UC-NRLF 
 
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IKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM 
 
 S. A. BARRETT 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 tMtVCRSITY OF 
 CAUfQVNIA 
 
 DSJTHROPOLOGY 
 
 MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM 
 FROM S. A. BARRETT 
 
8, A. BARRET! 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOLUME 59, NUMBER 1 
 
 THE NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS, 
 EGYPT 
 
 WITH THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. ALES HRDLICKA 1 
 
 Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum 
 
 1 
 
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 (PUBLICATION 2071) 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
 
 1912 
 
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 
 
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 ANTHROP. 
 LIBRARY 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Introduction I 
 
 2. Geographical and historical notes on the Great Oasis 3 
 
 3. Recent data on the Kharga Oasis people 7 
 
 4. General observations and information gathered by the writer 9 
 
 Environment 9 
 
 Social and medical records 13 
 
 5. Vital statistics of the Kharga Oasis 16 
 
 Population in 1907 16 
 
 Births and Deaths 17 
 
 Vital statistics of Kharga Village for five years 17 
 
 Vital statistics of Gennah Village for five years 18 
 
 Vital statistics of Boulac and Beris for one year 18 
 
 Sex rate 19 
 
 Vital statistics of Kharga and Gennah by quarters 20 
 
 Births and deaths at Kharga by months 21 
 
 Resume of vital statistics 21 
 
 6. Physiological observations on the Kharga Oasis natives 22 
 
 Pulse 23 
 
 Respiration 24 
 
 Temperature 26 
 
 Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to age 27 
 
 Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to extremes of 
 
 stature 28 
 
 Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to vigor 28 
 
 Muscular strength 29 
 
 Pressure force in hands 30 
 
 Traction force 30 
 
 Muscular strength according to age 31 
 
 Resume of principal physiological observations 32 
 
 7. Observations on the body 32 
 
 Color 32 
 
 Hair 33 
 
 Features of the head 34 
 
 Facial features 34 
 
 Body and limbs . . . 36 
 
 Concluding remarks on non-instrumental observations.... 36 
 
 8. Measurements 36 
 
 Stature , 36 
 
 Height sitting . . 38 
 
 Relation of height sitting to stature 40 
 
 Height and height sitting in the shortest and the tallest 42 
 
 Head 42 
 
 Length 42 
 
 Breadth 43 
 
 Relation of length and breadth of head to stature 44 
 
 in 
 
 067 
 
IV CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cephalic index 47 
 
 Mean cephalic index in various North- African groups . . 48 
 
 Height 48 
 
 Cephalic Module 5 2 
 
 Relation of size of head to stature . . ....... .. 54 
 
 Relation of size of head to form of head 57 
 
 Face '...'..' 58 
 
 Height, total 58 
 
 Height of forehead 60 
 
 Height, chin-nasion 61 
 
 Relation of height of face and of height of forehead to 
 
 stature, head length, head form, and age 64 
 
 Breadth . . 66 
 
 Relation of breadth of face to breadth, form, and size 
 
 of head 68 
 
 Physiognomic index 69 
 
 Anatomic index 70 
 
 Relation of facial (anatomic) with cephalic index 7 2 
 
 Nose ." . 73 
 
 Height 73 
 
 Relation of the facial and nasal height in those of short- 
 est and those of longest faces 75 
 
 Breadth 75 
 
 Relation of the facial and nasal breadth in those of 
 
 shortest and those of longest faces 76 
 
 Nasal index 77 
 
 Nasal index in the living non-negroid peoples of North- 
 Africa 78 
 
 Dimensions of nose in cases of lowest and highest nasal 
 
 index 81 
 
 Nasal measurements and index in relation to age 82 
 
 Nasal index in adults between 27 and 54 years of age. . 84 
 Relation of nasal index to nasal height and breadth, to 
 facial height, breadth and index, and to cephalic 
 
 index 85 
 
 Secondary facial measurements 86 
 
 Diameter frontal minimum 86 
 
 Relation of diameter frontal minimum to breadth of face 
 
 and breadth of head 87 
 
 Mouth, width 87 
 
 Relation of the width of mouth to breadth of face, 
 
 breadth of nose, and to age 88 
 
 Diameter bigonial 89 
 
 Relation of diameter bigonial to breadth of face and 
 
 breadth of head 90 
 
 Ears 91 
 
 Height of left ear 92 
 
 Breadth of left ear 92 
 
 Ear index 93 
 
 Dimensions of ears according to age 94 
 
CONTENTS V 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Additional measurements 95 
 
 Hand, left, length 95 
 
 Breadth 96 
 
 Index 96 
 
 Foot, left, length 96 
 
 Breadth 97 
 
 Index 97 
 
 Relation of the length of the hands and feet and of their 
 
 indices to stature and age 98 
 
 Leg, girth 100 
 
 Summary of the main results shown by measurements 100 
 
 Tables of comparison 100 
 
 Comparison of measurements of the Kharga natives and 
 
 various other groups of Egyptians and Nubians.... 101 
 Comparison of the measurements of the Kharga men 
 
 with those of Soudanese and other negroes , 102 
 
 9. Conclusions 102 
 
 10. Bibliography 104 
 
 11. Appendix : Detailed measurements 106 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 PLATE 
 
 1. The Village of Kharga. 
 
 2. A typical street in Kharga Village with women's and children's quarters 
 
 on roofs. 
 
 3. A street in Kharga Village. 
 
 PORTRAITS OF KHARGA OASIS NATIVES 
 
 4. Shek Moustafa Hanadi, the Omdeh of the Oasis (his ancestors came, 
 
 many generations ago, from Arabia). 
 
 5. Young man. 
 
 6. Young men ; approach Nubian types in physiognomy. 
 
 7. Young men; one on right quite blind. 
 
 8. Young men, unusually dark, possibly slight negro admixture. 
 
 9. Young farmer, ordinary type of physiognomy. 
 
 10. Two young men, showing ordinary facial features in outline. 
 
 11. Two young men. 
 
 12. A young farmer, typical oasis physiognomy. 
 
 13. Young farmer, somewhat asymmetric features. 
 
 14. Two men with physiognomy of Mediterranean type. 
 
 15. A man near 40 years of age. 
 
 16. A farmer, ordinary oasis physiognomy. 
 
 17. Man about 40, somewhat Semitic type of face. 
 
 18. Man of strong physique, ordinary Kharga physiognomy. 
 
 19. One of the better conditioned. 
 
 20. Two farmers. 
 
 21. Two agricultural natives, side view. 
 
 22. Man about 45 years of age. 
 
 23. Man approximately 50 years of age. 
 
 24. Two middle-aged men. 
 
 25. Middle-aged agricultural laborer. 
 
 26. Middle-aged man. 
 
 27. Middle-aged man of somewhat better class. 
 
 28. Middle-aged farmer, somewhat Semitic physiognomy. 
 
 29. A farmer. 
 
 30. Man about 55 years of age. 
 
 31. A slightly ageing farmer, typical Kharga physiognomy. 
 
 32. A somewhat ageing man, fine Semitic physiognomy. 
 
 33. Man near 60 years of age. 
 
 34. Ageing farmer, typical Kharga features. 
 
 35. Man about 65 years of age. 
 
 36. Somewhat aged man (loss of teeth). 
 
 37. Aged but still quite robust man. 
 
 38. Aged man. 
 
 VI 
 
THE NATIVES OF THE KHARGA OASIS, EGYPT 
 
 BY DR. ALES HRDLICKA 
 
 CURATOR, DIVISION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 
 (WITH THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES) 
 
 1. INTRODUCTION 
 
 For a number of years important and very careful archeological 
 researches have been conducted in Egypt under the auspices of the 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. These researches 
 have been carried on by Mr. A. M. Lythgoe, Curator of the Egyptian 
 Department in the Metropolitan Museum, and his able assistants, 
 Mr. A. C. Mace, and Mr. Herbert E. Winlock. They have extended, 
 thus far, principally to certain pyramids and cemeteries of the Xllth 
 Dynasty, and to the temple of Hibis as well as the large early Chris- 
 tian necropolis at the Great or Kharga (= Eastern) Oasis. 
 
 The dynastic monuments and cemeteries actually under exploration 
 by the Expedition are those of Amenemhat I. and Usertesen I., the 
 first two kings of the Middle Empire. They are situated on the 
 western margin of the desert bordering the Nile valley, near the 
 native town of Lisht, some thirty miles south of Cairo. The research 
 is being directed in part toward the clearing of the great pyramid 
 temples, and in part to the examination of what remains of the 
 contents of the graves, particularly in the numerous and remarkable 
 burial pits located about the more northern of the two pyramids. 
 
 The excavations have been attended from the beginning by the 
 recovery of skeletal remains dating especially from the Xllth, but 
 also from the XVIIIth to the XXIst Dynasties. In view of the 
 fact that a large amount of this skeletal material could be definitely 
 identified from a chronological standpoint, and because of the great 
 scarcity of Egyptian skeletal remains in American collections, the 
 writer endeavored to bring about a saving of such crania and bones 
 for the U. S. National Museum, and eventually, due to the generosity 
 of the authorities of the Metropolitan Museum and the aid of Mr. 
 Lythgoe, an arrangement to that effect was perfected by the two 
 Institutions. As a result of this arrangement, the National Museum 
 is already in possession of more than three hundred well dated 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 59, No. t. 
 
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 Egyptian crania, with a large quantity of other osseous parts ; and 
 it is hoped that as the field work goes on, this collection will increase 
 to important proportions and form a study and reference series 
 unique on this continent and of the highest scientific value. 
 
 The Metropolitan Museum's explorations at the Kharga Oasis 
 resulted also in the unearthing of a considerable number of bodies, 
 in this case proceeding from the Coptic burials of the second and 
 third centuries A. D. This material is also destined for the U. S. 
 National Museum. It comes mostly in the shape of natural mummies 
 in a remarkably good state of preservation, and will be of especial 
 value for comparisons and in the study of the entire skeletons. 
 Some of the bones and mummies from the Oasis have already 
 reached the National Museum, while another collection awaits trans- 
 portation. 
 
 The co-operation of the two Institutions, however, soon developed 
 the fact that for a more thorough understanding of the conditions, 
 and also for the purpose of utilizing favorable local opportunities in 
 the study of the living remnants of the Egyptians, particularly at 
 the Great Oasis, a personal visit to the field by an anthropologist 
 was desirable. Toward the end of 1908, the means provided for 
 the Metropolitan Museum expedition rendering such a visit feasible, 
 the writer was detailed by the National Museum for the journey. 
 He spent ten weeks in Egypt, partly at Cairo, where, due to the 
 courtesies of Prof. G. Elliot-Smith, he was able to study the skeletal 
 remains from several important periods, especially the invaluable 
 early pre-dynastic, Naga-el-Der, collection ; partly at the Lisht exca- 
 vations, where numerous Xllth Dynasty crania and other skeletal 
 parts were collected; and partly at the Great Oasis, where, besides 
 some work on the mummies and skeletal remains, measurements and 
 observations were made on 150 of the living adult male inhabitants. 
 
 The present paper deals only with the last named investigations. 
 The value of the studies on the Kharga Oasis natives lies in the fact 
 that these people have received as yet no scientific attention ; and 
 that, due to their isolation, and their former adherence to the Copts, 
 they may be regarded as purer representatives of the old inhabitants 
 of that region than the people of many parts of the valley are of 
 their more ancient predecessors. Moreover, results of the observa- 
 tions ought to prove of special interest medically, due to the isolation 
 of the people and their peculiar environmental conditions. 
 
 The studies were restricted to individuals of normal (that is, non- 
 pathological) development, who did not show by their hair or fea- 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 3 
 
 tures negro admixture. The selection on the last mentioned basis 
 is of particular importance, for an inclusion of those who are visibly 
 part negro would necessarily vitiate the outcome of the observations. 
 Even with the precaution taken some individuals were doubtless 
 included who were not free from negro blood, but the influence of 
 such unrecognizable cases on the results must be small. The mixture 
 with the negro at the Oasis is on the whole less extensive than in 
 some parts of the valley. It is also in general more modern and 
 more easily eliminated. 
 
 The women of the Oasis, regrettably, could not be studied, due to 
 the restrictions of the Mohammedan religion. 
 
 2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE 
 
 GREAT OASIS 
 
 The Kharga Oasis lies 1 130 miles west from Luxor, the ancient 
 Thebes ; the nearest point on the Nile, however, is less distant. For 
 the last four years it has been connected with the Nile valley by a 
 railroad ; before that time it was reached only by from three to five 
 days' journey across the desert with camels. 
 
 The Oasis is a great but shallow and flat depression, over 3,000 
 square kilometers in extent, in the Libyan Desert, which in these 
 regions is absolutely barren. It extends roughly between the paral- 
 lels of 26 to 24 north latitude and forms the eastern portion of an 
 immense shallow natural excavation, the western part of which is 
 the Western or Dakhla Oasis (fig. i) . 
 
 The Kharga Oasis has been peopled since early dynastic if not 
 pre-dynastic times. It yields ancient stone implements, is mentioned 
 in some of the oldest Egyptian records, and contains the remains of 
 numerous old settlements as well as of several temples. It also has 
 the best preserved Coptic necropolis. 
 
 At the present time, as probably always in the past, a great part 
 of the Oasis depression is desert. The habitable portions are those 
 that contain flowing, generally artificial wells. These parts, several 
 in number, are separated by the sands and barrens and are the real 
 oases in the great arid desert depression. 
 
 Each of these smaller or larger watered areas is represented by 
 a village or town, the main of which, from north to south, are known 
 as Kharga, Gennah, Boulac or Bulaq, and Beris. In addition there 
 
 following, in the main, J. Ball, "Kharga Oasis: its Topography and 
 Geology." Geological Survey Report. Survey Department, Egypt, 1899; 8. 
 Cairo, 1900; and Beadnell, H. J. L An Egyptian Oasis, 8, London, 1909. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOL. 59 
 
 are several settlements of minor importance, and a number of places 
 that are occupied only for a time each year, during the growing or 
 gathering of crops. 
 
 The total number of the present inhabitants of the Great Oasis, 
 including some Bedouins, is somewhat less that 10,000. Their 
 
 28' Longitude mit from 30 c Gnanwlch 
 
 FIG. i. Sketch map of Egypt, showing the position of the oases. (After 
 Ball.) 
 
 ethnic origin and the time of their immigration into the Oasis are 
 both uncertain. The earliest record thus far discovered relating 
 directly to the Oasis dates from the Xllth Dynasty, or a little less 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 5 
 
 than 2000 years B. C. 1 It narrates that " Ikudidi, a steward of 
 Sesostris I., was dispatched by him to the great oasis of El Khargeh 
 on the west of Abydos, whence the caravans started thither " ; which 
 would seem to indicate that the Oasis already formed a component 
 part of upper Egypt and was in frequent communication with that 
 country. 
 
 There is in existence, however, a much earlier and very suggestive 
 record, which possibly implies a still more ancient suzerainty of 
 Egypt over the southwestern settlement, and may contain a dew to 
 the ethnic derivation of the early inhabitants of the Oasis. It dates 
 from the reign of Mernere, of the 6th Dynasty, or from about 2500 
 years B. C., and speaks of a general of that king dispatched to the 
 " distant Yam," which is identified by Egyptologists as a part of 
 Nubia lying between the second and third cataracts. 2 Arriving in 
 Yam, Harkhuf, the general in question, " found its chief engaged in 
 a war with the southernmost settlements of the Temehu tribes, related 
 to the Libyans, on the west of Yam. Harkhuf immediately went 
 after him and had no difficulty in reducing him to subjection." ' 
 
 If the tribes west of the Yam people were of the Temehu, related 
 to the Libyans or Berbers, then it is quite probable that the Kharga 
 Oasis people, dwelling approximately 300 miles more northward of 
 the Yam country, in the Libyan desert and in the line of migration 
 from the Libyan lands in the north, were of the same extraction. It 
 is even possible that the mention referred directly to the southern 
 Oasis (Kharga and Dakhla), in which case the record would also 
 imply that the Oasis inhabitants were at that time subjects of Egypt 
 and as such received protection. 
 
 As to references in foreign authors, Herodotus writes (Thalia) 
 that the Persian troops of Cambyses " who were sent against the 
 Ammonians, leaving Thebes, followed their guides, and appear to 
 have reached the city Oasis, which those Samians, who are said to 
 be of the Aeschrionian tribe, inhabit, distant from Thebes seven days' 
 journey across the sand." This can, its seems, refer only to the 
 Great Oasis ; but it is not clear who were meant by the Aeschrionians. 
 
 Edmonstone * mentions a passage from Josephus contra Apionem, 
 
 1 Breasted, J. H. : Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago, 1905, pp. 524- 
 528; A History of Egypt, 2d ed., 8 N. Y., 1909, p. 182. 
 
 2 See map at the end of the volume in Breasted's History of Egypt, cited 
 in the preceding foot-note. 
 
 3 Breasted, J. H. : Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. I, pp. 333-336; History of 
 Egypt, 1909, p. 138. 
 
 4 Edmonstone, A. : A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt. 8. 
 London, 1822, pp. 133-134. 
 
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 Lib. 2, which indicates that in the time of Josephus the population 
 of those remote tracts was considered as pure Egyptian. In attack- 
 ing Apion, Josephus accuses him of wishing to be considered a 
 Greek, when he is an Egyptian, and says " He believes himself [a 
 Greek], and that too, being born in the Oasis of Egypt whence he 
 is, as one would say, the first of all Egyptians." 
 
 During the periods of the Persian, Greek, and Roman dominions 
 of Egypt, the Oasis was evidently regarded as an inherent part of 
 Egypt and its inhabitants as not differing from the Valley Egyptians. 
 It suffered, as it probably did before, invasions of the more southern 
 and more warlike tribes, which, however, did not result in coloniza- 
 tion. 
 
 Edmonstone thus quotes (pp. I 39-140) * two letters of the bishop 
 Nestorius, referring to later times, particularly to destructive raids 
 on the Oasis by the " Blemmyes " and other more southern tribes : 
 " After the Oasis was, as I mentioned above, taken by the bar- 
 barian (Blemmyes), and completely laid waste and devastated by 
 fire, they who, for what cause I know not, carried me off, suddenly 
 took compassion and dismissed me, adding threats, however, if I 
 did not instantly leave the country, for they said the Maziei were to 
 take possession as soon as we left it." The Blemmyes, according 
 to Strabo (Xylandri, L. 17, p. 786), were subject to the Ethiopians, 
 and inhabited " both sides of the Nile, on the borders of Egypt, to 
 which country, being a nomad race, they became very troublesome 
 neighbors." These raids have in all probability repeatedly reduced 
 the population of the Oasis, but did not alter its ethnic nature. 
 
 There are a few later records concerning Kharga, touching on its 
 famous wines, on its tributes to Egypt, on its being used as a place 
 of banishment (particularly during the early centuries of the Chris- 
 tian era) and on its temples, its Christians (Copts), and its garri- 
 sons, 2 but these contain nothing of anthropological interest except 
 the indication of the affluence to the Oasis, through those who were 
 banished thither and through the garrison personnel, of foreign 
 
 1 From Evagrius, Hist. Eel., Lib. I, cap. 5. 
 
 * The references apply in some of the cases to the oases in general. Thus, 
 for instance, the " Notitia dignitatum," composed under the sons of Theo- 
 dosius the Great and mentioned by Schweinfurth in his " Notizen zur Kennt- 
 niss der Oase El-Chargeh " (Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1875, P- 385), speaks 
 of the garrisons of the oases as having been composed of Quades, Armenians 
 and Ahasges. And when the Great Oasis is spoken of separately it doubt- 
 less includes mostly Dakhla as well as Kharga, for these were not always 
 distinguished as two separate territories. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 7 
 
 racial elements, some of which doubtless mixed or fused with the 
 population j 1 but the total effect of these mixtures on the physical 
 status of the Oasis people was probably only moderate. The inscrip- 
 tions on the temple of Hibis, at Kharga, refer to the oases, according 
 to Beadnell, under the comprehensive name " Set-ament," or " the 
 Western Lands," without any further distinction or information. 
 
 The above is about all that can be said about the Oasis from the 
 anthropological standpoint up to the time of the Arab invasion con- 
 cerning which there are no details. After the coming of the Arabs, 
 however, and the introduction of the camel, there followed the estab- 
 lishment, or more probably an increase in importance, of the Soudan- 
 Assiout and other caravan routes, which lead across the Oasis. The 
 Soudan route then became the artery of extensive black slave traffic 
 and this introduced gradually into the Oasis a supply of Soudanese 
 negro slaves, and influenced to an important degree the racial char- 
 acter of the natives. The slaves were obtained from the caravans in 
 exchange for animals or goods, or as leavings in cases of sickness or 
 accident, and were eventually embodied into the population. In the 
 course of several hundred years, this negro admixture accumulated 
 to such a degree that today nearly one-third of the inhabitants of the 
 Oasis show more or less pronounced traces of negro admixture. 
 
 Some of the negro admixture is recent, or well remembered in 
 the families, other admixture is older and more difficult to trace ; but 
 very nearly all is post-Coptic, for the mummies and bones recovered 
 from the great Coptic necropolis present almost exclusively hair and 
 features of a non-negroid character. 
 
 There doubtless also came into the Oasis in the course of time 
 some settlers from the Nile valley. How strong the Arab and the 
 Valley accessions may have been, particularly in periods of partial 
 depopulation of. the Oasis by epidemics or enemies, it is impossible 
 to say, yet it is probable that not many were attracted to the isolated, 
 exposed, initially quite unhealthful, and especially poor region, and 
 that the bulk of the population maintained or renewed itself princi- 
 pally through natural augmentation. 
 
 3. RECENT DATA ON THE KHARGA OASIS PEOPLE 
 
 Modern references to the Egyptians of the Great Oasis are almost 
 as scarce as those of the older times, and what there are, with one or 
 two exceptions, touch only indirectly on the people themselves. The 
 
 1 During the writer's examination a man was found whose family claims 
 descent from a Roman soldier married to a native woman; and there are said 
 to be several such cases in the Oasis. 
 
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 literature is given in the bibliography. A few data of especial interest 
 are as follows : 
 
 Browne, who passed through the Oasis in I793, 1 mentions the 
 acquiring by the inhabitants of Nubian negro slaves (p. 261) : 
 " When we came to Beiris we were met by a Cashef, who welcomed 
 the lelabs with an exhibition of fireworks ; on this occasion .he treats 
 the chief merchants with coffee, and presents to each a benish of 
 coarse cloth, worth about a guinea, expecting, however, in return a 
 slave from each, worth at least ten guineas." 
 
 Quatremere, 2 in 1811, mentions a new devastation of the Great 
 Oasis by the Blemmyes. 
 
 In 1835, tne Kharga Oasis was visited by Hoskins, and in the. 
 description of his journey, published in 1837," the author says (p. 
 81) : "The inhabitants of this town (Khargeh), and indeed of all 
 the Oasis, have (with some exceptions), not such strongly marked 
 features as the Arab of the Nile, and their complexion is lighter 
 than that of the peasants of Egypt in the same latitude. But they 
 are chiefly remarkable for the pallid and unhealthily hue of their 
 countenances., just such a tint, or rather expression, allowing for 
 the difference of color, as distinguishes the inhabitants of the Pon- 
 tine marshes ; a languid and sickly appearance ; a listlessness in their 
 manner ; a sluggishness in their movements ; a total want of energy 
 and vivacity all proofs of the insalubrity of the climate, and the 
 wretched effects of a baneful malaria. This pallid hue is most remark- 
 able in their children and women ; the men, exposed to the influence 
 of a tropical sun, have an appearance somewhat less unhealthy." 
 On pp. 82-83 Hoskins mentions the presence at the Oasis of malaria 
 and ophthalmia ; on pp. 86-88 he says " the women are not obliged 
 to cover their faces or live in the seclusion of harem " conditions 
 now quite changed. The women, he thinks (p. 87), with their 
 " pale complexion " are better looking than those of the Valley and 
 have more regular features. Finally, on page 89, he estimates the 
 population of the whole Oasis at 4,300, of Kharga alone at 3,000. 
 
 Caillaud, Schweinfurth, Brugsch, Golenischeff, and Ball give 
 valuable data on the archeology of the Kharga Oasis, and the last 
 
 1 Browne, W. G. : Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria. 4. 2d ed., London, 
 1806. 
 
 8 Quatremere, E. : Memoires geographiques et historiques sur 1'Egypt, etc., 
 2 Vols., 8, Paris, 1811. 
 
 8 Hoskins, G. A. : Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert. 8, Lon- 
 don, 1837. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 9 
 
 named, as well as Beadnell, quotes the Egyptian census statistics as 
 to its population respectively in 1897 and 1907. 
 
 Brugsch, Sayce, and Beadnell also give historical data concerning 
 the Oasis. The original inhabitants are regarded as of Libyan 
 (Berber) origin. Beadnell's work, 1 as also that of Ball, contains 
 much interesting data concerning the Kharga wells and underground 
 water tunnels, but no special observations are recorded on the 
 inhabitants of the Oasis. The few references accorded them in this 
 and other publications represent them as rather a backward, mild, 
 and somewhat impotent people. 
 
 The physical anthropology of the Kharga people, especially, is as 
 yet a virgin ground. But there is also a dearth of scientific informa- 
 tion on the living Egyptians of the valley, though valuable series of 
 observations on the latter have been published by Chantre and more 
 recently by Myers of Cambridge. 
 
 4. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, AND INFORMATION 
 GATHERED BY THE WRITER 
 
 ENVIRONMENT 
 
 The shallow depression of the Kharga Oasis is an uneven, barren, 
 predominantly sandy waste, partly surrounded or cut into by equally 
 barren rocky scarps or hills. It is covered over a great area with 
 moving sand-dunes, and spotted with smaller or larger patches of 
 green within the waste : the watered ground and native settlements. 
 Some of these patches are near enough each other to be within sight, 
 but others are separated by large areas of the desert, forming really 
 separate oases. 
 
 The largest of these inhabited and cultivated portions is that of 
 the principal village or town, named also Kharga, and it was in this 
 village and the neighborhood that the writer made his observations. 
 
 The life in the Oasis depends entirely on the water obtained from 
 artesian wells, which are of native and to a large extent of ancient 
 make, and which tap deep supplies in the Nubian sandstone that 
 forms the floor of the whole depression. The water thus obtained 
 makes possible the existence of a few moderate groves of date palm 
 and of some gardens with olive as well as orange trees, and it serves 
 for the irrigation of a limited extent of ground used for agricul- 
 
 Beadnell, H. J. L. : An Egyptian Oasis, 8, London, 1909, pp. 66-67. 
 
IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 59 
 
 ture. 1 On the irrigated fields the natives raise a variety of barley, 
 rice, and some wheat, with a little sorghum and a few vegetables. 
 The land is generally poor and, as at Ball's visit, over a decade ago, 
 what is raised, excepting the dates, barely suffices for the home con- 
 sumption. A quantity of the dates is exported to the Valley. 
 
 The climate is that of the Libyan desert in general, subtropical, 
 except that the air, due to local evaporation, is less dry. Rain is 
 very rare. The predominating winds are from the north, although 
 during a part of the summer season sultry winds blow from the 
 south. Sand storms are frequent at certain times of the year and 
 are very troublesome. 
 
 The wells in the condition in which they are kept are by no means 
 an unmitigated blessing. They are all open and many form pools, 
 overflows, and marshy spots, which are instrumental in the genera- 
 tion of great numbers of mosquitoes of several varieties, including 
 that which disseminates malaria. 
 
 The Oasis is also infested, especially in the spring and the summer 
 months, with great numbers of small and ordinary-sized flies, which 
 possess the annoying and dangerous instinct of trying to feed on the 
 moisture or discharges of the eyes, nose, and mouth. They are the 
 transmitters of trachoma and doubtless of other pathological condi- 
 tions. Curiously they are decidedly more numerous and troublesome 
 outside than inside the villages. In April of each year there appears 
 at the watered places, in addition to the common varieties, a larger 
 fly, which bites camels, inoculating them with a disease that often has 
 a fatal result. Occasionally this fly also bites men, but in this case the 
 bite is not dangerous. The Oasis harbors also several poisonous 
 reptiles/ 
 
 The Oasis natives live, as mentioned above, principally in four 
 villages (Kharga, Gennah, Boulac, and Beris), though tHere are six 
 other smaller settlements. These villages are of considerable inter- 
 est from the standpoint of primitive architecture. By far the largest 
 and most populous is Kharga, which is inhabited by about one-half 
 of the total population of the Oasis, and deserves a brief special 
 description (plates 1-3). 
 
 1 The number of taxable palm trees in 1897, according to Ball (1. c. p. 46), 
 was rather less than eight to each head of population, while the total taxed 
 water supply per person amounted to about 15 cubic meters per day. These 
 conditions have changed but little, if any, since then. The cultivated area 
 of land was, in 1907, less than 19 square kilometers, or a little over half an 
 acre to a person, out of the total oasis area of considerably over 3,000 square 
 kilometers. 
 
 2 Further details are given under notes on pathology. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 KHARGA OASIS: A TYPICAL STREET IN KHARGA VILLAGE WITH WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S 
 
 QUARTERS ON ROOFS 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 KHARGA OASIS: A STREET IN KHARGA VILLAGE 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA II 
 
 Kharga may be called a great Egyptian village, modified in a 
 peculiar manner by local requirements. It is constructed with special 
 regard to protection from the sun, heat, and winds, and also for 
 easier defense against invaders, an important precaution in the 
 past. It is built of mud and sun-dried bricks ; the posts of the 
 dwellings are of palmwood, the ceilings of palm leaf ribs and mud. 
 
 The main part of the village is a maze of narrow, sinuous, intri- 
 cate streets. Futhermore, in the case of most of the narrower pas- 
 sages the upper stories of the houses have been built completely 
 across to the opposite side, converting the street into a tortuous, very 
 dark, tunnel or gallery, five to seven feet high, which is always cool, 
 quiet and free from blowing sand, and in which defense would be 
 easy. A visitor can not find his way through these passages without 
 a guide. 
 
 The houses are one to two stories high, in style like those of the 
 poorer classes in the Valley. They are mostly small, irregular and 
 piled together, as everywhere in Egypt. In many instances there 
 is an open air living room on the top of the dwelling, fenced in by 
 a hedge of dry palm leaves or ribs ; this room is made use of mainly 
 by the women and children (plate 2) . 
 
 The dwellings as well as the streets are now kept, due to govern- 
 ment regulations, in a neat condition, but formerly are said to have 
 been filthy. There is, of course, no system of sewers and the dis- 
 posal of sewage is primitive. Water is carried to the dwellings 
 principally from a small open reservoir located within the town and 
 fed by a surging well. It is distributed in goat-skins, and curiously, 
 by blind men who, notwithstanding their defect, are said to be mas- 
 ters of all the intricacies of the streets and tunnel-like passages. 
 
 The apartments, so far as seen, are of very moderate dimensions 
 and often lacking in light. There are also only poor provisions for 
 the escape of smoke ; but the inside rooms are quite fireproof and 
 afford good protection against heat as well as cold, and against the 
 winds and sands. 
 
 The people are in general poor. In occupation, the large majority 
 are agriculturists, and they gain only enough for the bare necessi- 
 ties. They dress cheaply and lightly, in the main much like the 
 fellaheen (agricultural workers) of the Nile Valley. The ordinary 
 external robe or garment does not differ much in the two sexes; 
 vests and inner garments, however (where worn), and also the 
 outer garments of better quality, as well as decorations, are dis- 
 tinctive. Some of the women wear a metal ring which pierces one 
 
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 of the alae of the nose and hangs down to the lips. The head in 
 men, closely cropped or even partly shaved, is covered with a closely 
 fitting cap, or is lightly turbaned, that of the women at home bare, 
 in public covered with an outer garment. The neck as a rule is 
 uncovered. A large majority of individuals of both sexes go bare- 
 footed, except on special occasions. 
 
 The family life appears to be the same as that of the poor Egyptian 
 of the Valley. Except the few who are better to do, the people 
 sleep on the floor, on thin palm-strip mats, and, according to the 
 village authorities, often without covers ; not because they do not need 
 the latter (though the rooms are probably never very cold), but 
 because they have none. 
 
 The meals are generally only two a day, morning and evening; 
 and among the majority of the population there is but little variety 
 in the food. The predominant and often exclusive articles of diet 
 are rice, in rice time ; barley, in barley time ; and dates, in date time. 
 There is scarcely any milk and no butter. There are small tough 
 chickens and their small eggs, but these go in a large part to the 
 better conditioned and now in a measure also to the Valley. Meat 
 among the ordinary people is not eaten more than perhaps, on the 
 average, once a month, and then it is usually not of the best quality. 
 They eat cats and probably dogs, though the latter are scarce, there 
 being now only about a score in the whole village. The Kharga 
 natives used to eat household animals of all kinds. They even ate 
 camels that were diseased, butchering them just before they died, 
 but this practice is now prohibited by the government. 
 
 Domestic animals consist of donkeys, a few cows, goats, and sheep. 
 Donkeys are the most common. All these animals are diminutive in 
 size and often poorly nourished. The few families who are better 
 off financially own one or more camels, which alone of the domesti- 
 cated Oasis animals are usually in a fairly good condition. 
 
 The occupation of the natives, as already mentioned, is almost 
 exclusively agricultural work. 1 Industry and manufactures are lim- 
 
 x ln census of 1907, the occupations of the Kharga people are given as 
 
 follows : Ma ] e Female 
 
 Agriculture 2,170 .... 
 
 Cotton industry 5 
 
 Straw industry 42 3 
 
 Silk industry 2 
 
 Basket making 96 
 
 Miscellaneous 48 n 
 
 Transport and trade 55 
 
 Police and other parts of Civil Service 66 
 
 Religious 69 .... 
 
 Midwives 8 
 
 Housework or no occupation 1,899 3.9 I 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 13 
 
 ited, the latter consisting of the production of mats, baskets, a 
 variety of cloth, and some pottery. Of trade there is but little, and 
 buying and selling has been and is still mostly by barter. Yet there 
 are now several stores in which simple necessities can be purchased 
 for money, and regular trade with the Valley is increasing. 
 
 The Kharga Oasis natives are not great workers, which, as will 
 be seen further on, has its physiological and medical reasons. 
 
 SOCIAL AND MEDICAL RECORDS 
 
 As to social and medical matters, a few details were learned from 
 the Omdeh (local head official), the Maowen (government head 
 official) and the government physician. According to this informa- 
 tion, there is in the Oasis scarcely any serious crime. The people do 
 not like to fight and do not kill. They do not beat women or chil- 
 dren. When anything is stolen, which is infrequent, a flag is put up 
 as a sign that the property has been placed in the protection of a 
 " sheikh," a dead holy man, in or near the place where the object 
 was stolen, and this will often lead the thief to return the property. 
 
 As to family life, girls are married from nine years onward. 
 They commence to menstruate mostly at from eleven to thirteen, and 
 generally bear children soon after. 
 
 Marriage is not greatly binding. Among the poor they often 
 marry when there are plenty of dates or other food ; when the food 
 supply has run low or been exhausted and the man can no longer 
 support his wife, they separate. Next year, the parties may re-unite 
 or marry others. Plurality of wives is said to be rare, they can not 
 be provided for. 
 
 The number of children born is large (see Statistics), but there 
 is also a high infant mortality. From the medical standpoint, the 
 people, while not robust, can not be said to be very sickly. Only 
 little, however, could be learned in this respect about the women, 
 who are forbidden to associate t with or even show their face to 
 strangers. 1 The government doctor is not called to confinements. 2 
 He is not called to treat women at all. They are left when ill to 
 nature, and their own devices. 
 
 There are no native " doctors " and there is but little folk-medicine. 
 Written passages from the Koran often take the place of medicines. 
 Curiously enough, there are traces or remnants of some medical 
 
 1 The only opportunity the writer had of seeing the women with faces un- 
 covered and in a larger number was during funerals which they are in the 
 habit of attending, in fact, conducting. 
 
 2 There are several native midwives. 
 
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS ' VOL. 59 
 
 usages of European origin, which must have been brought to the 
 country by the Arabs. One of these is a vaccination which the 
 natives, particularly the Bedouins, perform one on the other. It is 
 a direct vaccination, some of the pus from the sores of a subject 
 attacked with smallpox being introduced into an abrasion produced 
 by a razor in the skin of the one to be protected. The wound is 
 made preferably on the leg. 
 
