XXII y / 'aaaA oj gScEDEP^^ 7/OAL & ^7^/yCc THE HISTORY OF TITHES 1 THE History of Tithes ABRAHAM TO QUEEN VICTORIA HENRY W. CLARKE. LONDON GEORGE R EDWAY YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN MDCCCLXXXVII 7. ij CONTENTS. PAGES Introduction, 11-27 uJ CHAPTER I. to >_ The History of Tithes before the Christian Era, 1-4 QC < Abraham the first recorded payer of tithes, i. Jacob's ladder, 1. Old Testament directions for the payment of tithes, 1-2. When tithes ceased among the Jews, 3. The heathen nations paid tithes, 3. The foolish story of Adam having paid tithes, 3, 4. 30 i CHAPTER II. CD From the Christian Era to a.d. 400, . . . 5-13 rj The maintenance of the ministers in Apostolic times, i, 2. The " Apostolical Constitutions " said to be collected by Clement I., 6, 7. Anglican divines supporting the claim to tithes on these Constitutions, 7, 8. The division of the offerings and oblations, 8. Constantine's edict, 8. Are Christians justified in adopting the Mosaic law for the payment of tithes? 9. Tithes given at first as spontaneous offerings, 10. "The Englishman's Brief on behalf of his National Church," io, 11 ; the effect of this mixture of fiction and facts, 11-13. CHAPTER III. From a.d. 400 to a.d. 787 14-30 The earliest supposed council which ordained the payment of tithes, 14. Dr J. S. Brewer's mistakes, 14, 15. " To live 6f the Gospil " does not refer to the payment of tithes, 15. Passages of Scripture distorted to prove the early origin of tithes, 16. Britain as a "buffer" to Ireland, 16. Augus- tin's mission to England, 17, 18. Episcopi clerusand mater ecclesia, 18, 19. Duties of the itinerant preachers, 19. The 112784 PAGES vi Contents. origin of parish churches and their endowments, 2->, 21. Edgar's laws in increasing parish churches, 22. Origin of lay patronage, 22-24. Augustin's first question to Pope Gregory, 24, 25. Bishops separating themselves from their clergy, 25. Bishops giving up their shares of tithes ; paro- chial clergy adopting tripartite division, 26. Reasons for tripartite division of tithes in England, 27-29. Popes' in- fluence in Church of England, commencing with Augustin's mission, 29, 30. CHAPTER IV. From a.d. 787 to a.d. iooo, 31-46 Charlemagne's first public lay law for payment of tithes, 31. Milman's remarks on such law, 31, 32. Hallam's remarks, 32, 33. First legates to England from the pope, 33. The influence of the Roman Church in England, 33, 34, 38. King Offa's murder and grant of tithes, 34. King Ethel- wulph's charter granting tithes, 35-39. Ingulph's construc- tion of this charter, 37. Confirmations of tithes, 39. Defini- tion of various tithes, 40-43. " Modus decimandi," 43. Edgar's laws, 44, 45. Mother churches should give decent maintenance to daughter churches, 45, 46. CHAPTER V. From a.d. ioootoa.d. 1215, 47-62 Impetus to the building of monasteries, 47. The monks initi- ated the practice of appropriating tithes to monasteries, 48. Chapters, nuns, and others followed their example, 48. The lay patrons arbitrarily appropriated tithes and churches to whom they wished, 48, 49. Third Council of Lateran, 1180, condemned arbitrary appropriations, 49. Its decrees opposed by English lay owners, 50. A national assembly at Westminster, 1125, condemned lay appropriations, 50. Gradually ceased in the reigns of Rich. I. and John, 51. Fourth Lateran Council, 1215, gave parsons the paro- chial right to tithes, 51. The effect of the decrees of this Council, 52. Tithes appropriated to monasteries were of two kinds, 54, 55. 15 Rich. II. c. 6 orders competent sum to be distributed among the poor out of wealth of Church, 55. Parish priests kept all the tithes to them- selves. 55. Vicars perpetual created by 4 Henry IV., c. 12, 56. This " vicar perpetual " not to be confounded wih the Contents. vii "perpetual curate," 57. Abuse o'parochial freehold tenure ; the parochial autocrat; how the abuse may be remedied, 58, 59. Number of parishes in England and Wales at the Re- formation, 59 ; numbers in 1831 and 1887 ; number of clergy in 1887, 60. Provincial synods ordering the payment of tithes, 61. Domesday book, 61, 62. CHAPTER VI. From a.tj. 1215 to the Dissolution of Monasteries, 61-79 Most important English canon of 1295, for payment of tithes, 61-64. Canon of 1344 led to bitter strife, 65-67. First vic- tory of the young House of Commons as regards tithes, 66. Statute of Mortmain, 67. Action of House of Commons against canons for payment of tithes without assent of Commons, (58. Some views in the " Brief" combated, 68-75. Dr Howley of Canterbury and Dr Sumner of Win- chester at loggerheads in the "Lords," 76. "Jus paro- chiale" and "jus Commune," 77, 78. Extra parochial lands, 78, 79. CHAPTER VII. Monasteries, 80-96 A sketch of the origin and progress of monasteries in England, 80. The Danes destroyed the monasteries, 82. King Edgar rebuilt them, 83. His leading church ideas, 84. The English monks passed through three reformations. The influence of the Norman Conquest on monasteries, 86-89. Monasteries built from William I. to Henry VI., 89. The religious revolutionary wave which passed over England in thirteenth century. 90. The preaching of the Dominicans,- Franciscans, and John Wickliffe, 90-93. Earl of Chester's charter to the monastery of Chester, 94-95. CHAPTER VIII. Infeudations Exemption from Paying Tithes, . 97-100 The Third Lateran Council and infeudations, 97. The infeuda- tions of Henry VIII. and his son, 97-98. Exemption from paying tithes by religious houses, 98-100. viii Contents. CHAPTER IX. PAGES The Dissolution of Monasteries, .... ioi-iii Eight precedents Henry VIII. had to guide him in dissolving monasteries, 101-103. Collegiate endowments from monas- tic properties, 103-104. Henry VIII.'s action in dissolving monasteries, 104-110. Laws passed for the payment of tithes, iio-iii. CHAPTER X. TheCommutationActofi836, 6AND7WiLL.lV., C.71, 112-139 Tithes a tax on industry, 112. Paley's and Adam Smith's views of tithes, 112-113. Lord Althorp's attempts and failures, 113-114. Peel's, 114. Lord Russell's Commutation Bill, 114-116. The Act illustrated, 116-117. The 80th section out of which landlords contracted themselves, 117-118. Embarrassments brought about by such contracts, 1 18-120, Dual landlordism, 121. The great injustice of tithe rent charges, 121, 122. Have the clergy at the present time lost two millions sterling by the Commutation Act? 123, 124. Proposed redemption of tithes, 124, 125. Extraordinary tithe rent charge, 125-127. Duty on hops repealed, 128. Market Gardens Act, 1873 '. Orchards, 128, 129. Extraor- dinary Tithe Redemption Act, 129-131. Table showing the septennial average prices of the three corns from 1835 to 1885, tithe rent charges for fifty years, 133. Tithe rent charge in Wales, 134. State of the Church in Wales, 135- 137. Retrospective view of tithes in England, 137-139. CHAPTER XI. Tithes in the City and Liberties of London, . 140-150 How the London citizens, in early times, supported their clergy and churches, 140. Bishop Roger's Constitution, 141. Archbishop Arundell's additional eleven penny tax, 142. Henry VIII.'s laws for payment of tithes in London, 143, 144. Charles II.'s law on London tithes after the great fire, 145, 146. St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 146, 147. Parishes not destroyed by the fire to pay 2s. 9d. in the pound, 147. Christ Church Tithe Act, 147, 148. City of London Tithe Act, 148. St Botolph-Without, Aldgate, Mr Esdaile, lay impropriator, 148-150. Contents. ix CHAPTER XII. PAGES Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge, . . . 151-164 Tithe Commissioners' Report. 151. Clerical appropriators, 152. Net revenue of tithe rent charge in 1886, 152. Amounts of redemption and incomes for 20 and 25 years' purchase, J 53> J S4- Tithe rent charge for 1887. Gross and net revenues in 1887, 155. Capital and incomes in 1887 from 20 and 25 years' purchase, 156. Redemption viewed from another point, 157-159. Lay impropriators, schools, colleges, &c, 159-161. Remarks on the revenues of clerical appropriators and parochial incumbents, 162, 163. Landlords and redemption [125, Chapter X.], 163, 164. Observations on the redemption scheme, 160-164. CHAPTER XIII. Some Remarks on "A Defence of the Church of . England against Disestablishment," by the Earl of Selborne. New Edition, 1877, . 165-176 The Earl ignores the grants of tithes by Kings Offa and Ethel- wulph, 165-167. He denies that the tithes were divided in England, 168. He is the special^ pleader and ex parte writer for the Church, 168, 169. His inconsistency and partiality, 169-171. His statements answered, 166-174. Repairs of churches by parishioners, their origin, 172-176. INTRODUCTION. When engaged in writing the History of the Rise, Progress, and Present Position of the Ecclesiasti- cal Commission for England, I had to deal with the endowments of the Church. Those derived from tithes were the most important. My desire was to collect facts as to their origin in the Christian Church generally, and in the Church of England particularly. In searching after truth and facts, I experienced no little diffi- culty in arriving at correct conclusions, from the various contradictory statements on the subject. One party saw in the payment of tithes a con- tinuity of old Scriptural laws in the Christian Church, and which Christians were bound to pay, whether they liked it or not ; passages from the Old and New Testaments were distorted, and forced meanings given to them ; apostolical con- stitutions were forged in support of the payment of the tithe tax. What Isidore did as regards his forged decretals we find other early' writers did as regards tithes, and sham miracles are paraded xii Introduction. in their works in support of tithes in the Christian Church. Another party, whose views John Selden is the impartial exponent, took a more correct view of the subject, and denied that the patriarchal custom, or Mosaic law, bound Christians to the payment of tithes qua tithes. They asserted with truth that the Divine Founder of the Christian religion and His Apostles left behind them no written instructions for the payment of tithes, but the latter did state how the ministers were to be maintained viz., on the purely voluntary principle. I am certain, it is against the whole tenour of the New Testament writings, that any funds for the support of those who minister at the altar, or in building or repairing sanctuaries for divine worship, should be collected vi et armis. It is revolting to all Christian principles enunciated in the New Testament that men should be imprisoned, or their goods seized, or, even as it happened in Ireland within this century, be shot dead, because they refused to pay tithes. But there have been, and there are still, men in England who un- blushingly justify all the above means by which an odious and unscriptural tax should be collected for the support of the ministers of the Church of England. On the other hand, there have been, and there are still, in England noble-minded, Introduction. sympathetic, and large-hearted Christi have conscientiously opposed such tax unscriptural. For centuries, after the Christian Era, Christians paid no tithes qua tithes. In some the Episcopal writings of the second and thn centuries, suggestions are thrown out, but nothing more, recommending the payment of tithes accord- ing to the Mosaic law, certainly not with the view of handing over to the ministers all the proceeds of such payments, but to supplement the Church funds for the support of the poor, the fabric of the churches, and the ministers. According to the Mosaic law, the priests received but the one- hundredth part of the tithes, for the Levites had also to be provided for. It was not until the fifth century that canons were passed for the payment of tithes. They were unknown in the British Church when Augustin landed on our shores,, at the end of the sixth cen- tury. His mission was a mixture of good and evil. It was good, because it introduced among the Anglo-Saxons an active evangelical spirit. It was evil, because it formed the first link of an alliance between the Church of England and the Church of Rome. From that time forward the bishops of Rome interfered in the discipline and Introduction. of the English Church. They sent their to England to attend provincial synods, pass canons for the payment of tithes, ait consulting the laity. The Church of ie never allows the laity to have a share or a ;ice in any ecclesiastical matters. That was always, and is still, the most prominent feature in i3ier organisation. In the eighth century, tithe free- ^^ ViH offerin S s were first given in England by a few ' 2* J ndividuals - In the ninth century Charlemagne *- * ^passed the first lay law for the payment of tithes in his dominions. This was a great victory gained by the Church. His father, in A.D. 755, gave Ravenna to Pope Stephen III., and thus initiated the temporal territorial power of the popes. Mil- man in his history gives a sad account of the working of the tithe law in the Emperor's terri- tories, so different to the teaching and spirit of the Gospel ! The laity, however, refused to pay the tax. In England, the custom of giving tithes as free- will offerings gradually began, as I stated above, in the eighth century, or eleven hundred years ago! The clergy were then quite satisfied with such voluntary offerings. A few only at first gave them ; then the number gradually increased, by means of the pressure exercised in the confessional box, in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Introduction. xv until it finally became customary for ALL to pay their tithe offerings. The usual question put by the priest from the confessional box was, If they duly paid their tenths to God ? " In A.D. 850, a German bishop in his visitations, had specially this article of inquiry, " Si decimas recte darent ? " The custom in England gradually changed into a common right, and it was by virtue of this common right that people were legally bound to pay tithes. There was no positive law made for their payment. But .V here is their injustice. When this custom com- menced, the population of England and Wales 2/ could not have exceeded 750,000, with about a million of acres under cultivation, and yet this custom, originating under the above circumstances, generated a common law right, which legally bound all subsequent generations to the payment of predial, mixt, and personal tithes. I call this barefaced injustice. It is utter nonsense to state, as some Church defenders do, that all the parochial tithe endowments were voluntarily bestowed on the Church by the landowners. I refer the reader to p. 132 for further remarks on this subject in the " Retrospective View of Tithes in England." As regards tithes, the pope was the Quarter- Master General of the clerical army. He was the supreme steward of the clergy's maintenance ; the xvi Introduction. ruling and guiding spirit for the payment of tithes. Certain writers argue in the most unreasonable manner against the division of tithes in England, and assert that the parson was legally entitled to, and had enjoyed, all his tithes without diminution. Lord Selborne, in his recent work, is the latest supporter of this erroneous view. I have fully stated at pp. 27-29, and in chap, xiii., the argu- ments in favour of the tripartite division of tithes in England. The Norman monks initiated the appropriation of tithes to monastic bodies. The lands belonging to the four privileged orders were specially exempted from paying tithes, whilst others pur- chased bulls of exemption from the popes. The Third and Fourth Lateran Councils held in 1 1 80 and 121 5 respectively, issued decrees against infeudations and for the payment of tithes. The latter Council gave the English parson a common right to parochial tithes. General Councils, in which the laity were unrepresented, had no right to pass decrees against the disposition of the private property of the laity to whatever religious purpose they wished, or for the payment of tithes. Their functions were confined to the discipline and doctrines of the Church. Introduction. xvii When monasteries were dissolved by 31 Henry VIII., c. 8, and by 1 Edward VI., the tithes as well as the lands of the monasteries passed to the Crown, and the Crown granted them to laymen, whose posterity or assignees hold them up to the present day, and are protected in their possession of the tithes and Church estates by 32 Henry VIII., c. 7. In Edward VI.'s reign about six millions of acres were under cultivation, but from that time to the present, over twenty millions of waste lands have been brought