. VII, a. (verbal froni t\bi^ 152 "^DiV STjn to announce, to explain), ex- planation. tnT^hN f. Dec. VII. a. an enigma. NjCHN f. Dec. VII. a. possession ; inhentance. ■''^ni< prop, after. ^"itiN Dec. VIII. c. and "J-inN Dec. • t: T J T T; IT I. b. adj. other, another. "•■nnN f. Dec. VIII. c. that ivhich is last ; extremity, end. ^i:E)-)Ti;hN m. ])!.' Dec. II. (from the c / c Persian ^€ V^ a satrap, perhaps •»/ / c /^ with the prefix / iiX:i.| excel- lence,) principal governors. IViH m. (in the sing, hke Dec. I. pi. 'j''1l2N) brier; especially the kaiv- thorii. ^J'^ij adv. /(Oi<; ? y^p''ii idem. *b'^N m. Dec. 1. b. a tree. fW'^N f. Dec. Vll. a. terror ; fear. yii conj.=Heb. QN if 'nj^'';N and "ip/iN , i. q. '1)5'; , q. v. M'^i* or '^n''N adv. of affirmation (:= Heb."ylj ■',)i^.^bN and •jicVlbN or 'jiD^rT'bN unless, comp. of ^'^ii , Np, and the enclitic syllable "JTD ; i. q. ^l^N ,if ^\H and I^N , or fully written ^"^Vf^ and 1^ V.N , dcm. pron. plur. masc. i;2i!< , (UJ3N , and by Aphaeresis ^1)2) m. irrea;. emph. N'»li;N , N\1J; Gen. 3:20. Pseudo-Jon.; plur. '}"'\l3:it and V"^1 ; const. "^i^DN ; man.— IU3N 12 idem. riDN , (in Bibl. dial. Ml3l2^l , pointed like the other form which is em- ployed in the Targums, Avith rt in otio. The iviiters doubtless pronounced it, in analogy with the Hebrew, fllniN.) pers. pron. com. gen. thou. ■JlPlSN, i. q. "(iriN, ye. !) Cn" and T DN f Dec. VII. c. a med- icine, something salutary. "1*1 Dt< ni. Dec. I. a. band, fetter. "^pN iii- irreg. emph. N^pN ; pi. "J^pN , NmpN , etc. ; a physician. 1"li« J 53 in« IDjCN m. pi. n. Asnapptr, perhaps the same with Esarhaddon, or an officer under him. He collected the Samaritans from different na- tions and settled them in the land of the ten tribes. Ez. 4: 10. Comp. V.2. {{DTsOi* (milel) adv. speedily. *^CN ni. Dec. I. a. prohibition ; obli- gation. N~lDN f Dec. VII. a. chain, hand. ]T'7n~")DN m. pi. n. Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib and king of Assy- ria. ta^DN m. Dec. I. b. (from the Latin strata,) street, ivay, path. 5>N (by a double commutation i. q. Heb. Vi?,) m. Dec. I. a. ivood. I. p|N couj. also. II. fJN (contr.from;]2N) m. Dec. IV. a. face, countenance. — N*ii ""EN surface of the field, i. e. simply the field. i<|]D'n3N m. pi. pr. n. of a people set- tled in Samaria and subject to the AssjTians, perhaps the Parrhasii. NI'SDICN m. pi. and N^JDnDTCN m. pi. proper names of nations, now unknown, settled in Samaria and subject to the Assy- rians. Ez. 4: 9. fi'riEN (only Ez. 4: 13.) according to Buxtorf, treasury. So modern critics generally. Aben Ezra ex- plains it by DTNliTn , expenses ; R. Sol. Jarchi by 0!^ , tribute. 3>3i:Nl. f. Dec. II. a. (PL ]_ and ]_) finger ; with bj;."!. , toe. ■'irplSi* f. Dec. VIII. c. (Greek aro- A?;;)pl. ]1^(J22N , robe, garment. ya-jN f. fn3;3-lN m. num. adj. Dec. II. a. four. pa'nN adj. Dec. I. b. purple. Heb. )m^,ii, Syr. (.JQ^M J Arabic / / c S sj'^N: interj. lo ! behold! 20 nniS f. Dec. III. d. (pi. generally "j h~] M,) journey ; loay, path. "^yA aiid nr,"}N ra- '^rreg. emph. N"'-jN; phir. 'J^'IIN , emph. Nn]^-)N , a lion. ■'"IN conj. because ; that. ^■i-l'N adj. Dec. I. a. fit, suitable, pro- per, verbal from Tj^N nN adv. beloxo ; with yn, infe- rior, ban. 2: 39. Hence ^Si^N f. Dec. VII. b. whai is loivest, bottom. p-lN c. g. Dec. III. a. (i. q. ^-^N,) earth. In the bibUcal Chaldee only Jer. 10: 11. but frequent in the Targums. •>IJN . NUJN m. Dec. IV. b. and NtSN f Dec. VII. a. fire. "i'N in. Dec. IV. c. foundation. P]UJN m. Dec. I. a. and f]lJN m. Dec. II. a. astrologer. He- brew and Syriac idem. 'l')'^^ m. Dec. III. a. a ivall. Nni^N with prosthetic N, i. q. Nn'ilJ to drink. TT^rUJN m. Dec. I. a. rebellion. DN m! Dec. I. a. a sign. nN pers. pron. 2d p. sing. m. thou. NnN Fut. ■'n'^;;, '^n'^n , etc. to come. Aph. '^n'^N and in the bibl. Chaldee '^n'^fi to cause to come, bring. Pass. of a pecuUar form, (a kind of Hophal,) Ti'^n to be brought, Dan. 3: 13. 6: 18'. NriN f. (In sing. Dec. VII. a. but in pause ^nN; PL l^'^^ Dec. II. a.) a woman ; a wife. I. "JTriN pers. pron. 2. pi. m. ye ; you. II. "jinN c. g. Dec. I. a. furnace, oven. &{sn 154 nn ^nN m. Dec. III. a. aplace.—'^^ *nnN ivfiere. 3 prep, in ; by ; with. ;r^N3 adj. Dec. I. a. fem. NU3=1N2 Dec. VII. a. evil, tvicked. \Di<{3 to be bad. b? ^'NS to displease. A'ph. to do in a bad or disagreeable manner. *^n^{^ prep. i. q. "in3 ajler. ■J^^a prep. o?i account of. ■^ '!'^:(3conj. because. bb^a idem. '7 bb^3 l^a because ; so that, ifa br:j3 -ja t%? b"'-]2 Jt/eni. •^ b'^'IS so *^'Z to inquire, investigate. *l2? P^' ^0 scatter, dispei-se. ^'b'^Tj'3 f. Dec. VII. chaste, quickness. ^b''~23 quickly. I. bi^S Pa. to terrify. Ithpa. pass. II. b!72 Pa. to /laston. Ithpe. Inf. ribnsn^ , as a noun, haste. Nnrja'f! bee. VIII. a. and Nnnaf. Dec. VII, a. shame; modesty. ma to lodge, pass a night. 7T3 to spoil, plunder ; to depopulate. "1'^n3 adj. Dec. I. a. choice, excellent. "3 Sep. prep. i. q. a {«, etc. See al- so under 0*^3 . 'J'^2 and ^p/'a prep, between, among- It takes the suffixes of botli singu- lar and plural nouns. !-l3^3 f. Dec. VII. a. understanding, intelligence. H'^^^ f.Dec. VII. a. jmlace. Ui^a adj. Dec. I. a. bad, evil. n*;? m. irreg. Enipli. 5a or b2>3 m. Dec. III. a. lord, mas- ter ; husband. ^y2 and Pa. ^^^'Z to bum ; to con- sume. Mi-'ps f Dec. VII. a. valley. ~ijv3 Pa. to seek, search. Ithpa. idem. "15 or "^3 m. a son, irreg. empli. N"13 , with s\ift*. ^"13 , rt''";i3 ; plur. 