 The most interesting condition is the apparent absence among 
 these poor and mostly under-nourished people of tuberculosis, which 
 recalls a similar condition among the poor Jews. No case of any 
 variety, including scrofula, was seen at the Oasis by the writer, and 
 none was seen by the government physician during his twelve 
 months' stay at the village of Kharga or in other places in the 
 Oasis. The physician declared, however, that he found tuberculosis 
 of the lungs in several cases in camels. 
 
 Neither the doctor nor the civil authorities of the Kharga village 
 could recall a single case of well marked rachitis, and no instance 
 of the condition was encountered. 
 
 There have been no epidemics recently in the Oasis, with the 
 exception of measles, in 1908. 
 
 Children die principally from gastro-enteritis, broncho-pneumonia, 
 and of measles. The epidemic of the latter disease in 1908 carried 
 off many infants. 
 
 There were seen no evidences of syphilis or gonorrhoea, but the 
 diseases are said to exist as they do in the Valley. 
 
 Malaria is not very frequent, except in the date season (Sep- 
 tember-October), when there are also extraordinary numbers of 
 flies and mosquitoes. It is occasionally of a very dangerous form. 
 Typhoid is rare. 
 
 A most prevalent disorder is trachoma. There are great numbers 
 of blind, 1 and in many more the eyes are more or less affected by 
 various forms of inflammation. * 
 
 A frequent condition, due probably in most if not all cases to 
 trachoma is trichiasis (contraction due to inflammatory changes of 
 the ventral surface of the lids, and consequent direction of the eye- 
 lashes inward, so that they irritate the cornea). This condition is 
 usually observed in the upper lid. 
 
 1 According to the returns of the 1907 Egyptian census there were at the 
 Kharga Oasis 196 blind in both eyes and 432 blind in one eye, or nearly 75 
 per thousand of the total population blind in one or both eyes. In the 
 United States the percentage of those partly and completely blind is less than 
 one per thousand of the population (in 1900, U. S. Census, 0.85 per thousand). 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 15 
 
 Insanity, the authorities of the village declared, is very rare ; within 
 the last decade they knew in the village of Kharga of but one case, 
 and that in a negro. 1 Imbecility and also epilepsy of lower grades, 
 exist, but no definite data could be obtained as to their frequency. 
 No one knew of any instance of advanced idiocy. 
 
 The presence of albinism is not certain. Two cases were reported 
 of brown children with blue eyes, but they were not seen. Leuko- 
 derma or patch-albinism was found in a man of about 55 with Semitic 
 features. Very premature greyness, of probably different etiology 
 from the preceding, was seen in one man about 30 years of age; 
 it was limited to the scalp. 
 
 Leprosy occurs, but the cases are isolated and rare. 2 
 
 Fractures of bones and dislocations are very infrequent. 
 
 Scorpion bites occur each year. They are said to be occasionally 
 fatal in children and sometimes also in adults, when the sting pene- 
 trates a blood vessel. There are two varieties of scorpion a small 
 yellow one which is found about the houses and a larger greenish 
 one in the desert and hills. 
 
 There are in the Oasis at least two and possibly three varieties of 
 poisonous snakes, including the ordinary sand viper, the horned 
 viper, and possibly also a cobra. The last named, if it exists at all, 
 is very rare. Several viper bites happen every year. Within the 
 last twelve months the physician in the Kharga village treated three 
 such, all in adult men. One of the bites was in the hand and the 
 patient died in three days ; the other two men recovered. The treat- 
 ment in the fatal case consisted of incision, injection of permanga- 
 nate of potash and bandaging. In the other two (one being in a 
 hand and one in a foot) it consisted of incisions with bandages and 
 the administration of antitoxin. The fatal case showed great swell- 
 ing of the limb without any petechige, then failing vitality with weak- 
 ening pulse and respiration. The poison acted, apparently, as a 
 nervous depressant. 
 
 The before-mentioned camel fly, which comes in April and causes 
 the death of camels unless these are driven away into the desert, 
 will also occasionally bite man. The wound is painful, but no further 
 consequences have been observed. 
 
 Nothing definite was learned concerning parasitism, particularly 
 internal, nor about numerous other conditions which require ex- 
 tended and detailed medical observation. 
 
 lf rhere were, in 1907, according to the census returns, two insane in the Oasis. 
 * In 1907 four cases of leprosy were reported to the census from the whole 
 Kharga Oasis. 
 
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 5. VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA OASIS 
 POPULATION IN 1907 
 
 The following data are based mainly on records furnished to the 
 writer by the Kharga authorities, 1 and on the last two Egyptian 
 censuses. 
 
 In 1897 the total population of the Oasis, according to the Egyptian 
 Census of that year, 2 was 7,220. At the beginning of 1907, it was 
 8,424, and at the beginning of 1909, near 8,495. 3 The increase for 
 the decade to 1907 amounted to 16.7 per cent, but during the last 
 four years of the period it was in all probability, due to the absence 
 of epidemics and hence lesser mortality, more rapid, being equal 
 to 22 per cent per decade. This last is a rate of natural increase 
 not equalled in any of the larger territorial groups of whites ; but 
 even the rate of 16.7 (or 16.1 per cent), is a very high one, being 
 reached among the whites only in some localized areas in Germany 
 and one or two other countries. But this rate is almost exactly like 
 that of Egypt as a whole, the net increase of population in that 
 country from 1897 to 1907 being 16 per cent. 
 
 This relatively rapid augmentation in numbers of the Oasis people 
 is due, as will be seen from later tables, on one hand to a large 
 birth-rate and on the other to an unexpectedly moderate death-rate, 
 in years free from epidemics. 
 
 The distribution of the population according to the four districts 
 of the Khar.ga Oasis, and the population per dwelling, was in 1907 
 as follows : 
 
 POPULATION OF THE KHARGA OASIS, AT THE BEGINNING 
 OF 1907, ACCORDING TO THE DISTRICTS 
 
 TV . Total number of Total number of 
 
 houses inhabitants 
 
 Kharga 1,285 5,322 
 
 Gennah 97 520 
 
 Boulac 195 1,016 
 
 Beris 452 1,566 
 
 Total 2,029 dwellings. 8,424 inhabitants. 
 
 (A little over 4.1 to a dwelling.) 
 
 x The writer is especially indebted in this connection to M. Mohammed 
 Cherif, the Maowen of the Oasis. The data were said to be entirely accurate. 
 
 'Recensement general de 1'Egypte, Vol. 2, Le Caire, 1898, pp. 215, 274, etc. 
 Ball (1. c., p. 46) and after him Beadnell ("An Egyptian Oasis," etc., p. 61), 
 give 7,856. The difference between the number given by the census and that 
 of Ball is not explainable, but the census number, judging by the increase of 
 the population from 1904 to 1908, is the more correct. 
 
 'The 1907 census of Egypt (4, Cairo, 1909), gives 41 less or 8,383, which 
 would correspond to an increase for the decade of 16.1 per cent. As the 
 figure given to the writer is substantiated by the detailed data on births and 
 deaths, it will be used in preference. The difference, after all, is small. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 The above shows principally that overcrowding of dwellings is 
 not, in general, prevalent at the Oasis. 
 
 As to the proportion of sexes in the Kharga population, the actual 
 conditions could not be determined. The Egyptian census of 1897, 
 however, gave 3,671 males and 3,549 females, or 967 of the latter to 
 each 1,000 of the former, and exactly the same proportion was found 
 at that date in the whole of Egypt. The 1907 Egyptian census un- 
 fortunately seems to be less accurate. It gives for the Kharga Oasis 
 4,356 male and only 4,027 female individuals, which yields the ratio 
 of but 925 females to 1,000 males, while for whole Egypt the same 
 ratio was at the same date 992 to 1,000. The figures applying to the 
 Oasis are evidently erroneous. They would indicate the existence 
 of 108.2 males to each 100 females, which great disproportion is in 
 no way sustained. It disagrees greatly with the data of the previous 
 census. It is unequalled in Egypt or elsewhere, except in regions 
 that have received immigrations of males, or at least an excess of 
 males, which has not occurred in the Oasis. And it is opposed by 
 the detailed birth and death records given in the following pages. 
 It has been already shown that the 1907 census figures as a whole 
 differ from those furnished by the Oasis authorities, and they are 
 evidently also unreliable in regard to the numbers of males and 
 females in the population. 
 
 BIRTHS AND DEATHS 
 
 The details concerning the vital statistics of the Kharga Oasis, 
 received from the local authorities, are not very extensive, nor equally 
 complete for all the districts, nevertheless they show several interest- 
 ing conditions. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA VILLAGE FOR FIVE YEARS 
 
 
 Population 
 at the be- 
 
 B 
 
 orn 
 
 
 Per 1,000 
 
 r 
 
 lied 
 
 
 Per i .000 
 
 Year 
 
 ginning of 
 the year 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 lation 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 lation 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 IOOQ 
 
 4,978 
 5,094 
 5,209 
 
 5,322 
 
 5,471 
 S-j-jfi 
 
 121 
 I2 9 
 135 
 103 
 
 113 
 119 
 
 147 
 114 
 
 254 
 234 
 248 
 282 
 217 
 
 51.0 
 45.9 
 47.6 
 53.0 
 39.7 
 
 .'62 
 
 73 
 61 
 192 
 
 "J& 
 
 72 
 
 160 
 
 138 
 119 
 i35 
 133 
 352 
 
 27.7 
 23.4 
 25.9 
 25.5 
 64. 3 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 4 88 2 
 
 493 2 
 
 1235 3 
 
 3 
 
 388 2 
 
 35i 2 
 
 877 3 
 
 
 
 Avg.. 
 
 (5,215) 
 10047: 
 
 CT CT 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 247 
 
 47.4 
 
 97 
 
 88 
 
 i75 3 
 131 
 
 33.7 s 
 25.4 
 
 
 o 1 ;) 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Epidemic of measles. 
 
 2 For 4 years. 
 
 8 For 5 years. 
 
i8 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF THE GENNAH VILLAGE FOR FIVE YEARS 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 at the be- 
 ginning of 
 the year 
 
 Born 
 
 Total 
 
 Per 1,000 
 of popu- 
 lation 
 
 Died 
 
 Total 
 
 Per i.ooo 
 of popu- 
 lation 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 1904 
 
 498 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 44.2 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.1 
 
 1905 
 
 512 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 41.0 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 31.2 
 
 IQ06 
 
 517 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 23.2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 29.0 
 
 1907 
 
 520 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 32.7 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 21.2 
 
 I9O8 
 
 526 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 41.8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 15.2 
 
 1909 
 
 540 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 ... 
 
 30 l 
 
 42 l 
 
 94 2 
 
 
 
 22 l 
 
 28 
 
 58* 
 
 
 
 Avg.. 
 
 5i5 a 
 
 7-5 
 
 10.5 
 
 19 
 
 36.9 
 
 5-5 
 
 7 
 
 n.6 
 
 22.5 
 
 1 For 4 years. 
 
 2 For 5 years. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF THE VILLAGES BOULAC AND BERIS 
 FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 1, 1907, TO APRIL 1, 1908 
 
 Joint population at the beginning of 1907. .. .2,582 
 Joint population at the beginning of 1908. .. .2,638 
 Born : 
 
 Males 44 
 
 Females 45 
 
 Total 89 
 
 Rate, per 1000 of population, near 34.5 
 
 Died: 
 
 Males 17 
 
 Females 22 
 
 Total 39 
 
 Rate, per 1000 of population, near 15.1 
 
 For 18 months, 
 to October i, 1908 l 
 
 73 
 66 
 i39 
 
 35-5 
 
 63 
 114 
 
 29-5 
 
 The birth-rate at the Kharga Oasis, it is seen, is very high. It is 
 higher than anywhere in Europe, except in some parts of Russia 
 and in the Hungary group of nationalities. 2 It harmonizes, however, 
 with that of Egypt in general, where it averaged, among the native 
 
 1 With an epidemic of measles in May at Beris. 
 
 2 In Europe the birth-rate ranges, according to the most recent statistics, 
 from approximately 22 per looo in France to a little over 40 in some of 
 the groups of peoples under Hungary and to well over 40 in many parts 
 of Russia. The death-rate ranges from a little less than 17 in Sweden 
 to 29.9 per thousand (reports of 1904) in Russia, and the natural yearly in- 
 crease per 1000 population from 0.7 in France to 14.0 in Germany. In the 
 United States the birth-rate, while not exactly known, is probably less than 
 30 per 1000 ; the death-rate (in the registration area) approximately 18; and 
 the yearly increment a little over 12 per 1000. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA IQ 
 
 Egyptians of the principal towns and for the seven years from 1901 
 to 1907, 43.4 per looo population. 1 
 
 The large birth-rate at the Oasis indicates, outside of its significant 
 relation to that of the Valley, two interesting conditions. It shows 
 that the people are very prolific, notwithstanding the seemingly un- 
 favorable factors of poor nourishment, the Oasis climate, the pre- 
 valent seclusion of the women, the very early marriages, with con- 
 siderable intermarriage. It also shows that the people are well 
 acclimatized to the locality, and suggests that the latter is probably 
 not as unhealthful as unattractive. 
 
 The death-rate of the Oasis is also high when compared with that 
 of the more civilized countries of white man. But it is not much 
 higher than in those regions of Europe where the birth-rate is equally 
 or nearly as high as it is at the Oasis, and is almost identical with 
 that of Egypt as a whole. 
 
 The similarity of birth-rate and death-rate, and hence of natural 
 increase in population, between the Oasis people and the rest of the 
 Egyptians, is a fact of considerable importance. It indicates 
 strongly a fundamental similarity of environmental and social con- 
 ditions, and also a probable close similarity, at the present time at 
 least, of the ethnic elements in the two regions. 
 
 The birth and death statistics afford also a closer insight into the 
 proportion of sexes at the Oasis. During the 1905-08 period, cov- 
 ered by the detailed data, the proportion of males to females at birth 
 and death has been as follows : 
 
 SEX RATE AT THE KHARGA OASIS 
 
 Sex rate at birth Sex rate at death 
 Year Villages (Females = 100) (Females = 100) 
 
 1905 Kharga and German districts... 104 104.5 
 
 1906 Kharga and Gennah districts... 104.7 I 09-9 
 
 1907 All districts, near 98 101.8 
 
 1908 All districts, near 98 101.8 
 
 Evidently the relation of males to females, both born and died, 
 differs to quite an extent from year to year, and also the same year 
 
 i Birth-rate pei 1,000 in the Death-rate per 100 in the Natural Increase per 
 
 Year principal towns of Egypt principal towns of Egypt 1,000 population 
 
 1901 42.3 33-3 9-0 
 
 1902 42.7 36.7 - 
 
 1903 42.5 32.0 10.5 
 
 1904 44-1 38.2 5-9 
 
 1905 43-8 34-2 9.6 
 
 1906 447 33-9 IO - 
 
 1907 437 36.7 
 
 Average 43-4 35-O 8 -4 
 
 "Births and Deaths in the Principal Towns of Egypt During the Years 
 1901-1906 (and 1907)," Fol. Cairo, i9O7-'o8. 
 
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 in the different villages as it does occasionally among smaller 
 groups of other peoples. But the whole of the data shows conditions 
 in favor of the relative numbers of the females, which must be 
 regarded, from what is known on the subject, as a favorable breeding 
 condition. The average proportion of males to females at birth 
 among the whites ranges between 105 and 106 to loo, 1 or, in round 
 numbers, there are 94 to 95 females to each 100 males. In the 
 American negro, however, the proportion rises to 99.1 females to 
 every 100 males, which is the highest proportion thus far recorded 
 for any people. 2 In the principal towns of Egypt, in 1909, the pro- 
 portion of sexes at birth among the native population was 103.3 
 males to each 100 females, or 96.8 females to each 100 males, which 
 is probably very near to the average condition for the last decade 
 at Kharga. 
 
 The next tables give the movement in population in the Kharga 
 village month by month, and that in Kharga and Gennah by the 
 quarter of the year. It will be observed that births predominate 
 somewhat in April- June, corresponding to conception in August- 
 October, which latter is a season of the date harvest and relative 
 plenty at the Oasis, and that the least proportion occurs in the 
 January-March quarter ; yet the differences are not great, especially 
 if the probable errors of the data be discounted. 
 
 More definite seasonal differences, however, are observed in the 
 mortality, which is greatest in the last and then in the first quarters 
 of the year, and least from July to September. The sudden rise 
 from the late summer and early fall minimum to the subsequent 
 winter maximum was not known of during the writer's stay at the 
 Oasis and hence the causes of the fact were not inquired into; but 
 they are doubtless in the main of environmental origin. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA AND GENNAH VILLAGES 
 FROM 1905 TO 1908, INCLUSIVE, BY QUARTERS 
 
 Births Deaths 
 
 Average per month Average per month 
 
 January-March 19.9 n.i 
 
 April-June 8 23.8 10.4 
 
 July-September 21.1 9.9 
 
 October-December 22.8 14.0 
 
 1 Nichols, J. B. : The Numerical Proportion of the Sexes at Birth. Mem. 
 Anthrop. Assoc. Vol. I, part 4, Lancaster, Pa., 1907, pp. 249-300. 
 
 1 It would be interesting to ascertain whether or not this is a racial trait, 
 or one applicable also to the Soudanese and Nubians, in which case the ad- 
 mixture of the latter into the Egyptian and the Kharga Oasis people might 
 possibly account for the relatively high female birth-rate among these. 
 
 3 The three months epidemic of 1908 at Kharga, which will be noticed in the 
 next table, excluded. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 21 
 
 BIRTHS AND DEATHS AT THE KHARGA VILLAGE FOR FOUR 
 YEARS BY MONTHS 
 
 BIRTHS 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 Month 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 v ' 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 r; 
 
 
 
 "rt 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 -^ 
 
 j 
 
 
 J 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 " 
 
 h 
 
 H 
 
 " 
 
 fa 
 
 H 
 
 January 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 T C 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 Q 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 February 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 g 
 
 X 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 
 70 
 
 March 
 
 
 c 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 1 1 
 
 19 
 
 
 8 
 
 72 
 
 
 5 
 
 77 
 
 April . 
 
 8 
 
 
 2J 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 H 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 79 
 
 May 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 T-J 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 IO 
 
 H 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 June ... ... 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 July.. 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7J 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 
 27 
 
 August .... 
 
 c 
 
 7 
 
 72 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 
 76 
 
 September . . 
 
 14 
 
 
 7<S 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 T8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 
 77 
 
 October .... 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 
 g 
 
 75 
 
 November 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 7* 
 
 December .... 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 Q 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 121 
 
 H3 
 
 2J4 
 
 1 2O 
 
 no 
 
 248 
 
 135 
 
 147 
 
 282 
 
 103 
 
 114 
 
 277 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DEATHS 
 
 
 
 i9s 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 ,908 
 
 
 Month 
 
 
 
 *rt 
 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 Female 
 
 1 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 S 
 
 Female 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 January 
 
 
 c 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7? 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 February 
 
 o 
 
 4' 
 
 7 
 
 -? 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7? 
 
 
 6 
 
 77 
 
 March 
 
 3 
 
 4' 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 April . 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 94 
 
 May 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7? 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 S6 
 
 146 
 
 T y 
 
 June 
 
 4" 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 ? 
 
 i? 
 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 July . . 
 
 j 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 Q 
 
 14 
 
 August 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 <? 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 September 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 -Z0 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Q 
 
 6 
 
 If 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 November 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1? 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 J2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 Total 
 
 6? 
 
 57 
 
 H9 
 
 73 
 
 62 
 
 7.?5 
 
 61 
 
 72 
 
 133 
 
 IQ2 
 
 160 
 
 352 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RESUME OF VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA OASIS 
 
 To summarize, the vital statistics data of the Kharga Oasis have 
 shown: (i) A steady high birth-rate; (2) barring years with epi- 
 demics, a moderately high death-rate; (3) a relatively rapid rate of 
 natural increase in population; (4) a slight seasonal difference in 
 proportion of births, and a more marked one in proportion of deaths ; 
 (5) a relatively high proportion, both at birth and in population, of 
 females ; and (6) a very close similarity in all these items to the 
 conditions in Egypt in general. 
 
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 6. PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 KHARGA OASIS NATIVES 
 
 The people of the Oasis, while ignorant, and therefore apprehen- 
 sive and superstitious, were found on the whole to be fairly intelli- 
 gent. They are mild, polite, not very energetic or enterprising, but 
 not idlers. They are in general poorly nourished and show the 
 effects of that condition in their lack of initiative and diminished 
 strength as well as endurance, which conditions are marked in all 
 their activities. 
 
 The observations to be recorded were made during the latter part 
 of February, which is a season quite free from climatic extremes 
 and a healthier one than other parts of the year. 
 
 The tests undertaken were the same as those on Indians, reported 
 by the writer in icjoS, 1 and were carried out with the same instru- 
 ments and in like manner, so that these two series of data are entirely 
 comparable. They relate to the pulse, respiration, temperature, and 
 manual with arm strength of the people, and extend to 150 adult 
 males. The subjects were mainly from the Kharga village and nearby 
 settlements. They were all free, it should be stated again, from negro 
 admixture, as far as ascertainable, and free from any complaints or 
 disease which would incapacitate them for work. They were exam- 
 ined as a rule only after being rested and in the absence of exciting 
 circumstances. The men took to the examination kindly ; if any were 
 found in whom the state of the tongue or other organs indicated a 
 systemic disarrangement of any consequence, they were excluded ; 
 and with the other precautions taken, it seems safe to say that the 
 results which will be given in the following pages, represent fairly 
 the normal or average conditions at the Oasis, at that period. The 
 examination of the women and children would have added materially 
 to the interest and value of these tests, but for reasons already stated 
 was impossible. 
 
 PULSE * 
 
 The results on 94 healthy male individuals, of all ages, as shown 
 in the accompanying table, give an average which is by 4 or 5 beats 
 
 1 Hrdlicka, A. : Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians 
 of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Bull. 34, Bureau Amer. 
 Ethnology, 8, Washington, 1908, pp. 1-460. 
 
 Compare data in writer's " Physiological and Medical Observations, etc., 
 pp. 138 et seq. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 per minute higher than the general average in male whites, and from 
 9 to 19 beats per minute higher than shown by various tribes of the 
 American native. The most common pulse-rates at Kharga are 
 those between 71 and 80. 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: PULSE (PER MINUTE) 1 
 
 Number of observations : 94. 
 Average: 76. (ist series of 46: 77.5; 2d series of 48: 74.5.) 
 
 Median : 75. Mode : 72, 
 
 Minimum : 54. Maximum : 705. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 ^ 
 
 $ 
 
 5 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 vS 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 8 
 
 & 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 5 
 
 ~ 
 
 Number of cases.. .. 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent . . . . 
 
 1 i 
 
 8 5 
 
 8 5 
 
 30 8 
 
 22 3 
 
 14 9 
 
 <?.J 
 
 8.5 
 
 7 7 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 In sitting position. 
 
 The causes of the frequency of a relatively rapid pulse and hence 
 heart-beat at the Oasis are not easy to determine. The phenomenon 
 is not due to rarefied air, for the Oasis lies, on the average, less than 
 100 meters above the sea-level. It is in no case connected with 
 alcoholism, for that vice is practically absent, 1 nor with any abuse or 
 even the use of coffee, tea or tobacco, which articles are still to a 
 large extent luxuries in the Oasis. There are also no drug habits. 
 The general environmental conditions, finally, are much like those in 
 the American deserts, and in the latter no accelerating influence has 
 been manifested thus far on the slow pulse of the Indian. It therefore 
 seems that the relatively high pulse rate at the Oasis is in the main a 
 long established, hereditary condition. 
 
 Further inquiries, however, were made into the subject, to show 
 what, if any, relation the phenomenon had to the most important 
 conditions of the body. 
 
 1 The natives make a sort of beer from the sap of the date-palm and a 
 stronger liquor from the dates, but the quantity made is not large and is 
 limited, particularly in the latter case, in season. According to Beadnell (An 
 Egyptian Oasis, p. 218), the weaker liquor is called " lagmi." It "has a pe- 
 culiar insipid taste. It is obtained by making a deep incision in the top of the 
 date-palm, the liquid oozing out and being collected in a vessel, generally 
 made of the rind of a gourd. As much as 10 quarts can be obtained in a day, 
 and the tree may be bled once or twice a month without sustaining any harm ; 
 the operation may, in fact, prove of considerable benefit to a sickly palm." 
 
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 A reference to the table on page 27 will show that, so far as these 
 data reach, no clear difference is appreciable between the pulse-rate 
 of the youngest and oldest adults examined. The series, however, 
 does not comprise many individuals above 55 years of age (esti- 
 mated), and is in general too limited for definite conclusions. One 
 point is evident, and that is the fact that age effects on the pulse- 
 rate up to the fifty-fifth year, if they exist, are irregular at the 
 Oasis. 
 
 A more marked relation was detected between the pulse-rate and 
 the stature. Taking the healthy adults up to 50 years of age, the 
 15 men of the highest stature give an average pulse-rate 2.9 beats 
 higher than the 20 of the lowest stature. The details given on the 
 table on page 28 show especially the frequent occurrence of sub- 
 average pulse-rate in those of short height. The association of a 
 higher average pulse-rate with tall statures has been observed in 
 whites x and also in Indians, 2 so that it is probably a more or less 
 irregular but prevalent physiological condition. What is the real 
 direct cause of the pulse acceleration in those of tall stature, is as 
 yet somewhat problematical. 
 
 Still another condition inquired into was the relation of the pulse- 
 rate to vigor, as indicated by the tests of strength. The 18 weakest 
 but healthy men gave the average pulse-rate of 74.5, the 16 strongest 
 75.4. Both of these figures are curiously below the general average 
 (=76). The difference between the two series is small, but there 
 are indications that it is not accidental (see table on page 28). The 
 matter is, however, complicated by the fact that in many instances 
 greater muscular strength corresponds with taller stature. Some 
 further light will be thrown on these points by the results of tests 
 of other functions. 
 
 The relation of pulse to respiration and body temperature will be 
 referred to under these headings. 
 
 RESPIRATION 
 
 The respiration-rate averages in the healthy Kharga men, as seen 
 from the figures below, 18.4 per minute, which is slightly above the 
 general averages in both the whites and the Indian. 3 The difference, 
 
 l Volkmann, A. W. : Die Haemodynamik nach Versuchen, 8, 1850, p. 429 
 et seq. 
 
 2 Hrdlicka, A. : Physiological and Medical Observations, etc., p. 141 et seq. 
 
 8 Compare data in Vierordt, H., Anatomische, Physiologische und Physi- 
 kalische Daten und Tabellen, 8. Jena. 1893, p. 166. Also Smith, E. : Trans. 
 Roy. Med. & Chir. Society, London, Vol. 39, 1856. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 amounting to about one respiration more every two minutes, is so 
 small that, were it not for the simultaneous and better defined excess 
 in pulse-rate, it could be disregarded. As it is, it is probably an 
 expression of correlated action of the lungs and the heart. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RESPIRATION (PER MINUTE) * 
 
 Number of observations : 94. 
 Average: 18.4. (ist series of 46: 18.6; 2d series of 48: 18.3.) 
 
 Median : 18. Mode : 18. 
 
 Minimum: 14. Maximum: 24. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 to 
 
 T 
 
 Tt 
 
 t>* 
 1 
 
 o\ 
 
 M 
 00 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 $ 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 -I -I 
 
 18 
 
 
 A 
 
 Per cent 
 
 12 8 
 
 19 2 
 
 35 1 
 
 19 2 
 
 9 6 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Sitting, at rest. 
 
 The numerical relation of the pulse-beats to respiration averages 
 4.13, which is practically the same as in whites. 
 
 In regard to age, the youngest adults of the series examined show 
 (see table on page 27) a slightly greater average (+ 0.4 per minute) 
 than the oldest ones. A similar condition was observed by the 
 writer in the Indians and it also exists in the whites. As a result 
 of this and of the frequently observed more rapid pulse in old age, 
 the pulse-beat: respiration ratio is slightly higher in senility than 
 earlier in adult life. 
 
 As to stature, the shortest healthy men up to 50 years of age gave 
 a lower average by nearly one breath a minute than the taller ones 
 (for details see table on page 28). This stands again in correlation 
 with the lower average pulse in those of short stature, but it is not 
 possible to say whether the condition is characteristic of the people 
 of the Oasis, or is merely an accidental feature of this group. How 
 far it may be true of other ethnic groups is as yet uncertain. 
 
 The pulse-respiration ratio in the two groups remains almost iden- 
 tical (4.18 for the short, 4.16 for the tall), showing that there has 
 been a harmonious response in this line of the two functions. 
 
 A similar condition to that in the shortest adult prevails also in 
 those who are weakest muscularly the series give a perceptibly 
 lower average rate of respiration (as they did of pulse-rate) than 
 that of the strongest individuals (see details in table on page 28). 
 The difference of the averages amounts to 0.7 of a respiration per 
 minute in favor of the strongest. The rate in the latter is also 
 
26 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 higher than the general average. The pulse-respiration ratio, how- 
 ever, is relatively small in the " strongest," amounting to only 3.97 
 (in the weakest = 4.07). This condition of subaverage pulse-rate 
 with above-average respiration-rate in the Kharga " strongest " 
 group is not understood. As a great many individual elements enter 
 into every expression of these series and as the latter are not large 
 enough to submerge the effects of all such conditions, the discrep- 
 ancy may be accidental. It is regrettable that no detailed extensive 
 data of similar nature exist as yet on the whites, the subject being 
 far from exhausted in that race alone. 
 
 TEMPERATURE 
 
 The temperature of the body was taken in every case with verified 
 thermometers, under the tongue, with the subject sitting, and with 
 the instrument in place for at least five minutes. All the tests were 
 made between 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. and were about equally dis- 
 tributed over the intervening hours. The results are as follows : 
 
 XHARGA OASIS, MEN: TEMPERATURE 
 
 Number of observations : 95. 
 
 Average: 98.6 F. (ist series of 47: 98.7; 2d series of 48: 98.5.) 
 
 Median: 98.7. Mode: 2 groups, 98.5, 98.9. 
 
 Minimum: 96.2. Maximum: 99.9. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ON 
 
 o 
 
 Os 
 
 
 
 q\ 
 
 
 
 q\ 
 
 
 
 ON 
 
 tx 
 
 ON 
 
 od 
 
 Ov 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 IT) 
 
 Q < 
 
 to 
 
 ' 
 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 0^ 
 
 t>x 
 
 ON 
 
 *& 
 
 % 
 
 g ' 
 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 Per cent 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 2 
 
 J2 <5 
 
 14 7 
 
 30.5 
 
 26.3 
 
 <J.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The average temperature in the European amounts to about 98.9 
 F. (37.2 C.) ; the male Indians have given the writer averages, 
 according to tribes, varying from 98.1 to 98.8; the Kharga males 
 show 98.6. 
 
 In the whites each 10 F. temperature correspond, on the average, 
 to 7.28 pulse-beats and 1.82 respirations; in the Indians, to 6.40 
 pulse-beats and 1.78 respirations; and in the Kharga natives to 7.71 
 pulse-beats and 1.87 respirations. These are differences well beyond 
 the limits of the probable error, and hence are of significance, though 
 their exact explanation can hardly as yet be attempted. The tempera- 
 ture of the Oasis men is, plainly, low in relation to both pulse and 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 respiration as compared with the whites, and especially with the 
 Indians. It is also absolutely somewhat lower than in the whites. 
 This condition means probably, in the main, a somewhat lower 
 intensity in the Kharga natives of general metabolism, which agrees 
 well with the poorer nutrition of a large proportion of the Oasis 
 population ; but it is doubtless also influenced by a greater heat 
 radiation from the skin, due to the subtropical climate of the Oasis. 
 As to age, the oldest Kharga adults show, as seen in the next table, 
 a slightly lower average temperature than the youngest ones. The 
 difference would be quite insignificant, however, except for the fact 
 that it agrees with what is known in this respect of whites and what 
 
 KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN 
 RELATION TO AGE 
 
 Fifteen youngest men: 21-26 years 
 
 Fourteen oldest men: 55-65 years 
 
 Age 
 
 Pulse (sit- 
 ting) per 
 minute 
 
 Respiration 
 (sitting) 
 per minute 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture (sub- 
 lingua), 
 grades 
 
 Age 
 
 Pulse (sit- 
 ting) per 
 minute 
 
 Respiration 
 (sitting) 
 per minute 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture (sub- 
 lingua), 
 grades 
 
 Years 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Years 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 21 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 98.0 
 
 55 l 
 
 (100) 
 
 (17) 
 
 (98.8) 
 
 22 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 98.7 
 
 55 
 
 92 
 
 16 
 
 98.6 
 
 23 
 
 72 
 
 20 
 
 97-4 
 
 55 2 
 
 62 
 
 20 
 
 97.9 
 
 24 l 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 99.1 
 
 55 3 
 
 78 
 
 19 
 
 98.3 
 
 24* 
 
 (72) 
 
 (16) 
 
 (96.2) 
 
 55 
 
 72 
 
 17 
 
 98.2 
 
 24 3 
 
 (84) 
 
 d9) 
 
 (99-2) 
 
 55* 
 
 90 
 
 22 
 
 99.2 
 
 24 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 99.4 
 
 55 
 
 6 9 
 
 16 
 
 97.6 
 
 24 4 
 
 96 
 
 19 
 
 99-3 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 97-7 
 
 25 5 
 
 81 
 
 22 
 
 97.7 
 
 55 5 
 
 84 
 
 JQ 
 
 99.3 
 
 25 
 
 74 
 
 18 
 
 98.4 
 
 58 
 
 72 
 
 lo 
 
 98.4 
 
 
 78 
 
 19 
 
 99.1 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 20 
 
 98.7 
 
 26 
 
 
 21 
 
 99-2 
 
 60 7 
 
 (72) 
 
 (22) (99-6) 
 
 26 6 
 
 66 
 
 18 
 
 98.5 
 
 60 8 
 
 72 
 
 14 
 
 98.6 
 
 26 
 
 84 
 
 18 
 
 98.9 
 
 65 9 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 99-4 
 
 26 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 98.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages (exclusive of the cases in parentheses): 
 
 24.3 
 
 75.5 
 
 18.9 
 
 98.7 
 
 57 
 
 76.1 
 
 18.5 
 
 98.5 
 
 X 3 P. M. ; tongue slightly whitish. 
 * 10 A. M. ; low temperature pos- 
 sibly due to hunger. 
 3 Sore throat. 
 
 A. M. ; tongue somewhat 
 
 4 11-55 
 coated. 
 
 5 10.40 
 coated. 
 
 6 12.50 
 coated. 
 
 A. M. ; tongue slightly 
 P. M. ; tongue slightly 
 
 throat. 
 
 2 2.15 P. M. ; tongue slightly coated. 
 
 3 9.40 A. M. ; tongue yellowish. 
 
 4 4.10 P. M. ; tongue yellowish 
 coated. 
 
 5 1.50 P. M. ; tongue slightly coated. 
 
 8 1 1. 50 A. M. ; tongue slightly 
 coated. 
 
 7 10.25 A. M. ; tongue all coated. 
 
 8 12.30 P. M. ; cause of slow respir- 
 ation ? 
 
 "3.15 P. M. ; tongue yellow-coated. 
 
28 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 has been observed in the Indians. The smallness of the difference is 
 due principally to the fact that no really senile or very old individuals 
 are included in the Kharga series. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN 
 RELATION TO EXTREMES OF STATURE * 
 
 20 shortest men, 152.3-159.8 cm. 
 
 15 tallest men, 167.1-173.8 cm. 
 
 (average age 33.9 years) 
 
 (average age 39.7 years) 
 
 Stature 
 
 Pulse 
 (sitting) 
 
 Respiration 
 (sitting) 
 
 Temper- 
 ature 
 (sub-lingua) 
 
 Stature 
 
 Pulse 
 (sitting) 
 
 Respiration 
 (sitting) 
 
 Temper- 
 ature 
 (sub-lingua) 
 
 per minute 
 
 per minute 
 
 5 minutes 
 
 
 per minute per minute 
 
 5 minutes 
 
 
 
 exposure 
 
 
 1 
 
 exposure 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 
 F. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 
 F. 
 