into cultivation for which tithes were paid. From A.D. 1547 to A.D. 1886, about 5000 new parishes have been formed, of which about 3500 were formed this century, and 2500 from A.D. 1547 to A.D. 1800, or an annual average of 10 parishes, compared with an annual average of 40 from 1800 to 1886, or 57 a year from 1832 to 1886. These facts and figures give a tolerably clear idea of how the Reformed Church of England advanced from A.D. 1547 to A.D. 1800, when the spiritual ministration of the country was decidedly bad and neglected in proportion as the tithes increased. This is exactly what may be expected from tithe-paid clergy, who were freeholders and parochial auto- crats for life, subject to no control but that of the bishop, which, in those days, was at its lowest ebb. xviii Introduction. The Nonconformists were hard at work when the Church, like the five foolish virgins, was fast asleep. But, towards the end of the first quarter of the present century, there arose a cry for Church Reform. Dr Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first to have taken steps, in 1829, to reform the then existing abuses in the Established Church, as to episcopal revenues, commendams, non-residence of incumbents, sinecures, pluralities, &c, which were like so many cancers eating away the body politic. This led to Earl Grey's Royal Commission of Inquiry, dated 23rd June 1832 ; to Sir Robert Peel's Commission, dated 4th February 1835 ; to the five remarkable ecclesiastical reports of 1835 and 1836; to the Episcopal and Tithe Commutation Acts of 1836; to the Ecclesiastical Commission for England, 1836; to the Pluralities Act of 1838; to the Cathedral Act of 1840; in fine, to the passing, from 1836 to 1886, or fifty years, of about one hundred and twenty statutes directly and indirectly affecting the Church, be- sides some thousands of Orders in Council, having the force of Acts of Parliament. Yet many church- men assert that the Church of England has received no help from the State (!) What amount of money would have paid the members of the various Governments from 1832, who boldly stepped for- Introduction. xix ward to drag the State Church out of that sink of abuses in which the first reformed Parliament found her ? If the reforming steps had not been taken in 1832 by our leading statesmen, the Church, with all its flagrant abuses, would have been swept away as an Established Church. The Commutation Act settled a long burning ^^ question. The tithe owners obtained four millions yp 4 of tithe rent charge, and the landlords gained two millions a year by the arrangement, besides paving the way to gradually increased rentals. The land- lords have also gained about half a million more per annum by the various changes which were made in the extraordinary tithe charges. But owing to agricultural depression, the tithe owners, if the Commutation Act was not passed, would now be receiving from tithes in kind, if collected and sold, not much more than the gross tithe rent charge. The Church has, therefore, lost nothing at the present time by the Commutation Act. By the Commutation Act, the landlords and not the tenants are the real tithe rent payers. By the landlords contracting themselves out of the 80th clause of that Act, and arranging with the tenants to pay the tithe rent charge, a good deal of ill-feel- ing has sprung up in certain parts of the country on the part of the farmers against the tithe owners. xx Introduction. The tithe question is one which may finally be settled upon the principle of Redemption. As this is a most important question, I have devoted a whole chapter XII. to its consideration. The Redemption of the tithe rent charge is the only feasible solution of a very serious question which is liable to crop up at any time, and to lead to bitter strife between the farmers and the tithe owners. When Henry VIII. had taken the pope's place as "Supreme head of the Church of England," he made no change in her doctrines, and the clergy received their tithes as hitherto. But in the reigns of his son and Elizabeth, changes were made in both ritual and doctrines ; and those incumbents who re- fused to adopt the new doctrines, framed in accord- ance with those used in the Primitive Christian Church, were deprived of their incumbencies, and consequently of their tithes and other Church en- dowments. But there was no physical transfer made then of such endowments, and the Church was the same Church of England, but reformed. Their suc- cessors, who embraced the new doctrines and ritual, were appointed on the condition of strictly comply- ing with the Acts of Uniformity, and the doctrines enunciated in the Thirty-Nine Articles. It was in virtue of such compliance that they were put in Introduction. xxi possession of the tithes and other endowments of the Church, but not by any physical transfer of the property, which their predecessors had enjoyed. It was purely a change of tenants, without the least disturbance of the property. The new tenant solemnly engaged to comply with the new Church laws : the old tenant refused to do so, and had, therefore, to leave. That was all. Within the past fifty years the so-called "Catholic revival " movement in the Church of England com- menced. Its principal object, notwithstanding Jesuitical casuistry or arguments to the contrary, is to Romanize the Church of England. In ritual there is now no difference between a Roman Catholic Church and one of the Reformed Churches of England, the incumbent of which belongs to the advanced ritualistic school. In doctrine, the " Catholic priest " of the Church of England is on a level with the " Roman Catholic " priest ; but the latter acknowledges the pope, the former the queen, although he would prefer the pope, as the head of his Church. That seems to be the only difference. The incumbent is a freeholder for life. He has taken, and still takes, every advantage of his independent parochial autocracy, by introduc- ing ritual and doctrines into the services of his Church at variance with her laws. There is no dis- xxii Introduction. cipline of any consequence in the Church. There is nobody to control the parochial autocrat. He is a freeholder for life. The bishops are powerless, and the majority of them acquiesce in patent and flagrant violations of ritual and doctrines. And yet these incumbents hold fast to the tithes and other paro- chial endowments, supplemented, to a great extent, from the " Common Fund " of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and from the Bounty Board. As a member of the Church of England, I am not sur- prised at the hostile attitude of Nonconformists to- wards the Church, when they see her vast endow- ments enjoyed by men outwardly professing to be the incumbents of the Reformed Church of Eng- land, but who are really enemies in the camp, trying their very best to Romanize the Church, and at the same time to stick fast to her tithes and other en- dowments. They have not the honesty to leave her communion and go over to the enemy. No, they can carry out their plans and designs more successfully within her ranks, and also enjoy all her endowments, to aid them in accomplishing their nefarious designs. I fully admit that there was a necessity for a moderate revolution within the Church of England. Fifty years ago, and later, the Church was puri- tanical and not Anglican. The incumbents and Introduction. xxiii bishops were torpid, indolent, and neglected their spiritual duties. The sacraments were neglected and even desecrated ; the church doors were closed from Sunday to Sunday; the services were per- formed in a cold, irreverent manner; the so-called " Evangelical party " drove their carriage and four through the rubrics, canons, and articles of the Church. But all held a firm grip on their tithes and other endowments, while the spiritual destitu- tion of the masses was really alarming and dis- graceful ; all that is changed now, and for the better. The revolution came, but, like all revolu- tions, it was pushed to extremes. A few fanatics crossed the Rubicon on their march to Rome, and burnt their boats. Others followed, until at the present day the number of followers has alarmingly increased. Our people now find it very easy to step from the Church of England into the Church of Rome. That is not so with the Non-Con- formists or members of the Church of Ireland or Episcopal or Free Church of Scotland. We never read of any of their ministers or members going over to Rome, but it is a very common thing to read of " verts " to Rome from the clerical and lay ranks of the Church of England. The way to Rome is so well prepared by the clerical agents working within the Church, and xxiv Introduction. enjoying her endowments, that the "verts" find the change to Rome so easy that they perceive no difference whatever between the two Churches. A foolish law gives the bishops the power of vetoing clerical prosecutions. The majority of the bishops sympathise with the extremists, and by virtue of the veto will not give their sanction to prosecutions. The bishops are popularity seekers ; they wish to be on good terms with their clergy, and to keep ritualistic scandals in the background, because they know well that the less publicity is given to such scandals the better for the Establishment. The great fault is that there exists no diocesan body to advise and control the bishops, and no parochial body to act similarly over the parochial autocrats and freeholders for life. If the Church were Dis- established, these controlling and ruling bodies would spring up at once into existence, and then there would be the beginning of a healthy revolu- tion, in which the influence and the power of the lay element in the Anglican Church would be felt in every parish and in every diocese throughout the land. The " vert " tide would then be turned back from Rome, and the Anglican members would find sufficient spiritual comfort and consolation within their own old and venerable Church of England, whose doctrines are framed on Holy Introduction. xxv Scripture, and not on the errors of a corrupt and a corrupting church. It is an indubitable fact that the " Catholic Revival " has transformed the Church of England into a nursery or recruiting depot for the Church of Rome ; and as years have rolled on, the nursery- has been enlarged, its management made more perfect and effective for the object in view, by young ardent incumbents joining the ranks, and pushing the Revival to extremes. All this is car- ried out by freeholders for life enjoying vast Church endowments, uncontrolled by, and independent of, their parishioners and bishops. England is there- fore to be Romanised through and by her National Reformed Church. Convents are built in their parishes with episcopal permission and visitation ; ladies with their fortunes are admitted ; rules of discipline and doctrines are framed by the incum- bents on the lines of those of the Roman Catholic Church. When any of the inmates wish to leave, like Miss Allcard and Miss Stirling of the " Con- vent of Mary at the Cross," a Protestant (or " Anglican," if preferred) institution in Mark Street, Finsbury, London, the " sisters " step out of the Anglican convent, and pass at once, without hesi- tation, into the Church of Rome, and no doubt without perceiving any difference between the two xxvi Introdtiction. churches. [See Times, 21st and 226. January 1887, " Allcard v. Skinner," heard in the Chancery Divi- sion.] One of the rules of the above convent, as given in evidence, is that the voice of the Mother Superior "must necessarily be regarded as the voice of God " (!) Just imagine such a rule for " Sisters" in a Protestant institution, sanctioned and visited by the bishops of the Church of England ! How long must this last ? Lord Selborne, in his " Defence of the Church of England," carefully avoids all references to the indubitable fact as regards the existence of this nursery for Rome within the Church, and it is such existence which makes Disestablishment the vital question for the near future. I am no Libera- tionist qua Liberationist, but, as a sound Church- man, I am totally opposed to seeing the pure Church of England transformed into a nursery or recruiting depot for the corrupt Church of Rome, and her vast endowments utilised for any such purpose. How long, then, will the people of England permit their National Reformed Church, with all her endowments, to exist as a nursery for the Church of Rome ? Are they prepared to permit the Church to occupy the status quo ante Refor- mation ? Introduction. xxvii How long would the pope and his " Propa- ganda " at Rome, permit the parish priests of the National Church of any Roman Catholic country, to convert their parishes into nurseries for the propagation of Protestant ritual, discipline, and doctrines ? Not one day. They would move heaven and earth at once to smash up the perni- cious nurseries, and expel the mutineers from their parishes. There is discipline in the Church of Rome, but none in the Church of England. I grant that Disestablishment would create a revolution in the Church, on account of the Revival or Romanising movement having been permitted to exist so long. But between two evils, I select the lesser. Disestablishment would dis- perse the nurseries. Diocesan and Parochial mixed boards of lay and clerical members would control and purify the Church. Diocesan and Parochial autocrats would no longer exist. -Stringent codes of discipline would be framed, and short, sharp, and decisive steps would be taken against clerical de- linquents. Candidates for Incumbencies, with Romanising tendencies, would find no favour with Boards of Patronage. And if by any chance they were appointed under false colours, and afterwards attempted to form recruiting depots for Rome, the parishioners would have the power to make their xxviii Introduction. disapproval felt by stopping " supplies " until their grievances were redressed. The lay and clerical members would also have a voice in the selection of their bishops. Henry W. Clarke. February 1887. THE HISTORY OF TITHES. CHAPTER I. BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA. THE first instance on record of the payment of tithes is found in Genesis xiv. 20, when Abraham, after having rescued Lot, was returning a victor from the battle with the spoils of war. King Melchizedek met him on the way, and Abraham gave him, in his office of priest of God, "tithes of all." It is a disputed point whether Abraham meant a tithe of all his property, or of all the spoils of war which he had with him. The next instance we find is the vision of Jacob's ladder. He vowed to God, "Of all that Thou shalt give me, I shall surely give the tenth unto Thee" (Genesis xxviii. 22). It is laid down in the Mosaic Law, " And thou shalt truly tithe all the INCREASE of thy seed that the field brought forth year by year" (Deut. xiv. 22). It is important to note the word " increase " in this passage, which in our law courts had often decided disputed cases, A A 2 The History of Tithes. whether certain things were tithable or not. For instance, were all herbs tithable ? Only those which man eats. In Leviticus xxviii. 