'j^;3 (from "J 3), eniph. N'^:3 , (with prosthetic N , i<;aN ,) const, "^ra ; with suft: 1:3 j^'ija orrj:3, p3'':3. In various combinations it has the force of the Heb. "jS q. v. in Lex. Heb. '^a , N13 ivithoid, (for as, =Heb. y'lfl) ; T^ '^3 prep, besides, except ; as a subst. that which is without, the field. N~>3 to create. Ithpe. pass. !^"l3 to kneel. Pa. ^na to bless, praise. ^^3 and ^"la. f- Dec. III. b. knee. ND-J3 and N3")3 f. Dec. VII. a. blessing, benediction. Cn3 adv. certainly; indeed; also, moreover ; conj. i/e^, but. ■-liUS m. Dec. III. h. flesh. na hi. Dec. IV. a. bath, a liquid iiy 155 ^1 measure, equal to seven and a half gallons. n^ f. a daughter, irreg. Empli. Nn'ia ~ 7 (comp. Syr. Zh^), const, n^a, with suff. ^n-na ; pi. 1:3 , (from N:3 ;) const, nzia ; emph. Nn33 , 'J''^T nS pi. m. Dec. I. a. virginity. "Tiria prep, after. With suff.it takes a'plm*. form; as "^^112. ia ni. Dec. IV. a. back ; surface. I^y i3 and "^33 b^ upon. S4 and -12^'" (with suff. "'a.l, ^3^) prep, loith; subject to, penes. *■ i-l m. Dec. IV. c. pit, den ; pit for toater, cistern. N"m3 f. Dec. VII. a. courage; strength ; power. ^i-j m. Dec. III. a. (PI. '("''^na and "j^^^il as if from ^'d:^ .) a man ; a male'. 'J"^")i'ia (with the flat pronunciation), i. q. '^'^ISTil . Tl-J to cut off; to cut down a tree. •"iVe. g. Dec. III. a. PL yi^ and 'J^'ia , a kid. 13 or Ta m. irreg. const. T-i ; with suff. Ji]i.2 , Tt^i, midst. "153 among ; in. t^T-1 idem. ni.?. f. Dec. VII. a. pride. iyiii and Aph. h"'^N to go forth ; to burst or break forth. •nSTi] m. Dec. I. b. treasurer. PI. 1^_3T3 and '}"'-inia . N^I^IiJ (not found in abs. sing.) m. Dec. II. a. a coal. fiTT3 m. Dec. I. a. threatener ; avenger. '^l-i to cut off; to decree. Ithpe. to be cut off, detached. "Ijfii m. Dec. II. a. astrologer, divin- er, ht. Part, from Ita , one ivho utters a decree. Comp. "also M'lTa , fate. N'HTjI f. Dec. VII. a. decree ; thing decreed.. ^n5 to laugh ; to deride. {•{•^a or "'ii m. irreg. (pi. ni'^N"'?.) a val- ley. fiatl'^il. or insna , (compounded of ""i a vaZ/e?/, and'diJl pi'op. n.) the val- ley ofHinnom, where children were passed through the fire to Moloch ; hence, met., hell, the place of future and eternal punishment. 'iva m. Dec. I. a. a stranger, a for- eigner. '^'^a m. Dec. I. a. chalk, lime ; plas- tering of a wall. Nba , nbi} and ■'^a to emigrate, go into captivity ; to reveal, make man- ifest. Praet. Pass. "^^3 and "^b^ Dan. 2: 19, 30. Aph. ''"Van to car- ry captive. bllba m. Dec. II. a. wheel. ^ba f. Dec. VII. c. captivity. bbii m. found only in the phrase "Jlli* ^ba , prob. lapis devolutionis, a stone which cannot be carried, but must be rolled, on account of its great size. LXX, choice stones. '1'^:d-| adj. Dec. I. a. perfect. "ja ni. Dec. IV. a. and Nia f. irreg. (emph. Nnsa and NPlJ-J , frequently in Targ. ' Pseudo-Jbn. Nn-3=isa or Nn-^DTra , const. n|a ; pl. 'jsa); a garden. T32) m. Dec. III. b. treasure. ?)5'm. Dec. IV. a. wing. ]£)a c. g. Dec. III. a. a vine ; a vine- yard. S'la and Pa. Si'^^S^ to excite, stir up. '^'^^si Pa. to rouse, excite. Ithpe. and Ithpa. pass, and refl. Cia m. Dec. III. a. bone. na f. pr. n. of a principal city among the Philistines, Gath. ■7 rel. pron. ==Heb. ^"iii* , who, etc. ; conj. that, so that ; because, etc. ; sign of the Possessive or Genitive case. N'T f- demonst. pron. this ; that. r^ 156 n ^1 m. Dec. IV. c. a bear. an? m. Dec. I. b. enmity. Nil'l "b^a an enemy. la^TT f. Dec. VII. c. enmity. na? (comp. Gram. Intr. 4. note 2.) to offer sacrifices. hi'7 m. Dec. III. b. sacrifice. p5'7 'o adhere, cleave to. '^'2'^ and Pa. '^3'7 to lead, conduct; to govern ; to take, receive. N'li'7 f. Dec. VII. a. cause. nnsT ^19 ^■^ so f^af. f^'li? and NKa? f. Dec. VII. a. a bee. itl'7 m. Dec. III. a. gold. ^n'i to deride. •»i;5T7 m. Dec. II. a. and U53'7 Dec. III. b. honey. I^')'^ m. pr. n. David. 'J'llDI'T m. Dec. I. b. memory ; a me- morial. "JT? and 'J'^'7 to judge ; to adjudge ; to contend. pi":; to be broken in pieces. ^11 subegitfeminam. bri'T to fear. It refers both to rever- eiice toward God, and to dread, as of an enemy, etc. Pa. ^ih^ to ter- nfy- ^\^.1 ^' I^^^' VIII. a. fear; terror. pii'? to press, urge. '1 ='7 which see ; also as a disjunc- tivej but ; it is sometimes redun- dant like the Greek on in the be- ginning of an address, as Dan. 2: 25. Ti'T and b"'? signs of the Genitive case, contracted from T ""T and Yi, J- q- 1=i'7 , q- V. I'l'sT m. Dec. I. a. judgment ; justice, i righteousness ; judicial tried ; the reckoning or account, giveri by men j of their actions in the day of judg- ment, Gen. 3: 18. Pseudo-Jon. ; punishment. 'I'^'T m. Dec. I. a. a judge. ti'll''! m. pi. Dinaites, one of the na- tions which settled Samaria. E'/:. 4:9. "1^2 m. Dec. I. an inhabitant ; a so- journer, stranger. ■i23^7 m. Dec. III. c. treading under foot. ^•t; m. ^fi f. and ']3'7 c. g. demon, pron. this. -)D'7 {Heb. "nST, Intr. 4. note 2.) to remember. •^1D'7 m. Dec. III. b. a ram. mjV~i3~ f Dec. VII. a. and "inbl m. Dec. 1. b. record, memorialy histoi-y. '^^db'n or -in^b'^'^ m. Dec. I. a. (Lat. delator,) calumniator; accuser. N^b'^^ adv. that not, lest. comp. N'oK pW to burn, intrans. CT ni. Dec. II. a. blood. N:?3'7 to resemble. Pa. id. ; to think. '^72i to sleep. 1"!!' V " ^^^^- proii- m. this ; that. i<2'7 and nil: dem. pr. c. g. this ; that. bN^:? m. pr. n. Daniel. H-^ l f. Dec. VII. a. sweat. 'jJa'T m. Dec. III. b. time, period of time. ■jTaj Pa. to appoint, prepare. Ithpa. '}72"t;n to concert, agree together. Aph. 