JUIV 20 1922 
 
 'BRARY 
 
 1 
 
 1 | I s Economics Circular No. 12. March> 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 HIHK WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 STATE CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 Introduction." What are the usual certification requirements in the. various 
 States?" is a question frequently sent to the. Bureau of Education. 
 
 Teachers in one State are interested when meditating a change of position to 
 another, and teacher training institutions are especially concerned when pre- 
 paring to place their graduates. 
 
 The following statements are either direct quotations from the State laws or 
 have been prepared or approved as correct by the State superintendent of public 
 instruction in the particular State referred to. 
 
 The reader should hold in mind the fact that many cities determine for them- 
 selves the qualifications! of their teachers. 1 
 
 City school requirements are. usually higher than the minimum set by the 
 State law. A concerted effort is now being made by the advocates of home 
 
 onomics education to have all home economics teachers meet requirements 
 
 equal to those demanded of other teachers in any one school system i e if aH 
 
 igh-school teachers of academic subjects must hold a bachelor's degree then 
 
 the special teachers of home economics should also be required to have completed 
 
 a four years' college course. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Every teacher in the public schools of Alabama must hold a certificate of some 
 kind. The certificates of the several grades and classes are issued on examina- 
 lon or on the completion of courses of professional study 
 
 Since October 1, 1920, special certificates to teach home economics and sup- 
 porting subjects have been issued on credentials of applicants. The educational 
 requirements to secure a certificate of this kind are graduation from an accred- 
 [ high school and two years of special training in home economics in an 
 institution of college rank. The applicant for a certificate of this kind is 
 required to show that 50 per cent of the time was devoted to home economics 
 1 supporting subjects, with as many as two semester hours of practice teach- 
 ing in home economics included as a part of the course. In the case of a person 
 who has had four years of work in home economics it is required that only 
 15 per cent of the time be given to this and related subjects. All special cer- 
 ssued on this basis are valid for 3 years and are subject to renewal on 
 
 ' See Bu. of Educ. Bull. 1917, No. 8, Current Practice in City School Administration " 
 9503522
 
 2 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 the basis of reading circle work, extension courses, and summer-school study at 
 an approved institution. 
 
 No special certificate to teach home economics is required of a teacher who 
 holds a regular certificate of some other kind under which she is qualified to 
 teach in the public schools of the State. Up to this time the State department 
 of education has not provided for the issuance of certificates in home economics 
 by examination, though it is probable that the development of this subject as a 
 public-school study will before many years lead to the issuance of certificates 
 in this way. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Vocational home economics certificates (Smith-Hughes) are given on comple- 
 tion of a 4-year course from a standard college or xmiversity giving fully stand- 
 ardized courses In home economics. At least 30 hours of the 120 hours usually 
 required for graduation should be given to home economics subjects. Eighteen 
 hours of education are required, credit for three of which may be secured on 
 one year or more of successful teaching experience. 
 
 Home economics certificates (not Smith-Hughes vocational) are given on 
 completion of an approved course in home economics above a high school. This 
 means at least a 2-year normal course in the specific subject. In actual prac- 
 tice the high schools of the State require graduation from the fully standardized 
 courses in home economics of a college or university. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 A 2-year course in home economics leads to a certificate, and the State board 
 may also issue certificate on examination. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 For the elementary schools, seven years of schooling beyond an elementary 
 school course, including one and one-half full years of professional training 
 and special training in home economics. For the secondary schools, eight 
 years of schooling beyond an elementary school course, with two full years 
 of professional training and training in home economics. In certain instances, 
 and upon individual examination, four or more years of experience as the head of 
 a household may be accepted in lieu of two years of the eight-year schooling 
 requirement for secondary teachers. Certification of home economics teachers 
 is dependent upon credentials authorized or issued by the State board of educa- 
 tion. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 A four years' college course is necessary for those desiring to teach in high 
 schools. For evening and part-time schools, two years of college work are re- 
 quired, though this may be waived under certain conditions. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Certificate is issued by State board of education upon examination to those 
 who have special preparation to teach, if they are to be paid by the town. 
 
 Town-school committees or high-school committees may certificate for local 
 high schools when teachers are paid by local committees. 
 
 On November 1, 1921, there were four Smith-Hughes departments of home 
 economics in high schools in the State, with five teachers employed. There 
 is also a department of home economics with two teachers at the Putnam State 
 Trade School. The State pays the entire salary of these teachers. Their certifi- 
 cation is based upon the following terms:
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 3 
 
 1. Practical experience. Teachers of home economics shall have had suffi- 
 cient practical experience to properly organize the work. 
 
 2. Professional training. Includes special home economics methods and 
 supervised teaching In home economics. 
 
 3. Training in home economics. Teachers must have been graduated from 
 a home economics department of a college or have had equivalent education or 
 training. 
 