30-32, "All the tithe of the land, whether of seed of the land or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord's, and the tithe of the herd or of the flock, even of whatsoever passeth under the rod, the tenth shall be holy unto the Lord." It was the custom for a person to be at the sheep-cot with a coloured rod, and as the sheep came out one by one, every tenth was marked with this rod; and that is what is meant by "passing under the rod." The priests at Jerusalem received the first fruits and heave offerings, but not the tithes. The heave offerings were the one-sixtieth of the gross produce. But the tithes were devoted to the whole tribe of Levi at Jerusalem, and they gave the tithe of their tithes to the priests that is, one-hundredth part. It was from this custom, and in order to support the Crusades, that the popes of Rome exacted early in the fourteenth century the first fruits and the tithe of the tithes from the hierarchy and beneficed clergy, who were under their spiritual jurisdiction. And when King Henry the Eighth displaced the pope, and assumed the supreme authority in the Church, he also exacted the first fruits and tenths, which went to his favourites. Before the Christian Era. 3 Queen Anne, by an Act of Parliament passed in 1704, gave them back to the Church for the special purpose of augmenting poor livings. After the destruction of the second temple and the dispersion of the Jews, the payment of tithes among the Jews had ceased, because they thought that Jerusalem alone was the place where tithes ought to be paid, and also because it became im- possible to trace out the tribe and priesthood to whom alone they were to be paid. It is a question whether the Jews, who were converted to Chris- tianity before the destruction of the second temple had paid tithes to the Levites. The heathen nations seem to have copied and adopted the Jewish custom of paying tithes. We read of the Greeks having paid tithes of the spoils of war to Apollo, and of the Romans to Hercules. But, properly speaking, they were not the sort of tithes mentioned in the Mosaic law. They were only arbitrary vows and offerings ; but no conclu- sion can be drawn that they were tithes because tenths were given. Sometimes the heathen offered more and sometimes less than one-tenth. Some ardent supporters of the payment of tithes make themselves ridiculous in tracing the origin to Adam 1 They state that Adam paid tithes. Here is their story. " God charged Adam when there 4 The History of Tithes. ta^J/^C- was ^ ut one man * n ^ e wor ^ th at ne should give %T /Z^ Him the tenth part of everything, and to teach his ^2_ */% children to do the same ; but as there was no man to receive it for Holy Church, God commanded that the tenth part of everything should be burned. In the offerings of Cain and Abel, Abel tithed truly of the best, but Cain tithed falsely of the worst. Cain killed Abel because he said he tithed evil. So people must see that false tithing was the cause of the first murder, and it was the cause that God cursed the earth" (Selden, p. 169). It is very wrong that Scriptural passages, such as the one given above, should be distorted in order to induce people to pay tithes to " Holy Church." CHAPTER II. FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO A.D. 4OO. IN apostolical times the Christian ministers were supported by voluntary contributions. Those who preached the Gospel lived by the Gospel ; but this scriptural statement did not mean, as some assert, by the payment of tithes, otherwise it would have been stated. St Paul ordered weekly collections to be made for the saints in the churches of Galatia and Corinth (1 Cor. xvi. 1, 2). The voluntary con- tributions of the faithful were collected and put into a common treasure (Acts ii. 44 ; iv. 34). The liberality of the Christians, then, far exceeded any- thing which could have been collected from tithes. And even if tithes were exacted, it is exceedingly doubtful whether the progress of Christianity would not have been materially checked at its outset. The Jewish law, as regards the payment of tithes, was not binding upon Christians, no more than the custom of bigamy and polygamy adopted by the Israelites, is binding on the Christian Church. There is no injunction in the New Testament bind- 6 The History of Tithes. ing Christians to pay tithes to their ministers. And when the payment was first urged in the Christian Church, it was supported by reference to the Mosaic Law and not to St Paul's words, That those who preach the Gospel should live by the Gospel. The Apostolical Constitutions for the Christian Church, collected, as it is said, by Pope Clement I., were framed many centuries after apostolical times. Cardinal Bellarmine is honest enough to ignore them. Selden, in his " History of Tithes," thinks they were concocted about A.D. iooo ; others think 1042. In these Constitutions tithes are stated to have been paid by the Christians to the Apostles. Sir H. Spelman (p. 108) thinks that the first thirty- five canons are very ancient. " Dionysius Exiger," he says, "who lived within 400 years after the Apostles, translated them out of Greek. The fifth canon ordained that first fruits and tithes should be sent to the house of the bishop and priests, and not to be offered upon the altar." The Greek word in the copy is not Senacr/mous. No solid argument for the payment of tithes can be founded on this canon, for if we take the custom of the Anglo- Saxon churches at the end of the sixth century, which was in accordance with that in primitive times, we find no account of the payment of tithes. From the Christian Era to a.d. 400. 7 The monks in their cells had sufficient leisure to concoct these Constitutions, and palm them on the credulous as having been the genuine produc- tion of the Apostles. The concocted Constitutions were copied and handed down from century to cen- tury without any attempt being made to test their genuineness and authenticity. It seems exceedingly strange that Anglican divines and laymen should refer to the Apostolical Constitutions as an authority for the payment of tithes in apostolic times, although Bellarmine, a great champion of " Holy Church," ignored them. (See the Animadversion on Selden's "History of Tithes in 1621," by Dr R. Tillesley, Archdeacon of Rochester.) Churchmen like the Archdeacon, many of whom being in the receipt of tithes or tithe-rent charges, will naturally act like drowning men, and snatch even at passing straws to save the tithes. Could anything, for example, be more childish and absurd than the story of tracing the payment of tithes to Adam ? And what makes the case worse, is to distort Scripture so as to deceive the people who could neither read nor write, and even those who could read had no open Bible to consult to see for themselves whether these things were so. Members of the Anglican Church forget when using such weapons as the " Constitutions" in sup- 8 The History of Tithes. port of tithes, that the very cause of the English Reformation in the sixteenth century was the adoption into the English Church of the traditions and errors of the Church of Rome, which were said to have been handed down by the Apostles, although many of them can be shown to be con- trary to Holy Scripture. Archdeacon Tillesley does not defend the whole volume of the Consti- tutions of Clement, but he does that part about the payment of tithes. He evidently had forgotten the mechanical axiom, that nothing is stronger than its weakest part. " Because the early Chris- tians," he says, " were liberal to the Church, there- fore it was reasonable that tithes in the ' Constitu- tions Apostolical ' were true." Nothing of the sort. After apostolical times, monthly offerings and oblations, we are informed, were made in all the churches, and were used for three purposes (i) In maintaining the clergy ; (2) in supporting the sick and needy ; (3) in repairing the church fabric. These monthly contributions were in the third cen- tury augmented by grants of lands, which were annexed to churches. In A.D. 322, Constantine, the first Christian emperor, published an edict, giving full liberty to his subjects to give as large a proportion of their property to the clergy as they From the Christian Era to a.d. 400. 9 should think proper. From all these sources of revenue the Christian Church was increasing in wealth. But for more than four hundred years after the Christian era, there was no authoritative church canon made for the payment of tithes ; and then such canon was founded upon the Mosaic Law. The question then is, Are Christians justi- fied in adopting the Mosaic Law for the payment of tithes? This law had no force outside Jewish territory. There is no order in the New Testa- ment for their payment. Among the Jews we fail to find such anomalies, rather scandals, in their payment as are found in England. The tithe-rent charge in 1882 was slightly over four millions per annum. Among the Jews were not to be found lay impropriators receiving annually .766,233; schools, colleges, charities, and hospitals receiving 196,056. Here is nearly a quarter of the tithe-rent charge taken by people who are quite unconnected with the religious duties of those parishes from which the tithes arise. Then, again, we have a large extent of land formerly monastic land tithe free. There are also the lands in the vicinity of cities and towns built upon, for which the landlords receive large ground-rents, and, when the leases ex- pire, take possession of the house property. These landlords pay nothing to the church for the in- i o The History of Tithes. creased value of their land except a tithe-rent charge of about ten shillings per acre, although the landlords may, from ground-rents alone, re- ceive one hundred times the yearly value per acre, before it was built upon. This is the injustice of tithes. In the Christian Church, tithes were FIRST given by the faithful as spontaneous offerings, at the urgent solicitations of the clergy. " Nam nemo compellitur," says Tertullian, " sed sponte confert." These spontaneous tithe free-will offerings were not given in cash but in kind. Some gave a tithe of sheep, others of wool, or of corn, &c, just according to the will of the donor. This was the germ of tithes in the Christian Church, which commenced in the fourth century, and were ordered to be paid by canon law about the beginning of the fifth century. The canons which were framed afterwards had ordered them to be paid as a right, as a divine law of the Old Testament, and were not to be considered as free-will offerings. Here is just that specimen of arbitrary conduct on the part of ecclesiastics which would only be tolerated in the dark and Middle Ages. Tithes were too profitable a source of revenue to be ignored in the Christian Church. A book entitled, " The Englishman's Brief on behalf of his National Church," has been published From the Christian Era to a.d. 400. 1 1 by the S.P.C.K. A good cause neeete no fiction to support it. In that book there is quite twice as much fiction as facts. The extensive circulation of this mixture has embarrassed many in gaining a correct knowledge of the tithe question from the earliest period to the present time. It is written in the style adopted by special pleaders. It gives but one side of the subject. It contains a long string of questions, as if asked by opponents, and the "Brief" in the hands of a special pleader, answers them ex parte, and carefully omits a great deal which could be said on the other side. One side is heard in court, but not the other. I strongly object to this way in dealing with so important a subject as the history of tithes in this country. To be appreciated, the history or " Brief" must be impartial. In court, " Briefs " are usually held by different pleaders on both sides. The S.P.C.K. has handed a "Brief" for one side, that is, the National Church. I do not pretend to hold a " Brief" for the other side. But I hold a " Brief" for both sides. It is not my object to review that book here sei'iatim, and to point out what is fiction and what is fact. In my statements throughout this work, a good deal of the fiction is refuted indirectly without reference to the " Brief." But I feel it absolutely necessary to 1 2 The History of Tithes. indicate a few of the remarkable feats of fiction which appear in it. When the Christian Religion was first propagated, the writer would have us believe that the converted Jews transferred the payment of their tithes from the Jewish to the Christian ministers, just as easily and as quietly as a man now could transfer the payment of a cheque from one bank to another. Here are the words of the " Brief": " So that when the Jews and heathen became Christians, throwing off their old religion and adopting the new religion of Christianity, they never dreamt of being less liberal to that form of religion which they loved the more and had adopted, than they had been toward that which they had loved the less and had discarded. Hence the transfer of tithes from the old religion to the new religion " (p. 34). We are not in- formed upon what authority this statement is made. There is nothing about it in Josephus. There is no order in the New Testament. We read nothing of this in the writings of the first and second centuries. We read of exhortations to pay tithes in the writings of the third and fourth cen- turies. We read of canons being made for the first time in the fifth century for their payment. But I have failed to find any evidence to support the statement quoted from the " Brief." From the Christian Era to a.d. 400. 13 I shall have occasion again to refer specially as well as indirectly, in some of the other chapters of this work, to the misleading and often fictitious statements contained in the "Brief" put forward bytheS.P.CK. CHAPTER III. FROM A.D. 4OO TO 787. The Provincial Council of French bishops, held at Mascon, A.D. 586, is considered to have been the earliest council which ordained the payment of tithes. It ordained, " Ut decimas ecclesiasticas omnis populus inferat, quibus sacerdotes aut in pauperum usum, aut in captivorum redemptionem erogatis, suis orationibus pacem populo ac salutem impetrent." It is strange that Isidore, in his com- pilation of decrees of councils, makes no reference to this council. Friar Crab is the first to have mentioned it in his edition of the councils under Charles V. (Selden, " History of Tithes," p. 58.) The mistake originated in calling the offerings and oblations, tithes. The same mistake is repeated by writers at the present day when treating on the subject of tithes. For instance, Dr J. S. Brewer, in his book entitled " Endowments and Establish- ment of the Church of England," second edition, 1885, translates " portiones," quoted from Bede, From a.d. 400 ^787. 15 " tithes." Pope Gregory says in his reply to Arch- bishop Augustin's question, " Communi autem vita viventibus jam de faciendis portionibus, vel exhi- benda hospitalite et adimplenda misericordia, nobis quid erit loquendum." But as for those who live in common, why should we say anything now of making, portions ? Dr Brewer translates the passage thus "As for those who are living in common, I need give no advice about dividing TITHES, &c." Now, the Latin word for tithe is " decima," and is so used in all the monastic charters. The same writer states, and he is followed by writers of leaflets for the Church Defence Insti- tution, that the scriptural precept, " To live of the Gospel" (1 Cor. ix. 13), refers to the payment of tithes. I am certain St Paul never intended any- thing of the sort as a compulsory payment. I fully admit that the passage may cover a tithe free-will offering, the same as any other free-will offering, but I cannot believe it implies a compulsory pay- ment of tithes, that is, to carry it out to its logical sequence, a distraint on the goods of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay the tithe. I hold strongly the view that free-will offerings are the only scriptural mode for the maintenance of the Christian ministers, &c. And it was as free-will offerings they were first given to the Church. I 1 6 The History of Tithes. shall show in another part how tithe free-will offerings were made compulsory. The instances are numerous in which words of old authors and passages of Scripture are not only- strained but intentionally distorted in order to show the early origin of tithes. There is nothing gained, but much confidence lost, in this critical age by distorting the meaning of or giving a forced interpretation to plain words of Scripture, or of secular and religious writers. The Christian religion had been introduced into Britain at a very early date, and from Britain it passed over to Ireland. Ireland was specially remarkable for her evangelical missionary monks who visited Scotland, England, and the Continent for the purpose of converting the heathen. Its geographical position favoured a quiet, retired, and contemplative life. Britain served as a " buffer " for many centuries against the piratical devasta- tions of the northern hordes. The inhabitants of Ireland were therefore left in quiet and undisturbed possession of their lands, churches, and monasteries, at a time when the inhabitants of Britain were driven from the east and south to the west of the island ; their lands taken from them, their churches and monasteries pillaged, and then destroyed by the invaders. From a.d. 400 to 787. 