'I73Trr idem, Dan. 2: 9, Ke- thib. ■■'" ■^IDT m. Doc. I. a. music. '^TaT m. Dec. I. a. singer, musician. "jT m. Dec. II. a. species, sort. "I'^iJT adj. Dec. I. a. and adv. little, a little. pyt to ci-y out. pT pT m. Dec. I. a. a spark. i^pT to elevate ; to suspend, as a mal- efactor on a gallows or cross. fll ni. Dec. III. a. a girdle. JJ^T m. Dec. III. a. and ■"i"")} f. Dec. VII. b. seed ; posterity ; family ; plm: families. !5in 158 Y^in n nbliri f- Dec. VII. a. injury, hurt. i'^atl and ;3'^3h adj. Dec. I. beloved. iiSh Pa, to injure ; to destroy, waste, overthroiv. Itlipa. to be destroyed. b^n m. pr. n. Abel. ^ili m. Dec. I. a. and b^ti "^' Dec. III. a. hwt, injury. ^5'i aud '^5d ™' Dec. III. a. a com- panion. 'nah to associate, unite; to put to- gether, compose. Ithpa. to associate themselves, join together. rrnSh f. Dec. VII. a. fern, of >^yn_ , female companion. in , in pause m , fern. N"!)! , num. adj. ojie ; Jlrst ; before numerals, time, times ; e.g. ^^ n^iUJ Th , seven times more than, lit. seven times above, Dan. 3: 19. I. Nin adv. once. Nin3 together. i^^nb very much, exceedingly. II. aiU to rejoice, be joyfid. Aph. to cause to rejoice, to please, gratify. nTiri. f Dec. VII. a. joy, gladness. pin jn. plur. Dec. II. b. breast, trm adj. Dec. III. a. (i. q. Heb. liinh) new. J^^n and ""^h to tell, declai-e ; to make manifest. Aph. idem. i'liTl m. Dec. 1 a. and i^inh f. Dec. VII. a. guilt, crime; debt. *1T n to speak in enigmas ; to propose (a riddle). J^Tnn f. Dec. VII. a. and ''im f- Dec. VII. b. a riddle, an enig- ma. rt^h f. pr. n. Eve. D^h to seiv. Aph. to repair; e. g. a wall, Ez. 4: 12. ^pin m. Dec. III. d. a staff, a rod. ti'^'in and i<''Th m. irreg. PL TT^rt ; a serpent. bihand bit! adj. Dec. 1. ti. profane; common. N^bl n m. emph. (found only in this form and with sufT. >'^y>^ H) ; siveel- ness. ^=1 h adj. Dec. I. a. ivhite. ■JSUJin m. Dec. I. b. and 13U3n n m. Dec. II. a. act of thinking ; reckoning ; account. NTn to see. IIU m. Dec. III. c. vision ; aspect, appearance. nrn f Dec. VII. c. and TTn Dec. VIII. c. (with FUiT. nriTTn' Dan. 4: 8.) idem. Nt2h m. (pi. ]"'NDh , const. \s:ah , with suff. ^^Un , ^iS'^iXton , a sin. NDn to err, to sin. tlNtan f. Dec. IX. a sin-offering. P]1t2n m. Dec. I. a. violence ; plun- der, rapine. tDt^n to sew. Pa. ide^n. ■^h adj. Dec. IV. a. living. ^in ^"d '^'^D ^'^ ^^^^- Aph. part. atjlo preserving alive. NT^n f Dec. VII. a. beast, animal. 'Ji'^h pi. m. Dec. I. a. (But Q'^'^h and "'I'ln occur instead of the regular absolute form.) life. b'^.^I m. Dec. III. d. strength ; a host. l3'^3h adj. Dec. I. a. wise ; as a noun, wise man, magian. fiSn and Pael Cl3h. ^^^ tS'^Sn to be ivise ; to understand. Nttpn or N723nri (pron. hhukhma,) f. Dec. VII. a. ivisdom. ^bn and ■'b'.n adj. Dec. III. sweet. Db.n rii' Dec. III. c. a dream. P]bn to change ; to be changed; to pass through ; to pass, spoken of time. Fjbn , F|bn , (in the Jerusalem dia- lect Plibn and Pjbitl) prep, in- stectd of. pbn m. Dec. I. a. part, lot. Dh m. a father-in-law, irreg. with "suff. ni 72n , ^^an . iiJ2ri to contemplate ; to see. N73n and NttH f Dec. VIII. a. heat; anger. yall to vex ; to grieve. niD 159 "1^ 'l^n m. Dec. III. a. ivine. '{"'ili^rt m. pi. wheat. Ir52:n f- Dec. VII. a. dedication, con- secration. "jan to compassionate, shoio favor to. Itlipa. to pray, make supplication. 'I'^&h adj. Dec. I. a. defective. "jOn and Aph. ]DhN to possess, to have in possession. "jDh m. Dec. III. b. power, might. p]Dn m. Dec. III. a. clay; patterns iv'ork. *lDn to be deficient or lacking. Pa. to diminish ; to depress. "I^n m. Dec. III. a. harvest. V\'4U ^^^ Aph. to urge, hasten. Part. Aph. Jjl^iin^ urgent, hasty. ^(5n m. Dec. III. a. afield. S~^n f. Dec. III. a. a sword. "J''"2i;:"jh 111. pi. Dec. IV. c. divin- ers,' Magians, from the Persian C ^ y C y (-\A/COy.^ , a ivise man ; or from Heb. I3~l.ri , persons skilled in hie- roglyphics. *^"in to singe, burn. Ithpa. Pass. ynn m. Dec. III. a. loin, thigh. S*nn ^9 burn ; to be hot. ^"ilin to think; to reckon to the account of any one, to impute. Pa. to regard. Ithpa. pass. ^T>2;n 111. Dec. I. a. darkness. ^idH and ^"^Ipn adj. Dec. I. a. poor, indigent. ri'iJn to think necessdry, with ^ and Iiif. ; to be necessary. "^'•ijUto be thin ; to make thin or small ; to' crush. Pa. idem. finn lt3, the blatta, a shell-fish of a purple colour. TlU to expel, drive out. V\'y6 m, Dec. III. a. a leaf. fi<;;V3"il3m.plur. emph. proper name of a nation settled in Samaria, or- igin unknown, Ez. 4: 9. LXX. TagcpuXaloi,. 'b'2^ Aph. bii^J7. to bring. n'>p3'' f. Dec. III. c. the dry land. T' f. a hand, irreg. Emph. NT) and with N prosthetic N'l'JN , with suff. np"^ 160 ?= •jiriT' , "jin'^T' ; (dual -j^T^ ;) plur. Nn-; Aph. Part, ii'li'm^ and N'lia praying, praising. 2'T' :i'^u3 to fin- ish. iiS"' to be certain, true. Pa. to tell the truth. i'^iS'^ adj. Dec. I. a. true, certain ; con- firmed, valid, i'^it^ ^Q certainly, of a truth. ^P"^ to burn (neut.), be consumed. Aph. to burn (act.), consume. Jinp^ f. Dec. VII. a. burning. I'^PU adj. Dec. I. a. hard, difficult ; honored, honorable, noble. ^p"^ to be or he esteemed honorable or valuable ; i. q. Pa. to honor. Aph. idem. *^p") m. Dec. I. b. honor ; splendor ; glory. Sometimes it has N pros- thetic. d">">IJTT' and d^.tli!)"!'' Jerusalem. Y^'^1 m. Dec. Ill, a. month. rjll f. Dec. III. a. pi. ]D'^2 j ^^^S^- biNlilJ") m. proper name, Israel; the people of Israel, a^^ in Peal not used. Aph. D'^'iJitt to stretch forth, reach out. n"* , Heb. riN , sign of the Objective or Accusative case, ^n** or IT)"' to sit; to reside, stay. Aph. IT] Tin to place, cause to dwell. ^Tl"* adj. Dec. I. a. abundant, great^ eminent; adv. T'n]] and N'J'^n^J very, exceedingly. '^n"' to revnain, be left. Pa. "^nl to make to abound, to cause abun- dance. 