 The 1st of next July (1923) a new system of certification covering all classes 
 of positions will be inaugurated. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 The city of Wilmington certificates its own teachers. For high schools outside 
 of Wilmington it is necessary for the applicant to have had a four years' college 
 course and to have specialized in home economics, including the art of teaching 
 the same. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Any eligible applicant presenting satisfactory evidence of possessing ability 
 to teach one or more subjects not embraced in the requirements for a second- 
 grade certificate, and passing a satisfactory oral and written examination on one 
 or more subjects, shall receive a special certificate on every subject on which a 
 grade of 90 per cent is made. A special certificate shall be valid for teaching 
 only the subjects covered by It and for five years from date of issue. 
 
 Any regular graduate of a standard university, college, or normal school re- 
 quiring a four-year course for graduation, having graduated therefrom since 
 June 15, 1905, and desiring a teacher's certificate in Florida, shall file an appli- 
 cation in the form prescribed by the State superintendent of public instruction, 
 which form shall contain, with other matter, a complete transcript of the ap- 
 plicant's college record, showing the branches pursued and completed, with the 
 grade made on each branch expressed on the basis of 100, and the number of 
 months each branch was pursued in the school reporting, with a certified copy 
 of his or her diploma, and satisfactory evidence of having taught school success- 
 fully for a period of 24 months after graduation, a fee of $5, and satisfactory 
 testimonials as to health and moral character with the State superintendent of 
 public instruction, who, with the president and dean of the normal department 
 of the Florida State College for Women, shall constitute a commission to review 
 and pass upon all applications for certificates based upon diplomas ; and the State 
 superintendent shall issue a graduate primary, a graduate first grade, a graduate 
 special, or a graduate State certificate, as the commission may determine. 
 
 The applicant's college record must be the same or equivalent as to branches 
 completed and grades made as is required for a primary, first grade, special, or 
 State certificate issued upon examination under sections 7, 10, 11, and 12 of this 
 act ; and all certificates issued under this section shall have the rights, privileges, 
 and benefits conferred upon those holding like certificates issued as the result 
 of examination. 
 
 The State superintendent of public instruction is hereby authorized to issue 
 to any applicant who files a valid teacher's certificate, or license to teach, issued 
 by or in a State other than the State of Florida, when such applicant is in- 
 dorsed and recommended by the superintendent of public instruction of the county 
 wherein such applicant has been elected or employed to teach, a courtesy tem- 
 porary certificate valid for two months, except as otherwise provided, authoriz- 
 ing the applicant to teach in the school and that school only, and the subjects and 
 only the subjects embraced in the certificate, or license filed : Provided, That 
 the holder of such courtesy temporary certificate must obtain, on or before the
 
 4 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 expiration of said two months, a regular Florida certificate under this chapter : 
 Provided further, That should the holder of such courtesy temporary certificate 
 fail upon examination to merit a certificate or fail to be awarded by the com- 
 mission a certificate based upon a diploma from a standard university, college, 
 or four-year normal school, the said courtesy temporary certificate shall be void 
 at once and no other temporary certificate shall be issued to said person ; or if 
 the certificate merited upon examination or awarded by the commission does not 
 embrace each and all the subjects set out in said courtesy temporary certificate, 
 then the authority to teach the subject or subjects not so embraced shall im- 
 mediately terminate. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 To teach in the Georgia schools the applicant must, at least, have graduated 
 from a standard high school and have a degree or approved training in home 
 economics and in the science and art of teaching. 
 
 For Smith-Hughes schools the full four-year home economics course at the 
 State College of Agriculture or of institutions of equal rank and practical ex- 
 perience are essential. 
 
 For vocational part-time and evening schools temporary vocational certifi- 
 cates may be granted to teachers not having the required professional train- 
 ing but who, with large practical experience, demonstrate their ability to teach 
 successfully. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 The applicant for a position in home economics in Idaho must be a graduate 
 from an approved high school and must have had not less than a two-year 
 course in home economics in an approved college or school. She must also pass 
 an examination in Idaho civil government and school law and in the Idaho 
 Manual and Course of Study. Vocational day-school teachers must have a 
 degree of bachelor of science in home economics or the equivalent, 12 weeks 
 of practical teaching, and 2 years' practical experience in household admin- 
 istration. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 In order to be certified for high-school teaching in Illinois, the applicant must 
 be graduated from an organized college or university and must present within 
 three years after graduation certified credits in the subjects she wishes to 
 teach, accompanied by faculty recommendation of ability to teach in high school. 
 
 Special certificates are granted to applicants who present the following: (A) 
 Evidence of graduation from a four-year high-school or equivalent preparation ; 
 (B) a certificate showing the completion of at least two years of special train- 
 ing in the subject or subjects named on the certificate in a recognized higher 
 institution; (C) credits for eight semester hours in English and six semester 
 hours in education; (D) satisfactory evidence that the applicant has taught 
 or can teach successfully the subject or subjects for which a special certificate 
 is desired. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Graduation from an approved two-year teachers' course, with special train- 
 ing courses in the subject for which the certificate is issued. Vocational high 
 schools under Smith-Hughes act employ only such teachers as have had a four- 
 year college course and practical home experience. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Certification is secured by examination in special subjects or groups of sub- 
 jects, by completion of a two years' normal course, or by graduation from the
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 5 
 
