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 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY; 
 
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 COMPLETE HISTORICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 The Lives of the moft celebrated Perfonages of GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 and I R E L A JSf D, 
 
 WHETHER 
 
 ADMIRALS, 
 GENERALS, 
 
 POETS, 
 
 STATESMEN, 
 
 PHILOSOPHERS, or 
 DIVINES. 
 
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 INSTRUCTION and ENTERTAINMENT. 
 
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 BIOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE 
 
 O R, 
 
 COiMPLETE HISTORICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 A 
 
 ABBOT (George) archbifhop of Canterbury in the reign of James I. was the 
 fon of iVIaurice Abbot, of Guildford, in Surry, in which town he was born 
 in the year 1562, and educated in grammar-learning at the free-fchool there. 
 "While his mother was pregnant with him, fhe is faid to have had a dream, which being 
 thought to be an omen, really proved a means of his advancement : flie fancied fhe was 
 told in her fleep, that if fhe could eat a pike, the child flie had conceived would be a 
 fon, and arife to great preferment. Not long after this, in taking a pail of water out 
 of the river Wey, which ran by her houfe, flie accidentally caught a pike, which fhe ac- 
 cordingly ate. This ftory being reported to fome gentlemen in the neighbourhood, they 
 offered to ftand fponfors for the child, and afterwards fliewed him many marks of favour, 
 both while at ichool, and at the univerfity. Young Abbot was reiTiOved, in 1578, to 
 Baliol-college, in Oxford. Having completed his courfe of academical learning, and 
 taken his degrees in arts and diviniry, he was, in 1599, inflalled dean of Wincheftcr. 
 The next year he was chofen vice-chancellor of rhe univerfity of Oxford, which high 
 office he afterwards executed at two different times with the greatefl applaufe. In 1609 
 he was confecrated bifliop of Litchfield and Coventry ; and, about a month after, tranf- 
 lated to thebifhopric of London ; and from thence, April 9, 161 1, to the archiepifcopal 
 fee of Canterbury. On the 23d of June following he was fwornof the privy council. 
 
 He was indebted for his advancement to the recommendation of George Hume, earl 
 of Dunbar ; though lord Clarendon reprcfents him as very unfit for the lee of Canter- 
 bury at that time, when the Calviniits and Nonconformifts grew fb formidable to the 
 eftablilhed church : fince Abbot " confidered the Chriftian religion no otherwife than 
 as it abhorred and reviled popery, and valued thofe men moft who did that the moll 
 furioufly •, whereas, for the ffridt obfervation of thedifcipline of the church, or the con- 
 formity to the articles or canons of it, he made little inquiry, and took lefs care : and 
 having made very little progrels in tlie ancient and Iblid fludy of divinity, he adhered 
 only to the do(5lrine of Calvin, and for his fake did not think fb ill of the difcipline as 
 he ought to have done: but if men forbore a public reviling and railing at the hierarchy 
 
 Vol. I. Gl(f ; bO ''^"'^
 
 2 ABBOT. 
 
 and ecclefiaftical government, let their opinions and private praftice be what it would, 
 they were not only ftcure from any inquifition of his, but acceptable to him, and, at 
 leall, equally preferred by him." But whatever exceptions might be made to the arch- 
 bifhop on this account, his zeal for the protertant caul'e, over Europe in general, in- 
 duced him, upon the eledor Palatine's being chofcn king of Bohemia, in 1619, to ex- 
 ert all his intereft with the court of England for fupporting that eleftion. 
 
 In July 1621, a calamitous accident befcl him in the lord Zouch's park at Bramzill, 
 in Hampfliire : as he was (hooting at a deer with a crofs-bow, the keeper coming up un- 
 warily too forward, was ftruck with the arrow under his left arm, and died about an 
 hour after. The king being informed of this misfortune, and apprehenfive that fcandal 
 might cnfue, wrote a letter to feveral bifhops, judges, and others, to examine the cafe, 
 who were of opinion, that a reftitution, or difpeniation, might be given to the archbi- 
 fhop, to prevent any exceptions to his character, which was accordingly granted hi.m. 
 However, this (hocking accident made fo deep an imprelTion upon his grace, that he 
 ever after failed once a month, viz. on a Tuefday, the day on which it happened, and 
 (ettled an annuity of twenty pounds upon the widow of the unhappy man. 
 
 The archbifhop's political conduct and principles had long rendered him obnoxious to 
 the court, which at laft ended in liif difgrace ; for on the 9th of October, 1 627, he was 
 fequelleretl from his office and jurildi(ftion, and his authority transferred to Mountain, 
 billiop of London, Neile, bilhop of Durham, Buckeridge, bifliop of Rochcftcr, How- 
 fon, bifhop of Oxford, and Laud, bidiop of Bath and Wells •, and himfelf was confined 
 to his hou("e at Ford. Theoccafion of this rigour towards him was h s refufai to licenfe 
 a fermon, preached by one Lr. Sibthorp, at the afTizes at Northampton, wherein it was 
 afierted, that the king only had the power of making laws ; and that when princes com- 
 mand things which their fubjcds cannot perform, becaufe they are inconfillent wirh the 
 laws of God or Nature, or impofTiblc, yei they are bound to undergo the punifhmenr, 
 without either rcfifting, or railing, or reviling, and yield a palTive obedience, where 
 they cannot exhibit an active one : and that there was no other cale but one of thefe 
 three, wherein a fubjecfl can excufe himfelf with paffive obedience, fince in all others 
 lie is bound to aclive obedience. Tiiis dodrine Mr. Collier himfelf obfer%-es to be " ar- 
 b.rrary enough in all conlcience ; and were it purfued through its con(equences, would 
 make Magna Charta, a -.d the other laws for fettling property, fignify little." However, 
 Sibthorp was by fome courtiers commended for his loyalty, and his fermon reported to 
 t!ie king as a lerviceable dikourle. Upon this his inajeil)- fent it to the ai-ciiliiftiop, with 
 a command to licenfe it -, who being (hocked with the paffages above cited, befides other 
 exceptions, rcful'ed to comply. fhis highly exafperated the king, wlio immediately 
 ordered him to be lufpendcd ; but in the latter end of the year 1628, he was reftored to 
 his hlx-rty and jurif iicuon, being fent for to court, and received from his barge by the 
 r.rchbilhop of York and the earl of Dorlet, and by them folemnly introduced to the 
 king, who gave him his hand with a particular countenance of favour, bidding him 
 rot fail the council-table twice a week. He died at his palsce of Crovdon, on the 4th 
 or Augulf, 163J, in the fcventy-firft year of his age, and was intered in Trinity-church 
 at Guildford. 
 
 Lord Clarendon defcribes him in very fevere terms, as a man of verr morofe manners, 
 and a very four afped, which in chat time was called gravity, and totally ignorant of the 
 true conllitution of the church ot England, and the ftate and intereft of the clerg^^ But 
 Dr. Welwood reprefcnts him to much greater advantage, as a perlbn of wonderful tem- 
 per and moderation, who in all his conduct (hewed an unwillingnefs to ftretch the ad of 
 uniformity bevo.id what was abfulutely necclTar)- for the peace of the church ; or the pre- 
 rogative of the crown, any further than conduced to the good of the Itate. However, 
 
 not
 
 ABERNETHY. 3 
 
 not being well -formed for a court, though otherwife of confiderable learning and gen- 
 teel education, he either could not, or would not, ftoop to the humour of the times ; 
 and fometimes, by an unfeafonable ftiffiiefs, gave occafion to his enemies to reprefent him 
 as not well inclined to the prerogative, or too much addifted to a popular interefl:, and 
 tlierefore not fit to be employed in matters of government. He was extremely averle to 
 the doctrines of the Arminians, which will account for a very injurious character which 
 he wrote of the great Hugo Grotius, one of their ableft patrons. 
 
 " Archbifhop Abbot, fays Mr. Granger, recommended himfelf to king James by his 
 prudent behaviour in Scotland, in relation to the union of the churches of that king- 
 dom •, and by his Narrative of the Cafe of Sprot, who was executed in 1608, for having 
 been concerned in the GovvTy confpiracy. As the reality of that dark defign had been 
 called in queftion, he endeavoured, by this Narrative, to fettle the minds of the people 
 in the belief of it. He was a prelate of great learning and piety, but was efteemed a 
 puritan in doctrine, and, in difcipline, too remifs for one placed at the head of the 
 churcii. lie had a conilderable hand in the tranflation of the New Tellament now in 
 ufe." He wrote an Expofiticn of the Prophet Jonah, a brief Defcription of the whole 
 World, and leveral other trafts. 
 
 ABBOT 'Robert) elder brother to the former, and in learning much his fuperior, 
 v.-as born at Guildford in 15*0, and educated at Baliol college in Oxford, where he 
 took his degrees in arts and divinity. Upon the accefiion of king James I. he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain in ordinary to that prince. In 1609, he was made mafter of Baliol- 
 college, and, about three years after, regius profeflbrof divinity in the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford. Here he (ignaiized himfelr by his ledures upon the king's fupreme power, which 
 he defended agsinfc Bcllarmine and .Suarez; a fervicfe which was fo acceptable to his 
 majefty, that he rawed him in 16 15 to the fee ot- Salifbury. He applied to the duties of 
 his function with great diligence and afliduity, vifiting his whole diocefe in perfon, and 
 preaching every Sunday ; but his ledentary life, 'tind clofe application to his ft udies, 
 brought on him the gravel and ftone, of which he died on the 2d of March, i o 1 7, in 
 the fifty eighth year of his age. 
 
 The molt celebrated of his writings, which are chiefly controverfial, was his book De 
 Antichrifto. King James commanded his own Paraphrafe on the Apocalypfe to be 
 printed with the fecond edition of this work, a compliment which his majefty never paid 
 to any other author in die n:irinn. Abbot alfo wrote an anfwer to Eudasmon Johannis's 
 Apology for Henry Garnet ; the Mirror ot Fopifh Subtikies; the true ancient Roman 
 Catholic -, a Treatile on the Sacrament, and other works. His brother, Maurice Ab- 
 bot,' was lord mayor ot London in 1638. 
 
 ABERNETHY (John) an eminent diflenting minifter, fon of Mr. John Aberne- 
 thy, a diffendng miniiler in Colraine, was borne on the 19th of Oftober, ibSo. At the 
 age of nine years he was feparated from his parents, his father being obliged to attend 
 fome public affairs in London -, and his mother, to fhelter herfelf from the'mad fury of 
 the Irifli rebels, retiring to Derry : a relation who had him under his care, having no 
 opportunity of conveying him to her, took him with him to Scotland, by wliich means 
 he cfcaped the hardfhips he muft have fuffered at the fiege of Derry, where Mrs. Aber- 
 nethy loft all her other children. He afterwards ftudied at the univerfity of Glalgow, 
 till he took the degree of mafter of arts •, and in 1708, was chofen minifter of a dilTent- 
 ing congregation at Antrim, where he continued about twenty years, till he was cholm 
 minifter of the congregation in Woodftrect, Dublin, where his preaching was much ad- 
 mired. He was diftinguiflied by his candid, free, and generous Icntimcnts, and died of 
 
 the
 
 4 ADDISON. 
 
 the gout in December 1740, in the fixtieth year of his age. He publifhed a volume of 
 Sermons on the Divine Attributes •, and after his death the fecond volume was publidied 
 by his friends, which was fucceeded by two other volumes on different fubjecls : all of 
 which have been greatly admired. 
 
 ADAMS fSiR Thomas) diftinguifhed himfelf by his" prudence and piety, iiis ads 
 of munificence, his loyalty and his fufferings. He was born at Wem, in Shroplhire, 
 in 1586, educated in the univerfity of Cambridge, and bred a draper in London, and 
 by his wifdom and integrity was gradually railed to the higheft offices in the city, and 
 was frequently returned a burgefs in parliament ; but being a loyalift was not permitted 
 to fit there. He was lord-mayor in 1645, when his houfc was fearched with the expec- 
 tation of finding king Charles I. and the next year he was committed clofe prifoner to the 
 Tower, where he continued feveral years. 
 
 During the exile of king Charles II. he lent him ten thoufand pounds; and in the 
 feventy-third year of his age was deputed by the city their commiffioner to Breda, whi- 
 ' tlier he went with general Monk, to congratulate and attend king Charles to Iingland. 
 Inconfidcration ot his fignal Icrvices, that king conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood ; and a tew days after his reftoration, advanced him to the dignity of a baronet of 
 England. 
 
 Sir Thomas gave his houfe at Wem, in Shropfhire, for a free-fchool, wliich he libe- 
 rally endowed. He founded an Arabic profcitorfliip at Cambridge, with a falary of 
 forty pounds per annum, and was at the expence of printing the Gofpels in the Perfian 
 language, and tranfmitting them to that kingdom. His beneficence appeared on a va- 
 riety of occafions, he being always ready to relieve the diftrelTed. This worthy magif- 
 trate died Feb. 24, 1 667, in the eighty-fecond year of his age. After his death a Hone 
 was extracted from his bladder, which weighed above twenty-five ounces, and is llill 
 prefcrvcd in the laboratory of Cambridge. 
 
 ADD'SON (Lancelot) the fon of a clergyman of the fame name, was born at 
 Mouldilmeaburne, in the parifli of Crofby Ravenfworth, in Welrmoreland, in the year 
 1 633. He was educated at Qiieen's college, Oxford, and at the reftoration of king 
 Charles II. was appointed chaplain of thcgarrifon of Dunkirk ; but diat fortrefs being 
 delivered up to the French in i"66?, he returned to England, and was loon after made 
 chaplain to the garrifon of Tangier, where he remained feven years, and was greatly 
 efteemed : in 16^0 he returned to England, and was made chaplain in ordinary to the 
 king ; but his chaplainfliip of Tar.gier being taken from him on account of his abfence, 
 he found himfelf ftraitened in his circumftances, when he fe.ifonably obtained the rec- 
 tory of Milfton, in Wiltfliire, worth about one hundred and twenty pounds per annum. 
 He afterwards became a prebendary of Sarum, took his degree of doiftor of divinity at 
 Oxford, and in 1663 was made dean of Litchfield, and the next year archdeacon of Co- 
 ventry. His life was exemplary -, his converfation ple.fing and greatly inilructive ; and 
 his behaviour as a gentkm..n, a clergyman, and a neighbour, did honour to the place 
 of his rtfidence. He wrote, 1, A Short Narrative of the Revolutions of the Kingdoms 
 of Fez and Morocco : 2, 'i he pre'ent Hiftory of the Jews : 3, A Bifcourfe on catechiz- 
 ing : 4, A modeft Plea for the Clergy : 5, An Introdudfion to the Sacrament : 6, The 
 lirft State of Mahomeiifm ; and feveral other pieces. 
 
 This worthy divine died on the 20th of April, 1703, and left three fons, ift, Jofeph, 
 whofe life we Ihall give in the next article : 2d, Gulilun, who died while governor of 
 Fort St. George : 3d, Lancelot, mafter of arts, and fellow of Magdalen college in Ox- 
 ford ; and one daughter, firft married to Dr. Sartre, prebendary of Weftminfter, and 
 afterwards to Daniel Combes, Efq. 3 
 
 ADDL-:ON
 
 CT 
 
 ADDISON, 5. 
 
 ADDISON (Joseph) Efquire, who was a very great ornament to the age and coun-. 
 try he lived in, and to the caule of polite literature in general, was the Ton of the Rev. 
 Launcelot Addilbn, and was born at Millton near Ambrofbury, in the county of Wilts, 
 of which place his father was then reiftor, on the firft of May, 1672, and not being 
 thought likely to live, was baptized on the fame day, as appears from the cliurch re 
 gifter. 
 
 It is matter of aftonifliment, that in the account given of Mr. Addifon, in Wood's 
 Hiftory of the Oxford writers, his true age fhould be fet down, and yet that it fhould 
 efcape Mr. Tickell. This isof fome importance, becaufe it changes the whole chrono- 
 logy of his life, and that too in favour of the author. He became a demy of Magdalen 
 college in Oxford, by merit, at the age of leventeen. Is not the bare relation of this the 
 highell panegyric on Mr. Addifon ? It was here he became acquainted wi:h Mr. Sache- 
 verell, who was exactly of his own age, and of a very promifing genius too, fince we 
 find a trandation of part of the firft Georgic of Virgil, inferted in the Examen Poeticum, 
 for the year 1693, the fame volume in v/hich Mr. Addifon's firft Englidi verfes appear- 
 ed ; and as Mr. Addifon's verfes were addrefled to Mr. Dryden, fo Mr. Sacheverell's 
 tranflation was dedicated to him. Thofe who remembered Mr. Addifon at college, 
 affirmed, that his temper was the fame it appeared ever afterwards ; that is to fay, his 
 abilities were exceeded by notliing but his modefty. 
 
 He was early fent to Ichool under die care of the Rev. Mr. Naifli, at Ambrofbury. 
 He was afterwards removed to a fchool at Salifbury, taught ;by the Rev. Mr. Taylor ; 
 and after that to the Charcer-houfe, where he was under the tuition of the learned Dr. 
 Ellis, and where he contradted an intimacy with Mr, Steele, afterwards Sir Richard, 
 which continued inviolable till his death. 
 
 Ele was not above fifteen when he went to the univerfity of Oxford, where he was en- 
 tered of Queen's college, in which his father had ftudied. He applied himfelf at this 
 time with fuch diligence to clafiical learning, that he acquired an elegant Latin ftyle be- 
 fore he arrived at that age in which lads ufually begin to write good Englil'h. 
 
 A paper of his verfes in that tongue accidentally fell, in the year 16;-: 7, into the hands 
 of Dr. Lancailrer, dean of Magdalen college, who was fo well pleafed wit!; them, that 
 he immediately procured their author's eleftion into that houfe, where he took his de- 
 grees of bachelor and mafter of arts. 
 
 His Latin poetry, in the courfe of a few years, was exceedingly admired in both the 
 univerfities, andjuftly gained him the reputation of a great poet before his name was lb 
 much as known in town. 
 
 It is not very certain at what age our author wrote fome of the Latin poms which have 
 been publifhed; however, they were certainly written very early, and they ftill retain 
 that high efteem which was firft conceived of them. They were publiQied in the fecond 
 volume of Mufarum Anglicanarum Analecta, feu Poemata qusedam melioris notte, feu 
 haftenus inedita, feu fparfim edita. They were eight in all, but very probably they are 
 not placed in the order of time in which they were written. 
 
 I. Pax Gulielmi Aufpiciis Europe rcddita, 1697; i. e. Peace under the Aufpices 
 of William reftored to Europe. 2. Barcmctri Defcriptio ; i.e. A Defcription of 
 the Barometer. 3. nirMAlorEPANOMAXlA, five Prxlium inter Pigmceos & Grucs 
 commilfum ; i. e. A Battle between the Pigmies and the Cranes. 4. Refurreftio de- 
 lineata ad altare Coll. Magd. Oxon. i. c. A Poem vipen the Refurreftion, being a 
 Defcription of the Painting over the Altar in Magdalen college at Oxford. 5. 
 Sphajritterium ; i. e. the Bowling-green. 6. Ad D. D Hannes infignifTimum Medi- 
 cuiTi & Poetam ; i.e. To Dr. Hannes, ;'.n excellent Pisyfician and Poet, an Ode. 7, 
 Machine gefticulantes, Anglicc, A Puppet-Iliow. 8, Ad infigniffimum Virum 
 
 Vol. L C D. T.
 
 5 ADDISON. 
 
 D. T. Biirnettum, Sacrse Theorize Telluris Authorem : i. e. To the celebrated Dr. 
 Thomas Burnet, Author of the Theory of the Earth, an Ode. Thefe poems have 
 been trandated into Enghih by Dr. George Sewell, of Peter-houfe, Cambridge; Mr. 
 Newcomb, and Nicholas Amhurfl., Efq. both of Oxford. 
 
 He was twenty two years of age before lie publifhed any thing in the Englifh language, 
 and then came abroad a copy of verfcs addrefled to Mr. Dryden, which procured him 
 a iimediatcly, and that very defervedly, from the bell judges in that nice age, a great 
 reputation, lacing as correct and perfecl as any thing which even himfelf afterwards 
 produced. 
 
 Some little fpace intervening, he fent into the world a tranflation of the fourth Georgia 
 of Virgil (omitting the ftory of Arirtnsus) exceedingly commended by Mr. Dryden. He 
 wrote alio that difcourfe on the Georgics whicii is prefixed to them, by way of preface, 
 in Mr. Dryden's tranflation, and is allowed to be one of the juftelt pieces of criticifm in 
 our own, or in any other language. 
 
 It would be equally tedious and impertinent to dwell on every little performance pub- 
 liflied by our author. It is a kind of charity to illuftrate the beauties of an obfcure au- 
 thor, but to us it appears a fort of detradtion, to fuppofe that the worth of any of Mr. 
 Addifon's poems fliould be unknown to our readers : we will therefore confine ourfelves 
 to fuch parts of his works as have any circumftances relating to them which ought to be 
 preferved, as a kind of hiftorical commentary, for the ufe rather of poftery than of the 
 prefent times. 
 
 Mr. Tickell, in his preface to the works of Mr. Addifon, expreffes a kind of furprize, 
 that Mr. Dryden, who fo readily owned the verfion of the fourth Georgic fent him by 
 Mr. Addifon, fliould not take notice of his having communicated the Eflay on the 
 Georgics, fince it came from the fame hand. 
 
 Sir Richard Steele took occafion to vindicate Mr. Dryden, by fhewing, firft, that the 
 Efiay upon the Georgics, is the fame with the preface prefixed to thofe poems in Mr. 
 Dryden's tranflation of Virgil's works •, which, fecondly, is owned to have come from a 
 friend, whofe name is not mentioned, becaufe he defired to have it concealed. 
 
 If any one fhould enquire, why Mr. Addifon was willing the world fhould know he 
 tranflated one ot Virgil's Georgics, and at the fame time defired to conceal his writing 
 what Mr. Dryden placed as a preface to his tranflation of the Georgics, it will be no dif- 
 ficult thing tofatisfy him. The verfion was what many people had done, and any body 
 might do ; but the efifay was an untried flrain of criticifm, which bore a little hard on 
 the old proRlfors of that art, and therefore was not fo fit for a young man to take upon ' 
 himfelf. In this light Mr. Dryden's juftice, and Mr. Addifon's prudence, are alike con- 
 fpicuous. I'he former was above aflliming unjuflly the praife of other people's writings ; 
 and the latter was remarkable for keeping fo llridb a rein upon his wit, that it never got 
 the ftart of his wifdom. 
 
 Among all our author's poems, there is not one which is more properly an original, 
 than the account of the greateft Englifli poets, to Mr. Henry Sacheverell ; nor will a 
 i.udicious reader find more pleafure in reading any of his works, than in perufing this. 
 I'hc judgment of a great poet on the writings of his predeceflbrs, written in the dawn of 
 his days, when he, doubtlefs, fpoke more freely than he would afterwards have done, 
 mufl: always be confidercd as acuriofity. 
 
 We ihould not, however, have (topped at this poem, had it not been to quote fome 
 lines from it, which, if carefully confidered, feem to carry in them fome memoirs of our 
 author's lite. 
 
 Towards the conclufion of the poem, he fays: 
 
 Congreve,
 
 ADDISON. 7 
 
 Congreve, whofe fancy's unexhaufted ftore 
 Has given already much, and promis'd more ; 
 Congreve fhall ftill preferve thy fame alive. 
 And Dryden's Mufe (hall in his friend furvive. 
 
 I'm tir'd with rhyming,, and wou'd fain give o'er. 
 
 But juftice ftill demands one labour more ; 
 
 The noble Montagu remains unnam'd. 
 
 For wit, for humour, and for judgment fam'd; 
 
 To Dorfet he direfts his artful Mule 
 
 In numbers, fuch as Dorfet's felf might ufe. 
 
 How negligently graceful he unreins 
 
 His verfe, and writes in loofe familiar ftrains ; 
 
 How NalTau's godlike ads adorn his lines. 
 
 And all the hero in full glory fliines ! 
 
 We fee his armies fet in jull: array. 
 
 And Eoyne's dy'd waves run purple to the fea. 
 
 Nor Simois, choak'd with men, and arms, and blood,. 
 
 Nor rapid Xanthus' celebrated flood. 
 
 Shall longer be the poet's higheft themes, 
 
 Tho' gods and heroes fought promifcuous in their ftreams:, . 
 
 But now to NalTau's fecret councils rais'd. 
 
 He aids the hero whom before he prais'd.. 
 
 Two remarks may be made on thefe lines : the 'firft, that Mr. Congreve, about this 
 time, had introduced Mr. Addifon to the acquaintance of the chancellor of the Exche- 
 quer, as Sir Richard Steele informs us ; the other, that Mr. Sacheverell had not yet any 
 qualms about the Revolution, otherwife his friend would not have wrote to him in thefe 
 terms. This is very honourable for our author, fince it makes it clear, that, when he 
 differed afterwards with this gentleman, he did not differ from himfelf, but adhered to 
 thofe principles v-fhic^. Sacheverell had deferted. 
 
 The following year he began to have higher views, which difcovered themfelves in a 
 poem to king William, on one of his campaigns, addrefl"ed to the lord-keeper Sir John 
 Somcrs. 
 
 That judicious ftatefman received this mark of a young author's attachment with great 
 humanity ; took Mr. Addifon thenceforward into the number of his friends, and gave 
 him, upon all occafions, fignal proofs of a fmcere eifeem. 
 
 He had been frequently Iblicited, while at the univerfity, to enter into holy orders, 
 which he Icemed once refolved on, probably in refpeft to his father ; but his great mo- 
 defly inclining him to doubt of his own abilities, he receded from his choice, and, having 
 Ihewn an inclination to travel, his patron, out of zeal for his country, as well as refpedt 
 to Mr. Addiion, procured him from the crown an annual penfion of three hundred 
 pounds, which enabled him to make a tour to Italy in the latter end of 1699. 
 
 Mr. Addilon's condu6t, with refpeft to the priellhood, hath occafioned fome difpute. 
 Let us fupport, however, what already is advanced, that he had once made a kind of 
 refolution to go into orders. His own words will beft prove tliis : he concedes the 
 poem to Mr. Sacheveitll thus : 
 
 I've done at lengdi -, and now, dear friend, receive 
 The laft poor prefcnt that my Mufe can give. 
 
 I leave
 
 8 ADDISON. 
 
 I leave the arts of poetry and verfe 
 To them that pradtilc thein with more fuccefs : 
 OF greater truths I'll now prepare to tell, 
 And lb, at once, dear friend and Mule farewell. 
 
 Mr. Ticktll, fpeaking of thefe lines, after telling us that he founded this refolution 
 on the importunities of his father, adds the following account of his abandoning that 
 dcfign. 
 
 " His re.marlcable ferioufnefs and modeOy, which might have been urged as powerful 
 realbns for his chuling that life, proved die chief obflacles to it. "J hefe qualities, by 
 which the priedhood is fo much adorned, reprefentcd the duties of it as too weighty for 
 him, and rendered him Hill more worthy of that honour which they made him decline." 
 Sir Richard Steele, fpeaking to Mr. Congreve of this paflage, fays, 
 " Thefe, you knov/ very well, were not the reafons which made Mr. Addifon turn his 
 t!iou?hts to the civil world •, and, as you were the inducement of his becoming acquaint- 
 ed with my lord Hallifax, I doubt jiot but you remember t.he warm in (lances that noble 
 lord made to the head of the college, not to infift upon Mr. Addifon's going into or- 
 ders : his arguments were founded upon the general pravity and corruption of men of 
 bufinefs, who wanted liberal education ; and I remember, as if I had read the letter yef- 
 terday, tliat my lord ended with a compliment, that, however lie might be reprefented 
 as no friend to the church, he would never do it any other injury than keeping Mr. Ad- 
 difon out of it. The contention for this man, in his early years, among the people of 
 tlie greateft power, Mr. Secretary Tickell, the executor for his fame, is pleafed to alcribe 
 to .a terious vifage and modelly of behaviour." 
 
 This laft reniark is equally ill-natured and ill-founded. Sir Richard introduces Mr. 
 Addifon's vifage; but the ferioufnefs Mr. Tickell fpoke of, was the quality of his mind. 
 The gentleman accounts for Mr. Addifon's quitting his refolution ; the knight talks of 
 the pains other people took to -prevent his following it : both the accounts might be true, 
 but tliere was no nccefTity for inferring eitlier in our account of his life ; though it would 
 have been wrong not to have acquainted the reader with fo remarkable a paflage. 
 
 His Latin poems, dedicated to Mr. Montagu, then cliancellor of tlie exchequer, 
 were printed, before his departure, in the MufiE Anglicans;; and were as much admired 
 abroad as they could poflibly be at home, particularly by the great Boileau, who fpoke 
 ot them in very obliging terms, and who was known to be both an able judge, and one 
 incapable of partiality. 
 
 We learn from Mr. Tickell this circumftance in relation to Boileau : it is therefore 
 proper tlie reader (liould Ice his own words. 
 
 " His country owes it to him (Mr. Addifon) that the famous Monfieur Boileau firll 
 conceived an opinion of the Englilh genius for poetry, by perufing the prefent he made 
 him of the MuIIe AnglicanjE. It has been currently reported, that this famous French 
 poet, among the civilities he fhevved Mr. Addifon on that occafion, affirmed, That he 
 would not have written againll Perrault, had he before feen fuch excellent pieces written 
 by a modern hand. 
 
 " Such a faying would have been impertinent, and unworthy Boileau, whofe difpute 
 with Perrault turned chiefly upon fome paflagcs in the anticnts, which he refcued from 
 the mifuiterpretatioiiS ot his adverfary. 
 
 " The true and natural compliment made by him was, That thofe books had given 
 him a very new idea of the Englilh politenefs; and that he did not qucllion, but th.^re 
 were ex-dlent compofitions in the native language of a country that pofllfled the Roman 
 genius in fb eminent a degree." 
 
 4 in
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 9 
 
 In 1 701, Mr. Addifon wrote from Italy an epiftolary poem to Montagu, lord Hali- 
 fax. This was moft juftly admired as a finiflied piece of its kind ; and indeed fomehave 
 pronounced it the very beft of Mr. Addiibn's performances. It may be obferved, that 
 the opening of this poem is peculiarly graceful, and alike honourable, for the writer and 
 the patron. 
 
 While you, my lord, the rural fhades admire. 
 
 And from Britannia's public pofls retire ; 
 
 Nor longer, her ungrateful fons to pleafe. 
 
 For their advantage lacritice youreafe ; 
 
 Me into foreign realms my fare conveys, 
 
 Through nations fruitful of immortal lays •, 
 
 "Where the foft feafon, and inviting clime, 
 
 Confpire to trouble your repofe with rhyme. 
 
 In that year lord Halifax had been impeached by the commons in parliament, for 
 procuring exorbitant grants from the crown to his own ufe ; and farther charged with 
 cutting down and wafting the timber in his majefty's forefts, and with holding fevcrai 
 offices in the Exchequer, that were inconriftent,'and defigned as checks upon each other. 
 The commons had likewife addrefled the king, to remove him from his councils and 
 prefence for ever. 
 
 Thefe were the caufes of his retiring, and Mr. Addifon's addrefs at this time is a noble 
 proof of his gratitude, as the manner of it will be a lafting monument of his good fcnie. 
 In four lines he has handled a topic tiie niceft that could be; and in four more makes a 
 tranfition to his fubjedl naturally, and without precipitation. 
 
 On his return, he publilhed an account of his travels, which he dedicated to his pa- 
 tron the lord Somers. 
 
 Mr. Addifon, in his preface, gave his reader plainly to underftand what he was to 
 meet with in the following pages. For having obferved, that Burnet had, in his travels, 
 mafterly and uncommon obTervations on the religion and governments of Italy-, that 
 LafTels might be ufed in giving tlie names of fuch v/riters as had treated of the feveral 
 dates through which he pafled ; that Mr. Ray had publillied feveral valuable remarks 
 in refped to natural hiftory •, and that Mr. Miffon particularly excelled in the plan of 
 the country ; he goes on thus : 
 
 " For my own part, as I have taken notice of feveral places and antiquities, that no 
 body elfe has fpoken of, fo I think I have mentioned but few things in common with 
 others, that are not either let in a new light, or accompanied with different reflcdions. 
 I have taken care, particularly, to confider the feveral pafTages of the ancient poets 
 which have any relation to the places and curiofities that I met with ; for before I entered 
 upon my voyage, 1 took care to refrefh my memory among tiie claflic authors, and to 
 make fuch colledtions out of them, as I might afterwards have occafion for. 
 
 " I muft confefs, it was not one of the leaft entertainments that I met with in travel- 
 ling, to examine thefe feveral delcripiions, as it were upon the fpot, and to compare the 
 natural face of the country with the landfkips the poets have given us of it." 
 
 N'otwithftanding this intrctludion, this piece was not at firft undcrltood, and confe- 
 qucntly could not fucceed ; but, by degrees, as the curious entereil dee[)cr and deeper 
 into the book, their judgment of it changed, and the demand for it became lb great, 
 that the price rofc at laft to its original value, before there was a fecond edition printed, 
 it has ever fince maintained its reputation, moft of the virtuoli who have travelled thro* 
 Italy fmce have given it high commendations, aixl, which is perhaps a fincere proof of 
 
 Vx)L. I. D their
 
 lO 
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 tiieir approbation, have chofe to tread in the fame track. It hath been tranflated into 
 French, and makes ufually the fourth volume of MifTon's travels in that language. 
 
 He would have returned into tngland earlier than he did, had he not been thought of 
 as a proper pcrfon to attend prince fcAigene, who then commanded for tlie emperor in 
 Italy, which employment he would have been well pleafcd with; but the death of king, 
 William intervening, caufed a ct-flation of his penfion, and his hopes. 
 
 He remained at home a confidcrable fpace of time (his friends being then out of the 
 miniftry) before any occafion offered, either of his farther difplaying his grer.t abilities, 
 or of his meeting with any fuitable reward, for the honour his works had already done 
 his country. He was indebted ro an accident for both. 
 
 In the year 1704, the lord treafurcr Godolphin complained to the lord Halifax, that 
 the duke of Marlborough's victory at Blenhfim had not been celebrated in verfe in the 
 manner it deferved , intimating, that he would take it kindly, if his lordiTiip, who was. 
 the patron of tlie poets, would name a gentleman capable of writing upon fo elevated a 
 fubjeft. 
 
 Lord Halifax faid, he was \/cll acquainted with fuch a perfon, but that lie would not 
 name him ; adding. That he had long teen, with indignation, men of no merit maintain- 
 ed in pomp and luxury, at the expence of the public, while perlbns of too inuch mo- 
 defly, with great abilities, languiflicd in obfcurity. The treafurer laid very coolly^ 
 That he was forry his lordfliip had reafon to make fuch an obfervation ; and that, for the 
 future, he would take care to render it lefs juft thjn it might be at prefcnr ; but that in 
 the mean time, he would pawn his honour, whoever his lordlhipfliould name, might ven- 
 ture upon this theme without fear of lofing his time. Lord Halifax thereupon named 
 Mr. Addifon, but infilled that the treafurer himlelf fiiould fend to him, which he pro- 
 niifcd. He dierefore prevailed upon Mr. Boyle, afitrv/ards lord Cailujn, chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, to go, in his name, to Mr. Addifon, and communicate to him the bufincfs j 
 which he accordingly did, in fo obliging a manner, diat he readily entered upon the talk. 
 
 The lord-treafurer Godolphin law the poem before is was iinilhcd, when the author 
 had written no farther than the famous fimile of the angel ; and was fo well.pleafed with 
 it, that he immediately made him a commiflioner of appeals, in the room of Mr. Locke, 
 who had been juft promoted to the board of trade. 
 
 His poem, entitled The Campaign, was received with loud and general applaufe : 
 however, it may be doubted, what real benefit the duke of Marlborougli reaped from it 1 
 fince, if, on the one hand, it fet his condud in the faireft light, it introduced, on the 
 other, a rival in fame •, for, in all probability, the poem will be admired as long as the 
 vidory is remembered. 
 
 The Campaign is addrefied to the duke of Marlborough, and contains a fhort view of 
 the military tranfaftions in the year 1704, with a very particular, as well as poetical de- 
 fcription, of the two great atftions at iJchL-Ut- mberg and Blenheim. 
 
 In 1 705, Mr. Addifon attended the lord Halifax to Hanover •, and, in the fucceeding 
 year, was appointed under-fecretary to Sir Charles Hedges, than fee retary of Hate. In 
 the month ot December, in the fame year, the earl of Sunderland I'ucceeding Sir Charles 
 in that office, continued Mr. Addifon in the poft of under-fccretary. 
 
 Operas being, at this time, much in vogue, many people of diftincbion and true tafte 
 importuned Mr. Adtiifon to make a trial, whether fcnle and found were really fo incom- 
 patible as fome admirers of the Italian pieces would reprefent them. He was at laft pre- 
 vailed upon to comply with their requelb, and compofed bis inimitable Rofamond. 
 
 'This piece was infcribed to the duchefs of Marlborougli; ^nd, though it did not fuc- 
 cecd on the ftage, it has been, and everlalliiigly will be, applauded in tiie clofet. The 
 Oiany looked upon it as not properly an opera, and the few joined them in their opinion: 
 
 for
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 II 
 
 for having confidered what a number of miferable things had borne that title, they were 
 fcarce fatisfied that fo excellent a piece fliould appear by the fame. 
 
 About the fame time Mr. Addifon affifted Sir Richard Steele in his play called The 
 Tender Hufband, to which our author wrote a humourous Prologue. Sir Richard, 
 whofe gratitude was equal to his wit, furprizcd him with a Dedication, which may be 
 eonfidered as one of the few monuments of praife, not unworthy of him to whofe honour 
 it was erefted. 
 
 Iniyoc, the marquis of Wharton being appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, nomi- 
 nated our author fccretary for that kingdom. Her majcfty was alfo pleafed, as a marlc 
 of her peculiar favour, to augment the falary annexed to the place of keeper of the re- 
 cords ill that kingdom, and to bellow it upon him. 
 
 While he was in IrcLind, hh friend. Sir Richard Steele, publifhed the Tatler, which 
 appeared, for the firil time, on du- twelfth of April, i/Oy. Mr. Addifon difcovered 
 the auihor by an obfervatit/n on Virgil, which he had communic.ued to him. This dif- 
 covery led him to farther aOiftances, infomuch, that, as the author of the Tatlers well 
 txprciied it, he fared by this means like a diftrefied prince who caHs in a powerful neigh- 
 bour to his aid ; that is, he was undone by his auxiliary. Such was the fupcriority of 
 Mr. Addifon's o-cnius, and fotrue a tade the town then had of correJl and fine writing. 
 
 Mr. Tickel! obferves, and Sir Uichard Steele coiifeflcs, that the paper was fet on foot 
 and dropped without Mr. Addifon's knowledge i ofcourie thehiftory of the Tatler be- 
 longs properly to another article. 
 
 The papers written hv Mr. Addifon were not diftinguilTied in this colleiflion by any 
 mark -, but Sir Richard rteele, at the requcll of Mr. Tickell, pointed them out to him, 
 and alio fhewed him I'uch as tiiey were jointly concerned in : and thefe, as well as thofe, 
 are printed in the lecond volume of ,;Vtr. /'■. ddifon's works. 
 
 ■ Many ot thefe little ehliys are not only exquiiite, but incomparable. It is impoffible 
 to be lerious while we red luch of them as are humorous ; or not to be grave on the 
 perufal of i'uch as are of an oppofite caft. The images are fo ftriking, the language fo 
 graceful, the turn fo natural, the raillery lo lively, and at the fame tinie fo innocent, 
 that, not to be charmed with thofe pieces, and to be a,bfolutely without talle, muft be 
 forever lynonvmous terms 
 
 Immediatel; after the Tader was finiflied. Sir Richard Steele formed the project of the. 
 Spectator-, the plan of which he concerted with Mr. Addifon. 
 
 The lirft paper appeared on the firft or March, 1711-, and in the courfe of that cele- 
 brated work, i. r. .-Uidifon turniPned the greater part of thole papers which were mofh 
 admired. It wrs finilhedon the fixth of September, 1 7 1 2 •, and Mr. Addilbn, to pre- 
 vent any dilputes, or mift akes, which might otherwife have happened, took care to dif • 
 tJnguifh his papers, throughout the whole, by fome letter in the name of the mufe CLIO. 
 
 The affinity bet>vccn the Tatlers, Spectators, and Guardians, makes it unnecefiary 
 to enter minutely i:ko the merit of fuch papers as Mr. Addifon contributed, in the car- 
 rying on the two j<ut undertakings. In the Spccftators, the charader of Sir Roger tie 
 Covirrly was h:s particular favourite. We are told by a gentleman, wjio v.'as thoughc 
 to be well acquainted with Mr. Addifon's afiairs, that he was fo tender of iiis ciiarader, 
 as to go to Sir Richard .teele, on his publifliing a Spedlator, wherein he made Sir Ro- 
 ger pick up a woman in the Temple cloillers, and would not part with his friend, until 
 he had pronaied to meddle witli the old knight's character no more. However, Mr. 
 Addifon, lo make iure, and to prevent any abfurdities which the authors of fublequent 
 Speft.-.tors might fall into, rcfolved to remove that character out of the way ; or, as he 
 ple-ifantly expreifcd it to an intimate friend, killed Sir Roger, that no body elle might 
 murder him. 
 
 The
 
 12 
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 The Guardian, a paper in the fame tafte, and, which is faying much more, in the 
 fame fpirit, entertained the town in tlie years 1713 and 1714. Mr. Addifon had a large 
 Ihare in that publication, and his papers were particularly relilhed : and he alio wrote 
 once or twice in the Lover. 
 
 It was necefiary to fpeak of thefe performances together, which has carried us fonie- 
 what out of our ordinary road. Let us return therefore to the year 1 7 1 3, in which ap- 
 peared l\is famous Cato. 
 
 He formed the defign of writing a tragedy on that fubje<5t when he was very young; 
 he aftually wrote it when he was on his travels ; however, he retouched it while he was 
 in England, without any intention of bringing it on the ftage •, but fome friends of his 
 believing that it might be advantageous to the caufe of liberty, he was prevailed on to 
 adapt it to the ftage. 
 
 On its firft appearance it was gazed on as a wonder -, all parties applauded it -, it ran 
 thirty five nights without interruption •, and, what was more to the author's reputation, 
 the beft judges declared in its favour, when they had read it, with the fame paffion the 
 pit had done when it was firft ken. Mr. Pope wrote the Prologue, which is fublime. 
 Dr. Garth tlie fc'pilogue, which is humorous. It was recommended by many excellent 
 copies of verfes prefixed to it-, among which, the fincerity of Mr. Steele, and the genius 
 of Mr. Eulden, deferve to be diftinguiflned. 
 
 Foreign nations have done this work of our author's as mucli honour as our own ; 
 and, indeed, it is one of thole few performances which cannot receive more honour than 
 it deferves. 
 
 We fhall here prefent the reader with fome circumftances relating to its firft appearance. 
 They are contained in a letter from Alexander Pope, Efq-, to Sir William Trumbull, 
 dated April 30, 1713. 
 
 " As to poetical affairs, I am content, at prefent, to be a bare looker on : and, from 
 a praflitioner, turn an admirer ; which is, as the world goes, not very ulual. Cato was 
 not fo mucli the wonder of Rome in his days, as he is of Britain in ours ; and, though 
 all thcfoolilh induftry pofiible has been ufed to make it a party play, yet, what the au- 
 thor once laid of another, may the moft properly in the world be applied to him on this 
 occafion ; 
 
 Envy itfelf is dumb, in wonder loft. 
 
 And fadions ftrive who Ihall applaud him moft. 
 
 » The numerous and violent claps of the Wiiig-party on the one fide of the theatre, 
 were echoed back by the lories on the odier-, while the author fweated behind the 
 femes with concern, to fintl their applaufe proceeding more from the hand than the head. 
 Tliis was the cafe too of the Prologue-writer, who was clapped into a rtaunchWhig at 
 almoll every two lines. 
 
 " I believe you have heard, that after all the applaufes of the oppofite fadion, my 
 lord Bolingbroke lent for hooth, wlio played Cato, into the box, between one of the 
 ads, and prefented him with fifty guineas i in acknowledgment, as he expreftctl it, for 
 defending the caufe of liberty fo well againft a perpetual dilator. l he Whigs are un- 
 willing to be diftanced this way, and therefore defign a pre/cnt to the fame Cato very 
 fpeedily. In the mean rime, they are getting ready as good a fentcnce as tlie former on 
 riieir fide. So, betwixt them, it is probable, lliat Cato, as Dr. Garth exprefled it, may 
 havcfomcthing to live upon after he dies." 
 
 This tragedy was tranllated more than once into French, obtained two Italian verfions, 
 ind has been cither traalUtcd or imitated in die Ucim.ni language. But the greateft 
 
 2 honour
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 »3 
 
 honour that ever was done thereto, was the putting the foliloquy of Cato, which is per- 
 haps the nobleft thing in our language, into a Latin drefs, which might have been read 
 with admiration, even by the critics in tlie court of Augurtus. Fame has attributed 
 this to the late bifhop Atterbury, and as it were fuperlatively fine, the world thought fame 
 in the right, and fo it proved. 
 
 Her majefty queen Anne was not the laft in doing juftice to our author, and liis per- 
 formance. She was pleafed to fignify an inclination of having it dedicated to her-, but 
 the author publiflied it without a dedication, becaufe, as it is faid, he had propofcd to 
 dedicate it elfewhere, and by this method he thought to avoid offending either his duty 
 or his honour. If in the fubfequent part of his life his leifurc had been greater, we are 
 told he would have written another tragedy, intituled. The Death of Socrates. But the 
 honours due to what he had already performed, deprived pofterity of this promifcd la- 
 bour. 
 
 Upon the death of queen Anne, the lords juflices appointed Mr. Addifon their fecre- 
 tary, which took him off from a defign he had formed, of compofing an Hngiifh Dic- 
 tionary, on the plan of a famous Italian one. There were fome thoughts of making him 
 fecretaryof ftate at that time, but he was anxious to decline it, and accepted a fecond 
 time, under the earl of Sunderland, the poll of fecretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ire- 
 land : he held it, however, but a very little time ; for on the earl's being removed, he 
 was made one of the lords of Trade. 
 
 In 1716, he married the countefs of Warwick; and on the firfl: breaking out of the 
 rebellion, he pubhlhed the freeholder, v/hich is a kind of political Spectator. 
 
 The Freeholder is particularly mentioned, becaufe it was a work written by Mr. Ad- 
 difon, entirely, and upon his own plan. Some indeed have fuppofed, that he was alTifi:- 
 ed in this work by Mr. f hillips ; but there feems to be no foundation for this report, 
 fince neither Mr. Tickell fays any thing of it, nor does it appear from the papers them- 
 fclves, that they were written by different hands. \ 
 
 There is one thing to be faid with refpcdl to tiie Freeholder, which as it will be cer- 
 tainly faid by pofterity, I can fee no reafon why it fhould not be laid here : Tiie Free- 
 holder is, without queftion, the mofl indubitable proof of the ufe a man of true wit, and 
 reafonable application, may be of to any adminiltration. The numerous pieces of Sir 
 Roger L'tftrange, were all calculated to make the people laugh, or to put them in a 
 paffion. Dr. Welwood's periodical papers were all polities, and, confequently, too dry 
 for the generality of readers. 
 
 During the reign of the queen, polemic writings were not only fliarp, but bitter, and 
 their authors ftudicd rather to make their adverfarics feci the quicknefs of their reproaches, 
 than to perfuade them by found arguments, much lefs to invite them, by moderate and 
 gentle applications, to their different humours and ways of thinking. '1 he Freeholder 
 hath avoided all thefe faults, and, with an inexhauftible fund of humour, mingles fome- 
 times the graveft reafonings, and at others the kindeft expoftulations. Beautiful defcrip- 
 tions, exquifite allegories, vifions almoll more than human, and, in fine, whatever mi"ht 
 pleafe, wiiatever could move, whatever I'eemed fittelt to attracb, is to be found in thofe 
 inimitable efiays ; and it may be faid without fear of being contradidted by any man who 
 reads them, that they are the bell turned papers, with a view for the purpofe for which 
 they were written, that were ever penned. 
 
 Mr. Addifon certainly wrote them in confcquence of his principles, out of a defire of 
 removing prejudices, and from a (Irong inclination to fettle the government, and ferve 
 his country. 'I'lie ;;ppointing him fecretary of ilate therefore, was but doing him juilice 
 for fo extraprdinary and well-timed a fervice, which more than ballanced that deficiency, 
 which he objC(^tcd againll iiis own preferment, his being no Ipeakcr in the Houfe of 
 Commons. 
 
 Vol. I. E There
 
 14 ADDISON. 
 
 There were juft fifty five papers in all; the firft was publifhed on the twenty-third of 
 Dt'ccn^bcr, 1715, and the lalt on the twenty-ninth of June, 1716. In April 1717, his 
 mnjefty king George 1. was pleal'ed to appoint our author one of liis principal fccretaries 
 ofilate. His health, which had been before impaired by an afthmatic diibrder, fuflercd 
 exceedingly by an advancement To much to his honour, being aHb attended with great 
 fatigue. He bore it, however, with great patience, till finding, or rather (ufpefting, that 
 it mi.^ht be prejudicial to the public bufineis, he refigned his office. Having thus pro- 
 cured for himfclf a vacancy from bufineis, he grew better, and his friends were in hopes 
 that his health would have been thoroughly re-cftabliflied. In his leifure moments l.e 
 applied himfeif fteadily to a religious work, which lie iiad begun long before, the firlt 
 part of which, fcarce iiniflied, is prcferved and printed in his works. He likewife in- 
 tended to have paraphrafed Ibme of the Pfalms of David ; but a long and painful relapfe 
 broke all liis dcligns, and deprived the world of this exccllenc pcrlon, on the feventeenth 
 of June 17IC, when he was entering the forty-eighth year of his age. He died at Hol- 
 land-houfe, near Kenfington, and left behind him an only daughter, by the coumefs of 
 Warwick. After his deccalc, Mr. Tickell, who had the author's commands and in- 
 ftrutftions, colieded and publifhed his works in four volumes in quarto. In this edi- 
 tion there are feveral pieces not mentioned before, of which it is neceflary v.-e fhould 
 fpeak. The firft in the order of time is the Dilfertation upon Medals. In November, 
 1707, there came abroad a pamphlet under the title of The prefent State of the War, and 
 the Necefilty of an Augmentation confidered. It is now printed among Mr. Addifon's 
 ■works, and I believe no body who reads it will doubt that it is his. The fpirit in which 
 it is writ, the weighty obfervations contained therein, on the ftrength and intereft of 
 foreign nations, and the comprehcnfive know'cdge fhewn of all things relating to our 
 own, evince it the work of no ordinary hand. The Whig Examiner came out on the four- 
 teenth of September, 1710, for the firft time. There were five papers in all attributed 
 to Mr. Addifon. 1 hefe are by much the levereft things he ever wrote. Dr. Sacheverell, 
 Mr. Prior, and many other perfons, are very harlhly treated in them. The Examiner 
 had done the fame thing on the part of the Tories, and the avowed defign of their paper 
 was to make reprilals. 'I he Drummer was firft publifhed without any author's name, 
 but with a preface prefixed by Sir Kichard Steele, wherein he tells us, that it had been 
 fome years in the hands of the author, and after peruial, he thought lb well of it, that 
 he pcrfuaded him to make Ibmc additions and alterations, and let it appear on the ftage. 
 He owns that it was not well received, or, at leaft, not fo well as deierved, which 
 he accounts for by oblerving, that the Itrokes therein are too delicate for every 
 tafte in a popular alTembly ; and he adds, that his brother fharers were of opinion, 
 that it was like a pidl:ure, in which the f^rokes were not ftrong enough to appear at 
 atiiftance. 
 
 Mr. Tickell publifhing Mr. Addifon's works in 1721, omitted this comedy, which 
 Sir Richard Steele fo much relented, that he quickly after publiflied a fecond edition of 
 it, with an epiftle to Mr. Congrevc thereto prefixed. In this epiftlc he afferts, that he 
 recommended the play to the Itage, and carried it to the prcfs: he likewile tells us the 
 price it was Ibid at, viz. fifty guineas. He refers himklf to his former preface, for a 
 proof of iiis zeal on that occafion, which he obfervcs could flow from nothing ellc than 
 his afteition for the author. i"or as to the fhare any one elie had in it, he is very poii- 
 tjvc it very little exceeded that of an amaoiicnfis. 
 
 Since his death the following pieces have been afcribtd to our author: Diirertatio de 
 infii^nioribus Romanurum poetis, i. e. A Diilcrtation upon the moft eminent Roman 
 poets. This is fuppotcd to liave been written about 1C92, and is allowed to contain many 
 ulcfui obkrvations, yet nobody has hitiierto ventureil to decide, whether it is, or is not, 
 
 Mr,
 
 ADDISON. 15 
 
 Mr. Addifon's. A Difcourfeon ancient and modem Learning; the time when it was 
 written uncertain, but probably as early as the former. It was preferved amongft the 
 manufcripts of the lord Somers, which, after the death of Sir Jofcph Jckyl, being pub- 
 lickly fold, this little piece came to be priptcd in 17:^9, and was as well received as it ■ 
 defcrved. To tlicfe wemuft add, The Old Whig, No. i. and 2, pamphlets written ia 
 defence of the Peerage bill, 1719. 
 
 We have endeavoured to do Ibme juftice to our author's charadler, andefpecially to 
 that diftinguifhing part of it, the eafe and readinefs with which he wrote, notwithftand- 
 ing the accuracy and corrednefs of all his writngs. This, perhaps, will be thought beft 
 fupported by proof, which we fliall give. The following epigram (which is not inferted 
 in his works) was written when he was a member of the Kit-Cat-Club, extempore, ancl 
 ye.t it has not only wit, but correiTcnefs to recommend it. • 
 
 On the Lady Manchester. 
 
 When haughty Gallia's dames that fpread 
 O'er their pale cheeks an artful red. 
 Beheld this beauteous flranger there. 
 In native charms, divinely fair ; 
 Confufion in their looks they fhew'd. 
 And with unborrowed bluflies glew'd. . 
 
 A farther proof of the extraordinary facility, with which he produced even the moft 
 perfedt of his performances, may be taken from what Sir Richard Steele fays of his Cato ; 
 he tells us, that the laft a6l was written in lels than a week's time. " For this, continues 
 he, was particular in this writer, that when he had taken his refolution, or made his 
 plan for what he ucfigned to write, he would walk about a room and didlate it into 
 language, with as much freedom and eafe as any one could write it down; and attend to 
 the coherence and grammar of what he didated." 
 
 The author of a celebrated poem, intituled Faflion Difplayed, who was juftly cele- 
 brated for giving an ingenious turn to his ill-nature, began an early war upon our au- 
 thor. In that poem he makes his patron Montague, there charadterifed by the name of 
 Bathillo, deftribe him thus : 
 
 On Addifon we fafely may depend, 
 A penfion never fails to gain a friend ; • 
 Thro' Alpine Hills he fhall my name refound. 
 And make his patron known in claflic ground. . 
 
 Mrs, Manly, in her fequel to the Atalantis, gives our author's chara^fter at large, un- 
 der the name of Maro : what fhe fays of him, is every way to his advantage, were it 
 not for this ill natured apoftrophe on feeing him in Scrgius's gallery. " O pity, that 
 politics and fordid intercit flioukl have carried him out of the road of Flelicon, Ihntch- 
 ed him from the embraces of the Mules, to throw into an old withered Itaiclinan's 
 arms, &c." 
 
 This withered ftatcfman, whom he had before called Sergius, is the fame lord Hali- 
 fax mentioned by the foregoing writer. But the fevcreli attack that ever Mr. Atklilon 
 felt, was from the following vcrfcs, bright and piercing as lightning, and as fatally 
 blafting. 
 
 Tcace
 
 i6 ADDISON. 
 
 Peace to all fuch ! but were there one whofe fires 
 True genius kindles, and fair fame infpires-, 
 Bleft wich each talent, and each art to pleale. 
 And born to write, converfe, and live with eafe : 
 Shou'd fuch a man, too fond to rule alone. 
 Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne, 
 "View him with fcornful, yet with jealous eyes. 
 And hate for arts, that cauted himfelf to rife ; 
 Damn with faint praifc, aflent with civil leer, 
 And, without fneering, teach the reft to fneer ; 
 Willing to wound, and yet afraid to ftrike, 
 Juft hint a fault, and hefuate diflike-. 
 Alike referv'd to blame, or to commend, 
 A tim'rous foe, and a fufpicious friend; 
 Dreading e'en fools, by flatterers befieged. 
 And fo obliging, that he n'cr obliged : 
 Like Cato, gives his little fenate laws. 
 And fits attentive to his own applaufe : 
 While wits and templars evYy fentence raife. 
 And wonder with a foolifli face of praife. 
 Who but muft laugh, if fuch a man there be ? 
 Who would not weep, if Atticus were he ? 
 
 An author in Mift's Journal, gives the following account of this tranfaflion : " Mr. 
 Addifon i-aifed this author, i. e. Pope, from obfcurity, obtained him the acquaintance 
 and friendfliip of the whole body of our nobility, and transferred his powerful intereft 
 wich thofe great men to this rifing bard, who frequently levied by that means unufual 
 contributions on the public — No Iboner was his body lifclefs, but this author, reviving 
 his refentment, libelled the memory of his departed friend; and, what was ftill more 
 heinous, made the fcandal public." 
 
 In anfwer to this, it is faid, that the whole is falfe, that Mr. Addifon never introduced 
 Mr. Pope to any nobleman, or procured him the fubfcription of one gentleman ; as to the 
 libel, perfons of integrity are appealed to, who taw and approved the foregoing verfes, 
 in no wife a libel, but a friendly rebuke, fent in the author's own hand to Mr. Addifon 
 liimfelf, and never made public by him, till they were printed by Curll and others. 
 I'here is, indeed, a letter of the bifhop of Rochefter's extant, wherein thele verfes are 
 highly commended, but this is feven years after Mr. Addifon's death; and there is an- 
 other letter of Mr. Pope's to Mr. Craggs, written near four years before Mr. Addifon's 
 death, wherein moft of the fame thoughts appear in profe. 
 
 As a writer, we need not fay any more of Mr. Addifon : as a man, it is impofTible to 
 fay too much : he was in every rcfpefl truly valuable. In private life he was amiable, 
 in public employment honourable; a zealous patriot; faithful to his friends, and fted- 
 fall to his principles ; and the noble fentiments v/hich every where breathe through his 
 Cato, are no more than emanations of that love for his country, which was the conftant 
 guide of all his adions. But laft of all let us view him as a Chriftian, in which light he 
 will appear ftiil more exalted than in an) other. And to this end nothing, perhaps, can 
 more elftdually lead us, than the relating an anecdote concerning his death, in the words 
 of a celebrated writer, who, in a pamphlet written almoft entirely to introduce this little 
 ftory, fpcaks of him in the following manner : " After a long and manly, but vain 
 ftruggle with his dillempcr, he difmiired his phyficians, and with tliem all hopes of life : 
 
 4 but
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 «r 
 
 but with his hopes of life he difmifled not his concern for the living, butfent for a youth 
 nearly related, and finely accomplifhed, but not above being the better for good ini- 
 preffions from a dying friend : he came-, but life now glimmering in the focket, the 
 dying friend was filent. After a decent and proper paule, the youtli faid, " Dear Sir ! 
 you fent for me : I believe, and I hope, that you have fome commands ; I fhall hold 
 them moft facred." — May diftant ages (proceeds this author) not only hear hut feel the 
 reply ! Forcibly grafping the youth's hand, he foftly fafd, " See in what peace a Chrif- 
 tian can die.'"— He fpoke with difficulty, and foon expired." The pamphlet from 
 which this is quoted is entitled, Conjeftures on Original Compofition; and .although 
 publilhed anonymous, was written by Dr. Edward Young. Nor can I with more pro- 
 priety clofe my charafter of Mr. Addifon, than with this gentleman's obfervations oa 
 the juft mentioned anecdote. After telling us that it is to this circumftance Mr. Tickell 
 refers in thefe lines, 
 
 He taught us how to live-, and, oh! too high 
 A price for knowledge, taught us how to die. 
 
 Dr. Young thus proceeds : " Had not this poor plank been thrown out, the chief article 
 of his glory would probably have been funk for ever, and later ages had received but a 
 fragment of his fame.---A fragment glorious indeed, for his ginius how bright! but to 
 commend him for compofion, though immortal, is detraftion now, if there our enco- 
 mium ends. Let us look farther to that concluding fcene, which fpoke human nature 
 not unrelated to the divine. To that let us pay the long and large arrear of our greatly 
 pofthumous applaufe." 
 
 A little farther he thus terminates this noble encomium : " If powers were not want- 
 ing, a monument more durable than tliofe of marble, fhould proudly rife in this ambi- 
 tious page to the new and far nobler Addifon, than that wliich you and the public have 
 fo long and fo much admired: nor this nation only, for it is Europe's Addifon as well 
 as ours ; though Europe knows. not iialf his titles to her efteem, being as yet unconfcious 
 that the dying Addifon far outfhines her Addifon immortal." 
 
 As Mr. Tickell has written a moft excellent Poem on the Death of Mr. Addisom, 
 we may with the greateft propriety infert it here. It is infcribed 
 
 To the Right Honourable the Earl of Warwick. 
 
 I F, dumb too long, the drooping Mufe hath (lay'd. 
 And left her debt to Addifon unpaid -, 
 Blame not her filence, Warwick, but bemoan. 
 And judge, oh! judge, my bofom by your own. 
 What mourner ever felt poetic fires ! 
 islow comes the verfe tliat real woe infpires : 
 Grief unafFcfted fuits but ill with art. 
 Or flowing numbers with a bleeding heart. 
 Can I forget the difmal night that gave 
 My foul's beft part for ever to the gr.ive ! 
 How filent did his old companions tread, 
 By midnight lamps, tlie manfions of the de.-id ; 
 Thro' breathing ftatues, tlien unheeded things, 
 1 hro' rows of warriors, and tiiro' walks of kings ! 
 Vol. I. F What
 
 1-8 
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 What awe did the flow folemn knell infpire. 
 The pealing organ, and the paufing choir -, 
 The duties by the lawn-rob'd prelate pay'd ; 
 And the la(t words, that duft to duft convey'd ! 
 While fpeechlefs o'er thy clofing grave \ye bend. 
 Accept thefe tears, thou dear departed friend : 
 Oh! gone for- ever, take this long adieu. 
 And fleep in peace, next thy lov'd Montagu ! 
 
 To ftrew fre(h laurels let the taik be mine, 
 A frequent pilgrim, at thy facrcd flirine, 
 Mine, with true fighs, thy abfence to bemoan. 
 And grave with faithful epitaphs thy ftone. 
 If e'er, from me, thy lov'd memorial part. 
 May Ihame afflid this alienated heart; 
 Of thee forgetful if I form a fong. 
 My lyre be broken, and untun'd my tongue, 
 My griefs be doubled, from thy image free. 
 And mirth a torment, unchaftis'd by thee. 
 
 Oft let me range the gloomy ifles alone, 
 (Sad luxury ! to vulgar minds unknown) 
 Along the walls where fpeaking marbles (how 
 What worthies form the liallow'd mould below : 
 Proud names, who once the reins of empire held ; 
 In arms who triumph'd; or in arts excell'd ; 
 Chiefs, grac'd with fears, and prodigal of blood ; 
 Stern patriots, who for facred freedom ftood ; 
 Jufl: men, by whom impartial laws were given ; 
 And faints, who taught, and led the way to heav'n. 
 Ne'er to thefe chambers, where the mighty reft, 
 Since their foundation, came a nobler gueft; 
 Nor e'er was to the bowers of blifs convey'd 
 A fairer fpirit, or more welcome fiiade. 
 
 In what new region, to the juft alTign'd, 
 What new employments pleafe th' unbody'd mind! 
 A winged ririue, thro' th' ethereal fky. 
 From world to world unweary'd does lie fly ? 
 Or curious trace the long laborious maze 
 Of Hcav'ns decrees, where wond'ring angels gaze? 
 Does he delight to hear bold feraphs tell 
 How Michael battel'd, and the dragon fell ? 
 Or, mixt witii milder cherubim, to glow 
 In hymns of love, not ill elTay'd below ? 
 Or doit thou warn poor mortals left behind, 
 A talk well luited to thy gentle mind ? 
 Oh! if fometimes thy fpoclcfs form defccnd, 
 'i'o me thy aid, thou guardian genius, lend ! 
 When rage mifguidcs me, or when fear alarms. 
 When pain dilbefles, or wiien pleafure charms. 
 In filent whifp'rings purer tiioughts impart, 
 And turn from ill a frail and fcgble heart : 
 
 c Lead
 
 ADDISON. 19 
 
 Lead thro' the paths thy virtue trod before, 
 'Till blifs fhall join, nor death can part us more. 
 
 That awful form (which, fo ye heav'ns decree, 
 Muft ftill be lov'd, and ftill deplor'dby me) 
 In nightly vifions feldom fails to rife. 
 Or, rous'd by fancy, meets my waking eyes. 
 If bufinefs calls, or crowded courts invite, 
 Th' urlblemifh'd ftatefman feems to ftrike my fight; 
 If in the ftage I feek to foothe my care, 
 I meet his foul, which breathes in Cato there ; 
 If penfive to the rural fliades I rove. 
 His fbape o'ertakes me in the lonely grove : 
 'Twas there of juft and good he reafon'd ftrong, 
 Clear'd fome great truth, or rais'd fome ferious fong ; 
 There patient fliow'd us the wife courfe to fteer, 
 A candid cenfor, and a friend fevere •, 
 There taught us how to live -, and (oh ! too high 
 The price for knowledge) taught us hov/ to die. 
 
 Thou hill, whofe brow the antique ftruflures grace, 
 Rear'd by bold chiefs of Warwick's noble race, 
 "Why, once fo lov'd, when e'er thy bower appears, 
 G'er my dim eye-balls glance the fudden tears ! 
 How fweet were once thy profpefts frefli and fair. 
 Thy doping walks, and unpolluted air! 
 How fweet the glooms beneath thy aged trees. 
 Thy noon-tide Ihadow, and thy evening breeze ! 
 His image thy forfaken bowers reftore ; 
 Thy walks and airy profpedts charm no more ; 
 No more the fummer in thy glooms allay'd. 
 Thy evening breezes, and thy noonday fhade. 
 
 From other ills, however fortune frown'd. 
 Some refuge in the mufe's art I found : 
 Reluftant now I touch the trembling ftring. 
 Bereft of him who taught me how to fing : 
 And thefe fad accents, murmur'd o'er his urn, 
 Eetray that abfence, they attempt to mourn. 
 Oh ! muft I then (now frelh my bofom bleeds. 
 And Craggs, in death, to Addifon fucceeds) 
 The verl'e, begun to one loil friend, prolong, 
 And weep a fecond in th' unfinifh'd ibng ! 
 
 Thefe works divine, which on his death-bed laid 
 To thee, O Craggs, th' expiring fage convey'd,. 
 Great, but ill-omen'd monument ot fame. 
 Nor he furviv'd to give, nor thou to claim. 
 Swift after him thy focial fpirit flies. 
 And clofe to his, how loon ! thy coffin lies. 
 Bleft pair ! whofe union future bards fhall tell 
 In future tongues : each other's boait! farewel. 
 Farewel 1 whom join'd in fame, in friendfliip try'd. 
 No chance could lever, nor tlie grave divide. 
 
 Tho. Tickeli-J
 
 20 
 
 ADDISON. 
 
 The minuteft Particulars relative to fo great a Man as Mr. Addison, are intereft-. 
 ing to the Reader, we have therefore procured his lafl: Will and Testament, ex- 
 traAed from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. 
 
 1 N the name of God, Amen. I Jofeph Addifon, now of the pariiTi of Kenfington, 
 in the county of Middlefcx, Efq; being of found and dilpofing mind and memory, yet 
 confidering the uncertainty of this mortal life, do think it neceflary to make and ordain 
 this my lalt Will and Teftament, which is as followeth. Imprimis : I give and bequeath 
 unto my dear and loving wife, the countefs of Warwick and Holland, her heirs, exe- 
 cutors, and afTigns, all and fingularmy real and perfonal eftate, whatfoever, and where- 
 foever, of which I am now feized or poflefTed, or intitled unto, upon this condition, 
 that my faid dear wife fliall, out of my faid cftates, pay, within half a year after my de- 
 ceale, the fuin of five hundred pounds to my fiilcr, Mrs. Combes ; and the yearly fum 
 of fifty pounds to my mother, now living at Coventry, during her life, by half-yearly 
 payments, viz. at Michaelmas and Lady-day •, the firit ot the laid payments to be made 
 at the firft of the faid feafts that fhall happen next after my deceafe : and 1 do make and 
 ordain my faid dear wife executrix of this my laft will ; and I do alfo appoint her to be 
 guardian of my dear child, Charlotte Addifon, until fhe (hall attain her age of one and 
 twenty, being well aflured that Oie will take due care of her education and maintenance, 
 and provide tor her, in cafe fhe live to be married. Item : 1 do hereby revoke all former 
 "Wills by me made. In witnefs whereof I have hereunto li-'t my hand and feal, this four- 
 teenth day of May, in the fifth year of the reign of our fovercign lord king George, and 
 in the year of our lord one thoufand feven hundred and nineteen. 
 
 JOSEPH ADDISON. 
 
 Signed, fealed, publiflied, and declared, by the faid Jofeph Addifon, to be his lafl: 
 Will, in the prefence of us, who have, in his prefence, and by his order, fubfcribed 
 our names as witnefles thereunto. 
 
 TH. MAS MARRIOTT. 
 
 THOMAS JUDD. 
 
 WILLIAM NICOLSON. 
 
 Probatum fuit hujufmodi Teflramentum apud London 20th Junii, 1719, coram venera- 
 bili viro Exton Sayer, legum doftore, furrogato juramenco pronobilis ct honorandce 
 feminas Charlottte comitiflk: de Warwick et HoUandis, relid.x difti defundli et exe- 
 cutricis in di(2o Teftamento nominat cui, &c. debene, &c. Jurat. 
 
 JOHN STEVENS, , 
 
 HENRY Sl'EVENS, } Deputy Rcgifters. 
 
 GEO. GOSTLING, Tun. 3 
 
 GEO. GOSTLING, Jun. 
 
 ADRIAN IV. was the only Englifliman that ever fat in Peter's chair. His ori- 
 ginal name was Nicholas Brckcfpere, or Breakfpcar. He was born at Abbot's L.angley, 
 near St. Alban's His father having left his family, and taken the habit of the monafte- 
 ry of St. Alban s, Nicholas was obliged to iubmit to the lowefl offices in that houfe for 
 daily lupport. After fome time, he defired to take the habit in that monaftery, but 
 was rejected by the abbot Richard. " He was examined (fays Mattew Paris) and be- 
 ing found iniufficient, the abbot civilly enough laid to him, '^ Wait, my Ion, and go 
 
 to
 
 A D R I A N IV. 2£ 
 
 to fchool a little longer, till you are better qualified." But if the characler given of 
 young Breakfpear by Pitts be a juft one, the abbot was certainly to be blamed for re- 
 jefting a perfon who would have done great honour to his houle : " He was (fays tliat 
 author) a handfome and comely youth, of a fliarp wit and ready utterance, circumfptct 
 in all his words and aiSlions, polite in his behaviour, neat and elegant, full of zeal for 
 the glory of God, and that according to fome degree of knowledge; fo pofiefTed of all 
 the moft valuable endowments of mind and body, that in him the gifts of heaven ex- 
 ceeded nature ; his piety exceeded his education, and the ripenefs of his judgment and 
 his other qualifications exceeded his age." Having met with this repulfe, he refolved to 
 try his fortune in another country, and accordingly went to Paris, where, though in very 
 poor circumftances, he applied himfelf to his ftudies with great afiiduity, and made a 
 wonderful proficiency. But having ftill a ftrong inclination to a religious life, he left i 
 Paris, and removed to Provence, where he became a regular clerk in the monaftery of 
 St. Rufus. He was not immediately allowed to take the habit, but pafled fome time by 
 way of trial, in recommending himfelf to the monks by a ftrift attention to all their 
 commands. This behaviour, together with the beauty of his perfon, and prudent con- 
 verfation, rendered him fo acceptable to the fraternity, that, after fome time, they in- 
 treated him to take the habit of the canonical order *. Here he diftinguifhed himfelf fo 
 much by his learning, and ftridl obfervance of the monaftic difcipline, that, upon the 
 death of the abbot, he was chofen fuperior of that houfe. He did not long enjoy this 
 abbacy ■, for the monks being tired of the government of a foreigner, brought accufa- 
 tions againft him before pope Eugenius III. who, after having examined their complaint, 
 and heard the defence of Nicholas, declared him innocent. His holinels, however, per- 
 mitted the monks to choofe another fuperior -, but being fenfible of the great merit of 
 Nicholas, and thinking he might be I'erviceable to the church in a higher ftation, he 
 created him cardinal-bifliop of Alba, in 1146. 
 
 In 1 148, Eugenius fent him as his legate to Denmark and Norway, where, by his 
 fervent preaching and diligent inftrudions, he converted thofe barbarous nations to the 
 Chriftian faith •, and we are told, that he erefted the church of Upfal into an archiepif- 
 copal fee. At his return to Rome, he was received by the pope and cardinals with great 
 marks of honour : and pope Anaftafius IV. who fucceeded Eugenius, happening to die 
 at this time, Breakfpear was unanimoufly raifed to the holy-fee in November, 1 154, and 
 he took the name of Adrian. When the news of his promotion reached England, king 
 Henry 11. fent i\obert, abbot of St. Albans, and three bifliops, to Rome, to congratu- 
 late him on his eleftion ; upon which occafion Adrian granted very confiderable privileges 
 to the monaftery of St. Alban's -{-. Next year king Henry having folicited the pope's 
 
 *' Gyl. Nubrig. de Reb. Angl. lib. ii. c. 6. 
 
 'J- Abbot Robert being left at Bencvt-ntum with the pope, tlioxight he bad now a favourable opportunity 
 of endeavouring to recover fome dignitiL-s and privileges of iiis abbey, which had been invaded by the 
 bifhop of Lincoln. He had brought witli him feveral prefcnts for his holinefs, and among the rell thre? 
 rich mitres, and fome fandnls, the workmanfhip of Chridina, priorefs of Markgate. Adrian accepted of 
 the mitres and fandals, on account of their excellent workmanfliip, but refnfed the other prcfents, fay- 
 ing, in a jocular manner, " I will not accept of yo\ir gifts, becaufe, when I defired to take the habit in 
 your monallery, you rejcftcd me." " Sir, (taid the abbot) we could by no means receive yon, it be- 
 ing repugnant to the will of God, whofe Providence refervcd you for greater things." The pope re- 
 plied, " I thank you for this polite and obliging anfwer :" and added, " Denrell abbot, afl'C boldly 
 whatever you defire, I (liall always be ready to ferve St. Alban, who am myfelf his difciple." Some 
 days after, abbot Robert being in private converfatlon with the pope, made grievous complaints concern- 
 ing the various oppreffions of the bifhop of Lincoln, which fo moved his holinefs, that he granted to the 
 church of St. Alban's the fingular privilej-e of being exempt from all epifcopal jurifditlion, excepting 
 that of tlie fee of Rome, with many other valuable liborties and iinravinities. Matthew Paris. 
 
 Vol. I. G confent
 
 2S 
 
 ADRIAN IV. 
 
 confent that he might undertake the conqueft of Ireland, Adrian very readily complied, 
 and fent him a bull for that purpofe, of which the following is a trandation : " Adrian, 
 bifhop, fervant of the fervants of God, to his moft dear fon in Chrift, the illuftrious king 
 of England, fends greeting, and apoftolical benedidion. Your magnificence is very 
 careful to fpread your glorious name in the world, and to merit an immortal crown in 
 Heaven, whilft, as a good Catholic prince, you form a defign of extending the bounds 
 of the church, of inftrufling ignorant and barbarous people in the Chriftian faith, and 
 of reformino- the licentious and immoral ; and the more effectually to put this defign in 
 execution, you defire the advice and affiftance of the holy fee. We are confident that, 
 by the blefllno- of God, the fuccefs will anfwer the wifdom and difcretion of the under- 
 taking. You have informed us, dear fon, of your intended expedition into Ireland, to 
 reduce that people to the obedience of the Chriftian faith •, and that you are willing to 
 pay for every houfe a yearly acknowledgment of one penny to St. Peter, promifing to 
 maintain the right of thofc churches in the fulleft manner. We, therefore, being willing 
 to afTill you in this pious and laudable defign, ami confenting to your petition, do grant 
 you full liberty to make a defcent upon that ifland, in order to enlarge the borders of the 
 church, to check the progrefs of immorality, and to promote the I'piritual happinels of 
 the natives : and we command the people of that country to receive and acknowledge 
 you as their fovereign lord, provided the rights of the churches be inviolably preferved, 
 and the Peter-pence duly paid; for indeed it is certain, and your highnefs acknowledges 
 it, that all the iQands which are enlightened by Chrift, the fun of righteoufnels, and 
 have embraced the doftrines of Chriftianity, are unqueftionably St. Peter's right, and 
 belong to the holy Roman church. If, therefore, you refolve to put your iefigns in 
 execution, be careful to refonn the manners of that people, and commit the govern- 
 ment of the churches to able and virtuous perfons, that the Chriftian religion may grow 
 and flourifh, and the honour of God, and the prefervation of fouls be efFcdually pro- 
 moted ; fo fliall you deferve an everlafting reward in Heaven, and leave a glorious name 
 to all portericv." His indulgence to this prince was fo great, that he even confcnted ta 
 ablblve him from the oath he had taken, not to fe: afide any part of his father's will *. 
 
 Adrian, in the beginning of his pontificate, boldly withftood the attempts of the 
 Roman people p recover their ancient liberty under the confuls, and obliged thofe nu- 
 giftrates to abdicate their authority, and leave the government of the city to the pope. 
 In 1155, he drove the heretic Arnold of Brefle, and his followers, out of Rome. The 
 fame year he excommunicated William, king of Sicily, who ravaged the territories of 
 the church, and abfolved that prince's fubjeds from their allegiance. 
 
 About the fame time Frederic, king of the Romans, having entered Italy with a 
 powerful army, Adrian met him near Sutrium, and concluded a peace with him. At 
 this interview Frederic condefcended to hold the pope's ftlrrup whilft he mounted oa 
 
 • Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, had, by the eraprefs Maud, three fons, Henry, Geoffrey, 
 and William. This prince, being fcnfible that his own dominions would of coiirfc dtfcend to his cldell 
 fon Jienrv, and that the kingdom of England, and dnchy of Normandy, would likewift fail to him in 
 riglit of his mother, thought fit to de»ifc the earldom of Anjou to his fecond fon Geoffrey ;. and to render 
 this the more valid, he exacted an oath of the biftiops and nobility, not to fuffer his corps to be bnricd, 
 till hti i\m Hciuy had fworn to fulfil every part of his will. When Henry came to attend his felher's 
 fi.O'Tal, the oath was tendered to him, but for fome time he refufed to fwear to a writing, the contents 
 of which he was unaeciuaiiUed with. However, Ixing reproached with the fcand.1l of lettin>.' his father 
 lie unburied, he at lall took the oath with great reluctance : but after his acccffwn to the throne, upon a 
 complaint to pope Adrian, that the oath was forced upon him, he procured a difpenfation from his holi- 
 nefs, abfolving him from the obligation he had laid himfelf under ; and, in confequeuee thereof, he dif- 
 poffeffed hii brother Geoffrey of the dominions of Anjou, allowing him only "a yearly penfion for his 
 maintenance.— GuL.NuBRiG. lie Reb. Angl. lib. ii. cap. 7. 
 
 horfeback.
 
 A G A R D. 25 
 
 horfeback. After which, his holinefs condufted that prince to Rome, and in St. Peter's 
 church placed the imperial crown on his head, to the great mortification of the Roman 
 people, whoaflembled in a tumultuous manner, and killed feveral of the Imperialifts. 
 
 The next year a reconciliation was effefled between the pope and the Sicilian king ; 
 that prince taking an oath to do nothing further to the prejudice of the church, and 
 Adrian granting him the title of king of the two Sicilies. 
 
 This pope built and fortified feveral caftles, and left the papal dominions in a more 
 flourifhing condition tlun he found tlicm. But, notwithftanding all his fucccfs, he was 
 extremely fenfible of the difquietudes attending fo high a ftation, and complained thereof 
 to his countryman John of Salifbury *. He died September i, 1 159, in the fifth year 
 of his pontificate, and was buried in St. Pcter's-church, near the tomb of his predecef- 
 for Eugenius. There are extant feveral letters, and fome homilies, written by pope 
 Adrian IV. 
 
 AGARD, (Arthur) a learned and Induftrious antiquarian, was born at Toflon, 
 in Derbylhire, in the year 1540. He was bred to the law, and, in 1570, was appointed 
 deputy chamberlain of the Exchequer, which poll he enjoyed forty five years. His 
 fondnefs for Englifh antiquities induced him to make many large colleiStions, and his of- 
 fice gave him an opportunity of acquiring great fkill in that branch of literature. A 
 conformity of tafte b.'-ought him acquainted with the celebrated Sir Robert Cotton, and 
 moft of the learned and eminent men in the kingdom. In his time, as iVIr. Wood in- 
 forms usf, an 'lllullrious aflembly of learned and able perfons v/as formed, who ftiled 
 thrmlelvts a fociety of antiquarians, and iVIr. Agard was one of the moft confpicuous 
 members. Mr. Hearne publifhed the cflays compofed by that fociety : thole of Mr. A- 
 gard's, printed in that colleftion, are as follows: i. Opinion touching the Antiquity, 
 Power, Order, State, Manner, Perfons„ and Proceed'mgs of the High-court of Parlia- 
 ment in England. 2. On this queftion, Of what Antiq.uity Shires were in England? 
 In this eflay various ancient manufcripts are cited •, and Mr. Agard fcems to think 
 king Alfred was the author of this divifion : it was delivered before the fociety in Eafter 
 term, ^iRlh. 1591. 3. On the dimenfions of the lands of England. In this he fet- 
 tles the meaning of thefe words, folin, hida, carucata, jugum, virgata, ferlingata^ fer- 
 linges, from ancient manufcripts and authentic records in the Exchequer. 4. The Au- 
 thority, Office, and Privileges of Herauks (Heralds) in England. Pie is of opinion, that 
 this office is of the fame antiquity with the inftitution of the garter. 5. Of the Antiquity 
 and Privileges of the Houfes, or Inns of Court, and of Chancery. In this he obferves, 
 that in more antient times, before the making of Magna Charta, our lawyers were of 
 the clergy: that in the time of Edward 1. the law came to receive its proper form -, and 
 that in an old record, the Exchequer was ftiled the mother-court of all courts of record. 
 He fuppofes that at this time lawyers began to have fettled places of abode, but affirms 
 he knew of no privileges. 6. Of the diverfity of names of this ifland. In this we find, 
 that the firft Saxons who landed in this ifland came here under the command of one 
 Aelle, and his three fons, in 435 -, and that the reafon why it was called England, rather 
 than Saxonland, was becaufe the Angles, after this part of the ifliuid was totally fubdued, 
 vvere more numerous than the Saxons. 
 
 Mr. Agard made the Dooml'day-book his peculiar ftudy : he compofed a large and 
 learned work to explain it, under the title of Tradtatus de ufu et obfcunoribus verbis 
 
 * He afi'urcd him, " Tlint all the former harjlhips of his lifi- were mere amufemcnt to the misfortunes 
 of the popedom ; that he looked upon St. Peter's chair as the moll uiieafy feat in the world ; and that his 
 crown Iccnied to bt clapped burning on his head. 
 
 f Athenx O-xonicnfes, Vol. J. 
 
 libri
 
 2-^ 
 
 A I D A N. 
 
 libri de DoomfJay, i. e. A Treatife of the Ufe and true Meaning of the obfcure Words 
 in the Doomfday-book, which was preferved in the Cotton library, under Vitcliiiis N. IX. 
 He alfo I'pent three years in compiling a book for the benefit of iiis (iicceflbrs in office : 
 it confiftetl of two parts, the firft containing a catalogue of all the records in the four 
 trealiiries belonging to his majcfty -, the fccond, an account of all leagues and treaties of 
 peace, intercourfes, and marriages with foreign nations. 'J his he depofited with the of- 
 ficers of his majefty's receipt, as a proper index for fucceeding officers. By his will 
 he direfted, that eleven other manufcript treatifes of his, relative to Exchequer 
 matters, fliould, after a fmall reward paid to his executor, be delivered up to the office. 
 All the reft of his valuable collcdlions, containing at leall twenty volumes, he bequeath- 
 ed to his friend Sir Robert Cotton. After having pafied a life of honour and tranquillity, 
 he died on the 2 2d of Auguft, 161 5, aged feventy-five years, and was interred in Weft- 
 ininftcr-abbey. 
 
 AIDAN, bifhop of Lindisfarne, or Holy-ifland, was originally a monk of the mo- 
 naftery of Hii, or Jona, one of the iflands called Ilebrides. Ofwald, king of Northum- 
 berland, being a prince zealoufly attached to the Chridian religion, was dcTirous to" re- 
 deem his fubjeds from their paganifm and idolatry -, he therefore fent to Scotland (where 
 he himfelf, in his exile, had imbibed the docftrines of Chrirtianity) for fome perfon to in- 
 ftrudt his fubjefts. The Scottifh clergy immediately difpatched a miffionary •, but this 
 ecclefiallic being of a rigid and fevere temper, was very difagreeable to the Englifh, fo 
 that finding himfelfunfuccefsful in his miffion, he returned to Scotland, and reported in 
 the fynod, that the EngliOi were a barbarous untradable people, bigoted to paganifm, 
 and that it was impoffible to render them any fervice. Aidan, who was prefent, turn- 
 ing to the prieft, told him, he had not taken a proper method; that he had been too 
 rigid in his behaviour to the Englilh, and had not I'ufliciently conformed himlelf to their 
 weaknefs and prejudices ; that he hacJ not followed the apoftolical rule of " feeding them 
 with the milk of the mildeft doftrine," till they might be ftrengthened and enabled to 
 relilh the more, perfed and fublime precepts of the Goipel. This I'peech was highly ap- 
 plauded by the alTcmbly, and it was unanimoufly refolved that Aidan deferved the honour 
 of the cpifcopal charafter, and was the beft qualified to convert the tnglifh-, where- 
 upon he was immediately confecrated, and fent upon that employment. On his arrival 
 at Ofwald's court, he prevailed upon the king to remove the epilcopal fee from York to 
 I-indisfarne, or Holy-illand. He was very fuccefsful in his preaching, and in this was 
 greatly affifted by the king, who, during his rcfidence in Scotland, having acquired a 
 fufficicnt knowledge in the Scotch language, he himfelf became Aidan's interpreter, and 
 explained his difcourfcs to the nobility and the reft of his court. Several of Aidan's 
 countrymen came alio to his afTiftance, and preached with great zeal over all Ofwald's 
 dominions. By thefe means Chriftianity made a confiderable progrefs, and churches 
 were built in feveral places -, lands were granted by the king for the fupport of monafte- 
 ries, and many of the Englifli put thcmfclves under the dilcipline of thofe religious fo- 
 cieties. 
 
 After the death of Ofwald, who was (lain in battle, Aidan continued to govern the 
 church of Northumberland under Ofwin and Ofwy, who reigned jointly. Bede relates 
 the following ftory concerning Ofwin and AiJan: Ofwin had given Aidan a fine horfe ; 
 fome time after the bifhop happening to meet a poor man upon the road, wlio afked 
 alms, difmounted, and gave him the horfe with all the rich furniture. The king, hear- 
 ing of tliis, was difpleafcd, and the next time the bifhop came to dine with him, accoll- 
 cd him in thefe words : " IVly lord, why did you make fo little of my favour, as to give> 
 away my horfe to a beggar ? if you were determined to fet him on horfeback, could not 
 
 2 yoy
 
 A I N S W O R T H. 25 
 
 you have furnifhed him with one of lefs value ? or, if he wanted any ether relief, yoa 
 might have Jupplied him in another manner, and not have parted lo eafily vvith the pre- 
 fcnt you received from me." The bifhop replied, " Your majcfty Teems not fully to have 
 confidcred the matter, otherwife you would not fet a greater value on the Ton of a mare 
 than on a ion of (jod." Ac this time no more pafTed, and they fat down to' dinner. 
 Not long after, the king coming from hunting, when Aidan was at court, he threw a- 
 fide his (w'ord, and falling at the biihop's feet, defired he would not take amifs what he 
 had faid about the horle, afluring liim, at the fume time, that he would never again- 
 venture to ccnfure his charity. The bifliop being concerned at feeing the king in that 
 pofture, railed him up, and defired him not to be uneafy about the affair. Aidan now 
 appeared melancholy, and wept much. Being afked the caufe of his tears by one of 
 his prielfs, he told him that he forcfaw Ofwin's life would be but fliort, " For in my 
 life (faid he) I never faw lb humble a prince before : his temper is too heavenly to dwell 
 long among us; and, indeed, the nation does not deferve the bleding of fuch a governor." 
 The bifhop proved a true prophet, for the king was foon after treacheroully Hain. Aidan 
 was fo afHiiled at his death, that he furvived him but twelve days. He died in Auguft, 
 651, and was buried in his church of Lindisfarne. 
 
 Bede gives him an excellent charadfer : " Things have 1 written (fays he) concerning 
 tlie perfon and character of the aforefaid prelate, giving due praife to his wortliy adfions, 
 and rranfmitting, as an example to pofterity, his concern for peace, his brotherly love, 
 his moderation and humility, his freedom from refentment, avarice, pride, or vain- 
 glory, liis readinefs both to obey and teach the divine precepts, his diligence in reading 
 and watching, his true facerdotal authority in reftraining the haughty and powerful, and 
 at the- fame time his clemency and good-nature in-fupporting and defending the weak 
 and poor. In fliort, to conclude, as much as we have been able to learn from tliofe 
 who perfonally knew him, he endeavoured to aft up to the rules of the evangelifts, 
 apoflles, and prophets, and performed every part of his duty to the uimoft of his abi- 
 lities." Eccl. Hiil. Angl. 
 
 AILMER, or ^THELMERE, carl of Cornwall and Devonfhire, founded the 
 abbey of Cerne in Dorletihire, that of Eynefham in Oxfordfhire, and the priory of Bru- 
 ton in Somerfetfliire : but when Sweyn, king of Denmark, in the year 1013, over-ran 
 the greateft part of England, he meanly left king Ethelred, fubmitted himlelf to the 
 Danifh monarch, and gave him hoftages. When Canute, the fon of Sweyn, invaded 
 England, and was bravely oppofed by Edmund Ironfidc, the fon of Ethelred, this earl, 
 with feveral others, joined the Danes againfl their natural prince, and by this means 
 principally occafioned the ruin of the Saxons. He died, however, foon after; and his 
 ion Ethelward, earl of Cornwall, following his father's example, Canute, who had 
 reaped the benefit of their treaibns, finding him no longer ufeful, caufcd iiini to be put 
 to death. 
 
 AINSWORTH (Henry) an eminent Englifli nonconformift divine, who flourifli- 
 cd in the latter end of the fixteenth, and beginning of the feventecnth century. In the 
 year 1 590 he joined the Brownifts, and by his adherence to that feft he fliared in their 
 perfecutions. lie was well vcricd in the Hebrew language, and wrote many excellent 
 Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, which gained him great reputation. They wcre- 
 printed in 1(127, and reprinted in 1639. The title runs thus: " Annotations upon the 
 five Books of Mofcs, the Book of Flalms, and the Song of Songs, or Canticles, where- 
 in the Hebrew Words and Sentences are compared with, and explained by, the ancient 
 Greek and Chaldee Verfions, and other Records and Monuments of the Hebrews ; but- 
 
 Vol. I. H chiefly
 
 26 ALABASTER. 
 
 chiefly by Conference with the Holy Scriptures, Mofes his Words, Laws, and Ordi- 
 nances, tlie Sacrifices, and other legal Ceremonies heretofore commanded by God to 
 the Church of Ifracl, are explained -, with an Advertifcment touching fome Objesflions 
 made againft the Sincerity of the Hebrew Text, and Allegation oi the Rabbins in thcfe 
 Annotations; as alfo Tables, direcfting unto fuch principal Things as are obfervcd in 
 the Annotations upon each feveral Book." 
 
 The Bfowniits having fallen into great difcredit in England, they were involved in 
 many frelh difficulties and troubles, fo that Mr. Ainfworth at length quitted his coun- 
 try, and fled to Holland, whither moft of the nonconformiits, who had incurred the 
 difpleafure of queen Elizabeth's government, had taken refuge. At Amfterdam Mr. 
 Johnfon and he ereded a church, of which Ainfworth was the miniftcr. In conjunc- 
 tion with Johnfon, he publilhed, in 1602, A ConfcfTion of Faith of the People called 
 Brownifts -, but being men of violent fpirits, they fplit into parties about fome points of 
 difeipline, and Johnfon excommunicated his own father and brother : tie preJbytery of 
 Amiterdam offered their mediation, but he refufed it. This divided the congregation, 
 half whereof joining with Ainfworth, they excommunicated Johnfon, who made the like 
 return to that party. The conteft grew at length fo violent, that Johnfon and his fol- 
 lowers removed to Embden, where he died foon after, and his congregation diflblved. 
 Nor did Mr. Ainfwortli and his adherents live long in harmony, for in a ihort time he 
 left them, and went to Ireland ; but when the heat and violence of his party fubfided, 
 he returned to Amfterdam. 
 
 His learned produdions were eftecmed even by his adveifaries, who, while they re- 
 futed his extravagant tenets, paid a proper deference to his abilities, particularly Dr. 
 Hall, bi'hop of Exeter, who wrote with great force of argument againft the Brownifts : 
 but nothing could have any cffeft upon him, or make him return home, lie therefore 
 died in exile. His death was fudden, and not without fufpicion of violence; for it is 
 reported, .that having found a diamond of great value, he advertifcd it : and when the 
 owner, who was a Jew, came to demand it, he offered him any gratuity he would de- 
 fire ; but Ainfworth, though poor, requefted only of the Jew, that he would procure 
 him a conference with fome of his rabbis, upon the prophecies of the Old Teftament 
 relating to the MefCah, which the Jew promifed : but not having intercft to obtain fuch 
 a conference, it was thought he contrived to get Ainfworth poifoned He was certainly 
 a man of profound learning, and deeply read in the v/orks of the rabbis. He had a 
 Ihong underftanding, quick penetration, and wonderful diligence. He publiftiedocca- 
 fionally feveral treatilis, many of which made a confiderable noife in the world. 
 
 AIRAY (Henry) provoft of Qiicen's-college, in Oxford, and vice-chancellor of 
 that univerfity, tlourilhed at the end of the fixteemh, and the beginning of the feventecnth 
 century. He was born in Weftmoreland, and educated by the care, and under the pa- 
 tronage of Bernard Gilpin, well known by the appellation of Tiie Northern Apoftle. 
 He was a conftant and zealous preacher at Oxford, efpecially at St. Peter's in the Eaft. 
 His principal work is a Courle of Lectures on St. Paul's Epiftle to the Philippians, 
 "1-Ic was one of thofe Calvmifts, fays tlie Hcv. Mr. Granger, who wrote againft bowin" 
 at the name of Jefus ; and was for his learning, gravity, and piety, greatly admired and 
 revered by ihofcof his pcrfuafion. Chriftophcr Potter, his coufin german, was the edi- 
 tor of his works." He died in October, 1016, aged fifty-feven years. 
 
 ALABASTER (William) an Englifh divine, was born at Hadley, in the county 
 of Suffolk. He received his education in the univerfity of Cambridge, and was one of 
 the bell Latin poets of his age. He was alio particularly eminent for his fkill in the 
 
 Greek 
 
 /
 
 A L A B A S T E R. 
 
 27 
 
 Greek and Oriental languages. Me attended the earl of Eflfex as liis chaplain in the ex- 
 pedition to Cadiz. When he was abroad, lie began to entertain fome thoughts of 
 changing his religion, which arofe from his being dazzled with tiie pomp of the Komifti 
 churches, and the refpedl which feemed to be paitl to the priefts. Wliilil he was waver- 
 ing in his mind, there were certain perfons who cook advantage of this difpofition of 
 Jiis, and of the complaints which he made of not being advanced according to his merit, 
 in England, fo that they loon prevailed upon him to embrace the popilli religion. But 
 after he Iiad joined that communion, he found nothing to anfwer his expectations. He 
 was foon difgufbed, nor could he reconcile himfelf to die difcipline of a church, whicii 
 made no account of the degrees he had before taken; and it is probable too, that he 
 could not approve of the worfhip of creatures, which he had been accuftomed to look 
 upon with horror. He therefore returned to England, and relumed his former religion. 
 He obtained a prebend in the cathedral of St. Paul, and was foon after made reftor of 
 Therfield, in Hertfordlhire. He was well fkilled in the Hebrew-tongue, and ftrangely 
 infatuated with the Cabala. He gave a proof of his fondnefs for myllical interpreta- 
 tions, in the fermon he preached at his taking the degree o( doftor of divinity, when he 
 chofe for his text the words, " Adam, Seth, Enos," and endeavoured to prove that 
 each of thefe words contained a hidden myftery. His method of explaining the Scrip- 
 tures was by no means agreeable to the Roman catholics. Francis GarafTe, the Jefuit, 
 thus cenfured him upon this account: " The expofition of Alabafter (fays he) is ftiU 
 more remote from common fenfe ; for he proceeds entirely upon rabbinical fancies, 
 which are pleafant indeed, if they were as folidly founded as fubtilly invented. He fays 
 in his Apparatus, that Jonas and our Saviour continued exadtly three days and three 
 nights, the one in the bowels of the earth, and the other in the whale's belly, in the 
 fbllov/ing manner : ' Jonas, fays he, was carried to the centre of the world, as himfelf 
 declares ; /Jd exirema montium defcendi, terra ve£les circumdedertint me, i. e. I went down 
 to the bottoms of the mountains, the bars of the earth encompafled me. Now as lie 
 was in that place, he had day and night at the fame time ; for looking towards our 
 hemifphere, he had the day in his face, and the night at his back, and the next morn- 
 ing the reverfe; fo that though he continued but a day and a half, it mud: be confidered 
 as three days, lince we mult double the fpace of time, becaufe he had at once what we 
 have fuccefllvcly. Thus our Saviour being in the bowels of the earth, had, like Jonas, 
 day and night at once, fince his foul went down to the centre of the earth, that it might 
 have day on one fide, and night on the other, and by this means he completed the term 
 of his continuance, without violating the ftriftnefs of truth.' I fay, (continues G.irafic) 
 that this invention docs an injury to the Holy Scripture, as it is fo forced and fophiflicaJ, 
 and fo exadly rcfembles the chimeras of the rabbins, and therefore this book of Ala- 
 bafter was juftiy condemned at Home." Bonfrerius is no Icfs fevere upon Alabafter in 
 regard to his explications. As a poet, hov.'ever, he was in much greater eltcem : he 
 wrote a Latin tragedy, intitled Roxana, which, when aded at Trinity-college, in Cam- 
 bridge, was attended with a very remarkable accident, for a lady was fo teri-ificd at the 
 laft words, fcquar ! fcquar ! which v/cre pronounced in the molt frantic and horrid tone, 
 that, it is faid, flie lolt h?r fenfcs, and never recovered them again. It is indeed pofTible, 
 that an impaliioned countenance, a wild and agitated gellure, and a frightful tone of 
 voice, migiit have liad fuch an effeft upon a weak woman, and efpecially as Ihe was 
 ignorant of tiic drama wliich was ading before her. Dr. Alabafter died in April, 1640. 
 The moft confiJerable of his works is his Lexicon Pentagiotton, in which he was em- 
 ployed many years. 1 lis piece intitled Motives ot Convcrfion, was publiflud upon 
 Jiis embracing thetudiolic religion. His Apparatus in Revelationem Jefu Chrilti, was 
 printed at Antwerp, in 1(07. Andrew Rivet thus fpeaks of this performance. "In
 
 28 ALA N. 
 
 the year 1 607, an Englilh papiflr, one William Alabafter, publifhed an Apparatus upon 
 the Revelation of Chrilt, in which he profcITcs to dilcover a new and admirable method 
 of unravelling the myfteries of the prophecies by explaining theScripture by itfclf. Ho 
 tliercin attempts a new Calxila, by which he deduces any thing from every thing, and by 
 changing, or inverting, or feparating, and disjoining the letters or fyljablcs ot the He- 
 brev/, or by inventing a new method of numbers in them, and giving a fenfe contrary 
 to the rules of grammar, by different names and words, he perv^-rts the whole Scripture. 
 And he is fofond of this invention, that though he frequently profeflTcs that he does not 
 dcfign to prejudice the Latin tranflation, yet when he lees that his own fenfe cannot bc 
 rxtorted from it by any means, he is not alraid to lay in plain words, p. 61, that God 
 has exprtficd the myllcrics of Chrilt, and the Chrillian religion, in the Hebrew text, 
 under fuch a form ot cxprcflion, as offers to die reader, at iirll fight, a carnal fenfe, 
 and fuch as is foreign to the divine mind : and that God would have it thus, that no 
 tranflation Ihould be read in the Chrillian church but what was formed upon the letter of 
 the Hebrew text, that by this means divine knowledge might not be obvious to every 
 prophane pcrlbn But afterwards the fame author, through his whole work, endeavours 
 to give fuch a fchcme of tliis divine knowledge from the internal fenfe of the Scripture,- 
 as he pretends that neither the holy fathers, nor even the papifts themielves, wlio knew- 
 every tiling, ever thought of fuch an explanation of any pallage in the Bible." 
 
 ALAN, ALLEN, or ALLYN, (William) cardinal-priefl: of the Romifh church," 
 and a celebrated writer in its defence, was born at RofTal, in Lancafliire, in the year 
 1532. In 1547, he was entered at Oriel-college, Oxford, where he had for his tutor 
 Fhilip Morgan, a very famous man, and a zealous papift, under whom he fludied phi- 
 lofophy Avith fuch fuccefs, that he was unanimoufly eleded fellow of his college in 1550. 
 The fame year he alio took the degree of bachelor of arts. In 1556 he was chofen prin- 
 cipal of St. Mary's-hall, and one of the prodtors of the univerfity j and in 155S was 
 made canon of York. But on queen Elizabeth's acceflion to the throne he loft all 
 hopes of preferment, and therefore retired to Louvain, in the SpaniOi Netherlands, 
 where an Englifh college was ercifted, of which he became the chief lupport. Here he 
 began to write in defence of the catholic religion, and his firlf production was on the 
 fubjcft of Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead, in which rhetoric, of which he was a 
 great mafter, held the place of argument. The conllant application he gave to his 
 itudies foon brought him into a bad Hate of health, and the phyficians were of opinion 
 that nothing would recover him but his native air. On this account only, though his 
 going to England was attended with great danger, he embarked for that kingdom in 
 ja6*;. He went firft, as tlie doftors had advifed him, into Lancafliire, and there, 
 without paying any regard to his fafety, laboured to the utmoll of his power to propa-' 
 gate the catholic religion. For this purpofe he wrote and difperfcdfeveral little pieces ; 
 but fo ftrid; .; fearch was made after him, that he was forced to retire out of that coun- 
 ty into the neiglibourhood of Oxford, where he wrote an apology for his party, under 
 the title of Brief Reafons concerning the Catholic Faith. He was obliged to fly from 
 hence to London, and, not long after, with fome difficulty, made liis efcape to t- landers, 
 in 1568. He went to Mechlin, in the duchy of Brabant, where he read lectures on 
 divinity with great applaule -, thence he removed to Douay, where he was made doiftor 
 of divinity : he had alio the canonry of Cambray beffo.ved upon him, as a reward for his 
 zeal in the fervice of the catholic church. Some time after, he was appointed canon of 
 Rheims, whither he rennoved the feminary which had been fettled at Douay •, for Don 
 Lewis de Requerens, governor of the Neliierlands, had obliged tlic Englifli fugitives to 
 withdraw out of his government. 
 
 i Dr.
 
 A L B A N. 29 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Dr. Alan having wrote various treatiles in defence of the doftrines and pra(flices of 
 the Romifli church, was now efteenied the cliampion of his party. In his own country, 
 however, he was regarded as a mofb dangerous enemy of the ftate -, all correfpondence 
 with him was deemed treafon, and Thomas Alfield was executed for bringing certain 
 books of his into England. It was thought to be owing to the inftigation of Dr. Alan, 
 and fome fugitive Englifli noblemen, that Philip II. undertook to invade and conquerhng- 
 land. In order to facilitate this, pope Vixtus V. was prevailed upon to renew the ex- 
 communication thundered againft queen Elizabeth by Pius V. About this time too Sir 
 William Stanley bafely betrayed die town of Daventer to the Spaniards, and went, with 
 his whole regiment of twelve hundred men, into their I'ervice. Rowland York, who had 
 been cntrufted with a ftrong fort in the lame country, acted in the like infamous man- 
 ner. Dr. Alan, however, wrote a treatile in defence ot this icandalous proceeding: it 
 was printed in Englifli, in the form of a letter, and afterwards in Latin, with the fol- 
 lowing title, Epiltola de Daventrias proditione. For this, and odicr fervices, he was 
 created cardinal on the 28th of July, 1587, by the title of St. Martin in Montibus;^ 
 and foon after the king of Spain gave him an abbey of great value in the kingdom of 
 Naples. 
 
 In April, 1588, Alan publillied the work which rendered him lb infamous in his 
 own country. It confiftccl of two parts, the firll explaining the pope's bull for the ex- 
 communication and deprivation of queen h.lizabeth ; the fecond, exhordng the nobility 
 and people of England to defcrt her, and take up arms in favour of the Spaniards. 
 Many thoufand copies of itwere printed at Antwerp, to be put onboard theArmada, that 
 they might be difperfed all over England ; but on the failing of this enterprize, all thefe 
 books were dcftroyed. One of them, as foon as printed, having been tranfmicted by 
 fome of the lord treafurer's fpies to the Englifh council, queen Elizabeth fent Dr. Dale 
 into the Low Countries, to complain thereof to the prince of Parma. After the de- 
 ftrutftion of the Armada, Philip Howard, earl of Arundel, who had been three years in 
 prifon, under a charge of high treafon, was brought to his trial -, and it being proved 
 that he held a correfpondence with cardinal Alan, he was found guilty by his peers, but 
 was afterwards pardoned. 
 
 In 15S9, the king of Spain promoted Alan to the archbifhopric of Mechlin. He 
 fpent the remainder of his life at Rome. 
 
 The Englifli miniftry had always fpies upon him •, for it appears by lord Burleigh's 
 papers, that he had exaft accounts of every ftep the cardinal took. In the laft years of 
 his life he is faid to have altered his fentiments, and to have been extremely concerned 
 for the pains he had taken to promote the invafion of England by the Spaniards. Mr. 
 Watfon tells us, that when he perceived the Jefuits intended nothing but the deftruc- 
 tion of his native country, he wept bitterly, and this behaviour drew upon him the ill- 
 will of that powerful fociety. He died Odtober 6, 1594, in the fixty-third year of his 
 age, and was buried in the Englilh college at Rome, where a monument isereded to his 
 memory, with an infcription. Befides the works of his already mentioned, he wrote fe- 
 veral other pieces. 
 
 ALBAN (St.) was born at Verulam, now St. Alban's, and flourilhed towards the 
 end of the third century. He is famous for being the firll Chriilian who fuffered mar- 
 tyrdom in Britain, and is therefore ufually ililed the protomartyr of this idand. In his 
 youth he took a journey to Rome, in company with Amphibalus, a monk of Caer-Leon, 
 and ferved feven years as a foldier under the emperor Dioclcfian. At his return home 
 he fettled in Verulam, and, through the example and inftru-flions of Amphibalus, re- 
 nounced the errors of paganifm, in which he had been educated, and became a convert 
 
 Vol. I. 1 to
 
 ^o A L C O C K. 
 
 to the Chrlftian religion. He was beheaded during the tench and laft general perfecution, 
 A. D. 50 J. The llory and circumftances relating to his martyrdom, according to Bede, 
 are as follows : being yet a pagan (or at lead it not being known that he was aChriftian) 
 he entertained Amphibalus in his houfc-, tiie Roman governor having been informed of 
 this, lent a party of fokiiers to apprehend Amphibalus, but Alban putting on the ha- 
 bit of his guelt, preicnted himlelf in his Head, and was carried b-.'fore that magiftrate. 
 I'ht governor having ailced him of what family -le was ? Alban replied, " To what pur- 
 pofc do you enquire of my family ? if you would know my religion, I am a Chriftian." 
 Then being afked his name, he anfwered, " My name is Alban, and I v/orlhip the 
 only true aiui living God, who created all things." The magillrate replied, " If you 
 would enjoy the happinels of eternal life, delay not to facrifice to the great gods." Al- 
 ban anfwered, " I'he facrifices you oiTer are made to devils, neither can they help the 
 needy, nor grant the petitions of their votaries." This behaviour lb enraged the gover- 
 nor, that he ordered liim immediately to be beljeaded. In his way to execution, it is laid, 
 he was (topped by a river, over which v/as a bridge lb thronged with Ipedlators, that it 
 was impodible to crofs it ; when the faint approaching the brink, and lifting up his eyes 
 to heaven, the ftream miraculoudy divided, and afforded a pailage for himfelf and a 
 thoufand otiier perfons. This miracle converted the executioner upon the fpot, who 
 threw away his drawn fword, and falling at St. Alban's feet, defired he might have the 
 honour to die with him, or rather for him. Tliis fudden converfion of the headfman 
 occafioning a delay in the execution, till anotlier perlon could be got to perform the 
 office, St. Alban went up to a neighbouring liill, where he prayed for water to quench 
 his thirft, and a fountain fprung up under his feet : here he received the crown of mar- 
 tyrdom, on the 23d of June, The executioner is faid to have been a fignal example of 
 divine vengeance ; for as foon as he gave the fatal ftroke, his eyes dropped out of his 
 head. 
 
 We may fee the opinion of Mr. Milton, in regard to this narrative, in his Hiftory of 
 England ; his words are thele, fpeaking of St. Alban : " The ftory of whole martyr- 
 dom, foiled and worfe martyred with the fabling zeal of fome idle fancies, more fond of 
 miracles than apprehenfive of the truth, dcferves no longer digreflion." Vol. I. p. 24. 
 
 Between four and five hundred years after St. Alban's death, C^lTa, king of the Mer- 
 cians, built a very large and ftatcly monallery to his memory ; and the town of St. Al- 
 ban's, in Hertfordfhire, takes its name from our procomartyr. 
 
 ALCOCK (Jo.mn) dodlor of laws, and bifliop of Ely, in the reign of king Henry 
 VII. was born at Beverly, in Yorkfhire, and educated at Cambridge. He was firft 
 advanced to the deanery of Wellminller, and afterwards to tlic office of mailer of the 
 rolls. In 1471 he was coni'ecrated bifhop of Rochelter; in 1476 tranflateci to the lee 
 of Worcefter i and, in i486, to that ot Ely, in the room of Dr. John Morton, pre- 
 ferred to '.he fee of Canterbury. 'Ihis prelate was {o highly eflecmed by king Henry, 
 that he appointed him lord prefident of Wales, and afterwards lord high chancellor of 
 England. He founded a fchool at Kingfton upon Hull, and a chapel on the fouth-fide 
 of the church, in which his parents were buried. He built the b:'autilul and i'pacious 
 hall belonging to the cpilcopal palace at Ely, and made confiderable improvements in 
 all his other palaces. He alfo founded Jefus college in Cambridge, for a mailer, fix 
 fellows, and as many fciwlars. This houfe was formerly a nunnery, dedicated to St. 
 Radigund •, and, as Godwin tells us, the building being greatly decayed, and the re- 
 venues reduced almofl to nothing, the nuns iiad all forfaken it, except two, whereupon 
 bifhop /Mcock procured a grant trom the crown, and converted it into a college. But 
 Camden and ocliers inform us, that tlie nuns of that houlc were fo notorious tor tneir 
 
 incontinence^
 
 A L C U I N U S. 31 
 
 incontinence, that king Henry VII. and pope Juliui II. conftntcd to its diflblution. 
 Bale accordingly calls this nunnery, " Spiritualiuni meretricum coenobium," i. e. A 
 connrnunity of I'piritual harlots. 
 
 Bi.liop Alcock was a prelate of fingular learning and piety, and wrote feveral pieces, 
 among which are the following : i. Mons Perfeftionis : i. e. The Mount of Ferfe<51:ion. 
 2. In Plalmos penitentiales: i.e. On the penitentird Pl'alms. 5. Homilise vulgares : 
 i e. Vulgar Moinilies. 4. Meditationes pite : i. e. Pious Meditations. He died Oc- 
 tober 1, 150c, and was buried in the chapel he had built at Kingdon upon Hull. 
 
 ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, (Flaccus) abbot of Canterbury, was one of the 
 moft learned men of the eighth century.- He was born in Yorkfhire, or, as others fay, 
 not far from the city of London. He had his education firft under the venerable Bede, . 
 and was afterwards under the tuition of Egbert, archbilhop of York, who appointed him. 
 keeper of the library which he founded in that city. Aicuinus flourifhed about the year • 
 780, was deacon of the church of York, and at lad abbot of the monaltcry of Canter- 
 bury. Jn jgj^ he went to France, being invited thither by Charlemagne, to confute the 
 herefy of Felix, bifhop of Urge). He was highly efteemed by that prince, who not 
 only honoured him with his friendfliip and confidence, but became his pupil, and was 
 inftrufted by him in rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and divinity. The year following he 
 attended Charlemagne to the council of Franckfort, and upon his recommendation was 
 admitted a member of that body. This prince gave him likewife the abbies of Ferrara, 
 St. Jodocus, and St. Lupus. In 796 hedcllred leave to retire from fecular affairs, but 
 his requeft was not complied with. In 798 he wrote againll the biiliop of Urgel, and 
 confuted his errors in fcven books. In 799 he was invited by Charlemagne to accom- 
 pany him in his journey to Kome; but excufed himfelf on account of old age and in- 
 firmities. 
 
 In the year 801, Charlemagne being returned from Italy, and newly declared empe- 
 ror, Aicuinus attended him to congratulate him upon this occafion, and importuned 
 him fo earncftly for leave to retire from court, that he at length obtained his requeft, .ind- 
 accordingly went to the abbey of St. Martin at Tours, which the emperor had lately 
 gi /en him. Here he pafied the remainder of his life in ftudy and devotion, and in in- 
 ftrucfting the youth in the fchool which he had founded in that city, though the emperor 
 in vain endeavoured to recall him to court by repeated letters. 
 
 He died at Tours, on Whitfunday, in the year 804, and was buried in the church 
 of St. Martin, where a Lf.tin epitaph, of his own compofition, was infcribed upon his 
 tomb. He was a prieft of exttnfive learning, and die moll amiable charafter; under- 
 ftood the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages extremely well; was an excellent orator, 
 philolbpher, mathematician, and, according to William of Malmfbury, the beft Eno-, 
 lifh divine after Bede and Adelm. France was greatly indebted to him for her flourilhr 
 ing ftate of learning in that and the following ages. A German poet, cited by Camdco. ■ 
 mentions this circumltance in the foilowincr lines : 
 
 D 
 
 Qtiid non Alcuino, facunda Lutetia, dcbes ? 
 Inftaurare bonas ibi qui feliciter artes, 
 Barbariemque procul folus depellere Cfepit. 
 
 No fmaller tokens of elteem from France 
 
 Aicuinus claims, who durft himfelf advance 
 
 Single agamft whole troops of ignorance j j 
 
 I 
 
 *Twas
 
 •i A L D H E L M. 
 
 • Twas he tranfported Britain's richeft ware. 
 Language, and arts, and kindly taught them there. 
 
 IJe wrote a great number of books, fcveral of which are extant. His ftile is elegant 
 and fprightly, and his language very pure, confiderin^ the age in which he lived. His 
 works were colleded togecTier, and publillieil in one folio volume, by Andrew du Chefne, 
 at Paris, in 1617. They arc divided into three parts : the firft contains his Tradts upon 
 Scripture ■, the fecond thole upon Docbinc, Dilcipline, and Morality ; and tlie third, 
 -his hjftorical Treatifes, Letters, and Poems. 
 
 AL.DHELM, or ADELM, bilhop of Sherborn, in the time of the Saxon heptar- 
 chy, is generally allowed to have been the fon of Kenred, or Kenter, brother of Ina, 
 king of'^he Weft-Saxons. He was born at Caer-Bladon, now Malmfbury, in Wilc- 
 fhire. He received part of his education abroad in France and Italy, and part at home 
 under Maildulphus, an Irifli Scot, who liad built a fmall monaftery where Malmfbury 
 now Hands. After the death of Maildulphus, Aldhelm, by the help of Eleudierius, 
 bifhop of Winchefter, credled a ftately monallery there, and was himfelf the firft abbot 
 of it. When Hedda, bilhop of the Weft-Saxons, died, the kingdom was divided into 
 two diocefcs, viz. Winchefter and Sherborn -, and king Ina promoted Aldhelm to the 
 latter, comprehending Dorfetfliire, Wilifliire, Devonfliire, and Cornwall. Hewascon- 
 ftcrated at Rome by popeSergius I. and we are told by Godwin, that he had the cou- 
 r^crc to reprove his holinefs for having a baftard. Aldhelm, by the direftions of a dio- 
 cefan fynud, wrote a book againft the miftake of the Bncons concerning the celebration 
 of Eafter, a performance which brought over many of them to the catholic ufage in that 
 point. He likewife wrote a piece, partly in profe, and partly in hexameter verfe, in 
 praife of virginity, dedicated to Ethelburga, abbels of Barking, and publifhed among 
 Bede's Opufcula ; befides feveral other treatiles, which are mentioned by Bale and Wil- 
 liam of Malmfbury, the latter of whom gives him the following charafter as a writer : 
 " The language of the Greeks, fays he, is clofe and concife, that of the Romans fplendid, 
 and that of the Englifh pompous and fwelling: as for Aldhelm, he is moderate in his 
 ftyle, and feldom makes ufe of foreign terms, and never without neceffity ; his catholic 
 meaning is cloathed with eloquence, and his moft vehement affertions adorned with the 
 colours of rhetoric: if you read him with attention, you would take him for a Grecian 
 by his acutenefs, a Roman by his elegance, and an Englifhman by the pomp of his 
 language." 
 
 The nionkilh writers, according to cuftom, have afcribed feveral miracles to Aldhelm ; 
 and they tell us, that he ufed frequently to put his virtue to a dangerous trial, by lying 
 all nioht with a young woman ; which, they fay, he performed \uthout the leali viola- 
 tion of chaftity. He is faid to have been the firft Englifliman who ever wrote in Latin ; 
 and, as he himlelf tells us in one of his treatifes on metre, was the firft who introduced 
 poetry into England. " 1 hefe things, fays he, have I written concerning the kinds 
 and mealurcs of verfe, colletffed with much labour, but whether ufeful I know not ; 
 though 1 am confcious to royfelf I have a right to boaft as Virgil did: 
 
 Primus ego in patriam mecum, modo vita fuperfit, 
 Aonio rediens deducam vertice Mufas. 
 
 I firft, returning from th' Aonian hill, 
 "Will lead the Mufes to my native land. 
 
 William
 
 A L D R E D. 33 
 
 William of Malmfbury informs us, that the people in Aldheim's time were half bar- 
 barians, and little attentive to religious difcourfes, in conlequence of which the holy 
 man, placing himfelf upon a bridge, would frequently flop them, and fing ballads of his 
 own compofition •, by which means he gained the favour and attention of the populace, 
 and infenfibly mixing grave and religious things with thofe of a jocular kind, he fucceed- 
 ed better than he could have done by auflerity alone. It is faid that he preferred mu- 
 fic to all other earthly delights, and that he performed on all forts of inffruments. Aid- 
 helm lived in great efteem till his death, which happened on the 25th of May, 709. 
 
 ALDRED, archbidiop of York in the reigns of Edward the Confefibr, Harold, and 
 William the Conqueror, was a monk of Winchefter, afterwards abbot of Tavillock, 
 and in 1046, was promoted to the fee of Worcefter. He travelled to Jcrufalem, and 
 after his return was fent on an embafly to the emperor Henry I. In 106 i, he was tranf- 
 lated to the fee of York; after which, he built a common-hall to ferve as a dining- 
 room for the canuns, finilhed Beverley-hall, begun by his predecelTor, and rebuilt tl^e 
 cathedral at Glouccfter, which had been deftroyed by the Danes, Immediately after the 
 deceafe of his patron king Edward, he affifted Harold to obtain the crown -, and when 
 William the Norman had fucceeded in his invafion, and Stigand, archbifhop of Can- 
 terbury, had refufed to crown him, Aldred fell in with the ftream, and performed the ce- 
 remony. His behaviour to that monarch, on the following occafion, fliowed him capa- 
 ble not only of properly vindicating his own rights, but of the higheft degree of prieltly 
 arrogance. 
 
 As the archbifhop's fervants were one day bringing a large quantityof provifions to 
 his palace at York, they were ftopped on the road by the high-fheriff of the county, 
 who demanded to whom they belonged ; and l^eing informed they were the archbilhop's 
 fervants, who were conveying thole provifions for his ufe, he, defpifing the prelate, or- 
 dered his officers to fcize the carriages and provifions, and convey them to tiie king's 
 granary in York callle. The archbifhop receiving intelligence of this, fent fcveral of his 
 clergy and citizens to the high-fheriff to demand reflitution, and threaten him with ex- 
 communication upon his refufal •, but he difiegarding his threats, the archbifliop haften- 
 ed to London, and, attended by a train of bifhops and other ecclefiallics, repaired to 
 Weflminfter, where the king was then in council. The monarch no fooner calt his eyes 
 upon the prelate, than he rofe up, as ufual, to falute him, which the latter put by with his 
 crofier, and without taking any notice of the king's ftanding, or of his crowd of cour- 
 tiers, cried, " Hear me, William : when thou wert an alien, and God had permitted 
 thee, for our fins, and through much blood, to reign over us, I anointed thee king, 
 and placed the crown upon thy head with a blefTing -, but now, becaufe tiiou deferveft 
 it not, I will change that blefTing into a curfe againfl thee, as a perfecutor of God and 
 his miniflers, and a breaker and contemner of thofe oaths and promifes which thou madelt 
 to me before the altar of St. Feter." William, ailoniflied at thcfc menaces, threw him- 
 felf at the archbifliop's feet, and humbly entreated to know by what offence he had de- 
 lerved fo fcvere a fcntence. The noblemen prefent were greatly irritatetl at Im fulFcring 
 the king to lie proitrate without raifing him-, but the archbilhop turning to tlicm, cried, 
 " Let him alone, gendemen, let him lie ; he does not lie at my feet, but at St. Peters." 
 After fome time, however, he thought fit to raiTc the king, and acquainted liim wiih liis 
 trrand. Tiie Conqueror was too much terrified to deny iiis requeit ; he gave him valu- 
 able prefcnts, and difpatched an exprefs to the higii-l'henff fcj- the reflitution pi' his goods, 
 which were pundtually icilorcd. Archbifliop Akired died on the tcnili of September, 
 
 Vol. L K ALDRICH
 
 34 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 ALDRICF-I (Hemry) an eminent Englidi philofoplier and divine, flourillied to- 
 wards the dole Of the fevencecnth and beginning of the eighteenth cenciny. He was 
 born at Weftminlter in the year 1647, and educated under the famous Dr. Bufby. In 
 aftterm, 1:62, he svas admitted at Chrift-church college, in Oxford. He took the 
 degree of bach:lor of arts. May 31, 1666, and that of mailer, April 5, 1669. Soon 
 after he entered into holy-orders, and on the 1 5ch of February, 1681, was inftalled canon 
 of Ciiritl-church, and the March following took the degrees of bachelor and dodlor in 
 divinity. He had a great fliare in the controverfy with the papifts, during the reign of 
 king James JI*. and bifhop Burnet ranke him amongft thole eminent clergymen, " who 
 examined all the points of popery with a folidity of judgment, a cleanu-fs of arguing, a 
 depth of learning, and a vivacity of writing, far beyond any thing tliat had before that 
 time appeared in our language." 
 
 Dr. Aldrich had rendered himfelf Co confpicuous, that at the Revolution, when 
 J. Mafley, the popifh dean of Chrill-church, Hed beyond fea, his deanery was conferred 
 upon him, and he was inftalled the 17th ot June, i6b'9. In thisftaiion he behaved in 
 the moft exemplary manner -, he zealoufly promoted learning, religion, and virtue, in 
 the college wherein he prefided ; and it owes much of its beauty to his ingenuity, for he 
 was the defigner of the beautiful fquare called Peckwater-quadrangle, which is eftcemed 
 an excellent piece of architedlure. In imitation of his predeceflbr bifhop Fell, he annu- 
 ally publilhed a piece of fome antient Greek author, as a prefent to the ftudents of his 
 houfe. He wrote likev.ife a fyftem of logic;-, and fome other pieces. The revifing of 
 lord Clarendon's Hiftory of the Rebellion was committed to his care, jointly with Dr. 
 Sprat. 
 
 Befides the preferments already mendoned. Dr. Aldrich was redlor of Wem, in Shrop- 
 Hiire, and chofcn prolocutor of the convocation in 1702. This worthy divine died on 
 the 14 th of December, 1710, in the fixty-fourth year of his age. Having never been 
 married, he appropriated moft of his income to works of hofpitality and beneficence. 
 
 ALEXANDER (William) earl of Sterling, an eminent ftatefman and poet of 
 Scotland, was born in 15S0, anil lived in the reigns of king James I. and king Charles!. 
 He gave early fpecimens of a riling genius. After having received a liberal education, 
 he travelled with the duke of Argyle as his tutor or companion. Upon his return frorn 
 foreign parts, he repaired to Scotland, where he pafTed fome time in a rural retirement, 
 and linilhed his Aurora, a poetical complaint on the unfuccefsful addreis he had made to 
 his miftrefs ; for before he went abroad, when he was but fifteen years of age, he had ken 
 fome beauty, by wljpm he had been fo captivated, that neither the amufement of tra- 
 velling, nor the fight of fo many fair foreigners, as he calls the river Loir to witnels he 
 had there met with, could remove his afFcition. At his return, he renewed his court- 
 ihip, and wrote above aix hundred love-fonnets ; till matrimony difpofing of his miftrefs 
 to another perlon, he alio married, as a remedy for his palTion. The lady who proved fo 
 cruel to him, was, it Icems, married to an old man ; for Alexander tells us, that fhe 
 had matched her morning to one in the evening of his age : that he himfelf would now 
 change the myrtle-tree for the laurel, and the bird of Venus for that of Juno : that the 
 
 *■ H<-" publlflicd two pieces on this occafion : i. A Reply to two Difcoiirfes lately printed at Oxford, 
 concerning the Adoration of our blclTed Saviour in the holy Eucharill. Dr. \Valkcr, the author of the 
 two Uifcourfts, having wrote Aniinndverfions upon the Reply, Dr. Aldrich publidK-d, 2. A Defence of 
 the Oxford Reply. 
 
 f It was printed under the title of Artis logicx Compendium, Oxon. 1691, a:ul reprinted feveral 
 times fincc, with variations and additions. He alfo printed Elements of Geometry, in Latin ; but it 
 was probably for the ufc of fome of his friends, for it was never publilhed. 
 
 5 torch
 
 ALEXANDER. 35 
 
 torch of Hymen had burnt out the darts of Cupid ; and that he Iiad tiius fpent tlic fpring 
 of his age, which his luinmer muft redeem. 
 
 He now removed to the court of king James VI. where he applied himfclf to the more 
 foUd and uleful fpecies of poetry. He endeavoured to form himfelf upon the plan of 
 the ancient Greek and Roman tragedies, and accordingly we find a tragedy of liis pubt- 
 lifhed upon the ftory of L^'arius, at Edinburgh, in 160:?. The year following it v/as 
 reprinted at London, v.'ith fome verfes prefixed in praife of the author. *At the end of 
 this edition there are alio added two poems of his, the one congratulating his majelly 
 upon his entry into Eng'and, and tlie other upon the inundation of Doven, v/hcre the 
 king ufed to recreate himfelf with the diverfion of hawking, The fame year his Aurora 
 v/as printed at London, dedicated to Agnes Douglas, countefs of Argyle; and his Pa- 
 rasnefis, to prince Henry. In this lad piece he gives many excellent inilrudions, and 
 fhevvs that the happinefs of a prince depends on making choice of truly v.orthy, difinte- 
 refted, and public-ipirited counfellors : he fets forth how the lives of eminent men may 
 be read to tlie greatell advantage ; he developes the charadfers of vicious kings, difplays 
 the glory of martial atchievements ; and hopes, if the prince fliould ever make an expe- 
 dition into Spain, that he might attend him, and be his Homer to fing his exploits 
 there. 
 
 In the year 1607, his dramatic per-fofmjmces, intitled. The Monarchic Tragedies, 
 were publiHied, containing, befides Darius abovementioned, Croefus *, the Alexandrian 
 Tragedy, and Julius Csfar f. They are dedicated to king James, in a poem of thirteen 
 ftanzas -, and his majefty is faid to have been pleafed with them, and to have called him 
 his philofophical poet. John Davis of Hereford, in his book of epigrams pubhfhed in 
 the year 1 6 r i, has one to our author, in praife of his tragedies : in this he fays, that A- 
 Jexander the Great had not gained more glory with his Iword, than this Alexander had 
 acquired by his pen. Michael Drayton fpeaks of him too with great afieclion and 
 efteem. 
 
 In 1613, Alexander wrote a poem called Doomfday, or the great Day of Judg- 
 ment, which is divided into twelve books. The fame year he was fworn in one of the 
 gentlemen-ufhers of the prefence to prince Charles i and the king appointed him mafler 
 of tlie Requefts, and conferred upon him the honour of knighthood ; fo that he now 
 appeared more in the character of a ftatefman than a poet. He projefted the fettlement 
 ot a colony at Nova- Scotia, to be carried on at his own expence, and of fuch adven- 
 turers as would be engaged in the undertaking. His majeity gave him a grant of that 
 country in 1621, and intended to have created an order of baronets, for encouraging 
 *and fupporting fo noble a work, but he died before this, was carried into execution. 
 His fon Charles I. was fo fond of the fcheme, that, foon after his acceffion to the 
 throne, he appointed Sir William Alexander lieutenant of Nova Scotia, and founded 
 the order of knights-baronet in Scotland, who were to contribute their aid to that plan- 
 tation and fettlement, upon the confideration of each having a liberal i)ortion of land al- 
 lotted him there. The number of thefe baronets was not to exceed one nuneired and 
 
 * Tills is the mod afTeftiiig of all our author's pitce? . The plot is borrowed from HcroJottis, Jiiftin, 
 and Plutarch, with an cpifodc in the fifth act from Xtnophoii's Cyropadia. Tin; fctnc lies in Sardis. 
 
 f This is much the molt regular dramatic piece of Alexander, at lealt in refpeil to the uuily of adtion, 
 yet he has run into the very fame fault which Shakcfpeare had done before liim, viz. tjie not clofuig the 
 piece with the moll natural and afleAing catailrophc, viz. the death of Ci'far. Shakcfpeare, however, 
 has made a noble ufe of his confpirators, and has drawn the characters of Autony, Brutn;:, and CalTius, 
 in a manner that aflords deligiil, even though there was no abfolute neceffity of continuing the Itory ; but 
 this autluu- l\as rendered them fo cold and languid, that the reader is apt to wirti he had facriticed them 
 ■all at once to the jnaiics of the murdered emperor. Comf>anim to ikt Ptay-kouJ't, vol. i. 
 
 fifty,.
 
 36 A L E Y N. 
 
 fifty, and they were to be endowed with ample privileges, and' pre-eminence before all 
 knights called equites aurati : but none of them were to be created baronets, either of 
 Scotland or Nova Scotia, till they had fulfilled the conditions propofed by his majefty, 
 and till they were confirmed to the king by his lieutenant there. The patents were ra- 
 tified in parliament ; but after Sir V\ illiam fold Nova Scotia to the French, they were 
 made fhortcr, and granted in general terms, with all the privileges of former baronets j 
 and it is nov/ an honourable title in Scotland, conferred at the king's pleafure, without 
 limitation of numbers. 
 