3 prep, and conj.; like; as, as though. SN3 , niS3 , S''3 and 13 m. Dec. I. a." grief sorrow. nns adj. Dec. III. b. (i. q. Heb. ST3 ,) false. ■jinS',^ 113 and nnS adv. (=Heb. N3) now. 'J^nsn nmv therefore. •j-ins adv. so, thus, x^^p;^ id. "jinSI nolo therefore. !-i3 adv. now. n3 n^ hitherto. bn3 to be able. Const, with ^ and 'inf 13 f. Dec. IV. a. loindow. 'j'^ni 3 (only in, pi.) m. Dec. I. a. thorns. 1313, (sometimes AVi-itten 1313,) m, Dec. II. a. a star. ■313 Pa. to confirm , establish; to make n&s 161 n^ vigorous efforts. Ithpa. pass. ; also, as Pa, to endeavour earnestly. *li3 m. Dec. I. a. cor, a measure for things liquid or dry, equal to the homer or to ten ephahs, supposed to contain about eight bushels. "133 m. Dec. II. a. a talent. ^•3-3 Kethib Ez. 7: 22. idem. y3,"i:3, ^«y^, i<>5., "'V.'i^, adj.= Heb. ^3 , all, the whole, every. I. bb3 Shaph. bbS"*y to complete, Jin- ish. Ishtaph. bb^rnpN pass. II. ^Vs and Aph. bbpN to crown ; met. to adorn. N733 , n703 and "'733 conj. and adv. hotv ! quam ! as ; ~i ^123 like. ■jS , y3 adv. rightly; thus. "jlDS then ; therefore ; thus. ■JTjS m. pi. with fem. form, Dec. VII. a. colleagues. LXX. avvSov- Xoi. '^^^D and 153 m. Dec. I. a harp. Gr. XLVVQu, Lat. cinyra, generally considered to have been a plain- tive instrument. NttpS adv. i. q. ^S thus. ■J^iS (Milel) m. proper name, Ca- naan. U^DS to collect, act. Ithpe. to assemble, to meet. ■^•753 m. Dec. VI. i. q. ■''7iU3 a Chal- dean. MD3 , mD3 and •'DS to lie hid, to he concealed. Pa. to hide, conceal ; i. q. Peal. p)l &3 m. Dec. I. a. afoeling of shame ; ignominy. f]D3 m. Dec. III. a. silver. ■ji'S adv. noiv. ]^S "ly wnh7 noif>. FjS c. g. Dec. IV. a. a hollow; the pcdm of the hand ; the sole of the foot. ■JDS fo hunger. Aph. to cause or suf- for another to he hungry. "^33 Pa. to wash ; to purify ceremo- nially ; to atone, make expiation. n£3 '»b, . !lb. or i3b m. i/^e /ieff?-f, irreg. Emph. !S3b ; with sufF. "^Sb , ^3b , N23^, etc. ; plur. emph. N^i^b ; with suff. •jirT'sb ,. "ii^lib m. Dec. I. a. clothing ; a gar- ment. ■j'^^blab f. plur. plants ; Jlowers. 'ij'^_ to clothe one's self Aph. to clothe. ]?jb conj. therefore, with prosthetic N , l^ibN ; comp. of Nb and "jn , except (comp. Lat. nisi) ; but, sed. 12 lb 1^0 curse. ■^1^ m. Dec. VI. a Levite. Plur. if'ib. b^i2 162 iibi2 ^n^lb m. a sea-monster, according to Buxtorf, the a;rampns. nib ]nep. to ; toward ; with. 1:''V «i"l ^^''t. '"• i""eg- emph. N^V"^V' plur. "lib"*? ; nisf/t^ n''b. a contraction for rT'i* Nb , there is not ; there are not. "Jirib adv. and prep, alone; only; also. It is strictly a noun, loneli- ness ; hence with S , "'riiTinbs , in his loneliness, i. e. he alone. fin':? m. Dec. III. a. bread. nnb m. a feast, Dan. 5: 1. niiib f. Dec. VII. a. a concubine. N72b and —Tab (as a noun, nothing,) adv. not; lest. NTsb'^ that not; lest, f ■• ^ Ni'b or 4a , word, speech ; thing. ribJZ m. Dec. III. b. $aU. tlhfi denom. from the preceding, (in tile Tai'gums, to salt, to seaso7i with salt,) in bibl. Chaldee only Ez. 4: 14. Gesenius renders it to eat salt. According to the Hebrew com- mentators, Buxtorf, and others, the meaning would be to devastate, de- stroy, derived from the fact that salt land is generally waste, bar- ren; or from the custom of so wing the site of adevastated city with salt. ^^73 or '^12 m. Dec. III. a. a king. ^'r^ m. Dec. III. b. advice, counsel. nS^^ f. Dec. VII. a. a queen. IS^b f. Dec. VII. c. a kingdom; do- minion, reign. ^^^^ Pa. to speak. 1^ and I'a interrog. pron. who7 tvhaf? ■^^r "J^ whoever. "J 73 prep, yroffi; of, out of ; some of , (comp. the French du) ; because of; rather than, in preference to; after an adjective, than. — "jQ fre- quently takes after it the charac- teristic prefix of the Gen. or Dat. case, which is then pleonastic ; as rr^i'^^ , Gen. 49: 10, i. q. n"'3a ; -p^nj^b p. , Gen. 3: 94. Jer. Targ. i. q. 'i"'?3'lf5 ]73 . — "''7 ]^ because; since. — d"'2£;;""j 73 c. g. Dec. I. b. time ; a year. "iaiy m. Dec. I. b. labor, work. Tiy adverb, yet, further, moreover. Sometimes it is a mere expletive. N*''iy and N;*!? f. pi. 'J^]?, iniquity, pei-verseness, sin. t}\'\ 5> m. Dec. 1. a. a boy ; a young man. pT 5? to be straitened, to be in difficulty, Aph. p'^S'N to molest, be hostile; to constrain. ^iy only Dan. 2: 35. chaff. In Syr. and Ar. idem. 'J'li/'iy m. Dec. II. a.frmness, strength. iXpTy f Dec. VII. a. ring, seal-ring. NIT? m. pr. n. Ezra. H'Oy f. Dec. VII. a. counsel, ivisdom, K'"q. Heb. ^2:2?. b'^i; , i^'^^Z-i -'^V^ ^"'i '■'?^'3 adv. and prep, above. "{Jo b"^!; idem. j^y c. g. Dec. III. d. an eye ; a foun- tain. In the latter sense the plu- ral is 'JID'^y . ■J'y Pa. denom. to look at; to exam- ine ivith care, comp. Eng. to eye. ^■'y m. Dec. I. a. loatcher, a name of angels, or of an order of angels, Dan. 4: 10, 14, 20. by prep, upon ; above ; concerning ; besides; before; against; some- limes for bi<, to, toivard, etc. — •:j by because. Nby adv. over, above, followed by "j^ tlby f- Dec. VIII. a. burnt-offering. Plur. -Jib?.. nVSJ f. Dec. VII. a. occasion ; pretext. "^'ibS> and inb^y or ''Tby, forms of b'y. "■ ■''^y adj. Dec. VI. upper; highest; ^ emph. riijby the Most High. 'ji'^i^y m. Dec.'l. a. the Most High. Plur. excel. ]'^3i'^'::y idem. ■'Iry f. Dec. VII. b. an upper chamber, a lodging chamber. 