 State Agricultural College or State Normal. For vocational day schools, four 
 years of college work beyond the high school and two years of practical ex- 
 perience are- required ; for evening and part-time vocational schools, two years 
 in home economics college course, or equivalent practical experience. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 In Kansas a four-year course in an accredited high school and a two-year 
 course of study (60 semester hours) in normal school, college, or university, 
 approved for this purpose by the State board of education. Advanced or college 
 study must be sufficient to earn not less than 60 semester hours, including not 
 less than 28 semester hours in horn,e economics and 3 semester hours each in 
 general psychology, methods of teaching, and school management, or other 
 equivalent branches in education. For vocational day schools expecting Smith- 
 Hughes reimbursement, the applicant must have had a four-year course in 
 home economics and two years' practical experience in a home. In evening and 
 part-time schools, teachers of food classes must have had a four-year course 
 in college, but for teachers of other home economics subjects the " rules will be 
 modified to suit the needs of the case." 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Home economics teachers in the elementary and high schools of Kentucky 
 are expected to have had a two-year home economics college course. Teachers 
 in Smith-Hughes vocational day schools must have had a four-year home eco- 
 nomics college course. Teachers for evening and part-time classes must show 
 " sufficient training to present, work in a satisfactory manner," and have had 
 two years of practical experience. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 For the session of 1921-22, home economics teachers are required to be cred- 
 ited with, as many as 36 college hours (a* college course of two years, majoring 
 in home economics) ; for the session of 1922-23, the requirement will be 40 
 college hours ; and thereafter these teachers will have to meet the standards 
 prescribed for other high-school teachers. The standard for the session of 
 1923-24 will be 64 college hours, just 4 hours short of college graduation. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 A two years' normal course in home economics leads to a certificate. For 
 vocational day schools the teacher must have had training " equal to that given 
 at the University of Maine." For evening and part-time vocational schools, 
 " teachers of unit subjects must have sufficient education and culture to assemble 
 and impart knowledge, and must have pedagogical coaching and be skilled in 
 the work they are to teach." 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Supervisors of home economics must have had four years of high school and 
 four years of college work, practically one-half of which was in general academic 
 subjects and approximately one-half in home economics, including not less 
 than 200 recitation hours in history of education and in the art of teaching and 
 supervising home economics, and must have had four years' teaching experience, 
 two of them being in home economics. Teachers of home economics must have 
 had four years of high school and at least two years of college work, approxi-
 
 6 CERTIFICATION' OP HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 mately one-third of which must have been in academic subjects and two-thirds 
 in home economics, including 200 recitation hours in education and in the art 
 of teaching home economics. For vocational day schools, a teacher must have 
 had at least two years, preferably four years, above graduation from high school 
 and successful practice teaching, or successful teaching experience, and also 
 two years of practical experience, including management of a home. For voca- 
 tional evening schools, a teacher must have had an elementary-school educa- 
 tion, supplemented by some high-school education, and ability to present such 
 matter successfully, with well-established skill in handling house or trade 
 problems. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Graduates of a three years' course in household arts at Framingham Normal 
 School are certified on the recommendation of the principal of that school. For 
 independent vocational schools, vocational household arts departments in high 
 schools and compulsory continuation schools for girls, the applicant must have 
 completed elementary and secondary schools or an equivalent; have had at 
 least one year of special technical training beyond the high school in the 
 special subject taught, and two years of practical household or trade experi- 
 ence. For vocational evening schools, completion of an elementary education 
 and four years of experience in the special trade taught. For teachers of 
 cookery, an approved course in the theory and practice of cooking. For teachers 
 of home nursing, graduation from an approved hospital. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Teachers are certificated for teaching in either elementary or high schools at 
 the completion of a two years' course in the normal school or in a similar insti- 
 tution. Vocational day school teachers must have graduated from a four-year 
 college course, or must be " working to meet that condition." They must have 
 also had two years of experience in a home. " In case professionally trained 
 teachers are not available, women of, other trades or professions with actual 
 experience may be employed." " Persons who complete the four-year college 
 course in home economics, together with practical work and practice teaching, 
 are granted life certificates by the State board of education upon recommenda- 
 tion o'f the institution which is approved by said board." 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Since 1915 Minnesota has required that all teachers of home economics In 
 the high schools be graduates of the home economics teachers' course of the 
 State university or other institutions of similar standing. For vocational 
 schools, the teacher must have had a four-year home economics college course, 
 adequate vocational experience, and 15 hours of professional training. For 
 evening schools, the applicant must have had at least three years of successful 
 experience in the work to be taught, present satisfactory evidence of ability 
 to teach the home economics subject for which the certificate is issued, and must 
 present credentials for the completion of an established teacher-training course. 
 For part-time schools, the applicant must show ability to impart information 
 and must have had three years' practical experience in the subject to be taught 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 There is no law at present that states the exact qualifications for home eco- 
 nomics teachers. Efforts are being made to put the following regulation into 
 effect, however, that no person shall be given examination for home economics
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 7 
 