 This fcheme and enterprize of Sir "William Alexander was greatly exclaimed againfi: ; 
 and Sir Thomas Urquhart, his own countryman, has particularly ccnfured him upon 
 this account. " It did not fatisfy his ambition, (fays he) to have a laurel from the 
 Mufes, and be efteemed a king among poets, but he muft be a king of iomc new-found 
 land, and, like another Alexander indeed, fearching after new worlds, have the fove- 
 reignty of Nova Scotia ! He was born a poet, and aimed to be a king ; therefore 
 would he have his royal title from king James, who was born a king, and aimed to be a 
 poet. Mad he (topped there it had been well, but the flame of his honour muft have 
 fome oil wherewith to nourifh it ; like another king Arthur he muft have his knights 
 though nothing limited to fo fmall a numb.er.'' 
 
 In the year 1626, die king appointed Sir William fecretary of ftate for Scotland ; 
 and in September, 1630, created him a peer of that kingdom, by the title of vifcounc 
 Sterling ; and in lefs than three years after, he created him earl of Sterling, by letters 
 patent, dated June 14, 1633. His lordfliip difcharged the office of fecretary with the 
 moft unblemifhed reputation, for near fifteen years, even to his death, which happened 
 on the 1 2 th of February, 1640. " His poetry, fays Mr. Granger, for purity and ele- 
 gance is far beyond the generality of the productions of the age in which he lived." 
 
 ALEYN, ALLEN, or ALLEYN, (Edward) a celebrated FnglHh comedian ia 
 the reigns of queen Elizabeth and king James L and founder of the college at Dulwich^ 
 in the county of Surry. He was born at London, on the ift of September, 1566, as 
 appears from a memorandum of his own writing. Dr. Fuller fays, in his Worthies of 
 England, that he was bred a ftage-player ; that his father would have given him a libe- 
 ral education, but Edward was not inclined to a ferious courfe of life. He was, how- 
 ever, a youth of an excellent capacity, a chcarful temper, a tenacious memory, and a 
 fweet elocution, and in his perlon of a ftately port and afped ; all which advantages 
 might well induce a young man t,o take to the theatrical profeffion. By fevcral autho- 
 rfties we find, he muft have been on the ftage Ibme time before the year 1591, for at 
 this period he was in high favour with the town, and greatly applauded by the beft 
 judges, particularly by lien Johnfon, who has borne tcftimony to his merit in the foU 
 lov/ing vcrfcs : 
 
 If Rome fo great, and in her wifeft age, 
 Fear'd not to boalt tlie glories of her ftage. 
 As fkilful Rolcius and great iEfop ; men 
 Yet crown'd with honours, as with riches then. 
 Who had no lefs a trumpet to their name, 
 'J han Cicero, whofe very breath was fame : 
 
 How can fo great example die in me, 
 
 '1 hat, Alleyn, 1 fiiould paufe to publilh thee ? 
 Wiio, both their graces, in thylelt haft more 
 
 Outftripp'd, than they did all who went before : 
 
 And
 
 A L E Y N. §7 
 
 And, prefent worth, in all doft fo contracfb, 
 As odiers fpake, but only thou dolt aft •, 
 Wear this renown : 'tis juft that Vv'ho did give 
 So many poets life, by one fhould live. 
 
 Johnson's Epigrams, N. 89. 
 
 Haywood, in his prologue to Marloe's Jew of Malta, calls him Proteus for fhapes, 
 and Rolcius for a tongue. He ufually performed the capital parts in the mod excellent 
 tlramatic pieces, and was one of the original aftors in Shakefpeare's plays ; in fome of 
 Ben Johnfon's he was alfo a principal performer : but what charadters he perfonated in 
 either of thefe poets is difficult now to determine, owing to the inaccuracy of their edi- 
 tors, who did not print the names of the players oppofite to the characters they per- 
 formed, as the modern cuftom is ; but gave one general lift of actors to the whole fet of 
 plays, as in the old folio edition of Shakefpeare ; or divided one from the other, fetting 
 the Dramatis PerfoniE before the plays, and the catalogue of performers after tiiem, as 
 in Johnfon's. 
 
 It may appear fomewhat furprifing, how one of Mr. Alleyn's profefTion fhould be en- 
 abled to ere6t fuch an edifice as Dulwich college, and to endow it fo liberally for the 
 maintenance of fo many perfons. In anfwer to this, it-muft beoblervcd, that he had 
 fome paternal fortune, which, though fmall, might lay a foundation for his future af- 
 fluence-, and it is to be prefumed, that the profits he received from aifting, to one of 
 his provident and managirg difpofition, and one who, by his excellence in playing, 
 drew after him fuch crouds of fpedators, mufl have confiderably improved his fortune; 
 befides, he was mafter of a play-houfe built at his own expence, by which he is faid to 
 have amalTed confiderable wealth *. He was alfo keeper of the king's wild bcaits, or 
 mafter of the royal bear-garden, which was frequented by vaft crouds of fpedtators, and 
 the profits arifing from thefe fports are faid to have amounted to five hundred pounds per 
 annum. He was thrice married, and the portions of his two firft wives (they leaving 
 him no ifTue to inherit) might probably contribute to this benefadtion. Such kind of 
 donations have been frequently thought to proceed more from vanity and oftentatiori 
 
 * This was the Fortune play-houfe, near White-crofs ftreet, by Moorfields. There is a tradition in 
 the neighbourhood of this place, that in digging tlie foundation of this houfe, there was found a confi- 
 <lcrable treafiire, fo that it is piobable the whole, or the greateft part of it, might fall to Mr. Alleyn. 
 At this time they always afted by day-light, and had neither fcenes nor aftreffes. Sir William Dave- 
 nant opened the duke of York's theatre in 1662, with his play of the fiege of Rhodes, and then it was 
 that fcenes firft appeared.' About the fame time two women-players were firft introduced, who grew fo 
 expert, not only In their own parts, but in thofe of the adlors, that before the end of king Charles lid's 
 reign, fome plays, particularly the Parfon's Wedding, were afted entirely by women. At the time of 
 the Fortune play-houfe, there were four other companies, who all got money, and lived in reputation. 
 Mr. L.angbaine, in anfwer to the quellion, How five companies could then be maintained by the town, 
 when in his time two could hardly i'ubfift ? has made the following reply : " That though the town was 
 then, perhaps, not much more than half as populous, yet then the expences were fmall, there being no 
 fcenes ; and better order kept amongft the company that came, which made very religious people think a 
 .play an innocent diverfion for an idle hour or two ; the plays themfclves being then more inftruclive and 
 moral : whereas of late the play.houfes are fo extremely peftcred with vizard malks, and their tVade oc- 
 cafioning continual quarrels and abufes, that many of the more civilized part of the town are uneafy in 
 the company, and (huu the theatre as they would a Iioufe of fcandal. It is an argument of the worth of 
 the play.i and players of the laft age, and cafily inferred that they were much beyond ours in this, to con- 
 fider that they could fupport thcmfelves merely from their own merit, the weight of tlie matter, and the 
 goodnefs of the action, without fcenes and machines : whereas the prefent plays, with all tiieir (how, 
 can hardly draw an audience, unlefs there be the additional invitation ot a fignior Fideli, a monficur 
 I'Abbc, or fome fuch foreign regale cxprtffed in the bills." L/lNGBAiNt's Wjkria HijhionUa, 
 
 Vol. I. L than
 
 3l A L E Y N. 
 
 than real piety ; but this of Mr. Alleyn has been afcribed to a very fingular caufe, for 
 the devil has been laid to be ilie firft promoter of his dcfign. Mr. Aubrey fays, the 
 tradition was, that Mr. Alleyn playing a dtemon, with fix others, in one of Shakefpearc's 
 plays, he was, in the midft of the play, furprifcd by an apparition of a real devil act- 
 ing his part among the reft of the daemons, which lb operated on his fancy, that he 
 made a vow to leave off afting, and fpend his fortune in endowing a college. 
 
 Mr. Alleyn began the foundation of this college in the year 1614, under the di red ion 
 of the celebrated Inigo Jones; and the buildings, gardens, &c. were finilhed in 1617, 
 in which he is faid to have expended about ten thoufand pounds. After the college 
 was built, he met with fome difficulty in obtaining a charter for fettling his lands in 
 mortmain ; for he propofed to endow it v.ith eight hundred pounds per annum, for the 
 maintenance ofonemafter, one warden, and four fellows, three of whom were to be 
 clergymen, and the fourth a fkilful organift ; alio fix poor men, and as man~y women, 
 befides twelve poor boys, to be educated till the age of fourteen, or fixteen, and then 
 apprenticed to fome trade or calling. The obftruction he met with arofe from the lord 
 chancellor Bacon, who would have prevailed upon king James to fettle part of thofe 
 lands for the fupport of two academical leflures-, and he wrote a letter to the marquis of 
 Buckingham, dated from Yorkhoufe in the Strand, Auguft 18, 1618, entreating him to 
 ul'e his intereft with his majcfty for that purpofe. 
 
 The letter is as follows : " I nov/ write to give the king an account of a patent I have 
 ftayed at the leal : it is of licence to give in mortmain eight hundred pound land, tho' 
 it be of tenure in chief, to Alleyn that was the player, for an hofpital. I like well that 
 Alleyn playeth the lafl: adt of his lite fo well ; but if his majefty give away thus to a- 
 mortize his tenures, his court of wards will decay, which I had well hoped fhould im- 
 prove. But that which moved me chiefly is, that his majefty now lately did abfolutcly 
 deny Sir Henry Savilefor two hundred pounds, and Sir Edward Sandys for one hundred 
 pounds, to the perpetuating of two ledtures, the one in Oxford, the other in Cambridge, 
 foundations of fingular honour to his majelly, and of which there is great want ; whereas 
 hofpitals abound, and beggars abound never a whit the lefs. If his majefty do like to 
 pals the book at all, yet if he would be plcafed to abridge the eight hundred, pounds ta 
 five hundred pounds, and then give way to the other two books for the univerfity, it 
 were a princely work -, and I would make an humble fuit to the king, and defire your 
 lordfhip to join in it, that it might be fo *". 
 
 Mr. Alk)n's follicitation was, however, at laft complied witli, and he obtained the 
 royal licence, giving him full power to cftablifti his foundation, by his majefty's letters 
 patent under the great feal, bearing dare at Wcftminfter the 21ft of June, 1619-, by 
 virtue whereof he did, in the chapel of the faid new hofpital nt Dulwich, called the col- 
 lege of God's gift, on the 13th of September following, publickly read and publifh a 
 quadrupartite writing in parchment, whereby he created and eftabhflied the faid collece : 
 he then I'ubfcribed it with his name, and fixed his leal to feveral parts thereof, in prefencc 
 of leveral honourable perfons, and ordered copies of the writings to four different 
 parilhes. 
 
 Thofe honourable perfons were Francis lord Verulam, lord chancellor •, Thomas earl 
 of Arundel, carl marlhal of England -, Sir Edward Cecil, lecond fon to the earl of Ex- 
 eter i Sir John Howland, high-fiicriff of Sullcx and Surry; Sir Edward Bowyer, of 
 Caniberwell ; Sir Thomas Grymcs, of Eeckham ; Sir John Bodly, of Stretham ; Sir 
 John Tonftal, of Caftialton ; and divers other persons of great worth and refpect. The 
 parillies in which t!ie faid writings were depofited, were St. Botolph's without BifhopV 
 
 ■* Wo.'cs of Francis lorrf EacDii, \iA. iv. fo!. 1740. p. OS^. 
 
 gate.
 
 ALFRED. 39 
 
 gate, St. Giles's without Cripple-gate, St. Saviour's in Southwark ; and the parifli of 
 Camberwell in Surry. 
 
 The contents or heads of the faid ftatute?, or quadrupartite writings, containing the 
 laws and rules of this foundation, are as follow: i. A recital of king James's letters 
 patent. 2. Recital of the founder's deed quadrupartite. 3. Ordination of the malter, 
 warden, &c. 4. Ordination of the afTiftant member;^, &c. 5. The rnafter and warderv 
 to be unmarried, and always to be of the name of AUeyn or Allen, b. The rnafter and 
 warden to be twenty-one years of age at leaft. 7. Of what degree the fellows to be. 
 8. Of what degree the poor brothers and fillers to be. 9. Of what condition the poor 
 fcholars are to be. 10. Of what parifhes the afTiftants are to be. 11. From what 
 parifhes the poor are to be chofen, and the members of this college. 12. The form of 
 their eledlion. 13. I'he warden to fupply when the mafter's place is void. 14. The 
 clcdlion of the warden. 15. The warden to be bound by recognizance. 16. The war- 
 den to provide a dinner for the college upon his eleftion. 17. The form of admitting 
 the fellows. 18. The manner of ele(5ling the fcholars. 19. tledion of the poor of 
 Cr.mberwell. 20. The mafter and warden's oath. 21. The fellows oath. 22. The 
 poor brothers and fifters oath. 23. The alTiftants oath. 24. The pronunciation of ad- 
 milTion. 25. The mailer's office. 26. The warden's office. 27. The fellows office. 
 28. The poor brothers and fifters office. 29. That of the matron of the poor fcholars. 
 30. The porter's office. 31. The office of the thirty members. 32. Of refidence. 33. 
 Orders of the poor and their goods. 34. Of obedience. 35. Orders tor the chapel antl 
 burial. 36. Orders for the ichool and fcholars, and putting them forth apprentice. 27. 
 Order of diet. 38. The fcholars furplices and coats. 39. Time for viewing expences. 
 40. Public audit and private fitting days. 41. Audit and fitting chambers. 42. Of 
 lodgings. 43. Orders for the lands and woods. 44. Allowance to the mafter and war- 
 den of diet for one man a piece, with the number and wages of the college fervants, 45. 
 Difpofition and divifion of the revenues. 46. Difpofition of the rent of the Blue-houle. 
 47. The poor to be admitted out of other places, in cafe of deficiency in the pariflies 
 prefcribed. 48. The difpofition of forfeitures. 49. The ftatutes to be read over four 
 leveral times in the year. fo. The difpofition of certain tenements in St. Saviour's pa-, 
 riffi, Southwark. 
 
 Mr. Alley n himfelf was the firft mafter of his college, fo that to make ufe of the words 
 of Mr. Haywood, one of his cotemporaries, " He was fo mingled with humility and- 
 charity, that he became his own penfioner, humbly fubmitting himfelf to that propor- 
 tion of diet and cloaths which he had beftowed on others." We have no reafon to think 
 he ever repented of this diftribution of his fubftance, but, on the contrary, that he was 
 entirely fatisfied, as appears from the following memorial in his own writing, found a- 
 mong his papers : " May 26, 1620, my wile and I acknowledged the fine at the Com- 
 mon-pleas bar, of all our lands to the college : blcfled be (lod, that has given us li.'e 
 to do it." His wife died in'i62j -, and about two years afterwards he married Conftancc 
 Kinciitoe, v/hoKirvived him, and received remarkable proofs of his affcAtlion,. at leaft it 
 would appear fo by his will, wlierein he left her conliderably. He died on the 25th of 
 Noveinbtr, 1626, in tlie fixty-firft year ot his age, and was buried in the chapel ot his 
 ncv/ college, where there is a tomb ftone over ins grave, with an inlcription. 
 
 ALFRED the Great, king of England, was the youngeft fon of Echclwolf, and 
 was born at Wantage, in Bcrklhiie, in S49. He diftinguidied himfelf, during therciun 
 ot his brother Kthclred, in leveral engagements with the I Janes, and upon liis death 
 fucceeded to the crown, in the year 871, and the twenty-fecond of his age. The Danes 
 had already penetrated into the heart of the kingdom, and all the lea-ports were filled with 
 
 their
 
 40 ALFRED. 
 
 their fleets. Befoi-e Alfred had been a month upon the throne, he was obliged to take the 
 iieki againft thcle formidable enemies, and a dcfpcrate battle was fought at Wilton, to 
 the dilad vantage of tlie Englifli. But it was not in the power of misfortune to abate the 
 king's diligence -, he took luch meafures for repairing the damage he had fuftained, that 
 jie was ill a little time enabled to hazard anoriier engagement; and the Danes, who had 
 been roughly handled in the la(l battle, dreading his courage and adivity, propofed 
 terms of peace, which he did not think proper to refufe. They, by this treaty, agreed 
 to rclinquidi the kingdom ; but, inftead oi complying with their engagement, they only 
 removed from one place to another, burning and dctlroying wherever they came. 
 
 Alfred, thus oppofed to an enemy whom no ftationary force could rcfifl:, no treaty 
 could bind, found himfclf unable to repel the efforts of thefe ravagcrs, who wereconftantly 
 reinforced, under every lofs, by frelh fhoalsof their adventurous countrymen. Some of 
 his fiibjeds, therefore, left their country, and retired into Wales; while others fubmitted 
 to the conquerors, and purchafed their lives at the expence of their freedom. In this 
 univerfal defe6lion, Alfred vainly attempted to remind them of the duty they owed their 
 country and theirking; butfinding his remonffrances ineffeftual, he was obliged tofubmit 
 to the wretched necelfity of thenimes. Accordingly lieafTumed adifguife the moft likely to 
 conceal him, not refigning e'ther his hopes or courage ; but waiting for a fit opporiu- 
 nity to recover his throne, and rcftore liberty to his opprefTed fubjeds. After having 
 properly difpofed of his family, and fettled a method ot communication with fome trulty 
 friends, he engaged himfelf in the fervice of his own cow-herd. The wife of the herdf- 
 man was ignorant of the rank of her royal gueft, and feeing him one day bufy by the fire 
 lidc, in trimming his bow and arrows, (he dclired him to take care of fome cakes that 
 were baking at the fire, while flie was employed in other domeflic affairs ; but Alfred, 
 wliofe thoughts were otherwife engaged, forgot the cakes, and the woman, on her return, 
 finding them burnt, chid the king very feverely, telling him, tliat he was always will- 
 ing enough to eat her hot cakes, though he was fo negligent in turning them The pa- 
 tient prince entreated lier pardon, and promifed to be more careful for the future. 
 
 He foon, however, left this ibition, and, with his wife, and fome valuable friends, 
 found afafe retreat in the ifle of Athelney, in Somerfetfhire, which was fecured by vaft 
 inoralfes around it, and accefiible only by one, and that an obfcure pafiage. 
 
 The following llory will convince us of the extremities to which Alfred was reduced 
 in his retreat, as well as give a flriking proof of his charitable difpofition. A beggar 
 came to his little caftle there, and requeiled alms. When his wife informed him, that 
 thev had only one fmall loaf remaining, which was infufficient for themfclves and their 
 friends, v/ho were gone abroad in quetl of food, tiiough with little hope of fuccefs ; the 
 kincT replied, " Give the poor Chriftian one half ot the loaf; he that could feed five 
 thoufand men with five loaves and two fiflies, can certainly make that half of the loaf 
 fuflicc for more than our nccefTities.'' The poor man was accordingly relieved : and 
 this a(5l of charity, which in a lignal manner denotes the benevolence of the king's heart, 
 was recompenfed by a providential (tore of frefh provifions, with which liis people re- 
 turned. 
 
 In this retreat .Alfred lay concealed for a confiderable time, when the newsof aprofper- 
 ous event called him thence. Ubba, the chief of the Danifh commanders, Irad ravaged 
 the country of Wales without oppofuion, and, in his return, invelted the callle of Kcn- 
 vvith, into which Udun, carl of IJevonlhire, had retired with a fmall body of troops, at 
 the approach of the Danes. This gallant nobleman, finding himfelf unable to fultain a 
 ficge, and knowing diere was no fafety in furrendering to fuch a cruel, perfidious enemy, 
 reprefcntcd to his followers, that they had nothing to depend upon but their valour, 
 and propofed that they fhould cut their way through the befiegers with their fwords. 
 
 t The
 
 A L F U E D. 
 
 41 
 
 Tfie propofal being embraced, they fallied out upon the Danes, and not only routed 
 them with great (laughter, and flew Ubba, but alio took their famous maoic ftandard, 
 exhibiting the picture of a raven, wliich was wrought by Ubba's fillers, and revered as 
 an hallowed enfign. Thefe three fifters, as the tradition went, wrought the enfisn on 
 purpofe for this expedition, in revvnge of their father Lodebroc's murder; it wasmade 
 almoft in an inilant, being begun and finifhed in a noontide, and was believed by the 
 Danes to carry great fatality with it *. The influence of fuperftition is prodigious, and it 
 may tafijy be conceived, that the lofs of this Itandard had no inconfiderable effefts on 
 botli (ides. 
 
 This vivftory re- animated the drooping fpirits of the EnglilTi, and Alfred took the 
 advantage of their favourable difpofition, as well as the fecurity of the enemy, who no 
 longer kept within tiieir entrenchments, but dilperfcd themfelves in a carelefs manner 
 over the whole face of the country. That he might be perfeftly informed of the ene- 
 my's pofture, he entered their camp in perfon, in the habit of a harper, and remained 
 with them three whole days, during which he ilrolled about, and reconnoitred every 
 particular of their oeconomy and fituation. 1 le found them lulled in the mod fupine 
 Iccurity, fpending their time in riots andfeafling, without even appointing the common 
 guards of a camp. Having made his obfervatiorj^, he returned to his retreat, and de- 
 tached proper emiffaries among his fubjefts, whom he appointed to meet him in arms- 
 
 * Ijithe Mafquc of Alfred, written by Mr. Thomfon and Mr. Mallet, this flandard istWs noetirallTr 
 
 defcribed Alfred fp.ys ^ ^ 
 
 Is not yon pidlur'd raven 
 Their famous magic ftandard — emblem fit 
 
 To fpeak the favage genius of the people • 
 
 That ofthas fcatter'd on our troops difmay 
 And feeble confternation ? 
 
 Devon. 
 
 'Tis the fame ; 
 Wrought by the fifters of the Danifh king, 
 Of furious Ivar, in a midnight hour : 
 While the fick moon, at their cnehantcd fong 
 Wrapt in pale tempeft, labour'd thro' the clouds. 
 The Demons of Dcllruftion then, they fay, 
 Were all abroad, and mixing with the woof 
 Their baleful power : the fdlers ever fung, 
 "Shake, ftandard, fliake, this ruin on our foes!" 
 
 Thefe potts alfo thus dtfcribe the ifte of Athclney, or (as it was then called) iEthelin^a-ije, that is, 
 
 the Illc of Nobles. 
 
 This'ifiand n of ftrength : Nature';; own hand 
 Hath planted round a deep defence of woods, 
 The founding afti, the mighty oak ; each tree 
 A (helteriug grove : and choak'd up all between 
 AViih wild encumbrance of perplexing thorns, 
 And horrid brakes. Beyond this woody verge 
 Two rivers broad and rajid hem us in : 
 Alon:; their channel fjirc ids the gulphy pool. 
 And trembling quagmire, where deceitful green 
 Betrays the foot it tempts. One path alone 
 AVinds to this plain ; lo roughly ditlicult. 
 This fiugle arm, poor fliepherd as 1 am, 
 Could well difpute it with twice tv.enly Danes. 
 
 Vol. L M afff
 
 41 ALFRED. 
 
 at Brexton, in the fo-eft of Selwood, where they afTemblcd with great alacrity, under a 
 prince wliom they adored. From tiience he began his march, in tlie week preceding 
 XVhitl'untide, towards the Danes, who lay encamped at Yattendun, on the fkirts of 
 Hampfhirej and, in the morninor of the third day, was in fight of the enemy, before 
 thc-y knew he had taken the field. Without giving them time to recover themlclves 
 from their furprifc, or range their troops in order of battle, he attacked them with ftich 
 impetuofity, that they were immediately routed with great flaughter; and thougii the 
 remains of them, amounting to a great number, fled for refuge into a fortified camp in 
 the neigiibourhood, they were unprovided for a fiege, and in lefs tiian a fortnight 
 obliged to furrender at difcretion. The vi£l:or, having taken hoftages for the perfor- 
 mance of articles, propofcd that they Hiould either quit the country, after promifing, 
 upon oath, that they would never return ; or embrace the Chriflian religion, and be 
 contented with fuch lands as he fhould afilgn them. In fhort, he fettled a firm and 
 lafliing peace ; and having delivered the kingdom from its late miferable bondage, he 
 applied himfclf, as a wile monarch, not only to fecure the crown, but to cultivate his 
 people, and ellablifii the moft wholefome laws. 
 
 London had been almoil: deftroyed by the Danes: Alfred reftored it to more than its 
 ancient glory, appointed it the place where the dates lliould afiemble twice every year, 
 and declared it the metropolis ot England. He alio repaired and built feveral other ci- 
 ties and confiderable towns : and wifely confidcring, that it was not only much more 
 cafy, but of much greater confcqucnce to prevent the landing of his enemies, than to 
 drive them back when landed, he applied with the utmoft afiiduity to the improvement 
 of his navy. He was fenfible of the natural advantages of his ifland -, and he improved 
 thofe advantages. The deftrudion of feveral Danilh fleets fufinciently evinced his wif- 
 dom. He alio repaired all thecaftles on the fea-coafts, and built a number of new for- 
 tifications. 
 
 No man could be a more abfolute monarch than Alfred : for, befides that he was the 
 legal inheritor of the crown, he had won it by his fword, and enlarged his dominions 
 beyond what any of his anceftors pofiefled. But though thus abfolute, he foon con- 
 vinced his people, that he defired not to efliabliHi a tyranny among them, or to infringe 
 their liberties ; for the welfare of whom he proved himfelf eminently concerned, by the 
 laudable meafures which he took to promote it. That he might form the befi: hody 
 of laws pofTible, he eonfulted all the ancient laws, and from them compofed adigclfof 
 luch as ieemed mofl: equitable and proper for his people. 'J"o him we owe many ot tliore 
 advantages, which render our conltitution dear to us ; for inftance, trials by juries. If 
 we rely on Sir John ."-pelman's conjefture, his inftitutions were the foundation of what 
 is called the common-law ; fo ftyled either on account of its being the common-law of 
 all the Saxons, or becaufe it was common both to tiie Saxons and Danes. It is very 
 cbfervable, throughout his laws, how much a fpirit of mercy difcovers itlelf -, and how 
 great a regard is paid to the lives of his people : recourfe is not had to blood-fhedding 
 for every minute offence •, a particular well worthy notice and imitation. It is alfo plain 
 from his laws, that he looked upon himfelf as fupreme head of the church in his own 
 dominion.", fince he impofes fuch fines and punifliments upon tlie clergy, as are incon- 
 liftent with a fubmilfion to the papal tyranny. IJut the kingdom was m a flate of llich 
 contufion that mucii more was nccefl^ary than the mere inllritution of laws •, profecution 
 and difcovcry of offenders were ahnoll impoffible To remedy this, he divided the 
 kingdom into fliires, hundreds, and tythings -, by wiiich means the behaviour of every 
 individual was known, and every offender eafily brought to jullice. The order ot undcr- 
 fheriffs was appointed by him, as alfo the ufe of writs, for tlie means of juft and ready 
 profecution of right. i 
 
 " So
 
 ALFRED. 43 
 
 " So ftrange and fudden a change (fays Sir John Spelman) did thefe inftitutions pro- 
 duce in tlie kingdom, that whereas before there was no travelling without arms, there 
 was foon not only fafe paffiige, but all places became fo fecure (as v;ell they might, when 
 the houfholders in every tything, or ibciety often men, flood pledges to the king for the 
 good appearance of themfelves, and of all the head -boroughs in their tything) that when 
 the king, for experience lake, caufed golden bracelets to be hung up in the crofs-ways, 
 they feemed to deride the paflenger, for no man durft lay his hands on tliem. Virgins 
 might fafcly travel any where alone. Nay, (faith Ingulfus) if one left his money all 
 night in the highways, he might come the next morning and be fure to find it all, whole 
 and untouched. A marvellous effedt of a notable ordinance, and fuch perhaps as one 
 would hardly believe either fo fuddenly to have enfued, or fo far to have prevailed. 
 But who can imagine, that fo exadt a diftribution of people, under fo itrift a fubordina- 
 tion of government, fhould produce kfs than an extraordinary effeft?" 
 
 ]n confequence of this divifion of his kingdom, he framed a book, called the Book 
 of Winchelter, which contained a furvey of the kingdom, and of which the Doomfday 
 book, flill preferved in the Exchequer, is no more than a fecond edition. 
 
 Notwithftanding the provifion of good laws,^and the-»diviifion of the kingdom, by 
 which the adminiilration of juftice was rendered eafy, men were.wanting, capable of ad- 
 miniftring juftice ; and there was a great fcarcity of fuch men, to the great chagrin and 
 difcontent of the king. Amidft the late devaftations and dellruftive war, little regard 
 had been paid to the cultivation of the mind : the high and low were almoft equally 
 illiterate. Hence great part of the juftice of die kingdom came, as it were by appeal, 
 to be adminiftered by the king himlelf : a burden which he bore with incredible pa- 
 tience and zeal, till by all due application, proper men were found to ferve in the high 
 offices of juftice •, into which he never would admit any man, who was not reafonably 
 qualified for them, nor gave hopes of future improvement. The confequence was happy: 
 a harveft of able and worthy men iprung up, td^the grpat honour of the king, and the 
 happinefs of the fubjeft. 
 
 But the noble mind of Alfred was not fatisfied with endeavours for the external wel- 
 fare of his people : he perceived their manners were greatly corrupt, and well know- 
 ing, that the reformation is weak, which depends folely upon outward compulfion, he 
 determined to apply all his efforts towards enlightening their ignorance, and cultivating 
 their minds. He very well knew, that this was to be done principally by inftruments 
 appointed for that purpole, teachers of God's word, who by inftruftion, exhortation, 
 antl admonition, might bring about a perfeft reformation. But religion, and religious 
 knowledge, v;as in no better condition than the teachers of it ; this was almoft loft, theie 
 were almoft univerfally ignorant. To apply therefore as early and as efFeiftual a remedy 
 as the circumftances v/ould admit, he himfclf commenced teacher, in a manner which 
 always has been of great utility, among an uncultivated people. He compofed as well 
 as colledled parables, fables, proverbs, moral and facred fongs. He was a poet of the 
 firft clafs for thofe times; and, as the monk of Malmibury afTures us, no lefs elegant in 
 his compofilions than in his delivery of them. The effeilf of his wife and pious care was 
 eminent ; nis inftrudions were received with high fatisfadtion, and conveyed lb pleafingly, 
 that rliey made great impreftions. 
 
 But while the king was thus providing for the inftruiftion of his people, he did not 
 omit all othfr methols to promote learning, and encourage pious men. His liberality 
 was great to fuch; he invited them into his kingdom from all parts ; and though, upon 
 his acceflion to the throne, there was Icarce a man in his kingdom v/ho could tranfiatc a 
 
 Latin
 
 Ai 
 
 A I. r R E P. 
 
 I .tiii rpiftl", or ur.derftood the Latin fcrvice, yet in a few years he furnifhed all his 
 Mlhoprics vvit!i men of k-.irning, arJ, in general, competently inftrufced and qualified 
 for fb grc-;'.t a Cinr>Te. For the promotion of goo<.1 knowledge, as well as the prefcrvM- 
 T •jn of- it, he'caofal many parts of the Scriptures, and fevernl other uleful books, to be 
 r'.inn.itcd into tlie vlilg.ir tongue : nay he himfelf, who was the moft learned man in hii 
 i;ing:Iom, tr.iRl1r.tcd Icveral pieces, and among the reft Gregory's Paftoral, concerning 
 the Duties of Bifliops and I'ricfts, a copy of which he fcnt to every billiop's fon, and in 
 a preface to the bilhop of London, recommends an exaft attention to the work. 
 
 The wilUom and piety oF the king looked Hill further. He was defiroiis of a fupply 
 of pood and able men to difcharge the duties of church and ftate : and therefore he in- 
 flituted fchools in various parts of the kingdom, and founded an Univerfity at Oxford, 
 lor the perk'tfiing his fcholars in found learning. Three halls were founded there, for 
 the diffcrtnt branches of Grammar, Philofophy, and Theology, and a certain ftipend 
 fettled tor the maintenance of a profefTor and twenty-fix fcholars in each, to be reftricfted 
 under proper regulations, refpefting their ftudy and religious duties-, regulations which 
 have conftantly prevailed, ^nd ha\'t always rendered our Englifh univerfities fuperior to 
 thole of different countr;ef,*^ere fyclfpious decency and ftridt regularity is notob- 
 ferved. 
 
 ' But not attentive only to rrutters of religion or literature, he was no lefs careful to 
 encourage induflry. Artificers and manufafturers were invited from abroad by the 
 ^rcuteft encouragements : and his country .aas ftored with men of abilities, in every trade 
 tnd profefTion ; by which means the felicity, wealth, and good order of his people were 
 '•'-nurkably advanced. His military dilclpline was no Icfs admirable: we do not dwell 
 upon it ; but we muft not omit to mention the militia, v.hich he formed under fuch 
 wife regulations, that every fingle man of his dominions underllood the ufe of arms : and 
 by means of beacons placed at proper diflmces, and lighted upon any alarm, a body 
 of well-trained forces was ready to tak^^ip their arms, and aflcmble at the place of ren- 
 dezvous, under the command of the lieutenant of the county, where the immediate 
 fervice was required. His fucccfTes are a fufHcient proof of his abilities in war. There 
 have been few greater foldiers than Alfred ; he fought fifty-fix let battles by fea and 
 land, and of thcfe eight in one year. He was, however, fo far from being ot a cruel or 
 ambitious temper, that he never willingly made war on any, or retufcd to grant peace 
 whenever it was defired. Nor was he lefs attentive to his naval than his military force. 
 He was the firll Knglifli king who feemed to afl'el'tthe dominion of the lea, and to be 
 ienfible of the happy fituation of our ifland. As to the form of his fliips, we are not 
 abfolutely certain. It is however true, that he had veflcls for traffic, as well as war. 
 He traded to the Eaft Indies-, and we are credibly informed, by authentic records, that 
 this enterprifing monarch even employed one Ot5lher, a Dane, to difcover the north-caft 
 pafHige. Some account of his voyage remains to this day. 
 
 In the management of affairs of ftate, he made ufe of the great council of the king- 
 djm, con'ifting of bifhops, tarls, the king's aldermen, r.nJ tiis chief thanes or barons. 
 Thcfe, in the firft part of his reign, he convoked as occafion ferved: but when things 
 were better fettled, he made a law, that twice in the year at Icaft, an afTembly fhould be 
 held at Lomlon. As to extraordinary affairs, and lucii as would not admit of calling- 
 great councils, the king aiffed therein by the advice of thofe bifhops, earls, and officers 
 of the army, who happened to be about his perfon. 
 
 Thus great in war, and great in peace, he eftabliflied himfelf on the throne, and dif- 
 penled the moft important blefTings toliis people. " Occupied as he was, fays an hif- 
 torianj in this great work of laying the foundation of the Englilh confticution, his atten- 
 
 tioa
 
 ANDERSON. 
 
 45 
 
 tion ftoojjed even to the minuteft circumftance of his people's conveniency. He in- 
 troduced the arc of brick-making, and built his own houfcs of thofe materials, v,hich 
 being much more durable, fightly, and fccure from accidents, than timber, Jiis ex- 
 ample was followed, firft by his nobles, and afterwards by the fubjefts in general, 
 who vied with each other in expreffing their reverence and afFedtion for this illuftrious 
 monarch. He was, doubtlefs, an objeft of the moft perfedl efteem and admiration ; 
 for exclufive of the qualities which diftinguiflied him as a warrior and legiilator, his 
 perlonal charafler was amiable in every refpeft." 
 
 ANDERSON (Sir Edmund) lord chief-jufticc of the Common-pleas in the reiga 
 of queen Elizabeth, was born at Broughton, in Lincolnfiiirc. He received the firil 
 part of his education in the country, and went afterwards to Lincoln-college, in Ox- 
 ford ; from thence he was removed to the Inner-Temple, where he applied to the 
 ftudy of the law with great affiduity, and in due time was called to the bar : in the 
 nineteenth year of the reign of queen Elizabeth, he was appointed one of the queen's 
 ferjeants at law. Some time after, he was promoted to the bench; and, in 1581, 
 being upon the Norfolk circuit, at Bury, he exerted himfelf againfl the famous 
 Brown, the author of thofe opinions which waje afcerv^ards maintained by a feft called, 
 from him, Brownifts. For this condud.(j^«^e A^rvderlbn, the bifhop of Norwich 
 wrote a letter to the lord-treafurer Burleigh^efifing he might receive the thanks of 
 the queen. In 1582, he was appointed lord chief-juitice of the Common-pleas, and 
 took his place there on the 4th of-May, with great formality and ceremony. The 
 year following he received tlie honour of knighthood. In 1586, he .wji$ chofen one 
 of the commiflloners for trying Mary queen of Scots ; on tJi^fjth of QjSober, in 
 the fame year, he fat in judgment upon her; and on the 25th of the f;.me month, he 
 fat again in the Star-chamber, when fentence was pronounced againft that unfortunate 
 
 queen. In 1587, he prefided at the tri^lof licretary Davifon, who was charged 
 with ifTuing the warrant for the executi.c^^^ the ^'6een of Scots, contrary to queen 
 Elizabeth's command, and without her Knowledge. After the hearing of the caufc. 
 Sir Roger Manwood, chief-baron of the Exchequer, gave his opinion firft, wherein 
 he extolled the queen's clemency, which he faid Davifon had prevented from having 
 its due effeft, and therefore he was for fining him ten thoufand pounds and imprifon- 
 ment during the queen's^leafure. Lord chief-juftice Anderibn fpoke next ; his deci- 
 fion in this nice point ;^as,' " That Davifon had dont juflum nonjujle; he had done 
 what was right in an unlawful manner, otherwife he thought him no bad man." 
 ** 1 his, fays Mr. Granger, was excellent logic, for finding an innocent man guilty. 
 It was drawn from the fame mood and figure with the queen's order, and no order 
 for Davifon's figning the warrant. The lord chief-juftice, who was otherwife no bad 
 man himfelf, was obliged to find him guilty, upon pain of being deprived of his 
 office*." . . , • 
 
 Lord chief-juftice Anderfon greatly diftinguifhed himfelf in the proceedings againft 
 thofe who endeavoured to fet up the Geneva difcipline; and as he fliewed great zeal 
 on thefe occafions, lb in tiie caie of Udal, a puritan minifter, who was confined in 
 the year 1589, and tried and condemned the year following, we find the chief-juftice 
 is fevcrely cenfured by Mr. Pierce. It is higlily probable, that the judge himfelf was 
 fcnliblc of the ill-will his proceedings againit the dillenters drew upon hiin ; but it does 
 not appear that it gave him any great concern, fince, in 1596, we have an account of 
 his going to the northern circuit, where he behaved with the fame rigour, declaring 
 
 * Biographical Iliftory of England, vol. i, p. 2y„ 
 
 N in
 
 ^ y*". A N N E S L E Y. 
 
 m his charges, that fuch perfons as oppofcd the eflablifhed church, oppofed her-msfc 
 iefty's authority, and were therefore enemies to the ftate, and difturbcrs of the public 
 peace; wherefore, of fuch he direifled the grand juries to enquire, that they might be- 
 punilhcd. He was, indted, -a'^cry ftrict lawyer, who governed himfelf entirely by 
 Itatutes: this he fhcwed on many occaficns, particularly at the trial of Henry LufF; 
 fecretary to the earl of EfTex, when the attorney-general charging the prifoner fyilo- 
 giilically, and CufFanfwering jiiai in the fame ftyle, lord chicf-jullice Anderfon faid, 
 " I fit here to judge of law, and not of logic;" and direfted the attorney general to 
 prefs the flatuie of Edward III. on which Mr. CutF was indicted. His fteadinefs wai 
 fo great, that he would not be driven from his purpofe by any authority whatever. 
 On the accefTion of king James I. he was continued in his office, which he lield up- -•'' 
 wards of twenty-three years, to the time of his death, which happened at London, • ' 
 on the irt tf Auguft, 1605 : his body was interred the 15th of September following,--' '^ 
 at F.yv/or h, in Bedfordfhire, wth great funeral pomp. As to the writings of this "^^,^' 
 great lawyer, befides his readings, which are dill in manufcript, his printed works 
 are, i ft. Reports of many principal Cafes argued and adjudged in the '1 ime of Queen 
 Elizabeth, in the Common Pleas. 2d, Refohitions and Judgments on the Cafes and 
 Matters agitafed in all the cout;ts of V^yj^lminller, in the latter End of the Reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 •^:-_ 
 
 ;ts of \Y|dlir 
 
 ANNESLEY (Arthur) eari of Anglefey, and lord privy-feal in the reign- of 
 king Chariest ll. was the fon of Sir Francis Annefley, bart and was born at Dublin 
 on the te'nfh>OT -July, 1614. He continued in Ireland till he was ten years of age, 
 when he was lent tfl'England. in the Hxtecnth year of his age he was entered fellow- 
 commoner at Magd^en ~ci>Hege, Oxford; and, in i6j4, removed to Lincoln's-Inn, 
 where he ftud'ed'wie law with great afllduity, till his father fcnt him to travel. Hav- 
 ing made the tour bf Europe, and contmued fome time at Rome, he returned to 
 England in 1640, when he was* •leCtf cf^M^ht of the fli ire for Radnor, in the par- 
 liament whicli fat at We'minlter, in Nm^nber, the lame year; but the eleftion > 
 being contefted, he loft his feat by a vote of the houfe that Charles Price, Efq; was 
 duly elecled. In the beginn.ng of the civil war, Mr. .-inneney inclined to the royal 
 caufe, and fat in the parliament hell at Oxford, in 1643, but afterwards became re- ^' 
 concilcd to the oppofite party. He was fent commiftioner to Ulfter in the year 1645, I" 
 where he managed affairs with fo much dexterity and- judgment, that the famous '""' 
 rebel Owen Roe O'Neal was difappointed in his dcfigns ; and the popilli archbilhop ' 
 of 1 uam, who was the great rui)port of his party, and whofe councils had been 
 hitherto very fuccefsful, was not only taken prifoner, but his papers were feized, 
 and his forcigr. correfpondence difcovered, whereby valt advantages accrued to the 
 proteftant intcreit. 1 he parliament !iad fent commiirioners to the duke of Urmond, 
 for the delivery of Dublin, but without fuccefs ; and he ftate of aitairs making it 
 necclfary to renew their correfpondence with him, they made choice of a fecond 
 coinmictee, and Mr. -'nneliey was placed at the head of this commiirjon. The com- 
 miiFioners arrived at Dublin, June 7, 1647, and they proved fo fuccefsful in their, 
 negotiations, that in a tew days a treaty was concluded with the lord lieutenant, 
 which was figned on tne 19th of that month, and Dubiin v/as put into the hands of. 
 the parliament. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, then things began to take a. 
 ilLffcrcnt turn, by reftoring the fccluded members to tlieir feat.-*, February 2;, it)6o, 
 Mr. Anneiley was cholen preudent of the council of itate, and was prmci, ally con- 
 cerned in bring ng about the Kcftoration. 1 he fame year king Charles 1. railed 
 him to the dignity of a baron, by the title of lord Annefley, of Newport Pagnell, 
 
 Bucks ;
 
 ANNESLEY. 41 
 
 » 
 
 Backs ; and a fhort time after, he was created earl of Anglefey. He hacf always ^ 
 confiderable (hare in the king's favour, and was heard with great attention both at 
 council and in the houfe of lords. In 1667, he was made tiieafurer ^of the navy. 
 On the 4th of February, 167 1-2, his majefty, in council, wis pleafed to appoint 
 the duke of Buckingham, the earl of Anglefey, the lord Holies, the lord AlTiley..^. 
 Cooper, and Mr. fecretary Trevor, to be a committee to perufe and revife all the 
 papers and writings concerning the fettlement of Ireland, from the firft to the lall, 
 and to make an abftraft thereof in writing; and accordingly, on the 12th of June, 
 1672, they made their report at large, which was the foundation of a commiirion, 
 dated Augu ft i, 1672, to prince Rupert, the dukes of Buckingham and Lauderdale, 
 the earl of Anglefey, the lords Alhley and MoUes, Sir John Trevor, and Sir Tliomas 
 Chicheley, to infped: the fettlements of Ireland, and all proceedings thereunto. 
 
 In the year 1673, the earl of Anglefey had the office of lord j nvy-feal conferred 
 upon him. In Udlober j68o, his lordlhip was charged by one Dangerneld, in an 
 information delivered upon oath, at the bar of the houfe of commons, with endea- 
 vouring to llifle evidence in relation to the popifli plot, and to promote the belief 
 of a prelbyterian one. The uneafinefs he received from this attack, did not j revent 
 his fpeaking his opinion freely of thofe matters in the houfe of lords, particuiarly in 
 regard to the Irifh plot. In 1680, the earl of C^ekaven wrote Memoirs concern- 
 ing the Affiiirs of Ireland, wherein he was at fome pains'to rej refent the irifli rebel- 
 lion in the lightefl colours poflible, as if it had been at firft far from beir)g univerfal, 
 and at Lift rendered fo by the meafures purfued by fuch as ought ro have fu;-preflcd 
 the infurreiStion. The earl of Anglefey having received thcfe Memoirs from the 
 author, thouglic fit to write fome animadverfions upon them, in a^ letter to the earl 
 of Caflleliaven, wherein he delivered his opinjon freely with relpedt to the duke of 
 Ormond and his management in Ireland.' '1 he duke expofiulatcd with the lord 
 privy-feal on this fubjetc, by letter, to which the earl replied. In 1682, the earl 
 drew up a very piarticular remonftrance, and prefented *it; to king Charles 11. it vva<r 
 very warm and loyal, but did not meet with a fivourable reception. 1 his memorial 
 was intitled, " I he Account of Arthur, Earl of Anglefey, Lord Privy-feal to your 
 moft excellent Majelly, of the true State of your Majefty's Government and King- 
 doins, April 27, 1682." In one part of it he fays, *' The fatal caufe of all our 
 mifchiefs, prefcnt or apprehended, and which may raife a fire, which may burn and 
 coaluii''e to the very foundations, is the unhappy perverfion of the duke of York 
 (the Ecxt heir to the crown) in one point of religion ; which naturally raifes jealoufy 
 of the power, defigns, and pradices of the old enemies of our religion and liberties, 
 and undermines and emafculaces the courage and conftancy even of thofe and their 
 polleriry, who have been as faithful to, and fufl'ered as much for the crown, as any 
 the molt pleafed or contented in our impending miferies can pretend to have done." 
 He concludes with thefe words : " 1 hough your majefty is in your own perfon above 
 the reach of law, and fovereign of all your people, yet the law is your mafter and 
 inllruflor how to govern ; and that your fubjeCts afTure themfclves, you will i.ever 
 attempt the enervating that law by which you are king, and which you have not 
 only by frequent declarations, but by a folemn oath upon your throne, been obliged, 
 in a mod glorious preience of your people, to the maintenance of, and that there- 
 fore you will look upon any that Ihall propofe or advilb to the contrary, as unfit 
 perfons to be near you ; and on thofe who lliall perfuade you it is lawful, as fordid 
 flatterers, and the worft and moft dangerous enemies you and your kingdoms have.. 
 "What 1 fet before your majefty, 1 have written freely, and like a fvvorn faithful 
 counfcllor, perhaps not like a wife man, with regard to my felf, as they ftand ; but 
 
 I have
 
 (5^ A N S E L M. 
 
 , .. 
 
 1 have difcharged ifiy duty, and (hall account it a reward, ifyour majerty vbuch- 
 fafe to read, what 1 durlt not but write, and which I befcech God to give a blef- 
 fuig to." 
 
 The duke of Ormohdwas prevailed upon to exhibit a charge againft the earl, on 
 account of his refleftioVis on the earl of Caftlehaven's Memoirs. This produced 
 a lliarp, conteft between tliefe two peers, which ended in the earl of Anglefey's 
 lofing his place of lord privy-fcal ; though even his enemies were forced to confcfs, 
 that he was harflily and unjuftly treated. After this difgrace, the earl remained 
 principally at his countiy-feat at Blechingdon, in Oxfordfhire, where he devoted his 
 time to his ftudies, and meddled very little with public affairs. However, he got 
 into favour again, in the reign of king James II. and it is generally believed he 
 •would have been appointed lord-chancellor of England, if not prevented by his death, 
 which happened on the 6th of April, i686, in the feventy- third year of his age. 
 He was perfectly vcrfetl in the Greek and Roman hiftory, and well acquainted with 
 the fpirit and policy of thofe nations. He had fludied the laws of his country with 
 fuch diligence, that he was edeemed a great lawyer. He wrote, befides the above- 
 mentioned work, I. Truth unveiled, in Behalf of the Church of England. i. The 
 Privileges of the Houfe of Lorc^and Commons, argued and ftatcd. 3. Memoirs, 
 intermixt with moral, politicaT, Jmd hiilorical Obfervarions. 4. The Hiftory of the 
 Troubles in Ireland, from the Rebellion in 1641 to the Keftoration. 5. A Letter 
 of Remarks upon Jovian, and fome other works. He was a perfon of great abilities 
 and uncpmnlon learning. He was one of the firfl Englilh peers who collected a 
 fine library, which he did with great labour, and at a large expence. After his de- 
 ceafe, all his books were cxpofed to fale. At this fale the difcovery was made of the 
 earl's famous memorandum, in the blank leaf of an Icon Bafilike, according to 
 \vhich, it was not king Charles I. but bifhop Gawden, who was the author of this 
 performance, which produce4 a long conrroverfy. 
 
 ANSELM, archbifliop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I. 
 was born at Aoll:, a town at the foot of the Alps, in the year 1033. After having 
 travelled for fome time in France, he took the monadic habit in the abbey of Becc, 
 in Normandy, of which Lanfranc, afterwards archbifhop of Canterbury, was then pi'ior. 
 Three years after, when Lanfranc was made abbot of Caen, Anfclm fucceeded him 
 in the priory of Becc ; and upon the death of Herluin, abbot of that monafrery, 
 was promoted to the abbacy. In 1091, Anfelm came over to England, and' foon 
 after his arrival, William Kufus nominated him to the fee of Canterbury : but the 
 abbot fteadily refufed the dignity, fell on his knees, wept, and intreated the king to 
 chufe fome other perfon ; and on his finding William obflinate in forcing him to 
 receive the pafloral ftaff, kept his fift fo faft clinched, that it required the utmofl: 
 violence of the by-ftanders to o[;en it, and oblige him to accept that enfign of fpi- 
 ritual dignity. He was confecrated archbifhop with great folemnity on the 4th of 
 December, 1093. Soon after his conlecration, the king having a defign to take the 
 duchy of Normandy from his brother Robert, and endeavouring to raife what money 
 he could for that purpofe, Anfclm made him an offer of tive hundred pounds, which 
 the king thinking too little, refufed to accept, and the archbiffiop thereby fell under 
 his majefty's difpleafure. The next year, the king being ready to embark for Nor- 
 mandy, Anfclm waited on him, and defired leave to convene a national fynod ; but 
 William refufed his rcqueff, and treated him very harfhly, whereupon the archbifhop 
 and his retinue withdrew from court. 
 
 At
 
 A N S E L M. €9 
 
 Atthis'time there was a fchifm ip the church, between Urban and Clement, both of 
 whom laid claim to the papal chair; and Anfelm had already acknowledged the turmer, 
 thout^h he knew that the kins inclined towards Clement, and that a lav/ had been cn- 
 afted during the preceding reign, to prohibit all perfons from acknowledging any pope 
 without the king's confenc. Great difputes alfo arofe on Anfclm's perfiiiing in his re- 
 folution of going to Rome to receive the pall from pope Urban, the king abfolutely re- 
 fufingtolet him leave the kingdom. This contcit was carried to a great length At 
 lull: William difpatchcd agents to Rome, with fecrct inftruftions to treat with Urban, 
 offering to acknowledge tliat pontiff as duly eledled, if he would fend over to him the 
 archbiliiop's pall, and let h:m clifpofe of it as he Ihould think proper. Urban was 
 p'.eafed with this melTage, and immediately fent the pall by the bilhop of Albano, who 
 brought it to William without Anfelm's knowledge, and promifed that monarcli, in the 
 name of th.e pope, a full confirmation of all the prerogatives and rights of his crown, by 
 the papal authority, if he would acknowledge and-obey him, as fovereign pontiff. Wil- 
 liam, who perceived that his people and clergy in general were difpofed in favour of Ur- 
 ban, accepted thefe offers, and endeavoured to prevail on the bilhop of Albanoto con- 
 cur with him, as legate, in the depofing of Anfelm, offering a great annual lum of 
 money, both to that prelate and to Urbai^irthey would gratify his defires in this re- 
 fpe6l ; but tlie bifhop convinced him of theimprafticability of what he demanded-, and 
 the king having no hopes of getting him depofed, endeavoured to find fome means of 
 compounding their quarrel to his own advantage. Anfelm was informed, diat Urban 
 had Tent the pall to the king, and that it was reafonable he fnould at leaft pay as much to 
 that prince as it would liave coft him in going to Rome tofijtch it. The archbifliop was 
 greatly lurprifed at this information; yet, though he law that the courts of tngland and 
 Rome were i)ctter agreed than he had wiflied, and that the latter had not treated him in 
 this affair with the regard he deferved, he perfevered in refufing to give the king any 
 money, though urged to it by all his brethren. At laft, William dci'pairing of felling 
 him the pall, confented to give it him. But Anfelm conceiving, that to take it 
 from his hands would be a kind of acknowledgment of his having received it, not from 
 the papal, but regal authority, rcfuied to accept it. However, after fome altercation 
 upon this delicate fcruple of confcicnce, in which the archbilhop's zeal for tlie papacy 
 exceeded that of the pope himfelf, it was at length ended by a very fingular expedient : 
 the pall was laid on the high altar of Canterbury, and Anfelm took it from thence, as 
 from the hands of St. Peter. 
 
 Anlelm was now perluaded to give his faith to the king, and promlie to obey and 
 maintain the royal cuitoms and laws of the realm ; but the king returning from a war 
 againft the Wclfh, complained, that the men whom the archbilhop had turnilhcd for 
 that expedition, were neither \o well accoutred, nor fo fit for the fervice, as they ought 
 to have been, and fummoned Iiim to anfwerthat charge in his court. Anfelm was deter- 
 mined not to obey; but applied to fome of the chief nobles, and by them acquainted 
 the king, that being compelled by the mofl: urgent nectffity, he dcfired leave to go 
 to Rome. William fent back a denial. Neverthelel's the prelate repeatedly renew- 
 ed his petition, though the charge againft him was dropped ; till at lad the king 
 grew impatient, and Icrnt him word, that if he did go to Rome, he would feize his 
 temporalities, and acknowledge him no longer for his archbifliop : notwidiftanding 
 which, Anfelm If ill perfilled, and at length fct out with the fcrip and ftaff of a pilgrim. 
 William, on hearing that he had eroded the fea, ordered all his goods and revenues to 
 be brought into the Exchequer. Anfelm, on his arrival at Rome, was honourably re- 
 ceived by the pope, whom he accompanied to his country feat near Capua. His holi- 
 ncfs wrote to the king, enjoining him, by iiis autliority, to reinltate Anlelm in ail the 
 
 Vol. I. T ' profits
 
 7© A N S E r, M. 
 
 profits and privileges of his fee. Anfelm was very ferviceable to the pope in the coun-^ 
 cil of Bari, held to oppofc the errors of the Greek churcli, with refpcdl to the proceflion 
 of the lloly-Ghoft. In this fynod, he anfwered the objeclions of the Greeks in fuch a 
 manner, that he filenced them, and gave general fatisfadion to the Weftern church] 
 His holinefs, upon this occafion, honoured him with the title of " akcrius orbis papa -," 
 i.e. pope of "the other world, meaning England. After the fyncd of liari was ended, the 
 pope and Anfelm returned to Rome, where an ambaffador from h.ngland was arrived, 
 in order to difprove that prelate's allegations and complaints againll: his mafter-, and 
 partly by prefents, and partly by promiles, he prevailed upon the court of Rometodefert 
 Anfelm. The archbilkop perceiving how matters flood, would have gone to Lyons, 
 but the pope would not part with him ; and in order to foothe hiin after his difappoinc- 
 nient, he lodged him in a noble palace, where he made him frequent vifits -, and a 
 council being fummoned about this time to fit at Rome, Anfelm had a very honourable 
 feat afllgned him and his I'uccefTors, this being the firft time of an archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury's appearing at a Roman fynod. When the council broke up, Anfrlm retired to 
 Lyons, where he remained till the death of king William, which happened in the year 
 
 II GO. ^ 
 
 Henry I. having fucceeded to the throne of England, invited Anfelm to return to his 
 archbilhopric. That prelate accepted the invitation witli tranfport, and landed at Do- 
 ver, October 24, to the inexpreinble joy of the whole nation •, but when it was required 
 that he fhould be re-invefted by the king, and do the cuftomary homage of his prede- 
 ceflbrs, he refufed to comply, alledging the canons of the late fynod at Rome*, about 
 inveftitures. The king was not a little difgufted at Anfelm's non-compliance : it was a- 
 greed, however, that the difpute fhould reft till the Eafter following, and that in the 
 mean time fome perfons fhould be fent to Rome, with a remonftrance to the pope, de- 
 firing his holinefs to difpenfe with the canons of the ,Iate fynod, in relation to invefti- 
 tures. About this time Anfelm convened a fynod at Lambeth, on occafion of the king's 
 intended marriage with Maud, or Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland ; 
 and here it was determined, that the king might lawfully marry that princefs, notwith- 
 llanding flie was generally reported to be a nun, having worn the veil, and had her edu- 
 cation in a religious houfe. 
 
 The perfuns deputed by the king and the archbiftiop to Rome, returned with a letter 
 to his majefty from the pope, in wliich his holinefs infilled upon the performance of the 
 canons concerning inveftitures. The king refolved not to give up his prerogative; and 
 the majority of the bifliops and nobihty were on his fide : fome of whom prefiTed his 
 majefty to break entirely with the fee of Rome. However, it was not thought advife- 
 able to proceed to an open rupture without making a further trial for an accommoda- 
 tion : the king accordingly fent ambaflfadors to the pope, to endeavour to prevail with 
 him to recede from his declaracion-, but he protefted that he v;ould fooner lofe hisdife 
 than cancel the decrees of the holy fathers, and fignified his relolution by letters to the 
 king and Anfelm. The next year a national fynod v.'as held under Anfelm at St. Peter's, 
 Wcftminfter, at v;hich the king, and moft of the nobility, were prefent. The year fol- 
 lov/ing, the king fomewhat relented in favour of Anielm, and defired him to take a 
 journey to Rome, to try if he could perfuade the pope to relax. His holinefs, how- 
 ever, perfifted in relufing the king die right of inveltiture •, but at t!ie fame time he 
 
 * This fynod escommnnicated all lay perfons who (hotild give inveftilure for abbeys or cathedrals ; 
 and all ccclefiaftics who (hould receive invcllitiirts from lay hand.;, or came under the tenure of homage 
 for any eccleliallical promotion, were put uader the fame ceufure. William o/^Malmsburv. 
 
 wrots
 
 A N S O N. 72 
 
 wrote a very refpe<5bful letter to his majefty, earneftly defiring to wave the conteft, and 
 promifing all podible compliance in other matters. Anlelm having left the court of 
 Kome, returned to Lyons ; and during his ftay here, the king lent another ambaHy to 
 Rome, to try to prevail with the pope to bring that prelate to a fubmitTion, But his 
 holinefs could not be gained ; and lie excommunicated ibme of the EngliHi court, who 
 had diffiiaded the king from parting with the inveftitures. 
 
 Anfclm perceiving the court of Rome dilatory in thtir proceedings, removed from 
 Lyons, and made a vifit to the countefs Adda, at her caftle in Blois. At this lady's 
 intercellion, the king, when he came to Normandy, agreed to have a meeting with An- 
 feim, who accordingly waited upon his majefly, at a caftle called I'Aigle, where the 
 king reltored to him the revenues ot the archbilTiopric, but would not permit him to 
 come to England, unlefs he would comply in the affair of the inveftitures-, v/hich An- 
 felm refufing to do, he continued in France, till the matter was laid again before the 
 pope. And now the Englilh bilhops, wlio had taken part with the king againft An- 
 lelm, began to change their minds, as appears by their letter direfted to Anfelm in Nor- 
 mandy, wherein they prefs him to come over with all fpeed, promifing to ftand by him, 
 and to pay him the regard due to his charadler. Anlelm exprefled his fatisfadtion at 
 this behaviour ot the bilhops ; but he acquainted them it was not in his power to re- 
 turn, till he was farther informed of the proceL^dings of the court of Rome. At length 
 the amb.iflTadors returned from Rome, and brought with them a decifion more favoura- 
 ble than the former ; though his holinefs would not give up the point of inveftitures, 
 yet he difpenfed fo far as to permit the billijps and abbots to do homage for their tem- 
 poralities. I'he king being highly pleafed with this condel'cenfion of the pope, fen t to 
 invite Anfelm to England ; but the melTenger finding him indil'pofed, his majefty went 
 over in perfon to Normandy, and made him a vifit- at the abbey of Becc, w.here all dif- 
 ferences were pertedtly adjufted. 
 
 When Anfelm recovered from his illnel's, he embarked for England, where he was 
 received with extraordinary marks of civility and kindnefs. After his arrival, nothino- 
 remarkable happened in the life of this gitai prelate, except his difpute with Thomas 
 archbilliop of York, who, in conjunclion with tlie chapter of York, endeavoured to 
 throw off the dependency on the Ice of ;. antcrbury. Before the determination of this 
 difpute, nnfclm died at Canterbury, in the leventy-fixth year of his age, and feven- 
 teenth of his prelacy, on the iift ot April, i loq. The largeft edition ot his works is 
 that publifhed by father Gerberon : it is divided into three parts ; the firft is entitled Mo- 
 nologia, and contains dogmatical tradts ; the iecond contains pra6tical and devotional 
 rradts; the third takes in his letters. William of Malmlbury tells us, that " Anlelm 
 was a perfon of great ftridnefs and felfdenial • and his temper and fedatenefs were I'uch, 
 that he was never heard to utter the leaft reproachful word." He was the firft arch- 
 bifliop who reftraincd the Englifti clergy from marrying : this was done in the natioiial 
 fynod held at Weftminlher in 1 102, the fourth canon of which provides, that no arch- 
 deacon, prieft, deacon, or canon, fliould be allowed to marry, or live witli his wife al- - 
 ready married. Anfelm was canonized in the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 ANSON (George, Lord) v/hofe merit, as a naval commander, raifed him to 
 the r.uik of nobility, vvas the iecond and youngeft (on of William Anion, Elq; of 
 Shuckborough, by Elizabeth, filler to the countels of Macclesfield, and aunt to the 
 prefent carl. 
 
 Mr. Anion, having very early devoted himfclf to the fea-fervice, was made captain 
 ot the Weazle Hoop in 1722-, and, tiie year following, captain of the Scarborough 
 maaof war. On the breaking out of the SpaniHi war, he v/as recommended to his 
 
 majefty
 
 72 ANSON. 
 
 majcdy for the command of a fquadron deftined to annoy the enemy in the South Seas -, 
 and, by an imrrcqiicnu-d navigation, to attack them with vi<i;our in their remotell ftttk- 
 ments. A d.agii which, had in not met with unaccountable delays, would have am- 
 ply anfwered the intention, and might have given, perhaps, an irretrievable blow to 
 the Spanifli American power. 
 
 ^ir. Anion failed from St. Helens on the iSth of September, 1740, in the Centu- 
 rion of fixty guns, with the Gloucefter and Severn of fifty each, the Pearl of forty, tli; 
 Wa::;er llorelhip, and the Trval floop. His departure having been retarded fomtr 
 months beyond the proper feafoh, lie did not anive in the latitude of Cape Horn ti'l 
 about the middle of the vernal equinox, and in fuch tempeltuous weather, that it was 
 with much difiiculty that his own fhip, with the Gl''ucelter and the floop, could dou- 
 ble that dangerous cape •, and his itrength was confidcrably diminiilicd by the putting 
 back of the Severn and Pearl, and the lofs of the Wager flore-fliip. Yet, notwith- 
 llanding this difappointment, and the havock that the kurvy had made among the 
 Ihips that were left, he arrived at the fertile, though unmliabited illand of Juan Fer- 
 nandez ; where having repaired his damages, and retrefhed ins men, with the above 
 inconfiderable armament, he kept, for eight months, the whole coaft of Peru and Mex- 
 ico in continu?! alarm, made feveral prizes, took and plundered the town of Paita, and, 
 bv his humane behaviour to his prifoners, imprefled on their minds a lading idea of 
 BritiQi generofity. At length, with the Centurion only (the other two fhips having 
 beendeitroyed) he traver.ed the vaft extent of the Pacific Ocean in a three months 
 voyage ; in the courfe of which, his numbers were lo much farther reduced by ficknefs, 
 that it was wirh the utmoft difficulty he readied the ifland of Tinian, one of tht^ 
 Lad rones. 
 
 " This ifland lies in the latitude of 1 5. !^'. N. and longitude from Acapuko 1 1 4. 50.W. 
 Its length is about twelve miles, and its breadth about hair as much -, it extending from 
 the:5. S. W. to the N. N. E. The foil is every where dry and healthy, and fomewhac 
 fandy, which being lefs difpofcd than other f its to a rank and over- luxuriant vegetation, 
 occafions the meadows and the bcitoms of the v/oods to be much neater and fmoother 
 than is ufual in hot climates. J he land rifcs, by an eafv flope, from the very beach 
 where we watered to the middle of the ifland ; though the general courle of its afccnt is 
 often interrupted and traverfed by gentle dcfccnts and valliesj and ihe inequalities that 
 ere formed by the different combinations of die I'e gradual fwel lings of the ground, arc 
 moll beautifully diverfiiicd by large lawns, which arc covered with a very fine trefoil, 
 intermixed with a variety of flowers, and are Ikirtcd by woods vt tall iprading trees, 
 mollof them celebrated either for their aipetl or their fruit. The tur: of the lawns is ^ 
 pcrkdly clean and even, and the bottoms of the woods, in many places, clear of all«i 
 buflies and underwoods ; and the woods themfelves ufually terminate on the lawns with^ 
 a regular outline, not broken, nor con' ufed with ftraggling trees, but appearing as uni-^' 
 form as it laid out by art. ticnce arofe a great variety of the moll elegant and enter-] 
 taining profpects, formed by the mixture of thefe woods and lawns, and their various 
 interleitions wth each other, as they fprcad thcmlelves diflerently through the vallies, 
 and over tl'.e flopes and ttechvities with which the place abounds. The animals too, 
 which, for the greatcft part of the year, are the fole lords of this happy foil, partake, in 
 feme mcafure, of the romantic calt of the ifland, and are no imall addition to its won- 
 derful fcenery : tor the cattle, of which it is nut uncommon to fee herds of feme thou- 
 fands feeding together in a large meadow, are certainly the mofl remarkable in thC| 
 world. They arc all of a milk-white, except their ears, which are generally black jj 
 and, though there are no inliabitants here, yet the clamour and frequent parading of) 
 domcllic poultry, which range the woods in great numbers, perpetually excite the ideasj 
 
 2 of!
 
 ANSON. 7j 
 
 of the neiglibourhood of farms and villages, and greatly contiibutc to the beauty find 
 chearfulncfs of the place. , ■ ' ' . '. 
 
 " 'Ihe cattle on die ifland wc computed were at leaft .j;en tho;ufanjl,^pd y§ had nodif- 
 ficuky ifijgettiiig ne^r tlieni, as they, were nqtfliy pf ju^. Ou^ firft method of kilkng 
 them was llioocing them ; but, at laft, when, by accidents, we were obliged to huf- 
 band our ammunition, our men ran them down with eafe. Their fiedi was cxtiemely 
 well tailed, and was believed by us to be much more eafiiy digefted than any we had 
 ever met with. The fowls too were exceeding good, and were likewiib run cluwn with 
 little trouble ; for they tould i'carce fly further than an hundred yards at a flight, and 
 even that fatigued them fo much, that they could not readily rife again ; fo that aided 
 by the Qpenncli of the woods, we could at all times furnilh ouilclves with whatever 
 number we wanted. Befides the cattle and poultry, we found here vaft quantities of 
 wild hogs. Tiiefe were moft excellent food; but, as they were a very fierce animal, wc 
 were obliged either to fhoot them, or to hunt them with large dogs, which we found 
 upon the place at our lanuing, and which belonged to a detachment that was then up- 
 on the ifland, amalling pro\ ifions for the garrilbn of Guam. Thcfe dogs having been 
 puipofely trained to the killing of the' wild hogs, they followed us very readily, and 
 hunted for us : but though they were a large bold breed, the hogs fought with fo much 
 fury, that they frequently deftroyed them ; fo that, by degrees, we loil tlie greateft part 
 of them. 
 
 " But this place was not only extremely agreeable to us from the plenty and excel- 
 lency of its frefli provifion?, but was as much, perhaps, to be admired for its fruits and 
 vegetable productions, which were moft fortunately adapted to thecureof thefea-fcurvy, 
 that had fo terribly reduced us; for in the woods there were inconceivable quantities of 
 cocoa-nuts, with the cabbages growing on the fame tree. There were, befides, guavoes, 
 limes, fweet and lour oranges, and a kind of fruit peculiar to thei'e iflands, called by 
 the Indians Rima, but by us the bread fruit; for it was conftantly eaten by us during 
 our ftay upon the ifland, inftead of bread ; and ib univerfally preferred to it, that no 
 Ihip's bread v/as expended during that whole interval. It grew upon a tree which was 
 fomcwhat lofty, and which, towards the top, divides into large and fpreading branches; ' 
 The leaves ot this tree are of a remarkable deep green, are notched about the edges, 
 and are generally from a foot to eighteen inches in length. The fruit itlelf grows indif- , 
 ferently on all parts of the branches : it is in fliape rather elliptical than round, is cover- 
 ed with a rough rind, and is ufually feven or eight inches long; each of them grows 
 fingly and not in clufters. 1 his fruit is fitteft to be ufed when it is full grown, but is 
 ftill green ; in which ftate its tafte has fome diftant refemblance to that of an artichoke- 
 bottom, and its texture is not very diffi^rent, for it is foft and fpongy. As it ripens it 
 grows foftcr and of a yellow colour, and then contradts a lulcious tafte, and an agree- 
 able fmell, not unlike that of a ripe peach ; but then it is efteemed unwholeiome, and is 
 faid to produce fluxes. Befides the fruits already enumerated, there were many otiier 
 vegetables extremely conducive to the cure of the malady we had long laboured under ; 
 luch as water-melons, dandelion, creeping purflain, mint, fcurvy-grafs, and forrclj 
 all which, together with the frefli meats of the place, we devoured with great cagernel's, 
 prompted thereto by the ftrong inclination which nature never fails of exciting in fcor- 
 butic diforders for thefe powerful fpecifics. 
 
 " It will eafiiy be conceived, from what already hath been faid, that our cheer upoo 
 this ifland was in fome degree luxurious, but 1 have not yet recited all the varieties of 
 provifion which we here indulged in. Indeed we thought it prudent totally to abftain 
 from fifli, the few we caught at our firft arrival having lurfcitcd thofe who eat of them.; 
 but, confidering how much we had been inuretl to that fpccies of food, we did not ro 
 
 Vol. I. U gard
 
 74 ANSON. 
 
 gard this circum (lance as a difadvantage, efpecially as the defcft was fo amply fupplied' 
 by the beef, pork, and fowls already mentioned, and by great quantity of wild fowl; 
 for I mull obferve, that near the centre of the iQand there were two confiderable pieces 
 of frefh water, which abounded with duck, teal, and curlew, not to mention the whift- 
 ling-plover, which we found there in the greateft plenty. 
 
 " It may, perhaps, be wondered at, that an ifland lb excellently furnirtied with the 
 conveniencies ot life, and fo well adapted, not only to the fubfiftcnce, but likewife to 
 the enjoyment of mankind, fhould be entirely deftitute of inhabitants, efpecially as it is 
 in the neighbourhood of other iflands, which, in ibme meafure, depend upon this for 
 i'upport. To obviate this difficulty it is neceflary to obferve, that it is not fifty years 
 fmce the ifland was depopulated. The Indians we Iiad in our ciiflody alTured us, that for- 
 merly the three illands of Tinian, Rota, and Guam, were all full of inhabitants; and 
 that Tinian alone contained thirty thoufand fouls : but a lickncfs raging amongft thefc 
 iflands, which dellroyed multitudes of the people, the Spaniards, to recrfrit their num- 
 bers at Guam, which were greatly diminiflied by this mortality, ordered all the inhabi- 
 tants of Tinian thither; where, languifhing for their former habitations, and their cuf- 
 tomary method of life, the greateft part of them, in a few years, died of grief. Indeed, 
 independent of that attachment which all mankind have ever ihown to the places of their 
 birdi and bringing up, it fliould feem, from what has been already laid, that there- 
 were few countries more worthy to be regretted than this of Tinian. Thcit; poor In- 
 dians might reafonably haveexpefted, at the great diftance from Spain where they were 
 placed, to have efcaped the violence and cruelty of that haughty nation, fo fatal to a 
 large proportion of the human race : but it feems their remote fituation could not pro- 
 tcft them from fharing in the common deflruftion of the wtftern world, all the advan- 
 tage they received fiom their diftance being only to perifh an age or two later. 
 
 " Having mentioned the conveniencies of this place, the excellency and quantity of- 
 its fruits and provifions, the neatneis of its lawns, the ftatelinefs, frelhnefs, and fra- 
 grance of its woods, the happy inequality of its furface, and the variety and cleganceof 
 the views it afforded, we muft alfo obferve, tiiat ail tliefe advantages were greatly enhanced 
 by the healthinel'j of its climate, by the almofl conflant breezes which prevail there, and 
 by the frequent fhowers which fall, and whicli, though of a very fliort and almofi mo- 
 mentary duration, are extremely grateful and refrefhing, and are, perhaps, one caufe of 
 the falubrity of the air, and of the extraordinary influence it was obferved to have upori- 
 tis, in incrcafirg and invigorating our appeutes and digcflion. This was fb remarkable, 
 that thofe among our officers, who were at all other times fpare and temperate eaters, 
 who, befidcs a flight breakfalt made but one moderate repafi a day, were here, in ap- 
 pearance, transformed into gluttons; for, inllead of one rcafonable flcfli-meal, they 
 were now icarce fatisfied with three, and each of them fo prodigious in quantity, as 
 would at another time have produced a fever or a furfeit : and yet our digcttion fb well 
 corrtfpofKlcd with the keennefs of our appetites, that we were neither difordered noi- 
 even loaded by tins repletion ; for, after having, according to the cultom of the ifland, 
 mat-le a large beef-breakfafl, it was not long before we began to conlider the approach 
 of dinner as a very dcfirable, though fbmev/hat tardy, incklcnt. 
 
 " Having been thus large in my encomiums on this ifland, in wluch, however, I. 
 conceive 1 have not done it jullice, it is neccffary 1 fhould fpeak of thofe circumflancea 
 in which it is defedive, whether in point of beauty or utility. 
 
 " And, firft, v/ith refptd to its water, I mufl own, that, before I had feen this fpot, 
 I did not conceive that the abfence of running water, ot which it is entirely dcflitute, 
 could iiavc been fo wtll replaced by any other means, as it is in this illand; for, thouf^h 
 there are no Ilrcams, yet tlie water of the wells and fprings v/hich arc to be met with 
 
 4 every
 
 ANSON. -js 
 
 every where near the furface, is extremely good -, and, in the midft of the ifland, there 
 are two or three confiderable pieces of excellent water, the edges of which are as neat 
 and even, as if they had been bafons piirpofely made for the decoration of the place. It 
 miift, however, be confefied, that, with regard to the beauty of the profpefts, the want 
 of rills and ftreams is a very great defedt, not to be compenfated either by large pieces 
 of (landing water, or by the neighbourhood of the fea; though that, on account of the 
 fmallncfs of the ifland, generally makes a part of a very extenfive view. 
 
 " As to the refidence upon the ifland, the principal inconvenience attending it is tlie 
 vaft number of mul'catos, and various other fpecics of flies, together with an infett call- 
 ed a trick, which, though principally attached to the cattle, would yet frequently fafl:en 
 upon our limbs and bodies, and, if not perceived and removed in time, would bury its 
 liead under the (kin, and raife a painful inflamimarion. We found here too centipedes 
 and fcorpions, which we fuppofed were venomous, but none of us ever received any in- 
 jury from them. 
 
 " But the moft important and formidable exception to this place remains ftill to be 
 told. This is the inconvenience of the road, and the little lecurity there i«, at fome 
 leafons, for a fliip at anchor. The only proper anchoring-place for fhips of burthen is 
 at the fouth-weft end of the ifland. In this place the Centurion anchored in twenty and- 
 twenty- two fathom water, oppofite to a fandy bay, and about a mile and anhalf diftant 
 from the fhore. The bottom of this road is full of fliarp pointed coral rocks, which 
 during four months of the year, that is, from the middle of June to the middle of Oc- 
 tober, render it a very unfafe place to lie at. This is the feafon of the wefl:ern mon- 
 foons, when, near the full and change of the moon, but more particularly at the chancre, 
 the wind is ulually variable all round the compafs, and ieldom fails to biovv with fuch 
 fury, that the (louteft cables are not to be confided in -, and, what adds to the danger 
 at thefe times, is, the exceflive rapidity of the tide of flood, which fets to the fouth-ealt 
 between this ifland and that ot Aguiguan, a fmall ifland near the fouthern extremity of 
 Tinian. This tide runs, at firft, with a vaft head and overfall of water, and occafions 
 fuch a hollow and over-grown fea, as is fcarcely to be conceived j fo that we were un- 
 der the dreadful apprehenfion of being pooped by it, though we were in a fixtv gun- 
 fliip. In the remaining tight months of the year, that is, from the middle of Oclobcr 
 to the middle of June, there is a confl'ant feafon of fettled weather, when, if the cables 
 are but well armed, there is fcarcely any danger of their being fo much as rubbed ; fo that 
 during all that interval, it is as fecure a road as could be wilhed for.'' 
 
 Having thus long detained our readers v^'ith this agreeable digreflTion, we will now re- 
 turn to our fubjedf. 
 
 ■ The commodore, and moft of his pec^le, were in great danger of being left here for 
 ever, or of being imprilbned or maflacred by the neighbouring Spaniards ; the Centu- 
 rion being driven from her anchors, one night, in a violent ftorm, and, after nineteen 
 days abfence, being brought back with difilculty, by the few hands that were left on 
 board. Mr. Anion arrived at Macao, in China, iivi742, wfiere having coniplcteU 
 refitted his fliip (as was generally fuppofed, for an European voyage) he (leered back as 
 far as the Philippine iflands, with a view of meeting the Acapulco'lhip ; a plan as wifely 
 kid as It was wi(e!y conduifled. After much beating about and uncertainty he at 
 length got (ight of the fliip of which he Iiad been in Icarch, and ibon after came up with 
 and took her. ' Thi:> crowned his voyage, and greatly enriched himlelf and his crew. 
 With a handful of men and boys (of whom two only were killed) he made diis va(l ac- 
 quiiition, and took three times his own nunfoer ot priloners-. He rcturiied with his 
 .prize to China,- where he obtained, v;ith eale, at an audience of the viceroy of Canton, 
 an exemption froni the emperor's ufual duties, thus fupporting the lionour of his n«i- 
 
 jclty'i
 
 -6 ANSON. 
 
 jdVy's Has, in thofe far diftant regions. On his arrival in Er.gland (by t!»e C^K of Good 
 Hope) after near four years ablence, in June 1744^ he found, that th<f hansl of Provi- 
 dence fccpncd rtill to proteft him, h;iving liiiled, in a fog, throurjl' t,he n\'Mil of a FrcRch- 
 fleet, then cmifmg in the Claanncl. in fhorc, through die v'hplej of this remarkable, 
 voyage, lie experienced the truth of that fay iog of Tcucei:, wlwh he afterwards cholJb 
 for his motto, " Nil eft defperandum." 
 
 Soon after l.is return, hi: was appointed lyar-admiral of the Pliie, and one of the lords 
 cf the admiralty. In April 1745, he was made rear-admiral of the Vyhitej and, in 
 July, 1746, vice-admiral of the Blue. He was alfo chofen member of parlianaent for 
 Heydon in Yorkfiiire. That winter he commanded the Channel I'quadroaj and li.ad not 
 duke d'Anvillc's fleet, returning with dilgrace from North America, been accidentally 
 •apprized of his llation, his long and tempcftuous cruize would then have been attend-, 
 cd with his ufual fuccefs. . However, in iheenluing lumnier, he was once more crown- 
 ed with wealth and conquelt. Being then on board the Prince George, of ninety guns, 
 in company with admiral Warren, and twelve other fliips, he intercepted, oft' Cape 
 Jb'inifterre, on Mav 3, 1 747, a powerful fleet, bound from France to the Eaft and Weft 
 Indies-, and, by his valour and conduct, again enriched himfelf and his officers, and 
 llrengthened the Britifti navy, by taking fix men of vyar, and four Ksft Indiamen, '>ioi; 
 one of chat Ikct efcaping. The fpeech of tlie French admiral, M. Jonquiere, on pre- 
 ienting his fword to the conqueror, dcferves to be recorded ; ^' Monficur, vous avez 
 vaincu I'lnvincible, et la Gloirc vous fuit," " Sir, You have conquered the Inv.incible^ 
 ar^d Glory follows you," pointing to the two fhips lb named. For thefe repeated fer-, 
 vices, tlic late king rewarded him with a peerage, on the thirteenth of June, by the 
 tide of lord Anfon, baron of Suberton in Hants. On the fifteenth of July, in the fame 
 year, he was appointed vice-admiral of the Red; and, on the death of Sir John Norris, 
 was made vice-admiral of England. 
 
 In April, 1748, his lordfliip married the honourable Mifs Yorke (eldeft daughter of 
 the late earl of Hardwickdi, then lord high chancellor) who died in ^760, without ilTue. 
 In the fame year he was appointed admiral of the Blue, when he commanded the fqua- 
 dron that convoyed the late king to and from Holland, and ever after conllantly attend- 
 ed his majcfty on his going abroad,. and on hjs return to England. In June, 175?, 
 he was appointed fird lord of the admiralty, in which poft he continued (with a very 
 ihon intermifiiyn) till his death. In- 1752 he was appointed one of the lords juftices, 
 as he alio was in 1754. Tha^ year, on the rupture with France, fo adive and fpirited 
 were his meafures, that a fleet, fnp'erior to the enemy, was equipped and manned with 
 amazing expedition. In 175'^ being then admiral ot the White, having hoilled his 
 flag on board the l<oyal George,, of one hundred guns, he failed from Spithead on the 
 firft of June, with a formidable fleec> Sir F.dward Hawke commanding under him ; 
 and by cruizing continually before Breft, he covered the defcents that were made that 
 fummer at St. Maloes, Chcrburg, &:c. After this, he was appointed admiral and com- 
 ciander in chief of his majcfty s fleets. 
 
 The laftfervice his lordlhip performed at fea was the convoying to England our pre- 
 lent queen; for which purpofe he failed from Harwich in the Charlotte yacht, on the 
 fcvcnth of Auguft, 1761; and that day month, after a long and tempelluous voyage, 
 landed theprinccfs at the fame place. At length, having been fome time in a languilh- 
 ing ftate of health, he was adviied to the Bath waters, from which he was thought to 
 have received benefit ; but, foon after iiis return, being feized fuddenly, juft after walk- 
 'm<y in his garden, he died at his feat at Moor-park, in FJertfordfliire, on the fixth of 
 June, 1762. by his lordftiip's will, greai part of his fortune devolved to his fifter's fon, 
 George Adams, Efq; member for Saltafh, in Cornwall. 
 
 Among
 
 ARAM. 7; 
 
 Among the many fervices that will immortalize the name of Anfon, his prudent and 
 fortunate choice oi" ofl'.cers is none of the lealt, as will be admitted by all who remem- 
 ber that the late captain Saumarez, (who was killed in 1747, being then captain of the 
 Nottingham; and Sir Charles Saunders, Sir Piercy Brett, commodore Keppel, captain 
 Dennis, &c. were his lieutenants in the Centurion. 
 
 With refpeft to lord Anion's natural difpofition, he was calm, cool, and fteady -, but 
 it is reported, d-.at our honeft undefigning Teaman was frequently a dupe at gaming : 
 and it was wittily obf r /ed or him, that he had been round the world, but never in it. 
 No performance ever met with a more favourable reception than Lord Anfon^s Voyage 
 Round the IVorld; four very large imprcflions were fold off in a twelvemonth. It has 
 been tranflated into n',oft ot tiie European languages, and ftill fupports its reputation. It 
 was compoled unde:- his lordfliip's own inlpetliion. 
 
 ANTHONY, or ANTONY, (Dr. Francis) a learned phyfician and chemift of 
 the fixteenth and i^- venteendi centuries, was born on the 1 6th of April, 1550. He re- 
 ceived hiseducatu.n at Cambridge, v.'here he applied himlelt to the theory and pra(5tice 
 of chemiftry. (. n his co'ming to London in the year 1598, he publiflied a trcatife on 
 the excellence of a medicine drawn from gold, which he called his Auruni I'orabile •, 
 but not having taken the neceffary p-ecaution of obtaining a licence from the college of 
 phyficians, he was fummoned, in )6oc, _ before the prefident and cenlbrs, when, coa- 
 fefiing that he had cvired twenty perfons without a licence, he was fined and imprilbned •, 
 and afterwards perfiiling in the pradice-of phyfic, he again fuffered the lame effefts of 
 their dilpleafure. He wrote in Latin (everal defences of his Aurum Potabile, and at 
 length obtained a very extenfive and beneficial pra(5lice. He was a man of unaffeded 
 piety, untainted probity, modefty, and unbounded charity. He died on the twenty- 
 fixth of May, i fcz ,', in the feventy-fourth year of his age. 
 
 Dr. John Anthony, his Ion, was the author of " Lucas Redivivus, or the Gofpel Phy- 
 fician, prefcribing (by way of meditation) divine phyfic to prevent difeafes not yet en- 
 tered upon the foul, and to cure thofe maladies which have already feized upon the 
 ipirit." He died April 28, 1655, aged feventy, as appears by the monument eredcd 
 for his. father andhimlelf in the church of St. Bartholqmew the Great, in London*. 
 
 ARAM (Eugene) a perfon remarkably for being a prodigy of learning, confider- 
 ing his education, and polfefiing fupfrior abilides thatw;;re degraded by an enormous 
 crime, was born at Ramfgill, a little visage in I*.^6lherdale, Yorkfhire, and went to 
 fchool near Rippon, till he was capable of reading the New Teilamcnr, which was all he 
 was ever taught, except a long time after, when he received about a month's inftrucflions 
 from a clergyman. At the age of thirteen or fourteen, he attended his father, who was 
 a gardtncr at Ncwby, where his propenfity to literature firft difcovered itfelf. Mathe- 
 matics firft engaged his attention, and he loon undcrftood quadratic equations, and their 
 geometrical conllrudtions. At fixteen years of age he became book- keeper to a tradcf- 
 man in London i and after flaying here a year or two, went to Eondgate, where he re- 
 neweti his mathematical ftudies, but loon after turned, with avidity, to poetry, hiflory, 
 and antiquities, the charms of which quite dedroyed all the heavier beauties of numbers, 
 whofe application and properties he now purfued no longer, except occafionally in teach- 
 ing. After fome time he was invited into Netherdalc, his native air, where he lirfl cji- 
 gaged in a fchool, and there married. 
 
 * Granger's Biographical Iliftory of Enjrlsntl. 
 
 Vol.. I. X Prompted
 
 78 A R B U T H N O T. 
 
 Proinptetl by an irrefiftible tliivfl: of knowledge, he dt^termined lo make himfelf ir.nfler 
 of tlie learned languages. He got and repeated all Lilly's Grammar by heart. He next 
 undertook Camden's Greek Grammar, which he alio repeated in the fame manner. 
 Thus inllrufted, he entered upon tiie Latin ClafTics, and at firfl hung over five lines for 
 a whole day ; never, in all the painful courfc of his reading, leaving any paffage till he 
 thought he perfedlly comprehended it. Having accurately perufed all the Latin Claflics, 
 both hillorians and poets, he went through the Greek Teftament, and then applied to 
 Hefiod, Homer, Theocritus, Herodotus, Thucydides, and all the Greek tragedians. 
 In the midft of thefe literary purfuits, he went, in I7;J4, on the invitation of William 
 Norton, F.fq; to Knarefborough, wlicre he became much efteemed ; and here, with 
 indefatigable diligence, he acquired the knowledge of the Hebrew tongue. ' In April, 
 1744, he came again to London, and taught both Latin and writing, at Mr. Pain- 
 blac's, in Piccadilly, above two.ycars. 1 le next went, in the capacity of vsricing tnafter, 
 to a boarding-fchool at Hayes, in Middlefcx, kept by the Rev. Mr. Anthony Hinton. 
 He at length fucceeded to feveral otliec places in the fouth oF England, making ufe of 
 every opportunity for improvement. He was afterv.ards employed in tranfcribing the 
 a<5ts of parliament to be rcgi(tcred in Chancery, and about the beginning of December, 
 1757, went down to the free-fchool at Lynn. From his leaving Knarefborough to this 
 perioti, wiiich v^as a long interval, he had attainted the knowledge of hiftory and anti- 
 quities, and aho of lierakiry and botany. Few plants, either domeftic or exotic, were 
 unknown to him. Amidft all this, he ventured upon the Chaldee and Arabic, bur had 
 not time to obtain any great knowledge of the latter. He found the Chaldee cafy 
 enough, on account of its connection with the Hebrew. He then inveftigated the Cel- 
 tic, as far as podlble, in all its dialecfls; began collections, and made comparifons be- 
 tween that, the Englidi, the Latin, the Greek, and even the Hebrew. He had made 
 iiotes, and compared above three thoufand words together, and found fuch a furprifing 
 affinity, that he was determined to proceed through the whole of all thele languages, 
 and form a comparative Lexicon. He was alfo far irom being a contemptible poet. 
 
 "With this immenfe ftock of learning, acquired without the afTnlance of a mafler, 
 and the mod extraordinary talents, which might have made him fliine in any flation of 
 life, it is to be lamented that he was guilty of an adtion inconfiftent with every prin- 
 ciple of humanity •, for in the year 175^, he was taken up at Lynn, in Norfolk, for 
 the murder of Daniel Clark, a llioemaker of Knarefborough, w ho had been miffing up- 
 wards of thirteen years, and removed to York caftle, where being brought to his trial, 
 on the third of Auguft, 1759, he read a moll admirable defence, in which he difplayed 
 equal modefty, good fenle, and learning ; but was found guilty, and the next morn- 
 ing confelTed thejuftice of his fcntence, acknowledging to a clergyman, that his motive 
 for committing the murder was his fufpefting Clark of having an unlav.'ful commerce 
 with his wife. When he was called from bed to have his irons taken off, he refufed to 
 rife, aiiedging that he was very weak. On examination it was found that he had at- 
 tempted to take away his own life, by cutting his arm in two places with a razor. Tho' 
 weak, he was conducted to the gallows of York, and there executed. 
 
 It is remarkable, that when lie was ufher to the Rev. Mr. Hinton at Hayes, (which 
 was after he had committed the murder for which he fuffercd) if he faw a fnail, or a worn), 
 on a path or gravel walk in the garden, he always carefully removed it to prevent its be- 
 ing deftroyed ; hoping, as Mr. Hinton fuppofcs, to attone lor the murder lie had per- 
 petrated, by fliewing mercy afterwards to every kind of animal. 
 
 ARBUTHNOT (Dr. John) one of the moft celebrated wits in the reign of queen 
 Anne, and an eminent phyfician, was the fon of an cpifcopal clergyman in Scotland, 
 
 nearly
 
 A R B U T H N O T. ;9 
 
 nearly allied to the noble family of that name. He was educated in the univerfity of 
 Aberdeen, where he took the degree of dodtor of phyfic. The Revolution deprived the 
 father of his church preferment ■, and neceffity obliged the fon to feek his fortune abroad, 
 though he was pofTclfcd of a fmall paternal ellate. He came to London, and it is faid, 
 he firft taught the mathematics for his fupport. About this time, viz. in the year 1695, 
 Dr. Woodward's Eflay towards a Natural Hiftory of the Earth was pubHfhed, which 
 contained fuch an account of the univerfal deluge, as Dr. Arbuthnot thought inconfiit- 
 ent with truth : he therefore drew up an examination of it. This work, entitled, "An 
 Examination of Dr. Woodward's Account of the Deluge, &c. with a Comparifon be- 
 tween Stcno's Philofophy and the Doctor's, in the Cafe of Marine Bodies du2 up out of 
 the Earth, Sec." was publiflied in 8vo. 1 695, and procured our author no fmall fliare of 
 literary fame. His extenfive learning, and agreeable converfation, introduced him by 
 degrees into praiSlice, and he became eminent in his profeffion, fo that, in 1709, hewa~, 
 appointed pityfician in ordinary to queen Anne, and admitted a fellow of the collfoe. 
 His gentle manners, polite learning and excellent abilities, procured him the acquaint- 
 ance and friendfhip of the celebrated wifs. Pope, Swift, and Gay ; and, in the year 1714, 
 he engaged with the two former of theTe in a defign to write a fatire on the abufe of hu- 
 man learning in every branch, which was to have been executed in the humorous man- 
 ner of Cervantes, the original author of this fpecies of fatire, under the hiftory of feign- 
 ed adventures. But this projedt proved abortive by the fatal incident of the queen's 
 death, when they had only drawn out an imperfeift eflay towards it, under the title of 
 the firfl: Book of the Ivlemoirs of Martinus Scriblerus. Dr. Warburton tells us, that 
 the Travels of Gulhver, the Treatile of the Profound, of literary Criticifm on Virgil, 
 and the Memoirs of a Parifh Clerk, are only fo many detached parts and fragments of 
 this work. The fame writer declares, that polite letters never loft more than by the 
 defeat of this fcheme, in which each of this illuftrious triumvirate would have found 
 exercife for his own peculiar talent, befides conftant employment for that wliich they 
 all had in common. Arbuthnot was flcilled in every thing which related to fcience. 
 Pope was matter of the fine arts, and Swift excelled in the knowledge of the world : wit 
 they had all in equal meafure, and that in fo eminent a degree, that no age, perhaps, 
 ever produced three men to whom nature had more bountifully beftowed it, or art 
 brought it to higher perfeftion. 
 
 The queen's death, and the difafters which befel his friends on that occafion, funk 
 deeply on our author's fpirits ; and, to divert his melancholy, he paid a vifit to his bro- 
 ther, a banker at Paris. After a fhort ftay in that metropolis, he returned to London ; 
 and, having loft his former refidence at .'rt. James's, took a houfe in Dover-ll:rcet. In 
 1727, he publifhed Tables of ancient Coins, Weights, and Meafures, in quarto. He 
 continued to pradife phyfic with great reputation, and amufed himfelf in his leiiure hours 
 with writing papers of wit and humour. He contributed, in 1732, towards detcding 
 and punifhing the fcandalous frauds and abufes that had been carried on under the fpeci- 
 ous name of the Charitable Corporation. The fame year he publilhed his excellent ElTay 
 concerning the Nature of Aliments, the Choice of them, &c. which was followed ti/e 
 next year by the Effefts of Air on Human Bodies. He was apparently led to the fub- 
 jeCls of diefe treatiles by the confideration of his own cafe, an afthma, whicli gradually 
 increafing with his years, became at length defperate and incurable. In the year j 734 
 he retired to Hampftead, in hopes of procuring fome fmall rehcf tor liis diforder ; but 
 he died at his houle in Cork-ftrcet, Burlington-gardens, in February, 1735. 
 
 Mr. Pope, in a letter to Mr. Digby, dated September i, 1722, tells him, that the 
 firft time he faw the dodor, dean Swift obferved to him, that he was a man that could 
 do every thing but walk. He appears to have been, in all refpeds, a moft accomplifhed 
 
 3 and
 
 8o A R B U T II N O T, 
 
 and amiable perfon. He has fhewed himfelf equal to any of his cotemporaries in hu- 
 mour, vivacity, and learning ; and was fuperior to moft men in the moral duties of life, 
 in a(fls of humanity and benevolence. His letter to Mr. Pope, written as it were upon 
 his death-bed, difcovers fuch a noble fortitude of mind at the approach of his diflblution, 
 as could be infpired only by a clear confcience, and the calm retrofpeft of an uninter- 
 rupted feries ot virtue. In the year 1751 came our, in two volumes odavo, printed at 
 Glafgow, the mifccllaneous Works of the late Dr. Arbuthnot, which are faid to com- 
 prehend, with what is infcrted in Swift's Mifcellanies, all the pieces of wit and humour 
 of this admirable author. 
 
 Dr. Arbuthnot detefted villainy, as a Proof of which we fliall give the following 
 Epitaph, which was written by him, and is univerfally admired. 
 
 Here continueth,to to . 
 The body of F r a n ci s . C h ar t r e s. 
 Who, with an inflexible Conftancy, 
 And inimitable Uniformity of Life, 
 Perfifted, " 
 In fpite of Age and Infirmities, 
 In the Practice of every human \lce, , 
 Excepting Prodigality and Hypocrify : 
 His infatiable Avarice exempted him from the firfl:, 
 His matchlefs Impudence from the fecond. 
 
 Nor was he more fingular 
 In the undeviating Pravity of his Manners, 
 Than fuccefsful 
 In accumulating Wealth ; 
 For, without Trade or ProfefTion, 
 Without Truft of public Money, 
 And without bribe-worthy fervice. 
 He acquired, or more properly created, 
 A minifterial Eftate. 
 He was the only Perfon of his Time, 
 Who could cheat without the mafl-: of Honefty, 
 Retain his primeval Meannefs 
 When pdlT-fled of Ten Thoufand a-year. 
 And having daily dclerved the Gibbet for what he did. 
 Was at lalt condemned to it for wh^t he could not do. 
 Oh ! indignant Reader ! 
 Think not his Life ufelefs to Mankind ! 
 Providence connived at his execrable Defigns, 
 To give to After- ages 
 A confpicuous Proof and Example, 
 Of how fmall Eftimation is Exorbitant Wealth 
 In the Sight of God, 
 By his beftowing it on the moft unworthy of All Mortals. 
 
 ARTHUR,
 
 ARTHUR. 8i 
 
 ARTHUR, king of the Britons, of whom fuch miraculous exploits are recorded, 
 was born at Tindagol, in Cornwall, in the year 452, or 4.53. In 467 he fucceeded his 
 father GorloiJs in the kingdom ot' Danmonium, and was immediately engaged in a war 
 with Howel, king of Areclute, vvh> ni he (lew with his own hand in 470, being then 
 only eighteen years of age. In 4; he was raifed to the rank of a patrician by Ambro- 
 fius ; and, in 49 , made a voyage to Jerufalem. Upon the death of Ambrofius in the 
 year ^ob, Arthur was elcdted monarch of Britain •, and indeed his extraordinary merit 
 entided him to that pre-eminent ftation. He was crowned at Caerleon, and foon after 
 gave the Saxons a total overthrow in Lancaihire. In 511, Cerdic, a Saxon chief, 
 having laid fiegc to Bath, Arthur afll-mbled his troops, and marching to its relief, at- 
 tacked the Saxons with fuch fury, that they were obliged to quit the ficge, and take 
 refuge on Badon-hill; from whence they were the next morning diflodged by thc-Bri- 
 tifli hero * with great (laughter. The Saxons, hov/ever, profecuted the war with fuch 
 vigour and perfeverance, that Arthur was at laft obliged to conclude a treaty, by which 
 he yielded to Cerdic the counties of Hants a^nd Somerfet. 
 
 Arthur, in the decline of life, was prevented from interrupting the fuccefs of the 
 enemy, by domeftic troubles that produced a civil war. His firit wife had been, car- 
 ried off by Meluas, king of Somerfetfhire, who detained her a whole year at Glafton- 
 bury, until Arthur, difcovcring the place of her retreat, advanced v/ith an army againft 
 the raviilier, and obliged him to give her back. In his fecond wife, perhaps, he might 
 have been more fortunate, as we have no mention made of her; but his third coniorc 
 was debauched by his own nephew Mordred, a Cumbrian prince, whom in all proba- 
 bility Ihe accon^.panied to his dominions in the nordi of England. By fuch an outrage 
 he incurred the venge;ance of the uncle, which, liowever, was for fome time fuipended by 
 the arts and intereft of his nephew, who found means to excite a rebellion. j\t lafb the- 
 two princes met in the battle of Camkin in Lancafhire, and attacked each other with 
 fuch amazing fury, that Mordred received his death upon the ipot, and Arthur a mor- 
 tal wound, of which he died at Glaftonbury, at the great age of ninety, feventy-fix years 
 of which had been ipent in the exercife of arms ; for though he had reigned but thirty- 
 four years, yet beiore he came to the crown he had long commanded the Bridfh armies 
 under Ambrofius. The body of this celebrated monarch was, at his dying requeff, 
 tranfported to the old church of Glalfonbury, and interred by his fecond wife Guincver, 
 between two pyramids, according to the defcription given by Malmfbury, and thefongs 
 which the \N clih bards compofed in his praife. 
 
 Thus fell, in the year 542, the laft of the Britifli worthies, who had with indefatiga- 
 ble virtue fo long lupported tlie caufe of his finking country •, and was certainly, exclu- 
 five of all fi(ftion and romance, an illullrious hero, of undaunted courage, unlhaken for- 
 titude, unblemilhed morals, and unlimited generofity, which flowed among all his de- 
 pendents. In confcquence of his zeal for religion he was extremely liberal rothe church, 
 and an eminent patron and protedor of the bards. By the fongs of TalielTm and Llovv- 
 archen, we are made acquainted with the fcenes of his twelve victories obtained over the 
 Saxons. The firil battle was fought at the mouth of the river Gien, in Northumber- 
 land •, the fecond, third, fourth, and fifth, on the Dowglas, a river running by Wigan, 
 in Lancafhire ; the fixth, near a brook called BafTas, fuppofed to be near uaringUoke, 
 in Hampfhire; the leventh, in Coit Kelydon, probably in the ', umbrian kingdom; 
 the eigiith, at Guinion, now Benchefter, m the bilhopric of Lairhani; the ninth, at 
 Caerlcgian, now Chefler ; the tenth, at Adcrith, on the borasrs of Scotland ; the eleventh, 
 
 * William of Malmfbury fays, Arthur flew four hundred Saxoos with his own hand in this aftioii. . 
 
 Vol. I. Y. at.
 
 82 A R U N D E L; 
 
 at the mountain of Agned-cath Rcgenion, which Lloyd fuppofes to be Artliur's feat by 
 hdinburgh -, and the twelfth, at Mount Badon, in Berks *. 
 
 Henry II. palTing through Wales, and hearing a Wclfl* bardfing to his harp the (lory 
 of Arthur, concluding with his death and burial in the church-yard of Glaftonbury, 
 was Icized with an emotion of curiofity to know the truth; and, in the year 1189, he 
 granted a warrant to learch for the body of tliat monarch. After having dug fcven feet, 
 they found a broad grave-ftone, on the undermoft furface of which was fixed a leaden 
 crofs, infcribed, " Hie jacet fepukiis inclitus rex Arthurus in infula Avallonia :" i, e. 
 " Here lieth the famous king Arthur, buried in tl;e ifle of Avalon." Some feet low^r 
 in the ground, they difcovered a wooden coffin, containing the fkeleton of a man of 
 very large dimenfions ; and Giraldus Cambrcnfis, who was then prefent, fays, he rec- 
 koned ten wounds upon the fkull, all of which had been healed up, except one that re- 
 mained ftill open, and was, in 9II probability, the immediate caufe of his death. At 
 the fame time the tomb of his feQond wife Guinever was opened, when her golden trefTes 
 appeared entire and bright, and plaited in a very curious manner; but when touched 
 they funk into dulh Both fkeletons were removed into the new church, and there 
 buried in a marble tomb, and the leaden crofs was kept in the treafury of Glallonbury 
 church, until it was fupprefied in the reign of Henry VIII. StowV Ckronicle. 
 
 ARUNDEL (Thomas) archbifhop of Canterbury in the reigns of Richard II. 
 Henry IV. and Henry V. was the fecond fon of Robert Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel 
 and Warren. At twenty-two years of age, from being archdeacon of Taunton, he was 
 advanced to the bifliopric of El)-, the 6tli of April, 1375, in the reign of Edward III. 
 He was a great benefadtor to the church and palace of this iee : among other donations, 
 he gave a curious table of mafly gold, adorned with precious ftones, which had been 
 given by the king of Spain to prince Edward, and fold by the latter to bifhop Arun- 
 del. In 1386, he was appointed lord-chancellor of England ; two years after he was 
 tranflated to the fee of York ; and, in 1396, was advanced to the archiepifcopal fee of 
 Canterbury, when he refigned the chancellorfhip. I'his was the firft inlfance of the 
 tranflation of an archbifliop of York to the fee of Canterbury. Scarce was he fixed in 
 this fee, when he had a conteft with the univerfity of Oxford, concerning the right of 
 vifitation. The affair was referred to king Richard, who determined it in favour of the 
 archbifhop. At his vifitation in London, he revived an old conftitution, by which the 
 inhabitants of the rcfpeilive parifhcs were obliged to pay to their reftor one halfpenny in 
 the pound out of the rent of their houfes. In the lecond year of his tranflation, he was 
 impeached by the commons, together with his brother the earl of Arundel, and the 
 duke of Gloccftcr, of high-trea(on. The chief article of the charge was, that, being 
 bifhop of Ely, and lord chancellor, he was traitoroufly aiding, procuring, and advifing, 
 in making a commirTion dircded to Thomas duke ot Gloccifcr, Richard earl of Arun- 
 del, and others ; and procured himfelf, as one of the chief minifters of ftate, to be put 
 into the faid commilTion ; which commilTion was apparently prejudicial to the king's pre- 
 rogative and dignity , and that the laid Thomas put the faid commifilon in execution. 
 The commons pctitionetl that the king would order the anhbifliop to be taken into fafe 
 cuftody ; and tlie king replied, that as the impeachmrnt aflcded a peer of the realm, he 
 would advile with his council on the fubjed. They aftrrwards demanded judgment 
 againll: the prelate, who acknowledged in the king's prclence that he had been miltaken, 
 and erred in his condudf relating to chat commilfion, and therefore iubmitted to his ma- 
 jefty's mercy. I le was declared a traitor, and condemned to perpetual banifliment ; his 
 
 * Carle's Hiilory of England. 
 
 temporalities
 
 ARUNDEL. Ss 
 
 temporalities were feized, his goods and chattels forfeited, and himfelf was ordered to 
 quit the kingdom in fix weeks after the fentence was pronounced. 
 
 He retired firft to France, and then to the court of Rome, where he was kindly re- 
 ceived by pope Boniface IX. who wrote a letter to king Richard in his favour; but 
 this having no etTeifi:, his holine<"s refolved to interpofe !iis authority : he accordingly no- 
 minated Arundel to the biflnopric of St. Andrew's, and declared his intention of giving- 
 him feveral preferments in England. The king being informed o\ the pope's intention, 
 wrote a letrer to him in the following terms : " Thomas, for his treafonable confpiracy 
 againft our crown and royal dignity, h.is been fentenced only to perpetual banin-imcnc ; 
 whereas, had he been dealt with anfwerably to his dements, he ought to have fufTered 
 the punilliment of high treafon ; but in confideration of his charafter, and out of re- 
 gard to religion, we have thought fit to grant him his life, and abated the rif^our of the 
 law. But fince his going beyond fea, both ourfelf and our fubjeds are much furpriied 
 at the turn of his fortune ; for we are informed that he has been invited to your holinefs's 
 court, countenanced in his mifbehaviour, taken into your protedlion, and put in hopes 
 of recovering his fee, or at lead of being promoted in our kingdom to benefices of o-reater 
 value than thofe he enjoyed before. How deftruftive fuch unaccountable favours as 
 thefe muft be to our dignity and governpient, and to what apparent danger it may ex- 
 pofe us, is eafy to imagine; for which reafon we are refolved not to bear with fuch 
 treatment, though the whole world were of a different opinion ; for we are thoroughly 
 acquainted with this man, we know him to be of a turbulent, feditious temper, who, if 
 he were permitted to live in our dominions, would return to his old practices, poifon 
 our fubjedts with mifreprefenting the adminiftration, and endeavour to undermine our 
 government; for it is probable he would ufe fuflicient precaution not to fall under the 
 lafli of- the law. We defire, therefore, that your holinefs would prevent thefe opportu- 
 nities of mifchief, and not fhock our interefts and inclinations by fuch favours ; for 
 fhould fuch meafures be put in execution, it is pofiible they might create fuch mifun- 
 derflandings between the crown and the mitre as it might prove difficult to remove. 
 For, to fpeak plainly, we cannot take that perfon for our friend, who careflis our ene- 
 mies, and takes them by the hand in fo loving a manner. However, if you have a 
 mind to provide for him otherwife, we have nothing to objeft ; only we cannot allow 
 him to dip in our difh. We heartily defire you would take the matter into ferious con- 
 fideration, as you tender our royal regards, and expeft a compliance with any future 
 requefl your holinefs may make to us." This epifile had fo good an effedl upon the pope, 
 that he with-held his intended favours from Arundel ; and, at the king's requefl:, pro- 
 moted Roger Walden to the fee of Canterbury. 
 
 Henry, duke of Lancafter, had been banifhed by king Richard, and was in France when 
 the nobility and others, tired with the oppreffions of Richard, folicited him to take 
 the crown : this requeft they drew up in a letter, and fent it over by faithful meflengeis 
 to archbilhop Arundel, who was then in Britany, defiring him to be their advocate on 
 this occafion with the duke. The archbidiop being a fellow-fufltrer, gladly accepted 
 the office, and went witli the melTengers to the duke, at Paris, where they delivered 
 the letters from the nobles and commons of England, and the archbifhop feconded them 
 with the belt arguments he could invent: he reprefented to the duke the prefent mifera- 
 ble (late of the Engliffi nation ; that it was utterly ruined by the mifmanagcmcnt of 
 public affairs, in which, though tlie king himfelf were not adtually concerned, yet fo 
 long as he employed and fupported improper minifl;ers, he could not be thought fit to 
 govern. That it was far more intolerable to be flaves to ignoble perfons than to the 
 king; and therefore, fo long as the king continued to maintain the pride and tyranny 
 of luch perfons over his fubjc(5]:s, it could be no crime to depoi'e him. That the pre- 
 
 2 fent
 
 84 A R U N D L L. 
 
 fcnt flate of the nation was fo difordered, that nothing but immediate help could fave it 
 from entire dcfl:ru(5tion -, for the ancient courage of the linglilTi was funk into effemi- 
 nacy, the men of bravery andcondnft either put to death or banifhed, the nobility con- 
 temned and (lighted, the gentry abuled, and the commons oppreffed with heavy taxes, 
 not to fupport the government, but the pride and avarice of tiieir fellow fubjefts. 1 he 
 archbilhop added, that tlie nation placed all their hopes in him 'tiiedukc) and cicped;- 
 ed the redrels of their grievances only at his hands, both on account of his peribnal 
 courage and atchieveinents, and the near relation he l^ood in to the crown ; and there- 
 fore he was bound in honoi:;- and duty to anfwer the reafonable expcftaiions of his coun- 
 trymen, efpecially as they had refolved to (land by him in the attempt, which could 
 hardly prove unfuccefsful where fo much affedtion, power, and interell were united. 
 
 The duke of Lancaller did not immediately clofe with this propofal, but objected ta 
 the archbilhop tlie unlawfulnefs of the defign. To which Arundel thus replied : " Ex- 
 amples of cafting a king out of his ft^te are not rare, as you affirm, nor long fince put 
 in pradice, nor far hence to be fetched. The kings of Denmark and Sweden arc often- 
 times banifhed by their fubjeds ; oftentimes impriibncd and put to dicir fines. The 
 princes of Germany, about an hundred years ago, depolcd Adolphus the emperor ; 
 and are now in hand to depofe their emperor Wenceflaus. The earl of Flanders was a 
 ■while fince driven our of his dominions by his own people, for ufurping greater power 
 than appertained to his efliate. Tlie ancient Britons dialed away their king Caradtacus, 
 for the lewdnefs ot his life, and cruelty of his rule, in the time ot the Saxon Heptarchy ; 
 Benredus, king of iXJercia, for his pride and floutnefs towards his people, was by them 
 depofed : likewife Alcredus and Ethelbcrtus, kings of Northumberland, were, for 
 their diforders, expelled by their fubjeffs. Since the Norman conqueft, the lords en- 
 deavoured to expel king Henry III. but they were not able ; yet were they able to de- 
 pofe king Edward II. and to conftitute his young fon Iidward in his ftead. Thefe are 
 not all, and yet enough to clear this aflion of rarenefs in other countries, and novelty in 
 ours." 
 
 In the year 1399, Arundel returned to England with the duke of Lancafter ; upon 
 whofe acceffion to the throne, by the name 01 Henry IV. the pope revoked the 
 bull granted to Roger Waldcn, and reftorcd Arundel to his fee. In the firll year of 
 king Henry's reign, Arundel fummoned a fynod, which lat at St. Paul's. In 1408, 
 he began to exert himfclf againft the Lollards, or "Wickliffircs ; and fummoned the 
 bifhops and clergy at Oxford, in order to ftop the progrefs of this new fe6t, and pre- 
 vent the univerfity's being further tindhired with their opinions. In 141 1, being in- 
 formed that this do<ftrine gained ground, notwithlfanding it had been condemned in a 
 full congregation, at Oxford, he refolved to vifit the univerfity, and apply fome fur- 
 ther remedy. Me accordingly went thither, attended by his nephew the carl of Arun- 
 del, and a fplendid retinue. When he came near Oxford, he was met by* the principal 
 members of the univerfity, who told him, th.it if he came only to fee the place, he was 
 ■welcome; but if he came as a vifitor, they refuled to acknowledge his jurifdicfion. The 
 archbilhop highly refented their behaviour, kit Oxford in a day or two, and wrote to 
 the king upon the fubje<5t. After a warm conteft between the univerfity and the arch- 
 bifliop, the difpute was referred to king Henry, who, according to the example of his 
 predeceflbrs, gave it in favour of the archbilhop. Soon after, a convocation being held . 
 at St. Paul's, the bifhops and clergy complained of the growth of Wickliffilm at Oxford, 
 and prelfed the archbifhop to fupprefs it. For this purpofe he fent deleo^ates to the uni- 
 , yerfity, who received them with refpcifl, and appoint.. J a committee to examine all here- 
 tical books, particularly thole of Wickliff. '1 his coiTimiitec having cenfurcd fome paf- 
 fagcs cxtradtcd from liis books, fent an account of th.-ir proceedings to the archbilhop, 
 
 who
 
 A S C H A M. 85 
 
 who ooiifiiYncil their cenrm-es, and knt an auihority, in wriLiiig, to ilnie eiriinent mem- 
 bers of the univt^rfity, to inquire into pierlbns lulpedccl of heterodoxy, and oblige thnn 
 to declare their opinions. Thefe rio;oroiis proceedings rend; red Arundel extremely odi- 
 ous to the Wicklitiites ; and Iiis zeai for kippremng that fed carried him, perhajvs, to 
 feveral unjullihable fcverities againlt the heads of it, particularly againft Sir John Old- 
 callle, loid Cobham. 
 
 Arundel died at Canterbury, on the 20th of February, 14x4, having held the archi- 
 epifcopal fee upwards of feventeen years. He was interred in the cathedral church of 
 Canterbury, under a monument ereded by himfelf in his li'e-time. 
 
 ASCHAM (Roger) who is fhiled by Mr. Granger, " one of the brighteft geniufl-s 
 and politeft fcholars of his age," was born at Kirkby-Witlce, near Northallerton, in 
 Yorklhire, about the year 1515. He was taken into tiie family of the Wingliclds, be- 
 ing educated at the expence of Sir Anthony Wingficld, with his two Tons, under the 
 care of Mr. Bond, ^je fliewed an early dilpofition for learning, v.'hich was encouraged 
 bv his generous patron, who, after he had attained the elements of the learned languages, 
 Ji-iit him, in 1530,10 .'^t. John's college, in Cambridge, where, by his afFiduity and 
 application, he foon made a great progrefs in polite literature. He took his degree of 
 baciielor ot arts the iSth of February, 1^:?.^, when he was but eighteen years of age -, 
 and on the 2jd of March following, was eletted lellow of his college. Thefe honours 
 incited iiim to a ftill greater and more vigorous profecution of his itudies; he applied 
 himfelf particularly to'the Greek language, in which he attained to an excellency pecu- 
 liar to himfelf, and read it publickly in liis college, with univerfal .^pplaufe. At the 
 commencement held the Tuefday after the fcafl: of St. Peter and St. Paul, in 1536, he 
 was made mafter of arts, being then twenty-one years of age. Soon after lie was ap- 
 pointed by the univerfity to teach the Greek language publickly in the fchools, and had 
 a handlbme falary allowed him for this purpofe. He did not at firft go into the new 
 pronunciation of the Greek, which his intimate friend Sir John Cheek endeavoured to 
 introduce into the univerfity •, but upon a thorough examination, he adopted this pro- 
 nunciation, and defended it with great zeal and ftrength of argument. In July, 1542, 
 he folicited the univerfity of Oxford to be incorporated mailer of arts there; but whe- 
 ther his requeft was granted or not, does not appear by the regifter. In order to relax 
 his mind after hisfeverer ftudies, he thought fome diverfion neceflary -, fliooting with the 
 bow was his favourite amufemcnt, as appears by his Treatife on Archery, which he 
 dedicated to king Henry VIII. who fettled a penfion upon him, at the recommendation 
 of Sir William Paget. This treatife was entitled, Toxophilus : the School, or Parti- 
 tions of Shooting, in two books. Some perfons objeded to his diverting himlelt with 
 his bow, as being inconfiftent with tiie charafter and gravity of a fcholar. He anfwered 
 fuch objedtions in the firft book of his Toxophilus, and fliewed the reafonablenefs of re- 
 laxing the mind from graver ftudies, by proper exercife of the body, which was the 
 more neceflary for him, as his conftitution was very infirm. 
 
 Mr. Afcham, among other accomplifhments, was remarkable for writing a fine hand, 
 on which account he was employed to teach that art to prince Edward, the lady Eliza- 
 beth, and the two brothers Henry and Charles, dukes of Sulfolk. In 1544 he was ap- 
 pointed univerfity orator, an office particularly fuited to his genius and inclination, as it 
 furnifhed him with an opportunity of difplaying his fuperior eloquence in t!ie Greek and 
 Latin tongues. In February, 1548, he was fent for to court, to inftru(5t the lady Eli- 
 zabeth in the learned languages. She received his leflbns with fo much pleaiure, that it 
 is difficult to fay, whether the mafter or the fcholar had the greater fatisfaftion. He 
 read with her moft of Cicero's works, great part of Livy, felcft orations of Ifocrates, 
 Vol. I. Z the
 
 86 . A S C 11 A M. 
 
 the traoedk's oi '■^ophoclc?, the Greek Tcilanitnt, Szc. He had the honoiirof afTiftinp this 
 lady in her ftudies tor two years, after wliich he defired leave to return to Cambridge, 
 where he refumed hh office of public orator-, and, among other encouragements, he en- 
 joyed a penfion fettled upon him by king Kdward VI. In the fummcr of die year 1550, 
 being upon a vifit to his relations in Yorkfliire, he received a letter of invitation to at- 
 tend Sir Richard Moryfine in liis ambafly to the emperor Charles V. In his journey 
 to London, he vifited the lady Jane Grey, at her father's houfe at Hroadgate, in Leicef- 
 terfliire; and it was on thisoccafion, as he himfelf tells us in one of his Epiftles, that he 
 furpriled her reading I'lato's Phaedo in Greek, in the abfence of her tutor, while the 
 reft of the family were engaged in hunting and diverfion : he obfctved to her, that in 
 this rel'peft Ihe was more happy, than in being defcended from royal ancellors. In 
 September following he embarked v/iih the ambalTador for (icrniany, where he remain- 
 ed three years -, during which time lie concrafted a trientifliip with all the men of letters 
 in that country. When he was at the German court, he applied himlelf to the fludy 
 of politics ; nor docs he fccm to have been a contemptible politician, by the trad wliich 
 he wrote concerning Germany and the affairs of Charles V *. He was not only of great 
 fcrvice to the ambaffador in his public concerns, but alio afTdted him in his private 
 Itudies, reading with him Herodotus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Demofthenes, three 
 days in the week ; the reit of his time he employed in writing the letters which Sir 
 Richard fcnt to England. 
 
 While he was thus engaged, his friends procured him the polt of Latin fecretary to 
 king Edward, for which he was particularly indebted to Sir William Cecil, fecretary 
 of ftate. But he did not long enjoy this honour, being recalled on account of the king's 
 death, whereby he loft his place, together with his penfion, and all expectation of any 
 further favour at court. Some time after, however, his friend lord Paget having re- 
 commended Iiim to Stephen Gardiner, biOiop of Winchefter, and lord high chancellor,. 
 he was appointed Latin fecretary to queen Mary. He was alio in great eltcem with car- 
 dinal I ole, who, though he was a perfeft mafter of the Latin-tongue, yet fornetimes 
 preferred Mr. Afcham's [ en to his own, particularly in trandating into Latin the fpeech 
 which he had fpoken in Englifh to the parliament, as legate from the pope; which 
 tranflation was Vent to his holinefs by the cardinal. 
 
 On the firrt of June, 1554, Mr. Afchaiii married Mrs. Margaret Howe, with whom, 
 he had a confidcrable fortune. Upon the death of queen Mary, he was nuuli taken 
 notice of by queen Elizabeth, who made him her fecretary for the Latin tongue, and 
 her tutor in the learned languages. His intereft nt court was now very confiderable ; 
 but fuch was his modefty, that he fcarce ever iblicited any favours, though lie received 
 Several without afking, particularly the prebend of Wcftwang in the church of York. 
 " Mr. Afcham being one day in company with feveral perfons ot the firft diftindion, fome 
 difpuces arole abuut the liifferent nv'thods of education ; this gave rife to his treatile on 
 that fubje6t, which he umlertook at the requell of Sir Richard Sackville. This work, 
 entitled the School-malter, is in high efteem among the beft judges. " It abounds, fays 
 Mr. Granger, with great good fenfe, as well as knowledge of ancient and modern hiftoryj 
 it is alfoexpreinve of the great humanity of the author, who was for making the paths 
 of knowledge as level and pleafant as poliible, and for trying every gentle method of 
 enlarging the mind, and winning the heart." Mr. Afcham died on the 4th of January, 
 
 • This trcatife gives the cleared aiiJ moil ililUnft account of the motives wliich led to one of the 
 gre.ntell events In that iige, viz. the emperoi'.s idignalion ; and contaiM.-i fuch a luimber of curious fa6ts, 
 with fuch natural and pertinent realonings upon them, as can fcarce be found within the fame conipafs in 
 writing!!, or pcrhap-i in any other modern language. It is the fcarccll and kail known of all our author's 
 Our own. S
 
 A S G I L L. .8-7 
 
 7:69, univerfally lamented, particularly by I'le queen herfelf; who faid, fiie lud rather 
 have loft ten thoufand pounds than her tutor Afchani. 1 lis character is thus drawn by- 
 Buchanan: 
 
 . Afchamum cxtinflum patrite Graiajque CamencC 
 
 Et LacijE vera cum pietate doient. 
 Principibus vixit carus, jucundus amicis. 
 Re modica, in mores dicere fama nequit. 
 
 liucHAN. Epigram, lib. i: p 359. 
 
 His country's Mufes join with thofe of Greece 
 And mighty Rome, to mourn the fate of Afchani : 
 Dear to his prince, and valu'd by his friends •, 
 Content with humble views, thro' life he pals'd. 
 While hnvy's felf ne'er dar"d to blaft liis fame. 
 
 The Epiftles of Roger Afcham were publifhed foon after his death by Mr. (}ranc, 
 r>iaftcr of Weftminiter-lchool. They are valuable both for llyle and matter, and are 
 alnioft the only claliical work of that kind written by an Englifhman. 
 
 A''GiLL (John) an ingenious Englifli writer and eminent lawyer, lived at the end' 
 of the laft and beginning of the prefcnt century. He was entered of the locicty of 
 Lincoln's-inn -, and having been recommended to Mr. Eyre, a very great lawyer, and 
 one of the judges of the King's-bench, this gentleman gave him great affidance in his 
 fludies. Under lb able a matter, he fpeedily acquired a competent knowledge of the 
 laws, and was foon taken notice of as a rifing man in his profelfion. He was endowed 
 with an uncommon vein of wit and humour ; of which he gave the world fufficient evi- 
 dence in two pamphlets, the one entitled, Several Alfertions proved, in order to create 
 another Species of Money than Gold and Silver -, the other, An EfTay on a Regiftry for 
 Titles of Lands. In 1698, he publiilied a treatife on the pofTibility of avoiding dearh. 
 It is fcarce to be conceived what a clamour it raifed, and how great an outcry was made 
 againft the author. Dr. Sacheverell mentioned it among other blalphemous writings, 
 which induced him to think the church was in Sanger. In 1699, an a^l being pafled ror 
 refuming forfeited eftates in Ireland, commiflloners were appointed to fettle clainis; and 
 Mr. Atgill being at that time fomewhat embarraffed in his circumftances, refolved to oro 
 over to Ireland. On his arrival there, the favour of the commiffioners, and his owrt 
 merit, procured him much practice, almoft the whole nation being then enizaged in 
 law-fuits, and among thefe there were tew confiderable ui wliich Mr. Afgill was not re- 
 tained on one fide or other ; fo that, in a very Ihort time, he acquired a competent for- 
 tune. He purchafed a large eftate in Ireland •, and the influence this purchafe g.ive him, 
 occafioned his being eledfed a member of the houlc of conimons in thac kingdom, tie 
 was in Munftcr when the feflions began ; and, before he could reach Dublin, he was in- 
 formed, that, upon a complaint, the houfe had voted the lall mentioned book of his to 
 be a blalphemous libel, and had ordered it to be burnt •, however, he took his feat iru 
 the houfe, where he fat juft four days, when he was expelled for this performance. Be- 
 ing involved in a number of law-fuits, his affairs loon grew much embarralled in Ire- 
 land, on which account he refolved to leave that kingdom. In 1705 he returned to 
 England, where he was chofen member for the borough ot Bramber, in Suflcx ; but in. 
 the interval of privilege in the year 1707, being taken in execution at the fuit of Mr^ 
 Holland, he was committed to the Fleet. The houfes meeting in November, Mr. Af- 
 gill applied, and on the lOth of December was deniaaded out of cullody by a.lcrieai.c 
 
 Eit
 
 83 AS H M O L v.. 
 
 at arms with die mace, and the next day took his feat in the houfc. Between his appli- 
 cation and his difcliarge, complaint was made to the houli; of the treatifc for whicli he 
 had been expelled in Ireland, and a committee was appointed to examine it : of this com- 
 mittee Edward I larley, Efq; v/as chairaian, who made a report, that the book con- 
 tained feveral bblphemous exprefljons, and I'eemed intended to ridicule the Scriptures. 
 Mr. Afgill made his defence with great wit md fpirit-, but as he dill continued to maintain 
 the aflcitions he had laid down in that treatile, he was expelled. Alter this he remained 
 thirty years a prifoner in the Mint, Fleet, and King's bench, during which time he pub- 
 lifhcd a multitude of fmall political pamphlets, moll of wiiirli were well received He 
 alio chew bills and anlv/er.-, and did other Inilinei's in his proteffion till his death, which 
 liappened in November, i jji, when he was upwards of eighty years o:' age. 
 
 ASHMOLE, or ASMOLE, (Eli as) a celebrated philofopher, chemifl:, and an- 
 tiquary, founder of the Aflimolean Mufeum, whom IVIr. Wood ftiles " the greateft 
 virtuotb and curiolo that was ever known or read of in Englr.nd, " was born at Litch- 
 field, the 23d of May, 161;. He was educated at the grammar I'chool there-, and 
 having a genius for mufic, v/as inllructcd dierein, and admitted achorifler of that cathe- 
 dral. At the age of fixteen, being lent to London, he was taken into the family of 
 James Paget, Efq-, baron of the L^xchequer, whole kindnels he acknowledges with the 
 iitmoft fcnle of gratitude. In June, 1634, he lolt his father, whole bad oeconomy 
 proved very injurious to himlelr and family. 
 
 iVIr. Afhmole continued for tome years in the Paget family, during which tim^ he ap- 
 plied to the law v. ith great allkluity. In ib^S, he became a folicitor in chancer)'-, and 
 on the I ith of February, 1641, was fworn an attorney in the court of Common-pleas. 
 In Augull, 16+2, the city of London being then in great confufion, he retired to Che- 
 fhire-, and towards the end of the year 1644, he went to Oxford, the chief refidence of 
 the king at that time, where he entered himfelf of Brazen-nofe college, and applied with 
 great vigour to the ftudy of natural philofophy, mathematics, and aftronomy. On the 
 9th of May, 1645, he became one of the gentlemen of the ordnance in the garrifon at 
 Oxford •, from whence he removed to Worceller, where he was commiffioner, receiver, 
 and legitter of the excife -, and foon after captain in lord Afhleys regiment, as well as 
 comptroller of the ordnance. On the 16th of Oftober, 1646, he was elected a brother 
 of the free and accepted mafons ; and in fome of his manulcripts there are faid to be many 
 curious particulars relating to the hiftory of that fociety. After the furrender of the gar- 
 rifon of Worceiter, he again retired to Chefhire, where he connnued till October, and 
 then returned to London. On his arrival in this metropolis, he became acquainted with 
 the great aftrologers Sir Jonas Moore, Mr. Lilly, and Mr. Booker, who received him 
 into their fraternity, and appointed hiin fteward of their annual feaft. In 1647, he re- 
 tired to the pleafant village of Engleficld, in Berkfhire, where he amufed himfelf with 
 botany *. The time he fpent in this delicious retirement appears to have been the hap- 
 pielt part of hislife. It was here that he became acquainted with the lady Mainwaring, 
 to whom he was married on the 16th of November, 1649. Soon after his marriage he 
 fettled in London, where his houfe was frequented by all the learned and ingenious men 
 of that time. Mr. AlTimole was a diligent and curious colledor of manulcripts. in 
 1630, he publilhed a treatife written by Dr. Arthur Dec, relating to die philofopher's 
 Itonc ; together with another tract on the fame fubjevl, by an unknown author. About 
 the fame rime he was bufied in preparing for the prel's a complete coUeftion of the works 
 of fuch Englifh chemifts as had till then remained in manufcript. This undertaking coft 
 
 • Granger's Biographical Hiftory of England, vol. iii. p. 117. 
 
 him
 
 A S H M a L n. 8jh 
 
 him great labour and expence, and at length the work appeared' towards the clofe of the 
 year 1652. Itwas entitled, " Theatrum Chcmicum Bricannicum, containing feveral poe- 
 tical pieces of our famous Englifli philofophers, who have written the Hermetic Myfterie« 
 in their own ancient language : faithiully collefted into one volume, with Annotations 
 thereon, by Elias Alhmole, Efq." He propofed at firfl to have carried it on to feveral 
 volumes, but he afterwards dropped this delign. 
 