 152.3 
 
 78 
 
 18 
 
 97-9 
 
 167.1 
 
 78 
 
 18 
 
 98.3 
 
 153-6 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 99.2 
 
 167.3 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 98.5 
 
 155-7 
 
 65 
 
 14 
 
 98.3 
 
 168.2 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 98.3 
 
 155-9 
 156.0 
 
 157.5 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 22 
 
 98.9 
 97-9 
 97-7 
 
 168.3 
 168.8 
 168.9 
 
 72 
 
 g 
 
 17 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 98.1 
 98.9 
 
 157.8 
 158.3 
 
 72 
 92 
 
 20 
 22 
 
 97-4 
 99-5 
 
 169.4 
 169.4 
 
 68 
 84 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 98*9 
 
 158.4 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 97.8 
 
 170.5 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 98.8 
 
 158.5 
 
 74 
 
 20 
 
 99-2 
 
 171.3 
 
 76 
 
 18 
 
 
 158.5 
 
 70 
 
 18 
 
 
 172.2 
 
 92 
 
 16 
 
 98.6 
 
 158.7 
 
 72 
 
 21 
 
 98 9 
 
 172.4 
 
 7i 
 
 18 
 
 99. i 
 
 158.7 
 
 76 
 
 16 
 
 98.5 
 
 172.5 
 
 
 18 
 
 98 i 
 
 158.8 
 
 
 18 
 
 98.0 
 
 172.7 
 
 82 
 
 21 
 
 98.2 
 
 159-3 
 
 80 
 
 15 
 
 99-3 
 
 173.8 
 
 78 
 
 18 
 
 99-6 
 
 159-4 
 
 78 
 
 15 
 
 98.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 159.5 
 
 69 
 
 18 
 
 98.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 159.6 
 
 72 
 
 16 
 
 97-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 159-7 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 99.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 159-8 
 
 72 
 
 16 
 
 96.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages : 
 
 157.8 
 
 74.9 
 
 17.9 
 
 98.4 
 
 170.2 
 
 77.8 
 
 18.7 
 
 98.7 
 
 1 In adult healthy men of not more than 50 years of age. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN 
 RELATION TO VIGOR 
 
 18 weakest healthy men (up to 50 years of age) 
 
 1 6 strongest healthy men (up to 50 years of age) 
 
 Average 
 pressure 
 force in 
 right hand 
 
 Average 
 pulse (sit- 
 ting) 
 
 Average 
 respiration 
 (sitting) 
 
 Average 
 temperature 
 (sub-lingua) 
 
 Average 
 pressure 
 force in 
 right hand 
 
 Average 
 pulse (sit- 
 ting) 
 
 Average 
 respiration 
 (sitting) 
 
 Average 
 temperature 
 (sub-lingua) 
 
 *&' 
 
 28 
 
 Permin. 
 
 74.5 
 
 Permin. 
 18.3 
 
 F. 
 08.3 
 
 Kg. 
 4i 
 
 Per min . 
 75-4 
 
 Per min . 
 19.0 
 
 F. 
 
 98.6 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 29 
 
 In relation to stature, the temperature is on the average higher 
 in the " tallest " than it is in the " shortest " Kharga natives. And 
 the temperature goes hand in hand in these groups with both pulse 
 and respiration. The " shortest " males at the Oasis show thus on 
 the average a somewhat less active metabolism, as well as a slower 
 heart and slower respiration. They manifest lesser vitality, which 
 suggests a causal relation between at least some of the low statures 
 at the Oasis and the agencies which condition lowered vitality. 
 The main of these conditions are probably chronic malnutrition, and 
 protracted effects during the developmental stage of life of malaria 
 or other systemic disorders. The tallest Kharga men are, on the 
 average, of a distinctly superior vitality. 
 
 Muscular potency shows similar relation to temperature as age 
 and stature : It is in general perceptibly below the average in those 
 who give low temperature, and both go together with sub-average 
 pulse rate as well as respiration-rate. The individuals of the best 
 muscular vigor show mean temperature, with slightly sub-average 
 pulse, but somewhat above average respiration. A larger series of 
 observations would in these respects be very desirable. 
 
 MUSCULAR STRENGTH 
 
 The tests of muscular strength were those of pressure in each hand 
 and traction. 1 They were made by Mathieu's dynamometer and repre- 
 sent the maximum exertion of the subjects determined in two to 
 four consecutive trials. The hands and arms were in every case 
 held free from the body and cases with crippled or sore fingers, 
 hands or arms were excluded. There was no unwillingness or lack 
 of interest on the part of those examined in making the tests, so that 
 the record obtained may be regarded as fairly representative of the 
 true condition in regard to muscular strength of the Kharga men. 
 
 The results are seen in the following tables. 
 
 x With the medius of each hand linked into the arch of the instrument at 
 its small end and the arms held not higher than the chin. 
 
SMITHSONIAN- MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHAEQA OASIS, MEN: PEESSUEE FOECE IN THE HANDS 1 
 
 Number of observations in each hand: 115. 
 Average, right hand: 33.8; left hand: 31.1 kg. (ist 50: right hand 33.4, left 
 
 hand 30.9; 2d 50: right hand 33.4, left hand 31.2.) 
 Median : right hand 33, left hand 31. Modes : right hand 28 and 34, left 
 
 hand 31. 
 
 Minimum : right hand 24, left hand 21. Maximum : right hand 49, left hand 45. 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 I 
 
 s? 
 
 I 
 
 lO 
 
 1 
 
 *^ 
 
 01 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Number of cases: 
 right hand 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 1^ 
 
 left hand 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I? 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 Per cent : 
 right hand 
 
 
 
 1 7 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 9 
 
 12 2 
 
 11 3 
 
 left hand 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 7 
 
 11 3 
 
 14 8 
 
 10 4 
 
 19 1 
 
 6 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 t^ 
 
 8 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 iO 
 
 *** 
 
 ON 
 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 | 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 Number of cases : 
 right hand 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 left hand 
 
 1C 
 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent : 
 right hand 
 
 16 5 
 
 8 7 
 
 3 5 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 3 
 
 5 2 
 
 1 7 
 
 9 
 
 left hand 
 
 13 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 6 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Maximum, in kilograms. 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: TESTS OF MUSCULAE FOECE: TEACTION 
 
 Number of observations: in. 
 Average: 22.3kg. (ist 50: 21.3; 2d 50: 22.6.) 
 
 Median: 21. Mode: 25. 
 
 Minimum : 12. Maximum : 37. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 M 
 <t 
 
 M 
 
 t^ 
 
 v| 
 
 O\ 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 M 
 
 ? 
 
 JT 
 
 & 
 { 
 
 % 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 CO 
 
 10 
 ? 
 
 fO 
 
 t^ 
 
 fO 
 
 i 
 
 Number of cases. 
 Per cent 
 
 2 
 1 8 
 
 10 
 9.0 
 
 14 
 
 1? 6 
 
 12 
 
 10 8 
 
 17 
 11 ? 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 14 4 
 
 13 
 11 7 
 
 3 
 
 ? 7 
 
 7 
 rf ? 
 
 5 
 4 5 
 
 I 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 In kilograms. 
 
 The above data show that the Kharga natives are on the average 
 a rather weak lot. The pressure force, with the same instrument and 
 method, averages in white males in the right hand about 45 kg., in the 
 left 37 kg., and the traction 27 kg. Fifteen healthy and as far as 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 3! 
 
 could be determined full-blood American negro men gave the writer, 
 with the same instrument, as the mean pressure in the right hand 41.5, 
 in the left hand 38.6 kg., and traction of 30 kg. In the Indian, 1 in 
 general, the corresponding figures are about 40, 34, and 25 kg. At 
 Kharga they are, as seen above, 34, 31, and 22 kg. 
 
 The debility of the Kharga men is in all probability the effect, in 
 the main, of poor and scant nutrition. The Valley fellaheen impress 
 one as somewhat better off in this respect, and also as somewhat 
 stronger, yet even they, so far as observed, do not approach in 
 muscular strength the whites or the negro of similar vocations. 
 
 The average difference between the pressure force of the right and 
 that of the left hand is less marked in the Kharga natives than that 
 in the white and also the Indian, showing that the right hand is not 
 only absolutely but also relatively weaker in those of the Oasis. 
 
 The age differences in strength are quite pronounced and follow 
 what is probably a general rule, showing a gradual decline after 40 
 years of age. The maximum mean of muscular power is reached 
 between 30 and 40, or more properly between 25 and 35 years, 
 which appears also to be most frequently the case in the whites as 
 well as in the American Indians. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RESULTS OF TESTS OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH OF THE 
 HANDS (PRESSURE) AND ARMS (TRACTION), ACCORDING TO AGE 2 
 
 Age groups Maximum pressure Maximum pressure Maximum traction, 
 
 2I-3O years right hand left hand horizontal 
 
 Number of subjects (42) (42) (39) 
 
 Average 33.9 3*>6 22.3 
 
 Minimum 26 21 14 
 
 Maximum 49 45 35 
 
 31-40 years 
 
 Number of subjects (20) (20) (19) 
 
 Average 3&-5 33-7 24.6 
 
 Minimum 29.5 26 16 
 
 Maximum 46 45 33 
 
 41-50 years 
 
 Number of subjects (35) (35) (35) 
 
 Average 33-2 31-0 21.6 
 
 Minimum 24 21 14 
 
 Maximum 46 44 3O-5 
 
 51-60 years 
 
 Number of subj ects (17) 
 
 Average 3i-6 29.1 21.2 
 
 Minimum 25 24 
 
 Maximum 42 4* 33 
 
 1 Details in writer's " Physiological and Medical Observations, " etc., p. 143 
 et seq. The tests on the Indians were equally made by the same method and 
 instrument. 
 
 2 All records in kilograms. 
 
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 As to the relation of strength with stature, the 15 healthy tallest 
 Kharga men gave the average right hand pressure of 36.5 kg., the 
 20 shortest ones 33.9 kg., a decided advantage for those of higher 
 stature. Everything indicates that those of the lowest statures at the 
 Oasis are also those who present a greater general weakness, as well 
 as subnormal metabolism, while with those of the highest statures 
 these conditions are reversed. From this it seems safe to conclude 
 that short and tall statures, in this locality at least, are not pure racial 
 characteristics, but that they are largely due to the state of health 
 and nourishment of the individual during growth, and hence to en- 
 vironment ; and it can be assumed that when the economic and hy- 
 gienic conditions of the Oasis shall ameliorate, as they are bound to 
 do with the advance of civilization, the population will respond to 
 an important degree by better physical development. 
 
 RESUME OF THE PRINCIPAL PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 The Kharga Oasis men show on the average, in comparison with 
 the European whites, a perceptibly faster pulse ; a slightly faster 
 respiration ; a perceptibly lower temperature ; and decidedly lower 
 muscular power. 
 
 The differences in these functions according to age and stature 
 follow in general the same laws as among whites, American Indians, 
 and other races. 
 
 The principal defects observed in the Kharga natives in these 
 tests are evidently not anthropological characteristics, but local and 
 temporary phenomena, attributable in the main to the immediate 
 environment, particularly nutrition, and are in all probability largely 
 remediable. 
 
 7. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BODY 
 COLOR 
 
 The skin of the Kharga natives, like that of the Egyptians of the 
 Valley, is predominantly more or less brown. The color is, in the 
 main, quite the same as that of the American Indian of the moderate 
 zones. Individually it ranges from tawny and light brown to 
 medium brown ; darker shades in those who show no evidence of 
 negro mixture are rare. The records show that lighter shades of 
 yellow-brown or brown existed in 18 per cent; moderate brown in 
 81 per cent, and dark brown in but i per cent of the men examined. 
 The secondary shadings of different parts of the body are, so far as 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 33 
 
 observed, in no way particular, and the exposed parts, as elsewhere, 
 are generally darker than those habitually covered. On the head, 
 which is always covered, the skin is occasionally nearly as white as 
 in brunet Europeans. The color of the eyes is generally medium to 
 dark brown. 
 
 HAIR 
 
 The hair is as a rule black, and in those who are not mixed with 
 the negro it is generally straight or approaching straight. It runs 
 thus in 88 per cent of the men examined ; in 6 per cent it was black 
 and distinctly wavy ; in 5 per cent black with a tendency to curl ; 
 and in I individual it was dark brown and straight. In women, 
 where the hair is much longer (many of the men clip the hair short 
 or even shave the head), it is, so far as could be observed, generally 
 more or less wavy, with occasional tendency to curl ; in children it is 
 straight, wavy or slightly curly. The Coptic mummies at El Baguat 
 showed in general hair that was black and straight to moderately 
 wavy. A decidedly curly hair in Kharga natives was as a rule found 
 associated with thick lips and other negro features. It appears, in 
 fact, as if the tendency to curly hair was one of the most lasting 
 effects in the progeny of one-time negro admixture. 
 
 Grey hair, to any appreciable extent, was only seldom noticed 
 before the 4Oth year, and occasionally men of 48-50 years of age 
 showed hair that was nearly all black. At 55 and above greyness was 
 as a rule advanced. 
 
 As to beard, conditions were found as follows : In 94 per cent of the 
 men examined the color of the hair on the face was black, while in 
 6 per cent it was dark but not quite black; and in a number of 
 additional cases the moustache showed a trace lighter than the rest 
 of the beard which was black. The quantity of the moustache was 
 fair in 8, moderate in 49 and scanty in 43 per cent of the individuals ; 
 the chin beard was fair in quantity in 5, moderate in 30, scanty in 
 49 and absent (naturally) or nearly so in 16 per cent of the cases. 
 The total absence of beard was noticed however, with a very few 
 exceptions, only in those below 30 years of age. In form the hair of 
 the face, when longer, shows generally more or less tendency towards 
 waviness. This is especially true of the chin beard and of the more 
 distal parts of both beard and moustache. Greyness of moustache 
 was found to begin somewhat later and to be generally less advanced 
 than that of the hair of the scalp ; that of the chin beard was seen to 
 begin about the same time as that of the head. 
 
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 . No instance was found of a well developed baldness of the top of 
 the head; in 26 of the men (17 per cent) there was more or less of 
 a loss in the front, so that the original height of the forehead could 
 not be determined. In no case, however, did this calvitia reach near 
 to bregma. 
 
 Abnormal hairiness of the body was not noticed in any instance. 
 
 FEATURES OF THE HEAD 
 
 The head was observed to be generally of moderate size. No 
 instance of either artificial or pathological deformation came to 
 notice. In shape it is generally oblong and with either an elliptical, 
 somewhat ovoid, or pentagonal outline of the norma superior. On 
 the whole the head of the average Kharga native is much like that 
 of the ordinary non-negroid Egyptian, and lacks all distinctive negro 
 features. 
 
 The forehead in 86 per cent of the cases was found comparable 
 with the average form in the whites ; in 5 per cent it was high 
 (naturally), in 6 low and in 2 per cent sloping. 
 
 The supraorbital ridges were large in I case; they were about as 
 developed as in average white males in .27 per cent, of a submedium 
 to very small development in 71 per cent, and wholly absent in one of 
 those examined. 
 
 The occiput was in no case especially protruding, the external 
 occipital protuberance or ridges in no case pronounced. 
 
 The ears were found to be generally fairly well formed, lying 
 normally near the head or but moderately abstanding, and both in 
 size and shape quite like those of whites, but unlike the charac- 
 teristic ear of the negro, 1 which only appeared occasionally in the 
 mixed-bloods. The separation of the lobule is occasionally more or 
 less deficient. 
 
 FACIAL FEATURES 
 
 The outline of the face is generally near elliptical or ovoid, with 
 the lower portion occasionally angular. 
 
 The eyes, or more properly eye-slits, were in 97 per cent of the 
 examined horizontal or nearly so, as in Europeans ; in I case they 
 were perceptibly oblique with the distal canthi higher, and in 2 cases 
 they were oblique with the distal canthi lower than the proximal. 
 
 The nasion depression was but slight in 12, moderate or medium 
 
 1 See Hrdlicka, A. : Anthropological Investigations on One Thousand White 
 and Colored Children, etc. 8, New York, 1899. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 35 
 
 (as compared with whites) in 86, and pronounced in 2 per cent of 
 the cases. 
 
 The nose is generally not of great size or prominence. The bridge 
 was found straight in 42, slightly convex in 41, convex in 3, con- 
 cavo-convex in 10 and slightly concave in 4 per cent. It may be said 
 then to be in general straight or slightly convex. 
 
 The nasal septum is prevalently horizontal or somewhat inclined 
 downward. It was horizontal in 62 per cent, slightly inclined down- 
 wards (distal end lower than proximal) in 18, very perceptibly 
 inclined downward in 9, and slightly inclined upward (distal part 
 higher than proximal with head in natural position) in n per cent 
 of the cases. 
 
 The alse of the nose are seldom broad and in the unmixed never 
 show the characteristics of those in the negro. 
 
 The lips were found to be of about medium size, or not exceeding 
 the ordinary dimensions of lips in white males, in 83 per cent of the 
 men, while they were perceptibly to moderately thicker in 17 per cent. 
 
 Prognathism on the whole is somewhat more marked than in the 
 average Europeans, but in a pronounced form is rare ; the conditions 
 in this respect were about as the mean in white men, or but slightly 
 more marked, in 78 per cent, moderately more pronounced in 19 per 
 cent, and decidedly more pronounced than in average whites in 3 
 per cent of those examined. 
 
 The chin was in 85 per cent of the cases of medium proportions 
 and form, compared with the whites ; in 13 per cent of the individ- 
 uals it was more or less angular or " square," in I man it was un- 
 usually pointed and in I unusually long. The angles of the lower 
 jaw showed in 84 per cent of the individuals medium development, 
 in 14 per cent they were above average in size or prominence, and 
 in 2 per cent they were perceptibly below such average. 
 
 The malar regions showed about medium size (as compared with 
 whites) and moderate prominence in 78 per cent, were sub-medium 
 in both these features in 4 per cent and above medium in 18 per cent 
 of the cases. 
 
 Among the 150 men who were specially examined, there was no 
 one with any marked asymmetry of face or with any anomalies of 
 importance. 
 
 The neck is usually of medium development and quite cylindrical ; 
 in the younger men it is frequently rather high. 
 
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 BODY AND LIMBS 
 
 So far as could be determined without undressing the subjects, 
 96 per cent of them presented a body of medium development and 
 without marked abnormalities ; none were obese, but 4 per cent were 
 unusually thin, though not decrepit. No special differences were 
 observed in the various parts of the body from the normal or most 
 common type in whites. 
 
 The hands and feet are generally fairly well formed and not 
 large. No anomaly of fingers came to notice. The fingers and toes 
 are not long. The toes were normal in 95 per cent, in 5 per cent of 
 the individuals they presented some peculiarities. 1 They were only 
 very rarely seen markedly separated, as they are frequently in the 
 Indian. In those who work and go bare-footed the toes are generally 
 thickened. 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON NON-INSTRUMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 The features of the Kharga natives are in general much like those 
 of the fellaheen of the Valley who do not show an admixture with 
 the negro. Nevertheless the physiognomy of the Oasis men seems 
 somewhat distinctive. They could be easily told from the often finely 
 shaped Berberine or Barabra of upper Egypt, and the student comes 
 to believe that he could recognize them even from the natives of the 
 neighboring parts of the valley; but the differences would not be 
 easy to define. The Egyptians of the Valley, however, present a 
 larger number of individuals of a decidedly Semitic type of face. 
 Beyond the Valley, the physiognomy of the Oasis people is close to 
 that of the Arab and the north African non-negro native in general. 
 
 The various characteristics of the head, face, and body, barring 
 the color, when closely scrutinized, are found to be closely related to 
 those of the white race and to have nothing in common with what is 
 distinctive of the negro. 
 
 8. MEASUREMENTS 
 STATURE 
 
 The height of the Kharga Oasis men is unusually small, averaging 
 barely 163.8 cm. (5 ft. 4^ in.). The exact conditions were as 
 follows : 
 
 1 The principal anomalies were as follows: (a) The 4th and 5th left toes, 
 especially the latter, turned outward and downward; (b) the 5th left toe is di- 
 minutive; and (c) the great toe shows a small toe-like (nailless) growth on 
 its inner side and near the end. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 37 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: STATURE 
 Number of individuals measured: 150. 
 
 Average: 163.8 cm. 1 (ist 50: 164.3; 2d 50: 162.3; 3d 50: 164.9 cm.) 
 
 Median 164.0 cm. Modes: 161.5 (161-162) and 168 (167-168) cm. 
 
 Minimum : 150.6 cm. Maximum : 174.6 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 in 
 
 oi 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 in 
 
 tx. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 VO 5 
 
 IN. 
 
 R 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 ' a 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 5 ~ 
 
 t fci 
 
 vo " 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 T E 
 
 '0 ^ 
 
 
 . u 
 
 & 
 
 in 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 tx 
 
 m 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^o 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 2^? 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Per cent 
 
 ? 
 
 1 ? 
 
 6.0 
 
 75 ? 
 
 
 76 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Probable error = 0.269 ; standard deviation, <?, =4.89, 0.190 
 efficient of variability, C, 2.987, 0.116. 
 
 Height 
 
 in cm 150 155 160 165 170 175 
 
 ; co- 
 
 PERCENT, 
 OF CASES 
 '20' 
 
 \ 
 
 15 
 
 \ 
 
 10- 
 
 \ 
 
 FIG. 2. Curve showing the distribution of statures among 150 adult males 
 of the Kharga Oasis. 
 
 The range of variation extends over 24 cm., or 0.073 per 
 centimeter of the average, which can not be regarded as excessive. 
 The distribution of the statures, however (fig. 2), is somewhat 
 peculiar. If considered centimeter by centimeter, it gives two sepa- 
 rate modes well apart. These conditions are probably not without 
 
38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 significance, but to determine their exact bearing is difficult. They 
 may be anthropological in nature, due to admixture of two or more 
 elements outside of the negro, or they may be physiological, con- 
 nected especially with the prevalent defective nutrition in the Oasis. 
 Perhaps they are the complex result of both these* factors. Problems 
 like this can usually be solved only by long extended and comparative 
 investigations. 
 
 There are some means of contrasting the stature measurements of 
 the Kharga people with those of the Valley Egyptians. In 1904 E. 
 Chantre published a work on anthropological research in Egypt 1 
 and the following male statures are recorded : 127 Copts 166.0 cm. ; 
 91 Fellaheen 168.4 cm. ; 134 Bedouins 167.8 cm. ; and 223 Bedjah 
 (Ababdeh, Barabra, Bichariet) 167.6 cm. All these means are very 
 perceptibly higher than those of the Kharga natives. Other meas- 
 urements on an extensive series of Egyptians and Soudanese con- 
 scripts have been published by Myers, 2 but as these were men 
 selected for the military on the basis of good stature and strength, 
 their height records are of no value in this connection. 
 
 HEIGHT SITTING 
 
 The actual measurements are given in the following list. They are 
 of less importance than the comparisons to be given later. They 
 give a relatively solid curve of distribution (fig. 3). The extent of 
 variation is slightly higher, when compared to a unit of measurement, 
 than that of the total height of the body. 8 No data on the Valley 
 Egyptians are in this respect available for comparison. 
 
 1 Recherches anthropologiques dans 1'Af rique orientale : Egypte. 4, Lyon, 
 1904. 
 
 * Myers, Chas. : Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology : Tatuing. Jour- 
 nal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 33, January- June, 1903, pp. 82-89. The 
 Comparative Anthropometry of the most Ancient and Modern Inhabitants. 
 Ibid. Vol. 35, January- June, 1905, pp. 80-91. III. The Anthropometry of the 
 Modern Mahommedans; IV. The Comparison of the Mahommedans with 
 the Copts and the " Mixed " Group. Ibid. Vol. 36, July-December, 1906, pp. 
 237-271. Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology. Ibid. Vol. 28, January- 
 June, 1908, pp. 99-147- 
 
 8 Variability per centimeter : stature : 0.073 > height sitting 0.091. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 39 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT SITTING 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 150. 
 
 Average 84.0 cm. 1 (ist 50 : 84.7 cm ; 2d 50 : 82.7 cm. ; 3d 50 : 84.5 cm.) 
 
 Median: 84. 1 cm. Modes: 84.0 (83.1-85.0) cm.; 86.5 (86.1-87.0) cm. 
 
 Minimum : 75.1 cm. Maximum : 90.4 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 S 
 
 Q 
 
 g 
 
 rf 
 
 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 g 
 
 C 1^ 
 
 
 o <-> 
 13 o 
 
 ~ S 
 
 e 
 
 - 6 
 
 u 
 
 T g 
 
 - 6 
 
 y 
 
 
 oo 
 
 fc 
 
 eg 
 
 00 
 
 08 
 
 0^ 
 
 ^8 
 
 & rt 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 28 
 
 -JT 
 
 -7C 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1.3 
 
 7 J 
 
 J<? 7 
 
 22 
 
 2J J 
 
 20 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error 0.155; standard deviation, <r, =2.820, zto.no; coefficient 
 of variability, C, = 3-357. 0.131. 
 
 Height sitting 
 in cni 77.5 80 82.5 85 87.5 90 
 
 P 
 OF 
 
 ER 
 C 
 25 
 
 CENT 
 ASES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^*- 
 
 -^- 
 
 
 
 
 s s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 N, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n- m 
 
 n" 
 
 -' 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 FIG. 3. Curve showing the distribution of height above ischia (height 
 sitting) among 150 adult males of the Kharga Oasis. 
 
 The relation of the length of that portion of the body above (or 
 that below) the lowest level of the ischia to total stature is a feature 
 of considerable anthropological interest. The Kharga natives show 
 in this respect the conditions given in the next table. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOL. 59 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: PERCENTAL RELATION OF HEIGHT SITTING, 
 TO HEIGHT STANDING 
 
 Number of individuals: 150. 
 Average: 51.26* (Sub ischia = 48.74. ) 
 
 Median: 51.5. Mode: 51.5. 
 
 Minimum: 47.3. Maximum: 54.3. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 <$ 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 in 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 eo 
 m 
 
 Tf 
 
 in 
 
 m 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 tx 
 
 IT 
 
 00 
 
 Tf- 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 in 
 
 m 
 
 oi 
 
 m 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 
 s 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 40 
 
 CJ 
 
 3O 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 7 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 
 
 26 7 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 6 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error 0.071 ; standard deviation, <r, =1.281, 0.050; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 2.499, 0.097. 
 
 According to older sources, the following proportions of the 
 upper and lower part of the body, as obtained by measuring the 
 height sitting, have been found in different groups of whites, etc. : 
 
 PERCENTAL VALUE OF HEIGHT SITTING, IN REGARD TO STATURE 
 (After different authors, from Topinard, Elements tf'Anthrop. gen., p. 1070. )* 
 
 Height Below 
 
 sitting ischia 
 
 88 Sards (d'Hercourt) 54.9 (45.1) 
 
 100 Esthonians (Grube) 53.7 (46.3) 
 
 loo Keltic French (Collignon) 52.6 (47-4) 
 
 100 Cymric French (Collignon) 52.2 (47-8) 
 
 329 Americans (white) of 21 yrs. of age 
 
 (B. A. A. S. 1879) 52.7 (47-3) 
 
 364 English, of 21 yrs. of age (B. A. 
 
 A. S. 1879) 52.4 (47-6) 
 
 60 Lithuanians (Waeber) 51.9 (48.1) 
 
 100 Livonians (Waldhauer) 51.4 (48.6) 
 
 100 Jews (Blechmann) 51.5 (48.5) 
 
 184 Kabyles (Prengruber) 51.4 (48.6) 
 
 The most interesting and probably anthropologically significant 
 feature in regard to the Kharga natives, is their proximity in the 
 characteristic under consideration to the Jews, and especially to the 
 Kabyles. Such relation is not, however, always racial in nature, for 
 it may be merely a like result of similar environmental agencies, 
 particularly poor nutrition. 
 
 Among the Indians, the typically dolichocephalic Pima gave the 
 writer, for the height above ischia, 52.9 per cent ; for that below the 
 
 1 Compare also the results obtained on the dead by W. Pf itzner, Social- 
 anthropologische Studien, Zeitschrift f. Morphologic and Anthropologie, 
 Vol i, 1809 p. 325 et seq. ; Vol. 3, 1901, p. 485 et seq. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 4! 
 
 ischia 47.1 per cent of the total height; while among the typically 
 brachycephalic Apache these proportions were respectively 53.2 and 
 46.8 per cent. 1 In twenty apparently full blood male American 
 negroes, measured by the writer, the same proportions were respec- 
 tively 51.4 and 48.6 per cent. 
 
 The range of variation in the relative proportions of the height 
 above and that below the ischia in the Kharga natives is remark-, 
 able. Each of these proportions is evidently influenced by numerous 
 factors which do not act with equal effect on the other. 
 
 A research into the influences capable of modifying these propor- 
 tions was possible in one important direction : the effects of the low- 
 est and the highest statures. It has been shown already that the 
 lowest statures, where not due to senility, stand often in close con- 
 nection with weaker muscles and prolonged general poor nutrition, 
 while in the case of the highest statures, the case is often the reverse. 
 And the lowest statures, as will be shown in the next table, are also 
 frequently accompanied with a subaverage relative length of the 
 lower limbs, whereas in the tallest individuals the length infra ischia 
 is perceptibly above the average. These conditions suggest that the 
 main causative agencies of low statures, and probably above all 
 chronic poor nutrition, affect adversely the length of the lower limbs 
 more than that of the rest of the body, while favorable conditions of 
 growth, especially, in all probability, good nutrition, cause in general 
 a proportionately greater development in length of the lower limbs. 
 The body supra ischia is the more stable portion, as regards length, 
 of the human organism. There are indications that these conditions 
 are not restricted to the Kharga natives, but will find a much wider 
 anthropological application. 
 
 1 " Physiological and Medical Observations, etc.," p. 112 et seq. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT AND HEIGHT SITTING IN THE SHORTEST 
 AND TALLEST INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Stature 157.5 cra an ^ l ess 
 
 Stature 170 cm. and more. 
 
 
 
 Percental 
 
 Percental 
 
 
 
 Percental 
 
 Percental 
 
 Stature 
 
 Height sit- 
 ting 
 
 relation of 
 height sit- 
 ting to 
 
 relation of 
 the parts 
 infra ischia 
 
 Stature 
 
 Height sit- 
 ting 
 
 relation of 
 height sit- 
 ting to 
 
 relation of 
 the parts 
 infra ischia 
 
 
 
 stature 
 
 to stature 
 
 
 
 stature 
 
 to stature 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 
 
 150.6 
 
 79 8 
 
 53-0 
 
 47-0 
 
 170.5 
 
 85.6 
 
 50.2 
 
 49-8 
 
 152.3 
 
 80.4 
 
 52.8 
 
 47.2 
 
 170.7 
 
 89.5 
 
 52.4 
 
 47.6 
 
 152.3 
 
 80.3 
 
 52.7 
 
 47-3 
 
 171.1 
 
 88.5 
 
 51-7 
 
 48.3 
 
 153-6 
 
 81.7 
 
 53.2 
 
 46.8 
 
 I7I.3 
 
 87.4 
 
 51.0 
 
 49-0 
 
 154-5 
 
 81.0 
 
 52.4 
 
 47-6 
 
 172.2 
 
 87.6 
 
 50.9 
 
 49.1 
 
 155-2 
 
 81.2 
 
 52.3 
 
 47-7 
 
 172.4 
 
 84.8 
 
 49-2 
 
 50.8 
 
 155.7 
 
 81.4 
 
 52.3 
 
 47-7 
 
 172.4 
 
 87.1 
 
 50.5 
 
 49.5 
 
 155.7 
 155.7 
 
 75-1 
 78.6 
 
 48.2 
 50.5 
 
 Si.* 
 
 49-5 
 
 172.5 
 172.7 
 
 
 49-2 
 5i. i 
 
 50.8 
 48.9 
 
 155-9 
 156.0 
 
 79.9 
 80. i 
 
 51-2 
 5i-3 
 
 48.8 
 48.7 
 
 172.7 
 173-8 
 
 88.3 
 85.5 
 
 5i.i 
 49-2 
 
 48.9 
 50.8 
 
 156.3 
 
 80.4 
 
 5i-4 
 
 48.6 
 
 174.5 
 
 90.4 
 
 51-8 
 
 48.2 
 
 156.5 
 
 79-0 
 
 50.5 
 
 49-5 
 
 174-6 
 
 85.8 
 
 49.1 
 
 50.9 
 
 157.5 
 
 82.1 
 
 52.1 
 
 47-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages (14 individuals): 
 
 Averages (13 individuals): 
 
 154.8 
 
 80.1 
 
 51.7 
 
 48.3 
 
 172.4 
 
 87.4 
 
 50.6 
 
 49.4 
 
 As to the effect of age on the relative proportion of the upper and 
 lower parts of the body, the Kharga series shows nothing definite ; 
 but it includes no really senile individuals. It seems safe to assume 
 that, due principally to the frequent greater bending of the spine in 
 the aged, the average value of the height above ischia in relation 
 to that below the ischia diminishes in advanced age. This principle 
 is, of course, applicable to all groups of mankind, not merely the 
 Egyptians. 
 
 THE HEAD 
 Length of Head 
 
 The maximum length of the head averages 18.9 centimeters, which 
 is a fair dimension. Its range of variation extends over 28 mm., 
 equaling 0.74 per each cm. of the average, which is not excessive. 
 
 The curve of distribution of the measurement (fig. 4) is somewhat 
 unusual. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 43 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER ANTERO-POSTERIOR OF MAXIMUM HEAD 
 
 Number of individuals measured : I5O. 1 
 Average: 18.9 cm. 2 (ist 50: 19.0; 2d 50: 18.8; 3d 50: 18.9 cm.) 
 
 Median : 18.9 cm. Mode : 19.0 cm. 
 
 Minimum : J/.6 cm. Maximum : 204 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 01 
 
 <t 
 
 VO 
 
 00 
 
 
 N 
 
 Tt 
 
 vo 
 
 00 
 
 
 M 
 
 * 
 
 
 B 
 
 IN, 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 o\ 
 
 o\ 
 
 0\ 
 
 a 
 
 ON 
 
 p 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 VO 
 
 iLE 
 
 -g 
 
 ~ 6 
 
 1G 
 
 toS 
 
 tLe 
 
 A.E 
 
 JL 5 
 
 <t>& 
 
 4>E 
 
 t^E 
 
 o>S 
 
 iE 
 
 <!oS 
 
 
 ts. 
 
 lx U 
 
 tx U 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00* 
 
 d\ 
 
 0\ 
 
 o\ 
 
 d\ 
 
 ON 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cases .... 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 Q 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Per cent... 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.3 
 
 6.7 
 
 14.7 
 
 14.7 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 
 d. a 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 1 Includes no deformed or pathological heads ; and the same applies to the 
 other skull measurements. 
 
 a Probable error = 0.028 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.5054, 0.020 ; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 2.674, 0.104. 
 
 Breadth of Head 
 
 The greatest breadth of the head gives the moderate mean of 14.4 
 cm. It varies to the extent of 25 mm., or 0.088 per each cm. of the 
 average, hence slightly more than the length ; the curve of distribu- 
 tion, however (fig. 4), though quite shouldered, is unusually solid. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER LATERAL MAXIMUM OF HEAD 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 150. 
 Average: 14.14cm. 1 (ist 50: 14.14; 2d 50: 14.06; 3d 50: 14.22 cm.) 
 
 Median: 14.2 cm. Mode: i^cm. 
 
 Minimum : 12.8 cm. Maximum : 15.5 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 ON 
 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 K 
 
 ON 
 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 ^ 
 
 ON 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 
 01 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 CO . 
 
 CO . 
 
 CO . 
 
 
 4> 
 
 ^t . 
 
 Tf . 
 
 rf . 
 
 
 10 . 
 
 
 ( 
 
 CO 
 M 
 
 1-1 5 
 N O 
 
 TS 
 
 "fr 
 
 
 
 ** 
 
 ss 
 
 "* 
 
 vi 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 SI 
 
 
 N 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 Tj- 
 
 ^- 
 
 Tf 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 l ~ l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 IQ 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Per cent 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 4.7 
 
 8.7 
 
 12.7 
 
 16.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 18.7 
 
 9.J 
 
 J.^ 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 1 Probable error = dr 0.025 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.4507, 0.018 ; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 3.196, 0.124. 
 