 license who has not had as much as two years above high-school training, with 
 special work in home economics. The vocational requirements are that they 
 must have completed a four-year course as outlined at the teacher-training 
 institution for vocational home economics for the whites and a three-year 
 course as outlined for the colored. Some exceptions are made to these rules at 
 present, due to the fact that there are not enough teachers meeting the maxi- 
 mum requirements. There are some junior colleges in the State that are meet- 
 ing the minimum requirements. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Certificates are granted: (a) Graduates from colleges with training in the 
 special suhject; (ft) graduates of schools of higher rank which prepare special 
 teachers, provided that the course includes two hours of education throughout 
 one year. Vocational day high schools require that the teacher have four years 
 above high school and two years of home experience. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 A certificate to teach home economics is issued to any teacher who presents 
 satisfactory evidence of special proficiency for teaching that subject, as shown 
 by a certificate or credential held by such teacher. Teachers in Smith-Hughes 
 schools must present evidence of a four years' college course in home eco- 
 nomics. 
 
 Special certificates to teach home economics do not qualify holders to teach 
 academic subjects. In order to secure a State certificate by indorsement and 
 thus be qualified to teach other subjects, the applicant must hold a diploma 
 from a standard normal course two years in advance of a four-year high school 
 or from a four-year standard course with credits in 11 hours of professional 
 work, education, psychology, etc. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Certificates are issued at the completion of a two years' course in normal 
 schools. Smith-Hughes day schools require that the teacher shall have had 
 four years of college course and two years of practical experience. For even- 
 ing and part-time schools, the applicant must have had two years of practical 
 experience and one-year normal course, but sufficient training to insure success. 
 Those teachers desiring to teach food courses must have had a two years college 
 course. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Certificates to teach home economics in the State of Nevada are issued at the 
 discretion of the State board, when the applicant is qualified to teach any of 
 the subjects specified. For vocational day schools, the applicant must have 
 had two years' experience in home management and four years' college course 
 in home economics, or show unusual training and ability, together with two 
 years' specialized training in home economics. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 The State College at Durham provides four-year courses under the Smith- 
 Hughes law which lead to certification for teachers in junior and senior high 
 schools. 
 
 The two normal schools Plymouth and Keene offer three-year courses 
 which lead to certification for teaching in junior and senior high schools, pro- 
 vided that not less than 80 per cent of their teaching be in their standardized 
 subject
 
 8 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 (For temporary special license see Rules 78-82 and 87.) 
 
 To receive a special certificate an applicant must comply with Rule 11, and 
 unless exempted under the provisions of Rule 12 with such other conditions as 
 may be specifically required under the respective certificates. 
 
 A limited special certificate (unless otherwise stated) is valid for one year. 
 At the end of the year it may, under the provisions of Rule 7, be renewed with- 
 out examination for two years. 
 
 A limited special certificate may, under the provisions of Rule 7, be made 
 permanent, without examination, after three years of successful teaching. 
 
 A special certificate entitles the holder to teach any grade in the subject or 
 subjects covered by such certificate, and except in the case of the manual train- 
 Ing teaching certificate, to supervise in any grade in the subject or subjects cov- 
 ered by such certificate. 
 
 GENEKAL REQUIREMENTS FOB ALL CERTIFICATES. 
 
 Rule 11. To receive a certificate an applicant shall : 
 a. Be at least 18 years old ; 
 6. File testimonials as to moral character ; 
 
 c. File a physician's certificate that he is in good health and free from any 
 
 disease or physical defect that might interfere with his success as a 
 teacher ; 
 
 d. File, in case of previous experience, testimonials as to his success in 
 
 teaching, with a written statement giving the places in which he has 
 taught and the term of service in each. 1 
 Rule 12. Exemption from examinations may be obtained in the following way : 
 
 A. By presenting for indorsement a diploma, certificate, or another record, as 
 indicated in (1), (2), and (3) following, an applicant may be exempted from 
 examination in the subjects covered by the document presented. 
 
 (1) The diploma of an approved college, subject to the specific requirements 
 of the various classes of cert'ficates hereinafter described. 
 
 (2) A New Jersey county certificate other than special, or a New Jersey State 
 certificate, provided such certificate shall have been in full force and effect in 
 this State within five years next preceding the date of the stated examination at 
 which the applicant presents itself. 
 
 (3) Records from approved universities, colleges, technical schools, or ap- 
 proved summer schools of the satisfactory completion of a course of study in any 
 subject required for any grade of certificate, provided the record of the same be 
 submitted under seal or affidavit of the institution, and subject to the specific 
 requirements of the various classes of certificates hereinafter described. 
 
 B. By presenting for indorsement a diploma from a State normal school 
 outside the State, as indicated in (1), (2), or (3) following, an applicant for a 
 permanent elementary certificate may be exempted from examination in the 
 subjects required for that certificate. This can be done, however, on terms of 
 rec'procity only, except that normal-school diplomas, issued in States which do 
 not have a State system of certification, and which are therefore unable to grant 
 said reciprocal privileges, may be indorsed as herein provided. 
 