 In the year 1658, Mr. Aflimole began to colledl materials for his Hiftoiy of the 
 Order of the Garter, v.'hich he lived to finifh, and thereby did no lefs honour to the 
 order than to himfelf. In September following, he made a journey to Oxford, wliere 
 he fet about giving a full and particular defcription of the coins given to the public library 
 by archbifhop Laud. Upon the Reftoration he was introduced to his majefty, who re- 
 ceived him very gracioufly, and on the iSth of June, 166c, bellowed on him the 
 place of Windlbr herald ; and a few days after, he appointed him to give a defcription 
 of his medals, which were accordingly delivered into his poflcffion, and king Henry 
 Vlllth'sclol'et was affigned for his ufe. On the 15th of February, Mr. Afhmole was 
 admitted a fellow of the Royal Society ; and on the 9th of February following, the kino- 
 appointed him fecretary of Surinam, in the Weft Indies. On the 19th of July, ibbg, 
 the univerfity of Oxford, in confideration of tlie many favours they had received from 
 Mr. Afhmole, created himdotfor of phyfic by diploma, which was prefented to him by 
 Dr. Yates, principal of Brazen-nofe college. He was alfo honoured in the inns of court 
 with the title and degree of barrifter of law ; and king Charles II. made him comptroller 
 oftheexcife. On the 8th of May, 1672, he prefented his inftitution, laws, and cere- 
 monies of tiie moft noble order of the garter, to the king, who received it in a very 
 gracious manner ; and, as a mark of his approbation, granted him a privy feal for four 
 hundred pounds, out of the cuftom of paper. Mr. AQimole was complimented for this 
 performance by his royal highnefs the duke of York, who, tho' then at feaagainft theDutcli, 
 lent forhis book by the earl of Peterborough. The reft of the knights companions of the 
 moft noble order, received him and his book with great civility and refpeft. Nor was it lefs 
 efteemed abroad : it was repofited by the pope in the library of the Vatican. King Chrif- 
 ticrn of Denmark fent him, in 1674, by Thomas Henfliaw, Efq; the Englifli refident 
 at Copenhagen, a gold chain and medal, which, with the king's permiffion, he wore on 
 certain high feftivals. Frederic "William, elector of Brandenburg, fent him the like 
 prefent, and ordered his book to be trandated into High Dutch *. 
 
 On the 26th of January, 1679, a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, in the next 
 chamber to Mr. Allimole's, by which he loft a valuable library, with a colledion of 
 nine thoufand coins, ancient and modern, and a vaft repofitory of feals, charters, and 
 other antiquities and curiofities ; but his manufcripts, and moft valuable gold medals, were 
 luckily at his houfe at Lambeth. In 1683, the univerfity of Oxford having finiflied a 
 magnificent repofitory near the Theatre, Mr. Aflimole fent thither his curious coUeitioil 
 of rarities; which bencfaftion was confiderably augmented by the addition of his manu- 
 fcripts and library at his death, whicli happened at Lambeth, on the 1 8th of May, 1692, 
 in the 76th year of his age. He was interred in the church of Great-Lambeth, in Surry, 
 on the 2 Glh of May ; and a black marble ftone was laid over his grave, with the follow- 
 ing Latin infcription. 
 
 Hie jacet inclytus ille et eruditiffimus 
 
 •Elias Ashmole Leichfeldcnfis armiger. 
 
 Inter alia in republica munera, 
 
 • Wood's Athenx Oxonienfes, vol. ii. col. 889. 
 
 Vol. I. A a Tributi
 
 50 A S S H E T O N. 
 
 Tributi in cervifias contra rotulator, 
 
 Fecialis autem Windforienfis titulo, 
 
 Per annos plurimos dignatus ; 
 
 Qui pofl: duo connubia in uxorern duxit tertiani 
 
 Elizabetham Gumelmi Dugdale 
 
 Militis, Garteri principalis regis armorum, filiam j 
 
 Mortem obiit xviii Maii, mdcxcii. anno jetatis lxxvi. 
 
 Sed durante Mufeo Ashmoleano, Oxon. 
 
 Nunquam moriturus. 
 
 Thus in Englilli : 
 
 Here lies the celebrated and mofl: learned 
 Elias Afhmolc, of Litchfield, Efq. 
 
 Amongft other public offices, 
 
 Thofe of comptroller of the excife. 
 
 And Windlor herald at arms. 
 
 For many years he worthily difcharged : 
 
 "Who, after two marriages, took for his third wife 
 
 Elizabeth, of William Dugdale, 
 Knight, Garter principal king at arms, the daughter ; 
 Breathed his laft, May 18, 1692, in the 76th year of his age. 
 But while the Afhmolean Mufjeum at Oxford ttands. 
 He fhall never die. 
 
 Befides the works of Mr. Afhmole already mentioned, he left feveral which were pub* 
 lifhed after his deceafe, and fome that remain Hill in manufcript. 
 
 ASSHETON (William) doctor of divinity, was the fon of Mr. Afsheton, reftor 
 of Middleton, in Lancafhire, and delcended of the ancient family of the baronets of 
 his name in that county. He was born in the year 1641, and after being inftruifled in 
 grammar-learning at a private country-fchool, was removed to Brazen-nole college, Ox- 
 ford, on the 3d of July, 1658. In the year 1663, he was elected a tellow of his col- 
 lege. After having taken both his degrees in arts, he went into orders, became chap- 
 lain to the duke of Ormond, and was admitted doftor of divinity in January, 167:?. 
 In the following month he v/as nominated to the prebend of Knarefborough, in the church 
 of York ; and whilft lie attended his patron at London, obtained the living of St. An- 
 tholin. In 1676, by the duke's intercft with the family of the St. John's, he was pre- 
 fented to the rcftory of Beckenham, in Kent •, and was often unanimoully cholen proc- 
 tor for Rochcfter in convocation. He was the firft projeftor of the fcheme for providing 
 a maintenance for ckrgymen's widows and others, by a jointure payable by the Mercers 
 company. He wrote leveral pieces againft the papifts and diflenters, and fome pradrical. 
 and devotional trafts. A few years before his death, he was offered the headfhip of his 
 college, which he declined. He died at Eeckenham, in September 171 1, inthefeven- 
 tieth year of his age. 
 
 Dr. Afsheton was very regular and afTiduous in private devotion, meditation, and 
 reading. He iifcd hillory and philofophy as the proper handmaids to divinity, which 
 was his bufinefsand delight. He readily fublcribed to all critical, learned, and labori- 
 ous works, by whicli means he completed a very good library. He was a mofl affedl- 
 onate and tender hulband, a jufl: and indulgent maftcr. 
 
 ASTELL 
 
 c
 
 A S T L E Y. 
 
 91' 
 
 ASTELL (Mary) one of the greateft ornaments of her fex and country, was the 
 daughter of Mr. Aftell, an opulent merchant at Newcaftle- upon Tyne, where ihe was 
 born about the year 1668. She was educated in a manner fuitable to her ftation, and, 
 among other accomplifliments, was miftrefs of the French, and had fome knowledge of 
 the Latin tongue. Her uncle, who was a clergyman, obfcrving in her fome marks of a 
 promifing genius, took her under his tuition, and taught her mathematics, logic, and 
 philolbphy. She left the place of her nativity when flie was about twenty years of age, 
 and fpent the remaining part of her life at London and Chelfea. Here Ihe purfued her 
 ftudii.-s with uncommon affiduity, made great proficiency in the above-mentioned 
 fcienccs, and acquired a complete knowledge of many claflic authors. Among thefe 
 Seneca, Epiftetus, Hierocles, Antoninus, TuUy, Plato, and Xenophon, were her 
 principal tavourites. Her life was fpent in wridng for the advancement of religion, 
 virtue, and learning-, and in the practice of thofe duties which fhe fo zealoufly and pa- 
 thetically recommended to others. Her fentiments of piety, charity, humility, friend- 
 Ihip, and other Chrilfian graces, were refined and fublime. Religion fat very gracefully 
 upon her, unattended with the forbidding airs of fournefs or morofcnefs. Her mind 
 was generally calm and ferene-, and her converfation was innocently facetious, and hio-h- 
 ly entertaining. She would fay, " The good Chriftian only hath reafon, and he always 
 ought, to be chearful :" and, " That dejecled looks and melancholy airs were very 
 unfeenily in a Chriltian. But thefe fubjeds fhe has treated at large in fome of her excel- 
 lent writings. Some very great men bear teflimony of the merit of her works, fuch as 
 do6lors Hickes, Walker, and Atterbury ; McfT. Norris, Dodwell, and L vclyn, men 
 ■whofe judgment will hardly be called in quellion. 
 
 She was remarkably abitemious, and feemed to enjoy an uninterrupted flate of health 
 till a few years before her death ; when having one of her breafts cut olf, it confiderably 
 impaired her conftitution : fhe underv/ent this painful operadon without difcoverin" the 
 leall timidity or impatience, without a groan or a figh ; and fhewed the fame fortuude 
 and"refignation during her whole illnefs. When fhe was confined to her bed bv a gradual 
 decay, and the time of her difTolution drew near, fhe ordered her coffin and' ifiroud to. 
 be made, and brought to her bed-fide, and there 1:o remain in her view, as a conftant; 
 memento of lier approaching fate, and to keep her mind fi.xed on proper contemplations. 
 She died in i 731, in the 63d year of her age, and was buried at Chelfea 
 
 Mary Aflell wrote, i. A ferious Propofal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of, 
 ' their true and greateft Interefl. 2. Letters concerning the Love of God. 3. An LfTay 
 in Defence of the Female Sex. 4. Keficdions upon Marriage, p,. Moderation truly 
 Hated. 6. A fair Way with the DifTenters and their Patrons, 7. "The Chriftian Reli- 
 gion, as protefied by a Daughter of the Church of England. 8. An impartiial Enquiry 
 into the Caufes of Rebellion and Civil War in this Kingdom, 
 
 ASTLEY (John) a famous champion in the reigns of king Henry V. and kinf^, 
 Henry VI. was defcended of the ancient and noble family of Alfiey, in'Warwickfiiire^ 
 and born about the beginning of the fifteenth century. In 1438 he fought on liorfe- 
 back, in the Itrcet of St. Antoine, in Paris, one Pcttr de Mafle, a Frenchman, whoiuid 
 challenged all comers, in honour of his miftrefs ; and this antagonill Iieeafily overthrew. 
 In 141.2 he performed the like exploit, and widi the like fuccefs, before king FJenry VL 
 and his court, in Smithfield. This fecond combat wasvvitlv one Sir Philip Boyle, an 
 Arragonian knight, whom he encountercil on foot, and whom he prefcntiy difarmed ; 
 upon which they were parted. As a reward of his bravery, he was dubbed a kni"hr| 
 and obtained an annuity of one hundred marks. He died at Patcihall, in StufibrdflTire,. 
 and lies buried there under a handfome monument. 
 
 3 ASTON
 
 gt A T H E L S T A N. 
 
 ASTON, or ASHTON, (Sir Arthur) an experienced officer in king Charles the 
 Firll's army, was the Ion of" Sir Arthur Afton, of Fulham, in Middlekx. y\fter having 
 made feveral campaigns in foreign countries, he returned into England about the begin- 
 nino- of tlie errand rebellion, with as many veteran Ibldiers as he could bring with him, 
 and joined the king againfl: the parliament. He commanded the dragoons at the battle 
 ofEdgehill, where he did his majefty confidtrablc fervice. The king made him go- 
 vernor of the garrilbn of Reading, in Berkfhire, and comminary-gencral of the horle; 
 in which poll; he three times repulied the earl of Eficx, who, at the liead of the parlia- 
 ment army, laid fiege to that place ; but Sir Arthur being dangcroufly wounded, die 
 command devolved on colonel Richard Fielding. SciiVf time after, he was appointed 
 governor of the garrifon of Oxford. But having the misfortune to break his leg by a 
 fall from his horfe, he was obliged to have it cut off. After the king's death, he was 
 employed in the fervice of king Charles II. and appointed governor of Drogheda, in 
 Ireland; but Oliver Cromwell having taken the town in tiie year 1649, and put the 
 inhabitants to the fword. Sir Arthur had his brains beat out with his own wooden leg. 
 
 ATHELSTAN, or i^ITHELSTAN, king of England, was the fon of Edward, 
 furnamed the Elder, by Edgina, a fhepherd's daughter. His grandfather Alfred took 
 crreat care of his education, recommending him in his infancy to the care of his daughter 
 Ethelfleda, and afterwards to her huiband Ethered, one of the greateft captains of his 
 time. When AtheUbn arrived at a proper age, he was introduced at court by Ethered; 
 and Alfred was fo pleafed with the youth, that to ufe William of Malmfbury's words, 
 " he bleffetl him for king, after his fon Edward, by a kind of prophetic fpirit," and 
 then knic^hted him, giving him a purple robe, a belt fet with jewels, and a Saxon fword 
 in a golden fcabbard. Edward the Elder dying in the year 92.5, Athelltan fucceeded to 
 the throne, and was crowned by Athelum, archbilhop of Canterbury, at Kingfton 
 upon Thames. Soon after his accefTion, a dangerous confpiracy was formed againft 
 him by a nobleman called Alfred: the plot, however, was iiappily difcovered, and the 
 author apprehended, but he firmly dejiied -all ; whereupon the king lent him to Rome 
 to purge himfelf by oath in prefcnceof the pope: he accordingly took the oath at the 
 altar, but was immediately fcized with a violent fir, in v^hich he expired. Tiie pontiff 
 refufed his body Chriftian -Jpurial till lie had acquainted king Athelftan, at whofe re- 
 qucft it was afterwards granted. 
 
 This difturbance was no fooner quelled, than commotions arofe in another quarter. 
 As theDanifh inhabitants of England had been fubjei^ed by force, they refolved to af- 
 fert their independence with the firft favourable occafion ; and looking upon this as a 
 proper conjundurc, while Athelllan was hardly eftabiifhed on the throne, they took the 
 field, under their kings bithric and Inguald, who furprifed York and Davenport. A- 
 thelltan, as foon as he was informed o! this infurreflion, began his march towards their 
 country, in which he arrived with fuch expedition, that Sithric, having made no pre- 
 i)arations for the reception of fuch a powerful antagonift, uied for peace, which was 
 "ranted, on condition that he fhould embrace the Chrittian religion. Wifhing to attach 
 this prince to his intercit, that his reign might not be diiturbed by the continual incur- 
 fions of the Danes, Athelftan not only pardoned his revolt, but gave him his fifter Edi- 
 tha in marriage. 
 
 Sithric dying witiiin a twelvemonth after his nuptials, was fucceeded by Anlaf and 
 Guthred, his fons by a former wife. Thcfe two princes, being zealots for their old re- 
 ligion, revolted from Athelllan, who foon expelled them from their dominions. Anlaf 
 elcaped into Ireland, and Guthred fled for protedion to Conitantine, king of the Scots. 
 Athelftan immediately fenc deputies to this prince, defiring him to deliver up Guthred 
 
 into
 
 ATHELSTAN. ,93 
 
 into his hands, otherwife he would go in queft of him at the head of an army. Con- 
 ftantine, piqued at this infolent meflage, yet afraid of incurring the dii'pleafure of fuch 
 a warMce monarch, agreed to meet Athelftan ct Paker, for which place he accordingly 
 fet out, accompanied by Owen, king of Cumberland; but, in the mean time, gave 
 Guthred an opportunity to withdraw from his court. A thelftan admitted the excufes 
 of the Scotciui king, though not a little concerned at the efcape of Guthred, who made 
 an unfuccefsful attempt upon the city of York, and then turned pirate on the high feas, 
 till at length being weary of fuch a boifterous and infamoudy precarious life, he fur- 
 rendered himfelf to the Englifh king, who allowed him a penfion for his fubfiftence. 
 This he enjoyed for fome time ; but at laft conceiving fonie difguft, he made his efcape 
 from the place of his refidence, and was never heard of afterwards. Athelftan, at this 
 conference with the two kings, is faid to have exaded homage from them both-, and 
 notwithflanding the allegations of the Scottifii writers, who fo vehemently deny this aft 
 of fubmiflion, in all probability it was impofed upon Conftantine, who fc-ems to have 
 retained an implacable refentment againft the Englifli monarch from this period. Be 
 that as it may, fuch homage, extorted from a weak prince, by fear and compulfion, 
 can never affetl the independency and freedom of the nation. 
 
 Couilantine returned to his own country, very much chagrined at the behaviour of 
 Atlielftan ; while .'^. nlaf, informed of his difcontent, repaired to his court from Ireland, 
 and artfully inflamed his refentment and ambition, by inveighing againll the infolence 
 and dangerous power of the Englilh king, and reprefenting the pradlicability of con- 
 quering Northumberland, by means of the fuccours he fliould be able to bring from 
 Ireland. The Scottiih prince eagerly embraced his propolal, for the execution of which 
 they began to make preparations without delay ; and, in the mean time, prevailed upon 
 Howel, king of Wales, to make a diverfion in their favour. Athelftan difconcerted 
 their meafores by his diligence and adivity ; for as foon as he received intelligence of a 
 commotion in Wales, he began his march for that country, and obtained a complete 
 viftory over Howel, whom he piin'iiie.d for his revolt, by augmenting the tribute which 
 he annually paid to England. This war being happily terminated, he advanced into 
 Scotland, in order to take vengeance upon Conftantine, for having fent a body of auxi- 
 liaries to Ilowel. As Anlaf had not yet arrived with his reinforcement from Ireland, 
 the Scottilli king was in no condition to oppofe the Englidi army, which drove him 
 from one end of the kingdom to the other •, and at laft compelled him to deprecate the 
 wrath of Athelftan with great humility. He obtained his requeft from the Englifli 
 monarch, who at the fame time reftored all the places he had taken in that kingdom, 
 hoping, by this aft of generofity, to conciliate the affeftion of Conftantine, and detach 
 him from the intereft of the Danes. But all this indulgence feemed rather to inflame 
 than mitigate the rancour ot Conftantine, who became more and more impatient to re- 
 venge this mortification, which his pride fuftained from the triumph of Athelftan's ge- 
 nerofity : that prince was no fooner returned to his own dominions, than he renewed 
 his deliberations with Anlaf -, and thefe confederates exerted all their induftry and power 
 in order to aflemblc an army of fufficient ftrength to invade the kingdom of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 Mean while Athelftan began to be difquieted by jealous thoughts, arifing from the 
 popularity of his brother Edwin, who was accufed by a certain nobleman of liaving 
 ban concerned in the conipiracy of Alfred. 1 hough the unhappy youtii protefttd, 
 with all the appearance of truth and candour, that he v/as entirely innocent of the crime 
 laid to his chutge, he was convifted on the tcrtiniony of tiiis corrupt evidence ; and 
 Athelftan, being afraid to take away his life by a publi. execution, ordered this unfor- 
 tunate young pnncc to be turned adrift witli one Icrvant, in a crazy vcflcl, widiout fails. 
 
 Vol. 1. ij b ~ oars.
 
 ^4 A T H E L S T A N. 
 
 oars, and proviGon. Edwin, on feeing himfelf thus expofed to the dangers of the deep 
 and horrors of famine, leaped into the ica, and was drowned. No fooner was this cruel 
 Icjitcnce executed, and the king's jealous fears removed, than he reviewed the charader 
 of Edwin in tl>e light of an amiable brother, and detefted the wretch on v/hofe evidence 
 that young prince had been expofed to a terrible death. This perfidious nobleman, 
 who was an officer of the houfhold, one day ftumbled in prefenting the cup to Athcl- 
 ftan, but inftantly recovering a firm footing, by means of his other leg, " See, faid he, 
 how one brother affifts another." This rem.irk was conftrucd into raillery or reproach 
 by Athenian, wlio forthwith ordered him to be put to death, as a facrifice to the manes 
 of Edwin ; and endeavoured to expiate his own guilt by fevere penance and benefac- 
 tions to the church. 
 
 During thefe tranfaftions, Conftantine and Anlaf were bufily employed in making' 
 preparations for the execution of their projeft ; they formed a confederacy with the 
 Iridi, Wclfli, and Northumbrian Danes, and conducted their motions with fuch fecre- 
 cy, that Anlat had enrered the Humber with a fleet of fix hundred fail, and overfpread 
 the whole country, before AthcUlan received the lead intimation of his defign. That 
 prince aflembling his forces, marched againll the enemy with incredible difpatch, and 
 the two armies came in fight of each other at a place called Bruneford. A battle, how- 
 ever, did not immediately cnfue, becaufe both armies were fo formidable and fo advan- 
 taj^eoijfly j^oftcd, that ncitner chofe to hazard an attack, until the inattention or mifcon- 
 duiiVor cither fide fliould afford an opportunity. During this paufe Anlaf entered the 
 Englilh camp m the habit of a minftrel, and performed lb ravilhingly as to attrad the 
 notice of Athenian, v/ho ordered him to perform in the royal tent, and rewarded him 
 with a liberal prcfent. In his retreat he was known by a common foldier, who per- 
 mitted him to pafs, and then informed the king of thecifcovery he had made. Athel- 
 ftan reprimanded him for fullering him to retire, but applauded the man's fidelity, 
 when he told him, he had once taken the oath of allegiance to that prince, and therefore 
 would never be concerned in any particular attempt againil his perfon. The king fhifc- 
 cd his quarters that very day, and the fame fpot of ground was occupied by a bifhop 
 newly come to the camp, who loll his life in confequence of choofing that fituation ; for, 
 in the middle of the night, Anlaf, at the head of a chofcn band, attacked the Englifh 
 encampment, and penetrating to tliis place, flew the prelate and all his attendants, on 
 the fuppofition that the king Itill rcfided in that quarter. At day-break the two armies 
 were fairly engaged, and fought all day with equal bravery on both fides ; till at length 
 the chancellor Turketul, at the head of a felecl band of llondoners, bore down all be- 
 fore him, and unhorfed the Scottifli king, who was wounded and taken prifoner. The 
 fate of this prince was no fooner made known to the refl: of the confederates, than they 
 wave way, and a terrible carnage enfued. Befides Conftantine, who died of his wounds, 
 fix kings of Ireland and Wales, and many generals and counts, loft their lives in this en- 
 ga"cmcnt. Athelflan, after this complete viiflory, met with no oppoficion in reducing 
 the Scots, the Danes of Northumberland, and the Wclfli. He alfo expelled the Britons 
 •who had hitherto dwelt about Excefter, or Exeter, and forced them to retire into 
 Cornwall. 
 
 After thtfe fuccefles Athelftan enjoyed his crown in tranquility, and is confidered as 
 one of the ableft Saxon princes, both in war and peace. He added new laws to thofe 
 which had been publifned by his grandfather Alfred ; took the moil eftedtual mealures 
 for fccuring the peace of his country, both by fortifying it againft the attempts of foreign 
 enemies, and preventing domeftic difturbances, by a gentle fway and equal adminiftra- 
 tion of jultice. He employed learned men to finidi a tranflation of the Bible into the 
 
 4 Saxon
 
 A T H E R T O N. 
 
 95 
 
 Saxon language. He died at Glocefter, in the year 94 1, or, according to Brompton, 
 in 942, and was fucceeded by his brother Edmund. 
 
 ATHERTQN (John) bifhop of Waterford and Lifrnore, in Ireland, was born 
 in the year 1598, at Bawdrip, near Bridgevvater, in Somerfetfhire, of which parifh his 
 father was then redlor. In 1D14, he was fcnt to Glocefter-hall, in Oxford, where he 
 commenced bachelor of arts. Being afterwards tranfplanted to Lincoln college, he there 
 took the degree of mafter-, and entering into holy orders, was induded to the reftoiy of 
 Huifh-Combflower, in SomerfetHiire. He married, while young, a moil: agreeable 
 woman; neverthelefs, if is affirmed, that he committed inctll: with her fifler : upon the 
 difcovery of this unlawful commerce, he was forced to fue for his pardon, which being 
 procured, he went to Ireland, and, either by recommendations he carried with him, or 
 by his afilduous addrefs, obtained the parfonage of St. John's church, Dublin, and be- 
 came chaplain to Adam Lottus, vifcount Lifle, lord chancellor-, by whofe favour he 
 was likewife made a dignitary of Chrill-church. He ungratefully betrayed this indul- 
 gent patron into diigrace widi the earl of Strafford, lord-deputy of Ireland ; between 
 whom and the chancellor there being an open contention, Atherton changed his fide, 
 after he had got what he could from the latter, and infinuating himfcjf into the lord- 
 deputy's good graces, v/as by that nobleman, in confideration of his knowledge in the 
 canon law and ecclrfiaftical matters, made a prebendary of Chrift-church ; and after- 
 wards, in i6j6, advanced to the bifhopric of Waterford and Lifmore, being then 
 doftor in divinity.- 
 
 t-Jis epifcopal government was a fcene of the moft grievous opprefTion and extortion : 
 inftigated by pride, covetoufneis, and cruelty, he was continually harrafling and perfe- 
 cuting both protcftants and papifts in the ecclefiallical courts, &c. to the ruin of many; 
 ftripping whole families of poflefTions they had long and quietly enjoyed, when any pre- 
 text could be found to make them part of the bifhop's revenue ; by which means he 
 not only added feveral confiderable eitates to his own iee, but obtained a plentiful one 
 for himfelf. Some years after his advancement to the bidiopric, he had a long and 
 dangerous ficknefs; during which, from a convitftion of his total negkdl of his palloral 
 charge, he made a folemn vow, that if God would be pleafed to reltore him to health, 
 he would conftantly preach and catechife every Sunday. After his recovery, it hap- 
 pened, that the firfl: time he went to church to preach, the judges of affize were at 
 "Waterford ; and a thought arifing within him, that if he fliould now enter upon that 
 pradtice for the firft time, it would be imagined he did it tiirough fear of them, he de- 
 ferred it for that day, and never performed it afterwards. He gave himfelf up to the 
 moft unnatural abominations. The number of his concubines am.ountcd to no lefs 
 than fixty-four. This impious wretch became at lall an advocate for his iniquity, and 
 endeavoured to fhow that it was expedient and ialutary. 
 
 It is pofitively affirmed, that he was admonillied to leave his profligate courfe of life, 
 in a very iblemn manner, by his own fifter, tiie wife of one Mr. Leakie, whofe motlier 
 being dead, and having been no ftranger to the bilhop's enormous debaucheries, her 
 gholt appeared often to this fitlcr, charging her to go oyer and warn him, that if he did 
 notfpeeclily reform his wicked life, it would afluredly Idc cut off at the gallows. Whc- 
 tlierthis was a mere fancy, the tffcd ot a dream, or a device to give weight to her argu- 
 ments with her brotlicr, the adfually went to Ireland, and enforced her earnett perkia- 
 fions, by relating to him what flie faid had been revealed to her. His anfwer was, 
 " What rauft be, itiall be ; marriage and hanging go by delliny." So he lent her 
 back as a weak woman, and went forward himfelf, lliU mending his pace, but altering 
 his path to perdition, for after this he fell into the cominillion of betliality. At length, in 
 
 the
 
 9^ ATKINS. 
 
 the midfl: of his foul career, the man who haJ been the corrupter of his youth, and 
 whom he h id not feen during twenty years, coming cafually to Ireland, the fight of 
 him ftrucU him with horror, and his conlcience made him dread that he was a prefagc 
 of a fpecdy vengeance. In faft, about tliree weeks after, a bill of complaint was pre- 
 ferred againft the bifhop in the parliament of Ireland, whercujion he was fuddenly feiz- 
 ed and imprifoned -, and afterwards, being tried for beiliality, he was found guilty, 
 and received fcntence of death. Dr. Bernard attended Atherton in Dublin caftle, who 
 was allowed feven days to prepare himfelf for his diflblution. The dodlor advifed him 
 to lay afide his rich apparel, to let the chamber be kept dark, to admit no company 
 but fuch as came to afford him fpiritual counfel ; to eat in Iblitude, give himfelf to 
 falling, even to the afflifting of his body which he had lb pampered, as a means to effeft 
 the forrow of his foul -, and alfo to get his coffin made, and have it in his chamber. 
 Atherton became extremely penitent, and with abundance of tears and groans lamented 
 the fins of his pad life. He v/as hanged on Gallows-green, at Dublin, the 5th of De- 
 cember, 1640, aged forty-two years. Dr. Bernard, by archbiftiop Ulhers command, 
 publifhed two difcourfes on this occafion ; one entitled. The penitent Death of a woe- 
 ful Sinner -, or, the penitent Death of John Atherton, &c. 1 he other, A Caveat to 
 the Minidry and People; or, a Sermon preached at the Funeral of the faid Prelate. 
 Thefe contain a very particular account of his behaviour, from the time of his receiving 
 fentcnce till his execution. 
 
 ATKINS (Sir Robert) lord chief-baron of the Exchequer, was defcended of a very 
 ancient family in Gloccfterfliire, and was the Ion of Sir Edward Atkins, one of the ba- 
 rons of tlie Exchequer, by Urfula, daughter of Sir Thomas Dacres, of Chefiuint, in 
 Hertfordlhire. He was born in the year 1621, and after being inftrufted in grammar- 
 learning at his father's houfe, was fent to Baliol-college, Oxford. Removing thence to 
 one of the inns of court, he applied himfflf very clofely to the itudy of the law. In 
 April, 16&1, at the coronation of king Charles II. he was made a knight of the bath, 
 with many other perfons of the firft dillindlion. On the 28th of September, the fame 
 year, he was created mader of arts, in full convocation, at Oxford. In 1671, he was 
 appointed one of the king's fcrjeants at law-, and, the next year, one of the judges of 
 the court of Common pleas, in which honourable ftation he continued till "679, when, 
 forefceing t!ic troubles that loon after enfued, he thought fit to rcfign, and retire into 
 the country. 
 
 At the Revolution, to promote which Sir Robert Atkins did all that could be ex- 
 petted from hiin, lie was received with great marks of diltinftion by king William, 
 who in the month of May, 1680, made him lord chief baron of the Exchequer. On 
 the 1 9tii of Oclober following, the marquis of Halifax, whom the lords had chofen for 
 their fpeaker, defiring to be excufed from difcliarging that office any longer, the lord 
 cliief baron Atkins was immediately eledled in his room, and lb continued till the great 
 fcai was given to Sir John Soniers, in the beginning of the year 169^ In June 1695, 
 being then in the levcnty-fourtli.year of his age. Sir Robert refigncd his office * of chief 
 baron, and retired to his feat at Sapeitonhall, in Gloccfterfliire, where he fpent the 
 laft fourteen years of his life in eafe and tranquility. He died in the year 1709. aged 
 eighty-eight. 1 le was a man of great probity, as well as of uncommon fkill in hu mi-q. 
 fcffion, and a warm friend to.thc conditution. He was twice married, firft to iVjary, 
 daughter of Sir George Clerk, of Walford, in Northamptonfliire, and afterwards to 
 
 * It is faid that !i!s refignation wae owing to his being difappointcd of the place of mailer of the Rolls, 
 in the room of iiir John lie. or. — Rtmaiki <-/i the Sluie oj the Law, p. 5. 
 
 Anne,
 
 ATTERBURY. 
 
 91 
 
 Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Dacres. His writings are colleflcd into one volume, 
 ofbavo, under the title of Farliamentary and Political Trails. The authors of the 
 Biographia Britannica remark, that whoever inclines to be thoroughly informed of the 
 true conltitution of his country, of the grounds and reafons of the Revolution, and of 
 the danger of lutfcring prerogative tojoftle law, cannot read a better or a plainer book 
 than thele trafts of Sir Robert Atkins. His ftyle is nervous, but not ftiff: there is a 
 mixture of wit, butof fuch wit as is adapted to the fubjcil; it comes in pertinently, 
 and ferves to enlighten, not to amui'e or to midead, the reader ; whatever he fays is fup- 
 ported by authorities, and there is fuch a vifible candour in all his difcourfes, that if a 
 man does not relifh his arguments, he muft at leaft admire the manner in which they 
 are offered. 
 
 Sir Robert Atkins, fon of the former, was the author of the Hillory of Glocefter- 
 fliire. He was born in 1646, and educated with great care under the eye of his father. 
 He became very early a great lover of the laws and hiftory of his country, and was 
 chofen to reprefent his county in parliament as often as he would accept that honour. 
 He was eminent for all the virtues that could adorn an Englifh gentleman. Dr. Par- 
 fons, chancellor of the diocefe of Glocefter, had, with great labour, collcfted materials 
 for the hillory of the county of Glocefter, but his ill flate of health preventing the 
 completion of his defign. Sir Robert Atkins, fenfible of the ufe and value of fuch a 
 hiftory, thought himfelf obliged to execute the doftor's plan, in return for the great 
 affection fhevvn by the inhabitants of that county for his fatnily and Iwrnfclf. He died 
 in i/i/, in the fixty-fiftii year of his age. 
 
 ATTERBURY (Lewis) father of the celebrated Dr. Atterbury, bifhop of Ro- 
 chefter, was born about the year 1631. He was the fon of Francis Atterbury, redor 
 of Middleton Malfer, or Milton, in Northamptonfliire, who, among other minifters^ 
 fubfcribed the Solemn League and Covenant in 1648. Lewis was entered a ftudentof 
 Chrift church, Oxford, in 1647, and took the degree of bachelor of arts on the 23d of 
 February, 1649. He was created mafterof arts by virtue of a dilpenfation from Oli- 
 ver Cromv/ell, the ift of March, 1651. He had been one of thofe who fubmittcd to 
 the authority of the vifitors appointed by the parliament. In 16 ",4, he became rcdtor 
 of Great or Broad Refington, in Gloucefterftiire, and after the Reftoration, took a pre- 
 fentation for that benefice under the great feal, and was inftituted again to confirm his 
 title to it. On the nth of September, 1637, he was admitted reftor of Milton, or 
 Middlcton-Keyncs, in Buckinghamftiire •, and at the return of Charles IL took the 
 fame prudent method to corroborate his title to this living. On the 25th of July, 1 660, 
 he was made chaplain extraordinary to Henry duke of Glocefter; and in December, 
 the fame year, took the degree of doftor in divinity. Returning from London, wiiither 
 the law-fuitshe was frequently involved in, had brought him, he had the misfortune to 
 be drowned near his own houfe, in the beginning of December, i( 93. He publilhed 
 three occafional iermons. 
 
 ATTI'T<.BURY (Lewis) fon of the preceding, and elder brother of Dr. Atter- 
 bury, bifhtjp of Rochefter, was born at Caldecot, in the parifli of Newport- Papncl, 
 Bucks, on the id of May, ih£,6. He received his education at WtftoHnRcr-fchoo), 
 under Dr Bufby, from whence he was removed to Chrift-church college, Oxford. He 
 was ordained deacon in September, 1 679, being then bachelor of arts ; and commenced 
 mafterof arts July 5, i6b'o. 1 he year following he was ordained prieft. In 1633, he 
 fcrvcd the office of chaplain to Sir William Pritchard, lord nia)or of London. In Fe- 
 bruary, 1184, he was inftituted reclor of Symtl, in Norihiiniptonn:irc, which living he 
 
 Vol. I. C c ;.hcr-
 
 98 
 
 ATTERBURY; 
 
 afterwards refigntd upon his nccepting of other preferments. On the 8th of Jul)' i587, 
 he accumulated the degrees of bachelor and doftor of civil law. In 1691, ue find him 
 kfturer of St. Mary Hill, in London. Soon after his marriage he Irtried atHigiigate, 
 where he fupplied t!ie pulpit of the Rev. Mr. Lathom, who was very old and infirm, 
 .1nd had loll his fi^ht. Upon the death of this gentleman, Dr, Lewis Atterfcrn; y was, in 
 June 1695, unanimoufly eleded bv the truftees of Highgate-chapel to Betht-ir preacher. 
 No: long before this he hud been appointed one of the fix preathing chaplains to the 
 princefs^Anne of Denmark at Whitehall and St. James's, which place he continued to 
 fupply after her accelTion to the throne. When he firft rcfided at Highgat", obferving 
 what drfficulties tlie poor in the neighbourhood underwent for want oi a good phyfician 
 or apothecary, he applied liimfelf to the Ihidy of phyfic, and after acq'jiring confide- 
 rable fkill, praftifed it gratis occafionally among his poor neighbours. In 1707, qucea 
 Anne prefented him to the reftory of Shepperton, in Middlefex; and in March 171c, 
 the bifliop of London collated him to the redory of Hornfey. 
 
 Dr. Lewis Atterbury wrote an Anfwer to a popifh book, entitled, A true and modeft 
 Account of the chief Points in Controverfy between the Roman Catholics and the Pro- 
 teltants; tranflated from the French the Penitent Lady, by Madam La Valliere; and 
 publiflied feveral volumes of Sermons. 
 
 He died at Bath on the 20th of Oftober, 1 73 1. In his will he gave fomc few books 
 to the libraries at Bedford and Newport, and his whole colledlion of pamphlets, amount- 
 ing CO more than two hundred volumes, to the library of Chriftcliurch college, Ox- 
 ford. He charged his eftate for ever with the payment often pounds yearly to a fchool- 
 miftrefs, to inftruft girls at Newport-Pagnel, which falary he had himfclf in his life- 
 time paid for many years. He bequeathed a legacy of one hundred pounds to his 
 " dear brother, in token of his true elleem and affection,'' as the words of the will are ; 
 and made the biflwp's fon (aft«r his gr.md-daughter, who did not long furvive him) 
 heir to all his for:une. As do his charaifler. If Nature, fays Mr Yardley, was lavifli in 
 giving his brother, the bifhep, the moft ornamental and ufeful endowments of a fine 
 genius, a ready wit, an eloquel^t pen, and an engaging and proper elocution, (he was 
 hot wanting in beftowing on our author good and found natural parts, which even in 
 !iis youth he much improved by fevere ftudies. By his conftant and repeated pulpit-ex- 
 ercifes, for upwards of forty years, he acquired the reputation of a plain, ulcful, and 
 Iblid preacher. The great archbifhop Tillotfon was intimate with him, and the works 
 of that excellent prelate what he admired ariftudied-, and it is not improbable, that 
 rothis was partly owing that eafy flowing ftnein which his fermons are indited. 
 
 ATTERBURY (Francis) bifhop of Rochefter, was the fon of Dr. Lewis Atter- 
 bury, reftor of Middleton, or MiltonKeynes, near Newport-Pagnel, in Bucks, and 
 was born at that place on the 6th of March, 1662. He was educated in grammar 
 learnin" at Weftmintfer-lchool, and in 16^0 was clefted a ftudcnt of Chrift-church- 
 college, Oxford, where he foon dillinguifhed himfelf by his fine genius, and his incli- 
 nation for polite literature. He gave early proofs of his poetical talents in a Latin 
 verfion of Mr. Dryden's Abfalom and Achitophel, in an Englifli epigram on a lady's 
 fan, and a tranflation of two odes of Horace. He commenced bachelor of arts June 
 13, 1684-, and malfer, April 20, 1687. This year he exerted himlelf in the contro- 
 verfy with the papitts by a defence of Luther, under the title of an Anfwer to fome 
 Confidcrations on the Spirit of Martin Luther, and the Original of the Reformation. 
 This vindication of that great reformer was v/ritten with uncommon fpirit and vivacity, 
 and induced billiop Burnet to rank the author among thofe divines who had diftinguifhed 
 lliemfclves by their admirable defences of the proccftant religion. About die fame time 
 
 he
 
 ATTERBURY. 
 
 99 
 
 he is fuppofed to have had a fhare in the Gontroverfy between Mr. Charles Boyle and 
 Dr. Bentley, concerning the genuinenefs of Phalaris's Epifties. Upon the death of 
 his father in 1693, he applied to the earl of Nottingham to fucceed him in the reiSlory 
 of Milton, which he called the height of his ambition and wilhes, as being the place of 
 his birth. This application proving unlucceisful, he refolved to quit the univerlity, 
 and accordingly came to London, where he fo much diftinguiflied himfelf by his elo- 
 quence, that he was appointed chaplain in ordinary to king William and queen Mary, 
 and eledtcd preacher at Bridewell, and lecturer of St. Bride's, which laft office he re- 
 figned in 169S. In 1700, Mr. Attcrbury entered into the controverfy concerning 
 the convocation *, and publiflied, without his name. The Rights, Powers, and 
 Privileges of an EngliQi Convocation ftated and vindicated, in anfwer to a book of Dr. 
 "Wake's, entitled. The Authority of Chriftian Princes, &c. and fcver.d other pieces. 
 The year following a fecond edition appeared with his name prefixed, and very confide- 
 rable additions, which were printed leparately for the ufe of the purchufers of the firlt 
 edition. Mr. Atterbury having in this performance occafionally remarked upon 
 bifhop Burnet's Hiftory of the Reformation, as too free in cenfunr.g the manners of 
 the clergy, though capable of this excufe, that the author, being a ftranger, might 
 not then have thoroughly acquainted himfelf with the itate of our churcii, or the cha- 
 radter of its members, the bilhop wrote a piece againll him, under the title of Reflec- 
 . tions on a book entitled Rights, &c. wherein he obferves, that the author of the Rights, 
 &c. " had fo entirely laid afide the fpirit of Chrift, and the charadlcr of a Chriltian, 
 that without large allowances of charity, one can hardly think that he did once reflect on 
 the obligations he lay under to follow the humility, the meeknefs, and the gentlenefs of 
 Chrift. So far from that, he feems to have forgot the common decencies of a man or 
 ef a fcholar.'' In 1701, Dr. White Kennet, afterwards bhhop of Peterborough, un- 
 dertook a particular reply to Mr. Atterbury's book, in his Ecclefiaftical Synods and 
 Parliamentary Convocations in the church of England, hiftorically ftated and juftly vin- 
 dicated from the mifreprefentations of Mr, Atterbury, Part I. wherein he fays, " The 
 bulk of this (Atterbury's) book, the fpecious preface to it, the number of citations, 
 and, above all, the fpirit of alfurance, made people think this would determine the 
 whole matter. And then the artificial giving a great and jull charai5tcr of the king, the 
 many infinuating addreflcs to the commons, the pretty ways of ingratiating with the in- 
 ferior clergy, the high zeal for our church, and. pleading fundamental rights and liber- 
 ties of it, with the brifknefs of running down an adverfary into the utmoft contcmpr • 
 and odium ; all this was apt to create in many a kind reception of the book ; which 
 when fct off with the induftrious applaufe of confiderable people, who admire every 
 
 • In tlie year 1697, tliere appeared a pamphlet in quarto, entitled, A Lttter to a Convocation-mna 
 conccrrjinj the Rights, Powers, and Privileges of Convocations, iuppoled.to be written by the Rev, 
 l^r. Einekes. It treated, I ft, Of the clergy's right to meet in fynods according to the canons of the 
 Chriftian church and the conlUtution of this realm. 2dlv, Of their right of adembling in convocation 
 as often ae a new pariiarafnt meets and lits : and, 3dly, Ot their right of treating and deliberatinj; about 
 fiich afpHirs as lie within their proper fpherc, and of coming to tit rcfolutions upon them without bclnp- 
 nceefntalcd antecedently to qualify ihcmfeKes for fueh Lets and debates by a licence under the broad feul 
 of England. Dr. Wake, in the fame year, publidied a book, entitled. The Authority of Cliriiliau 
 Princes over their ccclcfmltical Synods affertcd, with particular reipedt to the Convocations of the 
 Clergy of the Realm and Churth of England ; occafioned by a late Pamphlet, entitled, A Letter to a 
 Convocation-man, Ac. Wherein he maintained, ill, That the right of calling the clergy together in 
 fynods is veiled fcicly in the prince. 2dly, That the clergy fo adembled have no right to ilebate or de- 
 termine any point of doftrine or difciplinc without his pcrniiinon. 3dly, That the prince may annul, 
 alter, or fiifpend the execution of any of their conllitutioiis or decrees ; and» lalUy, That no lynod can 
 diifoLve itfelf witkotit coiifcnt of the prince. . 
 
 thill;?
 
 joo A T T E R B U R Y. 
 
 thing of thcmfelves and their own, gave all poffible advantage to the caiifc znd this de- 
 fence ot it." 
 
 The fame year came out a pamphlet in quarto, faid to be written by Dr. Gibfon (af- 
 terwards bifhop of London) enciclcd, a Letter to a Friend in the Country concerning 
 rliC Proccediny,s of tlic preftnt Convccacion ; in which the author vindicates the arch- 
 bifliop's right to prorogue the lower houfe of convocation as well as the upper. This 
 piece was foon anfwcrcd by a pamphlet afcribed to Mr. Atterbury, entitled, the Power 
 of the Lower Houfe of Convocation to adjourn itfelf, vindicated from the mificprcfen- 
 rations of a late I'aper, &c. Not long after there appeared another piece, alfo faid to be 
 written by Mr. Atterbury, entitled, a Letter to a Clergyman in the Country concerning 
 the Choice of Members, and the Execution of a Parliament-writ, for the enfuing 
 Convocation j wherein the writer recommends a more than ordinary care in the 
 choice of members, confidering " the prefcnt difputes between the two houfes ; 
 which if they are determined in prejudice of tlie lower clergy, there will (lavs he) bean 
 end of the rights and liberties of their lioufc, and they will become from that moment aa 
 ufckfs and infignificant part of the conftitution." He further obfervcs, " that tlie late 
 pleas for the authority of metropolitans had not been advanced with any view of perpe- 
 tuating the prefent church-eftablilhment •, and that a temporal government founded in 
 liberty, as the Englini is, can never incorporate kindly with a fpiritual focicty which is 
 fupported by flavery, but will eidier reduce it to fome kind of conformity with itfclf, or 
 quickly deftroy it." He intimates, that it had been relolved that " the not executing 
 of the claufe prremunier.tes in the bifhops' writ, but fupprcfTing the fame, after that the 
 right of the clergy to meet in their parliamentary convocations hath been publickly dif- 
 puted and denied, and the encouraging books and papers written againft the rights and 
 authority of convocations, is a grievance," He infills upon tlie clergy's demanding the 
 execution of that claufe, v/hich, he fays, would fix their meeting lb clofe to thofe of the 
 parliament, that neither the malice of their enernies, nor the treachery ot their falfc 
 friends, would ever be able to diifolve the union. He concludes with this text ot Scrip- 
 ture, " Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people and for the cities of 
 our God ; and the Lord do that which leemeth him good." This letter was followed 
 by a fecond upon the fame fubjeft, dated December lo, 1701. In anfwer to fome 
 pieces againfl: thefe two Letters, there appeared a Third Letter to a Clergyman in the 
 Country, &c. in defence of the two former, written by the lame hand. 
 
 In 1702, came out Mr. Atterbury 's Cafe of the Schedule Hated, wherein is given an 
 account of the rife and defign of that Inftrument, and of the Influence it hath on the 
 Adjournments of the Lower- houfe ot Convocation; and all the Authorities urged in be- 
 half of the Bifhops' I'ole Power to prorogue the whole Convocation are occafionally exa- 
 mined : by a Member of the Lower-houfe of Convocation. The next year Dr. Wake, 
 Mr. Atterbury's original antagonill in this controvcrfy, publiflicd his large work, en- 
 titled, the State of the Church and Clergy of England in their Councils, Synods, Con- 
 vocations, Conventions, and other public Aflcmblies, niltorically deduced from the 
 Converfion of the Saxons to the prefent Time •, occafioned by a book entitled, the Rights, 
 Powers, and Privileges, &c. In the Preface he tells us, that upon his tirft perufal of 
 Mr. Atterbury's bouk, he faw fuch a fpiritof wrath and unch.iritablenels, accompanied 
 with fuch an alTurance of the author's abilities tor luch an undertaking, as he had hard- 
 ly ever met with in tr.e like degree betbre. Afterwards he fays, " In tu) examination of 
 the whole book, I found in it enough to comnKnd the wit, though not the fpirit, of 
 him who wrote it. Life and vigour, quick thoughts cxprclVcd m a brilk turn or words, 
 run through the mofl: part of it. One thing indeed I obfervcd, (and even that coo, for 
 
 1 aught
 
 ATTERBURY. 
 
 10 1 
 
 aoght I know, was not the leafl: evidence of the artifice of the author) that a general 
 darknefs and obfcurity was fpread over tlie whole performance •, fo that it was not eafy, 
 even upon a careful reading, to determine either what his principles were, or by whar 
 arguments or authorities he fupported thofe principles. To pay what is due even to an 
 adverfary, it muft be allowed that Mr. Atterbury has done all that a man of forward 
 parts and a hearty zeal could do, to defend the caufe which he had efpoufed. He has 
 chofen the moft plaufible topics of argumentation, and he has given them all the advan- 
 tage that either a fprightly wit, or a good afTurance,' could afford them. But he wanted 
 one thing ; he had not truth on his fide : and error, though it may be palliated, and by 
 an artificial manager, fuch as Mr. Atterbury without controverfy is, be difguifed fo as to 
 deceive fometimes even a wary reader, yet it will not bear a ftri<5t examination. And 
 accordingly I have (hewn him, notwithftanding all his other endowments, to have de- 
 luded the world with a mere romance, and, from the one end of his difcourfe to the 
 other, to have delivered a hiftory, not of what was really done, but of what it was his 
 intereft to make it believed had been done'' 
 
 As Mr. Atterbury made no reply to Dr. Wake's book, the convocation difpute ended 
 for the prefent, there being little of any importance written after this on the fubjed till 
 the year 1 708, when Mr. Atterbury publifhed, but without his name, Some Proceed- 
 ings in the Convocation, A. D. 1705, faithfully reprefented, &c. Bifhop Burnet ani- 
 madverts very feverely on Atterbury's conduft in thefe difputes. After obferving that 
 thofe who began then to be called the high-church party, being difappointed of their 
 views of preferment, " had fet up a complaint over England of the want of convoca- 
 tions, that they were not allowed to fit and aft with a free liberty to confider of the grie- 
 vances of the clergy, and of the danger the church was in ;" he adds, " This was a 
 new pretenfion, never thought of fince the Reformation. Some books were writ to juf- 
 tify it, with great acrimony of ftile and a ftrain of infolence that was peculiar to one At- 
 terbury, who had indeed very good parts, great learning, and was an excellent preacher, 
 and had many extraordinary things in him •, but was both ambitious and virulent out of 
 meafure, and had a fingular talent of aflerting paradoxes with a great aflurance, fhew- 
 ing no fhame when he was detedled in them, though this was done in many inilances j 
 but he let all thefe pafs without either confefllng his errors, or pretending to juftify him- 
 felf. He went on ftill venting new falllioods in fo barefaced a manner, that he feemed 
 to have out-done the Jefuits themfelves. He thought the government had fo little 
 ftrength, or credit, that any claim againft it would be well received. He attacked the 
 fupremacy of the crown with relation to ecclefiaftical matters, which had been hitherto 
 maintained by all our divines with great zeal. But now the hot men of the clergy did 
 fo readily entertain his notions, that in them it appeared that thofe, who are the moft 
 €arneft in the defence of certain points when thefe teem to be for them, can very nimbly 
 change their minds upon a change of circumllances." Whatever may be in this, and 
 on which-ever fide the truth lay, the lower houle of convocation voted Mr. Atterbury 
 their thanks for aflTerting their rights -, and in confequence of this vote, a letter was fent 
 to the univerfity of Oxford, exprefiing that "whereas Mr. Francis Atterbury, late of 
 Chrift-church, had fo happily aflerted the rights and piivileges of an Englifh convoca- 
 tion, as to merit the folemn thanks of the lower houfe of it for his learned pains upon that 
 fubjedl ; it might be hoped, that tiie univerfity would be no lefs forward in taking fome 
 public notice of fo great a piece of fervice to the church : and that the moft proper and 
 leafonable mark of refpedb to him would be to confer upon liim the degree of doftor in 
 divinity by diploma, without doing exercife, or paying fees.'* The univerfity accordingly 
 created him dodtor in divinity. 
 Vol. I. D d In
 
 102 
 
 ATTERBURY; 
 
 In January 1700, Dr. Attcrbiiry was made archdeacon of Totnefs. The fame year 
 he was engaged with feme other learned divines in revifing an intended edition ot tl\e 
 Greek Tellament with Greek Scholia, collcded chiefly from the fathers by Mr. arch- 
 deacon Gregory. Upon the accelTion of queen Anne in 1702, he was appointed one of 
 her majelly's chaplains j and in Oftober 1 704, was advanced to the deanery of Carlifle. 
 In 1 706, a palTiige in Dr. Atterbury's fermon preached at the funeral of Mr. Bennet, a 
 bookfeller, engaged hira in a dilpute with Mr. Hoadly, afterwards bifhop of Winchef- 
 ter, concerning the advantages ot virtue with regard to the prefent life. In 1 707, he 
 was appointed one of the canons refidentiary of Exeter •, and, in 1 709, made preacher 
 of the Rolls chapel by Sir John Trevor. This year his Latin fermon, entitled, Concio 
 ad Clerum Londinenfium habita in Ecclefia S. Hlphegi, engaged him in a frefh difpute 
 with Mr. Hoadly concerning pafllve obedience. In 1710, he is faid to have aflifted the 
 famous Dr. Sacheverell in drawing up his anfwer to the charge brought againft him. 
 The lame year he was unanimoufly cholen prolocutor of the lower houle of convocation, 
 and had the chief management of affairs in that houfe. He was one of the committee 
 nominated by the convocation, in May 1711, for comparing Mr. Whilton's doctrines 
 with thole of the church of England. In 1712, he was made dean of Chrift-church, 
 notwithftanding the Itrong intereft, and warm applications, of feveral great men in be- 
 half of his competitor Dr. Smalridge. In June 1713, the queen, at the recommendar- 
 tion of the earl of Oxford, promoted him to the bifhopric of Rochefter, and deanery of 
 Wcftminlter. His credit with her majefty and the miniftry at this time was fo confider- 
 able, that he would probably have been railed to the archbifhopric of Canterbury upon 
 a vacancy, had not the death of that princefs intervened in Auguft 1714. He officiated 
 at the coronation of George 1. as dean of Weftminfter; and it is faid, that when the 
 ceremony was over, he offered to prefent the king with the chair of ftate and royal cano- 
 py, which were his perquifites as dean ; but that the offer was rejeded with fome marks 
 «f perfonal diflike. 
 
 During the rebellion which broke out in the firft year of king George the Firft's reign, 
 when the pretender's declaration was fixed up in moft market-towns, and in forae places 
 his title proclaimed, it was thought proper by moft bodies of men to give the govern- 
 ment all pofTible aflurance of their fidelity and allegiance ; and accordingly there was 
 publifhed, A Declaration of the Archbilhop of Canterbury, and the Bifhops in and 
 near London, teflifying their Abhorrence of the prefent Rebellion •, and an Exhorta- 
 tion to the Clergy and People under their care, to be zealous in the difcharge of their 
 Duties to his Majefty King George. This paper the bifhop of Rochefter, and by his 
 inftigation, bifhop Smalridge, rcfufed to lign, on pretence of a juft offence taken at ibmc 
 unbecoming rcQcdtions calt on a party not inferior to any (they laid) in point of loyalty. 
 The words objected to were thefe : " We arc the more concerned that both the clergy 
 and people of our comn»union fUould fhew themlelves hearty friends to the government 
 »»pon this occafion, to vindicate the honour of the church of England, bccaufe the chief 
 hopes of our enemies fcem to arife from difcontents artificially railed among us; and be- 
 caui'c fome, who have valued themfclves, and have been too much valued by others, for 
 a pretended zeal for the church, have joined with papifts in thcfe wicked attempts ; 
 which, as they muft ruin the church if they fucceed, fo they cannot well end witliouc 
 great reproach to it, if the relt ot us do not clearly and heartily declare our detcftation 
 of fuch praftices." When the Dutch troops, which came over to quell this rebelliyn, 
 were quartered at Gravefcnd in Kent, the officers requeftcd of Mr. Gibbin, the curate of 
 that place, the ufc of his church on-j Sunday morning, for their chaplain to preach 
 to their folJicrs, ailed, n^, that the like favour had been granted diem in every 
 parilli in England where they had been quartered on Sundays, and promifmg that their 
 
 4 chaplain
 
 ATTERBURY. 
 
 lOJ 
 
 chaplain fKould begin at fix in the morning, that their fervice might not interfere with 
 that of the town. The reqiieft was granted, the chaplain preached, and his congrega- 
 tion was difmifled before nine o'clock. But Dr. Atcerbury was lb incenled .it this pro- 
 fanation (as he (tiled it) of the church by the Dutch prefbycerian vvorOiip, that he imme- 
 diately fufpended Mr. Gibbin. This fufpenfion was, however, deemed fo injurious by 
 the town of Gravefcnd, that they fubfcribed a fum to Mr. Gibbin more than double the 
 income of his church ; and the fadl being reprefented to the king, his majefty gave hitn 
 t.he retftory of Northfleet, in Kent; which living Mr. Gibbin afterwards exchanged for 
 that of Birch, in Efiex, where he died on the 29th of July, 1752. He was not only 
 efteemed by his parifli as an excellent preacher, a pious and tender paftor of his flock, 
 but greatly beloved by the neighbouring clergy and gentlemen for his polite and enter- 
 taining converfation. His genius, naturally ftrong and elevated, was much improved 
 by his travels into France, Italy, and other countries with Mr. Addilbn. The obler- 
 vations which he made as a traveller, he digefted into rules of praftice as a proteftant 
 divine, a found fcholar, and a true Briton. 
 
 Dr. Atterbury condantly oppofed the meafures of the court in the houfe of Lords, 
 and drew up fome of the moft violent protefls with his own hand. On the 2 4.th of 
 Auguft, 1722, he was, on lufpicion of being concerned in a plot in favour of the pre- 
 tender*, apprehended at his houfe in Weftminfter, and carried before a committee of 
 the privy council, who fent him prifoner to the Tower. On the 23d of March, 1 722-5, 
 a bill was brought into the houfe of commons, " for inflifting certain pains and penal- 
 ties on Francis lord bifhop of Rochefler ;" and on the 9th of April it was fent up to the 
 houfe of lords for their concurrence. On the 6th of May, being the day appointed for 
 the firft reading of it, bifhop Atterbury was brought to Weftminfter to make his de- 
 icnce. The firft day he was difturbed in his pa/Tage thither, by the clamours and in- 
 fults of the mob ; but upon his application to the houfe of lords for f^fety and protec- 
 tion, ftrid orders were given to feize and fecure all who fhould be guilty of fuch inhu- 
 manity, and a guard appointed to defend his perfon ; fo that all the week after he palfed 
 along the Itreets very quietly and without molcitation, being pitied rather than reviled. 
 His counfcl were Sir Conftantine Phipps, and William Wynne, Efq; and thofe for the. 
 
 • Various methods were attempted (as we learn from the Report of the Secret Committee of ther 
 Houfe of Commons) and various times fixed for putting this defign in execution. The firit intention 
 was to have procured a regular body of foreign troops to invade the kingdom at the time of the elediona 
 for members of parliament. But the confpirators being difappointed in this expeftation, rcfolvcd next to 
 make an attempt at the time that it was generally believed his majefty intended to go to Hanover^ by the • 
 help of fuch officers and foldiers as could pafs into England unobferved from abroad, under the command, 
 of the duke of Ormond, who was to have landed in the river with a great quantity of arms, provided, 
 in Spain for that purpofe. The Tower at the fame time was to liave been feized, and the city of Lon- 
 don made a place of arms. But this defign alfo being defeated by many concurring events, the confpira- 
 tors found themfelves under a neceffity of deferring their enterprife till the breaking up of the camp ; 
 during which interval they laboured by their agents and emiflarics to corrupt and Icduce the officers and • 
 foldiers of the army, and depended fo much on their dc e6tion, as to entertain hopts> of placing the Pre- 
 tender on the throne, though they fliould have no affilhiuce from abroad. Whai {hare our prelate was 
 fufpefted to have had in this confpiracy, appears from the fame Report, which charges him with carry- 
 ing on a traitorous correfpondence, in order to raifc an infurrcclion in the kingdom, and to procure foreign 
 forces to invade it. In fupport of which accufatiun three letters were produced, fuppofid to be written • 
 by the bifhop to general Dillon, the lord Mar, and the Pretender himlelf, under tlie feigned names o f ■ 
 Chivcrs, Mufgrave, and Jackfon. Tiiis occafioned a refolution of the lioufo- of commons, March the I Ith, 
 1723, " That Francis, lord bldiop of Roehciler, was principally concerned in forming, dirciling, and 
 carrying, on a wicked and deteftablc confpiracy for invading tliele kingdoms with a foreign force, and for 
 raifing infiirreftions and a rebellion at home, in order to iubverl our prefent happy ellaj^iilimcnt in ehurcli 
 and ftate, by placiug a popilh Pretender on the throne." liiogrupi.ia Bntanaua. 
 
 king
 
 ,o4 A T T E R B U R Y. 
 
 king Mr. Reeve snd Mr. Wearg. The proceedings continued above a week -, and on 
 Saturday, the nth of May, the bidiop was permitted to plead for hiinleif, which he 
 did in the following eloquent fpcech : 
 
 " Mv Lords, 
 
 " I have been under a very long and clofe confinement, and have been treated witii 
 fuch feverity, and fo great indignity, as, I believe, no prifoner in the Tower, of my 
 a^^e, and funiStion, and rank, ever was. By which means, what ftrength and ufe of 
 my limbs I had when I was firft committed in Auguft laft, is now fo far declined, that I 
 am very unfit to make my defence againft a bill of fuch an extraordinary nature. The 
 great weaknefs of body and mind, under which I labour, fuch ufage, fuch hard- 
 fhips, fuch infults, as I have undergone, might have broke a more refolute fpirit, and 
 much flronger conftitution, than falls to my (hare. Your lordfhips were pleafed to 
 permit me to appear before the houfe of commons, if I tliought fit, lell my filence 
 fhould be turned to my difadvantage, as in faft the counl'd for the bill have done their 
 utmoft towards it. I fliould not have thought to decline any occafion of juftifying my- 
 felf ■, but I crave leave to tell your lordfliips fome reafons why I did not appear there, 
 and make ufe of the leave your lordfliips gave me. 
 
 " After feven months of clofe imprifonment, I was not a little furprifed when I heard, 
 that on the nth of March, by the houfe of commons it was thus refolved, ' That it 
 appears to this houfe, that Francis, lord bifhop sf Kocheflcr, was principally concerned 
 in forming, diredling, and carrying on a deteftable confpiracy, &c.' Upon ^duly weigh- 
 inor which refolution, and the copy of the bill, I found not any thing charged in the bill, 
 but what was fully contained, and previoufly refolved in this vote -, and therefore whatfo- 
 cver fliould have been offered in my behalf to that houfe, would have been anexprefs con- 
 tradidlion to it. And what hopes I could have of fuccefs in fuch an attempt, I need not 
 fay : what they fent me was the preamble of the bill only, which they could not alter, 
 confiftent with what they had refolved. The bill itfelf was to infiift pains and penalties, 
 which followed ; but there was no rooni to objeft againfl: any of thofe which they had 
 not then declared -, they have fince been added, and fent up to your lordlhips in like 
 manner, v.'ithout any oath made, or any criminal aft proved againfl: me by any living 
 witnefs. And is a perfon, thus fentenced below, to be deprived of all his preferments, 
 and his very funftion, and to be a perpetual exile, and to be rendered incapable of any 
 cfiice or employment ; to be one whom no man muft correfpond with by letters, mef- 
 fages, or otherwife ? and, my lords, one who is a bifhop of the church of England, 
 and a lord of parliament? It is the firft inftance wherein a member of this houfe 
 hath been fo treated and prejudged, and (as I have once before faid to your Icjrdfliips) 
 I pray God it may be the laft, and that fuch precedents in this kingdom may not 
 be multiplied in after- times. My counfel have amply done their part, by arguing 
 the points of law, by explaining and enforcing the evidence, and fhewing the little 
 colour, appearance, and fhadow of proofs againfl: me (permit me to call them 
 fo) by anfwering what hath been oB^ercd againft me, and by fetting out the con- 
 fequcncc which fuch a bill, founded and carried on in fuch a manner, and which 
 enacts fuch fcvere penalties, muft and vAW be attended with. Yet it becomes me 
 to fay fon.ething for myfelf, left my fiknce be conftrued confcioufnels of guilt, or 
 at leaft an unwillingncfs to enter into matters of ib dark and perplexed, lb nice and ten- 
 der a nature, as if I was notable, or did not care, to clear and explain myfelf, and 
 rather cholc to leavje it to the management of others : I thank God, 1 am under no iuch 
 ' reftraint,
 
 A T T E R B U R Y. 105 
 
 reftraint, and can fpeak to your lordfhips on this fubjefl with great freedom and 
 plainnels. 
 
 *' Biit before I proceed, I 'beg; leave that I may reprefent to your lordfhips fome par- 
 ticular hardfhips under which 1 have laboured. 
 
 " The'firft is, reading cxtradls of anonymous letters, without fufFering any other 
 parts of the fanie letters, though relating to the fame fubjedt, to be read. Anorlier is, ex- 
 cufing t'he decypherers from anfwering queflions afked by me, and which 1 thought ne- 
 Ceffary for "rtiy defence, left they fhould reveal their art. The next is, not fuffcring me 
 to be anfwered by the cltrksof the poflrofficc, left the ffcrets of that office Qiould be 
 difcovered. Another was, not fuffcring a perfon, who had been at leaft ten years oot of 
 the iecTetary's office, to anfwer any queftions which came to his knowledge bv being 
 fomfe "years in that office. Another is, reading examinations, neither dated, figned, nor 
 fworn to. Another is, reading letters fuppofed to be criminal, writ in another man'-; 
 hand, and fuppofed to be diftated by me, without offering any proof that I cither dictated 
 tlltm, or was privy to them. Another is, not allowing me -copies of the decyphercd 
 letters, though petitioned for, till the trial was fo far advanced, and I foemploy-ed and 
 weakened by it, that 1 had not fuflicient time to confider them. Another is, not allow- 
 ing me to read out of the colleftion of papers before the houfe, or any part of them, ia 
 order to difcharge myfelf, but what hath been read by clerks. And all diis in a proceed- 
 ing where the counfel for the bill protefs they have no legal evidence, and that they are 
 rot to be confined to the rules of any court of law or equity, though as often as it is for 
 their fervice they conftantly fhelter themfelves under it " 
 
 He then proceeds to confute the charge againft him from the want of evidence to fup- 
 port it, from the inconfillency of fome parts of it, and its improbr.bility. 
 
 On Monday the 13th of May, the king's counfel replied to his defence. On the 15th 
 the bill was read the third time •, and the next day, after a very long and warm debate, 
 it pafTed by a majority of eighty-three to forty-three. On the 27th it received the royal 
 dient. It is faid, the king figned this bill with regret, being much concerned, as he ex- 
 prefTed it, that there fhould be juft caufe of dooming to perpetual banifhment a biftiop 
 of the church of England, of fuch eminent parts and learning. To mitigate, however, 
 thefeverity of the fentence, the bilhop's daughter was permitted to attend him in his ex- 
 ile i and his fon in-law, William Morrice, Efq-, by virtue of his majefty's fign manual, 
 had leave tocorrefpond with him by letter. On the 18th of June, 1723, he embarked on 
 board a man of war, and landed at Calais -, where being informed that lord Bolingbroke, 
 who had obtained hi* pardon, was juft arrived on his return to England, he faid plca- 
 fantly, " Then I am exchanged." He foftened the rigours of exile by ftudy, and the 
 converfation of learned men; and died at Paris on the 15th of February, 1731. His 
 body being brought over to England, was interred in Weftminfter-abbcy. Upon the 
 urn, which contained his bowels, was infcribed, " In hac urna depofiti funt cincres 
 Francifci Atterbury, epifcopi Roffenfis." 
 
 'Some time before his death, he publifhed a vindication of himfclf, bifhop Smalridcfe, 
 dnd Dr. Aldrich, from a charge brought againft them by Mr. Oldmixon, of altering 
 And interpolating the lord Clarendon's Hiflory of the Rebellion. Bilhop Atterbury's 
 Sermons are extant in four volumes, o£lavo. His letters to Mr. Pope are printed v.jth 
 that poet's works. However the world may be divided about his moral and political 
 charafter, it is univerfally agreed, that he was a man of uncomrnon karning and abili- 
 ties, perfeftly fkillcd in polite literature, and a fine writer. His extraordinary talent as 
 a preacher will appear to the greateft advantage from the juft encomium beftowccl on 
 him by the author of the Tatlcr-, who,' having obferved that the Englifli clergy too much 
 ilcgleft the art of fpeal^ing, makes a particular exception with regard to our prelate. 
 
 Vol. 1. E c then
 
 io6 AUBREY. 
 
 then only dc.in, who, fays he, " has fo particular a regard to his congregation, that U^ 
 commits to his memory what he has to fay to them j and has lb Coh and graceful a beha- 
 viour, that it muft attra<5l: your attention. His perfon, it is to be confelfed, is no imall 
 recommendation ; but he is to be highly commended for not lofing that advantage, and 
 adding to tlie propriety of fpeech, which migljt pafs the criticifm of Longinus, an ac- 
 tion whicli would have been approved by Demofthenes. He has a pecuhar force in his 
 v.-ay, and has many of his audience, who could not be intelligent hearers of his difcourie, 
 were there not explanation as well as grace in his aftion. This art of his ;g ufed with 
 the moll exad and honeft fkill. He never attempts your padions till he has convinced 
 your reafon. All the objedions which you can form are laid open and difperfed, be- 
 fore he ufcs the leail vehemence in his fermon ; but when he thinks he has your head, 
 lie very foon wins your heart, and never pretends to Ihow the beauty of holinefs, till he 
 has convinced you of the truth of it." 
 
 AUBREY (John) an able and induilrious antiquary, was born at Eafton-Piers, in 
 V/iitlliire, November 3, 1626. He received the firft rudiments of his education in the 
 rrammar-fchool at Maimfbury, under Mr. Robert Latimer, who had alfo been precep- 
 tor to tiie celebrated Thomas Hobbes, witl\ whom Mr. Aubrey commenced an early 
 friendlhip, which lafted as long as Mr. Hobbes lived. On the (^th of May, 1642, Mr. 
 Aubrey v.as entered a gcntlenian commoner of Trinity-college, in Oxford, where he 
 purfued his (ludies with uncommon diligence, making the hiftory and antiquities of 
 England his peculiar ftudy and delight. About this time the famous Monafticon An- 
 glicar.um was talked of in the univerfity, to which Mr. Aubrey contributed confiderable 
 afTutance, and procured at his ov.n expcnce a curious draught of the remains of Olhey- 
 abbey, near Oxford, whicli were entirely deftroyed in tiie civil wars. In 1646, he was 
 admitted a iludent of the Middle-Temple, but tlie death of his father prevented his pur- 
 fuing the law. He fucceeded to feveral eftatcs in the counties of Wilts, Surry, Here- 
 ford, Brecknock, and Monmouth ; but they were involved in many law-fuits. Thefc 
 iiiits, together with other misfortunes, by degrees confumed all his eftates, and obliged 
 him to lead a more aiSlive life than he was otherwife inclined to. He did not, however, 
 break off his acquaintance with the learned at Oxford or at London: he kept up a clofe 
 corrcfpontience with the lovers of antiquity and natural philofophy in the univerfity, 
 and furnilhcd Anthony Wood with a confiderable part of the materials for his two large 
 works. 
 
 Soon after the Reftoration, Mr. Aubrey went into Ireland, and returning from thence 
 in the autumn of 1660, narrowly efcaped fhipwreck near Holyhead In the year 1662, 
 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. In June it6s, he travelled through 
 France into Orleans, and returned in October. In 1 606, he fold his tflate in Wiltlhire ; 
 and was at length obliged to difpoi'e of all he had left, fo that m the fpace of four years 
 he was reduced even to want. His chief benefaciirefs was the lady Long, of Draycot, 
 in Wilts, who gave him an apartment in her houfe, and fupportcd him as long as he 
 lived. He died about the year 17.0. He was a man of an excellent capacity, great 
 learning, and indefatigable application ; a diligent fearcher into antiquities, a good 
 Latin poet, and an excellent naturalilt •, but fomewhat credulous, antl tinctured with fu- 
 perftition. He wrote, i. The Life of Thomas Hobbts of Malmlbury. .;. Milcella- 
 nics. 3. A Perambulation of the County of Surry, in five volumes oiflavo. 4. The 
 Natural Hiftory of the North Divifion ol Wiltlhire. 5. Monumenta LSritannica, or a 
 Difcourfe concerning Stonehenge, and Koll-Rich Stones in Oxfordfhirc. 6. Architec- 
 tonica Sacra: a DiflTertation concerning the Manner of our Lhurch-building in t'ngland. 
 7. The Idea of univerfal Education. There are befidcs many letters of our author's, 
 
 relating
 
 A U D L E Y. 107 
 
 relating to natural phllofophy, and other curious fubjcdts, publlfiied in feveral col- 
 
 AUDLEY (James, Lord) of Heleigh, in Staffordfliire, was born about the year 
 13 14. In 1343, he was appointed governor of Berwick upon Tweed, and the two 
 next years ferved in France. In 1349, he was created a knight of the inofi: cable order 
 of the Garter, then firfl; founded'; and, in 1353, herecjuced great part of the country of 
 Valois. He diilinguilhed himfelf on feveral occafions by his bravtry, particularly at 
 the glorious battle of Poi<51:iers, in which, by the permiffion of Edward the Black Prince, 
 he, with four efquires who attended him, charged the enemy in front, and performed 
 wonders. In confideration of hisfignal prowefs, the prince bellowed on him a grant of 
 five hundred marks a year out of his own inheritance ^ which bounty he afterwards dif- 
 tributed among his four efquires. Edward being informed of this particular, applauded 
 his generolity, confirmed the donation, and fettled upon Audley fix hundred marks a 
 year out of the coinage of the ftannaries of Cornwall. In 1300, he attended king Ed- 
 ward III. and his three Ions, in their wars in France. For thefe fervices he was ap- 
 pointed conftable of Glocefter-caftle for life, as well as governor ol Aquitaine, and 
 lenefchal of Poiclou. He died on the ift of April, i3i5&, leaving his eftate to his only. 
 fon Nicholas, who died July 22, 1390, without iflue, 
 
 AUDLEY (Edmund) bidiop of Salifbury, was the fon of James, lord Audley. 
 He was educated at Lincoln college, Oxford, and, in 1463, took the degree of bache- 
 lor of arts. He afterwards obtained a prebend in the church of Lincoln, and another 
 in the church of Wells, as alfo the archdeaconry of the Eaft Riding of Yorkfhire. In 
 14.80, he was promoted to the bifhopric of Rochefter ; in 1492, was tranllated to the 
 fee of Hereford ; and ten years after to that of Salifbury. About the fame time he was' 
 made chancellor of the order of the Garter. In 151 8, he gave four hundred pounds to 
 the college where he had been educated, to purchafe lands, and beflowcd upon it the ' 
 patronage of a chantry, which he founded in the cathedral of Salifbury. He was like-- 
 wife a benefaftor to St. Mary's church, in Oxford, and contributed to the eredtion of 
 its curious Hone pulpit. As a farther mark of his refpeift to his mother- univerfity, he 
 gave to Chickley's Chcft, which had been lately robbed, thefum of two hundred pounds, 
 a confidtrable benefaftion in thole days. His death happened on the 23d of Auguft, 
 1524. 
 
 AUDLEY (Sir Thomas) lord-chancellor of England, in the reign of king lienry 
 VIII. was defcended of an ancient and honourable family in EfTex, and born in 1488. 
 After finifliing his lludies at the univerfity, he removed to the inns ot court, where he 
 diflinguiflied himfelf lb much by his abilities, as to attrad: the notice of the duke of 
 Suffolk, by whom he was recommended to the king. By his majefty's influence he was 
 chofcn fpcakcr of that parliament which confirmed the king's divorce from Catherine of 
 Arragon, and his marriage with Anne Boleyn. In 1530, he was made attorney of the 
 duchy of Lancafter ; and May 20, 1532, upon the refignation of Sir Thomas More, 
 the king delivered to him the grcat-fcal, with the title of lord-keeper, and, at the 
 fame time, conferred on him the honour of knighthood. In January following, the 
 king appointed him lord-chancellor-, and foon after granted him the fcite of the priory 
 ot Chrift-church near Aldgate, together with all the church-plate and lands belonging to 
 that houfc In July 1535, he fat in judgment, and pronounced fentence of death upon 
 Sir 1 h mas More, indided of high-trcalbn, for refuiing to acknowledge the king's fu- 
 premacy. On the 29th of November, 1538, he was created baron Audley of Waldcn, 
 
 in
 
 loS AUGUST! N. 
 
 in Eflftx, and inftalled knight of the garter. He prefided at the trials of bifliop FiITier» 
 AnneBoleyn, the marquis of Exeter, and of feveral other eminent perfonages. A little 
 before his deatli he obtained from the king a licence to change the name of Buckingham 
 colltge, in Cambridge, into that of Magdalen, or Maudlin. To this college he was a 
 great benefactor, beftowed on it his own arms, and is generally reputed its founder. 
 After enjoying the favour of his fovereign for the greateft part of his life, and the office 
 of chancellor for upwards of twelve years, he died oh 'the laft day of April, 1544, in 
 the fifty fixth year of his age. Mr. Rapin fays, he was a man of found judgment, and 
 was ferviceable to the reformers, whenever lie could be lb without any hazard or danger 
 to himfelf; but was too much a courtier to infiTt even upon what he judged reafonable, 
 if it was difapproved by the king. Lloyd fays, that he was alsvays in favour with the 
 queens, who had no lef'. intercfl: in the king's heart, than the kingdom had in his head •, 
 and that he knew king Henry's temper better than he did himfelf, whom he .ilways fur- 
 prifed to his own bent, never moving any of his fuits to him but when in kaftc, and mo(t 
 commonly amvifing him with other matters until he pafll-d his rcquefl. 
 
 AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, (St.) the firfl archbiOiop of Canterbury, was original- 
 ly a monk in the convent of St. Andrew at Rome, and educated under St. Gregory, af- 
 terwards pope Gregory I. by whom he wasdifpatched into Britain with forty other monks 
 of the fame order, about the year 59^^, to convert the Englifh Saxons to Chriflianity. 
 They landed in the ifle of Thanet, and having lent fomc French interpreters to king 
 J-'fhelbert with an account of their errand, that prince gave them leave to convert as 
 many of his fubjefls as they coukl, and appointed their place of refidence at Canter- 
 bury -, where, by their fermons in St. Martin's chapel, the aufterity and innocence of 
 their manners, and certain miracles which had an cfi'c& upon the vulgar, they gained a 
 great number of prolelytes Soon after, the king himfelf openly efpoufed the Chriftian 
 jtrJigion, and his example had a powerful influence in promoting the cohverfion of "his 
 fubjcfts. AuguRin, by dirc^ftion of the pope, went afterwards to Aries in France, 
 where tie was conlccraced archbilliop and metropolitan of the Englifh nation by the 
 primate of that place. On his return to Britain he difpatched a pricft and a monk to 
 Rome, to acquaint the pope with the fuccefs of his labours, and to defire his refolution 
 of certain qut- (lions. 1 hcfe men brought back with them a pall, and feveral books, 
 veftmcnts, utenfils, and ornaments for the churches. His holinels, by the fame mefTen- 
 gers, gave Auguftin diredlions concerning the I'etcling of epifcopal fees in Britain, and 
 ordered him not to pull down the idol temples, but convert them into Chrillian churches, 
 only deltro)ing the iJols, and fprinkling the place with holy water, that the natives, by 
 frequenting the temples they had been always accuflomed to, might be the lei's fliocked 
 at their entrance into Chriftianity. And, whereas it had been their cuftom to facrifice 
 oxen to their falfe gods, he advifed that upon the anniverlary of each church's confecra- 
 tion, the people lliould creift booths around it, and feaft therein, not facrificing their 
 oxen to devils, but killing them for their own rcfrefhment, and praifing God for the 
 bKffin''. He further cautioned Auguftin not to be puffed up with the miracles he was 
 enabled to work in confirmation of his miniftry ; but to conlider how much the Eng- 
 lifii were the favourites of heaven, fince God empowered him to alter the courfe of na- 
 ture to promote their converfion. 
 
 .Auo'ultin fixed his fee at Canterbury, and being fupported by the interell of king 
 Ethelbert, made an attempt to fettle a correfpondencc with the Britifh bifhops, and to 
 brin" them to a conformity with the Roman church. To this purpole a conference was 
 lield at a place fince called Augullin's Oak, in Worccflerfhire, but without fuccefs. 
 The Britirti prelates defired another conference, and Auguftin agreeing to the propofal, 
 
 5 they
 
 A U G U S T I N. jotf 
 
 they corifulced a venerable Iiermit, who told them they might look upon Auguftin- 
 as a man of God, if he was of a meek and lowly fpirit, and behaved with that humility 
 which ought to difbinguilTi the followers of Chrift. Perfuaded that this was the real 
 criterion of true holincfs, they, by the advice of this fage counfellor, delayed to appear 
 at the place of ajjpointmenc, until they knew Auguftin v/as arrived •, and then entering, 
 tliey were received with all the ftate and haughtinefs of a Roman emperor. He did not 
 even rife from his feat at their approach, but infilled, in a peremptory manner, that they 
 fhould keep the feftival of Ealler, and adminifter the facrament of baptifm, according 
 to the practice of the Romifli church •, and that they fhould acknowledge the pope's au- 
 thority : if they would comply in thefe refpcfts, and alTift in the converfion of the Saxons, 
 he would bear with the difagreement of their cuftoms in other cafes. Far from being 
 convinced by his arguments, and aflured by his infolence chat his call was not from 
 above, they iledfaftly perfifted in refufing to conform with the Romifh ciiurch *, and to 
 pay any other obedience to the bilhop of Rome, than that which one Chriftian owes to 
 another in meeknefs and charity : at the fame time they declared, that the adminifl:ra- 
 tion and fupremacy of their church was under God, vefted in the bifhop of Caerleon. 
 
 Auguftin, ufually lliled the Apoftle of the Englifh, died at Canterbury in the year 
 604. The obfervation of the feftival of St. Auguftin was firft enjoined in a fynod held 
 under Cuthbcrt archbifliop of Canterbury, and atterwards by the pope's bull in the reign 
 of king Edward III. 
 
 The popifti writers have afcribed feveral ridiculous miracles to St. Auguftin, of which 
 we fhall give one as a fpecimen. This faint coming one day to preach at a village called 
 Cumpton, in Oxfordfliire, the prieft of the place complained to him, that a certain of- 
 ficer in the army refufed to pay him his tythes. Upon which Auguftin fent for the of- 
 ficer, and gently reprimanded him for his obftinacy, in with-holding the church's dues ; 
 but the foldier ftill refufing to comply, Auguftin threatened him with excommunica- 
 tion i and then going up to the altar, laid aloud in the hearing of all the people, " Let 
 no excommunicated perfon be preftnt at the mat's." This being faid, a corpfe, which 
 had been buried in the church-porch, came immediately out of his grave, and going 
 into the church-yard, flood there ereft and motionlefs, during the celebration of mafs. 
 The people who faw it came in a fright to tell Auguftin ; upon which the archbifhop, 
 preceded by the crofs and holy water, and accompanied by all the people, went to the 
 place, and demanded of the body, who he was ? To whom the corpfe replied, "When 
 you commanded, on God's part, that no excommunicated perfon ftiould be prefent at 
 mafs, the angels of God, who conftantly attend your fteps, caft me out of the place 
 where I was buried, telling me, that Auguftin, the friend of God, con^manded all 
 ftinking carcaff-s to be thrown out of the church of God ; for, in the time of the Britons, 
 before the fury of the .'\nglo-Saxons had laid wafte this country, I was lord of this viU 
 lage, and, though often admoniflu-d by the prieft of this church, refufed paying tythes, 
 till being excommunicated by him, 1 died, and was caft down into hell." Upon this, 
 Auguftin and all the company wept bitterly. Then Auguftin bid the corpfe fhew him 
 where the prieft lay buried, which being done, and a few dry bones found, the faint ad- 
 drefied himfelf to prayer, and then faid, " In the name of God, I command thee to arifc, 
 for I have bufinels with thee." Immediately tiie bones began to unite, and in a Oiort 
 time the prieft flood before them, who, at the faint's command, pronounced ablolution 
 
 • If it be aflced why the Britifh clerpy were fo tenacious of thoir okl cuftoms, as to break with Au- 
 guftin ralhcr than ahcr their way of keeping Ealler, and adminilUring haptifm, it may be replied, tliat 
 thefe terms \v<:re not required of them aa conditions of brotherly communion, but as marks of fubmiflion 
 and inferiority, iiiotr. Bnt. 
 
 Vol. 1, F f on
 
 no 
 
 A Y L M E R. 
 
 on tlic cxcommunicateJ corpfe ; after which both tlie ckad bodies returned to thLir gra\re3^ 
 aiul tell into dvilh AugiiiVm th--ii callin 5 the officer-, ailcod him ir he yet perfitted in re- 
 tuling to pay his tythesi but he, trembliiii/, and aftoniflied, fell a: the fjint'3 kcc, con- 
 tciTed his crime, and bcftowin^all his goods on the churcli, became aconftant tollower 
 ot Auguftin till the day oi liis di-ath. 
 
 AUNGFRVYLK (Richard) commonly known by the name of Richard de Bury, 
 was born at Sr. Ld.munulbury in Suffolk, in the year 1281, and educated at the univer- 
 fity of Oxford. When he had finiflicd his lludics in that noble fcminary, he entered in- 
 to the order of Benedi61:inc monks, and became tutor to Edward prince or Wales, after- 
 wards kin? I' dward 111. Upon the accefTion of his royal pupil to the throne, he was ap- 
 pointed cofferer, then trcafurer of the wardrobe, archdeacon of Northampton, preben- 
 dary of Lincoln, Sarum, and I itchfield, and keeper of the privy-ftal In the five 
 years in wiiicli he held this lafl place, he was twice fent ambaffador to the pope. In i ij^g, 
 he was made dean of W\dls, and bifliop of Durham. The next year he was appointed 
 lord high chancellor, and, in ij^6, treafurcr of England. In I3J^, he was twice lent; 
 with other commiffioners, to treat of a peace with the king of France. He was one of 
 the mod learned men of his time, and a verv great encourager of learning in others. He 
 ufed to have fome of his attendants read to him whie he was at his meals, and after- 
 wards to difcourfe with his chaplains uj^on the lubjed that had been read. He main- 
 tained a correfpondence with fome oi the greatcft geniufes of the age, particularly wirli 
 the celebrated Italian poet Petrarch. He was naturally of a humane and benevolent, 
 temper, and performed many fignal aLts of charity •, but the noblell inftance of his gc- 
 nerolity and munificence was the public library which he founded at Oxford, and built 
 upon the fpot where Trinity-college now Ifands. It continued till the diffolution of re- 
 ligious houfcs in the reign of king Henry VIII. when the books were difperfcd into dif- 
 ferent repofitories. He wrote a treatife intitled 1 hilobiblos, for the regulation of his 
 library •, and a copy of this performance, in manufcript, is ftill to be feen in the Cotton, 
 library. Bifliop Aungervyle died at his manor of Aukland, April the 24th, 1345, and 
 was interred in the cathedral of Durham. 
 
 AYLMER, or^^LMER, (John) biffiop of London, was born of Iionoi raMe pa- 
 rents at Aylmer hall, in Norfolk, about the year 1511. -When very young lu- b.'came 
 the favourite of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorfet, afterwards duke of Suffolk, who en- 
 tertained him as his fcholar, and gave him an exhibition at the univerfity of Cambridge, 
 where, as Mr. Wood fuppofes, Jic took his degrees in arts ; after which tiie marquis ap- 
 pointed him tutor to his children, among whom was the lady Jane Grey. He early a- 
 dopted the opinions of the primitive reformers •, and, under the patronage of the duke 
 of Suffolk and the earl of Huntingdon, in the reign of king Edward VI. was for fome 
 time the only preacher in Leiceikrffiirc, and was highly inllrumental in bringing over 
 the people of that county to the protetlant religion. In 1553, he obtained the arcli- 
 deaconry of Stow, in tlie diocefeot Lincoln. In the convocation which fat in the firll 
 year of queen Mary, he boldly oppofed that return to popery, to v/hich the body ot the 
 clergy fecnied generally inclined ; and was one of the fix, who, in the midit of all the. 
 violences committed in the affcmbly, offered to difpute all the controverted points in 
 religion, againft the moft learned champions of the Romanifts. 
 
 The violent meafures of queen Mary's miniftry rendering his ftay in England unfafe, 
 he retired beyond lea, and rclided Hrft at Straiburgli, and afterwards at Zurich in Swit- 
 zerland, where he undertook the inftruftion of fcveral young gentlemen in claffical learn- 
 inc^ and religion. During his exile he affilted Jolin Fox in tranQating his Marty rology 
 ** into
 
 A Y S C U E. 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 into Latin *, and wrote a fpirited anfwer to Knox's Firft Blafi: againft the monfirous Re- 
 giment and Empire of Women ; a pamphlet, fays Mr. Granger, not only remarkable 
 for its infolence in rcfpeft of the fubjeftf-, butalfo for the acrimony of ftylc which dif- 
 tinguiflies the works of that turbulent reformer. On the accelTion of queen Elizabeth, 
 Mr. Ayimer returned to England -, and, in i ■;^62., was promoted to the archdeaconry of 
 Lincoln. On the lOth of Oftobcr, 157.;, he accumiilated the degrees of bachelor and 
 doftor in divinity. In 1576, on the trandation of his friend and fellow-exile Dr. Edwin 
 Sandys to the archbiPnopric of York, he was advanced to the fee of London ; and tho* 
 Sandys had been very inilrummtal in his promotion, recommending him to the queen as 
 a proper perfon for his fucceflor, he fued him for dilapidations, and after lome years 
 litigation recovered nine hundred or one thoufand pounds. It was ufual witli Ayimer, 
 when he law occafion to roufe the attention of his audience, to his fermons, to take a 
 Hebrew Bible out of his pocket, and read them a lew verles, and then to refume his dif- 
 courfe. After the defeat of the Armada in 1389, he exprefled in ftrong terms his dif- 
 approbation of certain libels asainft the king of Spain ; on lb glorious a vivftory, he 
 laid, it was better to thank God, than infult men, efptcially princes. Me died at Ful- 
 ham, the 3d of June, 1594, and was interred in his own cathedra] of St. Paul. 
 
 Billiop Ayimer was an excellent logician and hiftorian, and well flcilled in the Fle- 
 brevv tongue: he underllood the civil law, divinity, and the ancient writers-, and was .1 
 rhetorical, bold, and pathetic preacher. He was very cxafl in the difcharge of his epif- 
 copal fundion, and inflexible to any folicitations or bribes •, he was regular in his devo- 
 tions, and pundlual in his triennial vifitations of his clergy. In his private life he was a 
 riian of ceconomy, but at the fame time a lover of magnificence, as appears by his 
 houfliold, which confifted of fourfcore perfons, to whom he was an excellent mailer. 
 His natural temper was very quick and warm •, he was a man of a daring fpirit, fearincr 
 no-body, and fpoke his fentiments with great freedom. Several ini[)Utations were caft 
 upon him, but Mr. Strype has fliewn that they were groundlefs. In his youth he gave 
 fignal proofs of his courage, which did not defert him in his old age -, for conceiving 
 himfelf to be very ill treated by his fon-in-law, Squire, who by a bale contrivance would 
 have tarniflied the reputation of his wife, the bifliop's daughter, the old man took him 
 into a private room, and after reproaching him for his wickednefs and ingratitude, gave 
 him the difcipline of the cudgel. The following is another inftance of his couratre: 
 queen Elizabeth was once grievouQy tormented with the tooth-ach, and, though it was 
 abfolutely neceffary, fhe was afraid to have her tooth drawn ; bifh'op Ayimer being pre- 
 fcnr, in order to encourage her majeify, fat down in a chair, and calling the tooth- 
 drawer, " Come, laid he, though I am an old man, and have few teeth to fpare, draw 
 me this," which was accordingly performed ; and tiie queen feeing him make fo llight a 
 matter of it, fat down, and permitted her's to be drawn alio. 
 
 AYSCUE, or AYSCOUGH, (Sir George) a brave Englifli admiral in the (cvqu- 
 teenth century. In the reign of king Charles I. he was railed to the rank of captain of a 
 man of war ; and in i b^H, when the fleet revolted to prince Rupert, he declared for 
 the parliament, and brought the Lion, v/hich he then commanded, into the river 
 'Iharnes. He was the next year appointed admiral of the Irith leas, and was very in- 
 ftrumental in reducing the whole illand to the obedience of the republic. In 1051, he 
 forced Barbadoes, and feveral other Britilli fettlements in America, to fubmit to the 
 commonwealth. In it>52, he attacked a Dutch fleet ot forty lail, under the convoy of 
 
 " Granger's Biographical Hiftory of England, vol. I. p. 207. 
 f Written againll the queens of England and Scotland. 
 
 * four
 
 1 12 
 
 A Y S C U E. 
 
 four men of war-, oftlufche burned fome, took other-;, and drove the reft on fn ore. 
 Lilly tells us^ in his Alnnnack for 1652, ihat he, the year before, engaged fixty fail of 
 Dutch men of war with only fourteen cr fifteen fhips, and obliged them to give way. 
 He protefted againll admiral Blake's retreat in that defperate adtion of the 29th of No- 
 vcmbtr, 1652, thinking it much more honourable to die by the fliot of the enemy. 
 'i"his, and his great influence over the feamen, are fuppofed to have been the reafons 
 for his being afterwards difmiffed from his command ; on which occafion the parliament 
 voted him a reward of three hundred pounds a year in Ireland, and three hundred 
 pounds in money. He was afterwards a fhort time admiral in Sv/eden, under Charles 
 Gullavus-, but returneil to England loon after the Reltoration. When the Dutch war 
 broke out in 1664, he went to fea as rear admiral of the blue fquadron, and behaved 
 very gallantly in the battle of the third of June, 1665. On the earl of Sandwich's 
 hoifting the royal flag. Sir George ferved as vice-admiral of the red ; and in i-d'i, 
 when prince Rupert and the duke of Albemarle commanded. Sir George, in the Ro>al 
 Prince, the largeft Ihip in the fleet, bore the white flag, as admiral of the fquadron, 
 when he engaged the I'utch with his ufual intrepidity, in that memorable battle which 
 continued tour days-, but towards the evening of the third day, his Qiip unfortunatel'T 
 ran upon the Galloper fands, and he was compelled by his own feamen to ftrike; upon 
 which the Dutch took them on board, and finding it impolfible to bring off the Royal 
 Prince, fet her on fire. He was for fome months detained a prifoner in Holland, and, 
 during that time, was carried from town to town, and expofcd to the people by way of 
 triumph. On his return to England, he paflcd the remainder of his days in tranquility^ 
 snd never alter went to fea. 
 
 BASING TON
 
 B. 
 
 ABINGTON (Gervase) bifhop of Worcefter, was bom in Nottingham- 
 
 fliire, in the year 1551, and educated at Trinity-college, Cambridge, of which 
 
 he became iellow. On the 15th of July, i^y^., he was incorporated mafter of arts at 
 Oxford. He afterwards took the degree of doftor in" divinity, and was appointed do- 
 meftic chaplain to Henry earl of Pembroke, whofe countefs he is llippofed to have affift- 
 cd in her tranflation of the Pfalms *. By the intereft of that nobleman he became trea- 
 furerof the church of Landaff, prebendary of Wellington in the cathedral of Hereford, 
 and, in 1591, was advanced to the bifliopric of Landalf, which he uled jocularly to call 
 yiff'e, the land thereof having been alienated by his predeceflbr Kitchin, in the days of 
 king Henry VII and queen Elizabeth. In February 1594, he was tranflated to the 
 fee of Exeter ; and, in Oiflober 1597, to that of Worcefter : he was likewife appoint- 
 ed one of the council for the Marches of Wales. He bequeathed all his books, whicU 
 were of confiderable value, to the library of his cathedral at Worcefter. His works 
 confift of Notes on the Pentateuch, Expofitions of the Creed and the Ten Command- 
 ments, and feveral Sermons. He died of the jaundice, May 17, 1610. He was a 
 pattern of piety to the people, of learning to the clergy, and of wifdom to all 00- 
 vcrnors. 
 
 The following verfes on Dr. Babington were written by Miles Smith, bifliop of Glocefler. 
 Non melior, non integrior, non cukior alter, 
 Vir, Prneful, Prasco, more, fide, arte, fuit : 
 Ofque probum, vultufque gravis, peftufque ferenum : 
 Alme Deus, tales prsefice ubique Gregi, 
 
 BACON (Roger) an Englifh Francifcan friar, was diftinguiflied by the title of 
 Dodor Mirabilis, on account of the penetration of his genius, and the amazinCT extent 
 of his learning. He was defcended of an ancient family, and born near Ilcheller in 
 Somerfetfliire, in the year 1214. He was firlt educated at Oxford; from whence he 
 removed to the univerfity of Paris, at that time much frequented by the Eno-lifh. 
 Having been admitted to the degree of dodlor, he returned to England, and took the 
 habit of the Francifcan order in 1240, when he was about twenty-fix years of aoe-, but, 
 according to others, he became a monk before he left France. After his return he was 
 confidercd as a molt able and indefatigable enquirer after knowledge by the frrearefl 
 men of that univerfity, who generoufiy contiibuted to defray the expences of advancing 
 icicnce by experiments, the method which he had determined to follow. His difcove- 
 ries were little untlcrftood by the generality of mankind; and becaufe by the help of 
 mathematical knowledge he performed things beyond the reach of common underftand- 
 ings, he was fufpccted of magic. He was perfccuted particularly by his own fraternity, 
 who would not receive his works into their hbrary •, and at lall they had interell enough 
 
 * Dal'lard's Memoirs of learntj Ladies. 
 
 Vol. I. G g with
 
 jt4 Bacon. 
 
 with the generaj of their order to get him imprifoned; lb that, as he himi'clf conftfics, 
 ht had rcafon to repent of his having taken inch pains in the arts and fciences. Bacon 
 was pofTclTcd with the notion of judicial aflrologv. He imagined t!iat the ftars had a great 
 infiucnce upon human affairs, and by their means he imagined future things might be 
 foretold. This, according to Dr. Jcbb, making the friars of his order confidcr him as a 
 pcrfon engaged in unlawful arts, occafioned his imprifonment. - 
 
 At the particular dcfirc of pope Llement IV. Bacon collected and enlarged his (eve- 
 ral pieces, and frnt them to him in the year i2'-7. This collcdion is ftill extant, in a 
 beautiful folio, nearly and accuracely printed by William Bowyer. at London, A. D. 
 1 73 ■, under the title of " Fratris Rogeri Bacon ordinis.-minorum Opus Majus ad Clemen- 
 tcm quarturn pontificem Romanum : ex MS Codice Uublinienfi, cum aliis quibufdam 
 collato " This work is, in fome meafure, a complete fyllcm of fcicnce, built upon 
 free enquiry and ufeful experiments. 
 
 ,Wlicn Bacon had been confined ten years in prifon, Jerom d'Afcoli, general of his 
 order, who had condemned his doftrine, was chofcn pope, and afTumcd the name of 
 Nicholas IV. As he was reputed a perfon of great abilities, and one who hatl turned 
 his thouglus to philofophical ftudics. Bacon refolred to apply to him for his difcharge ; 
 and, in order to fhew both the innocence and utility of his Itudies, addrefled to him a 
 treatifc on the Means of avoiding the Infirmities of Old Age*. What effed this trea- 
 tife had on his holinefs does not appear. At length, however, by the intereft of fome 
 noblemen. Bacon recovered i'.is liberty, and returning to England, ended Iiis days at 
 Oxford, in 1292, or, according to others, in 129^.- His body was interred in the 
 church of the Francifcans. 
 
 " He was (fays Lr. Peter Shaw, a very able judge of his merit) beyond all compa- 
 rifon, the greatelt man of his time; and might, perhaps, fl:and in competition with the 
 greatell that have appeared fince. It is allonifliing, confidering the ignorant age wherein 
 he lived, how he came by iuch a depth of knowledge on all fubjefts. His writings are 
 compofed with that elegance, concifcncfj, and ftrength, and abound with fuchjulk and 
 exquifite obfervations on nature, that, among all the chemilts, we do not know his 
 equal. f,'c writ many treatilcs, fome of which are loft, or locked up in private libra- 
 ries. Wiiat relate to chemiftry, are principally two fmall pieces, wrote at Oxford, 
 which are now in print, and tiie manufcripts to be feen in the public library of Leyden, 
 having been carried thither, among VoiTius's manufcripts, from England. In thcfe he. 
 attempts to (hew, how imperfect metals may be ripened into perfect ones. He adopts 
 Gcbcr's notion, that mercury is the common bafis of all metals, and fulphur the cement ; 
 and {hews, that it is by a gradual depuration of the mercurial matter, and the accelTion 
 ot a fubtle fulphur, that nature produces gold; and tliat if, during the procefs, any 
 other tiiird matter happens to intervene, befides the mercury and fulphur, fome other 
 bafcr metal will arife ; fo that, if we could but imitate nature's method, we might 
 change other metals into gold. 
 
 " Having compared, (fays the fame ingenious writer) feveral of friar Bacon's opera- 
 tions with tne modern experiments of M. Homberg, made by the diredion of that cu- 
 rious prince the duke of Orleans, we judge th.u Bacon has defcribed fome of the very 
 things which Homberg publilhcs as new difcoverics. Thus, for inftanc?. Bacon teaches 
 
 • Dr. RicliarJ Erownc, who cllccmcd it one of tho beft performances that ever were written, tranf- 
 latcd it into iinylifh, under the title of " The Cure of Lid Age and Prefervation of Youth ; (hewing 
 how to cure and keep off the accidents of old age, and how to preferve the youth, ftrength, and beauty of 
 body, and the fenfcs, and all the faculties of both body and mind : by that great mathematician and phy- 
 -iteian Roger Uacon, a I'Vaiicifcan friar. Lond..i683." He added Notts upon every chapter of thi* 
 wurkf and explains therein the Phrafes by which our author concealed his fecrtl medicines. 
 
 5 exprefsly.
 
 BACON. 
 
 II 
 
 tfxprcfsly, that if a pure fulpluir be united with mercury, it will produce gold ; on 
 which very principle M. Hombei'g lus made many experiments for the production of 
 gold,, dcfcri bed in the Memoires de I'Acadcmie Roy. des Sciences, An. 1705. Kis 
 other. phyfical writings diiplay no lels genius and Itrength of mind. In his treatife. Of 
 the fecret Works of Art and Nature, he Iht-ws, tiiat a peribn who was perfectly ac- 
 quainted with the manner which nature obferves in her operations, would not only be 
 able to rival, but furpafs her. In another piece. Of the Nullity of iVIagic, he fliews, 
 with great fagacity and penetration, whence the notion fprung, and how weak all prc- 
 tenfions to it are. ~From a repeated perufal of his works, we find our friar was no llrancer 
 to many of the capital difcoveries of the prefent and part ages. Gun-puvvder he cer- 
 tainly knew: thunder and lightning, he tells us, may be produced by art-, for thatful- 
 phur, nitre, and charcoal, which, when fcparate, have no fenfible effedt, yet, when 
 mixed together in a due proportion, and clofely confined, and fired, they yield a loud 
 report. A more precife dcl'cription of gun powder cannot be given in words ; and yet 
 a Jefuit, Barthol. Schwartz, fome ages after, has had the glory of the difcovcry. He 
 likewife micntions a fort of inextinguifhable fire prepared by art ; which fliews he was 
 rot unacquainted with phofphorus : and that he had a notion of the rarefaftion of the 
 air, and the ftrufture of an air-pump, is pall contradiftion." 
 
 Dr. Friend afcribes the honour of introducing chemiftry into Europe to Bacon, who, 
 he obferves, fpeaks in fome part or other of his works, of almoft every operation now 
 ufed inchemidry, and defcribes the method of making tindtures and elixirs. " He was 
 the miracle (fays Fiiendj of the age he lived in, and the greateft genius, perhaps, for 
 mechanical knowledge, that ever appeared in the world fince Archimedes : he appears 
 likewiie to have been mafter of the whole fcience of optics." He has very accurately 
 defcribed the ufes of reading-glafles, and fhewn the way of making them. Dr. Friend 
 remarks, that he alfo defcribes the camera obfcura, and all forts of glafles which magnify 
 or diminifli objedts, by bringing them nearer to the eye, or removing them to a greater 
 diftance. Bacon tells us himfelf, that he had a great number of burning-glalfes j and 
 that there were none ever in ufe among the Latins, till his friend Peter de Maharn Curia 
 applied himfelf to the making of theni. That the telefcope was not unknown to him, 
 is evident from a pafTage wherein he fays, that he was able to form glaffes in fuch a man- 
 ner, with refpet5l to our fight and the objefts, that the rays fhall be relraded and reflect- 
 ed wherever we pleale, fo that we may fee a thing under what angle we think proper, . 
 either near or at a diflance, and be able to read the fmallcll letters, at an incredible 
 diftance, and to count the duft and land, on account of the grcatnefs of the angle under 
 which we lee the objeds ; and alio that we fhall fcarce fee the greateft: bodies near us, on 
 account of the fmallnefs of the angle under which we view them. His fl<i!l in alfro- 
 nomy was amazing: he difcovered that error which occafioncd the reformation of the 
 calendar i one of the greateft eflxirts, according to Dr. Jebb, of human induftry : and 
 his plan for correcting it wss followed by pope Gregory XIII. with this variation, that 
 Bacon would have had the correction to begin from the birth of our Saviour, whereas 
 Gregory's amendment reaches no higher than the Nicene council. 
 
 BACON (Sir Nicholas) lord-keeper of the great- feal in the reign of queen Eliza- 
 beth, was defccnded of an ancient and honourable family, and born at Chiflehurft in 
 Kent, in 1510. He was educated at Bennet college, in Cambridge, where he after- 
 wards founded fix fcholarlhips (appropriating three of them to the fchool which he built 
 at Botcfdale) and gave two hundred pounds towards ereCling a new chapel. Alter 
 Ictiving college, he travelled into France, and at his return iirttlcd in Gray's-inn, where 
 he applied himlelf to the (tudy of the law with fuch aftiduity, that he loon became one 
 
 bf'.
 
 ii6 ' BACON. 
 
 of the mofl: diftingoiflied in the profefllon. In 1537, he was appointed iblicitor of the 
 court of augmentation. He prefented to king llenry VIII. a fchenie for a fcniinary of 
 Itatcfmen, by founding a coll-ge for the ftudy of the civil law, and the teaching of the 
 Latin and French languages in their purity. Young gentlemen of diftinguifhed parts, 
 after beincr fufficientlv inftrufled in thefe things, were to be fent abroad with ambafladors ; 
 whilft others were to write the hiftory of all ambafTies, treaties, and other foreign tranf- 
 a6iions, and of all arraignments and public trials at home. This plan was never carried 
 into execution ; but at the difTolution of the monafteries, the king gave its author a 
 grant of leveral manors in Suffolk, to be held in capire by knight's fervice ; and, in 
 1546, promoted him to the office of attorney in the court of wards. He enjoyed the 
 fame office under king Edward VI. and, by his prudence and moderation, kept himfel^ 
 fafe during the dangerous reign of queen Mary. 
 
 Upon the acceflion of queen Elizabeth he was created a knight; and Dr. Heath, 
 archbifliop of York and chancellor of England, refufing to concur with the queen's 
 mcafures, the great feal was taken from him, and delivered to Sir Nicholas Bacon, with 
 the title of Icrd-ketper, and all the powers of a chancellor, which no former lord keeper 
 evci had, being only empowered to put the feal to fuch writs or patents as paffcd of 
 courfc, and not to hear caufes, or prcfide in the houfe of lords. His known diflike to 
 popery, and his favouring, for this realon, the title of the houfe of Suffolk to the crown, 
 rather than that of the queen of Scots, drew upon him a fufpicion of being concerned in 
 a tradt written by Mr. John 1 J ales, clerk of the hanaper, in favour of the Suffolk title ; 
 in confequence of which, he received an order from tiie queen not to appear at court, or 
 intermeddle in any other public bufincls than that oi chancery : even the feal would, at 
 the inftigation of the earl of Leicellcr, have been taken from him, and given to Sir An- 
 thony Brown, who had been lo.-d chief jultice ot the Common-pleas in queen Mary's 
 time, if this gentleman's religion, which was that of the church of Rome, would have 
 permitced his accepting of it. By the inrerell of Sir William Cecil, who by Ibme is 
 thought to have been alio privy to Haics's book. Sir Nicholas was rertored to the queen's 
 favour. He had a confiderablc fliare in the fettling of religion : as a ftatefman, he was 
 remarkable for a clear head and deep counli-h ; but his great parts and high preferment 
 were far from raifing him in his own opinion, as appears Irom the modeft and polite anfwcr 
 he gave queen tiizabcth, when (lie told him his houfe at Redgrave was too little for 
 him : " Not fo. madam, repin-d he, but your m.ijelty has made me too great for my 
 houfe." Towards the latter end of his life he grew very corpulent, which made queen 
 Elizabeth fay merrily, that " Sir Nicholas's foul lodged well." To himfelf, however, 
 this bulk was very cumbcrfome -, for, after walking from Weftminfter-hall to the Star- 
 ciiamber, which was a very little way, he was ufuaily fo much out of breath, that the 
 lawyers forbore fpeaking at the bar till he recovered himfelf, and gave them notice of 
 it by knocking with his ftaff. At length, after having held the great feal for the fpace 
 of twenty years, this able ftatefman and faithful counfellor was fuddenly removed from 
 this life, as Mr. Mallet informs us, by the following accident: he was under the hands 
 of the barber, and thinking the weather warm, had ordered a window before him to b'i 
 thrown open, but tell aflecp as the current of trvfh air was blowing in upon him, and 
 when iie awaked, found himielf diftempered all over: " Why, laid he to the lervant, 
 did you fu.fer me to Qeep thus expolcd ?" the fellow replied, that he durft not prelume 
 to difturb him : "Then, laid the lord- keeper, by your civility I lofe my life -," and fo 
 removed into his bed-chamber, where he died a few days after, ou the 20th of February, 
 1578-9, equally lamented by the queen and her liibjei^ts. He was interred in St. Paul's 
 cathedral, on the cth of iVlarch following 
 
 The
 
 BACON. 1,7 
 
 The great Sir Francis Bacon fays, that his father, the lord-keeper, was " a man 
 plain, cliredl, and conftanr, without all fine/Te and doublenefs-, and one that was of 
 the mind that a man in his private proceedings and eftate, and in the proceedings of 
 ftatc, fhoulcl retl upon the Ibiindnels and ftrcngth of his own courfes, and not irpon pradice 
 to circumvent others, according to the fentencc of Solomon, " Vir prudcns advertit ad 
 greflus fuos ; llulcus autem divertit ad doles:" infomuch that the biOiop of Rofs, [the 
 Scotch ambaflador, who made the complaint againft him in the affair oi- Hales's book] 
 a fiibtle and obferving man, faid of him, that he could faften no words upon h:m, antl 
 that it was impolTible to come within him, becaufe he offered no play : and the queen- 
 mother of France, a very politic princefs, faid of him, that he lliould have been of the 
 council of Fpain, becaufe he defpifed the occurrents, and refted upon the firft plot.'" 
 
 " Sir Nicholas Bacon, fays the ingenious Mr. Granger, had much of that penctratinw 
 genius, folidity of judgment, perfuafive eloquence, and comprehenfive knowledge of 
 law and equity, which afterwards fhone forth with lb great a luftre in his fon, who was 
 as much inferior to iiis father in point of prudence and integrity, as his fatlier was to 
 him in literary accomplilliments." Biogr. Hift. vol. i. p. 234. 
 
 BACON (Anne) a lady diftinguifhed by her piety, virtue, and learning, was the 
 fecond daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, preceptor to king Edward VI. and was born 
 about the year 1528. She had a very liberal education, and became eminent for her 
 fkill in the Greek, Latin, and Italian languages. She was married to the above-men- 
 tioned Sir Nicholas Bacon, by whom fhe had two fons, Anthony and Francis, whofe dif- 
 tinguifhed abilities were greatly improved by the tender care of fo accomplilhed a tno- 
 riier. She tranflated, from the Italian into Englifh, twenty-five fennons written by 
 Bernardine Ochine, on predeftination and eledion ; and, from the Latin, bifhop Jewel's 
 Apology for the Church of England. She furvived her hufband Sir Nicholas, and is 
 fuppofed to have died about the beginning of the reign of king James I. at Gorhambury, 
 Kear St. Alban's. 
 
 BACON CFrancis) lord Verulam, vifcount St. Alban's, and lord high- chancellor 
 of England, was the fon of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the great-fcal, by Anne 
 his fecond wife ; and was born at York-houfc in the Strand, on the 2 2d of January, 1561. 
 He gave very early indications of a fuperiority of genius : and we are told that queen 
 Elizabeth took great delight in trying him with qucftions ; and received fo much fatif- 
 fadtion from the good fenfe and manlinefs of his anfwcrs, that flie ufed to call him, in 
 mirth, her young lord-keeper. One faying of liis is particularly mentioned : the queen 
 having afked him his age, while he was yet a boy, he anfwered readily, that, " he was 
 juft two years younger than her majcUy's happy reign." Of his education we find no 
 particulars related, till hewasfentto ftudy in the univerfity of Cambridge under Dr, 
 Whitgift, afterwards archbifhop of Canterbury : and it appears that he was entered of 
 Trinity-college in his twelfth year. Tiie progrefs he made was rapid and uncommon ; 
 for he had run through the whole circle of the liberal arts, as they were then taught, 
 before he was fixteen. But what is far more furprifing (fays Mr. Mallet) he bcj-au 
 even then, to fee through the emptinefs and futility ot tlic philofophy in vogue ; and 
 to conjcdture, that ufeful knowledge muft be raifcd on other foundations, and built up 
 with other materials, than had been employed througli a trad of many centuries back- 
 ward. In this, his own genius, aided by a lingular difcernme/.", mulf have been his 
 only preceptor. In matters of reafoning, the autliority of Ariftotle was dill acknow- 
 ledged infallible in the fchools ; as much as th-at of tliC poj^e, in affairs of relj'rion, had 
 iately been acknov/lcdged, there and every wliere clfc : and our author may be iuftly 
 Vot. h i'l h ""itilc^
 
 J , S BACON. 
 
 ftiled the full: great refermcr of pliilofophy. He .had t!ie prepofTe/Tions, the voluminous 
 and ufclefs reading, nay he had the vanity of men grown old in contrary opinions, to 
 Ibiiggle with : yet he lived to ice a confiderable revolution on Iiis fide. Another age 
 brousht over the learned ot' all nations to his party. 
 
 Ilacon was lillle more than fixtcen years of age when his father called him from the 
 iinivcriicy, in order to attend Sir Amias I'awlct, the queen's 'ambafTador, into France, 
 acd to improve himielf in tlie knov\ ledge of the world under that minifter. It appears 
 that the ambaflador Toon conceived a favourable opinion of young Bacon -, for he fcnt 
 him over to the queen with a commilnon that required fecrccy and difpatch ; of which 
 l;e acquitted hinilclf with applaufe, and then returned to Paris. From thence he made 
 i'mK excurfions into the French pro/inces, that lie miglu b-: the better acquainted with 
 i.he country, rcfiding for fome time at Poiftiers. The native turn of Bacon's mind, 
 which was (Irongly inclined to refieclion and enquiry, led him to make the moft accurate 
 obfervaiions on the cufloms and niannt rs of the nations of Europe, on the charafters of 
 their princes, and on'the conftitution of their Icveral governments. As a proof of this,- 
 there is ftill extant among his works, a paper of obfcrvations on the general (late of Eu- 
 rope, writrcn by him fliortly after this time, when he was nineteen years of age. 
 
 As he wjs the youngefc fon, lb hi feems to have been the favourite of his father, who 
 had fct apart a confiderable fum of money, to purchafc an eftate for him, in his abfence. 
 But befo:e this kind intention could take elTecfl, the lord-keeper died fuddenly ; by which 
 means there remained to his youngeil ion only the fmall proportion of a fum, which 
 was to be divided among five brothers. Soon after his father's death, Mr. Bacon re- 
 turned to Kngland ; and the narrownefs of his circur.,fl:ances obliging him to think of 
 fome profcflj^n for a fubfillance, he applied himfclf to the ftudy of tlie common law. 
 "For that purpole he placed himfelf in the fociety of Gray's Inn, where his fuperior ta- 
 lents rendered him the ornament of the houfe ; as the gentlenefs and afrability of his de- 
 portment won him the affcdion of all its members. 
 
 He quickly rofe to fo much eminence and reputation in his profefTion as a lawyer, 
 that, at the age of twenty- eight years, he was named by queen Elizabeth her learned 
 council extraordinary. It was, however, next to impoffiblc, that lb noble a genius, 
 born to embrace the whole compafs of fcience, fliould confine its refearches within the 
 narrow and perplexed ftudy of precedents and authorities-, a ftudy hedged round with 
 braiiibles and thorns, dark and barbarous in its beginnings, and rendered in its pro- 
 grefs ftill moreobfcure, by the learned dulnefs of commentators and compilers; men, 
 tor the moft part, of indef.itigable induftry, and of no fpirit or difcernment. Accord- 
 ingly %ve find that in this interval he often gave full fcope to his conceptions ; furveying 
 the v/hole ftate of learning, obfcrving its defcfls, and imagining the proper methods ta 
 fupply them. This he firli attempted in a treatife which he entitled, The grcateft Birth 
 of Time ; as Appears from a letter, written after his retirement, to father Fulgenxio, 
 the Venetian, in which he pafies a kind of cenfure on the pompous and iwelling title pre- 
 fixed to it : and though the piece itfelf is fuppofed to be loit, it appears to have beerv 
 the firft outlines of that amazing defign, which he afterwards filled up and finilhed in 
 his Grand Inftauration of the Sciences. 
 
 In 1593, Mr. Bacon was chofcn member of parliament for the county of Middlefex. 
 He frequendy diftinguifhed himfclf in the houfe of Commons, where he fpoke often, 
 and with great fcrce and eloquence ; and though he ufually joined with the court party, 
 yet he was lo:,kcd upon as a friend to the people. It appears that he once drew upon 
 himlelf the difplcafure of the queen, by oppofing the payment of three fubfidies in lefs 
 than fix y.-.^rs ; which he ftrongly argued againft, allcdging the neccffities of the people, 
 
 the
 
 BACON. 119 
 
 the danger of raifing public difcontents, and of fetting an evil precedent againfl: them- 
 felvcs and tlieir poftericy. 
 
 As Sir WilliatTi Cecil, lord treafiirer to queen Elizabeth, afterwards lord Burleigh, 
 had married Mr. Bacon's aunt, he frequently applied to him for fome place of 
 credit and ft-rvice in the ftatc ; but Sir William never procured any thing for him, ex- 
 cept the rcverfion of the office of regifter to the Star chamber, then reckoned worth a- 
 boutonc tiioufand fix hundred pounds a year, which did not fall to him till near twenty 
 years afterwards-, and, as he probably thought himfelf negledted by his uncle, he at- 
 tached himfclf ilrongly to the earl of ElTex •, which of courfe made his uncle, and alfo 
 his coufin. Sir Robert Cecil, his enemies -, for wiien the earl, a little before his fall, 
 warmly folicited his being made folicitor-general, it was oppoled by his coufin Sir Ro- 
 bert, who reprefrnted him to the queen as a man of mcie i'peculation, and more likely 
 to diftraft her affairs than to ferve her ufefully and with judgment : and, as the earl 
 found he could not ferve him in this way, he gave him a recompence out of his own 
 ellate, by making him a prefent of Twickenham-park and its garden of Paradife. 
 
 Bacon long kept up a friendly correfpondence with Efiex, who often alT<ed his ad- 
 vice on affairs of importance, and received fuch counlel from hiin, as would certainly 
 have been of the utmoll advantage to him, if he had been prudent enough to follow it. 
 But Bacon's advice, however iaUitary, not being agreeable to the carl's temper and views, 
 a coldnefs enfued between them : and when the earl was at length brought to a trial for ' 
 high-treafon. Bacon appeared againft him as one of the queen's counfel. In juflice to 
 Bacon it fhould be obl'erved, that though he openly pleaded againlt Effex', there is great 
 reafon to believe that, in private, he really endeavoured to ferve him under his misfor- 
 tunes. But notwithftanding this, his open appearance againft the man who had treated 
 him with fuch uncommon friendfliip -and generofity, jultly fubjefted him to reproach. 
 After the death of Effex, the refledions of the people on the prevailing party at court, 
 and even on the queen herfelf, were fo fevere and lb general, that the adminiftration 
 thought it ncceffary to vindicate their condud in a public appeal to the people. This 
 fafk was afligned to Bacon, even then in high efteem for his excellencies as a writer. 
 Some fay it was by his enemies infidioufly impofed upon him, to divert the natio.nal re- 
 Icntment from themfelves upon a particular perfon, who was known to have lived in 
 friendfhip with Iiffex, and whom they intended to ruin in the public efteem. If fuch 
 was their intention, they fucceeded but too well in it : for never man incurred more 
 univerfal or more lafting cenfure than Bacon did by this writing. Ele was every where 
 traduced as one who endeavoured to murder the good name of" his-benelaftor, after the 
 miniftry iiad deflroyed his perfon. Elislife was even threatened-, and it is faid that lie 
 went in daily hazard of aflaifmation. This obliged him topublifh, in his own defence, 
 that vindication of himfelf which v/e find among his writings. It is intitled. The Apo- 
 logy of Francis Bacon, in certain Imputations concerning the late Earl of Effex It is 
 long and elaborate, but far from being quite fatisfaftory. For though v/e fliould be- 
 lieve him on his own teftimony, that he had never done the earl of Effex any ill offices 
 with the queen -, that, on the other hand, he had always, during the time of their inti- 
 macy, given him advice no lefs ufeful than fincere ; that he had wiflied, nay endeavoured 
 the earl's prefcrvation even at laft, purely from affedion to him, without any regard to • 
 his own in;ereilin that endeavour : let ail this be allowed ; fome blemiffi will ftill remain 
 on his charadcr. He alledged, indeed, that he owed duty and obedience to the queen^ 
 which he thought ought not to be facrificcd to his private obligations to the earl of Eilex ; 
 and that he did no more tlian wliat as a loyal fubjeil he wa:. bound to do, in tlie way of 
 liis proteffion. But had Bacon refufed the invidious oflice oi afting againft h's friend, 
 there were others, among the herd of afpiring and officious lawyers, ready eiuugh to 
 
 1 iiavc
 
 130 BACON. 
 
 have perfonned it ; and Iiis very enemies mud have thought more atlvartHgeoufly oFliinl 
 tor declining a tafk, in itfclf of no eflcncial isnportance to the ftate, and in him unjuft to 
 tricndfliip, obligation, gratitude, the mod C\c red regards among men. 
 
 On the death of queen Elizabeth, Mr. Bacon was very early in his homage and ap- 
 plication for favour to the new fovereign, king James I. On the 2 id of July, 1603, the 
 king conferred on him the honour of knighthood. On the 25th of Auguli, 1604, he 
 was conllituted, by patent, one of his majefty's learned council, v/ith a fee of forty pounds 
 a year. And the king granted him the fame day, by another patent under the great 
 feat, a penfion of fixty pounds a year, for fpecial ferviccs received froin his brother An- 
 thony Bacon and hiniklf. In ifcoj. Sir Francis Bacon recommended himfeif to the 
 king's particular notice, as well as to the general clk^rm of his cotemporaries, by pub- 
 lifhing a work which he had long meditated, and which he dedicated to the king, enti- 
 tled, Of the Proficiency and Advancement of Learning, in two books. The great 
 aim of this treatife, no lefs original in the defign than happy in the execution, was to 
 furvey accurately the whole flate and extent of the intelledual world ; what parts of it 
 had been unfuccefsfuUy cultivated ; what lay flill negledbed, or unknown -, and by what 
 methods thefe might be difcovered, and thofe improved, to the fartiier advantage of 
 fociety and human nature. By expofing the errors and impcrfeftions of our knowledge, 
 he led mankind into the only right way of reforming the one, and fupplying the other : 
 he tauoht them to know their wants. He even went farther, and pointed out to them 
 
 ■ o-eneral methods of corredtion and improvement in the whole- circle of arts and fciences. 
 This work he firft publilhed in Englilh ; but to render it of more extenfive ufe, he re- 
 commended a tranflation of it into Latin to Dr. Playfer, proteflbr of divinity in the 
 univerfity of Cambridge. . Playfer, with the fcrupulous accuracy of a grammarian, was 
 more attentive to fafhion his ftile to purity and roundnefs of periods, made out of the 
 phrafcology he had gleaned from claffic writers, than to render his author's meaning in 
 plain and mafculine language. After the fight of a fpecimen or two, Sir Francis did 
 not encourage him to proceed in it. He himfeif, after his retirement, very mucli en- 
 
 . larged and corredted the original, and with the affiftance of fome friends turned the 
 ■whole into Latin. This is the edition of 1623 ; and ftands as the firft part to his grand 
 Inftauration of the Sciences. 
 
 Sir Robert Cecil, now earl of Salifbury, who ha<i oppofed the progrefs of Bacon's 
 
 ■ fortune under Elizabeth, appears to have obferved the fame conduft towards him in 
 the prefent reign, till he had fixed himfeif in the king's confidence fo firmly, as to be 
 above all fear of a rival-, and then he feems to have been fomewhat difpofed to favour 
 his kinfman. But Sir Francis Bacon found a formidable enemy in a man of great emi- 
 nence in his own profefllon, the famous Sir Edward CoJce, now attorney-general. The 
 quarrel between than feems to have been perfonal j and it lafted to the end of their lives. 
 Coke was -jealous of Bacon's reputation in many parts of knowledge -, by whom, again, 
 he was envied for the high reputation he had acquired in one -, each aiming to be ad- 
 mired, particularly for that in which the other excelled. This affectation in two ex- 
 traordinary men has fomething in it very mean, and is not uncommon. The former was 
 the greatefl; lawyer of his time -, but could be nothing more. If the latter was not fo, 
 we can afcribe it only to his aiming at a more exalted charadfcr. The univerfality 
 
 . of his genius could not be confined within one inferior province of learning. And 
 if learning thus divided is not fo proper to raife a fingular name in one way, it ferves to 
 enlarge the underftanding on every fide, and to enlighten it in all its views. The place 
 ■which Sir Francis Bacon had fo long expeded, he at length obtained i for, in 1607, he 
 
 >.was appointed folicitor-gcncral. 
 
 U
 
 BACON. 
 
 121 
 
 In i6io, hepublifhetl aiiother treatife, inritlcd, Of the Wifdom of the Ancifnts. There 
 have been very tew books written either in this or in any other nation, which deferved or 
 met with more general applaufe than this, ant4 fcarce any that are like to retain it loncrer; 
 for, in all this performance, Sirf rancis Bacon gave a finpular proof of his capacity to 
 pleafe all parties in literature ; as, in his political condufl, he ftood fair v/itli all the par- 
 ties in the nation. Tiie admirers of antiquity were charmed with this difcourie, which 
 feems exprefly calculated to juiVify their admiration : and, on the other hand, their op- 
 pofites were no lefs pleafed with a piece, from which they thought they could demon- 
 ftrate, that the fagacity of a modern genius had found out much better meanings for the 
 ancients than ever were me?nt by them. In this admirable work, our author has laid 
 open, with great fagacity and penetration, the fecret meaning of the phyfical, moral, and 
 political fables of antiquity ■, in doing which, he very wifely and prudently took occa- 
 fion to throw out many obfervations ot his own -, for which he could not have found 
 otherwife fo favourable an opportunity. 
 
 In i6ii, he was conllituted judge of the M-U'ilsars-court, jointly Vv'ith Sir Thomas 
 Vavafor, then kiiight-marfhal. In i6ip, he fucceeded Sir Henry Hobart in the ofike 
 of attorney-general. The parliament, at this time, though they were extremely out of 
 humour with the minifters in general, diftinguiflied Bacon by an unufual mark of fa- 
 vour and confidence. An objedion having been ilarted in the Houfc of Commons, 
 that a feat there was incompatible with the office of attorney-general, which required his 
 frequent attendance in the upper-houfe, the commons, from their particular regard for 
 Sir Francis Bacon, and in confideration of his former fervices in parliament, over- ruled 
 the objedion ; though for that time only : and he .was accordingly permitted to lake his 
 place among them. 
 
 When Sir George Villiers, afterwards duke of Buckingham, became pofleiTed of 
 king James's confidence, Sir Francis Bacon took great pains to cultivate the good-will 
 of the favourite, to whom he was fo fubfervient, that he flibmitted to be a fort of fteward 
 for thofe great eftates bellowed upon Villiers by the king. However, it appears from 
 his letters, and other writings, that he generally gave good advice to his patrons : but, 
 when he found that they would not follow his, he was ready to follow theirs without re- 
 lervc; tho' it does not appear that he was in the leafl concerned in the tre ifonable practices 
 of the earl of Eflex ; which was, perhaps, more owing to his want of courage than his 
 want of ambition. As Sir Francis was extremely fubmiffive, and often ul'eful to iiis 
 patrons ; fo he was diligent, and but too ready to ule any means for getting the better 
 of thofe whom he thought his rivals -, as appeared upon the refignation of tiie old lord- 
 chancellor Egerton in 1617. The feals he was highly ambitious of; and as he looked 
 upon Sir Edward Coke as his rival, he took care to reprefent him to the king and Buck- 
 ingham, as one who abounded in his own ienfe, and who, by an aflcdation of popula- 
 rity, was likely to court the good-will of the people at the hazard «t the prerogative. 
 In this he was the more eafily believed, as Sir Edward had been but. the year before 
 chief-jullici? bccaufe the minifters found him not fo du6lile as they vyiflicd hi;n to be. 
 Accordingly the ftals were delivered to Sir Francis, with the title ot lortl keeper •, and» 
 in 1619, he was created lord high-chancellor of England, ^nd baron of Verulam ; and, 
 the year following, vifcqunt St. Alban's. 
 
 Neither the weight and variety of public bufincfs, nor the pomps of a court, could 
 divert the attention of Bacon from the ftudy of philofophy. In 1620, he publiOied his 
 Novum Organum Scientiarum, as a fecond part to his Grand Inftauratiun of the 
 Sciences: a v/ork that for twelve years together he had been methodizing, altering, antl 
 poliHiing, till he had laboured the whole into a fericsof Aphorifrns, as it nov/ appears. 
 Vol. I, i i Of
 
 Ill BACON. 
 
 Of all his writingi tliii'fceius to have undergone the ftii*5lfft revifion*, ant! to be (ininied 
 with tlic fcrvcic-d jmlyment. Indeed, the form into which it is cafl: admits of notliing 
 foreign, of !K)thi:ig merely orii.-'.mental. The lights and embcllifliiiunts of imaginaLion, 
 the grace and harmony of llilc, are rejcftcd here, as beauties eitht-r fuperfluoiis, or of 
 an inferior natore. Of all hi5 writings this has been the leait read or underftood-K Ic 
 was intended as a more iifefiil, a more extenfive logic, than the work! had yet been ac- 
 quainted with. An art not convcrfant about fyltogifms and modes of argumentation, 
 that may befcrviceable fometimes in arranging trutlis alre.idy known, or in detedling 
 fallacies that lie concealed among our own real'onings and thole of other men : but an 
 ait inventive of arts ; produflivc of new difcoveries, real and important, and of gene- 
 ral ule to human life. Tliis he propoi'ed, by turning our attention from nodons to 
 things ; from thofe fubtle and frivolous fpeculations that dazzle, not enlighten, the 
 underllanding, to a fober and fcnfible invefligation of the laws and powers of nature, in 
 a wr.y becoming philolbphers who make truth and information tiie fole aim of their in- 
 quiries. In order to tliis, his firft endeavour was to weed cut of the mind fuch errors as 
 naturally grov/ in it, or h.ave been planted there by education, and cherilhed by the in- 
 fluence ot men, w'liofe writings had long claimed a right of prefcription to rule and 
 miflead mankind. To a mind thus prepared for inftruaion, he propofcs the fecond and 
 fcientir.cal part of his fcheme, the true method of interpreting nature, by fadt ai.d ob- 
 fervaLion i by Ibund and genuine induction, widely dilfering from that puerile art, 
 which till then had folely prevailed in pliilolophy. H\% requires a fufRcient, an accurate 
 collection of inftances, gathered with fagacity, and recorded v^ith impardal plainnefs, 
 on both fides of thequertion -, from which, alter viewing them in all pofTible lights, to 
 be i'ure that no contradiftory inftances can be brought, Ibme portion of ufeful truth, 
 leading on to further difcoverics, may be at laft fairly deduced. In this way experi- 
 ments and realbnings grow up together, to fupport and illuftrate each other mutually, 
 in every part of fcience. 
 
 On die 1 2th of Oftober, iCic, lord Bacon fent a copy of his Novum Organum Scien- 
 tiarum to the king, who tliereupon wrote the following letter to his lordfhip with his own 
 hand. 
 