'c?. to go in, enter ; (of the sun) to set. Aph. byin and by^Jj to bring in. Hoph. by!l pass. Dby m. Dec. II. a. and Dby m. Dec. III. a. an age; eternity ; the world. Nioby-iy or NX3by~iy - T :iT - T :- - Jor ever. •'^b? "1- Dec. VI. PI. N^'.'aby an Elamite. y^y m. Dec. III. b. i. q. Heb. y^2i: , a rib ; perhaps a tusk Dan. 7: 5. Qy c. g. a people, irreg. sing, hke Dec. IV. a. plur. ]'^:q^y, emph. N'ja^oy. Qy prep, with ; in. Before suff. the t) takes Dagesh forte ; as ''73y . P'^73y and p'^Qy adj. Dec. I. a. deep, unsearchable. b»y m. Dec. I. a. and b^?. Dec. III. a. labor, toil. ^:gy m. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb. '^7a^^ , ioool. In3y to answer ; to speak in conversa- tion, to begin to speak. py m. Dec. I. a. a cloud. C):y m. Dec. III. a. a bough, branch. UJ3y m. Dec. I. a. mulct, fine. np.y ni. Dec. III. b. time. a&y see airy . pay m. Dec. II. a. or p^y Dec. III. b. affair ; business. "loy m. Dec. III. with suff. r7;;cy , branches, foliage. '^^y m. Dec. III. a. dust. i"^iy part. adj. Dec. I. ^.troubled, sad. ipy m. Dec. III. a. and b. the heel, Heb. lap y ; an end ; a reward, Heb. 'OpV to be crooked ; to be perverse. Pa. to make crooked ; to pervert. '^py to root out,pluck up. Ithpe. pass. ^b^ 167 ans ^py m. Dec. I. b. stock, root. '^y'ni. Dec. I. a. enemy. an> and Pa. any to mix. Ithpa. pass. T^y m. Dec. I. b. imld ass, onager. mny f. Dec. VII. a. nakedness ; hence dishonour. ;t3~JJ•n^^ to be stripped, rendered na- ked. ' ' "^^2^5-15 adj. Dec. VI. naked. The forms b"'U'-]^, '^iXr'^a-jy, and "^Nl:Tt2~iy ai'e less frequent. f^ny or n^~iy adj. Dec. I. cumiing. bny^and b"}?' Dec. I. a. and "'bny Dec. VI. adj. uncircumcised. sto , nijy or noy m. Dec III. b. an herb ; coll. herbs. l-jPS? f. N'-iipym.num.'adj.fe?!. Plur. ■J"^"!;:;? twenty. D'iliy and n^'jjy QT1J, to listen to, comply with. Ithpa. pass. blaj? and ^lip prep, before; over against, opposite ; because of. With suff: nbnp , ry^ap , etc.— '5R.^ tWem. — b5p.~''3 because of; cony because ; therefore; as. "lU'^'T'p adj. Dec. I. a. holy ; as a noun, saint ; holy being, appUed to an- gels. Dnp m. Dec. III. a. that which is be- fore ; former time, beginning ; the east. — 'y*'a'^0i)Z^, (see '^^12^ former- ly ; in front ; toward the east, on the east side. mj^ and blp prep, before, in rela- tion to place, coram ; in relation to time, ante. It takes suffixes like plural nouns ; e.g. ^'^^p^,, '^Tl'v:i'^Ji . — ny t3^p antequam. — Q'lp ]73 ot ten i. q. "112 ; sometimes i. q. OTp^ simply. o^'lp f. Dec. VII. a. origin, antiqui- ty. DJ2^i>^ "i^ prep, before. ^iTS'lp f. Dec. VII. c. antiquity; meeting, coining together, occursus. ■'^np adj. Dec. W. first. UJ'lp Pa. to sanctify, consecrate, set apart. \1;T^P m. Dec. II. a. holiness, sacred- ness. Dip Fut. tj'lp'^ to rise up, to stand. Pa. t]]"_p to establish ; to confirm by an oath ; to sivear ; to sustain. Aph. D'lpN and Cpri , Fut. tJip^ and tl"'pn';', Part. t3''pn» , to set up, e. g. a statue, an image ; to appoint, e. g. a governor. Hoph. D*^p.n , S'^pin , or with the form of Aphel, tJ'^pn Dan. 7: 4. to stand. "iSllpm. Dec. I. b. offering, obla- tion ; sacrifice, victim. bUp to kill. Pa. idem,'m reference to the destruction of inany. So in Syriac. Ithpe. aud Ithpa. pass. 'iDp m. Dec. III. b. knot ; joint ; difficult problem. inp 169 nni 'oy_ (i. q. Heb. yp_) 111. Dec. III. d. summer. u''p ni. Dec. I. a. a covenant; an edict, decree. D^j5 adj. Dec. I. a. estahlished,Jirm. "j^j? m. pr. n, Cain. Dhn'^15 Kethib Dan. 3:5, 7, etc., i. q. Gr. xl&uQig, a harp. The point- ing is that of Oi"inp_ , q. v. '^j"5 m. Dec. I. a. voice'. PI. V\p^ thun- ders ; ]hp voices. h'^'^Ji adj. Dec. I. a. light ; quick ; adv. a little. 1P73J? and littp m. Dec. I. a. a gir- dle^ a belt. "Jp, m. Dec. IV. b. a nest, a hive. Njp io buy, purchase. ]|JjJ> m. Dec. I. b. acquisition ; pos- session, substance. fjiCp to be angry, to be in a rage. ?|i:p in. Dec. III. anger, ivrath. If^p to cut off, amputate; to kill. Ithpe. pass. nilp f. Dec. I. b. apart; an end. S<~lj7 p'^"], and once ]"^'ijit-) Ez. 5: 10. chiefs, principal men. Sn m. Dec. IV. a. plur. ■j"»n-iin Dec. II. a. a prince ; as an adj. great; plur. proud,arroga7it (speech- es, or actions). ni") to be great or numerous. Pa. '^3']] aiid Aph. "i2~\N to exalt, set in an eminent station ; to increase ; to bring forth abundantly. Ithpe. and Ithpa. to be exalted, to be elevated. =111 f. Dec. VIII. c. greatness. 13") and J<13"1 num. adj. ten thou- sand, a myriad. Plur. ]112"1 and ■jni-) . "p3~l m. Dec. h a. lord, master. ■'y"'!"^ num. adj. Dec. VI. fem. ^ib;^^-) fourth. ■jl'^nn m. Dec. I. a. a nobleman, prince. a^n to desire, long for. Pa. idem. T^"*] to be moved, excited; to be angry. Aph. to excite to anger. Tan m. Dec. III. b. anger. b:<") and b^i"?. c. g. Dec. III. a. afoot. l3ual and plural "("ib^T . UJai to be tumultuous. Ithpe. and Ith- pa. idem ; to rage ; to roar. Aph. to rage ; to collect together in a rage or until tumult. "ll m. Dec. I. a. aspect, appearance. T5i"1 m. Dec. III. e. anger. m"l e.g. Dec. I. a. wind; spirit. nn~l to be high ; to be exalted. Palp. tJail to exalt, praise. Aph. to lift up. Ithpal. to lift up one^s self cm m. Dec. I. a. height. T1 m. Dec. I. a. a secret. p^h"! adj. Dec. I. a. distant, remote. t3ni and Pael QH"! , to pity, com- passionate ; to love. -IM 170 ait) nnn'^ f. Dec. VIII. c. love ; affection, friendship. ■j^atin (found only in the plural) m. Dec. III. a. mercy, compassion. yrin to trust in. Ithpe. construed With by , idem. UJ''l3"i adj. Dec. I. a. sent away ; de- serted. 'n'^~\ m. Dec. I. a. scent, smell. TZJ"'n , see UJNl . B^ adj. Dec. I. a. high. ii')2~\ and nQT to throw, cast; to set, place ; to impose (a tax). Ithpe. to be cast. '^iy'\ to loink significantly ; to beckon. •'ya-l adj. Dec. V. b. and Dec. \l.de- ceitful. •J 2") and Pa. to sing for joy ; to speak joyfully. ns?