 (1) The diploma of a State normal school in another State, provided that 
 such normal-school diploma covers work equivalent to that required in this 
 State for a normal-school diploma. 
 
 1 Certified copies of testimonials will be accepted in lieu of originals.
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 9 
 
 (2) The diploma of a State normal school in another State, provided that 
 the holder of said diploma shall also hold a certificate of graduation from a 
 course of study of at least three years in a high school or private secondary school 
 approved by said State; and provided further, that the applicant shall have 
 taught successfully for at least three years. In each case the State board of 
 examiners may determine whether or not the applicant has taught successfully. 
 
 (3) The diploma of a State normal school in another State, based upon one 
 year of study in such school, provided that the holder thereof shall have been 
 graduated from a four-year course in a high school or private secondary school 
 approved by said State, and shall have been graduated from a one-year course 
 in a training class approved by said State, and shall also have taught success- 
 fully for at least one year before entering said State normal school. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 There are no laws or requirements relating to the certification of home- 
 economics teachers in elementary or high schools other than the general rules 
 and regulations for certificating teachers for regular school positions. In 
 schools, however, receiving reimbursement from Federal and State funds 
 for instruction in vocational home economics, the State plans require that the 
 teacher shall be a graduate of a four-year college course in home economics. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 In New York State all teachers of home economics must have graduated 
 from an approved four-year high-school course and must have had two years 
 of special professional training in an approved institution. 
 
 For State-aided departments of home making teachers must have graduated 
 from an approved four years' professional course of college rank. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Certificates to teach home economics are granted to graduates from the 
 State College for Women at Greensboro or graduates from colleges of equal 
 rank. For vocational day schools the teacher must have had a four years' 
 college course in home economics, two years of practical household experience, 
 and 12 semester hours of education. For evening and part-time schools the 
 applicant must have had two years of home experience and two years' course 
 in home economics of college grade, or a special concentrated course, espe- 
 cially planned for the specific purpose of training said teachers. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Completion of a two years' course in the normal schools of North Dakota 
 results in a special certificate for the teaching of home economics. Smith- 
 Hughes Schools require that the teacher shall have completed a four years' 
 college course. 
 
 Graduation from accredited normal schools or teachers' colleges outside of 
 North Dakota is also accepted as a basis for the issuance of domestic science 
 certificates. Also if an applicant has had two years in advance of high 
 school and holds a diploma granted upon the completion of a prescribed 
 course in domestic science. 
 
 Special certificates to teach (1) agriculture, (2) commercial subjects, (3) 
 domestic science, or (4) manual and industrial training in the common graded 
 or high schools of the State, may be issued to applicants who possess qualifica-
 
 10 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 tions equivalent to those required for a second-grade professional certificate. 
 The applicant for a special certificate must satisfy the State superintendent 
 of public instruction by examination or otherwise of his proficiency in the 
 subject which the holder is authorized to teach. Special certificates shall be 
 valid for such a term of years as the State superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion shall prescribe. 
 
 The standard established by law for such a certificate is (a) completion of a 
 four- year high-schoool course or the equivalent, (b) a two-year course of prepa- 
 ration in the special subject or subjects in an approved school and a certificate 
 or diploma of graduation, and (c) such professional (teacher-training) content 
 in the course as the superintendent of public instruction requires. 
 
 The department has not up to the present time worked out exact standards on 
 which to approve schools and courses to prepare special teachers. It is evident 
 that there would have to be standards different in some respects for almost every 
 such special subject. It is also evident that in some subjects at least a two-year 
 course is rather a long course ; while in agriculture and some other branches 
 it Is a short course. 
 
 A course offered for the preparation of any such teachers is reviewed, and if 
 it seems to include a good preparation for a public-school teacher of the subject, 
 It is approved. The minimum teacher-training content that is acceptable is 18 
 semester hours. (A semester hour is the credit for a course requiring one hour 
 about 55 minutes in the clear of classroom work per week for 18 to 20 weeks. 
 The outside work in preparation for a classroom exercise should take about 
 two hours.) The following is the standard of professional work (figures repre- 
 sent semester hours) : 
 
 Educational psychology 3 
 
 Principles of teaching 3 
 
 Methods in the special subject 4 
 
 Organization of work and management of classes- 2 
 
 History of modern education 3 
 
 Observation of teaching and practice teaching 3 
 
 The practice teaching should be for not fewer than 36 clock hours. It should 
 be preceded by plans and followed by conferences. The observation should be 
 properly prepared for and followed up. The practice teaching, or most of it, 
 should be in pblic schools the normal teaching situation. 
 
 Sufficient work in English must be required to make certain that the teacher 
 will use the language with the skill needed in instructing classes. 
 
 The minimum credit in any subject included in a group, as commercial 
 branches, shall be not less than 10 semester hours in addition to the prerequisite 
 high-school units for a minor. Two high-school units in commercial branches 
 are prerequisite. 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 SPECIAL HIGH-SCHOOL STATE CERTIFICATES. 
 