 " To tiie Lord Chaxcellor. - 
 
 " My very good Lord, 
 " I have received your letter, and your book, than the which you could not have 
 lent a more acceptable prefcnt unto me. How thankful I am for it, cannot better be 
 expreffed by me, than by a firm ivfolution I have taken ; firft to read it through with 
 care and attention, though I fhould fteal fonic hours trom my flecp, having otherwife as 
 little fpare time to read it, as you had to write it: and then to ufe the liberty of a true 
 friend, in not fparing to aflc you tlie queftion, in any point, whereof I Ihall ftand in 
 
 • Dr. RawkyafTarcs U", that he h:id focn twelve copies of this work icvifcJ, altered,^nd corrcdlej 
 year by year, before it was reduced into the form in wliieh it was publifhrd. 
 
 f The celebrated Voltaire, in liiii Letters concecning the En;:lilh Nation, fays, " TIic moR fmpular 
 and the bell of all lord Bacon's pieces, is that which is nijfl ufelefs and lead read ; I mean hi,- Novum 
 Scicntiarnm Organum. This is the fcafFuld with which the new philofophy was raifed, and when the 
 edifice wai built, part of it at leaft, the fcaffold was no longer of fcrviee. The lord Bacon was not yet 
 acqii.iintcd wiiii r.atnre, but then he knev.-, and pointed out, the feveral paths which led to it. ile had 
 delpifed, in his younger years, the thin;^ called Philofophy in the univcrfities ; and did all that lay in his 
 power to prevent thofe focieties of men, inllituted to improve human r:.afon, from dc[fl'aving it by their 
 iliuddities, their horrors of vacuum, their fubiiantir.i forms, and all lliofe impertinent Itriiis, which not 
 only ignorance had rentlercd venerable, but which had been made fucred by their being ridiculoulljr 
 blended with religion." 
 
 doubt :
 
 BACON. 123 
 
 doubt : as, on the other part, I will willingly give a due commendation to fuch places, 
 as, in my opinion, fhall deferve it In the mean time I can with comfort affure you, 
 that you could not have made choice of a lubjtCT: more befitting your place, and your 
 univerfal and methodical knowledge : and in the general, I have already obferved, that 
 you jump with mc, in keeping the mid-way between the two extremes -, as alfo in fome 
 particulars, I have found that you agree fully with my opinion. And lb praying God 
 to give your work as good fuccefs as your heart can wilh, and your labours deferve, I 
 bid you heartily farewel. 
 
 "0(5b. i5, 1620. > JAMES R." 
 
 « 
 
 Lord Bacon alfo fent three copies of this work to Sir Henry Wotton ; and how much 
 that eminent man valued the prefent, we may learn from his own words in a letter to 
 Bacon. " Your lordfliip, (fays he) hath done a great and everliving benefit to all the 
 children of nature, and to nature JK-rfclf in her uttermolt extent of latitude, v/ho never 
 before had fo noble, nor lb true an interpreter, or (as I am readier to ftyle yourlord- 
 fhip) never fo inward a fecretary of her cabinet. But of your work, which came but this 
 week to my hands, I Ihall find occafion to Ipeak more iiereatter ; having yet read only 
 the firll book thereof, and a few aphorifms of the fecond. For it is not a banquet that 
 men may fuperficially taite, and put up the reft in their pockets ; but, in truth, a foiid feafi:, 
 which requireth due madication. Therefore, when I have once, myfelf, perufed the 
 whole, I determine to have it read, piece by piece, at certain hours, in my domeftic 
 college, as an ancient author: for I have learned thus much by it alreadv, that we are 
 extremely miftaken in the computation of antiquity, by fearclilng it backwards ; be- 
 caufe, indeed, the firft times were the youngeil ; efpecially in points of natural difco- 
 very and experience." 
 
 But while the lord Bacon was thus acquiring the higheft reputation as a philofopher 
 and exciting the univerfal admiration of the learned, he was about to fuffer a melancholy 
 reverfe of fortune, and to become the objecft of public difgrace and punifliment. In the 
 parliament which was aflembled in January, 1621, an inquiry was made into feveral 
 national grievances ; and among other things, a committee was appointed by the houfe 
 of Commons, to inquire into the abufes of the courts ofjullice. It does not appear 
 that this was let on foot with any particular view to Bacon : however, in the courfc of 
 thefe inquiries, on the 1 ^.th and 15th of March, he was acculed for takin"- of bribes 
 in caufcs which had depended before him as chancellor ; of which information was "iven 
 to the marquis of Buclcingham, by letters of the fame date, from Mr. fecretary Calverc 
 and Sir Lionel Cranfield, both members of the Houfe of Commons. Several other mem- 
 bers, gentlemen of reputation, and of the law, Ipoke in his lordfliip's bdialf; as did 
 Sir Edward Sackvillc, who was his particular friend : and when Sir Robert Phillips 
 the chairman of the committee, made his report, he made it with nreat tcndernefi be- 
 caufe, he faid, " It concerned the Iionour of a great man, fo end'iied with all parts 
 both of art and nature, that he would fay no more of him, being not able to fay enouoh." 
 At a conference, on the 19th of the iame month, between certain members of both 
 houles, the lords agreed to take this affair into their fpeedy confideration. As foon as 
 the matter v;as become the fubjefc of public talk, more accufations a-^ainft him were 
 brought, and an impeachment or charge, confilling of feveral articles, preferred to the 
 lords againfi: him. On the day diis complaint was made to the Houfe of Lords the 
 marquis of Buckingham prefented a letter from the lord chancellor, who was then'fick 
 wherein he defired four things of tiieir lordfhip^ " Firft, that they would maintain 
 him in their good opinion till his caufe was heard. Secondly, that they would ^ive him 
 4 a con-
 
 124 B A C O N. 
 
 a convenient time, as well in regard of his ill ftate of health, as of the importance o 
 the charge, to make his defence. Thirdly, that they would allow him to except againft . 
 the credit of the witneflcs againfl: him, to crol's-examine them, and to produce evidence 
 in his own defence. Arid fourthly, that in cafe there came any more petitions of the 
 lii<.e nature, that their lordfliips would not take any prejudice at their number, confv- 
 denng that they were again!l a judge, tliat made two thoufand orders and decrees in a 
 year.'' 
 
 Bur lord Bacon foon rclinquifhed his defign of entering into a long and formal defence 
 of himfclf. On the contrary, he threw himfcif on the mercy of the houfe, by an hum- 
 ble fubmifTion, whicii he drew up in writing, and prevailed upon the prince of Wales, 
 afterwards king Charles I. to prelent to the houfe of Peers ; v/hich he did on the 24th 
 of April, when this matter came again under their lordfhips confideration. But the 
 lords were not fatisfied with his letter of general confelTion, though he renounced in it 
 all julliiication of liimfelf, and fucd for no other favour, " but that his penitent fub- 
 mifTion mi",ht be his fenttnce, and tiie lofs of the leals his ounifhment." 1 le was oblig;ed 
 to put in a particular anfwer to every point of lii> acculation -, which he did on the ill 
 of May, 1 62 1, acknowledging, in the mofl explicit words, the corruption charged on 
 him in twenty-eight feveral articles, and throwing his caufe entirely on the compalTion of 
 his judges. On the fecond of May his lorddiip rcfigned tiie great-feal •, and tiie follow- 
 ing day the lords, by the mouth of the lord chief juilice, their fpeaker pro lemporey 
 pronounced the following fentence : " That the vifcount St. Alban's, lord chancellor of 
 England, (hall undergo a fine or ranfom of forty thoufand pounds ■, that he Ihall be impri- 
 foned in the Tower during the king's plealure ; that he fhall for ever be incapable of any 
 office, place, or employment in the lliate or common-wealth ; and that he fhall never fit 
 in parliament, or come within the verge of the court." Thus lie loft the great privilege 
 of his peerage •, a feverity unufual, except in cafes of treafon and attainder. 
 
 The laft article of his charge furniihes matter for much reflection. It alledges, " that 
 he had given way to great exa6tions in his fcrvants, both in refpeft of private feals, and 
 otherwile for fealing iniunctions.'' This indulgence to his domeftics, which was certain- 
 ly extreme, has been generally reckoned the principal caufe of thofe irregularities that 
 drew on his dilgrace. Liberal in his own temper, or rather profufe beyond the condi- 
 tion of a man who means to preferve his integrity, he allowed his family in every kind of 
 extravagance * : and as many of his retinue were young, diiTipated, and giddy in the 
 purfuit of pleafure, they fquandered away without meafure, where they were indulged 
 without controul -{-. Whether he did not difcover this error till it was too late, or whe- 
 ther a foul like his, loft in the greatncfs and immenfity of its own views, could not attend 
 to that detail of little and difagreeable particulars wliich oeconomy requires ; howevsr 
 that was, to fupport his ordinary train of living, he fell into corruption himfelf, and 
 connived at it in his dependants. Thus we behold him a memorable example of all that 
 is great and exalted, of all that is little and low, in man. Rulhv.'orth fays of Bacon, 
 that " this learned peer, eminent over the Chriftian world for his many writings extant 
 in print, was known to be no admirer of money, yet had the unhappinefs to be de- 
 tiled therewith : he trcalured up nothing, either for himfelf or his family, for he both 
 lived and died in debt ; he was over-indulgent to his fervants, and connived at their 
 takings, and their ways betrajed him to diat error-, they were profufe and expenfive, 
 
 • A gentleman once cxprefTing fome difappiohation of his liberality to his retinue, lord Bacon faid to 
 him, *' Sir, I am ail of a piece ; if ihc luad be lifted up, the inferior parts of the body rauft be fo too." 
 '1 innifcn's i'aeoiiiinn, 
 
 f Cue day, during h'u trial, as he was palTi^ thro' a room where feveral of his domeftics were fitting ; 
 upon theit riling up to falutc liiin, he cried, " Sit down, my maltcrs ; your rife hath been my fall." 
 
 and
 
 BACON. fr25 
 
 •and had at their command whatever he was mafter of. The gifts taken wcte, for the 
 moft part, for interlocutory orders ; his decrees wcrs generally made with fo much 
 equity, that though gifts rendered him fufpcfted for injuilice, yet never any decree made 
 by him was rcverfed as unjufb, as it hath been obfervcd by fome knowing in our 
 ^aws *." 
 
 After a lliort confinement in the Tower, his lordfliip was fet at liberty; and upon 
 the prorogation of the parliament in fome heat, the king was pleafed to confult with iiim 
 in what manner he fhould proceed in the reformation of the courts of jultice, and the 
 other grievances which the Commons had been enquiring into : upon which he drew up 
 a memorial on the fubjeft, which is printed among his works. The king afterwards 
 permitted him, by a licence dated the 13th of September, 102 i, to ftay at Sir John 
 Vaughan's houfe at Parfon's Green, and at London, for fix weeks ; and he then retired, 
 by the king's command, to his own.houle at Gorhambury. It was probably at this 
 time that the incident happened, which is related by Dr. Goodman. Prince Cliarles, 
 we are told, coming to London, faw at a diftance a coach followed by a confiderable 
 number of people on horfeback, and, upon enquiry, was informed it was the lord St. 
 Alban's attended by his friends -, on which liis highnefs faid with a fmile, " Well ! do 
 ■what we can, this man fcorns to go out like a fnufF." 
 
 Lord Bacon had hitherto been immcrfed in the hurry and buflle of public bufinefs ; 
 but he now entered into a more pleaung, though u lefs ccnfpicuous, fituation. Being 
 freed from the fervitude of a court, from an intolerable attendance there, on the vices 
 and follies of men every way his inferiors, he vi'as now in a condition to purfue the native 
 bent of his genius ; to live to himfelf, and for the advantage, not of one age, or one 
 people only, but of all mankind, and all ages to come. And when he was thus with- 
 drawn from the glare of a public ftation, into the fhade of retirement and fludious leifure, 
 he often lamented, that ambition and falfe glory had fo long diverted him from the no- 
 bleft, as well as the molt ufeful employments of areafonable being •, mortified, no doubt, 
 into thefe fentiments, by a fevere conviflion in his own perfon, of the inftability and 
 emptinefs of all human grandeur. 
 
 The firft confiderable work which he engaged in, after his retirement, was the Hiftory 
 of Henry VII. which he undertook at the defire of king James, and publiflied in the 
 year 1622. He alio methodized and enriched fome of his former pieces •, and compofed 
 feveral new ones, no lefs confiderable for the greatnefs and variety of the arguments he 
 treated, than for his manner of treating them. Nor arc they works of mere erudi- 
 tion and labour -, but original efforts of genius and reflection, on fubjcdts either new, or 
 handled in a manner that renders them fo. .His notions he drew from his own fund, and 
 they were folid, comprehenfive, and fyftematical; the difpofition of his whole plan 
 throwing light and grace on all the particular parts. Indeed, nothing can give us a 
 more exalted idea of the fruitfulnefs and vigour of Bacon's genius, tlian the number and 
 nature of thofe writings compofed by him after his fall. Under the difcouragement of 
 a public cenfure, broken both in his health, and in his fortunes, he enjoyed his retirement 
 no longer than five years : a little portion of time ! yet lie found means to croud ijito it, 
 what might have been the whole bufinefs, and the glory too, of a long and fortunate 
 life. 
 
 The fine which lord Bacon had been fentenced to pay by the parliament, was remitted 
 by king James, loon after his difcharge from the Tower. About three years after this, 
 lie petitioned his majefly for a total remiflion of his cenfure ; " to the end that this blot of 
 
 • " If parts. allure thee, think how Bacon (hin'd, 
 
 " The wifeft, brighteft, nice nrjl of mankind." Pops. 
 
 ^'oL. I. K k ignoiriin|(.
 
 •126 • BACON. 
 
 ignominy might be removed from him, and from his memory with pofterity.^' The 
 king hereupon granted him a full and entire pardon of his whole fenccnce. Poftericy 
 likev;ife, to which he appealed, has feemed unwilling to remember that he ever offend- 
 ed : and thofe who record his failings, like thofe v/ho liave made oblervations on the 
 fpots in the fun, neither pretend to diminifh his real brightnefs in himfelf, nor deny his 
 univerfal influence on the world of learning. 
 
 Lord Bacon's poverty in the latter parr of his life, has been much infifted on by fe- 
 veral writers ; and it has been afferted, that he languifhed out a folitary being in ob- 
 'fcurity and indigence. But the matter appears to have been exaggerated. l-Je certainly 
 did not enjoy affluence, or entire eafe cf fortune ; but his ordinary income muft have 
 placed him above fordid wart and anxiety. Dr. Rawley, who lived long in his family, 
 affirms that the king had <;^i'.en him, out of the Broad fcal and Alienation office, to the 
 value of eighteen hundred pounds a year j which, with his own lands amounting to a 
 third part more, he retained to his death. But he had treafured up nothing in his prof- 
 perous condition againft the day of advcrfity : and his penfion was not only precarious, 
 but ill paid by a king, whoj inftead of huibanding his revenues for great or good pur- 
 pofes, was daily laviihing them away in fruitlcfs negotiations, or ea the leaft dclerving 
 of his fubjefts. Add to theib things, that lord Bacon lay all this time under the incum- 
 brance of a vaft debt ; and that he had doubtlefs expended very confiderable fums in 
 procuring or making experiments. Such were the caufes of that diftrels, and thofe dif- 
 ticuhies, into which he was often plunged. That they were many and great, we caa 
 entertain no doubt. It is but too flrongly confirmed to us by fome unufual cxpreffions 
 in his letters to king James •, where we find him pouring out his heart in complaints and 
 fupplications of fuch a Itrain, as every one who reveres his memory niuft wilh he had 
 never uttered. 
 
 King James I. died in 1625, after an inglorious reign of two and twenty years ; and 
 lord Bacon furvived him fomewhat more than a year. This gre^t man, after having 
 been for fome time infirm and declining, at lallowcd his death to an excels not unbe- 
 coming a philofopher ; in purl'uing, with more application than his itrength could bear, 
 certain experiments touching the confervation of bodies. He was fo fuddenly ftruck in 
 his head and ftomach, that he found himfelf obliged to retire into the earl of Arundel's 
 Jioufe at Highgate, near which he then happened to be. There he fickened of a fever, 
 attended with a dcfluxion on his bread ; and, after a week's illnefs, he expired on the 
 9th of April, 162b, in the fixty-fixth year of his age. He was buried privately in St, 
 Michael's church, near St. Alban's. l"he fpot that contained his remains lay obfcui^e 
 and undiftinguiflied, till the gratitude of Sir Thomas Meautys, who had been formerly 
 his fccretary, ereded a monument to his name and memory. In another country, in a 
 better age, (fays Mr. iVlallct) his monument would have flood a public proof in what 
 veneration the whole fociety held a citizen, whofe genius did them honour, and whole 
 writings will inftruft their lateft porterity. 
 
 Lord Bacon was, as to his perfon, of a middling {laturej his forehead fpacioiis and 
 
 open, early imprcflld with the marks of age ; his eye lively and penetrating ; and his 
 
 whole appearance venerably plealing. He continued finglc till after -forty, and then 
 
 v-took to wife a daughter of alderman Barnham of London, with whom he received a 
 
 . plentiful fortune, but had no children by her.: and fhe outlived him -upwards of twenty 
 
 • years. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, that true judge of men and things, of ages paft and prclent, diC- 
 - courfing of tiie great men of his time, faid, " The earl of Saiilbury was an excellent 
 
 • Speaker, but no good penman •, lord Henry Howard was an excellent penman, but no 
 g/iod jpeakxr ; Sir Francis Bacon alike eminent in both."
 
 BACON. 127 
 
 'The judicious and penetrating Ben Johnfon fnppofed, that Englifh eloquence afcend- 
 ■ed till the time of the vifcount St. Alban's, and from thence went backward and de- 
 clined. He who was not too apt to praife, was profufe in his praifcs of Bacon, clofing 
 them with thefe admirable reP.eftions : " My conceit of his perfon was never increafed 
 toward him by his place or honours ; but I have and do reverence him for the greatnefs 
 "that was only proper to himfelf, in that he feemed to me ever, by his works, one of 
 the greateft merl, and moft worthy of admiration, that had been in many ages. In his 
 adverficy, I ever prayed that God would give him ftrength, for greatnefs he could not 
 want ; neither could I condole in a wvjrd or fyllable for him, as knowing no accident 
 could do harm to virtue, but rather help to make it manifeft." 
 
 Archbifliop Williams, to whofe care the vifcount St. Alban's committed his orations 
 and epifties, exprefied his ftnfe of that confidence repofed in him in theft: words : " Your 
 lordfliipdoch moll worthily, therefore, in preferving thefe two pieces amongft tiie reft 
 •of thofe m:itchlefs monuments you lliall leave behintl you : confidering, that, as one age 
 hath not bred your experience, fo is it not fit it ihould be confined to one age, and not 
 imparted to the times to come : for my pan therein, 1 do embrace the honour with all 
 thankfulnefs, and the trufl; impofed upon me, v/ith all religion arid devotion." 
 
 But one of thenobleft, and perhaps the moft noble teftimony in honour of his great 
 abilities, was the letter written to him, not long after his fall, by the univcrfity of Ox- 
 ford, on their receiving from him his book De Augmentis Scientiarum, die firft- para- 
 graph only of which iTiaU be here tranfcribed : " Right honourable, and (what, in no- 
 bility, is almoft a miracle) moft learned vifcount ! your hoiaour could have given no- 
 thing more agreeable, and the univerfity could have received nothing more acceptable, 
 than the Scitnccs ; and tl«)fe fciences which ftie formerly lent forth poor, of low ftature, 
 unpolifticd, fhe h-^th received elegant,' tall, and, by the fupplies of your wit, by which 
 alone they could have been advanced, moft rich in dowry. She efteemeth it an extra- 
 ordinary favour to have a return, with ufury made of that by a ftranger (if fo near a 
 relation may be called a ftranger) which fhe beftows as a patrimony upon her children ; 
 and fhe readily acknowiedgcth, that, though the mufes are born in Oxford, they grow 
 elfewhcre ; grown they are, and under your pen ; who, like fome mighty Hercules in 
 learning, have, by your own hand, further advanced thofe pillars in the learned world, 
 which, by the reft of that world, were fuppofcd immoveabJe." 
 
 Dr. Peter Hcylin, who was thought, in his time, an accurate judge of men, things, 
 and boeks, reprefents the vifcount St. Alban's as a man of a ftrong brain, and capable 
 of the higheft performances, more efpecially of framing a body of perfect philofophy : 
 "*' Pity it was, faid he, he was not entertained with fome liberal lalary, abftraAed from 
 all affairs both of court and judicature, and fumiflied with fufficiency both of means and 
 helps for the going on in his defigns -, which, had it been, he might have given us fuch 
 a body of natural philofophy, and made it lb fubfervicnt to the public good, that nei- 
 ther Ariftotle, nor Theophraftus, amongft the ancients j nor Paracelfus, or the reft of 
 our later chemifts, would have been coniiderable." 
 
 Mr. Addilbn, in one of the I'atlers, in which be vindicates the Chriftian religion, by 
 Ihewing that the wifeft and ableft men in all ages, have profcfled thcmfclves beiK.vers, 
 fpeaks of our author thus: ■" I fhall in this paper only inftancc Sir Francis Bacon, a 
 man who, for the greatnefs of genius, and compafs of loiowledgc, did honour to his 
 age and country, 1 could alnjuft fay to human nature itklf. He poUlfled, at once, all 
 thofe extraordinary talents which were divided amongft the greateft authors of antiqui- 
 ty : he had the found, diiliuilt, comprehenftve knowledge of Ariftotle, with all the 
 beautiful lights, graces, and embcUiftiments, of Cicero; one dcx-s not know whicli to 
 admire molt in his writings ; the ftrength of reaibn, force of ftilc, or brigluncfs of ima- 
 " _ J2. jginatiof;.
 
 izS B A C O N. 
 
 ginaiion. This author has remarked, in feveral parts of his works, that a tlioroDgh ifj- 
 fight into philotbphy makes a good believer-, and that a fmattering in it naturally pro- 
 duces luch a race ot delpicablc intidcls, as the httle profligate v/riters of the prcfcnc age, 
 whoin, 1 tniifl: confels, I have always acculed to mylllf, not lb much for their want of 
 faith as their want of learning. I was infinitely pleated to find, among the works of this 
 extraordinary man, a prayer of his own compofing-, which, for the elevation of thought, 
 and greatneis of expreflion, feems rather the devotion of an angel than of a man. His 
 principal fault feems to have been the cxcefs of that virtue whicli covers a njultitudc of 
 faults : this betrayed him to fo great an indulgence towards his fervants, v.ho made a 
 corrupt ule of it, that it llripped him of all thofe riches and honours which a long I'eries 
 of merits had heaped upon him." 
 
 The author of Bacon's article in the Biographia Britannica, takes notice, that the 
 learned Francis Euddeus " applauds thevifcount .Sc. A Iban's extremely, i ie ftilea him 
 a new light in philofophy, one who firft united fpeculation and prjftice, and opened a 
 pafTage to thofe inighty difcoveries that have been made lincc his time : he inuicates alfo 
 the feveral parts of his great body of fcience, which have been commented on and ex- 
 plained by the learned pliilofophcrs of Germany ; and thereby fhews, that the memory 
 of this admirable man expanded more fragrantly abroad for many years than here in his 
 native country." 
 
 Dr. Kawky tells us, that his meals were refedions of the ear as well as of the ftomach, 
 like the Nodes Attica?, or banquets of the Deipnofophifts ; and he knew fome perfons 
 of no mean parts, who profefTed that they made ule oi their note- books when they rofe 
 from his table. " He was not the leaft over-bearing in difcourle, nor apt to engrols the 
 whole converfation to himfelf, or to endeavour to excel others -, but took a pleafure in 
 engaging them upon thofe fubjeds, which they were peculiarly fkilful in, or loved to 
 talk upon. He contemned no man's obfervations, but would light his torch at every 
 man's candle. His opinions and afTertions were for the molf part binding, and not con- 
 tradifted by any, rather like oracles than difcourfes -, which may be imputed to the well 
 weighing of his fentence by the fcales of truth and reafon ; and alfo to the reverence and 
 cftimation, wherein he was commonly had, that no man would conteft with him.'* 
 
 Mr. Thomson, in his Seasons, thus charaderizes the Lord Ver-ulam-. 
 
 Thine is a Bacon, haplefs in his choice; 
 Unfit to ftand the civil ftorm of ftate. 
 And through the iinooth barbarity of courts. 
 With firm, but pliant virtue, forward flill 
 To urge his courfe. Him for the rtudious fhade 
 Kind Nature form'd, deep, comprehenfive, clear, 
 Exad, and elegant ; in one rich foul, 
 Plato, the Stagy rite, and Tullyjoin'd. 
 The great deliverer he ! who from the gloom 
 Ofcloifter'd monks, andjargon-teaching fchools. 
 Led forth the true philofophy, there Jong 
 Held in the magic chain of words and forms. 
 And definitions void : he led her forth. 
 Daughter ot I leaven ! that flow- afcending ftill, 
 Invcltigatingfure the chain of things, 
 ^yith radiant finger points to Heaven again. 
 
 IIACON
 
 B A I N B R I D G E; 
 
 129 
 
 BACON (Anthony) elder brother to Sir Francis, was educated at home, and af- 
 terwards fent abroad for improvement. At his return, he diilinguifhed himfelf by his 
 extraordinary abilities : but though he was deeply fkilled in politics, and the bed verfed 
 in foreign affairs of any man in his time, yet he was referved in converlatioii, and re- 
 mained contented with the reputation he acquired among the circle of iiis private ac- 
 quaintance, and the intereft he had with fome perfons of the firft diftindion, who va- 
 lued and made ufe of his abilities. He had the misfortune to be fo very lame, that he 
 was unable to move about his room ; on which account the earl of EfTex, who relied 
 much upon his advice, and confulted him in affairs tiiat required the sreateft fecrecy, 
 took him into his houfe, and gave him a handlbme allowance for his fervices. He was 
 diligent in his endeavours to ferve that unfortunate nobleman, when he mod required 
 his afTiftance ; and preferved a fincere friendfhip towards his brother the lord Verulam, 
 to whom he left his eltate. 
 
 Sir Nathaniel Bacon, knight of the bath, and sn excellent painter, was one of the 
 fons of the lord-keeper Bacon, and half-brother to the vifcount St. Alban's. He travel- 
 led into Italy, and ftudied painting there ; but his manner and colouring approaches 
 nearer to the flyle of the Flemilh fchool. Mr. Walpole obferves, that at Culford, 
 where he lived, are preferved fome of his works ; and at Gorhambury, his father's feat, 
 is a large pidture by him in oil, of a cook- maid with dead fowl, admirably painted, with 
 great nature, neatnefs, and luftre of colouring. Jn the fame houfe is a whole length of 
 him, by himfelf, drawing on a paper. Mr. Granger fays, he was anceftor to the prefent 
 lord Townfhend. 
 
 BACONTHORP, or BACONDORP (John) furnamed the Refolute Doflor, was 
 one of the moft learned men of his time. He was born at Baconthorp, an obfcure vil- 
 lage in Norfolk, and flourifhed towards the end of the thirteenth century. He fpent 
 fome of his early years at a convent in Norfolk, from whence he removed to Oxford, 
 and after that to Paris, where he had a degree in divinity and laws conferred upon him, 
 and was in high reputation for his learning, being elleemed the head of the Avcrroifts, 
 or followers of the philolbpher Averroes. Upon his return to England, he was chofen 
 twelfth provincial of the Carmelites, in an affembly of that order held at London in the 
 year 1329. four years after, he was invited by letters to Rome, where he was held in 
 great elteem. During his refidcnce in this city, he had feveral difputations on the fub- 
 jcdt of marriage, in which he gave great offence to many, by afcribing too much to the 
 papal authority in difpcnfing with the laws of God in regard to marriage; but he after- 
 wards retraced his opinion on this fubjedl, and proved by the ffrongcft arguments from 
 reafon and fcripture, that, in degrees of confanguinity prohibited by the divine law, the 
 pope had no difpenfing power. Baconthorp died at London in the year 1346. He 
 wrote, I. Commentaria, feu Quefliones fuper quatuor libros Sententiaruin. 2. Com- 
 pendium legis Chrifti. 3. Tradfatus duo dc regula ordinis Carmelitani, &c. 4. Com- 
 mentaries on all the Books of the Bible, and on St. Auffin's Book De Civitatc Dei, 5. 
 A Trcatife againft Pope John, concerning the Vifion of the Bleffed : and many other 
 works. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE (John) an eminent phyfician and aftronomcr, was born at AHiby 
 de la Zouch, in Leiceltcrlhire, in the year 1582. He received the firll tinfture of 
 learning in the public Ichool of this town, and afterwards ftudied ac Emanuel colL'ge in 
 Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. Jofeph Hall. When he had taken his degrees of 
 bachelor and matter of arts, he returned to Leicefterfhire, where lie kept a grammar- 
 fchool for fome years, and at the fame time pradtifed phyfic. He employed his leiiure 
 
 Vol. I. L 1 hours
 
 ,30 BAKER. 
 
 hours ill the mathematics, efpecially afVronomy, which had been his favourite ftudy 
 from his cirlieft years. 4Jy the advice of his friends, who thought his abilities too great 
 for tlie obrcurity of a country life, he removed to London, where he was admitted a 
 fellow of the college of phyficians. His dcfcription of the comet which appeared in 
 16; 8, confidcrably railed his charader. It was by this means he got acquainted with 
 Sir Henry Savile, who, in the year 16 19, appointed him his firll profeffor of agro- 
 nomy at Oxford; upon which he removed to that univerlity, and was entered a maftcr 
 commoner of Merton college, the mafter and fellows whereof appointed him junior 
 reader of Linacres Icdlurc in 1651, and fuperior reader in 16^5. As he refolved to 
 publilh correct editions of the ancient allronomers, agreeable to the ftatutes of the 
 founder of his profelforfhip ; in order to make himfelf acquainted with the difcoveries 
 of the Arabian aftronomers, he began the Itutly of the Arabic language when he was 
 above forty years of age. Some time before his death, he removed to a houlc oppo- 
 fire Merton college, where he died November ?, 164^, in the fixty-lecond year of his 
 ao-e. His body was conveyed to the public fchools, and, an oration having been pro- 
 nounced there in his praife, by Mr. Strode, the univerfity-orator, it was carried from 
 thence to tiie church of Merton college, and there depofited near the altar. He wrote, 
 1. An aftronomical Defcription of the late Comet, from tlie 1 8th of November, 1618, 
 ro the 1 6th of December following. 2. Canicularia-, a Treatife concerning the Dog- 
 Itar, and the Canicular Days. 3. Antiprognolticon, &c. 4. A I heory of the Sun. 
 5. A Theory of the Moon. 6. A Dilcourfe concerning the Quantity of the Year. 7. 
 Two volumes of aftronomical Obfervations. h. Nine or ten volumes of Mifcellancous 
 Papers relating to the Mathematics ; and other pieces. 
 
 BAKER (David) an Englifli Benedictine monk, of whom Mr. Wood has given us a 
 verv circumftantial account, and particularly of his miraculous converfion from atheifm 
 to Chriftianity, was educated at Broadgatc-hall, now Pembroke college, in the uni- 
 ▼erfity of Oxford. He afterwards ftudied at the Temple, where his excellent natural 
 abilities enabled him, in a Ihort time, to make a great proficiency in the law. Soon 
 after his converfion, he went to Italy, where he entered into the order of St. Benedivff, 
 having changed his name from David to Auguft;in. In the reign of James I. he was a 
 confidcrable time rcfident in England, in the quality of a mifllonary -, but being much 
 civcn to retirement and abllraction, he was, by fome of his brethren, thought a very 
 improper perfon for that employment. He was for feveral years the fpiritual director of 
 the Enelifii Benedidtine nuns at Cambray, and afterwards their confcffor. He fpent the 
 latter p'art of his life in London, where he died in the year 1641. He is laid to have 
 been much employed in mental prayer-, and was author of feveral books relating to the 
 cxercifcs of a Ipiritual life. He wrote an cxpofition of the famous mylfical book, enti- 
 tled Scala Perfcdtionis, by Walter Hilton. Thefe, and the reft of his works that are 
 extant, are, as Mr. Wood tells us, " confcrved in nine large tomes in folio, MSS. in the 
 monaftery of Engiifh Benedictine nuns at Cambray." He made large colleftions for an 
 Ecclefiaftical Hillory of England, and other fubjects of antiquity, in which he v/as aflift- 
 ed by the molt eininent of our antiquaries ; but thele, which were in fix folio volumes, 
 are lolt •, as are alfo three large volumes of his tranflations ot the works of fpiritual au- 
 thors. None of his books were ever printed •, but h.ugli Crefly, in his Church Hiftory 
 of Britanny, and other writers, have been much indebted to him. Crania's Biogra- 
 phical tiijiory. 
 
 BAKER (Sir Richard) author of the Chronicle of the Kings of England, was born 
 atSiffinghcrft, in Kent, about chc year 1568. In 1584, he was entered a commoner at 
 
 Hart-
 
 BAKE R. ,3*. 
 
 Hart hall in Oxford, where he remained three years, which he fpent chiefly in the ftud-/ 
 of logic and philolbphy. From thence lie removed to one of the inns of court in Lon- 
 don, and afterwards travelled into foreign parts, in order to complete his education. In 
 1594, he was created mafter of arts at Oxford ; and in May 1603, received the honour 
 of knighthood from king James I. at Theobald's. In 1620, he was high-flieriff of Ox- 
 fordlhire, having the manor of Middle- nfton, and other eftates in that county. He 
 married a daughter of Sir George Manwaring, of Ightiield, in Shropfliire, knight ; 
 but having become furety for fome of that family's debts, he was thereby reduced to 
 poverty, and forced to take flicker in che Fleet-prifon, where he died on the iSth of 
 February, i6'44-5. He was buried about the middle of the fouth ifle of St. Bride's 
 church, Flett-ftrect. He was a peitfon tall and comely, fays Mr. Wood, of a good 
 difpofition, and admirable dilcourfe ; religious, and well-read in various faculties, efpe- 
 cially in divinity and hilloiy, as appears from the books he compofed. He wrote, be- 
 fides his Chronicle, i. CatD Variegatus, or Cato's. Moral Diftichs varied in verlc. 2. 
 Meditations and Difquifiticns on the Lord's Frayer. 3. Meditations and Difquifitions 
 on fe vera 1 of the Pfalms ot Javid. 4. Meditations and Prayers upon the leven Davs of 
 the Week. 5. Apology fa- Laymen writing on Divinity. 6. Theatrum Redivivum, 
 or the Theatre vindicated ; in anfwer to Mr. Prynne's Hiftrio-maftix. 7. Thcatrvm 
 Triumphans, or a Difcourftof Plays ; and other works. He alfo tranflated the Mar- 
 quis Virgilio Malvezzi's Difourfes on 'J'acitus, and Monfieur Balzac's Letters. Mr. 
 Granger obferves, that " his Chronicle of the Kings of England was formerly in great 
 vogue ; but was ever more eleemed by readers of a lower clafs, than by fuch as had a 
 critical knowledge of hiftory. The language of it was, in this reign, called polite ; and 
 it long maintained its reputati>n, efpecially among country gentlemen*. The author 
 feems to have been fometimes nore lludious to plcafe than to inform, and with that view- 
 to have facrificed even chronobgy to method. In 165S, Edward Philips, nephew to 
 Milton, publilhed a third ecitioi ot this work, with the addition of the reign of Charles L 
 It has been fcveral times rcpiinted fince, and is now carried as low as the rei^n of- 
 George 1. f" 
 
 BAKER (Thomas) in eminent mathematician, was born at Ikon, in Somerfet-- 
 fhire, in the year 16^5. In 1640, he was entered at Magdalen-hall, Oxford; and, in 
 1645, was elcfted fchoir of Wadham college. On the tenth of April, 1647, he took 
 his degree of bachelor f arts, and ibon after quitted the univeriity. He afterwards be- 
 came vicar of Bifhops-Iymmet, in Devonlhire, where he lived a ftudious and retired 
 life for many years, fe chiefly applied himfelf to the lUidy of the mathematics ; and 
 he gave a proof of hiscreat knowledge in this brunch ot learning, in the book he p<.ib- 
 lilhcd under the folloing title : The Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations un- 
 locked -, or, a new Ifcovery of the Conflirudion of all Equations, howioever affcdcd, . 
 not exceeding the fcrth Degree, viz. of Linears Quadratics, Cubics, Biquadratics, 
 and the finding of a'their Root5, as well fallc as true, without the Ufe of Melulabc, 
 Trifcdtion of AnglesA^ithout Redudion, Depreffion, or any other previous Preparations 
 of Equations by a C"cle, &c. Of this performance there is an account in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranfaitions/ol. xiv. No. 157, p. 549. A little before his death the Royal 
 Society lent him Ibit mathematical queries, to which he returned fuch latisfadoiy an- • 
 
 *lSir Richard's ownncomium of hia Chronicle, in ht» preface to that «ork, is fuppofcd to have re- 
 commended it to man)f his readers. He fays, that it is " collerted wilh To great care and diligence, 
 that if all other of ourhronicles were loft, this only would be fulEcient to lAform pofterity of all paf- • 
 fagcs memorable, or wthy to be known." 
 
 t Biographical Hilly of England, Vol. ii. p. 321. . 
 
 5 fwerr, . .
 
 132 
 
 B A L C H E N. 
 
 fwers, that they preff need him a medal, with an infcription full of honour and refpecfV. 
 He died at Billiops-Nymmet, on the 5:h of June, 1690, and was buried in his own 
 church. 
 
 BALCMEN (Sir John) an Englifh admiral of approved valour and great experience, 
 Avas born on the 2d of February, 1669, and during his youth properly inftrufted in 
 the feveral arts neceflary to form a complete feaman. At this early time ot life he gave 
 many indications of a tenacious memory, found judgment, and the moft intrepid 
 ■courage. He was alarmed by no dangers, intimidated by no difficulties. He purfued 
 his purpofcs with the greatefl; perfcverance, fteadinefs, and refolution, and rarely failed 
 of fecino them fucceed according to his wiihes. But though he was thus refolute and 
 intrepid, he was far from being petulant, nor ever willingly affronted any. When he 
 had attained the knowledge of the arts and fciences requifite h a I'eaman, he was placed 
 on board the royal navy, where he ferved feveral years in ver/ inferior ilations. On the 
 25th of July, 1697, he was appointed captain of the Virgir prize, and from that time 
 was always confidered as one of the moft aflive commandes in the Britifh navy. He 
 never facrificed the honour of his country to the defigns of a party, or his own private 
 intcreft, nor fought ftations that might be attended with greater advantage than thofc 
 •where his fujieriors thought proper to place him. The tru' intcreft of his country, and 
 the honour of the BritiCh flag, were the grand motives thai influenced his conduift, and 
 to promote thcfc was the greateft pleafurc of his life. Tie inerchants were highly f'en- 
 fible of the advantages which the commerce of the natior derived from his care and vi- 
 gilance -, and the privateers of the enemy felt fo often th efFccl:s of his courage and in- 
 trepidity, that they dreaded even the name of the ftiip wlich Balchen commanded. 
 
 In 1718, he commanded the Shrewlbury in that mmorable aftion near Sicily, in 
 -which theSpanifh fleet was almoft totally dcftroyed by hat of Great Britain, under the 
 command ot Sir (jeorgeB\ng. In this engagement ciptain Balchen behaved, as he 
 did in all others, with the greateft intrepidity. In 1728, Ir was made rear-admiral of 
 the Blue ; and, in ij-n, commanded under .>ir Charles Wurcr, wiien Don Carlos was 
 placed in polfeirion of the duchies of Parma and Placenfa. 1- iJS^, he was appointed 
 rear-admiral of the White, and commanded a large fquadrona Plymouth, which was 
 intended to join the grand fleet under Sir John Norris ; and, i'i7j9, ^e was railed to 
 the rank of vice-admiral of the Ked. 
 
 'I'he Spaniards had for Tome years made it their prailire t take the Englilh mer- 
 chant fhips in the Weft- Indies, under pretence that they carrieton a contraband trade. 
 Reprelcntations were often made to the court or Spain on this IbjeCt, but to no pur- 
 pole ; the depredations were ftill continued : in confequcnce of vMch, war was declared 
 againft Spain on the 23d of October, 1739, and admiral Vcion difpatchcd with a 
 ftrong fleet to the Weft-Indies. In the Ipring of the fuccccdingear, the miniftry re- 
 ceived intelligence, that the aflbgue (hips were loon expedcd in )ld Spain, under the 
 convoy of admiral Pizarro ; this determined them to fend a fquiron under the com- 
 mand' of an officer that could be depended upon, to intcrccptthem. Accordingly 
 Balchen was named, and difpatched with four ftiips of the line, t cruize for them off 
 Cape Piniftcrre. He punctually obeyed his orders, and reached h ftation on the 20th 
 of April, where he was joined by two other men of war. But hisigilancc was render- 
 ed abortive by an advice-boat lent from Old Spain, which had the jod fortune to meet 
 Pizarro, and acquainted him of the danger. On receiving this int«igcnce, the Spanifti 
 admiral altered his courfe, and inftead of ftanding for Cape Piiterre, ftecred to the 
 northward till he made the Lizard point, and from thence dirc(fli his courle to St. 
 
 Andero,
 
 E A L C H E N. 
 
 '33 
 
 Andero, a Spanifli port in the Bay of Bifcay, where he fafely arrived with an imnienfe 
 trealure. 
 
 On the c,th of Augiift, 174^, Mr. Balchen was appointed admiral of the White, 
 and foon alter knighted by his majcfty, and made governor of Greenwich hofpital ; a 
 flation very proper to a perlbn of his advanced age, and where h'.- expefted to fpend the 
 remainder of his days in tranquihty, free from the danfrers and fatigues of a feafarinrr 
 life. But thcl'e pleafing expeftations foon vanifhed ; his country once more demanded 
 his fervicc, and he with alacrity obeyed the fummons. Sir Charles Hardy had been fent 
 with a large convoy of Ilcre-fnips to admiral Rowley in the Mediterranean, wlio was in 
 the utmoft diltrefs, his i"hips being almoft deilitute of provifions, and their rigging in 
 a very wretched condition ; nor were the French either ignorant of this circumllance, 
 or carelefs to profit by it. They fent out a fleet, confiifing of fourteen fliips of the line, 
 and fix frigates, under the command of M. dc Rochambauk, to intercept the fleet, or 
 at leaft to prevent Sir Charles from joining admiral licwlcy, well knowing that the latter 
 could attempt nothing without thcle ftores. Sir Charles, hov/evcr, arrived fafe at Lifbon, 
 where the French dilcovered him, and blocked up his fleet in the Tagiis. There was 
 now an abfolute neccffity of relieving Sir Charles, and confcquently of lending an admi- 
 ral, whofe courage and condudt could be relied on. In this extremity the miniilry cail 
 their eyes upon admiral Balchen, who accordingly repaired to Portfmouth, and took the 
 command of a large fleet, rendezvoufed at Spithead, confining of fourteen fliips of the 
 line, and fix Dutch, befides two fire fhips, and a floop. Un his arrival he hoifl:ed his 
 flag on board the Vidlory, one of the liirgefl: and finelt fliips in the royal navy -, and, on 
 the 7th of Augufl:, 1 744, failed from Spithead to relieve Sir Charles Hardy. Fie ar- 
 rived in fafety at Lifbon on the 9th of September, and being joined by the fquadron of 
 Sir Charles, proceeded to Gibraltar ; the French at his approach retiring into Cadiz, 
 and leaving the fea open to the Britifh flag. This important fervice being performed. 
 Sir John was defirous of fhewing the French what they had to expert from a powerful 
 EngUfh fleet, and accordingly cruiied for fome time on the coaft of Portugal, in hopes 
 of meeting with fome of the Breft fleet ; but in this he was difappointed, the French 
 commander taking care to prevent his defign, by keeping his whole fieet in the harbour 
 of Cadiz. 
 
 Sir John Balchen finding it in vain to wait any longer for the enemy, left the coafl: of 
 Galicia on the aSth ot September, (leering for England-, but on the 3d of October he 
 was overtaken by a violent ftorm, which difperfed the whole fleet. The Exeter lofl: her 
 main and rnizen mafis, and was obliged to throw twelve of her guns over-board to pre- 
 vent her foundering : the Duke, on board of which vice-admiral Stuart had hoiftcd his 
 flag, had all her fails and rigging blown av/ay, and ten feet water in her hold; the rcll 
 of the fleet alfo received confiderable damage, though all, except the Vii5tory, arrived 
 fafe at St. 1 lelens on the 10th of October : but that unfortunate fliip had a very difi-e- 
 rent fate ■, fhe was feparated from the fleet on the 4th of Odober, and driven on the 
 rocky coafl: of Akicrney, where flie Itruck on the Caflscts. I'he inhabitants of Akler- 
 ney lieard the guns v/hich the admiral fired as fignals of diftrefs ; but the tcmpell raged 
 with fuch uncommon violence, that noafllftance could be given Tlie fignal guns were 
 continued during the whole night, but early in the morning tlie fliip funk, and every 
 perlbn on board periflied. S'ik v/as manned witli eleven luindred of the moll expert fea- 
 men in the royal navy, exclufive of fifty gentlemen of family and fortune, who went as 
 volunteers. Thus one of the mofl: experienced admirals, with eleven hundred and fifty 
 men, were loft in a moment, and paifed together ihrouglA the gloomy valley tliat fc- 
 parates time from eternity. 
 
 Vol. 1. ' M m Mow
 
 134 BALE. 
 
 How uncertain are the expcftacions of mortals! on what tottering foundations do they 
 biiilil thfir liopes! The gallant Balchcn had performed the important fcrvice which called . 
 him from his retirement, and had encored the Britifh channel in his return. He was re- 
 treatin'j for ever from the rage of the ocean, and from the dangers, duliculties, and 
 hardlhips, attendant xm a Icafaring life. But when every danger was in appearance 
 pall, and every difliculty furmounted -, when he was almoft in light of the harbour of 
 repoie, and the end of all his toils-, a raging tempell blailcd his plrafing hopes, and put 
 n period at once to his life and worldly expectations. The whole nation exprcfVed a deep 
 and generous concern for this terrible misfortune; and his late majelly fettled a penfion 
 of 500 1. per annum on the admiral's lady during her life-, and to perpetuate the me- 
 mory of this brave commander, a fmall, but elegant monu;nent was erefted for him 
 in Wcftminller-abbey, in which his bull is well executed in the fined marble : the en- 
 richments, arms, and trophies, are admirably wrou^^ht, and in the front is a fine bafTo- 
 relievo of a lliip in a ftorm, below which is the following inlcription : " To tlie memory 
 of Sir John Balchen, knight, admiral of the white liquadron of his majcfly's fleet, 
 who, in the year 1744, being fcnt out commander in chief of the combined fleets of 
 England and Holland, to cruife on the enemy, was, on his return home, in his majefly's 
 Ihip the Vidory, loll in the Channel by a violent Ilorm ; from which fad circumftance 
 of his death we may learn, that neither thegreatelt fkill, judgment, or experience, joined 
 to the moil firm unlhaken rcfoludon, can refill the fury of the winds and waves ; and we 
 are taught from the pafTages of his life, which were filled with great and gallant adlions, 
 but accompanied with adverfe gales of fortune, that the brave, the worthy, and the good 
 man, meets not always his reward in this world. Fifty-ciglit years of faithful and pain- 
 ful fervice he had paficd, when being jull retired to the government of Greenwich hot- 
 pita), to wear out the remainder of his days, he was once more, and for the lall time, 
 called out by his king and country, whofe interefl he ever preferred to his own, and his 
 unwearied zral tor their lervice ended only with his death -, wliich weighty mistortune to 
 his afllicled family, became heightened by many aggravating circujoitanccs attending it ; 
 yet amidll their grief they had the mourniul confolation to, find his gracious and royal 
 mafter mixing his concern with the generous lamentations of the public, for the cala- 
 mitous fate ot fo zealous, fo valiant, antl lb able a commantler-, and, as a lafling me- 
 morial of the fincere love and efleem borne by his widow to a moil affc^ionate and wor- 
 thy hufband, this honorary monument was ercded by her." 
 
 Admiral Balchen married Sufannah, daughter of colonel Apreece of Wafliingly, in 
 the county of Huntingdon. He left one Ion and one daughter i the former of whom, 
 George Balchen, lurvivcd him but a fliort time-, lor Uing fent to the Weft Indies in 
 1745, commander of his majclly's fliip the I'embroke, he died at Barbadoes in Decemr. 
 berthe fame year, aged twenty-eight. 
 
 BALE (John) in Latin Baleus, or Balrcus, bifhop^ofOnbry iii Ireland, was born 
 at Cove, a fmall village in Suffolk, in November I495. His parents being in poor cir- 
 cumllances, and encumbered with a large family, he was entered at twelve years of. 
 age in the monaflcry of Carmelites at Norwich, and from thrnce removed to Jefus col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He was educated in the Komifh religion, but afterwards became a 
 protcilant. He himfclf tells us, " tiint he was involveti in the utmoit ignorance and 
 darknel's of mind both at Norwich and Cambridge, till the word of God fhining forth, 
 the churches began to return to the true fountains of divinity. 'J'hat the inllrument of 
 his converfion was not a prieft or a monk, but the moll noble earl of Wentworth." His 
 convcrfion, however, greatly expofed him to the pcrfecution of the Romifh clergy, and 
 l^e nr^ull have tclt their rclentment, had !ic r-ct been protefted by lord Cromwell, a no- 
 bleman
 
 B A L E. 
 
 'i5 
 
 Breman in high favour with king Henry VIII. But upon the death of this nobleman. 
 Bale was obliged to fly into Holland, where he remained fix years, during which time 
 he wrute feveral pieces in the Englifh language. He wis recalled into England by king 
 Edward VI. and prefented to the living oi Bifhops-Stoke, in the county of Southamp- 
 ton ; and, on the 15th of Auguft, 1552, he was nominated to the fee of Oflbry. 
 Upon his arrival in Ireland, he uled his utmoft endeavours to reform the inanners of his 
 diocefe, to correct the vicious praflices of the prielts, to abolilh the mafs, and to efla- 
 blifh the ufc of the new book of Common Prayer fet forth in England; but all his 
 fchemes of this kind having proved abortive by the death of king Edward, and the ac- 
 cefTion of queen Mary, he became very much expoied to the outrages of the Papifts in 
 Ireland : once in particular we are told, that five of his domeftics were murdered, whiiiT: 
 they were making hay in a meadow near his houfe; and having received intimations that 
 the priefts were plotting his death, he retired from his fee to Dublin. He afterwards 
 made his efcape in a fmall veflel from that port, but was taken by the captain of 3 
 Dutch man of war, who ftripped him of all his money and effe<£ls, and when he arrivci.} 
 in Holland, he was obliged to pay thirty pounds before he could procure his liberty; 
 From Holland he retired to Bafil in Switzerland, where he continued during the reiga 
 of queen Mary. On the acceffion of queen Elizabeth he returned from his exile, and 
 rather chofe to accept of a prebend of Canterbury, than to fue for his former fee of Of- 
 fory. He died in November, j 56^, aged fixty-eight, and was buried in the cathedral- 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 This prelate has left a celebrated work, containing the lives of the moft eminent 
 writers of Great-Britain, befides feveral other pieces. The intemperate zeal of this 
 author, in his accounts of the Papifts, often carries him beyond the bounds of decency 
 and candour ; he is therefore ftiled, by Anthony Wood, " the foul-mouthed Bale." He- 
 is the earlicft dramatic writer in the Englifh language*, or at leaft author of the fir(t 
 pieces of that kind that we find in print ; and his writings in that way, that we have 
 been able to trace, are very numerous, as will be feen in the fubfequent catalogue of 
 them, viz. 1. Againil Momus's and Zoilus's. 2. Againft thofe who adulterate the 
 Word of God. 3. Two Comedies of Baptifm and Temptation. 4. Of Chrift when 
 he was twelve Years old. 5. Of the corrupting ot God's Laws. 6. Of the Councils- 
 of Bifliops. 7. God's Promifes. 8. Image ot Love. 9. Impoftures of Thomas Bec- 
 ker. 10. Of St. John BaptilVs preaching in the VVildernefs. 1 i. The Life of St. John' 
 Baptift. i2. Of John King of England. t ^j. Concerning the Laws of Nature cor-* 
 ruptcd. 14. Of Lazarus raifed from the Lead. 13. Of the Lord's Supper, and wafh- 
 iiig of Feet. 16. On lx)th Marriages of the King, i 7. Two Com.edies of the Pafilon 
 of Chrift. 18. Two Comedies of the Sepulture and RefurreiTtion. 19. Of Simon the 
 Leper. 20. Of the Temptation of Chrilt. 21. Treacheries of the Papifts. Of thele, 
 only thofe numbered 7, 10, and 1 j, have been feen in print ; the fii it of which was- 
 reprinted by Dodfley, in the firft volume ot his Colleiftion of old Plays. As to the reft, 
 they arc n^eniioned by himfelf as his own, in ius account of the Bntilh writers. He alio- 
 tranflated the tragedies of Pammachius. 
 
 "• There was a time, fiiys Mr. Granger,- when the lamentable comedies of Bale were" 
 a6led with applaufe. He tells us, in the account of his vocation to the bilhopric of 
 OfTory, that his comedy of John Baptilt's PixMching, and his tragedy of God's Prouiiles, 
 were a£ted by young men at the market crofs of Kilkenny, upon a Sunday." 
 
 * Companion to the Pluy-lioufi', Vol. II. 
 
 BAM^
 
 1^6 B A N K E S. 
 
 BAMBRIDGE, or BAINBRIDGE, (Christopher) archbiHiop of York, and 
 cardinjl-pnc-ftot" the Roman church, was born at Hilton, near Appleby, in Wcllmore- 
 land, and educated at Qiicen's college, Oxford. Having finifhed his rtudies, and 
 taken holy orders, he was collated to the rcdory of Aller, in the diocefe of Bath and 
 Wells. In 1485, he was appointed prebendary of South Grantham, in the cathedral 
 church of Salifbury, but refigned it the fame year for that of Chardftock •, and the year 
 following !ie was made prebendary of Horton, in the fame cluirch. In 1495, he was 
 elcded provoft of Qiieen's college, being about the fame time created dodor of laws. 
 In 1503, he was admitted prebendary of Strenlhall, in the cathedral church of York ; 
 and in the fame year inftallcd dean of that ciiurch. In 150;, he was made dean of Wind- 
 for, mafter of the rolls, and one of the king's privy-council. In 1 507, he was preferred 
 to the bifliopric of Durham, and the year following tranflated to the archicpifcopal fee 
 of York. He was employed by Henry VII. in fcveral ambalTies, but chieflf diftinguifh- 
 cd himfelf in thatfrom king Henry Vill. to pope Julius II. who, in the year 151 1, 
 created him a cardinal, with the title of St. Praxede, and appointed him legate of the cc- 
 clefiaftical army, then befieging the fort of Baftia. In return for thefe favours Barn- 
 bridge fent dil'patches to the king, urging him to cfpoufe the caufe of his holinefs, and 
 not toiuflfcr a pope, who had been fuch a friend to the liberties of Chriftendom, to fall 
 a facrifice to his enemies. The king, influenced by the cardinal's zeal, laid the affair 
 before his council, in which, after long debates, it was at length refolved to undertake 
 the war. 
 
 This prelate died at Rome on the 14th of July, 1514, having been poifoned, as it is 
 faid, by one of his domeftics. Being one day, (as Mr. Aubery informs usj in a violenc 
 paflion, to which he was naturally fubjcft, he fell upon Rinaldo his ftcward, and beat 
 him feverely. In revenge of this ufage, the fteward took an opportunity of adminiftcr- 
 ino- poifon to his mafter •, for which crime being apprehended and imprifoned, he pre- 
 vented the execution of public jufticc by hanging himfelf. The cardinal was buried at 
 Rome, in the Englifli church of St. Thomas, and the following epitaph was infcribed 
 on his tomb: " Chrillophoro Archiepifcopo Kboraccnfi, S. Praxedis prefbytero cardi- 
 nali An^liiE, a Julio II. pontifice maximo, ob egregiam operam S. R. Ecclefia; prsefti- 
 tam, dum fui regni legatus efTet, afTumpto, quam mox domi et foris caftris pontificiis 
 priefcdus tutatus eft." Pits fpeaks of Bambridge as a man of learning, and tells us that 
 he wrote many things in the civil law, and Ibme account of his ambalTies ; but none of 
 theni have been t;ranlmitted to us. 
 
 BAMKES (Sir John) lord chief-juftice of the Common-pleas in the reign of king 
 Charles I. was born at Kefwick, in Cumberland, in is'^g, and educated at Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to Gray's Inn, where he a[)plicd lurafeif to the ftudy of the law, and 
 foan became eminent in that profeflion. In i0j4 he was knighted, and made attorney- 
 "encral, and in 164O was railed to the office of chief juilice of the Common-pleas. He 
 followed king Charles to York, and there, in 1642, ligned the declaration of the lords 
 and "cntlemen then with his majcfty. The fame year, the univerlity of Oxford fhewed 
 tlieir refpedt for him, by creating him dodtor of laws ; and iiis majcdy caufed him to 
 be fworn of his privy council. In the fummer-circuit he loft all his credit at Wcftmin- 
 Iter ; for having declared from the Bench at Saliibury, that the anions of Eflcx, Man- 
 cheftcr, and Waller, were trealonable, tlie commons voted him, and the relt of the 
 judges who we;e of that opinion, traitors. In the mean time lady Bankes, with her family, 
 "bcincr at Cork- t. Itle, in the iOe of Purbeck, in Dorlctfliirc, gave an inftance of female 
 bravery tliat delcrvcs to be handed down with honour to poUerity. 
 
 7 The
 
 BANKS. 137 
 
 The friends of the parliament had already reduced all the fea coaft, except Corfe-caftle, 
 and were refolved to reduce that likewife ; but Sir John's lady, though fhe had about 
 her only her children, a few Icrvants and tenants, and little hopes of relief, refufed to fur- 
 render that forcrel's ; upon which Sir W. Earl, and Thomas Trenchard, Efq-, who com- 
 manded the parliament forces, had rccourfe to very rough meafures : they thrice attempt- 
 ed the place by furprife, and were as often repulfed widi lofs, though die firft time lady 
 Bankes had but five men in the place, and during the whole time hergarriibn never ex- 
 cecded forty. They then interdided her the markets, and at length formally befieged 
 the fortrefs with a very confiderable force, a train of artillery, and a great quantity of 
 ammunition, which compelled the litde town dependent on the caftle to Surrender. TJie 
 befiegcrs now imagined the bufiaefs was done, when the lady, taking advantage of their 
 reminhefs, procured a fupply of provifions and ammunicion, which enabled her Itill to 
 hold out. Atlafl: the earl of Caernarvon, with a confiderable body of horfe and dra- 
 goons, came into the neighbourhood of Purbeck, when Sir W. Earl laifed the fiege, 011 
 the tliird of Auguil, 1643, fo precipitately, that he hft his tents (landing, together with 
 his ammunition and artillery, which all fell into the hands ol lady Bankes's houfnold. 
 Sir John was at this time at Oxford with the king, where he continued todifcharge his 
 duty as a privy counfellor, till the laft day of his life, December 2S', 1644. 
 
 BANKS (John) a dramatic writer, was bred an attorney at law, and belonged to the 
 fociety of Ncv/ Inn. The dry ftudy of the law, hov/ever, not being fo fuitable to his 
 natural difpofition as the more .elevated flights of poetical imagination, he quitted the 
 purfuit of riches in the inns of court, in order to pay his attendance on the Mufes in the 
 theatre. Mere he found iiis rewards by no means adequate to his delerts. His emo- 
 luments at the beft were precarious, and the various fucceffes of his pieces too feelingly 
 convinced him of the error of his choice. This, however, did not prevent him from 
 puifuing with chearfulnefs the path he had taken, his thirll of fame, and warmth of 
 poetic enthufiafm alleviating to his imagination many difagreeable circumflances, which 
 indigence, the too frequent attendant on poetical purfuits, frequently threw him into. 
 He wrote feven tragedies, viz. i. The Rival Kings, or the Loves of Oroondates and 
 Statira. 2. The Deflrudtion of Troy. 3. Virtue betrayed, or Anna Bullcn. 4. The 
 Unhappy Favourite, or the Earl of EfTex. 5. The Innocent Ulurper, or the Death of 
 the Lady Jane Grey. 6. Cyrus the Great. 7. The Ifland Queens, or the death of 
 Mary Qubcn of h^cotland. 
 
 " His turn, fays the author of the Companion to the Play-houfe, was entirely to tra- 
 gedy ; his merit in which is of a peculiar kind : for at the fame time that his language 
 mull be confefled to be extremely unpoetical, and his numbers uncouth and inharmo- 
 nious ; nay, even his characters very far from being ilrongly marked or tlillinguillied, 
 and his cpilbdesexc«^dingly irregular-, yet it is impoflible to avoid being deeply affedcd 
 at the repreientation, and even at the reading of his tragic pieces. This is owing in 
 general to an happy choice of his iubjcfts, which are all borrowed from hillory, either 
 real or romantic, and indeed moft of them from circumllances in the annals of our own 
 country, v.hich, not only from their being familiar to our continu-il rccolledion, but 
 CYen from their having Ibme degree oF relation to ourlclves, we arc apt to receive with a 
 kind of partial prepoifcfiion, and a pre-determination to be pieakd. Lie hasconllantly 
 chofen as the balis of his plays fuch talcs as were in themfelvcs, and their well-kilbwii 
 cataftrophes, moPc truly adapted to the purpol'es of tlie drama. He has indeed bur 
 little varied from the llriftnels ot hilrorical luCcs, yet he teems to have made it his con- 
 llant rule to keep tlie i'tene perpetually alive, and never f'uffer his chara£lers to droop. 
 1 lis vcrfe is not poetry, Lut prole run mad •, yet will the falfe gem ibmetimes approach 
 
 V.)i .1. N n lu
 
 1^9 B A R C L A Y. 
 
 fo near in glitter to tlie true one, at leaft in the eyes of all but the real connoiflciirs, (and 
 how I'mall a part of an audience are to be ranked in this clafs will need n » gliofl: to in- 
 form us) that bombafi: will frequently pals for the true fublime, and where it is rendered 
 the vehicle of incidents in themfclves affedting, and in which the heart is apt to interclt 
 itfelf, it will, perhaps, be found to have a lironger power on the human paflions than 
 even that property to which it is in reality no more than a bare fuccedaneum. And from 
 thefc principles it is il-.at vjc mull account for Mr. Banks's writings having, in general, 
 drawn more tears from, and excited more terror in, even judicious audiences, than thole 
 of much more correift, and more truly poetical authors." 
 
 ,Tfte writers on Biography have not al'certained either the year of the birth, or that of. 
 the death of Mr. Banks. His laft remains, iiowevcr, lie interred in the church of St. 
 James's, Weftminilcr. Compan:cn to thi Fta^bctife, Vol. ii. 
 
 BARCLAY, BARCLEY, BARKLAY or DE BARKLAY, ( Allx.^nder) an 
 elegant writer in the fixteenth century. It is a fubjccfl of difpute, whether this bard 
 was born in England or in Scotland. According to Dr. Mackenzie, he was a Scotfman ; 
 but according to f itts and Wood, he was an Englifhman ; and the latter opinion feems 
 to be, upon the whole, the mod probable. And there is alfo iome reafon to believe that 
 he was born in Somerfetfliire, where there is a village called Barcley, and an antient fa- 
 mily of the fame name. There is no account of the exaft time of his birth, nor where 
 he received the firll part of his education. It appears, however, that he was entered at 
 Oriel college, Oxford, at the time when Thomas Cornifh, afterwards bifhop of Tyne, 
 was provolt of that houfe, which might be about the year 1495. When he had lludied 
 ibme time in this univcrfity, and diltinguiflied himfelf by his quicknefs of parts, and 
 great affctflion fof literature, he went over into Holland, and trom thence travelled into 
 Germany, Italy, and France. He fludied the languages of thole countries with greac 
 afliduity, and made a molf furprihng proficiency in them ; as appeared by many excel- 
 lent tranflations which he publiihed. Upon his return to England, the provoft of Oriel 
 coHcge, who had been his patron at the Univerfity, having been promoted to the bilhopric 
 of Tyne, made him his chaplain, and afterwards appointed him one of the pricfts of 
 St. Mary, at Ottery in Devonfhire, a college founded by John Grandifon,. bilhop of 
 Exeter. After the death of his patron, bilhop Cornifli, he became a monk of the order 
 of St. Benedift-, and afterwards, according to Iome, a Francil'can. It is, however, cer- 
 tain, that he was a monk of Ely ; and upon the dillblution of ^tlie monaftery at Ely, 
 >Yhich happened in 1539, '^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^'^ ^'^ provided for by his patrons, ot which his 
 works, it is lojd, had gained him many. On the death of Thomas Eryngton, he had 
 the vicarage of St. Matthew, at Wokey, in Somcrfetlliire, bellowed upon him ; and on 
 the 7th of February, 1346, being then doctor of divinity, he was prcfented to the vica- 
 rage of Much-Badew, 04- Baddow-Magna, in the county of Eflcx. On the 3cth of 
 April, 155?, he was prcfented by the dean and chapter of London to the reiflorfliip of 
 Allhallows, Lombard-ltreet : but he did not enjoy this living above fix weeks; for he 
 died, in a very advanced age, at Croydon in Surry, June, 1552, and was interred in the 
 church there. 
 
 Bale has treated the memory of Barclay with much indignity ; he fays, that he remain- 
 ed a fcandalous adulterer, under the colour of leading a finglc life. Pitts, on the other 
 hanci, alTurcs us, that he employed all his lludy in favour of religion, and in reading and 
 writing the lives of faints. This, however, is certain, that he was admired in his life- 
 time for his wit and eloquence ; and for a particular Huency of wriung, in which he v/as 
 fuperior to any qthcr v/ritcr of that age. He was alio a great refiner of>the Englifli 
 languagfj. 
 
 The
 
 BARCLAY. 139 
 
 TFic writings of Barclay are very numerous, and no perfecTt catalogue of them is any 
 where to be found ; but the following lift contains his principal pieces : i. Eclogues on ■ 
 the Miicries of Courtiers. 2. The Lives of feveral Saints, tranllated from the Latin, 
 particularly thofe of St. George, St. Margaret, St. Catherine, and St. Ethelreda. _?. 
 Five Eclogues, from the Latin of Mantuan 4. A Treatife againft Skelton. It is 
 conjeflured that one caufe of the animofity between thefe brother-bards, was the ill-will 
 that Skelton bore to thofe of the ccclefiaftical charafter. s. Of the French Pronuncia- 
 tion. 6. The Bucolic oi' Codrus 7. The Caftle of Labour. Tranllated from the French 
 into Englifli. S. A Treatife of Virtues. This was originally written in Latin by D. 
 Mancini. 9. 1 he Figure of our Mother Holy Church, opprefTcd by the French King. 
 JO. The Hiftory of the Jugurthine War. Tranflated from the Latin of Salluft. Bar- 
 clay tranllated this at the defire of the duke of Norfolk. 1 1. Navis Stulti 'era, or the 
 Ship of Fools. This is the moft celebrated of all our poet's v/ritings. It exprefTes the 
 charafters, vices, and follies of all degrees of men. It confifts partly of vei fes of his 
 own compofition, and partly of tranflations from the Latin, French, and Dutch. It is, 
 indeed, a kind of verfion of a book written under the fame title by '■"ebaflian Brantius ; , 
 but then it is trandated with great freedom, and with confiderable additions. It is a- 
 dorned with a great variety of pictures, printed from wooden cuts. It was firft print- 
 ed at London, by Richard Pynfon, in 1509, in fmall folio-, again in the fame fize in 
 1 519; and in Quarto in 1570. It was dedicated by our author to his patron, Dr. 
 Thomas Comifh, bifnop of Tyne. . 
 
 BARCLAY (Willtam) a learned civilian, was born at Aberdeen, in Scotland. 
 He was much in favour with queen Mary Stuart, and had therefore great reafon to ex- 
 pert preferment •, but the misfortunes of this princefs huvirv^ difappointed all his expec- 
 tations, he went to France in 157] ; and though he wa; th^-n thirty years of age, ap- 
 plied to the ftudy of the law at Bourges. Soon aft', r, lje toak his do6lor's degree there ; 
 and, as he was a man of ingenuity and great affiduiiy, ht io m becam.' able to teach the ■ 
 law. About this time the duke of Lorrain having rounded the univerfity of Ponta- 
 jnoul^bn, gave Barclay the firft profefforlhip, and aripointed him counfellor in his 
 councils, and mailer of the requefts of his palace.- In 15S1, Barclay married a young 
 lady of Lorrain, by whom he had a fon, who became afterwards the caufe of animo- 
 fity between his father and tlie Jefuits. The youth being endowed with a fine genius, . 
 they ufed their utmoft endeavours to engage him in their fociety, and had nearly fuc- 
 ceeded when the father- difcovered their intentions, he was rreatly difjileafed at the 
 Jefuits, who refented it as highly on their part, and did him fo many ill oiBces with the 
 duke, that he was obliged to leave Lorrain. He repaired to London, expefting that 
 king James would give him fome employment •, his majcfty acccrdingly otfered him 3 
 place in his council, with a confiderable allowance, on condition that he would em- 
 t)race the religion of the church of England -, but this he declined from- his attachment 
 to the Romifli pcifuafion. He returned to France in 1604, arni accepted of a profeflTor- 
 ihip in civil law, v/hich was offered him by the univerfity o^ Angers. He read Icfturcs 
 there with great applaufe till his death, which happened abc^ut the year 1605, when he 
 was buried in the Francifcan church. The moll famous ot his works are, his Treatiie 
 on the Power of the Pope, and that on the Power of Kings. Me was father of John, 
 Barclay, the celebrated author of the Argenis. 
 
 ' BARCLAY (Rodert) one of tlie moft eminent writers among the Quakers, was 
 the fon of colonel David Barclay, and was born at Edinburgh, in the year 1648, The 
 
 troubles.
 
 140 
 
 B A R C L A Y. 
 
 troublc-s in Scotland induced hh father to fend him, while a youth, to Paris, ur.der eliL 
 care of his uncle, principal of the Scots callege, who, taking advantage of the tender 
 age of his nephew, drew him over to the Komitli religion His father being inforn-.cd 
 of this, fent for him in 1664. Robert, thoiigji now only fixtccn years of age, had 
 gained a perfefl: knowledge of t!ie French and Latin tongues, and lud likewife improved 
 himielf in mod other branches of learning. Several writers among the Quakers have 
 allerted, that colonel Barclay liad em.braced their doftrine before his fon's return from 
 France, but Robert himlelf has fixed it to the year 1666. Our author foon after be- 
 came a profelyce to that lect, and in a fliort time diftinguiflied himfelf greatly by his 
 zeal for their doctrines. His firil treatife in their defence appeared at Aberdeen, in 
 1 670. It was written in fo fenfible a manner, diat it confiderably raifed tiie credit of the 
 Qiiakers, who began now to be better treated. by the government than they had ever been 
 before. In a piece which he publifhed in 1672, he tells us, that he had been command- 
 ed by God topafs through the ftreets of Aberdeen in fackcloth and aTncs, and to preach 
 the nectfllty of faith and repentance to the iniiabicants > he accordingly performed ic, 
 being, as he declared, in the greatefl agonies of mind till he had fulfilled this command. 
 In 1675, he publillied a regular and fyfteniatical difcourfe, explaining the tenets of the 
 Qiiakers, which was univcrfally v.-ell received. Many of thofe whooppofed the religion 
 of the Qiiakers, having endeavoured to confound them with another fed, called the 
 Ranters, our author, in order to fliew the difference between thofe of liis peduafion and 
 this other ftct, v/rote a very fenfible and inllrufiive work. 
 
 In 167c, his famous Apology for the Qiiakers was publifhcdin Latin at Amfterdam, 
 in quarto. His '1 hcfes 1 heologics, which are the foundation of this work, had ap- 
 peared fome time beiore. He tranflated his Apology into Englifli, and publilhed it in 
 1 6; 8. This work is addreflcd to king Charles II. and the manner in which he expreflcs 
 himfelf to his majerty is very remarkable. Amongft many other extraordinary pafiages 
 we meet with the following : " There is no king in the world, who can lb experiment- 
 ally tellify of God's providence and goodncfs, neither is there any w!io rules fo many 
 free people, lo many true Chriftians, which thing renders thy government more honour- 
 able, thylelf more conuderable, than the accefiion of many nations filled widi flavilh and 
 fuperftitious fouls. Thou haft tafted of profperity and adverfity, thou knoweif what ic 
 is to be banifiied thy native country, to be over-ruled as well as to rule and fit upon 
 the throne; and being opprefled, thou haft reafon to know how hateful the oppreflbr is 
 both to God and man : if, after all thofe warnings and advertifcments, thou doft not 
 turn unto the Lord v/i[h all thy heart, but lorgct him who remembered thee in thy dif- 
 trefs, and give up thylelf to follow luft and vanity, furely great will be thy condemna- 
 tion." 
 
 Tliough thefe pieces of his greatly raifed his reputation among many perfons of fenfe 
 and learning, yet they brought him into various difputes, and one particularly with fome 
 confiderable members of the univerfity of Aberdeen, an account of v.hicli was after- 
 wards publilhed. In 1677, he wrote a large trcatile on univerfal love. Nor were his 
 talents entirely confined to this abftraCted kind of writing, as appears from his letter to 
 the public minillcrsof Nimegucn. His Jaft traft w.is publilhed in 16S6, and entitled, 
 Tiie roflibility and Ncccfiity of the inward and immediate Revelation of the Spirit of 
 God towards the Foundation and Ground of true Faith, proved in a Letter written in 
 Latin to a Perfon of Qiiality in Holland, and now alfo put into Englifti. By his writings 
 he did great fervice to his icA over all Europe. He travelled with the famous Mr. Pcnn 
 through the greateft part of L'ngland, Holland, and Germiany, and was every v.'here 
 received with the higiieft refpect ; for thougii both his converf.ition and behaviour were 
 fuitable to his principles, yet there was fuch livelinefs And Ipirit in his difcourfe, and fuch 
 
 fcreniry
 
 BARLOW. 141 
 
 fcrenitjr and chearfulnefs in his deportment, as rendered him extremely agreeable to all 
 forts of people. The great bufinefs of his life was doing good, and promoting what iie 
 thought to be the knowledge of God. When he returned to his native country, he 
 fpent°the remainder of his life in a quiet and retired manner. He died at his own houle 
 at Ury, on the third day of Odtober, 1690, in the forty-fecond year of his age. 
 
 BARLOW (Thomas) a very learned Englifli bifhop, was born at Langhill, in the 
 parifh of Orton, in Weftmoreland, in the year 1607. He was educated at the free- 
 fchool at Appleby, and fent from thence, in 1624, to Queen's college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degree of mafter of arts on the 27th of June, 1633, and the fame year was 
 chofen fellow of his college. In 1635, he was appointed metaphyfic reader in the 
 univerfity ; and his ledtures were received with the grcateft applaulc. In 1652, he was 
 eledled head keeper of the Bodleian library. On the 23d of July, 1657, he took his 
 degree of bachelor in divinity ; and in the fame year was chofen provoft of his college. 
 After the reftoration of king Charles II. he was nominated one of the commiffioners for 
 reftoring the members that had been unjuftly expelled during Cromwell's ufurpation. 
 On the 2d of Auguft, i66e, he was created doftor in divinity, and in September fol- 
 lowing was chofen Margaret profefibr of divinity; and this fame year he wrote the Cafe 
 of Toleration in Matters of Religion. In 1661, he was appointed archdeacon of Ox- 
 ford; and, in 1675, was promoted to the fee of Lincoln. 
 
 Mr. Granger obferves, that " this learned prelate, whom nature defigned for a fcholar, 
 and who aded in conformity with the bent of nature, was, perhaps, as great a mafter 
 of the learned languages, and of the works of the celebrated authors who have written 
 in thefe languages, as any man of his age *. The greateft part of his writings, of 
 which Mr. Wood has given us a catalogue, are againft popery ; and his conduft, for 
 fome time, like that of other Calvinifts, appeared to be in direft oppofition to the church 
 of Rome. But after James afccnded the throne, he feemed to approach mucii nearer to 
 popery than he ever did before. He fent the king an addrefs of thanks for his declara- 
 tion for liberty of confcience, and is faid to have written reafons for reading that declara- 
 tion. His compliances were much the fame after the Revolution. His moderation, to 
 call it by the fotteft name, was very great ; indeed fo great, as to bring tlie firmnefs of 
 his charafter in qucftion. But cafuiftry, which was his moft diftinguifhed talent, not 
 only reconciles feeming contradidlions, but has alfo been known to admit contradidions 
 thcmfelves. He was, abftradtcd from this laxity of principles, a very great and worthy 
 man.'' He died at Buckden, in Huntingdonftiire, on the bth of O;5tobcr, 1691, in 
 the eighty-fifth year of his age. 
 
 BARLOW (William) fon of William Barlow, bifliop of St. David's, was born 
 in Pembrokcfhire. In 1560, he was admitted at Baliol college, Oxford, and four 
 years after took a degree in arts. In 1573, he entered into holy orders, and was made 
 prebendary of Winchefter. On the fourteenth of December, 1588, he was appointed 
 prebendary of Collwich, in the cathedral of Litchfield ; but he quitted it for the place 
 of treafurer in the fame church. He afterwards became chaplain to Henry prince of 
 Wales, fon of king James I. and on the twelfth of March, 1614, was collated to the 
 archdeaconry of Salilbury. He is remarkable for being the firft who wrote on the nature 
 
 * The ingenious earl of -^nglefey, in liis Memoirs, fays, " I never think of this hiihop, and his in 
 comparable knowledge both in theology and church hiftory, and in the ecclcfiaiUcal law, without apply- 
 ing to him in my thouglils the charaftcr that Cicero gave Craflui, viz. " Noa uuu« c multi», fed unu* 
 inter omncs, prope fingularis." 
 
 Vol. 1, O o and
 
 142 
 
 BARNARD. 
 
 and properties of the loadftone, twenty years before Dr. Gilbert publirtied his book on 
 that fubjc6l. He was the firft that made the indinatory inltrument tranfparent, and to 
 be uled hanging, with a glafs on both fides ; he alfo fufpended it in a compafs-box, 
 where, with two ounce weight, it was made fit for ufe at fca. It was he likewife who 
 found out the difference between iron and fteel, and their tempers for magnetical ules. He 
 alfo difcovercd the right way of touching magnetical needles, and of piecing and cement- 
 ing loadftones : finally, he was the firft who fhcwed the reafons why a loadftone, being 
 double capped, muft take up fo great a weight. He died on the 25th of May, 1625. 
 
 This ingenious gentleman was author of the following treatifes: i. The Navigator's 
 Supply, containing many Things of principal Importance belonging to Navigation. 2. 
 Magnetical Advertilemcnt, or divers pertinent Obfervations and Experiments concerning 
 the Nature and Properties of the Loadftone, &c. 3. A brief Difcovery of the idle 
 Animadverfions of Mark Ridley, upon a Trcatife, entitled, Magnetical Advcrtife- 
 ment. 
 
 BARNARD (Sir John) lord-mayor of London in 1738. His firft appearance on 
 the public ftage, on which he afterwards made fo diftinguiftied a figure, was in the year 
 J 722, when he was chofen one of the reprcfentatives in parliament for the city of Lon- 
 don ; a truft, which he continued to enjoy during the fix fucceeding parliaments, and 
 which he always difcharged with equal integrity and ability. In 1725, he received the 
 thanks of the common-council, for oppofing a bill introducing a change in the method 
 of conducing eledtions in the city of London. In 1727, he was chofen alderman of 
 Dowgate-ward ; and the next year he prepared and prefented to the commons a bill for 
 the better regulation and government of Teamen in the merchant fervicc. In »7jO, the 
 court of Vienna having begun a negotiation in England for a loan of four hundred thou- 
 fand pounds, a bill was propofed, and pafl"ed, prohibiting all his majefty's fubjcds from 
 advancing any fums of money to toreign princes or ftates, without having obtained 
 licence from his majelly, under his privy-fcal, or fome greater authority. Violent op- 
 pofition was made to this bill, by a great number of members ; among whom Mr. Bar- 
 nard (for the dignity of knighthood he obtained afterwards by his own merit) made no 
 inconfiderablc figure. He obferved, that if the bill fhoukl pafs in its prcfent form, it 
 would, in his opinion, open a channel for the Dutch to carry on a very lucrative branch 
 of bufinefs to the prejudice of England : that the bill ought abfolutely to name the em- 
 peror as the power prohibited to borrow ; ior that, otherwife, all the other ftates of Eu- 
 rope would think thenilelvcs equally aftedcd by this adl, which would give it the air as 
 if England was at war with ahl the world : that he was by no means for making the Ex- 
 chequer a court of rnquifition •, he conceived it to be equally odious and unconftitu- 
 tional, that i'ubjcifls ftiould be obliged to accufe themfclvcs, and thereby incur the moft 
 levere penalties *i he knew, indcetl, there were fuch precedents already, but that was fa 
 n-ccl. ihe worfe ; precedents could not alter the nature of things; and he thought the 
 liberties of his country of more confequcnce than any precedents whatever. 
 
 In the debate upon the famous excife-fcheme, projeded by Sir Robert Walpole, in 
 '733' ^''" J"''" Barnard fhewed himklf not more zealous for the trade of his country, 
 than jealous of the honour of thofc by whom it was principally condufted. Vv'!>ile this 
 affair was depending in parliament, the merchants of London, having been convened 
 by circular letters, repaired to the lobby 01 the houfc of commons, in order to folicit their 
 friends to vote againft the bill. Sir Robert Walpole, piqued at the importunity of 
 
 • Th'5 related to a claiifc in the aft, ordcrfn^, thai the attorney-general flioiild be empowered by 
 Enghdi b:ll, in the court of Zxclicqutr, to extort difcovery by cxaftingaaoaJi of fufpeifted perfons. 
 
 3 thefe
 
 BARNARD. 143 
 
 thefe gentlemen, threw out fome refleftions againft the condndl of thofe whom he fup- 
 pofed to have been the means of bringing them thither ; and at the fame time infinuatcd, 
 that the merchants themfelves could be confidered in no other light than that of Sturdy 
 Beggars. This exprcffion was highly refented by all thofe in the oppofition, and par- 
 ticularly by Sir John Barnard, who made the following anfwer : " I know (laid he) of 
 no irregular or unfair methods that were ufed to call people from the city to your door. 
 It is certain that any fet of gentlemen, or merchants, may lawfully defire tlieir fiiends ; 
 they may even write letters, and they may fend thofe letters by whom they pleafe, to de- 
 fire the merchants of figure and charader to come down to the court of Requefts, and 
 to our lobby, in order to folicit their friends and acquaintance againft any fcheme or pro- 
 je6t which they may think prejudicial to them. This is the undoubted right ot the liib- 
 je6t, and what has been always pradifed upon all occafions. The honourable gentleman 
 talks of Sturdy Beggars: I do not know what fort of people may nov>' be at the 
 door, becaufe I have not lately been out ot the houfe ; but I believe they are the fame 
 fort of people that were there when I came bft into the houie •, and then, I can afllire 
 you, I law none but iuch as deferve the appellation of Sturdy Beggars as little as 
 the honourable gentleman himfelt, or any gentleman whatever. It is well known, that 
 the city of London was fufficiently apprifed of what was this day to come before us : 
 where they got their information I know not ; but I am very cert tin, that they had a 
 right notion of the fcheme which has been now opened to us •, and they were fo general- 
 ly and zealoufly bent againll it, that, whatever methods may have been ufed to c^l 
 them hither, I am fure it would have been impoffible to find any legal methods to pre- 
 vent their coming hither," In a word, he made fo ftrenuous an oppofition to this un- 
 popular and unconllitutional fcheme, that, in conjundlion with other members, he 
 obliged the minillry entirely to lay it afide. 
 
 In 1735, Sir John Barnard moved for leave to bring in a bill for limiting the num- 
 ber of playhoufes, and rcftraining the licentioufncfs of players, which was now increafed 
 to an amazing degree -, and though the bill mifcarried at that time, it was neverthelefs, 
 about two years alter, enaded into a law, whicli flill continues in force. In 17:56, he 
 fcrved, with his brother-in-law Sir Robert Godfchall, knight, the office of fheriff" of the 
 city of London and county of Middlefex. The next year he formed a fcheme for re- 
 ducing the interelt of the national debt •, a projeft, which, though it did not at that time 
 fucccccJ, was, neverthelefs, afterwards carried into execution, to the great emolument of 
 the trading part ot the nation. In 1738, Sir John ferved the high oflice of lord mayor 
 of London. During his mayoralty he had the misfortune to loie his lady, who was 
 buried in a magnificent manner at Clapham church ; the children belonging to Chrift's 
 Holpitai, of which he was many years prefident, attended the funeral through the city. 
 Upon the death of Sir John Thompfon, knight, in 1749, he removed, purfuant to an 
 aft of common-council, and took upon him the office of alderman of Bridge-ward- without, 
 and then became in name, as he might already be confidered in reality, the father of the 
 city. In July 1758, to the inexprefTible regret of his brother aldermen, and of all his 
 fellow citizens, he refigned his gown. 
 
 In the fame year, upon the motion of Sir Robert Ladbroke, then father of the city,^ 
 t^e thanks of die court of aldermen were given to Sir John Barnard, and expreffed in the 
 foUowing terms : *' It is unanimouHy agreed and ordered, that the thanks of this court 
 be given to Sir John Barnard, knight, late one of the aldermen, and father of this city, 
 for his conftant attendance and falutary counfels in this court ; his wile, vigilant, and 
 impartial adminiftration of jultice ; his unwearied zeal for the honour, fafety, and prof- 
 pcrity of his fellow citizens ; his inviolable attacliment to the laws and liberties ot his 
 country ; and for the noble example he has let of a long and uninterrupted courfe of 
 
 virtue
 
 144 B A R R I N G T O N. 
 
 virtue in private as well as in public life." It was likewife iinanimoufly refoivcd, upon 
 the motion of John Paterion, Efqi " That Sir John Barnard, knight, ibjuftly and em- 
 phatically (liled the father of this city, having lately (to the great and lafting regret of 
 this court) thought proper to refign'tlie office of alderman, the thanks of this court bs 
 given him for having fo long and faitiifully devoted himfclf to the fcrvice of his fellow 
 citizens ; for the honour and influence which this city has, upon many occalions, de- 
 rived from the dignity of his character, and the wifdom, fteadinefs, and integrity of his 
 conduct ; for hisfirm adhxrence to the conllitution both in church and ftate, his noble 
 ftruf^c^les for liberty, and his difintereilcd and invariable purfuit of the true glory and 
 pro^erity of his king and country, uninfluenced by power, unawcd by clamour, and 
 unbiafied by the prejudice of party." 
 
 Upon his rcfigning the office of alderman, he retired, in a great meafure, from pub- 
 lic bulincfs, and continued to live chiefly in a private manner at Clapham ; where, after 
 having attained to the age of eighty, he died on the 29th of Auguft, 17(54. His cha- 
 raifter v/as compofed of every amiable quality : he was a dutiful Ion, an affccflionatc 
 hulband, an indulgent mafler, a generous benefaclor, an adive magiflrate, an intel- 
 ligent merchant, an uncorrupt fenator -, he difcharged all the duties 01 focial life with 
 equal honour to himfelf, and advantage to his country: never man was more univer- 
 fally efl:eemed while living, or more fincerely regretted when dead. 
 
 HARRINGTON .(Johm Shute, Lord Vifcount) was the youngefl: fon of J. Ben- 
 jamin .'^hute, of London, merchant and wholefale linen-draper, who was youngefl: fon 
 of Francis Shute, of Upton, in the county of Leicefler, Efq. He applied to the ftudy 
 of the law in the Inner Temple, and, in 170S, was appointed a commiflloner of the 
 cufl:oms, from which he was removed by queen Anne in 171 1. In that reign, John 
 Wildman, of Becker, in the county of Berks, Efq-, adopted him for his fon after the 
 Roman cuftom, and fettled his large eftate upon him, though he was no relation, and 
 but of flcndcr acquaintance. Some years after, he had another con fidcrable eftiate left 
 him by Francis Harrington, of Tofts, Efq-, who had married his firfl: coufin, who died 
 without ilTue. On this account, he procured an act of parliament, purfuant to the 
 deed of fcttlcment, to aflume the name, and bear the arms of Barrington. On the ac- 
 celFion of king George I. he was cholen reprefentative in parliament for the town of Ber- 
 wick upon Tweed, without « Bribe ; which circumftance, as he caufed it to be in- 
 fcribed on his monument, we may fuppofe even at that time to have been very Angular. 
 July 5, 17 1 7, he had a reverfionary grant of the office of mailer of the Rolls in Ire- 
 land, which he furrcndercd on the icth of December, i73r. In theyear 1720, he 
 was created baron Barrington of Ncwcaftle, and vifcOunt Barrington of Ardglals. In 
 1722, he was again returned member of parliament for the town of Berwick ; but the 
 houfe of commons taking into confidcration the Harburgh lottery, came at length to 
 this reiolution, that John, lord vifcount Barrington, had been notorioufly guilty of 
 promoting, abetting, and carrying on that fraudulent undertaking ; for which offence 
 he was expelled the houfe. 1 le again oflered himfclf a candidate for the laid town a- 
 gainft the lord Polworth, but lofl: hiseledion by afmall majority. He died at his feat 
 at Becket, after a fhort iilnefs of feven hours, on the 14th of December, 1734, in the 
 56th year of his age. 
 
 Lord Barrington married Anne, cldefl: daughter of Sir William Danes, knight, by 
 whom he had feven fons and tour daughters. He was a perfon of great learning and 
 judgment, a difciple and friend of Mr. Locke; had a higli value for, and diligently 
 liudied the holy fcriptures, on which he made many valuable comments. He wrote, 
 
 I. Miicellanea
 
 BARROW. 
 
 M5 
 
 -s. Mifcellanea Sacra, two vols. 2. An Eflay on the Difpenfations of God to Man- 
 kind. 
 
 ». 
 BARROW (Isaac) an eminent mathematician and divine, as well as a bright ex- 
 ample of Chriftian virtue, was the fon of Mr. Thomas Barrow, a reputable citizen of 
 London, and linen-draper to king Charles I. and was born in that city in O>5tober, 1 630. 
 He was fent firft to the Charter-houfe fchool, for two or three years, where he difco- 
 vered more of natural courage than inclination to ftudy, being much given to fighting, 
 and fond of promoting it among his fchool-fellows, fo that he made little or no profici- 
 ency in learning; infomuch that his father was fo greatly difgufted with his manners and 
 behaviour, that he is faid often to have wifhed, if it pleafed God to take away any of 
 his children, it might be his fon Ifaac. But being removed to Felfted in EfTex, his 
 difpofition took a different turn, fo that he applied himfelf to his ftudies with great di- 
 ligence, and made an extraordinary proficiency in learning. During his ftay at Felfted, 
 he was, on the X5th of December, 1643, admitted a penfioner of Feter-houfe in Cam- 
 bridge, where bis uncle, afterwards bifliop of St. Afaph, was then a fellow ; but when 
 he was aAually removed to the univerfity, in February, 1645, he was entered at Trini- 
 ty-college, his uncle, with fome others, who had written againft the Covenant, having 
 the year before been ejedled from Petcr-houfe : and his father having fufi'ered much in 
 his eflate by his adherence to king Charles, Ifaac's chief fupport was at firft from the 
 generofity of Dr. Hammond, for which he has exprefled his gratitude in a Latin epi- 
 taph on his benefaftor. In 1647, he was chofen a fcholar of the houfe ; and though he 
 always continued a warm royalift, and would not take the Covenant, yet his behaviour 
 was luch, that he gained the good-will and efteem of his fuperiors. He afterwards fub- 
 fcribed the Engagement -, but having foon after repented of what he had done, he went 
 back to the commiflloncrs to declare his diflatisfadion, and got his name erafed out of 
 the lift. 
 
 In 1648, Mr. Barrow took the degree of bachelor of arts, and the year following was 
 chofen fellow of his college. But as thofe times were not favourable to the advancement 
 of men of his fentiments, after his eleiftion he formed a defign to engage in tlie profeftion 
 of phyfic, and accordingly for fome years he applied to that ftudy, and particularly 
 made a great progrefs in anatomy, botany; and chemiftry •, though afterwards think- 
 ing that profeffion not confiftent with the oath he had taken on his admiftion to the fcl- 
 lowfhip, he quitted medicine, and applied chiefly to divinity. While he read Scaliger 
 on Eufebius, he perceived the dependence of chronology on aftronomy, which put hini 
 upon the ftudy of Ptolemy's Almagefti and finding that book and all aftronomy de- 
 pend on geometry, he applied himlelf to Euclid's Elements, and from thence was led 
 to the other antient mathematicians, till he had conquered all the difficulties of that noble 
 I'cience by the force of his own genius and indefatigable labour. In 1652, he commenced 
 mafterofarts, and on the 12th of July, the following } ear, was incorporated in that 
 degree at Oxford. When Dr. Duport, the Greek profcfTor at Cambridge, refigned the 
 chair, he recommended his pupil, Mr. Barrow, for his fucceflbr, who juftified the cha- 
 raftcr given of him by an excellent performance of his probation exercife. But not having 
 intcj eft enough to carry the eledlion, Mr. Ralph Widdrington was chofen; whicli dif- 
 appointment is thought to have been the reafon of his forming a defign to vifit foreio'n 
 countries : and in order to execute this purpofe he was obliged to iell his books. 
 
 Mr. Barrow Icit England about the beginning of June, 1655, and went for Paris. 
 
 There he found his idther attending the Englifh court, and out of his own fmall ftock 
 
 gave him a lealbnabic lupply. Tiie fame year his Euclid was printed at Cambridge, 
 
 which he had kit behind him for that purpole. He continual in France the following 
 
 Vol. 1. F p winter,
 
 J 46 
 
 BARROW. 
 
 winter, and fent the mafter and fellows of Trinity-college an account of his voyage in t 
 poem, and fome curious and political obfervations in a letter, both written in Latin. 
 The enfuing fpriiig he repaired to Legliorn, with an intention to proceed to Rome, but 
 flopped a": Florence •, " where he had the favour, (fays Dr. Pope) and neglefted it not, 
 to perufe many books in the grand duke's library, and ten thouland curious medals, and 
 to difcourfe concerning them with Mr. Fitton, who found his abilities fo.grcat in that 
 fort of learning, that upon his recommendation the grand duke invited Dr. Barrow to 
 take upon him the charge and cuftody of that great treafurc of antiquity * :" but in this 
 latter circumilance Dr. Pope appears evidently to have been miftakcn. 
 
 The narrownefs of Mr. Bar.'-ow's circumilances would now have obliged him to re- 
 turn home, had it not been for Mr. James Stock, a young merchant of London, who 
 generoudy furniflKd him with money to fupport him in his travels. By this unexpecftcd 
 fupply he was probably encouraged to enlarge his views-, fo that he not only continued 
 in Italy that fummer, but being prevented from vifiting Kome (the place which of all 
 otliers he moll defired to fee) on account cf the plague, which then raged there, and not 
 being willing to day the whole winter at Florence, he returned to Leghorn, and from 
 thence let fail for Smyrna, on the 6th of November, 1656, In this voyage the ihip in 
 which Mr. Barrow failed was attacked by an Algcrine pirate ; and during the engage- 
 ment he {laid upon deck, and being ftationed at one of the guns, afTilled in the defence 
 of thefliip with great adlivity and bravery. The Algerines were at length obliged to 
 Iheer off; and by his beliaviour in this affair, Mr. Barrow difcovered that his natural 
 courage continued the fame, though his dilpoiition for fighting had been long altered ; 
 and that he dreaded nothing To much as ilavery, the moll fhocking profped: to a brave 
 and generous mind. Therefore Dr. Pope fays, when he afked him, " Why he did not 
 go down into the hold, and leave the dctence of the (hip to thofe to whom it did belong ?" 
 He replied, " t concerned no man more than royfelf. I would rather have loll my 
 life, than have fallen into the hands of thofe mercilcfs infidels." At Smyrna he met 
 with a kind reception from the Lngiifh merchants, and particularly conful Bretton, up- 
 on whole death he afterwards wrote a Latin elegy. From thence he proceeded to Con- 
 ftuntinople, where tlie like civilities were ihewn him by Sir Thomas Bendifh, the Eng- 
 lifh amb.iffador, and Sir Jonathan Dawes, with whom he contradled a friendfhip, which 
 ever afttrwar;;s continued. \/hen he had been in Turkey fomewhat more than a year, 
 he went to \\.nicc by iea, where, as foon as he was landed, the fhip took fire, and was 
 confuiTicd with all the goods, but none of the palTengers or fcamcn were hurt. Leaving 
 Venice he made the tour of Germany and Holland, and came back to England in the 
 year 1639. 
 
 'Ihe time being now arrived, at which the fellows of Trinity-college are obliged 
 either to take orders, or quit the college, (which is Icven years after they have taken the 
 degree of mafter of arts) he got himlclf epifcopally ordained by bifhopBrownrig. Soon 
 ajtcr the Relloration he was ciiofen Greek proteffor at Cambridge, and in his oration 
 on chat occafion, which is Hill extant, he paid high compliments to the memory of Sir 
 1 homas Smith, Sir John Chcke, and others; and particularly commemorated Eralmus, 
 wliu had been fo nubiy inftrumental in reviving the ftudy uf the learned languages. He 
 aKo complimented the Univcrfity of Cambridge upon the good fenle, true judgment, 
 real wit, and cxtcnfive learning, with wliich it abounded-, in which lefpeds it had the 
 advantage over all the Univerfities he had fccn in his travels. He apologized for his 
 own insufficiency and inability to fill the Frofeffor's chair; but, as lie had the honour to 
 be elected, he (liouk!, he laid, ufe his utmod endeavours to lupply the want of geniui? 
 by indullry and diligent application. He congratulated his auditors upon the revival 
 
 Lift of Sttli Yi'aril, bifhop of Salilbury, by Dr. \V;iltcr Pope, p. 134. 
 
 and
 
 HARROW. 147- 
 
 and encouragement of good literature and the politer arts by the king's reftoration. And 
 laftly, he expatiated upon the great antiquity, extenfive ufe, peculiar energy, and fupe- 
 rioF advantages of the Greek language ; and difplays the feveral merits of its writers in 
 every branch of learning. 
 
 When he firil entered upon his Greek profeflbrfhip, he intended to iiave read upon 
 the tragedies of Sophocles, but altering his plan he made choice of Ariftotle's Rhetoric. 
 The year following, which was 1661, he took the degree of Bachelor in Divinity ; 
 and on the i6th of July, i'i62, by the recommendation of Dr. Wilkins, he was chofen 
 Geometry Profeflbr at Grefliam College. While he continued in this Itation, he not on- 
 ly difcharged the duty of it with great diligence and approbation, but likewife officiated 
 for Dr. Pope, the Aftronomy ProfefTor, during his abfence abroad. About this time he 
 was offered a living of confiderable value; but the condition annexed, of teaching the 
 patron's fon, made him refufe it, as too like a fimoniacal contraft. Upon the 20th of 
 May, 1663, he was eleded a Fellow of the Royal Society, in the firft choice made by 
 the council after their charter. The fame year the executors of Henry Lucas, Efq; hav- 
 ving by his appointment fettled a mathematical lei5lure at Cambridge, Mr. Barrow, by 
 the aiTiftance of his good friend Dr. Wilkins, was chofen the firft profeflbr, and entered 
 upon that province the year following ; and the better to fecure the end of fo generous 
 and ufeful a foundation, he took care, that himfelf and fucceflbrs fhould be bound to 
 leave yearly to the Univerfity ten written ledtures. He was alfo invited to take the 
 charge of the Cottonian library, but upon a lliort trial he chofe rather to fettle at Cam- 
 bridge; and for that end, on the 20th of May, 1664, he refigned his Profeflbr/liip at 
 Grelliam College. 
 
 In 1669, he wrote hi Fxpofitions on the Creed, Lord's Prayer, Decalogue, and Sa- 
 craments, which was a tafk enjoined him by the College, being obliged by the ftatutes 
 to compofe fome theological difcourfes j which, as he lays, fo took up his thoughts, that 
 he could not eafily apply them to any other matter. The fame year were publifhed his 
 Leftiones Optics, which he dedicated to Robert Raworth and Thomas Buck, Efquires, 
 the executors of Mr. Lucas, as the firft fruits of his inftitution. Thefe le£lures being fent 
 to the learned Mr. James Gregory, Profeflbr of the Mathematics at St. Andrews, in Scot- 
 land, and perul'ed by him, he gave the following charafter of the autiior in a letter to 
 Mr. John Collins. " Mr. Barrow in his Optics fhcweth himfelf a moft fubtil geometer, 
 lo that I think him fuperior to any that ever I looked upon. I long exceedingly to fee 
 his Geometrical Ledures, efpecially becaufe I have fome notions upon the fame fubjedc 
 by me. I intreat you to fend them to me prefently, as they come from the prefs, for 
 I efteem the author more than you can cafily imagine." But when his Geoinetricat 
 Lcdliones, which v/ere publilhed in the year 1670, had been fome time in the world, 
 having heard of very few who had read and confidered them thoroughly, except Mr. 
 Gregory, and Mr. Slufius of Liege, the little reliOi that fuch things met with, made 
 him fomewhat indifferent with regard to thofe fpeculation-:, and heightened his attention 
 to the ftuuies of morality and divinity. For with a view to this defign he had, on the 
 8th of November, 1669, refigned his mathematical chair at Cambridge to his learned 
 friend Mr. Ifuac Newton, then Mailer of Arts, and fellow of the fame College, who re-. 
 vifed his Optic Lcftures before they went to the prefs ; and, as he ingenuoully acknow- 
 ledges, corrtclcd roni>. ihings, and added others. In a letter written by Mr. Barrow to 
 Mr. Jc!in Collins, dated July 20, 1669, he acquaints him, that a friend of his had 
 brought him fome papers, v, herein he had k-t down " methods of calculating the dimen- 
 fions of magniiudcr, like ilv.'tof Mr. iVlcrcator for the liyperbola, but very general; as 
 alio of relolving cqiiatior ," which he promifcs to fend him. And accordingly he did 
 fo, as ajjpears froii: auotin. Iccicr, dated the 31ft of that month. And in a third letter 
 ot the _uth of AugiiiL allowing, lie fays, " I am glad my friend's papers give you io 
 much fatisfadtion J lii- name is Mr. Newton, a Fellow of our College, and very youngs , 
 
 being
 
 448 B A R R O W. 
 
 being bu: the fccond year Mailer of Arts ; but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency 
 in thel'e things." 
 
 Upon quitting his Lucalian Profcflbrfliip, he was only a Fellow of Trinity College, 
 till his uncle, then BilTiop of St. Afaph, gave him a Imall finecure in. Wales; and Dr. 
 V.'ard, Bifliop of Salifbury, conferred upon him a Prebend in his church : the profits 
 of both which he beftowed in charity, and parted with them, as foon as he became Maf- 
 ter of his College. In 1670, he was created Do61:or in Divinity by mandate. Dr. Pope 
 tells us, that Bilhop Ward invited Dr. Barrow to live with him, not as a Chaplain, but 
 rather as a friend and companion, thougi\ he frequently officiated in the abfence of the 
 domeftic chaplain. About this time the Archdeaconry of North Wiltfhire becomitig 
 void, the Bilhop made an offer of it to Dr. Barrow, but he declined the acceptance of it. 
 Soon after, a Prebendary of Salifbury being dead, and the BilTiop offering Dr. Barrow the 
 Prebend, he gratefully accepted it, and was inftalled accordingly. " 1 remember about 
 that time, (fays Dr. Pope) I heard him once fay, ' I vvifli I had five hundred pounds.' I 
 replied, ' That's a great fum for a philofopher to dcfire -, what would you do with fo 
 much :' ' I would (faid he) give it my filler for a portion, that would procure her a good 
 hulband;' " which fum, in a few months after, he received, for putting a life into the 
 corps of his new Prebend -, after which he refigned it to Mr. Corker, of Trinity College 
 in Cambridge." Dr. Pope alfo relates the following incident, which happened during the 
 time that Dr. Barrow refidcd in Bifiiop Ward's family ; which, though of no great im- 
 portance, the reader may not be difpleafed to fee. " We were once (lays he) going from 
 Salifbury to London, he in the coach with the Bilhop, and I on horfeback ; as he 
 was entering the coach, I perceived his pockets ftrutting out near half a foot, and faid 
 to him, ' What have you got in your pockets ?' he replied, ' Sermons. ' ' Sermons (faid 
 I.) mvc them mc, my boy lliall carry tliem in his portmanteau, and eafe you of that lug- 
 gasc.' ' But (faid he) i'uppofe your boy fhould be robbed.' ' That's pleafant (faid I) do 
 you think there are parfons padding upon the road for fermons ?' ' V\ hy, what have you? 
 (faid he, it may be five or fix guineas •, I hold my fermons at a greater rate-, they coft me 
 much pains and time.' ' Weil then (laid I) if you'll fecure my five or fix guineas a- 
 crainft lay-padders, I'll fecure your bundle of fermons againil ecclcfiafl:ical highwaymen.' 
 ° This was agreed; he emptied his pockets, and filled my portmanteau with Divinity, 
 and we had the good fortune to come fafe to our journey's end, without meeting either 
 fort of the padders before-mentioned, and to bring both our treafures to London." 
 
 On the promotion of 1 r. John Pearfon, Matter of Trinity College, to the See of 
 Cheft::;-, Dr. Barrow was appointed his fucceflbr in his mafterfliip by the King's patent, 
 bearin" date tiie 13th of February, 1672, and was admitted the 27th of the fame month. 
 Whcn^his Majelly advanced him to this dignity, he was pleafed to fay, " he had given it 
 to the beft fcholar in England ;" which charafter of him was not taken up by report, but 
 the doctor bL-intf then his Chaplain, the King had often done him the honour to difcourle 
 widi him; and in his facetious way uled to call him "an unfair preacher," becaule he 
 exliaulkd every fubieil, and left no room for others to come after him. I'he patent 
 havino^ ban drawn for him, as it had for fome others, with a pcrmifiion to marry, he 
 got th'utcL.ufe erafed, thinking it not agreeable with the ftatutcs, from whicii he defircd 
 no difpenfation. Being thus fettled, .md to the height of his willies, he concrrncd himfclf 
 with every thin>' that miglu be for the intercil ot the College; and extulod them from 
 fomc cx{ nces an;j allowances, wiiich they had made to his predeceflbrs; anU in particuhr, 
 he remitted to dicm the charge of keeping a coach for him, as had been done lor other 
 nufters. He alio earneitly promoted the affair of building their library, which was 
 begun in his malleflhip. In the year 1O75, he was choien Vicc-Chancelior ol the Uni- 
 
 verfity. 4 
 
 Dr.
 
 BARROW. I4c^ 
 
 Dr. Barrow lived upwards of. five years after his advancement to tlie Maflerfliip 
 ef Trinity College. Concerning his death, the following particulars are related by 
 Dr. Pope. " The lafl time he was in London, whither he came, as it is cuftom- 
 ary, to the ele6lion of Weftminfter, he went to Knightfbridge to give the Bifliop of 
 Salifbury a vifit, and then made me engage my word, to come to him- at Trinity 
 College immediately after the Michaelmas enfuing. I cannot exprefs the rapture of 
 the j<y I was in, having, as I thought, fo near a profpeft of his charming and in- 
 llruclive converfation. I fancied it would be a heaven upon earth •, for he v/as im- 
 menfcly rich in le.-;rn'ng, and very liberal and communicative of it, delighcin"' in 
 nothing more, than to impart to others, if they defircd it, wliatevef lie had attained 
 by mui h pains and ftudy : But of a fudden all my hopes vanilhed, and were melted' 
 like fnow before the (un. Some few days after he came again to Knightfbridge, and 
 fat down to dinner, but I obferved he did not eat : \\ hereupon I afked him, how it 
 was wi:h him ? He anfwered, that he had a flight indifpofition hanging upon Iiim,, 
 with which he had ftrugglLd two or three days, and that he hoped by falling and 
 opium to get it off, as he had removed another, and more dangerous ficknefs, af 
 Conlhmtlncp'e, feme years btfoie. But thefe remedies availed him not, his malady 
 proved in the e-.'.;nt an inward, malignant, and infuperable fever, of which he died 
 May 4, Anno Dom. 1677, '^ "^^^ 47"^'^ Y^''^'' °f ^^^ ^c^' i" mean lodgings, at a fad- 
 ler's near Charing-crofs, an old, low, ill-built houfe, which he had ufed for feveral 
 years: for thougii his condition was mut'i bettered by his obtaining the Maflerfliip 
 of Trinity eo!ltge, yet that had no bad influence upon his morals, he ftilf continued 
 the fame humble perfon, and could not be prevailed upon to take more repu'^abie 
 lodgings."* He was buried in Weflminfter-Abbty •, where his friends erected a mo- 
 nument to his memory, in the fouth wing, againfl the weft wail, with his bull of 
 white marble oji the lop, and an infcription on the front, drav/n up by his much 
 tlleemed friend Dr. Ma^letoft 
 
 Dr. Harrow was, in his perfon, low of flature, h^an, of a pale complexion; and fome- 
 what fliort-fightedj but very firong and lieakhy. He coud never be prevailed on 
 to fit for his picture; but fome of his "friends found means t > get it taken without 
 his kntwledge, whi e they diverted iiim with fuch converfat on as engaged his atten- 
 tion. His life was irreproacliable, and he was eminent for piety, modcdy, and hu- 
 mility. He pofifeflcd a great extent of learning, and an uncomnv n force ofgeniusi. 
 and his works are defervedly held in the higlicft eftinntion; Tlie ingenioYis Mr. 
 Grang.-r oblerves, that " the name of Dr. Harrow will ever be illuUrous for a 
 ftrength of mind and a compafs of knowledge that did honour to his country. He 
 was unrivalled in mathematical learning, and efpecially in the fublime g.'omjtry,"' 
 And it is obferved by an .ther writer, that " he may be crteemed, as hav n^ ; fhtv/n a 
 compafs of invention equal, if not fuperi r, to any of the moderns, Sir Ifa.ic Ntw^ 
 ton only excepted." He took a large compafs 'n his ftudies, and acquired a 'general 
 acquaintance with all parts of Iblid learning. He, v/as exceedingly well Ikdled'in zhz 
 Greek language, and much. inclined to Latin poetry, with which he frequently diver:- 
 ed himfelf ; many performances of that kind bting extant in- his Opufcula. J le was 
 calm and fedat., always contented with his con.Hti m, not deprcffed by adverfity, not 
 elevated in profpcrity; fteady and conflant in his devotions, bmcficent te the necelii- 
 tous-, could reafon coolly with the learned, and fuit his difcourfe to the lets knowing; 
 and was very communicative to all who dtfired his alTiRance, which unhajipdy proved ^ 
 in fome inllances a prejudice to tlie public, by the lofs of many papers, that were lent 
 
 * Pope's Life of Bininp 'WaiJ, p. 166, 167.
 
 T50 B A R R O W. 
 
 and never returned. He left litt'c bcliiad him, except books ; which were fo well 
 (.holen, chat they fold for more than they coft. The manufcripts of his own compo- 
 fuion wcie intruftsd to the care of Dr. John Tillotfon, afterwards Archbifliop of 
 Car.terbury," and Abraham Hill, Kiq; with a power to print fuch of them as they 
 thought proper: a truft which they executed with great fidelity. He printed only 
 two fermons himfelf, one upon The duty arid reward of bounty to the poor; and 
 the other upon 'I'he pafTion of our blcfied Saviour, which he did not live to fee pub- 
 lifned. But feveral mathematical trcatifes written by him were printed durin^j his 
 
 Dr. Barrov/ had mucli flrengrh, as well as perfonal courage -, and among other in- 
 ftaiures whicii have been urged in proof of this, is the following. As he was going 
 out of a friend's houfe one morning, 1 efore an liuge and furious mafliff was chained 
 up, as he ufcd to be all d.iy, the dog flew at him : upon which " the Doctor catched 
 him by the throat (fays Dr. Pope) threw him, and lay upon him, and whilll he kept 
 him d jwn, confidered what he Ihould do in that exigent ; once he had a mind to kill 
 him, but he quite altered this refolution, judging it would be an unfull afbion, for the 
 liog did his duty, and he hinifclf was in fault for rambling out of his lodgings before 
 it was liglit. At length he called out fo loud, that he was lieard by fome of the 
 Jioulc, who came prefently out, and freed both the doftor znd the dog from the im- 
 minent danger they were both in." 
 
 Dr. Ward obferves, that Dr. Barrow was very free in the ufe of tobacco, which he 
 thought allifted in compofing and regulating his thouglits. But doubtlefs, as the 
 lame writer remarks, the fedatenefs of his mind, clofe attention to his fubjeft, and 
 unwcried purfuit of it, till he conqueied all its difficulties, joined witii a great na- 
 tural fagacity and folid judgment, were the real leafons wliy he thought fojultly, and 
 wrote with that great accuracy and clearnefs. He tranfcribed his feimons four or five 
 times over, his greatcll difficulty being always to pleafc himfelf. And therefore M. 
 Le Clcrc obfervcs, that Dr. Barrow's fermons are rather treatiles, or exaft diflertations, 
 than mere harangULS to plcafe the people; and that there are fcarce any fermons com- 
 parable to thofe of this Author. In .161 3 all Ur. Harrow's Entrlilh works were pub- 
 liflied in three volumes, folio, by Dr. Tillotfon. The Hrft of thcfe volumes contains, 
 thirty-two fermons on ifevcral occafions ; a brief expofition of the creed, the Lord's 
 prayer, the decalogue, and the doiftrine of the facraments ; a treat'fe of the Pope's 
 fuprcinacy ; and a difcourfe on the unity of faith. The fecond volume contains, fer- 
 mons and expofitions on all the articles of the Apoftles creed. And the third volume 
 contains forty-five fermons upon feveral occafions. 
 
 In 1687 was publifhcd in fulio, *' Ifaaci Barrow S. S. T. profeflbris Opufcula, viz. 
 determinationes, conciones ad clcrum, orationes, poemata, etc, VoKimen quartum.** 
 This is called Volumen quartum, as it was printed after the three Eng.ilh volumes in 
 folio. 
 
 Dr. Barrow alfo publiflied the following : i. Euclidis Elements : Cantabrigia; 1655, 
 Svo. 2. Euclidis Data: Cantabrigis; 1637, 8vo. 3. Lediones opticas 18, v^antabrf- 
 gis in fcholis publicis habitiE, in quibus opticorum phasnomenon genuinae rationcs in- 
 vefligantur ct exponuntur : Lond. 1669, 410. 4. 1 cdiones geometrira: 1.3, in quibus 
 pra:fcrtim generalia linearnm curvarum fymptomata declarantur : Lond. 1670,410. 
 5. Archimedis opera, Apollonii conicorum libri iv. Theodofii Ipliasrica, methodo 
 novo iUullrata, et fuccindle deinonflrata : Londini 1675, 4to. 
 
 After h's dcceafe, in 1683, his Lucafian matlitmaticai Lcdures v/cre alfo publifficd 
 it London, in 8vo.
 
 BARTON.- 
 
 BARTON (Elizabeth) vulgarly called the Holy Maid of Kent, a noted im- 
 poftor, railed up by the Minifter of Aldington in Kent, and other priefts, to fupporc 
 the Romifh church under its tottering condition, in the reign of king Henry VIII. 
 She was fervant to one Thomas Knob of Aldington, and had been long troubled with 
 convulfions that diftorted her mouth and limbs in an extraordinary manner, and threw 
 her body into the flrangefl agitations. The continuance of this diitemper at laft ib 
 difpofed her body, that when flie recovered, flie could throw it into the fame diftor- 
 tions. Mailers, the minifter of Aldington, with feveral other ecclefiaftics, thought 
 her a proper tool to anfwer their purpofes ; they perfuadcd her to pretend that what 
 fhe faid and did was by a fupernatural impulfe, and taught her to aft her part to the 
 higheft degree of perfeftion ; fhe would lie as it were in a trance for (bine time, and 
 then coming to herfclf, after many ftrange contortions, would break out into pious 
 ejaculations, hymns, and prayers j fometimes delivering herfelf in fet fpeeches, fomc- 
 times in uncouth monkifli rhymes, pretending that Hie had been honoured with vilions, 
 heard heavenly voices and the moft ravilhing melody, and had been favoured with re- 
 velations, declaiming againft thewickednefs of the times, againftherefy and innovations, 
 ■ e:^horcing the people to frequent the church, to hear mafies, to ufe frequent confef- 
 fion, and to pray to our Lady and all the laints. Her artful management of this 
 affair, together with her pretended piety, virtue, and aufterity of life, not only 
 deceived the vulgar, but feveral learned men, as lir Thomas More, Fifher bifliop of 
 Rochefter, and Warham archbifhop of Canterbury, the latter of whom appointed 
 commiffioners to examine her. She was now inftrufted to fay in her counterfeit trances, 
 that the biefled Virgia had appeared to her, and allured her, that flie Ihould never re- 
 cover 'till fhe went to vifit her image, in a famous chapel dedicated to her at Court at 
 Strete. Thither fhe accordingly repaired, attended by above three thoufand people, 
 and feveral perfons of quality of both fexes ; flie then fell into trances, and uttered 
 many things in honour of the faints and the Popifh religion, after which it was given 
 out, that by the interceflion of our Lady flie was miraculoufly recovered of her diftem- 
 pcr. She was then, by the archbifliop's order, put into the nunnery of St. Sepul- 
 chre, Canterbury, where flie pretended to have frequent vifions and infpirations, and 
 alio to work miracles for all fuch as would make a profitable vow to our Lady of Court 
 at Strete. Her pretended revelations were coUefted and inferted in a book, by a monk 
 called Deering. The priefts now gained great advantages by her, and the defio-n of 
 the contrivance being anfwered, flie went on in this way for fome years. 
 
 Emboldened by this fuccefsj fne at laft, by the advice of her aflbciates, publickly 
 fleclared, that God had revealed to her, that in cafe the king proceeded in the divorce 
 of queen Catherine of Arragon, and married another wife while flie was livin<T, his 
 royalty would not be of a month's duration, but that he fliould die the death of a 
 villain. This coming to the ears of the bilhop of Rochefter, and others who ad- 
 hered to the queen's intereft, they held frequent meetings with the nun and her accom- 
 plices, and debauched many perfons from their allegiance, particularly the fatJiers 
 and nuns of Sion, the Charter-houfe and Sheen, and fome of the obfervants of Rich- 
 mond, Greenwich, and Canterbury. One Peto, preaching before the kincr at Green- 
 wich, denounced heavy judgments upon him to his face, and told him, " that he had 
 been deceived by many lying prophets -, but he, as a true Micajah, warned him that 
 the dogs fliould lick his blood, as they had licked the blood of Ahab." Henry bore 
 this infult with a moderation very remarkable in a prince of his impetuous temper ; 
 but, to undeceive the people, he appointed doctor Curwin to preach before him on 
 the cnfuing' Sunday, when that ecclefiaftic juftilkd tlic king's proceedings, and 
 
 Q^q 2 branded
 
 152 . B A R W I C K. 
 
 branded Pcto with the epithets of reb-.l, flandercr, dog, and traitor. He was inter- 
 rupted by a friar, of the name of Elflon, who called him a lying prophet, that 
 fought to eftablifh the fuccellion to the crown upon adultery. He fpokc with 
 fuch virulence, that the king was obliged to interpofe, and command him to be 
 filent ; and he and Peto were afrerwards fummoned before the council, but they were 
 only reprimanded for their infolence. The ecclefiaftics engaged in this confpiracy, 
 encouraged by the lenity of the government, had rclblved to publilli the revelations 
 in their fcrmons throughout the kingdom ; they had communicated them to the Pope's 
 ambaiTadors, to whom a'fo they introduced the maid of Kent, and they exhorted 
 queen Catherine to perfill in her obftinacy. At length this confederacy began to be a 
 very ferious affair, and Henry ordered the maid and her accomplices to be examined 
 in the Star-chamber •, where they confeffed all the particulars of the impofture, and 
 appeared upon a fcaffold erefted at St. Paul's Crofs, where the articles of their con- 
 feflion were publicly read, in their hearing. From thence they were conveyed to the 
 Tower, where they remained 'till the meeting of the parliament, which having confi- 
 dered the cafe, pronounced it a confpiracy againd the king's life and crown : and 
 the nuD, with her accomplices, were attainted of high treafon. It appeared in die 
 courfe of the enquiry, that a letter which, it had been pretended, the maid had re- 
 ceived from the Virgin Mary, was written by one Hankheril of Canterbury •, and 
 that the door of a dormitory, faid to have been opened by miracle, that the nun 
 might go into the chapel and converfe v/ith God, was really opened for carnal com- 
 munication between her and her accomplices. On the 20th day of April, 15^4, the 
 jnaid of Kent, together v/ith her confederates. Booking, Mailers, Deering, R;fby, 
 and Gould, were executed at Tyburn, where the nun confcfled her impotttfre, laying 
 the blame on her accomplices the priefts, who had impofed upon her ignorance -, fhe 
 craved pardon of God and the king, and befought the people to pray for her and hct 
 fellow-fufferers. 
 
 EARWICK (John) a very eminent divine, was born at Wlcherdack in Wefir- 
 tTiOreland, on the 20th of April, 1612, and educated at Sedberg fchool in Yorkihire,. 
 where, fays Mr. Granger, " he g.ive many early proofs of an uncommon capacity,, 
 atid particularly diftinguifhed hlmfelf by afting the part of Hercules, in one cf Se- 
 neca's tragedies." In the cigliteenth year of his age he w.is fent to St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he prefently outfhone all of his age and {landing; and was fo re- 
 markable for his abilities, that, when he was little more than twenty years of age, 
 he was chofen by the members of his cullege to p'ead their caufe in a controverted 
 eleftion of a mailer, which was Tieard before the privy-coimcil.* In the time of the 
 civil war, he was inflrumental in fending the Cambridge plate to the king; publiHicd 
 the Querela Cantabrigienfis, in whxh he had the chief hand; and wrote againft the 
 covenant. He afterwards retired to London, where he undertook to manage the 
 king's correfpondcnce between that city and Oxford; which he executed with great 
 dexterity and addrefs. He alfo carried on a fecret corrcfpondence with Charles, whilft 
 he was at Carilbrook-Caltle, and was, on many other uccafions, of fingulrr ferviceto 
 him. After the decapitation of his royal mader, he ferved his fon and fucceflcir, king 
 Charles II. with the fame zeal and fidelity. He was a man of extraordinary fagacity, 
 had a fertile invention, an cnterprifing genius, as we 1 as great courage and prcfence 
 of mind. He was at length betrayed by one Boftcck, belonging to the roft-office ; 
 ;.nd undcnvent a long and fevere imprifonment in the Tower of London. Here, 
 hov/evcr, though fhut up in a dungeon, and otherwife treated v/ith extreme rigour, 
 
 ♦ Granger's Biogi ajhical Hiflory of England, ^ol. III. p. 257.
 
 B A S T W I C K. 
 
 153 
 
 yet, by the force of temperance (confining himfclf to a vegetable di^t and to tlie 
 drinking of vvater) he recovered from a molt d.'.ngerous and inveterate diltemper. 
 Upon Ills enlargement, he renewed his corref])or)dcnce with tlie king, and is faid to 
 have furniflied lord Clanrndon with a great part of the materials for his hillcry. He 
 conveyed money to his majclly, fays Mr. Granger, afitr the execution of Dr. Hewit ; 
 and was fo dexterous in all his conveyances, tiiat he even eluded the vigil.;nce of 
 fccrec.iry Thurioe. 
 
 Upon the relloration of king; Charles II. he was offered by his majefly, as a reward 
 of h;s merit, firft the bifliopric of Sodor and Man, and afterwards that of CarliHei 
 but he refufed them both, and contenied himfclf with the deanery of Durham, to- 
 gether with the reiftory of Houghton-le-Spring, which he liad fomc time beiore ob- 
 tained. In 1661, he exchanged the deanery of Durham for that of St, Paul's, Lon- 
 don •, which lall, though Ids valuable t'^ian the farmer, he readily accepted, confcious 
 that his being called to it was folcly for the fcrvicc of the church. This new prefer- 
 ment he enjoyed about three years, and dying of a pleurify on the 2 2d of Oftobcr, 
 1664, was interred in St. Paul's cathedral. Engaged almofi: perpetually in the hurry 
 of an aftivc life, he had little time for ftudy and contcmplaton. He wrote, how- 
 ever, a few things, particularly the Fighr, Viftory, and Triumph of St. Paul; and 
 an account of the life of Dr. Morton, bifhop of Durham. 
 
 BAST WICK (John) a phyfician, whofe writings and punifhment made .1 
 great noife in the lall century, was bom at Writtle, in Eflex, in the year 1593, 
 and was entered in Emanuel College, Cambridge, in 1614. Leaving the univerfity 
 without a degree, he travelled abro.d for nine years, and at Padua was made docftor 
 of phyfic. Uj)on his return to Engl<ind he fettled at Cokhcfter, where he p'aflifed 
 phyiic for fome time. In 1633, he printed in Holland a treatife entitled, " hlenchus 
 Religionis Papiftica;," with an appendix, called, " Flagellum Pontificis et Epifcopo- 
 rum Latialium;" i. e, a Confutation of Popery, and a Scourge for the Pope and Latin 
 Bifhops. 1 hough, in his epiftlc to the reader, he declared that he intended nothing 
 ag.iinfl fuch biftiops as acknowledged their authority from kings and emperors, our 
 Englif)^ prelates imagining that fome things in thtfc books were levelled at them, 
 the author was cited before the high-commilTJon-coui t, and fined one thoufand pounds, 
 fentenced to be excommunicated, debarred his pradice of pbyfic, to have his books 
 burnt, to pay cofts of fuir, and to rema'n in prilbn till he made a recantation. In 
 purfuance of this fentence he was confined two years in the Gate houfe, where he 
 wrote pologeticus ad Prsefules Anglicanos, &:c. An apology for himfelf addreflcd 
 to the bilhops, and another book called the New Litany, in which he taxed the 
 bilhops with an inclination to popery, and exclaimed againit the fcverity and injuftice 
 of the high'commifiion's proceedings againfl: him. Upon this an information was 
 exhibited againft him, and in the end, he was fentenced to pay a fine of five thoufand 
 pounds, to rtand in the pillory in the I'alacc-yard, Weftminfter, and there to lofe 
 his ears, and to fuffer perpetual imprifonment in a remote part of the kingdom. 
 This rigorous fentence wa<! executed i and he was fcnt to Launcefion-cafile, in Corn- 
 wall, but was afterwards removed to St. Mary's caftle, in the ifle of Scilly. His wife 
 was not permitted to have any accefs to him, though flie often petitioned for that 
 purpofe, nor was even fuffcred to fct foot in the ifland in which he was confined. 
 Upon the meeting of the parliament, in 1640, a petition was figned by his wife and 
 friends, that the jullice and rigour of his fentence might be reviewed and confidered; 
 upon which, it was ordered by the Houfe of Commons, that he Ihoiild be brought 
 Vol. I. R r back
 
 15+ 
 
 BATES. 
 
 back to London. Eaftwick landed at Dover, and was every where received by vaft 
 numbci-s of people with acclamations of joy ; and when he came to Southwark, he 
 w.is met by great crowds of the citizens of Londop, with boughs and flowers in their 
 h.inds, and conducted by them to his lodgings in the city. On the 2 ill of February 
 following, the Houfc of Commons voted, that the fcveral proceedings againft him 
 were illegal, unjuif, and againll the liberty of the fubjecb ; that the fcntence pafleJ 
 vpon him Ihould be revcrfcd, his fine remitted, and lie reftored to his profeilion > 
 and tliat, for reparation of his loflcs, he ought to have live thoufand pounds out of 
 the ertatts of the afchbifliop of Canterbury, the high-commiflloners, and thofe lords 
 who voted againft him in the ftar-chambcr: but tl,e enfuing confufion of the times 
 prevented the payment of the money. 
 
 Dr. Baftwick was alive in the year 1648; but how long he furvived that period, 
 or where he died, is uncertain. _^ 
 
 BATES (WiLi.iAvi) an eminent nonconformift divine, was born in the year 1625, 
 and educated at the Univerfity of Cambridge. He took the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts in 1647, and was admitted Doflor in Divinity in 1660. Soon after the reftora- 
 tion, he was appointed chaplain to King Charles II. He was alfo minifter of St: 
 Dunltan's in the Welt, but was ejefted from thence by the Ad of Uniformity. He 
 was one of the commiifioners at the conference in the Savoy in 1660, for reviewing 
 the public Liturgy, and affilled in drawing op the exceptions againll the Common 
 Prayer. He was l:kew!le chofen on the part of the nonconformi't miniflers, together 
 with Dr. Jacomb and Mr. Baxter, to manage the difpute with Dr. Pcarfon, afterwards 
 bifhop of Ch-Iler, Dr. Gunning, afterwards bilhop of Ely, and Dr. Sparrow, after- 
 wards bifhop of Norwich. 
 
 Dr. Bates was honoured with the friendfliip of the lord-keeper Bridgeman, the- 
 
 Lord Chancellor Finch, the Earl of Nottingham, and ArchbOiop TilLtfon. He 
 
 had been offered at the reltoration the deanery of Coventry and Litchfield, which he 
 
 refufed; and, according to Dr. Cahmy, might have been afterwards raifed to any 
 
 bifliopric in the kingdom, if he would have conformed to the cilablifhed church. He 
 
 refided for the latter part of his life at Hackney, and died on- the 19th of July 1699, 
 
 in the 74th year of his age. During his life, he publifhed a colleiflion of lives of 
 
 ll:veral eminent peri"; ns in Latin; and fince his death his works have been printed in 
 
 one volume, folio. Dr. Calamy fays, that Dr. Bates " was generally repiued one of 
 
 the befl; orators of the age; and was well verfed in the politer parts of learning,, 
 
 which fo feafoned his converfation, as to render it highly entertaining to ttie more 
 
 fenfible part of mankind. His apprehenfion was quick and clear ; and his icalbn- 
 
 ing faculty acute, prompt, and expert. His judgincnt penetrating and folid, (table 
 
 and firm. Mis memory was admirable, and never failed that any one could obierve, 
 
 nor was impaired to the lall at the age of fcvcnty-four. His langu.ige was always 
 
 neat and fine, but unafflfted. His method in all his difcourfcs might be expofed to 
 
 ihe moft critical cenfurer. His Ilile was inimitably polte, and yet eafy, and his 
 
 very voice was charming. His converfation was much coveted by pcrfons of all 
 
 qualities, and that even when thofe of his characfter wc;c profccuted with the ur- 
 
 moft rigours. He had a catholic fpirit, and was for an entire union of all vifible 
 
 chrillians, upon rnoderare principles and pradices. He was not for tiirtiier impofi- 
 
 tiens than the nature of things required*; nor for having the church Icls free dian 
 
 Chrift h.d left it. And yet tor peace and union's f:'.ke, he would have yielded to 
 
 •iny thinii but fin. He \7a5 for fre^ communion of all vifible chriftians, of what- 
 
 (bcver perluafion in extra-cffcntial matters^ if they plealld." 
 
 Mr. 
 
 i
 
 BAXTER. ,55 
 
 Mr. Granger fays, that Dr. Bates " wa? a man of « good and amiable charader ^ 
 much a fcholar, much a gentleman, and no lefs a chriftian. His moderation and 
 fweetnefs of temper were known to all that converfed with him-, among wh )m were 
 eminent and pious men of various perfuafions. Dr. Tillctfon's friendfliip for him 
 began early; and as his merit was invariably the fame, it continued without interrup- 
 tion, to the end of that prelate's life. His abilities qualified him for the highcft d'to- 
 nities in the church : and it is certain that great offers were m.ide him -, but he could 
 never be prevailed with to conform. — He is efleemed the politeft v/ritcr of his age, 
 among the prefbyteriaas." 
 