 Both the length and the breadth of the head augment, as will be 
 seen in the next table, with the height of the body, and they augment 
 at nearly the same ratio. The latter fact indicates that it is in 
 
44 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF LENGTH AND BREADTH OF 
 HEAD TO STATURE 
 
 Length and breadth of head in the loivest and highest statures 
 
 14 shortest individuals of the series 
 
 13 tallest individuals of the series 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 150.6 
 
 18.5 
 
 '3-9 
 
 170.5 
 
 19.2 
 
 13.1 
 
 152.3 
 
 18.0 
 
 13-35 
 
 170.7 
 
 19.4 
 
 13.0 
 
 152.3 
 
 18.9 
 
 12.9 
 
 171.1 
 
 18.8 
 
 13-8 
 
 153.6 
 
 18.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 I7L3 
 
 19.9 
 
 14.15 
 
 154-5 
 
 18.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 172.2 
 
 19.0 
 
 13-3 
 
 155.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 13.7 
 
 172.4 
 
 18.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 155-7 
 
 19-3 
 
 13.5 
 
 172.4 
 
 19.9 
 
 13.55 
 
 155.7 
 
 19.6 
 
 13-05 
 
 172.5 
 
 18.4 
 
 13.55 
 
 155.7 
 
 19.4 
 
 13.25 
 
 172.7 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.05 
 
 155.9 
 
 18.2 
 
 13-0 
 
 172.7 
 
 18.9 
 
 13.4 
 
 156.0 
 
 18.8 
 
 12.95 
 
 173-8 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.1 
 
 156.3 
 
 18.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 174.5 
 
 18.3 
 
 13.45 
 
 156.5 
 
 19.5 
 
 13.2 
 
 174-6 
 
 18.7 
 
 13.5 
 
 157-5 
 
 17.7 
 
 13-2 
 
 
 
 
 Averages : 
 
 154.8 
 
 18,7 
 (17.7-19.6) 
 
 13.16 
 (12.5-13.9) 
 
 172.4 
 
 19.0 
 (18.3-19-9) 
 
 13.37 
 (12.8-14.15) 
 
 Stature and breadth of head corresponding to shortest and longest heads 
 
 15 shortest heads 
 
 15 longest heads 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Stature 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Stature 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 17-6 
 
 162.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 19.6 
 
 155-7 
 
 13.05 
 
 17.7 
 17.7 
 
 157-5 
 169.4 
 
 13-2 
 12.85 
 
 19.6 
 19.6 
 
 159-8 
 168.8 
 
 13.3 
 13.15 
 
 17-8 
 
 157-8 
 
 12.6 
 
 19.6 
 
 164.7 
 
 13.3 
 
 i8..o 
 
 163.0 
 
 12.9 
 
 19.7 
 
 165.0 
 
 13-3 
 
 18.0 
 
 152.3 
 
 13-35 
 
 19.8 
 
 168.3 
 
 I4.I 
 
 18.0 
 
 163.7 
 
 12-5 
 
 19.8 
 
 164.8 
 
 13.5 
 
 18.1 
 
 160.7 
 
 13.05 
 
 19.8 
 
 165.8 
 
 13.4 
 
 18.1 
 
 I60.8' 
 
 I3-I 
 
 19.9 
 
 172.4 
 
 13.55 
 
 18.1 
 
 l6l.3 
 
 13-0 
 
 19.9 
 
 I7I.3 
 
 14.15 
 
 18.2 
 
 164.7 
 
 13-55 
 
 20.0 
 
 163.3 
 
 13-55 
 
 18.2 
 
 153-6 
 
 12.7 
 
 20.0 
 
 169.4 
 
 13.7 
 
 18.2 
 
 155.9 
 
 13.0 
 
 20. 
 
 I66.I 
 
 13.4 
 
 18.2 
 
 168.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 20.1 
 
 163.4 
 
 13.05 
 
 18.2 
 
 156.3 
 
 13.0 
 
 20.4 
 
 168.6 
 
 13-4 
 
 Averages 
 
 18.0 
 
 160.5 
 
 12.9 
 
 19.85 
 
 265.8 
 
 13.64 
 
 
 (152.3- 
 
 (I2.3-I3.55) 
 
 
 (155.7- 
 
 (13.05- 
 
 
 169.4) 
 
 
 
 172.4) 
 
 14.15) 
 
NO. 1 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 45 
 
 reality the size of the head and not its length or breadth that is 
 directly correlated with the stature. 
 
 The augmentation in both measurements is not exactly propor- 
 tionate to stature in all its grades, but lags behind as the stature 
 increases, so that while in the shortest men the length and breadth 
 of the head represent respectively 12.1 and 8.5 per cent of the body 
 height, in the tallest men they represent only n.o and 7.75 per cent 
 of the same. 
 
 Cephalic Index 
 
 The cephalic index averages 74.83, which characterizes the Kharga 
 people as in general dolicho- and mesocephalic. The extremes extend 
 on one side- to hyperdolichocephaly while on the other they barely 
 reach the beginning of brachycephaly, showing that there is but little 
 tendency towards real broad-headedness. The range of variation, 
 12.7 or 0.085 P er un it of the average, is not unusual. The curve 
 of distribution (fig. 4) of the index, however, shows two pro- 
 nounced and well separated points, which exceed considerably any 
 effects of the mathematical probable error and which, considering the 
 number of subjects involved, can not well be regarded as without sig- 
 nificance. The tendency towards this double grouping is recog- 
 nizable in the distribution curves of both the measurements the rela- 
 tion of which is expressed by the cephalic index, but in the latter the 
 condition is especially clear. It is interesting to note that Myers a 
 found a very much similar condition in the soldiers from several of 
 the Egyptian provinces, but decided, not warrantably, it seems, that 
 the two peaks of his polygons " were purely due to chance." The 
 two peaks were located in all cases one at 73 and the other at 76-77, 
 which agrees closely with the 72.5 and 75.5 peaks at Kharga. 
 
 The writer feels obliged to regard the principal grouping shown 
 by the cephalic index curve or polygon at Kharga as not wholly 
 accidental. It has very probably other causes. These may be racial, 
 in which the condition would express a mixture of two ethnic 
 elements, one more and one less dolichocephalic; or it may be 
 pathological, using this term especially in its extension to various 
 defective conditions that are liable to affect adversely the develop- 
 ments and growth of the organism. The problem is difficult of 
 definite solution from the data at hand. The writer's impression is 
 that in this case it is principally the anthropological factor that is 
 accountable. 
 
 1 Myers, C. S. : Contribution to Egyptian Anthropology ; III. The Anthro- 
 pometry of the Modern Mahommedans. Jour. Anthr. Inst. Vol. 36, 1906, p. 
 246 et seq. 
 
Cm. 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 
 
 FIG. 4. Curve showing the distribution of Length of Head (L. //.), 
 Breadth of Head (B. H.) and Cephalic Index (C. /.), in 150 adult males of 
 the Kharga Oasis. 
 
NO. 1 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 47 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC INDEX 
 
 Number of individuals: 150. 
 
 Average cephalic index: 74.83* (ist 50: 74.5; 2d 50: 74.8; 3d 50: 75.2.) 
 
 Median: 75.0. Modes: 7^.5 (72.1-73) and 75.5 (75.1-76). 
 
 Minimum : 68.2. Maximum : 80.9. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 f 
 
 R 
 
 M 
 
 tx 
 
 i 
 
 $ 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 T 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 & 
 
 * 
 
 R 
 
 5 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 M 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 Per cent 
 
 0.7 
 
 liJ 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 12.7 
 
 J7.J 
 
 .70. 
 
 17.3 
 
 J7.J 
 
 
 4.7 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 1 Probable error = 0.146; standard deviation, <r, =2.655, 0.103; coef- 
 ficient of variability, C, = 3.544, 0.138. 
 
 The length of the head, the breadth of the head and the cephalic 
 index of the men at Kharga show in general a close relation to 
 similar determinations made by Chantre and Myers on the Valley 
 Egyptians, as will be seen from the following comparison : 
 
 Head: 
 Subjects Observer Length Breadth Index 
 
 150 Kharga Oasis men Hrdlicka 18.9 14.1 74.9 
 
 127 Copts Chantre 18.85 14-2 75.2 
 
 91 Fellaheen Chantre 19.0 14.2 74.7 
 
 44 Copts (soldiers) Myers 19.3 14.3 74.0 
 
 369 Egyptian Moslems (soldiers) Myers 1946 14.43 74-3 
 
 Myers' subjects, selected in recruiting for their tall stature, give 
 naturally higher absolute values for the length and breadth meas- 
 urements than the other series, but the index remains much the 
 same as in the other groups ; it varies, as seen, only to the extent of 
 1.2 points in the five series recorded. 
 
 The cephalic index of the Kharga men agrees well with that of 
 the Coptic mummies of the Oasis, and also, as will be shown below 
 on one hand with that of the Arabs, and on the other with that 
 of most of the Berbers and other non-negroid north-Africans. Of 
 course it should be borne in mind that the similarity of the cephalic 
 index is of anthropological value only when other important charac- 
 teristics of the given groups are alike. Such agreement actually 
 exists in the here adduced non-negroid peoples. 
 
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 MEAN CEPHALIC INDEX IN VARIOUS NORTH AFRICAN GROUPS 
 
 (Arranged from data given by Chantre. 1 ) 
 Males 
 
 No. of Cephalic 
 
 Tribes Observer individuals index 
 
 Arabs of Ougorla (?) Elisseieff 20 72.00 
 
 Arabs of Oran (?) Bleicher 10 73.21 
 
 Arabs of Sinai Elisseieff 20 73-87 
 
 Arabs of Ouled Touarah Chantre 18 73.30 
 
 Arabs of Ouled Ayaideh Chantre 41 b. s. 74.48 
 
 Arabs of Ma'azeh Chantre . . . , 40 b. s. 75 oo 
 
 Arabs of Alep Chantre 22 77.05 
 
 Berbers of Aures Elisseieff 10 72.00 
 
 Berbers of Chemini Bertholon 40 72.62 
 
 Berbers of Menzel Bertholon 53 72.79 
 
 Berbers of Ouled Harabi Chantre 29 72.82 
 
 Berbers of Kroumirie Bertholon 358 73-99 
 
 Berbers of Kama Bertholon 64 74-37 
 
 Berbers of Djara Bertholon 14 74.80 
 
 Berbers of Medjez-el-Bab Collignon 16 75.39 
 
 Berbers of Chaouias Faidherbe 15 75.60 
 
 Berbers of Palestro Prengrueber 184 76.04 
 
 Berbers of Biskra Seriziat 180 76.07 
 
 Berbers of Mozabit Amat . . : 50 77.03 
 
 Berbers of Kairouan Collignon 61 77-59 
 
 Berbers of Gerba Bertholon 330 79-94 
 
 Ouled Nagama Chantre 21 75-26 
 
 Ouled Aly Chantre 20 75.39 
 
 Ouled Said Collignon 16 77.79 
 
 Beoni-Maguel of Gerba Bertholon 34 82.24 
 
 Ouled Zelofras of Gerba Bertholon 11 82.50 
 
 Height of Head 
 
 The height of the head measured by the writer throughout his 
 investigations on the living, is that from the line connecting the 
 floor of the auditory canals to the scalp over the bregma. The method 
 relied upon and which gives results somewhat higher than those ob- 
 tained by the means of Gray's radiometer, is given briefly in the foot- 
 note. 2 Regrettably both Chantre and Myers in their measurements 
 on the Egyptians used other methods, and their results are not com- 
 parable with those here recorded. 
 
 1 Recherches anthropologiques dans 1'Afrique orientale : Egypte. 4, Lyon 
 1904. 
 
 2 The measurement is obtained by a spreading and a sliding compass. The 
 branches of a suitable compos d'epaisseur are introduced well into the audi- 
 tory meati and allowed to rest on their floor. The expansion of the instru- 
 ment is noted, with the scale held over the bregma region ; the distance from 
 the bregma region to the lower edge of the scale is measured by the rod of 
 the compos glissicre, and a simple arithmetical process gives the biauricular 
 line-bregma height. With practice the measurement becomes easy, rapid, and 
 at least as reliable as the measure of the same height by any other method. 
 With due care, particularly as to the temperature of the instrument, the 
 branches of the compass in the ears cause but very little discomfort. The 
 writer has used this method now for many years with satisfactory results, 
 and after testing the Gray's radiometer, must prefer it to that instrument. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 49 
 
 The conditions shown by this measurement in the Kharga men 
 
 were as follows : * 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF HEAD 
 
 Number of individuals measured: 150. 
 
 Average: 13.17 cm. 1 (ist 50: 13.2; 2d 50: 13.1; 3d 50: 13.2 cm.) 
 
 Median: 13.2 cm. Modes: 13.0 and 13.4 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 12.3 cm. Maximum : 14.1 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 ; : . 
 
 u-) 
 
 t^ 
 
 o\ 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 if) 
 
 t*+ 
 
 ON 
 
 u 
 
 
 s 
 
 01 . 
 
 N . 
 
 01 . 
 
 
 co . 
 
 co . 
 
 CO . 
 
 CO . 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 ^- o 
 
 VO 
 
 00 
 
 co 
 
 r s 
 
 01 
 
 Tj- 
 
 51 
 
 oo o 
 
 - ^- 
 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 4r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 T. 
 
 4" 
 
 
 TQ 
 
 2T 
 
 ?2 
 
 3T 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Per cent 
 
 9 
 
 2 7 
 
 9 3 
 
 12 7 
 
 20 7 
 
 21 3 
 
 20 7 
 
 5 .? 
 
 4 
 
 7 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error =0.020; standard deviation, <r, =0.3646, 0.014; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, =2.762, 0.108. 
 
 The average height of the head, based on the above measurements, 
 namely 13.17 cm., corresponds to a somewhat higher basion-bregma 
 height on the skull and indicates that the cranium of the Kharga 
 Oasis natives is relatively of moderate height. 
 
 The variation of this dimension extends to 18 mm., which is 
 0.069 f r eacn cm - f the mean measurement. 
 
 Several interesting features are revealed by the study of the rela- 
 tion of the height of the head to the form of the head, the height of 
 the body, and the size of the head. 
 
 As shown in the following table, the relation between the height 
 of the head and the cephalic index is quite insignificant. The 
 average of the cephalic index in the lowest and the highest heads is 
 very much alike. Among the lowest heads seven are dolichocephalic 
 (below 75), while among those of the highest heads there are eight 
 of that form. 
 
 It may then be concluded that in the Kharga men the head form 
 as expressed by the cephalic index is not in any appreciable way 
 dependent on, nor does it affect in any appreciable way, the height of 
 the head. 
 
 The relation of stature to the height of the head is more evident. 
 The series of lowest heads shows an association with notably smaller 
 
 1 For results of the measurement on the American Indian, see writer's 
 "Physiological and Medical Observations, etc." p. 118. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 average body height than that of the highest vaults. In the former 
 series there are only two individuals (15%) of 1.65 m. in stature 
 or above, while in the equally as large series of the highest heads, 
 there are seven (or nearly 54%) of such statures. 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF HEAD TO STATUEE, 
 FOEM OF HEAD AND SIZE OF HEAD 
 
 Cases with smallest height of head 
 (13.65 cm * an d below) 
 
 Cases with greatest height of head 
 (13.7 cm. and above) 
 
 Height of 
 head 
 
 Stature 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 Cephalic 
 module 
 
 Height of 
 head 
 
 Stature 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 Cephalic 
 module 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 12.30 
 
 164.5 
 
 75-8 
 
 15-0 
 
 13.70 
 
 165.0 
 
 73-4 
 
 15-7 
 
 12.30 
 12.35 
 
 168.0 
 
 160.0 
 
 70.3 
 71.7 
 
 14.4 
 I 4 .8 
 
 13.70 
 13.70 
 
 155-2 
 163.3 
 
 75-0 
 77-4 
 
 15.8 
 15.6 
 
 12.50 
 
 163.7 
 
 77-8 
 
 14.8 
 
 13.70 
 
 169.4 
 
 73-5 
 
 16.1 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.55 
 
 ^' 5 
 169.4 
 
 73-5 
 72-4 
 
 14.9 
 14.8 
 
 13-75 
 13.80 
 
 161.6 
 169.4 
 
 K 
 
 15-7 
 15.8 
 
 12.55 
 12.60 
 12.60 
 
 163.5 
 157.8 
 
 158.5 
 
 68.2 
 78.6 
 
 75-5 
 
 14.9 
 14.8 
 15-2 
 
 13-80 
 13-80 
 13.80 
 
 160.0 
 171.1 
 159.6 
 
 71.6 
 76.6 
 74-3 
 
 15-7 
 15-7 
 15-7 
 
 12.65 
 
 158.7 
 
 73-1 
 
 14.9 
 
 13.85 
 
 167.1 
 
 74-7 
 
 15.7 
 
 12.65 
 
 162.2 
 
 72.1 
 
 I5-I 
 
 13.90 
 
 150.6 
 
 75-3 
 
 15.3 
 
 12.65 
 
 161.3 
 
 77-0 
 
 15.2 
 
 14.10 
 
 168.3 
 
 72.7 
 
 16.1 
 
 12.65 
 
 164.1 
 
 77-6 
 
 15.0 
 
 14.15 
 
 171-3 
 
 72.9 
 
 16.2 
 
 Averages (13 cases): 
 
 Averages (13 cases): 
 
 12-53 
 
 162.0 
 
 74.1 
 
 14.9 
 
 13-83 
 
 164.0 
 
 74-7 
 
 15-8 
 
 It then appears that higher stature tends in general to be ac- 
 companied with an absolutely higher head, than low stature. But 
 there is no direct proportion between the increase in the height of 
 the head and that of the stature. Among the lowest heads the pro- 
 portional relation between the height of the head and the height of 
 the body is as i : 12.1, while among the highest heads it is only as 
 1 : 11.9. This indicates that the growth of the head in height, while 
 it to some extent augments in accord with increasing stature, is in 
 the main subject to other influences. 
 
 The most interesting comparison is that between the height of the 
 head and the size of the same. The size of the head is most con- 
 veniently represented by the mean cephalic diameter or the cephalic 
 module. Compared with this, it is found that low height of the head 
 corresponds in general to a small head as a whole, and vice versa. 1 
 
 1 See in this connection Boas, R, The Cephalic Index, Amer. Anthropologist, 
 N. S., I, 1899, pp. 448-461. All the statements advanced there are, however, 
 not borne out by the present study. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 This condition is expressed not only by the averages, but is also 
 illustrated by the fact that in the series of the lowest heads there 
 are no instances of a cephalic module higher than 15.2, while in the 
 series of highest heads there is no module lower than 15.3. 
 
 It is further found, however, that in the case of the lowest heads, 
 the average height of the head corresponds to the average cephalic 
 module of the same heads only in the proportion of 84.1 to 100, 
 while in the case of the highest heads that proportion is as 87.6 to 
 loo. This indicates that the height of the head increases faster than 
 the size of the head as a whole, and hence to some extent indepen- 
 dently of the same. 
 
 As to the relation of the height of the head to the length and 
 breadth of the same, the following data show conclusively that the 
 highest heads are also as a rule absolutely longer and broader than 
 the lowest ones. Under normal conditions, therefore, an exceptional 
 cephalic height is largely a function of the size of the head (which, 
 in turn, as brought out before, stands in close connection with the 
 stature). 
 
 KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF HEAD TO LENGTH AND 
 BREADTH OF SAME 
 
 Cases with smallest height of head 
 (12.65 cm - an d below) 
 
 Cases with greatest height of head 
 (13.7 cm. and above.) 
 
 Height of head 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 Height of head 
 
 Length of head 
 
 Breadth of head 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 12.30 
 
 18.6 
 
 I4.I 
 
 13.70 
 
 19.2 
 
 14.1 
 
 12.30 
 
 18.2 
 
 12.8 
 
 13.70 
 
 19.2 
 
 14.4 
 
 12.35 
 
 18.7 
 
 13.4 
 
 13.70 
 
 18.6 
 
 14.4 
 
 12.50 
 
 18.0 
 
 I4.O 
 
 13.70 
 
 20.0 
 
 14.7 
 
 12.50 
 
 18.5 
 
 13-6 
 
 13-75 
 
 19-3 
 
 14.2 
 
 12.55 
 
 18.5 
 
 13-4 
 
 13.80 
 
 I9.I 
 
 14.2 
 
 12.55 
 12.60 
 
 19.2 
 17.8 
 
 I3.I 
 14.0 
 
 13.80 
 13.80 
 
 18.6 
 19.4 
 
 14.9 
 13.9 
 
 12.60 
 
 18.8 
 
 14.2 
 
 13.80 
 
 18.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 12.65 
 
 18.6 
 
 13.6 
 
 13-85 
 
 19.0 
 
 14.2 
 
 12.65 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.7 
 
 13.90 
 
 18.5 
 
 13.6 
 
 12.65 
 
 18.7 
 
 14.4 
 
 14.10 
 
 19.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 12.65 
 
 18.3 
 
 14.2 
 
 14.15 
 
 19-9 
 
 14.5 
 
 Averages (13 cases): 
 
 Averages (13 cases): 
 
 12.53 
 
 18.53 
 
 13.73 
 
 13.83 
 
 19.18 
 
 14.30 
 
 Percental rela- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tion of height 
 to length and 
 breadth 
 
 67.6 
 
 91.3 
 
 .... 
 
 72.1 
 
 96.7 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOL. 59 
 
 The mutual relation of the three main diameters, however, does 
 not remain the same from the lowest to the highest heads. With the 
 height it is as 110.4 m the latter to 100 in the former, but with the 
 breadth similar proportions are only 104.2 to 100, and with the length 
 103.5 to loo. Hence, the highest heads are not only highest abso- 
 lutely, but also relatively to head length and breadth. The length 
 has evidently lagged behind even slightly more than the breadth (C. I. 
 in lowest heads 74, in highest 74. 6) , but the difference is small and 
 within the possibilities of accidental. 
 
 The above conditions do not fall, it seems to the writer, in the 
 category of simple compensations ; they are more likely directly 
 connected with the anatomical peculiarities of the vault of the skull 
 and are expressions, in the main, of the law of expansion of the skull 
 in the directions of lesser resistance. 
 
 Cephalic Module 
 
 The sum of the length, breadth and height of the head, divided by 
 three, gives the mean diameter of the head or the cephalic module, 1 
 
 Cm. 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 
 
 PERCENT* 
 OF CASES 
 -20 
 
 \ 
 
 C.M 
 
 15 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 \ 
 
 FIG. 5. Curve showing the distribution of cephalic module (mean diameter 
 of the head) among 150 adult males of the Kharga Oasis. 
 
 which, for comparative purposes, represents the size of the head 
 
 1 The term " modulus " was first employed by E. Schmidt, who designated 
 by it (in Archiv f. Anthrop., Vol. 12, i87Q-'8o, p. 179, and in his " Anthropolo- 
 gische Methoden " Leipzig, 1888, p. 212 et seq.) the mean of the three diame- 
 ters of the skull. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 53 
 
 better than the circumference or any other single dimension. When 
 its relations to cranial capacity are better known, the cephalic module 
 will serve capably, particularly in the form of its averages, as an 
 index of the size of the brain. 
 
 The conditions shown by the Kharga Oasis men in regard to the 
 cephalic module are given in the next table. The average is per- 
 ceptibly smaller than that of the central or north Europeans, and 
 also smaller than that of the majority of the tribes of the Indians. 
 Some details concerning this point will be given in succeeding 
 paragraphs. The range of variation is moderate, extending over 
 17.5 mm., which equals the variability of 0.057 P er centimeter of the 
 mean. The distribution of the module gives two fairly separate and 
 distinct modes. 
 
 KHABGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC MODULE. 1 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 
 Average: /5.4cm. 2 (ist 50: 15.45; 2d 50: 15.31; 3d 50: 15.45 cm.) 
 
 Median: 15.38 cm. Modes: 15.25 (15.21-15.3) and 15.55 (15.51-15.6) cm. 
 
 Minimum : 14.43 cm - Maximum : 16. 18 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 VO 
 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 _ 
 
 HH 
 
 01 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 J 
 
 n- 
 
 rt 
 
 Tj- 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 
 g 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 JH 
 
 is 
 
 
 J2 <-> 
 
 VO U 
 
 lx 
 
 00 
 
 O\ O 
 
 O 
 
 HH U 
 
 04 O 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 TJ- 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 Zf 
 
 10 
 M 
 
 IO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 I? 
 
 15 
 
 Per cent 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 J 3 
 
 J 3 
 
 6 7 
 
 6.7 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1O V 
 
 vo 
 
 t-^ 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 
 HH 
 
 N 
 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 vo 
 
 VO 
 
 NO 
 
 
 Is 
 
 Tf 
 
 is 
 
 IO O 
 
 is 
 
 \o o 
 
 1 
 
 t^ u 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 Ea 
 
 ON 
 
 SB 
 
 o o 
 
 Ee 
 
 <-* u 
 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 VO 
 
 VO 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 IT. 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 8.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 ^.(7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Diameter antero-posterior max. + diameter lateral max. + auricular line bregma height 
 
 3 
 
 2 Probable errors 0.018; standard deviation, <r, =0.3312, 0.013; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, =2.151, 0.084. 
 
 The size of the head, expressed by the module or in any other 
 manner, possesses in the whites and in other races, as is well known, 
 certain relations to stature. This relation is not the same for all the 
 different statures found in any group, nor is it equally proportionate to 
 
54 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 the different grades of stature. In general the head shows larger 
 size the more considerable is the height of the body, and vice versa ; 
 however, in individuals above the average in stature the relative size 
 of the head lags behind the body height, while in those of statures 
 below the average the body height decreases in a more rapid ratio 
 than the size of the head. The short men or women of any racial 
 group, therefore, may be expected to possess heads absolutely smaller, 
 but relatively to stature larger, than the tall individuals. 
 
 Precisely such conditions as outlined above are shown by the 
 Kharga natives. They appear clearly in the succeeding tables, the 
 first of which gives the average head-stature index, with its range 
 of variation, in this series of Egyptians, while the second exhibits 
 the variation of the index with that of stature. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: THE HEAD-STATURE INDEX, OR PER-MILLE RELATION 
 
 OF CEPHALIC MODULE (MEAN CRANIAL DIAMETER) TO 
 
 STATURE (STATURE=1000) 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 
 Average: p^.o. 1 (ist 50: 94.0; 2d 50: 94.3; 3d 50: 93.7.) 
 
 Median: 94. 1. Mode: 94.5 (94.1-95}. 
 
 Minimum: 85.9. Maximum: 101.8. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 ! 
 
 < 
 
 t*^ 
 t 
 
 $ 
 
 ! 
 
 IN. 
 
 00 
 
 f 
 
 88 
 
 I 
 
 & 
 
 ? 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 0\ 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Number of cases. 
 Per cent 
 
 i 
 
 0.7 
 
 .. 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 3 3 
 
 10 
 6.7 
 
 16 
 10.7 
 
 16 
 10.7 
 
 19 
 
 12.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 ? 
 
 I 
 
 ? 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 T 
 
 o 
 
 T 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 
 i 
 
 ON 
 
 i 
 
 & 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 Per cent 
 
 14.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 J.J 
 
 (7.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error = 0.169; standard deviation, <r, =3.066, 0.119; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 3.258, it 0.127. 
 
 The average head-stature index of the Kharga men with the mean 
 body height of 163.8 cm., namely 94.0 (94 mm. of body height to 
 each centimeter of the mean head diameter), is about equal to that 
 of male whites of 170 cm. in stature (according to the writer's obser- 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 55 
 
 vations) but is smaller (by about 2 points) than that of white men of 
 the same body height as these Egyptians. It is even slightly smaller 
 (by about I point) than the average in the American Indian. 1 The 
 head of the Kharga native is therefore both absolutely and relatively 
 rather small. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC MODULE IN THE SHORTEST, MEDIUM 
 AND TALLEST INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Stature below 158 cm. 
 
 Stature 163.1-165 cm. 
 
 Stature above 170 cm. 
 
 
 Per millc rela- 
 
 
 Per mille rela- 
 
 
 Per mille rela- 
 
 Stature 
 
 tion of cephalic 
 module to 
 
 Stature 
 
 tion of cephalic 
 module to 
 
 Stature 
 
 tion of cephalic 
 module to 
 
 
 stature 
 
 
 stature 
 
 
 stature 
 
 150.6 
 
 IOI.8 
 
 163.1 
 
 Q2.8 
 
 170.5 
 
 91.9 
 
 152.3 
 
 IOI.I 
 
 163.2 
 
 97-6 
 
 170.7 
 
 92.4 
 
 152.3 
 
 99-9 
 
 163.3 
 
 98.3 
 
 I7I.I 
 
 91.6 
 
 153-6 
 
 97-2 
 
 163.3 
 
 95-3 
 
 I7I.3 
 
 94-5 
 
 154-5 
 
 96.2 
 
 163.4 
 
 97.0 
 
 172.2 
 
 98.0 
 
 155-2 
 
 101.6 
 
 163.4 
 
 06.2 
 
 172.4 
 
 87.8 
 
 155-7 
 
 100.3 
 
 163.5 
 
 91.4 
 
 172.4 
 
 g2.I 
 
 155-7 
 
 101.5 
 
 163.6 
 
 93-0 
 
 172.5 
 
 89.7 
 
 155.7 
 
 99.7 
 
 163.7 
 
 90.6 
 
 172.7 
 
 91-3 
 
 155.9 
 156.0 
 
 97-5 
 95-6 
 
 164.0 
 164.1 
 
 94-1 
 91.7 
 
 172.7 
 173.8 
 
 p-4 
 
 156.3 
 
 96.4 
 
 164.3 
 
 92.4 
 
 174.5 
 
 ! 
 
 156.5 
 
 99.2 
 
 164.4 
 
 93.6 
 
 174.6 
 
 87.6 
 
 157-5 
 
 92.9 
 
 164.5 
 
 91.2 
 
 
 
 157-6 
 
 97-1 
 
 164.7 
 
 93-6 
 
 
 
 157.8 
 
 93-8 
 
 164.7 
 
 95-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 164.8 
 
 94.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 164.8 
 
 94-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 164.8 
 
 95-7 
 
 
 
 
 
 165.0 
 
 95-6 
 
 
 
 
 
 165.0 
 
 95-0 
 
 
 
 Averages (16 individuals) 
 
 (21 individuals) 
 
 (13 individuals) 
 
 155.2 
 
 98.2 
 
 164.1 
 
 94.3 
 
 172.4 
 
 90.5 
 
 The second table shows the effects of stature on the size of the 
 head among the Oasis men themselves. These effects are seen to 
 be pronounced and quite uniform ; there is, of course, some individ- 
 ual variation, but it is small. In general the higher the stature, the 
 
 1 Six groups of the latter show the following conditions : 
 
 Average Average 
 
 stature cephalic module 
 
 1. 50 Otomi men 159.3 15.5 
 
 2. 50 Aztec men 161.0 15.4 
 
 3. 50 Tarasco men 163.1 
 
 4- 53 Cora men 164.1 l[ 
 
 5. 50 Apache men 170.0 
 
 6. 53 Pima men 171.8 15.9 
 
 (306) Mean 164.9 
 
 15-7 
 
 Head-stature 
 index 
 
 97-3 
 
 95-8 
 95-0 
 96.3 
 94.0 
 92.3 
 
 95-1 
 
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 larger is the head absolutely, but the smaller relatively. If we take 
 the mean stature and mean cephalic module as basis of comparison, 
 we see that in advancing from these in either direction the changes 
 in stature are more rapid than those of the head. As a result of this 
 as we advance with stature above the mean, the head-stature index 
 gradually diminishes, while if we progress below the mean body 
 height, it gradually increases. Thus, as already stated, the shortest 
 men have a head absolutely smaller but relatively to stature larger 
 than the tallest. 
 
 The table under consideration and a still closer analysis of the 
 data reveal further that the diminution of the head-stature index 
 from the mean, as well as its augmentation, go on with a fair regu- 
 larity and that the change averages, in well preserved adults, approxi- 
 mately 0.45 mm. (of the mean head diameter) for each i.o cm. of 
 the stature. This 0.45 may well be regarded as the mean, stable, 
 differential quotient between a regular theoretical and the actual 
 increase of head size in proportion to stature. 
 
 The main conditions dealt with in the preceding paragraphs are, so 
 far as the writer can ascertain, not peculiar to the Kharga natives. A 
 similar variation of the head-stature index, and a similar value of 
 the head-stature differential quotient, occur in the Indians and also 
 in whites. 
 
 Regrettably, there are no means of direct comparison in this 
 respect of the Kharga natives with the Valley Egyptians. Chantre's 
 data are not detailed enough, besides which his head height is 
 generally so low that it must have been measured by a method unlike 
 that of the writer and can not be utilized for the determination of 
 the cephalic module comparable with that used in this paper. Myers' 
 data on the Egyptian soldiers, on the other hand, apply, as already 
 mentioned, to men selected for their stature ; moreover, Myers has 
 measured the height of the head from the bi-meatus line to maxi- 
 mum elevation of the vault measurement, which on the average is 
 about ii mm. in excess of the bi-meatus-bregma height measured by 
 the writer. Nevertheless it is possible to make some indirect colla- 
 tion between the two series of subjects, resulting as follows : 
 
 Height of 
 head (bi- 
 
 Length of Breadth of meatus line Cephalic 
 
 head head to bregma) module 
 
 Egyptian soldiers from the 
 Valley (Myers) of average 
 stature above I7ocm 19.5 14.4 about 13.5 .about 15.8 
 
 Male Egyptians from the 
 Kharga Oasis (H.) of aver- 
 age stature above 170 cm.... 19.0 14.4 13.36 15-6 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 57 
 
 The above determinations, however imperfect, seem to indicate 
 that the head of the Kharga native is even slightly smaller than that 
 of the Valley Egyptian ; the differences in this regard between the 
 Oasis and Valley Egyptians are, however, as also indicated by 
 Chantre's data, not very material. 
 