 (Valid to teach or supervise in special subjects, such as drawing, manual arts, domestic 
 science, and commercial work.) 
 
 Five-year special high-school State certificates. These are issued to grad- 
 uates of accredited normal schools and colleges who have completed a standard 
 course in the special subject for which the certificate is desired and 16 hours in 
 psychology and education. 
 
 Also to graduates of four-year accredited high schools who have spent two 
 full years in some recognized institution and have completed a standard course 
 in the subject for which the certificate is desired and 16 hours in psychology 
 and education. This certificate may be renewed at expiration for a like period, 
 provided the holder has taught in Oklahoma during the period of its validity.
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 11 
 
 One-year special high-school State certificates. An applicant for a special 
 high-school certificate who has completed the work mentioned in paragraph 
 19 or 20 above in an institution outside of Oklahoma will be issued a certificate 
 valid for one year. Such a certificate may be renewed for five years when the 
 holder has taught successfully in Oklahoma one year and has completed a term 
 of work in an accredited educational institution of Oklahoma. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Certificates are issued to those who have been graduated from a standard 
 course in a standard technical school which requires graduation from a stand- 
 ard high school for entrance and which requires four years of work for gradua- 
 tion. The vocational day school requires two years of practical experience 
 and a four years' college course, including such professional courses as the 
 State board requires for the certification of other high-school teachers. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 A minimum of two years of work, including 200 hours of education, at least 
 60 of which must have been in practice teaching, and two years of approved 
 practical experience are required for certification in general education and 
 vocational education in home economics. Curriculums must be planned and 
 approved for general or for vocational home economics education. Institutions 
 are encouraged to offer four-year curriculums whenever possible. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 No examinations in home economics subjects are given for certification. 
 Only persons who present satisfactory evidence of preparation for service may 
 be certificated. Certificates are either professional or provisional. For pro- 
 fessional certification limited to home economics subjects the applicant must 
 show graduation from a college or normal school with specific training in home 
 economics, including professional training for teaching. For provisional cer- 
 tification, smaller academic preparation, or satisfactory examination in aca- 
 demic subjects, plus specific preparation for teaching home economics. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 No report was received. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 CERTIFICATES ISSUED ON SCHOOL CREDENTIALS. 
 
 Granted only to graduates of standard normal courses requiring at least 
 two years' work beyond a standard four-year high-school course or its equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 In passing upon an application, both the high-school and normal courses 
 will be considered. The standards set for South Dakota high schools and nor- 
 mal schools will be strictly adhered to. 
 
 The following subjects must appear in every complete course: 
 English, 108 weeks. 
 Mathematics : 
 
 Algebra, to quadratics, 36 weeks. 
 Plane geometry, 36 weeks. 
 History : 
 
 American (including civics), taken after the tenth grade, 36 weeks. 
 European (may be either ancient, medieval, modern, or English), 36 
 
 weeks. 
 
 Science (may be either physics, physical geography, botany and zoology, 
 chemistry, agriculture, or general science), 36 weeks.
 
 12 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 Physics or chemistry must not be taken before third year of course and 
 should include laboratory work. 
 
 The normal course must include a minimum of 15 semester hours in peda- 
 gogy and professional training. A deficiency in this subject may be made up 
 by examination. 
 
 Total attendance in the secondary and in the normal school shall be 216 
 weeks above the eighth grade, provided that any normal school may accept 
 satisfactory credits covering 20 weeks' work above the eighth grade. 
 
 Experience : Applicants must show 18 months' successful teaching experience. 
 
 Valid in any school of the State for work below the high school and first 
 year of high school only, unless issued prior to July 1, 1919, bearing the 
 eligibility stamp. 
 
 Term, five years. 
 
 Renewable, on same conditions as first grade. 
 
 Fee, $5 for issuance or renewal, to be paid to superintendent of public 
 instruction. 
 
 PROVISIONAL STATE CERTIFICATES. 1 
 
 Issued to graduates of normal courses whose scholastic attainments are 
 sufficient either for the State certificate or life diploma, but who lack the 
 required teaching experience to qualify for same or to those whose teaching 
 is not satisfactory and to those who have never taught under our supervision. 
 
 STATE CERTIFICATES. 
 
 Applicant must show proficiency (a) in orthography, reading, penmanship, 
 arithmetic, geography, grammar, physiology and hygiene, United States his- 
 tory, including South Dakota history, civil government, and drawing; and (b) 
 pass a satisfactory examination in American literature, algebra, plane 
 geometry, physical geography, physics or botany, general history, rhetoric and 
 composition, and pedagogy, (c) The minimum standing is 70 per cent and 
 the required average is 80 per cent. 
 
 VOCATIONAL CERTIFICATES. 
 
 Applicant must show proficiency in all the subjects required for a State 
 certificate except current events and American literature, and* in addition 
 must show proficiency in the particular vocational subject or subjects to be 
 taught, for which the certificate is desired. 1 
 
 Experience, none required. 
 
 Validity, valid for subject or subjects specified on certificate in any school 
 in State. 
 