 BATHURST (Ralph) M. D. an eminent pocf, phyfician, and divine, was 
 born in the year 1620. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, where he 
 at firft applied to the ftudy of divinity, in which he made a very confiderable pro- 
 grefs ; but the times of confufion coming on, he changed the courfe of his fludies^ 
 and applied himfelf to phyfic. He took a docftor's degree in that faculty, in which 
 he rofe to fuch eminence, that he was, in the time of the ufurpation, appointed 
 phyfician to the ftate. After the refloration of king Charles 11. he returned to the 
 ftudy of divinity ; and having taken orders, was appointed chaplain to his majcfty^ 
 and admitted fellow of the Royal Society. On the iOth of September 1664, he was 
 chofen prefident of Trinity College •, on the 28th of June 1670, he was inftalled de*i 
 of Wells; and in the years 1673 and 1674, ferved the office of vice-chancellor of tne; 
 univerfity of Oxford. In April 1691, he was nominated by king William and queen 
 Mary to the f-e of Briftol, but refufed it, choofing rather to refide in his college, the 
 chapel of which he afterwards rebuilt in a very elegant manner. " His learning and 
 talents, fays Mr. Granger, were various : he was the orator and the poet, the philo- 
 fopher and the divine. He pofTefled an inexhauflible fund of wit, and was the- 
 facetious companion at eighty years of age. Ridicule was the weapon that he made 
 ufe of to correct the delinquents of his college ; and he was lb ablolute a ma.^er of 
 if, that he had it always at hand.* His poetical pieces in the Mufe Angiicanas are. 
 excellent in their kind ; they are much in the I'pirit of Ovid, who was his favourite 
 poet." Dr. Bathurft died greatly lamented by all that kne\/ his worth, on the 14th 
 of June 1704, in the 84th year of his age. 
 
 BAXTER (Richard) an eminent nonconformifV divine, was born at Rowton, 
 near High Ercal, in Shropfhire, on the 12th of November 1615. He was unhappy 
 in his education, with rcfpedl both to learning and peiy ; his fchoolniallcrs bcinn-. 
 bath ignorant and immoral. Learning was at no great height, in fo remote a corner 
 of the kii^gdoni; neither could much improvement be cxpcfted in fo barrtn a foil. 
 His greateft help in grammar-learning was from Mr. John Owen, mailer of the free-, 
 fc-hool at Wroxeter, with whom he continued till he had been fome time taptain of 
 his Cchool, and advanced as far as his mailer's afllftance could forv/ard him. He had. 
 not- afterwards the advantage of an academical education; and yet, lu-ys Dr. B:,tcs, 
 by the divine blefling upon his rare dexterity and diligence, his facicd knowleJi'C was- 
 ill that degree of eminence, as few in the univerfity ever arrive to. 
 
 It was a propofa! made by his fchool- mailer, tiiat prevented his being fent to the 
 univerfity. When he was about to leave Wroxeter Ichool, Mr. Owen advifcd that, 
 
 * Mr, W.nrton tells us, that he took a whip with h'm " when he went put tn fu-prife the 
 fchobis walking in the grcve at wn.'iDafonablc houri;" but th.it he pevcr tu.iile wfv ot thi.t illibet;il 
 
 iuf.Cad
 
 jjfi BAXTER. 
 
 inftca'.l of coing to the iiniverfity, he fliouid be put under the Ciire of Mr. Richard 
 ^Vic!clitrad, ch.ipl:iin to the coiir.cil at Ludlow, who had allov/ance troni the king ibt; 
 one to attend him. There hcing no others under Mr. Wickftcati's care, he reprdciited 
 this lituation as likely to be more advantageous to young Baxter, than being under a 
 tutor in the univerfuy. This propolal being agreeable to his parent?, who were 
 pleall-d with the thoughts of having their fon fo near them, they readily embraced it. 
 JBut it did not anfwer their ^xpcftations •, for Mr. Wickdead being himlelf no great 
 fcholar, took iitdc or no pains with his pupil, though lie was othcrwile very kicd to 
 Ji m : fo that the only advantage he reaped by living with him, was in the free ule 
 of his libra' y, which, by his great application, proveil indeed of infinite fervice to iiim. 
 After he had fpcnt a year and a halt with Mr. \\ ickftc.id, he returned home to his 
 father; and foon .ifter, at the Lord Newport's rcquelf, lupplied for a few months the 
 pl.!C€ of his fchool-mailer, Mr. Owen, who was then in a confumption, of \Ah;ch he- 
 died. After this, Mr. Francis Garbett, miniller of Wroxeter, read logic to our 
 author for about a month, and excited him to a diligent profctutipn of his ftudies. 
 
 Mr. r^axter had ionie defign to enter into the miniitry ; but wiicn he was about 
 <ichtccn years of age, Mr. Wickftead endeavoured to pcrlliade him to forbear further 
 thouohl3 of that kind, and to leave the country for the court, With a view of making 
 inteie'il for fome office there, by which he mieht have an opportunity of rifing in the 
 world, and becoming great and confiderable. The fcheme was agreeable to his 
 parents, though not to himfclf; however, upon their inlligation, he came up to 
 "VVIiitehall, being recommended to Sir Henry Hobarr, then matter of the revels. He 
 r/as courteoudy received, and kindly en crtained, but iound nothing pleafing to him 
 in a court life, and therefore foon laid hold of an opportunity of quitting it, and 
 retirino- attain into the country. ♦' I had quickly (fays he) enough of the court, when 
 1 faw a fta'je-play inRead of a fcrmon on the Lord's days in the afternoon, and law 
 wh.at courfe was there in faniion, and heard little preaching, but what was as to one 
 part ao-ainll: the puritans, I was glad to be gone : and at the fame time it pleafed God 
 that my mother fell fick, and defired my return ; and lo I dcfircd to bid farewell to 
 thofc kind of employments and expcftations." 
 
 After his return into the country, Mr. Baxter refumed his ftudies, and his thoughts 
 of entering into the minidry ; ant! Mr. Richard Foley of Stourbridge, procured his 
 being .-".ppointed mailer of the free fchool at Dudley, with an alhltant under 
 him. In 163S, he applied to the bifliop of Winchcller for holy orders, which he 
 received, having at that time no fcruplcs as to conformity to the Church of Lngland; 
 and indeed he had been ufcd to join in the Common-prayer with as much fervency as 
 he afterwards did in any other prayers. It appears, however, that he had early formed 
 favourable ideas of the puritan', and faw a great deficiency both with refped to learn- 
 ing and morals in many of the ellablifhed clergy. 
 
 While he continued at Dudley, he had a numerous auditory; but when he had 
 been above three quarters of a year there, he was by earnelt importunity prevailed 
 with to remove to Bridgenorth in Shropfliirc, to be alliltant to Mr. William Madllard. 
 This fituation was very agreeable to him, as Bridgenorth was exempt from dU cpifco- 
 pal jurifdiftion, except the .Archbifhop's triennial vifitation. He was fcarce well 
 fettled here, before he was difturbed by the Et caetcra oath, which was framed by the 
 convocation then fitting. All were enjoined to fwcar, *' That they would never con- 
 ftnt to tlie a'teration of the prefcnt government of the church, by archbifliops, 
 bifliops, deans, archdeacons, &c." This oath gave great offence to Mr. Baxter, as 
 well as to many others, who looked upon fwearing to a blind Et caeUra as intolerabte, 
 
 becaufc
 
 BAXTER. ,.- 
 
 becaufe it tool^ in aU the officers of ciie ecckfiaflical courts, lay-chanccllor«, coainni 
 iarics, and officials. 
 
 Among other important matters which were in agitation in the year 164?, a refor- 
 mation of the clergy was fet on foot, and accorchngly a committee was appointed, w 
 hear petitions and complaints againit them. Multitudes from all quarters came uii 
 immediately with petitions ag.iinll tlieir minilters, charging them with infufficiencv, 
 falfe doftrines, illegal innovations, or immorality. Among other complainants, the 
 town of Kidderminller in VVorcellerlhire had drawn up a petition agaioll iheir vicar 
 and his two curates, as unqualified for the minillry -, and they put it into the hands 
 of Sir Henry plerbert, who was member for Bewdley. The vicar well knowino- his 
 own infufficiency, agreed to compound the bufinefs, and offered to allow 60I. per ann. 
 (out of near 2Col. which was the value of the living} to a preacher who fliould be 
 chofen by fourteen nominated trullees. P^e that was chofen was to preach whenfo- 
 ever he pleafetl, the vicar Rill reading the Common-prayer, and doino- every thin-' 
 that might be matter of fcruple •, for the performance of which he gave a bond oV 
 r,ool. Upon this, the bailiff of the town, and all the feoffees, invited Mr. Baxter to 
 give them a lermon-, ami, upon preaching once to them, he was unanimoufly chofen 
 to be their miniller. He fpent two years at Kidderminfter before the breakini^ out of 
 the civil war, and about fourteen years after it; and in all that time never 'rclided at 
 ail in tiic vicarage-houfe, though authorized by an order of Parliament-, but the old 
 vicar lived there peaceably and quietly, without any niolcftation.* 
 
 Notwitiillanding the great ulefulncfs of Mr. Baxter at Kidderminfter, and the hi"h 
 efiimation in which he was held by great numbers, yet, after the commencement of 
 the civil war, fuch was the rage of the royalills in that part of the country aiiainit 
 him, on account of the inclination which he had difcovered to favour the cailfe of 
 the parliament, that he found it neceffary to rct're to Glouceftcr; but being ftroncly 
 folicited, he returned to Kidderminlier. However, not finding himfe f fife in tiiis 
 piarc, lie again quitted it, and took up his refideiice at Coventi v. Here he lived in 
 perfect quiet, preaching once every Sunday to the garrifon, aixl once to the town's 
 people. After the battle of Nafeby, he was appointed chaplain to colonel VN'halJey's 
 regiment, and was prclent at feveral iiege?. He was obliged to leave the army in the year 
 1657, ^^y ^ ludden illncls, and retired to Sir 'I homas Kouic's, w-here he continued a 
 long time in a languilhing ftate of health. When CroniwcJi had gained the fuperiority 
 Mr. Baxter expreffed his diffuisficflion at his mealures, though he did not tliink proper 
 to |-)reach againll him from the pulj)it. However, he once preiehed before Crom- 
 well, after he was protedor, and alfj had a conference with him ; of which, and of 
 his fermon, we (hall give an account in Mr. Baxter's own words. " The L.ord Hro^- 
 hill flays he) ami the Earl of Warwick brought me to preach before Cromwell the 
 proteftor, which was the only time that ever I preached to him, liivc once lono- be- 
 fore, when he was an inferior man among other auditors. I knew not which v/ay to 
 provoke him betier to his duty, tlian by preaching on i Cor. i. 10. againll the divi- 
 fions'and diltradions of the church, and (hewing how mifchievous a thins it was for 
 politicians to ma'nfain fuch divifions for their own ends, tliat they minht fiffi ia 
 troublei.1 waters, and keep the church by its divifions in a Hate of wcakncis, lelt it 
 fliould be able to cffend them ; and to fliew the neccflity and means of union. But 
 rhe plainnefs and nearncfs I hearct was difpleafing to him, and liis courtiers j but liuy 
 put it up. 
 
 * Cal;im;. 's life of Mr. l!;i:iU-r, p. n, 2::, 
 
 Vo'i.. I. S s A uhilc
 
 jfS BAXTER. 
 
 " A while after, Cromwell fent to Ipeak with mci and when I came, in the prefcnce 
 only of three of his chief men, he began a long and tedious f cech to me of God's 
 providence in the change of the government, and how God had owned ir, and what great 
 things had been done at home and abroad, in the peace with -pain and Holland, &c. 
 "When he had wearied us all with fpeaking thus flowly about an hour, I told hiio, it 
 was too great condcfcenfion to acquaint me.fo fully with all thcfe m.ittcrs, which were 
 above mc; but I told him that we took our ancient monarchy to be a blcfTing, and 
 not an evil to the land, and humbly craved his patience, that I might afk him, how 
 England had ever forfeited that blcfTing, ami unto whom the forfeiture was made ? (I 
 was fain to Ipeak of the fpecics of government only, fur thty had laieTy made it trec- 
 fon by a law to fpeak for the perfon of the king.) Upon that qucftion, he was 
 awakened into fome patTion, and told me it was no forfeiture, but God had changed 
 It as it pleafed him ; and then he let fiy at the parliuiient, which thwarted him •, and 
 efpccially by name at four or five of thofc members which were my chief acquaintancci 
 and I prefumcd to defend tiiem againft his paffion; and thus four or five hours were 
 Ipcnt." 
 
 Mr. Baxter alfo informs us, that fliortly after he had fome further converfation with 
 the protedor. " A few days after (fays he) he lent for me again, to hear my judg- 
 ment about liberty of confcience, (which he pretended to be molt zealous for) before 
 clnioft all his privy council ; where, after another (low tedious fpcech of his, 1 told 
 h.im a little of my judgment: and when two of his company had fpun out a great deal, 
 more of the time in fuch like tedious (but mere ignorant) fpceches, fome four or five 
 hours being fpent, 1 told him, that if he would be at the labour to read ir, I could 
 tell him more of my mind in writing in two florets, than in that way of fpeaking in. 
 many days ; and that 1 had a paper on that fubjeft by me, written for a friend, 
 which if he would perufe, and allow for the change of the perton, he would know my 
 fenfe. He received the paper after, but I fcarce believe that he ever read it ; for I 
 faw that what he learned muft be from himfelf ; being more difpofed to fpeak many 
 hours, than to hear one j and little heeding what another faid, when he had fpokcn 
 himfelf." 
 
 After this, Mr. Baxter returned to Kidderminfter, v^here he ente.ed again upon his 
 minifterial office, and with good fuccefs. He was the more acceptable, on account 
 of his charities and kindnefs. to the poor. His income, indeed, wa-s not great, but it 
 was increafed by the profit which he made of his writings-, for which, he fays, he 
 fometimes received fixcy or eighty pounds a year of the bookfellers. He gave away 
 a great number of his own books among the people of the town, .^nd alfo bibles to 
 thofe who needed them. " I found (fays he) that my fingle l*fe afforded me much ad- 
 vantage i for I could the eafilier take my people for my children, and think all I had 
 too little for them, in that I had no childien of my own to tempt n-.e to another way 
 of ufing it. And being difcharged from the moll of faanily cares, (keeping but one 
 fcrvant^ I had the greater vacancy and liberty for the labours of my calling." He 
 alfo ftudied phyfic, in order to enable him to be ferviceable to the poor, which, ren- 
 dered him the more acceptable to his auditors. " God made ufe of my pra(5fice of 
 phyfic among them Uays he) as a very great advantage to my miniftry i for they that 
 cared not for their fouls did love their lives, and care for their bodies; and by th'S 
 ^hty were made almoft as obfervant, as a tenant is of his landlord. Sometimes I 
 could fee before me in the church a very coafiderable part of the congregation, whofe 
 lives God had made me a means to i'dve, or to recover their health : and doing for 
 nothing fo obliged them, that they would readily hear me.'* 
 
 'Mr.
 
 BAXTER, 
 
 '59 
 
 Mr, Baxter came to London a little before the depofition of Rich;ird Cromwell', 
 and preached before the p.irli.iment the day preceding that on which they voted the 
 kind's return. He preached likeuifc before the lord mayor at Ft. Paul's a tbankfgiv- 
 ing-fcrmon for general Monk's fuccefs. Upon the relforation he was appointed one 
 of the king's chaplains in ordinary. He was likewife offered the bifliopnc of Here- 
 ford by tiie lord chancellor Clarendon, but he refufed to accept of it. He affifttrd at 
 the conference at the Savoy as one of the commilTioners, when they drew up a reformed- 
 liturgy. 
 
 It svas not long after the refloration before the old vicar of Kidderminfter was re- 
 ftored to his parfonage, notwithftanding his incapacity to difcharge the duties of it. 
 And Mr. Baxcer, who had rcfu'ed a bifliopnc, would gladly have been this man's 
 curate; but even this was denied him. Sir Ralph Clare was his fecret enemy, and' 
 endeavoured to make it believed in London that many people at Kidderminfter were, 
 againft Mr. Baxter's being ftationed there. There were eighteen hundred people vvhu- 
 had been communicants with Mr. Baxter in that town; and when they were acquainted, 
 with this report, fixteen hundred of thcfe fet their hands, in one day, to a paper tedi- 
 fyingrtheir defire of having him reinftated among them. Lord Chancellor Clarendon 
 pietended to be very defirous that Mr. Baxter fliould be fettled at Kidderminller, but 
 his profeflions feem not to have been fincere. He offered to preach there for nothinsr, 
 but could not obtain permifTion. — Being thus difappoinird, he preached occafionally, 
 for lome time, about London; and at length fixed with Dr. Bates af St. Dunllan's 
 church, Fleet-flrect ; and preached once a week, as lefturer, having an allowance 
 made him on that account by the parifH. He was alio sppointed by Mr. Afluirfl, 
 and fome other citizens,, to preach a ledxure in Milk-llreet, for which they agreed to 
 allow him 40I. per annum, but this he continued only about a year. At the fame- 
 time lie preached once every Sunday at Black-Frfars, where lie would take nothing for 
 his labour, left he fhould thereby re. der tlie [jarifliioners Irfs able or ready to help - 
 their minifter Mr. Gibbons. VV'hen the aft of uniformity was pafTed, the terms of 
 which Mr. Baxter could not in conicience comply with, a flop was put to his public 
 miniltry : upon which he retired to A6ton in Middlefex, that. he might have the more 
 Icilure for writing. Ac the time of the plagtie in 1665, he went: to Mr. Hampden's 
 in Buckinghamfliire; but after the ceafing of that calamity he returned to Aftnn. 
 
 While Mr. Baxcer refided at A£lon, he preached every Sunday to his own family, 
 and a great number of ntlier perfons flocked to his houfe to hear him. He did 
 this, however, only during the intervals of divine iervice at the church, which he 
 conltantly attended. But even this gave fo much offence, that, by virtue of that 
 unjult and opprcfTivc flatute, the conventicle aff, a warrant was figned by two jufticcs, 
 whcicby he was committed for fix months ro New Prifon ; hut obtaining an habeas 
 corpus, he w.is difcharged by the court of Common Pleas, on account of an irregu- 
 larity in the mittimus ; upon which he removed to Totteridge, near Barnct. At this 
 place he lived quietly and without difturbance. In 1671, he loll a houufnd pounds, 
 which was the greateft pitrt of his fortune, by the Duitting up of the king's exchequer. 
 In 1672, the nonconformifts having obtained fome indulgence, Mv. Baxter came up 
 to London, and was one of the Tucfday lefturers at Pinner's-Hail, and had a Friday 
 kdure at Fetter-lane; but on Sundays he for fome time preacl;ed Only occafionally, 
 ajid afterwards more ftatedly in St. James's ma.rkcthourt. He was, however, once 
 apprehended as he was preaching his lefture in Fetter-lane ; but wai foun rclcaicd., 
 btcaufe the warrant was not fij^ned by a city magiftratc. 
 
 The,
 
 iroa 
 
 BAXTER. 
 
 The times feeming to grow more favourable, he built a mecting-houfc in Oxendon- 
 flrccc ; bu: he hud pivachcd there oiily once, before a refolution was taken to fu'prize 
 and lend him to the county goal. This misfortune, however, he elcaped ; but the 
 perfon who preached for him was committed to the Gatc-houfe, and continued there 
 th.rce months. Having been kept out of his new meeting-houfc a whole year, he took 
 another in Swallow-fticct •, but was likcwife presented from ufing that, a guard being 
 fixed there for many Sundays together, to hinder him from entering it. However, he 
 preach'd to a congregation at Southwark for m.my months. In 1CB2, he fufFered 
 more f-vercly than he had ever done before on account of h;s nonconformity. He 
 was fuddenly furprized in his own houf; by many conftables and officers, who appre- 
 hended him, upon a warrant to fcize his perfon, f >r coming within five miles of a cor- 
 po.ationi producing at the fame time five more warrams, to dirtrain for o"e hun.lrcd 
 and ninety-five pounds, as a penalty for five lermons he had preached. Though he 
 was much out of order, being but juft rifen from his bel, where he had been in ex- 
 tremity of pain, he was contentedly going with them to a juftice, to be fcnt to gnal, 
 and left his houfe to, their will. But D.-. Thomas Cox meeting him as he was going, 
 foiced him again into his bed, and went to five jullice?, bctore whom he fworcT^hat 
 Mr. Baxter could not cro to prifon without danger of death. Upon this the -ullice^ 
 delayed till they had confulted the king, who coafente.1 that his imprifo mv. nt fhould 
 be for that time forborne, that he migiu die at horn''. But they executed their war- 
 rants on the bocks and goods in the houfe, though he maile it ap, ear that ihey were 
 none of- his >, a.'id they fold even the bed which he lay fick upon. Some friends p-.id 
 for them as much money as they vvere appraifed at, and he repaid them. And all 
 this w.is tranfafted without Mr. Baxter's having the kaft notice of any accufation, or 
 ever feeing the jurtices or accufers ; and afterwards he w.,s in conltant danger of new 
 feiz.ires, and therefore was forced to leave his houl'e, and retire into priva e lodgings, 
 Mr. Baxter had but a very indiilercnt flate of hea'th during the greater part of his 
 life; but in 16 4 he grew fo ill and weak, that he was Icarce able to ftand. Not- 
 •jvithilanding Iiis being in this fituation, foiue juftices lent warrants to app;"ehe:id him, 
 he beiiif one in a catalogue which was f.;id to contain the names of a thoufand per- 
 I'ons, who were all to be bound to their good behavi- ur. K owmg that thrir war- 
 rant would not empower them t > break open doors, he reful'ed to ojien to them, though 
 they were gor into his houfe. Whereupon they let fix oflicers at ins lUidy-door, who 
 kept him Ircm his bed and food by watching a,l night-, a;id next dav he yielded. 
 'I'hey carried him to the couit of quarter-felTions, when he was Icarce able to ftmd, 
 and bouiul him in a bond of 400!. to his good behaviour. He defired to know 
 what h:s crime was, and who were his accufcrs-, but they told him it was for no 
 tault, bur to fecure the gcivemment in evil tiir.c"; ; and that they had a lirt of many 
 fiifpeifted perfons that n->ull do the fame as well as h'm. He defired to know for what 
 reafon he was numbered with the fufpc«5led, and by whofe accufation ; but they gave 
 him no i. '.formation upon tliat head. 
 
 The various perfecutions t!iat Mr. llaxter, as v/ell as a great number of other 
 pious and worthy nonconforrr.ifis, fofiered at this period, reficcl the greateft dif- 
 honour upon thofc b;gotted F.pifcopali.ins that were the caufe of them, k is co r- 
 puted, that by the act of uniformity, nea-- two thoufand miniftcrs were ejeftcd fron 
 their livin^^s ; t::oi!gh they v/ere unexceptionable in point of learning and morals, and 
 many of them were i.iflinguifhed by their abilities, their induftry, and their exe.-nplary 
 Jives. But it was n-t thought fufecient to deprive them of their livings : they were 
 njt only to be driven out xjf the churches, but prohibited from worfhtpping God any 
 
 v/hcie
 
 BAXTER. i6t 
 
 where elfe m th atway which their confciences approved. Indce.-I, in different ages 
 of the church, men have too often pretirnJcd a mighty zeal for chiiitianiry, while 
 th'-v W'.re acting not only in dire.;'t opj^ij-t On to its pl.iineft precepts, bat in a man- 
 ner incnfitte-t even w th the dictat-s 61 jail ice and humaaiiy ! 
 
 In tlu- bc-einning of the y^ar iGiis, Mr. Baxter was committed to the King'i I'ench 
 prifjn, by a warrant from tlie L!>id Cliief Jullice JetTerics, for liis Paruphrafe on th? 
 New Teltamenc, wliich hal ben printed a little befoie, and which was called a 
 fcandalous and feditioLis bo' k againft the gov-'rnmint. On the 6th oi May, which 
 was the hrft day of the trrm, he appeared in Weftminftcr-hull, and an information 
 was ordeied to be filed againll him. C-'n May the 30th, he was brought to his trial 
 betore JcfFeries at Guildhall, and found gui:ty: on the 29th of Juf.e following, lis 
 had judgement given againfl him. He v-as fentrnced to pay a fine of five hundred 
 marks, to lie in pnlon till he hid p.'.id it, and to be bound to his good behaviour 
 for even yrars. i he tbll'W'ng year r. Jlaxttr obtained his pard n, by the medi- 
 ation of the Lord Powis. His fi le was remitted; and on A edncfday the 24th of 
 November, 1680, he was difchar^cd. out of tiie King's Bench. He removed to a 
 houfe w lich he lir.d taken in t diartc-houfe-yard, and re-aflumed the excrcife of his 
 miiiiiiry as an afllfl.int to Mr. Sylvefttr, which he cont.nucd about four y ars and a 
 hail, till he berame fc very we-k as t> be forced to keep his chamber; and even 
 then he cndeavoure to do all the good which his fituat on- would permit. He died 
 onthe b'th of December, 109:, and was interred in C hrift-church, being attended to 
 the grave by a numerous; . C(;tnpany of pcrfons of different ranks, and many clergy- 
 men ( f t :e ettabliilied church. He ordend by his \v:ll that all his books Aiould be 
 diftibut'd among poer fchdars; and all that remained of' his eftatc he difpofed of 
 for the l^ereht 01 ti.e poor. He was married, but had no ifTue. His wife died fome 
 years beiwre hmi : he publifiicd a fliort account of lier, under the title of A Breviate 
 of the Life of Mrs. iVlargaret Baxter. 
 
 Mr. Baxter met in his life-time with the ufual fate of emincncCj to be highly 
 praifcd, and highly renlbred. Dr. Bales faid, that his books, which for number and 
 variety OJ matter v ere fuilicient to. make a library, con':ain a treafure ot' controver- 
 ful, cafuittical, pi fi ive, and pra6Hcal divinity ; and biihop VVilkins affirmed, that he 
 has cultivated every fubicift he has handled. But Mr. Long of h'xeier faid, it would 
 be wel tor tuc world if Mr. Baxter's books were all burned. However, an excel- 
 lent judge, i r. Barn.w, palled this judgment upon them, that " his praftical writ- 
 ings were never mended, and his controvcrfial feldom confuted," l^ifliop Burnet, "jti 
 the hiltory of his own times, calls Mr. Baxter " a man of great piety ; and that 
 if he had not meddled with too many things, would have been efteemed one of the 
 mutt learned men of the age ; that he had a moving and molT; pathetic way of writ- 
 ing, and was his whole life long a man of preat zeal and much fimplicity, but was 
 unhappily Itibtle and metaphyfical in every thing." 
 
 The Lte learned and ingenious Dr. Phil.p Doddridge had a very hi;;,h opinion of 
 Mr Baxter, both as a rran, and as a writer. In a letter written in 1723, to a tiicnd, 
 giving f 'me account of his ftudies, he exprelTed himfelf thus : " Baxter is my piirti- 
 cular favourite. It is iinpollible to tell you, Iiow much 1 am charmed with the de- 
 votion, good fenfe, and pathos, which is every v/here to be found in liin). ■ 1 cannot 
 forbear looking upon him as one of the greateit orators^ both with regard to copiouf- 
 nefs, acutenefs, and energy, that our nation hath produced: and if he hath utfcribed, 
 as 1 be ieve, tiie temper of his own heart, he appears to have been lb far fuperior to 
 the (.-eneiality of thofe whom we charitably hope to be good men, that one would 
 Vol. I. T t imagine
 
 j62 b a X t e r; 
 
 imagine God raifcJ liim up to difgrace ami condemn his breihren ; to fliew what a 
 chriftian is, and liow tew in the wurld dclerve the character." 
 
 Mr. Baxter's writings are very numerous. It is computed that he wrote at leafl: 
 an hundred and tbrty-five dirtinift trcatifcs, whereof four were folio's, feventy-threc 
 quarto';., forty- nine oiftavo's, and nineteen in twelves and twenty-four's, beiides fm- 
 f.le facets, fcparare ferniors, and at ler.ll five and twenty prefaces b.fore otiur men's 
 writings. Anx)ng Mr. Baxter's more conliderablc and celebrated pieces were the 
 Jt)!lo\ving-: I. The Saints Everlafting Re(t. 11. A Call to tl;e Unconverted : of this 
 piece Mr. Baxter himfeif fays, " This little book God hath blefied with unexpected 
 I'uccefs beyond all the reft that I have written, except the Saints Reft. In a little 
 mo:e than a year there were about tvrenty thoufand of them printed by my own 
 confent, and about ten thoufand fince, befides many thoufands by ftolen imprellions.'" 
 Jr has been tranHaunl into the French, Dutch, "Welch, and other European languages: 
 And Mr. Elhot tranflated it into the Indian language. HI. A Treatifc on the Di- 
 vine Life. IV. A Chrirtian Dire<ftory •, or, a Sum of practical Theology, and Cafes 
 of Confcience. V. Methodus I'lieologiae. VI. '1 he Poor Man's Family Book ; of 
 this many thoufands have been printed. VII. Paraph rafe on the New Teftament. 
 VHI. A Treatife of Univerfal Redemption. Some years after his death, Mr. Mat- 
 thew Sylveller publiflicd, from our author's original nunufcript, " Reliqiuje Bax- 
 terian^e : or, Mr. Richard Baxter's narrative ot the moil memorable paflages of his 
 life and iim.es." Ihis work hath been abridged by Dr. Edmund Calamy. 
 
 BAXTI'.R ^William) nephew to Mr. Richard Baxter, of whom we have been 
 treating, was bo^in at Lanlugany in Shropshire, in the year 1650. His education 
 was much negledted in his younger years; for at the age of eighteen, when he went 
 to the fchool at Harrow on the Hill, in Middlefcx, he knew not one letter in a 
 book, nor underftood one word of any language but Welch : but he foon retrieved 
 his loft time, and became a man of great learning. He applied himfclf chiefly to the 
 iludies of antiquities and philology. In 1679, he publiftied a grammar of the Latin 
 tongue; and in 1695, an edition of Anacreon with notes, which was afterwards re- 
 printed in 1710, with confidcrable improvements. In 1701, he publiflied an edition 
 of Horace, with notes, which was artei wards re-printed. In 1719, he publiflied his 
 Didionary. of the Biitilh Antiquities. His Glollary, or Diftionaiy of tke Roman 
 Antiquities, which goes no farther than the letter A, w.is publifhed in 1726, after 
 our author's deceafe, by the Rev. Mr. Mofes Williams; and, in 1732, th.u gentle- 
 man alfo publiflied propufls for printing our author's notes on Juvenal. Mr. Bax- 
 ter had alfo a fliare in the l-nglifli tranflation of Plutarch by feveral hands. He was 
 a great mailer of the ancient Britifli and Irilh tongue.^, and well Ikilled in the Latin 
 and Greek, as well as the northern and eaflern languages. He kept a correfpondence 
 with moft of the learned men of his time, particularly with the famous antiqua- 
 rian Mr. Edward Ldiwyd. Some of Mr. Baxter's letters to him are publifhed in his 
 GlofTariimi antiquitatum Romanarum. There are likewife in the phiioiophical tranf- 
 aclions two letters of his to Dr. Harwood, one concerning the town of V'crcconium 
 or Wroxeter in Shroplhire, and the other concerning the Hypocaulla or fweatmg- 
 houfcs of the ..ncients ; and another to Doiftor Hans Sloane, lecrctary to the Royal 
 Society, co.:taining an abllraft of Mr. l.hwyd's Archarologia Britannica. 
 
 Mr. Baxter fpent the greateft part of his life in the uleful but laborious employ- 
 ment of t-,uhing youth: for foine years he kept a boarding-fchool at Tottenham 
 High-Crofs in Middlefe)i, where he remained till he was chofen mailer of the mer- 
 
 cct's
 
 BEATON. 
 
 163 
 
 cer's-fchool ill London. In this fituation he continued above twenty years, but re- 
 figned before his death, which happened on the 3 ill of May 172J, in the feventy- 
 thiid year of his age. 
 
 BEATON (James) Archbifliop of St. Andrews. This famous prelr.te wns de- 
 fccjidctl from an anticnt ,\nd honourable family, that came originally from France, but 
 which had been long fettled in Scotland. His father was John L^caton, of Halfour, 
 and his mother Mary, daugliier to Sir David Bofwell of Blamuto. He was a voun^rcr 
 fon, and therclorc very early intended for tb.s church, and with that view keijt to his 
 ftudies. He had grc.it natural talents, which he improved by the acquifition of the 
 bcft learning which could bi attained, at that time, in his country. His firft prefer- 
 ment was that of th: provolllhip ot Bothwell, which was given him by George Duuolas 
 Earl of Angus, in 150J. The next year he was promoted to the rich and honourable 
 preferment of abbot of Dumfcrling. This was a (Irong evidence of the king's favour ; 
 but in 1505, he received a Hill greater. His brother, Sir David Beaton, died that 
 year; upon which the king honoured liim with the ftaff of liigh-trcafurer in the room 
 of that gentlem.m ■, and he began to be confidered as one of his majctty's chief mini- 
 fters. In 1508, he was promoted to the bifhopric of Galloway; and before lie had fat 
 a full year in that fee, he was removed to the archbiHiopric of Glafgow, upon whic!x 
 he rcfignrd the trcafurer's ftaff in i',g9. He is fuppofcd to have taken this ftep with 
 a view to be more at Icifure to mind tlie government of his diocefe; for we are told 
 that while he continued at Glafgow, he attended to the duties of his fundlion witli 
 great diligence. 
 
 In 1513, King James IV. of Scotland, having imprudently entered into a war with 
 England, was flain in the battle of Flodden-ficld ; and with him fell the flower of his 
 nobility, and among tliem Alexander, archbifli )p of St. Andrews, and chancellor of 
 Scotland, his natural fon. By this f^tal blow the kingdom w.as thrown into the ut- 
 moil confufion. The queen, Margaret, was declared regent of the kingdom by the 
 Jate king's will-, and fuch of the nobility as furvived the battle of Flodden-field, had 
 lubmittcd to her authority; but in confequence of an ha(ty and indecent marriage with 
 Archibald Earl of Angus, fhe was deprived of her regency. 'I'he nobility, however^ 
 could not agree about this; and the clergy, inllcad of interpofing their "ood offices 
 and endeavouring to promote peace in the kingdom, were all together by the eai-s 
 about the 'archbilhopric of St. Andrews. So that, for the re-ellabliflTment of the 
 public tranquility, it was found neceflary to fend for John Stuart, Duke of Albany, 
 the young king's uncle, from France, and to declare him regent of the kino-doni. 
 Among ihofe who were particularly diilinguilhcd by the new regent's favour, was arch- 
 bifliop Beaton. He railed him to the office of high chincellor; and gave him for 
 the fupport of his dignity the two rich abbies of Killwining and Arbroth, which he 
 held with his archbifhopric in commendam. While archbifliop Beaton relided at Gl.af- 
 gow in 1515, the famous Dr. Gawin Douglas, uncle to the Earl of Angus, was pro- 
 moted to the fee of Dunkeld, which being a fuffragan to the archbifliop of Glafgow 
 Dr. Douglas went thither to be confccrated. And Beaton, to flicw how much he re- 
 fpefled the new bifliop and his family, entertained him and all his attendants with 
 great magnificence and fplcndor, and defrayed the whole expence of his confecration. 
 But, notwithflanding all this, and though he had been firfl patronifcil by the family of 
 Douglas, yet the favours which he had received from the regent, the Duke of Albany 
 induced our prelate 10 join his party in oppofition to that of the houfe of Dourrlas. 
 In 1517, the Duke of Albany went over into France; upon which he appointed, 
 
 amonf'
 
 i64 BEATON. 
 
 among other great men, archbifhop Beaton to be one of the governors of Scotland'in 
 his a'jlVn^-e : Aid, with a view of jjicvcnting tlifjmtcs am"'nf'; tiic-ni, they had diff^rrnt 
 provirxes affigned tht-m. But this did n t anlwer the pitrpoil- ; for during the rt-gcnt*; 
 abfencf, fuch confufions prevailed in Scotland, and fvich niLitud e.mvty, rapine, and 
 violence, amonglt the ^rcat families, that ih,; kihi|dom was, for a confiJcr.cbie tinK, 
 in the ut noft dilorder. At length it was propofc-l to commit the rc-ins_pf government 
 into the hands of the Earl of Arran, a nobleman n^ririy allied in blood to t!;e king. 
 Accordingly, at his iniVance, a convention of eltatcs was fummoncd to meet at iidin- 
 burjzh, on the 20th of April 1520. 
 
 On tlie day appointed the Earl of Arran, wi^h many of the noMlity, aflcmblcd 
 together in archbilhop Beaton's houfc; where, previous to the fiting of tiic c )nvcnt:on, 
 they rcfjlvcd to apprehend the Earl of Angjsj allrvlging that his power wjs fo great, 
 that whilll he remiined free, they could not have a tree parliament. Kut as foon as 
 the Earl was informed of this defign, he Tent his imcle, Gawin Doujlis, bilh )u of 
 Dunkeld, to archbilhop tieatoii, the chancellor, offering that li he had failed in any 
 part of his duty to the reft of the lords, he would nult willingly fubmit to the cen- 
 iure of the convention, which w.is then going to m.et. And billi.Tp Douglas himf>.-lf • 
 e irnedly bcfought the chancellor, that he would ufe his beft endeavours with his 
 friends to compromife matters, in or'.ier to prevent the efr'jfion of bio )d. Archbilhop 
 Beaton, however, though he was as deep in the defign as any of the party, and had 
 " very epilcopally," fays Hume,* " put on armour to be prrlent at ir, und to afTift 
 them himfelf in perfon;" yet he endeavoured to excufe himf.lf as well as he could, 
 by laying the blame wholly upon the Earl of Arran, who, he pretended, was highly 
 offended with the Earl of Angus upon many accounts; and after he had reckoned up 
 the chief of them, and faid that for thofe reafons Arran would have Angus arreftcd, he, 
 concluded with faying, " There is no remedy! Upon my confcience I cannot help it.'* 
 In the heat of his nfTevtration, Beaton Imote his breaft with his hand, which made . 
 the iron plates of the coat of mail under his caflbck return a rattling found ;-f- which-. 
 bi(hjp Douglas perceiving, he gave his brother prelate this juft reprimand : '• How 
 now, my lord, methinks y lur confcience clatters : We are prieft-, it is not lawful for 
 VIS to put on armour, or bear arms. It is inconfillent with our character." However, 
 the good bifhop Douglas, finding he coiild no way prevail with lii'ij, in behalf of the 
 Earl of Angus, retired. But as to archhifhop Beaton, he, according to Buchanan, 
 infler.d of being " a prom iter of peace, fle.v armed up and down, like a firebrand 
 of fed tion." As, in this fituanon of aff tirs, no accommodation could be brought 
 about beiween the t.vo panics, a fkirmilh cnUied, in winch the pirty of the Earl of 
 Angus, who was much beloved in Edinburgh, h :d the advantage. Archbifhop i!e:iton, 
 ■when ho faw the d..y was loll, and his friends def'e .ted, fled for fanifluary to the Black- 
 fdars church, and w.s there taken out from behind the altar, an 1 his 'ochet torn oflT 
 him. And he would certain'y have been flain, if bifliop Gawin Douglas had not, 
 from a regard to his charafter, interceded for him, and laved his life. 
 
 The foil nv'ng year 1521, archbifhop Beaton's affairs erew Ibmewhat moreprof- 
 perous. 1 he Duke of Albany, the regent, arrived from I'rance, who, for the pre- 
 
 * Not the author of the hiftory of England, ifc. but Mr. David Huirie of GodTCToft, author of the 
 hifto y of the hiuife and race of Douglas. 
 
 ■\- *' In the hrat of iih aTe .eration, hi? beat hi"i breaft with his hand, where his confcience lay well 
 covert-d witli a coat <>{ mail; a (ccret hid under his feton or ca'lock. And now being knocked upon, it 
 aiifwercd v. ith a rattling noife which the plates of iron did yield, bearing w imefs agaiiiil him liov/ little 
 he card for that inwai'd \\ itnefs, which belitd him, when lie prote('.( d lie was dv.(i!Ous to p:icify mat- 
 tersj being indeed thus prepiuing for war. '— iiumc's HifL of the houfe^f Douglas, Vol. 11. p. 76, 77. 
 
 fent.
 
 BEATON. 165 
 
 Tent, intrcdaced fome kind of order in the government, and obliged the Earl of Angus 
 to confent, for the fake of the public peace, to remain for a year in France. Some 
 time after this died Dr. Andrew Foreman, archbifliop of St. Andrews, and primate of 
 Scotland. This opened a fair path to Beaton to fct himfelf at the head cf the Scot- 
 tifli church : and accordingly lie found means to fucceed in his defign, being made 
 archbilhop of St. Andrews in 1523. He did not, hov\ever, obtain this prelermenc 
 without a very confiderablc Ilruggle-, though he was favoured by the regciit, and by 
 the young king, who was very much governed by the archbilhop's nephew, David 
 Beaton ; in whofe favour the new primate, loon after his promotion, refign.d the rich 
 abbey of Arbroth, or Aberbrothock. The fame year the Duke of Albany returned 
 again into France. Soon after which his authority, as regent, was taken away by an 
 adt of Parliament ; for the Earl of Angus returning into Scotland, obtained fuch a de- 
 gree of influence in the public affairs of the kingdom, that all things were dircdlcd by 
 him and his adherents. Matters being in this fituation, archbifliop Beaton for tlie pre- 
 fent, joined himlelf to the party of the Earl of Angus; though this, as Hume lays, 
 was rather out of fear than good-will. And, therefore, when a iadtion was formed 
 againfl: Angus, he fell from that nobleman's party. Upon which Angus, to be re-- 
 venged of him, brought the king to the archbifhop's houfe at Edinburgh, and feized 
 upon his houthold goods for his own ufe. 
 
 In 1526, the King, James V. was declared of full age, though he was only eighteen,- 
 and the adminillracion placed entirely in the ha^ids of the Farl of Angus. One of the 
 firft ileps which were taken, after this alteration in the government, was the appoint- 
 ment of a new privy council, from which archbiftiop Beaton was excluded ; and foon 
 after the great feal was taken from him, and, in 1527, the Earl of Angus appointed 
 high chancellor in his room. Many attempts were, however, made to difpoflefs the 
 Earl of Angus of his power, particularly by the Earl of Lenox ; but the latter noble- 
 man was killed in a flviirmifh between the two parties-, and the Earl of Angus's p.ircy, 
 after this, feized upon, pillaged, and ruined archbilkop Beaton's calfle, becaufc they 
 confidered him, fays Buchanan, as the author of all the projefts which the Earl of 
 Lenox had undertaken. The primate was obliged to aifumc different difguiiVs, and 
 to conceal himfelf among his friends •, by which means only he could fcrcen iumfclf ■ 
 from the vengeance of the oppofite party. 
 
 However, the Earl of Angus, and his party, being at length driven from court, the 
 archbifliop came again into power, but did not recover his office of chancellor, which 
 was bellowed upon Dunbar, archbilhop of Glafgow. From this time archbifliop 
 Beaton continued to refidc in his own palace at St. Andrews, and was concerned in 
 fome violcnc perfecutions of the proteftants. It is alledged, inde-d, in liis juftification, 
 that he was not himfelf much inclined to proceedings of this kind ; but that he was 
 prevailed upon to be concerned in them, by his nephew David Beaton, abbot of Aber- 
 brothock •, who, we are told, governed at tiiis time both his imcle the arclibiflion, and 
 the king his matter. But as archbifhop Beaton did adtually give his name and landion 
 to thelc fanguinary proceedings, no influence of this kind can be tiiought, by any im- 
 partial man, fuihcient to exculpate him from the guilt of a periecutor. 
 
 1 he archbifliop's nephew, David Beaton, afted for the feveral lafl: years of his life, 
 as his co-adjuror; and the archbifliop committed to him tlie charge- of all ecclenaflical • 
 affairs; being himlelf aged and fickiy, and not often feen abroad. The kinsj, how- 
 ever, retained fo much regard for the old primate, as to permit him to difpoli.' of all 
 his preferments, by which means his relation, George Dury, obtained tlie rich abbey of 
 Dumfermling, and one Mr. Hamilton became abbot of Kiil'vining. 1 he arclibilhop in 
 
 Vol. I. U u ihe
 
 jrr, BEATON. 
 
 the ilecline of his life, be^an to ereft the new college in the unlverfitv of St. Andrew-s^ 
 but he did not live to finifh it. He left, however, the bell part of his cllatc towards 
 the completion of it -, but that, after his death, was applied to a different purpolc. 
 H>i died in 1539, and was interred in the cathedral cluirch of St. Andrews. 
 
 Archbilhop Beaton enjoyed tlie primacy of Scotland fixteen years. One of his fuc- 
 ctfTors, archbilhop Spotfsvood, fays that " he was herein moft unfortunate, that under 
 tlie fliadow of his authority, many good men were put to death for the caufe of re- 
 ligion, thougli lie himi'elf was neither violently fet, nor much folicitous, as it was 
 thought, how matters went in the .church." LcQey, bilhop of Rofs, does indeed give 
 archhifl-iop Beaton a very good cl?ara(5ter ; but, upon the whole, tJiat given of him by 
 John Knox, ll-cms to be not an unjuft one. " He w.^s (fays he) mo;c careful of the 
 world, than to preach CHRIST, or yet to advance any religion but for the fafliion 
 only ; and as he fought the world, it fled him not ; for it was well known, that at once 
 he was archbilhop of St. Andrews, abbot of Dunfermling, Aberbrothe, Kiliwjning, and 
 chancellor of Scotland." 
 
 BEATON (David) archbifliop of St. Andrew's, primate of Scotland, and cardinal 
 of the Roman church, was delcended from an honourable familv in the north, being 
 the Ton of John }!eaton of Balfour, by Ifabel his wife, daughter of David Moniepenny, 
 cf Pitmiily in the county of Fife, and nephew to archbilliop Beaton, whofe life we 
 have already related. He was born in the year 1494, and it appears, that there was 
 no care omitted to render his education equal to his birth. He pafied through the 
 various claffes of fchool learning with rapidity, and having entered the univerfity of 
 St. Andrews, he began to difplay fuch a re.idinefs of wit, and withal fuch an intenle ap- 
 plicntion to ftudy, that his relations conceived great hopes of his becoming, one day 
 or otiicr, an honour and fupport to his family. But thefe flattering expeftations were 
 entertained by no one with fuch a degree of warmth, as by his uncle, the archbifhop, 
 who lovd David as his own fon : as the bell method to fecurc his advancement in 
 life, he fent him over to Paris, where our young Scot commencing a ft-udent in one of 
 the colleges, perfefted himfclf in the civil and canon law, and applied with fuch di- 
 ligence to divinity, in order to qualify himfcrlf for the fcrvicc of the church, that he 
 entered into holy orders before he was nineteen years old ; and we find that he had the 
 addrefs, even prior to that event, to recommend himfelf in fo particular a manner to 
 the notice and favour of John, duke of Alb.my, then in France, whom the flares of 
 Scoth'.n4 hirtl made regent, during tlic minority of James V. that he was taken into 
 the fervice of that nobleman ; and being employed by him in feveral affairs of the 
 ^reatefl: importance, and always difcharglng the trull repofed in him with the ut- 
 moll difpatch and fidelity, on tiie death of his grace's fecretary, which happened ia 
 1 5 19, he was appointed, in his place, rcfident at the French court. This prefer- 
 ment abroad was attended with others in his own country, for about this time his 
 uncle, then archbifliop of Glafgow, bellowed an him the reJlory of Campfay -, fo 
 that he was beneficed in the church, and a miniller of ilate, at the age of twenty- 
 five. 
 
 In the year 15:^3, his uncle being raifed to the arclibifhopric of St. Andrew's, re- 
 •folvcd to rcfign the abbey of Arbroth in favour of his .nephew, and for that end he 
 prevailed with the duke regent to write, in the moll prefTing manner, both in the young 
 king's name and his own, to pope Adrian VI. to difp.itch the bulls of his invefliture; 
 and withal to entreat his holinefs, that through the fullnefs of his difpenfing power he 
 would admit Mr. Beaton to delay taking on him what they call the habit, for the 
 
 fpace
 
 BEATON. 167 
 
 fpaceof two years; which the pope, to gratify the king, acquiefced in. Mr. Beaton 
 remained in France two years after this ; and upon his return to Scotland in 1525, we 
 find him taking his feat in parHament, as abbot of Arbrodi. In 153S, he was pro- 
 motevto the dignity of lord-privy-feal, in which capacity lie affilled the king v.'ith 
 his counfels, and was confidered as the perfon in whonn his inajefty nioft confided. In 
 the year 1/^33, he was intruded with a very important commifHon, whicii obliged 
 him to pafs into France, in conjuniftion with Sir Thomas Erlkine. This was to con- 
 clude an alliance between the two crowns, and a marriage with the daughter of tlie 
 PVench king, which did not then take efFc6f, becaufe the princefs was at that time 
 in a very badftate of health : but the abbot of Arbroth was likewife cntrurted with 
 fome other lecret commiflion, which obliged him to continue at the French court for 
 fome time ; and he gave his mafterfuch intelligence from thence, as enabled him to 
 fecure his peace with his uncle, Henry VIII. of England, while he was complimented 
 and carefTed, in the moft extraordinary manner, by the emperor and the pope, though 
 thofe fovereigns were both violent enemies to the Britifli monarch. 
 
 It was during the time he was thus employed at the French court, that our abbot 
 laid the foundation of all his greatnel's ; for by his addrefs and underftanding, he gained 
 fo much on the good graces of Francis I, that he granted iiim many, and thofe too 
 very fmgular, 'f'avours : Hill, by virtue of his prerogative, giving him all the privi- 
 leges of a native of France, and afterwards conferring upon him a bifliopric; marks 
 of efteem not frequently bcRowed on Grangers, and never by fo wife a prince as 
 Francis I. without jull: caule; whence it has been conjeftured, that Beaton was now 
 admitted into the whole fyftem of French politics, and undertook to make hi-s mafter 
 coincide with them ; fo that what Francis gave him, was not fo much encouragement 
 as reward ; and the emperor invading France in 15^6, king James, by the advice of 
 his minifter, adually came, with part of his nobility, to the adiltance of the French 
 monarch. He was met on the road by the dauphin, wjio conduced him to Paris, 
 where he had all the honours paid him that he could defirc ; and what he feemed to 
 wifh moft, the princefs Magdalen, for whom he had fent two embaflies in vain, was 
 given to him in perlbn, whom he efpoufed on the firlt of January 1537. But this 
 iady dying the Julyfollpwing, foon after her arriv.1l in Scotland, the abbot of Arbroth, 
 who returned with 'their majefties into that kingdom, was fcnt over again to Paris, to 
 negociatea fccond marriage for the king, -with the lady Mary, daughter to the duke 
 of Guife, and widow of the duke de Longueville. During his ftay, at this time, in 
 the kingdom of France, lie was confecrated bifliop of Mirepoix -, and all things 
 being at length fettled, in the month of June, 153S, he embarked with his new 
 iniftrcfs for Scotland, wliere, after great hazard of being taken by the F.nglifh, they 
 fafcly arrived j and, in the month of July, the royal nuptials were celebr.ited at St. 
 Andrew's. 
 
 Beaton had now all the power and authority of an archbifliop, though he was no 
 more than coadjutor of St. Andrew's -, but this being thought an infiifficiency of 
 power to anfwcr the ends which he had engaged to promote, he was by pope Paul IIL 
 through the recommendation, as fome h.ive tliought, of the French king, raifed to 
 the purple, by the title of St. Stephen in Monte Cielio, on the twentieth of Decem- 
 ber, 1538. But there is a letter of the cardinal's, on this occafion, to Andrew 
 Oliphiint, the Scotch agent at Rome, which ihcws to a demonllration, that he chiefly 
 owed his dignity to the (late of affairs in Scotland at that time, his own capacity, and 
 the king's influence, Tlicpope wanted fuch a man as Beaton in his intereflr, when 
 great llrides were making t;vcry day towardi deinoliiliing the papal power, both in 
 
 F.n viand
 
 i63 BEATON.. 
 
 England .md Scotland ; and it was with a defign of attaching the clergy of the latter 
 kingdoni ftriclly to Iiimfclf, that he gave them a head, who, for his own fake, would 
 iecrp them firm lo the apoftolic fee. 
 
 Yet it wjs not many months after this, that the cardinal was in no fmall danger of 
 lofing his mailer's confidence j for Henry Vlll. having intelligence of the motives 
 which urged the pope to give Beaton one ot the fcarlet hats, fenc a very able minillcr 
 to his nephew James, with particular inflruc^lions to procure the cardinal's difgrace ; 
 but the fclieme laid for that pvirpofe had not the defired eifeft, the Scotch king 
 taking care to elude the Englifli ambafiador's inftance«, by fuch fubde and evafive 
 anfwers, as left no room for taking offence, yet fent him back to his mafter without 
 gaining what he came for-, and Beaton's uncle, the old archbifliop dying fht^rtly after,, 
 the cardinal fuccceded in the primacy. He was no Iboner advanced to this exalted 
 ftation, than he began to difcover that warm and perfecuting temper, which, during 
 the reft of his life, was his diftinguifhing charafteriltic •, and being determined to give 
 the llroiigeft proof of his attachment to the religion and interefcs of Rome, healfem- 
 bled a great number of perfons of the firft rank, both Clergv and- Laity, in the 
 cathedral of St. Andrew, Iiimfclf and his attendants making an appearance uncom- 
 monly fplendid •, and he there made a fpeech, wherein he reprcfented,. how much 
 the catholic faith was infulted, and the danger with which the Church Was threatened 
 by the increafe of Heretics, who had the boldnefs to profefs tlicir opinions, even irj 
 the King's Court ; where, faid he, they find but too much countenance -, and he 
 mentioned by name Sir John Borthwick, whom he had cited to appear in that Aflcmbly, 
 for difpcrfmg heretical books, and holding heretical opinions. The articles of accu- 
 lation were then read againft him ; and Sir John appearing neither in perfon, nor by 
 proxy, was declared an Heretic, and his goods confifcated. Sir John, in the mean 
 time, found means to efcape into England, where he was kindly received by King 
 Henry, who fer.t him into Germany, to conclude a treaty in his name with the Pro- 
 tellant Princes of theEmpire. Cardinal Beaton could, therefore, proceed no further 
 againft Borthwick ; but was obliged to concent himfelf with burning him in effigy^ 
 He proceeded, however, againft feme others more eifeftually ; for in 1540, hve 
 Heretics were committed to the flames, and nine recanted j. but fome made their 
 ticape out of prifon, among whom was the celebrated George Buchanan. 
 
 But thel'e proceedings not anfwering Beaton's purpofe to the full, he had recourfe 
 to another method, which was, to engage the king to iirue a commiflion for enquiring 
 after heretics, and to place at the head of it Sir James Hamilton, baftard brother to 
 the earl of Arran, a man of a barbarous and bloody temper, whom the king, till 
 that time, had always hated, for many reafons. But the uuth is, the king was filled 
 with the hopes of obtaining large fums of money by the conviction of fuch as were 
 liifcovered to be favourers of Luther's do6trine : and in fupportof this fci:eme a roll 
 was a(5lually made containing the names of 36c fufpcfted perfons, many of whom were 
 of the chief nobility. But while Sir James Hamilton, the grand inquifitor in this 
 dreadful office, was bufy in accufing others ot herefy, he was himfelf accufed, con- 
 vjded, and afterwards execured for high treafon-, tliough James having left all his 
 fubjeds abfolutely to the cardinal's mercy, there is no knowing to what lengths fuch 
 a furious zealot might have gone, had no- Providei.ce prevented the perpetration of his 
 bloody defigns, by the death of that monarch; who having, at his miniller's inftiga- 
 tion, directed his troops to invade England, they were at ^'olway Mofs engaged and 
 difcomfited ; wiiich difmul overthrow had iuch an efieft upon him, that, in the end, 
 it broke his heart. 
 
 The 
 
 I
 
 B E A T O N. i6n 
 
 The firaation in which the king's dedth left the nation, alarmed all ranks of men. 
 A war with England had been undertaken without necelTity, and carried on without 
 liiccefs ; many perfons of the firfl: didinftion had (Men into the hands of the enemy, 
 and, among the red of the nobles, there was little union, either in their views or 
 their affeclions : add, too, that the religious dilputc-?, occafioned by the opinions of 
 the reformers, growing every day more violent, gave new rage to tholV factions which 
 are natural to a form of eovcrntnent nea' Iv Ariflocratical. The sovernment of 
 an infant queen was Itill more dcftitute of real authority ; and James had not provided 
 even a common remedy againft the diforders of a minority, by committing to proper 
 perfons the care of his daughter's education, and the adminiftration of affairs in her 
 name •, lb that, in mere delpair, he abandoned thetn both ro the mercy of fortune, 
 and left open to every pretender the office of regent ; which he could not fix to his 
 own fatisfaftion. Cardinal Beaton, who had for many years been confidered as prime- 
 minifter, was the firfl; that claimed that hi:j;h dignity; and, in fupport of his preten- 
 fions, he produced a teftament which he himfelf had forged in th^- nime of the late 
 kinu ; and, without any other right, inftantly afllimed the title of regent. He hoped, 
 by the afiiilance of the clergy, the countenance of France, the connivance of the 
 queen do.vager, and the fupport of the whole popifh faction, to hold by force what 
 he had fcized on by fraud. But Beaton had enjoyed power too long to be a favourite 
 of the nation ; thofe among the nobles who widied for a reformation in religion 
 dreaded his leverity ; and others confidered the elevation of a churchman to the 
 higheft office ot the kingdom, as a depreffion of themfelves : at their inftigation,.. 
 therefore, James Hamilton, carl of Arran, and next heir to the queen, roufed him- 
 felf froni his inaiflivicy, and was prevailed tipon to afpire to tlie regency ; to which, 
 proximity of blood, and former practice in lilce cafes, gave him an undoubted title.- 
 The nobles, who were aff^mbled for this purpofc, unanimoufly conferred on him- 
 tlicfupreme office ; and the public voice applauded their choice. 
 
 No two men ever differed more widely in difpofition and character, than the earU 
 and Beaton. The cardinal was by nature of immoderate ambition -, by long expe- 
 rience he had acquired addrefs and refinement •, and inlolence grew upon hirn froin- 
 continual fuccefs. As his own eminence was founded upon the power of the church 
 of R(iine, he was a zealous defender of that fuperlfition, and, for the fame reafon, 
 an avowed enemy to the doclrine of reformers: political motives, alone, determined 
 him to fupport the one, or to oppofe the other. His early application to public bufi- 
 nds kept him unacquainted with the learning and controverfies of the age ; he gave 
 judgment, upon all points in difpute, with a precipitancy, violence, and rigour,, 
 which cotemporary hiltorian.s mention with indignation. The characfter of the earl of 
 Arran was, in almoft every rcfped, the reverie. He was neither infefted with ambi- 
 tion, nor inclined to cruelty : the love of cafe extinguiflicd the former; the foftnefs 
 of his temper prcferved him from the latter. Timidity and irrcfolution were his pre- 
 dominant failings-, the one occafioned by his natural conltitution, and the other 
 arifing from a confcioufnefs that his abilities were not equal to his Itation. With, 
 thefe dilpofitions he might have enjoyed and adorned private life ; but his public con- 
 duct was without courage, dignity or confiilence ; the perpetual ilavc of his own- 
 fears, and, in confequence, the perpetual tool of thofe who found their advantage in 
 praftifing upon them. But as no other perfon could be fet in oppofition ro the cardi- 
 nal, wiih any probabi'ity of fuccefs, the nation declared in his favour with fo general' 
 a confcnt, that the artifices of his rival could not v/iihlland its united ftrcpgth. 
 
 X X This.
 
 lyo BEATON. 
 
 Tliis was in the year 1542, the celebrated Miry queen of Scots being then but a 
 few d.ivs old ; and, before the clofc of the fan;e year, the e.'.rl of Arran was firmly 
 fettled in the regency, to the utter exckifion of the cardinal which wa'i ciiiefly cftcdlcd 
 by the lords who were in the Eni^iifli intereft, and defirous of complying with a pro- 
 pjfai made by Hrnry VIII. for a marriage between his only Ion lidward and. the in- 
 fant queen : this propofd, indeed, was alio reliflicd by all who feared the cardinal or 
 favoured the change of religion -, for they were fond of an alliance which afforded 
 protection to the doctrine they had embraced, as well as to their own pcrfons, agiinlt 
 the puwer of a lloman catholic prelate. But Henry's rough and overbearing temper 
 rendered tifis fcheme abortive. He had at once alarmed and irritated the wlioleScot- 
 tifh nation, by demanding that the queen's peribn fliould immediately be committed 
 to his cudody ; and thai the government of the kingdom fliould be put into his hands 
 during her minority. What people would not fcorn to purchale an alliance, how- 
 ever great, at the price of their liberty ? The parliament of Scotland, notwithlland- 
 ing, influenced by fome of their nobles, feemed very defirous of a peace with the 
 Engiilii king-, and cardinal Beaton being the only obllrucftion to the meafures leading 
 to it, he was, by order of the regent, feized, and (tnt prifoner to the caftle of Hlack- 
 nefs, after the EngliQi ambalTadors had failed in a daring attempt to carry off both 
 the young queen and him as a prize to their impatient mailer. ' 
 
 But things did not long remain in this firuation ; the cardinal, though under re- 
 ftraint, found means to attach fo flrong a party to his intereft, and, what was ftill 
 more extraordinary, had gained fo m.any people about the regent, that, not knowing 
 how to fecure himfclf, that nobleman was forced to fet him at liberty : an event, no 
 doubt, which is very exprclTive of Beaton's genius and charadterj who knew how to 
 court and manigefadions lb well, that, upon the young queen's coronation, he was 
 again admitted of the council, and, at the requeft as well as by the confent of the 
 regent, alfumed the high office of chancellor, out of which the archbithop of Glaf- 
 gow was turned, to make way for him. After this the cardinal proceeded to give 
 new proof of his art and addrefs. 1 he treaty which had been figned with Henry, 
 during his confinement at Blacknefs, though on a more equitable footing than was at 
 firft propofed, was ilill manifeflly to the advantage of England : he complained 
 loudly upon this account, and faid that the regent had betrayed the nation to its molt 
 inveterate enemies, and facrificed its honour to its own ambition. He foretold the 
 extinction of the true catholic religion, under the tyrannical ufurpation of an excom- 
 municated heretic ; but, above all, he lamented to fee an ancient kingdom confenting 
 to its own Qavery ; and, in one hour, the wealcnefs or treachery of a fingle man fur- 
 rendering every thing f )r which the Scots had ftruggled through fo many ages. The 
 rage of the people rofe to fuch a height upon thele remonflrances, that the EnglilTi 
 minifters could hardly be protetted from their infults. The clergy contributed a great 
 fum towards preferving the church from the dominion of a prince, whofe fvftcm of 
 reformation was fo fatal to their power ; and the nobles, after having mortified the 
 cardinal fo lately in fuch a cruel manner, were now ready to applaud and fecond him, 
 as the defender of the honour and liberty of his country. Fired by thefe encourage- 
 ments, his ambition and zeal grew equally intemperate -, he immediately fcizcd on 
 the perfons of the young queen and her mother, and added to his party the fplendor 
 and authority of the royal name. But about the fame time he received a more 
 real accelTion to his llrength, by the arrival of Mathew Stuart, earl of Lenox, whofe 
 return from France he had earneftly folicited. This nobleman was hereditary enemy 
 of thehoufeof Hamilton -, he had many claims upon the regent, and pretended a 
 
 right
 
 BEATON. 171 
 
 right not only to exclude him from fucceedingto the crown, but to deprive him of the ' 
 p-ifu-fTion of his private fortune. Tiie cardinal flattered his vanity v/ith the prolp eel 
 of marrying the queen dowager, and affefted to treat him with fuch refpec't, that tl:C 
 regent became jeaiovis of him as a rival in power. 
 
 Mean whil- the day appointed for the ratification of the treaty with F.nihnd ap- 
 proached ; and the regent was quite undetermined how to proceed : He z?tt:d to 
 the laft (fays the ingenious Dr. Robertf)n) with that irrelolution and incanfilkrvce, 
 which is peculiar to v/eak men, when they are lb unfortunate as to have the chief 
 part in thecondu6t of difficult affairs. On the 25th of Auguft, he ratified the treat/ 
 with Henry, and proclainied the Cardinal, who ftill continued to oppofe it, an 
 enemy to his country. On the 3d of September he fecretly withdrew from Kdinburgli, 
 met witli the Cardinal at Callendar, renounced the friendfhip of England, and de- 
 clared for the intcreft of France. 
 
 Cardinal I3eaton was now in poflefTion of every thing his ambition could dcfire; he 
 was High Chancellor of Scotland -, had been appointed by the Pope Legate a La':ere ; 
 and excrcifed all the authority of a Regent, without the envy of the name. In the be- 
 ginning of the year 1546, he funimoned a provincial alTembly of the clergy at the 
 Black-Friars in Edinburgh, in order to concert meafures for retraining herefy. How- 
 far they proceeded, or what was agreed upon, does not appear; however, kh certain 
 that the cardinal was now very adlive in bringing to the ftake one of the moll: eminent 
 teachers of the proteftant party. This was Mr. George Wifhart, a man of honour- 
 able b:rth, who had diftinguilhed hiinfelf by his piety and learning, and was univer- 
 fally beloved for the integrity of his heart, and the innocence of his manners. The 
 cardinal received information, that Mr. Wifliart was at the houfe of Mr. Cockburn, 
 of Ormillon, in Eaft Lothian. Upon this he immediately applied to the Regent, to 
 caufe him to be apprehended ; with which, after great periuafion, and much againfl 
 his will, he complied. Wifhart was firit carried to the houfe of Elphinfton, where 
 the Cardinal then was, afterwards to the caflle of Edinburgh, and from thence was 
 removed to the caflle of St. Andrew's. Beaton refolved to proceed without delay to 
 his trial, and for that purpofe affembled the prelates at St. Andrew's on the 27th of 
 February. At this meeting the Ajchbilhop of Glalgow gave it as his opinion, that ap- 
 plication fhould be made to the regent, to grant a commifiion to fome Nobleman to 
 try the priloner, that all the odium of putting fo popular a man to death, might not 
 lie upon the clergy. To this the cardinal agreed •, but upon fending to the regent for 
 this purpofe, he received the following anfwer : " That he would do well not to pre- 
 cipitate this man's trial, but delay it until his coming ; for as to himfelf, he would not 
 confent to his death before the caufe was very well examined ; and if the cardinal fliould 
 do otherwife, he would make proteftation, that the blood of this man fhould be re- 
 quired at his hands." The cardinal wps extremely chagrined at this mtllage -, however, 
 he determined to proceed in the bloody buiinefs he had undertaken-, and therefore fent 
 the regent word, " That he had not written to hitn about this matter, as fuppofing 
 himfelf to be anyway dependent upon his authority, but from a defire that the profe- 
 cution and conviftion of Heretics might have a fliew of public confent ; which, fince 
 he could not this way obtain, he would proceed in that way which to him appeared the 
 moft proper." Accordingly he indicfted Mr. Wifliart upon eighteen articles, thoui'Ji 
 he appealed, as being the regent's priloner, to a temporal judicatory ; and condemn- 
 ing him as an obflinate Heretic, caufed him to be burnt at St. Andrew's on the 
 fecond of March, forbidding allperfons to pray for him, under pain of incurring the- 
 fcvereft cenfures of the Church. 
 
 Cardinal
 
 jya 
 
 BEATON. 
 
 Cardinal Beaton (fa\s Dr. Robercfoii) had not ufol his power with moderation equal 
 to the prudence by which he attained ir. Notwithilanding his great abilities, he had 
 too many ot the pafTions and prejudices of an angry leader of a taftion, to govern a 
 divitied people wich temper. His refentment againll one pare of the Nobility, his 
 infolence towards the rell, his fcverity to tlie Reformers, and, above all, the barba- 
 rous and illegal execution of the famous George Wifliart, a man of honourable birth, 
 and of primitive fandtity, wore out the patience of a fierce age -, and nothing but a 
 bold hand was wanting, lo gratify the public wifli by his defl;ruc;l:ion. 
 
 It is eafy to imagine that this proceeding againll Wifliart made a great noife 
 throughout the kingdom; fuch as were zealous papifls, magnified the Ipirit and 
 fleadinel's of the cardinal-, others of more moderation, cenfured it as a rafla and very 
 imprud; nt aclion which could not but be attended Ainth very difmal confequences j 
 and the friends of the protcftantcaufe openly declared, that as it was done without 
 due courfe of law, it ought to be confidered as a murder-, wliich, if unqucllioned by 
 th-i ftate, private men miglit revenge. As for the cardinal, he did not feem to be 
 highly concerned at the rumours which his conduA in this matter had raii'cd ; he was 
 fomuch perfu.idcd ia himfelf of his great intcicft among the nobility, that he did 
 not apprehend any fort of danger from the regent's dilpleafure •, and, on the other 
 hand, he thought, that having embarked the whole clergy of Sco;land in the fame 
 caufe with himfelf, he was fure of all the intereft they had among the people. There 
 is a circumfiance mentioned by feveral hiftorians, which plainly proves, that the 
 cardinal was, at the time we now mention, at the height of his fortune and wifhes; 
 and that he was intent upon nothing but the means of adding to, and fecuring the 
 fame prolperity for the future. For it appears that he went, foon after the death of 
 Mr, Wifli.irt, to Finliiven, the feat of the earl of Crawford, to folemnizc a marriage 
 between the eldcit lun of that nobleman, and his n;itural daughter Margaret; whicii 
 was performed in great pomp and fplendor. This faiSt is the cleared proof that the ' 
 cardinal had no dread or leiror upon his mind, but thought his conditi<.n as fccure, 
 if not more lb, than ever-, and we are likewifc told that he (food in very high credit 
 with the greatelf men in the kingdom, when he. was able to ally himfelr, by his 
 illegitimate ifiuc, to one of the moft ancier.t anci honourable families in Scotland. 
 But while lie was thus employed, and in the midft of his rejoicing, he received intelli- 
 gence that an I nglilh fquadron was upon the coaft, and that confcquentiy an inva4ion 
 was to be feared : upon this he immediately returned to St. Andrew's, and appointed 
 a day for the nobility and gentry to meet, and confult about the proper means of 
 raifing fuch a force, as might be fuffici-nt to fecure them from any attempts of an 
 enemy. He began likewife to ftrengthen the fortifications of his own callie at Saint 
 Andiew's, into wliich he was at any time able to put a garrifon fufficient to defend it. 
 But the cim.e of meeting not being come, and no farther news being heard of the 
 EngliOi fleet, he was mure intent upon rendering thecaftle tenantable agiinfl: a foreign-, 
 force, than felicitous about aflembling fuch a number of men, or taking fuch other- 
 precautions, as might lijcuic him from being kirprifed by his fpes at home, of which, 
 he does not feem to have entertained the fmullell: fufpicion. 
 
 While he was bufy about thele matters, there ca.nc to him the eldeft fon of the earl 
 of Roches, Mr. Norman Lefley, a gentleman with uhom he had a very intimate 
 friendfli;p: thedefignof his vifit was to ailc fomc favour, which he might expcft to 
 obtain , liut the canlinal abfolutely rcfufcd to grant it, and provoked him thereby 
 to fuch a degree, that he went away in great difpleafure. Now it happened that this 
 gentleman's uncle, Mr. John Lefey, was one of the muil violent enemies the cardinal 
 
 had ;
 
 B E A U C H A M P, ,73 
 
 had} as foon as he had heard therefore of the ill ufage his nephew had received, he 
 repaired to him immediately, and brought with him fome other perfons, who were in- 
 flamed againft Beaton on account of his perfecution of the proteftants; and in the end 
 it was agreed among them that the cardinal Ihould be fuddenly cut off. There were 
 but very few concerned in this confpiracy, and of them the principal perfons were 
 Norman Lefley, John Lefley, William Kircaldy of Grange, Peter Carmichael ot Fife, 
 James Melvil. The fcheme tliey laid, was to meet at St. Andrew's with as much pri- 
 vacy as pofllble, and to furpriie the caflle in a morning before the cardinal's fervants 
 were ftirring; and they entered into an agreement under their hands, to be at that city 
 on the 28th of May, and to behave in the mean time in fuch a manner as to afford no 
 room for fufpicion. They accordingly met in the abbey church-yard, and determined 
 that Kircaldy fliould take fix perfons with him to fecure the gate; which he did, by 
 engaging the porter in difcourfe till his mafter might be fpoke with ; when the two 
 Lefley's coming up, with four other confpirators, they feized the porter and got pof- 
 feflion of his keys. The next thing they did, was to fend four perfons to watch the 
 cardinal's chamber, that he might have no notice given him of what was doing; they 
 afterwards went and called up the fervants, to whom they were very well known, and 
 turned them, to the number of fifty, out at the gate, as they did above an hundred 
 workmen employed in repairing the caftle ; but the cldeft fon of the regent, who 
 lodged with the cardinal, they kept for their own fecurity; all this being executed 
 with fo little noife, that Beaton never awoke. At length, however, they came and 
 knocked at his chamber door; upon which, flatting from his deep, he cried our, 
 " Who's there ?" to which John Lefley made anlwer, " My name is Lefley ;" 
 " Which Lefley?" replied the cardinal : '•' Is it Norman?" " No matter," faid John 
 Lefley, " you muft open the door to thofe who are here." However, inflead of doino- 
 this, the cardinal inftantly rofe and began to barricadoe the door in the beft manner he 
 could; then the confpirators called for fire; but, while ic was fetching, Beaton hav- 
 ing conferred with them, upon a promife being made him that no violence fliould be 
 offered towards his perfon, he opened the door, when the whole party rufhing upon 
 him with their naked fwords, put an end to his life in an inftant, notwithftandinc the 
 obligation they were under, by their affurance, to fpare it. 
 
 Dr. Robertfon obferves, that thofe who were concerned in the affuffination of Beaton, 
 " delivered their country, though by a mod unjuftifiabie adion, from an ambitious 
 man, whofe pride was infupportable to the nobles, as his cruelty and cunning were 
 the great checks to the reformation." " His death ('adds the hiilorian) was fatal to 
 the catholic religion, and to the French intereft in Scotland. - The fame zeal for both 
 continued among a great party in the nation, but when deprived of the genius and 
 authority of fo Ikilful a leader, was of fmall confequence. Nothing can equal the 
 confternation which a blow fo unexpefted occafioned among his adherents ; while the 
 regent fccretly enjoyed an event, which removed out of his way a rival, who had not 
 only eclipfed his greatnefs, but almoff extinguiflied his power." According to 
 Dcmpftcr, Cardinal Beaton wrote " an account of his negociations with the French 
 king and the pope ;" and " a trcatife concerning St. Peter's fupremacy over the refl of 
 the apoftlcs." Some copies of his letters are faid to be preferved in the library of 
 the French king. 
 
 BEAUCHAMP (Thomas) earl of Warwick, diflinguiflied by his bravery and 
 condudL was the eldefl: fon of Guy, carl of Warwick, and was born in the year 1313. 
 In his feventccnth year he took up his hereditary offices of fheriff of Worcclterfhiic, 
 
 Vol, I. Y y - and
 
 ,74 B E A U C L E R K. 
 
 and ch.imberl.iin of the exchequt-r ; and before he was twenty, king Edward III. made 
 liim "ovcrnor of Gocrnfey, and the fmall illands adjacent. He attended that prince in 
 his wars in Scotland and France, and did great fervicc in the fanimis fea-fight, in 1340. 
 In the tSth of Edward III. he was cunftituted fiierifF of Warwiclc and Leicelter- 
 ihirc for life, and the fame )ear was created earl marflial of England. He commanded 
 vhe van of the Engiifli army, and afterwards, for the great ferv:cc he performed at the 
 lime of Calais, had a tlioufand marks a year granted him during life. After this, be 
 w.is picfent in the famous battle of Poiftiers, where the king of France was taken 
 prilnner, and where our earl fought fo long, that his hand w.is extremely galled with 
 ufing his fword and poll-axe; but he had the good fortune to take prifoner William 
 dc Melun, archbifliop of Sens, for whom he received a ranfom of eight thoufand 
 pojnds. He attenJ.cd Kdward the Blaci-; Prince in feveral other campaigns-, and in 
 1363 paflc-d through France with a train of fix hundred horfe, in his paflagc to the 
 call, where he made war againll the Infidels for three years. This noble earl, who 
 was one of the firft knights of the garter, continued in the cxercifs of his military 
 virtues, till his dcceafe in 1369, when he commanded the king's army in France, and 
 died there of the plague. 
 
 BEAUCHATJP (Richaro) earl of Warwick, one of the mofl: renowned warriors 
 of the age in which he lived, was grandfon of the former; he wasborn at the manor- 
 houle of Salwarpe, in the county of Worceller, on the 28th ot January 1381, and was 
 created knight of the Bath at the coronation of Henry I\'. in 1399. In 1404 lie diftin- 
 gufhed himfclf in fu[)preinng the rebellion raifcd by Owen Glendower, whofe ftand- 
 ard he took in open battle. In 1408 he obtained a licence from king Ilenry IV. to 
 vifit the holy Icpulchre at Jerufalem, in purliiance ot a vow he had made. In his 
 way thither, and in his return, he was received by many fovereign princes with great 
 reiped, and fign:'lized himfclf by his bravery and fuccci's in feveral tournaments. He 
 was conllituted lord high Oeward at the coronation of king Henry V. and in the year 
 141C, was declared captain of Calais. He reduced to the king's obedience feveral 
 towns and caiUcs in France-, for which fervices the king created him earl of Aumarle, 
 or Albemarle. King Henry afterwards ll-nt him to the king of France, attended by 
 1000 men, to treat of a marriage between him and the princcfs Catherine, that king's 
 daughter ; but the dauphin, being fenfible that this marriage was intended to defeat his 
 fuccefTion, fent a body of r.ooo men, under the command of the earls of Vendome 
 and Limofin, "to obflruft his palTIxge, id whom the earl gave battle, in which both 
 thofe noblemen were killed, one of them falling by the earl of Warwick's own hand, 
 and about two thoufand of their troops were eitiier llain or taken prifoners. He then 
 proceeded on his embalTy, in which, noiwithftanding the difficulties he had to ftrug- 
 gle with, he happily fucceeded. But as many places in France had declared for the 
 dauphin, it was thought requifite to take the llrongeft of them, which was Melun, 
 in order to fct an example to the reft; and this place, which the French imagined 
 impregnable, the earl took in fourteen weeks and four days. King Henry V. dying, 
 commi;ted to the earl of Wanvick the tutelage of his fon, then an infant. This 
 noble lord died on the 30th of April 1439, in the callle of Rouen; and his body was 
 brought over to England, and interred in the collegiate church of Warwick. 
 
 BEAUCLERK (Avbrey, lord") a brave but unfortunate commander, was the 
 ycungcft Ion of Charles, duke of ^t. Alban's, by Diana, daughter of Aubrey de Vere, 
 call of Oxford. He wenter.rly to fea, and had the command of a fliip given him in 
 
 '73'.
 
 BEAUFORT. 175 
 
 1731. In 1741 he was fent upon the famous expedition to Carthagena, under the. 
 command of acimiral Vernon, in the Prince Frederick man of war, wliich, with three 
 others, were ordered to cannonade the caftle of Boca-chica. One of thefe being ob- 
 liged to quit her ftation, the I'rince Frederick was expoled, not only to the fire from 
 the callle, but to th u of fort St. Jofeph, and t) two flups that guarded the mopth of 
 the harbour, which he bravely fuftained for many hours that day, and part of the next. 
 As he was giving his commands upon deck, both his legs were flioi: off; but fucU 
 ■was his mat£nanimity, that lie would not lulfer his wounds to be drcfikl till he had 
 communicated Ins orders to his firll lieutenant, which were to fight till the laft extre- 
 mity. Soon after he gave Ibme direftions about his private affairs, and then refigned 
 his foul with the dignity of a hero and a chriRian. Thus was the gallant Beauclerk 
 taken off, in the thirty-firft year of his age. He was equalled by few in politenefs, 
 modelty, caridour, and benevolence. He married the widow of colonel Francis Alex- 
 ander, a daughter of fir Henry Newton, knt. envoy extraordinary to the court of Flo- 
 rence and Genoa. Soon after his death a monument was ercdled to his memory in 
 Wellminftcr abbey, adorned with arms, trophies, and naval enfigns, and in an oval 
 niche, on a beautiful pyramid ot dove-coloured marble, is a fine bud cf this young 
 heroj on this pyramid is an hiitorical infcription to the above purpole, and over it 
 the following lines : 
 
 " Whilft Ijritain bonfts her empire o'er the deep, 
 
 " This marble fhall compel the brave to weep ; 
 
 *' As men, as Hi irons, and as foldicrs, mourn : 
 • " 'Tis dauntiefs, loyal, virtuous Beauclerk's urn. 
 
 "■ Sweet were his manners, as his foul was great, 
 
 " And ripe his worth, tho' immature his fate : 
 
 " Each tender grace that joy and love infpires, 
 
 *' Living he mingled with his martial fires ; 
 
 " Dying he bid Britunnia's thunder roar, 
 
 " And Spain Hill felt him, when he breach'd no more." 
 
 BFAUFORT (Margtiret) Countefs of Richmond and Derby, was the only 
 daughter and heirefs of John Bcaufoit, Duke of Somerfct, (grandfon to John of 
 Gaunt, Duke of Lancafter) by Margaret tieauchamp, his wife. She was born at 
 Bletflioe in Bcdfordfhire, in 1441. While fhe was very young, flie was married to 
 Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, by whom Ihe had a fon named Henry, who 
 was afterwards King of England, by the title pt Henry VII. On the '-,d of Novem- 
 ber, 1456, the Earl of Richmond died, leaving Margaret, his Countefs, a very young 
 widow, and his fon and heir, Henry, not above fifteen weeks old. Her iccond 
 liufband was Sir Henry Stafford, Knight, fccond fjn to the Duke of Buckingham, by 
 whom file had no illuc. And foon after the death of Sir Henry St;iftbrd, wliich hap- 
 pened about the year 1482, flie married Thomas, Lord Stanley, afterwards carl of 
 Derby. 
 
 The Countefs of Richmond was greatly diflinguiflied for her piety ; though it was 
 ftrongly tindlured with the fuperftition of the times. Having heart! a very high cha- 
 raifler of the piety, virtue, and learning, of Dr. John Kifiier, ;ifterwards Bifli ^p of 
 Rochcfter, fiie was extremely dcfirous of having hnn for her Chaplain and Lonfctlbr •, 
 and accordingly prevailed upon him to live with her in that capacity. It is f.iid, that 
 Ihe comi:iitted herfelf, and her whole f.imily, to his government and diredlion." It was 
 her cudom to rife about five o'clock ia the morning, and from that hour till dinner-time, 
 
 (whichj
 
 i-,o 
 
 BEAUFORT. 
 
 Cwhich, wc are told, was in thofc days /f« o'clock.) flie continued, alrr.ofl without ceaf- 
 ing, in malit.ition and prayer; which fhc refumed again after dinner. Her charity 
 was \'ery great and cxtenfive. She performed all her life-time lb many noble afts 
 and charitable deeds, that, as Stow cxpreffes it, " they cannot beexprcfled in a fmall 
 volume." She keptconilantly in her houfe twelve poor people, whom flie provided 
 with lodging, food, and clotlies : And her high rank was fo far from infpiring her 
 with pride and haughtinels, that llie would frequently drcfs the wounds of poor and 
 diftrclTed people with her own hands. We are alfo told as a further proof both of 
 her humility, and zeal for what fhe thought was for the intcrelt of chrillianity, that 
 flie often declared, that " on condition that the Princes of Cliriftendom would com- 
 bine themfelves, ajid march againfl: their common enemy the Turks, fhe would mofl 
 willingly attend them, and be their laundrci's in the camp." She underftood the 
 French l.nnguage perfecftly, and had fnme knowledge of the Latin tongue ; but would 
 often lament, that in her youth (lie did not make licrft-lf a perfed miftiefs of it. She 
 publifhed " '1 he Mirroure of Golde for the finful foule ;" tranflated from a I>ench 
 tranflation of a book called. Speculum aubeum peccatorum. She alfo tranflated 
 out of French into Englifli, the fourth book of Dr. Gerfon's treatife "Of the imita- 
 tion and following the blcfTed life of our moft merciful Saviour CHRIST ;" which 
 was printed at the end of Dr. Atkinfon's Englifh tranflation of the firll three books, ia 
 the year 1504. 
 
 She was a great patronefs of learning, and of learned men ; and flie gave the 
 (Irongcft- evidence cf this by her munificent foundations. On the eighth of Septem- 
 ber, 1502, fhe Inflitutcd two perpetual public lectures in divinity, one at Oxford, 
 and the other at Cambridge ; each of which fhe endowed with twenty marks a year. 
 And on the 30th of Odober, 1504, fhe founded a perpetual public preacher at 
 Cambridge, with afalary of ten pounds a year, whofe duty it was to preach at leaft 
 fix fermons every year, at fevcral churches, fpccified in the foundation, m the diocefes 
 of London, Ely, and Lincoln. But this inflitution has been fince altered, by royal 
 difpenfation, to one fermon before the Univcrfity, at the beginning of Eaffer term. 
 She alfo founded a perpetual chantry in the church of Winburnc-Minfter in Dorfet- 
 fhire, where her father and mother lay buried, for one pried to teach grammar freely 
 to all that would come, with a flipend of ten pounds a year. But the Countefs of 
 Richmond's moft noble foundations were, the Colleges of Chrift and St. John in 
 Cambridge. The former was founded in the year 1505, for one matter, twelve fel- 
 lows, and forty-feven fcholars : The latter in 1508, for a mafter, and fifty fellows and 
 fcholars. Both thefe foundations have fince been much enlarged. But the latter was 
 fcarcely begun before the foundrefs died -, it was, however, completed by her executors, 
 the chief of whom svas bifhop Fifher. It is now, by the munificence of feveral other 
 benefadors, one of the largeft and mofl confiderable in the Univcrfity of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 i his moft exemplary lady, having lived fixty-eight years an ornament to her fex 
 and a public benefit, departed this life the twenty-ninth of June, 1509. She was 
 buried, with great folemnity, in the fouth-ifle of the beautiful chapel built by Henry 
 VII. adjoining to Wcflminfler-Abbey > and had a fumptuous monument ereftcd to 
 her memory. 
 
 Bifhop Fifher obferved of this illuftrious lady, that by her marriage with the earl 
 of Richmond, and by Iier birth, flie was allied to thirty kings and queens, within the 
 fourth degree either of blood or affinity ; bcfides earls, marquifTes, dukes, and princes. 
 And fince her death, as Mr. Baker fays, flic has been allied in her pof^erity to 
 thirty more. BEAUMONT
 
 B E C K E T. 177 
 
 BEAUMONT (Francis) a celebrated dramatic poet, who, in concert with Mr. 
 Fletcher, wrote a great number of plays, was del'cended from an ancient family of his 
 name at Grace-Dieu in L,eicelltifhire. His grandfather, John Ikaiimont, had been 
 mailer of the rolls, and his fithcr, Francis Beaumont, one of the judges of the Com- 
 mon-pleas. Our poet was born in the year 1585, and received his education at Cam- 
 bridge. He was afterwards admitted a ftudcnt in the Inner Temple, but it does not 
 apjxjar that he made any great proficiency in the law, his paflion tor the mufcs being 
 foch, as made him entirely devote hiinfelf to poetry. He died in March, 1615, before 
 he was thirty years of age, and was buried in the entrance of St, Benedifl's chapel, 
 within St. Peter's, Weltmi niter. He left behind him a daughter, Frances Bcaiimont, 
 who mud then have been an infant, as fhe died in Lciccfterlhire fince the year 1700. 
 She had in her pofTefTion feveral munufcript poems of her father's writing, but they 
 were loll at fca in her voyage from Ireland, where flie had lived fome time in the 
 family of the duke of Ormond. Mr. Beaumont, befides the plays in which he was 
 jointly concerned with Mr. Fletcher, wrote a fmall dramatic piece, entitled, A Mafqua 
 of Gray's-Inn Gentlemen, and the Inner Temple, a poetical epillle to Ben John- 
 fon •, with feveral other poems printed together in 1653, 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, as we have already obfervcd, generally wrote in conjunc- 
 tion. The former was remarkable for the accuracy of his judgment -, the latter, tor 
 the force of his imagination ; and indeed Beaumont was efteemed fo excellent a judge 
 of dramatic compofitions, that Hen johnfon fubmitted liis writings to his corredion, 
 and, it is thought, was much indebted to him in the contrivance nf his plots. W'liat 
 an affeftion he had for Mr. Beaumont appears from the following verfes addrefled 
 to him. 
 
 How I do love thee, Beaumont, and tliy mufe. 
 
 That unto me do'fl: fuch religion ufe ! 
 
 How do I fear myl'elf that am not worth 
 
 The lead indulgent thought thy pen drops forth. 
 
 At oncc'thou mak'fl me happy, and unmak'll ; 
 
 And giving largely to me, more thou tak'ft : 
 
 What fate is mine, that fo itfelf bereaves ? 
 
 "What art is thine, that fo thy friend deceives ? 
 
 "When, even there where moll thou praifeft me. 
 
 For writing better I mud envy thee. 
 
 BECKET (St, Thomas) archbiihop of Canterbury, in the reign of Henry 11. 
 was the fon of Gilbert Becket, a merchant of London, by Maud, or Matilda, a Sa- 
 racen lady. He was born in London in the year 1119, and received the firft part of 
 his education at Merton-abbey in Surry ; from thence he went to Oxford, and after- 
 wards ftudied at Paris. On his return, he was recommended by archdeacon Baldwin, 
 as an underflanding young man, to Theobald, archbifhop of Canterbury, who took 
 him into his family, and bellowed upon him the benefices of St. Mary le Strand, and 
 Otteford in Kent, with a prebend in London, and another in Lincoln. Thus pro- 
 vided, he fet out for Bologna, wliere he fludied the canon and civil law, which Lift 
 was, at that time, in great requefl: all over Europe ■, and finiflied his fludies at 
 Auxerre, in Burgundy. Being Ri well qualified to tranfiicft bufinefs in the court of 
 Rome, he was fcnt thither by Theobald on feveral negotiations, which he tnan.iged 
 with fuch ability and I'uccefs, that his patron ordained him deacon of York-, and he 
 was cle(5led archdeacon of Canterbury immediately before the death of king Stephen. 
 
 Vol. I. ^ z At
 
 178 B E C K E T. 
 
 At the acceHRon of Henry II. to the throne, he was, by Theobald's recommendatiop.i 
 appointed chancellor ; a port of the greatefl profit, power, and dignity in the realm : 
 at the lame time he had a vaft number of ccclefi.illical preferments -, was created 
 cunftable of the Tower, to which place was annexed all the knights fcrvice, with 
 tlic honours of Eye and Berkhamllede, including near 300 knights. His revenues 
 were imnienfe •, his expences incredible: he kept open table for perfons of all ranks •, 
 tiie moll coftly dainties were purchafcd for his entertainments. His houfcs were 
 adorned widi the richcll furniciue ; his apartments glittered with gold and filver platc; 
 the very bridles of his horfcs were of fdver, and nothing could exceed the magnificence 
 cf his equipage. The nobility lent their children to be educated as pages in his fa- 
 mily : Prince Henry was committed to his care and tuition i and the king went frc- 
 -qucntly to fee the pomp of liis entertainments. 
 
 In I 159, he made a campaign with king Henry into Touloufe, having in his own 
 pay 1200 horfemen, befidcs a retinue of 700 knights. In 1160, he was fent by the 
 king to Paris, to treat of a marriage between prince i lenry and the king of France's 
 daughter-, in which negotiation he fucceeeied, and returned with the princefs to Eng- 
 land. He had not enjoyed the chancellorlhip above four years, when archbifhop 
 Tli'r-obald died ; and the king, who was then in Normandy, immediately fent over 
 fome trufty perfons to England, who managed matters fo well with the monks and 
 clergy, that Becket was almoll unanimouQy eledted archbifliop of Canterbury. Soon 
 after his confecration, he refigned tlie office of Chancellor, and exchanged the gaiety 
 and luxury of a courtier for the gravity and aufteritiesof a monk. At the fame time, 
 he began vigoroufly to exert himfelf in defence of the rights and privileges of the 
 cluirch, and in many cafes proceeded with fo much warmth .nnd obftinacy, as railed 
 him many enemies •, and in a fhort time the king antl he came to an open rupture. 
 Henry endeavoured to recall certain privileges ot the clergy, who had greatly abufcd 
 theirexemption from the civil courts, concerning which the king had received feveral 
 complaints. The archbiiliop, however, Hood up for the immv:nities of the clergy. 
 The king convened a fynod of the billiops at Wcltminffer, and here he demanded 
 that the clergy, when accufed of any capital offence, might take their trials in the 
 courts of julticc. The queflion put to the bifliops was, whether, in confiderarion of 
 thf ir duty and allegiance to the king, and of the intercfl and peace of the kingdom, 
 they were willing toj)romifea fubniifllon to the laws of his grandfather, king Hen- 
 ry I. To this tlie archbifliop replied, in the name of the whole body, that they were 
 willing to be bound bv the ancient laws of the kingdom, as lar as the privileges of 
 th'-ir order would permit. The king was highly diipleafed with this evafive anfwcr, 
 and infifted upon their abfolute compliance, without any refervation whatever. But 
 thcarchbitliop would by no means fiibmit, and the relt of the bifhops adhered for 
 lometimc to their primate. Several of the bifliojxs being at length gained over, and 
 the pope interpofing in the quarrel, Becket was prevailed on to acquiefce ; and foon 
 alter the king fummoned a parliament at Clarendon, where feveral laws were pafled 
 relating to the privilfges of the clergy, called from thence, the conftitutions of 
 Clarendon. Becket afterwards repenting of his compliance with thefe articles, retired 
 from court, and would not officiate in tiie church, until he hp.d received abfolution 
 from the pope. He went on board a fliip, in order tv make his efcapc beyond lea-, 
 but .before he could reach the coaft of France, the wind fliifting about, he was driven 
 back to England. 
 
 In Odlf bcr, 1165, the king fummoned a parliament at Northampton, where the 
 aichbilliop having been accuicd of failure of duty and allegiance to his majelly, was 
 
 frntenced
 
 B E C K E T. 
 
 179 
 
 fentenced to forfeit all his goods and chattels. Becket made an appeal to the pope ; 
 but this having availed nothing, and finding himfelf deferted by his brethren, he 
 withdrew privately from Northampton, and embarked in a fmall veflcl for Gravclines 
 in Flanders, from whence he retired to the monaflery of St. Berlin. Hereupon tlje 
 king feized the revenues of tlie archbiflaopric, and fent an ambaffador to the king of 
 France, deliring him not to give fhclter to Eecket ; but the French court efpoufed his 
 caufe, in hopes that the mifunderftanding betwixt him and Henry might embarrafs the 
 affairs of Fngland ; and accordingly, when Becket came from St. Berlin to Soiffons, 
 the French monarch paid him a vifit, and offered him his proteftion. Soon after the 
 archbifhop went to Sens, where he was honourably received by the pope, into whofe 
 hands he made a formal refignation of the archbifhopric of Canterbury, and was pre- 
 fentiy re-inilated in his dignity by the pontiff, who promifed to efpoufe his interelK 
 Becket removed from Sens to the abbey of Pontigny in Normandy, from whence he 
 wrote a letter to the bifliops of England, informing them that the pope had annulled 
 the cenftitutions of Clarendon. From hence too he thundered ouf excommunications 
 againft feveral perions who had violated the rights of the church. This conduft of his 
 railed him many enemies. The king was fo enraged againft him for excommunicating 
 feveralof his officers of ftate, that hebanifliedall Becket's relations, and compelled them 
 to take an oadi, that they would immediately repair to Pontigny, and fliew themfelves 
 to thearchbifliop. An order was likewife publiflied, forbidding all perfons to correfpond 
 with him by letters, to fend him any money, or fo much as to pray for him in the 
 churches. Henry wrote alfo to the chapter of Ciflertians, at Pontigny, threatening to 
 feize all their eftates in Fngland, if they fliould continue to maintam Becket in their 
 abbey; fo that he was obliged to quit the convent, and returning to Sens, was hofpi- 
 tably received by the king of France, from whom he had an honourable allowance in the 
 monaflery of St. Colombe. Mean while, the bifliops of the province of Canterbury 
 wrote a letter to the archbifhop, entreating him to alter his behaviour, and not to 
 widen the breach, fo as to render an accommodation between him and the king im- 
 pradicablc. This however had no effcdt on the arclibilhop. 1 he pope alf j lent two 
 cardinals to endeavour to reconcile matters ; but thefc legates finding both parties in- 
 flexible, gave over the attempt and returned to Rome. 
 
 Becket was .^t length lb far prevailed upon, as to have an interview with Henry and 
 the king of France, at Mount-Miral in Champagne. He made a fpecch to Henry, 
 in very fubmilTive terms, and concluded with leaving him the umpire of chedif^tirence 
 bctv/een them, faving the honour of God and the liberty of the church. Henry was 
 fo incenfed at this refervation, that he told him he would allow of nofuch evafive fub- 
 terfuge. " However (.-iddcd the king) to fhew my inclination to accommodate mat- 
 ters, I will make him this propofition : I have had many predeceffors, kings of Fng- 
 land, fume greater and fome inferior to myleU"; there have been likewife many great 
 and holy men in the fee of Canterbury. Let Becket therefore but pay me the lame 
 regard, and own my authority ib far, as thcgreatcft of his predeccfiors owned that of 
 the le.aft of mine, and I am fatisfied. And, as I never forced him out of P'ngland, [ 
 give him le.ive to rpturn at his plcafure -, and am willing he lliould enjoy his archbi- 
 fliopric, with as ample privileges as any of his prcdecclTors." All who were prelcnt 
 declared that Henry had fliown fufficicnt condefccnfion. The king of France being 
 furprifcd at the archbifliop's filence, advcd Iiim why he hefitated to accept fuch ri a- 
 fonable conditions. Becket replied, he was willing to receive his fee upon the terms 
 on which his predeceffors hclJ it -, but as fir thofe cuftoms which broke in upon the 
 canons, he could not admit them, for he looked upon this as betraying the caufe of rr- 
 iigion. Thus the interview ended witlioutany di'ecb. In
 
 iPo BED A. 
 
 In the year i t-o, the kinp, upon his return to England, caiifid liis Ton prince Henry 
 to be crowned at Wcitmiriller, and the ceremony -wis performed by the archbifliop of 
 York, i this office belonging to the Ice of Canterbury, Hecket complained «f it to the 
 pope, who fufpended the archbilhop of York, and excommunicated the billiops wlio 
 had allilU-d at the folemnity. Tl\e fame year an Accommodation was at length con- 
 cluded between king Henry and Becket, ibon after which the archbifliop embarked 
 for England : upon his arrival lie received an order from the young king to abfolvc 
 the fufpL-nded and excommunicated bifliops ; but refufing to comply, the archbilhop 
 of York, and the bifhops of L,ondon an.l Salifbury, carried their complaints to the 
 old kinii in Normandy, who was fo highly exalperated at this frelh inflance of Ucck- 
 ct's obftinacv, that lie could not forbear exclaiming with great warmth, " .1 hat he 
 was very unfortunate to have maintained fo many cowardly and ungratetul men in his 
 court, none of whom would revenge him of the injuries he had fullaineil from one 
 turbulent prieft." Thcl'e v/ords were heard by four gentlemen of the court, who im- 
 mediately formed a defign againft the archbifhop's life, which they executed in the 
 cathedral church at Canterbury, on the 29tk of December, 1 171. Upon this, all di- 
 vine offices ceafed in the church of Canterbury for one year, wanting nine days, at the 
 end of which, by order of the pope, it was confccratcd anew. Two years after his 
 death, Becket was canonized ; and in 1174, king Henry returning from France, went 
 to Canterbury, where he did penance as a teftimony of his grief for the murder. 
 When he came within fight of the church where the archbilhop was buried, he alighted 
 off his horfe, and walked barefoot, in the habit of a pilgrim, till he came to Becket's 
 tomb, where, after he had proflrated himfelf and prayed for a confiderable time, he 
 fubmitted to be fcourgcd by the monks, and palled all that day and night without any 
 refrelhment, kneeling upon the bare ftones -, which done, he bellowed great bene- 
 faflions upon the church of Canterbury. In 1:21, Becket's body was taken up, in 
 the prefencc of king Henry III. and a great concourfcof the nobility and others, and 
 depofited in a fumptuous Ihrinc, creifted at the cxpence of Stephen Langton, arch- 
 bilhop of Canterbury, which was foon vifited from all parts, and enriched with the 
 moll collly gifts and offerings ; and the miracles faid to be wrought at his tomb were 
 fo numerou<;, tiiat Gervafe of Canterbury tells us, there were two large volumes of 
 them kept in that church ; though, forty-eigl.t years after his deceafe, the doctors of 
 the Sorbonne had a warm difpute, whether he was faved or damned. 
 
 " He was, fays the lord Lyttelton, a man of great talents, of elevated thoughts, 
 and of invincible courage j but of a mod violent and turbulent fpiritj excefiively 
 palFionate, haughty, and vain-glorious ; in his refolutions inflexible, in his refentmenis 
 implacable ; it cannot be denied, that he was guilty of a wilful and premeditated 
 perjury, that he oppofed the neceflary courfe of public jultice, and aftcd in defiance 
 of the laws of his country, laws which he had moil folemnly acknowledged and con- 
 firmed ; nor is it lefs evident, that during the heat of this difpute, he was in thehigh- 
 cfl: degree ungrateful to a very kind mailer, whofe confidence in him h«d been bound- 
 lefs, and who, from a private condition, had advanced him to be the fecond man in 
 his kingdom.'* 
 
 BEDA, or BEDE, furnamed the Vencrab'e, an eminent Englifh writer, was born 
 in the bilhopric of Durham, in the year 672 or 675. In 679, he was fent to the mo- 
 naflery of St. Peter, and committed to the care of abbot Benedift, under whom, and 
 his fucccflbr Ceolfrid, he was educated for twelve years. At the age of nineteen, he 
 was ordained deacon, and pried at thirty. He applied to his ftudies with fo much 
 
 diligence
 
 BEDELL. i8i 
 
 diligence and fiicccfs, that he foon became eminent for his learning; his fame fpread 
 even into foreign councries, fo that pope Sergius wrote to abbot Ceolfrid in very prefT- 
 ing terms, to fend Bede to R.ome, in order to give his opinion upon fome important 
 points. BlU, notvvithltanding this honourable invitation, Bcde remained in his ceil 
 and being contented with the pleafurcs of a monailic life, lie had hereby time and 
 opportunity to make himfelf mailer of almoft every branch of literature. He fpent 
 feveral years in making coUettions for his Ecclefiaflical Hiftory, whichhe piiblifhed in 
 'jl I, under the title of Ecclefiallicffi Hiftorire Gentis Anglorum Libri Qiiinque. This 
 performance, with others which he had written before, eftablifhed his reputation fo 
 effeftually, that he was confulted by the grcatcfl: prelates of that age. His works 
 have been collefted and printed in eight volumes in folio. A monk, who gives a par- 
 ticular account of his death, fays that it happened on the 26th of May, 'ji^. The 
 writings of Venerable Bede were fo well received, that we find great encomiums be- 
 ftowed upon him. It mull however be acknowledged, that fon)e late writers of our 
 own and foreign nations, have fpoke of him as a man of fuperficial learning and in- 
 digefted reading. He is alfo charged with being extremely credulous, and giving too 
 eafily into the belief of the fabulous miracles in his time. Mr. Du Pin fays, that his 
 Ityle is clear and cafy, but without any purity, elegance, or fublimity ; that he wrote 
 with a furprifing facility, but without art or refleftion ; and that he was a greater 
 mailer of learning than of judgment, or a true critical tafte. 
 
 The famous Camden thus fpeaks of Bede: " In this monaflery of Sf. Peter, Beda, 
 the fingular light of our ifland, who by his piety and learning jullly obtained the 
 furname of Venerable, fpent his days, as himfelf tells us, in meditating on the fcrip- 
 tures, and, in the midll of a barbarous age, wrote many learned works." Bale fays, 
 that there is fcarce any thing in all antiquity worthy to be read, which is not found in 
 Bede, though he never travelled out of his own country ; and that if he had flouriflied 
 in the times of St. Augullin, Jerome, or Chryfoftoin, he would undoubtedly have 
 equalled them, fince even in the midll of a fuperllitious age, he wrote {0 many ex- 
 cellent treatifes. Pitts tells us, that he was fo well veiled in the feveral branches of 
 learning, that Europe fcarce ever produced a greater fcholar in all refpee^s. To thefe 
 might be added many other teftimonies in his favour, particularly of the learned Scl- 
 A<zn^ Sir Henry Spelman, the great antiquarian, and Dr. Scillingflect. 
 
 BEDELL (William) bifliop of Kilmore in Ireland, and one of the mod famous - 
 prelates in that kingdom during the lall century, was born at Black-Notley in Eflex, 
 in the year 1570. After he had palled through the ufual courfe of a grammar-fcliool 
 education, he was fent to Emanuel college in Cambridge, where hfe acquired a very 
 eminent charadler both for learning and piety. He was chofcn fellow of his collco-e 
 in 1593, and took the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1599. Havino- entered 
 into holy orders, he was removed from the univeifity to the town of St. Edmundf- 
 bury in Suffolk, where he preached with great diligence and fuccefs. In 1604, he 
 was appointed chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, ambalfador to the republic of Venice. 
 He continued eight years at Venice, during which time he contraded a friendfliip 
 with the famous father Paul, who affhled him in learning the Italian tongue, of 
 which Bedell became fo great a mailer, that he fpoke it as one born in Italy. And 
 in return for the inllruftions whidi he had received from father Paul in Italian, he 
 drew up a grammar of the EngTifh tongue for the ufc of that learned man, and for 
 fome others v.'ho defired to learn it, that they mi^iht be able to underlland our books 
 of divinity j and he alfo tranllated the Englifli Common-Prayer book into Italian. • 
 
 Vol. 1. A a a Whilll
 
 1^2 BEDELL; 
 
 Whilfl he rcfided at Venice, he greatly improved himfclf in the Htbrew Imsu^ce, 
 by the afTillanCe of the famous rabbi Leo, who tauglit him the Jew fh pronunci tion, 
 and other parts of rabbinical learning. Here alfo he became acquainted wiih ihe ce- 
 lebrated Antonio de Dominis, archbiftiop of Spalato, whom he iilfilkd confulerably ia 
 correfting and finifliing his treatile De Republiid Ecckftaftka. Father Paul was mucli 
 concerned when BedcU left Venice; and at his departure he midc iiim a prdent of his 
 piiflure, together with a Hebrew bible witlrout points, and a fmall pfalicr. He gave 
 him alfo the manofcript of his hiftory of the council of Trent, \Aith the hiftories of 
 the interdict and inquifition, and a large collection of letters which he h^d received 
 from Rome, during the drfpute between the Jefuits and Dominicans, concerning the 
 efficacy of Grace. Mr. Bedell, on his return to England, retired to his ciiarge ar St. 
 EdmundilDury, and there went on with his miniflcrial labours. In 1615, he was pre- 
 fented to the living of Horingflieath, in the diocefe of Norwich ; anu in 1627, he 
 was unanimoufTy elcifted provoft of Trinity College, in Dublin, When he had bee.i 
 about two years in th s employment, a patent was lent him to be bilhop of Kilmore 
 and Ardagh, two contiguous Sees in the province of Ulfter. He was confecratcd on 
 the 13th of September, 1629, in St. Peter's Church in Drogheda, by archbifhop 
 Ufherand three other prelates. He was now in the tifty-ninth year of his age, and 
 he difcharged the duties of his new ftation in a very upright anu confcientious manner. 
 He found his two diccefes in great diforder, and applied himfelf with vigour to re- 
 form the abufes therein. He began with that of plurality of benefices. 'I'o this end 
 he convened his clergy, and, in a fermon which he preached on the occafion, laid be- 
 fore them the inftitution, nature,, and duties of the minirterial employment; and, 
 -after the fcrmon, he difcourfed to them upon the fame fubjedt in Latin, and cxliort.d 
 them to reform that abule. To prevail bn them the better, he told them he refolved 
 to fhew them an example in parting with one of his b;flioprics ; and accordingly 
 he refigned Ardagh, though it is faid the revenues of both Sees did not exceed a. 
 competency. 
 
 Bifhop Bedell laboured much to convert the Irifh papifts, and particularly their 
 clergy, and in this he had great fuccefs. He procured a tranQation of the cummon- 
 prayer-book into Irifn, and caufed it to be read in his cathedral every Sunday. The 
 new teflament had alfo been trandated by William Daniel, archbifhop of Tuam, and,. 
 at the bifhop's defire, the old telfament was firft tranflated into the lame language by 
 one King ; but as he was ignorant of the original tongue, and did it from the Englifh, 
 Bedell rcvifed and compared it with the Hebrew, and the beft tranflations. He took 
 care likewife to have fome of Chryfoftom's and Leo's homilies, in commendation of 
 the fcripturcs, to be rendered both into Englifli and Irifii, that the common people 
 might fee, that in the opinion of the ancient fathers, they had not only a right to read 
 the fcriptures as well as the clergv, but that it was their di.ty fo to do. When he 
 found the work was finiflied, he refolved to be at the expence of printing it ; but his de- 
 fign was interrupted by a cruel and iniquitous profeciition carried on againfl; tiie tranf- 
 lator, who not only loft his living, but was alio unjuftly attacked in his character. I'hc 
 bifhop fupported Mr. King as much as he could; and the tranflation being finifhcd, 
 he would have printed it in his own houfc, if the troubles of Ireland had not prevented 
 him. It happened, however, that the tranflation efcaped the hands of the rebels, 
 and was afterwards printed at the expence of Mr. Robert Boyle. 
 
 When the rebellion broke out in Ireland, in Odobcr, 1641, bifhop Bedell did not 
 at firft tee! the violence of its efFefts ; for tiie very rebels had conceived a great vene- 
 ration for him $ and they declared he fhould be the lalt Englifhman they would drive 
 
 out
 
 B E H N. 183 
 
 Otttnf Irekntl. His wns t'le only hoiife in the county cf Cavan that was unviolati-d, 
 and it was filled with the people who fleJ to him for ftielter. About the middle of 
 December, howevei", the rcb.-ls, purfuant to orJ.eis received from their council of ftate 
 nt Kilkenny, requited him to difmifs the people who were with him, which he rei'uled 
 to do, declaring he would fhare the fame fate with the reft. Upon this they fcized him, 
 his two fons, and Mr. Cloay, who had married his daughter-in-law, and carried them 
 prifoners to the callle of L.ochwatcr, furrouncled by a deep water, where they put 
 them all, except the bifhop, in irons-, after fom; time,^ however, this part of their 
 fevcrity was abated. V\ hen they had been confined for about three w.eks, the bifhop 
 and his two fons, and Mr. Clogy, were exchanged for two oF the O'Rouikes ; bur 
 though it v/as aereed that they lliould be fdfely conducled to Dublin, yet the rebels 
 would never fuffer them to be carried out of the country, but fcnt them to the houfe 
 of Dennis Sherridan, an Irifli miniller, and convert t) tlie proteftant religion. Our 
 prelate died foo.i after he came here, on the 7th of February, 1642. The Irijfh did 
 him unulual honours at his burial ; for the chief of the rebels gathered their forces 
 together, and with them accompanied his body from JVlr. Sherridan's houfe to the 
 church-yard of Kilmore, where he was interred. 
 
 Bifhop Bedell was in his pcrfon tall and graceful, and had fomething in his looks 
 and carriage which created a veneration for him. He had an unaffected gravity in 
 his deportment, and in his apparel there was a decent fimplicity. A few years before 
 his death, he had fome fevere fits of the ftone, occafioned by his fedentary lite. The 
 remedy he ufed for it was to dig in the garden until he heated himfelf, and that miti- 
 gated the pain. His judgment and memory, which were extraordinary, remained 
 with him to the laft. His behaviour in his public charaderdid honour to his high 
 office in the church, and his private life was perfectly confident with the docffrine he. 
 
 tauglit. 
 
 BEHN ( Aphar a) a celebrated Englifh poetefs, was defcended from a good family 
 in the city of Canterbury. She was born in the reign of Charles I, but in what year 
 is uncertain. Her father's name was Johnfon -, who being related to the lord Wil- 
 loughby, and by his intereft being appointed lieutenant-general of Surinam, and fix 
 and thirty ifiands, embarked with his family on board a fhip, for the Weft-Indies ; at 
 which time Aphara was very young. Mr. Johnfon died in his pafTage, but his family 
 arrived at Surinam, where our poetefs became acquainted with the American prince 
 Oroonoko, whole adventures fhe has fo pathetically defcribed in her celebrated novel 
 of that name. She tells us, " fne had often fcen and ccnverfed with that great man, 
 and been a witnefs to many of his mighty adlions, and that at one time, he and 
 Climene, (or Imoinda his wife) were fcarce an hour in a day from her lodgings.; and 
 that fhe obliged them in all things fhe was capable, entertaining them with the lives of 
 the Romans, and great men, which charmed him to her company -, and bet\ with 
 teaching her all the pretty works flie was miftrefs of, and telling her ftoiies of nuns, 
 and endeavouring to bring her to the knowledge of the true God." She tells us like- 
 wile, that Oroonoko ufcd to call her his gieat miftrefs, and that her word would go a 
 great way with him. I'his intimacy bet^vixt him and our poetefs, occafioned fome 
 reflexions on her conduift, from which a lady of her acquaintance, who has written 
 memoirs of her life, juftifiis her in the following manner: " Here (fays flie} I can add 
 nothing to what file has given the world already, but a vindication of her from fome 
 unjuft afperfions which 1 find are infinuated about this town, in relation to that pridce. 
 1 knew her intimately well, and 1 believe llie would not have concealed any love 
 
 affaiis
 
 i84 
 
 B E H N. 
 
 affairs from me, being one of her own fex, whofe friendfliip and fecrecy fhe had expe- 
 rienced, which m.ikes me aflTure the world, there was no affair betwixt that prince and 
 Allraja, but what the whole plantation were witnefles of ; a generous value for his un- 
 common virtues, which every one that but hears them, finds in himfclf, and his pre- 
 fence "ave her no more, Befides, his heart was too violently let on the everlafting 
 charms of his Imoinda, to be fliookwith thofe more faint (in his eye; of a white 
 bfauty ; and Aftrasa's relitions there prefcnr, had too watchful an eye over her, to per- 
 mit the frailty of her youth, if that had been powerful enough." 
 
 After her return to England, fhe was married to Mr. Behn, an eminent merchant of 
 London, and of Dutch cxtradtion. She fo highly pleafed king Charles II. by^tl;een- 
 tertainiiK^ and accurate account flie gave him of the colony of Surinam, that he fixed 
 on her as a proper perfon to tranfaft fome affairs of importance abroad during the 
 Dutch war. For this purpofe fhe went to Antwerp, where, by her intrigues aiid gal- 
 lantries, fhe fo far crept into the fecrtts of ilate, as to anfwer the ends propofed by 
 fendino- her over. Nay, in the latter end of the year 1666, by means of the influence 
 Hie had over op.e V.-.ndcr Albert, a Dutchman of eminence, whofe heart was warmly 
 attached to her, flie wormed out of him the defign formed by DeRuyter, in conjunc- 
 tion with the family of the De Wits, of failing up the 1'hames, and burning tlie 
 Enolifh fhips, which they afterwards put in execution at Rochefter. 1 his flic im- 
 mediately communicated to the Engl.lh court •, but her intelligence (though well 
 grounded, as appeared by the event) being difregarded and ridiculed, flie renounced 
 all further thoughts of political affairs, snd, duringher (lay at Antwerp, gave herfelf up 
 entirely to the gaiety and gallantries of the place. After fotr.e time flie embarked at 
 Dunkirk for hngland, and in her paflage was near being loll, for the fhip was driven 
 on the coaft by a ilorm, but happening to founder within fight of land, the paffcn- 
 gers were, by the timely alTillance of boats from the fliore, all fortunately pre- 
 i'erved. Mrs. Behn arrived fafely in London, where fhe devoted the reft of her life 
 to pleafure and the mufes. Her works aie extremely numerous, and all of them have 
 a lively and amorous turn : they confiil of plays, novels, poems, letters, &c. Her 
 plays abou:-;d with obfcenity ; -}- and her novels are little better. She died after a long 
 indifpofition, on the 1 6th of April, 168.;, and was buried in the cloifters of Wcft- 
 minllcr-abbcy. 
 
 The ingenious Charles Cotton, Efq-, author of Virgil Traveflie, compliments Mrs. 
 Behn in the foUowmg lines : 
 
 o 
 
 " Some hands write fome things well, are elfewhere hime, 
 
 " Put on all themes your power is the fame. 
 
 " Of bufliin and of lock you know the pace, 
 
 " And tread in both with equal fkill and grace; 
 
 " But when you write of love, Aflrasa, then 
 
 " Love dips his arrows where you wet your pen. 
 
 " Such charming lines did never paper grace, 
 
 •' Soft as your fex, and fmooth as beauty's face." 
 
 BENBOW. 
 
 ■\- " The flage how loofely does Aftrxa tread, 
 
 •• Who fairly puts all charaflers to bed !" Pope.
 
 B E N B O W. iSj 
 
 BKNBOW (John) vice-admiral of the Blue, was dcfcended from a reputable 
 family in Shrop{hire,and was born about the year 1650. But his father, Colonel John 
 Benbow, and moft of his relations, were brought very low by their attachment to the 
 royal caufe ■, and the colonel dying when his fon John was very young, left him with 
 very little provifion for his fupport. He was, however, bred a feaman, a profcflion 
 to which he had naturally a ftrong propenfity. Before he was thirty years of age, lie 
 was owner and commander of afhip, called the Benbow Frigate, and made then as 
 confiderabl':' a figure as any man concerned in the Mediterranean trade. He was 
 always confideredby the merchants as a bold, brave, and adive commander ; as Oiie 
 who always took care of his feamen, and was therefore chearfully obeyed by them, 
 though he always maintained a ftrift difcipline. This behaviour raifed his reputation 
 greatly -, fo that no man in the fame capacity was more known or reipedted by the 
 merchants upon the Exchange than captain Benbow. 
 
 It is probable that he would always have continued in thisfituation, had it not been 
 forthe following very fingular tranfaftion. In 1686, he was attacked in his palTage 
 to Cadiz by a Sailer Rover, againd whom he defended himfclf, n .twithftanding the 
 inferiority of his number, with the utmoft bravery, 'till at laft the Moors boarded 
 him; but they were quickly beat out of the fhip again, with the lofs of thirteen men, 
 whole heads captain Benbow ordered to be cut off, and thrown into a tub of pork- 
 pickle. When he arrived at Cad'z, he went alhore, and ordered a negro fervant: 
 to follow him, with the Moors' heads in a fack. s foon as he had landed, the officers 
 of the revenue enquired of his fervant, what he had in his fack ? The captain an- 
 fwered, fait provilions for his own ufe. " Th.it may be," replied the officers ; " but 
 we muft infill upon feeing them." Captain Benbow allcdged, that he was no ftranger 
 there •, tnat he was not accutbimed to run goods •, and pretended to take it ill that he 
 was fufpeded. The officers told h'm, that the m igiftrates were fitting not far off, and 
 that if they were fatisaed w-th his w ird, liis fervant might carry the provifions where 
 he pleafed ; but that otherwife, it was not in their power to grant anv fuch difpenfa- 
 tion. The captain confent^d to the pr 'pofal ; and away they marcl^.ed to the cullom- 
 houfe, Mr. Benbo.v in the front, his man in the center, and the officers in the rear. 
 When captain 'ienbow came before the magiftrates, they treated him with great civi- 
 lity, and told him they were forty to make a point of iuch a trifle, but that, fincc he 
 bad refuic.i to fhew the conents of the fack to their officers, the nature of their em- 
 ploymeniS ouliged them to demand a fight of them; and that, as thry doubted not 
 their being fak piovifions, the fhew-ng of them could be of no great confrqucnce one 
 way or the other. " 1 told you." fays Benbow, Vernly, " they were fak provifions 
 for my own ufe. Caefar, throw them down upon the table; and, gentlemen, it you 
 like ttiem, they arc at your lervice." The Spaniards were exceedingly ftruck at the 
 fight of the Moors' heads, and equally alloniflird at the account of the capt lin's ad- 
 venture, who, with fo fmall a force, had been able to defeat fuch a number of barba- 
 rians. They fent an account of the whole affair to the cou't of Madrid, and Charles 
 II. then king of Spain, was fo much pleafed with it, that he requeiled to fee the Eng- 
 lifli captain. Accordingly Benbow made a journey to court, wiiere he was received 
 with great teftimon.es of rcfpeft, and not only diimiffcd with a handlbm- prefent, but 
 his Catholic Majefly was alfo pleafed to write a letter in his behalf to king 
 James 11. who, upon the captain's return, gave him a fhip, which was his introdutffion 
 to the Royal Navy. 
 
 After the revolution, captain Benbow was at firll employed in protecting our trade 
 in the channel, and bombarding the French ports, in which he fliewcd the moft intre- 
 
 Vol. I. B b b - pid
 
 i83 
 
 B E N B O W. 
 
 pill bravery, by going in perfon in his boat to encourage and protefb the engineers •, 
 and his vigour and aftivity rjefFcclually recommended liim to king William, that he 
 was early promoted to a fldg. After the ptace, he was lent wicli a fqiiadrun to the 
 V7cil Ind c!, when he obliged the governor of Carthagena to rellore twoEnglifli Ihips 
 that had bccnfeized by the Spaniards ; and afterwards, failing to forto Belio, forced 
 the governor, by his threats, to fend liim fcveral veiTcls wliich had been taken under 
 pretence that the fctdcment of the Scots at Darien was a breach of the peace. 
 
 Soon after his recurn to England, IVIr. Benbow was appointed Vice-xAdmiral of the 
 Blue. He was alfo aboot the fame time employed in cmifing off Dunkirk, it being 
 then apprehended that the French had formed a defign of invading England. There 
 Avas, indeed, no war yet declared between the two crowns ; but this was held to be 
 no tecurity againlt France; and it was no fooner known that a itrong fquadron was 
 fitting out at Dunkirk, than it was firmly believed to be intended to cover a dcfcent. 
 Admiral Benbow, however, made fuch oblervations, as convinced him that Fiance 
 had not at this time any fuch fchemes in agitation ; and having fatisfied tiie minillry 
 of this, it wasrefolved to profecute without delay fome projects which had formerly 
 been concerted, in order to difappoint the French in their v:cv/s upon the Spanifh 
 fuccclfion ; and to facilitate this, x was thought necefl^iry to fend immediately ailrong 
 fquadron to the Weft Indies. This fquadron was to conlift of two third rates, and 
 eight fourths -, and it v/as thought requiii:e, that it fhouki be under the command of 
 an officer, whofe conduct and courage might be relied on. Mr. Eenbow therefore 
 was propofed by the miniftry, as foon as the expedition was determined ; but king 
 William faid, that Benbow was in a manner juft returned from the Weil Indies, and 
 that, therefore, it was but reafonable that fome other olficer fhould now take his turn. 
 One or two were n.imed and confulted ; but either their health or their affairs were in 
 fuch diforder, that they moll earnefljy defired to be excufed. Upon which the king 
 Xaid facetioufly to fome of liis minifteis, alluding to tlic drefs and appearance of thele 
 gentlemen -, " Well then, I find we mull Ipare our Beaus, and fend honeft Benbow." 
 His mnjefly accordingly U nt for iiim upon this occafion, and aflccd him, whether he 
 was widing to go to the Weft Indies, afiurirg him, that if he was not, he would not 
 take it amifs if he defired to be cxculed. Mr. Benbow anlwered bluntly, that he did 
 not underftnnd fuch compliments •, that he thought he h.'d no right to chufe his 
 fiation, and that, if his majcfty thought fit to feno him to the Fall or Weft Indies, 
 cr any where elfe, he would chearfuUy execute his orders, as became him. Thus was 
 t!ie matter Icttled, in very few words, and the command of tlie Weft India fquadron 
 conferred on Vice-Admiral Benbow. 
 
 To conceal the deftination of this fquadron, but efpccially to prevent the French 
 from having any juft notions of its force, Sir George Rooke, then admiral of the fleet, 
 jiad orders to convoy it as far as Scilly, and to fend a llrong fqu.idron with it thence, 
 to fee it well into the fea ; all which he performed ; fo that admiral Benbow departed 
 in the month of September, i-oi. The world in general bel eved, that he was gone 
 with Sir John Munden, who commanded the fquadron that accompanied him into the 
 Mediterranean ; and to render this more credible, our minifter at Madrid was ordered 
 to demand the treeufe of the Spanifh ports; which was accordingly allowed. How- 
 ever, the French knew too well the importance of the Spanifti Weft Indies, not to 
 think of providing for their iecurity, as foon as ever they reiblved to accept the will 
 of the late king of Spain. They had therefore fent, in April, 1701, to the Spanifh 
 Weft Indies, five Ihips of the line, and feveral large velTels laden with arms and am- 
 munition, under the command of the Marquis de Coetlogon j and on the 20th of 
 
 Oaober,
 
 E E N B O W. 1S7 
 
 October, the fame year, the Count de Chateau Renaud failed thither with fourteen 
 fhips of the line, and fixteen frigates, to meet the galleons, which were fuppoled to 
 be already departed from the Havannah, under thecfcort of the Marquis de Coctlogon j 
 and bcfides thefe, Monficur Du Cafle failed thitlier likewife with anotlier fquadrcn. 
 
 When Bcnbow firft arrived at Jamaica, which was at the clofe of the year 1701, 
 he made fuch prudent dil'pofitions for-fecuringour own trade, and annoying that of the 
 enemy, that the French faw with great amazement all their fchemes defeated, which 
 they had been enabled to form, by their having much earlier intelligence than we of 
 the intended war ; and their own writers acknowledge, that even after the arrival of 
 the Marquis De Coetlogon's fquadron, they were conftrained to aft only on the defen- 
 five; and found all the grand projects they had formed for attacking Jamaica and 
 the Leeward I flands, entirely frulfratcd. And it was obferved at that time by the 
 Dutch writers, that notwithftanding all the bluftering of the French, Vice-/\dtriiral 
 Benbow, with a fmall Englifli fquadron, remained mailer of thoie feas ; nor did he 
 fail to make ufe of this advantage, by taking many prizes, and countenancing and 
 protefting the trade carried on by the Englilli on the Spanifh coafts. But in a few- 
 weeks time the fcene began to change ; for admiral Benbow then received the news of 
 the Count De Chateau Renaud's arrival at Martinico, with a fquadron much llronger 
 than his own -, and foon after had information, that this fquadron had been joined by 
 the Marquis DeCoetlogon from the Havannah, which exceedingly alarmed the inha- 
 bitants of Barbadoes and Jamaica, becaufe we had no force capable of rcfifting this 
 French flfct, in cafe their commanders were determined to aft oftenfively. 
 
 Affairs continued in this uncertain fituation 'till the end of April, 1702, vAicn Ben- 
 bow relolved, though there was great want of men on board his fquadron, to put to 
 iea, in order to cruife between Jamaica and Hilpaniola; and he accordingly failed on 
 the 8th of May; hut he had not proceeded far before he met with Rear-Admiral 
 Whetftone, with whom he returned to communicate to the governor of Jamaica 
 fome orders received from England; having firll lent the Ruby, Falmouth, and Ex- 
 periment, to cruize off Petit Guavas. Some time after, the mailer of a Spanifh floop 
 from Cuba acquainted him, that Chatcau-Renaud was at the Havannah, with twenty- 
 fix fliips oi war, waiting for the Flora from La Vera Cruz; and this was confirmed 
 by the Ihips he had lent out, which in the courfeof their cruize had taken four prizes. 
 Not long after this, Admiral Benbow received information, that Monf. Du CifTe was 
 in the neighbourhood of Hifpaniola, with a fquadron of French fliips, with an intent 
 to fettle the AlTiento in favour of the French, and to deftroy the Englilh and Dutch 
 trade for negroes. Upon this he detached Rear-Admiral Whctftone in purfuit of 
 him ; and on the i ith of July, 1702, Benbow failed himfclf from Jamaica, in order 
 to have joined the Rear-Admiral : but having intelligence that Du Caffe was exptrfted 
 at Leogane, on the norih fide of Hiipaniola, he plied for that port, before which he 
 arrived on the 27th. Not far from the town, he perceived feveral fiiips at anchor, and 
 one under fail, the boat belonging to which was fent out to dilcover iiis itrcngth, but 
 coming too near was taken ; from the crew of which he learnt, that there were (ix 
 mcrchant-fliijis in the port, and that the Ihip thc-y belonged to was a man of war of 
 fifty guns, which Benbow prefled fo hard, that the captain, feeing no probability of 
 efcaping, ran thefliip alliore, and blew her up. On the 28th, the admiral came befoie 
 the town, where he found afliip of about eighteen guns hauled under their foundations, 
 which however did not prevent his burning her. The reft of thefliijis had failed before 
 dav, in order to get into abetter Iiarbour; but fonie of our fhi[)s, between than and 
 tlie port they wanted to gain, took three of them, and funk a fourth, 
 
 Admiral
 
 i£8 B E N B O W; 
 
 Admiral Benbow, after alarming Petit Guavas, which he found it impolTiblc to 
 attack, lailed for Donna Maria bay, v/here he continued till the loth day of AuL;ufti 
 when having received advice that Du Calfe had Tailed for Carthagena, and from thence 
 was to proceed to Porto Bello, he refolvcd to follow him, and accordingly failed tliat 
 (.lay for the Spanifli coafl of Santa Martha. On the Kjih of Augull, in the evening, 
 Jie difcovered, near that place, ten fail of tall fhips to the wcihvard -, and (landing 
 towards them, he found the beft part of them to be French men of w.ir : upon this he 
 made theulual fignal for a line of battle, going away with an cal'y fail, that his ftern- 
 moft ihips might come up and join them, the trench llcering along fliore under their 
 top-fails. Their fquadron confifted of four fliips, from fixteen to Icvcnty guns, with 
 one gieat Duch-buiit fliip of about thirty or forty; and there was another full of 
 foldiers, the reft fmall ones, and a floop. Benbow came up with them about four 
 o'clock in the morning, on the 20th, when the eng.:gcmtnt brgan. He had difpofed 
 his line of battle in the following order: the Defiance, Pendenni«, Windfor, Breda, 
 Greenwich, Ruby, and Falmouth. But two of h'S fhips, the Defiance and the 
 Windfor, did not fland above two or three broadfides before they got out of gun-fhot. 
 So that the two Ilernmoft fhips of the enemy lay upon the admiral, and galled him 
 very much ; nor did the fhips in the rear come up to his alliftance with that diligence 
 which they ought to have done. '1 he engagement lafled, however, till the evening j 
 and though the firing then ceafed, Benbow kept them company all nisht. The ad- 
 miral law that the French would avoid fighting if they could ; and being iHll in hopes 
 that he might prevail on his captains to do their duty, he ordered a new line of battle. 
 The next morning, at break of day, he was near the French Ihips, but none of his 
 fquadron, except the Ruby, were with him. At two in the afternoon, the French drew 
 into a line ; but at the fame time they made all the fail they could to avoid fighting. 
 However, the Vice-Admiral in the Breda, and the Ruby, commanded by captain 
 Walton, plied the enemy all night, with their chace-guns. Thus did Benbow con- 
 tinue purfuing, and maintaining the fight with the enemy, for four days more ; but was 
 never properly fecondcd by feveral of the fhips of his fquadron. 
 
 On the 23d, about noon, the admiral took from the French a fmall Fnglirti fliip, 
 called the Anne Galley, wliich they had taken off Lilbon •, and the Ruby ber.g dif- 
 abled, he ordered her for Port-Royal. About eight at night, the whole fquadron 
 was up with the admiral, and the enemy not two miles off. Benbow no-v thouf:ht 
 there was a profped: of doing fomethmg, and therefore made the bell of h s way after 
 the enemy : but his whole fquadron, except the Falmouth, fell aftcm again. At two 
 in the morning, the 24th, the admiral came up with the enem\'s iiernmoft: fhip, and 
 poured into her a broadfide, which was returned by the French fhip very brifkly; and 
 about three the gallant Benbow's right leg was broken to pieces by achain-fhot. He was 
 carried down -, but loon after ordered his cradle on the quarter-deck, and continued the 
 engagement till day-light. One of the lieutenants, foon after the accident, expreffed 
 his forrow for Benbow's lofs of his leg : " I am forry for it too-, (laid the brave ad- 
 miral; but I had rather have lofl them both than have leen this difhonour brotight 
 upon the F^nglifli nation. But, do you hear ? If another fhot fhould take me off, 
 behave like brave men, and fight it out." 
 