17 Pope Gregory the Great selected Augustin, a Benedictine monk, with forty followers of the same order, to proceed on a mission to Britain in order to convert the pagan Saxons to Christianity. They were not of the strict Benedictine order, who lived according to the rule framed A.D. 529, but rather belonged to an earlier and less severe type. They were almost all laymen. The journey to Britain was then considered a hazardous undertaking, being considered in so remote a part of the world. Even this band of Christian pioneers became dis- heartened on the journey, and would have returned to Rome had not the pope valiantly urged them to carry out their mission. This forms a grand and noble feature in the character of that good Christian bishop. The bishops of Rome at that period were true exponents of apostolical doctrines as taught in Holy Scripture. We must go to a later period, and even to the present century, when the bishops of Rome were elevated to a position as to their infallibility equal to that of God. The missionaries landed in the Isle of Thanet A.D. 597. Ethelbert, a heathen, was then King of Kent, but his wife was a Christian princess. The king visited Augustin and his companions in their new island home. He was much impressed with their external ceremonies, and permitted them to B 1 8 The History of Tithes. reside in Canterbury. He presented his palace there to Augustin as his residence. The king appointed Canterbury as Augustin's episcopal see. There were also in the island some British churches, bishops, and clergy, but there were no divisions of parishes, no parish churches, and cer- tainly no tithes paid. If such had been paid, Bede, in his " Ecclesiastical History," would inform us. I shall show further on that the payment of tithes in England was of foreign importation, some cen- turies after Augustin's mission. He was conse- crated archbishop A.D. 597, and died 605. In 602 he laid the foundation of the cathedral church of Canterbury. In 604 he ordained Mellitus, one of his companions, bishop of London, and Justus, another companion, bishop of Rochester. King Ethelbert granted them London and Rochester respectively as their episcopal sees. These bishops and their clergy (episcopi clerus) were then but missionaries in the country, and being monks, had lived together close to their cathedral churches, from which they proceeded as itinerant preachers to the neighbouring localities. The bishop's church was called the cathedral church, mater ecclesia, because the bishop had his cathedra, sedes, bishop- stool or chair, in the choir. The modern grand title is " Bishop's Throne/' placed by itself in a From a.d. 400 / some of the P romment t>i sno P s of the Christian Church, especially Augustin of Hippo, in his sermon, " De Tempore," first strongly urged the payment of tithes, it was in order that the wants of the poor may be attended to. 2. In reply to *Augustin's letter, Pope Gregory states that all the emoluments must be divided into four portions, of which the clergy received but one. When tithes were given as free-will offerings, like other church contributions, the pope's state- ment clearly indicates that the clergy did not re- ceive all the tithe free-will offerings. The argument is the same where the tripartite system was in use. 3. In the collection of canons attributed to Arch- bishop Egbert, it is stated that the priest should divide the tithes into three parts, one of which the priest was to keep for himself. Although this col- lection bears internal evidence of having been com- piled some centuries after the archbishop's death, yet it shows that a tripartite division of the tithes must have been made in England at the time the collection was formed, otherwise the compiler or compilers would not have mentioned the division as having existed in Egbert's time, meaning his or their own time. There is a remarkable statement in the canons attributed to Egbert, that the priest 28 The History of Tithes. was to make a distribution of the tithes " coram testibus." Now, the distribution of the tithes had passed through the priest's hands, and " coram testibus " was to prevent him from taking too large a proportion for his own use. 4. See page 22. 5. A law of Ethelred in 1013. In a constitution of his there appears the following : " Concerning tithes that the King and his Witan have decided and pronounced, even as the law is, that one-third of the tithes of every church shall go to the repair of the church, one-third to the servants of God, and one-third to God's poor and to necessitous persons in servitude." This is but a declaratory law, a con- firmation of the common law of the land. There is no foundation for the assertion that this law, attributed to Ethelred, is not genuine. 6. In his letter, about A.D. 1200, to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, enjoining the payment of tithes to the parsons of parishes, Pope Innocent III. declared it to be a grievous sin to give the tithes and first fruits to the poor and not to the priests. From this we may reasonably infer that a proportion, and not all, of the tithes and first fruits was at that time devoted to the support of the poor, and thus keeping up the ancient custom. This pope was all for the priests and the supremacy of From a.d. 400 ^787. 29 the See of Rome. His name is associated with one of the most humiliating events in English history. 7. An Act was passed in the reign of Richard II., directing the bishops to ordain a competent sum to be distributed among the poor parishioners annually. Blackstone makes the following remark * , upon this Act : " It seems the people were fre- v quently sufferers by the withholding of those alms for which, among other purposes, the payment of tithes was originally imposed." Here is the evi- dence of a most distinguished and learned judge that it was originally intended that the wants of the poor were to be supplied out of the tithes. See Chapter xii. for additional information. Tithe-owners are at present in the enjoyment of all the tithes, or tithe-rent charges, instead of one- third. Those who possess the rectorial tithes keep the chancels in repair. They say they pay poor- rates on the income derived from tithes. They certainly do not pay one-third. They complain that no such burden is placed on the landlords for their rents. I admit that this distinction should not exist. But landlords pay property-tax. About A.D. 700, three important changes occurred. (1.) The bishops and their clergy discontinued living together. (2.) The parochial system commenced. (3.) The first attempt was made to prevent the 30 The History of Tithes. clergy from marrying. This last change was gradu- ally brought about by the influence of the Roman Church over the national churches of other coun- tries, and by the monastic orders scattered through these countries in their several monasteries. The influence of the Roman See over the English Church commenced with Augustin's mission, and gradually increased under the Anglo-Saxon kings. About 787 the power of the pope was acknowledged in England, and as supreme head of the Church he exercised the undisputed right of consecrating bishops. It became formidable at and after the Norman Conquest, and reached its zenith in the reign of King John. The order for the celibacy of the clergy in the Church of England was not gene- rally observed for a considerable time after A.D. 700. It gradually gained ground especially during the archiepiscopacy of Dunstan (959-988). But Hilde- brand, in the reign of William I., issued special decrees against clerical marriages, which were vigorously carried out in the Church of England. In 1 547, the clergy were again permitted to marry, but the Act was repealed by Queen Mary, which her sister could never be induced to repeal again, for Elizabeth was as hostile to clerical marriages as the pope himself. However, in the first year of King James L, the statute of Mary was explicitly repealed. CHAPTER IV. FROM A.D. 787 TO IOOO. The first public lay law decreeing the payment of tithes was made, A.D. 787, by Charlemagne. On this subject I thought it best to quote a remarkable passage from Milman, vol. ii., p. 292, &c. : " On the whole body of the clergy, Charlemagne bestowed the legal claim to tithes. Already, under the Merovingians, the clergy had given significant hints that the law of Leviticus was the perpetual law of God. Pepin had com- manded the payment of tithes for the celebration of peculiar litanies during a period of famine. Charlemagne made it a law of the empire; he enacted it in its most strict and comprehensive form as investing tlie clergy in a right to the tenth of the substance and of tJie labour alike of freemen and serf The collection of tithes was regulated by compulsory statutes; the clergy took note of all who paid or refused to* pay ; four or eight or more jurymen were summoned from each parish as witnesses for the claims disputed ; the con- 32 The History of Tithes. tumacious were three times summoned ; if still obstinate, they were excluded from the church ; if they still refused to pay, they were fined over and above the whole tithe, six solidi ; if further con- tumacious, the recusant's house was shut up ; if he attempted to enter it, he was cast into prison to await the judgment of the next plea of the crown. The tithe was due on all produce, even on animals. The tithe was usually divided into three portions ; one for the maintenance of the church, the second for the poor, the third for the clergy. The bishop sometimes claimed a fourth. He was the arbiter of the distribution; he assigned the necessary portion for the church, and appointed that of the clergy. This tithe was by no means a spon- taneous votive offering of the whole Christian people. It was a tax imposed by imperial authority and enforced by imperial power. It had caused one, if not more than one, sanguinary insurrection among the Saxons. It was submitted to in other parts of the Empire, not without strong reluctance. Even Alcuin ventures to suggest that if the Apostles of Christ had demanded tithes, they would not have been so successful in the propaga- tion of the Gospel." Mr Hallam says : " Charlemagne was the first who gave the confirmation of a civil statute to From a.d. 787 to 1000. 33 these ecclesiastical injunctions. No one, at least as far as I know, adduced any earlier law for the payment of tithes than one of his capitularies" (" Middle Ages," vol. ii., p. H3)- In the same year, 787, Pope Adrian I. sent two legates to England to attend the Synod of Chal- chyth (generally supposed to be Chelsea), where they strongly urged the payment of tithes accord- ing to the Mosaic Law. These were the first legates sent by the pope to England since Augustin's mission, a period of one hundred and ninety years. Bishop Stubbs, in his "Constitu- tional History of England," says : " In 787 tithe was made imperative by the legatine councils held in England, which, being attended and confirmed by the kings and eaidormen, had the authority of Witenagemots " (vol. i., p. 228). Here then are some solid historical facts and not fictions for our guidance. The influence of the Roman Church over the English Church for about two hundred years was then being felt. In 597, when Augustin landed on our shores, the Roman Church had no power or influence in England. It was not so in 787, when legates of that church had for the first time visited this country. Then its influence and authority were such that, according to the statement of Bishop C 34 The History of Tithes. Stubbs, quoted above, tithes were made imperative by legatine councils held in England in the year 787. He says the payment of tithes was made imperative. This is a strong expression. It is one thing to command them to be paid, it is another thing to make the people obey such command. I am of opinion that they were given as voluntary offerings, and the priests and bishops were glad to receive them as such. Seven years after the meeting of this synod, viz., 794, Offa, King of Mercia (755 to 796), made a law granting the tithes of his whole kingdom to the Church. It is necessary to briefly state why he made this law. In his cupidity for an increase of territory, he caused Ethelbert, King of the East Angles, to be murdered while sojourning at his court as a suitor for his daughter. In 793 he seized Ethelbert's kingdom, and afterwards made a journey, or rather a pilgrimage, to Rome to obtain the pope's pardon for his cruel act. The pope granted him a pardon on condition that he would be liberal to the clergy. On his return to England, he made the above law in order to atone for his crime. The cause of granting the tithe of his kingdom was not creditable to the Church, nor could such a grant, under the circumstances, be acceptable to God. From a.d. 787 to 1000. 35 I pass over Archdeacon Tillesley's fiction that "Ethelbert and his Parliament gave tithes upon the preaching of Augustin, the monk, about two hundred years before Ethelwulph " (" Animadver- sions on Mr Selden's ' History of Tithes,' " p. 186). The next case of granting tithes in England was the law of Ethelwulph, passed in 855 at a general council or Witenagemot, which met at Winchester, and was composed of bishops and lay nobility. Here Ethelwulph, a weak-minded and superstitious prince, who called himself in the charter King of the West Saxons, but was really king of all Eng- land, with the two tributary kings of Mercia and East Angles, made a law by and with the advice of his Witan, granting tithes to the Church from all England, and not from his own estates alone. As this is supposed by some eminent writers to be the first law relating to tithes for all England, it is important to give a translation of the charter from Prideaux, chapter iv., p. 1 10. A Translation of EtJielwnlpJis Charter, granting Tithes. " I, Ethelwulph, King of the West Saxons, by the advice of my bishops and other chief men of my kingdom, have resolved on a wholesome and uniform remedy, that is, that I grant as an offering 36 The History of Tithes. unto God, and the Blessed Virgin, and all the saints, a certain portion of my kingdom to be held by perpetual right, that is to say, the tenth part thereof, and that this tenth part be privileged from temporal duties and free from all secular services and all royal tributes, as well the greater as the lesser, or those taxes which we call Witerden ; and that it be free from all things else, for the health of my soul and the pardon of my sins, to be applied only to the service of God alone, without being charged to any expedition, or to the repair of bridges, or the fortifying of castles, to the end that the clergy may with the more diligence pour out their prayers to God for us without ceasing, in which we do in some part receive their service. " These things were enacted at Winchester, in the Church of St Peter, before the great altar, in the year of the Incarnation of our Lord, 855, in the third indiction, on the nones of November, for the honour of the glorious Virgin and mother of God, St Mary, and St Michael the archangel, and of the blessed Peter, prince of the Apostles, and also of our blessed father, Pope Gregory, and of all the saints. " These were present and subscribing hereto, all the archbishops and bishops of England, as also Boerred, King of Mercia, and Edmund, King of From a.d. 787 to 1000. 