 Another point especially inquired into in connection with the 
 cephalic module was its relation to the form of the head, as expressed 
 by cephalic index. The interesting results are given below. They 
 show that in this particular ethnic group there is, on the average, a 
 perceptible difference in the size of the head between those of the 
 lowest and those of the highest cephalic index and that the difference 
 is in favor of the latter. This agrees well with what was indicated by 
 some of the foregoing observations brought out in this paper. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF SIZE OF HEAD, AS EXPRESSED BY THE 
 
 MEAN CEPHALIC DIAMETER, OR MODULE, TO THE FORM OF 
 
 HEAD AS SHOWN BY THE CEPHALIC INDEX 
 
 Head Forms Corresponding to Smallest and Largest Sizes of Head 
 
 20 lowest modules: 15.0 cm. and below 
 
 17 highest modules: 15.8 cm. and above 
 
 Cephalic module 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 index 
 
 Cephalic module 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 index 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 14-43 
 
 70. 3 
 
 16.18 
 
 72.9 
 
 14.63 
 
 73-4 
 
 16.13 
 
 73-5 
 
 14.78 
 
 78.0 
 
 16.13 
 
 71.6 
 
 14.80 
 
 78.6 
 
 16.10 
 
 72.7 
 
 14.82 
 
 " 72.4 
 
 16.05 
 
 73-0 
 
 14.82 
 
 71.7 
 
 15-97 
 
 72.5 
 
 14.83 
 
 77-8 
 
 15.93 
 
 75.4 
 
 14.87 
 
 79-6 
 
 15.93 
 
 73.7 
 
 14.87 
 
 73-5 
 
 15-88 
 
 7L4 
 
 14.92 
 
 69.1 
 
 15-87 
 
 78.9 
 
 14-93 
 
 75-i 
 
 15-87 
 
 80.0 
 
 14-93 
 
 76.4 
 
 15.85 
 
 71.6 
 
 14-93 
 
 75-4 
 
 15.85 
 
 80.9 
 
 14.95 
 
 68.2 
 
 15.82 
 
 75.8 
 
 14.95 
 
 73-i 
 
 15-80 
 
 75.6 
 
 14-97 
 
 75-0 
 
 15-80 
 
 79.8 
 
 14.98 
 
 7i-3 
 
 15-80 
 
 77-i 
 
 15 
 
 75-8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 72.0 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 70.7 
 
 
 
 Averages: 
 
 14.87 
 (14.43-15.0) 
 
 73.9 
 (68.2-79.6) 
 
 15.94 
 (15.80-16.18) 
 
 75.1 
 
 (71.4-80.9) 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF SIZE OF HEAD, AS EXPRESSED BY THE 
 
 MEAN CEPHALIC DIAMETER, OR MODULE, TO THE FORM OF 
 
 HEAD AS SHOWN BY THE CEPHALIC INDEX 
 
 Sizes of Head Corresponding to Most Oblong and to Most Rounded Head 
 
 Shapes 
 
 22 lowest cephalic indices: below 72.0 
 
 19 highest cephalic indices: above 78.0 
 
 Cephalic index 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 module 
 
 Cephalic index 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 module 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 68.2 
 
 14-95 
 
 78.1 
 
 15.32 
 
 6 9 .I 
 
 14.92 
 
 78.4 
 
 15.47 
 
 69.6 
 
 15.15 
 
 78.5 
 
 15.40 
 
 70.2 
 
 15.23 
 
 78.6 
 
 14.80 
 
 70.3 
 
 14-43 
 
 78.8 
 
 15.48 
 
 70.7 
 
 15-02 
 
 78.9 
 
 15.87 
 
 70.7 
 
 15.77 
 
 78.9 
 
 15.03 
 
 70.9 
 
 15.52 
 
 79 -f 
 
 15.20 
 
 70.9 
 
 15.08 
 
 79-4 
 
 15.77 
 
 71.2 
 
 15.25 
 
 79-4 
 
 15.22 
 
 71-3 
 
 14.98 
 
 79-5 
 
 14.87 
 
 71-3 
 
 15.53 
 
 79-5 
 
 15.32 
 
 7i-4 
 
 15.88 
 
 79-7 
 
 15.42 
 
 71.6 
 
 15.13 
 
 79.8 
 
 15.48 
 
 71.6 
 
 15.13 
 
 79-8 
 
 15.80 
 
 71.6 
 
 I6.I3 
 
 80.0 
 
 15.87 
 
 71.6 
 
 15.85 
 
 80. i 
 
 15.77 
 
 71.6 
 
 15-22 
 
 80.7 
 
 15.25 
 
 71.6 
 
 15.70 
 
 80.9 
 
 15.85 
 
 71.7 
 
 14.82 
 
 
 
 71.8 
 
 15.23 
 
 
 
 71.8 
 
 15.60 
 
 
 
 Averages: 
 
 70.9 
 
 (68.2-71.8) 
 
 15-30 
 (14.82-16.13) 
 
 79-4 
 (78.1-80.9) 
 
 15.43 
 (14.80-15.87) 
 
 THE FACE 
 Chin-Hair Line Height 
 
 The total height of the face in the Kharga men averages 17.6 cm., 
 which, compared with the same dimensions in other races, is rather 
 low. 1 The range of variation is quite large ; this is due partly to the 
 inclusion in the measurement of the forehead, which varies inde- 
 pendently of the face proper. The variation amounts to 51 mm., or 
 0.145 per cm. of the average, which is more than shown by any of 
 the principal head measurements. The curve of distribution (fig. 
 6) even when condensed, is not entirely uniform. 
 
 1 Compare for this and other face measurements especially Weisbach, A., 
 Korpermessungen verschiedenen Menschenrassen, Supplement z. Zeitchr. f. 
 Ethnologic, Vol. 9, 1877; 8 Berlin 1878; Pfitzner, W. : Social-anthropolo- 
 gische Studien Zeitschr. f. Morphol. und Anthrop., Vol. I, 1899, and Vol. 
 3, 1901; and Myers, Chas. S., Contribution to Egyptian Anthropology, Jour. 
 Anthr. Inst., Vol. 38, 1008, (detailed measurements only). 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 59 
 
 o . 
 
 .. Crt 
 
 rt 
 
 ^ bo 
 
 .a S 
 
 S -G 
 
 IS 
 
 bo 
 
 .2 
 'S5 
 
6o 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FACE, CHIN TO HAIR LINE 
 
 Number of observations: I23. 1 
 
 Average: 17.6 cm. 2 
 
 Median: /7.6cm. Mode: 17.8 (17.6-18} cm. 
 
 Minimum : 14.6 cm. Maximum 19.7 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 
 vo 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 U"> 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 o . 
 
 10 . 
 
 vO . 
 
 VO . 
 
 t^ . 
 
 tx . 
 
 oo 
 
 00 . 
 
 ON . 
 
 ON . 
 
 . 
 
 
 \o u 
 
 : 
 
 vO 
 
 7 
 
 HH O 
 
 T 
 
 vo 
 
 T 
 
 M U 
 
 ^o u 
 
 r 
 
 HH O 
 
 T E 
 
 VO 
 
 r 
 
 Ja 
 
 \O o 
 
 
 TT 
 
 in 
 
 to 
 
 VO 
 
 vo 
 
 tX 
 
 tx 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 O\ 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases. 
 Per cent 
 
 I 
 
 o 8 
 
 I 
 o 8 
 
 2 
 T 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 5 
 
 22 
 17. Q 
 
 21 
 I7.I 
 
 3 2 
 
 20. 
 
 24 
 
 10. 5 
 
 6 
 
 4.9 
 
 5 
 4. I 
 
 n 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 In 26 individuals of the series of 150 there was more or less pronounced 
 frontal loss of hair and in one another defect prevented the measurement. 
 
 * Probable error = 0.035 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.6366, 0.025 ; coef- 
 ficient of variability, C, =5.634, 0.219. 
 
 The Forehead 
 
 The height of the forehead from nasion to the hair line 1 averages 
 6.2 cm., which is noticeably less than in most groups of male whites 
 and also other races, exclusive of the Indian and most of the Negro. 
 The range of variation is very large, amounting to 3.5 cm., or 
 T 0.282 for each unit of the average ; but the mass of the cases is 
 comprised within the limits of from 5.6 to 7.0 cm. (fig. 7). 
 
 KHABGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FOREHEAD 1 
 
 Number of observations: I24. 2 
 
 Average: 6.2 cm. 3 
 
 Median: 6.3 cm. Mode: 6..? cm. 
 
 Minimum : 4.1 cm. Maximum : 7.6 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 ej 
 
 vo 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 fs 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 VO 
 
 _ 
 
 T 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 to 
 
 T 
 
 PO 
 
 to 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 at 
 
 tx 
 
 1 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 "i- 
 
 Tj- 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 vo 
 
 VO 
 
 VO 
 
 tx 
 
 *^ 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 < 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Percent 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 7^.9 
 
 J6.J 
 
 23.4 
 
 79.J 
 
 
 
 
 1 From point corresponding to nasion in the skull, to the hair line. 
 
 2 In 26 of the 150 individuals examined there existed more or less pro- 
 nounced frontal baldness, which made the measurement of height of the 
 forehead uncertain. 
 
 'Probable error = 0.036 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.5983, 0.026; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 9.650, 0.413. 
 
 1 Where the hair extended downward in a V-shaped manner in the median 
 line, the measurement was taken to the middle of a curved line, moderately 
 convex downward, connecting the lateral parts of the hair boundary; but 
 such cases were rare. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 Cm. 4.5 5.- 5.5 6.- 6.5 7r 
 
 61 
 
 7.5 
 
 FIG. 7. Curves showing the distribution of the height of the forehead 
 (nasion-hair line) measurement, among 124 Kharga men free from calvitia. 
 
 Chin-Nasion Height 
 
 The distance from the lowest point of the chin in median line to 
 a point corresponding to the middle of the fronto-nasal articulation, 1 
 gives the height of the facial parts proper, speaking anatomically. 
 
 Due to this fact the measurement is more suitable for the study 
 of the relations that exist between the development of the face and 
 that of the vault of the skull than the total or physiognomic facial 
 height, which includes the forehead and is affected by the variation 
 of the latter, representing to an important extent external conditions 
 of a portion of the vault. 
 
 The dimension (as also the total facial height) increases to some 
 extent with age ; but in old people it is frequently found to be more 
 or less reduced, due to the wear or loss of the teeth and absorp- 
 tion of the alveolar processes. In the Kharga series no individual 
 presented such conditions in a marked degree and no decided effects 
 of age on the measurement, as will be seen later on, are perceptible. 
 
 1 The point on the skin corresponding to nasion on the skull can in many 
 cases be determined accurately by feeling, in others it must be estimated on 
 the basis of the knowledge regarding the usual situation of the point in th$ 
 cranium. It is generally somewhat above the middle of the intercanthic line. 
 
62 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 Such defects, therefore, have not influenced materially the average of 
 the series, and this may safely be used for comparisons. 
 
 The average of the chin-nasion height in the Kharga men is 11.35 
 cm. ; 19 Jews measured by Weisbach (1. c.) gave the mean of 12.6, 26 
 Roumanians 11.7, 25 northern Slavs n.6 and 20 Magyars n.i cm., 
 while a large series of Alsatians and Germans gave Pfitzner (1. c.) the 
 mean of approximately 12.5 cm. No data, regrettably, on the Valley 
 Egyptians are available for comparison, Chantre having measured 
 the face height from chin to ophryon and Myers that from upper 
 alveolar point to nasion. The range of variation of the measurement 
 in the Kharga men, though less than that of the chin-hair line facial 
 height, is still relatively large; it extends over 43 mm., which 
 amounts to 0.189 P er umt of the average; but 85.4 per cent of the 
 cases are within the limits of 10.5-12 cm. The detailed distribution 
 of the cases shows two well separated modes, which condition in the 
 somewhat condensed curve (fig. 8) manifests itself in a distinct 
 shouldering, quite like that which appears in the curve of distribu- 
 tion of the physiognomic facial height (fig. 6). 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FACE, CHIN TO A POINT 
 CORRESPONDING TO NASION 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 
 Average: 11.35 cm. 1 (ist 50: 11.5; 2d 50: 11.25; 3d 50: 11.3 em.). 
 
 Median : 11.4 cm. Modes : 10.9 and n.6 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 9.6 cm. Maximum : 15.9 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 E 
 
 00 . 
 
 
 
 2e 
 <? 
 
 6 . 
 
 7E 
 
 w O 
 
 6 
 
 d . 
 
 Al 
 
 o' 
 
 vo 
 
 6 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 o" . 
 
 II 
 
 O 
 
 ON 
 
 d 
 
 7 E 
 
 i-i (J 
 
 HH 
 
 ro CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases.. .. 
 Per cent. 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2, 
 
 1 3 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 ii 
 
 7 J 
 
 18 
 12 
 
 19 
 12 7 
 
 13 
 
 ^ 7 
 
 14 
 
 9 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VO 
 
 00 
 
 
 N 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 _' . 
 
 _' 
 
 <N . 
 
 0) . 
 
 N . 
 
 04 . 
 
 M . 
 
 <*5 . 
 
 E 
 
 
 7 E 
 
 IT) O 
 
 1% 
 
 U 
 
 2g 
 
 7 
 
 CO 
 
 7 
 
 10 U 
 
 tx u 
 
 Ov 
 
 o 
 
 ON 
 
 
 H 
 
 ~ 
 
 I-I 
 
 0* 
 
 <N 
 
 04 
 
 N 
 
 CVJ 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 J-l 
 
 7 
 
 } 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 16.7 
 
 10.0 
 
 8.7 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error = 0.035 > standard deviation, <r, 0.6366, 0.025 ; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 5.634, it 0.219. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 rt 
 
 9> 
 
 bo 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 < N 
 
 
 (A 
 
 S 
 
 d 
 
 43 
 o 
 
 v-^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 . 
 
 rt 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 -M 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x- 
 
 ,/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x^* 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 T- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 Ifi 
 0) 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 *r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-i 
 
 --. 
 
 ===, 
 
 ~ . 
 
 . 
 
 -^. 
 
 -~. 
 
 1 . 
 
 -- 
 
 ^-. 
 
 - 
 
 Sii. 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^Si 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 distributio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 V- 
 
 OF CASES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 od 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 The height of the face is believed to be to some extent directly 
 related to the length of the head, and, as shown in the following 
 table, the condition holds good in general for the Kharga natives ; 
 the average length of the head in the 17 men with the shortest faces 
 is, in absolute figures, decidedly lower than that in the 16 men with 
 the highest faces. But the height of the face and length of the head 
 do not retain the same relations from the minimum to the maximum 
 grades of the dimensions. The average height of the face amounts 
 to 60. 1 per cent of .the average length of the head; but the average 
 of the series of 17 shortest faces stands only in the proportion of 
 55.1 to ico to the head length of the same individuals, while in the 
 1 6 men with the longest faces the proportion rises to 65.3 per cent. 
 Or, if we express the relation in another way, the length of the head 
 is to the height of the face in those with average height of the latter 
 as 166.5, m those with the absolutely lowest faces as 181.5, and in 
 those of absolutely highest faces as 153.2 to ico. The height of the 
 face therefore does not preserve throughout the series equal pro- 
 portions with the length of the head, but augments at a more rapid 
 rate. The causes of this phenomenon, which will probably be found 
 in all ethnic groups, offer a field for further investigation. 
 
 The height of the head averages exactly as much in the Kharga 
 men with the lowest as in those with the highest faces, and there- 
 fore these two dimensions in this particular ethnic group influence 
 each other, if at all, only immaterially. 
 
 The relation of face height to head form is disappointingly small ; 
 it is such that the average of the series of lowest faces corresponds 
 to a slightly higher (by 1.2 points) average cephalic index than that 
 of the highest faces ; but in the individual cases there are many 
 irregularities. These data, and those spoken of in the preceding 
 paragraph, show that in the Kharga Egyptians a correlation exists 
 in a plainly evident form only between the height of the face and the 
 length of the head which agrees with other observations on the sub- 
 ject; and that no regular correlation appears between the facial 
 height and the head height or head breadth. 
 
 The height of the face shows apparently also, it is seen in the 
 next table, a certain relation with the stature. The series of 
 individuals with the lowest faces is marked by a very perceptibly 
 lower average stature than that of the highest faces. A high stat- 
 ure, therefore, carries with it, in general, a higher face. It how- 
 ever also carries with it, as seen in previous sections, a longer or 
 rather larger head, and it is the latter with which the facial height is, 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF FACE (CHIN-NASION) , AND 
 
 OF HEIGHT OF FOREHEAD, TO STATURE, HEAD LENGTH, 
 
 HEAD FORM AND AGE 
 
 17 Shortest Faces of the Series 
 
 Height efface 
 chin to nasion 
 point 
 
 Height of fore- 
 head: nasion 
 point to hair- 
 line 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of 
 the head 
 
 Height of 
 the head 
 
 Cephalic 
 
 index 
 
 Approximate 
 age of sub- 
 ject 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 Years 
 
 9.6 
 
 5.8 
 
 163.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 77-8 
 
 38 
 
 9-8 
 
 6.0 
 
 165.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 77.1 
 
 45 
 
 9.9 
 
 6.4 
 
 156.3 
 
 18.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 76.9 
 
 40 
 
 10. 
 
 7.2 
 
 163.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.4 
 
 80.0 
 
 45 
 
 10. 1 
 
 S-o 
 
 157.5 
 
 l l' 7 
 
 13.2 
 
 73*4 
 
 25 
 
 10.4 
 
 6.9 
 
 159.7 
 
 18.4 
 
 12.7 
 
 75-0 
 
 24 
 
 10.5 
 
 6.7 
 
 152.3 
 
 18.0 
 
 13.3 
 
 79-4 
 
 50 
 
 10.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 169.4 
 
 18.5 
 
 12.6 
 
 72.4 
 
 50 
 
 10.5 
 
 6.1 
 
 158.8 
 
 18.4 
 
 12.8 
 
 76.1 
 
 21 
 
 10. 5 
 
 5-6 
 
 161.9 
 
 18.9 
 
 12.9 
 
 75-7 
 
 55 
 
 10.5 
 
 ? 
 
 165.9 
 
 18.5 
 
 13.4 
 
 78.4 
 
 40 
 
 10.6 
 
 6.2 
 
 166.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 13.2 
 
 72.9 
 
 28 
 
 10.6 
 
 5-9 
 
 164.7 
 
 19.6 
 
 13.3 
 
 72.4 
 
 32 
 
 10.6 
 
 6.3 
 
 167.3 
 
 19.1 
 
 13.2 
 
 70.2 
 
 50 
 
 10.6 
 
 ? 
 
 167.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.6 
 
 78.9 
 
 45 
 
 10.6 
 
 6.2 
 
 l6l.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 12.7 
 
 74.2 
 
 30 
 
 10.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 167.5 
 
 18.6 
 
 13.4 
 
 75-3 
 
 55 
 
 Averages (16 individuals): 
 
 10.5 
 
 (9.6-10.6) 
 
 6.0 
 (4.1-7-2) 
 
 162.8 
 
 (152.3- 
 169.4) 
 
 18.7 
 
 (17-7- 
 19.6) 
 
 13-1 
 ( I2 -5~ 
 13-6) 
 
 75*7 
 (70.2- 
 80.0) 
 
 39-6 
 (21-55) 
 
 16 Longest Faces of the Series 
 
 Height of face 
 chin to nasion 
 point 
 
 Height of fore- 
 head: nasion 
 point to hair- 
 line 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of 
 the head 
 
 Height of 
 the head 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 Approximate 
 age of sub- 
 ject 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 Years 
 
 12. 1 
 
 6.4 
 
 163.1 
 
 19.0 
 
 12.8 
 
 71.6 
 
 26 
 
 12. 1 
 
 6.2 
 
 160.7 
 
 18.8 
 
 12.7 
 
 7i-3 
 
 55 
 
 12. 1 
 
 6.2 
 
 168.9 
 
 19.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 74-7 
 
 32 
 
 12. 1 
 
 ? 
 
 170.5 
 
 19.2 
 
 13.1 
 
 76.6 
 
 45 
 
 12. 1 
 
 7-4 
 
 172.7 
 
 18.9 
 
 13.4 
 
 79-4 
 
 50 
 
 12.2 
 
 ? 
 
 165.0 
 
 19.7 
 
 13.3 
 
 75-0 
 
 55 
 
 12.2 
 
 6.0 
 
 164.5 
 
 18.6 
 
 12.3 
 
 75'& 
 
 52 
 
 12.3 
 
 5.6 
 
 172.4 
 
 18.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 75-3 
 
 32 
 
 12.4 
 
 ? 
 
 163.2 
 
 19.5 
 
 13.4 
 
 75-4 
 
 55 
 
 12.4 
 
 5-8 
 
 168.3 
 
 18.7 
 
 12.9 
 
 72.7 
 
 50 
 
 12.5 
 
 5-3 
 
 159.6 
 
 19.1 
 
 13.8 
 
 74-3 
 
 28 
 
 12.6 
 
 6-7 
 
 166.1 
 
 20.0 
 
 13.4 
 
 72.5 
 
 28 
 
 12.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 161.7 
 
 18.8 
 
 13.3 
 
 76.1 
 
 40 
 
 12.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 169.4 
 
 20.0 
 
 13.7 
 
 73-5 
 
 30 
 
 12.9 
 
 ? 
 
 166.1 
 
 19.2 
 
 12.8 
 
 73-4 
 
 45 
 
 13.9 
 
 p 
 
 165.6 
 
 19-3 
 
 13.2 
 
 74-6 
 
 45 
 
 Averages (16 individuals): 
 
 12.5 
 
 6.3 
 
 166.1 
 
 19.15 
 
 I3.i 
 
 74-5 
 
 4L7 
 
 (12.1-13.9) 
 
 (5.3-7.4) 
 
 (I59-6- 
 
 (18.6- 
 
 (12.3- 
 
 (71-3- 
 
 (26-55) 
 
 
 
 172.7) 
 
 20.0) 
 
 13-8) 79-4) 
 
 
66 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 in the main, directly correlated. The correlation of the dimensions of 
 the facial parts with stature is wholly indirect, and it is scarcely 
 suitable or useful to compare the two measurements. The lack of 
 direct connection between the facial height and stature is illustrated 
 by the fact that in the series under consideration the percental ratio 
 of the average stature to the average facial height amounts in those of 
 shortest faces to 1581, while in those with the longest faces it is only 
 1329. 
 
 No definite correlation appears, further, between the height of the 
 face and that of the forehead. 
 
 Breadth of the Face 
 
 (Diameter bizygomatic maximum.) 
 
 The greatest or bizygomatic breadth of the Kharga men shows 
 the very moderate average of 13.15 cm., and the rather small range 
 of variation of 22 mm., or db 0.083 P er umt f tne average. It is 
 considerably less variable than the chin-nasion height of the face 
 (0.189 P er umt f tne mean) (fig. 9). 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF FACE (DIAMETER 
 BIZYGOMATIC MAXIMUM) 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 Average: 13.15 cm. 1 (ist 50: 13.18; 2d 50: 13.16; 3d 50: 13. 12 cm.) 
 
 Median 13.2 cm. Mode 13.4 cm. 
 
 Minimum 11.8 cm. Maximum 14.0 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 n 
 
 N* . 
 
 10 
 
 oi . 
 
 t>s 
 
 o\ 
 
 
 fO 
 
 IO 
 
 t^ 
 
 Ov 
 
 
 
 7 - 
 
 00 CJ 
 
 ~i E 
 
 HH 
 
 se 
 
 il 
 
 vo cj 
 
 < 
 
 ^e 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 V E 
 
 vo w 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 01 
 
 C<5 
 
 ro 
 
 CO 
 
 ro 
 
 f) 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 Percent 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 5.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 15. 3 
 
 16. 
 
 16.0 
 
 18.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 6.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 1 Probable error = 0.023 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.425, 0.017; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 3.23, 0.13. 
 
 In general, in common with other facial breadths, the bizygomatic 
 diameter possesses a high degree of correlation with the breadth of 
 the head ; and the same fact is observed in the Kharga Egyptians. 
 As seen in the next table, the average breadth of head correspond- 
 ing to the narrowest faces is decidedly lower than that correspond- 
 ing to those of greatest breadth. 
 
 The proportional relation of the two dimensions follows what was 
 observed in the case of the height of the face and length of the head 
 the face measurement augments at a more rapid rate. The ratio 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 between the facial and the head breadth, taking the latter as 100, 
 is in those of the narrowest faces 91, in the broadest 95.5. 
 
 The broader faces correspond also, on the average, to a percep- 
 tibly higher cephalic index, but, again, as in the case of the facial 
 height, the correlation between the face dimension and the head 
 form is in the mean far less and offers much more individual 
 
 Cm, 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 
 
 PERCENT. 
 OF CASES 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 
 10 
 
 \ 
 
 
 FIG. 9. Curve showing the distribution of the diameter bizygomatic maxi- 
 mum in 150 adult men of the Kharga Oasis. 
 
 irregularity than that between the former and the corresponding 
 diameter of the head. The whole can be reduced to the statement 
 that face height stands, to a certain degree, in correlation with the 
 head length and the face breadth with the head breadth ; the correla- 
 tion between the face measurements and head form are indirect and 
 seemingly only proportionate to the liability of the corresponding 
 head length or breadth to be accompanied with a definite head shape. 
 
68 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 The relation between the breadth of the face and the size of the 
 head is such, that in general larger heads will show larger and hence 
 also absolutely broader faces than small ones. But, as the ratio of 
 the cephalic module to the face breadth indicates, being in the nar- 
 rowest faces as 121.5 and in the broadest as only 112.8 to 100, the 
 face augments at a greater rate than the size of the head.. The same 
 condition of more rapid facial growth was shown above in relation 
 to the separate head diameters. And as what is true in this respect of 
 the breadth is also true of the height of the face, it may be concluded 
 that, while in the main correlated in growth with the length and 
 breadth of the head, yet large faces show also a degree of develop- 
 ment independent of these factors. The causes of such growth are 
 probably partly of hereditary and partly of acquired, especially func- 
 tional nature (connected with the use and development of the muscles 
 of mastication). 
 
 KHABOA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF FACE IN RELATION TO BREADTH, 
 FORM, AND SIZE OF HEAD 
 
 33 narrowest faces (12.6 cm. and below) 
 
 1 8 broadest faces (13.7 cm. and above) 
 
 Diameter 
 bizygomatic 
 maximum 
 
 Breadth 
 of head 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 Cephalic 
 module 
 
 Diameter 
 bizygomatic 
 maximum 
 
 Breadth 
 of head 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 Cephalic 
 module 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 11. 8 
 
 14.0 
 
 78. 6 
 
 14.80 
 
 13-7 
 
 14.2 
 
 74-7 
 
 15-68 
 
 12.0 
 
 13-2 
 
 70.7 
 
 15.02 
 
 13-7 
 
 I4.I 
 
 75-8 
 
 15.00 
 
 12. 1 
 12. 1 
 
 12.4 
 
 13.0 
 12.8 
 I4.I 
 
 73-4 
 70.3 
 75-8 
 
 14.63 
 14-43 
 I5.I8 
 
 13-7 
 13.7 
 13-7 
 
 14.9 
 I 4 .6 
 I 4 .8 
 
 80. i 
 75.6 
 77-1 
 
 15.77 
 15.80 
 15.80 
 
 12.5 
 
 13-4 
 
 70.9 
 
 15.08 
 
 13-7 
 
 15-0 
 
 77-3 
 
 15-77 
 
 12.5 
 
 13-9 
 
 72.8 
 
 15.27 
 
 13-8 
 
 14.2 
 
 75-1 
 
 15-45 
 
 12.5 
 
 13-6 
 
 73 -i 
 
 14-95 
 
 13-8 
 
 15.2 
 
 80.0 
 
 15-87 
 
 12.5 
 
 13-6 
 
 71.6 
 
 15.22 
 
 13.8 
 
 13-4 
 
 7i-3 
 
 14.98 
 
 12.5 
 
 14-2 
 
 75-5 
 
 15-20 
 
 13-8 
 
 14.2 
 
 77-6 
 
 15.32 
 
 12.5 
 
 13-6 
 
 72.0 
 
 I5.I8 
 
 13.8 
 
 14-4 
 
 71.6 
 
 15-85 
 
 12.5 
 
 I 4 .2 
 
 75-5 
 
 15.33 
 
 13.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 77-4 
 
 15-27 
 
 12.6 
 
 14.8 
 
 77-i 
 
 15.67 
 
 13.8 
 
 14.8 
 
 77.1 
 
 15.78 
 
 12.6 
 
 13.8 
 
 73-0 
 
 15.25 
 
 13.9 
 
 I4.I 
 
 73-4 
 
 15.37 
 
 12.6 
 
 I4.O 
 
 76.1 
 
 15.07 
 
 13-9 
 
 14.4 
 
 75-o 
 
 15-77 
 
 12.6 
 
 - 13-8 
 
 75-0 
 
 15-22 
 
 13-9 
 
 14.3 
 
 76.1 
 
 15.52 
 
 12.6 
 
 13-4 
 
 70.2 
 
 15.23 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.6 
 
 76.4 
 
 15-67 
 
 12.6 
 
 13-5 
 
 71.8 
 
 15.23 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.4 
 
 74-6 
 
 15-62 
 
 12.6 
 
 I3-I 
 
 68.2 
 
 14-95 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 13-6 
 
 75-3 
 
 15-33 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 14.0 
 
 76.9 
 
 15.07 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 13-6 
 
 
 
 71.2 
 
 15.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages : 
 
 12.45 
 
 13.7 
 
 73.4 
 
 15.12 
 
 13.8 
 
 14.45 
 
 75.9 
 
 15.57 
 
 (II. 8- 
 
 (12.8- 
 
 (68.2- 
 
 (I4.43- 
 
 (13.7- 
 
 (I3-4- 
 
 (7i.6- 
 
 (14-98- 
 
 12.6) 
 
 14.8) 
 
 78.6) 
 
 15.67) 
 
 14.0) 
 
 15.2) 80. l) 
 
 15.87) 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 69 
 
 Facial Form 
 
 The Physiognomic Facial Index (diameter bizygomatic max. X ioo\ 
 
 \ chin hair line height / 
 
 The total physiognomic facial index averages in the Kharga men 
 74.7, showing a tendency to leptoprosopy, which will be even more 
 clearly apparent in the anatomical index. The range of variation is 
 not excessive, extending over 16.3 points, or 0.109 per point of 
 the average. The distribution of the index presents two distinct 
 modes (fig. 10). 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: FACIAL INDEX, PHYSIOGNOMIC 
 
 Number of individuals : 121. 
 
 Average: 74.7. 
 
 Median: 74.2. Modes: 73.3; 77.5. 
 
 Minimum 68.1. Maximum 84.4. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 f 
 
 R 
 
 t^ 
 
 R 
 
 $ 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 R 
 
 tx 
 
 ii 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 fc 
 
 Number of cases. 
 Per cent 
 
 5 
 4 1 
 
 5 
 4 1 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 16 
 13 2 
 
 20 
 16 5 
 
 II 
 9 1 
 
 10 
 
 8 3 
 
 7 
 5 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 tN. 
 t^ 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 <& 
 
 \ 
 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 
 ! 
 
 00 
 
 f 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 ? 
 
 a 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Percent 
 
 11.6 
 
 5 
 
 5.8 
 
 1 6 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T,, . . T, . . T . /chin-nasion point height X 100 \ 
 
 The Anatomical Facial Index T . r-^- 
 
 \diameter bizygomatic maximum/ 
 
 The anatomic, or facial index proper, averages 86.3, which ap- 
 proaches the boundary between meso- and leptoprosopy. 1 Its range 
 of variation is unexpectedly larger than that of the physiognomic 
 index, extending over 30.7 points, or 0.178 per unit of average, 
 but the distribution of the index shows that 93.3 per cent of the 
 cases are concentrated between the boundaries of 78 and 94. Only 
 two individuals occur with chamseprosopy ; in 119 the face is meso- 
 prosopic and in 29 leptoprosopic (fig. 10). 
 
 1 Chamaeprosopic, below 74.9; mesoprosopic, 75-89.9; leptoprosopic 90 and 
 above. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: FACIAL INDEX, ANATOMIC 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 
 Average: 86. j. 1 (ist 50: 87.2; 2d 50: 85.5; 3d 50: 86.1.) 
 
 Median: 86.5. Mode: 8? (86-87.9). 
 
 Minimum : 72.5. Maximum : 103.2. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 1 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 
 .2 ^ 
 
 tx 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 oo 5 
 
 00 
 
 
 M^ 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 I 
 
 00 
 
 <* 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 ii 
 
 g 
 
 24 
 
 
 26 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 6 
 
 16.0 
 
 15.3 
 
 17.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 w 
 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ! ? 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 ,O 
 s 
 
 
 5 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 0\ 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 16 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 J 
 
 7 J 
 
 7 J 
 
 7 
 
 (7 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Probable error = 0.260; standard deviation, <r, =4.724, 0.184; coeffi- 
 cient of variability, C, = 5.48, it 0.213. 
 
 The relation of the facial form with the head form is shown in 
 the next table. The average lowest facial indices, in other words 
 the least oblong faces, correspond to a somewhat higher cephalic 
 index, that is to somewhat more rounded heads, than the average of 
 the highest indices or most oblong faces ; and the same result appears 
 when the lowest and highest cephalic indices are taken as the base 
 of the comparison. The correspondence of the facial and head form 
 is seen to be quite limited, which is rather surprising, for it was 
 shown before that there exists a considerable direct correlation be- 
 tween, on one side, the facial height and the head length, and on the 
 other between the facial and head breadth. And the weakness of 
 reciprocal relations between the two indices is made still more evi- 
 dent by the many individual exceptions to their correspondence. A 
 partial explanation at least of these facts appears to be possible by 
 the assumption, justifiable by the conditions shown by the individual 
 measurements, that the face dimensions vary to some extent inde- 
 pendently of those of the head, and that this form of variation dis- 
 turbs or obscures more or less the otherwise well established cor- 
 relation of the parts. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF FACIAL (ANATOMIC) WITH 
 CEPHALIC INDEX 
 
 Head Forms Corresponding to Most Oblong and to Least Oblong Faces 
 
 19 lowest facial indices: 81.0 and below 
 
 20 highest facial indices: 91.0 and above 
 
 Facial index 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 index 
 
 Facial index 
 
 Corresponding cephalic 
 index 
 
 72.5 
 
 80.0 
 
 91-3 
 
 68.2 
 
 73.8 
 
 77^8 
 
 91.5 
 
 77-4 
 
 77.1 
 
 76.4 
 
 91.6 
 
 75-i 
 
 77.8 
 
 77 -i 
 
 92.1 
 
 73-3 
 
 78.3 
 
 71.6 
 
 92.4 
 
 78.6 
 
 78.4 
 
 75-8 
 
 92.4 
 
 75-0 
 
 78.6 
 
 76.9 
 
 92.8 
 
 73-4 
 
 79.1 
 
 72.9 
 
 92.8 
 
 73-1 
 
 79.1 
 
 78.9 
 
 92.8 
 
 75-5 
 
 79-3 
 
 75-8 
 
 92.9 
 
 73-0 
 
 79-4 
 
 75-0 
 
 93-1 
 
 71.6 
 
 79-5 
 
 72.4 
 
 93-2 
 
 75-3 
 
 79-5 
 
 78,4 
 
 93-4 
 
 73.5 
 
 79.6 
 
 77.1 
 
 93-6 
 
 70.9 
 
 79.8 
 
 75-7 
 
 94.0 
 
 72.5 
 
 80. i 
 
 73-2 
 
 94.8 
 
 76.1 
 
 80.3 
 
 75-3 
 
 96.1 
 
 72.7 
 
 80.8 
 
 75-7 
 
 96.9 
 
 75-4 
 
 80.9 
 
 72.4 
 
 99-3 
 
 74.6 
 
 
 
 103.2 
 
 74-3 
 
 Averages: 
 
 78.6 
 (72.5-80.9) 
 
 75-7 
 (71.6-80.0) 
 
 94.0 
 (91.3-103.2) 
 
 74.0 
 (68.2-78.6) 
 
 Facial Forms Corresponding to Most Oblong and Least Oblong Heads 
 
 22 lowest cephalic indices; below 72.0 
 
 19 highest cephalic indices: 78.0 and above 
 
 Cephalic index 
 
 Corresponding facial 
 index 
 
 Cephalic index 
 
 Corresponding facial 
 index 
 
 68.2 
 
 91.3 
 
 78. 1 
 
 88.4 
 
 69.1 
 
 83.6 
 
 78.4 
 
 79-5 
 
 69.6 
 
 88.5 
 
 78.5 
 
 90.9 
 
 70.2 
 
 
 78.6 
 
 92.4 
 
 70.3 
 
 88.4 
 
 78.8 
 
 90.8 
 
 70.7 
 
 90.0 
 
 78.9 
 
 83.0 
 
 70.7 
 
 89-5 
 
 78.9 
 
 79.1 
 
 70.9 
 
 86.8 
 
 79.1 
 
 90.7 
 
 70.9 
 
 93-6 
 
 79-4 
 
 82.0 
 
 71.2 
 
 88.1 
 
 79-4 
 
 89.0 
 
 71-3 
 
 81.1 
 
 79.5 
 
 88.4 
 
 71-3 
 
 87-7 
 
 79-5 
 
 86.5 
 
 71-4 
 
 86.6 
 
 79.7 
 
 85.8 
 
 71.6 
 
 93-1 
 
 79.8 
 
 84.4 
 
 71.6 
 
 84.8 
 
 79.8 
 
 89.5 
 
 71.6 
 
 84.6 
 
 80.0 
 
 72.5 
 
 71.6 
 
 78 3 
 
 80. i 
 
 84.7 
 
 71.6 
 
 87.2 
 
 80.7 
 
 87.8 
 
 71.6 
 
 89.5 
 
 80.9 
 
 84.5 
 
 71.7 
 
 83.6 
 
 
 
 71.8 
 
 86.8 
 
 
 
 71-8 
 
 84.9 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 70.9 
 (68.2-71.8) 
 
 86.9 
 (78.3-93.1) 
 
 79.4 
 (78.1-80.9) 
 
 85.8 
 
 (72.5-92.4) 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 73 
 
 THE NOSE 
 Nasal Height 
 
 The dimensions of the nose are among the most useful and most 
 frequently practiced anthropometrical determinations, and as there 
 is but one system of landmarks for the measurements, the data avail- 
 able for comparison are much more numerous than those concerning 
 other facial proportions. Unfortunately the existing series of nose 
 measurements are not of uniform value, for the reason that, to those 
 who are not well trained in anatomy, the determination of the nasion 
 
 Cm. 3 3.5 4 .4.5 5 5.5 6 
 
 FIG. 
 nasal 
 Oasis. 
 
 ii. Curves showing the distribution of the nasal height (N. H.) and 
 breadth (N. J5.) measurements among 150 adult men of the Kharga 
 
 point is -of ten a stumbling block; and also because the pronounced 
 effect of age on the nose dimensions, which have received as yet but 
 scanty attention. A habitual estimation of the nasion too high or too 
 low, which is doubtless frequent in those who do not carry a clear 
 mental view of the osseous parts of the face, is capable of resulting 
 in important modifications of the results; and any series in which 
 nose measurements of persons of old age are included must be 
 tegarded as altered from its normal standard in proportion to the 
 number of the aged it embraces. The age differences in this respect 
 
74 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 are such that a series of measurements in any people on the adults in 
 the prime of life and on those above 60 years of age will invariably 
 stand well apart. The nose grows with the face far into the adult life, 
 but with the advance of senility becomes often independently broad- 
 er ; finally in those of old age its height tends rather towards diminu- 
 tion. The nasal index in the aged is thus heightened and the change 
 is at times such that what formerly was a leptorhinic nose becomes 
 mesorhinic, while one originally mesorhinic may become platyrhinic. 
 