 About this time one of thr enemy's fhips, of feventy guns, was difcerned to be 
 very much dilabled -, her main-yard being down, and flio' to pieces, her forr-top fail 
 yard Ihot away, her mizen-mafl fhot by the board, all her ritreing gone, and her 
 fides bored to pieces with our double-headed fhot. The admiral fuon after difcovered 
 the enemy's fquadron Handing towards him with altrong gale of wind. The Windfor, 
 
 Pendennis,
 
 B E N B O W, ,8^ 
 
 Pendennis, and Greenwich, a-head of the enemy, came to the leeward of the difablvd 
 fhip, fired their broadfides, palTed her, and flood to the fouthward : then came the De- 
 fiance, and fired part of lier broadfide, when the difabledfhip returning about twenty 
 guns, the Defiance put her hehn a-weather, and ran away right before the wind, 
 lowered borh her top-iails, and ran to the le.vvard of the Falmouth, without any regard 
 to the fignal of battle. The enemy feeing the other two fliips ftand to the fouthward, 
 expedted they would have tacked and flood towards them, and therefore they broucrht 
 their heads to the northward. But when they faw thofe fhips did not tack, they im- 
 mediately bore down upon Admiral Benbo v, and running between their difabled fhip 
 and him, poured in all their ifiot, by which they brought down his mjin-top-fail- 
 yard, and fhattered his rigging very inuch ; none of the other fliips being near him, 
 or taking the leall notice of his fignals ; though Captain Fogg ordered two guns to be 
 fired at the Ihip's head, in order to put them in mind of their duty. The French,, 
 feeing things in this confufion, brought to, and lay by their own dilabled fhip, and 
 then re-manned and took her into tow. The Breda's rigging being much damaged, fhe 
 was forced to lie by until ten o'clock, and being then re-ficted, the admiral ordered his 
 captain to purfue the enemy, then about three miles to the leeward, his fignal of bat- 
 tle being out all the while; and Captain Fogg, by the Admiral's orders, fent to the 
 other Captains, to order them to keep the line, and behave like men. Upon this 
 Captain Kirby, of the Defiance, came on board the Admiral's fhip, and told him^ 
 " That he had better defilt ; that the French were very fbrong -, and that from what 
 was paft he might guefs he could make nothing of it." The brave Admiral Benbow,, 
 who was more furprized at this language, than he would have been at the fight of 
 another French fquadron, fent for the reft of the Captains on board, in order to aflc 
 their opinion. They came, but were mofl of them in Kirby's way of thinking ; which 
 Jatis.fied the Admiral that they were not inclined to fight. Benbow, upon this, thought 
 k neceflary to nturn to Jamaica, where he arrived with his fquadron, very v.'eak with 
 a fever occafioned by his wounds, and was foon after joined by Rear-Admiral Whec- 
 llonc with the fhips under his command. 
 
 After the Englifh and French fleets had feparated, the latter proceeded to Cartha- 
 gena, from whence Monf. Du CafTe,. the French Admiral, fent the following laconic 
 cpiflle to Admiral Benbow. 
 
 "SIR, 
 
 " I had little hope on Monday lafl, but to have fupped in your cabbin : but it 
 pleafed God to order it otherwife; I am thankful for it. As for thofe cowardly Cap- 
 Uins who defcrted you, hapg them up ; for, by God, they deferve it. 
 
 " Yours, 
 
 " Du Casse.'* 
 
 Soon after his return to Jamaica, Vice-Admiral Benbow iflued a comniiffion to Rear- 
 Admiral Whetilone, and to feveral Captains, to hold a court-martial for the trial of 
 thofe Officers who had fo bafely betrayed their trud in the late engagement. And a 
 court-martial being held, feme of the moft guilty were condemned, and fufFcrcd ac- 
 cording to their delerts. 
 
 The operation of cutting off Admiral Benbovv's leg after it was fluttered in the late 
 aftion, had brought on him a fever, which, together with his rcflcdions on the bale 
 conduct of his Captains, at length put an end to his life. Fie lived near a month 
 after the court-mitftial was held; and during his illnefs, he fupported Iris charaiflcr as 
 
 Vol. I. C c c aa
 
 19<> 
 
 "B E N N E T. 
 
 an Engl'ih Admiral, with the fame firmnefs he had fliewn during the engagcmrar, 
 I'iving all t''.c neceflary orders for promoting the trade, that could iiave been expected 
 tVom him, if he had been in pcrf'c£t health -, and in the letters he wrote home to his 
 lady, h? diicovcred much greater anxiety for the intcreft of the nation, than for hii 
 private fortune, or the concerns of his family. He died on the 4th of November, 
 1702. He was a very intrepid and able Sea-Commander, and always remarkable for 
 the ftriflncfs of his difcipline, and his diligent attention to the duties of his llation. 
 He lived much honoured and refpeded, efpecially by the failors, who were the bell 
 iudges of his merir, and died univerfally lamented. He left behind him a numerous. 
 pofterity of both lexes. 
 
 BKNN'ET (Henry) earl of Arlington, an eminent flatefman, was the fecond Ton 
 of Sir John Bennet, knt. and was born in 1618. He was educated at Chrilt-church 
 college in Oxford, where he took the degree of martcr of arts, and diftinguiflied him- 
 felf by his turn for Englifli poetry. Upon the king's coming to Oxford, after the 
 breaking out of the civil war, lie entered himlelf a volunteer •, and was afterwards 
 made choice of by the Lord Digby, fecretary of Rate, to be liis iinder-iccretary. 
 AVhen it was no longer in his power to ferve the royal caufe, he retired to France, 
 and from thence went to Italy. On his return to France in 1649, he became fecre- 
 tary to the Duke of York -, and in 1658, was knighted at Bruges by king Charles II. 
 ■who lent him, in quality of his minifter, to the court of Madrid. After tlie Re- 
 Itoration, the king recalled him from th.- court ot Madrid, and appointed him privy- 
 purfe. On the 2d of Oftobcr, 1662, he was nominated fecretary of ft ate ; Septem- 
 ber the 28tli, 1663, the univerfity of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of iJoc- 
 tor of Laws •, and on the 14th of March following, he was created b.iron of Arling- 
 ton in Middlefex. At this time he had, as fecretaiy, almoft. the fole management of 
 foreign alFairs, and his capacity was equal to his ports. Jle had a great hand in the 
 firft Dutch war, but he likewife appears to have had no fmall fliare in the negotia- 
 tions for peace. He was one of the cabinet council dirtinguillied by the name of 
 The Cabal. On the 22d of April, 1672, he was railed to the dignities of earl of 
 Arlington and vifcount Thetford ; and on the 15th of June following, he was inflalled 
 knight of the garter. Soon after he was fent to Utrecht with the duke of Huckintr- 
 ham and the earl of Halifax, to treat of a peace between the allies and the ftates-ge- 
 neral ; but this negotiation had no effcifl. 
 
 The Houfe of Commons, diPjking the war againft T^olland, determined to call 
 the advifers and promoters of it to an account. They firll att.-.ckcd the Duke of 
 Lau.lerdale, and next the Duke of Buckingham, who, being admitted to be heard, 
 endeavoured to throw all the odium upon the Karl of Arlington ; and this Lord's 
 anfwer not fatisfying the Commons, articles of impeachment were drawn up, charg- 
 ing him with having been a conftant and vehement promoter of popery and popiih 
 counfels ; with having been guilty of many undue practices, to promote his own 
 greatnefs ; v/ith having embezzled the treal'ure of the nation, and falfcly and trea- 
 cheroufly betrayed the important truft repolcd in him, as a counfellor, and principal 
 fecretary of Itatc. He appeared before the Houle of Commons, and fpoke much 
 better than wasexpefted. He excufed himfelf, but without blaming the king. And this 
 had fo good an efFcft, that though he, as fecretary of llate, was more expofcd than 
 any other man, by the many warrants and orders he had figned, yet he was acquitted, 
 though by a fmall majority. In the mean time he conrinuetl to prefs the king to a 
 i'eparate peace with the Dutch, in which he happily fuccccdcd. Having re- 
 
 figned
 
 B E N T I N C K. 191 
 
 figned his poft of fecretaiy, he was appointed lord chamberlain on the itth of Sep- 
 tember, 1674, with this public reafon given, that it was in confideration of hislono- 
 and faithful lervice, particularly in the execution of his office of principal fccretary 
 of liate, for the fpace of twelve years. At length, however, his crcdic was fo ex- 
 tremely low with the king, that feveral perfons at court took the liberty to mimick 
 his perfon and behaviour i and it became a common jeft for fome courtier to put a 
 black patch upon hisnofe, and llrut about wiih a white ftaff in his hand, in order to 
 make the king merry. His majefly's coldnefs, or perhaps difplcafure, is fuppofcd 
 to have proceeded from Arlington's late turning towards the popular ftream, and 
 cfpecialiy his outward proceedings againft the papifts, when the court believed him to 
 be one inwardly himfelf. 
 
 The earl of Arlington died on the 28th of July, 1685, at the age of fixty-feven. 
 " He was, fays bidiop Burnet, a proud man : his parts were folid but not quick; 
 he had the ?.rcof obferving the king's temper, and managing it, beyond all tlie men 
 of that time. He was believed a papid, he had once profefled it, and, wlien he died, 
 he again reconciled himfelf to that chiirch : yet in the whole courfe of his miniftry he 
 feemed to have made it a maxim, that the king ought to fhow no favour to popery,- 
 but that his whole affairs would be fpoilcd, if ever he turned that way •, which made 
 the papifts become his mortal enemies, and accufe him as an apoftate and the betrayer 
 of their interefts." 
 
 BENTINCK, or Benthinck, (William) earl of Portland, one of the greateft 
 flatefmen of his time, and the firft who advanced iiis family to the dignity of the 
 EngliJh peerage, was defcended from an ancient and noble family of that name, in 
 the province of Guclderland. He was firft page of honour to the prince of Orange, 
 from which he was advanced to the poll of gentleman of the bed-chamber, and made 
 colonel and captain of the Dutch regiment of guards. In 1675, the prince falling 
 ill of the fmall-pox, Mr. Bentinck gave the moft extraordinary proof ot iiis love and 
 affedion for him ; for the fmall-pox not rifing kincily, his phyfician judged it nccellary 
 that fom.e young perfon fliould lie in the fame bed with him, imagining that the natural 
 heat of another would drive out the difeafe, and expel it from the nobler parts : no 
 body could be found in all- the court to try this experiment, when iVlr. Bentinck, 
 though he had never had the difeafe, gcneroufly rcfolved to run the rilc^ue, and accord- 
 ingly attended the prince, during the whole courfe of his illnefs, both day and night, 
 and on the prince's recovery, was immediately feized with the lame diforder, from 
 which, however, he recovered. He was afterwards employed in levcral negotiatons. 
 and upon that prince's acceQion to the crown of CJreat-Britain, was made groom of 
 the ftole, privy-purle, firlt gentleman of the bed-chamber, and was the tirft com- 
 moner upon the lid of privy-counfcllors -, he was foon after naturalized by afl of par- 
 liament, and two days before the king and queen's coronation, was created baron of 
 Cirenceller, vifcount Woodftock, and earl of Portland. He diftinguiflied himfelf on 
 many occafions, particularly in the following inftance, which does immortal honour 
 to his memory. The parliament having taken into confideration the aflairs of the 
 Eaft-India company, who, through mifmanagement and corrupt deahngs, were in 
 danger of lofing their charter, flrong intcrcll: was made with the members of both 
 houfcs, and large fums dillributed to procure a new cllablifliment of the company by 
 aft of parliament; a particular value was fet on lord Portland's interefl-, and on this 
 account he was offered no lefs than fifry thoufand pounds for his vote, ami to ufc his 
 endeavours to engage the king to f.ivoar the dcfign: but his lordlhip, pofl<;-{r^d of a 
 
 grciitnefs
 
 ,52 B E N T L E Y. 
 
 greatnefs of foul that placed him above corruption, treated this i-njcrlous offer with 
 all the -contempt and indignation it deferved, telling the perfon employed in it, thac 
 if he ever meniioned fucli a thing to him again, he would for ever be the company's 
 enemy, andgivethcm all the oppofitioii in his power. 
 
 In 1696, his lordlhip was crcateti knight of the garter, at which time he was lieu- 
 tcn;int-<Tcneral of his majcfly's forces. He hadthechiet' management of the peace of 
 Kylwick, was prclent at the battle of the Boyne, at that of Linden, where he was 
 wounded, and at the fifge of Limerick, Namur, &c. but at length obferving, with 
 fome concern, the progrcl's his countryman, the earl of Albemarle, made in the king's 
 favour, he refiorned his employments, though the king ufed all his endeavours to 
 divert him fronTthat refolution. As lord f ordand was a foreigner, he was very na- 
 turally an objcft of the national jealoufy ; he was therefore with other lords impeached 
 in the year 1700, for advifmg and tranfacling the partition treaty, but the impeach- 
 ments were difmiflcd for want of profccution. His lordfliip Ipent the latter part of 
 his life in retirement, at Bulftrode, in the county of Buck?, and died on the 23d of 
 Ncvember, 1709, in the fixty-firll: year of his age : his corpfc being removed toLon- 
 don, was buried m Wellmiufter-abbey. 
 
 BENTLEY (RichardJ a celebrated critic and divine, was born at Wakefield in 
 Yorklhire, in the year 1662. Being removed fr m his native place to St. John's 
 college in Cambridge, he purfued his ftudies with indefatigable induftry ; and his 
 inclination leading him ftrongly to critical learning, his ikill and knowledge therein 
 was taken notice of by Dr. Stillingflcet, who was bred at the fame college, and, in 
 1685, appointed him private tutor to his fon. Mr. Bentlcy had not been above a 
 year in the Doctor's family, when he had compiled, in a thick quarto volume, a kind 
 of Hexapla, in the firll column of which wms every word of thcMebrew Bible alpiia- 
 betically difpofed-, the various interpretations whereof from the Chaldee, Syriac, 
 Vulgate Latin, i'cptuagint, and thevcrfions of Aquil.i, Symmachu5, and Theodofian, 
 had their proper place in the other five columns -, befides another volume, in quarto, 
 of the various ledtions and emendations of the Hebrew text, drawn out of thofe an- 
 cient verfions. As he proceeded, his views became more enlarged, and he had an 
 opportunity of fatisfying them in the Bodleian library in 16S9, when he attended his 
 pupil to Wadham college in Oxford, where he was incorporated maftcr of arts on 
 the 4th of July that year, having taken that degree fome time before in the univerfity 
 of Cambridge. He was then alio in holy orders •, and his patron, to whom he had 
 been very ferviceable, being advanced to the fee of Worceder in 1692, collated him 
 to a prebend in that church, and likewife made him his domcftic chaplain, in which 
 lafl ftation he continued till the bifhop's death. This learned prelate, as well as Dr. 
 William Lloyd, then bifliop of Litchfield, had feen many proofs of our author's ex- 
 traordinary merit, when they concurred in recommending him as a fit perfon to open 
 the Icdures upon Mr. Boyle's foundation, in defence of natural and revealed re- 
 ligion. 
 
 This gave him a fine opportunity of eftablifliing his fame : he faw it well, and 
 refolved to pufli it to the utmoft. Sir Ifaac Newton's Principia had been publiflied 
 but a few years, and the book was little known, and Icfs underftood ; Mr. Bentley, 
 therefore, determined to fpare no pains in difplaying, to the beft advantage, the pro- 
 found dcm.ondrations which that excellent work furnifhed in proof of a Deity-, and 
 that nothing might be wanting which lay in his power to complete the dcfign, he ap- 
 plied to the author, and received from him the lolution of fome difEculties which had 
 
 not
 
 B E N T L E Y. ,^3 
 
 ni3t fallen within the plan of his treatife. Our amhor alfo did not forget to heighten 
 the novelty of his plan, by introducing and aflerting Mr. Locke's lately advanced 
 notion concerning the innate idea of a God in his fufl fermon. With the help of fuch. 
 advantages, Mr. Bentley's fermons at Boyle's lectures became the wonder and admira- 
 tion of the v/orld, and raifed the higheft opinion of the preacher's abilities. Accord- 
 ingly he foon reaped the fruits of his reputation, being appuinted keeper of the royal 
 library at St. James's in 1693. He was fcarccly well fettled in this office, when he 
 fell under the dilpleafure of the Hon. Mr. Charles Boyle, fon to the earl of Orrery, a 
 young nobleman of the greateft hopes, who being then in the courle of his education 
 at Chrift-church college, Oxford, rclblved to publifh a new edition of the Greek 
 epiftles of Fhalaris, for which purpofe having obtained the ufe of a nianufcript of 
 the book out of St. James's library, our librarian demanded it back fooncr tlun was 
 exptfted, and before the defign of confulting it was finifhed. 1 his being refented 
 by Mr. Boyle, gave rife to the well known controverfy between Boyle and Bcntley, 
 which was carried on with adiTiirable fpirit, wit and learning, iji feveral writings on 
 both fides, till the year 1699, and gave our author another opportunity of furprizinT 
 the world with his genius and knowledge in critical learning : and Dr. Montaaue 
 dying the next year, he was prefented by the crown to the mallerfliip of Trinity col- 
 lege in Cambridge. Upon this promotion he refigned his prebend of Worcefler, 
 and, on the 12th of June, 1707, was collated to the archdeaconry of Ely; befidcs 
 this, he was prefented to a good benefice in that ifland. 
 
 Being thus placed in a ftate of eafe and affluence, he took the degree of doftor of" 
 divinity, entered into matrimony, and indulged his inclination in critical purfuitsj 
 and as heoccafionally publiflied the fruits of his labours, they were obferved feverally 
 to abound with fo much profound erudition and ingenious fagacity, that, by degrees, 
 he obtained the chara61:er of being the greateft critic of the age. In the mean time 
 he carried matters with fo high a hand in the government of his college, that, in 
 1709, a complaint was brought before the bifliop of Ely, as vilitor, againft him, by 
 feveral of the fellows, who, in order to procure his removal from the mafterfliip, 
 charged him with embezzling the college money, and other mifdemeanours. In 
 anfwer to this, he prefented his defence to the bifhop, which was publiflied in 1710, 
 under the title of The prefcnt State of Trinity College •, and thus began a laiting quar- 
 rel, which was carried on with the moft virulent animofity on each fide, till, after above 
 twenty years continuance, it ended at laft in the do61or's favour. Nor was this the 
 only trial that exercifed his fpirit, and wherein he triumphed over his adverfaries. 
 During the courfe of the former difpute, he had been promoted to the regius profef- 
 forfhip of divinity -, and his majefty king George I. on a vifit to the univerfity in 
 Odtober, 1717, having, as ufual on fuch occafions, nominated by mandate feveral 
 perfonsfor a doctor's degree in that faculty, our profeflTor, to whofe office it belonged 
 to perform the ceremony called creation, demanded four guineas from each perfon, 
 befides a broad piece of gold, and abfolutely refufed to create any doftor without 
 tfiefe fees : hence arofe a warm and long difpute, during which the dodlor was firfs 
 fol'pended from his de^^recs by the univerfity, and then degraded -, but on a petition 
 to his majefty for relief from that fentence, the afi^air was referred to the Kin^f's- 
 Bench, where the proceedings againft him being reverfed, a mandamus was iflued, 
 charging the univerfity to reftore him. 
 
 Dr. Bcntley was happily endued with a natural hardinefs of temper, which enabled 
 him to ride out both tliefe ftorms without any extraordinary difturbance, or interrupt- 
 ion to his literary purluirs. In his private charafter, though he is generally allowed 
 Vol. 1. D d d t*
 
 J04 
 
 BERKELEY. 
 
 to have been too fond of money, he was hearty, fincere, and warm in his friendfhip, 
 an affectionate husband, and a moft indulgent fatlier. He loved hofpitality and 
 rcfpcft, maintained the dignity and munificence of the ancient abbots in houfe- 
 keeping at his lodge ; and, in converiatiori, tempered the feverity of the critic with a 
 peculiar ftrain of vivacity and pleafantry. He died at his lodge in Trinity college, 
 on the Mth of July, 1742, at eighty years of age. The doctor's principal works, 
 befides thofe already mentioned, were, i. Animadverfions and Kemarksonthe poet 
 Callimachus. 2. Remarks on Collins's Difcourfe of Free-Thinking. 3. Beautiful 
 and correct editions of Horace, Terence, Phasdrus, and Milton, with notes; but, 
 as the doftor had not a poetic genius, many of his notes on our Britifh poet, in which 
 he has endeavoured to make emendations of the original, have been greatly andjuftly 
 cenfurcd. 
 
 BERKELEY (George) the learned and ingenious bifhop of Cloyne in Ireland, 
 was a native of that kingdom, and the Ton of William Berkeley of Thomaflown, in 
 the county of Kilkenny. Me was born on the 12th of March, 1684, at Kilcrin near 
 Thomaftown, received the firft part of his education at Kilkenny fchool, and was ad- 
 mitted a penfionerof Trinity college, Dublin, at the age of fifteen, f He was chofen 
 fellow of that college June 9, 1707. The firft proof hegave of his literary abilities 
 was Arithmetica abfque algebra aut Euclide demonftrata ; which, from the preface, 
 he appears to have written before he was twenty years old, though he did not publifh 
 it till 1707, His Theory of Vifion was publifhed in 1709, and the Principles of 
 Human Knov/ledge appeared in the year following. 
 
 In February 1 713, he publifhed in London a defence of his fyftem of immate- 
 rialifm, in three dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. Acutenefs of parts 
 and a beautiful imagination were fo confpicuous in his writings, that his reputation 
 was now eftablifhed, and his company was courted, even where his opinions did not 
 find admiffion. He was foon introduced to the acquaintance of .Sir Kichard Steele, 
 and Dr. Swift. He wrote feveral papers in the Guardian for the former, and at his 
 houfe became acquainted with Mr. Hope, with whom he continued to live in ftri<ft 
 friendfhip during his life. Dean Swift recommended him to the celebrated earl of 
 Peterborough, who being appointed ambaflador to the king of Sicily and other Italian 
 princes, took Mr. Berkeley with him in quality of chaplain and fecretary, in Novem- 
 ber 1713. He returned to England with the earl in Auguft 1714, and fomc time after 
 embraced an advantageous offer made him by Dr. Afhe, bifhop of Clogher, of accom- 
 panying his fon in a tour through Europe. On the i8th of May, i 724, Dr. Berkeley 
 refigned his fellowfliip, being promoted by his patron the duke of Grafton to the 
 deanery of Derry, worth 1 lool. per annum. In the interval between this removal and 
 his return from abroad, his mind had been employed in conceiving that benevolent pro- 
 jeft, which alone entitles him to as much honour as all his learned labours haveprocurcd 
 him, viz. The fcheme for converting the favage Americans toChriflianity, by a col- 
 lege to be eretSled in the Summer Iflands, otherwife called the ides of Bermuda, He 
 publiOied a propofal for this purpofe in 1725, and offered to refign his own opulent 
 preferment, and dedicate the remainder of his life to the inftrucfting the youth in 
 America, on the moderate fubfiflence of lool. yearly. 
 
 •\- Accomu of tUe life of Geoigc Berkeley, D, D. late DiJhop of Cloyne in Ireland, 8vo. 
 
 He
 
 BERKELEY. ,05 
 
 He was not, however, fo ill acquainted with the world, as to reft the fuccelsof his 
 
 application to the miniftry entirely on the hope his fchenie aftordfrii of promoting na- 
 tional honour and the caiife of Chriitianity ; his arguments were drawn from the more 
 alluring topic of prefent advantage to the government. Having with much induflry 
 acquired an accurate knowledge of the value of certain lands in the ifland of Saint 
 Chriftopher's, which were then to be fold for the public life, he undertoolv to raife 
 from them a much greater fum than was expeded, and propofed that a pare of the 
 purchafe money fliould be applied to the erefting of his college. In the mean tim^- 
 the dean entered jnto a m.irriage, Auguft i, 1728, with Anne, daughter of the right 
 honourable John Fortler, Efq-, fpeaker of the Irifh houfe of commons. This engage- 
 ment however w.>s fo far from being any obftruflion to his grand undertaking, that he 
 aftualiy let fail in the execution of it for Ilhfde Ifland in the middle of September fol- 
 iowi:ig. He carried with him his lady, one Mifs Handcock, two gentlemen of for- 
 tune, MeflT. James and Dalton, a pretty large fum of money of his own property, 
 and a coUeftion of books for his intended library. He direded his courfe to Khode- 
 Ifland, which lay nearefl: to Bermuda, with a view of purchafing lands on the adjoin- 
 ing continent as edates for the fupport of his college; having had a poficive promife 
 from thofe in power, that the parliamentary grant fhould be paid him as fon as ever 
 fuch lands Ihould be pitched upon and agreed for. But this fcheme being rendered, 
 abortive, he returned to Europe. 
 
 In 1732 he publifhed the "Minute Philofopher," a mafterly performance, wherein. 
 he purfues the freethinker through the various charadters of atheift, libertine, enthu- 
 fiaft, fcorner, critic, metaphyfician, fatalift, and fceptic; and very happily employs 
 againft him feveral new weapons, drawn from the ftore-houfe of his own ingenious 
 fyllem of philofophy. It is written in a feries of dialogues on the model of Plato. 
 
 After dean Berkeley's return from Rhode Ifland, queen Caroline often commanded 
 his attendance to difcourfe with him on what he hid obfcrved worthy of notice in 
 America. His agreeable and inftruftive converfation engaged that difcerning princefs 
 fo much in his favour, that the rich deanery of Down in Ireland becoming vacant, he 
 was at her defire named to it, and the king's letter adlually came over for his appoint- 
 ment. But his friend lord Burlington having negledted to notify the royal intentions 
 in proper time to the duke of Dorfet, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, his excellency 
 was fo offended at this dilpofal of the richeft deanery in Ireland without his concurrence, 
 that it was thought proper not to prefs the matter any further. Her majefty upon 
 this declared, that fmce they would not fuller Dr. Berkeley to be a dean in Ireland, 
 he fliyuld be a bifhop ; and accordingly, in 1733, the bifhopric of Cloyne becoming 
 vacant, he was, by letters patent, dated March 17, promoted to that fee, and was 
 confecrated at St. Patrick's church in Dublin on the 19th of May following. 
 
 In 1749, his lordfhip addrefled a letter to the Roman Gatholic clergy in Ireland, 
 under the title of A Word to the Wife, written with fo much candour and moderation, 
 as well as good fenfe, that thofe gentlemen, highly to their own honour, in the Dublin 
 Journal of November 18, 1749, thought fit to return " their fincere and hearty 
 thanks to the worthy author, afluring him that they are determined to comply with 
 every particular recommended in his addrefs to the utmoR of their power." They 
 add, that " in every page it contains a proof of the author's extenfive charity ; his • 
 views are only towards the public good ; the means he prefcribeth are eafily complied 
 with J and his manner of treating perfons in their circumflances fo very fingular, that 
 they plainly fiiew the good man, the polite gentleman, and the true patriot." A cha- 
 rafter this',' which was fo entirely his lordfliip's due, that in the year 1745 that excellent
 
 ,fj5 BERRY. 
 
 fodc-e of merit, the hte earl of Chefterfield, as foon as he was advanced to the govern- 
 ment of Ireland, of his own motion wrote to inform him, that the fee of Ciogher 
 then vacant, the value of which was double that of Cloyne, was at his fervice. This 
 OiTer our bilhop, with many expreflions of thankfulnefs, declined. 
 
 1 he dole of a life thus devoted to the good of mankind was anfwerable to the 
 b^cinnins: of it; the bifliop's lalt years being employed in inquiring into the virtues of 
 a medicine, whereof he had himfclf experienced the good effeds in the relief of a 
 nervous cholic. This mfedicine was no other than the celebrated tar-water ; his 
 ihouahts upon which fubjeft he firft communicated to the world in 1744, in a treatife 
 entitled " Siris, a Chain of Philofophical Keflcclions and Inquiries concerning the 
 Virtues of Tar-Water." In July 1752 he removed, though in a bad (late of health, 
 With his lady and family to Oxford, m order to fuperintend the education of en:; of 
 
 his fons, then newly admitted a ftudent at Chriil-church. But as nobody could be 
 
 mare fenfible than his lordfhip of the impropriety of a bifliop's non-refidence, he pre- 
 viouflv endeavoured to exchange his high preferment for fome canonry or headfhip at 
 Oxford. Failin" of fuccefs in this, he actually wrote over to the fecretary of ftate, 
 to requeft-that he might have permiflion to relign his bifhopric, worth at that time at 
 leafl 1400I. per annum. So uncommon a petition excited his majeAy's curiofity to 
 enquire who was the extraordinary man that preferred it ; being told that it was his old 
 acquaintance Dr. Berkeley, he declared he fliould die a bifliop in fpite of himfclf, but 
 gave him full liberty to relide where he pleafed. 
 
 At Oxford he lived highly refpedled by the learned members of that univerfiry, 
 till the hand of Providence unexpeftedly deprived them of the plcafurc and advantage 
 derived from his refidence among them. On Sunday evening, January 14, 1753, as 
 he wasfittin" in themidftof his family, lilknmg to a fcrmon of Dr. Sherlock's which 
 his lady was reading to him, he was leized with what the phyficians termed a palfy in 
 the heart, and inftantlv expired. l"he accident was lb fudden, that his body was quite 
 cold, and his joints ftiff, before it was difcovercd ; as the bifliop lay on a couch, and 
 fcemcd to be afleep, till his daughter, on prefentinghim with a difli of tea, firft per- 
 ceived his infcnfibility. His remains were interred in Chrift-church, Oxford, where 
 there is an elegant monument erected to his memory. 
 
 Mr. Pope fums up his charafler in one line : after having mentioned fome particular 
 virtues thatcharaclerife otiier prelates, he afcribes 
 
 " To Ikriceley ev'ry virtue under heav'n." 
 
 BERRY (Sir Ioh-m) a brave naval commander, was the fon of the Rev. Mr. Da- 
 niel Berrv, vicar of Knevallon and M aland, in Dcvonfliire, and was put apprentice to 
 Mr. Robert Mering, who had a fliare in feveral fhips at Plymouth. He was twice 
 taken by the Spaniards, and his mafter being reduced by loffes at fea, gave him up his 
 indentures; on which, coming to London, he was appointed boaifwain of the Swal- 
 low ketch, which was bound to the Weft Indies, in queftof a pirate whoinfcfted thofe 
 fe.is. The vefiel being overtaken by a ftorni in the gulph of Florida, they were obliged 
 to cue aw^ay all her mafts, and two frigates which accompanied her weie loft. With 
 much difficulty they reached Jamaica, where flie was refitted, and Mr. Berry appoint- 
 ed lieutenant. Three weeks after their leaving Jamaica, they difcovercd the pirate 
 ridinp at anchor, in a bay of the illand of St. Domingo. She had twenty guns and 
 fixty men, and the Swallow had only eight fmall guns and forty men. Captain Infam, 
 who commanded the Swallow, feeing the pirate's fuperior ftrength, thought proper to 
 confult his men before he engaged i and calling all the hands upon deck, ubfcrved, 
 
 that
 
 BERRY. 197 
 
 tTiat thorewTionr they were going to attack were men at arms, eld 'tuccaneers, and 
 fuperior t > them in number and the force of their fhip, and therefore he defircd to 
 have their opinion. Lieutenant Berry interrupting him, faid, that they were alio men 
 at arms, and, what w<is more, honed men, and fought under the king's commifTion, hut 
 that if he had no fiomacb J or fighting, he defired that he -would be pleafed to walk down into 
 his callin. The crew applauded his motion, and imir.ediatcly prep.ired to engage : 
 but the pirate being to wihdward, the Swallow was obliged to make two tacks under 
 her lee, and received two broadfidcs before fhe could gee into her proper ftation. Cap- 
 tain Berry, far from being intimidated, laid the pirate onboard, on hisfiarboard bow, 
 pouring in his whole broadfide, by which twenty-two of the pirate's hands were killed, 
 and foon after the reft fubmitted. 
 
 This gallant action was performed in the year 1670, and greatly recommended him 
 to the notice of the government : he was foon after appointed commander of the Co- 
 ronation, of fifty-fix guns, with orders to fail to the Weft Indies, and protect the 
 trade. At his arrival at Barbadoes, he found that the French at St. Kite's were fitting 
 cut twenty-two men of war and frigates, fix large tranfports of their own, and four 
 hired from the Dutch, in order to take the ifland of Nevis. To prevent this, the 
 governor of Barbadoes fitted out eight large merchant-fhips, and converted them into 
 men of war, which having joined Mr. Berry, lie failed for Nevis. But juft as he 
 turned the point of that illand, one of his beft fhips accidentally blew up •, and this 
 happening juft at the appearance of the French fleet, damped the fpirits of his men, 
 which he perceiving, cried, " You have feen an Englifh fiiip blow up, let us try ir 
 we cannot blow up one of the French. '^1 here they are, boys, and if we do not beat 
 them, they will beat us." By this time the French fleet being come up, Berry imme- 
 diately attacked them, and was fo bravely feconded by the reft of his fquadron, that 
 after an engagement of thirteen hours, he forced their great fleet to t:ike flielter under 
 the cannon of St. Chriftopher's, whither he purfued them, fent in a fire-fliip, and 
 burnt the admir.irs fliip. As foon as he fav/ the French fhip on fire, he faid to the' 
 feamcn, " I tf)ld you in the morning v.e fliould burn a Frenchman before niglit : to- 
 morrow we will try what we can do with the refb." But the enemy prevented his de- 
 fign by ftealing away while he was refitting his fliips. 
 
 On his return he was greatly carcflcd by the miniftry, and in 1672 diftinguiftied 
 himl(?lf at the famous battle of Southwold bay, where he commanded a fcventy-gun 
 fliip, for which he received the honour of knighthood. In 168 z he comnaanded the 
 Glouccfter frigate, on board of which the duke of York embarked for Scotland % 
 but by the carelefljiefs of the pilot, the vefiel was loft at the mouth of the Number. In 
 the midft of this confufion, fir John retained that prel'ence of mind for which he 
 ■was always remarkable, and by that mieans prefcrved the duke, and as many of his 
 retinue as the long-boat would carry. Soon after he was promoted to a flag, and com- 
 manded as vice-admiral und(;r lord Dartmouth, at the demolition of Tangier, and on 
 his return was made a commiflioner of the navy, which poft he enjoyed till his death. 
 He was in gp.at favour with king James II. who made choice of him to command 
 under lord Dartmouth, when the prince of Orange landed in England ■, and when his 
 lordfhip left the fleet, the whole command devolved on fir ]ohn Berry, who held it till 
 the fliips were laid up. After the revolution fir John contniucd in his polls, and was 
 frequently confulted by king William, who entertained a high opinion of his abilities 
 in military aff.iirs ; but he was poiloned in the beginning of lebruary, 1691, on 
 board one of his majcfty's fhips at Porrfmouth, where he was paying her oF, in the 
 
 Vol. I. E e e fifty-
 
 *9t B E T T E R. T O N. 
 
 fifry-fixth year.^f- hi<; age. His body w;;s brought to London, and interred in the 
 chancel of Stepney church, where a monument was crc-fled to his memory. 
 
 BETTERTON (Thomas) a celebrated tragedian, was born in Tothill-ftrcet, 
 WeAminfter, in 1635. His father, vsho was undcr-cook to King Charles I. bound 
 him apprentice to Mr. Rhodes, a bookfellcr. But having a ftrong inclination to the 
 ftage, he endeavoured to qualify himfclf for it; and having the proper requifites from 
 nature to enable Iiim to fliine in that profeflion, he obtained great applaule as an a6lor 
 when he was only twenty-two years of age. He afterwards ad:ed at the duke of York's 
 theatre in Lincoln's-Inn-fields, under the dircdlion of Sir William Davcnant. He 
 went over to I'aris, by the king's command, to take a view of the French fcenery and 
 machinery, and at his return very much improvTd the EngliHi ftage in this particular, 
 though he had before given fpecimcns of his great talents that way. In 1670, he 
 married Mrs. Sandcrfon, a woman of unblcmiilied morals, who likcwife made a con- 
 fiderable figure on the Uage as a tragedian. 1 hey acted for fome years at the duke's 
 theatre in Lincoln's-Inn ticlds; but tliis houle beino fomewhat inconvenien:, and th.e 
 king's company having the vogue of the town, the players under the duke built ano- 
 ther theatre in Dorfet-gardens, which not proving fo fuccefsful as had been expefled, 
 an union was formed of the two companies in 1682, which continued 'till 1695. 
 'J'here were feveral other ftage-revolutions after this, during which time Mr. Bettertoi\ 
 amaflcd a handfome fortune, but loft the greatelt part of it by an Eaft-India fcheme, 
 in which he engaged Dr. Radeliffe to join with him. He never recovered this lofs, 
 but per(ons of all ranks and conditions paid the higheft compliment to his merit, 
 by crouding to the benefit which was m.ide for h;m, iome years after he had left the 
 ilage, and by which l\c is faid to have cleared five hundred pounds. He died the 
 28th of April, 1710, and was buried in the cloiftcr of Wertminllcr-abbey. 
 
 Mr. Betterton in hisown time was fbled the Englifh Kofcius; and Booth, wlio 
 js well known to have been an acfior of great eminence, ufedto declare, that " he 
 thought hin ihe greatell tmgedian that ever lived." Booth alfo faid, that upon his firlt 
 reprclcnting ihe Gholt at the rchearfal of Hamlet, he was foftruck with the horror repre- 
 fented in the countenance, fpecch, and acflion of Betterton, who played Hamlet, that lie 
 was unable to proceed in his own part for fome moments. He was agreeable in his per- 
 fon, and of a graceful llature ; and with regard to his voice, it was of a fine tone and 
 xrompafs, and he always fpoke full, and fo intelligibly, that he never lolt a word ; 
 and his adion wasextrenieiy beautiful, jufl, and pathetic. He was a man of probity, 
 Jbbcr, raodcll, and friendly, and extremely indullrious in his profeflion. He kept the 
 bed com[)any, and w,,s remarkable, off" the ftage, for the decent fimplicity of his drcfs. 
 He chiefly excelled in tragedy, but he alfo made a confiderablc figure in comedy, and 
 played Sir John FalllafF admirably well the firft time. He very much improved our 
 lafte in Englidi Operas, in which he engaged the famous mufical performer Henry 
 Purcell ; and each being eminent in their relpedive arts, they contra(5lcd thegreatell in- 
 timacy, but afterwards engaged in feparate interefts. 
 
 Mr. Gibber relates the particv.lar circumftances that brought on tiie d.Mth of \:r. 
 Betterton. " The lai' pait, f.ays he, this great mailer cf his profeflion atMtd, w.^s 
 Melantius in the Maid's 1 ragedy, for his own benefit ; when being, fuudenly feizcd 
 by the gout, he fubmitted, by external applications, to have his fout fo far relieved, 
 that he niight be able 10 walk on the ftage, in a flipper, rathir than wh lly difap- 
 point his auditors He was obfcrved that day to exert a more than ordin.iry Ipint, 
 And met with fuitable appiaufe ; but the unhappy confequence of tampering with his 
 
 diftcmper
 
 B E V E R I D G E. 199 
 
 diftemper wa5, that it flew into his head, and killed him in three days, (I thinkj in the 
 fcveiity-fourth year of his age." 
 
 The fame writer, who was well acquainted with Mr. Betterton, and muft be fup- 
 pofed to have been a good judge of theatrical merit, fpeaks in very high terms of his 
 abilities as .m aftor. " Betterton, fays he, was an ador as Shakefpcarc was an au- 
 thor, b;:)th without competitors ! formed for the mutual afTiIlance and illullration of 
 each other's gen 'US ! How Shakefpeare wrote, all men who have a tafte for nature, 
 may read, and know ; but with what higJTer rapture would he ftill be read, could 
 they conceive how Betterton played him. ! Then might they know, the one was born 
 alone to Ipeak, what the other only knew to write ! Pity it is, that the momentary 
 beauties flowing from an harmonious elocution, cannot, Jikethofe of poetry, be tlieir 
 own record! That the animated graces of the player can live no longer than the in- 
 ftant breath and motion that prefents them ; or at bell can but faintly gHmmer thro' the 
 n^emory, or imperteft atieftation of a fcwiurviving fpcdtators. Could /^oz^; Betterton 
 fpoke, be as cafily known as what he fpoke, then might you fee tiie mule of Shake- 
 fpeare in her triumph, with all her beauties in their bed array, rifing into real life, and 
 charming lier beholders. 
 
 " I'etterton had lb juft a fenfe of what was true, or falfe applaufc, that I have 
 heard him lay, he never thought any kind of it equal to an attentive filence ; that 
 there were many ways of deceiving an audience into a loud one; but to keep them 
 hullied and quiet, was an applaufc which only truth and merit could arrive at : of 
 which art, there never was an equal mailer to hiinfelf. From thefe various excellen- 
 cies, he had fo full a pofTcflionof the efteem and regard of his auditors, that upon his 
 entrance into every fcene, he feemed to feize upon the eyes and ears of the giddy and 
 inadvertent ! To have talked, or looked another way, would then have been thought 
 inknfibility, or ignorance. In all his foliloquifs of moment, the ftrong intelligence 
 of his attitude and afpeift, drew you into fuch an impatient gaze, and eager expedlation, 
 that you almoft imbibed the fentiment w th your eye, before the ear could reach it. 
 J never heard a line in tragedy come from Beiterton, wherein my judgement, my ear,' 
 and my imagination, were not fully fatisHed ; which, fmce his time, I cannot equally 
 fay of any one adtor vvhatfoever." * 
 
 BEVERIDGE (William) a learned and venerable Englifh prelate, v/as born at 
 Barrow, in LeiceRerfliire, in the your 1638. He was educated at -t. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where he applied with great afUJuity to the lludy of the oriental lan- 
 guages, and ma 'e fuch profic'ency in this part of learning;, that at eighteen years of 
 age, he wrote a treatife of the excellency and ufe of the oriental ton<iUCs elpccially 
 the Hebrew, Chaldec, Syriac, Arabic, and Samariiai, with a byriac grammar. He 
 became f.cceflivrly vicar of Yealing in Middlcfcx, reiftor of 't. I'etcr's, Cornliill, 
 prebenda;y of Sr. Paul's catlicdral, archdeacon of i olchellT, prebendaiy of Can- 
 terbury, chaplain m ordinary to king William and queen Mary; and, in 1704, was 
 proiiioted to the bifliopric of ^t. Afaph. This dign tv, however, he enjoyed but a 
 fhrtrinie-, for he died t!ie i^th of Ma-ch, 170S', at the age of feventy, and was in- 
 tcrr-d in St Paul's cathedral. He wrote, 1. Inftitntionum Chronologicarum Libri 
 Duo: 2. The Church Catechifm explained: 3. I'rivatc Thoughts upon Religion : 
 4. Piivat'- 1 iiou 'hts upon a hrhli m Life : 5. One hundred and filty Sermons and 
 Difcourfes on feveral fubjecls : 6. Thefaurus Theoldgicus ; or, a complete Syfl-m of 
 Divinity: 7. An Expofition of the Thirty-nine Articles; and fomc other works. 
 
 * Apology for the Life of Mr. CcIIcy Cibbtr, 410. 1740. P. ^i; — 71. 
 
 Bifliop
 
 :oo 
 
 B I D D L E. 
 
 Bifhop Beveridgc was highly inftrudlive in his difcourfes from the pulpK ; and his 
 labours were crowned wit li iuch fuccefs, that he was ftyled, " The great reviver and 
 rellorer of primitive piety." The author of a letter publiHied in the Guardian, hav- 
 ing made an extraift out of one of the bifhop's fermons, teils us that it may, for 
 acutenel's of judgment, ornament of fpeech, and true fublime, compare with any of 
 the choiceft writings of the ancient fathers, or dodtors 'of the church. Dr. Henry 
 I'Vltoii, in his DiflTtrtation on the Clafiics, tells us, " that our learned and venerable 
 bifliop hath delivered himfelf with thofe ornaments alone, which his fubjeft fuggefled 
 to him, and hath written in that plainnefs and folemnity of (tyle, that gravity and 
 fimplicity, which give authority to the facred truths he teacheth, and iinanfwerablc 
 evidence to the doftrines he dcfendeth -, that there is fomething fo great, primitive^ 
 and apoftolical in his writings, that it. creates an awe and veneration in our mind : That 
 the importance of his lubjedtsis above the decoration of word.% and what is great and 
 majellic in itfelf, looketh moft like itfelf, the lei's it is adorned." 
 
 BIDDLE (John) an eminent Socinian writer, was born at Wotton-under-Edge, 
 in Glouceflerfliire, in the year 1615, and educated at iVIagdalen-hall, Oxford, In 
 i6a.i he took his dearee of mailer of arts •, and the magiflrates of Gloucefter choof- 
 ing him mailer of the frce-fchocl of St. Mary le Crypc in that city, he fettled there^ 
 and was much efteemed for his diligence : but falling into fomc opinions concerning 
 the Trinity, different from thofe comir.only received, and expreffing his thoughts with 
 too much freedom, he was accufed of hercfy, and on the 2d of December, 1645, 
 committed to the common jail ; but was difcharged on a gentleman's giv» 
 ing fecurity for his appearance, when the parliament fliould fend for him. Six 
 months after his enlargement, he was fummor.ed to appear at Weftminfter, and a 
 committee being appointed by the parliament to examine him, he freely told them» 
 that he did not believe the commonly received notion of the divinity of the Holy 
 Ghoft, but was ready to hear what could be oppofed againft him. He was at length, 
 after many delays, cointnitttd to the cuftody of one of their officers, and referred to 
 the affembly of divines then fitting at Weftminfler, before whom he often appeared, 
 and gave them in writing twelve arsuments lie had drawn up againft the divinity of 
 the Holy Ghoft, which were printed in the year 1647. Upon their publication, he 
 was fummoned to appear at the bar of the houl'e of commons, where being aflced if 
 he owned that treatifc, and the opinions it contained, he aiifwered in the affirmative, 
 upon which he was committed to prifon, in September, 1647, ^""^ ^^^ book burnt by 
 the hangman. 
 
 The next year Mr. Biddle publidied two tradls, one entitled, A ConfefTion of Faith 
 touching the Holy Trinity,, according to the Scripture ; and the other. The Tcfti- 
 monirs of IrcnjEUs, Juftin Martyr, Tertullian, Novati.inus, Thcophilus, Origen, 
 Eufebius, &c. concerning one God, and the Peifons of the Holy Trinity. Thefe 
 were no fooner publilhed, than the aflembly of divines folicited the parliament, and 
 procured an ordinance inflifling death upon thofe who held opinions contrary to the 
 received dodirine of the Trinity, and fcvere penalties upon thofe who differed in fmal- 
 ler matters. Mr. Biddle however cfcaped by a dijftenfion in the parliament, and the 
 ordinance lying unregarded for fevcral years, his keeper, upon his giving fecurity, fuf- 
 fercd him to go into Staffordlhire, where he was hofpitably entertamed by a juftice of 
 peace. But Bradfhaw, prefident of the council of ftate, hearing of the indulgence 
 granted him, caufeJ liim to be recalled, and more (Iriclly confined^
 
 BLACKMORE. 2»i 
 
 In 1^5 r, Biddle was reftored CO liberty ; and in 1654 he publiflied hisLaroerand 
 Sliorter Scripture Catechifms, for which he was brought to the bar of the houfe ot' 
 eommons, and committed clofe prifoner to the Gate-houfe -, but after about fijc 
 months imprifonment, he was acquitted by the court of king's bench. 1 he next 
 year, being accufed of blafphemy, he was fent to Newgate, and ordered to be tried 
 for his life at the enfuing felTions ; but the protcftor not choofing to have him either 
 condemned or acquitted, took him out of the Iiands of the law, and detained him in 
 prifon ; and, at length, being weary of receiving petitions for and againft him, baniftied 
 him to St. Mary's caftle, in che Ifle of Scilly. But in 1658, Biddle was brought back 
 to London by a habeas corpus, and, nothing being then laid to his charge, was fee at 
 liberty, and became paftor of an independent meeting. Upon the reftoration of 
 Charles II. when the liberty of diflenters was taken away, he reftrained himfelf from 
 public to more private aiTemblies ; but on the firfl: of June, 1662, he was feized in 
 his lodging, where he and a few of his frifnds were met for divine worfhip : they 
 were taken before a juftice of peace, who committed them all to prilbn, where they 
 lay till the recorder took fecurity for their anfv/ering to the charge brouo-ht 
 againft them at the next feflions. But the court being unable to find a ftatute 
 whereon to form any criminal indictment, they were referred to the feffions follow- 
 Vig, and proceeded againft at common law : each of the hearers was fined twenty 
 
 {yjunds, Mr. Biddle one hundred, and ordered to lie in prifon till it was paid : but in 
 efs than five weeks, he, by his clofe confinement, contracted a dileafe, which put an 
 end to his life on the 2 2d of September, 1662, in the forty-feventh year of his a^e,. 
 He was a man of great learning and piety, and of tlie moit irreproachable life. He 
 had fo happy a memory, that he retained word for word the whole New Teftamenr, 
 not only in Englifh, but in Greek, as far as tlie fourth chapter of the Revelation of 
 St. John. 
 
 BLACKMORE (Sir Richard) an eminent phyfician, and an indefatigable writer,, 
 who has left a great number of works, theological, poetical, and phyfical. He re- 
 ceived the firft part of his education at a private fchool ia the country, from whence 
 he was removed to Weftminfter, and afterwards to the univerfity of Oxford. When 
 he had finiftied his academical ftudies, he travelled to Italy, and took his decrees in 
 phyfic at Padua; He alfo vifited France, Germany, and the Low CountrTes, and 
 after a year and a half's abfence, returned to England, where he pradifed phyfic, and 
 was chofen fellow of the college of phyficians. His zeal for the Revolution recom- 
 mended him to king William III. who, in 1697, made him one of his phyficians in 
 ordinary. That prince alfo conferred on him the honour of knighthood, and prefented 
 him with a gold medal and chain. Upon queen Anne's acceflion to the throne, he 
 was appointed one of her phyficians, anil continued in that capacity for fome time. 
 
 Mr. Drydcn and Mr. Pope have treated the poetical performances of Sir Richard, 
 •with great contempt ; the former fays, that he 
 
 " Writ to the rumbling of his coach's wheels." 
 
 Mr. Pope thus charafterifes him in his Dunciad, Book II. ver. 259. 
 
 *' But far o'er all, fonorous Blackmore's ftrain ; 
 " Walls, fteeples, fkies, bray back to liim again, 
 *' In Tot'nam fields, the brethren, with amaze, 
 " Prick all their ears up, and forget to graze ; 
 
 Vol. I. F f f « Long
 
 ^01 BLAGRAVE. 
 
 " I.ong Cii.inc'ry-Lane retentive rolls the found, 
 
 " And courts to courts return ic round and round i 
 
 " Tliamrs wafts it thence to Rufus' roaring hall, 
 
 " A;id Jlungerford re-echoes bawl for bawl. 
 
 " All hail him vi6l:or in both gifts of fong, 
 
 " Who fings fo loudly, and who fings fo long." 
 
 But notwithftanding Sir Richard has been fo much depreciated by thefe wits, yet 
 he muft be allowed fome merit. His poem on the Creation is his moft celebrated 
 performance. Mr. Addifon, after having criticifed on that book of Milton, which 
 gives an account of the works of the creation, thus proceeds: " I cannot conclude 
 this book upon the creation, without mentioning a poem which has la:elv appeared 
 und<*r that title. The work was undertaken with fo good an intention, and is exe- 
 cuted with fogreat a rn;iftery, that it deferves to be looked upon as one of the muft ufcful 
 and noble productions in our Englifli verfe. The reader cannot but be pleafed to find 
 the depths of philoiophy enlivened with all the charms of poetry, and to fee fo great 
 a (Ireneth of rcafon, amidft fo beautiful a redundancy of the imagination, &c." It 
 muft be mentioned too in honour of fir Richard, that he was a chafte writer, and a warm 
 advocate for virtue, at a time when an almoft univerfal degeneracy prevailed. He 
 had been very free in his cenfures upon the libertine writers of the age, and it was 
 owing to fome liberties he had taken of this kind, that he drew upon him the refcnt- 
 nient of Mr. Drydcn. He had likewife given offence to Mr. Pope ; for having been 
 infoVmed by Mr. Curl that he was the author of a traveftie on the fiill Pfalm, he took 
 ^ccafion to reprehend him for it in his efiay on polite learning. 
 
 Sir Richard Blackmore died on the 9th of 0(5tober, 1729. He wrote, i. Ffl"ays 
 .on feveral fubjefts, in two volumes, ocfbavo. 2. Hiftory of the confpiracy againft 
 king William III. a few Theological Tracts, and the following poetical and medi- 
 cinal pieces : 5. Creation. 4. Ihe Redeemer. 5. Eliza. 6. King Arthur. 7. 
 ]^rince Arthur. 8. King Alfred. 9. A new Verfion of the Book of Pfalms. 10. 
 A Paraphrafe on the Book of Job. 11. Ihe Nature of Man. 12. A Collc(5tion 
 of Poems. IC,'. A Trcatife on the Small-Pox. 14. A Difcourle on the Plague. 15. 
 A Treatifeon Confumptions. 16. Another on the Spleen and Vapours. 17. A cri- 
 tical DifTertation on the Spleen. iS. Dift'ertations on Dropfies. 19. Difcourfes oa 
 the Gout. 
 
 BLAGRAVE (John) an excellent Englifli mathematician, who flouriftied in the 
 i6th and 17th centuries, was the fecond fjn of John Blagrave, of Bulmarlh-court, 
 in Berkftiire. He received the rudiments of his education at Reading, from whence 
 he removed to St. John's coliegCj Oxford. He foon quitted the univerfity, and re- 
 tired to Southcote-Lodge, near Reading, where he devoted his time to ftudy and 
 contemplation. His genius feemed to be chiefly turned to mathematics, and that he 
 might ftudy this fcience without interruption, he had addided himlclf to a retired 
 life. He publiftied the four following valuable works, viz. i. A Mathematical 
 Jewel. 2. Of the Making and Ufeof the Familiar Staff. 3. Aftrolabium Uranicum 
 Generale. 4. The Art of Dialling. Mr. Blagrave was a man of great beneficence 
 in private life. As he was born in the town of Reading, and had fpent moft of his 
 time there, he was therefore defirous of leaving in that place fome monuments of his 
 beneficent difpofition, and fuch too as -might h.ive reference to e.ich of the three 
 pariihcs of Reading. He accordingly bequeathed a legacy for this purpofe. We 
 
 have
 
 BLAKE. 
 
 203 
 
 have an account of it by Mr. Aflimole, in tlie following words : •* You are to 
 note, that he doth devife that each church-warden fhould fend on Good-Friday one 
 virtuous maid that has lived five years with lier malter. All three maids appear at 
 the town-hall before the mayor and aldeimen, and cafl: dice. She that throws mod 
 has ten pounds put in a purfe, andfhe is to be attended by the other two that loll the 
 throw. The next year come again the two maids, and one more added to them. He 
 orders in his will that each maid fliould have three throws before flie lofes it-, and if 
 fhe has no luck in the three years, he orders thatftill new faces may come and be pre- 
 fented. It is lucky money, for I never heard but the maid that had the ten pounds 
 fuddenly had a good hufband." Mr. Blagrave died at his houfe near Reading, the 
 9th of Auguft, I 611, and was interred near his mother in the churchof St. Lawrence,, 
 in that town. 
 
 BLAKE (Robert) a celebrated Englifh admiral, was born at Bridgv/ater in So- 
 mcrfetfhire, in Augull, 1598. Of his earlieft years we have no other account, than 
 that, during his father's lite-time, he was educated at a free-fchool in Bridgwater. 
 In 161 5, he was admitted into the Univerfity of Oxford, wheie he continuetl till 
 1623, and took the degree of bachelor of arts. After leaving Oxford, lie retired to 
 his native place, where he lived without any appearance of ambition to be a greater 
 man than he was; but inveighed with great freedom againll the licence of t!ie times, 
 and power of the couit. In 1640, he was chufen Burgefs for BriJgwater by the 
 Puritan party, to whom he had recommended himfelf by his difapprobation of bifliop 
 Laud's violence and feverity, and his non-compliance with thofencw ceremonies which 
 th..t prelate was then endeavouring to introduce. When the civil war broke our, 
 Blake, in conformity with his avowed principle?, declared for the parliament ; and, 
 thinki.ng a bare declaration f jr right not all the duty required of a good man, raifed 
 a. troop of dragoons for his party, and appeared in the field with great intrepidity. In 
 1645, he was governor of Taunton, when lord Goring came before it with an army 
 of ten ti\oufand men. The town was ill-fortified, and unfupplied with almolt every 
 thing neceflary for fupporting a fiege. 'I he ftate of tliis garrilbn encouraged colonel 
 Wyndham, who was acquainted with Blake, to propofe a capitulation; wiiich was 
 rcjefted by Blake with indignation and contempt. Nor were either menaces or pcrfua- 
 fions of any efi'td: ; for he maintained the place under all its difad vantages, till the liege 
 was raifed by the parliament's army. For his gallant behaviour on this occafion, the 
 parliament ordered Blake a prefent of five hundred poui;ds. 
 
 In 1649, he was made a commifTioner of the navy, and appointed to ferve on that 
 element, for which he feems by nature to liave been defigned. He was foon after lent 
 in purfuit of Prince Rupert, whom he fliut u]) in the harbour of Kinfale, in Ireland, 
 for feveral months, till want of provifions, and defpair of relief, excited the Prince 
 to make a daring effort for his efcape, by forcing through the Parliament's fleet. 
 This defign he executed with great intrepidity, and fucccedcd in it, though with the 
 lofs of three fhips. He was purfued by Blake to the coafl of Portugal, where Rupert 
 was received into the Tagus, and treated with great diltinftion by the Portuo-uefe. 
 Blake coming to the mouth of that river, lent a mcflenger to the king, to inform 
 him, that the fleet in his port belonging to the enemy of the commonwealth of Lno-- 
 land, he demanded leave to attack it. This being refufed, though the reful'al was in 
 very fott terms, and accompanied with declarations of eileem, and a prefent of pro- 
 vifions, fo exafperated the admiral, that, without any hefitation, he fell upon the For- 
 tuguefc fleet, then returning from Brafii, of which lie took feventeen fliips, and burnt 
 
 three.
 
 204 
 
 BLAKE. 
 
 three. Ic was to no purpofc that the king of Portugal, alarmed £t fo unexpetfceJ a, 
 ilellrudion, ordered Prince Rupert to atcjck them, and re-take the Brafil fhips ; for 
 Blake carried home his prizes without m olellarion, the Prince not having force fufn- 
 cient to purfue him, Blake foon fupplied his fleet with provilions, and received or- 
 ders to mike reprifals upon the French, w ho had luffcrcd their privateers to moleft the 
 Englida trade. Sailing with this commifllon, he took in his way a French man of war, 
 which is fdid to have been worth a million. Then follov.ing Prince Rupert, whole 
 Beet was now reduced to five fhips, into Carthagena, he demanded IcjVC of the Spa- 
 nifh governor to attack hun in the harbour •, but received ar.fwer, that they had a 
 right to prote(ft all fliips that came into their dominions •, that if the admiral were 
 forced in thither, he fhould find t;ie fame fecurity j'and that he required him not to 
 violate the peace of a neXitral port. Blake withdrew upon this anfwer into the Mcdi-- 
 tcrranean; and Kupcrt, leaving Carthagena, entered the pert of MaLiga, where he 
 burnt and fun!; feveral Englifh merchant fliips. Blake judging this to be an infringe- 
 ment of the neutrality profeiTed by the Spaniards, now made no fcruple of attacking 
 Rupert's fleet in the harbour of Malaga; and having deft r>,yed three of his (hips, ob- 
 licrcd him to quit the lea, and take fandtuary at the Spanifh Court. 
 
 In 1651, Blake, ftill continuing to cruize in the Mediterranean, met with a French 
 fhip of confiderable force, and commanded the captain to come on bo:'.rd, there being 
 no war declared between the two nations. The captain, when he came, was afked by 
 him, *'■ whether he was willing to lay down his fword, and yield ;" which he gillantly 
 refufed, though in his enemy's power. Blake, fcornrng to take advantage of an arti- 
 fice, and detcfling the appearance of treachery, told him that " he was at liberty to 
 go b.ick to his fliip, and defend it as long as he v/as able." The captain willingly ac- 
 cepted his ofier, and after a fight of two hours, confeired himlVlf conquered, kificd 
 his fword, and furrendered it. This fhip, with four others, Blake fent into England ; 
 and not long after, arriving at Plymouth with his fquadron, he there received the 
 thanks of the parliament for his vigilance and valour in his l^ation, and was confti- 
 tuted one of the lord-wardens of the cinque ports, as an additional mark of their 
 cfteem and confidence. * 
 
 In 1652, broke out the memorable war between the two commonwealths of Eng- 
 land and Holland •, a war, in which the greateft admirals that perhaps any age has 
 produced, were engaged on each fide-, in which nothing lefs was contefted than the 
 dominion of the fea, and which was carried on with vigour, animoficy, and refolu- 
 tion, proportioned to the importance of the difpute. The chief commanders of the 
 Dutch fleets were, Van Trump, De Ruyter, and De Witt, the moft celebrated names 
 of theirown nation, and who had been perhaps more renowned, had they been op- 
 pofed by any other enemies. The ftates of Holland having carried on their trade 
 without oppofition, and almoft without competition, not only during the inaftive 
 reicrn of king James I. but during the commotions of England, had arrived to fuch 
 a heioht of naval power, and fuch affluence of wealth, that, with the arrogance which 
 a long-continued profperity naturally produces, they began to mvent new claims, and 
 to treat other nations with infolence, which nothing can defend but fuperiority of 
 force. They had for fome time made uncommon preparations at a vaft expence, and 
 had equipped a large f^eet, without any apparent danger threatening them, or any 
 avowed defit^n of attacking their neighbours. This unufual armament was not be- 
 held by the Englifh without fome jealoufy ; and care was taken to fit out fuch a fleet 
 
 J Cainpb«U"s Lives of the Admirals, Vol. II. P. aj8. 
 
 as
 
 B L A K E. 2t3^ 
 
 its might fecurc the trade from interruprion, and the coalls from infulrs : of this!, Blake 
 was conftitutcd admiral for nine months. In this fuuation the two nations remained, 
 keeping a watchful eye upon each other, without aiftual hoftilities on either fide, till 
 the igrhof May, 1652, when Van Trump appeared in the Downs, with a fleet of 
 forty-five men of war. Blake, who had then but twenty-three fliips, upon the ap- 
 proach of the Dutch admiral, falutcd him with three fingle fhot, to require that he 
 fhould flinke his flag •, upon which Van Trump, in contempt, tired on the contrary 
 fide. Blake fired a fecond and a third gun, which the Dutch admiral anfwered with a 
 broadfidc : the Englifli admiral therefore, perceiving his intention to fight, detached 
 himfelf from the rcll of his fleet to treat with Van Trump upon that point of honour, 
 and to prevent the effufion of blood, and a national quarrel. When Blake approach- 
 ed nearer to Van Trump, he and the reft of liis fleet, contrary to the law of nations, 
 (the Eiiglifli admiral coming with a defign to treat) fired on Blake with whole broad- 
 fides. The admiral was in his cabbin drinking with fome officers, little expefting to 
 befofaluted, when the fliot broke the windows of the fhip, and Ihattered the Oern, 
 which put him into a vehement paflion; lb that curling his whiflcers, as was his cuftom 
 •when angry, he coeimanded his men toanfwer the Dutch in their kind, frying, when 
 his heat was fomewhat over, " he took it very ill of Van Trump, that he fhould take 
 his ihip for a bawdy-houfe, and break his windows." Blake for fome time flood alone 
 againft the whole Dutch fleet, till the reft of his I'quadron came up, and the fight was 
 co!itinucd from between four and five in the afternoon till nine at night, when the- 
 Dutch retired with the lofs of two fliips, having not dellroyed a fingle velFel, nor more 
 tiVin fifteen men. 
 
 In the latter end of September, Blake, who was Rationed in the Downs with about 
 fixty fail, dilcovered the Dutch admirals De Witt and De Ruyter, with near the fame. 
 number, and advanced towards them •, but the Dutch being obliged, by the nature 
 of their coaft, and the fnallownefs of their rivers, to build their ihips in fuch a man- 
 ner, that they require lefs depth of water than the Englifli vefi^els, took advantage of the 
 form of their (hipping, and fl::eltered themfelves behind a flat, called Kentilhknock •, 
 fb that the Englifh, finding ibme of their Ihips a-ground, were obliged to alter their 
 courfe; but perceiving early the next morning that the Hollanders had forl'aken their 
 flation, they pwrfued them with all the fpeed that tlie wind, which was weak and un- 
 certain, allowed; but found themfelves unable to reach them with the bulk of their 
 fleet, and therefore detached fome of the lighteft frigates to chafe them. Thefe came 
 fo near as to fire upon them about three in the afternoon •, but the fJutch, inltead of 
 tacking about, hoitled their fails, fleered towards their own coaft, and finding them- 
 felves the next day followed by the whole Engliih fleet, retired into Goree. That in 
 this engagement the vidtory belonged to the Englifli, is beyond difpute -, fince, with- 
 out the lofs of one fliip, and with no more than forty men killed, they drove the 
 enemy into their ports, took the Rcar-Admiral and another vefiel, and fo difcouraged 
 the Dutch admirals, who had not agreed in their meafures, that Dc Ruyter, who had', 
 declared againft hazarding a battle, defired to refign his commiTfion ; and De Witt, 
 who had infifted upon fighting, fell fick, as it was fuppofed, with vexationt Bvir 
 how great the lofs of the Dutch was, is not certainly known •, that tv/o fljips were 
 taken, they are too wife to deny; but affirm that thole two were all that were deftrt)y- 
 ed. The Englifh, on the other fide, affirm that three of their vcfll-ls were difabkd at 
 the firft encounter, that their numbers on the fecond day were vifibly diminiflicd, and 
 that on the laftday they faw three or four fliips fmk iii their flight. 
 
 Vol. I.. G g g De
 
 ■200 
 
 B L A K K. 
 
 De Witt being noxv' difchaig^eJ by thi 1 lollandcrr as unrortiinate, and the chief 
 eommiuKi rellorcd to Vaa Trump, great preparations were made for retrieving their 
 reputation, and repairing their iollcs. In the mean time, admiral Blake, who had 
 weakened his fleet by many detachments, lay with no more than forty fail in the 
 Downs, very ill provided both with men and ammunition, and expe<fting new fupplies 
 from the parliament. 
 
 Van Trump, having now the fole command of the Dutch fleet, was defiroiis of 
 d ftinguilhing himfelf by fome remarkable aftion, and had therefore aflembled eighty 
 fliips of war, and ten fire-fhips, and lleercd towards the Dosvns ; where Blake was 
 then llationed. The Ln^lilh admiral, notwithllanding his force was fo much infe- 
 rior, relolved to give Van Trump battle, and got under fail accordingly ; though his 
 fleet was fo weakly manned, that half his Ihips were obliged to lie idle, without en- 
 eaoing, for want of failors. The force of the whole Dutch fleet was therefore fuf- 
 tained by about twenty-two fhips. Two of the Englifh frigates, named the Vanguard 
 and the Vidlorv, after having tor a long tiine ftood engaged amidll the whole Dutch 
 fleet, broke through without much injury, nor did the Knglifh lofe any fhips till the 
 evening, when the Garland, carrying forty guns, was boarded at once by two great 
 fliips, which were oppofcd by the Englifh till they had fcarcely any men left to defend 
 Che decks; then retiring into the lower part of the vefTel, they blew up their decks, 
 and at length were overpowered and taken. The Bonaventure, a ftout wdl-builc 
 merchant-lhip, going to relieve the Garland, was attacked by a man of war, and after 
 a ftout refiftance, in which the captain, who defended her with the utmoft bravery, 
 was killed, was likewife carried off by the Dutch, Blake, in the Triumph, feeing 
 the Garland in diftrefs, prefTed forward to relieve her -, in his way he had his tore-maft 
 fnattered, and was himfelf boarded, but beating off the enemy, he difengaged him- 
 felf, and retired into the Thames, with the lofs only of two fhips of force, and four 
 fmall frigates, but with his whole fleet much fliattered. Nor was the viftory gained 
 at a cheap rate, notwithltanding thedifproportion of llrength; for of the Dutch flag- 
 fhips, one was blown up and the other two difabled. A proof of the Englifh bravery, 
 which fhould have induced Van Trump tohave fpared the infolence of carrying a brocm 
 a: his main-top-mafl;, in his triumphant paflage through the channel, which he in- 
 tended as a declaration that he would fweep the fea clear of the Englifh fliipping. This 
 battle was fought on the 2gth of November, 1652. 
 
 It was not long before Blake had an opportunity of revenging his lofs, and reftrain- 
 ing the infolence of the iJutch. On the i8th of February, 1653, he being at the 
 head of eighty fail, and alTiRed by the colonels Monk and Dean, efpicd Van Trump 
 with a fleet of above one hundred men of war, as Clarendon relates ; of feventy, by their 
 own public accounts, and three hundred merchant fhips under his convoy. The 
 Englifh, with their ufual intrepidity, advanced towards them ; and Blake in the 
 Triumph, with twelve other fhips, came to an engagement with the main body of 
 the Dutch fleet, and by the dilparity of their force was reduced to the laft extremity, 
 having received in his hull no lefs than fcvcn hundred fhot, when Lawfon, in the 
 Fairfax, came to his afTiftance. The reft of the Englifh fleet now came in, and the 
 fight was continued with vigour and refolution, till night gave the Dutch an opportu- 
 nity of retiring, with the lofs of one flag-fhip, and fix other men of war. The Eng- 
 lifh had many vefl"els damaged, but none loft. On board Lawfbn's fliip were killed 
 one hundred men, and as many on board Blake's, who loft his captain and fecretary, 
 and himfelf received a wound in the thigh. Notwithlfanding which, having put 
 alhore his wounded men, he failed in purfuit of Van Trump, who fent his convoy be- 
 fore.
 
 BLAKE, 207 
 
 fore, and himfclf retired fighting towards Boulogne, Bl.iVe, ordering his light fri- 
 gates to follow the merchant-men, ftill continued to harrafs Van Trump •, and on the 
 third day, the 20th of February, the two fleets came to another battle, in which 
 Trump once more retired before the Englifh ; and making ule of the peculiar form of 
 his fhipping, fecured himfelf in the flioals. 
 
 About the beginning of IVIay, 1633, Blake, Monk, and Dean, failed out of the 
 Englifli harbours with a hundred men of war, and finding the Dutch with fcventy 
 fail on their own coafts, drove them totheTexel, and took fifty doggers. They then 
 '"ailed northward in purfuit of Van Trump, who having a fleet of merchants under 
 his convoy, durft not enter the channel, but fleered towards the Sound, and by his 
 dexterity and addrefs cfcaped the three Englifli admirals, and biought all his fliips 
 into harbour ; then knowing that Blake was ftill in the north, came before Dover, 
 and fired upon the town, but was driven ofi:' by the caflle. Monk and Dean flationed 
 themfelves again at the mouth of the Tcxel, and blocked up the Dutch in their own 
 ports with eighty fail -, but hearing that Trump was at Goree, with a hundred and 
 twenty men of war, they ordered all fliips of force in the river and ports to repair to 
 them. On the third of June, the two fleets came to an engagement, in the beginning 
 of which Dean was killed with a cannon-ball ; yet the figlit continued from about 
 twelve to fix in the afternoon, when the Dutch gave way, and retreated fighting. On 
 the 4th in the afternoon, Blake came up with eighteen frelh (hips, and procured the 
 Englifli a complete viftory ; nor could the Dutch any otherwife preferve their fliips, 
 than by retiring into the fiats and fliallows, where the largefl; of the Englifli veflels 
 ■could not approach. Our writers agree, that in this engagement the Dutch had fix 
 of their beft fliips funk, two blown up, and eleven taken; fix of their principal cap- 
 tains were made prifoners, and near fifteen hundred men. On our fide, admiral Dean 
 and one captain were all the perfons of note killed; of private men there were but 
 few, and not a fliip was mifling ; fo that a more fignal viftory could fcarcely be 
 obtained or defired. 
 
 In March, 1655, admiral Blake, having forced Algiers to fubmiflion, entered the 
 harbour of Tunis, demanded reparation for the robberies committed upon the Eng- 
 lifh by the pirates of that place, and infifl:ed that the captives of his nation fliould be 
 fet at liberty. The governor having planted batteries along the fliore, and drawn up 
 his fliips under the caftles, fent Blake a haughty and infolent anfwer ; " There, faid 
 he, are our caftles of Goletta and Porto Ferino, upon which you may do your worfl:-,** 
 adding other menaces and infults, and mentioning, in terms of ridicule, the inequa- 
 lity of a fight between fliips and caftles. Blake had likewife demanded leave to take 
 in frcfli water, which was refufed him. Fired with indignation at this treatment, he 
 began to curl his whiflcers, and entering Porto Ferino with his great fliips, difcharged 
 his ftiot fo faft upon the batteries and caftles, that in two hours the guns were dif- 
 mounted, and the works forfaken, though he was at firft expofed to the fire of fixty 
 cannon. He then ordered his officers to fend out their long-boats, well manned, to 
 feize nine of the piratical fliips lying in the road, himfelf continuing to fire upon the 
 caftle. This was fo bravely executed, that with the lofs of only twenty-five men 
 killed, and forty-eight wounded, all the fliips were fired in the fight of Tunis. Blake's 
 exploits had before rendered him extremely formidable in Europe -, and this daring 
 aftion fprcad the terror of his name through Africa and Afia. From Tunis he went 
 to Tripoli, and concluded a peace with that government •, thence he returned to 
 Tunis, and threatening to do further execution, the Tunifeens implored his mercy, 
 and begged him to grant them a peace, which he did on terms highly advantageous to 
 
 England,
 
 2o3 
 
 BLAKE. 
 
 ■England. From thence he failed to Malta, to oblige the knights to reftore the elTetfts 
 taken by thtir privateers from the Knglilh, where he had the Lime fucce'.'s as at Tri- 
 poli, Algiers, and Tunis, and brought the knights to realon. He exaetcd from the 
 duke of Tufcany 6o,oool. and, as it is laid, fent home fixtecn fliips, laden with the 
 cffecis which he had received from leveral Itates. * 
 
 In 1656, the protedor having declared war againfi: Spain, difpatched Blake with 
 twenty-five men of war to infelt their coalts, and intercept their fhipping. In pur- 
 fuance'of thefe orders, he cruized during the winter about the Stieiglus, and then lay 
 at the mouth of the harbour of Cadiz, where he received intelligence that the Spa- 
 nifh plate fleet lay at anchor in the bay of Santa Cruz, in the ide of TencrifFe. On 
 the 13th of April, 1657, he departed from Cadiz, and on the 20th arrived at Santa 
 Cruz. Thctiota, which lay in the bay, confided of fix galleons, richly laden, and 
 ten other veflcls of \c\\ burthen. The ten fmalicr fhips were drawn up in the form of 
 a half-moon, with a ftrong barricade before them ; and the fix galleons, which could 
 not come lb near the Ihorc, lay with their broadfides towards the fea. The bay was 
 defended by fix or fcven forts, with fcveral batteries all round it, and a calHe at the- 
 entrance, all which were fufficiently furniihed with ordnance. In this pofture, the 
 Spanifh admiral vainly thought himfelf fo fecure, that 3 Dutch merchant-fliip going, 
 out of the harbour, he fent a meflTage thereby to Blake, that " he might now come 
 if he duriL" But the Spaniard was not fufficiently acquainted with the man with; 
 whom he iiad to deal : for Blake now made one of the molt dcfpcrate attempts that 
 had ever been made at fea. 
 
 When the Englifh fleet came to the mouth of the bay of Santa Cruz-, our admiral, 
 having taken a view of the enemy's fituatiqn, law it would be impofljble to bring off. 
 the galleons, llowever, he refolvcd to burn them, and, for that purpol'e, fent in cap- 
 tain Stayner, with a fquadron, to attack them. He foon forced his paflage into the- 
 bay, whilil other frigates. entertained the forts, and lelTer breaft-work«, with continual! 
 bro.idfides. '1 hefe were prefently fupported by Blake himfelf, with the whole fleer,, 
 who placing fome of his ftips in fuch a manner that they might continually fire their 
 broadfides into the caftle and forts, he with Stayner continued to engage the Spanifli. 
 fleet, and in a few hours obtained a complete viftory, having driven the Spaniaids 
 from their fhips, and poffeflTed himfelf of every one of them. It being, however, 
 impoflible to bring them off, he ordered his men to fet them on fire. They had no fooner 
 done this, than the wind luckily turned, and carried the whole Englifh fleet, without 
 the lofs of one fliip, out of the bay, and put them fafe to fea again. 
 
 " The whole action (fays Clarendon) was fo miraculous, that all men who knew 
 the place, wondered that any fober men, with what courage foever endued, would 
 ever have undertaken it ; and they could hardly perfuade themfelves to believe what 
 they had done: whilft the Spaniards comforted themfelves with the belief that they 
 were devils, and not men, who had deftroyed them in fuch a manner. So much a 
 ftrong refolution of bold and courageous men can bring to pafs, that no refiftance and 
 advantage of ground can difippoint them. And it can hardly be imagined howfmall. 
 a lofs the Englifli fufl:ained in this unparalleled aclion •, not one fliip being left be-, 
 hind, and the killed and wounded not exceeding two hundred men, when the llauglitcr--' 
 on board theSpanilh fhips, and on fliorc, was incredible." 1 
 
 * Life of •■Admiral Blake, by the celebrated author of the Rambler, publiflied with the Lii'cS' 
 i)f Savage aiitl Drake.. 
 
 Blake-
 
 B L A K E. 
 
 •209 
 
 Biake returned, after this glorious aiflion, to the co.ifls of Spain, where he cruized 
 for foine time off the harbour of Cadiz •, but perceivinsr that his iliips were become 
 foul, and being feized with a dangerous diforder, he refolved t ■> fail lor England. In 
 his paflage home, it encrealed on him, and he became fo lenfible of his approaching 
 end, that he frequently enquired for land, a mark of his affeftion for his native foil, 
 which, however, he did not live to fee; dying, as his fliip, the St. George, entered 
 Plymouth-foi'.nd, on the i7ih of Auguft, 1657, at about fifty-nine yearsof age. His 
 body was the next day embalmed and wrapped in lead, his bowels taken out, and 
 buried in the great church at Plymouth, and his corpfe, by order of the protedtor, 
 conveyed by water to Greenwich-houfe ; from whence it was carried, on the 4th of 
 September, to Weftniinfter-abbey, and there interred with the utmofl folemnity. 
 After the reftoration of king Charles II. his body, in virtue of his majedy's exprefs 
 command, was taken \ip and buried in a pit with others in St. Margaret's church-yard, 
 on the 12th of Septembi.'r, 1661. " In which place," fays Wood, " it now remain- 
 eth, enjoying no other monument but what is reared by his valour, which time itfelf 
 can hardly efface." Some pains have been taken to extenuate this bafc adlion -, and 
 it has been faid, that Blake's corpfe was decently re-interred in St. Margaret's church- 
 yard. What degree of decency was obferved in the fecond burial, if it may be fo 
 termed, of this great man, we are not informed. This, however, is certain, that 
 the removal of him from Wcilminfter-abbey to St. Margaret's chi. rch-yard, was in- 
 tended as an indignity ; though, in fad, it reflefted diflionour on thofe only who were 
 guilty of this unworthy treatment of the remains of a gallant admiral, who was an 
 honour to his country, and to the age in which he lived. But, as it is jultly obferved 
 by a very ingenious writer, *' that regard which was denied to his body, has been paid 
 to his better remains, his name and his memory. Nor has any writer dared to 
 deny him the praife of intrepidity, honefty, contempt of wealth, and love of his 
 country." 
 
 Admiral Blake was in his perfon of a low flature, but of a quick, lively eye. He 
 pofleffed a degree of courage which no dangers could difmay ; and yet was cool in 
 aiTtion, and fhewed great military conduft in the difpofition of the moft defperate at- 
 tacks. I'hough not bred to the profeffion of afeaman, and though he did not apply 
 himfelf to it but at an advanced period of life, he diflinguifhed himfelf by his naval 
 exploits above all his cotemporaries. He was jufl and upright ; and fo difinterefted, 
 that though he had great opportunities of enriching himfelf by the vaft fums he had 
 taken from the enemies of England, yet he threw it all into the public treafury, and 
 did not die five hundred pounds richer than his father left him. He was jealous of 
 the liberty of thefubjed, and the glory of his nation ; and as he made ufe ofnomcaa 
 artifices to raife himfelf to the highelt command at lea, fo he required no intereft but 
 his merit to fupport him in it. He was pious without affcdation, and liberal to the ut- 
 moft extent of his fortune. He treated his officers with the familiarity of a friend j and 
 by his tendernefs and generofity to the feamen, he fo endeared himlclf to them, that 
 when he died they lamented his lofs as that of thrir common fjther. 
 
 The earl of Clarendon fays, " Biake was the firft man that declined the old track, 
 and made it manifeft that the fciencc might be attained in lei's time than was imagined ; 
 and defpifed thofe rules which had been long in pradice, to keep his fhip and men 
 out of danger, which had been held in former times a point of great ability and cir- 
 cumfpedion ; as if the principal art requif-tc in the captain of a fhip, had been to be 
 fure to come fafe home again. He was the firft man who brought fliips to contemn 
 caftles on fiiore, which had been thought ever very formidable, and were dilcovcrcd 
 
 Vol. I. H h h by
 
 i\o 
 
 BLOOD. 
 
 by him to make a noife only, and to fright thofe who could be rarely hurt by them. 
 He was the firll that mfufcd that proportion of courage into the feamen, by making 
 them fee by experience what mighty things they could do, if they were refolvcd ; and 
 taught them to fight in fire, as well as upon water ; and though he hath been very 
 V ell imitated and followed, lie was the firR: that gave the example of that kind of naval 
 courase, and bold and rcfoluie ati.hievements." 
 
 BLOOD (Thomas) generally called colonel Blood, as extraordinary an ndven- 
 turer as ever livetl, was born in Ireland, about ihe^-ear 162S. I ie ferved as a lieute- 
 nant in the parliament's army, and, after the reftoration, laid a plan for fcizing Dub- 
 lin caflleandthe perfon of the duke of Ormond, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, 
 •which would certainly have taken effect, had it not been difcovered in time ; but, not- 
 withftanding a reward was offered for taking him, he had the addrefs to efcape. After 
 this, he, with five accomplices, feized the duke of Ormond in his coach, intheftreets 
 of XVtItminfter, to^ik him out, and carried him oft' in the dark towards Tyburn, 
 where, it is thought, they intended to hang him, but being purfued by the duke's 
 fervants, his grace was refcued, yet Blood and his affociates efcaped. But the mod 
 bokl and daring of all his attempts was that to carry oft' the regalia from the Tower ; 
 of which we fhall give a particular account. 
 
 About three weeks before Blood made this attempt, he came to the Tower in the 
 habit of a clergyman, with a woman whom he called his wife, to fliew her the crown, 
 and having feen it, fhe pretended to have a lick qualm, and defired Mr. Edwards, the 
 keeperof "the crown, to fend for fome fpirits ; and wiien fhe had drank, Mrs. Ed- 
 wards invited her to repofe herfelf upon a bed, which flie accepted of, and foon re- 
 covered. At their departure, they, in the warmeft terms, expreffed their gratitude, 
 and about three days after. Blood returned with aprefent of four pair of gloves from 
 his wife-, and having thus begun the acquaintance, made frequent vifits to improve it. 
 In one of thefe vifits"^ the pretended clergyman obferved to Mr. Edwards, that his 
 wife had at length thought of a handfomc way of requital. '• You have, faid he, a 
 pretty gentlewoman to your daughter, and I have a young nephew, who has two or 
 three hundred pounds a year in land, and is at my difpofal; if your daughter be free, 
 and you approve of it, I'll bring him hither to lee her, and we will endeavour to make 
 it a match." This Mr. Edwards readdy affcrnted to, and invited Bloud to dine with 
 him that day, and he as chearfuUy accepted the invitation. At his departure, he ap- 
 pointed a day and hour to bring his .young nephew to his miftrefs. Tie came, as he 
 had propofed, at feven o'clock in the morning •, he went to the jewel-houfe, with three 
 of his affociates, all armed witli rapier-blades in their canes, und each having a dagger, 
 andapair of pocket-piftols. Two of his companions entered in with him, and the 
 third ftaid at the door. Blood told Mr. Edwards, that he would not go up ftairs till 
 his wife came, and defired him to fliew his friends the crown, to pafs away the time till 
 then ; but as foon as they had entered the room, and Om door was (as ufual) fhut, they 
 threw a cloak over the old man's head, clapped a gag into his mouth, and an iron hook 
 to his nofe, that no found might pafs that way -, they then told him that they were refolv- 
 cd to have the crown, globe, and fceptre, and promifcd, if lie would i'ubmit, to fpare 
 his life, otherwife he was to expedf no mercy. The old man then ftrugglcd, and 
 made all the noife he could, on whiv.li they knocked him down, gave him feveral 
 blows, and ftabbcd him in the bt-lly, when, thinking him dead, they omitted tying 
 his hands behind him •, one of them pjt the gbbe into his breeches ;• Blood kept the 
 crown under his cloak ; the third defigncd to file the fceptre in two, becaufc it was 
 
 too
 
 B O D L E Y. 2n 
 
 long to carry conveniently ; but before this could be done, youno- Mr. Edwards 
 M gentleman's Ion, who nad been in Flanders, arrived, and aflcing the man a: 
 
 too Ic 
 
 the ola gentleman s lun, wao nau uccu iii i^iaiiuers, ariiveci, ana aiRine 
 the door, if he wanted his father, went up ftairs. In the mean time, the centinel 
 I gave notice of his arrival, and they immediately hafted away with the crown and 
 I globe, but left the fcepcie. I'he old man fuddenly rofe, pulled out the crag, and 
 cried, " Treafon ! Murder!" at which the daughter running down, and fceino- her 
 father wounded, rufned out upon Tower-hill, and cried, " Treafon! the crown is 
 fiolen !" Inftantly young Edwards and one captain Beckman purllied the villains 
 who were advanced beyond the main guard ; and the alarm being given to the warder 
 of the draw-bridge, he put himfelf in a polture to Hop them, but Blood firJno- a pif- 
 tol, though the bullet milled liim, he dropped down, when getting to the little ward- 
 houfe gate, the centinel let them pafs ; then running over the draw-bridge, they trot 
 upon the wharf, and halted to their two other companions who held their horfes at Iron 
 Gate, crying themfelves as they ran, ftop the rogues ! They were immediately over- 
 taken by captain Beckman, at whom Blood difcharged his fecond piltol, but he 
 flooping, avoided the lliot, and feized upon him with the crown under his cloak ; yet 
 Blood, though he found himfelf a prilbner, had the impudence to ftruggle a lon^ 
 while for it; and when it was wrefted from him, cried, " It was a gallant attempt, 
 though unfuccefsful, for it was for a crown." Infhorr, not only Blood, but the reft 
 of the gant^ were taken, and committed prilbners to the Tower. This happened on 
 the 9th of May, 1671. 
 
 But what feems the moft remarkable circumdancc is Hill to be related. The duke of 
 Buckingham raifed the king's curiofity to fee .fo extraordinary a perfon ; on which 
 Blood was carried to court, and introduced into the royal prefence. His majefty en- 
 quired firft into the particulars of the attempt on the duke of Ormond ; when he con- 
 felTed the fadt, and added, that the duke had taken away his eftate, and executed fome 
 of his friends, and that he and many others had engaged by folemn oaths to revenge 
 it. He abfolutely refufed to betray his accomplices, and voluntarily told the king 
 that he had been engaged in a defign to kill his majefty with a carbine, in a place near 
 Batterfea, where Charles ufed to bathe in the river ; that with this view he had adlually 
 concealed himfelf among the reeds •, but his fpirits were fo damped with the awe of ma- 
 jefty, that he relented, and diverted the reft; of the aflbciates from the defio-n. He 
 1 'id he expefted the utmoft rigour of the law; but that he fliould die without con- 
 cern: that, however, there were hundreds of his aflbciates who had fworn to revenge 
 oie death of any individual of the confederacy, which would expofe his majefty and 
 all his minifters to the daily fear of aflaffination : but that if he would fpare the lives of 
 a few, and receive them to favour, he would oblige them to be as darincr in his fer- 
 vice. In ftiort, the artful fpeeches of this villain had fuch an effeft, that the king de- 
 fired Blood to write to the duke of Ormond to beg his pardon ; and not only foro-ave 
 him and his alfociates, but, to the furprife of the whole kingdom, rewarded him by 
 fettling upon him a falary of five hundred pounds a year, and admitting him to all 
 the privacy and intimacy of the court. Blood enjoyed his penfion about ten years 
 till being charged with fixing an imputation of a fcandaious nature on the duke of - 
 Buckingham, he was thrown into prifon, where he died on the twenty-fourth of 
 Auguft, 1&80. 
 
 EODLEY (Sir Thomas) from whom the Bodleian library at Oxfdrd takes its 
 name, was the eldeft ion of Mr. John Bodley, of Exeter, and was born in that city on 
 the 2d of March, 1544. He was about twelve years of age, when his father, being 
 
 obliged
 
 212 B O D L E Y. 
 
 obliged to leave F.ngUnd on account of religion, fettled with his family at Geneva, 
 where he lived a voluntary exile during the reign of queen Mary. In that uiiiverfity, 
 then newly erefted, young Mr. Bodlcy applied himfclftothe fluuy of the learned 
 languages and divinity. Upon the acccfTion of queen Elizabeth, in 1558, he returned 
 to England with his father, who fettled in London -, and foon after was fent to Mag- 
 dalen college, in Oxford. In 1563, he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and the 
 year following was admitted fellow of Merton college. In 1565, he undertook the 
 reading of a Greek kflure in the hall of that college. In 1566, he took his degree 
 of mafter of arts, and the fame year read natural philofophy in the public fchoob. 
 In 1569, he v/as eledted one of the proftors of the univerfuy i and, for a confider- 
 able time, fupplied the place of univerfity orator. In 1576, Mr. Bodley went 
 abroad, and fpent four years in France, Germany, and Italy, with a view of improv- 
 ing himfelf in the modern European languages ; and upon his return he applied to 
 the ftudy of hiftory and politics. In 1583, he was made gentleman-uflier to queen 
 Elizabeth; and in 1585, married a ladv of confiderable foitunc. About two years 
 afterwards, he was employed in fevenil ambafTics, to Frederick king of Denmark, 
 ]ulius dukeof Brunfwick, William landgrave of Heffc, and other German princes, 
 to engage them in the fervice of the king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of 
 France; and, having difcharged that CDmmiflion, he was fent to king Henry III. at 
 the time when this prince was forced by the duke of Guile to quit Paris. In 1588, 
 he was fent to the Hague, to manage the queen's affairs in the United Provinces; where, 
 according to an agreement betwixt the queen and the ftates, he was admitted one of 
 the council of ftate, and took his place next to count Maurice. In this llation he 
 behaved entirely to the fatisfaftion of queen Elizabeth ; and after about five years re- 
 fidencc in Holland, he obtained leave to return into England, to fettle his private af- 
 fairs ; but was fliortly after remanded back to the Hague. At length, having finiflied 
 all his negotiations, he had his final revocation in 1597. After his return, finding 
 his advancement at court obftructed by thejealoufies and intrigues of the great men, 
 though he was favoured by the earl of EfTex, he retired from the court and all public 
 bufinefs, and never after would accept of any new employment. 
 
 Mr. Bodley having thus quitted public affairs, formed a defign of reftoring, or ra- 
 ther founding anew, the public library at Oxford. Accordingly he wrote a letter to 
 Dr. Ravis, dean of Chrift-church, then vice-chancellor, to be communicated to the 
 univerfity; offering therein to reftore the fabric of the library, and to fettle an annual 
 income for the purchafe of books, and the fupport of fuch officers as might be ne- 
 ceffary to take care of it. This letter was received with the greateft fatisfaftion by 
 the univerfity, and an anfwer returned, tcflifying their moft grateful acknowledge- 
 ment and acceptance of his noble offer. Whereupon Mr. Bodley immediately fct 
 about the work, and in two years brought it to a good degree of perfeflion. He fur- 
 nidied it with a large colleftion of books, purchaled in foreign countries at a great 
 expence; and this collecflion in a fiiort time became f) much enlarged by the generous 
 benefadlions of feveral noblemen, bifhops, and others, that neither the flielves nor 
 the room could contain them. Mr. Bodley offering to make a confiderable addition 
 to the building, themotion was readily embraced, and, on the 19th of June, 1610, 
 thefirft ftone of the new foundation was laid with great folemnity, the vice-chancel- 
 lor, dodlors, maflers of arts, &c. attending in their proper habits, and a fpeech being 
 made upon the occafion. But fir Thomas Bodley did not live to fee this part of his 
 defign completed, though he left fufficient to do it with fome friends in trull; for, as 
 appears by the copy of his will, he bellowed his whole eftate (his debts, legacies, 
 
 and
 
 B O E T H I U Si 11^ 
 
 ■nd funeral ch^irges defrayed) to the noble purpofes of this foundation. By this 
 means, and the help of other benefac5tions, in procuring which Sir Thomas was very 
 fervic.able, by his great interell with many eminent pcrlons, the univerfity was 
 enabled to add three other fides to what was already built ; whereby a noble quadran- 
 gle was formed, as well as fpacious rooms for Ichools of arts. By Sir Thomas'* 
 will, two hundred pounds per annum was fetded on the library for ever -, out of which 
 he appointed near forty pounds to tiie head-librarian, ten pounds for the fub-librarian, 
 and eight for the junior. He likewife drew up a body of excellent ftatutcs for the 
 government of the library'. 
 
 King James, upon his acceflion to the throne, had conferred the honour of knight- 
 hood onMr. Bodlcy. Ke died on the 28th of January, 1612, and was buried with 
 great folemnity at the upper end of Merton-college choir : over him is ere6tcd a mo- 
 nument of black and white marble, on which is placed his effigy, in a fcholar's gown, 
 lurrouiided with books; and at the four corners (land the figures of grammar, rhetoric, 
 mufic, and arithmetic. 
 
 The Bodleian library is juftly elleemed one of the nobleft libraries in the world. 
 King James I. we are told. When he came to Oxford, in the year 1605, and, among 
 other edifices, took a view of this famous library, ac his departure, in imitation of 
 Alexander, broke out into the following fpeech : " If I were not a king, 1 would be 
 «n univerfity man -, and if it were lb that I muft be a prifoner, if I might have my 
 wifli, 1 would have no other priibn than that library, and be chained together with fo 
 many good authors." A Ifatue w?.s erefted in this library, to the memory of Sir 
 Thomas Bodley, by the earl of Dorfet, chancellor of the univerfity : and an an- 
 nual fpeech in praife of Sir Thomas is ftill made at Oxford, on the eighth of No- 
 vember. 
 
 BOETHIUS, BOECE, or BOEIS, (Hector) a famous Scottifh hiftorian, itt 
 the fifteenth and fixteenth centuries, was born at Dundee, in tlie fliire of Angus» 
 about the year 1470. He ftudied at Dundee, Aberdeen, and Paris, at which lall 
 place he applied himfelf to philofophy, and became a profeflbr of it there. Upon the 
 death of his patron, bifliop Eiphintton,. in 1514, he wrote his life, and added the 
 lives of his predcceflbrs in the fee of Aberdeen. He alfo wrote the hiftory of Scot- 
 land, which has been highly cenfured by fome, and commended by others. He was 
 a great mafter of claffical and polite learning, well fkilled in divinity, philolophy, 
 and hiftory, but fomcwhat credulous, and much addided to the belief of legendary 
 ftories. 
 
 " The firit prcfident of the king's college in old Aberdeen (fays Dr. Samuel John- 
 fon) was He£lor Boece, or Boethius, who may be juftly reverenced as one ot the re- 
 vivers of elegant learning. The ftyle of Boethius, though, perhaps, not always ri- 
 goroufly pure, is formed with great diligence upon ancient models, and wholly unin- 
 fected with monaftic barbarity. His hiftory is written with elegance and vigour, but 
 his fabuloufn-fs and credulity are juftly blamed. His fabuloufnefs, if he was the 
 author of the fiiftions, is a fault for which no apology can be made-, but his credulity 
 may be excufed in an age, when all men were credulous. Learning was then rifiiig 
 on the world > but ages, fo long accuftomed to darknefs, were too much dazzled with 
 its light tofee jny thing diftindly. The firft race of fcholars, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, and fome time after, were, for tlie moft part, learning to fpeak, rather than to 
 thinl., and were therefore moreftudious of elegance than, of truth. The contcmpo- 
 
 Vol. I. I i i rari«
 
 ai4 BONNER. 
 
 rarles of Boethius thought it fiifficient to know what the ancients had delivered. The 
 examination of tenets and of fadts was referved for another generation." * 
 
 EOLEYN (Anne) queen of king Henry VIH. See ANNE BOLEYN, p. 59, 
 Vol. I. 
 
 BOLEYN (George) vifcount Rocbford, the unfortunate brother of Anne Bo- 
 leyn, was rai fed by her greatnefs, involved in her fall, and more cruelly in her dif- 
 grace. He was accufed of too intimate familiarities with his filter, by a moft infa- 
 mous woman his wife, who continued a lady of the bedchamber to the three fucceed- 
 jng queens, till her adminiltring to the pleaiurcs of thelaft of them, Catharine How- 
 ard, brought that fentence on her, which her malice or jealoufy had drawn on her 
 lord and her fifter-in-law. The wcightieft proof againft them was, his having been 
 feen to whifper the queen one morning as (lie was in bed. But that could make incefV, 
 where a jealous or fickle tyrant could make laws at his svill ! Little is recorded of 
 this nobleman, but two or three ambaffies to France, his being made governor of 
 Dover and the Cinque Ports, and his fubfcribing the famous declaration to Clement 
 VII. Like earl Rivers, he rofe by the exaltation of his fifter-, like him was innocently 
 facrificed on her account; and, like him, fhewed that the luUre of his fituation did 
 not make him negleft to add accompliihments of his own. Anthony Wood fays, he 
 was much adored at court, efpccially by the female fex, for his admirable dilcourfe and 
 fymmetry of body, which one may well believe, as the king and the lady Rochford 
 would fcarce have fufpedled the queen of inceft, unlefs her brother had uncommon 
 allurements in his peribn. Wood afcribes to him feveral poems, fongs, and lonnets, 
 with other things of the like nature; Bale calls them Rythmos ekgantijfimos. But rone 
 of his works are come down to u?, unlefs anv of the anonymous pieces, publifhed 
 with the earl of Surry's poems, be of his compofition. Mr., JValpoWs Catalogue of 
 Royal and Noble Authors. 
 
 BONNER (Edmund) bifhop of London, was born at Hanley in Worcefterfliire. 
 In 1512, he became a Iludent in Sroadgate-Hall, now Pembroke-college, in Oxford. 
 In 15 19, he was admitted bachelor of the canon and civil laws. About the fame 
 time, he entered i;uo holy orders, and had fome employment in the diocefe of Wor- 
 ccfter; and in 1525, he was created doftor of the canon law. It does not appear 
 that he diftinguifhed himfelf much by his learning ; but what principally recom- 
 mended him, was his fkill and dexterity in the management of affairs. It was this in- 
 troduced him to the notice of Cardin.d VVolfey, who appointed him his commiflary 
 for the faculties. He had feveral ecclefiaftical preferments btftowed on him : he en- 
 joyed at once the livings of Blaydon and Cherry Burton in Yorkfliire, Ripple in 
 Worcefterfhire, Eaft-Dereham in Norfolk, and the prebend of Chifwick in the ca- 
 thedral of St. Paul. He was inllalled archdeacon of Leiceller on ihe 17th of Odlo- 
 ber, 1535. After the death of Wolfey, Dr. Bonner found means to infinuatc him- 
 fdf intu the good graces of king Henry VIII. who appointed him one of his chap- 
 lains. 
 
 In 1532, Sir Edward Karnc was fent to Rome, to excufe king FTenry from appear- 
 ing there, inperfon, or by proxy, to anfwer queen Catharine's appeal, agreeable to 
 the pope's citation for that purpofe. And bifhop Burnet fays, that *' Dr. Bonner 
 
 f Jolinfon's Journey to the Weftern liles of Scotland. 
 
 went
 
 BONNER. 215 
 
 went with liim, who had cxprefTed much zeal in the king's caufe, though liis great 
 zeal was for prefermeiir, which by tlie mod fervile ways he always courted. He was 
 a forward bold man ; and fince there were many threatenings to be ufed to the pope 
 and cardinals, he was thought fitteftfor the employment, hut was neither learned nor 
 difcreet." The following year he was fent to pope Clement VII. who was then at 
 Marfeilles, to deliver king Henry's appeal to the next general council; and the threa- 
 tenings which he was ordered by the king to make on this occafion, he delivered with 
 {o much vehemence and fury, that his holinefs talked of throwing him into a caul- 
 dron of melted lead, or burning him alive ; upon which he thought proper to make 
 hisefcape. He was alfo employed in ambafTics to the emperor and the kings of Den- 
 mark and France ; and in 1538, while he was ambaiTadorin the laft mentioned king- 
 dom, was nominated to the bifhopric of Hereford ; but before his confecration he 
 was tranflated to the fee of London, in 15^9. During the reign of Henry VIII. he 
 appeared zealous againft the pope, and in promoting the reformation in this kingdom ; 
 though there is but too much reafon to fufpeft that he afbed all this while againft his 
 confcience, and was a thorough papifl in his heart ; for in a fl:iort time after the ac- 
 ceffion of Edward VI. he fcrupled to renounce the authority of the bifliop of Rome, 
 and entered a protefl: againft the king's injundtions and homilies, for v/hich he was 
 committed jirifoner to the Fleet •, but was Ibon after releafed on his recanting his pro- 
 tellation. He now outwardly complied with the methods taken to adv'ancc the refor- 
 mation ; though he privately uled all pofTible means to obftrud it. However, being 
 afterwards charged with negledting the obfervance of the king's injundions, he waj 
 committed to the Marfhalfea, and deprived of his bilhopric -, but he ibon moft feverely 
 revenged himfelf on his enemies •, for on the accefTion of queen Mary he v/as reftored 
 to his fee, and in 1554 was made vicegerent and prefident of the convocation. He 
 then vifited his diocefe, in order to root out the feeds of the reformation, fent an order 
 to all the minifters to razefuch paflages of fcripture as had been painted on the church 
 walls, and fct up the mafs again at St. Paul's before the act for redoring it was pailcd. 
 He was in the commiffion for turning out fome of the reformed bifliops, and being 
 known to be of a fierce and cruel difpofuion, bifhop Gardiner, in 155^, left wholly 
 to him the condemning and burning of heretics ; in confequence of which, during that 
 and the three following years, he moft inhumanly committed to the flames, orc:her- 
 wife deftroyed, hundreds of innocent perfons, for their adherence to the proteftant re- 
 ligion, and their rcfufing to embrace the errors of popery. But an end was at length 
 put to thjfe favage butcheries, by the death of queen Mary, which happened on the 
 17th of November, 1558. The princefs Elizabeth was immediately proclaimed 
 queen ; on receiving information of which, fhe came from Hatfield, where fhe then 
 was, and proceeded towards L.ondon. When fhe had reached Highgate, Ihe was met 
 by H i.mer, and the reft of the bifhops ; but Ihe looked upon him as a man lb much 
 defiled with biood, that fhe would not fhew him any mark of her favour. 
 
 Bonner remained unmolefted for about half a year after theaccelHon of Ehzabeth ; 
 but bring called before the privy council on the 30th of May, 1559, he rcfufed to 
 take the oath of allegiance and f. premacy, and was on that account deprived ot liis 
 bifhopric on the 29th of June following, and committed to the Marftialfea. 7\ftcr 
 having lived fome years i 1 his confinement, he died on the 5th of September, 1569 ; 
 and on the 8th he was buried at mi inii^ht, in ."it. George's church-y^rd in Soutii- 
 waik, aitcr.dcd by fome of his pop;fh friends and relations. " vVhi.h was ordered 
 (fayt, Mr. Mrvpe^ to be done at th.t f-afm o the; night, an;^ ; 1 that obfcurity, by 
 the difcieci.ii of ihebifti^pof London, to prevent any diltuibanccs that might have 
 
 been
 
 I 10 
 
 BOOTH. 
 
 been made by tlie citizens, who hated him extremely for having been the death of (o 
 many of their payors, friends, and relations." 
 
 Bilhop Bonner was a man of little learning, except in the canon law, and in po- 
 litics, in which he is faid to have been well {killed. He was vicious in his private 
 life, much given tu the indult^cnce of his appetites, addided to fwearing, pafliona^e, 
 infolent and over-bearing, luit tl'.e charafter in which he moll diftinguilhed himfclf, 
 was that of a furious bigotted, and cruel perfecutor. It appeared in numberlcfs in- 
 ft.inces, that his temper was to the lafl degree favage and inhuman. As to his pcrfon, 
 he was remarkably fat and corpulent -, which made one fay to him, " That he was 
 full of guts, but empty of bowels." In fliort, to conclude the charadter of Bonner, 
 we may fafely venture to affirm, that he was a difgrace to religion, and to hu- 
 manity. 
 
 BOOTH (Barton) a famous EngliHi aflor, was born in the county palatine of 
 Lancafter, in i6S«. At the age of nine years he was put to Wcftminller-fchool, un- 
 der the tuition of Dr. Bufby. Here he fhewed a ftrong paffion for learning in gene- 
 ral, and more particularly for an acquaintance with the Latin poets, the fined paf- 
 fages in wliofe works he ufed with great diligence to imprint in his memory ; and had 
 besides fuch a peculiar propriety and judicious emphafis in the repetition of them, 
 afTifted by fo fine a tone of voice, and adorned with fuch a natural gracefulnels of 
 action, as drew on him the admiration of the whole fchool. Thence it was, that 
 when, according to cuflom, a Latin play was to be performed, young Booth was 
 fixed upon to aft one of the capital parts. The play happened to be the Andria of Terence, 
 and the part affigned to him that of Pamphilus, which he performed fo admirably, as to 
 attract the univerfal applaufe of all the fpeftators -, and he has himfelf confeffcd that 
 this circumllance was what firft fired his breaft with theatrical ambition. His father 
 intended him for the church : but wlien Barton arrived at the age of feventeen, and 
 the time approached when he was to be fent to the univerfity, he ftole away from 
 fchool, and went over to Ireland with Mr. Afhbury, manager of the Dublin theatre. 
 His firft appearance on that llage was in the part of Oroonoko, in which he came 
 off with every teftimonial of approbation from the audience.* From this time he 
 continued daily improving, and, after two fuccefsful campaigns in Ireland, conceiv- 
 ed thoua;hts of returning to his native country, and making a trial of his abilities on 
 the Englifh ftage. To this end he firft by letters reconciled himfelf to his friends, 
 and then, as a further ftep towards infuring his fuccefs, obtained a recommendation 
 from lord Fitzharding (one of the lords of the bedchamber to prince George of Den- 
 mark) to Mr. Bettcrton, who very readily took him under his c.ire, and gave him all 
 the alTiftance in his power. The firft charafter Mr. Booth appeared in at London, 
 which was in 1701, was that of Maximus, in the tragedy of Valentinian ; and it was 
 fcarce pofiible for a young aftor to meet with a better reception than he did. The 
 Ambitious Step-Mother coming foon after upon tlie itage, he performed t!ie part of 
 Artaban, which added confidcrably to the reputation he had acquired, and made him 
 be efteemcd one of the firft adtors then on the ftage. Nor was his fame Jefs in all 
 the fucceedino- char.:(5ters which he attempted; buche flione with the greateft iuftre 
 in the tragedy of Cato, which was brought on the ftage in 1712. " Although Cato 
 (fays Mr. CoUey Cibber) fcems plainly written upon what are called Whio principles, 
 yet the Tories at that time had fenfe enough not to take it as the leaft rcfleciion on their 
 
 * Companion to the PUy-houfe, Vol. II. 
 
 adminiftration,"
 
 BOOTH. 217 
 
 nd:r,iniflratIon, bur, on the contrary, they feemed to brandirti and vaunt their ap- 
 probation of every Icntunent in favour of liberty, which by a public adl of their ge- 
 nerofity vvasGarricd f) high, that one evening, while the play was a6ling, they collcdf- 
 ed fifty guineas in the boxes, and mac!e a prelent of them to Booth, with this con> 
 
 pliment for his honefl. oppofuion to a perpetual dicflator, and his dying fo bravely 
 
 in the caufe of liberty." 
 
 1 he rejHitation to which Mr. Booth was now arrived, feemed to entitle him to a 
 Iliare in the management of the theatre; and in 1713, through the intereft of lord 
 Eolingbroke, a new licence was granted, in which Mr. Booth's name was added to 
 thofe of the former managers, Cibber, Wilks, and Dogget, the lad of whom was 
 fo offended at this» that he threw up his (hare, and would not accept of any confi- 
 deration for it V but Mr. Gibber tells us, he only made this a pretence, and that the 
 true rcafon of his quieting his fnare in the management, was his diflike to Wilks, 
 whofe humour was become infupportable to him. In 1719, fome years after the death 
 of his former wife, Mr. Booth married Mifs Hefter Santlow, a woman of a mod 
 amiable dilpofition, whofe great merit as an aftrefs, added to the utmod difcretion and 
 prudential oeconomy, had enabled her to obtain a confiderable fortune. With this 
 valuable companion, he continued in the moftperfeft date of domedic happinefs, till 
 the year 1727, when he was attacked by a violent fever, which laded forty-fix days 
 without intermiffion -, and although, by the care and fkill ofthofe great phyficians Dr. 
 Friend and Dr. Broxholm, by whom he was attended, he got the better of the prc- 
 fent diforder, yet from that time to the day of his death, which was not till fix years 
 after, his health was never perfeilitly re-edablidied. Nor did he ever, during that in- 
 terval, appear on the dage, except in the run of a play called the Double P'aldiood, 
 brought on the theatre in 1729. In this piece he was prevailed on to accept a part 
 on the fifth night of it's performance, which he continued to ai5l till the twelfth^ 
 which was the lad time of his theatrical appearance. He died on the loth of May, 
 1733, leaving behind him a difconfolate widow, who immediately quitted the dage, 
 and devoted herfelf entirely to a private life. Mr. Booth was a man of confiderable 
 erudition, and of good claflical knowledge: he wrote a dramatic entertainment, called 
 Dido and jEncas •, but his mader-piece was a Latin infcription to the memoryof Mr. 
 "William Smith, an eminent player. 
 
 His abilities as an aiftor have been celebrated by fome of the bed judges. Aaron 
 Hill, Efq; a gentleman who, by the fiiare he had in the management of the play- 
 houfe, could not but have fufficient opportunities of becoming well acquainted with 
 his merit,- has given us a very high character of him : " Two advantages (fays this 
 gentleman) didinguidied him in the dronged light from the red of his fraternity ; he 
 had learning to underdand perfedtly whatever it was his part to fpeak, and iudgment 
 to know how far it agreed or difagreed with his charadler. Hence arofe a peculiar 
 grace, which was vifible to every fpeftator, though few were at the pains of examin- 
 ing into the caufe of their pleafure. He could foften and Aide over with a kind of ele- 
 gant negligence, the improprieties in a part he afted, while, on the (fontrary, he would 
 dwell with energy upon the beauties, as if he exerted a latent fpirit, which had been 
 kept back for fuch an occafion, that he might alarm, awaken, and tranfport in thofe 
 places only, where the dignity of his own good fenfe could be fupported by that of 
 his author. A little reflection upon this remarkable quality, will teach us to account 
 for that manifed languor, which has iometimes been obferved in Ins acflion, and which 
 was generally, though I think falfely, imputed to the natural indolence of his temper. 
 For the famereafon, though, in the cudomary rounds of his bufinei's, he would con- 
 
 Vol. I. K k k dcfccnd
 
 e 
 
 -r? B O S C A W E N. 
 
 dcfccnd to lomf pai ts in comcily, he feldom appeared in any of them with much ad- 
 vantage tv) liis charaiScr. 'Ihc palTions which he found in coir.edy were not llrong 
 enouiih to excite his fire, and what feemcd want of qualification, was only abfcnce ot 
 impidfion. He had a talent at difcovering the pafllons, where they lay hid in lomc 
 Celebrated parts by the injudicious praftice of other atftors, which when he had dil^ 
 covered, he foon ^lew able to exprefs them. And his fccret for attaining this great 
 klTon of the theatre was an adaption of his look to his voice, by which artful imitation 
 ©f nature, the variations in the found of his words gave prapriciy to every change in 
 his countenance. So that it was Mr. Booth's peculiar feliciry to be heard and fccn 
 
 the fame whether as the plcafed, the grieved, the pitying, the reproachful, or the 
 
 angry. One would almoft be tempted to borrow the aid of a very bold figure, and, 
 to exprefs this excellence the more fignificantiy, beg permifTion to affirm, that . 
 
 the blind might have ica\ )um in his voice, and the deaf have heard him in his 1 
 vil^if^e." I 
 
 Mr. Booth's character as a man was adorned with many amiable qualities, among "' 
 -which, a perfed goodncfs of heart, the bafis of every virtue, was remarkably con- 
 Ipicuous. He had the Itriclell regard to juftice and punctuality in his dealings with 
 tvrry one; was a gay, lively, chearful companion, yet humble and diffident of h,;s 
 own abilities. In 1772 a monument was eredcd to his memory in Wcllminller- 
 abbey. 
 
 BOSCAWEN (Edward) an admiral of diftinguiflied valour and capacity, was 
 the fecond furviving fon of Hugh, late lord vifcount Falmouth, and having early 
 ■entered into the navy, was. In 1740, appointed captain of the Shoreham, and behaved 
 ■with great intrepidity as a volunteer under admiral Vernon, at the taking of Porto- 
 Bello. At the fiege of Carthagena, in March 1 740-1, he had the command of a party 
 of feamcn, who refolutely attacked and took a battery of fifteen twenty-four poun- 
 ders, though expofcd to the fire of another fort of five guns. Lord Aubrey Beau- 
 clerk being killed on the 24th of March, at the attack of Boca-Chica, captain Bof- 
 cawen fucceeiled him in the command of the Prince Frederic, of feventy guns. On 
 ihe i4rhof May, 1742, he returned to England, and married Frances, daughter of 
 William Glanville, efq; and the fame year was eledted a reprefentativc in parliament 
 for Truro, in Cornwall. In 1744 he was made captain of the Dreadnought, of fixty 
 guns, and foon after took the Medea, a French man of war, commanded by tVl. 
 Hoquart. On the 3d of May, 1747, he fignalized himfclf under the admirals Anfon 
 and Warren, in an engagement with the French fleet, off" Cape Finirteirc, and was 
 wounded in the (houlder with a mufquct ball. Here M. Hoquart, who then com- 
 manded the Diamantof fifty-fix guns, again became his prifoner, and all the PVench 
 fhips of war, which were ten in number, were taken. On the 15th of July he was 
 appointed rear-admiral of the blue, and commander in chief of the land and fca 
 forces, employed on an expedition to the Eaft Indies-, and, on the 4th of November, 
 failed from bt. Helen's, with fix ftiips of the line, five frigates, and two thoufand 
 foldiers. On the 29th of July, 1748, he arrived at Fort St. David's, and foon after 
 ,laid fiege to Pundicherry •, but the men growing fickiy, and the monfoons being cx- 
 pefted, the fiege was raifed. Soon after he had news of the peace, and Madials was 
 delivered up to him by the French. 
 
 In April, 1750, he arrived at St. Helen's in the Exeter, where he was informed 
 that in 4iis ablence he had been appointed rear-admiral of the white. He wa.<iin 175 1 
 'ipadc one of xhc lords commiflioncrs of the admiralty, and cholcn an elder brother of 
 
 the
 
 B' O U L T E R. 219 
 
 the Triaity-Houfe. On the 4th of February, Tj'y^, he was appointed vIce-aJmir.il 
 of the blue, and on the i9ch of April, failing in order to intercept a French fquadroii 
 bound to North- America, fell in with the Alcide and Lys, of fixty-four guns each, 
 Avhich were both taken ; on this occafion M. Hoquart became his prifoner a third 
 time, and he returned to Spithead with his prizes, and 1500 prifoners. In 1756 he was 
 appointed vice-admiral of the white, and, in 1758, admiral of the blue, and com- 
 mander in chief of the expedition to Cape Breton, when, in conjundtion with general 
 Amherft, and a body of brave troops from New-England, he took the important fort- 
 refs of Louifbourg, and the whole id.ind of Cape Breton ; for which he aftcrv,'ards 
 received the thanks of the houfe of commons. In 1759, being appointed to com- 
 mand in the Mediterranean, he arrived at Gibraltar, where hearing that the Toulon 
 fleet, under M. de la Clue, had pafTcd the Streights, in order to join that at BrelV, 
 he got under fail, and on the 18th of Augull faw, purfued, and engaged the enemy. 
 His Ihip, the Namur, of ninety guns, lofing her main-malt, he fh if ted his flag to the 
 Newark, and, after a fmart engagement, took three large fhips, and burnt two, and 
 <he fame year arrived at Spithead with his prizes, and two thoufand prifoners. On 
 the 8th of December, 1760, he was appointed general of the marines, with a falary 
 of 30Q0I. per annum, and was alfo fworn one of the privy council. This brave 
 admiral died at his feat at Hatchland fark, near Guildford, in Surry, of a. bilious 
 fever, on the 10th of June, 1761. 
 
 BOULTER (Hugh) archbifhop of Armagh, primate and metropolitan of all 
 Ireland, was born in or near London, and was a perfon as much diftinguiflied by his 
 learning, his virtue, his humanity, and natural endowments, as by his high ftation. 
 He was educated at Merchant-Taylors fchool, and at Chrirt-church college, Oxford, 
 and afterwards at Magdalen college. In 1700, he was appointed chaplain to Sir 
 Charles Hedges, principal fecretary of (late; and by the interefl: of the earl of Sun- 
 derland, he was foon after preferred to the parfonage of St. Olave, Southwark, and 
 the archdeaconry of Surry. In 1719, he was recommended to attend king George I. 
 to Hanover as his chaplain •, and was foon after promoted to the deanery of Chrift- 
 church, and the bifhopric of Briftol. In this ftation he was extremely aflkiuous in 
 the difcharge of his paftoral duty ; and while he was thus employed in one of his vifi- 
 tations, he n-ceivcd a letter from the fecretary of ftate, acquainting him that his ma- 
 jeily had nominated him to the archbilhopric of Armagh. 
 
 On his arrival in Ireland, in 1724, he immediately fct about ftudying the real and 
 Iblid intereft of that kingdom. In innumerable inftances, he exerted himfclt in the 
 nobleft adts of beneficence: in feafons of the greateft fcarcity, lie was more than once- 
 ir.ftrumentai in preventing a faniine which threatened that nation. On one ot thcfe 
 occafions, he dillributed vaft quantities of corn throughout the kingdom, for which 
 the houfe of commons pafled a vote of public thanks-, and at another tjme 2500 
 perfons were fed at the poor-houfe, in Dublin, every morning and evening, tor a con- 
 fiderable time together, moftly at the primate's txpence. When fchemes were pro- 
 poicd for the advantage of the country, he encouraged and promoted them not only 
 with his counfel but with his purfe. He had great compaflion for the poor clergy 
 of his diocefe, who were difabled from giving their children a proper education •, 
 and he maintained feveral of the children of fuch in the univerfity •, he erefted four 
 houfesat Drogheda, for the reception of clergymen's widows, and jiurchafed an eftatc 
 for the eiido\vnier,t of them. His charities for the augmenting tmall livings and buy- 
 ing glebes amounted to upwards of 30,000!. befides what he dcvifcd by will for the 
 
 likc^
 
 220 
 
 B O Y L F. 
 
 like piirpoffs in England. In fjorr, the inflances he gave of his g.'nerofity anci be- 
 nevolence of heait, his virtuf, his piety, and his wildom, are ahrioQ innumerable. 
 This excellent prelate died at London, in the year 1742, and was interred in Wefl- 
 minfter-abbey, where a beautiful monument of finely pulifaed marble is ertiTtcd 10 
 his memory. 
 
 BOYDE, or BOYD, (Mark. Alexander) an excellent Scottifii peer, was born 
 in Galloway, on the 13th of January, 1562, and came into the world with teeth. 
 He learned the rudiments of the Latin and Ureek. languages at Glafgow, under twi» 
 grammarians; but was of fo higli and intradable a fpint, that they defpaired of 
 ever making him a fcholar. Llaving quarrelled with his mafters, he beat them both, 
 burnt his books, and foifwore learning. While he was yet a youth, he followed the 
 court, ar.d did his utmoil to pufli his intereft there -, but the fervor of his temper foon 
 precipitated him into quarrels, from which he came off with honour and fifcty, tho' 
 frequently at the hazard of his life. He, with the approbation of his friends, went 
 to lerve in the French army, and carried his little patrimony with him, which he foon 
 diflipated at play. He w;;s fliortly after roufed by that emulation which is natural to 
 great minds, and applied himfelf to letters with unremitted ardor, till he became one 
 of the moft confummate fcholars of the age. The Greek and Latin were as familiar 
 to him as his mother tongue. He could readily didate to three fcribes in as many dif- 
 ferent languages and fuhje(5ls. He had an eafy and happy vein of poetry, wrote 
 elegies in the Ovidian manner, and his hymns were thought to be fuperior tothofe of 
 any other Latin poet. * He wrote a great number of other poems in the fame lan- 
 guage, and tranflated Ofar's Commentaries into Greek, in the ftyle of Herodotus : 
 this tranflation was never printed. His other manufcripts on philological, political, 
 and hiitorical fubjefts, in Latin and French, are enumerated by Sir Robert Sibbald, 
 in his Prcdromus Hifior'ne Naturalis Scotia, who tells us that he was the beft Scottifh 
 poet of his age. He was tall, compaft, and well-proportioned in his perfon -, his 
 countenance was beautiful, fprightly, and engaging ; he had a noble air ; and ap- 
 peared to be the accomplifhed foldier among men of the fword, and as eminently the 
 fcholar among thole of the gown. He died at Pinkhill, his father's feat, in 
 April, 160 1, at the age of thirty-nine. Granger's Biographical Hijtory of England, 
 Vol. 1. 
 
 BOYLE (Richard) one of the greateft ftatefmen of the laft century, and gener- 
 ally ftyled the Great Earl of Cork, was the youngeft fon of Mr. Roger Boyle, and 
 was born at Canterbury, on the 3d of Ocftober, 1566. Hefludied at Bcnnet college, 
 Cambridge, and aftenvards became a ftudent in the Middle Temple. Having loll his 
 lather and mother, and being unable to fupport himfelf in the profecution of his 
 rtudies, he became clerk to Sir Roger Manwood, chief bnronof the exchequer; but 
 finding that by this employment he could not raifc his fortune, he went to Ireland in 
 1588. He was then about two and twenty, had a graceful perfon, and many accom- 
 plifhments, which enabled him to render himfelf ufeful to fome of the principal per- 
 fons employed in the government, by drawing up for them memorials, cafes, and an- 
 fwers. In 1595, he married Joan, the daughter and coheircls of William Anfley ; 
 
 ■* Olaus Borrichins, a very eminent and judicious critic, at p. i ^o o{ his Dijfertatiotia Acnilemica dt 
 Puetis, fpeaking of Boyd, fays, " In Marco Alexandro Bodio, Scoto, redivivuin fpeiF'.imus Nafoneni; 
 ea cfi inejufdcin Epiilulis Hcruidum, lux, candor, dcxteritas." He fpcaks as highly ufliis Hymns in 
 heroic verfc. 
 
 and 
 
 I
 
 BOYLE. 221 
 
 find (Tie dying in labour of her firfl: child, (who was born dead,) in 1599, Icfc him an 
 eftateof 500I. a year in land. Some time after. Sir Henry Wallop, and feveral other 
 perfons of rank, envying him on account of the purchafes he had made in the pro- 
 vince of Connaught, reprefented him to queen Elizabeth as being in the pay of the 
 king of Spain, who, they pretended, had fiirnifhed him with money. Soon alter- 
 wards the rebellion broke out in Ireland, and the earl of EfTex being nominated lord 
 deputy of that kingdom, Mr. Boyle, who was then nt London, w?.s recommended to 
 his lordfliip •, but Sir Henry Wallop, trcafurer of Ireland, knowing that Mr. Boyle 
 had feveral papers in hiscuftody that could detedt his fallacious manner of palling his 
 accounts, refolved tocrufli him, and renewed his form,er complaints againll him to 
 the queen ; upon which he was fuddenly taken up and committed clofe prifoner to 
 the Gatehoufe, and all his papers feized. At length, with much difficulty, he ob- 
 tained the favour of the queen to he prefent at his examination-, and having fully an- 
 fwered what was alledged againft him, he gave a fhort account of his ov/n behaviour 
 fince his firft fertling in Ireland, and concluded with laying open to the queen and her 
 council the conduft of his chief enemy, Sir Henry Wallop, with fuch force th<u her 
 majefty declared him innocent, ftrippedSir Henry of his poll of treafurer, and gave 
 Mr. Boyle her hand to kifs before the whole afiembly. A few days after, flie confti- 
 tuted him clerk of the council of Munfter, and recommended liim to Mr George 
 Carcw, lord prefident of that province, who fent him to the queen with the news of 
 the viflory gained, on the 24th of December, 1601, near Kinfale, over the Irifh and 
 their Spanifh auxiliaries. 
 
 Upon his return to Ireland, he a/Tifted at the fiege of Beerhaven caflle, which was 
 taken by ftorm, and the garrilon put to the fword. He foon after received the ho- 
 nour of knighthood. He now role with great rapidity to thehigheft offices, and even 
 to the dignity of the peerage in Ireland, to which he was raifed by king James I. on 
 the 29th of September, 1 6 1 6, by the fly le and title of baron of Youghall, in the county 
 of Cork; four years after, he was created vifcount Dungarvon, and earl of Cork; 
 and, in 1631, was conltituted lord treafurer of Ireland, an honour that was made he- 
 reditary to his family. He diftinguiflied himfelf by the noble Hand he made, when 
 the fatal rebellion broke out in that kingdom, in the reign of Charles I, and in iiis 
 old age afted with as nnich bravery and military fl<ill, as if he had been tr.iined from 
 his infancy to the profeffion of arms. He turned the caftle of Lifmore, his capital 
 feat, into a fort refs capable of demanding refpedl from the Irifli. He immediately 
 armed and difciplincd his fervants and protcftant tenants, and by their affidance, and 
 a fmall army raifed and maintained at his own exptnce, defended the province of 
 Munfter, and in the fpace of a year took feveral flrong calllrs. This great man died 
 on the 1 5th of September, 1643. 
 
 BOYLE (Roger) firft earl of Orrery, was the fifth fon of Richard, ftyled the 
 Great Earl of Cork. He was born Aprd 25, 1621, and raifed to the dignity of 
 baron Broghill whcnonlv liven years old. He was educated at the college of Dublin, 
 where lie loon diftinguiflied himklf as an early and promifing genius. He afterwards 
 made the tour of France and Italy, and at his return affifted his father in oppofing the 
 rebellious Irifli, in which he behaved with all the fpiric of a young, and the difcretion 
 of an oUI officer. After the ceffiition of the Irifti rebellion, he paid his duty to the 
 king at Oxford, and returned to Ireland, by hismajefly's orders, to perform fome im- 
 portant fervices there, where he continued to aift tdl the murder of the king, when he 
 left his country, and retiring to Marfton in Someilafliire, concealed himfelf in the 
 
 Vol. I. L I 1 privac)*
 
 332 
 
 BOYLE. 
 
 privacv of a clofe retirement ; but being at length afhamed to fit the tame fpeflator 
 of all the milchief that appear.'d around him, he reiblved, under the pretence of go- 
 inf to the Spa for the recovery of his health, to crofc the leas, and apply to king 
 Charles II. for a co'tnmiffion to raife forces in Ireland, in order to reftore his majefty, 
 and recover his own eftate. To this purpofe, he prevailed on theeailof Warwick 
 to procure a licence for his going to the Spa, and having raifed a confiderable fum of 
 money, came up to London to profecute iiis voyage ; but he had not been long in 
 town when he received a mefTage from Cromwell, wlio was then general of the parlia- 
 ment's forces, that he intended to wai: upon him. The lord Broghili was furprifed at 
 this mcfT-igc, having never had the leaft acquaintance with Cromwell, and defired the 
 gentleman to let the general know, that he would wait upon his excellency \ bjt while 
 he was waiting the return of the meflenger, Cromwell entered the room, and after 
 mutual civilities, told him in few words, that the committee of ftate v,-ere apprized 
 ef his dtrfign of going over and applying to Charles Stuart for a commifllon to raife 
 forces in Ireland, and that they were determined to make an example of him, if he 
 himlclf had not diverted them from that relblution. The lord Broghili interrupted 
 him, by affuringhim that the intelligence which the committee had received was falfe, 
 and that he neither was in a capacity, nor had any inclination, to raife difturbances in 
 Ireland-, but Cromwell, inftead of making any reply, drew fome papers out of his 
 pocker, which were the copies of ieveral letters that lord Broghili had fent to thofe per- 
 ibns in whom he moft confided, and put them into his hands. The lord Broghili, upon 
 the perufal of thefe papers, finding it to no purpofe to difTemble any longer, afked his 
 excellency's pardon for what he had faid, returned him his humble thanks for his 
 protedion againft the committee, and intreated his advice how to behave in fo critical 
 a conjuncture. CrcmWell told him, that though till this time he had been a ftranger 
 to his perfon, he was not fo to his merit and charafter -, but that he had heard how 
 gallantly his lordfhip had behaved in the Irilh wars, and therefore, fince he was 
 named lord lieutenant of Ireland, and the reduction of that kingdom was now become 
 his province, he had obtained leave of the committee to offer his lordfliip the command 
 of a general officer, if he would ferve in that war •, that he lliould have no oaths or 
 engagements impofed upon him, nor be obliged to draw his fword againft any but 
 the Irifh rebels. 
 
 The lord Broghili was infinitely furprifed at fo generous and uncxpefted an offer; 
 he faw himfelf at liberty, by all the rules of honour, to ferve againft the Irifh, whofc 
 rebellion and barbarities were equally detefted by the royal party and the parliament r 
 he defired, however, fome time to confider of what had been propofed to him -, but 
 Cromwell brifkly told him, that he muft come to fome refolution that very inftant -, that 
 he himfelf was returning to the committee, who wereftiU fitting, and if his lordfhip rc- 
 Jefted their offer, they had determined to fend him to the Tower -, whereupon the 
 lord Broghili, finding that his liberty and life were in the utmoft danger, and charmed 
 with the franknefs and gcnerofity of Cromwell's behaviour, gave him his woid and 
 honour that he would faithfully ferve him againft the irifh rebels ; upon which 
 Cromwell affured hmi, that the conditions which he had made with him fhould be 
 punAually obferved; and then ordered him to repair immediately to Briftol, adding, 
 that he himfelf would k on follow him into Ireland. Lord Broghili, therefore, hav- 
 ing fettled the bufinefs of his command, went over into that country, where, by his 
 conduct and intrepidity, he peribrmed many important fervices, and fully juflified the 
 opinion Cromwell had conceived of him.
 
 BO Y L E. 22^, 
 
 He was fruitfui in the mofl: ingenious artifices ; an inftance of which we cannot for- 
 bear mentioning. At the ficge of the caftle of Carigdroghid, he informed the garri- 
 Jon, that if they did not fiirrender before his heavy artillery came up, he would (hew 
 them no mercy. At this his own army were greatly altonilhed, as they knew he had 
 rot a fingle piece of battering cannon •, but his lordfliip ordering fcveral laroe trees to 
 be cur, and drawn at a diftance by his baggage-horfes, the befieged, judcrino bv the 
 flownefs of their motion that they v/ere cannon of a vaft fize, capitulated. He after- 
 . wards defeated an army of three times the llrength of his own, by repeatino-, in the 
 heat of the aftion, in conjundion with thofe about him, They run \ t bey run ! He 
 had a principal hand in the Redoration, and was by Charles II. advanced to the dio-- 
 nity of earl of Orrery, on the 5th of September, 1660. His lordlhip died on the 
 16th of Odober, 1679, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, greatly regretted by all 
 ranks of people. 
 