 Term, five years. 
 
 Renewable, upon presentation by the applicant of evidence of continued and 
 successful teaching experience. 
 
 Fee, $5 for issuance or renewal, to be paid to the superintendent of public 
 instruction. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 The normal schools offer a two years' home economics course above high 
 school which entitles the applicant to a certificate to teach except in first-class 
 high schools. 
 
 1 Issued only on credentials. 
 
 Vocational certificates may be issued to teachers engaged exclusively in teaching 
 manual training, domestic science, music, drawing, commercial subjects, penmanship, 
 kindergarten methods, or art.
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 13 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 At present the work of no home economics teacher Is accredited on less than 
 two years of college preparation for teaching home economics. 
 
 Until 1925 teachers of home economics will not be required by law to hold 
 a State certificate. 
 
 Certificates authorizing the holders to teach the special subjects of agricul- 
 ture, domestic art, domestic science, commercial subjects, public-school draw- 
 Ing, expression, manual training, physical training, public-school music, vocal 
 music, instrumental music, industrial training, or foreign language may be 
 granted to applicants as follows : 
 
 An applicant who has met the college entrance requirements of any Texas 
 State normal college, or any university, senior college, junior college, or nor- 
 mal college which is ranked as first class by the State superintendent of public 
 instruction, and, in addition thereto, has satisfactorily completed 10 college 
 courses, at least 1 of which shall be in English, at least 1 of which shall be in 
 education, and at least 1 of which shall be in the special subject on which the 
 certificate is issued, these courses to be taken in any Texas State normal col- 
 lege, or any university, senior college, junior college, or normal college which 
 is ranked as first class by the State superintendent of public instruction, shall 
 be entitled to receive a special certificate authorizing him to make contract to 
 teach his special subject, which special certificate shall be valid until the third 
 anniversity of the 31st day of August of the scholastic year in which the cer- 
 tificate was issued : Provided, That one of these courses must include special 
 methods of teaching the subject on which the certificate is granted. 
 
 An applicant who has met the college entrance requirements of any Texas 
 State normal college, or any university, senior college, or normal college which 
 is ranked as first class by the State superintendent of public instruction, and, 
 in addition thereto, has satisfactorily completed 15 college courses, at least \ 
 of which shall be in English, at least 1 of which shall be in 'education, and at 
 least 3 of which shall be in the subject on which the certificate is granted, these 
 courses to be taken in any Texas State normal college, or any university, or 
 senior college, or normal college ranked as first class by the State superintend- 
 ent of public instruction, shall be entitled to receive a certificate entitling him 
 to contract to teach his special subject, which certificate shall be valid until the 
 fourth anniversary of the 31st day of August of the scholastic year in which 
 the certificate is granted. 
 
 It is especially herein provided that the holder of a special kindergarten cer- 
 tificate, or a special certificate in commercial subjects, public-school music, 
 public-school drawing, or physical training, on the completion of three years of 
 teaching the special subject during the validity of his certificate or certificates 
 shall be entitled to receive a permanent special certificate in his subject, valid 
 for use in the public schools, unless canceled by lawful authority. 
 
 An applicant who has met the college entrance requirements of any Texas 
 State normal college, or any university or senior college or normal college 
 ranked as first class by the State department of education, and in addition 
 thereto has completed 20 college courses, at least 1 of which shall be in English, 
 at least 1 of which shall be in education, and at least 4 of which shall be in 
 his special subject, these courses to be taken in any Texas State normal college, 
 senior college, or normal college ranked by the State superintendent of public 
 instruction as a college of the first class, shall be entitled to receive a perma- 
 nent certificate in his special subject, valid for life unless canceled by lawful 
 authority, provided that the college courses shall include special methods of 
 teaching the subject on which the certificate is issued.
 
 14 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 After September 1, 1925, teachers who devote the major portion of their time 
 to teaching or supervising special subjects shall be required to hold a high- 
 school certificate or a special certificate, as provided for in this act, on the 
 special subject in which they give instruction or supervise work. 
 
 For the scholastic year of 1920-21 Texas universities and colleges shall have 
 the right, if preferred, to continue their former laws granting privileges on 
 which they have made pledges to their students, to fulfill the pledges authorized 
 by these former laws. 
 
 After consultation with the attorney general's department, the State superin- 
 tendent has interpreted the preceding paragraph to have the following meaning : 
 
 Any student who attends school at an approved college during the session of 
 1920-21 may exercise a choice as to whether he will complete his work accord- 
 ing to the terms of the new law, provided that he completes his work by Sep- 
 tember 1, 1925. In order to have this privilege he must be in attendance at the 
 school during the regular session or the summer session of 1920-21. A student 
 who is not in attendance at such a school during the regular session or the 
 summer session of the present scholastic year must complete his college work 
 under the terms of the new law. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Certificates are issued to applicants who present evidence satisfactory to the 
 State board of education that they have a high degree of special fitness to teach 
 the subject. This statement applies to teachers of domestic art but not to 
 teachers of domestic science, except by special action of the State board. 
 Under the present requirements of the board, teachers of domestic science in 
 the high schools are expected to qualify by completing a standard four-years' 
 course, including approximately one year in education and closely related 
 subjects. 
 