 In the Kharga men, among whom but few were older than 55 
 years of age, the age element, though not completely eliminated, is 
 relatively unimportant and the series may be considered in its en- 
 tirety. 
 
 The average height of the nose was found to be only moderate, 
 amounting to 4.87 cm., and it was much the same in each group of 
 50 ; it is also practically the same with the mode and the median 1 . 
 The range of variation of the measurement is ordinary, extending 
 over 1 8 mm., or 0.18 per unit of the average. Eighty- four per 
 cent of the cases are contained within the limits of 4.4 to 5.25 cm. 
 The range of distribution of the measurement is fairly regular 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF THE NOSE 
 
 Number of individuals measured: 150. 
 Average: 4.87 cm. 1 (ist 50: 4.91; 2d 50: 4.82; 3d 50: 4.87cm.) 
 
 Median : 4.9 cm. Mode : 4.9 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 4.0 cm. Maximum : 5.8 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 !? 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 <N 
 
 IO 
 
 co 
 
 
 
 IO 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 \O 
 
 10 
 tx 
 
 IO 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 ?B 
 M <> 
 
 T-E 
 A <j 
 
 T-E 
 
 co 
 
 re 
 
 4f 
 
 T-E 
 
 lo" 
 
 TJ- 
 VO u 
 
 YE 
 t^w 
 
 TE 
 
 00 " 
 
 zs 
 
 
 <* 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tj- 
 
 Tj- 
 
 -<r 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tt 
 
 Number of cases.. .. 
 Per cent 
 
 i 
 
 0.7 
 
 I 
 
 0.7 
 
 2 
 1.3 
 
 3 
 2.0 
 
 8 
 5.3 
 
 13 
 
 8.7 
 
 12 
 
 8.0 
 
 12 
 
 8.0 
 
 I? 
 
 11.3 
 
 22 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 04 
 
 
 ^f 
 
 IO 
 
 VO 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 10 g 
 
 10 g 
 
 10 g 
 
 10 g 
 
 lOg 
 
 10 g 
 
 10 g 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 hi <> 
 
 ' u 
 
 CO U 
 
 Tf y 
 
 
 \O 
 
 t>. u 
 
 00 
 
 
 .0 
 
 IO 
 
 "> 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 12.0 
 
 JJ.J 
 
 -#.7 
 
 J.J 
 
 ^.i7 
 
 2.0 
 
 (?i7 
 
 ^7.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 Probable error = 0.018 ; standard deviation, ff, =0.330, 0.013; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, =6.78, 0.264. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASI< 
 
 -HRDLICKA 
 
 75 
 
 A comparison with the other facial measurements shows that, as 
 in other ethnic groups, so in the Kharga Egyptians the nasal height 
 bears a close correlation with the height of the face. This condi- 
 tion is brought out very plainly in the following table. The nasal 
 height does not, however, rise exactly proportionately with the 
 facial height, but shows a slight retardation ; this indicates an in- 
 crease, with advancing height of face, not only in the absolute, but 
 also in the relative height of the subnasal region. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE FACIAL AND NASAL HEIGHT IN 
 THOSE OF THE SHORTEST AND THOSE OF THE LONGEST FACES 
 
 17 shortest faces of the series 
 
 16 longest faces of the series 
 
 Height of face, 
 chin-nasion point 
 
 Height of nose 
 
 Height efface 
 chin-nasion point 
 
 Height of nose 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 9.6 
 
 4-5 
 
 12. 
 
 5.0 
 
 9.8 
 
 4.2 
 
 12. 
 
 4-8 
 
 9.9 
 
 4.4 
 
 12. 
 
 5-5 
 
 IO.O 
 
 4.6 
 
 12. 
 
 5.1 
 
 10. 1 
 
 4-6 
 
 12. 
 
 5.3 
 
 10.4 
 
 4.0 
 
 12.2 
 
 5-0 
 
 10.5 
 
 4-5 
 
 12.2 
 
 5-2 
 
 10.5 
 
 4-5 
 
 12.3 
 
 5-2 
 
 10.5 
 
 4-5 
 
 12.4 
 
 5.8 
 
 10.5 
 
 4-7 
 
 12.4 
 
 5.05 
 
 10.5 
 
 4-6 
 
 12.5 
 
 4.7 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-4 
 
 12.6 
 
 4-7 
 
 10.6 
 
 4.5 
 
 12.7 
 
 5-5 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-5 
 
 12.7 
 
 5-3 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-7 
 
 12.9 
 
 5.0 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-4 
 
 13-9 
 
 5-7 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-6 
 
 
 
 10.3 
 
 4.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 5.2 
 
 
 (4.0-4.7) 
 
 
 (4-7-5.8) 
 
 (Nose height face height index 43.7} (Nose height face height index 41.6} 
 
 Nasal Breadth 
 
 The breadth of the nose averages in the Kharga men 3.73 cm., and 
 the range of variation is larger than that of the nasal height, extend- 
 ing over 1 6 mm., or 0.216 per unit of the average. Eighty-nine 
 per cent of the cases fall between 3.4 and 4.15 cm. 
 
7 6 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS MEN: BREADTH OF THE NOSE 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 150. 
 Average: 3.73 cm. 1 (ist 50: 3.8; 2d 50: 37; 3d 50: 37 cm.) 
 
 Median: 3.7 cm. Mode: 3.6 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 2.9 cm. Maximum : 4.5 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 m 
 
 o\ 
 
 X 
 
 lO 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 r*5 
 
 m 
 
 TT 
 
 m 
 vo 
 
 IO 
 
 ^0 
 
 lO 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 7 6 
 ^ 
 
 oi 
 
 ? S 
 
 4 
 
 CO 
 
 7> 
 
 H-l W 
 
 CO 
 
 7>S 
 A w 
 
 ro 
 
 ?s 
 <? 
 
 CO 
 
 ?S 
 
 ^r 
 
 e*j 
 
 ?S- 
 J> 
 
 CO 
 
 7> 
 
 vi " 
 ro 
 
 T^e 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 Number of cases. 
 Per cent 
 
 I 
 0-7 
 
 I 
 
 0-7 
 
 
 4 
 2.7 
 
 J.J 
 
 9 
 
 6.0 
 
 18 
 12-0 
 
 26 
 
 17.3 
 
 20 
 7J.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 a 
 
 o 3 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 p 
 
 
 CO g 
 
 co g 
 
 rrg 
 
 Tj-g 
 
 Tj-g 
 
 TT 
 
 f a 
 
 o 
 
 
 OO 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 M . u 
 
 ^ 
 
 C0 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Per cent 
 
 14.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 10-0 
 
 5-J 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Probable error ;= 0.014 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.263, 0.0107; co- 
 efficient of variability, C, = 7.06, 0.27. 
 
 KHABGA OASIS, MEN: KELATION OF THE FACIAL AND NASAL BREADTH IN 
 THOSE OF THE SHORTEST AND THOSE OF THE LONGEST FACES 
 
 22 narrowest faces 
 
 18 broadest faces 
 
 Diameter 
 bizygomatic maximum 
 
 Breadth of nose 
 
 Diameter 
 bizygomatic maximum 
 
 Breadth of nose 
 
 ii. 8 
 
 3.25 
 
 13-7 
 
 3-8 
 
 12.0 
 
 3-9 
 
 13.7 
 
 3-7 
 
 12. 1 
 
 3-75 
 
 13.7 
 
 3.65 
 
 12. 1 
 
 3-35 
 
 13-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 12.4 
 
 3-6 
 
 13-7 
 
 3-95 
 
 12.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 3.65 
 3.8 
 
 13.7 
 13-8 
 
 3-7 
 3-8 
 
 12.5 
 
 3-5 
 
 13.8 
 
 3-9 
 
 12-5 
 
 3-7 
 
 13.8 
 
 3-5 
 
 12.5 
 
 3-3 
 
 13-8 
 
 4-15 
 
 12.5 
 
 3-6 
 
 13.8 
 
 3-9 
 
 12.5 
 
 3-6 
 
 13.8 
 
 3-65 
 
 12.6 
 
 3-9 
 
 13-8 
 
 3-6 
 
 12.6 
 
 3.65 
 
 13-9 
 
 3.65 
 
 12.6 
 
 3-6 
 
 13.9 
 
 3.8 
 
 12.6 
 
 3.6 5 
 
 13-9 
 
 3.65 
 
 12.6 
 
 3-9 
 
 14.0 
 
 3-8 
 
 12.6 
 
 3.65 
 
 14.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 12.6 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 3-8 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 3*1 
 
 
 
 12.45 
 
 3.62 
 
 13.8 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 (3.25-3.9) 
 
 
 (3.5-4.15) 
 
 (Nose breadth face breadth index : (Nose breadth face breadth index 
 2Q.I) 27.1) 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 77 
 
 As the height of the nose stands in correlation with the height of 
 the face, so the breadth of the organ is correlated with facial 
 breadth. The correspondence of the two dimensions in the Kharga 
 natives is, however, not quite so close as in the case of the height, 
 and individual exceptions are much more frequent, due to the 
 variability and to some extent independent development of the zygo- 
 matic arches, which are included in the face measurement. The 
 dimensions of the arches are influenced, it is well known, by the 
 development of the temporal muscles. 
 
 Nasal Index 
 
 /breadth of nose X 100 
 
 \ height of nose 
 
 The average nasal index of the Kharga men, /d,(5, is typically 
 mesorhinian. It corresponds closely, as will be shown below, to 
 that of the Valley Egyptians, the Bedjah Nubians and also some of 
 the Berbers and other non-negroid African peoples. It is moderately 
 higher than that of the pure Arabs and that of the whites, but is 
 decidedly lower than that of the Soudan and other negroes. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL INDEX 
 
 Number of observations : 150. 
 
 Average: 76.59? (ist 50: 77 ", 2d 50: 76.8; 3d 50: 75.8.) 
 
 Median 76.3. Mode: 75.5 (72.6-75). 
 
 Minimum: 56.7. Maximum: 95.1-?. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 vo 
 
 
 VO 
 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 R 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 vS 
 
 10 
 
 g 
 
 R 
 
 8, 
 
 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 Per cent 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 4.0 
 
 6-0 
 
 12^7 
 
 15.3 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "? 
 
 
 "? 
 
 
 "? 
 
 XO 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 f 
 
 % 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 _, 
 
 
 
 
 c2 
 
 
 
 (J 
 
 
 
 8, 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 Number of esses 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 14.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 4.0 
 
 *.0 
 
 J.J 
 
 2.^7 
 
 2.0 
 
 a.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Probable error 0.403 ; standard deviation, <r, =7-3^0, 0.285; coeffi- 
 cient of variability, C, =9.51, 0.371. 
 
78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 As to comparative data, we have especially the measurements of 
 Chantre and Myers on the Egyptians and Nubians, and those of 
 Collignon on the Tunisians and various other more western North 
 Africans. Chantre's records are, regrettably, of only limited use, as 
 his measurements of the height of the nose, due to some peculiarity 
 of his method, are too low and his nasal indices result correspond- 
 ingly high. Nevertheless they show a fairly close relation of the 
 nasal index in the several Egyptian and Nubian (Bedjah) groups 
 that were examined. Myers' observations, though applying to a 
 more heterogeneous material than that of Kharga and one com- 
 posed of only young men, give results that show a close accordance 
 with those from the Oasis. The mean nasal index of 349 Mahom- 
 medan soldiers is 75.83 and that of 42 Copts 75.8. The index aug- 
 ments from north to south, ranging from 73.4 in .the district of 
 Dakahlia to 78.1 at Assiut (in the same latitude as Kharga) and to 
 78.9 in that of Kena. An abstract of Collignon data and those he 
 quotes, are as follows: 
 
 NASAL INDEX IN THE LIVING NON-NEGROID PEOPLES OF NORTH AFRICA 
 
 (After Collignon ') 
 
 23 Tunisian Arabs (Collignon) 65.2 
 
 184 Kabyls (Prengruber) 66.5 
 
 120 Tunisians, Berber race II, (Col.) 69.8 
 
 33 Algerians, divers (Col.) 69.9 
 
 1334 Tunisians (Col.) 70.2 
 
 40 Tunisians, Berber race IV of Ellez (Col.) 72.0 
 
 50 Tunisians brachycephalic Berber race, I (Col.) 72.5 
 
 6 Moroccans (Col.) 74.3 
 
 Berbers of Touggourt (Rouaras. Weissgerber) 75.0 
 
 113 Tunisians, Berber race III, of Djerid (Col.) 76.6 
 
 In whites (French, Mediterranean, Finns, Galtchas), as quoted 
 by Collignon, the mean nasal index ranges from 63 to 69.4, in 
 Negroes, African and Oceanic, from 87.9 to 108.9. These data are 
 not very extended, but suffice to show the position in respect to the 
 nasal index of the Kharga Egyptians. 
 
 The range of variation of the nasal index in the Kharga men is 
 large, reaching 38.4 points, which amounts to 0.25 for each unit of 
 the average. 
 
 1 Collignon, R. : La nomenclature quinaire de 1'indice nasal du vivant, Rev. 
 d'anthropol, 3 me sen, II, 1887, pp. 8-20. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICK A 79 
 
 The distribution of the nasal index of the Kharga men is some- 
 what peculiar. The apex of the curve illustrating the same precedes 
 unusually both the average and the median ; following the apex 
 the curve is shouldered, and finally it shows a smaller secondary 
 grouping between 85.1 and 87.5. It seems as if there were a ten- 
 dency toward a double mode (at about 73.5 and 78) or even a triple 
 mode (+86). These features might be disregarded were it not 
 for the fact that Myers, on the Valley Egyptians, obtained " in all 
 the provinces which we chance to have examined frequency poly- 
 gons showing one peak at 72 or 78." 3 By mathematical considera- 
 tions Myers 2 is " forced to the conclusion that the coincident position 
 of the peaks, in the various provinces which we have been consider- 
 ing, is a matter of pure accident, and that it is in no sense a proof 
 of the presence of two or more distinct ethnic types, variously dis- 
 tributed in the different provinces of the country." 5 But to the 
 present writer the accidental nature of the peculiarities of the dis- 
 tribution of the nasal index, both in the Valley and at the Oasis, is 
 not so clearly demonstrated. However the case may be, the follow- 
 ing facts are well established and should be borne in mind in this 
 connection : The Egyptian, in the Valley or the Oasis, is funda- 
 mentally distinct by descent and in physical characteristics from the 
 Nubian or Soudan negro ; but he is now everywhere more or less 
 mixed with the negro, and his nose, as well as hair, color, lips, and 
 doubtless other features, have suffered accordingly ; the nose of the 
 Egyptian, as known from the crania, mummies, and the present 
 more pure-blooded population, is mesorhinic, while that of the 
 negro is platyrhinic, and an admixture of the negro would tend 
 to augment the mesorhiny and cause the appearance, or make more 
 frequent the appearance, of platyrhiny as well shown by Myers on 
 his " mixed " group and also in comparisons of the Copts and 
 Mahommedans ; 3 and the here enumerated effects can not but have 
 influenced the averages of the nasal measurements and index, as well 
 as their range and curves of distribution, in the present day Egyptian. 
 Whether they are responsible for the double apex of the nasal index 
 polygons in the Valley and for the peculiarities of that of the Oasis 
 men can be better determined when we have more knowledge con- 
 cerning the process of racial mixture and its effects, but the conditions 
 of the case are such that consequences of that nature may be regarded 
 as at least possible (fig. 12). 
 
 *L. c., Journ. Anthr. Inst, Vol. 36, 1906, p. 246. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 255. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 263 et seq. 
 
8o 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 8l 
 
 An inquiry as to the respective values of the two nasal measure- 
 ments shows, as will be seen in the next table, in the thirteen cases 
 with the lowest indices (av. 65.), that the height exceeds the average 
 nasal height of the entire series in the proportion of 108 to 100, while 
 the breadth stands to the general average nasal breadth in the Kharga 
 men as 90 to 100; it is evident, therefore, that in leptorhiny, at 
 Kharga, the nose is both higher and narrower, differing in both 
 dimensions nearly alike from the general average. And an inquiry 
 into the twelve cases with the highest nasal indices shows similar 
 conditions, in a reversed way the nose is both lower and broader 
 and that by nearly the same proportion (height = 91.8, breadth 
 = 109.1 per cent) as the general averages of these dimensions. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIMENSIONS OF THE NOSE IN CASES OF LOWEST 
 AND THOSE OF HIGHEST NASAL INDEX 
 
 13 lowest nasal indices 
 
 12 highest nasal indices 
 
 Index 
 
 Height of nose 
 
 Breadth of nose 
 
 Index 
 
 Height of nose 
 
 Breadth of nose 
 
 56.73 
 
 5-2 
 
 2-95 
 
 88.04 
 
 4-6 
 
 4.05 
 
 6O.OO 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-0 
 
 88.24 
 
 5.i 
 
 4-5 
 
 61.40 
 
 5-7 
 
 3.5 
 
 88.37 
 
 4-3 
 
 3.8 
 
 61.82 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-4 
 
 88.89 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.0 
 
 62.26 
 
 5-3 
 
 3-3 
 
 89.78 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-95 
 
 62.50 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.25 
 
 90.70 
 
 4-3 
 
 3-9 
 
 64.00 
 
 S.o 
 
 3-2 
 
 91.11 
 
 4-5 
 
 4-1 
 
 65-45 
 
 5.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 92.31 
 
 4-55 
 
 4-2 
 
 66.04 
 
 5-3 
 
 3-5 
 
 93-33 
 
 4-2 
 
 3-9 
 
 66.35 
 
 5.2 
 
 3-45 
 
 92.86 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.2 
 
 66.67 
 
 5-4 
 
 3.6 
 
 94-56 
 
 4-6 
 
 4.35 
 
 66.67 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-6 
 
 95-12 
 
 4.1 
 
 3.9 
 
 67-35 
 
 4-9 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 
 
 Averages: 
 
 63.63 
 
 5.28 
 
 3-36 
 
 91.03 
 
 4-47 
 
 4.07 
 
 Ratio of mean: 
 
 .... 
 
 108.3 
 
 90.0 
 
 .... 
 
 91.8 
 
 109.1 
 
 The relations of the two nose measurements and of the nasal index 
 to age, can not be discussed to best advantage with a series from 
 which all senile subjects were excluded; nevertheless certain facts 
 of interest are apparent. The following table gives the nasal dimen- 
 sions and index in 21 youngest and 25 oldest men of the series. It is 
 
82 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 seen that both the nasal dimensions as well as the nasal index are 
 higher in the old than in the young, though there are individual 
 exceptions. The breadth has augmented more than the length, hence 
 the higher index. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND 
 INDEX IN RELATION TO AGE 
 
 21 youngest individuals examined: 21 1026 
 
 25 oldest individuals examined: 55 to 65 
 
 years of age 
 
 years of age 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate age 
 of subject 
 
 Length of 
 nose 
 
 Breadth of 
 nose 
 
 Nasal index 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate age 
 of subject 
 
 Length of 
 nose 
 
 Breadth of 
 nose 
 
 Nasal index 
 
 21 
 
 4-5 
 
 3-6 
 
 80.00 
 
 55 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-7 
 
 74.00 
 
 22 
 
 4.9 
 
 3-8 
 
 77-55 
 
 55 
 
 5-8 
 
 4-2 
 
 72.41 
 
 23 
 
 4-9 
 
 3-55 
 
 72-45 
 
 55 
 
 5.15 
 
 4-15 
 
 8i.37 
 
 23 
 
 4-7 
 
 3.25 
 
 69.15 
 
 55 
 
 5-1 
 
 3-7 
 
 72.55 
 
 24 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-6 
 
 72.00 
 
 55 
 
 5-0 
 
 4-1 
 
 82.00 
 
 24 
 
 4-6 
 
 3-7 
 
 80.43 
 
 55 
 
 4-6 
 
 4-35 
 
 94-57 
 
 24 
 
 4-8 
 
 3-3 
 
 68.75 
 
 55 
 
 4-55 
 
 4-2 
 
 92.31 
 
 24 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 87-50 
 
 55 
 
 4-8 
 
 3-5 
 
 72.92 
 
 24 
 
 4.7 3-7 
 
 78.72 
 
 55 
 
 4.7 
 
 4.1 
 
 87.23 
 
 24 
 
 5-1 3-6 
 
 70.59 
 
 55 
 
 5-1 
 
 4-4 
 
 86.27 
 
 24 
 
 4-8 3-55 
 
 73.96 
 
 55 
 
 5.6 
 
 4-0 
 
 71-43 
 
 24 
 
 4-9 
 
 3.7 
 
 75-51 
 
 55 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-4 
 
 61.82 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 4-6 
 4-6 
 
 3-75 
 3-65 
 
 81.52 
 79-34 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 to 
 
 3.8 
 3.65 
 
 86.36 
 79-35 
 
 25 
 
 4-8 3-7 
 
 77-08 
 
 55 
 
 4.6 
 
 3-5 
 
 76.09 
 
 11 
 
 4.9 
 5-0 
 
 3.8 
 3-6 
 
 77-55 
 72.00 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 5.1 
 4-9 
 
 3-7 
 3-95 
 
 72.55 
 80. 61 
 
 26 
 
 4-8 
 
 3-7 
 
 77.o8 
 
 55 
 
 5.0 
 
 3-8 
 
 76.00 
 
 26 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-35 
 
 76.13 
 
 55 
 
 4.6 
 
 4.05 
 
 88.04 
 
 26 
 
 5-1 
 
 3-45 
 
 67-65 
 
 58 
 
 5-4 
 
 4.0 
 
 74-07 
 
 26 
 
 4-8 
 
 3-9 
 
 81.25 
 
 60 
 
 5.1 
 
 4-5 
 
 88.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 4.8 
 
 3-9 
 
 81.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 5-0 
 4-8 
 
 4-15 
 3.65 
 
 83.00 
 76.04 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-4 
 
 68.00 
 
 Averages: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.3 
 
 4.76 
 
 3.6 
 
 75. 8 
 
 56.4 
 
 4.97 
 
 3.9 
 
 78.8 
 
 
 (4.0-5.1) 
 
 (3.25- 
 
 (67.6- 
 
 
 (4.4-5-8) 
 
 (3-4-4-5) 
 
 (61.8- 
 
 
 
 3-9) 
 
 87.5) 
 
 
 
 
 94.6) 
 
 The above comparison can be made still more complete by the 
 inclusion of the measurements and index that correspond to the 
 adults of mean age, or say those from 35 to 45. The data are then 
 as follows: 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 
 
 
 Percental 
 
 
 Percental 
 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 Mean 
 
 relation 
 
 Mean 
 
 relation 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 age 
 
 nasal 
 length 
 
 to general 
 average 
 
 nasal 
 breadth 
 
 to general 
 average 
 
 nasal 
 index 
 
 
 
 
 length 
 
 
 breadth 
 
 
 The entire series of 150.. 
 
 40.0 
 
 4.87 
 
 100 
 
 3-73 
 
 100 
 
 76.6 
 
 21 youngest adults . 
 
 24 ^ 
 
 476 
 
 97 7 
 
 <> A 
 
 Of. c 
 
 7 c a 
 
 42 adults between 35 
 
 
 
 
 6-v 
 
 
 
 and 45 years of age.. 
 
 40.O 
 
 4.85 
 
 99.2 
 
 3.72 
 
 99.7 
 
 76.7 
 
 
 c^ A 
 
 4Q7 
 
 102 1 
 
 
 ind f\ 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 y/ 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 These figures show that the average nasal measurements and in- 
 dex in the adults in the " best " years agree very closely with the 
 general averages of the entire series ; and that both the measurements 
 and the index are smaller in the youngest and larger in the oldest 
 adults than in those of mean age or in the Kharga series as a whole. 
 These conditions, notwithstanding individual exceptions and varia- 
 tions, are so regular and well marked that they can not be regarded 
 as accidental. They bear evidence to the fact .that in general the 
 nose grows both in length and breadth even after a fully adult life 
 is reached, apparently even after 45 years of age; they show that 
 the growth is perceptibly greater in the breadth than in the length ; 
 and as a result of these alterations the mean nasal index increases 
 with age, advancing towards platyrhiny. Judging from the writer's 
 experiences with the Indian, the augmentation in length ceases some- 
 where before the age limit of the present series, and later on the 
 dimension may diminish; but the breadth seems to increase slightly 
 or retain its maximum proportions unless affected by emaciation or 
 pathological conditions, to the end of the life. A series of the oldest 
 individuals in the Kharga Oasis would, it can be confidently ex- 
 pected, show a nasal index of still higher value than that shown by 
 the group of the oldest men that were measured. 
 
 The differences in the mean nasal index in the youngest and that 
 in the oldest men in the present series, suggested that the age factor 
 might be responsible for what irregularities there were observed in 
 the distribution of the index. But eliminating the " youngest " and 
 " oldest " groups had actually the opposite effect, accentuating the 
 main mode at 72.6-75, as well as the tendency towards a second 
 mode at 77.6-80 and not influencing appreciably the third grouping 
 at 85.1-87.5. And the large variability of the series is not dimin- 
 ished. In this manner the curve of distribution of the index ap- 
 proaches that obtained by Myers in the Valley and the probability 
 grows that the irregularity is due to admixture, which otherwise 
 passed undetected at Kharga, of the platyrhinic Soudanese. 
 
8 4 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL INDEX IN ADULTS BETWEEN 27 
 AND 54 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 i-O 
 
 
 IO 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 rC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 NO 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 Men 27-54 years of age 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 j 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 e 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 9 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.8 
 
 77.5 
 
 77. J 
 
 77.5 
 
 Whole series (150) 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 g 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 Per cent 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 75. J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 NO 
 
 f 
 
 | 
 
 CN* 
 
 ON 
 
 f 
 
 CN^ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 m 
 
 ,^ 
 
 Q 
 
 04 
 
 m 
 
 
 * 
 
 OD 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 ON 
 
 Men 27-54 years of age 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (104 cases) 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 76 3 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 5 
 
 7 7 
 
 2.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 7.0 
 
 Whole series (150) 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 J.J 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It remains to inquire into the relations of the nasal index to that of 
 the face, and to the cephalic index. In detail these relations appear 
 as shown below. 
 
 The first important point observed is that low or high nasal in- 
 dices are in adults, before senility becomes established, not due as a 
 rule to excess or defect in one of the measurements from which 
 the index is determined, but to concurrent and to a large extent 
 correlative excess in one and defect in the other. Low nasal index, 
 as has already been shown in other connections, goes with a greater 
 than average height and a subaverage breadth of the organ, while 
 high index is conditioned by a less than average height and greater 
 than average breadth of the nose. And in both categories of cases, 
 that is, in low as well as high nasal indices, the differences in the 
 measurements from the general mean of the same dimensions are 
 quite alike for the length and the breadth. Thus in the group of 
 the lowest nasal indices the height of the nose stands to the general 
 average of the measurement in the Kharga series (4.87 cm.) in 
 round figures as 107 to 100, or +7, and the breadth as 92 to 100, 
 or 8; while in the group of the highest indices, similar proportions 
 are respectively 92, or 8, and 108, or +8, to 100. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE NASAL INDEX TO NASAL HEIGHT 
 
 AND BREADTH, TO FACIAL HEIGHT, BREADTH AND INDEX, 
 
 AND TO CEPHALIC INDEX 
 
 20 Lowest Nasal Indices; below 68.0 
 
 Nasal 
 index 
 
 Nasal 
 height 
 
 Nasal 
 breadth 
 
 Height of 
 the face 
 
 Breadth of 
 the face 
 
 Facial 
 
 index 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 56-7 
 
 5-2 
 
 2-95 
 
 12.3 
 
 13-2 
 
 93-2 
 
 75-3 
 
 60.0 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-0 
 
 ' II.Q 
 
 13-2 
 
 90.1 
 
 73-8 
 
 61.4 
 
 5-7 
 
 3-5 
 
 13-9 
 
 14.0 
 
 99-3 
 
 74-6 
 
 6l.8 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-4 
 
 n-5 
 
 13-3 
 
 86 5 
 
 79-5 
 
 62.3 
 
 5 3 
 
 3-3 
 
 10.9 
 
 12.5 
 
 87.2 
 
 75-5 
 
 62.5 
 
 5-2 
 
 3 25 
 
 n-5 
 
 I3-I 
 
 87.8 
 
 75 8 
 
 64.0 
 
 5-0 
 
 32 
 
 11. 8 
 
 13-0 
 
 90.8 
 
 75-4 
 
 66.0 
 
 5-5 
 5-3 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-5 
 
 12.7 
 ii. 5 
 
 13-4 
 13-2 
 
 94-8 
 87.1 
 
 76.1 
 77-9 
 
 66.3 
 
 5-2 
 
 3-45 
 
 11.7 
 
 12.7 
 
 92. i 
 
 73-3 
 
 66.7 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-6 
 
 12. 
 
 13.4 
 
 89.5 
 
 79-8 
 
 66.7 
 
 5-4 
 
 3.6 
 
 II-9 
 
 13.4 
 
 88.8 
 
 76.1 
 
 63.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 3-3 
 
 H-S 
 
 12.6 
 
 91-3 
 
 68.2 
 
 67 6 
 
 5-1 
 
 3-45 
 
 II. 2 
 
 12.9 
 
 86.8 
 
 71:8 
 
 68.0 
 
 5-0 
 
 3-4 
 
 ii. 8 
 
 12.9 
 
 91-5 
 
 77-4 
 
 68.0 
 
 50 
 
 3-4 
 
 II. 2 
 
 13 2 
 
 84.8 
 
 7i 6 
 
 68.3 
 
 5-2 
 
 3-55 
 
 II.4 
 
 13-0 
 
 87.7 
 
 74 2 
 
 68.7 
 69.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-3 
 
 3-25 
 
 II. 
 
 10.9 
 
 13.0 
 
 ii. 8 
 
 84.6 
 92.4 
 
 jfc* 
 
 69.1 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-8 
 
 12. 1 
 
 13.5 
 
 89.6 
 
 74-7 
 
 Averages: 
 
 65.4 
 
 (56.7- 
 69-1) 
 
 5.2 
 
 (4-7- 
 5-8) 
 
 3.4 
 (2.95- 
 3-8) 
 
 11.7 
 (10.9- 
 13-9) 
 
 13.1 
 (n. 8- 
 14.0) 
 
 89.8 
 (84.6- 
 99-3) 
 
 75.2 
 (68.2- 
 79-8) 
 
 21 Highest Nasal Indices, 84.0 and above 
 
 Nasal 
 
 Nasal 
 
 Nasal 
 
 Height of 
 
 Breadth of 
 
 Facial 
 
 Cephalic 
 
 index 
 
 height 
 
 breadth 
 
 the face 
 
 the face 
 
 index 
 
 index 
 
 86.4 
 86.4 
 
 4-4 
 4-4 
 
 3-8 
 3-8 
 
 10.8 
 12.0 
 
 12-7 
 13-4 
 
 85.0 
 89.5 
 
 77-5 
 71.6 
 
 86. 3 
 
 5-1 
 
 4.4 
 
 12.0 
 
 13-2 
 
 
 78.5 
 
 86.7 
 
 4-5 
 
 3-9 
 
 10.6 
 
 12.6 
 
 84 9 
 
 75-0 
 
 86.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 3-65 
 
 10.7 
 
 12.6 
 
 84'.! 
 
 70-2 
 
 87.0 
 
 4-6 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-3 
 
 81.9 
 
 74-7 
 
 87.0 
 
 4-6 
 
 4.0 
 
 II. 
 
 I3.I 
 
 84.0 
 
 72.7 
 
 87.2 
 
 4-7 
 
 4.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-6 
 
 80 I 
 
 73-2 
 
 87.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 3-5 
 
 10-4 
 
 I3.I 
 
 79-4 
 
 75-0 
 
 88.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 4 05 
 
 10.6 
 
 13-2 
 
 80.3 
 
 75-3 
 
 88.2 
 
 5-i 
 
 4-5 
 
 12.0 
 
 I3-I 
 
 77-1 
 
 76.4 
 
 88.4 
 
 4-3 
 
 3-8 
 
 10.8 
 
 14.0 
 
 91.6 
 
 75-1 
 
 88.9 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 12.8 
 
 82.0 
 
 79-4 
 
 89.8 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-95 
 
 10.6 
 
 12.9 
 
 82.2 
 
 74.2 
 
 90.7 
 
 4-3 
 
 3-9 
 
 II. 2 
 
 13.3 
 
 84.2 
 
 77-6 
 
 91.1 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.1 
 
 II. I 
 
 13.3 
 
 83.5 
 
 72.4 
 
 92-3 
 
 4-55 
 
 4.2 
 
 ii-5 
 
 12.9 
 
 89.1 
 
 73-0 
 
 92.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 3-9 
 
 9.8 
 
 12.6 
 
 77-8 
 
 77.1 
 
 93-3 
 
 4-5 
 
 4-2 
 
 10.5 
 
 13.2 
 
 79-5 
 
 72.4 
 
 94.6 
 
 4.6 
 
 4-35 
 
 10.7 
 
 13.2 
 
 Bz.i 
 
 71-3 
 
 95-1 
 
 4.1 
 
 3-9 
 
 10.8 
 
 12.0 
 
 90.0 
 
 70.7 
 
 Averages: 
 
 88.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 13.1 
 
 83.7 
 
 74.4 
 
 (86.4- 
 
 (4-0- 
 
 (3-5- 
 
 (10.4- 
 
 (12.6- 
 
 (77-I- 
 
 (70.2- 
 
 95-1) 
 
 5.i) 
 
 4-5) 
 
 12. 0) 
 
 14.0) 
 
 91.6) 
 
 79-4) 
 
86 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOL. 59 
 
 The influence of the facial height on the nose is again seen to 
 be pronounced. It affects primarily the nasal height, secondarily 
 the nasal index. The higher the face, the higher, as a rule, the nose 
 and the lower the nasal index ; and vice versa. 
 
 The breadth of the face, notwithstanding the correlation with it 
 of the nasal breadth, evidently influences the facial index only sec- 
 ondarily and very irregularly. This is unexpected, but so far as 
 this particular ethnic group is concerned, the lack of correspondence, 
 at least for the cases with the lowest and the highest nasal indices, 
 is very plain. 
 
 As to the relation of the nasal with the cephalic index in the 
 Kharga men, the results are negative. It is seen in the two groups 
 representing the extremes of the nasal index that not only the mean 
 corresponding cephalic index but even the range of variation are 
 quite alike. 
 
 SECONDARY FACIAL MEASUREMENTS 
 
 Diameter Frontal Minimum 
 
 The smallest frontal breadth, determined in 100 of the Kharga 
 men, averages 10.26 cm., and varies to the moderate extent of 18 
 mm. or 0.087 per unit of the average. The distribution of the 
 measurement is fairly regular. Its anthropological value is not great. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER FRONTAL MINIMUM 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 100. 
 Average: 10.26 cm. (ist 50: 10.3; 2d 50: 10.2 cm.) 
 
 Median : 10.2 cm. Mode : 10.2 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 9.4 cm. Maximum : 11.2 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,_, 
 
 CO 
 
 10 
 
 ^ 
 
 ON 
 
 N 
 
 
 10 . 
 
 tx 
 
 o 
 
 O . 
 