 The earl of Orrery was a man of parts and learning, a good foldier, and an able 
 ftatefman, and remarkable for his prefcnce of mind, which enabled him to extricate 
 himfelf with extraordinary dexterity from the greatefl: difficulties. His courage and 
 generofity v,;ere eminent ; he was an affedtionate hufband, a tender father, anda kind 
 mafter. He was extremely liberal to men of merit in diftrefs, and very charitable to 
 the poor, for the benefit of whom he erefted feveral fchools and alms-houfcs. His 
 wit, his knowledge of the world, and his learning, rendered his converfation highly 
 entertaining and inftruftive. He was the author of feveral pieces ; but his literary 
 productions have not added much to his reputation, though they have been much, 
 commended by fome writers. His works are, i. A Treatife on the Art of War. 2. 
 I'artheniffa, a Romance. 3. The Hiftory of Henry V. a Tragedy. 4. Muftapha, a. 
 Tragedy, 5. The Black Prince, a Tragedy. 6. Tryphon, a Tragedy. 7. Mr. 
 Anthony, a Comedy. 8. Guzman, a Comedy. 9. Herod the Great, a Tragedy., 
 ro, Altemira, a Tragedy. 11. State-Letters. 12, Several Poems, and other Imall. 
 Pieces. 
 
 BOYLE, (Robert) the celebrated philofopher, was the feventh fon of Richarcf. 
 earl of Cork, and was born at Lifmore, in the province of Munller, on the 25th of 
 January, 1626-7. While he continued at home, he was taught to write a very fair 
 hand, and to fpeak French and Latin, by one of his father's chaplains, and a French- 
 man whom the earl kept in the houfe. In 1635, he was fent over to England, irj 
 order to be educated at Eton-fchool. Here he foon difcovered a force of underftand- 
 ing, which promifed great things, and a difpofition to cultivate and improve it to the 
 utmoft. He continued at Eton near four years ; after which, he was removed to his 
 father's feat at Stalbridge, in Dorfetlhire. In the autumn of 1638, he attended his 
 father to London, and remained with him at the Savoy, till his brother Mr. Francis 
 Boyle efpoufed Mrs. Elizabeth Killigrew ; and :ibout four days after the marriage, 
 the two brothers, Francis and Robert, were fent abroad upon their travels, under the 
 care of Mr. Marcombes, a Frenchman. They embarked at Rye in Suficx, andfiom 
 thence proceeded to Dieppe in Normandy ; then they travelled by land to Rouen, and. 
 from thence to Paris. After which they repaired to Lyons; from which city they 
 continued their journey to Geneva, where their governor liad a family ; and there the 
 two gentlemen purfued their ftudics without interruption. Mr. Boyle, during hi.s 
 ftay here, refumed his acquaintance with the mathematics, or at Icaft with the ele- 
 ments of that fcience, of which he had before gained fome knowledge. In September 
 1641, he quitted Geneva ; and pafling through Switzerland and the country of the 
 
 Grifons.^
 
 2.-4 BOYLE. 
 
 Grilbns, enterea LombarJy. Then taking his route through Bergamo, Brcfcia, and 
 Verona, he arrived ac Venice ; where having made a fhort (lay, he returned through 
 Padua, and from thence to Florence, where he paffed the winter. Here he employed 
 his Ipare hours in acquiring the Italian language, which he at length underftood per- 
 fectly, though he never fjioke it fo fluently as he did the French. About the end of 
 March, 1642, he began his journey from Florence to Kome, which took up but five 
 days. And he tells cs himfclf, that, " the more conveniently to fee the numerous 
 rarities of this universal city, and to decline the diftrafting intrufions and importuni- 
 ties of F.nglifli jefuics, he pafled for a Frenchman, which neither his habit nor lan- 
 guage much contradiifted. Under this notion he delightfully paid his vifits to what 
 in Rome and the adjacent villages mod deferved them ; and am.ongft other curiofities 
 and antiquities, had the fortune to fee the Pope at chapel, with the cardinals, who 
 fevcrally appearing mighty princes, in that affembly looked like a company of com- 
 mon friars. Here he could not chufe but fmile to fee a young churchman, after the 
 fcrvice ended, upon his knees carefully with his hands fweep into his handkerchief the 
 duft, his holinefs's gouty feet had by treading on it confecrated, as if it had been 
 fome miraculous relic." 
 
 Mr. Boyle returned from Rome to Florence, from whence he went to Leghorn, and 
 fo by fca to Genoa. Then palling through the county of Nice, he croflSd the fca to 
 Antibes, where he fell into fome danger for refufing to honour the crucifix: from 
 thence he went to Marfcilles by land. He was in that city, in May, 1642, with his 
 brother, when they received letters from their father, containing a melancholy ac- 
 count of the general rebellion in Ireland, and acquainting them, that it was with 
 great difficulty he had procured for them 250I. to fupply their expences in their way 
 home. But this money being entrulled with one Perkins, a citizen of London, to be 
 fenttheni in bills of exchange, he proved unfaithful, fo that they never received the 
 lead part of it. Being thus left dcllitute in a ftraiige country, they were by means of 
 Mr. Marcombes their governor brought to Geneva, till fupplies could be received to 
 enable them to return home. They continued at Geneva a confiderable time, with- 
 out cither advices or fupplies from England ; upon whicti Mr. Marcombes was ob- 
 liged to take up fome jewel von his own credit, which were afterwards difpofed of with 
 as little lofs as could be-, and with the money thus raifed, they continued their jour- 
 ney for England, where they arrived in 1644. On his arrival Mr. Boyle found his 
 father dead ; and though the carl had made an ample provifion for him, as well by 
 leaving him the manor of Stalbridge in Englanl, as other confiderable eftates in Ire- 
 land, yet it was fome time before he could receive any money. 
 
 In March, 1646, he retired to his manor at Stalbridge, where he now ch'cfly re- 
 fided, in a kind of learned retirement. But the courfe of his lludies was interrupted 
 for fome time in the fummer of the year 1^47, by a fevere fit of the flone, to which 
 diftemper he was extremely fubictt. However, in September following, he went to 
 Briftol and Saklbury •, and in February, 1647-8, made a voyage to Holland, from 
 whence he fuon after returned to England. During his retirement at Stalbridge, he 
 applied himfelf with incredible induftry to ftuiiies of various kinds, but more parti- 
 cularly to natural philofophy and chemilhy. He omitted no opportunity of obtain- 
 ing the acquaintance of perfons difiinguidied for parts and learning, to whom he was in 
 every lefpcclit a ready, ufeful, generous afiiltant, and with whom he held a conftant cor- 
 refpondence. He was alio one of the firit members of that fmall, but learned body 
 of men, who, when all academical ftudies were interrupted by the civil wars, fecreted 
 tbemfelves about the year 1643; and held private meetings, firft in London, after- 
 wards
 
 BOYLE. 225 
 
 w.ircJs at Oxford, for th? fake of canvafling fubjefts of natural knowledge, Tlie/ 
 filled themfelves then " Tlie Philofophical College-," and, after the Rcflor.uion, 
 when they were incorporated and diilinguifl'icd openly, togk t!ie name of " the 
 koyal Society." In 1652, Mr. Bjvle went over to Ireland, in erder to vifit and 
 fettle his eftates in that kingdom •, and returned from thence in Augiitt, 1653. ^" 
 1654. he v/ent to refide at Oxford, in order to profecute his Ihidies with the greater 
 advantage, and continued there for the moll part till April 166S, when he fettled at 
 London in the hoiife of his filter. Lady Ranel.igh, in I'all-Mall. It was during; his 
 rtfidence at Oxford, that he invented that admirable engine, the Air-Pump, whicti 
 was perfedted for him, in 1658, or 1659, by the ingenious Mr. Robert Hook. In 
 1660, Mr. Boyle publifhed in 8vo. " New Experiments phyfico-mechnnical, toucH- 
 ing tiie fpringof the air and its etfcfts, made for the moft part in a nev/ pneumatical 
 engine." The fame year he publifhed his " Seraphic Love •, or, feme motives and 
 incentives to the love of GOD, pathetically difcourfcd of in a letter to a friend." 
 This work has pafTed through many editions, and been tranflated into Latin. It ap- 
 pears that the fame of Mr. Ijoyle's great learning and abilities had now extended itfelf 
 beyond the limits of our ifland ; for on the joth of October, i66o, Mr. Robert 
 Southwell, envoy from king Charles II. to the king of Portugal, wrote to him from 
 Florence,, to inform him, that the Grand Duke of Tufcany was extremely defirous. 
 of a correfpondence with him, that Prince being not only a patron of learning, but 
 alfo a great mailer of it himfclf. 
 
 Mr. Boyle was for many years a dire(5tor of the Eaft India company, and very- 
 vfeful in this capacity to that great body, more efpecially in procuring their charter;, 
 and the only return he expefled for his labour, was, the engaging the company to 
 come to fome refolution in favour of the propagation of the gofpel, by means of theif- 
 flourifhing factories in that part of the world. As a proof of his own inclination to 
 contribute, as far as lay in his power, to that end, he was at the expence of printing- 
 at Oxford, in 1677, five hundred copies of the four Gofpels, and the Ads of the 
 Apoftles, in the Malayan tongue, under the direction of Dr. Thom.as Hyde, keeper 
 of the Bodleian library. Thefe were fent abroad at Mr. Boyle's expence: and it 
 was the fame pious motives which induced him to fend, about three years before, 
 feveral copies of Grotius de Veritate ChrifdanjB Religioni<;, tranflated into Arabic 
 by Dr. Edward Pococke, into the Levant,, as a means of propagating Chriftianity 
 there. 
 
 About the entrance of the fummer of the year 1691,. Mr. Boyle began to feeL 
 fuch an alteration in his health, as induced him to think of fettling his affairs ; and 
 accordingly, on the 18th of July, he figned and fealed his laltwill, to which he after- 
 wards added feveral codicils. In October, his diflempers encreafed ; which might. 
 perhaps be owing to his concern for the tedious illnefs of his fifterthe Lady Ranelagh, 
 with whom he had lived many years in the greateft harmony and friendfhip, and 
 whofe indil'pofition brought her to the grave on the 23d of December following. He 
 furvived iicr but a few days •, for he died on the 30th of Deceinber, 1691, in the 65th 
 year of his age. He was interred, on the 7th of January following, in St. Martin'i 
 church in the Fields, Weftminfter. 
 
 Robert Boyle was not only one of the greateft philofophers, but, what is more, one 
 of the befl men, that this, or any other country has produced. He was not more 
 diftinguilhed for his extenfive knowledge, and the uncommon fagacity of his philofo- 
 phical refearches, than for the exemplary anfl uniform virtue of his life, and his fleady,. 
 fei vent, and rational piety. He was at once a pattern and an ornament to the age in 
 
 Vol. I. M m m which
 
 22.G BOYLE. 
 
 which he lived, and may truly be f.ud to have done honour to humanity, DrJ 
 Shaw oblerves, that " there is no profedion or condition of men, but may be bene- 
 fut-d by the dilcovcrii-<; ot" Mr. Boyle. As he luid a wonderful comprehenfive genius 
 himklf, he lias improved every part of natural knowledge ; and the world is more 
 cbh"ed to this fingle man, than to a thoufand vulgar philofophers taken togetlicr. 
 'Tis certain, that he laid the foundations of almoft all the improvements which have 
 been made fince his time in natural philofophy, and adlually himfelf performed abun- 
 dance of thole very things, and perhaps in a much better manner too, whereby feveral 
 famous men have gained a reputation in putting them off for their own difcoveries. A 
 very fine colledlion of ufcful knowledge, publilbed as the works of a foreign fociety, 
 bears a remarkable tellimnny to this truth. The Mechanic, the Merchant, the Scho- 
 lar, the Gentleman, , are all benefitted by Mr. Boyle. He fhews us trades in a new 
 light, and makes them, what they really are, a part of Natural Philofophy-, and con- 
 liderino' them accordingly, reveals fome of their myfteries, all along advancing pro- 
 per means to encourage, promote, and multiply the arts themlelvcs. I'he GoJd- 
 fniith, the Lapidary, the Jeweller, the Refiner, the .Stone-cutter, the Dyer, the 
 Glafs-maker, artizans of all kinds, will from him receive the beft informations, as to 
 the working, managing, and employing to advantage their various commodities, 
 niaterials, engines, and inflruments. The Jiulbandman and the Diver are here in- 
 ilfufted in their arts ; and the Mineraliil, tlie Miner, and Aflayer, to find and fepa- 
 rate their ore to its greatelt profit •, to encreafe the quantity, to meliorate, improve, 
 and enrich their metals •, to purify and find diem, and accurately to.difl:inguilh the 
 genuine and pure from the adulterate, bale, or counterfeit. The Architeft and 
 B.uilder are fhewn how to choofc the belt mr.terials for their feveral purpofcs ; the 
 Painter to make, to mix, and improve his colours ; and no part of mankind is neg- 
 lected by Mr. Boyle. But he fliews a more particular regard to thofe profcfTions, 
 wjierein the health of thcfpecies is nearly concerned. The Phyfician, tlie Anatomill, 
 the Apothecary, and the Chymifi:, are moft highly obliged to him. He has confidered 
 and improved the art of medicine in all its branches. We owe to him the belt ways wc 
 have of diilinguifiiing genuine drugs from adulterate ; the dilcovery and preparation 
 of feveral valuable medicines, with the manner of applying abundance to good ad- 
 vantage. He has fliewn us the way wherein fpecifics may aft, how to judge of the 
 wholdomenels and the unwholeibmenels of the air, of water, and of places; and 
 how to examine and make choice of mineral I'prings. In a word, there is fcarce an 
 art or natural produdlion known, but he makes fome ufeful dilcovery or improve- 
 ment in it." 
 
 His great merit as a writer in natural philofophy and chcmirtry has been, indeed, 
 iiniverlally acknowledged. The celebrated Dr. Boerhaave, after having declared 
 Lord Bacon to be the father of Experimental Philofophy, lays that " Mr. Boyle, the 
 ornament of his age and country, fucceeded to the genius and enquiries of the great 
 •Chancellor Verulam. Which of Mr. Boyle's writings Ihall I recommend? All of 
 them. To him we owe the fccrcts of fire, air, water, aniinals, vegetables, fofllls ; 
 fo that from his works may be deduced the whole fyftem of natural knowledge." 
 
 Mr. Granger obferves, that " Robert Boyle, who was born the fame year in 
 which lord Bacon died, feems to have inherited the penetrating and inquifitive genius 
 of that illufirious philofopher. Wx; are at a lols which to admire moll, his cx- 
 tepfive knowledge, or his exalted piety. 'J'hefe excellencies kept pace with each 
 other : but the former never carried him to vanity, nor the latter to enthufiafm. He 
 ^\^ Km'ikif. ih'CkiJiian. Firliiofo y^Widi he has delcrjbed. Religion never fat more 
 
 caf^-
 
 BOY L.E., 2JJ, 
 
 <e^y upon a man, nor added greater dignity to a charad^r. He particularly applied 
 'ihimCdf to chymiftry -, and made fuch dilcoveries in that' branch of fcienci*, as can 
 • fcarce be credited upon lels authority than his own. His doftrinc of the weight and 
 fpringof the air, a fluid on which our health and our very being depend, gained him 
 all the reputation he deferved. He founded the theological ledlure which bears his 
 •name." 
 
 Mr. Boyle wrote, i. New Experiments Phyfico-mechanical, Szc. 2. Seraphic 
 •■Love; 3. The Sceptical Chemirt : 4. Confiderations upon the Style of the Holv 
 Scriptures : 5. New Experiments and Obfervations upon Cold : 6. Hydroftatical 
 Paradoxes : 7. The Origin of Forms and Qualities : 8. Tracls about the cofmical 
 •Qvialities of Things, &c. 9. Eflay about the Origin and Virtue of Gems : 10. Hif- 
 torical Account of a Degradation of Gold made by an Anti-elixir: 1 1. The Aerial 
 Noftiluca: 12. Medicina Hydroftatica : 13. The Chriftian Virtuofo : 14. Cer- 
 tain Phyfiological EfTays, and other Tra6ls: 15. Eflays on the Nature of Effluvia^; 
 16. Experimenta et Obfcrvationes PiiyficjE ■, and many other pieces. AH his 
 ■works were colleded and printed in Hve volumes in folio, at London, in the 
 year 1744. 
 
 BOYLE (Charles) earl of Orrery in Ireland, and baron of Marfton in Somer- 
 fttihire, was thefecond fon of Roger, fecond earl of Orrery, and was born in Au- 
 guft, 1676. At the age of fifteen he was entered as a nobleman of Chrifb-church, 
 Oxford, where he had for his tutors the celebrated Dr. Francis Atterbury, afterwards 
 •biftiop of Rochefter, and Dr. Friend, under whole care he made fo rapid a progrefs 
 in his ftudies, that he was foon confidered as an ornament to the college. The firfb 
 work that fell from his pen, was a tranflation of the Life of Lyfander, from the 
 >Greek of Plutarch; foon after which, in 1695, he publifhed a new edition of the 
 Epiftles of Phalaris, which gave rife to a violent difpute between him and Dr. Bent- 
 ley. In 1700, he was chofen member for the town of Huntingdon-, and in 170?, 
 •on the death of his elder brother, fucceeded to the title of earl of Orrery. Some 
 time after, he obtained the command of a regiment ; was elefted a knight of the 
 Thiftle, promoted to the rank of major-general, and fworn of her majelty's privy 
 council. On the loth of September, 171 r, he was raifedto the dignity of aBritifh 
 peer, by the title of lord Boyle, baron of Marfton in Somerfetfliire. He enjoyed 
 fome additional honours in the reign of George I. but in 1722, having the misfortune 
 to fall under the fufpicion of the government, he was committed to the Tower: how- 
 ever, he was at length admitted to bail, and nothing being found that could be efleem- 
 ed a fufficient ground for a profecution, he was difchargcd. His lorcllliip dicil on the 
 28th of Augult, 1731, in the 56th year of his age. He wrote a comedy, entitled. 
 As you find it-, and was alio the improver of that noble inftrument, v/hich, after him 
 is called The Oircry. 
 
 John Boyle, earl of Cork and Orrery, a nobleman diflinguiilied by his learning and 
 genius, was the only fon of the abovementioned Charles earl of Orrery, by'lady 
 Elizabeth Cecil, and was born on the fecond of J.muary, 1707. He was educated 
 at Chrilt-church college in Oxford, to which Ibciety he was an ornament, as his 
 father had been before him. He himfeif declares, that early difai-jpomrmen's, the 
 perplexed ftate of his affairs, indifll'rent health, and many other un:oward accidents 
 all contributed to render him, even in the earlied part of life, fond of retirement. 
 Being thus indifpofed for an adive life, he paffcd his tinie principally in his (hidv ; 
 daiiy exercifing and improving his talents for polite hteraturc and jioetry. In this 
 
 hUl
 
 328 B Y S E, 
 
 - - — -:■—-: J -~ - _...-... -jp 
 
 notes to his trandation ot Pjinv the Youiiger's Letters, which was undertaken for- 
 the ferviceof his ddtft Ion the lord Boyle, v/ss publidied in 1751, in two vols. 4to,, 
 and has fince gone through many editions. In the following year he pubiifhed that, 
 entertaining work, The liJ-'e of Dean Swift, in feveral letters addrcfled to his fecond 
 Ion Harnilton Boyle, then a ftvuient at Chnft-church. His third and yoiingeft. 
 fon Edmund is now earl of Cork and Orrery. His lordfhip died in November, 
 J762. 
 
 BOYSE (Samuel) a poet, remarkable for his extra-vagance, his meannefs, and'^ 
 his letting flip tire greatelt advantages, was the fon of a diflenting miniller in Dub- 
 lin, and was born in 1708. He was educated at a private fchool in Dublin, and at 
 eighteen years of age was fent to the univerfity of Giafgow ; but he liad not been. 
 there a year when he married Mifs Atchenfon, the daughter of a tradefnian in that, 
 city. The natural extravagance of his temper foonexpofed him to want, and having. 
 now the additional charge of a wife, he was obliged to quit the univerfity,, and to go 
 with his wife (whoalfo took a fifter with her) to Dublin, where he depended on his 
 father for fupport. Young Boyle was of all men the tarthcft removed from a gentle- 
 man J he had no graces of perfon, and fewer ftill of converfation. Never were there 
 three perfons of more libertine characters than young Boyfe, his wife, and iifter-in-!aw j 
 yet the two ladies wore fuch a mafk of decency before the old gentle.man, that his 
 fondnefs for them was never abated. An eftate he poflefied in YbrkfliJre was fold to 
 pay his fon's debts, and when the worthy old man lay in his lafl. ficknefs,. he was en-- 
 tirely liipported by prefents from his congregation, and buried at their expence. 
 
 Soon after his father's death, Boyfe went to Edinburgh, where his poetical genius 
 raifcd him many friends, and fome patrons of great eminence. In 1731 he publiflied 
 a volume of poems, addreflcd to the countels of Eglington, That amiable lady 
 ■was the patronefs of all men of wit, and greatly diftinguilhed Mr. Boyfe, while he 
 refided in Scotland. Upon the death of the vifcountefs Stormont, who had the mofl: 
 refined tafte in the fciences, and was a great admirer of poetry, he wrote an Elegy, 
 entitled. The Tears of the Mufes, which was much applauded by her ladylhip's re- 
 lations ; and the lord Stormont was fo pleafed with it, that he ordered a handfome pre- 
 fect to be given to Mr. Boyfe, by his attorney at Edinburgh. The notice which lady 
 Eglington and the lord Stormont took of our poet, recommended him to the patro- 
 nage of the duchefs of Gordon, who was fo folicitous to raife him above neceflity,. 
 that (he employed her intercft in procuring the promife of a place for him, and gave 
 him a letter, which the next day he was to deliver to one of the commiflioners of the 
 cuftoms at Edinburgh. It happened that he was then fome miles diftant from that 
 city, and the morning on which he was to ride to town with her grace's letter proving 
 rainy, this trivial circumftance prevented his going, and the place was given to another 
 perfon. 
 
 Boyfe having at laft defeated all the kind intentions of his patrons, fell into poverty 
 and contempt, and being obliged to quit Edinburgh, communicated his defign of 
 going to London to the duchefs of Gordon, who having ftill a high opinion of his 
 poetical abilities, gave him a letter of recommendation to Mr. Pope, and obtained 
 another for him to Sir Peter King, lord chancellor of England ; the lord Stormont 
 alfo recommended him to his brother the folicitor-general, and to many other perfons
 
 B O Y S E. .2:5 
 
 of rank. Upon his arrival in London he went to Twickenham, in order lodrliver 
 the duchefs's letter to Mr. Pope, but that gentleman not being at home, Mr. Boyle 
 never gave himfclf the trouble to repeat his vifit. He wrote poems, but chough they 
 were excelk^nt in their kind, th.-y w-re loll to the world, by being introduced with 
 no advantage. He had lb ftrong a propenfity to groveling, that his acquaintance 
 were generally the loweft and moll ignorant people, and thofe in high life he ad- 
 drelTed by letters, not having fufficient confidence or politcnefs to converfe familiarly 
 with them. Thus, unfit to kipport himfelf in the world, he was expofed to a great 
 variety of diftrelTes, from which he could find no means of extricating himfelf, but 
 by writing mendicant letters. Notwithflanding this, and though he had not the kail 
 tafte for any thing elegant, he was (o luxurious an.l expenfiv, that when he had re- 
 ceived a guinea in confequence of a fupplicating letter, though he had not another 
 fliilling in the world, and fcarcciy flioes to his feet, he would fend for a bottle of 
 Champaign or Burgundy. About the year 1740 he was reduced tot'ie lafl extremity 
 of human wretchednels, and had not a coat, a fliirt, or any kind of apparel to put 
 OT ; even the flieets in which he lay were carried to the pawn-broker's, and he was 
 obliged to be confined to his bed, with no other covering than a blanket, 'i'hus he 
 remained fix weeks, during which he was employed in writing verfcs for the maga- 
 zines. Whoever had feen him inhisftudy muft have been fhocked at his appearance-, 
 he fat up in his bed with the blanket wrapt about him, in which he had cut a hole 
 large enough to admit his naked arm, and placing; the paper upon his knee, wrote in 
 the beft manner he could. Perhaps he would have remained much longer in thij 
 dirtrefsful ftate, had not a companionate gentleman, upon hearing this circumflancc 
 related, ordered his cloaths to be taken out of pawn, and enabled him to appear again 
 abroad. 
 
 About the year 1745 Mr. Boyfe's wife died; he was then at Reading, and pre- 
 tended much concern on hearing of it. He affL-fbed to appear very fond of a little 
 lap-dog, which he always carried about with him in his arms, imagining it gave him 
 the air of a man of tade ; and his circumllances being then too mean to put himfclf 
 in mourning, he refolved that lome of his family fliould, and therefore buying half a 
 yard of black ribbon, fixed it about his dog's neck, by wav of nwurning for the lofs 
 of its miftrefs. Towards the dole of his life he began to fliew a greater regard to 
 his charadter; and in his laft lingering illnefs had the fatisfaftion to obferve a poem 
 of his, entitled. The Deity, recommended by two eminent writers, the ingenious Mr. 
 Henry Fielding, and the rev. Mr. James Hervey, author of the Meditations. While 
 he was in this illnefs, his mind was often religioufly difpoled. Indeed the early im- 
 prefllons of his education were never obliterated, and his whole life was a continual 
 ftruggle between his appetites and his conlcience ; and in confequence of this war in 
 his mind, he wrote an excellent poem, called The Recantation. In May, 1749, he 
 died in obfcure lodgings near Sh;e-lane, and was buried at the expence of the 
 parifli. 
 
 Never was a life fpent yf'nh lefs prudence than that of Mr. Boyfe, and never were 
 fuch diftinguifhed abilities given to lefs purpole. His genius was not confined to 
 poetry and literary produftions : he had a tafte for painting, mufic, and heraldry, 
 in the latter of which he was very well fkillcd. Two volumes of his poems have 
 been publifhed in London, and if the refl were collected, they would all together 
 make fix moderate volumes. Many of them are fcattered in the Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine, marked with the letter Y, or Alceus. 
 
 Vol. L i\ n n - BRADLEY
 
 13© BROWN. 
 
 BRADLEY (Dr. James) Savilian profefTor of aftronomy in Oxford, fellow of 
 the Royal Society at London, and member of the Academies of Sciences and Belles 
 Lettres at Paris, Berlin, Boulogne, and Pcterfburg, was born at Shireborn, in Glou- 
 celterlhire, in 1692, and educated at Oxford. In 1719 hewas inftitutcd to the vicarage 
 of Briddow, in Hercfordlliire. He received the firll rudiments of the mathematics 
 from his uncle. Dr. James Pound j and, on the death of John Kiel, M. D. was, in 
 1721, chofen Savilian proftfibr of agronomy in Oxford, on which he refigned his 
 living. Notwithltanding the veil which his innate modelly had call: over him, he was 
 foondiltinguillied by the friendlhipof Sirlfaac Newton, lord chancellor Macclesfield, 
 and Dr. Edmund Halley, his colleague in the Savilian profcflbiflilp. In 1730 he 
 fi.icceeded Mr. VVhitcfide, as ledure-reader of aftronomy and experimental philofo- 
 phy, in the univerfity of Oxford ; and, on the deccafe of Dr. Halley, was chofen 
 aftronomical obfervator at the Royal Obfcrvatory at Greenwich, and honoured with 
 the degree of doilor of divinity. In 1747 he publifhed his l,etcerto the earl of Mac- 
 clesfield, concerning the apparent motion obfcrved in I'ome of the fixed liars ; and, on 
 account of tliis curious difcovery, obtained the annual gold prize-medal from the Royal 
 Society. In confequence of this letter, his late majefty caufcd him to be paid loool. to 
 repair the old iniT:ruments in the royal obitrrvatory, and for providing new ones, which 
 enabled him to furnilh it with the noblell and moil accurate apparatus in the known 
 world. He was afterwards offered the living of Greenwich, which he retufed from a 
 confcientious fcruple, that the duty of a paft;or was incompatible with his other fludies; 
 upon which his majefty granted him an annual penfion of 250I. He was remarkable 
 for the evennels of his temper, and for his fweet and amiable dilpoGtion, and was 
 particularly diftinguifhed for his modelly and taciturniiy. He was always temperate, 
 eafy of accefs, humane and benevolent-, was never tenacious of his own opinion, and 
 was free from bigotry and ollentation. In iliort, he was a dutiful Ion, an indulgent 
 hufband, a tender father, and a (leady friend. He died at Chalford, in Gloucelter- 
 fliire, of a fuppreflion of urine, on the 13th of July, 1762, in the Icventieth year of 
 his age. Few of his works have appeared in public, but his Oblcrvations are contain- 
 ed in thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, and are lodged in fafety for the pub- 
 lic ufe. 
 
 BROWN (Thomas) of facetious menaory, as Mr. Addifon fays of him, was the 
 fon of a confiderable farmer in Shropfhire, and received the firll part of his education 
 at Newport fchool in that county ; from whence he was removed to Chrilt-church 
 college, Oxford, where he foon dillinguilhed himfclf by his uncommon attainments 
 in literature. He had great parts and quicknefs of apprchenlion, nor does it appear 
 that he was deficient in application -, for we arc told, that he was well (killed in the 
 Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Spanifli languages, even before he was fent to 
 Oxford. The irregularities of his life did not fuller him to continue long at the 
 univerfity ; he was loon obliged to quit that place; when, inftead of returning home 
 to his father, he went to London, in hopes of making his fortune lome way or other 
 there. However, he was in a fhort time reduced to the extremity of indigence ; upon 
 which he made intercft to be ichool-malter of Kinglton upon Thames, in v/hich pur- 
 luit he fucceeded. But this was a profcfTion very unfuitable to a man of Mr. Brown's 
 turn ^ and therefore we cannot wonder, that he fbon quitted his fchool, and went again 
 to London, where he had rccourlc to that laft refuge of half-ftarved wits, writing for 
 bread. He publiflied a great variety of pieces, both in prole and verle, in all which 
 he difcovcred no Iniall erudition, as well as an exuberant vein of humour. An anony- 
 
 mouc
 
 BUCHANAN. 231 
 
 nious author, who has given the world fome account of Mr. Brown, fays, that tho' 
 a good-natured man, he had one pernicious quality, which was, rather to lofe his 
 friend than his joke. He had a particular genius for fatire, and dealt it out liberally 
 whenever he could find occafion. He is famed for being the author of a libel, fixed 
 one Sunday morning on the doors of Wetl:minlter-abbey •, and of many others againfb 
 the clergy and quality. He died in the year 1704, and was interred in the cloirter of 
 Weftminfter-abbey, near the remains of Mrs. Behn, with whom he was intimate in his 
 life-time. His whole works, confiding of dialogues, cfTays, declamations fatires, 
 letters from the dead to the living, tranfiations, &c. have been printed in four 
 volumes, i2mo. 
 
 BROWNE (Sir Thomas) In eminent phyfician and celebrated writer, was born 
 atLondon, on the igth of Odober, 1605. He was placed for his education at Win- 
 cheltcr-fchool, and entered as a Gentleman-Commoner at Broadgate-hali, fince ftiled 
 Pembroke-college : he was admitted to the degree of bachelor of arts in 1627 ; and 
 having afterwards taken thst of mafter, he turned his ftudies to phyfic, and pradtifed 
 it fur fome time in Oxfordfhire : but he foon quitted his fcrJement there, and accom- 
 panied his father-in-law into Ireland. From thence he pafled into France and Italy •, 
 made fome (lay at Montpelier and Padua, which were then the celebrated fchools of 
 phyfic -, and returning home through Holland, was created dodlor of phyfic at Ley- 
 den. * It is fuppofed that he arrived in London about the year J634, and that the 
 next year he wrote his celebrated piece, entitled, Religio Medici, the rrligion of a 
 pliyfician •, which was no fooner publiilied, fays Dr. Johnfon, than it excited the at- 
 tention of the public, by the novelty ot paradoxes, the dignity of fcntiment, the 
 quick fucceflion of images, the multitude of abftrufe allufions, the fubtilty of dif- 
 quifition, and the flrength of language. 
 
 In 1637 he was incorporated doftor of phyfic in Oxford ; and in i6^6, publifiied 
 his Trcatife on Vulgar Errors, entitled by himfelf, " Pfeudodoxia Epidemica •, or. 
 Enquiries into very many received I'enets, and commonly prefumed Truths." He 
 alio wrote " Hydriotapiiia, or a difcourle of fepulchral urns," to which was added, 
 " The Garden of Cyrus, or the QLiincuncial Lozenge, or Network Plantation of 
 the Antients, artificially, naturally, myflically confiJered." In 1665, Dr. Browne 
 was chofen honorary fellow of the college of phyficians, as a man " virtiite et Uteris 
 ornatijfimus •" eminently cmbellilhed with literature and virtue. In 1671, he received 
 the honour of knighthood from king Charles II. Having long lived in high rejjuta- 
 tion, in his feventy-fixth year he was feized with a cholic, which, alter having tortured 
 him about a week, put an end to his life at Norwich, on his birth-day, the igth of 
 0(5t;ober, 1682. He was a man of great learning and abilities, and of regular and 
 virtuous manners. He has been fpoken of by lome as a Deiil, and by others- as an 
 Athtill : but thelc imputations are merely the relult of bigotry. That he did not 
 affcnt to every article in certain theological creeds, may perhaps be admitted without 
 injury to his characflcr : but he appears evidently to have been a firm believer of chrif- 
 tianity. " There is no fcience, fays Dr. Johnfon, in which he does not difcover 
 fome fkill •, and fcarce any kind of knowledge, profane or facred, ablbufe or elegant;^ 
 which he does not appear to have cultivated with luccefs." 
 
 BUCHANAN (George) a celebrated Scottifh poet and hifiorian, was born at: 
 Kellerne, in tlie fhire of L,enox, in Scotland, in February, 1506. His fither being 
 dead, and his mother being left with eight children, her brother fcnt him to Paris for 
 
 h;s 
 * Life of Sir Thomas Browne, by Dr. Samuel Johnfon.
 
 Tit B U C 11 A N A N. 
 
 hi'5 education ; but in two years the death of his uncle, and his own badftateof 
 hcalchi an J want of money, obliged him to return. About a year after, he made a 
 c .inpaign with the French auxiliaries, in which he fuffered fo many hardfliips, that 
 he was confined to his bed by ficknefs all the enfuinij winter. Early in the fpring, he 
 went to St. Andrew's, to learn logic under Mr. John Mair, whom he followed in the 
 iummer to Paris. Here he embraced the Lutheran tenets, which at that time began 
 to Ipread ; »nd, after Itruggling with ill fortune for near two years, he went, in 1526, 
 to teach crrammar in the colletje of St. Barbc, where he continued two years and ai\ 
 half-, after which he was taken into the family of the earl of Cafills, who, in 1534, 
 carried him into Scotland. Upon the earl's death, king James V. appointed him pre- 
 ceptor to his nntural Ion James, afterwards the famous earl of Murray. 
 
 The king of Scotland having difcoveretj a confpiracy againft his perfon, in which 
 he was pcrfuaded that fome of the Francifcans were concerned, commanded Buchanafi 
 to write a. poem againrt them. Our poet, unwilling todifoblige either the king or the 
 friars, wrote a few verfes fufceptible of a double interpretation : but the king wxs dif- 
 pleafed at their not being fevere enough, and ordered him to write others more poig- 
 nant, which gave occafion to his famous piece, er\t'\t\ed Frt^ncifc^nus. Soon after, be- 
 ing informed by his friends at court that the monks fought his life, and that cardinal 
 Beaton had given the king a fum of money to have him executed, he fled to England j 
 from whence he pnlTed over to France. On his arrival at Paris, he found his in- 
 veterate enemy, cardinal Beaton, at that court, in the charafter of ambaflador; upon 
 which he retired to Bourdeaux, at the invitation of Andrew Govianus, a learned Por- 
 tuguefe. He taught at the public fchool latelv erected there three years ; in which 
 time he wrote four tragedies, which were afterwards occafionaliy publiflied. In 
 1547 he went into Portugal with Govianus, who had received orders from the king 
 h;s malter to bring him a certain number of able men, to teach philofophy and claf- 
 fical learning in the univerfity he had lately eftablilhed at Coimbra. After the death 
 of Govianus, Buchanan fuffered every kind of ill ufage: his poem againft: the Fran-1 
 cifcans was objcfted to him by his enemies •, the eating of flefh in Lent, which was] 
 the common cuftom throughout the whole kingdom, was charged upon him as al 
 crime-, it was reckoned a heinous offence in him to have faid in a private converfationj 
 with fonie Portuguefe youths, that he thought St. Auflin favoured rather theproteflantl 
 than the Popifh doiftrine of the eucharift-, and two men were brought to tcftify that! 
 he was averfe to the Romifh religion. In fhort, he was fent to a monaftery for fomej 
 months, to be better inffruded by the monks. At length, having recovered hisliber-j 
 ty, he came to England, where things were in fuch a confufion during the minority of 
 Edward Vl. that he went to France in the beginning of the year 1552 -, and in July 
 1554, hepublifhed his tragedy of Jephtha, with a dedication to Charles de CofTi, mar- 
 fhal of France-, with which the marfhal was fo highly pleafed. that he fent for Bu- 
 chanan into Piedmont, and made him preceptor to his fon. Buchanan fp>^nt five years 
 in France with this youth, employing his Icifure hours in the ftudy of the f riptures. 
 He returned to Scotland in 1563, and joined the reformed church in that kingdom. 
 In 1565, he went again to France, from whence he was recalled the year following, 
 by M :ry queen of Scots, who appointed him principal of St. Leonard's college in 
 the univerhty of St. Andrew, where he refided four years-, but, upon the misfor- 
 tunes of that queen^ he joined the party of the earl of Murray, by whofe order he 
 wrote his Detedtion, reflefting on th;^ queen's charaftcr and conduft. He was by the 
 ftatcs of the kingdom appointed preceptor to the young king, Jaihes VI. He employ- 
 ed the laft twelve or thirteen years of his life in writing the hiftory of his country, in 
 
 which
 
 B U D G E L L. t2^ 
 
 which he has happily united the force and brevity of Salluft with the perfpicufty and 
 elegance of Livy. He dieU at Edinburgh the 28th of September, 1582, aged j6. 
 The moft valuable of his works are, his Tranflation of the Pfalms, and his Hiftory 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Sir James Melvil tells us, that Buchanan " was a Stoic Philofopher, who looked 
 not far before him ; a man of notable endowrnents for his learning and knowledge in 
 Latin poely, much honoured in other countries, pleafant in convcrfanon, rehearfino-, 
 at all occafions, moralities, fhort and inftruftive, whereof he had abundance, in- 
 venting where he wanted. He was alio religious, but was eafily abufed, and lb facile, 
 that he was led by every company thar he haunted, which made him factious in his old 
 days, for he fpoke and wrote as thofe who were about him informed him-, for he was 
 become carelcfs, following, in many things, the vulgar opinion ; for he was naturally 
 popular, and extremely revengeful againtt any man who had offended him, which was 
 his greatett fault." 
 
 o 
 
 BUDGL-'LL (Eustace) efq-, an ingenious and polite writer, was the fon of Gil- 
 bert Biidgell, D. D. and was born at St. Thomas, near hxeter, about the year 1685. 
 He was educated at Chrift-church college, Oxford, from whence he was removed to 
 the Inner Temple, London ; but inftead of fludying the law, for which his father 
 intended him, he applied to polite literature, kept company with the genteeJcft per- 
 fons in town, and particularly contraded a ftrid intimacy with Mr. Addiibn, who 
 was firfl: coufin to his mother. He was concerned with Sir Richard Steele and Mr. 
 Adiiifon in writing the Tatler, as he had, foon after, a fliare in writing the Spectators, 
 where all the papers written by him are marked with an X ; and when that work was 
 completed, he had likewife a hand in the Guardian, where his performances are 
 marked with an alferifl<;. He was afterwards appointed under-fecretary to Mr. Ad- 
 diibn, chief fecretary to the lords juftices of Ireland, and deputy-clerk of the council 
 in that kingdom. Soon after, he was chofen member of the Irilh parliament ; and in 
 1717, when Mr. Addifon became principal fecretary of ftare in England, he procured 
 Mr. Budgell the place of accomptant and comptroller-general of the revenue in Ire- 
 land. The next year, the duke of Bolton bemg appointed lord-lieutenant, Mr. 
 Budgell wrote a lampoon againft Mr. Webller, the duke's fecretary, in which his 
 grace himfelf was not fpared, and upon all occafions treated that gentleman with the 
 utmoft contempt. This imprudent ifep was the primary caufe of his ruin ; for the 
 duke of Bolton, in fupport of his fecretary, procured his removal from the pofl of 
 accomptant-general ; upon which, returning to England, he, contrary to the advice 
 of Mr. Addifon, publiflied his cafe in a pnmphlet, entitled, a Letter to the Lord 
 * * *, from Euftace Budgell, Elq. accomptant-general, &c. In the year 1720 he 
 loft 20,oool. by the South-Sea fcheirie, and afterwards Ipent 5000I. more in fruitlefs 
 attempts to obtain a feat in parliament. T his completed his ruin. He at lenoth em- 
 ployed himfelf in writing againfl: the miniflry, and wrote many papers in the Craftf- 
 man. In 1733 he began a weekly pamphlet, called The Bee, which he continued for 
 about an hundred numbers. During the progrefs of this work. Dr. Tindal died, by 
 whole will he had 2000I. left him, to the exclufion of the next heir ; but foon after he 
 was reduced to a very unhappy fituation by law-fuits. He however gothimfelf called 
 to the bar; but being unable to make any progrefs, he refolved to put an end to his 
 life. Accordingly, in the year 1736, he filled liis pockets with Hones, then taking a 
 boat at Somerfet-ftairs, ordered the waterman to (hoot the bridge, and while the boat 
 was going under, threw himfelf into the river. Heliad fcveral days before been vifibly 
 
 Vol. I. O dirira<aed
 
 i34 BURKE. 
 
 diftraclcd in his mind. Upon his bureau was found a flip of paper, oo whidi were 
 ihele words j 
 
 Wliat Cato did, and Addifon approv'd. 
 Cannot be wrong. 
 Mr. Budgell was never married ; but left one natural daugliter, who afterwards 
 .iflumed his name, and bec.-me an adtrefs at Drury-lane theatre. 
 
 BUNY.^N (John) the celebrated author of the Pilgrim's Progrefs, was born at 
 Elilow, near Bedford, in 1628. lie was the fon of a tinicer, and, in the early part 
 of his life, was a great reprobate, and a foldier in the parhament army ; but being 
 at length deeply ftruck with a fenfe of his guilr, he laid afide his profligate courfes, 
 became remarkable for his fobriety, and applied himielt to obtain fome degree of 
 learning. About the year 1655 he was admitted a member of a Baptifl: congregation 
 at Bedford, and was loon after cholen their preacher. I le fufi^ered much for his at- 
 tachment to the principles of the Nonconformifls, being apprehended as he was 
 preaching, and confined twelve years in Bedford gaol During his imprifonment, we 
 are told that he chiefly fuj^ported himfelf by making long-tagged thread laces, which he 
 had learned to do fince his confinement. At this time alio he wrote many of his tradts. 
 After his enlargement, he travelled into feveral parts of England, to vifit pious perfons 
 of his own opinions, and confirm them in their religious fentimcnts and pradice ; 
 which procured him the appellation of Billio]) Bunyan. When the declaration of 
 7ames II. for liberty of conlcience was publiflied, he, by the contributions of his 
 followers, built a meetinghoufe in Bedford, and preached tliere conllantly to a nu- 
 merous audience. He died on the ^ifl; ot Auguft, 16SS. He wrote a great num- 
 ber of books i though h's library, during his long confinement, confilled only (we 
 are told) of the Bible and the Book of Martyrs. His mafter-picce is his Pilgrim's 
 Progrels, one of the moft popular books ever publiflied. It h.s palled through many 
 editions, and has been tranflated into feveral languages. The allegory is admirably 
 carried on in this performance, which, in point of invention, has been preferred to 
 Bifliop Patrick's Pilgrim. The works of Bunyan have been coUeded and publiihed 
 in two volumes folio. 
 
 BURKE (Edmund) efq. a diftinguiflied orator and Ingenious writer now living, 
 is the fecond fon of Mr. Garrett Burke, an attorney of fair charader and extenfive 
 practice in the city of Dublin. He was born in the year 1730, and was, during his 
 childhood, educated at a fchool near Ballyrore, in King's-County. Prom tiiis femi- 
 nary l>e was removed to Trinity-college, Dublin, where he gave many proofs of foon 
 becoming an adept in thofe br.inches of polite literature, which eflrntiallv con:ribute 
 to form the orator anil the poet. In this univerfity he took the degree of bachelor of 
 arts, and, being defigned by his father for the fliudy of the law. Toon after came to 
 London, and was entered a {Indent in the Middle Temple, where he read the law for 
 upwards of two years, at which period his father died. Being thus freed from all 
 reftraint, he purfued the natural bent of his genius, and applied himfelf folely to the 
 Belles Lettres. His firft performance was '' A Philofophical Inquiry into the Origin 
 of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful :" which was fo favourably received by the 
 public, that it pafled through feveral editions in a fliort time. This efliiy recommended 
 him to feveral gentlemen of difl:in<51:ion in the republic of lettejs •, and, in 1761, Wil- 
 liam Gerard Hamilton, efq. being appointed fecretary to the earl of Halifax, who 
 had been made viceroy of Ireland, he invited Mr. Burke to accompany him to that 
 
 kingdom j 
 
 J
 
 BURNET. 2,5 
 
 kingdom"; where, by his addrefs and penetration, he did confiderable fcrvices to tha 
 court party, and received, as a gratification, a penfion of 500I. per annum. No man 
 was better acquainted with the (tate of Ireland than IVIr. Burke, who crave in fuch 
 an ingenuous reprefentation to the minifter, with refpec't to tlie commerce and finances 
 of that kingdom, that no demands were made by government, but wh.u were grantal 
 that leffions -, fo well were all j^jarties convinced, that, while he ferved the co^Iirt he 
 was a firm frit-nd to the liberties of his country. During theft- tranfaftions, it is al- 
 fcrted, his triend the fecretary became jealous of his great abilities, and took fcverai 
 tteps to deprive him of that penfion he had fo defervedly obtained. The duke of Nor- 
 thumberland, being appointed lord-lieucenant of Ireland in ] 763, ufed his utmoft en- 
 deavours to make Mr. Burke's fituacion agreeable to him; but that gentleman was fa 
 difpleafed with the ungrateful treatment he received, that lie politely declined any- 
 further conne(?tion with adminiftration, from whom he was determined to lie under no 
 obligation, and therefore refigned his penfion, notwithflanding the duke, in the moll 
 liberal manner, prefled him to have it continued. On his return to Eno-Iand Mr. 
 Burke warmly attached himfelf to the popular party ; and, as he had inherited an 
 eftate of 600I. per annum, by the death of his elder brother, he was elefted a member 
 in the lad parliament, and foon became formidable, from his uncommon oratory and 
 political knowledge. His election for Briftol in the prefent parliament did not coft 
 him a (hilling, and is confequently a proof of the high opinion tiie inhabitants of that 
 city entertained of his integrity and abilities. 
 
 Mr. Burke is faid to be the author of the hiftorical part of the Annual Reoiller ■ 
 and is thought by many to be the writer of thofe epiflles which appeared fbme years 
 ago with the fignaturc of Junius. His 'I'houghts on the National Difcontents and 
 other political pieces, are too well known to require further notice here. 
 
 BURNET (Gilbert) bifhop of Salifbury, an eminent writer, was born at Edin- 
 burgh, September 18, 1643. He received the firft rudiments of his education from 
 his father, and perfeftly undcrftood the Latin tongue at ten years of age ; when beintr 
 fent to the college of Aberdeen, he was fcarcf fourteen when he comnienced mailer 
 of arts. At eighteen he was admitted a probationer, or expectant preacher, and foon 
 after an offer of a good benefice was made him, which he declined. He at length came 
 into England, and, after fix months ftay at Oxford and Cambridge, returned to Scot- 
 land : fome time after, he made a tour through Holland and France. At Amflerdam 
 by the affiltance of a Jewifh rabbi, he perfedled himfelf in the Hebrew lano-oacre 
 and likewife became acquainted with the leading men of the different perfuafions 
 tolerated there, Arminians, Lutherans, Baptifts, Brownilts, Papifts, and Unitarians; and 
 ufed frequently to declare, that among each of thefe he met with men of fuch unfeio-n- 
 cd piety and virtue, that he contraded a fixed principle of univerfal charity, and °an 
 invincible abhorrence of all feverities, on account of difference in religion. On his 
 return to Scotland, he was admitted into holy orders by the bifliop of Edinburgh ia 
 1665, and prefented to the living of Saltoun, when he was the only clcrgynian in 
 Scotland that made ufc of the prayers in the liturgy of the church of Enirland. In i66S' 
 he was employed in negociating the fchemc of accommodation between the epifcopal 
 and prelbyterian parties, and by his advice many of the latter were put into (he vacant 
 churches. In the folluwing year he was made divinity profeffor in the univcrfity of 
 Glafgow, where he continued four years and a half, equally hated by the zealots of 
 both parties. In 1672 he publifhed "A Vindication, &c. of the Church and State of 
 Scotland," which fo pleafcd the court, that he was offered a bilhopric, and a prumife
 
 236 BUSBY. 
 
 of the next vacant archbifliopric, but would not accept of if, becaufe he faw the great 
 defign of the court was to advance-popery. In 1673, he took another journey to Lon- 
 don, when the king having heard him preach, nominated him one of his chaplains in 
 Ordinary. But the next year the duke of Lauderdale accufing him as thecaufe of the 
 mifcarriage of the mealures taken by the court in Scotland, his name was ordered to be 
 ftruck out of the lill of chaplains ; when being told that his enemies intended t ■ get 
 him imprifoned, he refigned his profeflbr's chair at Glafgow ; and preaching in icvcral 
 churches in London, had been chofen minifter of one, had not the eledors been de- 
 terred from it by a med.ige in the king's name. However, in 1675, lie was appointed 
 preacher of tile H oils chapel, and was foon after made Icfturer of St. Clement's ; but 
 afterwards, his behaviour at the lord Rufiel's trial, and his attending that unhappy 
 nobleman in prifon and at his execution, occafioned his being tiifchnrged, by the 
 king's mandate, from his ledlurefhip-, and having, on the fifth of November, 1684, 
 preached a fcrmon at the Rolls chapel, feverely inveighing againft the doftrincs of 
 popery, he was forbid to preach there any more. 
 
 After the death of king Chark-s II. he travelled through France, Italy, and Swit- 
 zerland : then repairing to the Hague, he was admitted to the confidence of the prince 
 oF Orange, and h;!d no inconfiderable fhare in the Revolution. He was advanced to 
 the fee of Salilbury in 1689, and afterwards appointed preceptor to the duke of 
 Gloucefter. He was a man of great parts and learning, and of an exemplary life. He 
 wrote, 1. The Hillory of tlie Reformation of the Church of F.ngland. 2. A modeft 
 and free Conference between a Conformifi: and Nonconformill. 3. iMemoirs of the 
 Dukes of Hamilton. 4. The Hiftory of the Rights of i'rinces in difpofing of Ec- 
 clefiaftical Benefices. 5. The l-*aftoral Care. 6. An Expofition of the 'J'hirty-nine 
 Articles ; and many other works. He died on the 17th of March, 17 •4-15, and was 
 interred in the pariHi church of St. James Cle kenweli. After his death, his Hiflory 
 of his own Time, with his life annexed, was publiflied by his ion Thomas Burnet, 
 Efquire. 
 
 BUSBY (Richard) the mod eminent fchoclmafter of his time, was born at Lut- 
 ton in I.incolnfhire, the 2 2d of September, 1606. Having pafied through the clafies 
 of Weftminfler-fchool, as a king's fcholar, he was, in 1624, eledled a fludent of 
 Chrift-church. -f- He took the degree of bachelor of arts, Oftober 21, i6a8 -, and 
 that of mafter, June 18, 1631. On the firft of July, 1639, he was admitted to 
 the prebend and reftory of Cudworth, in the church of Wells. December 13, 1640, 
 he was appointed mafter of Weftminftcr-fchool, and by his fkill and diligence in the 
 difchargeof this moll laborious and important olBce for the fpace of almoft fifty-five 
 years, bred up the greateft number of karned fcholars that ever adoinedat one time 
 any age or nation. After the Rei^oration, king Charles II. conferred on him a pre- 
 bend of WeRminfler, into which he was inltalled the 5th of July, 1660 ; and on the 
 I ith of Augull following, he was made treafurer and canon refidentiary of the church 
 of Wells. On the 19th of Oclober, i66o, he took the degree of dodor in divinity. 
 After a long and healthy life, the confequence of his challity, fobriety, and temper- 
 ance, he died on the 6th of April, 1695, at the age of 89 -, and was interred in Weft- 
 mi ifter-abbey, where there is a monument ereded to his memory. He gave 250I. to- 
 
 ■Y .ft the univcrfity he was coiifidcred fis a complete orator, and a very good after, liaving performed 
 with great applaulc a part in tlie iloyal Slave, a play written by William Cartwright, which was repre- 
 ftnted before king Cliarles I. and liis quetu .11 Ciiriil-chujch, by the ftudcntb of that houfc, on the 
 jotli of .Anguft, i'(',j6. 
 
 ward*
 
 B U T L E R, ijy 
 
 wards repairing and beautifying Chrift-church college and cathedral ; and founded 
 and endowed two lefturcs in tlie fame college, one for the oriental languao-es, and 
 another for the mathematics. He compofed feveral grammatical treatifes for the uk; 
 of his fchool. 
 
 BUTLER (James) duke of Ormond, one of the ablefi; flatefmen r.nd mod accom- 
 plifhed courtiers of the age in which he flouriflied, was the ion of Thomas Butler, efq. 
 and was born on the 19th of October 1610, in Newcaftle-houfe, Clerkenwell, London. 
 His grandfather, on the death of Thomas earl of Ormond, afluming that title- and 
 his father being unfortunately drowned in Ireland, he obtamed that title on the old 
 earl's deceafe, in 1632. Being made lieutenant gener.il of the forces in Ireland, he 
 diftinguiflied himfclf by his bravery againft the rebels in that kingdom, over whom 
 he gained fome confulerable vi6lories, on which account he was created marquis of 
 Ormond. Some time after, he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland ; but Crom- 
 well landing at Dublin with a ftrong body of forces, the marquis was under the ne- 
 cefTity of retiring to France, where he was reduced to great difficulties, and micrht 
 have fallen into Itill greater, if the French nobility had not Ihewn him many civilities 
 inviting him to their houfes, and treating him with all pofllble kindncfs and refpedt. 
 The marquis, after performing fome ferviccs for king Charles II. abroad, with infi- 
 nite hazard to himfelf, came to England, to obtain an exact account of the flate of 
 affairs in this kingdom, and returned fafely, after running through almofl: incredible 
 dangers. In fhort, he engaged in leveral fchemes for his majefty's fervice, and had 
 a great fhare in the tranfa<5lions which immediately preceded the kind's refloration • 
 foon after which he was fworn of the privy council, made lord-fleward of the houf- 
 hoid, lieutenant of Somerfetfnire, high tteward of Weflminfter, Kingllon, and Briftol ; 
 created baron of Lanthony, and carl of Brecknock. Before his majefty's coronation, 
 he was raifed to the dignity of duke of Ormond, and in 1662 was declared lord-lieute- 
 nant of Ireland, when, by his vigilance, he difappoinred Blood's plot of feizin^ both 
 his perfon and the caftle of Dublin ; and was fome years after forced out of his coach 
 in St. James's-ftreet by the fame villain, who, it is believed, intended to have hano-ed 
 him at Tyburn, if he had not been happily refcued. His grace died on the 21ft of 
 July 1688, in the 78th year of his age. He was not only aif excellent foWier, and an 
 able ftatefman, but alio a good, humane, and benevolent man. 
 
 BUTLER (Thomas) earl of Oflbry, fon of the former, was born in the caflle of 
 Kilkenny, July 9, i'i34. He diftinguiflied himfelf by a noble bravery, united to 
 the greatell gentlcnels and modefly, which very early excited the jealoufy of Cromwell 
 who committed him to the Tower ; where falling ill of a fever, after beincr confined 
 near eight months, he was difcharged. He afterwards went over to Flanders, and on 
 the reftoration attended the king to England ; and from being appointed colonel of 
 foot in Ireland, was railed to the rank of lieutenant-general of the army in that king- 
 dom. On the 14th of September, 1666, he was iummoned by writ to the Eno-lilh 
 houfe of lords, by the title of lord Butler, of Moore-park. The fame year, being at 
 Eullon in Suffolk, he happened to hear the firing of guns at fea, in the famous battle 
 with the Dutch that began the ift of June. He inftantly prepared to go on board 
 the fleet, where he arrived on the 3d of that month -, and had the fatisfaflion of inform- 
 ing the duke of Albemarle, that prince Rupert was haftening to join him. He had 
 his Hiare in the glorious adlions of that and the fucceeding day. His reputation was 
 much encreafed by his behaviour in the engagement off Southwold Bay. In 1679, 
 Vol. I. ^ V P lie
 
 23S BUTLER. 
 
 he was fLicctfTu'cly made rear-atlmiral of the blue and the red fqindrons ; and on the 
 10th of i'epternber, the f.ime year, was appointed r.dmiral of tlie whole Hcer, during 
 the abfence of prince Rupeit. In 1677 he commanded the Britifn troops in the fervice 
 cf the prince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons contributed greatly to the retreat: 
 of marlhal Luxemburg, to whom Lewis XIV. was indebted tor the grcateft part of 
 his military glory. The carl of OlTory, on this occafion, rcceivetl the thanks of tlie 
 duke of Villa-Hermofa, governor of tiie Sp nidi Netherlands, and alfo the tlianks of 
 his Catholick majdty himfelf. This noble lord, who was diltinguiflied by his pro- 
 bity, capacity, and courage, died on the 30th of July, 1680, in the 46th year of 
 his age. The duke ofOrmond, his father, faid, " tiuit he would not exchange his 
 dead fon for any living fon in Chriftcndom.*" 
 
 BUTLER (S,\.muel) acelebrated poet of the lafc century, was the fon of a reputa- 
 ble farmer, and was born at Strenfham, in Worceftcrfhire, in the year 1612. Ashe 
 difcovcred an early inclination to learning, his father phiced him at the frce-fchool of 
 "Worcefter ; and having paflcd thro' the feveral cl.'.fles there, he was fent to Cambridge, 
 but was never matriculated in that univeriity. After having continued fix or l'i:vtin 
 years at Cambridge, he returned to his native county, and became clerk to Mr. JcfFe- 
 lits of Earl's Groom, an eminent jufriceof the peace. Lrom the fervice of this gentle- 
 man, he pafled into that of fc Izabcth, countefs of Kent; in whofe houfe he had not 
 only the opportunity of confulting all kind of books, but alfo of convcrfing with the 
 learned Mr. Scklen. He afterwards lived with Sir Samuel Luke, a gentleman of an 
 ancient family in Bedfordfhire, and a famous commander under Oliver Cromwell ; 
 and it was during his refidence in this family that he wrote his inimitable poem, 
 called Hudibras, under which charadler, it is generally fuppoled, he intended to ri- 
 dicule Sir Samuel. After the refloration of king Charles II. Mr. Butler was made 
 fecretary to Richard earl of Carbury, lord prelident of Wales, who appointed him 
 fteward of Ludlow-caftle •, and about this time he married one Mrs. Herbert, a gen- 
 tlewoman of a very good family. Though it is faid in his life, prefixed to fome edi- 
 tions of his Hudibras, that he was negledted by Charles II. yet the learned and ingeni- 
 ous Dr. Zachary Pearce, late bifhop of Rochefter, was manv years ago informed by a 
 gentleman of unquellionable veracity, that Mr. Lowndes, then belonging to the trea- 
 lury, and, in the reigns of king William and queen Anne, fecretary of it, had de- 
 clared, in his hearing, that by order of Charles, he had paid to Butler a yearly penfion 
 of lool. to the time of his deceafef. Our poet died on the 25th of Se[)tember, 1680, 
 and was interred, at the expence of a friend, in the church-yard of St. Paul's Covent- 
 Garden : a monument was afterwards erefted to his memory in Wellminfter abbey, 
 by Mr. alderman Barber. He was a very modell, worthy man, and did not fhine in 
 convcrfation till he had taken a cheerful glais, tho' he was not given to drinking. He 
 faw but Itt'le company, except what he was in fotne meafure forced into-, his Hudi- 
 bras having gained him fuch reputation, that moll perfons of diftindion at that time 
 were extremely defirous of his company -, and yet not one of them contributed to the 
 advancen^'Cnt of his fortune. He was not, like the generality of wits, j)rofufe in his 
 difpofition •, his circumftances indeed were always lb narrow that he never had an op- 
 portunity of being fo. 
 
 * Granger's Biographical Hiftory of England, vol. III. p. 228.- 
 •f Bioaiapliical Hillory of England, vol. IV. p. 40, «dit. 1775. 
 
 Mr,
 
 B Y N G. is') 
 
 Mr. Granger obferve":, that "Bvitler ftands without a rival in biirlefqiie poetry. 
 His Hudibr.is is, in it's kin i, almofl: as grc;it an effort of genius as the Puradife Lolt 
 irfelf. It abounds with uncommon learning, new rhymes, and originjl thoughts. 
 It's images are truly and naturally ridiculous: we are never fli'cked v. ith txccluve 
 ciillonion or grimace ; nor is human nature degraded to that of monkeys and yahoos. 
 There are in it many ftrokes of temporary fatire, and fome charadcrs and allufions 
 which cannot be difcovered at this diftance of lime." 
 
 The poilhumous works of Butler were publiflied in three vols. i2mo. but Mr. 
 Charles Longueville, who had all his genuine remains, declared that many of the 
 pieces in that collefti.in were fpurious. 
 
 BYNG (Gf.orce) lord vifcount Torrington, and rear-admiral of Great Britain, 
 was born in the year 1663, and at the age of fifteen went a volunteer to fca, with the 
 king's warrant. But in 1681 he quitted the lea fervice, upon the invitation of general 
 Kiik, governor of Tangier, ferved as a cadet among the grenadiers of that garrifon, 
 and arrived to the rank of lieutenant. However, in 1684, after the demolition of 
 'J'angier, he was appointed lieutenant ot the Orford, from which time he confia 'tly 
 kept ro the ica fervice. The next year he went lieutenant of his majerty's fhip the 
 Phoenix, to the Eaft Indie":, where engaging and boarding a Ziganian pirat-, who 
 maintained a defperate fight, moft of tliole who entered with him were fliiri, himlelf 
 dangeroufly wounded, and the pirate finking, he was taken out of tlie fea, with 
 fcarcc any remains ot lite. In 170s he was railed to the command of the Naflau, a 
 third rate, and the next year was made rear-admiral of the red. In 1708 he was made 
 admiial of the blue, in 1711 admiral of the white, and in 1715 was created a baro- 
 net. . !e performed tie moft important ierviccs, with the moft remarkable courage, 
 fidelity, and fucccls. In the wars which raged lb many years in the reigns of king 
 William, queen Anne, and king George I. wars fruitful ot naval combats and expe- 
 ditions ; there was Icarce an adion of any confequence in which he did not bear A 
 principal part. In the reign of queen Anne he prevented an invafion in Scotland, 
 an i releued Eiiinburgh from the threatened attack of a French fquadron : in that of 
 George I. when the difcord of princes was on the point of embroiling fc urope again in 
 a w.;r, he, with fingular fuccefs, interpoied, and, with a Britiili fleet, irulhed, at 
 one blow, the laboured efforts of Spain to fet up a power at fea, advanced the repu- 
 tation of our arms in the Mediterranean to fuch a pitch, that the Britilh fl g gave 
 laws to the contending parties, and enabled us to fettle the tranquillity that had been 
 difturbed. ]"'or this latter important fervice, king George I. wrote him a letter of 
 thinks with his own hand ; his Imperial majefty did the fame, and alio fent him his 
 picflure fet with large diamonds : he was made treafurerof the navy, rear admiral of 
 Great Lritain, one ot his majefty's privy council, and foon after, in 1721, was created 
 a peer ot Great Bnta-n, by the t tie of vifcount Torrington, and baron Byng of 
 Southill, in ''.edfordfliire. In 1725, he was inftalled knight of the riath, upon the 
 revival of th it ancient and honourable order. His late majefty, on his crniing to 
 the throne, made him firft lord commiirioner of the admiralty, in which high llation 
 he died on the 17th of January, 1733, in the 70th year of his age. 
 
 His lordlhip had made no great proficiency in fchool learning, which the early age 
 of going to fea rarely admits of; but his great diligence, joined with ext client natural 
 parts, and a juft fenfe of honour, made him capable of conducing difficult ntgocia- 
 tions and commiiTions, with proper dignity and addrcfs. During the time he pre- 
 fidtd in the Admiralty, he laboured in improving the naval power of this kingdom 1 
 
 in
 
 1^0 
 
 G A B O T 
 
 in procuring encouragement for fcamen, who in iiini lod a true friend ; in promoting 
 the fc heme for cftabiilliing a corporation for the rt-lier" of widows and ch Idren of 
 commifijon and warrant officers in the royal navy -, and in every other fervice to his 
 country that he was capable of. 
 
 CABOT (Sebastian-) the fij ft difcovcrer of the continent of America, was the fon 
 ■of John Cabot, a \'enctian, and w,.s born at Briltol in 1477. He was infiru^vfd by 
 his father in thofe parts of the mathema:icks which were then beft undcritood, par- 
 ticularly arithmetic, geometry, and cofmography. Before he was twtnry years of 
 agf, he made feveral voyages : by thus addmg praclicc and experience totheoiy, he 
 became mod eminent in tne art of navigation. The firft voyage of confequence in 
 which Scb-:ltian was engaged, feems to have been that made by his father, by com- 
 nririon of king Henry Vil. for tiie dilcovcry of a north-wcfl paffjge to India. They 
 failed in the ipring of the year 1497, and happily kept on their north-well courfo 
 till the 24th of June, when they firft difcovered land, which, for that reifon, they 
 called Prima Vifta (Firft Seen,) or Newfoundland. Another illand lei's than the firft, 
 they named St. John, becaufe it was difcove'cd on the feftival of St. Jchn Baptift. 
 They afterwards failed along the continL-nt of America, as far as Cape Florida-, and 
 then returned to England with a good cargo, and three favages on beard. Stow and 
 Speed afcribe this difcovery wholly to Sebaftian Cabot, without any mention of the 
 father. 
 
 FJiilory leaves a blank of near twenty years in the life of this eminent feaman ; for 
 the next account we hear of him, is in the eighth year of the reign of Henry VIII. At 
 this time he entered into a ftri6t correlpondcnce with Sir Thomas Pert, Vice- Admiral 
 of England, who procured him a good fhip of thr king's, in order to make difcove- 
 ries. He failed firft to Brazil, and mifTing there ot hs purpofe, fliaped his courfe 
 for the iflands of Hifpaniola and Porto Rico, where he carried on fome traffic, and 
 then returned, having abfoluteiy failed in the defign upon which he went ; not through 
 any want either of courage or condudt in himfelf, but from the faint-heartednefs of 
 Sir Thomas Pert, his coadjutor. 
 
 This difappointment probably inclined him to go to Spain ; where he was treated 
 with very great refpe(5l, and appointed Pilot-Major, or chief pilot of Spain, and by 
 his office entrufted with reviewing all projedls for difcovery, which in thofe days were 
 numerous and important. His great capacity, and approved integrity, induced 
 many wealthy merchants to treat with him, in the year 1524, about a voyage to be 
 undertaken at their expence, by the new-found ftreights of Magellan, to the Moluccas. 
 And Cabot accordingly agreed to undertake the voyage. He failed in April, 1525, 
 firft to the Canaries, then to the iflands of Cape Verd, ther.ce to Cape St. Auguftine 
 and the ifland of Paros. Some of his people btrginning to be mutinous, and refufing 
 to be condufled by him thro' the ftreights, he laid afide his defign of going to the 
 Moluccas, left fome of the principal mutineers aftiore on a deicrt iiland, failed up the 
 rivers Plata and Paraguay, built feveral forts, and not only difcovered, but fubdued 
 a large traft of fine country, that produced gold, filver, and other rich commodities. 
 He then difpatched mefl*engers to Spain, to demand a fupply of provifions, ammuni- 
 tion, goods for triffic, and alfo a competent recruit of fcamen and foldiers. But 
 finding his r^queft not readily complied with, after having been five years in America, 
 he returned to Spain, where he met with but a cold reception : the merchants were 
 
 dilplealed
 
 CALVERT. 441 
 
 difpleafed that he had not purfued his voyage to the Moluccas, and his fcvere treat- 
 ment of the mutineers had given umbrage at court. 
 
 Cabot returned to England .about the latter end of Henry the Eighth's rei^n, and 
 fettled at Briftol. In the beginning of the reign of king Edward VI. he was introdu- 
 ced to the duke of Somerfet, then lord proteftor -, and by his means, to the youno- 
 monarch, who took great delight in his converfation. He was now in fuch hicrh fa- 
 vour and efteem, that a new office was eredcd for him, equivalent to that which he had 
 held in Spain, viz. That of " governor of the mlllcry and company of the merchant-ad- 
 venturers for thedifcovcry of regions, dominions, iflands, and places unknown •," and a 
 penfion of 166I. 13s. 4d. per annum, was granted him by letters p;,tent, dated Janu- 
 ary 6, 154.9. From this time great confidence was repol'ed in him, and he was' con- 
 fulted on all matters relating to trade. In 1552, by his intereft, the court fitted out 
 fome fliipsfor the difcovcry of the northern parts of the world. This produced the 
 firlt voyaj^e the Englilli made to Ruffia, and the beginning of that commerce which 
 has ever fince been carried on between the two nations. The Ruffia company was 
 now founded by a charter granted by Philip and Mary, of which Cabot was appoint- 
 ed governor for life. The exad time of his death is not known, but he lived to be up- 
 wards of 70 years of age, Befides the many fervices which he did to mankind in ge- 
 neral, and to this kingdom in particular, it is remarked of him, that he was the firll 
 -who took notice of the variation of the compafs, a matter of great importance in na- 
 vigation. He alio publifhed a map of the world. 
 
 CAIUS, or KEY*, (John) phyfician to king Edward VI. queen Mary, and queen 
 Elizabeth, was one of the moft extraordinary perfons of his age, for parts and learn- 
 ing. He was born at Norwich on the 6th of Odober, 15 10, and educated at Gonvjl 
 hall in Cambridge. He afterwards, in 1539, travelled into Italy, and ftudied at the 
 univerfity of Padua, where he took the degree of dodor ofphyfic. He returned to 
 England in the year 1544 ; and fo greatly diftinguilhed himfelf by his learning and 
 uncommon fkill in his profeffion, that he at length became phyfician to king Edward 
 VI. and was afterwards continued in that capacity by the queens Mary and Elizabctli. 
 He wrote a great number of books, the moft remarkable of which are the following; 
 ■viz. 1. De Ephemera Britannica : 2. De Antiquitate Cantabrigienfis Academic: 3, 
 De Canibus Britannicis : 4. De Antiquis Britanniie Urbibus : 5. De Annalibus Colle- 
 gii Gonevilli ct Caii. His hillory of Cambridge gave occafion to a controverfy 
 between the two univcrfities in relation to their antiquity, as Dr. Caius has aflerted in 
 that work, that the univerfity of Cambridge was founded by Cantaber, ^594 years 
 before Chrift. He died in the year 157;^, when he was in his grand climacteric. He 
 rendered himfelf famous by adding a new college to Gonvil hall, which he endowed 
 with lands of confiderablc value : it is now called Gonvil and Caiu.s college, and the 
 founder has a monument in the chapel, with the following iui'cription -, 
 
 Fui Caiu?. 
 Vivit poft Funera Virtus. 
 Ob. 29 Julii, Ann. Dni. 1573, iEtatis fuse 63. 
 
 CALVERT (Georoe) afterwards lord Baltimore, was born at Kipling in York- 
 fhire, about the year 1582. In 1593 he became a commoner of Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford ; and, in February 1596-7, took the degree of bachelor of arcs. At his return 
 
 * " His true name was Key, " fays Mr. Baker. 
 
 Q^q q from
 
 242 C A M D E N.. 
 
 from his travtls, in the reign of James I. he was made fecretary to Sir Robert Cecil,, 
 one of the principal fecretarics of flate. On the 30th of Auguft, 1C05, he was cie- 
 ated mafter of arts : he was afterwards made one of the clerks of the privy-council,, 
 and, on the 29th of September, 1617, received the honour of knighthood. February 
 15, 1618-19, he was appointed one of the principal fecretarics of flate. In \6zo, 
 king James granted him an annual penfion of 1000 1. out of the cufloms. In 
 1624 he voluntarily refigned his port of fecretary, frankly owning to his majcfly, that 
 he was become a Roman Catholick. 'J'he king, neverthelefs, continued him a privy 
 counfellor all his reign, and on the i6th of February, 1624-5, created him baron of 
 Baltimore, in the kingdom of Ireland. lie was at that time one of the reprefentatives 
 in parliament for the univerficy of Oxford. Hehad before obtained a patent for !iim and 
 his heirs, to be abfolute lord and proprietor of the province ot Av.ilon in Newfound- 
 land v but finding this plantation very much expofcd to the infultsofthe French, he 
 at length abandoned it, and obtained from king Charles I. a patent to him and his heirs, 
 lor Maryland, on the north of Vi'ginia. He died at London on the 15th of April, 
 1632, andwas buried in St. Dunftan's church, Eleet-fticer. Lloyd fays, " he was 
 the only ftatefman, that, being engaged to a decried party [the Roman Catholics,] 
 managed his bufuiefs with that great refpeft for all fid'.s, that all who knew him ap- 
 plauded him, and none that had any thing to do with him complained of him. " He 
 wrote, I. A Latin Poem on the Death of Sir Henry Uncon : 2. Various Letters of 
 State : 3. 1 he Anfwer of Tom 1 ell Truth : 4. 'Uie Fradice.of Princes ; and, 5. Tlic ■ 
 Lamentation of the Kirk. 
 
 CAMDEN (William) a learned antiquary and h'ldorian, was defcendcd of honeft 
 and reputable parents, and born in the Old Bailey, London, on the 2d of May, 
 1 55 1. He received the firfl tinfture of learning in Chrilt's Ilofpital. He was after- 
 wards fent to St. Paul's School, and at fifteen years of age was removed to the univerficy 
 of Oxford. In 1575 he was appointed fecoiid mafter of Wellminfter fchooi ; and in 
 1586, after having fpent ten years in colleding materials for that work, he publiflied 
 thefirft edition of his Britannia, which rendered his name famous throughout Europe. 
 In 1503 he fucceeded Dr. Edward Grant, as head mafter of Weftminfter-SchooL In 
 n,97 he publifhed a new Greek grammar, entitled, " Grammatices Grascas Inftitutio • 
 compendiaria, in ufum Regias Schol.TS Weftmonafterienfis •, " which has gone thru' 
 above a hundred impreftions. The fame year he quitted the laborious office of a 
 fehoolmafter, being appointed Clarencieux king at arms. His annals of queen Eliza- 
 beth appeared in the year 161 r„ under the foUow-ing. tide-,," Annales Rcrum Angli- 
 carum et Hibernicarum, regnante Elizabetha, ad annum falucis MDLXXXIX. " 
 The continuation of thcfe annals was finiihed in 16 17, but the author would not confent 
 to have it publillied in his life-time. Befides the works above-mentioned, he wrote 
 feveral other trafts ; he alfo founded a profefibrflijp of hiftory at Oxford, 'i'his great 
 man died on the 9th of November, 1623, in the 73d year of his age. His body was 
 interred in the fouth ifte of Wi-ftminftcr-abbey, where a handlbme monument of white 
 marble was eredlcd to his memory. 
 
 Mr. Camden was not only illuftrious for his learning and genius, but amiable for his 
 private virtues. In his writings he was candid and modcft, in his converfation eafy 
 and innocent, and in his whole life even and exemplary. Adorned with thefe good 
 qualities, it is no wonder that he had fo great a number of illuftrious friends in Eng- 
 land, and in fo.eign countries. To be particular in his acquaintance (fays Dr. Gibfon) 
 fioM be to reckon up all the learned men of his time. It has been faid, that, when 
 
 he
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 H3 
 
 fee was young, learned men were his patrons ; when he grew up, the learned were lii» 
 intimates ; and when he became old, he was a patron to the learned. The work 
 which he engaged in for the honour of his native country, gained him refpeJt at home, 
 and admiration abroad, lo that he was looked upon as a common oracle ; and for i 
 foreigner to travel into England, and return without feeing Camden, was thought a 
 very great omifllon. 
 
 CAMPBELL (Archibald) earl and marquis of Argyle, was the fon of Archibald, 
 earl of Argyle, by the lady Anne Douglas, daughter of William, earl of Morton. 
 He was born in the year 1 598, and educated in the profe/Iion of the proteftant religion. 
 He all along acled the part of a patriot , and of a good fubjefb, though he could not 
 come into all the mealures of the king's minifters; he particularly oppofed Laud's 
 fcheme for changing the conftitution ot the church; however, in 1641, he was cre- 
 ated marquis: he exerted himlelf in defence of king Charles L oppofed Cromwell 
 on his entering Scotland -, and on the coronation of Charles II. at Scone, in January 
 1650- 1, fet the crown upon his head, and was the firft nobleman that did homage,. 
 and fwore allegiance to him. Neverthelefs, after the Reltoration, coming to London 
 to congratulate his majerty upon his return, he was committed to the Tower without- 
 being allowed to fee the king, and afterwards fent down to Scotland. The earl of 
 Middleton, his moft inveterate enemy,- was appointed lord high commilTioner, in 
 order to try him. In fhort, he was condemned for high trealbn, on account of his. 
 compliance with the lifurpation; and was beheaded at the crofs of Edinburgh, May, 
 27, 1661. He behaved on the fcaffold with the intrepidity of an hero: his lall words 
 ■were, " I denre you, gentlemen, and all that hear me, to take notice and remember,, 
 that now, when lam entering on eternity, and am to appear before my judge, and as I" 
 defire falvation, and exped eternal happinefs from him, I am free from any acceffion, 
 by knowledge, contriving, counfel, or any other way, to his late majefty's death -, 
 and I pray the Lord to prelerve his majelty, the prefent king, and to pour his befl 
 blcffings upon his perfon and government, and the Lord give him good and faithful 
 counfellors. " He wrote, i. Inflrudions to a Son ; and, 2. Defences againll the. 
 grand Indiftment of High Treafon. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Granger, in his Biographical Hiflory of Englarid, obfervcs, thit 
 " the marquis of Argyle was, in the cabinet, what his enemy the marquis of Montrofe 
 was in the field, the firft: charafter of his age and country for political courage and 
 conduft. He was the champion of the Covenant, or, in other words, of the religion 
 of his country, which he zealoufly and artfully defended. Such were his abilities, , 
 that he could accommodate himfelf to all charaifters and all times ; and he was the 
 only man in the kingdom of Scotland, who was daily riUng in wealth and power, 
 amidft the diftraiftions of a civil war. " 
 
 CAMPBELL (Archibald! earlof Argyle, fon to the former, and one of the mofl- 
 eminent patriots of the age in which he lived, diftinguifhed himlelf bv his loyalty to • 
 kingCharles L and though heafterwaids fubmitted to live peaceably, he never owned- 
 either Oliver's or Richard's government. At the Rcftoration, he attended th.; court 
 in behalf of his father, and having, by the afiilbnce of the earl uf Bcrkihire, convinced 
 the earl of Clarendon of the bafenefs of thofe calumnies that were thrown upon him, 
 communicated his fucccfs by letter to the lord Duftus : but this l.ntcr being intercepted,, 
 it was exhibited in the parliament of Scotland as a libel againlt their proceed inu;.s. He 
 ■went to Scotland to vindicate himfelf, was committed to prifon,. and condemned I'l 
 
 Ibfe
 
 H4 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 lofe his head. The court of England was filled with aftonifhment, and the king not 
 only caufed him to be fc-t at liberty, but reftored him to his title and eftate, and made 
 him a privy rount'cUor : he was alio appointed a commillioner of the trfal'iiry. In 
 1681, this worthy patriot, becaufc he would not blindly concur with all the mcafures 
 of the duke of York in Sco'iand, and was fcrupulous of taking contradidtory oaths, 
 was, after a molt illegal trial, condemned, by as unjufl a fentencc, for treafon, leafing- 
 making and leafing-tt-lling. The king, however, ordered the execution of the fen- 
 tence to be fufpended until his pleafure fliould be farther knowrr; in the mean time 
 the earl efcapcd from his confinement, and took refuge in Holland. Pie rofc in amis 
 againil his enemy king James II. Toon after his acctffion to the throne. Th's infur- 
 reftion was concerted with the duke of Monmouth, who entered upon hoflilities in 
 England about the fame time. The earl was foon taken prifoncr, and being carried to 
 Edinburgh, was beheaded upon his former fentence, June 30, 16S5. He fhewcd 
 great conftancy and cour;!ge uni.ler his misfortunes : on the day of his death he ate his 
 dinner very chearfuUv ; and, according to his cuflom, flept after it a quarter of an 
 hour or more, very foundly. At the place of execution he made a fhort, grave, and 
 religious fpeech •, and after folemnly declaring that he forgave all his enemies, fubmitted 
 to death with great firmnefs. 
 
 a 
 
 CAMPBELL (John) duke of Argyle and Greenwich, grandfon of the lafl; menti- 
 oned earl, was born on the loth of Odlober, 1680, and on the very day when his 
 grani.;father fufFered at Edinburgh, fell out of a window three pair of ftairs high, 
 without receiving any hurt. At the age of fifteen he had made a confiderable pro- 
 grefs in claflical learning. His father, Archibald duke of Argyle, then perceived 
 and encouraged his military difpofition, and introduced him to king William, who 
 gave him the command of a regiment. In this fituation he remained till the death of 
 his father, in 1703, when becoming duke of Argyle, he was foon after fworn of 
 queen Anne's privy council, made captain of the Scotch horfe-guards, and appointed one 
 of the extraordinary lords of fefTions. In 1704, her majefty reviving the order of the 
 thiftle, his grace was inftalled one of the knights of that order, and was Ihortly after 
 appointed high-commifTioner to the Scotch parliament, where being of great fervice in 
 promoting the intended union, he was on his return created a peer of England, by the 
 titles of baron of Chatham and earl of Greenwich, and in 17 10 was made knight of 
 the garter. His grace firfl diftinguiflied himfelf in his military capacity at the battle of 
 Oudenarde, where he commanded as brigadier general with all the bravery of youth, 
 and the condudtof a veteran officer. He was prcfent under the duke of Marlborougii 
 at the fiege of Ghent, and took poflcfTion of the town. He had alfo a confiderable 
 fhare in the vitflory obtained over the French at Malplaquet : in this fharp engagement, 
 in which he performed extraordinary feats of valour, feveral mufket balls penetrated 
 through his cloaths, hat and peruke. Soon after this adlion, he was fent to take the com- 
 m<tnd in Spain ; and after the reduftion of port Mahon, he returned to England. 
 
 His grace having now a featin the houfe of lord.s ccnfurcd the meafures of theminiftry 
 with fuch freedom, that all his places were dilpofed of to other noblemen : but on the 
 acceffion of George I. he recovered his influence, and at the breaking out of the rebel- 
 lion in I 715, was made commander in chief of his majefty 's forces m North Britain. 
 In this ftation hedrovethe pretender out ofScotland, and having entirely difperfcd the 
 rebels, arrived at London on the 6th of March, 1716. He was now in high favour ; 
 but, to the furprize of people of all ranks, he was in a few months diverted of all his 
 employments, and from this period to the year 1718, he fignalized himfelf in a civil 
 
 capacity 
 
 I
 
 CAR, OR CARR. 
 
 245 
 
 capacity by his uncorrupted patriotifm and manly eloquence, fo as to obtain from Mr. 
 Pope one of the finefl: compliments that ever were given : 
 
 Argyle, the flatc's whole thunder born to wield. 
 And Ihake alike the ienate and the field ! 
 
 In 1 7 19, he was again admitted into favour, appointed lord-fteward of tl>e houfhold 
 and created duke of G'-eenwich. He continued in tiie adminiflration during all the re- 
 maining part of that reign, and after his late majefly's acceflion till April 1740, when 
 he delivered a fpeech with fuch warmth, that ilie miniftry being highly offended he 
 was again difjiofldlfcd of his employments, to which, however, on the change of the 
 miniftiy, he was foon reflored •, but not approving of the meafures of the new mini- 
 It ry, he gave up all his polls for the laft time, and never after engaged in affairs of Race. 
 He now enjoytd privacy and retirement, and died of a paralytic dilorder, on the 4th 
 of Cfftober, 1743. To the memory of his grace, a very noble monument v/as eredled in 
 Wcftminfter-abbey, executed by the ingenious Roubilliac. 
 
 On a pyramid placed by the fide of the duke's ftatue, is the following infcription in 
 gold letters, faid to ht written by the late Paul Whitehead, efq. 
 
 Britain, behold, if patriot worth be dear, 
 A fhrine that claims thy tributary tear ; 
 Silent that tongue admiring fenates heard ; 
 Ncrvelefs that arm oppofing legions fear'd : 
 Nor lefs, O Campbell ! thine the pow'r to pleafe. 
 And give to grandeur all the grace of cafe. 
 I^ong from thy life let kindred heroes trace 
 Arts which ennoble fliU the nobleft race. 
 Others may owe their future fame to me, 
 I borrow immortality from thee. 
 
 CAR, or CARR, (Robert) earl of Somerfet, was thefon of Mr. Carr, of Farnherft 
 in Scotland, and was born near Edinburgh. He was page to king James I. before his 
 acceffion to the throne of England, and was, at his coronation, made knight of the Bath ; 
 therefore the ftory told by fome of our hiftorians of his introduftion to the king at a 
 tilting match, about eight years after, is void of foundation. He made fo rapid a pro-' 
 grefs in the king's favour, that in 1609 he obtained a grant of the eflate of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, upon the diicovery of a flaw in that gentleman's conveyance of it to his fon. 
 In the next year he was advanced to the office of lord treafurer of Scotland ; and in 161 1 
 was created vifcount Rochefter, and inftalled knight of the Garter. After the death of 
 the earl of Salifbury, lord treafurer, in 16 12, he had the cuflody of the fignets, as he 
 had before during the earl's ficknefs, and often during his abfence-, and the difpatches 
 from all parts were addreflcd to him. The death of that amiable youth, Henry prince 
 of Wales, on the 6th of November, in the fame year, was an event fo favourable to the 
 authority of a favourite, that he could fcarce difguile his joy, which expofed him to the 
 moft odious imputations of having occafioned it. Rut however innocent he might be of 
 that, he was unqueflionably concerned in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, who 
 had m iny yea^s been his great confidant, and to whom he chiefly owed (as that gentle- 
 man affirmed, in an expoRulatory letter to him during his imprifonment) his fortune 
 underfunding, and reputation. In return, the vifcount had procured for him the ho- 
 i>Ourpf knighthood, and the rcverfion of the office of treafurer of the chamber. This 
 
 R r r murder
 
 24'? CAR Y. 
 
 murder was attended with many aggravating circumftances of treachery and bafenefs. 
 'J'he caufe ot' Sir Thomas's d^atn was concealed iur a confidcrable time, and liis lordfhip 
 was ['■> li'tie fuipected ot" it, that on November 4, 1613, he was created earl ot" Corner- 
 let, and baron of Brancepeth. On the 26th of December was celebrated, wth extra- 
 ordinary pomp and feftivity, his marriage with the lady Frances Howard, who had 
 Lcen divorced from the carl of Eflex. In 1614, he was advanced to iIk- poft of lord 
 chamberlain •, but in April 1615 he began to befupplanted by Sir George Viiliers in the 
 killer's favour, on account of the many telVimor.ies he gave of his infolence ; and his ruin 
 was completed by the difcovery of the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, which was 
 communicated to his majedy at Bewly, the feat of the earl of Southampton. On the 
 18th of 0(5tober, 1615, he was committed to the curtody of the dean of Weftminfter, 
 and on the 2d of November fent to the Tower •, but was not brought to his trial till the 
 25th of May, 1616, when he was condemned to death, as his countefs had been the 
 day before. Tlicir fer.tence, however, was not executed ; for the countefs's j)a;don was 
 fealed in lefs than two months after, though the earl was confined in the Tower till the 
 6th of January, 1621-2, when he obtained his liberty. He died in July, 1645, and 
 was interred in the cb.urch of St. Paul, Covent Garden. The rev. Mr. Granger men- 
 tioning this nobleman in his Biographical Hiftory, fays, that " he had the prudence to 
 fliew a due regard to the Enghfh, without flighting his own countrymen : His talents 
 were neither fliining nor mean; and he v/as habitually a courtier and a ftatefman." 
 
 GARY, (Lucius) lord vifcount Falkland, was born (as is fuppofed) at Burford in- 
 Oxfordlhire, about the year 1610. He received his academical learning at Trinity 
 college, Dublin, and in St. John's college, Cambridge ; after which he was fent to tra- 
 vel. On his return to England, he entered upon a very drift courfe of ftudy. In 
 1633, he was made one of the gentlemen of the privy-chamber to king Charles I. In 
 1639, he was in the expedition againft the Scots j and, in 1640, was chofen member 
 for Newport, in the Ifle of Wight, in the parliament that began at Wefiminfler on the 
 13th of April that year. He was elected again for the fame place, in the parliament 
 that met on the 3d of November following; and in the beginning of it vigorouQy op- 
 pofed thofe meafures of the court which he thought dangerous to the liberty of thefub- 
 jedt. He concurred in the impeachment of the earl of Strafford, and in the firft bill to 
 take away the votes of the bifliops in the houfe of Lords. He was, however, afterwards 
 made a privy-counfellor and fecretary of (tare. He attended the king at Edgehill-fight ; 
 was alfo with his majefty at Oxford, and at the fic-ge of Gloucefter : yet, " he was fo 
 much affliffted at feeing his country involved in the calamities of a civil war, that he loft 
 his former ferenity of temper ; he became fdent, penfive, and referved ; and, in the 
 niidlt of his friends, the word peace often broke from him with a profound figh. He 
 caoerly forwarded every overture of an accommodation ; and, that this conduft might 
 notfcem the refult of perfonal timidity, he expofcd himfelf on all occafions to the moll 
 imminent hazard, as if he had defpifcd life, or been enamoured of d.mger." When his 
 semper firft changed, he began to neglect the exterior ornaments of his perfon, in which 
 he had been formerly exaft and curious ; bur, in the morning before the firft battle of, 
 I>fewbury, as if he had fbrefcen his fate, he beftowcd exrraordinary pains upon his appa-- 
 kI, fayinc, the enemy fliould not find his body in a flovenly condition : " I am weary 
 of the times fadded he) and forefee much mifery to my country; but believe I fhall be 
 out of it before night." He enlarged in the front of lord Byron's regiment, and being 
 Ihot in the belly, fell from his horfe; but his body was noc found till the next morning. 
 This battle was fought on the ioth of September, 1643. 
 
 Such:
 
 CAVENDISH. 247 
 
 Such was the end, in the thirty-fourth year of his age, of Lord Falkland! he was 
 a man of eminent abilities, of great learning, and of virtuous, amiable, and accom- 
 plifhed manners. His genius was afTiftcd by an unufual application to ftudy: he had 
 examined, with great care and attention, the fevcral religious controverfies -, but was 
 cxcrcdingiy candid and charitable to thofe wh'fe fentiments dificreJ from his own. 
 He was in his nature fo ftriiftly attached to truth and juftice, that he was fuperior to 
 all temptations to the violjtion of either ; and his notions of virtue were extiemeh' 
 rigid and exacfl. He was a generous patron of men of wit and learning, in wliofe 
 company he greatly delighted; and the b;:?nefits which he conferred on fuch, were 
 much enlianced by his obliging manner of bellowing them. His body was interred 
 in the church of Great Tew. His lordlhip wrote iome poems and Ipeeches, svith 
 other traits. 
 
 CA\'n:NDISH,. or CANDISH, (Thomas) the fecond EngliHiman that failed 
 round the globe, was the fon of William Cavendifh, efq; of Trimly St. Martin, in- 
 the county of Suffolk. He inherited from his father a confiderable ellate, but hav- 
 ing confumed the greatefi part of it in the gaieties of life, refolved to reimburfc him-- 
 felf at the expence of the Spaniards, with whom the Englifh were then at war. He ac- 
 cord'ngly fitted out three veflels at his own expence, namely, the Defire, of 120 tons 
 burthen, the Content, of 60 tons, and the Hugh Gallant, a bark of 40 tons; and 
 had no more than 123 hands on board. With this inconfiderable force, he iailed 
 from Plymouth on the 2ifl: of July 1586, and in February following pafTed the 
 freights of Magellan. Then coafting along Chili and Peru, he took a number of 
 rich prizes. He afterwards attacked the St. Anne, a large Acapulco fhip of 700 tons 
 though he had before funk his bark, for want of hands to man her, and it does not 
 appear that the Content came up fo as to have any fhare in the engagement. In his 
 own fhip the Defire, he had not above 60 men, yet with thefe he attempted to board 
 the St. Anne; and tliough he was twice repulfed, he, at the third attack, took her, 
 with the lors of only two men killed, and five wounded: this prize was valued at 
 48,800). He then fleered for the Philippine iflands, where he fafely arrived, and 
 proceeded fiom thence to Java Major, which he reached on the ift of March, 1588. 
 He doubled the cape of Good Hope the ift of ]une, and, after having encompafled 
 the globe in the fpace of two years, one month and nineteen day^, returned in great 
 triumph to England, on the 9th of September. " His foldiers and failors (fays 
 Mr. Granger) were clothed in filk, his fails were damafk, and his top-maft covered 
 with cloth of gold." The fuccefs of this voyage encouraged our hero to make iaj 
 fecond attempt with a larger force. He departed from Plymouth with five fliips, the 
 26th of AugulV, 1591, on a like expedition ; but in this he met with infurmountable 
 difficulties, :.rifing partly from the badneis of the weather, and partly from the mu- 
 tinous difpofition of his men. Some authors aflert, that, after paffing the Itreights 
 of Magellan a fccond time, on the 20th of May, 1592, he was parted from his 
 fleet in the night, and never hcnrd of more ; while others fay, that, after makinp; 
 feveral fruitlefs attempts to pafs the above-mentioned flreights, he was obliged, with 
 the utmoll rcluclance, 10 fail back, which gave him fuch concern, that he died at fea 
 of a broken hear% in the year 1592. 
 
 CAVENDISH (William) duke of Newcaflle, was juftly efieemed one of the 
 moft accomplilhed gentlemen, as well as the mofl dillinguiflied general and ftatef- 
 man of the age he lived in. He was the fon of Sir Charles Cavendifh, by Catherine, ,
 
 248 
 
 CAVENDISH. 
 
 daughter ofCuthbert lord Ogle. He was born In 1592 ; and his father, who difco- 
 vercd in him, even from infancy, a great quickiicfs ot genius, and a llrongpropenfity 
 to literature, took care to improve thofe advantages, by procuring for him the belt 
 maftcrs in every fcience. His courfe of educaticn beir.g eariy coa^pleted, he appeared 
 at court \vi:h to high a n^putation for abilties, as drew on him the ptculiar attention 
 and regard of king James I. who at the creation of Henry prince of Wale?, in 1610, 
 made him a kn'glit of rhc Bath, and in 1620, three years ancr his accefEon to a very 
 large eftate by the death of his father, lie was created baron Ogle and vilcount Mans- 
 field. Li the third year of king Charles I. he was dignified with tlie titles of baron 
 Cavendifli of Colfover, and earl of Xewcartle upon Tyne. In 1638, tiie king made 
 choice of him to be governor to the prnce of Wales. I.i 1639, when king Charles 
 fet out to command the army which the troubles of the north had obliged hi.m to 
 aflcmble, he was entertained by the earl of Newcaftle at Welbeck with incredible 
 mao-nificence and profufion. The earl alfo contributed io,oool. towards defraying the 
 expence of the expedition, and raifcd a troop of ho: fe confiding of about 2co kn-ghts 
 and o-en.lemen, who fcrved at their own charLe, and were honoured with the title of 
 the prince's troop. His lordfliip coir.manded it in perfon -, and when he came near 
 Berwick, he fent to the ca:l of Holland, then general oi the horfe, to know where his 
 troop (hould march. Lord Holland anf.vered, " next after the troops of the general 
 officers." iXcwcalUe fent again to reprefent, that having the honour to march with 
 the prince's colour.s, he thou-ht it not becoming for h'm to give place to any officer 
 of the field. The general, however, repeated his orders with great peremptorinels, 
 whkh the earl of NewcaiUe therefo-^e obeyed, taking no farther notice of the affront 
 at that time, than by ordering the prince's colours to be taken oft" the Ihff^, and 
 marching without any. But, as foon as the fervice was ended, he fent the earl cf 
 Holland a challenge, which his lordfhip accepted, and agreed to the time and place 
 ofmeetincr-, to which, however, when Newcalilc came, he found not his antagoniff, 
 but his fecond. 1 he affair had been difclofed to the king, by whofe authority, ac- 
 cording to lord Clarendon, it was compromifed; though nut without leaving aii im- 
 putation, in the m;nds of many, of fome want of perfunal bravery in lord Holland. 
 
 As the general mifunderllanding between the king and the parliament increaled, 
 his majefly's appointment of the earl to the tuition of his fon was, among other things, 
 called in quelbon. But his lordfliip, to prevent any trouble which the king mighc 
 fufi'er upon his account, rcfigned his office, and immediately retired into the country, 
 where he continued in great privacy till the king fent him cxprefs orders to repair to Hull, 
 which important fortrefs, and all the magazines that were in it, he offered to fecure 
 for his majefty -, but when, inftead of receivi.^g cireiflions for that purpofe, he found 
 his inrtruftions were to obey the orders of the parliament, he dropped his defign, and 
 once more retired into the country. Here he remained totally inactive, till the 
 flame of civil war being kindled to fuch a blaze, that it would have appeared cow- 
 ardice to continue longer fo, he engaged in the royal caule, and accepted of a com- 
 miflTion for the raifing men to take care of the town of Newcaflle, and the four adja- 
 . cent counties -, in which he was fo expeditious and iuccelstul, that his majefly appointed 
 him commander inchief of all the forces railed north of Trent, and alio of thofe that 
 might be levied in many of the ibuthcrn counties, with an extraordinary power of con- 
 ferring knighthood, coining money, and iflliing fuch declarsation asfhoulJ to him appear 
 expedient. Of ail thefc extenfivc powers his lordlhip inade a very fparing ufe, ex- 
 cepting that of raifing men, which he purfued with fuch diligence, that in three 
 .Tionths he had levied an army of Soco horfe, foot, and dragoons. With this force 
 
 he
 
 CAVENDISH. 2^^ 
 
 he marched into Yorkfliire, and, having defeated the enemy at Pierce bridge, ad- 
 vanced to York, where the governor prefcnted him with the keys of the city. Ifj 
 confidcration of the many important fcrvices wl)ich he performed during the courfe 
 of the civil war, king Charles, in 1643, raifed him to the dignity of marquis of New- 
 caftle ; but when, in 1644, thro' the precipitancy of prince Rupert, his majefly's 
 forces received a total defeat at Marfton-Moor, in which the marquis's infantry was 
 cut to pieces, this nobleman, finding the king's affairs in that part of the kinodom 
 irretrievably ruined, repaired to Scarborough, and from thence, with a few of his 
 principal officers, embarked for Hamburgh. After flaying about fix months at that 
 place, he went by fea to Amfterdam, and from thence to Paris, where he married 
 and refidcd fome time. From Paris he removed to Antwerp, where he lived many 
 ye;us in extreme penury, his circumflances being at f(;me times fo bad, that the 
 ducheis herlclf, in the life flie has written of her hufband, confcffcs they were both 
 reduced to the neceffity of pawning their clothes for fubnilcnce-, for, althouoh his 
 eftaces in England were valued at upwards of 2o,oool per (innum, yet they were left 
 entirely at the mercy of the parliament, who levied immenfe fums on them. Noc- 
 withftanding thefe feverities of fortune, during the courfe of a fixteen years banifh- 
 ment, he never !oil his fpirit, but retained his vigor to the laft, recruiting his natural 
 vivacity by the fprightly converfation of his lady, the frequent company of the youno- 
 king, (Charles II. who made him knight of the gart^rr,) and a full prepoflefTion tha't 
 the clouds, which then over-hung his own fortunes and thofc of his country, would 
 at length be difperfed by the king's redoration. In this his lortlfliip proved a true 
 prophet, for the gloorr>y period at length came to an end, and the marquis returned 
 to England with his foveieign. On the 16th of March, 1664-5, he was created earl 
 of Ogle and duke of Newcaftle ; after which he devoted himfclf to a retired life. 
 Some parf of his time he employed in repairing his eflates ; fome part in breaking 
 and managing horfes ; and the reft in ftudy. and compolition. He wrote a treatife on 
 horfemanfhip, which is ftill held in. high efleem-, and five comedies, viz. i. The Country 
 Captain : 2. The Exile: 3. Ihe Humorous Lovers : 4. The Triumphant. Widow ; 
 5. The Variety. 
 
 This truly noble lord rcfigned his breath on the 25th of December, 1676,. in the 
 84th year of his age ; and was interred in Wcftminfter-Abbey, under a moft fpacious 
 and magnificent tomb, which a little before his death he had caufed to be ercdted to 
 the memory of his duchefs. " He was a nobleman (fays Dr. Smollett) of a moft; 
 dignified charafter ; a liberal and munificent patron of the ingenious arts, of unfhakcn. 
 loyalty, invincible courage, and extenfive influence." His grace's titles defcended 
 to his fon Henry, earl of Ogle, who dying without ifllie in.i69i, the. title of. Newcaftle 
 in the line of Gavendifli became extind.. 
 
 CAVENDISH (William) the firft duke of Devondiire, one of theableft ftatef- 
 men and moft diflinguiihed patriots of his time, was born on the 25th of January, 
 \(i^o. He was attended in his travels by Dr. Killigrew, afterwards niaftcr of the Sa- 
 voy, who infpircd him with a true relifh for poetry, and all the refinements of feiife 
 and wit. Onthe 21ft of September, 1663, he was created mafler of arts. In 1665 
 he went a volunteer, and expofed his perfon extremely iu h;s attendance upon the 
 duke of York, who that year commanded the Britifli navy. In the fprinjj of the 
 y«ar 1 669, he accompanied his intimate friend Mr. Montague in his embafiy to France • 
 and being accidentally at the opera at Paris, met with an adventure, which, though 
 it endangered his life, gained him a very high reputation. He was ftanding upon ' 
 • ■ S If. ttc
 
 250 
 
 c E c I l; 
 
 the ftarre, when three officers of the king's guard came alfo up. They were intoxicateci 
 with liquor, and one of them walking up to him with a very infulting quellion, his 
 lordlhip gave him a blow on the face, upon which they all drew, and pufhed at him 
 with oreat fury : fcciing his back againft one of the fcenes, he made a flout defence, 
 receivinc feveral wounds, till a fturdy Swifs, belonging to the lord ambaflador Mon- 
 tague, cauoht him up in his arms, and threw him over the ftage into the pit. In his 
 fall his arm catched upon an iron fpike, and was grievoudy torn. The three officers 
 were by the king's order fent to prifon, where they remained, till by his lordflwp's in- 
 terccffion they were difcharged. lie afterwards fcrved as m.ember for the county of 
 Derby in feveral parliaments. In 1679 he was cliofcn one of the king's new privy- 
 council ; but finding his attendance ineffedlual, he with feveral others delired leave 
 to withdraw, which was granted them. He vigoroufly promoted the bill of e-x- 
 clufion, and carried up to the lords aa impeachment againft the lord chief juflice 
 Scro£gs, for his arbitrary and illegal proceedings in the court of King's Bench. At 
 the Ford Ruflcl's trial he appeared as a witnefs for him ; and, when his noble friend 
 was under ftntence of death, gave him a proof of his friendfliip, by fending him a 
 mcfTage that he would come and change clothes with him in prifon, and ftay there to 
 reprcfent him, if he thought that in fuch difguife he could make his elcape. In 1684, 
 by the deceafe of his father, he became carl of Devonfhire -, and two years after 
 was fined 30,0001. for ftriking colonel Culpepper within the verge of the court. His 
 abhorrence of popery made him one of the earlielt in inviting over the prince of 
 Oranoe, at whofe landing he appeared in arms for him. In the debates of the houfe 
 of lords concerning the throne^e was very zealous for declaring the prince and 
 princefs of Orange king and queen of England. He was afterwards appointed 
 lord-Reward of their majcflies houHiold v inftailed knight of the garter; and in 1694 
 was created marquis of Hartington and duke of Devonfhire. Thefe and his other ho- 
 nours he enjoyed in the reign of queen Anne, and died on the 18th of Augui>, 1707. 
 His orace's genius for poetry fhewed itfelf particularly in two pieces, written with 
 equal fpirit, dignity, and delicacy : thefe are, an ode on the death of Qiieen Mary, 
 and an allufion to the Archbifhop ofCambray's Supplement to Homer. He had 
 "reat fkill in the languages, was a true judge in hiftory, and a critic in poetry -, he 
 had a fine hand in mufic, an elegant talle in painting, and in architeclure had a genius 
 and fkill equal to any perfon of the age in which he lived. 
 
 . CECIL (William) lord Burleigh, was the fon of Ricliard Cecil, Efq. maftcr of 
 the robes to king Henry VIII. and was born at Bourn in Lincolnfliire, on the ijih ol' 
 September, 1521. He received the rudiments of his education at the grammar- 
 fchool at Grantham, from whence he was removed to Stamford. In 1535, lie was 
 enteredof St. John's college, Cambridge, where he diflinguiflied himfelf by the regu- 
 larity of his life, and an uncommon application to his ftudies. At fix teen years of 
 age he read a logical le(5ture in the univerfity, and at nineteen a Greek ledure; and 
 this he d'd entirely from choice, and for his own pleafure, without any pay or falary. 
 When he had fufficiently profecuted his ftudies at Cambridge, and laid a good 
 foundation of folid and ufeful learning, his father thought proper to fend for him up 
 to London, and, about the year 154.T, placed him in Gray's-Inn-, where he applied 
 himlelf to thcfludy of the law with the fame affiduity and diligence that he had before 
 exerted at the univerfity. And while he was thus employed, an accident introduced 
 him to the noiice and favour of his fovereign. O'Neil, a famous Irifh chief, coming 
 to court, brought with him two of his chaplains, who were bigottcd Papifts i with 
 
 mhom
 
 C E C I L. 251 
 
 ■whom Mr. Cecil, who was come from Gray's-Inn to the palace to fee his father, chan- 
 ced to have a very warm difpute in Latin, which was managed with fo much acute- 
 nefs and vivacity on the part of Cecil, that the two prieds, finding themfclves utterly 
 unable to cope with him, broke from him in a rage. This being reported to the kino- 
 he had the curiofity 10 fee the young man, and was fo much taken with his abilities, 
 that he direfted his father to find out a place for him : but as there was none vacant 
 the old gentleman aflced the reverfion of the office of Cultos Breviumin the court of 
 Common Pleas, which the king readily granted. About this time Mr. Cecil married 
 Mary Cheke, filter to the celebrated Sir John Cheke, by whom he had one fon. He 
 was recommended by Cheke to the earl of Hertford, uncle to king Edward VI. and 
 afterwards duke of Somerltt, and lord proteftor. In 1547 that nobleman appointed 
 him matter of requefts. In the beginning of the reign of Edward VI. he came into 
 poffcfrion of his office of Curtos Brevium, which brought him in 240I. ayear: and 
 his firft wife being now dead, heefpoufed Mildred, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, 
 a lady of great merit and confiderable learning. 
 
 When the protedor fet out upon his expedition into Scotland, Mr. Cecil attended 
 him, and was prcient at the battle of MulTclburgh, where liis life was very narrowly 
 faved by the interpofition of one of his friends; who, in pufiiing him out of the level 
 of a cannon, had his own arm fhattered to pieces by a fhot, that would otherwife 
 have difpatched Cecil. Upon his return to court, he grew into favour with the young 
 king; and, in 1548, was appointed fccretary of Hate. But the following year a 
 party being formed againft the proteftor, our fecretary was involved in the troubles 
 of that nobleman, and committed prifoner to the Tower, where he is faid to have 
 continued three months*. But he was afterwards fet at liberty, and reftored to his office 
 of fccretary; and on the nth of Oiflober, 1551, he was knighted and fworn of 
 the privy-council. In April 155?, he was made chancellor of the order of the 
 garter. On the accedion of queen Mary, he wasdifmiflTed from his offices ; notwith- 
 llanding which, towards the latter end of her reign, fhc often confulted him. He 
 kept fair with her minifiers, and was very much refpec^ed by cardinal Pole, bilhop Ton- 
 Itall, and Sir William Peters, zealous papills, for his great wifdom. in that reign 
 he carried on a private corrcfpondence with the princeis Elizabeth, on whofe ac- 
 ceffion to the throne in 155S, he was fworn privy counfcllor and fecretary of ftate. 
 In 1 561 he was appointed matter of the wards; and was foon after unanimoufly 
 chofen by the univerfity of Cambridge to be their chancellor. To relate every public 
 tranfaft ion in which Cecil was concerned, would be to enter into a detail of almoft 
 «very important occurrence in the reign of Elizabeth, which would far exceed the 
 limits of our work. For no minitter was ever more vigilant and attentive to the in- 
 terertsof hisfovirreign, and of his country, nor more laborious and indefatigable in the 
 public fervice, tinn this famous ftatefman. His great influence in the council, how- 
 ever, procured him fome enemies among the courtiers ; and the earl of Leicetter, the 
 •queen's favourirc, together with fome others of the nobility, laboured to bring about 
 his ruin, by incenfmg the queen againil him. But Elizabeth had too much penetra- 
 tion, and was too well fatished of the integrity and capacity of Cecil, to fuffer her- 
 felf to be mifled by any artful mifreprefentations of his conduct, though made by 
 thofe to whom ttie was pcrfonally attached ; nor could Hie be prevailed on to withdraw 
 her confidence from this able minitter, whom in February, ifi7i, flie raifcd to the 
 dignity of an Englilh peer, by the title of baron Burghley, or Burleigh. In June 
 
 * Life of WiiliatuCecU, Lord Burleigh ; puLliflicd by Mr. CoHiiis.
 
 ^£2 C E C I t«. 
 
 1572, he was made knight of the garter; and in July following, was advanced ttt- 
 the office of lord high-trcafurer ofiinglar.d. He died on the 4th of Auguil, 1598^ 
 at the great age of fcventy-feven ; and," by a rare fortune, (fays Mr. Hume) was 
 equally regretted by his fovereign and the people." 
 
 Lord Burleigh was in his perfon of a middle llatiire, ftraighr, and well-proportioned;, 
 and before age came on him, and he began to be fubjeft to the gout, he was ftrong; 
 and aftive, and capable of encii'ring great fatigue. He was in his own time confidereJ 
 as the greatcft minilter not only in LnglanJ, but in Kuropc •, and pollcrity has juftly 
 confidered him as one of the moft wife, able, and vigilant iVatefmcn that this coun- 
 try erer produced. Hi<; vafl a.nd comprehenfive capacity took in the highell and moti: 
 important objci5ts of government, and at the lame time delcended to the lowen: and molt 
 minute. He was feared by the enemies of England, and beloved and reverenced by 
 his countrymicn. His indefatigable applicaiion, and unwearied attention to the publ^v. 
 affairs, and the general interefts of the kingdom, were almoft incredible. 
 
 Camden draws the following character of Lord Burleigh. " Having (lays he) lived 
 long enough to nature, and long enough to his own glory, but not long enough 
 to his country, he refigncd his foul to God with fo much peace and tranquility, that 
 the greateft enemy he had freely declared, that he envied him nothing but that his lua 
 went down with fo much luftre; whereas teneraliy public rainillers are not blcfled 
 with fuch calm and fortunate period?. Ctrtainly he was a mofl: excellent man ; for 
 he was fo liberally furnifhed by nature, (to fay nothing of his prefence and afpccT:, 
 which had a commanding fweetnefs in them) and ib polifhed and adorned with learn- 
 ng and education, that every way for hontfty, grr.vity, temperance, imluftry, and 
 juftice, he was a mofl: accompliflied peifon. He had alio an eafy and flowing elo- 
 quence, which confifted not in a pomp and of.entation cf words, but in a mafcuiine 
 plainnefs and fignificancy of fenl'e. He was mailer of a prudence formed upon ex- 
 perience, and regulated by temper and moderation : and his loyalty was true, and 
 would endure the touch, and was only exceeded by his piety, which indeed was emi- 
 nently great. Tofum up all in a word, the queen v/as happy in fo great a counfeilor,, 
 and the ftate of England for ever indebted to him for his fage and prvident counfel. 
 
 " The queen did fo far rely upon his conduct, that, admiring his prudence and wiC- 
 dom, fire in a manner laid the whole weight of the government upon his (houlders. 
 His great intereft with the queen, and a plentiful cltate bcfide, drew upon him the 
 envy of Ibme of the nobility, which, he ufed to fay, was fooner overcome by givinrr 
 way, than making oppofition againU it. When his prudence and fidelity in the 
 weightieft matters had been experienced for thirteen years, the queen lionoured hiru 
 with the title of Baron of Burleigh, and then made him lord high trealurer of Eng.- 
 land. In which office, though he abhorred bale and corrupt methods of raifmg mO' 
 ney, he increafed both the public treafure, and his private eltate, by his indultry and' 
 frugality. For indeed hefcldoni or never lulTcred any thing to be expended, but for 
 the queen's honour, the fccurity of the nation, or the fupport of neighbouring 
 allies. 
 
 *' He looked firiiflly, yet not over-rigidly, to the farmers of ths cuftoois. He 
 ufed to fay, that he never cared to fee the treaiury grow too great like the fplccn, 
 when the other parts of the conimon-wealth were in a confuinption. He ufed all 
 poflTible means, and with good fuccefs, to enrich the quoen and the kingdom by his 
 adminiftration •, itueing. a common exprefTion with him, that nothing could be for 
 the advantage of p. prince, which was inconfiilent with his reputation. Wherefore 
 be would never fuffcr the rents of lands to be railed, nor the old tenants to be 
 
 liirned
 
 CHAUCER. 2.., 
 
 turned out. The fame method he obfervrd as to his own private cRate, which he 
 man.igcd with lb much difcretion and probity, that lie never fued ;inv man, nor w.is 
 llied himfelf. I fluiU foibear too hivi-fh a commendation of him ; but this I may ven- 
 tuie lo affirm with truth, that he was one of thole few who lived and died with equal 
 glory, .'■■uch a man, as while Others regard with admiration, I, after the ancient man- 
 ner, am rather inclined to contemphite with the facrcd applaufe of liieiu veneration. 
 
 Lord Burleigh wrote two Latin poems on the death of Margaret Nevij, laiiy gf 
 the bed-chamber to queen Catliarine ; a Latin poem in memory of Sir Thom.as Cha- 
 loner ; Precepts or Direftions for the well ordering and carriage of a hian's life- A 
 Meditation on the State of Englar.d, during the re'gn of queen Elizabeth ; and other 
 pieces. A collection of his Ibte papers was publillied by S. Haymes, in 1740 ; and a 
 continuation of them by Mr. Murdin, in 1760. 
 
 CENTLIVRE (?usanna) a celebrated comic writer, was the dauo-hter of Mr. 
 Freeman, cf Holbeach, in L.ir.colnfliire, and had fuch an early genius for poetry 
 t!i.ir, it is faid, fhe wrote a fong before flie was feven years old. She learned French 
 from a neighbouring gentleman, who fo much admired htr fprightly wit and manner 
 that he undertook to inflruft her in that language, in which flie n-.ade fo rapid a pro- 
 grefs, that before flie was twelve years of age, fhe could not only read Moliere but 
 enter into the fpirit of all the charaflers. After her father's death, fhe enliftcd her- 
 ielf in a company of ftrolling players, with whom flie continued fome time. Several 
 little poems procured her crnfiderable prefents from the great; particularly prince Eu- 
 gene made her a prefent of a very h.;ndlome gold Ihuff-box, for a poem infcnbed to 
 him. Her peculiar talent v.'as comedy, and fhe principally ex-celled in the contrivance 
 of the plors and incidents. She for many years kept up a correfpondencc with gen- 
 tlemen diftinguifhcd by their wit and abilities •, particularly with Sir Richard StS;le 
 Mr. Rowe, Mf. Budgel, &c. She died in Spring- Garden, Charing-Crofs, on the firff 
 of December, 1723, at the houfe of her hufljand Mr Jofeph Centlivre, and was in- 
 terred in the church of St. Martin in the Fields. She wrote nineteen dramatic pieces 
 viz. I. The Artifice: 2. The Baflet Table: 3- The Beau's Duel: 4. BickerftafF'S 
 Burying : 5. A Bold Strike for a Wife: 6. Tito Bufy Body : 7. 1 he Cruel Gift : 8. 
 The Gameller : 9. The Gotham Eiedtion : 10. Love at a Venture : 11. Love's Con- 
 trivance: 12. I'he Man's Bewitched: 13. Marplot: 14. The Perjur'd Hufband • 
 15. The Perplex'd Lovers: 16. 'I he Platonic Lady : 17. I'he Stolen Heircls: 18 
 A Wife well managed : 19. The Wonder. 
 
 CIIAUCER (Geoffrey) the father of Fnglinii poetry, v/as born at London in 
 132S, f lie fecond year of the reigh of king Edward IIL At a proper age he was fent 
 to ilie ITniverfity of Cambricfge, where he gave early tellimonit s of his poetical talents 
 by lirveral elegies and fuiinas, and particularly by a poem called the Court of Love' 
 which he compofed when lie was about eighteen, and which carries in it evident proofs 
 of his fl<ill and learning, as v.-ell as of the llrength of his genius. From Cambridge 
 he removed to Oxford, in order to complete his ftudies ; and afterwards travelled into 
 France, Flolland, and other countries. Upon his return, he entered hinilclf of the 
 Middle-Temple, as a ftudent in the law. His extr.aordinary accomplifhments both 
 of body and mind, gained hini the friendfliip of many perfons of diltindlon, by whom 
 he was introduced at court, where his firft employment was that of pasie to the kin^ 
 Jn the number of Chaucer's court-patrons was John of Gaunt, duke of LancafleT-' 
 by whom, and alfo his duchcfs Blanche, a lady dillinguiflied for her wit and virtue' 
 
 y 1 1 I,;
 
 254 
 
 CHAUCER. 
 
 he was greatly efteetned. King Edward, in the forty-firft year of his reign, granted 
 our poet, for his good fcrvices, an annuity of twenty marks, payable out of tlie Ex- 
 chequer, till he could otherwifc provide fo' him. Not long after, he was made gentle- 
 man of the king's privy chamber ; and, in the forty-third year of his reign, the king 
 granted him the further lum of twenty marks a year, during life. The nrxt year he 
 was appointed fliield-bearer to his majelly. In the forty-fixth year of this prince, 
 Chaucer wjs honoured with a commifiion, i.i conjuncftion with other perfons, to treat 
 with the republic of Genoa. This ;jCgociation, it is conjefturcd, regarded the hiring 
 of Ihips for the king's navy. At his return home, he received a new mark of royal 
 favour, his majelly gra:i;ing hii\i a pitcher of wine daily, in the port of London, to 
 be delivered by the butler of England. Soon after, he was made comptrolier ot the 
 cultoms cf London, for wool, wool-fells, and hides, with a provifo that he flriuld 
 perfonally execute that office, and keep the account-, of it with his own hand About 
 a year after his nomination to this office, he obtained from the kiny a grant of the 
 lands and bjdy of Sir Edmund Stai-legate, fon of Sir Edmund Staplegate of Kent, 
 ill ward. His income at tiiii, time amounted to one thoufand j oumJs per annum. In 
 the lafl: year of king Edward, he was one of the commiffioncrs fentover to expoftulatc 
 with the French, on their violation of the truce. 
 
 Richard II. who I'uccceded to the crown in 1377, confirmed the fame year his 
 grandfather's grant to Chaucer, of twenty marks a year, and likewife the other 
 grant of a pitcher of wine daily. In the fourth year of king Richard's reign, he 
 procured a confirmation of the grants that had been form> rly made to himfelf and 
 to Philippa his wife. Chaucer having adopted many ot WicklifF's tenets, exerted 
 himfelf to the utmoft, in 1382, in fiipporting John Con-,bert:n, generally ftiled John 
 of Northampton, mayor of London, who endeavoured to reform the city according' 
 to the advice given by Wickliif. This intended reformation was highly refented by 
 the clercry. Comberton was taken into cuftody. Oiir poet, being appriied of his 
 dancrer, made his efcape out of the kingdom, and fpcnt liis time in Hainault, Fiance, 
 and Zealand. His neceffities at length forced him to return to England, where he 
 was dilcovered, feized, and fent to prifon. But upon difclofing all he knew of the 
 late tranfadlions in the city of London, he was difchargcd. I iiis conteffion brought 
 upon him a heavy load of calumny. At this time, in order to give vent to his for- 
 row, he wrote his Tellament of Love, in imitation of Boetius de Confolalione Philc- 
 fopkia. His afflidions, which arofe chiefly from poverty, received a very confiderable 
 addition, by the decline of the duke of Lancaftcr's credit at court. In this reverfe 
 of fortune, Chaucer wifely refolved to quit the bufy fcene of life in which he had 
 been engaged, and to feek for happinefs in itudy and retirement. The place he chofe 
 for his retreat was Woodftock ; and here he employed part of his time in revifipg and 
 correding his writings. The duke of Lancafier's return to favour, and his marry- 
 ing Catherine Swynford, filter to Chaucer's wife, could not influence our author to 
 quit his retirements, where he wrote his admirable treatife on the Aftrolabe. About 
 the year 1397, king Richard granted him an annuity of twenty marks, in lieu of that 
 given him by his grandfather, which poverty had compelled him to difpofe of for his 
 fubfiftence. The following year he had the grant alfo of a pipe of wine annually, 
 out of the cuftoms of the port of London, which was to be delivered to him by the 
 chief butler. By thefc benefits our poet was cheared and comforted in his declining 
 years. But he fuftained a confiderable lofs, in February, 1399, by the death of 
 his noble patron the duke of Lancaller. This is fuppofed to have greatly affedted 
 hira i for about this time he retired to Dunnington calUe, near Newbury, where he 
 
 ' fperw:
 
 CHAUCER. 255 
 
 fp?nt the rcmain'der of his days. This was a very agreeable and pleafant retreat ; and 
 here Chaucer lived in honour, cfteemed by all, and celebrated for his genius and 
 learning, noconly in England, but in foreign countries. He was in this fituation, when 
 Richard II. was depofed, and Henry ot Lancafter, the Ion of his late brother-in-law, 
 placrd upon the throne ; but our poet was no way concerned in this revolution, nor 
 does he appear to have been eager in paying his compliments to the new king. How- 
 evci", in the firft year of king Henry IV. he obtjincd a confirmation of his grant of a 
 pipe of wine annually, and his annuity •, and Henry alfo granted him the fune year an- 
 annuity of forty marks. He died on the 25th of Oftober, 1400, in the feventy-le- 
 cond year of his age, and was buried in Weltminfter Abbey. 
 
 Chaucer has been defcrvedly confidered as one of the greatefl, as well as earlieft 
 poets which this ii.ition has produced- Allowing for thofe unavoidable defedts which 
 arife from the fluftuation ol language, his works have flill all the beauties which can 
 be wifl-ied for, or cxpecfled, in every fpecics of compofi:on which he attempted ; for 
 it has been t: uly faid, that he excelled in all the different kinds of verfe in whicl: he 
 wrote, lie wis not imacquainted with the antient rules of poetry, nor did he difdain 
 to follow them, tho' he thought it the lealt part of a poet's perfections. As he had a 
 dilcening eye, h.- di ("covered nature in all her appearances, and ilript off every dif- 
 guiie with which the Gothic writers had clothi^d her. He was an excellent mailer of 
 love poetry, having iUidied that pallion in all its terms and appearances; and Mr. 
 DryJen prefers him upon this Account to Ovid. His Troilus and Crefeide is one of 
 the mofl beautiful poems of that kind, in which love is curioufly and naturally defcri- 
 bed, in its eaily appearance, its hopes and fears, its application, fruition, and defpair 
 in dilappointment. That in the elegiac poetry he was a great mafter, appears evident- 
 ly by his Complaint of the black Knight, the poem called La belle Dame fans mercy, and 
 feveral of his fongs. And his uncommon talents in the fatirical and comic way arc 
 ilnkingly evident. " He deferves (fays the ingenious Mr. Warton) to be ranked as 
 one of the firft linglilh poets, on account of his admirable artifice in painting the 
 manners, which none before him had ever attempted, even in the moll imperfedb de- 
 gree -, and it fhould be remembered to his honour, that he was the frrll who gave 
 the Englifli nation in its own language, an idea of humour." 
 
 But the great merit of our author is fct in the moll confpicuous point of view by 
 Mr. Dryden, who was not only a great poet, but an admirable critic. " As Chaucer 
 (fays he) is the father of Englifli pofetry, fo I hold him in the lame degree of venera- 
 tion as the Grecians held Homer, or the Romans Virgil : he is a perpetual fountain of 
 good ft-nfe, learned in all fciences, and therefore fpeaks properly on all fubjedls ; as 
 he knew what to fay, fo he knew alfo when to leave off ; a continence which is prac- 
 tifed by few writers, and icarcely by any of the ancients excepting Virgil and Horace. 
 Chaucer followed nature every where, but was never fo bold as to go beyond her : 
 and there is a great difference of being Poeta if} nhnis Poeta, if we may believe Ca- 
 tullus, as much as betwixt amodeft behaviour and affcftation. The verfe of Chaucer, 
 I confefs, is not harmonious to us, but it is like the eloquence of one whom Tacitus 
 commends, it was auribtis ijlius temporis acccinmodatu : they who lived with him, and 
 fome time after him, thought it mulical ; and it continues fo even in our judgment, 
 if compared with the nunibers of Lydgate and Gower, his cotemporarics ; there is 
 the rude fweetncfs of a Scotch tune in ir, which is natural and plealing, thoui^h not 
 perfcft. It is true, I cannot go fo far as lie who publifhed the laft edition of'him ; 
 for he would make us believe the fault is in our ears, and that there are really ten 
 lyllables in a verfe, where wc find but nine ; but this opinion is not worth contutinf^."
 
 25'3 
 
 C II 1 C H L E Y, 
 
 " Fic m'lit I Mr. Drydcn afterwards adiis) have been a man (>f a mod wonderful 
 cnmprch;iifivc naaiie, bccaufe, as it has been truly ohtervcd (f him, lie has taken 
 into the compafs of the Canterbury Tales, the variuii; manners and humour?, -as we 
 now cill them, of the whole Englilh nation, in his ape. Not a linglt: charadcr lins 
 cicaprd him. All Ids pilgrims arc lever. lly dillioLruilhed fiom each other, and n;,t 
 only in their inclinations, but in tiieir phyfiognomics and perlon-;. 1" lie matter and 
 nicinnc-r of their tales and of their telling, arc fo fuited to their diftVrin: educations, 
 humours, and callings, ih.it each of ihcni would be imprDjicr in any cthtr mouth. 
 L'.ven the grave aiitl feriuus char.:cters arc dillinguifltcd by their fevcr.l forts of gra- 
 vity •, tiieir difcourfcs are fuch as belong to their age, their calling, and their breed-' 
 ino; ; fuch as are becoming of them, and of them only. Some ni his perlons are 
 vicious, and fome virtuous; fome are unlearned, or (as Chaucer calls them) lewd, 
 and fome are learned. Even the ribaldry of the low charudler^ is ditTercnt -, the Kceve, 
 the Mdlcr, and the Cook, are fevcral men, and di inguiflicd from each other, as 
 much as the mincing lady Priores, and the br.:ad-fpeaki 'g gap-tooth'd Wife of 
 Bath. But enough of this : there is fuch a variety or game fpringir.g up before me. 
 That I am dillraifted in my choice, and know not which to follow. It is fufficicn: to 
 fay, accordin;? to the proverb, that here is Goil's plenty. We have our fore-lathers, 
 and grand-dames all before us, as they were in Chaucer's days : their general charr.c- 
 ters are ftiU remain ng in mankind, and even in England ; though they are called by 
 other names than th:)fe of Monks and Fryars, of Canons and Lady AbbefTcs, and 
 Nuns; for mankind is ever the fame, and nothing loft out of nature, though every 
 thing i.s altered." 
 
 CHICHLEY, or CPIICHELY (Henry) archbifliop of Canterbury in the reigns 
 of Henry V. and \'I. was born- of an oblcure fatnily at Higham Ferrers, in Nor- 
 thamptonfhire. After being inftrufted in grammar learning at VVinchefler fchool, he 
 became fellow of New college, in Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor ;n the 
 civil and canon law. A'bout the )ear 14-2, he was appointed archdeacon of Salif- 
 bury ; which preferment he exchanged two years after for the chancellorfhip of that 
 diocefe. In 1407, he was fent ambaflador by king Henry IN', to congratulate Grego- 
 ry XII. on his advancement to the papacy ; and the bifliopric of St. David's becoming 
 vacant 'Ahilfl: he was at Rome, he was promoted to that fee by the pope, who confe- 
 crated him with his own hands. In 1409, he allifted at the council of Pifa ; and in 1414, 
 upon the death of archbifliop Arundel, was tranllated to the lee of Canterbury. In 
 a parliament helJ the fame year at Leicefter, he artfully perfuaded Henry V. to en- 
 gage in a war with France, which he thought would find fufficicrit employment for 
 his ambitious and aftive fpirit, and divert him from his puvpofe of fcizing the reve- 
 nues of the clergy. About the year 1424, our prelate tounded a noble coliege at 
 Higham-Ferrers, the place of his birth, in honour of the Bkficd Virgin, St. Tho- 
 mas of Canterbury, and king Ed.^ard the ContefTor, tor eight fellows, four clerks, 
 and fix choriiters. lie aUo built a fpacious hofpital for the p or of that place. 
 
 In 1437, archbiOnop Chichlcy caufed a large and ilately cilifice to be ereifted in 
 the north part of the fuburbs of Oxford, which he dcfi^'ned for the coileye. But, 
 when the work was almoft finifhed, whether it was that he found fault with the 
 rtrufture, or did not like the fituation of it, he changed hi.s mind, and gave it to 
 the monks of St. Bernard, for the reception of novices out of all the convcnis of 
 that order, to iludy the arts and divinity. However, he chofe another place for 
 
 building
 
 C H U R C II 1 L L. 
 
 257 
 
 buiKlng a college, very commo.'ioiis for the niulenf;, in the middle of the tov;ii, 
 near St. Mary's church ; and pulling down the lioulcs which Hood there, he laid ct 
 a fqiiare court. The walls of this new building were finillied about die latrer end 
 of the y.-ar 1439, ^^'^ '^'^'^ workmen had begun to lay the roof. 1 he archbifhop 
 had purchafed lands and mano's for the perpetual maintenance tlicreuf j and the 
 king, upon the archbifhop's apniication, by his letters patent, conflituted this 
 buildinj^ a college, and granted it very ample privileges. 1 he primate went the 
 next year to Oxford, where he folemnly confecrated the chapel of his college, and 
 niadc Richard Andrev/, doJtor of laws, and chancellor of Canterbury, warden of it. 
 He :ilfo appointed twenty felKjws out of the univerfity, to whom he gave powrr 
 to clccb in;o their fociety twenty more; of which number he ordered, that twenty- 
 four fhould ftudy divinity and the liberal fciences, and the other fixteen the civil 
 and canon law. I-Jc likewile commanded all the members of his foundation to pray 
 for the foLils of king Henry V. of Thomas duke of Clarence, and of the nobility 
 and common foldiers who had been killed in the French war. For which realbn 
 he ordered his college to be called, The College of Jll Souls departed in the Faith. 
 Bv.fides thc-fe and •. ther benefadions, he contributed largely to the buildinti- of 
 Croydon church, and Rocherter bridge. This eminent prelate died on the i2th of 
 April, 1^43, afie- having enjoyed the arcliiepilcopil fee upwards of twenty-nine 
 years ; and was buried in the citheural church of Canterbury. 
 