-) f. Dec. VIII. c. and t{1i"n f. Dec. VIII. a. pleasure, tvill ; benevolence ; delight. 'ji'^y-1 ni. Dec. I. a. a thought. )z^'.hi ^tlJ- only Dan. 4: 1, [4: 4]flour- ishing. SS~\ and Pa. 2.'2>-i to break inpieces. DC"] to trample upon, tread in pieces. 1UJ~) f. Dec. VIII. c. permission ; lib- erty ; power. ^^UJn adj. Dec. I. a. ivicked. tlU;"1 to note, ivrite down; to write. ^UJ-j m. Dec. III. b. and TyuJn f. Dec. VII. c. wickedness. i>»n"^n~) f. Dec. VII. a. verbal from nri"i , trembling. i'i) m. Dec. I. a. an elder, a man of grey hairs. N:D2iy, i. q. ND2D, q.v. N^TL' , i. q. N^p , to be or become great. iX^i'g adj. Dec. I. a. great; much, many ; adv. very, exceedingly. ti'^'O to set, place ; to appoint ; to is- sue (a decree) ; Cyq QTil) to sheiv respect; t3UJ CViJ to give a name, to name. •nUip m. Dec, III. b. i. q. iDD ^ side. "dnly Dan. 7: 5. Keri. ' ' b^ip Aph. bSiZJiJ to understand; to ' be loise. Ithpa. const, with 3 , to consider. ^DnbptJ f. Dec. VII. c. intelligence^ understanding. m'yp i. q. NjD to hate. (In Chaldee it is generally written with D.) Part. Npuj an enemy. ^yiD m. Dec. III. a. hair. nsib f. Dec. VIII. a. (PL -JICD Dec. VIII. c.) a lip. t) "bm: , bNlb or "byip to ask, seek, re- quest, with 3 of the thing asked, or with two" accusatives ; to in- quire, with i^ of the person. N^N'O f. Dec. Vll. a. request ; affair, concern, matter. ^^•^ Ithpe. -iNP'iiJN and Ithpa. ~lNn">i;N to be left, to remain. ~1J5d num. adj. seven. See Par. XI. in the Gram. pid to forsake; simply 23 i. q. Dd . GO 171 p25 'IBIUJ m. Dec. 11. a. beauty. Plur. id. ^Vii m. Dec. I. a. a wall. 'pyp'yjji m. Dec. I. a. a friend; a companion. M^^S-UJIU} ni. pi. inhabitants of Susa, the winter residence of the Per- sian kings. ^Vili and S'^Pib to free, deliver. See Gram. § 14. 2. note. n'^Jl'iJ adj. Dec. I. a. corrupt, loicked ; as a noun ivickedness, crime. nS'-iJ to discover ; to attain, acquire. Aph. idem. Ithpe. to be found. I'yD to dwell, rest. Pa. "jSUi to cause to divell. Hence N3'^5"(P f. Dec. VIl. a. dwelling, pre- sence ; the divine presence and glo- ry as it appeared in the tabernacle. ilV'^ f. Dec. VII. a. and •ibuj f. Dec. VII. c. something amiss, an error, fault ; a failure. mb'vli f. Dec. VII. a. rest, tranquillity. ll^Tl) to send away; to put off; to stretch out (the hand). Pa. and Aph. idem. Ithpe. to be deprived. I. tDbip and Vibjp to ride, to have pow- er, construed'with 3 or ):V. Aph. to cause to rule, to give dominion. II. lib'ip const, with 3, to fall upon, attack. ■jitiVii m. Dec. I. a.ruler, governor. ■jtDb'iJ m. Dec. I. b. might, power; dominion. ta'^buj adj. Dec. I. a. powerful, hav- ing power, const, with 3 over any thing ; const, with b and an Inf. permitted, laioful ; as a noun, a powerful man, rider, officer. DbilJ to complete. Aph. to fnish,bnng to an end ; to restore, give back. fib tJ m. Dec. I. a. peace, prosperity. n'Tablii m. pr. n. Solomon. r)^;ajb'43 f. iiTeg. plur. •j'^^Tabia, •jbibb'"?? , Ijb^b^lJ and 'jib'^ab'''??'; ^ chain. t*23 ,'DVii and CTZi m. irreg. emph. "{HJZp ; with suffi n^/^j , 'fTrtWIMJ ; plur. ^trnp , const. ritlJaUJ , etc. a name. )a^ m. pr. n. Shem. n)3'»lj Aph. to destroy. )'n'^'^_ names, pi. of Cr q. v. i<'?3\y Plur. emph. heaven, the heav- ^ens. The sing, and the absol. plur. are wanting ; const. '''D'p. Uiy^i Ithpolel DTjin'IJN iobe astonish- ed, amazed. •jr);^ , N3'^72UJ (see Gr. § 31. note 2.) ad], fat, rich. SJy:: to hear ; to obey. Ithpe. to be heard ; to show one^s self obedient, to be obedient or submissive. ]'^n?3T:J i. q. Heb. ■jinailj , Sainaria. 12J73W c. g. Dec. HI. b. the sun. vi;7iiu3 to serve ; to minister, as a. priest, etc. ■jTvli^TtU m. pr. n. Samson. yq c. g. Dec. IV. b. a tooth. The dual form ^^SUiis used for the plu- ral. So in Hebrew B'^3'»z3 . ND'^ Fut. Tseri, to be changed, alter- ^ ed ; to be different. Pa. to change ; to violate, transgress ; pass. Part. diverse, different. Ithpa. to change ; mtrans. to be altered. Aph. i. q. Pael. I. 1X3^' f. Dec. VIII. a. sleep. II. ^{D\2; and nsui f. irreg. const. n3Tp ; emph. Nri'ij ; plur. ym ; a year ; collectively in the singular, years. yy^ adj. Dec. I. a. fem. i<3''3U3 Dec. VII. a. sharp. •ji'tU m. Dec. I. b. edge ; point. NJ'iiJ f irreg. emph. Uny^ and ^tWi ; plur. 1"'^^ ; an hour ; a moment, any short period of time. Sl^iZJ Ithpa. ''iinUJN to narrate, tell ; to enumerate ; to speak. DSUJ m. Dec. II. a. a judge. T^DUJ or T^C^ f Dec. VII. c. bruis- ing, trampling underfoot ; perhaps Gen. 3: 15 Pseudo-Jon. and Jer. Targ. safety, deliverance ; or rem- edy. bciU Aph. to bring down, humble ; to oppress, subdue. bSTJJ adj. Dec. III. low. *1DT25 to be fair; to be agreeable. pia adj. Dec. I. a. leg. pin 172 J^pn ^2"^5\1J m. Dec. I. a, dawn of the moniing. I. N'n'kij , NT!) and tTTiT , to dwell; to stop, rest'. A ph. to caitse to divell or remain. II. ii~\-D and !Ti'i3 to loosen; Part. ■j'^TUJ loose, at liherty ; to solve, ex- plaiii. Pa. idem; also to begin. Itlipa. to he loosed, spoken of tlie joints, to become powerless. 'i;~iirj m. Dec, III. e. a root. !)",lJnu3 f. Dec. VII. c. and ■'•^"lUJ f. Dec, VII. b. eradication; met. banishment. r"iJ and nUJ num. adj. Dec. IV. b. six. Pi. 'j-'n-vij siz/j/, NP'iJ and TtTrp to drink. Construed with 3 denoting the vessel out of which' any one drinks. The French language has a similar idiom, boire dans une tasse. Dri">lj to found ^ establish, confirm. Aphel idem. pn'ij to be silent, keep silence. Ni>lNM , defectively written ; see NJ-^Nri f.Dec. VII. a. (PI. 