 O . 
 
 o . 
 
 o . 
 
 O . 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ?l 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 7 e 
 
 o o 
 
 
 T 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number and per cent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of cases 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 2J 
 
 J5 
 
 Jd 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The correlations of the smallest frontal breadth with the greatest 
 breadth of the head and that of the face are shown in the next 
 table. A broader forehead is seen to correspond in general to a 
 broader head as well as face ; but on the average the breadth of the 
 forehead increases in this series at a more rapid rate than either of 
 the dimensions with which it is compared. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF DIAMETER FRONTAL MINIMUM TO 
 BREADTH OF FACE AND BREADTH OF HEAD 
 
 19 narrowest foreheads : 
 less than 10.0 cm. 
 
 19 broadest foreheads: 
 10.7 cm. and above 
 
 Diameter Diameter 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Greatest 
 
 frontal 
 
 bizygomatic 
 
 breadth 
 
 frontal 
 
 bizygomatic 
 
 breadth 
 
 minimum 
 
 maximum 
 
 of head 
 
 minimum 
 
 maximum 
 
 of head 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 9-4 
 
 12. 1 
 
 13 o 
 
 10.7 
 
 13-6 
 
 14.6 
 
 9-4 
 
 13-7 
 
 I4.I 
 
 10-7 
 
 12.9 
 
 14.2 
 
 9 4 13-8 
 
 14.4 
 
 10 7 
 
 13-4 
 
 I4.I 
 
 9.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 13-4 
 
 10.7 
 
 136 
 
 13-9 
 
 9.6 
 
 12.0 
 
 13-2 
 
 10.7 
 
 13-4 
 
 15-0 
 
 9-7 
 
 12-9 
 
 13 8 
 
 10.7 
 
 13-4 
 
 14.2 
 
 9-7 
 
 13-3 
 
 14.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 13-3 
 
 13-9 
 
 97 
 
 12 6 
 
 13-8 
 
 10.7 
 
 I3-I 
 
 14.4 
 
 9.8 
 
 13-0 
 
 14.4 
 
 10.7 
 
 I3-I 
 
 14.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 13 2 
 
 13-4 
 
 10.7 
 
 13-9 
 
 14-3 
 
 9.8 
 
 13-8 
 
 13-4 
 
 10.8 
 
 12.8 
 
 14.7 
 
 9-8 
 
 13-0 
 
 13-3 
 
 10.8 
 
 13-9 
 
 I4.I 
 
 9.8 
 
 13-8 
 
 14.2 
 
 10.8 
 
 13-4 
 
 I4.O 
 
 9.8 
 
 12.6 
 
 14.0 
 
 10.8 
 
 12.9 
 
 13-4 
 
 9.8 
 
 12 5 
 
 13-6 
 
 10.9 
 
 13.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 9.9 
 
 12.5 
 
 13 9 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-7 
 
 14.2 
 
 9-9 
 
 12.6 
 
 14.8 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-2 
 
 14.4 
 
 9 9 
 
 13-0 
 
 14-5 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-6 
 
 14-6 
 
 9 9 
 
 13-1 
 
 13-9 
 
 II. 2 
 
 13-4 
 
 14-3 
 
 Averages : 
 
 9.7 
 (9.4-9.9) 
 
 13.0 
 (12.0-13.8) 
 
 13.8 
 
 (13.0-14.8) 
 
 10.8 
 
 (10.7-11-2) 
 
 13.35 
 (12.8-13-9) 
 
 14.2 
 (13.4-15.0) 
 
 Per cent : 
 
 100 
 
 74.6 
 
 70 3 
 
 100 
 
 80.9 
 
 76.1 
 
 Averages and per cent that would exist if the rela- 
 tion of the measurements were the same as in the 
 group with lowest foreheads. 
 
 (14-5) 
 (83.1} 
 
 (15-4) 
 (78.3} 
 
 Width of the Mouth 1 
 
 One hundred observations on the Kharga men concerning this 
 feature give the average of 5.4 cm., representing a medium dimen- 
 sion. The range of variation is not very large, extending over 13 
 mm. which represents 0.12 per unit of the average. The distri- 
 bution is regular. 
 
 1 Between the extremities of the oral fissure with the mouth closed and face 
 at rest. 
 
88 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: WIDTH OF THE MOUTH 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 100. 
 Average: 5.4 cm. (ist 50: 5.4; 2d 50: 5.4 cm.) 
 
 Median : 5.4 cm. Mode : 5.3 cm. 
 Minimum : 4.7 cm. Maximum : 6.0 cm. 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 ON 
 
 hH 
 
 fO 
 
 to 
 
 tx 
 
 ON 
 
 g 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 IO 
 
 IO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 tx 
 
 Jo 
 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 * 
 
 NO 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 TJ- 10 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 VO 
 
 Number and per cent of cases . 
 
 ' 
 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 w 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 7(5 
 
 4 
 
 The breadth of the mouth, as will be more clearly seen from the 
 succeeding figures, bears to some extent a direct relation with the 
 breadth of the nose, the breadth of the face and especially with age. 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: EELATION OF WIDTH OF MOUTH TO BEEADTH OF 
 FACE, BEEADTH OF NOSE, AND TO AGE 
 
 23 narrowest mouths: 5.1 cm. and less 
 
 20 widest mouths: 5.8 cm. and more 
 
 Width of 
 mouth 
 
 Breadth of 
 face 
 
 Breadth of 
 nose 
 
 Age of 
 
 ndividual 
 
 Width of 
 mouth 
 
 Breadth of 
 face 
 
 Breadth of 
 nose 
 
 Age of 
 individual 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 Years 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 Years 
 
 4-7 
 
 I2.g 
 
 3-4 
 
 36 
 
 5-8 
 
 13.0 
 
 3-6 
 
 24 
 
 4-7 
 
 13-0 
 
 3-8 
 
 38 
 
 5.8 
 
 13-0 
 
 3-6 
 
 26 
 
 J:2 
 
 12.9 
 11. 8 
 
 3-35 
 3.25 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 5-8 
 5-8 
 
 13.5 
 13-9 
 
 3-9 
 
 3.65 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 4.8 
 
 13.0 
 
 3-3 
 
 24 
 
 5-8 
 
 13.7 
 
 3-8 
 
 40 
 
 4-9 
 
 12.9 
 
 3.65 
 
 25 
 
 5-8 
 
 12.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 58 
 
 4.9 
 
 13.2 
 
 3-55 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 
 12.0 
 
 3*9 
 
 40 
 
 4.9 
 
 13.1 
 
 3-5 
 
 24 
 
 5.8 
 
 13.0 
 
 3*8 
 
 50 
 
 5-0 
 
 12.5 
 
 3.65 
 
 45 
 
 5-8 
 
 13-9 
 
 3.65 
 
 48 
 
 5-o 
 
 12.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 28 
 
 5.9 
 
 13.6 
 
 3.6 
 
 27 
 
 5-o 
 
 13-2 
 
 3-7 
 
 24 
 
 5-9 
 
 12.8 
 
 3-6 
 
 50 
 
 5-0 
 
 13-8 
 
 3.8 
 
 50 
 
 5-9 
 
 13-6 
 
 3-2 
 
 40 
 
 5-0 
 
 13-4 
 
 3-55 
 
 28 
 
 5-9 
 
 13.8 
 
 4-15 
 
 50 
 
 5-0 
 
 13-4 
 
 3-7 
 
 55 
 
 5-9 
 
 I3-I 
 
 4.0 
 
 50 
 
 5- 
 
 12.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 5-9 
 
 13.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 55 
 
 5- 
 
 13-4 
 
 3-9 
 
 60 
 
 5-9 
 
 12.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 55 
 
 5- 
 
 13-4 
 
 3-7 
 
 30 
 
 6.0 
 
 13.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 40 
 
 5- 
 
 13-0 
 
 4.0 
 
 48 
 
 6.0 
 
 13.2 
 
 4-35 
 
 55 
 
 5. 
 
 13-0 
 
 3-7 
 
 38 
 
 6.0 
 
 13.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 50 
 
 5- 
 
 I3-I 
 
 3-7 
 
 24 
 
 6.0 
 
 13-9 
 
 3.8 
 
 50 
 
 5. 
 
 12.9 
 
 3-45 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 13.2 
 
 3-5 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 13-3 
 
 3-55 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages: 
 
 5.0 
 
 13.05 
 
 3.6 
 
 35 
 
 5.9 
 
 13.3 
 
 3.85 
 
 44 
 
 
 (II. 8- 
 
 (3.25- 
 
 (23-60) 
 
 
 (I2.O- 
 
 (3-2- 
 
 (24-58) 
 
 
 13-8) 
 
 4.0) 
 
 
 
 13.9) 
 
 4-35) 
 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 The older adults at Kharga ha-ve in general broader mouths than 
 the young adults, and a correspondence is frequently noticeable 
 between broad noses and faces and broad mouths. The nose and 
 mouth influence each other probably but very little, if at all, but 
 both are affected alike by age and breadth of face. 
 
 The Bigonial Diameter of the Lower Jaw 
 
 The greatest lower facial breadth, or diameter bigonial, presents 
 in .the Kharga men the very moderate average of 10.3 cm. Weis- 
 bach 1 obtained in the Patagonians 13.0; Australians 11.5; Maori 
 11.4; northern Slavs and Roumanians 11.3; Tagalogs n.i ; southern 
 Chinese, Magyars n.o; Javanese 10.9; Gypsies 10.8; Hawaiians 
 10.7; Jews 10.6; Siamese, northern Chinese, Congo negroes 10.4; 
 Japanese 10.2; Kaffirs 10.1 ; and Hottentots 9.2 cm. 
 
 The range of variation of the measurement in the Kharga series 
 is 3.2 cm., equalling 0.156 per unit of the average, which is not 
 above the ordinary. The distribution of the measurement is some- 
 what irregular, which is doubtless due to functional causes, or more 
 directly, to uneven development of the masseters. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER BIGONIAL OF LOWER JAW 
 
 Number of individuals measured: 100. 
 
 Average: 10.3 cm. (ist 50: 10.4; 2d 50: 10.2 cm.) 
 
 Median : 10.4 cm. Modes : 10 and 10.6 cm. 
 
 .Minimum : 8.9 cm. Maximum : 12. 1 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 Tf 
 
 VO 
 
 00 
 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 <^- i 
 
 VO . 
 
 00 . 
 
 g 
 
 o . 
 
 O . 
 
 O . 
 
 . 
 
 HH 
 
 H-l . 
 
 W 
 
 
 i 
 
 7 s o 
 
 1 o 
 
 ?l 
 
 ?l 
 
 y 
 
 7 
 
 AS 
 
 to u 
 
 XI 
 
 3J 
 
 S 
 
 AS 
 
 
 9 s 
 
 M . 
 
 *? 
 
 "? 
 
 t" 
 
 . 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number and per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cent of cases 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 ^^ 
 
 11 
 
 Ji7 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 J 
 
 The bigonial diameter bears a direct relation with the greatest 
 breadth of the face and an indirect one with that of- the head. But, 
 as in the case of the breadth of the forehead, the dimension aug- 
 ments within the series at a greater rate than those with which it is 
 compared, in other words it is enlarged to some extent through 
 other agencies than the correlation with the breadth of the upper face 
 
 . c., pp. 279-280. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 and the more distinct one with the head. These conditions are seen 
 clearly in the following table. 
 
 The increase of the measurement with the increase in the breadth 
 of the head is due on one hand to the correlation with the latter of 
 the breadth of the upper face, which in turn influences the lower 
 jaw ; and on the other to .the effect of the broad base of such a skull 
 on the condyles and the ascending rami of the lower jaw. Broaden- 
 ing of the bigonial diameter independent of these factors is due 
 almost entirely to the action of the masseters, which in some instances 
 results in a marked eversion of the lower portion of the jaw at the 
 angle. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: EELATION OF DIAMETER BIGONIAL TO BREADTH 
 OF FACE AND BREADTH OF HEAD 
 
 17 narrowest jaws: 
 9.7 cm. and below 
 
 14 broadest jaws: 
 10.9 cm. and above 
 
 1 
 n;, _ Diameter 
 
 -ass* 
 
 Greatest 
 breadth 
 of head 
 
 Diameter 
 bigonial 
 
 Diameter 
 bizygomatic 
 maximum 
 
 Greatest 
 breadth 
 of head 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 8.9 
 
 12. 1 
 
 13.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 13 5 
 
 14.2 
 
 9.1 
 
 12.6 
 
 14.8 
 
 IO.9 
 
 13.1 
 
 14.4 
 
 9.1 
 
 n.8 
 
 14.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 13.0 
 
 14-5 
 
 9.2 
 
 12.8 
 
 14.7 
 
 10.9 
 
 13-4 
 
 14.4 
 
 9-3 
 
 13.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 II.O 
 
 13-8 
 
 14.2 
 
 9-3 
 
 13.4 
 
 14.2 
 
 II. O 
 
 13-9 
 
 14.4 
 
 9-4 
 
 13.2 
 
 13-9 
 
 II. I 
 
 13.7 
 
 14.2 
 
 9-5 
 
 13-0 
 
 13.3 
 
 II. I 
 
 13-5 
 
 14.4 
 
 9-5 
 
 12.9 
 
 13-4 
 
 II. I 
 
 13-4 
 
 13.7 
 
 9-5 
 
 13-1 
 
 13-9 
 
 II. 2 
 
 13.8 
 
 13-4 
 
 9-6 
 
 12.8 
 
 13-4 
 
 II. 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 13-8 
 
 9.6 
 
 12.9 
 
 13-8 
 
 11.4 
 
 13.6 
 
 13-9 
 
 9-6 
 
 12. 
 
 13.2 
 
 11.8 
 
 13.2 
 
 14.6 
 
 9-7 
 
 12.9 
 
 13.6 
 
 12. 1 
 
 13.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 9-7 
 
 I3-I 
 
 13-6 
 
 
 
 
 9-7 
 
 13-6 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 
 
 9-7 
 
 13-3 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 
 
 Averages : 
 
 9-4 
 (89-9-7) 
 
 12.85 
 
 (11.8-13-6) 
 
 13.8 
 (13.0-14-8) 
 
 11.2 
 (10.9-12.1) 
 
 13.4 
 (12.6-13.9) 
 
 14.2 
 (13.4-14.6) 
 
 Per cent : 
 
 100 
 
 73.1 
 
 68.1 
 
 100 
 
 83.6 
 
 78-9 
 
 Averages and per cent that would exist if the rela- 
 tion of the measurements were the same as in the 
 group with narrowest jaws. 
 
 (15-3) 
 (87.1) 
 
 (16-4) 
 (81.1) 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA QI 
 
 The Ears 
 
 The dimensions of the ears possess certain anthropological value; 
 the small ear of the negro is clearly separable from the larger one of 
 the white, and there are probably other racial differences. 
 
 The writer measures invariably the left ear, which to a right- 
 hand observer is more easily approachable with the instruments than 
 that on the opposite side, and the measurements taken are the maxi- 
 mum height and the maximum breadth. 1 
 
 The average height of the ear obtained in Kharga men amounts 
 to 6.3 cm., a relatively large proportion. Two hundred and fifteen 
 ears ( right and left) of Alsatian and German males from 20 to over 
 80 years of age gave Schwalbe the average ear height of 6.59; but 
 the 125 of these ears from individuals between 20 and 59 years of 
 age, representing a more suitable group for comparison than the 
 total Schwalbe series which includes the ears of many old individuals, 
 give the average of 6.33 cm. much the same as at Kharga. The 
 Alsatians and Germans are, however, of decidedly taller mean stature 
 than the Kharga natives, and stature exercises a certain amount of 
 direct influence on the size of the ears irrespective of other conditions. 
 
 As to further comparative data, Weisbach records the ear height 
 of 6.4 in the Javanese, 6.3 in the Japanese, 6.2 in Hawaiians, 6.1 in 
 northern Chinese, Jews and Slavs, and 5.9 cm. in Gypsies and 
 Kaffirs; while the writer obtained the average of 5.99 cm. in 20 
 apparently full-blood American negroes, and 6.76 cm. in 76 American 
 Indians all males. The short Kharga natives have therefore evi- 
 dently an ear somewhat above the general average in length and 
 differing very perceptibly in this respect from that of the negro. 
 
 The range of variation of the dimension amounts to 2.0 cm., or 
 0.159 per unit of the average. The distribution of the measure- 
 ment is regular. 
 
 'They are the same as those of Topinard (Elements d'Anthropol. gen., 
 Paris 1885, p. 1004 et seq.), Weisbach (Zeit. f. Ethnologic. IX, Supplement, 
 Berlin, 1878), and Schwalbe (Beitrage zur Anthropologie des Ohres, Vir- 
 chow's Festschrift, 1891, p. 95 et seq.) The breadth is measured at right 
 angles to the height; the fixed branch of the sliding compass being applied, 
 with some pressure, parallel to the long axis of the ear and so as to touch 
 the anterior subcutaneous limit of the cartilaginous helix, while the movable 
 branch is brought to touch the most posterior part of the skin of the pinna. 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF LEFT EAR 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 105. 
 
 Average : 6.3 cm. (ist 50 : 6.33 ; 2d 50 : 6.28 cm.) 
 
 Median : 6.3 cm. Modes : 6.2 and 6.4 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 5.4 cm. Maximum : 7.4 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 EJ 
 
 g 
 
 
 B 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 g* 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 c 
 
 vo 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 CNI 
 
 Tf 
 
 vo 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 <fr 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 IN 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 
 1O 
 
 10 
 
 1O 
 
 10 
 
 VO 
 
 vo 
 
 vo 
 
 vo* 
 
 vo 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1.9 
 
 1-9 
 
 7.6 
 
 14.3 
 
 27 .$> 
 
 
 
 5-7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The breadth of the ear in the Kharga natives averages 3.7 cm. 
 In the above referred to Schwalbe's series of Alsatians and Germans 
 the same measurement averaged 3.97 cm., or, if we take only the 
 group of 125 ears of individuals from 20 to 59 years of age, which 
 is more comparable with the Kharga series, the mean breadth was 
 3.91 cm. The Kharga men have, evidently, an ear about equally as 
 long, or only a trace shorter than the Alsatian and German whites, 
 but one which is distinctly more narrow. The group of 20 American 
 negroes measured by the writer, and who, notwithstanding their 
 taller stature have been shown to possess a very noticeably shorter 
 ear than the Kharga natives, gave a nearly equal breadth (3.69 cm.), 
 as the latter, showing that their ear is relatively broader ; while in 
 the 76 Indians the measurements averaged 3.87 cm. 
 
 The range of variation in the breadth of the ear in the Kharga 
 men extends n mm., which amounts to 0.149 per unit of the 
 average. The distribution of the measurement is less uniform than 
 that of the height of the ear. 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT EAR 
 
 Number of individuals measured: 105. 
 Average: 3.7 cm. (ist 50: 3.77; 2d 50: 3.66cm.) 
 
 Median: 3.7 cm. Mode: j./cm. 
 
 Minimum : 3.3 cm. Maximum : 4.4 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 g 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 E 
 
 B 
 
 g 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 If) 
 
 IO 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1O 
 
 1O 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 
 CO 
 
 <t 
 
 10 
 
 vo 
 
 tx 
 
 00 
 
 O\ 
 
 
 
 
 CV1 
 
 CO 
 
 g 
 
 
 T 5 
 CO 
 
 "J 
 
 Tf 
 
 cp 
 lO 
 
 S 
 
 fp 
 t^ 
 
 S 
 
 <*5 
 
 ON 
 
 1 
 
 Tt 
 
 j 
 
 rf 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 ro 
 
 ro 
 
 fO 
 
 fO 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 
 fj 
 
 "fr 
 
 Tj- 
 
 n- 
 
 Tf 
 
 Tj- 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 Per cent 
 
 5.7 
 
 4.8 
 
 16.2 
 
 12.4 
 
 24-8 
 
 14.3 
 
 10.5 
 
 5.7 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 93 
 
 The mean of the two measurements of the ear( - - Wives the 
 
 "dimension" (etendue, Topinard) or module (Schwalbe) of the 
 ear, a determination useful for comparison. In the Kharga series, 
 the average ear module is 5.0, the least 4.4, and the greatest 5.75 
 cm. In the 20-59 vear group of Schwalbe's series the module aver- 
 ages 5.12; in 13 male negroes measured by Topinard (1. c.) it was 
 4.78, in 8 " Europeans " 4.86, in 8 Melanesians 5.58 and in 3 Poly- 
 nesians 5.2. In the 20 American negroes measured by the writer it 
 was 4.84, in the 76 Indians 5.3. The mean size of the ear in the 
 Kharga natives stands evidently nearer that of the whites than that 
 of the negro, particularly when the stature differences are taken into 
 consideration. 
 
 The percental relation of the breadth to .the height of the ear 
 
 f Vr IC ~) gives the ear index, which is of some racial importance. 
 
 In the Kharga men it averages 58.9. Topinard (1. c.) obtained for 
 8 "Europeans" 54.0; 13 African negroes 61.2; 8 Melanesians 59.5 
 and 3 Polynesians 60.0 ; while in Schwalbe's series the index ranges 
 from 61.5 in the adults between 20 and 59 to 58.7 in those between 
 70 and 79 years of age. The 20 American negroes measured by the 
 writer gave the mean index of 61.6, the 76 Indians 57.2. The ear of 
 the Kharga men may therefore be regarded as a relatively narrow 
 one, in which respect it differs from that of the Alsatians and the 
 Germans, so far as represented in the Schwalbe series and especially 
 from that of the negro. 
 
 The range of variation in the ear index in the Kharga men is 
 rather large, extending over 17.4 units, or 0.148 per unit of the 
 average. Its distribution is regular. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: EAR INDEX 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 105. 
 
 Average: 58.9. (ist 50: 59.5; 2d 50: 58.3.) 
 
 Median : 59.0. Mode : group 58.5-60.0. 
 
 Minimum : 49.3. Maximum : 66.7. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 *j 
 
 <$> 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 A 
 
 S 
 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 JN,, 
 
 O^ 
 
 
 ^O 
 
 to 
 
 fs^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 VO 
 
 VO 
 
 
 VO 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 2 
 
 1-9 
 
 2 
 
 1.9 
 
 7 
 6-7 
 
 15 
 74. J 
 
 21 
 0.0 
 
 22 
 
 -?i7.9 
 
 ;5.7 
 
 "1 
 J0.5 4.5 
 
 I 
 
 1.0 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 1 First group comprises indices to 50.5, second from 50.6 to 52.5, etc. 
 
94 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 The dimensions of the ear differ in the whites, it was shown by 
 Schwalbe, 1 with age, both the height and the breadth, but especially 
 the former, increasing up to at least the 7Oth year of age. The 
 module and ear index modify accordingly, the module increasing, the 
 index decreasing; in the words of the just mentioned author, 2 "the 
 ear in the aged is on the average absolutely longer and broader, but 
 relatively narrower, than that in the young adult. The same condi- 
 tions were found by the writer in the Indians, and they also exist 
 among the Kharga Egyptians. As seen from the following table, the 
 average height of the ear in the seventeen oldest men of the series is 
 to that of the seventeen youngest adults as 109.9 to 100; the breadth 
 is as 104.2 to 100; the module or mean diameter as 107.7 to 100; 
 while the cephalic index is but as 94.6 to 100. We are dealing here 
 evidently with morphological conditions of wide extension, in which 
 racial or tribal differences are restricted to degree and other secon- 
 dary features of the phenomena. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIMENSIONS OF EARS ACCORDING TO AGE 
 
 17 youngest men: 21-26 years 
 
 17 oldest men: 55-65 years 
 
 Age of 
 subject 
 
 Height of 
 left ear 
 
 Breadth of 
 left ear 
 
 Ear index 
 
 Age of 
 subject 
 
 Height of 
 left ear 
 
 Breadth of 
 left ear 
 
 Ear index 
 
 years 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 years 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 21 
 
 6-0 
 
 3-55 
 
 59-2 
 
 55 
 
 7-i 
 
 4-3 
 
 60. 6 
 
 22 
 
 6.1 
 
 3-85 
 
 63.1 
 
 55 
 
 6-2 
 
 3-3 
 
 53-2 
 
 23 
 
 58 
 
 3-8 
 
 65-5 
 
 55 
 
 6-65 
 
 3-9 
 
 58.6 
 
 23 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-45 
 
 63-9 
 
 55 
 
 6.3 
 
 3-9 
 
 61.9 
 
 24 
 
 6.1 
 
 3-3 
 
 54-1 
 
 55 
 
 6.1 
 
 3-9 
 
 63.9 
 
 24 
 
 6.0 
 
 3-6 
 
 60.0 
 
 55 
 
 6.7 
 
 3-75 
 
 56.0 
 
 24 
 
 6.4 
 
 38 
 
 59-4 
 
 55 
 
 5-8 
 
 3-6 
 
 62-1 
 
 24 
 
 5-7 
 
 3-3 
 
 57-9 
 
 55 
 
 7-o 
 
 3-8 
 
 54-3 
 
 24 
 
 6.4 
 
 3-75 
 
 58.6 
 
 55 
 
 6-3 
 
 3-5 
 
 55^6 
 
 25 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-5 
 
 64.8 
 
 55 
 
 6.2 
 
 3-5 
 
 56.4 
 
 25 
 
 5-9 
 
 3-3 
 
 55-9 
 
 55 
 
 7-3 
 
 4.2 
 
 57-5 
 
 3 
 
 6.0 
 6-45 
 
 3-75 
 3-65 
 
 62.5 
 56.6 
 
 58 
 60 
 
 1:1 
 
 3-5 
 4.0 
 
 49-3 
 58.0 
 
 26 
 
 6-3 
 
 3-7 
 
 58.7 
 
 60 
 
 7-3 
 
 3-7 
 
 50.7 
 
 26 
 
 6.2 
 
 3-65 
 
 58.9 
 
 60 
 
 6.4 
 
 3-5 
 
 54.7 
 
 26 
 
 6.4 
 
 3-7 
 
 57-8 
 
 60 
 
 6-5 
 
 3-5 
 
 53.8 
 
 26 
 
 6-5 3-5 
 
 53-8 
 
 65 
 
 7-4 
 
 3-8 
 
 5L3 
 
 Averages : 
 
 24.4 
 
 6.05 
 
 3-6 
 
 59-5 
 
 57 
 
 6.65 
 
 3-75 
 
 56.3 
 
 (21-26) 
 
 (5-4-6-5) 
 
 (3-3- 
 3-85) 
 
 (53-8- 
 65-5 
 
 (55-65) 
 
 (5-8-7-4) 
 
 (3-3-4-3) 
 
 (49-3- 
 63-9 
 
 Module : 4.8 cm. 
 
 5.2 cm. 
 
 General averages of the whole series (105) : Height 6.3; breadth 3.7; module 
 5.0 cm.^index 58.9. 
 
 c., pp. 123-124 et seq. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 144. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS 
 
 95 
 
 It was, regrettably, impracticable to secure at Kharga any meas- 
 urements of the covered parts of the body. It was observed that 
 the chest, abdomen and pelvic regions are in general moderately 
 developed, and so far as could be perceived they present no uncom- 
 mon features. It was possible, however, to measure the hands, feet 
 and the calf of the leg, with the following results. 
 
 The Hand 
 
 On the hand the writer takes two measurements, the length and 
 breadth. The length is taken in full extension of the hand from the 
 middle of a straight line connecting the proximal boundaries of the 
 thenar and hypothenar eminences, to the tip of the longest finger. 
 The line frequently, but not always, coincides with a delimiting 
 folding or wrist line in the skin. The breadth measured is the 
 maximum breadth of the palm, taken, in full extension of the 
 hand, from the angle between the thumb and the palm across the 
 latter at right angles to the length. These measurements secure, 
 the writer believes, the expression of the racial features of the hand 
 better than others. And in view of the fact that the right hand is 
 often more modified by the work or habits of the individual than the 
 left, measurements are restricted to the latter. 
 
 At Kharga the left hand was measured in 100 men, and the fol- 
 lowing two tables show the results. 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: LENGTH OF LEFT HAND 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 100. 
 
 Average: 19.0 cm. (ist 50: 19.1; 2d 50: 18.9 cm.) 
 
 Median : 18.9 cm. Modes : 18.6 and 19.7 cm. 
 
 Minimum: 17.2 cm. Maximum: 21.7 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 g 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 t^ . 
 
 00 
 
 00 . 
 
 ON 
 
 o\ . 
 
 o 
 
 o . 
 
 
 ,_, 
 
 H 
 
 
 11 
 
 | 
 
 r e 
 
 vi 
 
 1% 
 
 CM 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 u 
 tx 
 
 
 t*+ 
 
 lx 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 o\ 
 
 o 
 
 ?\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number and per cent of cases. . 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT HAND 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 100. 
 Average 8.8 cm. ( I st 50 : 8.9 ; 2d 50 : 8.7 cm. ) 
 
 Median : 8.9 cm. Mode : 9.1 cm 
 
 Minimum : 7.7 cm. Maximum : 9.8 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 g 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 Tj- 
 
 *o 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 Tt 
 
 M3 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 "2 
 
 % 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 CO 
 
 J 
 
 2! 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 o\ 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 Number and per cent of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cases 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 7? 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 J7 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 j? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is seen that the average length and especially the average 
 breadth of the hand are moderate. The range of the variation is 
 proportionate, extending for the length over 4.5 cm., or o 118 per 
 unit of the mean, and for the breadth over 1.9 cm., or 0.108 per 
 
 / T i T) 
 
 unit of the mean. The hand module ' "" 
 
 hand index 
 
 B 
 
 f - } averages 13.9, the 
 
 46.3. 
 
 The Foot 
 
 Conformably with the practice of measuring the left ear and 
 especially the left hand, the writer measures also the left foot. The 
 dimensions ascertained are the maximum length and maximum 
 breadth (back of the toes), while the foot reposes so lightly on the 
 floor that there is no deformation. The results of such measure- 
 ments on 103 of the Kharga men are as follows : 
 
 KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: LENGTH OF LEFT FOOT 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 103. 
 
 Average: 25.4 cm. (ist 50: 25.6cm.; 2d 50: 25.2 cm.) 
 
 Median : 25.5 cm. Modes : 24,6 and 26.2 cm. 
 
 Minimum: 20.3 cm. Maximum: 28.4 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 y 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 1O 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 u 
 
 *t 
 
 
 u 
 n 
 
 u 
 t^ 
 
 ?s 
 
 hH V 
 
 S 
 v& 
 
 fs 
 
 -H U 
 
 1 
 
 is 
 
 t-t U 
 
 I 
 
 !i 
 
 tx 
 
 5 
 
 tx . 
 
 7E 
 
 HH O 
 
 
 4 
 
 !e 
 
 
 8 
 
 SI 
 
 0? 
 
 PO 
 M 
 
 ot 
 
 ct 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 l-x 
 
 01 
 
 tx 
 
 0< 
 
 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 9- 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.9 
 
 8.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 17.5 
 
 14.6 
 
 12.615.5 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 2.9 
 
 7.9 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 97 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT FOOT 
 
 Number of individuals measured : 103. 
 Average: lo.ocm. (ist 50: 10.1 ; 2d 50: 9.9 cm.) 
 
 Median: 10.0 cm. Mode: 10.1 cm. 
 
 Minimum: 8.S cm. Maximum: u.<?cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 B 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c^ 
 
 T i~ 
 
 *o 
 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 (j 
 
 N . 
 
 T 
 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o ,_; 
 
 Z g 
 
 ? a 
 
 ? a 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 ON 
 
 *? 
 
 Q\ 
 
 o\ 
 
 k 
 
 o' 
 
 d 
 
 10 -> 
 
 d 
 
 t> o 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 M . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 Number of cases. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Per cent 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 J.5> 
 
 12. 6 
 
 7J.6 
 
 JJ.(5 
 
 
 JJ.6 
 
 7.8 
 
 7.8 
 
 ^.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 The preceding data show that the foot of the Kharga men, like 
 the hand, is of moderate proportions. The individual variation is 
 but slightly larger than in the hand ; it extends for the length over 
 8.1 cm., or 0.159 P er umt of the average, and for the breadth 
 over 2.4 cm. or 0.120 per unit of the average. The mean module 
 of the foot (Jt-+_B_\ I?I) the mean index / B_>^joo\ ^^ 
 
 \ 2 / \ _L, / 
 
 These dimensions will be mainly useful for future comparisons. 
 
 An inquiry as to the bearing of stature on the absolute and rela- 
 tive dimensions of the hands and feet, brings out interesting results. 
 As will be seen from the following figures, there is a clear, direct 
 correlation between the height of the body and length (as well as 
 breadth) of the hands as well as the feet; but the index in each case 
 shows but little alteration. The correlation between the stature and 
 the hand and foot length is so close that proportions of the latter 
 to the stature are almost identical in the shortest and the tallest 
 groups of the series, and the little change in the index shows that 
 the same must be true of the breadth of the two parts. 
 
 Another inquiry was directed into the effects on the hand and foot 
 dimensions of age, and the results of this are wholly negative. The 
 differences in the mean hand and foot length (as well as breadth) 
 and their indices between the group of the youngest and that of the 
 oldest men (both groups showing nearly equal average of stature), 
 are so small as to be quite negligible. 
 