37 the East Angles, and also a great multitude of abbots, abbesses, dukes, earls, and noblemen of the whole land, as well as of the other Christian people, who all approved of the royal charter, but those only who were persons of dignity subscribed their names to it. " King Ethelwulph, for the greater firmness of the grant, offered this charter upon the altar of St Peter the Apostle, and the bishops, on God's part, received the same of him, and afterwards sent it to be published in all the churches throughout their respective dioceses." The population of England and Wales at this time could not have exceeded 750,000, with a million of acres under cultivation. The tithe in England was only then in its infancy. The object of the king's charter, according to Ingulph, was to make a general grant of tithes payable as a free-will offering. Selden expresses a doubt on Ingulph's construction of this charter. The granting of the tenth part of the hides or plough lands denotes the tenth part of all the profits grow- ing in them. (Selden, p. 206. Decimam omnium hydarum infra regnum suum a tributis et exactioni- bus regis liberam Deo donavit.) At that early period in the history of our coun- try, laws were not passed by representative assem- 112784 38 The History of Tithes. blies, and in the same form as they are now. The Witenagemot, or national assembly, was not a re- presentative body like our Parliament. It con- sisted of bishops, abbots, ealdormen, nobles, and wise men of the kingdom. The great body of ceorls, whose social position was between the thanes and serfs, had not the smallest share in the deliberations of the Witenagemot. The national assembly was therefore a small body, and met when and where the king wished. The bishops and abbots had generally taken the most pro- minent part in the Witenagemot. It is asserted by some writers that Ethelwulph had only subjected the royal demesnes to the payment of tithes from which they were exempted before. I cannot endorse this statement. I have already pointed out the influence of the Roman Church in England (1) at the Synod of Chalchyth in J&J ; (2) over King Offa after his pil- grimage to Rome ; and now we may observe the same influence at work when (3) KingEthelwulph,in 853, made a pilgrimage with his son Alfred to Rome, where he lived twelve months, devoting his time in devotional exercises. He returned to England in 854, and we can see by his tithe law of 855 what effect Roman influence had over his weak and superstitious mind. From a.d. 787 to rooo. 39 There was no punishment stated in the charter in case of disobedience, and this fact indicates that the tithes were to be given voluntarily. The bishops and priests were perfectly well satisfied with the voluntary gifts which at first were given only by a few individuals. But as time advanced and ecclesiastical influence increased, the clergy used all their spiritual power to increase the number of individuals, and were so successful that the nation, then not numbering more than three- quarters of a million of people, gradually acquiesced in the custom, which afterwards became a common right, and, like many other customs, formed a part of the common law of England. So the payment of tithes here had been made by common law and not by any positive statute. Ethelwulph's law of tithes was confirmed by his son Alfred, A.D. 900; by Athelstan, 930; Edmund, 940; Edgar, 970; Ethelred, 1010; Canute, 1020; by the Confessor, William I., and his successors. These confirmations merely gave force to the custom, and to the demands of the clergy for the payment of tithes. They also established the common law right. But it is not known when this common right of the parson commenced. In King John's reign the practice still existed of laymen appropriating the whole of the tithes, or two or 40 The History of Tithes. three parts to whatever monasteries or churches they wished. I think this would be a convenient place to define the term " tithe," and to state the various sorts of tithe. Tithe is " the tenth part of the INCREASE yearly- arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants " (Blackstone). Predial tithes are the crops and wood which grow and issue from the ground. Mixt tithes are wool, sheep, cattle, pigs, and milk. They are called mixt because they are predial in respect of the ground on which the animals are fed, and per^ sonal from the care they require. Personal tithes are the tenth part of the clear gain after charges were deducted ; in other words, on net profits of artificers, merchants, carpenters, smiths, masons, and all other workmen. Even the servant-girls paid a tenth of their wages. The main scriptural passage quoted in support of personal tithes is Deut. xii. 6 "And thither ye shall bring your tithes and heave offerings of your hand." By 2 and 3 Edward VI., cap. 13, sec. 7, " Every person exercising merchandizes, bargaining and selling clothing, handicraft or other art or faculty, by such kind of persons and in such places as From a.d. 787 to 1000. 41 heretofore within these forty years have accustom- ably used to pay such personal tithes, or of right ought to pay, other than such as be common day labourers, shall yearly, before the feast of Easter, pay for his personal tithes the tenth part of his clear gains, his charges and expenses, according to his estate, condition, or degree, to be therein abated, allowed, and deducted." Sec. 9 "And if any person refuse to pay his personal tithes in form aforesaid, that then it shall be lawful to the ordinary of the diocese, where the party that soe ought to pay the said tithes is dwelling, to call the same party before him, and by his discretion to examine him by all lawful and reasonable means otherwise than by the party's own corporal oath, concerning the true payment of the said personal tithes." Sec. 12 " Except the inhabitants of the city of London, Canterbury, and the suburbs of the same, and also those of any other town or place that used to pay their tithes by their houses, otherwise than they ought or should have done before the making of this Act." Sir -Robert Philimore states in his "Ecclesiastical Law," p. 1537, that this Act restrained the canon law in three ways. 1. Where the canon law was general that all persons in all places should pay their personal tithes, the Act restrains it to such 42 The History of Tithes. kind of persons only as have accustomably, that is, constantly, used to pay the same within forty years before the making of the Act. 2. By the ecclesias- tical law, the bishop, before the time of this Act, might examine the party upon oath ; but this Act restrains that course, so that the party cannot be examined upon oath. 3. By this Act the day labourer is freed from the payment of his personal tithes. Personal tithes are not now paid in England, except for mills or fish caught at sea, not by the tenth fish, but by a small money payment, and then payable only where the party hears divine service and receives the sacraments. Predial tithes were claimed on the gross value ; personal on the net. Tithes were also divided into " great " and " small." The former were so called because they yielded tithes in greater quantities. The latter were so called because they were pro- duced in smaller quantities. The law, however, has settled the definition by applying the terms to the nature and quality, and not to quantity. (Phili- more, p. 1485.) As a general rule, the rector took the "great" tithes, the vicar the "small," but sometimes we meet with a few exceptions to this rule. As the tithe is the tenth part of the increase from From a.d. 787 to 1000. 43 the land, then coal, lead, and tin mines, slate and stone quarries, turf, tiles, &c., are not tithable, because they are not the increase of the land, but part of the freehold, viz., the substance of the earth. Houses in towns and cities are not tithable, because they have no annual increase of the soil. Things wild by nature are not tithable, such as the fish of the sea or of rivers. But custom in all or any of the above cases may establish the tithe. (Philimore, p. 1483, &c.) The modus decimandi, commonly called "modus," was this, that some fixed sum of money or quantity of corn, or other tithable goods, was taken by the tithe-owner instead of taking tithes upon every tithable article. This fixed sum or quantity was termed a modus. The customary tithes paid in the city of London is in the nature of a modus. (Philimore, p. 1502.) The Bishop of Exeter had tithes from tin mines of Cornwall. Sometimes a compensation in work or labour was given, so that the parson shall only have the twelfth cock of hay and not the tenth, in considera- tion of the owner's making it? for him. In fine, a modus decimandi is any arrangement by which the general law of tithing is altered and a new method introduced. It is important to note the following laws made 44 The History of Tithes. by King Edgar, who reigned from 959 to 975, and was the re-founder of about forty monasteries : (1.) Let every tenth part be returned to the mother church to which the parish is adjacent, of lands, of Thanes, and Villans. (2.) If any Thane has a church in his fee where there is a cemetery, let him give it the third part of his tithe. [The remaining two-thirds were given to the mother church of the parish.] (3.) If there is no cemetery there, let him give the priest out of his nine parts what he wishes. [In this case the whole of the tithe went to the mother church, and the Thane had, in addition, to pay something to the priest] (4.) If any man should refuse payment of his tithes, as we have said, let the bailiff of the king and of the bishop and the parson of that church meet, and let restitution be made by force to that church to which the tithe belongs, and let them send away the ninth part to him who detained his tithe, and let them divide the eight parts, one-half to the lord of the manor, and the other half to the bishop. These, with other acts of King Edgar, clearly indicate the powerful influence Archbishop Dunstan had over him. The second law quoted above was of great im- From a.d. 787 to 1000. 45 portance. If it were carried out at the present day, the several daughter churches which have burial grounds would receive a share of the tithes enjoyed by the parish church. These district or daughter churches relieve the mother church of a large part of the spiritual duties of the parish. But the rector has some thousands a year, while the incumbents of the district churches, carved out of the parish, have each probably less than 250 a year. The mother church should be bound to give a decent maintenance to her offspring. There is no doubt that this arrangement would chime in with the original intentions of the person who endowed the mother church with the tithes of the parish. But here is the difficulty. ,1,641,277 rectorial tithes are kept by lay impropriators, bishops, chapters, colleges, schools, charities, and hospitals. They will surrender no part of the tithe rent charge, except they are compelled by law, in order to augment the stipends of incumbents of the daughter churches. Again, there is a large number of resident rectors enjoying from 1000 to 3500 a year, while the incumbents of the daughter churches within their parochial limits have very small stipends. These facts point to a reform in the distribution of parochial revenues. Parliament could empower the Ecclesiastical 46 The History of Tithes. Commissioners to collect all the tithe rent charge, and redistribute the same. They had received such power as regards the episcopal and capitular pro- perties. But these properties and the tithe pro- perty are held on different tenures. Some thous- ands of private patrons have to be dealt with. To divide all the property equally, as some suggest, among the incumbents is purely socialism. May not the properties of laymen be similarly divided ? Only twenty-six bishops and thirty cathedral bodies had to be dealt with as regards the episcopal and capitular endowments, which cannot be said to be private property. But it will be a most difficult matter to deal with the various interests of so many thousands of private owners of parochial property. The matter will require great caution and delicate treatment, because there is so much private property concerned. CHAPTER V. FROM A.D. IOOO TO 12 1 5. From A.D. iooo to 121 5 is a remarkable period in the history of the English Church and English monasteries. Monasteries were built and richly- endowed with lands, churches, and tithes, either in whole or part. All these were conveyed by deeds of gifts to the perpetual use of certain monasteries. The benefactions were given for the special pur- pose of prayers being perpetually said by the monks in their respective churches for the repose of the souls of the donors and their relatives. In many cases the monasteries received only the tithes, without any churches ; but when they received churches, with the cure of souls, then the monastic corporations became the rectors, and, in later times, but not at first, were bound to get the licence of the king and bishop to complete the scheme, so that their corpoiations may become perpetual incum- bents. For many centuries the gifts were conveyed by layowners, without any reference to the king or bishop, for they were considered as private pro- 48 The History of Tithes. perty, which the owner may dispose of to whom he wished. This was afterwards changed, and a licence had to be obtained, as I have previously stated. The Norman monks, after the Conquest, had first introduced the custom of appropriating the tithes, with the churches, to the monastic corpora- tions. It was another piece of monkish trickery and cunningness to get money, and lands, and buildings. When they gained possession of the churches, with their tithes, either by free gifts or by the purchase of advowsons, for the monks invested largely in such purchases, they found it very profit- able. As religious services had to be performed in the church appropriated to the monastery, the monastic body had either to depute one of their own fraternity in Holy Orders to do the duty, or appoint a deputy or vicar to act for them at a most miserable stipend. This latter alternative became the general rule. But the abbot or prior took care to get the lion's share of both tithes and parochial offerings. The capitular chapters, nuns, and religious mili- tary orders imitated the practice of the monks, and received similar licences from the king or bishop. In the old appropriations of churches and tithes, the owners considered they were transferring a freehold property, and therefore thought the matter From a. d. iooo to 12 15. 49 did not require the bishop's confirmation. The patron conveyed the gift by placing the deed and a knife or cup upon the altar of the church of the monastery, as this was then the usual mode of livery of seisin. In the deeds of conveyances, some are given "Canonicis ibidem Deo servientibus," &c; others, " Canonicis regularibus ibidem Deo servientibus," &c. ; and, " Monachis ibidem Deo servientibus," &c. It is stated iii the Acts of the Third Lateran Council of AD. 1179-80, " So far has the boldness of laymen been carried, that they collate clerks to churches without institution from the bishops, and remove them at their will ; and, besides this, they commonly dispose as they please of the possessions and goods of churches." This council condemned the " arbitrary consecrations," as Selden calls them, of laymen. "Before the Council of Lateran (evidently the Third), any man might give hisSf/^V^ /fj tithes to what spiritual person he would " (Coke's Reports, part ii. p. 44 ().) Four English bishops sat at this council. Alexander III. was then pope. This council gave the death-blow to the arbitrary appropriations of tithes by laymen to whatever church or monastery they pleased. Some had given their tithes to parish churches, but from A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200 they were all given to monas- teries and capitular corporations, none to parish D ' 50 The History of Tithes. churches. The decree of this council making void arbitrary appropriations of tithes was at first opposed by the laymen of England, and so the practice continued. But the English hierarchy, from that time, opposed the practice, and by degrees it gradually ceased. Pope Innocent III., in a decretal epistle which he sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury about A.D. 1 200, owing to the continued arbitrary appro- priation of tithes by laymen in face of the decrees of the Third Lateran Council, enjoined the payment of tithes to the parsons of the respective parishes. But that epistle had no binding force on the lay subjects of this kingdom. The arbitrary appropriations of tithes by laymen to monasteries, although according to their rights, were contrary to canon law. At a national synod held at Westminster in 1125 (25 Henry I.), it was constituted that no abbot, prior, monk, or clergy- man should accept a church or title, or any other ecclesiastical benefice, from a layman without the authority and assent of his own bishop. The lay patrons paid no attention to this canon, because they thought it was an ecclesiastical encroachment upon the rights of property. It was a part of the supremacy over the civil power which the church was then usurping wherever she found weak From a. d. iooo to 1215. 