'j-'rNPl c. g. Dec. I.) a fig-tree ; a fig. T^Sri part. adj. Dec. I. a. fragile, weak, easy to be broken. "li^ to break, to break in pieces. Pa. idem. Ithpe. and Ithpa. pass. 'lan m. Dec. III. b. and N'napl f. Dec. VII. a. contention, strife. ^"^^1^ fem. Dec. VII. a, revolving in a circle ; hence, continuance. — N'l'^'TJnS constantly, continually. ain to retwn ; to txmi aivuy, to avert. Aj)h. to return (act.), to restore. rrlPl to be astonished; to be terrifi,ed, to tremble for fear. NTb^n f. Dee. VIII. a. a generation; a nation, tribe. i^SjtOTni f. emph. NnSJPp^n, cause, occasion. ;iji=in m. Dec. II. a. strength, might. ■nnn, i. n. Heb. "niO, m. Dec. I. a. an oz: Nri3"l3Tnf. Dec. VIII. a. praise; a soiig of praise ; any so7ig. nihn prep, under. It takes the suf- fixes of plural nouns. Diin idem. ^{3^^{'^n f. Dec. VII. a. desire, appe- tite. ' •J^n Aph. 'Jl^^l^i to prepare. abn m. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb. iibv . snow. 'b'^'b'Pi adj. Dec. I. a. elevated; forti- fied. n^n f. (masc. nnbn , const, m. rinbri , f. ■'nbri) ] num. adj. three. Plur.'-J'^nbri, ihii-ty. '•n'^bri adj. Dec. VI. third. Once written "^nbin Dan. 5: 7. an (i. q. Heb.' t3'^), ln?3n , and iTSl^l adv. there ; thither. Dna , ]J3n73 thence. n^ri m. Dec. III. b. a wonder, a mir- acle. ^y^OPl f Dec. VII. c. perfection ; in- tegrity. n2ttn or n:J3n f. pr. n. of a city of the Philistines, Timnath. NDn plur. ]'':n contracted from "iia'^Nn , etc. q. v. '{''Dn'^uum. adj. Dec. I. b. second. mS'^iPl adv. a second time, again. Ml^nDD m. pi. Dan. 3: 2, 3. prob. judges or lawyers, jurisconsuUi. Ar. (^^^ to give counsel, to pass sentence ; hence mufti. p]Tpn m. Dec. I. a. strength; vehe- mence. rpln adj. Dec. I. a. right ; fit, conve- nient ; firm. PT^pn adj. Dec. I. a. strong, mighty. Vpn'(i. q. Heb. b^^) to weigh. Pass. Praet. to be weighed. ■jsn Pa. to adapt, arrange ; to pre- pare; to establish. Aph. idem. lloph. to be reestablished, restored. •jnn adj. Dec. II. a. i. q. ppPi. p)pri to grow, as a tree ; to become Vn 173 3?-in strong, powerful. Pa. to confirm, establish. i:\'pr\ and 7[pP\ m. Dec. I. a. power, authority. fi3_"in quadr. to explain, interpret. Part. pass. Ci3~inQ interpreted. y^~\V\ num. adj. two; both. See Gram. Par. XL and § 42. 1. a. note. ^Di!'"'^nn num. adj. twelve. ^"in and" Pa. ^"iPi to expel, drive out. 3>'in and Pa. ynn Ojid ^jp^i • >:f) bjSic^ 3-)p3 ^d orivT) fSpi 711) ifjuDD f)Si Drk 0D^7^ ^nf) "iuvpd jrr 63^ nD>7>n r6r nnf) bf) kd^ h hv ^nn iiDC^ : [6^ o^up] r^in^ rf) r>vi pf)n of)!)P ^d ipf):c n^cro nn"'!) D7f)D f)!)6 D^^n >hvj hh r/f)i 11:3 b •)vb Dipr3 np6t; ip!) I)6-ic^3 nn^D • it;3 D:)7 rn 60 "rni • [6*!) '^p")^] oinj 7n Djuppb ^nf) id7> dIjid o ivbt ip3 1*1$:; nn 05^31 np3n rn '"id dV^i 'n nn vii? nroi [6^ niDC] ip6c ip3 bcm • if53:p^c ID -)}3iri VD DP5pP3 i3j^ obc iD7rc ^:dpi • m:i> rf)-i^i pr)7 nn o-ii3Ji nC3 b i)i? -)Pf) nnn pid^dC31 . DD^ri)3i dd'')3 16331 656 i63:p> dI)D ^:5 -ip6 6!) o oiiD 65 03mn3 D3^)pf ip6i . dd^pi^si 03^53 163D1 6l)6 b ip6 65 0613:3 536 06i35n D76S 6i3P 65 ^3 '5't |1p"p )3 dcp ^3-) 3-)^ 5i7JD ddpd 3PDn ■]-i7 5:; 6101 i63)P' Pi)30i D^)3m • m^i^o PW r3U l5 D7p p d6 656 pi7p5p dv '^d6i •PDinn pipi5d -)p6cipd Di5nn ri6nP3D05 ri^op n6i3)rii 6^3:0 56ipc ipd DPni':)3 . v56 ri6-iP3 'c^ 056^33 ovii d6 [3'^ i37P3] ■)p6c ipd • D^6'3Dn 3n P6133 dpo pi 71) nsDC D>6^3)3 1'Tic )VD ntp n5DP5 nt pi5dp 0:13 vn^ pi . 13 -1376 Di5n3 d71p6 pnD:o ^P^ D760 Pi)C3 ic6 pi5pp 'j i:; ."^501 'o'p 1:^3-1 i^cp:) d03 nin^ ^5i6c iD-ii onr 17PD1 [6V'DC>] -iP6t; ipd • Dn3pri 5d dji : Pi^pto ^pm pnn3D ^pm 56iD p6 1731)^1 56ic^ p63 hpd^c id5 dp"i6 dji dd^pii^i DDnD6 "iD) ^d31 d3)65 I^:dd 3n5 nn d03 d\ipc '5S nno pd^dc j":di • 5Dcrii nD7 nn dd5 o^dp . D>51)pP1 jD ni>D5c1T 3tV 5d1 717 P^3 5p ^PIJDCI ip6 jD • 07>DCri Translation of the commentary. 15~"^"?.™ n;^") , as if he had said t^^^tj n"i-]nN2 T\17\\ , (Isa. 2: 2.) And it shall come to pass in the last days. He employs the ex- pression ■)5~'^nnj< , after this, because he had said, " And ye shall know that I am in the midst of Israel." His meaning was,^ Ye shall know now, but not with a perfect knowledge ; for, as yet, ye continue to sin^ before me. But after this knowledge, the time will come when 23 178 ■ Al'I'KNDIX A. ye shall know me with a perfect knowledge, and shall no longer sin, viz. in the days of the Messiah, when it is written^ that the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord. (Isa. 11: 9.) " I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh." The meaning is, upoti Israel; as it is written^ in other places, alljlesh, when the expression does not relate to all beings that possess life, but to man alone. So it is written,^ "Let all flesh bless, etc." (Ps. 145: 2L), and, "All flesh shall come, etc." (Isa. 66: 23.) So, in a restricted sense, here, "all flesh" relates to Israelites fit to receive the Holy Spirit. " All," that is,'' great and small; as it is written,^ " For they shall all know me, from the least of them, unto the greatest of them," Jer. 31: 34. " My Spirit," that is, the spirit of knowledge and wisdom ; as it is written,^ (Isa. 11: 2.) " The Spirit of the Lord''' shall rest upon him," and the prophet goes on to explain,® " the spirit of wisdom and under- standing, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Lord." After their understanding shall have been purified, the power of speech in some of them shall be increased until they shall prophesy. For he says, not, " They shall all