 Smith-Hughes schools require four years' college course in home economics 
 and two years' practical experience. Evening schools require two years of 
 practical experience and nine hours of professional training. Part of the above 
 requirements may be waived. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 No certificate of any kind is issued in Vermont to anyone having less than 
 one year of professional training. Special certificates are given for teachers 
 of home economics, provided the applicants are graduates from approved 
 institutions having a home-economics course of not less than two years. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Special certificates to teach home economics are issued to applicants who 
 have completed a two years' home-economics course of study which was based 
 on graduation from high school. Provisional certificates may be issued to 
 those who have completed a part of the work, which certificate is valid for 
 one year only. Smith-Hughes schools require a four years' college or normal 
 course and one year of experience in the management of a home. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 The University of Washington and the Washington State College are recog- 
 nized as teacher-training institutions and grant normal diplomas for teachin.tr 
 home economics to those of its graduates who have majored in home economics 
 and who have completed not less than 12 semester hours in the department 
 of education. The normal schools of Washington offer a two and a three year
 
 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOM 
 
 A 
 
 course in home economics, which leads to a certificate to teach the subject in 
 the State. Special certificates are also issued by the county school superin- 
 tendent or by the city superintendent in a school district of the first class to 
 teachers who show special fitness and who have completed not less than two 
 years of work above the four-year high-school course, provided the applica- 
 tions for such special certificates are approved by the State superintendent 
 of public instruction. Vocational day-school teachers must have completed a 
 four-year college course in home economics, which includes 12 semester hours 
 in education, and must have had two years of practical experience in house- 
 hold administration. For part-time schools the applicant must have had two 
 years of practical experience and two years of technical training, and, in addi- 
 tion, at least one course in methods of teaching home-economics subjects. 
 For evening schools the applicant must have had two years of successful 
 experience in the work taught, and present evidence of teaching ability and 
 credentials of the completion of a teacher-training course in special methods or 
 its equivalent. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Certain cities in West Virginia make their own decision as to the qualifica- 
 tions of their teachers. Certificates are issued by the State board by exami- 
 nations or upon completion of courses approved by the State board with at least 
 10 semester hours of credit in professional subjects. The vocational day-school 
 teachers must have had four-years' course in home economics and two years' 
 practical experience. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Certificates are issued for the teaching of domestic science, manual training, 
 agriculture, etc., upon satisfactory evidence of the completion of a two-year 
 course equivalent to that given by the normal schools of the State which offer 
 such instruction and by the University of Wisconsin. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Special certificates to teach home economics are issued to graduates from 
 four-year high schools with 2 additional years of special preparation in home 
 economics. They are also issued to college graduates. 
 
 SPECIAL CERTIFICATES. 
 
 Basis Credentials. 
 Requirements : 
 Academic 
 
 High school four years and graduation from standard technical school 
 (two-year course) or graduation from standard college with major 
 (special technical subject) 25 hours, English 4 hours. 
 Professional 
 
 Six hours in education, including principle of teaching. Provided 
 applicant has no credit in education, he may qualify by taking 
 examination and making minimum grade or 80 per cent in principles 
 of teaching and special methods. 
 Experience-- 
 Two years. 
 Validity- 
 Period Life. 
 
 Position To teach special subjects named on certificate. 
 Validation (See regulations for validation of life certificates.)
 
 16 CERTIFICATION OF HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS. 
 
 Applicants for certificates upon the credential basis must have been engaged 
 in education work within four years preceding the time of application. Credit 
 may be made valid for certification by the holder complying with the require- 
 ments for validation of certificates. 
 
 HOME ECONOMICS. SMITH-HUGHES. 
 
 For all-day schools. 
 Requirements: 
 
 Academic training 
 
 Graduation from a four-year course in home economics In a standard 
 college or university, with at least 50 per cent of the work in home 
 economics and related subjects. 
 Professional training 
 
 Fifteen semester hours of credit in education, including some work in 
 
 methods of teaching home economics. 
 Vocational experience 
 
 At least two years of home-making experience, a part of which must 
 
 have been in the actual management of a home. 
 Teaching experience 
 
 Three years. 
 Validity- 
 Period Life. 
 Subjects Home economics and related subjects in day, evening, and 
 
 part-time schools. 
 
 For persons who may satisfy the above requirements, with the exception of 
 the necessary teaching experience, a provisional certificate will be issued valid 
 for three years. After three years of successful teaching experience, this may 
 be exchanged for the regular vocational home-economics certificate. 
 
 When impossible to secure desirable home-economics teachers with the re- 
 quired professional training, a provisional certificate may be issued valid for 
 one year. The holder of each certificate will be required to secure at least 
 five semester hours of credit, or such sYnaller number as will enable her to 
 meet the above requirements in professional work during the life of the cer- 
 tificate. Having complied with this condition, a second and third certificate 
 may be issued on the same conditions. 
 
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