51 instruments. However, in the reigns of Richard I. and John, laymen's investitures gradually ceased. The Church became supreme. Archbishop Anselm was a great stickler for papal canons which in- hibited the custom of lay investiture. The struggle continued after his death. The practice at the present time is, the patron nominates or presents, the bishop institutes, and the archdeacon inducts. But before the reigns of Richard I. and John, the lay-patrons nominated, instituted, and inducted. The bishop had no voice in the matter. This practice was condemned and made void by the Third Lateran Council of 1180. U , At the General Council of Lateran, held in 12 15, _ \"the arbitrary appropriation of tithes to monasteries k ' or other ecclesiastical corporations which were not parochial was strongly condemned, and the tithes were commanded in future to be paid to the parish churches. This council therefore gave the parsons the parochial right to tithes. It certainly did appear very wrong and even wicked to enrich ecclesiastical bodies with the tithes, and ignore the parochial clergy who did the work, and who were living in a very poor state. But we find that when the parsons received the tithes they became wealthy, indolent, and vicious. We have the testimony of Wickliffe for this statement. No 5 2 The History of Tithes. man could write or speak stronger than he did against the conduct of the monks and secular clergy of his time. In King John's reign the papal power was supreme in England, and therefore the canon law gained strength as England became weak, particu- larly after Pope Innocent III. issued his interdict against the kingdom. The decrees of the Council of Lateran, A.D. 121 5, had not disturbed the then existing appropriations of tithes to monasteries, but were directed towards the future, and made void all new grants of tithes to monasteries after the date of this council. This council is a landmark for the following arrange- ments. (1.) The tithes of parishes which, before 121 5, could be given by the owners of the property to any church they pleased either in or out of the kingdom, were henceforth to be given only to the parsons of the parishes from which they arose. (2.) The tithes which had been appropriated to persons out of the parishes were continued to be given to them. (3.) The tithes which the parsons possessed before 121 5 could not be appropriated afterwards to any other persons. Therefore the tithes which rectors received were those which they possessed at the date of this council, and all tithes created after 12 1 5. The parish system, which commenced From a.d. 1000 /# 1215. 53 about A.D. 700, was completed about A.D. 1200, covering a period of five hundred years. It is supposed that the whole of England was then divided into parishes, and that each parish had its own clergyman. These parishes were gradually formed without any act of the king or of his Witenagemot. Every man was compelled to pay tithes of his property, but was free to give them to whatever religious body he pleased, either in or out of the kingdom. The Council of Lateran restricted the tithe-payers to the payment of tithes to the parsons of parishes alone. Hence it was desig- nated the parson's common right, which had not been previously enforced. So we may trace tithes (1) as free-will offerings, (2) compulsory payment to some religious body, (3) compulsory payment only to the incumbents of parishes. It is an error to state that all the tithes of England were given freely to the Church ; I have stated enough to show that it was not so. The papal power which ignominiously took possession of England and gave it back to King John, to be held by him as a vassal to that Church, was the same power which gave parsons parochial rights to tithes, and de- prived laymen of their rights over the disposal of their own property. Pope Alexander III., and 54 The History of Tithes. especially Innocent III., carried out Hildebrand's scheme of supremacy over the civil powers. Tithes appropriated to monasteries were of two kinds (i) Monastical, (2) Parochial. With refer- ence to the first, the monastic bodies performed no spiritual functions for the tithes which bene- factors had granted them out of demesnes which had no churches annexed. They had also what is called "pensions," that is, a part of the tithes of some parishes, the remainder going to the resident parish priest. The monastic bodies considered c^/^t they did their duty for these tithes in distributing /pf alms to the sick, the poor, and the stranger who called at their gates ; and also in saying masses perpetually in their churches for the souls of their founders and benefactors, and those of their heirs and other relatives. As regards the second case, they received churches with tithes annexed as a free gift from the owners, and had the cure of souls. They purchased the advowsons of other churches. They appointed and paid resident vicars for the performance of the spiritual duties of the parishes. But how did they remunerate the vicars ? They paid them what they liked ; and as the salaries were not fixed, they were varied from year to year as it suited the caprices of the monks, who received all the offerings From a.d. iooo /. Charter of Earl Randulph Gernons of Cluster to the Monastery of Chester. " Universitati vestrae notum facio me dedisse in elemosina in perpetnum Deo et S. Mariae et eccle- Monasteries. 95 siae S. Werburgae et Rudulpho abbati et conventui dictae ecclesiae pro salute animae Hugonis comitis, praedictae ecclesiae fundatoris ac pro salute animae Randulphi comitis patris mei, et antecessorum meorum, et pro salute animae meae, et Christian- orum omnium, omnem decimam integriter et plen- arie omnium reddituum meorum civitatis Cestriae, &c." [" Monasticon."] This Earl died in 1153. Earl Hugh Lupus, the refounder, who died in 1101, granted many manors, churches, and tithes, as alms in perpetuity. All the early parochial records are lost, and therefore in dealing with the old parishes we are at a great disadvantage. It is not so with the monas- teries. The monastic bodies had carefully pre- served all their charters of grants. That beautiful storehouse the " Monasticon " furnishes us with ample information for our guidance, and a correct knowledge of those houses. Is it not reasonable, in the absence of parochial records, to draw con- clusions from monastic charters, as to the original disposition of tithes to parishes ? If they were given as alms to monasteries, they were also so given to parochial clergy, and if so given, it is un- reasonable to suppose they were given to the rec- tors for their own personal use without any refer- g6 The History of Tithes. ence to the poor and sick, or the fabric of the " church. As they were orginally given as voluntary offerings, they formed a part of the parochial com- mon fund. This fund was not for the exclusive use of the clergy. I have already stated its x\i 2 9i c,8 15 94 To Christmas 1840 on 8th Jan. 1841 b i'f 4 1 2 ioi 102 12 si To Christmas i8i on 7th Jan. 1842 7 3i 4 2 2 ui 105 8 2f To Christmas 1842 on 6th Jan. 1843 7 7* 4 ii 2 ioi IO> 12 2i To Christmas 1843 on 5th Jan. 1844 7 7f 4 OJ 2 9i 104 3 5i To Christmas 1844 on 3rd Jan. 18.5 7 7 4 1* 2 9 103 17 ni To Christmas 1845 on 2nd Jan. 1846 7 4 4 II 2 9, 102 17 8f To Christmas 1846 on 1st Jan. 18,7 7 g 4 2 8J 99 18 ioi To Christmas 1847 on 7 tn J an - '848 7 ii 4 ii 2 9i 102 1 To Christmas 1848 on 5th Jan. 18 9 6 i< i 4 ii 2 84 100 3 ',% To Christmas 1849 on 8th Jan. 1850 6 7* 4 15 2 i 98 16 10 To Christmas i8-,o on 3rd Jan. 1851 6 Si 4 2 8 96 11 44 To Christmas 1851 on 2nd Jan. 1852 6 2! 3 ioi 2 7* 93 16 ni To Christmas 1852 on 7th Jan. 1853 6 05 3 oi 2 64 9 1 J 3 ii To Christmas 1853 on 6th Jan. 1854 6 3 9$ 2 6i 9 '9 5 To Christmas 1854 01 5th Jan. 1835 b of 3 7 ? 2 6 8. 15 84 To Christmas 1855 on nth Jan 1856 b b 3 8i 2 7i 93 18 ii To Christinas 18 s6 on 9th Jan. 18-7 b ni 3 Ili 2 9i 99 13 7i To Christmas 1857 on 8th Jan 18 8 7 2f 4 i 2 11 105 16 34 To Christmas 1*58 on 7th Jan. 1859 7 4 4 S I 3 ci 108 19 6i To Christmas 18,9 on 6th Jan. 1860 7 4* 4 64 3 ii no 17 84 To Christmas i860 on ithjan. 1861 7 4* 4 7T 3 2 112 3 4! To Christmas 1861 on 10th Jan. 1862 7 of 4 7* 3 1 i339>453)=886,570, and by twenty-five years' purchase (2,226,023 1,674,3 l 7)=s 5 1,706. I omit all calculations for the other tithe owners, because I am strongly of opinion that their rent charges should go to satisfy local claims such as the education of the farmers' children. I mean by Church staff the archbishops, bishops, deans, canons, and parochial incumbents. Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge. 155 TITHE RENT CHARGE FOR 1 887, &C. There appeared in the London Gazette of January 4, 1887, the following return, stating what has been, during the seven years ending Christmas Day 1886, the price of an imperial bushel of British wheat, barley, and oats, viz. s. d. Wheat, . . . 4 11 Barley, . . . 3 10 Oats, . . . 2 7h From these data, I have calculated the tithe rent charge to be 87, 8s. 9fd. for the year 1887. It is more than 12^ per cent, below par value, and 3 per cent, less than the previous year. The following table indicates the gross and net values of the tithe rent charge for 1887 : Clerical Appropriators, Parochial Incumbents, . Lay Impropriators, . . . Schools, Colleges, &c, Gross value of tithe rent charge for 1887, including ,8000 extraordinary rent charge. Net value, after allow- ing 5 per cent, for collection, and i-i per cent, for rates, taxes, and other ex- penses attached to tithe rent. 593.699 2,117,611 669,975 171,426 f 471,991 1,683,500 532,631 136,284 Total, .... 3.552,7" 2,824,406 The following table will give the capital sums and incomes at 3 per cent, on 20 and 25 years' 156 The History of Tithes. purchase respectively upon the above net values. It would be absurd, as I said before, to calculate the purchase money on the par value of the tithe rent charge. Capital sum at 20 years' purchase. Income of Capital on 20 years' pur- chase at 3 per cent. Capital sum at 25 years' purchase. Income of Capital on 25 years' pur- chase at 3 per cent. Clerical Appropriators, Parochial Incumbents, Lay Impropriators, Schools, Colleges, &c, 9,439,820 33,670,000 10,652,920 2,725,780 283,194 1,010,100 3*9,587 81,773 ",799.775 42,087,500 13,316,150 3,407,225 353.994 1,262,625 399,483 102,216 Total, . . 56,488,520 1,694,654 70,610,650 2,118,318 In 1887 the Church staff receive from tithe rent charges, net, . . . ,2,155,491 The income of staff, if rent charge be redeemed at 20 years' purchase at 3 per cent, . . . = 1,293,294 The income of staff, if rent charge be redeemed at 25 years' purchase at 3 per cent, . . . .= 1,616,619 By 20 years' purchase, the staff will lose in in- come 862,197 per annum, calculated on the value of the tithe rent charge for 1887. By 25 years' purchase the loss would be only 538,872, but a permanent income would be obtained, free from Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge. 1 5 7 all future disputes between the clergy and their parishioners, or from extraneous sources. According to the Tithe Commissioners' Report for 1882, the value of the tithe rent charge at par value, for Church staff was, including "8000 extra- ordinary tithe, . . . = "3,099,695 Gross value in 1887, . . = 2,711,310 Gross loss in 1887, . = ,388,385 Of this loss, 303,097 fall on the parochial clergy, and "85,288 on the Ecclesiastical Commis- sioners, who are now owners of the tithe rent charge (of 1887) of 593,699, belonging to bishops and chapters. REDEMPTION VIEWED FROM ANOTHER POINT. There is another point from which the redemp- tion may be viewed. The landlord is legally bound /?<&/ ?h^~ to pay the rent charge, and Parliament may pass a -<<<^Vv*~ short Act making void all engagements with ten- ^ ants on the part of landlords to pay the rent %<- /%TT&^ charge, and also repeal the clause in the Commuta- ?*/*> -Z& tion Act as regards distraints on the lands for f/z-rtt-^tj, arrears of rent charge. The security for rent charge fa/?~/i j^ is safe and solid. The rent charge for 1887 isy^/^L^^^ 12J per cent, below par value. It may go lower SCt^r^ty 1 5 8 The History of Tithes. for a few years, but it is sure to take an upward turn, and approximate to par, or even go beyond it, as it did before. The net income of the Church staff for 1887 is 2,1 55,491. It may reasonably be asked, Why should the purchase money be cal- culated upon the depreciation of value of the rent charge, plus the expenses ? The rent charge is sure to take an upward turn, then, Why should not the purchase money be calculated on the rent charge at par value minus the expenses for collec- tion, rates, taxes, repairs of chancels, &c, say 20J per cent. ? From this reasonable point of view, the follow- ing table will indicate capital sums and incomes on 20 and 25 years' purchase respectively, on amounts after deducting 20J per cent, from the par value. Amount after de- ducting 2oJ per cent, from par value for expenses. Clerical Appropriators, Parochial Incumbents, . Lay Impropriators, . . Schools, Colleges, &c, 539,795 1,924,463 609,156 155,865 Total, .... 3,229,279 Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge. 159 Capital on 20 years' pur- chase. Income at 3 per cent on Capital of 20 years' pur- chase. Capital on 25 years' pur- chase. Income at 3 per cent, on Capital of 15 years' pur- chase. Clerical Appropriators, Parochial Incumbents, Lay Impropriators, Schools, Colleges, &c. , 10,795,900 38,489,260 12,183,120 3, "7, 300 323,877 1,154,678 365,493 93,519 13,494,875 48,111,575 15,228,900 3,896,625 404,846 1,443,348 456,867 116,898 Total, . . . 64,585,580 1,937,567 80,731,975 2,421,959 By this arrangement, Church staff's income, 20 years' purchase, . . . = 1,478,555 Do. 25 do., = 1,848,194 Their net income at par value, . = 2,464,258 Their net income in 1887, . = 2,155,491 LAY IMPROPRIATORS, SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, ETC. The income of Lay Impropriators, Schools, Col- leges Net income at par value of rent charge, . ^765,021 Net income for 1887, .... 668,915 Do. on 20 years' purchase of the rent charge for 1 887, . . . 401,360 Do. on 25 years' purchase of the rent charge for 1887, . . . 501,699 Do. on 20 years' purchase on rent charge at par value, . . 459,012 Do. on 25 years' purchase on rent charge at par value, . . 573,765 1 60 The History of Tithes. The best way to dispose of this annual revenue is to expend it on the education of the children of parents of all denominations who reside on the lands which pay the tithe rent charges. That could easily be arranged in a few clauses of the Re- demption Act. It should not be devoted to de- creasing the rates and taxes, or given to school- boards, and thus decrease school rates, for some landlords would take advantage of such reductions, and raise their rents accordingly. But it should be exclusively spent in freeing the parents from weekly cash fees, building better schools, provid- ing better school furniture, reducing price of books, and employing better teachers. Half a million a year thus expended from such sources, would, I am certain, be more productive of benefit to the country than it is at present. The essence of the Christian religion is to provide for the poor and not for the rich, who can very well and did take care of themselves " in going in" for large slices of church spoliation. The redemption scheme is no doubt the best mode of solving this difficult problem. But an important question will arise Why should our well endowed universities and public schools receive the large sums set opposite their names from localities where it would be of great use if employed in Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge. 1 6 1 satisfying local claims in educating the children of those places ? Those who send their sons to the public schools and universities, are well able to pay for their education. Why, then, should not the money be devoted to the education of the farmers' children of the localities from which the tithes arise ? These remarks are equally strong, if not more so, against lay impropriators. They give no return whatever for the large annual revenues they take from the lands. Are not the rentals of the confiscated monastic lands without the tithes ample enough ? Parliament sanctioned the confiscation. But there is a mighty difference between the Parliaments of Henry VIII. and of Queen Victoria. The tithes of the lay impropriators should also go to satisfy the educational local claims where they arise. The remarks are not so strong against the clerical appropriators and parochial incumbents. The high-handed conduct of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth, deprived many of the bishops of large portions of their landed estates, and gave them monastic tithes in return, instead of giving them back to the parochial clergy. This accounts for the large episcopal revenues derived from tithes. The rich estates thus taken from the bishops were partly handed over by these sovereigns to their L 1 62 The History of Tithes. favourites and courtiers, and partly sold by Queen Elizabeth to replenish the national exchequer, as she was averse to the practice of resorting to Parliament for money for national purposes. The nation thus derived a pecuniary benefit from part of the episcopal estates. It is therefore only just that the bishops should enjoy the revenues derived from the redemption money. The bishops had a far better title to their landed estates than the Duke of Bedford and many others to their monastic properties. Many of the bishops were compelled by law to exchange their landed property for parochial tithes. Therefore the bishops have a just claim on their tithes. It would have been very different if they received these tithes without such exchange of property under the compulsion of an Act of Parliament. If people say they should be deprived of the revenues of such tithes, then the Duke of Bedford and others possessing monastic lands and tithes should also be compelled to surrender them to the nation. In reference to the parochial incumbents, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, as the Church corporation, would be the distributors of the revenue of over one million a year. This should be carefully restricted to satisfying local claims, for the original donors never intended that the tithes of their estates or Redemption of Tithe Rent Charge. 