9 8 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE HANDS AND 
 FEET, AND OF THEIR INDICES, TO STATURE AND AGE 
 
 Length and Indices of Hands and Feet in Shortest and Tallest Individuals 
 
 17 SHORTEST MEN: 158.5 CM. AND BELOW 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of left 
 hand 
 
 Hand index 
 
 Length of left 
 foot 
 
 Foot index 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 152.3 
 
 18.8 
 
 47- 3 
 
 23.7 
 
 40-5 
 
 153-6 
 
 18.3 
 
 47.0 
 
 20.3 
 
 46.8 
 
 154-5 
 
 
 44-3 
 
 23.3 
 
 37*8 
 
 155-2 
 
 18.3 
 
 47.2 
 
 24.1 
 
 42.7 
 
 155.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 50.6 
 
 24.6 
 
 44.2 
 
 155.7 
 155-9 
 
 18.3 
 18.6 
 
 44.8 
 45-2 
 
 24.2 
 24.9 
 
 40.1 
 39-8 
 
 ^S 7 
 
 156.0 
 
 18.3 
 
 45-9 
 
 23.5 
 
 38.3 
 
 156.5 
 
 18.6 
 
 43-0 
 
 24.7 
 
 36.4 
 
 157-5 
 
 18.1 
 
 47.0 
 
 23.9 
 
 36.8 
 
 157.6 
 
 18.9 
 
 46.0 
 
 25.1 
 
 39.8 
 
 157-8 
 158.3 
 
 17.9 
 18.4 
 
 43-0 
 47-3 
 
 23.2 
 23.9 
 
 40.1 
 41.0 
 
 158.3 
 
 18.2 
 
 46.7 
 
 24.2 
 
 40.5 
 
 158.4 
 
 18.8 
 
 46.8 
 
 24.7 
 
 42.1 
 
 158.5 
 158.5 
 
 18.3 
 18.6 
 
 45-4 
 44.1 
 
 24.1 
 25.4 
 
 37.7 
 39-8 
 
 Averages; 
 
 156-5 
 (152.3-158.5) 
 
 Proportion to 
 stature (5=1000) 
 
 18.4 
 (I7.6-I8.9) 
 
 H7-5 
 
 46.0 
 (40.3-50.6) 
 
 2.4.0 
 
 (20.3-25-4) 
 153-4 
 
 40. 3 
 (36.4-46-8) 
 
 17 TALLBST MEN: ABOVE 168.5 CM. 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length of left 
 hand 
 
 Hand index 
 
 Length of left 
 foot 
 
 Foot index 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 168.6 
 
 19.9 
 
 49.2 
 
 28.4 
 
 38.4 
 
 168.6 
 
 20. o 
 
 45.5 
 
 26.3 
 
 39.4 
 
 168.8 
 
 19.4 
 
 45-9 
 
 25.2 
 
 38.5 
 
 168.8 
 
 21.7 
 
 40.5 
 
 27-7 
 
 37.6 
 
 168.9 
 
 19.9 
 
 46.7 
 
 26.2 
 
 38.5 
 
 169.4 
 
 18.6 
 
 44.6 
 
 25.0 
 
 38.0 
 
 169.4 
 169.4 
 
 18.6 
 20.4 
 
 47.8 
 45-6 
 
 24.8 
 26.2 
 
 38.3 
 38.2 
 
 170.5 
 
 19.7 
 
 45.7 
 
 27.2 
 
 38.4 
 
 171.3 
 
 19.6 
 
 46.4 
 
 26.9 
 
 39-7 
 
 172.2 
 
 18.5 
 
 48.1 
 
 25-5 
 
 41.9 
 
 172.4 
 
 19.7 
 
 48.7 
 
 25.7 
 
 42.0 
 
 172.4 
 
 20.1 
 
 47.3 
 
 26.9 
 
 38.7 
 
 172.5 
 
 19.4 
 
 46.9 
 
 26.2 
 
 38.5 
 
 172.7 
 
 19.9 
 
 46.2 
 
 25-9 
 
 40.1 
 
 173.8 
 
 21-5 
 
 44.6 
 
 27.2 
 
 39.3 
 
 174.5 
 
 19.4 
 
 48.4 
 
 27.1 
 
 38.7 
 
 Averages: 
 
 170.8 
 (168.6-174.5) 
 
 19.8 
 
 (18.5-21.7) 
 115.9 
 
 46.4 
 (40.5-49.2) 
 
 26.4 
 (24.8-28.4) 
 154.6 
 
 39-1 
 
 (37.6-42.0) 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 99 
 
 KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE HANDS AND FEET, 
 AND OF THEIR INDICES, TO STATURE AND AGE Continued 
 
 Length and Indices of Hands and Feet in Youngest and Oldest Individuals 
 
 17 YOUNGEST MEN: 21 TO 26 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Approximate 
 age 
 
 Length of left 
 hand 
 
 Hand index 
 
 Length of left 
 foot 
 
 Foot index 
 
 Years 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 21 
 
 18.4 
 
 46.2 
 
 23-7 
 
 42.1 
 
 22 
 
 19.1 
 
 47.6 
 
 24-7 
 
 38.8 
 
 23 
 
 19.3 
 
 43-5 
 
 25-7 
 
 38.5 
 
 23 
 
 17.9 
 
 43-0 
 
 23.2 
 
 40.1 
 
 24 
 
 18.9 
 
 47-6 
 
 25.2 
 
 42.1 
 
 24 
 
 18.7 
 
 44.2 
 
 25-7 
 
 37-3 
 
 24 
 
 21.7 
 
 40.5 
 
 27.7 
 
 37.6 
 
 24 
 
 19.0 
 
 47-9 
 
 26.2 
 
 38.2 
 
 24 
 
 17.9 
 
 47.5 
 
 22.7 
 
 43.2 
 
 25 
 
 18.1 
 
 47-0 
 
 23.9 
 
 36.8 
 
 25 
 
 17.6 
 
 46.6 
 
 22.7 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 19.4 
 
 43-8 
 
 25.8 
 
 39.1 
 
 26 
 
 18.9 
 
 50.3 
 
 26.2 
 
 39.3 
 
 26 
 
 20.3 
 
 46.3 
 
 27.2 
 
 38.2 
 
 26 
 
 18.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 24.8 
 
 38.3 
 
 26 
 
 19.6 . 
 
 44-4 
 
 25.0 
 
 37-2 
 
 26 
 
 19.7 
 
 46.2 
 
 27.6 
 
 39-1 
 
 Averages; 
 
 24.4 
 
 (21-26) 
 
 19.0 
 
 (17.6-21.7) 
 
 45-9 
 
 (40-5-50-3) 
 
 25.2 
 
 (22.7-27.7) 
 
 39.2 
 
 (37.2-43.2) 
 
 17 OLDEST MEN: 55 TO 65 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Approximate 
 age 
 
 Length of left 
 hand 
 
 Hand index 
 
 Length of left 
 foot 
 
 Foot index 
 
 Years 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 cm. 
 
 
 55 
 
 18.6 
 
 44.1 
 
 23-9 
 
 41.0 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 18.5 
 18.7 
 
 48.1 
 49-7 
 
 3j 
 
 41.9 
 
 4 i'i 
 
 55 
 
 19.0 
 
 45.8 
 
 25.8 
 
 38.8 
 
 55 
 
 18.0 
 
 47.8 
 
 24.9 
 
 40.6 
 
 55 
 
 18.6 
 
 43-0 
 
 24-7 
 
 36.4 
 
 55 
 
 18.9 
 
 46.0 
 
 25-1 
 
 fyl 
 
 55 
 
 17.9 
 
 45.8 
 
 25-4 
 
 38.6 
 
 55 
 
 18.3 
 
 44.8 
 
 24.2 
 
 4O.I 
 
 55 
 
 18.3 
 
 49.7 
 
 25-5 
 
 38.4 
 
 
 20.7 
 
 44-9 
 
 26.7 
 
 41.2 
 
 58 
 
 18.5 
 
 45.9 
 
 24.6 
 
 39-0 
 
 60 
 
 19.1 
 
 49-2 
 
 25.6 
 
 40.2 
 
 60 
 
 19.7 
 
 45.2 
 
 25-9 
 
 40.1 
 
 60 
 
 19.0 
 
 45.8 
 
 25-7 
 
 39-3 
 
 60 
 
 18.7 
 
 45-4 
 
 24.8 
 
 38.3 
 
 65 
 
 17.2 . 
 
 47.1 
 
 23.6 
 
 39-4 
 
 Averages: 
 
 57 
 (55-65) 
 
 18.7 
 
 (17.2-20.7) 
 
 46.4 
 (43.0-49-7) 
 
 25-2 
 
 (23-6-26.7) 
 
 39.7 
 (36-4-41-9) 
 
 The average stature of the 17 youngest men is 162.5 cm., that of the 17 
 oldest i6i.8cm. no influential difference. 
 
100 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 Girth of the Leg 
 
 The maximum girth of the leg is a measurement which in the 
 main indicates the individual development of the musculature of the 
 part, but collectively is also of some anthropological significance, for 
 regardless of age, health, nourishment and exercise of the part, all 
 of which agencies affect its dimension, there are certain peoples, 
 such as the Indian's for instance, who have in general a smaller calf 
 than the whites. 
 
 The average maximum circumference of the left leg, which is 
 measured by the writer, amounts in white men less than 50 years of 
 age, to about 36 cm., in the Indian the writer obtained, on 200 indi- 
 viduals in good state of bodily preservation, 34.0 cm., and in 20 
 apparently full-blood American negroes 36.9 cm. One hundred and 
 eleven Kharga men in good condition gave the mean of only 32.0 
 cm., and in more than a half the measurement was smaller. The sig- 
 nificance of this relatively poor record is doubtless in the main not 
 racial, but connected with the poor nutrition of the majority of the 
 Oasis people and their consequent subnormal development, which 
 was shown already by other determinations. 
 
 KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: MAXIMUM GIRTH OF LEG 
 
 Number of observations: in. 1 
 Average: 32.0 cm. (ist 50: 32.1; 2d 50: 3 1.9 cm.) 
 
 Median : 31.5 cm. Mode : 31.0-32.0 cm. 
 
 Minimum : 27.3 cm. Maximum : 37.0 cm. 
 
 Table of frequencies: 
 
 
 E 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 8 
 
 E 
 
 B 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 oo 
 
 ff 
 
 o 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 55 
 
 JO 
 
 VO 
 
 Pj 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 HL 
 
 
 
 JL 
 
 1 
 
 *"? 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 HH 
 
 
 04 
 
 <$ 
 
 $ 
 
 & 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 ^0 
 
 CO 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 Number of cases 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 ii 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1.8 
 
 2-7 
 
 p.p 
 
 19-8 
 
 20.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 J5.J 
 
 8.1 
 
 2- 7 
 
 ^. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *No cases of plain emaciation, senile or otherwise, included. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RESULTS SHOWN BY MEASUREMENTS; 
 TABLES OF COMPARISON 
 
 The Kharga men are, on the average, of short stature ; the head is 
 of moderate size, medium height and dolicho- to mesocephalic in 
 form ; the face is rather narrow, the nose mesorhynian, the mouth of 
 fair size; the ears are rather long and narrow, the hands and feet 
 of medium proportions, the legs small. In general the measure- 
 ments indicate a rather poor physical development. 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 101 
 
 The principal available data for comparison of the measurements 
 are gathered in the following tables. The first of these shows the 
 close relations of the Kharga natives with the Copt, Fellaheen and 
 the non-negro Nubian ; the second demonstrates the important dif- 
 ferences between the Oasis men and the Nubian, Soudanese and the 
 other negroes. 
 
 COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE KHARGA NATIVES AND VARIOUS 
 OTHER GROUPS OF EGYPTIANS AND NUBIANS (MALES) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Author 
 
 Stature 
 
 Length 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Cephalic 
 index 
 
 150 Kharga Oasis 
 
 Hrdlicka 
 
 cm. 
 
 161 8 
 
 cm. 
 18 9 
 
 cm. 
 
 I A T 
 
 74 9 
 
 127 Copts 
 
 Chantre 
 
 166.0 
 
 i8-8c. 
 
 14-2 
 
 75-2 
 
 91 Fellaheen 
 
 Chantre 
 
 168 4 
 
 19 -O 
 
 I A . 2 
 
 74- 7 
 
 134 Bedouins 
 
 Chantre 
 
 167.8 
 
 10-27 
 
 14-2^ 
 
 73-9 
 
 81 Ababdeh 
 
 Chantre 
 
 166 o 
 
 18 9 
 
 14 I 
 
 74 .6 
 
 64 Barabra 
 
 Chantre 
 
 168-2 
 
 18-9 
 
 14.4 
 
 76-4 
 
 78 Bicharieh 
 
 Chantre 
 
 16?. -O 
 
 18-1 
 
 14 "3 
 
 79 '0 
 
 369 Egyptian Moslems, selected 
 44 Copts selected. 
 
 Myers 
 Myers 
 
 about 
 
 (171.0) 
 
 ( 171 O } 
 
 19.46 
 
 TQ. -30 
 
 14-43 
 14- "*! 
 
 74.26 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fa 
 
 ce 
 
 
 Nose 
 
 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Chin- 
 nasion 
 height 
 
 Diameter 
 bizy- 
 gomatic 
 maximum 
 
 Height 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Nasal 
 index 
 
 
 Mouth 
 breadth 
 
 150 Kharga Oasis 
 
 II . -JET 
 
 cm. 
 
 IT. . 1C 
 
 cm. 
 
 4-87 
 
 cm. 
 
 3.73 
 
 76.6 
 
 
 c.4 
 
 127 Copts 
 
 
 1^-2^ 
 
 4.7)1 
 
 3.6 
 
 (77.6 
 
 
 5-2 
 
 91 Fellaheen 
 
 
 I2.Q3 
 
 4.6) 
 
 3.7 
 
 (81.0 
 
 
 C.I 
 
 134 Bedouins.... 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 4-65-) 
 
 3-56 
 
 (76.6 
 
 
 5-1 
 
 81 Ababdeh 
 
 
 I3-I 
 
 (4-5) 
 
 3-7 
 
 (82.2 
 
 
 5-2 
 
 64 Barabra 
 
 
 13-0 
 
 (4-69) 
 
 3.8 
 
 (81-1 
 
 
 5-3 
 
 78 Bicharieh 
 
 
 12-7 
 
 (4-6) 
 
 3.5 
 
 (76.1 
 
 
 5.0 
 
 369 Egyptian Moslems, selected 
 44 Copts, selected 
 
 n-45* 
 
 11-47 
 
 14. 3 6 3 
 13. 66 5 
 
 4-83 
 4.78 
 
 3-66 
 3.59 
 
 75. & 
 7J-7/ 
 
 r* 
 
 r6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 All Chantre's measurements of the height of the nose are evidently too 
 low; no such low averages of nasal height have been reported on non-negro 
 populations of North Africa by any other observer. 
 
 2 595 individuals. 6 33 individuals. 
 
 3 698 individuals. 6 Of 42 individuals. 
 
 4 Of 349 individuals. 
 
102 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE KHARGA MEN WITH THOSE 
 OF SOUDANESE AND OTHER NEGROES 
 
 Peoples (males) 
 
 Kharga 
 Oasis 
 
 Negroes: 
 Nilotic 
 group 
 
 Negroes: 
 Nubian 
 group 
 
 Negroes: 
 American 
 (full blood) 
 
 Observers 
 
 Hrdlicka 
 
 Chantre 
 
 Chantre 
 
 Hrdlicka 
 
 
 ICQ 
 
 2C 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 AO 
 
 
 
 36 2 
 
 
 163.8 
 
 174. 1 
 
 169.0 
 
 
 Height sitting, per cent of total height 
 
 m .26 
 
 
 
 CI .AT. 
 
 Head: 
 
 18 o 
 
 l8-Q4 
 
 18.98 
 
 IQ-6 
 
 
 14* I 
 
 T7 .QC 
 
 14- 1 
 
 JCQ 
 
 Bi-meatus line-bregma height cm 
 
 1*1.2 
 
 
 
 I -3 . C 
 
 
 74.9 
 
 73.66 
 
 74.53 
 
 76.3 
 
 
 15-4 
 
 
 
 16-0 
 
 Per mille relation of cephalic mod- 
 
 04-0 
 
 
 
 Q5-0 
 
 Face; 
 Chin-nasion cm ... . . 
 
 IT . 1C 
 
 
 
 n.Q 
 
 
 17.6 
 
 
 
 17.05 
 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 A / yo 
 O-O5 
 
 Diam. bizygomatic max., cm 
 
 13-15 
 
 86.3 
 
 13-3 
 
 I3-26 
 
 13-97 
 85- 1 
 
 
 74-7 
 
 
 
 73.5 
 
 Nose: 
 Height cm 
 
 A 8? 
 
 4.08 
 
 4. 2 
 
 4.0 
 
 Breadth , cm 
 
 1.7-J 
 
 4.3 
 
 4-42 
 
 4- 57 
 
 Index 
 
 76-6 
 
 105-4 
 
 105.0 
 
 92.5 
 
 Diam frontal min cm 
 
 TO * 
 
 
 
 jo. 6 
 
 
 10. T 
 
 
 
 10.8 
 
 Mouth, widtn, cm 
 
 C.4 
 
 5.3 
 
 C.2 
 
 5.7 
 
 Left ear: 
 Height, cm 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 
 5-90 
 
 Breadth, cm 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 
 o yy 
 3-69 
 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 
 61 .6 
 
 Left hand: 
 
 ig.Q 
 
 
 
 20-0 
 
 
 O Q 
 
 
 
 9. 1C 
 
 
 46.3 
 
 
 
 45-7 
 
 Left foot: 
 
 25 .4 
 
 
 
 26.8 
 
 
 IO-0 
 
 
 
 10-3 
 
 
 39.4 
 
 
 
 J.J 
 
 Left leg, circumference cm 
 
 1.2. 
 
 
 
 ^6-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. CONCLUSIONS 
 
 The Kharga Oasis Egyptians are people in general of somewhat 
 subnormal physical development, due principally to long lasting 
 defective nutrition. 
 
 The majority of the people are as yet but little mixed with the 
 negro. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 103 
 
 Those who are not mixed with the blacks, show a fairly uniform 
 physical type. This type is characterized by medium brown skin, 
 horizontal brown eye, black and straight hair (with a tendency to 
 wave when longer), black, straight, wavy or slightly curly and often 
 scanty beard, moderate stature, dolicho- to mesocephalic and medium 
 high head, oblong and meso- to orthognathic face, mesorhinic nose, 
 rather long and narrow ear, and moderately proportioned chest, 
 pelvis, hands and feet. They give somewhat higher pulse and 
 respiration than the average in whites, but perceptibly lower tem- 
 perature, and decidedly lower muscular force. 
 
 The type of the Kharga natives is radically distinct from that of 
 the negro. It is according to all indications fundamentally the same 
 as that of the non-negroid Valley Egyptians. It is in all probability 
 a composite of closely related northeastern African and southwestern 
 Asiatic, or " hamitic " and " Semitic " ethnic elements, and is to be 
 classed with these as part of the southern extension of the Mediter- 
 ranean subdivision of the white race. 
 
 Judging from the mummies of the Oasis inhabitants from the 
 2-5 centuries A. D., exhumed at El Baguat, the type of the present 
 non-negroid Kharga natives is substantially the same as that of the 
 population of the Oasis during the first part of the Christian era. 
 The nature of the population of the Oasis in more ancient times can 
 only be determined by skeletal material from the ancient cemeteries. 
 
 In order to facilitate the general use or more extended analysis of 
 the data, the detailed measurements are appended. There is also 
 added a bibliography relating or referring to the Kharga Oasis 
 population. 
 
IO4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING OR REFERRING TO 
 THE KHARGA OASIS POPULATION 
 
 (For older bibliography see works cited in the text.) 
 
 BALL, J. Kharga Oasis: Its Topography and Geology. Public, of the Sur- 
 vey Dept, Cario, 1900 (on cover ==" Geological Survey Report, 1899"). 
 i vol. 8. Gives archeological survey (locations), also population statis- 
 tics and bibliography. 
 
 BEADNELL, H. J. L. An Egyptian Oasis. 8, London, 1909. General observa- 
 tions on the Kharga Oasis people. Census data. 
 
 The Oases and the Geology of Egypt. In "The Nile in 1904," by 
 Sir Wm. Willcox. 8, London, 1904. 
 
 BEAU DE ROCHAS, A. Oasis et Soudan. I vol. gr. in 8, Paris, 1888, pp. 1-64. 
 
 BROWNE, W. G. Travels in Africa, Egypt, Syria. 4, 2d ed., London, 1806. 
 Kharga = p. 197 et seq. Observations on Dar-Fur. Speaks of the 
 caravan from Assiut across the Oasis to Dar-Fur, and of acquisition of 
 slaves by the Oasis people nothing at all about people themselves. 
 
 BRUGSCH BEY, H. A History of Egypt. 2d. ed., 2 vol. 8, London, 1881. 
 Banishment to the Gr. Oasis during the XXI Dyn. vol. II, 201, 203. 
 
 Reise nach dem grossen Oase el Khargeh in der Libyschen Wuste, 
 1878. 
 
 CAILLAUD, F. Voyage a 1* oasis de Thebes et dans les deserts situes a 
 1'orient et a 1'occident de la Thebaide, fait pendant les annees 1815 a 1818. 
 Redige et public par Jomard. Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1821-1862, 2 
 vol. gr. in folio, en feuilles. 
 
 DROVETTI. Itinerary of an Excursion to the Valley of Dakel. New Voyages 
 and Travels, Vol. 7, London, 1822. 
 
 EDMONDSTONE, A. A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt. 8, 
 London, 1822. Contains references to ancient writers who mentioned 
 the Oasis but little of value. No personal observations on the people. 
 
 GOLENISCHEFF. 
 
 GUEST, A. R. The Oases of the Mudirieh of Assyut. Geogr. Journ., Vol. 
 16, London, 1900. 
 
 HERODOTUS. Thalia. 
 
 HOSKINS, G. A. Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert. 8, London, 
 1837. Limited notes on the Kharga people nothing of great importance. 
 
 HUME, W. F. The South-Western Desert of Egypt. The Cairo Scientific 
 Journal, Vol. 2, August-Sept., 1908. 
 
 DE MORGAN, J. Recherches sur les origines de 1'Egypte. 8, Paris, 1897. 
 " Paleoliths " found on the Oasis and between it and Abydos. 
 
 LYONS, H. G, Notes sur le Geographic physique des Oasis de Khargueh et 
 de Dakhel. Bull. Soc. Khed. de Geogr., Fourth Series, No. 4, Cario, 1894. 
 
 MASPERO, G. Histoire ancienne des peuples de 1'Orient classique. 3 vol. in 
 gr. 8, Paris, Vol. I. 1895; Vol. 2, 1897; Vol. 3, 1908. References to 
 Oasis of Kharga I, 431-432, Vlth Dyn., Hirkhouf's expedition. Nothing 
 more than Breasted. 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA IO5 
 
 QUATREMERE, E. Memoires geographiques et historiques sur T Egypte, et 
 sur quelques contrees voisines. 2 vol. in 8., Paris, 1811. Gives all 
 known about the " Blemmyes " Vol. 2 ; Nothing on the Oasis except 
 mention of its devastation by the Blemmyes. 
 
 SAVARY, C. E. Lettres sur 1'Egypte. 3 vol. in 8., 1777. English translation, 
 2 vol., 8., London, 1887. Mention in Vol. 2 the fact of exiles being sent 
 to the Oases, but nothing on inhabitants. 
 
 SAYCE, A. H. History of the Egyptian Oases. The Egyptian Gazette, April 
 6, 1905. 
 
 SCHWEINFURTH, G. Notizen zur Kenntniss der Oase El-Chargeh. Peter- 
 mann's Mittheilungen, Vol. 21, 1875, Heft 10, pp. 384-393. Notes on 
 archaeological remains of the Oasis, including El Baguat. Nothing on the 
 people or their history. 
 
 ZITTEL, K. Beitrage zur Geologic and Palaeontologie der Libyschen Wuste. 
 Rohlfs'sche Expedition. 8vo., Cassel, 1883. 
 
io6 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 
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NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS - HRDLICKA 
 
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 t^OO VO O^OOO O 
 
 <N O 00 
 
 jq3taq 
 SA Q|npoui D; 
 
 O 1-1 vo -i 
 
 '-i i-< rftxi-i i-i 
 O ONONONO ON 
 
 ainpom oil! 
 
 01 U 
 
 -pn -jaq ui| 
 
 IJ1BJ 
 
 ID xo TJ- ON O 
 
 ^ fOwVO 0400 
 
 O Tf ro c^VO 
 
 jsod -JOB -p :peaH 
 
 M oq ON oj 0} ONVO rooq 01 q q\ ro 01 rtoq rooq vo 
 
 00 00 ON ON ON ON ONOO ON ONOO 00 ONOO ON ONOO OO ON 000 OO" 00 00 
 
 qj3ua| IKJOI jo 
 JOOD jad iqSiaq 3ui 
 
 !S 
 
 vqqTrrj-txT^-i-iH-cr^qq'-ivqioojoj r*>oq oq vo vo -^- vooq 
 
 VO "^VO ^o O co t*^ vovO 01 Tt* ( OO VO vo HH O co lx ONOO VQ VO ON 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooo r^oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oc 6(5 t^ 
 
 jq8ia H 
 s2v aicuiixoaddy 
 
 co q oq q vo ONOO ONOO vo ONOO r^ q vq ON co M 
 
 !>. Tf ^ O t^. oi vovo rf CO M M 1000 txOO 01 TJ- vo o' Ix. CJN 6 
 
 VO VO vo ^OVO vO *^i i-O^O vo I s * t"xvo vo ^O 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
 III 
 
 00 VO O 
 
 I-H 0) OMO *-< O 
 
 i O 00 i^ O t-H (^ 
 
 ONOOOOOOOO ON 
 
 M v Tto v o <N r* r>. 
 
 ^o HH tx q\ q\ Tj-vq w q vq q\ rx 
 o M d co d\ w M M w 6 o M 
 
 10 q q\ co T}- "poo 01 
 
 -3- co 10 rfvo I-H oj HH I-H -! 6 tx 
 
 O\ OOO ON ON ON ON ON ON (^ ONOO 
 
 q c^ o< co <N Tt q HH t^vq t>. tv. 
 
 ON ^00* ^00 00 O\ O\00 00 00* 00 
 
 ONVO 00 00 ^tOO <N 0) txOO t^ Tj- 
 O ^O ^ "^ "^ 01 O VO co 01 u*^ hn 
 
 d d d d ^ co cooo M tx d d\ 
 
 ON HH covq ^ "p^q to o ct vo po 
 6 TfTtcodoo'oo I-H vd ^4-io 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO txOO 00 
 
 10 q q *q co H-I i-i 01 rt- up 
 
 VO VO vO M3 lovo vo vo VO 
 
112 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 txvo vo tovo ^O ^O VO *O 
 
 O\ rj- 
 
 l-HM 
 
 pueq "I 
 
 OOtotototoooto 
 
 vd I-H ro to o\ d i-I w 06 
 
 01 T}- co 01 Ol ^0) CO 01 
 
 
 jl +l 
 
 + 
 
 x *S 
 - 
 
 11-ssi 
 
 u 
 ui c 
 
 JS o bo oo bo be be be bo bo be be bo bo bo be bo be bo 
 
 H HHHHHHHHHHHh'H HHHHH 
 
 * ::::::::: E : : . E E E : E : : 
 
 rt CX rt B Oi C8 Oi Cd 
 
 P-Q^P. OOQ^OOOOOOQOQtOOO^tp 
 
 p 
 
 00 txvo to co O i-< 01 tovo ON >-> -i 
 
 ww . w-v 
 
 i a X C> ON ON ON ON ONpNONONONONC>O\ONON ON ON ON ON ON Q\ ON 
 
 ioqvON"-<qixtxTt-qt-<qtoo 
 
 ! '. '. '. '. '. *. *. '. '. '. I-H TJ- co ro 01 6 OJ f-> 01 fO OJ ro fO 
 cocorofOPOrofO^fOfOfO^^ 
 
 o- ~^^~ 
 
 xapui jooj 
 
 OO NO t^-00 t^^O NO fO 04 00 fOOO tx up to fONO ON -^ O T|- Tj-00 VO 
 qjpiM 'jooj jjaq 6>6>OOodoO^OOOOOOo6vOOo6dOO> 
 
 ON ON 04 O 
 'jooj jjaq 
 
 1-1 NO -< <*500 ^"NO <^00 NO 04 tx rfNO O 04 
 
 rf txo6 lx TTOO tx O tx ^ toOO NO >d. ^ Q\ t> O\vp 10 tx to 
 
 qjpiM 'pueq Jjaq QQ Q^QQ QQ ^QQ d\ O\ ON ONOO ON ON ONOO ONOO ON 0*00 ONOO ONOO 
 tot>.TTTfiOOOOOO ONfOO COO IXM txcoOOO 
 
 CNJ vo HH HH rx tovq vq oj covq >-> ON ooo tx looq ON tx co 04 oq HH 
 
 d\ d d d d\ o d d o ON o o dv d o\ o\ o o ON o o\ d d w 
 
 uira IBJUOJJ -ui 
 
 00 O -^ Tf CO tOOO CO tx to rf PONO ON tx M 
 
 O >O O 00 ON 
 
 OOOOOOONOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 i-i 04 CO Tt iO\O 
 
 ON O <-> 04 co ^t to\O txOO ON O w 01 f^ rf 
 
 o^o1^o?oT 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 113 
 
 to to to toto 10 to to to 
 
 OOO t^-vo rtfxlxtoOvi-iOO to tovo tx O t^OO tx tovo VO 00 O\ tx toOO OMO tx O 00 fO 
 
 q ^r u-> 04 9* "t 9* *> "! . . "? "t 9 ^^ *? *1 M . T N oq H ! t >91"9 T t hH . 9 v 
 
 to iovo \o tovd tovd vd vd vd vd vd vd vd tovd vd vd vd txvd (NiVO vd VO to 
 
 $ \O 10 N M too- s I-H IN. .VO . to u-> rv v cvo tooo v to >-H w v 
 
 0,MI-H0404l-H W 04 W I-H 04 .04040404l-H.- 1 |-HhH04l-ll-H . O4 04 } 04 ft M 
 
 g tototo u u 
 
 to c |> e v 04 tx HH IN. \ v >-< tv. r o ^ tv to vo o rx to 
 
 f^04co01c^Cl(M .fOO)Tf 
 
 8 
 
 II ^ I 
 
 % '^ ff "S'w 
 
 III ll^l 11 
 
 a E I , 8 8 +S , + 
 
 bflbcbbflb) bcbtbot b bflt bcv b) b b bfl 
 
 HHHHH HHHH H H^ HHH^HH HH 
 
 rt O," * rt" d~ ' cj" S 
 
 (N q I-H Tj-i-i cotorfi-i up 
 w CO CO CO w w 01 rj- rf 00 O\ 6 O 6 O HH' t-i (Nl <N 01 <N M w CO CO CO Tf w M 01 (N 01 
 
 to rt- M too coo oo 
 
 to 
 
 to coo -- <r> oj tx M co roo oo T *" u ^ " 
 
 t>. q vq -^ q q\ to q vq ONOO oooq "-<vq 
 6\6\ o\od 
 
 
 up q q vq f^vq q\oo ^^cKojtxqoj 
 
 ^o?^ ot^ ototo?^ o?^ cT8 ^r^^cf^eTS ot^o? 
 
 vq M w Ti- tovq q\ q\oq to up oj q ^ q oj eoooooqo*O.NO tooq 
 
 o tN.toTt-c>dod c^tv.TfcoforxiN. fovd vd oo to to rxvd t^ o> t^ ^t to^ tr> tooo 
 
 I-H 01 q^q ONTtcotoo q HH TttxqiN. o tx MOO tow oj 
 
 o o \ d\ 6\ OMDO oo' oo* oo 06 6\oo' c> ooo" c^oo* oo' oo' c> d\oo' oo' oo' c>oo oo 
 
 oj upvq \q qvq ^q q fpoi >-< q^q r^coo qvqvq q\ -" qv>-i 01 
 
 * ^ C* 00 ' ^^ C> O OO Ov OvOO OO' Ov ONOO 00 tx OvOO ON ON O t>. 
 
 q ^txi-ivqto t^^q co q > co o< t^oq >-< ON rt- q\ 
 tovo to to to to to T}- to to^o 
 
 rt- 04 o v rr *o co M o\ - *o 01 to vo 
 
 tx too v t>. w o ^t T- N * * * o t w tv.\\\o o co oq ix o 
 
 tOVO txOO Ov O I-H 01 oo rf tovo tXOO O O w 01 ro rf tovo 1^00 O O 
 04 04 04 04 04 OOCOCOC^fOrOCOCOcrjCOrtTfrtrtrrrrrtrfrrl-rttO 
 
 M 01 ro Tf tOvO 
 
114 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 IO IO IO IO to IO IO 
 
 qip^a 
 
 UOUOBJi 
 
 QiOOOiOO -OOOOOO -OiOtOU->O 
 
 ONVO T- t^OO .t~NH-it>xi-iONT}- .fOOO 
 
 pinjq - 
 
 b 
 H 
 
 b t 
 HHH 
 
 b b 
 
 E. e 
 
 . 10 O "<tVO ^ ^l-O VO 00 00 VO ON O tx Tj-QO O 00 HH OO O 00 ^f 
 
 aqnj 
 
 -qns) 
 
 O\00 <N 00 O O\VO r> OM-I (M 00 ^00 ON C^ CM <N 00 
 
 XBUI -ranDap *3i 
 
 xspai jooj 
 
 qjpiA 'jooj yq 
 
 I-H f^t-H\O O fOtoOl O 
 
 qju3t 'jooj jjq 
 
 O\00 
 
 0100 
 
 xapui PUBH 
 
 qiSaaj 
 
 OOO t^ OvOO 000000000000000000 ONOO. ON ON ONOO O>00 OiOC 
 ^ O ON t^>> t^ <^5 f5 <"^00 ^fNO f^vO *O O t^ tx O t^xiOvOfO TfVO 
 
 00 txOO 00 00 00 00 00 00 OvOO ONOO ON -i ON O\ ONOO ONOO 00 ON 
 
 qipiM 'qino W 
 
 ONOO 00 OJ 1-1 co O 
 IO to rj- to to lOVO* 
 
 t^ CO ^ >H 
 
 Iiao8jq 
 
 6&6>666~6\~66&66666666666~ 
 
 aim JBJUOJJ *UIIQ 
 
 HH NO to CO <r>NO 00 "<t tx O ^ - 
 
 doNddNddddo'dNddddddddddNONOvdo' 
 
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 115 
 
 to to to to 
 
 01 to Tf to tN.00 000000 Tj- to Tj- to CO IN.VO O 
 
 CO co co CO co co CO 
 
 IN. HH to tN.00 HH VO Tj- tO 
 
 vo" vd vd vd vo vo* ^_J^^^Q^^Q^^^^^^_^G_^^^Q^Q^Q_^Q_ 
 
 qqqqtoqqqqqtoqqqiotoqqqoqqtoqqqqqq oqo 
 
 tN, co ro d O O TJ- M IN. d vd *5 Q O vd to covd tovo vd TJ- tovd <Nt-ninro6\ (NvdtN. 
 
 _M _ro (N. cvi (Scowci 01 01 i-oi 01 O) P-H h- M MC^MMOJ^ 01 f^rorOOl . ro 01 
 
 io^oioxoio oo 
 
 b b bobo b b 
 
 a, 
 
 ON to ON coOO "b~6b" ON "rf 00~~tO~cKOO \O Tl- OvOO tN, 
 
 t-i ONi-ttN.01 co tN,v PO co IN. u 10 "oo o 
 
 w TJ- 10 upoo oivqoooo cv| inoi IN. q\vq rooo 9 "^ "*?" 
 ' M oi od ds co IN. 1006 vd d\od tN. ON 6 vd 
 
 -coco-^-co 
 
 q oq >H co HH to M q ^ IN. q\oq oq 01 TJ- to tooq o\oo 01 
 
 o\d\ d\od 6v 6\ 6\ 
 
 01 ^oq H oivq ^tN.Ttq q\tN.qNO cotoqoq 
 
 >O >O tOVO VO ^ tOVO ^l" to Tf 01 VO tOVO to ^ ^J- CO to Tf >O 
 01010101CV1010101010101010101010101010101M01 
 
 to 
 
 VO fN.00 rJ-O\tN.i-( O\cOTfO tovO 01 00 to O Tf CO ^ tN.QO 
 
 to ON CO tOVO tN, ^ rt O tN.00 IN.VO to rf IOVO IO Tf IOVO 
 
 co <-t tooq HH 01 01 co HH 1-1 vq "poo rj-vq vq tN, tooq 
 
 6\ QsOO OO ON ONOO O\ ON QNOQ 00* 00 00 00 00* OO OO tN. QsOQ QQ 
 ^ co ^- rf Tf covO tN, H-I 01 ON ON ONVO Ol O\ ON tN.vo M ^ r *' 
 
 o< _ S 2 s ^ P^'S ' 
 
 coo --o ONto HH v >-> co rx 10 to tx o 
 
 -i 1-1 ONOO tool ^NOI oitN.\ cooiv HH 
 
 co Tf tovo t-NOC ON O ^01 co rf io\O lN.00 O\ O ^ Ol co Tf iO\O IN.QO ON O >-< 01 co ~T O 
 
n6 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 g q,p*;>.. a 
 
 
 JJj jqSpH 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 u 
 
 
 . pq 'i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 esent state of health 
 
 "So 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 aj--i i u-i-H i UH i i h ; 4- ; : : : 
 
 PH 
 
 "o 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 E 
 H 
 
 
 uop^dsaH 
 
 
 asm j 
 
 
 
 
 -qns) aaniBjadinaj, 
 xeui 'uinDap '3i yaq 
 
 
 
 
 xapui jooj 
 
 
 
 
 qjptAv 'jooj ysq 
 
 
 
 
 qiSuaj 'jooj yaq 
 
 
 xapui puBu 
 
 
 
 
 qipiM 'pueq yaq 
 
 
 
 
 qj3ui 'punq yaq 
 
 
 
 
 tl,p.m'q,no W 
 
 
 Iiao3iq -IULMQ 
 
 
 
 
 aim ^aoaj -mina 
 
 
 J3 quin K 
 
 \O t^OO O\ O "-< oi co Tj- irjvp t^OO ON O >-i 01 co Tf iOVQ t^OO O 
 Hii-.t-ii-ioiOlOlOl'NOlOlOlOlOlcocococococococococo 
 
NO. I 
 
 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 
 
Il8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59 
 
 The following series of plates illustrate the Kharga natives from 
 the nearly adult to the aged, showing the principal physiognomic 
 variations. 
 

 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^1 
 
JJessff^' 
 

7 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY LIBRARY 
 
 This publication is due on the LAST DATE 
 and HOUR stamped below. 
 
 
 
 FEB14S8 
 
 
 DEC 8 1969 
 
 
 MAR 30 1976 
 
 
 DEC 11 1906 
 
 
 SFP 19 1Q7R 
 
 
 DEC 8196Z 
 
 
 MAY 26 199' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RB 17-50m-7,'65 
 (F5759slO)4188 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
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 MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM 
 FROM S. A. BARREIT