prophesy," but, " Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy." In respect to the effusion of the Spi- rit, he says, " upon all flesh ;" but in regard to prophecy, he says, not all, but, " And yotir sons and your daughters shall prophesy." So he says, " your old men and your young men," not all of them. And this accords with the manner in which that wise and great man, R. Moses Ben-Maimon, of blessed memory,^ wrote. " The gift of prophecy (he says,) is not conferred upon a man, even^° with instruction, unless na- ture prepared it for him at the time of his birth." The sons and the daughters shall prophesy in their youth, like Sam- uel the prophet. And the prophetic revelations shall be given to them in seeing dreams; as he says, "dreams, visions." And such was the prophesying of most of the prophets ; as it is written,^ (Num. 12 : 6.), " If there be a prophet among you, I, the Lord, will make myself known to him in a vision, and will speak unto him in a dream." So also there shall be degrees among them, one more exalted than another, as there were among the prophets who have passed ; until perhaps there will be among them one equal to Moses our master, (peace be upon him).^^ And observe, he mentions three degrees which [correspond] to the ages of man, childhood, youth, and old age. "Also upon the servants;" as it is written,"'' (Isa. 61: 5.), "And strangers shall .stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of the alien shall be your ploughmen and your vine-dressers." And even upon them, be- APPENDIX B. 179 cause they dwell in the land of Israel and serve Israel, shall be the spi- rit of knowledge and understanding. The expression pouring out of the Spirit, is equivalent to saying, '' Tlie Spirit shall be upon them ahundnnthj ,'^ [so as to be] like a lite- ral pouring out. Thus it is written,^ (Zech. 10: 12.), " And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem the spirit of grace and of supplications." J Verse 27. ^ lj^^ ;jg g^^^ -,p<5 jg y^s%d with very great latitude. See below, note 4. ^ Lit. ye return and sin. "* ")Pf))d , lit. concei-n- ing which it is said, t Js instead of iCf) . ^ Compare the preceding note. ^'h'l , au abbreviation for "ipil) DiT) , that is to say. "^ 'o , ab- breviation of DCD , the name, i. e. Jehovah. ^ Abbreviations. Fully written they would read Ci^D p "infjl. p is a Rabbinic particle, equivalent to the Hebrew ]3 . Ci^D is Piel (='^ns), comp. § 2. 5. ^ 'i f , abbrevia- tion of ODI^!) 1)n::!r. ^^ '^d6i , abbreviation for ib^Df)"!, which is contracted of the two particles \h>f) qf) , even if. ^^ 'D 'd , i. e. Dlbcn V'hv. So the Mo- hammedans say whenever they repeat the name of their prophet. APPENDIX B. ON THE SVRIAC LANGUAGE NOW SPOKEN IN THE EAST. The passage on page 12 respecting the existence of the Chaldee at the present day, as indeed nearly the whole of the Introduction, was translated directly from the work of Prof Winer. After it was in type, it was suggested to the translator that the language there employed might occasion incorrect impressions. In consequence of this suggestion, the reference to an appendix was given. Remains of the Syriac, as a spoken language, unquestionably exist in the East. This is testified by various travellers, and recently by the Rev. Eli Smith, American Missionary, who is now publishing in this country the results of an exploring tour in Armenia. The fact that the term Chaldee has been occasionally employed, in relation to these remains, has perhaps arisen from the circumstance, that a portion of the nominal Christians among whom they are found, (viz. those who acknowledge the authority of the see of Rome), have been designated as the Chaldean church ; or perhaps from the circumstance that these Christians reside in the region of the ancient Chaldea. Still the statements on p. 12 are believed to be correct, so far as the ancient Chaldee is concerned. Niebuhr himself, who uses the term ISO APPENDIX B. Chaldee, says ; " the modern Syriac or Chaldee varies from the lan- crnaae in whicli the church-books are written, at least as much as the modern Arabic from the ancient. Those Christians who are connected, in the way of trade, or otlierwise, with foreigners, speak also Kurdish, Turkish, and especially Arabic. Doubtless also many words from these foreign languages exist in the modern Si/riac. Reisebeschreibung, Vol. II. p. 352. Mr. Smith's " Researches in Armenia," now in the press, will con- tain statements in respect to a body of Nestorians whom he found in Persia, on the borders of Kurdistan, and who speak the Syriac lan- guage. I have the pleasure of stating also, that Mr. Smith is expected to prepare an article, in respect to this subject, for the Bil)lical Reposi- tory. ERRATA. Page 12 line 20 for csVw read B-^^Vw', and for ^:3J53 read Vita;; for sa"!! read S5"^l , S3 V, ss-^l.. for V^ read ^3 for ^^hs. read ri^ for ^rr^'/S read '^ri.'^s for li^SSN read t|^>;"^'* > ^^'^ ^'°^ ^V.V^.'^ ^'^^^ "'^'^^IS!* for Srt_ read ns_ for in'iVt3;iir}>3 read TiiVuliritt from the bottom, col. 2. articie omitted Ciaa m. Dec. III. b. and c. body. col. 2. for rri read t^l from the bottom col. 2. for -,r,V read ■]r.h 29 11 46 9 47 16 49 2 51 12 52 19 87 15 155 7 160 16 161 6 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or This booK ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^j^.^j^ renewed. Renewed books are subject to im mediate recalL LD 21A-50w-12,'60 (B6^21slO)476B General Library _ University of California Berkeley U,C BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDsa]i^D5^5