163 any part of them should be devoted to the main- tenance of incumbents unconnected with the churches upon their estates. There is a vast sphere of work for the commissioners in diminish- ing the large incomes of the rectors of mother churches, and adequately increasing those of the incumbents of the daughter churches. Besides such funds will enable them to stimulate the spiritual work in such localities by building new churches and mission rooms, and adequately re- munerating those employed in the work. I do not think the Nonconformist bodies would seriously object to this arrangement as regards the parochial clergy. From a million to a million and a quarter a year is not much among so many rural incumbents. The redemption scheme would finally settle a much vexed question. All the changes made by Parliament since 1836 in the payment of tithes or tithe rent charges have always been to the profit of the landlords. The i^t/z^o- / Commutation Act of 1836 gave them two millions /,? of profits ; to this sum we may add a half million more by subsequent changes. The redemption scheme would for ever put an end to further profits by the landlords. But the proposed twenty years purchase should be increased to twenty-five years. The security for the payment of the tithe-rent 1 64 The History of Tithes. charge by the Act of 1836 is so substantial that the *//?ut redemption price should not be less than twenty- /j. " It is even doubtful whether Mr. Sinnett will win one genuine convert to occultism by United ; but those who are occult already will take his power- ful romance to their hearts ; will pour out libations before him, and loudly cry ' Well done !' " Court and Society Review. " Over this thrice-silly subject the author has expended some most excellent writing, ideas that equal in breadth and strength some of those of our best writers, pure English, and undeniable grammar." Tlit Whitehall Review. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. Just published, 32 pages, wrapper. Price Is. The New Illumination, BY EDWARD MAITLAND, AUTHOR OF " THE PILGRIM AND THE SHRINE." GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 16 MK. RED WAY'S PUBLICATIONS. In Preparation. The Life and the Substance of the Teachings of Philipp Theophrastus, Bombast of Hohenheim, KNOWN BY THE NAME OF Paracelsus, An Adept of the Secret Science. Containing his essential doctrines in regard to Cosmology, Pneumatology, Magic, Medicine, Alchemy, Theosophy, and Philo- sophy, and some important secrets, such as the preparation of the true Elixir of Life, the Electro-Magicon, the generation of Homun- culi, the nature of Elemental Spirits, etc. Extracted and translated from his extensive works and from some unpublished Manuscripts, and supplied with Annotations, by F. HART MANN, M.D., AUTHOR OF "MAGIC," ETC. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEN. 64 pp., 8vo., wrajyper. Price Is. 6cl. THE " Occult World Phenomena/' AND The Society for Psychical Research. BY A. P. 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" We have here a most excellent piece of fooling, evidently from a University pen. . . . contains some very clever burlesques of classical modes of writing, and a delicious parody of scholastic logic." Literary World. "A delightful mock essay on the exoteric philosophy of the pipe and the pipe bowl . . . . reminding one alternately of 'Melancholy ' Burton and Herr Teufelsdroch, and implying vast reading and out-of-the-way culture on the part of the author." Bookseller. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. In demy 8vo., with Illustrative Plates. Price Is. Qd. Chirognomanc gnomancy ; Or, Indications of Temperament and Aptitudes Manifested by the Form and Texture of the Thumb and Fingers. BY ROSA BATJGHAN. " Miss Baughan has already established her fame as a writer upon occult subjects, and what she has to say is so very clear and so easily verified that it comes with the weight of authority." Lady's Pictorial. " Ingenious and not uninteresting." 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Weak minds may generate a morbid curiosity if stimulated in this direction." Bradford Observer. " The stories told by our author have a decidedly Oriental flavour, and we would not be surprised if some foolish individuals did endeavour to procure some of the drug, with a view to experience the sensation described by the writer of this clever brochure." Edinburgh Courant. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. Monthly, One Shilling. Walford's Antiquarian A Magazine and Bibliographical Review. EDITED BY EDWARD WALFORD, M.A. %* Volume a I. to IX., Now Ready, price 8s. Gd. each. " The excellent archaeological monthly." Cassell's Art and Literature. " This magazine is dear to the hearts of the lovers of antiquities. The meet- ings of the various learned societies are also described. . . . and a number of articles of both antiquarian and bibliographical interest." Nonconformist. " There is not much in Walford's Antiquarian that any connoisseur in literary curiosities would care to pass over." .St. James's Gazette. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MR. redway's publications. 21 Monthly, 2s.: Yearly Subscription, 20s. The Theosophist : A Magazine of Oriental Philosophy, Art, Literature and Occultism. CONDUCTED BY H. P. BLAVATSKY. Vols. I. to VII. Noio Heady. " Theosophy has suddenly risen to importance. . . . The movement im- plied by the term Theosophy is one that cannot be adequately explained in a few words . . . those interested in the movement, which is not to be confounded with spiritualism, will find means of gratifying their euriositj* by procuring the back numbers of The Theosophist and a very remarkable book called ' Isis Unveiled,' by Madame Blavatsky." Literary World. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. NEW WORK BY JOHN H. INGRAM. The Raven. EDGAR ALLAN POE. With Historical and Literary Commentary. By John H. Ingram. Crown 8vo., parchment , gilt top, uncut, price 6,s. "This is an interesting monograph on Poe's famous poem. First comes the poet's own account of the genesis of the poem, with a criticism, in which Mr. Ingram declines, very properly, we think, to accept the history as entirely genuine. Much curious information is collected in tins essay. Then follows the poem itself, with the various readings, and then its after- history ; and after these ' Isadore,' by Albert 1'ike, a composition which undoubtedly suggested the idea of ' The Haven ' to its author. Several trans- lations are given, two in French, one in prose, the other in rhymed verse ; besides extracts from others, two in German and one in Latin. But perhaps the most interesting chapter in the book is that on the ' Fabrications.'" The Spectator. "There is no more reliable authority on the subject of Edgar Allan Poe than Mr. John H. 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" The author knows what he writes about." St. Stephen's Review. "There is a good deal of curious reading in the book." Literary World. "The book is amusing and instructing, and Mr. George Redway, the publisher, will have done the public and himself a service." Court Journal. "The print is clear, and the binding in excellent taste." Bookseller. " Evidently full of genuine information." Society. " A handy guide to Burma, as readable as it is accurate." Globe. "Mr. Scott should have called this volume 'A book for Members of Parlia- ment.' " London and China Telegraph. "The sketch of Burmese cosmogony and mythology is very interesting." Nature. " A competent historian. He sketches Burma and the Burmese with minute fidelity." Daily Chronicle. " Probably no Englishman knows Burma better than Mr. J. G. Scott." Contemporary Review. " An excellent description both of land and people." Contemporary Review. " Most interesting." St. James's Gazette. " ShwayYoe is a graphic writer . . . no one can supply this information better than Mr. Scott." Asiatic Quarterly Review. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MR. redway's publications. 23 Just published, handsomely printed and tastefully bound, 436 pages, large crown 8vo. , cloth extra, Is. 6d. Essays in the Study of Folk-Songs. BY THE COUNTESS EVELYN MARTINENGO-CESARESCO. "A pleasant volume on a pleasant bopic. . . . The Countess, with her sincere enthusiasm for what is simple, passionate, and sensuous in folk-song, and with her lucid and unaffected style, well understands the mode in which the educated collector should approach the shy singers or story-tellers of Europe. . . . Her introduction is perhaps, to the scientific student of popular culture, the best part of her book. . . . Next to her introduction, perhaps her article on ' Death in Folk-Poetry' is the most serviceable essay in the volume. . . . ' Folk Lullabies ' is perhaps the most pleasant of the remaining essays in the admirable volume, a volume remarkable for knowledge, sym- pathy, and good taste." Extracts from a page notice in the Saturday Review, April 24, 1886. " This is a very delightful book, full of information and thoughtful sugges- tions. It deals principally with the Folk-songs of Southern peoples, Venetian, Sicilian, Armenian, Provence, and Greek Songs of Calabria, but there are several essays devoted to the general characteristics of Folk-Poetry, such as the influence of Nature, the Inspiration of Death, the idea of fate, the nume- rous songs connected with the rites of May, Folk-Lullabies, and Folk-Dirges. There is also an interesting essay on what is called the White Paternoster, and Children's Rhyming Prayers. This is one of the most valuable, and certainly one of the most interesting, books which has been written on a subject which has of late years been exciting an ever-increasing attention, and which in- volves many important problems connected with the early history of the human race." Standard. " ' Folk-Songs,' traditional popular ballads, are as tempting to me as King Charles's head to Mr. Dick. But interesting as the topic of the origin and diffusion and literary merit of these poems may be poems much the same in all European countries they arc rather caviare to the general. The Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco is, or should be, a well-known authority among special students of this.branch of literature, to whom I heartily commend her ' Essays in the Study of Folk-Songs.' The Countess is, perhaps, most familiar with Southern volksleider, as of Greece, Italy, and Sicily. Her book is a treasure- house of Folk-lore of various kinds, and the matter is handled witli much poetic appreciation and a good deal of learning." Daily Newt. "A kind of popular introduction to the study of Folk-lore." St. James's Gazette. GEORGE REDWAY, YOKE STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 24 MR. RED WAY'S PUBLICATIONS. EBENEZER JONES'S POEMS. In 2>ost 8vo., cloth, old style. Price 5s. Studies of Sensation and Event. Poems by Ebknezek Jones. Edited, Prefaced, and Annotated by Richard Heene Shepherd. With Memorial Notices of the Author by Sumner Jones and W. J. Linton. A new Edition. With Photographic Portrait of the Poet. " This remarkable poet affords nearly the most striking instance of neg- lected genius in our modern school of poetry. His poems are full of vivid disorderly power." D. G. Rossetti. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. In demy 8m, elegantly printed on Dutch hand-made paper, and bound in parchment -paper cover. Price Is. The Scope and Charm of Anti- quarian Study. BY JOHN BATTY, F.R.Hist.S., Member of the Yorkshire Arch.eological and Topograpical Association. " It forms a useful and entertaining guide to a beginner in historical researches." Notes and Queries. "The author has laid it before the public in a most inviting, intelligent, and intelligible form, and offers every incentive to the study in every depart- ment, including Ancient Records, Manorial Court-Rolls, Heraldry, Painted Glass, Mural Paintings, Pottery, Church Bells, Numismatics, Folk-Lore, etc., to each of which the attention of the student is directed. The pamphlet is printed on a beautiful modern antique paper, appropriate to the subject of the work." Brighton Examiner. "Mr. Batty, who is one of those folks Mr. Dobson styles ' gleaners after time,' has clearlj' and concisely summed up, in the space of a few pages, all the various objects which may legitimately be considered to come within the scope of antiquarian study." Academy. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MR. RED WAY'S PUBLICATIONS. 25 A few large-paper copies, with India proof portrait, in imperial 8vo., parchment. Price 7s. Gel. An Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank. "THETA" (WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY). With all the Original Woodcut Illustrations, a New Portrait of Cruikshank, etched by Pailthorpe, and a Prefatory Note on Thackeray as ax Art Critic, by W. E. Church, Secretary of the Urban Club. " Thackeray's essay 'On the Genius of George Cruikshank,' reprinted from the Westminster Review, is a piece of work well calculated to drive a critic of these days to despair. How inimitable is its touch ! At once familiar and elegant, serious and humorous, enthusiastically appreciative, and yet just and clear-sighted ; but, above all, what the French call personnel. It is not the impersonnel reviewer who is going through his paces ... it is Thackeray talking to us as few can talk talking with apparent carelessness, even ramblingly, but never losing the thread of his discourse or saying a word to. > much, nor ever missing a point which may help to elucidate his subject or enhance the charm of his essay. . . . Mr. W. E. Church's prefatory note on 'Thackeray as an Art Critic ' is interesting and carefully compiled." West- minster Review, Jan. 15th. "As the original copy of the West minuter is now excessively rare, this reissue will, no doubt, be welcomed by collectors." Birmingham Daily Mail. "Not only on account of the author, but of the object, we must welcome most cordially this production. Every bookman knows Thackeray, and will be glad to have this production of his which deals with art criticism a sub- ject so peculiarly Thackeray's own."-- The Antiquary. "It was a pleasant and not untimely act to reprint this well-known delightful essay. . . . the artist could have found no other commentator so sympathetic and discriminating. . . . The new portrait of Cruikshank by F. W. Pailthorpe is a clear, firm etching." The Artist. GEORGE KEDWAV, VOItK STREET, COYEXT GARDEN" 26 MR. REDWAY'S PUBLICATIOiNS. Edition limited to 500 copies, handsomely printed on antique paper and tastefully bound. Price 7s. 6d. THE ASTROLOGER'S GUIDE. Anima Astrologiae; OR, A Guide for Astrologers. Being the One Hundred and Forty-six Considerations of the Astrologer, Guido Bonatus, translated from the Latin by Henry Ooley, together with the choicest Aphorisms of the Seven Seg- ments of Jeroai Cakdak, of Milan, edited by William Lilly (1675) ; now first republished from the original edition with Notes and Preface BY WILLIAM CHARLES ELDON SERJEANT, " Mr. Serjeant deserves the thanks of all who are interested in astrology for rescuing this important work from oblivion The growing interest in mystical science will lead to a revival of astrological study, and advanced students will find this book an indispensable addition to their libraries. The book is well got up and printed." 1'heosophist. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEX. In the Press. Incidents in the Life OF Madame Blavatsky, Compiled from Information supplied by her Relatives and Friends, AND EDITED BY A. P. SINNETT. With a Portrait reproduced from an Original Painting by Hekmaxx SOHMIECHEN. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEX. MR. RED WAY'S PUBLICATIONS. 27 To be published shortly, handsomely printed and bound in one vol. Small demy 8vo., price 10s. 6c?. The Kabala Denudata (Translated into English), CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING BOOKS OF THE ZOHAR : i. The Book of Concealed Mystery. 2. The Greater Holy Assembly. 3. The Lesser Holy Assembly. Collated with the original Hebrew and the Latin text of Knorr de llosenroth's " Kabala Denudata," S. LLDDELL MACGREGOR MATHERS. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. Nearly ready. Price 1 s. Low Down. Wayside Thoughts in Ballad and other Verse. BY TWO TRAMPS. " This is a collection of short pieces, most of which can fairly be considered poetry no slight merit, as verse runs just now. Some of the pieces are singu- larly pathetic and mournful ; others, though in serious guise, are permeated by quaint humour ; and all of them are of considerable merit. From the variety and excellence of the contents of this bundle of poetical effusions, it is likely to attract a great number of readers, and many passages in it are particularly suitable for recitation." Army and Navy Gazette, Aug. 14, l.ssu. "But 'Low Down,' as it is called, has the distinction of being multi- coloured, each sheet of eight pages consisting of paper (if a special hue. To turn (jverthe leaves is, in fact, to enjoy a sort of kaleidoscopic effect, a glimpse of a literary rainbow. Moreover, to complete the pecularity of the thing, the various poems are printed, apparently at haphazard, in large orsmall type, as the case may be. There are those, perhaps, who would take such jokes too seriously, and bring them solemnly to the bar of taste, there to be as solemnly condemned, liut that is scarcely the right spirit in winch to regard them. There is room in life for the quaint and curious as well as for the neat and elegant." The Globe. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 28 MR. RKDWAY'S PUBLICATIONS. In crown 8vo., cloth. Price 7s. Gd. Theosophy, Religion, and Occult Science. BY HENRY S. OLCOTT, PRESIDENT OP THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. WITH GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS AND INDEX. "This book, to which wc can only allot an amount of space quite incom- mensurate with its intrinsic interest, is one that will appeal to the prepared student rather than to the general reader. To anyone who has previously made the acquaintance of such books as Mr. Sinnett's ' Occult World,' and ' Esoteric Buddhism,' or has in other ways familiarised himself with the doctrines of the so-called Theosophical Society or Brotherhood, these lectures of Colonel Olcott's will be. rich in interest and suggestiveness. The American officer is a person of undoubted social position and unblemished personal reputation, and his main object is not to secure belief in the reality of any ' phenomena,' not to win a barren reputation for himself as a thaumaturgist or wonder- worker, but to win acceptance for one of the oldest philosophies of nature and human life a philosophy to which of late years the thinkers of the West have been turning with noteworthy curiosity and interest. Of course, should the genuineness of the phenomena in question be satisfactorily estab- lished, there would undoubtedly be proof that the Eastern sages to whom Colonel Olcott bears witness do possess a knowledge of the laws of the physical universe far wider and more intimate than that which has been laboriously acquired by the inductive science of the West ; but the theosophy expounded in this volume is at once a theology, a metaphysie, and a socio- logy, in which mere marvels, as such, occupy a quite subordinate and unim- portant position. We cannot now discuss its claims, and we will not pro- nounce any opinion upon them ; we will only say that Colonel Olcott's volume deserves and will repay the study of all readers for whom the bye- ways of speculation have an irresistible charm." Manchester Examiner. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, CO VENT GARDEN. MR. REDWAY'S PUBLICATIONS. 29 Post free, price 3d. The Literature of Occultism and Archaeology. Being a Catalogue of Books ON SALE relating to Ancient Worships. Astrology. Alchemy. Animal Magnetism. Anthropology. Arabic. Assassins. Antiquities. Ancient History. Behmen and the Mystics. Buddhism. Clairvoyance. Cabeiri. China. Coins. Druids. Dreams and Visions. Divination. Divining Bod. Demonoloay. Ethnology. Egypt. Fascination. Flagellants. Freemasonry. Folk-Lore. Gnostics. Gems. Ghosts. Hindus. Hieroglyphics and Secret Writ- ing. Herbals. Hermetic. India and the Hindus. Kabbala. Koran. Miracles. Mirabilaries. Magic and Magicians. Mysteries. Mithraic Worship Mesmerism. Mythology. Metaphysics. Mysticism. Xeo-platonism. Orientalia. Obelisks. Oracles. Occult Sciences. Philology. Persian. Parsees. Philosophy. Physiognomy. Palmistry and Handwriting. Phrenology. Psychoneurology. Psychometry. Prophets. Bosicrucians. Bound Towers. Babbinical. Spiritualism, Skeptics, Jesuits, Christians and Quakers. Sibylla. Symbolism. Serpent Worship. Secret Societies. Somnambulism. Travels. Tombs. 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MR. redway's publications. 31 One vol., crown 8vo., 400 pages. Price 6s. A Regular Pickle : How He Sowed his Wild Oats. BY HENRY W. NESFIELD. " Mr'. Nesfield's name as an author is established on such a pleasantly sound foundation that it is a recognised fact that, in taking up a book written by him, the reader is in for a delightful half -hour, during which his risible and humorous faculties will be pleasantly stimulated. The history of young Archibald Highton Tregauntly, whose fortunes we follow from the cradle to when experience is just beginning to teach him a few wholesome lessons, is as smart and brisk as it is possible to be." Whitehall Reviev;. "It will be matter for regret if the brisk and lively style of Mr. Xesfield, who at times reminds us of Lever, should blind people to the downright wickedness of such a perverted career as is here described." Daily Chronicle. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COYENT GARDEN". In post 8vo., with numerous plates coloured by hand. Price Is. 6d. Geometrical Psychology ; OR, The Science of Representation. Being the Theories and Diagrams of B. W. Betts. EXPLAINED BY LOUISA S. COOK. " His attempt (B. W. Letts') seems to have taken a similar direction to that of George Boole in logic, with the difference that, whereas Boole's expres- sion of the Laws of Thought is algebraic, Betts expresses mind-growth geome- trically ; that is to say, his growth-formula; are expressed in numerical series, of which each can be pictured to : the eye in a corresponding curve. When the series are thus represented, they arc found to resemble the forms of leaves and flowers." Extract from " Symbolic Methods of Study," by Mary Boole. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COYENT GARDEN'. 32 MR. REDWAY'S PUBLICATIONS. NEW REALISTIC NOVEL. 620 pages, handsomely bound. Price 6.s. Leicester : AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY. BY FRANCIS W. L. ADAMS. "Even M. Zola and Mr. George Moore would find it hard to beat Mr- Adams's description of Rosy's death. 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Subscription, 10s. j>er annum. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 34 MR. REDWAY'S PUBLICATIONS. In large crown 8vo. In preparation. Sea Songs and River Rhymes. A Selection of English Veese, from Chaucer to Swinburne. EDITED BY Mrs. DAVENPORT ADAMS. With Etchings by MacJcaness. This is a Collection of Poems and Passages by English Writers on the subject of the Sea and Rivers, and covers the whole of the ground between Spenser and Tennyson. It includes numerous copyright Poems, for the reproduction of which the author and publishers have given their permission. "Mrs. W. Davenport Adams, who has produced many charming volumes of verse, has nearly ready ' Sea Songs and River Rhymes.' Mrs. Adams is sure to prepare an interesting work, for she displays considerable industry, coupled with sound scholarship and a cultivated taste." Wakefield Free Press. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. NEWLY-DISCOVERED POEM BY CHARLES LAMB. Beauty and the Beast ; OR, A Rough Outside with a Gentle Heart. By Charles Lamb. Now first reprinted from the Original Edition of 1811, with Preface and Notes RICHARD HERNE SHEPHERD. Only 100 Copies printed. Fcap. 8vo., printed on handsome paper at the Chiswick Press, and bound in parchment by Burn to form a companion volume to "Tamerlane." Price 10s. 6d. EORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MR. REPWAY'S PUBLICATIONS. 35 In small 8vo., handsomely printed on antique paper, and tastefully bound. Price 2s. Qd. Pope Joan (THE FEMALE POPE). A Historical Study. Translated from the Greek of Emmanuel Rhoidis, with Preface by CHARLES HASTINGS COLLETTE. "When Dr. DGllinger wrote to the effect that 'the subject of Pope Joan has not yet lost interest,,' he said no more than the truth. The probability is that the topic will always have its attractions for the lovers of the curiosities of history. 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" We cordially recommend this magazine to all those of our readers who are acquainted with the German language, as it promises to be one of the best extant periodicals treating of transcendental subjects." The The.osophM. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEN'. 36 MR. redway's publications. Transactions of the London Lodge of the Theosophical Society : Nos. 1 and 2. Out of print. No. 3. On the Higher Aspect of Theosophic Studies. By Mohini M. Chatterji. No. 4. A Synopsis of Baron Du Prel's " Philosophic der Mystik." By Bertram Keightley. No. 5 A Paper on Reincarnation. By Miss Arundale. And other Proceedings. No. 6. The Theosophical Movement. By A. P. SlNNETT. No. 7. The Higher Self. By A. P. SlNNETT. No. 8. The Theosophical Society and its Work. By Mohini M. CHATTERJI. No. 9. A Paper on Krishna. By Mohini M. Chatterji. No. 10. On Mesmerism. By A. P. SlNNETT. No. 11. Theosophy in the Works of Richard Wagner. By W. Ashton Ellis. Nos. 3 to 11, and each succeeding number as issued, may he had, price One Shilling. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEN. In the press. MR. SWINBURNE'S NEW POEM. A Word for the Navy ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE. Edition limited to 2fi0 copies, each numbered. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVEXT GARDEX. MR. RED WAY'S PUBLICATIONS. 37 A few copies only remain of the following important work, by the author of" The Iioaicrucians." P h a 1 1 i c i s m : Its connection with the Rosicrncians and the Gnostics, and its Foundation in Buddhism. BY HARGRAVE JENNINGS, AUTHOR OF "THE ROSICRCCIANS." Demy 8vo., cloth. " This book is written ad clerum, and appeals to the scholar only, and not to the multitude. It is a masterly and exhaustive account of that worship of the creative powers of nature which, under various names, has prevailed among all the nations of antiquity and of mediaeval times, alike in Egypt and India, in Italy and Gaul, among the Israelites of old, and among the primitive inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland .... a most valuable auxiliary to all who care to pursue such a subject of inquiry, a subject for which Mr. Jennings is the better fitted on account of his long and intimate acquaintance with the Rosicrucians, their tenets, and their practices." A id iijuaria nMa ijar.ua: and Bibliographer. " Unpleasant as this subject is, we are quite prepared to agree that in its scientific aspect, as a form of human worship, it lias considerable importance .... 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Browne), a Memoir," and "John Leech, Artist and Humourist." With a Portrait of "Boz," from a Drawing by Samuel Laurence. " This book is honestly what it pretends to be, and nothing more. It is a comprehensive catalogue of all the writings of Mr. Charles Dickens, and of a good quantity of books written about him. It also contains copious extracts from reviews of his works and from sermons on his character. The criticisms are so various, and some of them are so much at variance with others, that the reader of them cau complain of nothing less than a lack of material on which to form his judgment, if he has not formed it already, on the claim of Mr. Dickens to occupy a front place in the rank of English classics. Asser- tions, if not arguments, are multiplied on either side." Saturday Review. " Mr. Kitton 's task has obviously involved much labour and research, and it has, on the whole, been very ably performed." Scotsman. "The labour involved in the preparation of such a volume is, of course, enormous, but all Dickens students and collectors will thank Mr. Kitton for his work. The volume contains a finely-executed portrait of Dickens, from a drawing by Samuel Laurence." Graphic. " It is a very full and delightful book ; for open it at any page, and you are almost certain' to come upon some interesting fact or fancy, the thought of a man of genius, or an incident bearing on a memorable life and its work." St. James's Gazette. " A great deal that relates in numberless ways to the best known and most loved of English humorists will be found in this volume, certainly the most comprehensive that has yet essayed to illustrate his popularity from every personal and critical point of view." Du.ily Telegraph. "Mr. Fred. G. Kitton .... has done his work with remarkable thorough- ness, and consequently with real success. It is a subject on which I may fairly claim to speak, and I may say that all I know, and a great deal I did not know, about Dickens is to be found in Mr. Kitton's work." " Atlas," hi the World. " DICKENSIANA." " If with your Dickens-lore you'd make Considerable headway, The way to be well-read's to take This book brought out by REDWAY. 'Tis clear, exhaustive, and compact, Both well arranged and written ; A mine of anecdote and fact, Compiled by F. G. KITTON." Punch. GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. INDEX PAGE Astrology Tliealogized .. ..32 Anatomy of Tobacco 17 Anti/iuarian Study 24 Astrologer's Guide 26 Archeology and Occultism . . .. 20 Adams, F. W. L 32 Adams, Mrs. Davenport . . . . 34 Arundale, Miss 36 Baughan, Eosa 8, 14, 17 Blavatsky, H. P 21, 26 Burma 22 Batty, John 24 Bonatus 26 Browne, Habl6t K so Betts. B. W 31 Beauty and the Beast 34 Chirognomancy 17 Cosmo de' Medici 11 Curates Wife, Tlie 14 Colmav's Plays 19 Confessions of an English Hachish Eater 20 Cruikshank, George 25 Church, W. E 25 Cardan 26 Cook. Miss Louisa S 31 Collette, C. H 35 Chatterji, Mohini M 36 Pickens 5 Dickensiana 38 East Anglian 18 Eliplias Levi's Writings .. ..30 Forlong, Major-GeneralJ. G. R. . . 12 Forty Vezirs 13 Folk-Songs 23 Geometrical Psychology .. . . 31 George, G. M 7 (iibb, E. J. W 13 Greville Nugent 17 Hints to Collectors 5, 6 Hubbe-Schleiden, J. U 35 Heptamerov 10 Home, R. H 11 Hartmann, F. 10, 16 Hermes 33 Illumination 15 Incidents in the Life of Mme. Blavatsky 26 Ingram, John H 21 Johnson, C. P 5, 6 Jones, Ebenezer 24 Jones, Sumner 24 Judge, W. 33 Jennings, Hargrave 37 Keightlev, B 36 Kitton. F. G 13, 30, 38 Kent. Charles 7 Kabul" Denudata 27 Kingsford, Mrs. Anna, M.D. 32, 33 Lamb 34 Leech 13 Linton, W.J 24 Lillv 26 Leolinus Siluriensis 17 PAGE Lew Down 27 Literature of Occultism and Arch- eology 29 Leicester 32 Marchant, W. T 9 Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess. . 23 Mathers, S. L. M 27 Maitland, E 15 Machen, A 10 Magic 10 MountaineeringbelowtheSnowline 10 Naw 36 Nesrield, H. W 31 Northamptonshire Notes and Queries 30 Occult World Phenomena .. . . 16 Olcott. H. S 28 Occultism and Archeology .. . . 29 "Phiz" 30 Physiognomy 8 Primitive Symbolism 12 Palm istry 14 Panton, J. E 14 Paracelsus 16 Pope Joan 35 Praise of Ale 9 Poe 11,21 Paterson 10 Path, Tlie 33 Phallicism 37 Raven, Hie 21 Regular Pickle, A 31 Rideal, C. F 16 Rueing of Gudrun 18 Sphinx 35 Sultan Stork 3 Shevkh-Zada 13 Sinnett, A. P 15, 16, 26, 36 Sweeting, W. D 30 Spiritual Herm.eneutics .. .. 32 Sea Songs and River Rhymes .. 34 Shepherd, E. H. . . 11, 19, 24, 34 Swinburne, Bibliography of .. 4 Sithron 11 Scott, J. G 22 Studies of Sensation and Event . . 24 Serjeant," W. C. Eldon . . . . 26 Theoso)>hy, Religion, and Ocadt Science 28 Tobacco Talk 8 Thi'osophist. Tlie 21 Two Tramps 27 Transactions L. L. T. S 36 Thackeray 3,6,25 Tamerlane 11 United 15 Valley of Sorek 7 Virgin of the World 33 Wal ford's Anti'iuarian .. .. 20 "Westropp. H. Al 12 "Walford, E 2C Wellerisms 7 White, ('. H.Evelyn 18 Waite, A. E 30 Word for the Navy 30 I iM VI.A.Hl 1 KJMT V^n.JL.1.1 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below APR 1 1956 M?rm U 1989 Form L- 25 m-10, '44(2191) 3 1158 01201 0046 J iBiHMiWMiirifin Si? n GI0NAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 085 863 9