 CHURCHILL (John) duke <}f Marlborough, and prince of the holy Roman 
 empire, was the elded fon of Sir VVinllon Churchill, and was born at Afh?, in De- 
 vonfhire, on Midlummer-day, in the year 1650. A clergyman in the neighbourhood 
 inflruded him in the fir't principles of literature ; but his father having other views 
 than what a learned educatio 1 afforded, carried him very early to court, where he 
 was particularly favoured by James duke of York, when he was no more than 
 twelve years of age. He had a pair of colours given him in the guards about the 
 year 1666 •, and afterwards obtained permifTion to go over to Tangier, then in our 
 hands, and befiegeJ by the Moors ; where he refided for fome time, and cultivated 
 with attention the fcience oi- arms. In 1672, the duke of Monmouth commanding 
 a boriy of Englifli auxiliaries in the fervice of France, Mr. Churchill attended him\ 
 and was foon after nude a captain of grenadiers in the duke's own regiment. He 
 had a fhare in all th-. adions of that famous campaign againft the Dutch ; and at 
 the ficge of Nimeguen diflinguifhed himfeif fo eminently, that he was particularly 
 taken notice of by the celebrated maiflialTurenne, who bellowed on him the name 
 of [he HanJfome Engl'fhman. He Hione out alio with fo much eclat at the reduc- 
 tion of Maeftrichr, that the French king thanked him for his behaviour at the head 
 of the line ; antl alTured him, that he would acquaint his fovereign with it ; which 
 he did : and the duke of Monmcuth, on his return to England, told the king his 
 father, how much he had been indebted to the bravery of captain Churchill. 
 
 The laureh he brought from France very juftly entitled him to preferment at home ; 
 his majefty therefore made him a lieutenant-colonel, and the duke of York appointed 
 him gentleman of hi^ bed-chamber, and foon after maftcr of the robes. In 1682, he 
 was created baron of Eymouth in Scotland, and colonel of the third troop of guards. 
 He was continued in all his polls upon the coming of James II. to the crown, who 
 fent him alfo his ambalTadur to France to notify his accelTion. On his return, he 
 afTifled at the coronation, on the 2jd of April, 1685; and in May following was 
 created a peer of England, by the title of baron Churchill, of Sandwich, in the 
 
 U u u county
 
 ^38 C H U R C li I L r.. 
 
 c.iuntv of Hi'Jtford. In June tlie f.imc ye.ir» lord Churchill, being tliea lieutenant- 
 prncral of his inr.;el1y's forces, w.is oiclcicd into the vvcfi: to fvipprcfs the ciukc of 
 Mormnth's rebellion ; v/hith he did in a mr.nvh's tinii-, with an inc inhJe^able bo- 
 dy of horfc, and took th; clUvC hinifeif prif ner. He was extremely well received 
 [•y king ].in es at his return finm liiis vk-jory, but fonu difcerned, as it is laid, th.e 
 bad efllels it jrr oductd, by confirming the kirig ii an opinion, thar, by virtue of 
 a (landing army, the icligion a;.d government of b'.ngiand might eafily be changeii. 
 How far lord Lhurchilloncurpjd with, or oppofcd, tnc king, while he v/as forming 
 tills projtdl, is not fufficiently known. He docs not appear to have been guihy 
 if any mean co;npliance<, or to have had any concern in advifing or extfciiring 
 the violent proceedings of that unliappy reign : on the contrary, bifliop Burnet tells 
 Uj, tlu', " he very prudently dccbned meddling much in bulintis, fpoke little ex- 
 cept when his ad^'ice was afked, and then always reco-nmendcd moderate meafu'cs." 
 It Is laid, h-' declared very early to lord Galway, tiiat, if his nnfter attempted to 
 overturn t!ie eilabliflied religion, he would leave h;m-, and that he ligned the memo- 
 rial tranhnitted to the prince and princefs of Orange, by which they were invited to 
 refcue this nation from popery and flavery. Be this as it will, it is certain thn he 
 remained with, an/i was entrulUd by, the king, after tlie prince of Orange had landed 
 in England. He attended king James, when he marched with his forces to oppofe the 
 prince, and had the commancl of five thoufand men ; but the earl of Feverfliam, fuf- 
 pcfting his inclinations, advifed the king to fcize him. ' The king's afFedlion to him 
 was lb great, that he could not be prevailed upon to do it ; and this left liim at li- 
 berty to go over to the prince ; which he accordingly did, but without betraying any 
 poft, or carrying off any troops. Wlioever confiders the great obligations lord 
 Churchill lay under to king James, muft naturally conclude, that he could not take 
 the rclblution of deferting hun, and withdrawing to the prince <jf Orange, but with 
 infinite concern and regret ; and that this was leally the cafe, appears very evident 
 from a letter which he left for the king, explaining the rcafons of his condud. 
 
 The prince and princefs of Orange being decKiicd king and queen of I- ngland, on 
 the I )th of February, 1689, lord Churchill was, the next day, fworn one of their 
 privy-council, and one of the gentlemen of the king's bed-chamber; antl on the 9rh 
 of April following, was raifed to the dignity of earl of M.irlb rough. He afTiUcd 
 at the coronation of their m.jjcfties, and was fuo.i after made commander in chief of 
 the Englifh forces lent over to Holland. He jireiided at the b ;ttlc of Walcourt, which 
 was fought on the 15th of AuguH', 16(^9, and gave fuch extraordir.ary proofs cf his 
 Jkill, that prince VValdeck, fpeaking in his commendation to king William, declared, 
 " that he faw more into the art or war in a day, than fomegenerrds in many years." 
 In September, 1690, he arrived in Ireland with 5000 Englilli troops, and being joined 
 by the duke of Wirtemberg, laid fiege to Cork, which was furrendered on the Zoth 
 of that month. In Ocbober following, he reduced the to.vn of Kinfale, and tJicn re- 
 turned with his prifoners to England. Thefe fe; vices, however, ddnot prevent his 
 being dilgr..ced in a very ludden manner; for being in waiting at conrt, as a gentle- 
 man of the bed-chamber, and h.iving introduced to his majefty, lord George Hamil- 
 ton, he was foon followed to his own houfc by that fame lord, with this fliort and lur- 
 priling melTage, " That the king had no further occafi'-n t'of his fervice ;"' them-)re 
 furprifing, as his majefty, jult before, had notdifcovercd the lead coldnels or difplcalbrc 
 towards him. This caufc of his difgrace is not even at prefnt known ; but ont\'*fiif- 
 peded to have pr ocecdcii from his too clofe attachment to the inttrcfi: of the prncefs 
 Anne. This ftrange and uncxpefted blow was followed by one much ftr.nnger ; for, foon 
 
 after
 
 CHURCHILL. 2^9 
 
 cfttT, he was comuiifed ro the Tower for hi^^h-treafon, but was rcle.ifeJ, and acquitted, 
 upcn thr who'c being, difcovered to be nothi.ig inorc than the cffccl of a viit- confiii- 
 racy agaiivl lii-n. After quecn May's death, king Wiiliim thought proper to recall 
 the earl of iMarlborough to his privy councd ; anJ, on the lyrh of June i6y8, ap- 
 pointed him governor to the duke of Glouceller, wi:h this excraordinary complimenr, 
 *' My lord, make him but what you are, and my nepjicw will be all I wifh to fee 
 h m." Mis lordfliip continued in favour to the time of the king's death, as appears 
 from his h,.viiig been thne times appointed oneof the lords jultices during his abfence; 
 namely, on the 16. h of July, i6^i< ; the 3 ill of May, 1699 -, and the 27th of June, 
 I -00. 
 
 As foon as it was difccrned, that the death of Charles I', of Spain, would become 
 the occafion of another general war, the king fent a body of troops over to Holland, 
 and made lord Marlborough com;r,ander in chief of them. He appointed him alfo 
 ambair.djr extraordinary and min'fter plenipotentiary to the ftatts-general , upon 
 which he repaired immediately to i^oUand. I'he king following, and takino-aview 
 of the forces, dined with the earl of Marlborough at his quarters on the 30th of Sep- 
 tember, 1701 ; and this was one of the lafl: marks of honour and favour he received 
 from king William, who died on the Sth of March following. About a week after 
 the king's death, his lordfhip was honoured with the order of the garter; foon after 
 which, he was declired captain-general of all her majeity's forces, and immediately 
 lent over to the Hague with the fame character as before. The flatts not only concur- 
 red in all that he prop>. fed, but, of their own motion, conftituted him captain-general 
 of their fo'ces, with an appointment of ioo,oco florins per annum. On his return 
 ro England, he found the queen's council already divided ; fome being for carryino' on 
 the war as auxiliaries oa^ ; others for declaring againft France and Spain immediately, 
 and i'o becoming principals at once. The e^rl of Marlborough joined with the lat- 
 ter ; and thefe canying their point, war was declared on the 4th of May, i 702. His 
 lordlhip took the command on the 20th of Jane; and, in the firft campaign, made 
 himfelt mailer of the caftles of Gravenbroeck and Waerts, the towns of Venlo, Rurc- 
 mond, and Stevenfwaert, together with the city and citadel of Liege. The army fe- 
 perating on the third of November, the earl was taken next day, in his paflage by 
 water, by a party of thirty Frenchmen from the garrifon at Gueldres ; when, by 
 a I admirable prefcnce of mind, he Hiewed them an old pafsport belonging to his bro- 
 ther, which he happened to have in his pocker, and difcovered fo little concern, that 
 he was fuffered to ()roceed, an-.! ar;ived at the Hague, to the inexprcHible joy of the 
 people,who were in the utmoR conflernation at the accident which had befallen him. On 
 his return to England, he received the thanks of both houfes of parliament, for his 
 great and fignal lervices, which were fo acce()table to the queen, that fhe created him 
 a t uke, and gratified lu:n with a pcnfion 0/500:!. per annum out of the poll-office 
 doling her own life. 
 
 He was on the j^oint of returning to Molland, when on the 8th of February, 1702-'', 
 his only fon the marquis of Blandford, died at Cambridge, at the a^^e of eighteen. 
 I'his afflicting accident did not, however, long retard his grace ; but he paficd over 
 to Holland, and he arrived at tlie Hague in the beginning of Aprih The limits of 
 our wcik will not fuffer us to relate all the military a'^lions in which the duke of Marl- 
 borough was engaged ; it is fufficient to fay, that, numerous as chey were, they were 
 all fuccefsful. When the campaign of the year 1703 was over, his grace went to Duf- 
 feldorp, to meet the late emperor, then llilcd Charles III. king of Spain, who made 
 him a prefent of a rich fword from his fide ; and then returning to tiie Hague, after 
 
 a very /
 
 200 CHURCHILL. 
 
 a very fliort {t.iy, came over to Englan.l. On t!v- 8 th of April, 1701, he emb.-ikcd 
 ijpr Holland, I'roni whence in >.I.iy following he began his march into Germany : 
 and after a conference held with prince Eugene of Savdy, and Lewis Baden, he ar- 
 rived in fight of the enemy at Schcllenberg, whom, after a very obitinate and bloody 
 eng.igciricnt, he entirely routed on the 2d of July. On this occafion the emperor wrote 
 him a letter of thanks, and offered him the title of a prince of the empire ; which the 
 iliike modcftly decl'neJ, till the queen afterwards commanded him to accept of it. 
 On the 2d of Au<jull he gained the battle of Hochfler, when tlie Fiench and Bavarians 
 were the greateft part of them killed ortaken, and thtrir commander, marflial I aUard, 
 made a pril'.mer. After this glorious aA on, by wiiich the empire was favc.l, and the 
 whole eledorate of Bavaria conquered, the duke purl'ued the enemy till he forced them 
 to repafs the Rhi e. Then prince Lewis of Baden laid fiege to landau, while the 
 duke and prince liugene covered it, but it was not taken before the 1 2th of November. 
 His grace made a tour alio to Berlin ; and, by a lliort negotiation, ful'pended the cif- 
 putes between the king of Pruffia and the Dutch, by which he gained the goodwill 
 of both parti s. When t'';e campaign was over, he returned to Hollanil, and on the 
 14th of December, arrived in England. lie brought with him marllial TalLrd, and 
 26 other officers of dillin(5tion ; 171 flandard<;, and 129 colours-, which, by her m .jel- 
 ty's order, were put up in Wcftminfler-hall. He was received by the'q'.iteri and her royal 
 conlbrt, with the hij.hrft marks of eftcem, and had the folemn thanks of bjth houfcs 
 of parliament. The commons in adurefs, befought lier majelly to take fome proper 
 means to pcrpetu te the memory of the duke's great fervices ; in confequenceof vvhxh 
 ilie granted the manor of Woodflock, wi;h the hun ircd of Wotton, to him a.-.d his 
 heirs for ever. On the 6th of January, his grace was entertained by the city •, and, 
 on t'le 8ch of February, the c mmons addrclfed the queen, to tellify their thanks for 
 the treaty which tlie duke had conclu ied with the court of Berlin, by which a large 
 body of Prullian troops were fcnt to the afTiitance of the dtike of Savoy. 
 
 In March following, 1705, he went over to Holland, with a defign to execute 
 fome great fchemes he had projedled in the winter. The campaign was atte.nded with 
 fome lucceffs, which would have made a con fulerable figure in a campaign under 
 any other general, but are fcarcely worth mentioning where the duke of Marlbo- 
 rough commanded. He could not carry into execution his main projed, on account 
 of the iinpediments he met with from the allies ; and in this refpeft was greatly dif- 
 appointed. The fealon for a(5tion being over, he made a tour to the courts of Vienna, 
 Berlin, and Hanover; at the firfl of which, he acquired the confidence and friend- 
 Ihip of the new emperor Jofeph, who prefented him with the principality of Mindcl-' 
 heim. He then returned to the Hague, and, towards the clofe of the year, arrived 
 in England. All things being concerted for rendering the next year's campaign more 
 fucccfsful than the former, the duke, in the beginning of April, 1706, embarked 
 for Holland. On the 12th of May, being Whitfunday, he gained the battle of Ra- 
 millies, in which, 50 pieces of cannon were taken, and 120 flandards and colours. 
 The advantages gained by this vidlory were fo much improved by the vigilance and 
 ■wifdom of the duke, that Louvain, Bruflels, Mechlin, Ghent, and Bruges, fub- 
 mitted to king Charles III. of Spain without a ftroke •, and Oudenarde furrendered 
 on the n-ft fummons. 1 he city of Antwerp followed this example. And thus, in 
 the fhort ipace of a fortnight, the duke reduced all Brabant, and the marqu:fate of 
 the holy empire, to the obedience of king Charles. He afterwards took the towns 
 of Oftend, Menin, Dendermonde, and Acth. He arrived at London on the 18th 
 of November j and though at this time there was a party formed againll him at courr, 
 
 \( C
 
 CHURCHILL: «6r 
 
 yet the great (ervices he had done the nation, and the perfonal efteem the queen al- 
 ways had for him, procured him an univerHil good reception. 1 he houfe of com- 
 mons, in their addrefs to the queen, Ipoke of the fuccefs of the campaign in general, 
 and of the duke of Marlborough's fliare in particular, in the ftrongeft terms imagi- 
 nable-, and the day after unanimoufly voted him their thanks-, and the lords did the 
 fame. The latter went ftiil farther; for on the 17th of December, they addrefled the 
 queen for leave ro bring in a bill to fettle the duke's honours on his pofteriry, '1 his 
 was granted -, and Blenheim-houfe, with the manor of Woodftock, were, after tlie 
 dcceaic of the duchefs, upon whom they were fettled in jointure, entailed in the fame 
 iTianner with the honours. Two days after this, the ftandards and colours taken at 
 Ramillies being carried in ftate through the city, in order to be hung up in Guildhall, 
 his grace of Marlborough was invited to dine with the lord-mayor, which he ac- 
 cordingly did. 
 
 The campaign of the year 1707 proved the moft barren one he ever made; which 
 was chiefly owing to a failure on the part of the allies, who began to flag in fupporting 
 the common caufe. Nor did things go on more to his mind at home; for, upon his 
 return to England at the end of the campaign, he found that the fire, which he 
 fufpefted the year before, had broke out in his abfence ; that the queen had a female 
 favourite, who was in a fair way of fupplanting his duchefs; and that fhe liftened to 
 the infinuations of a ftatefman, who was no friend to him. He bore all this with 
 firmnefs and patience, though he eafily faw whither it tended; and went to Holland 
 early in the fpring of the year 1708, arriving at the Hague on the 19th of March. 
 The enfuing campaign was carried on by the duke, in conjiindlion with prince Eugene, 
 with fuch amazing fuccefs, that the French king thought proper, in the beginning of 
 the year 1709, to fet on foot a negotiation for peace; which, however, proved inef- 
 feiStual. The houfc of commons this year gave an uncommon teftimony of their re- 
 fpeft for the duke of Marlborough ; for, befides addrefling the queen, they, on the 
 22d of January, 1708-9, unanimoufly voted thanks to his grace, and ordered them 
 to be tranfmittcd to him abroad by the fpeaker. The duke returned to England the 
 25th of February; and, on his firft appearance in the houfe of lords, received the 
 thanks of that auguft: aflembly. In the next campaign his grace took Tournay, and, 
 on the nth of September, the famous battle of Malplaquet was fought, in which, 
 after a bloody engagement, the French were entirely defeated; and this viftory was 
 Succeeded by the furrender of Mons. The duke arriving at St. James's the joth of 
 Noveniber, was foon after honoured with the thanks of both houles ; and the queen 
 appointed him lord-lieutenant and cuftos rotulorum of the county of Oxford. To- 
 wards the latter end of February 1710, his grace repaired to the Hague, where he 
 met with prince Eugene ; and thefe two famous generals fet out together for the 
 army, which was aflTcmbled in the neighbourhood of Tournay. This campaign was 
 very fuccefsful, many towns and fortreflles being reduced : notwithflanding which, 
 when the duke came over to England, he found his interefl: declining, and his fervices 
 fet at nought. Upon the meeting of the parliament, no notice was taken in the 
 addrefles of the duke's fuccefs; an attempt, indeed, was made to procure him the 
 thanks of the houfe of peers, but it was eagerly oppofed by the duke of Argyle. 
 His grace was kindly received by the queen, who feemcd defirous of his living upon 
 good terms with her new minifl:ry ; but this was thought imprafticable. In January 
 171 1, he carried the golden key, the cnfign of the duchefs of Marlborough's dignity, 
 to the queen, and rcfigned all her employments with great duty and fubmifTion. He 
 fet out for Holland in February, to prepare for the next campaign, whichj at the 
 
 3 X fame
 
 26x CHURCHILL. 
 
 fame tim?, he knew would be his laft. Fie exerted himfelf to the utnioft extent of 
 his valour and capacity. He embarked for England when the campaign was over, 
 snd arrived there about the middle of November. He acquainted her majeily, in 
 the audience he had at his arrival, that, as he could not concur in the meafurcs of 
 thole who direfted her councils, fo he would not diftradt them by a fruitlefs oppofi- 
 •tion. Neverthclefs, finding himfelf attacked in the houfe of lords, and loaded with 
 the imputation of having protrafted the war for his own private interefr, he vindi- 
 cated his conduct and character with great dignity and fpirit : and, in a moft pathetic 
 Jpeech, appealed to the queen his miltrefs, who was there incognito, for the falfhood 
 of th.it imputation ; declaring that he was as much for peace as any man, provided 
 it was fuch a peace as might be expefted from a war undertaken on fo juft motives, 
 and carried on with uninterrupted fuccefs. This had a great effcft on that augult 
 aflembly, and perhaps made fomc impre/Tion on the queen •, but, at the fame time, 
 it gave fuch an edge to the rcfentment of his enemies, who were then in power, 
 that they refolved, at all events, to remove him. Soon afterwards an enquiry was 
 promoted in the houfe of commons, to fix a d'fgraceful imputation upon the duke, as 
 if he had pocketed very large fums of public money. When a queftion to this purpofe 
 had been carried, her majci'ty, by letter, acquainted him that flie had no farther oc- 
 cafion for his fervice, and difmifled him from all his employments. He was from 
 this time expofed to a moft painful perfecution. On the one hand, he was attacked 
 by the clamours of tlie populace, and by thofe licentious fcriblers, who are always 
 ready to cfpoufe the quarrels of a miniftry, and to inlult, without mercy, whatever 
 they know may be infulted with impunity. On the other hand, a profecution was 
 commenced againft him by the attorney-general, for applying public money to his pri- 
 vate ufe; and the workmen employed in building Blenhcim-houle, though fet at work 
 by the crown, were encouraged to fuc his grace for the money that was due to them. 
 All his aftions were alfo fhamefully mifreprefented. T hefe uneafineflcs, added to 
 his grief for the death of the earl of Godolphin, inclined the duke to gratify his ene- 
 mies by a voluntary exile. Accordingly, he embarked at Dover, on the J4th of 
 November, 171?.; and landing at Ortend, went from thence to Antwerp, and after- 
 wards to Aix-la-Chapelle, being every where received with th; honours due to his 
 high rank and merit. His grace returned to England in the year 1714, arriving at Lon- 
 don three days after the queen's death. He was received with all polTible demonftrati- 
 ons of joy by thofe who were then entrufted with the government •, and upon the arrival 
 of king George I. was particularly diftinguiflied by ads of royal favour; for he was 
 again declared captain-general of all his majefty's land-forces, colonel of the firft re- 
 giment of foot-guards, and mailer of the ordnance. His advice was of great ufe in 
 concerting thofe meafures by which the rebellion in the year 1715 was cruflied ; and 
 his advice on this occafion was the laft effort he made in refpedl to public affairs ; for 
 his infirmities increafing with his years, he retired from bufinefs, and fpent the greateft 
 part of his time, during the remainder of his life, at one or other of his country- 
 houfes. He died on the 16th of June, 172?, inhis feventy-third year, at Windfor- 
 lodge -, and was interred in Weftminfter-abbey. To fum up his charaifler, he was 
 the moft accomplilhcd courtier of his time, an able ftatefman, and a confummate 
 general. Befides the marquis of Blandford, whom we have already mentioned, his 
 grace had four daughters, who married into loine of the bcfl families of the kingdom. 
 
 CHURCHILL
 
 I 
 
 CHURCHILL. 263 
 
 CHURCHILL (Charles) a celebrated fatirift, was the foil of the reverend 
 Mr. Charles Churchill, curate and leflurer of St. John'?, Wertminller, and was born 
 in 1731. He was educated at Weftminttcr-fchool ; where having one day an exercife 
 to make, and, through inattention or idlenefs, having failed to bring it at the ap- 
 pointed time, his mailer thought proper to challile him le\'erely, and even reproached 
 him with ftupidity : what the fear of ftripes could not efFeil, the fear of fliame foon 
 produced, and he the next day brought his exercife finifhcd in fuch a manner, that 
 he received the public thanks of all the mailers. He was afterwards refufcd admit- 
 tance into the univerfuy of Oxford, for want of proper fkill in the learned languages-, 
 and, in confequenceof this repulfe, was obliged to refume his ftudies at Weftminlter- 
 fchool, where, at fcventeen years of age, he contrafted an intimacy with tiie lady 
 whom he afterwards married. At the ulual age of going into orders, Mr. Churchill 
 was ordained by the late bifliop of London, notwithltanding he had taken no degree, 
 nor Itudied in either of our univerfities j and the firft employment he had in the 
 church, was a curacy of thirty pounds a year in Wales. To this remote part ot the 
 kingdom he carried his wife ; they took a fmall houfe, and he pafled through the 
 duties of his (tation with afTiduity and chearfulnefs. He was beloved and elteemed 
 by his parirtnoners, and though his lermons were rather above the level of his audi- 
 ence, they were commended and followed. In order to eke out his fcanty finances, 
 he entered into a branch of trade, which he thought might end in riches, but which 
 involved him in debts that prefled him for fome years after; this was no other than 
 keeping a cyder cellar, and dealing in this liquor through that part of the country. 
 A poet is but ill qualified for merchandifc, where fmall gains are to be patiently ex- 
 pecled, and carefully accumulated. He had neither patience for the one, nor oeco- 
 nomy for the other ; and a fort of rural bankruptcy was the confequence of his at- 
 tempt. Upon leaving Wales, he came to London, and his father dying foon after, he 
 ftept into the church in which that gentleman had officiated. In order to improve his 
 income, which fcarcely produced an hundred pounds a year, he undertook to teach 
 young ladies to read and write Englilh, and was employed fjr this purpofe in the 
 boarding-fchool of Mrs. Dennis, where he behaved with that decorum which was 
 fuitable to his profeflion. His method of living, however, bearing no proportion to 
 his revenue, he contradled feveral debts in the city, which he found himtclf unable to 
 pay; and a jail, the continual terror of indigent genius, fcemed now ready to com- 
 plete his misfortunes. From this wretched ftate of uneafinefs he was relieved by the 
 benevolence of Mr. Lloyd, father to the poet of that name, who paid his debts, or at 
 kaft fatisfied his creditors. 
 
 In the mean lime, while Mr. Lloyd, the father, was thus relieving Mr. Churchill 
 by his bounty, Mr. Lloyd, the fon, began to excite him by his example. The Aftor, 
 a poem, written by this gentleman, and addrefled to Bonnel Tiiornton, was read and 
 approved by all the judges of poetical merit, and gave the author a diflinguifhed place 
 among the writers of his age. The reputation Mr. Lloyd acquired by this poem, in- 
 duced his friend Churchill to write the celebrated Rofciad, which was received with 
 great applaufe. The next performance of Mr. Churchill was his Apology to the Cri- 
 tical Reviewers, which alfo met with a favourable reception from the public. But 
 while his writings thus amufed the town, it was difgufled by his actions. He now 
 quitted his wife, refigncd his gown, and all clerical tundtions, co!r.mcnccd a complete 
 man of the town, drank to excefs, frequented (lews, and, giddy with applaufe, fcemed 
 to think his talents a fufficient atonement for all the abfurditics of his condu»f^. He now 
 wrote a poem called Night, which was foon followed by the Ghod, the Prophccv 
 of Famine, and other pieces* About the year 1764, lie went over to Boulogne, on a 
 
 vifi:
 
 «64 CLARKE. 
 
 vifit to Mr. Wilkes, and was there attacked by a miliary fever, which carried him off 
 in a few days. Afcer his death, his poems were colleifted and printed together, in 
 two volumes, oftavo. 
 
 CIBBER (Colley) efq. a very eminent comedian and dramatic writer, was the 
 fon of Caius Gabriel Cibber, a native of Holftein, and was born at London on the 
 6th of November, 1671. In 1682 he was fent to the free-fchool of Grantham, in 
 Lincolnfhire ; and having remained there about five years, was preparing to go to the 
 uiiiverfity, in order to qualify himfclf for the church, when, in the year i688, he was 
 induced to take arms in favour of the prince of Orange, under the earl of Devonfliire. 
 Soon after this, he betook himfelf to the ftage, for which he had conceived a very 
 early inclination ; but he did not meet with much encouragement at firft, being full 
 three quarters of a year before he obtained a falary of ten Ihillings /i^r week. The 
 firft part in which he appeared with any glimpfe of fuccefs, was the Chaplain in the 
 Orphan; he then diilinguifhed himfelf in the part of lord Touchwood, in Congreve's 
 Double Dealer ; and next in the character of Fondiewife, in the Old Batchelor. He 
 was not, however, advanced in the manner he had reafon to expert ; and therefore, 
 that he might appear in a new rank of diftindion, he wrote his firft play, called 
 Love's laft Shift, which was acled in 1695, wherein he performed the part of Sir 
 Novelty Faftiion. This comedy met with the fuccefs it delcrvcd ; and the charafter 
 of the Fop was fo admirably reprefented by Mr. Cibber, that he was thenceforward al- 
 lowed to excel all other adiors in parts of that caft. From this period he applied 
 himfelf to the writing of plays ; and " it is obfervable," fays he, " that my mufe and 
 my fpoufe were equally prolific ; that the one was feldom the mother of a child, but 
 in the fame year the other made me the father of a play. I think we had a dozen of 
 each fort between us, of both which kinds fome died in their infancy, and near an 
 equal number of each were alive when I quitted the theatre." Of all his plays, none 
 was of more importance to the public and himfelf, than the Nonjuror, which was acfled 
 in 1 71 7: it rendered him the conftant butt of all the enemies of the government, 
 and by laying the foundation of a mifunderftanding between him and Mr. Pope, at 
 length railed him to be the hero of the Dunciad. However, king George I. to whom 
 it was dedicated, ordered Mr. Cibber two hundred pounds-, and from the merit of 
 this performance, he, in 1 730, became poet laureat, which office he enjoyed till his 
 death. He wrote, i. The Carcltfs Huftiand : 2. The Double Gallant: 3, The 
 Lady's laft Stake ; 4. Perolla and Izadora : 5. The Refufal : 6. The Rival Fools: 
 7. The School-Boy: 8. She wou'd and flic wou'd not : 9. Woman's Wit : 10. Venus 
 and Adonis: 11. Love makes a Man: 12. The Comical Lovers: j?. Damon and 
 Phillida ; and many other dramatic pieces, befides fome pamphlets. He died in De- 
 cember, I 757, at the age of eighty-fix. 
 
 CLARKE (Dr. Samuel) one of the greateft divines that any age has produced, 
 was born at Norwich on the I ith of Oftober, 1675-, his father, Edward Clarke, Efq. 
 being alderman of that city, and one of it's reprcfentatives in parliament. He was 
 inftrufted in claffical learning at the frce'fchool of his native place; and, in 1691, re- 
 moved from thence to Caius college, Cambridge, where his uncommon genius and 
 abilities foon began to dilplay themfclves. He greatly contributed to the eftablifti- 
 ment of the Newtonian philofophy by an excellent tranftation of, and notes upon, 
 Rohault's Phyfics, which he finifhed before he had attained to the twenty-ferond year 
 of his age. Having taken holy orders, he became chaplain to Dr. John Moore, 
 biftiop of Norwich, who gave him the reftory of Drayton in that dioccfe. In thtf 
 years 1704 and 1705 he was appointed to preach Mr. Boyle's le(flure. In 1706 he 
 
 tranftatcd
 
 COKE. 165 
 
 tranflated Sir Ifaac Newton's Optics into elegant Latin ; and, the fame year*:his pa- 
 tron, the bifliop of Norwich, procured for him the redtory of St. Bennet's, Paul's 
 Wharf. He was foon after made chaplain in ordinary to queen Anne, and, in 1709, 
 was prefented to the reftory of St. James's, Weltminlter. Upon his advancement to 
 this ftation, he took the degree of dodtor in divinity, and acquitted himfelf with gre.it 
 applaufe in the public exercife which he performed on that occafion. In 17 1 2 he pub- 
 liChed a molt beautiful and correc5t edition of Cjefar's Commentaries, dedicated to the 
 duke of Marlborough ; and in the fame year appeared his Scripture Doftrine of the 
 Trinity, which engaged him in a warm controverfy. In the years 1715 and 17 16 he 
 was engaged in a difpute with Mr. Leibnitz, concerning the principles of natural 
 philofophy and religion; and the letters which pafTcd between them on that lubjec>, 
 were publifhed at London in 1717. Upon the death of Sir Ifaac Newton, in 1727, 
 he was offered the place of mafter of the mint ; but this he refufed, as inconfiftenc 
 with his charaifber. In the beginning of the year 1729, he publifhed the twelve firft 
 books of Homer's Iliad, with the Latin verfion accurately correfted, and learned 
 notes ; but before he had finiflied the reft, he was taken fuddenly ill, and died on 
 the i;th of May, in that year. His Expofition of the Church Catechifm, and ten 
 volumes of his fermons, were publifhed after his death. His works, which are nu- 
 merous, and of which thofe we have mentioned form but a part, will remain a per- 
 petual monument of his learning and abilities. He was pofleired of the moil amiable 
 difpofition ; his piety was manly and unaffeded, and his charity as extenfive as the 
 whole rational creation. 
 
 COKE (Sir Edward) the great oracle of the law, and lord chief juftice of the 
 King's-Bench in the reign of James I. was the fon of Robert Coke, efq. of Mile- 
 ham in the county of Norfolk, and was born at his father's feat in the year 1550. 
 He received his education at the free-fchool of Norwich, and at Trinity-college 
 in Cambridge. Having fludied in the univerfity about four years, he removed to 
 Cliflbrd's Inn, London -, and was foon after entered a ftudent of the Inner Temple. 
 !;■ He had not been long in this laft place before he gave a proof of his extraordinary 
 abilities -, a cafe relating to the cook of the Temple, which had puzzled all the lawyers, 
 was ftated by him in fuch a mafterly manner, as atrradted the admiration of the whole 
 bench of judges. It was probably on account of this fpecimen of his abilities, that 
 he was called to the bar when but of fix years flanding; and having married a lady of 
 great fortune, he was foon advanced to the moft confiderable dignities. The cities of 
 Norwich and Coventry chofe him their recorder; the county of Norfolk elefted him 
 one of their reprefentatives in parliament; and the Houfe of Commons made him 
 their fpeaker in the 35th year of queen Elizabeth. That princefs appointed him her 
 folicitor-general in 1592, and her attorney-general the year following. In May 1607, 
 he was knighted by king James I. and in iNovcmber the fame year he manao-ed the 
 trial of the great Sir Walter Raleigh, whom, it muft be confeffed, he treated with a 
 fcurrility of language that can by no means be juftified ; calling him, with a virulence 
 almoft beyond example, traitor, monfter, viper, and fpider of hell. In 1606 he was 
 appointed lord chief jull ice of the Common-l-'lras ; and, in 1613, lord chief judice of 
 the King's Bench, and a member of the privy-council : but happening to give offence to 
 the court, partly by a difpute which he had with the lord chancellor Egerton, con- 
 cerning the jurifdidtion of their refpecSlive courts, partly by his too eager profecution 
 of the murderers of Sir Thomas Ovcrbury, and partly by an opinion he had delivered 
 with regard to the king's power in eccleilaltical affairs; he was, in the year i6i6, re- 
 
 3 Y moved
 
 a66 C O N G R E V E. 
 
 moved from the office of lord chief juftice. In December 1621, Sir Edward, on ac- 
 covinc of his fpiri'ed oppofition 10 the meafurcs of t'ae court in the Houle of Coniaioi.s, 
 was committed to the 'I'ower. Upon the calling of anew parliament in 1625, the 
 niiniltry,. to prevent his being choien a member, took care that hefliould be appointed 
 fheriff of the county of Buckingham. Neverthclcfs, he found means to procure a 
 leat in the parliameat of the year 1628, and aded in it with his ufual Ipiric and vigour: 
 he Ipoke warmly for the redrefs of grievances, argued boldly in defence of liberty, 
 and Itrenuoufly fupported the privileges of the Houfe of Commons. Afcer the diflb- 
 luiion of this parliament, which happened in March 1628-9, he retired to his houfe 
 at Stoke-Pogeys, in Buckinghamfliire, where he fpent the remainder of his davs, and 
 died there on the third of September, i6j?4. His worics are well known and greatly 
 cftcemed ; particularly his Reports, and his Inftitutes of tJicLaws of England. . 
 
 COLET (Dr. John) founder of St. Paul's fchool, was the eldcfl: fen of Sir Henry 
 Colct, knight; and was born at London in the year 1466. In 1483, he was fen: to 
 the univerfity of Oxford-, and, two years after, was inttitutcd to the rettory of Den- 
 ington in Suffolk, which he enjoyed till his death. During his travels into France and 
 Italy, he was made a prebendary of the cathedral church of York, and inftalled by 
 proxy on the fifth of March, 1494. In December 1497, he was ordained deacon, 
 and prieft in July following. In 1504, he took the degree of doiflor in divinit)\ On 
 the fifth of May, 1505, he was inftituced to a prebend in the cathedral of St. Paul ; 
 and in the fame year and month, was made dean of that church, without the Icaft 
 application of his own. Having inherited a very confiderable eftate by the death of 
 his father, he refolved to confccrate 'it to fomc tlanding and perpetual benefa(5^ion ; 
 agreeable to which reiblution, he founded St. Paul's fchool in London, for 153 fcho- 
 lars. ; I'his excellent man died on the fixteenth of September, 1519, in the .5 3d year 
 of his age. He wrote, i. Rudimenta Grammaticcs : 2, The Conflruftion of the 
 Eight Parts of Speech : 3. Daily Devotions : 4. Monition to a Godly Life : 5. Epiftolas 
 ad Erafmum; and fome other pieces. He was a tall, comely, graceful, well-bred 
 man; and his learning and piety were uncommon. " No higher tcllimony, fays Mr. 
 Granger, need to be given of the merit of Colet, than his great intimacy with Eral- 
 mus. There was a fimilitude of manners, ot ftudies, and fentimenrs in religion, be- 
 tv.een thefe illuftrious men, who ventured to take off the veil from ignorance and 
 fuperftiition, and expofe them to the eyes of the world ; and to prepare men's minds 
 for the reformation of rel'gion, and reftoration of learning." 
 
 CONGREVE (William) efq. an eminent Englifh dramatic writer, was born at a 
 place calkd Bardfa, near Leeds, in Yorklhire, in 1672, and educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin -, after which he (ludied the law for a fhort time in the Middle 
 Temple, London. His firfl: produdion was a novel, entitled Incognita, or I ove and 
 Duty reconciled; and he foon after began his comedy of the Old Bachelor, which, on 
 its being aded, procured him many confiderable friends, among whom was Mr. Mon- 
 tague, afterwards lord Hallifax, who appointed him one of the commiflioners for 
 licenling hackney-coaches ; then gave him a place in the pipe-office, and afterwards a 
 poft in the cuftoms, worth 600I. per annum. It is no wonder that, after fuch en- 
 couragement, he fhould foon make his appearance again on theftage; and accordingly, 
 the next year, he brought on the Double Dealer. Qi^ieen Mary dying in 1694, he 
 •wrote a pSdoral on that occaiion, entitled The Mourning Mufe of Alexis ; and in 
 1695 he produced his comedy of Love for Love. The fame year he addreffed to king 
 
 William
 
 COOKER. 267 
 
 William an ode upon the taking of Namur, Having eflablifhed his reputation as a 
 comic writer, he rdbived to attempt a tragedy, and in 1697 was a6ied his Mourning 
 Bride, which met with great applaiife. He was now called off to engage in another 
 fpecies of writing; Mr. Jeremy Collier attacked him as a dangerous immoral author. 
 An anlwer was neceffary, and therefore an anfwer was given, which, though it does 
 not entirely juftify Mr. Congreve, fliews however great modelly and wit. Tliis quarrel 
 is thought to have given Mr. Congreve fome diftalle to the ftage ; yet he foon after 
 brought on anotiier comedy, entitled the Way of the World, the ill fuccefs of which 
 completed his difguft: to the theatre. He amufed himfclf afterwards with compofing 
 oriccinal poems and tranflations, which he collefted in one volume, and publifhed in 
 1710. In 1718 he was appoin-ted fccrttaryof Jamaica. The greateft part of the 
 laft tv/enty years of his life was fpent in eafe and retirement ; but towards the end of 
 it, being much afflitted with the gout, he went to Bath for the benefit of the waters ; 
 where having the misfortune to be overturned in his chariot, he from that time com- 
 plained of a pain in his fide, fuppoi'ed to arife from fome inward bruife. Upon his re- 
 turn to London, his health continued to decline, and he died at his houfe in Surry- 
 ftreet, in the Strand, on the )9th of January, 1728-9. On the 26th of the fame 
 month, he was interred with great folemnity in Weftminlter-abbey, the pall being 
 fupportcd by the duke of Bridgewater, the earl of Godolphin, lord Cobham, lord 
 Wilmin-^ton, brigadier-general Churchill, and the honourable George Berkeley. Some 
 time after, an elegant monument was erefted to his memory, with the following in- 
 fcription : " Mr. William Congreve, died January 19, 1728-9, aged fifty-fix, and 
 was buried near this place. To whofe moft valuable memory this monument is fet up 
 by Henrietta, dutchefs of Marlborough, as a mark how dearly flie remembers the 
 happinefs flie enjoyed in the fincere friendfliip of fo worthy and honeft a man; whofti 
 virtue, candour, and wit, gained him the love and eftcem of the prefent age-, and 
 whole writings will be the adiuiration of tlie future." 
 
 Voltaire, in his letters concerning the Englifh nation, fpeaking of Mr. Congreve, 
 fays, " He raifed the glory of comedy to a greater height, than any Englifh writer 
 before or fince his time. He wrote only a few plays, but they are excellent in their 
 kind. The laws of the drama are ftri^Uy obferved in them. 'I'hey abound withcha- 
 raeSlers, all which are fhadowed with the utmoft delicacy ; and we do noc meet with fo 
 much as one low or coarfejeff. The language is every where that of men of fafiiion, 
 but their adtions are thofe of knaves : a proof, that he was perfedly well acquainted 
 with human nature, and frequented what we call polite company. He was infirm and 
 come to the verge of life when I knew him. Mr. Congreve had one defeft, which 
 was his entertaining too mean an idea of iiis firft profelTion, that of a v/riter; though 
 it was to this he owed his fame and fortune. He fpoke of his works as of trifles that 
 were beneath him-, and hinted to mc in our firft converfation, that I fhould vifit him 
 upon no other footing than that of a i)rivate gentleman, who led a life of plainnefs ;vid 
 fimplicity. 1 anfwered, that had he been fo unfortunate as to be a mere gentleman, I 
 fhould never have troubled him with a vifit ; and I was very much difgulled at fo un- 
 feafonable a piece of vanity." 
 
 COOPER (Anthony Ashley) earl of Shafctfbury, one of the greateft politicians 
 and moft diftinguifhed miniflers of tiie laft century, was the fon ot Sir John Cooper, 
 and was born at Winborne St. Giles, in DorfetOiire, on the 22d of July, 1621. He 
 was educated at Oxford, and from thence removed to Lincyln's-Inn, where he applied 
 himfelf to the ftudy of the law with fuch unwearied diligcnccj that he foon acquired 
 
 at ho-
 
 263 COOPER. 
 
 a thorough knowlcilge of the EnglilTi conftitution. la 1640 he was chofen one of 
 the rcpreleiuatives in parliiment for the town of Tevvkfbury, in GlouctfterfKire. Ac 
 the breaking out of the civil war, he oflfered his fervices to king Charles I. and pro- 
 jected a fcheme for an accommodation, which lie communicated to his majefty : but, 
 this defign proving abortive, and finding himfclf not treated with the confidence he 
 cxpccled, he entered into the parliament's fervice, accepted acommidlon, took Ware- 
 ham by ftorm in 1644, and foon after reduced all the adjacent parts of Dorletlhire. 
 Upon the refloration of Charles II. in promoting which he was greatly inllrumental, 
 he was fworn of the privy-council ; and, in April i66i, was created baron Aihley of 
 ^Yinborne St, Giles, and afterwards made chancellor and under-trcafurer of the ex- 
 chequer. In 1667 he was appointed one of the comraifTioners for executing the office; 
 of high-trcaiurer i on the 23d of April, 1672, was created baron Cooper of Pawlet, 
 and carl of Shaftefbury ; and on the 4th of November following, was advanced to the 
 port: of lord high-chancellor of England, which he difcharged with equal ability and 
 integrity. He complied, however, a little too readily with the arbitrary meafures of 
 the court; but, upon his being deprived of the great feal in November 1673, ^^ ^^' 
 turned to his former connexions, and continued thenceforward to be the very foul of 
 the anti-minifterial party. He oppofed the teft, promoted the exclufion-bili, and, in 
 lliort, aded in every thing with fuch vehemence, that he was twice committed to the 
 Tower. The firft time he was difmifled upon his fubmiflion : the fecond, the grand 
 jury returned the bill ;|^>wr«;««.f. Senfible, however, of the great danger that threat- 
 ened him, as well from the power as the malice of his enemies, he thought proper to 
 retire to Amfterdam, where he died on the 22d of January, 1682-3, '" ^^^ ^^d year 
 of his age. His body was brought over to England, and interred at Winborneift. 
 Giles amon? thofe of his ancellors. 
 
 " The great talents of the earl of Shaftefbury, and his exadl knowledge of men and 
 things, (fays Mr. Granger) contributed to render him one of the firll: charafters of his 
 age: but the vi.ilence of his pafllons, and the flexibility of his principles, prompted 
 him to act very different and even contrary parts. This was, in fome meafure, owing 
 to the changes in the times in which he lived, but is more to be attributed to the mu- 
 tabiliry of his character, which ever varied with the interefls of his ambition. When 
 we confider him as fitting in the higheft tribunal in the kingdom, explaining and cor- 
 recting the laws, detefling fraud, and exerting all the powers of his eloquence on the 
 fide of judice ; wc admire the able lawyer, the commanding orator, and tlie upright 
 judge : but when he enters into all tiic iniquitous meafures of the Cabal, when he 
 proititutcs his eloquence to enQave his country, and becomes the fadious leader and 
 the popular incendiary, wc regard him with an equal mixture of horroi" and regret." 
 
 COOPER (Anthony Ashley") the third earl of Shaftefbury, and the celebrated 
 author of the Characlcriftics, was born on the 26th of February, 1671, at Exeter- 
 houfe in London, the town refidcnce of his grandfather Anthony, the firft carl of 
 Shaftefbury, who, from the time of his birth, conceived fo ftrong an affection for 
 him, that he undertook the care of his education •, and refolving to have him tho- 
 roughly inftru(fted in the learned language;, committed him to the tuition of a lady in 
 his houfe, who was fo perfedt a miftrefs of the Greek and Latin tongues, that fhe 
 could fpeak either of them with the greateft fluency. By her inflruftions he profited 
 lb much, that by the time he attained to the eleventh year of his age, he could not 
 only read, but even fpeak, the Greek and Latin, with cafe and accuracy. With the 
 fame rapidity he pafTcd through a complete courfe of philofophical learning; and, 
 
 in
 
 COWLEY. 269 
 
 In 168^, he began his travels under the care of a tutor. He returned to England in 
 1689 ; and upon the death of Sir John Trenchard, in 1695, was ek-dted a burgefs for 
 Pook in Dorfetfhire. At his firft appearance in the houfe of commons, he had an 
 opportunity of fh'ewing that fpirit of liberty, which he maintained to the end of his 
 life, and by which he uniformly dire6led his conduct on all occafions. He had pre- 
 pared a fpecch in favour of the bill for granting counfel to prifoners in cafes of high 
 trcafon -, but when he rofe to deliver it, he was fo intimidated by theaut;uftncfs of the 
 aflembly, that he loft all memory, and was unable to proceed. The houle, after 
 giving him fometime to recover from his confufion, called loudly for him to go on -, 
 when he prcoiteded to this efFcdl : " If I, Sir, (addreffing himfelf to the fpeakcr) who 
 rife only to give my opinion on the bill now depending, am fo confounded, that I am 
 unable toexprefs the lead of what I propofed to fayj what muft the condition of that 
 man be, who, without any afllftance, is pleading for his life, and under apprehenfions 
 of b' ing deprived of it?" Upon the diflblution of the parliament in 1698, he re- 
 pa'red to Holland, where he contrafted an acquaintance with Mr, Bayle, Mr. LeClerc, 
 and other learred and ingenious perfons. Returning to England in the year 1699, 
 he foon after became earl of Shaftefbury by the death of his father. He was offered 
 by king V/uliam the poft of fecretary of ftate •, but this he declined on account of his 
 weak conftitution. In 1705 he made a fecond voyage to Holland, from whence he 
 returned in the year following. He had long been afflifted with an afthmatic diforder ; 
 and finding the difeafe ftill to increafe upon him, he removed to Italy for the benefit 
 of the air, in 1711 j and died at Naples on the 4th of February, 1713. His writings 
 are, i. A. Letter concerning Enthufiafm : 2. Senfus Communis ; an Effay on tlie Free- 
 dorn of Wit and Humour: 3. Soliloquy; or Advice to an Author: 4. An Inquiry 
 concerning Virtue and M«rit : 5, The Moralifts ; a philofophical Rhapfody : 6. Mif- 
 cellaneous Refledions, &c. 7. A Notion of the Hiftorical Draught, or Tablature of 
 the Judgment of Hercules ; and, 8. A Letter concerning Defign. Thefe treatifes 
 have been printed in three volumes, under the general title of Charaderiftics. 
 
 COWLEY (Abraham) an eminent Englifli poet, was born in Fleet-ftreet, near 
 the end of Chancery-lane, London, in the year 1618. His father, who was a grocer, 
 dying before his birth, he was left to the care of his mother, who procured him to be 
 admitted a king's fcholar in Weftminfter-fchool ; where he gave early proofs of his 
 extraordinary genius. In 1633, when he was but fifteen years of age, he publiflied a 
 coUeftion of poems, under the title of Poetical Blolfoms ; in which, fays bilhop Sprat, 
 there arc many things that might well become the vigour and force of a manly wit. 
 Mr. Cowley himfelf tells us, that he had fo defedive a memory while at fchool, that 
 he could never be brought to retain the ordinary rules of grammar •, but this want he 
 abundantly fupplied by an intimate acquaintance with the books thexii-lves from which 
 thofc rules had b;en drawn. From Weftminfter-fchool he removed to Trinity-college, 
 Cambridge, of which he was eledltd a fcholar in 1636. In the year iC j'6 he publifhed 
 his Love's Riddle, a paftoral comedy, written while lie was at Wcftminfter ; and alfo 
 a Latin comedy, entitled, Naufragium Joculare, or the Merry Shipwreck. In 1643, 
 being then mafter of arts, he, among many others, was ejected from the univerfity ; 
 upon which he retired to Oxford, and was entered of St. john's-college there. His 
 affe(ftion to the royal caufe engaged him in the fervice of the king-, and he attended 
 his majefty in feveral journeys and expeditions. During the heat of the civil war, he 
 lived in the family of the earl of St. Alban's; and when the queen was obliged to re- 
 tire into France, he accompanied her thither. For the fpacc of ten yearj he was abfent 
 
 3 Z from
 
 270 C. R A N M E R. 
 
 from his native country, and that time he employed either in bearing a fharc in the 
 diftrelTcs of the royal family, or in labouring for their intcreft. In 1656 he was lent 
 over t3 luigland with the utmoft fecrecy, in order to take rognizince of the ftate of 
 atfatrs in this kingdom ; but b;ing difcovered and feized, he was committed to clofe 
 imprifonmenr, and it was witli great difficulty that he obtained his liberty •, after 
 which he ventured back to France, and remained there till near the time of kino- 
 Charles the Second's relloration. On the 2d of December, 1657, he was created 
 doctor of phyfic at Oxford. 
 
 Soon after the reftoration, Mr. Cowley obtained a confiderable eftate, through the 
 favour of the duke of Buckingham and the earl of St. Alban's ; and being now in the 
 42d year of his age, he refolved to pafs the remainder of his life in a ftudious retire- 
 ment. For this purpofe he withdrew firft to Barn-Elms, and afterwards to Chertfey, 
 where he died the 28th of July, 1667: on the 3d of Augufl following he was interred 
 in Weftminfter-abbry, where a monument was ereflcd to his memory, in 1675, by 
 the duke of Buckingham, with a Latin infcription by doflor Thomas Sprat, bifhop 
 ot Rochcfter. When the news of our poet's death was communicated to king Charles 
 II. that prince faid, that " Mr. Cowley had not left a better man behind him in Eng- 
 land." His character indeed was equally amiable and refpcdtable ; for he was as much 
 dillinguiflied by the goodnefs of his hearr, and the fweetncfs of his temper, as by the 
 extent of his learning, and the fublimiry of his genius. He wrote a facred poem 
 called Davideis; PinJaric Odes-, fix books of Plants -, the Miflrefs, a poem ; elevea 
 Anacreontics; Hflays in profe and verfe, &c. His Latin poems, which are efteemcd 
 the beft of his works, are written in the various meafures of the ancients, and have 
 much of their unaffedted beauty. 
 
 CRANMER (Thomas) archbifhop of Canterbury', was defcendcd from aa 
 ancient family in Nottinghamfliire, and born at Aflaclon, in that county, on thefecond 
 of July, 1489. In 1503 he was admitted of Jefus-coUege, Cambridge, where he fooa 
 diftinguifiied himfelf by his uncommon abilities and application ; and, in 1523, com- 
 menced doctor in divinity. The immediate caufe of his advancement in the church, 
 was the opinion he gave vvith reg.ard to king Henry the Eighth's divorce from Catharine- 
 of Arragon •, viz. that the king Ihould confult all the univerfities of Europe. Henry- 
 was no fooner informed of this opinion, than he exclaimed, " Aye, now we have the 
 right fow by the ear." He immediately fcnt for Cranmer to court, made him his 
 chaplain, and foon after prefented him to the archdeaconry of Taunton. 
 
 In 1530, our divine was lent by the king into France, Italy, and Germany, to dif- 
 pute againll: the validity of Henry's marriage. In 1533, he was raifed to the archbifhopric 
 of Canterbury ; and, in lefs than two months after his confecration, pronounced the 
 fentence of divorce between king Henry and queen Catharine. He Ihewed himfelf a 
 zealous promoter of the reformation ; procured the bible to be trandated intoEnglifhi 
 forwarded the fuppreffion of the monafteries ; and, in 1536, divorced king Henry 
 from AnneBoleyn. In 1539, ^^^ oppofed, with great vigour, the aft of the Six 
 Articles, commonly called the Bloody Statute. The next year, he was one of the com- 
 miflioncrs appointed to infpeft into matters of religion, and to explain fome of its. 
 principal doflrines; and the book entitled, The necefTary Erudition of a Chriftian 
 Man, was the rcfult of their commiffion. In 1542, he procured an adl for the ad- 
 Tanccmeat of true religion, and the abolifhment of the contrary. In the year following^ 
 he was expofcd to fome danger from the refentment of the Popifh party, who drew up 
 articles of accufation againft him, and prefented them to the king. Henry perceived 
 
 their
 
 C R A N M E R; '271 
 
 their malice ; and one evening, on pretence of diverting himfelf on the water, ordered 
 his barge to be rowed towards Lambeth. The archbiihop being informed of the king's 
 arrival, came down to pay his refpedVs, and was ordered ty his majefty to come into the 
 barge. Henry acquainted him with the accufations of herefy, fadlion, &c. which 
 were laid againft him ; and fpoke of his oppofuion to the Six Articles : the archbifhop 
 modeftly replied, that, with refpecl to them, his fentiments ftill remained unaltered ; 
 but that he was notconfciousof havingoffended againlt them. Then the king, alTuming 
 a.-i air of pleafantry, afked him, If his Bsd-chambcr could fland the teft of thefe 
 articles .'' 1 he archbifhop confefled, that he was married in Germany, before his pro- 
 motion; but aflured the king, that on the palTing of that aft, he had parted with his 
 wife, and fent her abroad to her friends. His majefty was fo charmed with the open- 
 nefs and integrity of this excellent prelate, that he made him acquainted with the plot 
 that was formed againft him, gave him a ring of great value to produce upon a future 
 emergency, and rcfolved to counterwork the malice of Cranmer's enemies ; who fum- 
 moned him, loon after, toappear before the council, fufFered him to wait in the lobby 
 among the fervants, treated him on his admiftion with haughty contempt, and would 
 have fent him to the Tower. But he produced the ring; and gained his enemies a 
 fevere reprimand from Henry, and himfelf the higheft degree of fecurity and favour. 
 
 Upon the deceafe of king Henry Vllf. in January 1547, archbifhop Cranmer was 
 on." of the executors of his will, and one of the regents of the kingdom : and, on the 
 23th of February following, he crowned king Edward VI. to whom he had been god- 
 father. In 1550 a review was made of the book of common prayer, which by his care 
 had been drawn up ; and, in 1552, it was authorifed by aft of parliamenr. The next 
 year, Cranmer oppofed the new fettlement of the crown upon lady Jane Grey ; but 
 was at length prevailed on to acquiefce in it. He appeared for that lady upon the death 
 of Edward VI. and was one of her counfellors. Soon after the acceftion of queen 
 Mary, he was committed to the Tower-, and on the 3d of November, 1553, was 
 tried and condemned for high treafon, in acknowledging the fovereignty of Jane Grey. 
 The queen, however, upon his humble and repeated application, pardoned him the 
 treafon : but at the fame time, to gratify her implacable refentment againft him for 
 the part which he afted in her mother's divorce, ftie refolved that he fl:iould fufflr death 
 as an heretic. In April 1554, the archbifhop, with his fellow-prifoners, Ridley and' 
 Latimer, were removed to Oxford, in order to hold a public difputation with the 
 papifts. In the courle of their argumentation they were infulted, interrupted, and fi- 
 lenced ; and on their refufing to fubfcribe the popifh articles, they were condemned as. 
 heretics. But this fentence being void in law, as the pope's authority was wanting, a 
 new commiflion was fent from Rome for the trial and conviftion of Cranmer, Ac- 
 cordingly, on the 1 2th of September, 1555, he appeared before the commiflioners in 
 St. Mary's church, Oxford, where he was accufcd of blafphemy, herefy, perjury, and' 
 incontinence : of blafphemy and herefy, for what he had written and afted againft 
 popery ; of perjury, for breaking his oath to the pope; and of incontinence, on ac- 
 count of his being married. He defended himfelf againft thefe accufations ; and was 
 afterwards cited to appear at Rome within eighty days, to make his anfwer in peribn : 
 but no care being taken to fend him, he was, by an order from thence, degraded and. 
 deprived. 
 
 After the degradation of Cranmer, his popifli perfecutors ufcd every artifice that 
 could be thought of to fliake his conftancy. They were very dcfirous of prevailing on 
 him to recant; as, if by any means they could do this, it would be a matter of o-reat 
 triumph to their party. He had now been near two years and a half in coohnemcnt.,. 
 
 axut
 
 zyz 
 
 C R A N M E R. 
 
 and hail been treated with extreme fewrlty : but he had always hitherto difcovered 
 great firmncfs ot" mind under his fuffering?, and his enemies had found him unmoved 
 by their threats, and fteady to his principles. They refolved, therefore, to try whether 
 more gentle ufagc would not operate more effectually upon the natural mildnefs of his 
 temper. They removed him from tiie rigoroMS reftraints of his prilbn to the deanery 
 of Chrift-chuich, where he was handibmely lodged, and elegantly entertained. They 
 alTailcd him with the plealures of life ; they endeavoured to work upon him by the 
 pleafing arguments of eafe, of affluence, offtition; they told him of the queen's per- 
 fonaleftcem .".nd regard fo- him; and reminded him of the relped and attention paid 
 him, when i.n power. They told him, that l.e would be permitted to enjoy his former 
 .dignity in the church; or, if he liked it batter, might lead a co.Tifortable and peace- 
 ful life in privacy and fafeiv. And all tiiiscnly by letting his name to a piece of pa- 
 per. They faid, he was ftil! ftrong and hea'uh ', and might live many years more, if 
 he did not voluntarily put a period to his own days, by the terrible death of burning, 
 he refiftcd their temptations for a confiderable tme : but they continued to treat him 
 with great apparent kindnel's .^n.i refped ; they gave him liberty to take his pleafure in 
 the open air ; they flattered, racy carcfled him; and, in (hort, in an unguarded hour, 
 t icy prevailed upon the archbilhop to fubfcnbc an abjuration, renouncing all the errors 
 vi Luther and Zuinglius, acknowledging the pope's fupremacy, the feven facraments, 
 the corporal prefcnce in the Eucharifl, purgatory, prayer for departed fouls, and the 
 invocation of faints. 
 
 When the popifh party had obtained this triumph over the unfortunate archbifhop, 
 they caufed his recantation to be printed and dilperfed with all polTible expedition. 
 It was, however, never intended that his life ftioulJ be fpared -, and all the promifcs 
 which had been made him of that kind, were only fo many inftances of the bafencfs 
 and perfidioufncfs, as well as of the cruelty, of his perfecutors. Nothing Kfj tlian his 
 death could fatiate the revengeful queen ; who faid, that, " as he had been the great 
 promoter of herefy, and the corrupter of the whole nation, the abjuration, which was 
 fufficient in other cafes, fhould not ferve his turn; for fhe was refolved he Ihouij be 
 burnt." On the day appointed for his execution, March 2 1, 1556, he was con- 
 dufted to St. Mary's church, and placed on a kind of flage over-againf!' the pulpit: 
 then Dr. Cole, provoft of Eton, preached a fermon, in which he magnified Crai-.mer'S 
 converfion as the immediate effeft of God's infpiration. He exhorted the archbifliop 
 to bear up with rcfolution againft the terrors of death; and affured him, '.!int dirges 
 and malTcs fhould be faid for his foul in all the churches of Oxford. During the 
 whole fermon, Cranmer difcovered the utmoft anxiety and internal agitation, lifting up 
 his eyes to Heaven, fliedding a torrent of tears, and groaning with uni.tterable anguifh. 
 When he wis delircd to declare his faith, he prayed with the moft pathetic cxprtfTiins 
 of horror and remorfe. He then made a fhort but moving exhortation to the people; 
 repeated the ApoQle's Creed ; declared his belief of the Scriptures ; and acknow Indeed 
 that he had figncd a paper contrary to his confcience, fron; the appreh nfion of dearh, 
 for which reafon, he faid, the hand that fubfcribed the recantation Ihould firlt feel ;hc 
 torture of the fire. He renounced the pope as the enemy of Chrift, and pr.jfcfTed the 
 fame opinion of the facrament which he had publifhed in a book written on that fub- 
 jefl. Thundcr-ftruck, as it were, at this uncxpeded declaration, the enraged papifts 
 called aloud to him to leave off diffembling; and pulling him down from the jiace 
 on which he Hood, led him immetliately to the llake. When the fire was kin. 'rd, he 
 flretched forih his right hand to the flame, and held it there unmoved (except tnat once 
 
 he
 
 CROMWELL- 273 
 
 he wiped his face with it) till it were entirely confumed ; cryinw with a loud voice, 
 " This hand hath offended ;" and often repeating, " This unworthy right hand." At 
 length the fire reaching his body, he in a fliort time expired, with the dying prayer of 
 St. Stephen in his mouth, " Lord Jefus, receive my fpirit." He burnt, to all ap- 
 pearance, without pain or motion, and leemed to repel the torture by mere ftrength 
 of mind; fhewing a repentance and a fortitude, that ought to cancel all reproach of 
 timidity in his life. 
 
 Such was the undeferved fate of Thomas Cranmer, archbifliop of Canterbury, who, 
 with a very fmall alloy of human weaknefs and irrefolution, poflcfled all the candour, 
 fimplicity, meeknefs, and benevolence of a primitive chriltian. 'He has b^en juftly 
 efteemcd (fays Mr. Granger) one of the greatelt ornaments of our church and nation. 
 He was a man of great learning, and wrote feveral works, among which are the 
 following, viz. i. A Treatifc againft Unwritten Verities ; 2. A Defence of the 
 true and catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of our Saviour 
 Chrift ; 3. Preface to the Englifh Tranflation of the Bible; 4. A Catechifm, entitled, 
 A fhort Inftrudion to Chriftian Religion, for the fingular Profit of Children and 
 young People^ 5. The Examination of mofl: Points of Religion; 6. Some Con- 
 fiderations offered to king Edward VI. to induce him to proceed to a further Re- 
 formation ; 7. Letters to divers Perfons ; to king Henry VIII. lord Cromwell, Sir 
 William Cecil, and to forergn Divines. He had alfo a confiderable hand in com- 
 pofing the Homilies. 
 
 CRICHTON (James) commonly called the Admirable Crichton, was defcended 
 from a very ancient family in Scotland, and was born at Clunie, in the fhire of Perth. 
 " This amazing genius (fays Mr. Granger) feems to have furprifed and aftonifhcd 
 mankind, like a new northern flar. He, together with an athletic Itrength and fingu- 
 lar elegance of form, pofTcffed the various powers of the human mind in their full 
 force, and almoft every acquired talent that could recommend the man, or adorn the 
 gentleman. If all that is faid of him by authors of charader be true, he is much 
 better entitled to the appellation of Phcenix than John Picus of Mirandula ; but the 
 elevation andextenfion of the genius of this wonderful man appears to have been more 
 a flight than a growth. If he had lived longer, and written more, it is probable that 
 his works would not, like thofe of his countryman Buchanan, have continued unim- 
 paired by time. Crichton {hot up like the mountain pine; Buchanan rofe flowly like 
 the oak. The one is rather an objefb of temporary admiration ; the other retains its 
 ftrength and beauty, after it hath Hood the Hiock of ages. It is probable, that the 
 great qualities of Crichton ferved to precipitate his fate. Vincent de Gonzaga, prince 
 of Mantua, his pupil, prompted by jealoufy or envy, bafely attacked, and brutally 
 murdered him in the ftreet, in the time of Carnival, in the year 1583, and the 22d of 
 his age. * If the reader fliould, in a colledive view, confider what is faid of him by 
 Imperialis, in his Mufeum ; by Mackenzie, in his Hiftory of .Scotch Writers; by 
 bifliop Tanner, in his Bibliotheca ; and by Dr. Hawkefworth, in the Adventurer; he 
 will find full enoug-h to cxercife his faith, though mankind be naturally fond of the 
 marvellous, and ever willing to ftretch their faculties to the utmoft, to reconcile ic 
 with truth." Biographical IJiJiory ef Engldnd. 
 
 CROMWELL (Thomas) earl of EJk-x, an eminent ftatefman in the fixteenth 
 century, was the Ion of a blackfmith at Putney in Surry. But notwithftanding ihis 
 
 4 A dilad- 
 
 * Sir Thomas Urqutiart fays lie \\as killed iu tlie 32<1 year of liis Age.
 
 27+ C R O M W E L L. 
 
 difadvantage of his birth, his induftry and force of genius made way for his advance- 
 ment. Having found means to travel into various countries, to learn their languages, 
 and fee their methods of war, (being a foldier under the duke of Bourbon at the 
 facking of Rome in 1527) upon his return to England he was taken into the fervicc 
 of cardinal Wolfcy, as his folicitor-, to whom he fo approved himfclf by his fidelity 
 and diligence, and whom he defended with fiich eloquence in the houfe of commons 
 againlt the articles of impeachment, that the king, after the fall of the cardinal, 
 cileeming him a proper agent for himielf in more important affairs, voluntarily enter- 
 tained him as his iervant. In 1531 he was knighted, made a privy-counfellor, and 
 mafler of the jewel-houfe : in j 53 2 he wiiS appointed clerk of the hanapcr, and chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer ; and, in 1534, principal fecretary of ftate, and mailer of the 
 rolls. He was the chief inftrument in diflblving the abbics and other religious houfcs; 
 and laboured with indefatigable induftry to promote the reformation. The papal au- 
 thority being now abolilhed, and the king declared fupreme head of the church, 
 h'S m ijefty appointed him vicar-general over ail the fpiritualities under himfclf. 
 He was likewife, on the 2d uf July, 1536, made lord-keeper of the privy-feal, and 
 on the 9th of the fame month advanced to the dignity of a baron, by the title of lord 
 Cromwell of Okeham in the county of Rutland ; and the year following he was con- 
 ftituted chief juftice itinerant of all the forefts beyond the Trent. Augull 26, 1537, 
 he was created knight of the garter. In 1538 he was made conftable of Carifbrooke- 
 caftle in the Ifle of Wight, and about the fame time obtained a grant of the caftle and 
 lordlhip of Okeham, which was followed by many other grants from the crown. 
 On the 17th of April, 1540, he was created earl of Eflcx, and foon after made lord 
 high chamberlain of England. 
 
 The tide of profperity, which had hitherto flowed in upon him, began now to take 
 a turn. A fcheme he laid to fecure his greatnefs, proved his ruin ; fuch is the weak- 
 nefs of human policy ! he ufed his utmoft endeavours to elFeft a match between king 
 Henry VIII. and Anne of Cleves. As that lady and her friends were all Lutherans, 
 he imagined it might tend to deprcfs the popilh party at court -, and he expefted a 
 great fupport from a queen of his own making. But the capricious monarch, 
 being difgufted with her pcrfon at the very firll fight, conceived an invincible aver- 
 fion to the promoter of the marriage. Many circumlUnces concurred to his ruin. 
 He was hated and envied as an upftart by the nobility in general, and detefted by all 
 the Roman-catholics, as the inveterate enemy of their religion. The king's difcontent 
 was artfully inflamed by the malicious infinuations of the duke of Norfolk and the 
 bifhop of Winchefter ; the former of whom was commifTioned by his majefty to arreft 
 the earl of Efil-x at the council-table, for high treafon -, and he was immediately fent 
 prifoner to the Tower. In his fall he had the common fate of all difgraccd minifters, 
 to be forfakcn by his friends, and intuited by his enemies. Archbifhop Cranmer how- 
 <^ver, with a fricndfliip uncommon to courtiers, wrote earneflly to the king in his 
 behalf, declaring that, in his opinion, no monarch of England had ever fo valuable 
 a fervant. But his ruin was determined. He was accufed of feveral crimes and mif- 
 demeanors, and of feveral heretical principles and praftices : though fome of them 
 were improbable, and he might have cleared himfclf of others by producing the king's 
 orders ; he was not fuffered to be heard even in his own defence, and was attainted 
 of high treafon and herefy. He ufed all his efixjrts to procure mercy ; and, during 
 his iniprifonment, wrote to the king in fuch pathetic terms, that his majelty caufcd 
 the letter to be thrice read, and fcemcd affedled with it. Rut the folicitations of the 
 duke of Norfolk and bifliop Gardiner a: length prevailed j and a warrant was granted 
 
 for
 
 CROMWELL, 2J5 
 
 for the execution of the unfortunate Cromwell. When he was brought to the fcaffbld 
 on Tower-hill, the a8th of July, 1540, his affeflion for his fon made him very cau- 
 tious in what he faid, and iefs careful to afTert his own innocence. He thanked God 
 for bringing him to that death for his tranfgrefllons ; he aci<nowledged his offences 
 againft God and his fovereign ; and declared that he died in the catholic faith. Then 
 he defired the fpeclators to pray for the king, the prince, andfor himfelf ; and, having 
 fpent a little time in devotion, fubmitted his neck to the executioner, who mangled 
 him in a terrible manner. 
 
 Thus fell this great minifter, who had raifed himfelf merely by the ftrength of his 
 natural parts; for, as his extraftion was mean, fo his education was low; and his higheft 
 attainment in learning was the getting by heart Erafmus's Latin verfion of the New 
 Tfftament. He behaved in hisprofpericy with uncommon moderation ; was courteous 
 and affable to perfons of all ranks ; and particularly grateful to thofe from whom he had 
 received any obligations. His charicy was very extenfive, above two hundred poor 
 people being plentifully relieved twice a day at his gates. And it deferves to be re- 
 membered, that he preferred more men of abilities and integrity, both ecclefiaftics 
 and laymen, than any one of his predcccffors in power had ever done. 
 
 CROIMWELL COliver) lord protedtor of the commonwealth of England, was 
 honourably defcendcd, both on his father's and mother's fide. His father, Mr. Robert 
 Cromwell, was the fecond fon of fir Henry Cromwell, of Hinchiribrooke, in the county 
 of Huntingdon : his mother was the daughter of Sir Richard Stewart, of the IfleofEly. 
 He was boinin the parifii of St. John, Huntingdon, on the 25th of April, 1599, and 
 was educated in grammar-learning at the free-fchool in that town; from whence, at the 
 ageof feventeen, he removed to Sidney-college, in Cambridge. Hedifcovered more incli- 
 nation to an adtive, than to a fpeculativc life ; and, of confequence, made but fmall pro- 
 ficiency in his rtudies. On the death of his father he returned home, where the irregu- 
 larity of his condudl gave his mother fo much uneafinefs, that, by the advice of her 
 friends, flie fent him to London, and placed him in Lincoln's-lnn. The ftudy of 
 the law, however, did not long agree with him; and having an eftate of between 
 four and five hundred pounds a year left him bv his uncle, (which fell to him very 
 feafonably, as he had nearly diffipatcd all that he inherited from his father) he fettled 
 in the country, and became as remarkably fober and religious, as he had been before 
 vicious and extravagant. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchicr of 
 Effex, a woman of fpirit and difcernment. From accident or intrigue, he was 
 chofen member for the town of Cambridge, in the long parliament ; but he feemed 
 at firft to poffefs no talents for oratory, his pcrfon being ungraceful, his drefs flovenly, 
 his elocution homely, tedious, obfcure, and embarraffed. Upon the breaking out of 
 the civil war, he raifed a troop of horfe for the parliament's fervice ; and being endowed 
 with unfliaken intrepidity, much diffimulation, and a thorough convitflion of the 
 rcflitude of his caufe, he rofe, through the gradations of preferment, to the port of 
 lieutenant-general under lord Fairfax ; but, in reality, poffcffing the fupreme com- 
 mand over the whole army. After feveral viftorles, he gained the battle of Nafeby ; 
 and this, with other fucceffcs, foon put an end to the war. In the year 1649, Crom- 
 well was fent general into Ireland, when in about nine months he fubdued almoit the 
 whole kingdom, and leaving his fon-in-law Ireton to complete the conqueft, returned 
 to England. The next year he was appointed general and commander in chief of all tiie 
 forces of the commonwealth, and fet out on his march againft the Scots, who had 
 received king Charles II. On the 3d of September, 1651, he totally defeated the 
 
 royalills
 
 c-6 C R O M W E L L: 
 
 roynlids at Woicerter; after which, he returned in triumph to tiondon, where he 
 was met by the fpeakcr of the houle of commons, accompanied by the mayor and 
 niJglftrates of the city, in tlieir formalities. On the 19th of April, 165?, he called 
 a council ot officers, to debate concerning the government ; while they were fitting, 
 colonel Ingulfby came and informed them, that the parliament had framed a bill to 
 continue themlelves till the 5th of November in the next year, propofing to fill up 
 the houle by new elections; whereupon tlie general marched diredly to Weftminller, 
 with a body of three hundred men, placed his foldiers about the houfe, entered firft 
 himfelf, and having turned out all the members, ordered the door to be locked ; 
 then putting the key in his pocket, he returned to Whitehall. On the i6th of De- 
 cember, the fame year, Cromwell was invefted with the title of Lord Proteftor of 
 the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Being thus placed at the head 
 of rhe government, he exercifed his authority with great fpirit and vigour. He caufcd 
 the brother of the Portuguei'e ambafllidor, who had killed a man, to be fcizcd, tried, 
 and executed. He made war upon Spain, and took from her the ifland of Jamaica; 
 and being excellently ferved by Blake, Montague, and other gallant officers, he raifed 
 the glory of England to its highell: pitch. He died of a tertian ague, on the 3d of 
 September, 1658, the anniverfary of the viftories he had obtained at Dunbar and 
 Woj-celler •, and iiis death was immediately followed by one of the mOfl violent tern- 
 pelts which had blown in the memory of man. His body was interred with regal 
 ponip in Wcfiminfter-abbey-, but, after the reftoration, it was taken out of it's grave, 
 and buried under the gallows at Tyburn. 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell (lays an hiflorian) was of a robuft make and conftitution, and 
 his afpetft was manly, though clownifli. His education extended no further than a 
 fuperficial knowledge of the Latin tongue : but he inherited great talents from 
 nature -, though they were fuch as he could not have exerted to advantage at any other 
 junfture than that of a civil war inflamed by religious contefts. His charadter was 
 formed- from an amazing conjunflion of enthufiafm, hypocrify, and ambition. He 
 was poirdled of courage and refolution that overlooked all danger, and faw no diffi- 
 culty. He dived into the characters of mankind with wonderful fagacity; while he 
 concealed his own purpofes under the impenetrable fliield of difilmulation. He recon- 
 ciled the mod atrocious crimes to the moft rigid notions of religious obligation. From 
 the fcverefl exercife of devotion he relaxed into the mofl: lydicrous and idle buffoonery. 
 He prefervcd the dignity and diftance of his character in the midft of the coarfcll fa- 
 miliarity. He was cruel and tyrannical from policy •, jufl; and temperate from incli- 
 nation ; perplexed and defpicable in his difcourfe; clear and confummate in his de- 
 figns -, ridiculous in his reveries -, refpedtable in his condufl : in a word, the ftrangell 
 compound of villainy and virtue, bafencfs and magnanimity, abfurdity and good 
 fenfe, that we find upon record in the annals of mankind." 
 
 Mr. Granger obfcrves, that " this great man, whole genius was awakened bv the 
 dillracftions of his country, was looked upon as one of the people, till he was upwards 
 of forty years of age. He is an amazing inftance of whac ambition, heated by en- 
 thufiafm, rcfirained by judgment, difguifed by hypocrify, and aided by natural vigour 
 of mind, can do. He was ntvcr opiorefi"ed with the weight, or perplexed with the 
 intricacy of affairs : but his deep penetration, indefatigable aftivity, and invincible 
 refolution, fecmed to render him a mafter of all events. He perfuadcd without elo- 
 quence-, and exaiSted obedience, more from the terror of his name, than the rigour of 
 his adminifiration. He appeared as a powerful inftrument in the hand of providence, 
 and dared to appeal to the dccifions of heaven for tlie jullice of his caufe. He knew 
 
 every
 
 D A V E N A N T. 
 
 77 
 
 every man of abilities in the three kingdoms, and endeavoured to avail himfelf of their 
 refpeftivc talents. He has always been regarded by foreigners, and of late years by the 
 generality of his countrymen, as thegreateft man this nation has ever produced." 
 
 D. 
 
 DAMPIER (William) the celebrated voyager, was born of a good family in So- 
 merfetfhire, in the year 1652. Ac feventeen years of age, he was put apprentice to 
 the mafl;er of a fliip at Weymouth : but having made a voyage to France, and another 
 to Newfoundland, he fuffered fo much by the feverity of the climate, that, on his re- 
 turn, he went to his friends with the refolution of going no more to fea ; but foon 
 changing his mind, he entered on board an fc^all-India Ihip, and failed to Bantam. 
 In 1673, he ferved on board the Royal Prince, commanded by Sir Edward Spragge, 
 in two engagements with the Dutch. Afterwards going into Someifetfhire, he became 
 acquainted with colonel Hallier, by whofe advice he went to Jamaica, and fettled 
 thrre as a planter •, but, in about a year, quitted that employment to go with captain 
 Hodfel, to cut logwood in the bay of Campeachy. At length, however, leaving this 
 profitable bufinefs, he entered into a company of buccaneers, and made feveral 
 voyages. In 1699, the earl of Pembroke, lord high admiral of England, fent him, 
 in his majefty's Ih p Roebuck, to make difcoveries ; but, after vifiting feveral parts 
 of-New Holland and New Guinea, he loft his fhip by her fpringing a leak, and re- 
 turned to England in an Eaft-India veflel, in 1701. In the year 1708, he engaged 
 in an expedition to the South Seas, concerted by the merchants of Briftol, under the 
 command of captain Woodes Rogers-, and, after encompaffing the earth, returned 
 in September, 171 1. The time of his death is not known. Dampiei's voyages ars 
 printed in four volumes, odavo. 
 
 DAVENANT (Sir William) poet laureat in the reians of Charles I. and II. was 
 born at Oxford in February, 1605. His father, IVIr. John Davenanr, kept an inn 
 in that city, where Shakefprare ufed to lodge in his journeys between London and 
 Warwickfhire •, and, as Sir William's mother was a woman of great beauty, fome have 
 furmifed, but without the leaft foundation, that he derived his vety being, and with 
 it his poetical talents, from that inimitable bard. He was inftrufted in the rudiments 
 of grammatical learning at a fchool in Oxford ; and, in the year 1621, was entered 
 of Lincoln college in that univerfity. He foon, however, quitted this feminary, and 
 became a page to Frances, duchcfs of Richmond: out of whofe family he removed 
 into that of fir Fulke Greville, lord Brook. In 1629 he produced his firft play, en- 
 titled, Albovine King of the Lombards, which met with good fuccefs. Upon the 
 death of Ben Johnfon, in 1637, he was created poet laureat. In IVIay, 1641, he was 
 accufed by the parliament of being embarked in a defign of bringing up the army for 
 the defence of the king's perlon, and the fupport of his authority ; and a proclamation 
 being iffued for appreh nding him and others engaged in that defign, he was ftopped 
 at Feverfham, fent up to London, and put under the cuftody of the feijeant at arms^ 
 In July following he was bailed, and, foon after, found means to withdraw into 
 France, where heftaid fome time. On his return to England, he offered his fervice 
 to theearl of NtwcalUe, who appointed him lieutenant-general of his ordnance. In 
 September, 1643, he received the honour of knighthood from king Charles 1. at the 
 fiege of Glouceiter-, bur, after the ruin of that prince's affairs, he again retired to 
 France. Here he embraced thepopifh religion, which circumilance probably might 
 
 4IJ lo
 
 178 D E N H A M. 
 
 fo far ingratiate him vnth the queen, who then refidcd in France, as to induce her to 
 trull him with the molt important concerns. She fent him over to the king, as lord 
 Clarendon tells us, to perlujdc him to give up the church for his peace and I'ccurity j 
 but his majelly was fo difplcafcd with what he offered on this head, that he forbade 
 him to come again into his prefcnce. In 1650, Sir William was employed by the 
 queen-mother to trantport a conuderable number of artificers from France to Virginia, 
 for the improvement of that colony : but fortune not being inclined to favour him, the 
 velTel he embarked in had tcarcely got clear of the French coaft, before flie was taken 
 by one of the parliamenc's fhips of war, and carried to England. Our author, on this 
 occafion, was imprifoned in the Ifle of Wight ; from whence, in the enfuing year, he 
 was removed to the Tower of London, in order to take his trial in the high court of 
 iuftice. For Jbmc time he was thought to be in the moll: imminent danger : but, by 
 the interpofition of the great Milton and fome otiiers, his life was happily laved, though 
 we find him a pril'oner in the Tower two years after. He was at length let at liberty 
 by the lord keeper Whitelocke. Being reduced, however, to very low circumftances, 
 he, with a view of repairing them, opened a fort of theatre at Kutland-houle, in 
 Charter-houfe yard, whicJi met with great encouragement. Soon after the reftora- 
 tion, he was eritrufted v.-ith the management of the duke of York's theatre in Lin- 
 coln's-Inn Fields, which he opened with a play of his own, entitled the Siege of 
 Rhodes, wherein he introdr.ced a great variety of fine fccnes and beautiful machinery. 
 Sir William wrote a confiderable number of dramatic pL-rformances, and fevcral 
 poems. He died on the 7th of April, 1668, at the age of fixty-three, and was in- 
 terred in Weflminfter-abbey, where, in imitation of Ben Jchnfon's fhort epitaph, 
 the following infcription was engraved on his tomb-ftone, " O rare Sir William Da- 
 ver.ant !" 
 
 " He diflinguifhed himfclf (fays Mr. Granger) by a bold but unfuccefsful attempt 
 to enlarge the fphere of poetry. He compofed an heroic poem, called Gondibert, in 
 five books, after the model of the drama ; applauded hiinfelf greatly upon this inven- 
 tion ; and looked upon the followers of Flomer as a timorous, fervile herd, that were 
 afraid to leave the beaten track. This performance, which is rather a ftring of epi- 
 grams than an epic poem, was not without its admirers, among whom were Waller and 
 Cowley. But the luccefs did not anfwcr his expeftation. When the novelty of it was 
 over, it prefently funk into contempt; and heat length found, that when he ft:rayed 
 from Homer he deviated from nature." 
 
 DENHAM (Sir John) an eminent poer, was born at Dublin in 1615, and at two 
 years of age was brought to London, on his father being promoted to the rank of a 
 baron of the exchequer in England. He ftudied at Trinity-college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards at Lincoln's-Inn. In the early part of his life he was much addidted to 
 gaming; but his father having at laft reprimanded him in very fevcre terms, and 
 threatened to difinherit him, he wrote a little EfTay againll Gaming, whicli he prcfen- 
 ted to his father, to fhew his detcftation of that practice : howe\er, after the old 
 gentleman's deceafe, he returned to his former habit, and being a dupe to fharpers, 
 foon fquandertd away feveral thoufand pounds. In 1641 he publiflied an excellent 
 tragedy, called the Sophy: loon after which he was appointed high flieriff of Surry, 
 and governor of F'arnham-caflle for the king ; but being pollcfied of no great fliare (;f 
 military knowledge, he prefently quitted this latter poft.^and retired to kiiigCharles I. 
 at Oxford, where, in 1C43, he publiflied his admirable poem, entiled Cooper's Hill. 
 He adhered to the interell of his lovereigp, and was employed by him and Charles II. 
 
 on
 
 DENNIS 
 
 2/9 
 
 on feveral occafions, both in England and France. At the Redoration he was made 
 furveyor-general of all his majefly's buildings, and created knight of the Bath. He 
 was greatly efteemed at court for his poetical genius ; bur, upon fome difcontent 
 arifing from a fccond marriage, he had the misfortune to loie his fenfes : however, 
 being loon reftored to the ufe of his reafon, he wrote a fine copy of verfes upon the 
 death of Cowley, whom he furvived but a few months. He died in March, 1668, 
 and was buried in Weftminfler-abbey. His poems and tranflations are pnn:ed together 
 in one volume, izmo. 
 
 DENNIS (John) a famous critic, was born at London, in the year 1657-, and 
 having completed his education at Caius-coliege, in Cambridge, he travelled through 
 France and Italy, Being poircfTcd of a fortune left him by his uncle, he, at his re- 
 turn, fet up for a wit and a fine gentleman, defpifing every attainment that had not 
 fome relation to the Belles Lettres. He kept up an acquaintance with many perfons 
 diftinguifhed by their wit and learning, ampng whom were the earls of Halifax and 
 Pembroke, Walter Moyle, efq, Dryden, Wycherly, Congreve, Southern, and Garth, 
 who were then far from having a contemptablc opinion of his talents. Upon his firft 
 introdudhion to the earl of Halifax, having the misfortune to get intoxicated with fome 
 rich wines, which rendered him impatient of contradiflion, he fuddenly rofe, ruQied 
 out of the room, and, as he pafTed, overturned the fide-board of plate and glafles. 
 The next morning he had quite forgot what had happened, and meeting Mr. Moyle, 
 who had been one of the company, afked in what manner he went away : " Why," 
 faid Moyle, " you went away like the devil, and took one corner of the houfe with 
 you." In 1695, he wrote a poem, entitled the Court of Death, dedicated to the me- 
 mory of queen Mary •, and upon the death of king William III. he publillied another, 
 called the Monument. He wrote two poems on the battles of Blenheim and Ramillies ; 
 for the firft of which the duke of Marlborough made him a prefent of lool. and foon 
 after, through his grace's intereft, he obtained a fine-cure in the cuftoms of about 1 20U 
 a year. In 1704 he publifhed his tragedy of Liberty AlTcrted, in which are lb many 
 fevere ftrokes againft the French, that he vainly imagined Lewis XIV. would never 
 conclude a peace with England, unlels he was delivered up to him; and filled with the 
 idea of his own importance, he waired on his patron the duke of Marlborough, 
 during the congrefs at Utrecht, to defire that no fuch article might be ftipulatcd, as 
 the giving up the author of that play. The duke told him, that he was foiry he 
 could not ferve him, as he had then no intereft with theminiftersj adding, that he 
 fancied his cafe was not fo defpcrate as he imagined; that he had indeed made no fuch 
 provifion for himfeif, yet could not help thinking he had done the French al>;!oJl- as 
 much injury as Mr. Dennis had done. This gentle reproof, however, did not cure 
 his vanity ; for in a vifit which he made at a gentleman's houfe on the coaft of Sullex, 
 he happened to take a walk near the beach of the fea, wlien efpying afhip failing, as 
 he imagined, towards him, he, not doubting that he was betrayed, malie the bell of 
 his way to London, without taking leave of his hofl, whom he proclaimed a traitor, 
 that had decoyed him to his h.oule, in order to deliver him up to the French, who would 
 certainly have carried him ofi^, if he had nor efcaped as he did. 
 
 Indeed pride, envy, jealoufy, and fufpicion, hurried him into many abfurd and 
 ri.iiculous meaiures ; he cr.ticifed the works of much better authors than himfeif with 
 rudenefs and abufc, and was continually engaged in a paper war with one or other of 
 his contemporaries. In 1709 he publiflu-d a tragedy called Appius and Virginia, 
 which had no luccefs. In X712 he wrote againft Pope's Eflay on Criticifm, and the 
 
 next
 
 28c D E V E R E U X. 
 
 nexryear agalnfl; Mr. Addifon's Cato •, which occafioned " The Narrative of Dr. Robert 
 Norris concerning the (Irange and deplorable Frenzy of Mr. John Dcnn s," and pro- 
 duced a licerary quarrel that was carried on with great acrimony. In fhort, he wrote 
 many other pieces, and died on the 6ch of January, 1723, in the 77th year of 
 his age. 
 
 DERHAM (William) D. D. an excellent Englifh philofopher and divine, was 
 born at Stowton, near Worcefter, on the 26th of November, 1637-, and was educated 
 at Trinity college, Oxford. In 1682 he was prefcnted to the vicar.ige of Wargrave, 
 in i!crkfliire: but he did net continue there above feven years ; for, in i68g, he was 
 inlUtuted to the redlory of Upminfter, in Eficx, which being at a convenient diftance 
 from London, gave him opportunities of converfing with the moft learned men in the 
 nation, and, at the fame time, affording him a retirement fuitable to his contemplative 
 and philolophic difpofition. He applied to the fludy of nature, to mathematics and 
 experimental philolbphy -, in which he became fo eminent, that he was foon chofen a 
 fellow of the Royal Society. He proved one of the moft ufeful and induftrious mem- 
 bers of that learned body-, frequently publifliing very valuable pieces in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranfadlions. In his younger years he printed a treatile entitled the Artificial 
 t lock-maker; and in the years 1711 and 171'', preached fixteen fermons at Mr, 
 Boyle's leflure, which having reduced into a new form, he publifhed in 1713, under 
 the title of Phyfico-Theology, or a Demonfliation of the Being and Attributes of God 
 from his Works of Creation -, and the next year he publifhed his Aliro-Theolo^y, 
 which was followed fevcral years after by his Clirirto-Theology. He was made canon 
 of Windfbr, chaplain to his late majefty when prince of Wales, and created doflor of 
 divinity. Bcfides his own work?, he j)ublillied fome pieces of that eminent philofo- 
 pher Mr. Ray, and the Philolbphical Experiments of Dr. Hooke : and being ikilled 
 in medicine, he was a phyfician to the bodies as well as the fouls of his parifhioners. 
 This great and good man died at Upminfter on the 5th of April, 1735, in the 78th 
 year of his age, and was interred in the church-yard of that town. He left behind him 
 a valuable coUeftion of curiofities. 
 
 DEVEREUX (Robert) carl of ElTcx, a gallant foldier, and a great favourite of 
 queen Elizaheth, was the fon of Walter earl of Fflex, and was born at Nethewood, 
 in Hereforddiire, on the loth of November, 1567. His father dying in 15-6, recom- 
 mended him to the proteftion of Thomas Radcliffe, earl of Suflcx, and to the care of 
 William Cecil, lord Burleigh, whom he appointed his guardian. In ic;78, being 
 then in his twelfth year, he was fent to the univerfity of Cambridge, where he ap- 
 plied himfelf to learning with great diligence, and at length obtained the degree of 
 mafter of arts. His firll appearance at court as a candidate for royal favour, was in 
 the 1 7th year of his age, when he was polTcircd of a fine perfon, an agreeable behaviour, 
 and an affability which procured him many friends. He by degrees fo far overcame 
 his reluftance to ufe the alTillance of the earl of Leicefter, (who, though his fathcr'is 
 enemy, had married his mother) that, in 15S5, he accompanied him to Holland, 
 and the next year appeared in the field, with the title of general of the horfe ; in 
 which capacity he gave fuch proofs of his perfonal courage in the battle of Zutphen, 
 that the earl of Leiceflcr conferred upon him the honour of a knight-banneret in his 
 camp ; and, on his return to England, he was in December, 15S7, appointed mafter 
 of the horfe. In the fucceding year, when her majefty aftembled an army at Tilbury, 
 for the defence of the kingdom, flie gave the command of it, under hcrfclf, to trre 
 
 earl
 
 . D E V E 11 E U X. iSi 
 
 earl of Leicefter, and created the earl of Efilx general of the horfe, whom fhe alfo 
 made knight of the garter. In the year 1589, Sir John Norns and Sir Francis Drake 
 having undertaken an expedition for refloring Don Antonio to the crown of Portugal^ 
 the earl of EfTex, willing to fhars the gl ry of the enrerprife, folio. v(.d the fleet and 
 army to Spain -, which imprudent Rep highly dilpleifed the queen, as it was taken 
 without her confent or knowledge. However, at his returr;, he foon recovered her 
 majedy's favour, from whom he received grants of very confide: able value. In 1591 
 he was lent with a body of forces to the afiitlance of Henry IV. of France ; and, in- 
 the beginning of the year 1593, h^ was fworn a member of the privy-council. 
 
 In 1596, the queen, in order to prevent the Spaniards from attempting a fccond 
 invafion, caufed a fleet to be equipped for attacking Cadiz; the greatell: part of the 
 expcnces being defrayed by the principal ptrfons engaged in the expedition. The 
 command of the army and fleet was, with joint authority, intrurted to the earl of 
 Efl^ex, and the lord high admiral Howard ■, with whom went many of the molt 
 diftinguilhed officers, both for the land and fea fcrvice, that were then in England. 
 On the ill: of Jane they failed from Plymouth, but were forced to put back by a. 
 contrary wind •, which changing, they took the firft opportunity of putting again la 
 fea. On the 18th of the fame -month they arrived at Cape St. Vincent, where they 
 met with an Iriih bark, which informed them that the port of Cadiz was full of 
 fhips, and that the enemy had no notice whatever of the failing of the Knglifh fleet, 
 or that luch an expedition was even intended. After this welcoine news they purfutd 
 their voyage, and, on the 20th in the morning, they anchored near St. Scbaflian, oa 
 the weft fide of tlie Ifland of Cadiz. It was then propofed by the earl to begin with 
 attacking the fleet, which was a very hazardous enterprife, but, at laft, agreed to by 
 the lord-admiral. The next day, this gallant refolution was execured with all imagi- 
 nable bravery, and the engagement lalled from break of day till noon, when the enemy 
 feeing their galleons miferably fhartered, and a great number of their men killed, 
 thought proper to retire. Immediately after this adion, the earl of Efliex landed with 
 800 men, and advanced againft a body of 500 Spaniards, who retreated into Cadiz an 
 his approach. Thefe were fo cl fely purfued, and the inhabitants were in fuch con- 
 fufion, that no fteps could be taken for the defence of the place, until the Englifh 
 had burfl: open the sate, and entered the city. After a fhort fkirmilh in the ftreets, 
 the aflailants made themfelves mafters of the market-place •, and the garrifon retiring 
 into the caftle, fjon capitulated, on condition that the inhabitants fhould have libertyf 
 to depart with their wearing apparel, and all their other efi^ecls be diftributed as booty 
 among the ibldiers ; that they fliould pay 520,000 ducats for the ranfom of their 
 lives, "and fend forty of their principal citizens to England, as hoftages for the pay- 
 ment of the money. Efl'ex being now entirely mafler of the place, turned out all the 
 inhabitants, and loaded the fhips with the money and rich effefts which the foldiers had 
 not yet taken in plunder. T he earl was of opinion that Cadiz ought to be kept as a 
 thorn in the H.ie of the Spaniards, and offered to remain in peribn for its defence : hut 
 the majority being impatient to return to their own country with the booty they had 
 obtained, his motion was over-ruled, and they kt fail for England, after having fired 
 the town and adjacent villages. 
 
 On the 19th of March, 1597, the queen appointed EfTcx mafler of the ordnance; 
 and, the fame year, he was made general, admiral, and commander in chief, in the 
 expedition to the Azores, commonly called the Ifland Voyage-, on his return from 
 which, he was promoted to the oflice of earl marfhal of England. Some time after, 
 the queen confuUiog with Eflcx and the lord high admiral about the choice of a 
 
 4 C proper
 
 r?i D E V E R F. U X. 
 
 perfon for the adminiftration of Ireland, the earl recommended Sir George Carew, in 
 oppofition to Sir William Knolles, whom, however, Elizabeth preferred to his com- 
 petitor. Lflex was lb provoked at her fl'ghting his recommendation, that he turned 
 his back upon her in a contemptuous manner; upon which the queen, enraged at his 
 infolence, gave him a box on the ear. The earl, clapping his hand to his fword, 
 I'wore he would not have taken fuch an affront from Henry VIII. and retired from 
 court in a tranl'port of pafHon. Notwithftanding all the remonftrances of his friends, 
 he for fome time breathed nothing but revenge and defiance; but at length his paflion 
 I'ubnding, he was pardoned, and reftored to favour. 
 
 In March, 1599, he was appointed lord deputy of Ireland, with a more extenfive 
 commiffion than had ever been granted to any of his predccelTors -, and fetting out 
 immediately for his government, arrived at Dublin on the 15th of April. Inftead of 
 advancing dircdly againft the earl of Tyrone, according to the inibudVions he had 
 received, he kd his forces into the province of Munfter, v/here he reduced the caftle of 
 Cahir, and performed fome inconfiderable exploits againft a body of the rebels. He 
 returned to Dublin in the latter end of June, after having loft a great number of his 
 men by fickncls and fatigue. The queen being a()[irifed of his tranfadUons, wrote a 
 fcvcre letter, reproaching him with negleft of her orders. He excufcd himfelf by 
 faying he had followed the advice of the council of Ireland, and promifcd to march 
 into Ultler againft Tyrone : neverthelefs, he turned his arms againlt the 0*Moors and 
 O'Connors in Lcix and Offaly ; but by this expedition his troops were fo much di- 
 minifhed, that hi demanded a reinforcement of 2000 men from England. When 
 thefe luccours had arrived, the earl marched againft Tyrone to the borders of Ulfter, 
 and obliged him to retire into woods and faftnefles. Then that rebel craved a parley, 
 which he obtained at Louth, where both parties agreed to a crlLtion for fix weeks, to 
 be renewed occafionally for the fame term, or vacated on a fortnight's notice from 
 cither lide. Having concluded this inglorious truce, Eflex marched back to Dublin ; 
 and leaving the adminiftration of Ireland in the hands of the lord chancellor Loftus 
 and Sir George Carew, embarked for England without the queen's pcrmiflion. He 
 arrived there on the 28th of September, and repaired immediately to court, where he 
 met with a tolerable reception from her majelly ; but was foon after confined, exa- 
 mined before the privy-council, and fufpended from the exercife of all his great offices, 
 except that of mafter of the horfe. In the fummer of the year 1600, he recovered 
 his liberty; and, in the autumn following, he received Mr. Henry Cufi^, who had 
 been his fccretary in Ireland, into the number of his confidants. Cuff laboured to 
 perluadc him, that fubmiflion would never do him any good;" that the queen was in 
 the hands of a fafbion, who were his enemies ; and that the only way to reftore his 
 fortune, was to find the means of obtaining an audience, in which he might be able 
 to reprefcnt his own cafe, let that means be what it would. The earl did not at firft 
 confent to this dangerous advice ; but afterwards, giving a loofe to his paffion, he began 
 to declare himfelf openly, and, among other unguarded exprcfTions, let fall this fevere 
 larcafm, " That the queen grew old and cankered, and that her mind was become as 
 crooked as her carcafe." In the evening of the 7th of February, 1601, he received 
 ordrrs to attend the council, which he declined : he then gave out that his enemies 
 fougiit his life, kept a watch in Eftex-houfe all night, and fummoned his friends for 
 his defence the next morning. The queen being informed of the great reforc of people 
 of all ranks to the earl, lent the lord-keeper Egerton, the earl of Worcefter, Sir 
 William Knolle?, (his uncle by the mother's fide) and the lord chief juftice Popham, 
 to know his grievances. Eflcx, after a Qiorc conference, ordered the mcflcngers to be 
 
 fee u red ;
 
 D E V E R E U X. zZi 
 
 ftcu'red -, and then, accompanied by the earls of Rutland and Southampton, the lords 
 Sandes and Monteagle, and about 200 gentlemen, he repaired to the city, where he 
 was joined by the earl of Bedford, the lord Cromwell, and fome other t^cntlcmen : 
 but his dependance on the populace failed him ; and Sir Robert Cecil prevailing upon 
 his brother, the lord Burleigh, to go with Sir Gilbert Dethick, then king at arms, 
 and proclaim Eflcx and his adherents traitors, in the principal ftreets, the earl returned 
 by water to Eflcx-houfe ; which was quickly iiivefttd by the earl of Nottingham, 
 lord-admiral, with a great force ; and, about ten o'clock at night, he, with his com- 
 pany, furrendered at difcretion. He and Southampton were immediately conveyed to 
 the archbifliop's palace at Lambeth, from whence they were tlie next day fent to the 
 Tower. On the 19th of February they were tried and condemned for higli trcafon ; 
 and the 25th day of that month was appointed for the execution of the earl of EfTex. 
 When that nobleman was brought on the fcafFold, which was eredled within the 
 Tower, he confeded his fins with marks of uncommon forrow and contrition, thought 
 he protefted that he never entertained a thought to the prejudice of her majefty's 
 perlbn. After he had placed his head upon the block, he laid, " In humility and 
 obedience, I proftrate myfelf to my deferved punilhment: Thou, O God, have mercy 
 on thy proftrate fervant; into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my fpirit." His head 
 was fevered from his body at the third ftroke, but the firft took away all ftiifc and 
 motion. Thus died, in the 34th year of his age, the valiant and accomplifhed earl of 
 EflTex. " He was a nobleman poffefled of excellrnt and amiable qualities ; brave, 
 liberal, and humane-, a patron of learning, in which he himfelf had made confiderable 
 progrefs ; a warm friend, and an avowed enemy. His foibles were vanity, ambition, 
 and an impetuofity of temper, by which he fell a facrifice to the artful intrigues of 
 thofe who dreaded his power, and envied his good fortune." 
 
 There is a remarkable ftory current in the world about a ring, which lord Clarendon 
 ftilcs a loofe report, that crept into difcourfe foon after the earl's miferable end ; yet a 
 foreign writer of great reputation delivers it as an undoubted truth, and that upon the 
 authority of an Englifli minifter, who could not but be well informed of what pafled 
 at court ; and therefore, in the words of that writer, we fhall report it. " It will 
 not, I believe, be thought either impertinent or difagrceable to add here what prince 
 Maurice had from the mouth of Mr. Carleton, ambaflador from England in Holland, 
 who died fecretary of ftate •, fo well known under the name of lord Dorchefter, and 
 who was a man of merit. He faid, that queen Elizabeth gave the earl of Eflex a ring, 
 in the height of her paflion for him, ordering him to keep it, and affuring him, that 
 whatever he fhould commit, fhe would pardon him, if he returned that pledge. Since 
 that time, the carl's enemies having prevailed with the queen, who befides was ex- 
 afperated againfl him for the contempt he fhewed her beauty, which, through age, 
 began to decay, Ihe caufed him to be impeached. "When he was condemned, fhe 
 cxpeiftcd that he would fend her the ring, and would have granted him his pardon ac- 
 cording to her promife. The earl, finding himfelf in the laft extremity, applied to 
 admiral Howard's lady, who was his relation, and defired her to return the ring into 
 the queen's own hands. But her hufliand, who was one of the earl's greateft enemies, 
 and to whom flie told this irnprudenily, would notfuffcr her to acquit hercfelf of the 
 commiillon •, fo that tht queen confenied to the earl's death, being full of indignation 
 againft fuch a proud and haughty fpirit, who chofe rather to die tlian implore Iier 
 mercy. Some time after, the admiral's lady was taken ill ; and, being given over by 
 her phyficians, fl)e fent word to the queen, that flie had fomctliing of great confe- 
 qucnce to impart to her before flie died. The queen came to her bed-fide ; and che 
 
 countcfs
 
 2S4 D I G B Y. 
 
 countefs, having ordered all the attemlants to withdraw, returned her majeftjr, 
 bur too late, that ring from tiie earl of KfTcx, d.firing to be excufed for not having 
 delivered it f ioncr, fincc her hufband had prevented her. The queen retired imme- 
 diately, overwhelmed with the utmoll grief-, fhe fighed coptirually for a fortnight 
 following, wichou: taking any nouriihmcnc, lying a-bed entirely drelled, and getting 
 up an hundred times in a night. At lart: fhe died with hunger and witi> griff, becaulc 
 Ihe had confcnted to the death of a lover who had applied to her for mcicy." 
 
 DEVERF.UX (Robert) fon to the former, and the third earl of EfTex of this 
 family, was born in 1592, at Eflex-houfe in the Strand, and educated at the univer- 
 fity of Oxford. In 1603 he '\*as rcllored to iiis heredit.ry honours, and in 1606, 
 when but fourteen years of age, was married to the lady Frances Howard ; but as 
 they were both too young to cohabit together, the earl was fent on his travels. His 
 lordfhip returned in 1610, with the rcp'.itation of being one of the moft accompli fhed 
 men of his time; but in his abfence the young counte's of Eflkx had placed licr at^ 
 fedions upon the viicount Rochefter, and in 1613 entered a public iSit againft the 
 earl for impotency •, when being counte.iar.ced by king James 1. flie obtained a di- 
 vorce, and was the fame year married to the vifcount with great pomp and ceremony. 
 The earl of Effex aftcwards made feveral campaigns in the Low Countries ; and, in 
 1630, married Elizabeth, daughter of S^ir W. Paulet, by whom he had a fon, who 
 died in h's infancy. However, when he had lived with this la.iy about four yeais, he 
 v/as divorced from her, on pretence of her familiarity with one Mr. Uvedale. In 
 1635 he wns made vice-admiral of a fleet fitted out by king Charles I. to protctt the 
 trade of England agaii.fl: tiie French and Dutch; and though he was generally treated 
 by his majclly with indifference, he was, in 1630, made lieutenant-general, and lent 
 againll the rebellious Scots. In 1641 he was raifcd to the office of lord-chamberlain, 
 and appointet! lieutenant-general of all the forces to the fouth of Trent. On account 
 of the diflurbances which followed the king's going to the houfe of commons to de- 
 mand the five members, his majeily retired from the capital, and ordered his 
 houihold fervants to attend him; but the earls of EfTcx and Holland pleading their 
 obligat.ons to afTdt in the deliberations of the houfe of peers, they were removed 
 from their refpeftivc employments. The next year, 1642, Eficx was made general of 
 the parliament's army, in v/hich poft he di(tingui(hed himfelf by his bravery and con- 
 dud on many occafions : but in April, 1645, on the paJTrng of the felf-denying ordi- 
 nance, he was obliged to refign his commillion. He died on the i4ih of September^. 
 1646; and was interred with great folemnity, on the 22d of Oftober following, in 
 the abbey-chuich of St. Peter, Wcftminfter. By his death the title of carl of Eflex 
 became extii.ift. 
 
 DIGBY (Sir Kemhlm) a very famous Englifh philofopher, was the eldcit fon of Sir 
 Everard Digby, who was executed for being engaged in the gunpowder-plot. He 
 was born ac Gothurd, in Buckinghamlhire, on the i ith of June, 1603. Atthetime 
 of his father's unfortunate death, he was with his mother at Gothurft, being then i/i 
 the third year of Ids age : but he is fuppofed to have been taken early out of her hands, 
 fince he was educated in the proteflant religion. About the year i6i8 he was ad- 
 mitted a gentleman-commoner of Gloucefler-hall, in Oxford ; where having continued 
 between two and three years, he made the tour of F'rance, Spain, and Italy. On his 
 return from his travels, in 1623, he was prefented to king James I. who conferred 
 on him the honour of knighthood. After the dcceafe of that monarch, he was ap- 
 
 pointed
 
 D I G B y. 2Sj 
 
 pointed a gentleman of the bed-chamber, a comniiffioner of the navy, and a gover- 
 nor of the Trinity-houfe. In 1628 he was made commander of a fquadron fent inro 
 the Mediterranean, to chaftife the Algerine pirates, and the Venetian fleet-, the 
 former having committed frequent depredations on the vefiels of our merchants, 
 and the latter having obflrufted their trade. He exertt-d himlelf with all the Ipirit 
 and conduiflof a brase and experienced officer; and having brouglic the Venetians 
 to reafon, made reprifals on tlie Algerines, and (ct at liberty a great number of 
 Englifh fl.ives : he returned home with great credit to his country, and honour to 
 himlelf. In 1636 lie embraced the religion of the Komifh church ; and, in 1638, 
 publilhcd at Paris, a piece entitled, A Conference with a Lady about the 
 Choice of Religion. The next year. Sir Kenelm Digby and Sir Walter Montague 
 were employed by the queen to engage the papiils to afford a liberal contribution to 
 his majelty ; in which commiflion they fucceeded. 
 
 In the beginning of the civil war, Sir Kenelm, by order of the parliament, was 
 committed prif.ner to Winchelfer-houfci but in 1643, at the intcrcefTion of the 
 queen dowager of France, he was reftored to liberty. He then went over to 
 France, where he contrafted an intimacy with moft of the literati of that kingdom, 
 who entertained a high opinion of his abilitie?, and v;ere charmed with the fpright- 
 linefs and freedom of his converfation. It was probably about this time, thar, 
 having read the writings of Defcartes, he repaired to Holland to fee that philolo- 
 pher i and after difcourfing with him a long time without making himfelf known, 
 M. Defcartes, who had read fome of his works, told him, that " he did not doubt 
 but he was the famous Sir Kenelm Digby !" " And if you. Sir," replied the 
 knight, " were not the illuftrious M. Delcartes, I fhould not have come here on 
 purpofe to fee you." After the king's affairs were totally ruined. Sir Kenelm found 
 himfelf under a necefTity of returning into England, in order to compound for his 
 eftate. 1 he parliament, however, d^d not think proper that he Ihould remain 
 here; and therefore not only ordered him to withdraw, but voted, that if he fhould 
 afterward"! at any time return, without pcrmiffion of the houl'e firfl obtained, he 
 fhould lofe both his life and eflate. Upon this he went again to France, where he 
 was very kindly received by Henrietta Maria, queen dowager of Fngland, to whom 
 he became chancellor. Soon after the reftoration he returned to his native country ; 
 and died on his birth-day, the inhof June, in the year 1665. He wrote, i. A 
 Treatife of the Nature of Bodies: 2. A Trfeatife of the Nature of Man's Soul: 
 3. Inflitutionum Peripateticarum I-ibri Quinque : 4. A Difcourfe on the Cure of 
 Wounds by the Powder of Sympathy : 5. Obfervations on Dr. Browne's Religio 
 Medici •, and fome other works. 
 
 " This eminent perfon (fays an ingenious writer) was, for the early pregnancy of 
 his parts, and iiis great proficiency in learning, compared to the celebrated Picus de 
 Mirandula, who w.is one of the wonders of human nature. His knowledge, tiiougli 
 various and extcnfive, appeared to be greater than it really was; as he had all the 
 powers of elocution and addrefs to recommend it. He knew how to fliine in a 
 circle of ladies, or philofophers ; and was as much attended to when he (poke on the 
 nioll trivial fubjedts, as when he fpokeonthe moft important. He w'as remarkably 
 robull, and of a very uncommon fize, but moved with peculiar grace and dignity. 
 Though he applied himfelf to experiment, he was Ibmetimes hypothetical in his 
 philolophy ; and there arc inf^ances of his being very bold and paradoxical in^his 
 conjcftures." 
 
 4 D DODDRIDGE
 
 286 DODDRIDGE. 
 
 DODDRIDGE (Dr. Philip) an excellent diflcnting miiiifter, was the Ton of 
 Daniel Doddridge, an oilman in London, where he was born on the 26th of June, 
 1702. He was firft initiated in the elements of the learned langu.igesat a fchool in 
 London, and afterwards at Kingfton upon Thames. About the time of his 
 father's death, which happened in 17 15, he was removed to a fchool at St. Alban's, 
 under the care of Mr. Nathaniel Wood. Here he commenced an acquaintance with 
 Dr. Samuel Clark, minifter of a diflfenting congregation ; who inllrudted him in the 
 principles of religion. Li 1719 he was placed under the tuition of the reverend 
 Mr. John Jcnr.ings, who kept an academy at Kilworth in Leiceftcrfhire. He was 
 firft fettled as a minifter at this place: but on the death of Mr. Jennings, he fuc- 
 cccded to the care of his academy ; and was foon after chofen pallor of a large con- 
 crreoation of didenters at Northampton, to which town he removed the academy. 
 Lie died at Lifbon in the year 1751, where he went for the recovery of his health ; 
 and his remains were interred in the burying-ground belonging to the Britifh factory 
 there. A handfome monument was ereded to his memory in the meeting-houfe at 
 Northampton, at the expence of the congregation j and the following epitaph, 
 written by Gilbert Weft, Efq. was infcribed upon it. 
 
 To the memory of 
 
 PHILIP DODDRIDGE, D. Di 
 
 Twenty-one years paflor of this church, 
 
 Direftor of a flourifliing academy, 
 And author of many excellent writings ; 
 
 t5y which 
 His pious, benevolent, and indefatigable zeal 
 'lo make men wife, good, and happy, 
 Will far better be made known. 
 And perpetuated much longer. 
 Than by this obl'cure and perifliable marble ;. 
 '1 he humble monument, not of his praife, 
 But of their elleem, affeftion, and regret, 
 "Who knew him, lov'd him, and lament him j 
 And who are uefirous of recording. 
 
 In this infcription. 
 Their friendly, but faithful teftimony. 
 To the many amiable and chridian virtues 
 That adorned his more priv.ite charader ; 
 By which, tho' dead, he yet fpeaketh, 
 Anci, ftill prcfent in remembrance. 
 Forcibly, tho' filently, admonifhedi 
 His once beloved and ever-grateful flock. 
 He was born June 26, 1702, 
 And died Ov5t. 26, 1 75 1, 
 Aged 50. 
 
 Dr. Doddridge wrote, i. Memoirs of the Life of Colonel James Gardiner : 
 2. Free Thoughts on the mod probable Means of reviving the DifTcnting Intercft ! 
 
 3. Sermons
 
 DONNE. 287 
 
 3. Sermons on the Education of Children : 4. The Rife and Progrtfs of Religion 
 in the Soul: 5. The Family Expofitor, in fix volumes, 4to. 6. A volume of 
 Hymns: 7. Theological Lcftures -, and other pieces. Several of his works have 
 been tranflated into foreign languages. 
 
 DODSLFY (Robert) an eminent bookfeller and ingenious author, was born 
 at Mansfield, in Sherwood-forefi:, Nottinghamfhire, in the year 1703. He was 
 not indebted to education for his literary fame; for he had but little knowledge of 
 the learned languages, as he himfelf informs us in the following pafiage. 
 
 ♦' O native Sherwood ! happy were thy bard, 
 " Might thefe his rural notes, to future times, 
 *' Boail of tall groves, that, nodding o'er thy plain, 
 •' Rofe to their tuneful melody. But ah ! 
 " Beneath the feeble efforts ot a mufe, 
 "■ Untutor'd by the lore of Greece or Rome 5. 
 . " A ftranger to the fair Cafiallan fprings, 
 " Whence happier poets infpiration draw, 
 " And the fweet magic of perfuafive fong, 
 *' 1 he weak prefumption, tl;e fond hope expires.'* 
 
 At his firft fetting out in life, he was a livery-fcrvant to a perfon of quality : but 
 his excellent natural genius, and his eager thirfl: after knowledge, foon railed him 
 to a higher fphere. His dramatic entertainment called the Toy-fhop was exhibited 
 at Covent-garden theatre, in 1735, with very great- applaufe -, and the merit of this 
 piece recommended it's author to the notice of Mr. Pope, who continued from th^ 
 time his warm friend and zealous patron. In the year fullowing, he produced the 
 King and the Miller of Mansfield, which was received with equal favour. FronFi 
 the fuccefs of thefe attempts, he was enabled to take up the bufinefs of a bookfeller ; 
 in which (lation, Mr. Pope's recommendation, and his own merit, foon procured 
 him not only the countenance of perfons of the firft abilities, but alfo of thofe of 
 the firft rank, and in a few years raifed him to the greateft eminence in his pro- 
 fefTion. His fuccefs and elevation only ferved to difplay the amiablenefs of his 
 character in a fairer light ; for he fiill retained his native modefty, humility and ir^- 
 tegrity, the warmeft gratitude to his benefartors, and the moft active zeal t > encou- 
 rage genius and learning. He died a: Durham in 1764, at the age of fixty-one. 
 He wrote fix dramatic pieces, viz. the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Gieen; the Toy- 
 Shop -, Cleone-,* the Triumph of Peace; the King and the Miller of Mansfield; 
 and Sir John Cockle at Court. He publilhed a colledlion of his own works in one 
 volume, 8vo. under the modeft title of Trifles; alfo a Collection of Poems by dif- 
 ferent Hands, in fix volumes, i^mo, and a CoUeftion of old Plays, in twelve vo- 
 lumes of the fame fize, 
 
 DONNE (Dr. John) fly led by Mr. Dryden " the greatefl v/it, thcxigh'not the 
 greateft poet of our nation," was bom in the city of London, in the year 1573. 
 He ftudied at Oxford and ( ambridge, and afterwards at Lincoln's-Inn. His parents 
 were of the Romifli religion, and ufed their utmolt efforts to keep him firm 10 that 
 
 pcrfuafion -, 
 
 * Annexed to this tragedy is as ode, entitled Melpomene, which-docs honour 10 it's author,
 
 agg DRAKE. 
 
 perfuafion ; but, having carefully examined the points in controveify between the 
 j)roicftants and the papifts, he chole the religion of the former. In the years 1596 
 and 1597, he accompanied the carl of HfTtrx in his expeciiiions aj^ainll Cadiz and 
 the Azores. He did not return with that nobleman, but (laid fume years in Italy 
 and Spain, learning the languag^-'S of thofe countries, and making obfervations on 
 the laws, government, and manners of the people.- Soon after his return to Kng- 
 land, he was ap[)ointed fccretary to tlie lord-kcei:>er Egerton, and continued in that 
 employment five years-, during which time he privately married Anne, thedau-Kter 
 of Sir George More (chancellor cf the gsrter) and niece to the lord-keeper's lady. 
 Sir George, however, fo much rcfcntcd his daughter's marrying without his con- 
 fent, that he mod earneftly foiicited the lord-keeper to remove Mr. Donne from his 
 place ; which rcquefl: was granted. Mr. Donne was foon after committed to prifon ; 
 bur, Sir George being at lad reconciled, he was fet at liberty, and that gentleman 
 not only forgave his daughter, but allowed her a competent fortune. 
 
 Jn 1 6 14, Mr. Donne entered into holy orders, was made chaplain <o king 
 James I. and rook the degree of dodor in divinity. In the latter end of the 
 year 1617, he was elcfted preacher to the fociety of Lincoln's-Inn; and two years 
 after, by his majefty's appointment, atrerided lord Doncafter in h's ambaffy to 
 Germany. In November 1621, he was advanced to the deanery of St. Paul's; 
 and, in 1624, was chofen prolocutor of the convocation. He died on the 31ft of 
 March, 1631*, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, ard was buried in the cathedral 
 church of St. Paul, where a monument of white marble was ereded over him. He 
 wrote, I. The Pfcudo-Martyr : 2. Devotions upon emergent OrCifions: 3. A 
 Volume of Poems : 4. Paradoxes, Problem?, Eltays, Charaifters, &c. 5. Three 
 Volumes of Sermons, in folio : 6. Efljys in Divinity, Sec. y. Letters to fcvcral 
 Perfonsi and, 8. Biathanatos. He alio tranOatcd from the Greek the ancient 
 Hidory of the Septuagint. His Pfeudo-Martyr, in which he has effcclually con- 
 futed the ductrine of the papal fupremacy, is the mod valuable ot his ptofe 
 writings. 
 
 Dr. Donne, as Mr. Walton informs us, "was of a dature moderately tall, of a 
 flraight and equally proportioned body, to which all his words and anions gave an 
 inexpreflible add tion of c mrlinefs. The melancholy and plealant humours were 
 in him fo contempt red, that each gave advantage to the other, and rendered his 
 company one of the delights of maidcind. His fancy was inimiiably high, ecjualled 
 only by his great wit; both being made ufeful by a commandini/ judgment. His 
 afpcifl was chearful, and fuch as gave a filent tedimony of a clear knowing foul, 
 and of a c nfcienoe at peace with iifelf His melting eye iTiewed that he had a foft 
 heart, full of noble compafiion; he was of too brave a foul to offer injuries, and 
 too much a chidian not to pardon them in others. He was by nature highly paf- 
 fionate ; yet cxcenlingly humane, and of fo merciful a fpirit, that he never beheld 
 the m.icries of mankintl without pity and relief." 
 
 DRAKE (Sir Francis) orfe of our mod didinsuifhed naval heroes, was the Ton 
 of a failor, and was born near lavidock in Dcvoiifhire, in 1545. He was the 
 
 eldcft 
 
 * Sonic time before liis death, when he was emaciated with ftiidy and Ickncfs, he caufcd him- 
 felf to be v.rappid sip in a flieet, whicli was ga'hcrcd over his head, in the manner of a fhroud ; 
 and haviri^cl fc<l his eyes, he had his portrait taken; which was kept by his bcd-fide, as long as 
 he lived, :o remind him of mortality.
 
 DRAKE. 289 
 
 deleft of twelve fons, r.nd was educated at the expence, and under the care, of Sir 
 John Hawkins, who was his kinfman. At the age of eighteen, he was purfer of a 
 ihip trading to Bifcay ; at twenty-he made a voyage to Guinea; and, at twenty-two, 
 was appoint:rd captain of the Judith. In that capacity he was in the harbour of 
 St. John de UUo.), in the gulph of Mexico, where he behaved with great gallantry 
 under Sir John Hawkins. Returning to England in extreme poverty, he projected 
 a dcfign againft the Spaniards in the Wefl:-Indies, which he no fooner made public, 
 than he had numbers of volunteers rcjdy to accompany iiim. Accordingly he un- 
 dertook an expedition in 1570, with two fliips, and the next year with one only, 
 in which he returned fafe, if not with all the advantages that he e.xpedled. He 
 made ano:her expedition in 1572, wherein he did the Spaniards great damage, and 
 gained a v ry confiderable booty. In thefe expeditions he was affifted by a nation 
 of Indian^, who were engaged in war with the Spaniards. The prince of thefe 
 people was named Pedro, to whom captain Drake prciented a fine cutlafs from his 
 fide, which he faw the Indian greatly admired. Pedro, in return, gave him four 
 large wedges of gold, which Drake threw into the common ftock, faying, " he 
 thought it but jull, that fuch as bore the charge of fo uncertain a voyage on his 
 credit, fhould fhare the utmoft advantages the voyage produced." Then embark- 
 ing his men, with all the wealth he had obtained, he fet fail for England, and ar- 
 rived at Plymouth on the 9th of Auguft, 1573. 
 
 Captain Drake's fuccefs in this expedition, together with his honourable beha- 
 viour towards his owners, gained him a high reputation •, and the vk he made of 
 his riches a ftill greater: for, fitting out three frigates at his own expence, he failed 
 with them to Irehind, where, under Walter earl of Efi^ex, he ferved as a volunteer, 
 and performed many glorious aftions. After the death of that worthy nobleman, 
 he returned into England, where Sir Chriftopher Hatton took him under his pro- 
 teftion, introduced him to her majefty, and procured him her countenance. By 
 this means he acquired a capacity of undertaking that grand expedition which will 
 render his name immortal. He propofed to undertake a voyage into the South- 
 Seas through the Strcights of Magellan, which was what no Englifliman had ever 
 hitherto attempted. This project was well received at court, and in a fliort time' 
 Drake faw himfelf at the height of his wifhcs ; for in his former voyage, having had 
 a diftant profpedt of the South-Seas, he put up an ardent prayer to GOD, that he 
 might fail an Englifii fhip in them, which he now found an' opportunity of at- 
 tempting, the queen's permilTion furniihing him with the means, and his own fame 
 quickly drawing to liim a fufficient force. The fleet with which he failed on this 
 extraordinary undertaking, confilted of the following fhips, viz. the Pelican, com- 
 manded by himfelf, of the burthen of 100 tons-, the Elizabeth, vice-admiral, 80 
 tons, under captain John Winter; the Marygold, a bark of ,0 tons, commanded 
 by captain John Thomas ; the Swan, a fly-boat of ^o tons, under captain John 
 Cherter ; and the Chriftopher, a pinnace of 15 tons, under captain Thomas Moon. 
 In this fleet were embarked 164 able men ; and the fliips were i)k-ntifully furniftied 
 with all kinds of provifions and neccflTaries for fo long and dangerous a voyage. On- 
 the 15th of November, 1577, about three in the afternoon, Drake failed from Ply- 
 mouth-, but a violent ftorm arifing as foon as he was out of the port, forced him in 
 a very bad condition inio Falmouth to refit-, v/hich having ex[>editiounv performed, 
 he again put to fea on the 13th of December following. On the 25th of the fame 
 month, he fell in with the coaft of Barbary, and on the 29th with Cape Verd ; on 
 the 13th of March, 1578, he paflTcd the Equinoctial •, the 5th of April he made the 
 
 4 E coalt
 
 z^j D R A K E. 
 
 coail of Br,»zil, and entered the river Plata, where he lofl the company oi'two or his 
 fliipsi but meeting them again, aiul taking out their provilioiis, he turned them 
 adiitt. On the 2yth of May he arrived in the port of St. Julian ; where he conti- 
 nued two months, for the fake of laying in provifions. He departed thence on the 
 i7[h of Auguft, and on the 20th entered the Streights of Magellan. After a diffi- 
 cult navigation of fixtecn days, he came out, on the 6ih of September, into the 
 great South-Sea. But here he met with I'uch tempclluous weather, that he was 
 lorced back to tlie welUvard near an hundred leagues; and one of his ihips, the 
 Marygold, was loll. Near the »^7th degree of fouthern latitude, he entered a bay, 
 where he found a naked people ranging trom one ifland to another, in canoes, to 
 feek provinons. Sailing thence to the northward, on the 3d of Od:ober, he found 
 three iflands, in one of which was an extraordinary plenty of birds. On the 8th, 
 he loft another of his fhips, the Elizabeth, commanded by captain John Winter, 
 which returned through the Strcights, and arrived fafe in England on the 2d of 
 June in the year following, being the firrt fliip that ever came back that way. Drake, 
 proceeding along the coaft of Chili, arrived at an illand called Moucha-, 
 where he had intelligence from an Indian, that a large Spanifli lliip lay loaden at 
 Val Paraifo, which he immedi.itcly failed in fearch of. He eafily took this velTel, ia 
 which he found a vaft quantity of Baldivian gold. He then plundered a neigh- 
 bouring town, and afterwards landed at Tarapafa, or Tarapaxa, wliere finding 4 
 Spaniard alleep upon the fhore, with thirteen bars of filver by him, to the value of 
 four thoufand Spanifh ducats, he caufed them to be carried off", without waking 
 the man. Then entering the port of Arica, he found there thiee fhips with not a 
 man on board ; in which were, befides other merchandize, fifty-feven wedges of 
 filver, each weighing twenty pounds. Hence he proceeded to Lima, the capital 
 of Peru, where he feized twelve fhips, and in them great quantities of filk, with a 
 cheit full of coined money. Drake, continuing his courfc to the northward, failed 
 along the coaft of Mexico, and landing at Aguatulco, facked that town. He after- 
 warus endeavoured to find a pafTage into England by North America, failing to the 
 latitude of forty-two degrees on that coaft ; but meeiing with nothing but feverity 
 of cold, and open fliores covered with fnow, he came back into the latitude of 
 thirty-eight, and putting into a convenient harbour in the north parts of California, 
 met with a very kind reception from the Indians there; who by many fignificanc 
 tokens offered, we are told, to make him their king. To this country Drake 
 thought fit to give the name of Nzw Albion; and raifing a pillar, put an in- 
 fcription thereon, containing the name of queen Elizabeth, the date of the year, and 
 the time of his arrival there. Leaving this coaft, he failed to the weftward, and at 
 length arriving at the Moluccas, he was kindly entertained by the king of Ternate, 
 one of thofe iflands ; whence departing, he profccuted his voyage through thofe 
 dangerous feas ; but his fhip ftriking upon a rock, ftuck faft for feven and twenty 
 hours, which threw his men into defpair : however, when they had lightened the 
 Ihip, by throwing over-board eight of her guns, and fome merchandize, a bearing 
 gale of wind fortunately took her in the quarter, and heaved her off. Then touch- 
 ing at Java, where he received great civility from one of the kings of the ifland, he 
 continued his courfe for the Cape of Good Hope, and thence to Rio Grande in Ne- 
 groland ; where taking in water, he made the beft of his way to England. On 
 the nth of September, 1580, he made the ifland of Tercera, and, on the 3d of 
 November, entered the harbour of Plymouth ; having, in lefs than three years, 
 failed round the globe, to the great admiration of all ranks of people. On the 4th 
 
 of
 
 DRAKE. 
 
 291 
 
 of April, 1 58 1, queen Elizabeth going to Deptford, dined on board captain 
 Drake's fhiis conferred on him the honour oi knighthood, and declared her ab- 
 lblu[e approbation of all that he had done. Her majcfty likcwife gave directions 
 for the prefervation of his fliip, that it might remain a monument of his own and 
 his coLintry's glory. 
 
 In is'('>s-, Sir Francis Drake, who was now an admiral, was fent on an expedi- 
 tion againft the Spaniards to the Weft-Indies, with a fleet of one and twenty fliips. 
 In his paflage he took the capital town of the ifland of St. Jago; whence proceed- 
 ing to Hifpaniola, he made himfelf matter of the town of St. Uomingo, He alio 
 took Carthagena; and failing along the coaft of Florida, burnt St. Auguftine and 
 St. Helen's, two fniall towns that the Spaniards had abandoned. In 15S7, the 
 queen fent him with a fquadron to cruize againft the Spaniards, and particularly 
 with a view to interrupt the preparations they were making to invade England, 
 and to deftroy, if poflible, the Spanifli fliipping, ammunition, and provifions, in 
 their own ports. On the 19th of April, he arrived in the bay of Cadiz, where he 
 was oppofed by twelve gallies, of which he funk two, and forced the others to re- 
 tire under the caftles. He then, though expoled to a dreadful fire from the forts 
 and batteries, burnt one fliip of 1500 tons, another of 1200, and thirty-one mord 
 from looo to 200 tons ; befides carrying away four fliips laden with provifions, 
 defigned for the expedition againft England. Drake afterwards demoliflied feveral 
 forts on the coaft of Spain, without the leaft moleftation from the Spanilh admirals, 
 whom he infulted in their harbours. After thefe exploits. Sir Francis failed to the 
 Azores, and in his way took the Don Pedro, a carrack of enormous bulk, returning 
 from the Eaft-lndies, richly laden : he not only gained an immenfe booty, but alfo 
 ■ found papers on board which ferved to inftrud the Hnglifh in the nature of the 
 Eaft-Indian commerce. 
 
 In 1588, Sir Francis fignalized himfelf in the defence of his country acrainll the 
 Spanifli Armada, being appointed vice-admiral under the lord high admiral How». 
 ard. And here his good fortune attended him as remarkably as ever; for he made 
 prize of a large galleon, commanded by Don Pedro de Valdez, who yielded on the 
 bare mention of his name. In this velTel he found fifty thoufand ducats, which he 
 generoufly diftnbuted among the feamen and foldiers. It muft not, however, be 
 concealed, that through an overfight of his, the lord admiral ran the utmoft hazard 
 of being taken by the enemy -, for Drake being appointed, the firft night of the en- 
 gagement, to carry lights for the diredion of the Englifli fleer, he, being in full 
 purfuit of fome hulks belonging to the Hanfe Towns, negledcd itj which occa- 
 fioned the lord admiral's following the Spanifli lights, and remaining almoft in the 
 centre of their fleet till morning. However, Drake's fuccceding fervices fufliciently 
 effaced the memory of this miftake, the greateft execution done on the flying Spa- 
 niards being performed by the fquadron under his command. The next year Sir 
 Francis commanded, as admiral, the fleet fent to reftore Don Antonio, king of Por- 
 tugal -, the command of the land-forces being given to Sir John Norris. But this 
 expedition proved abortive, through the difagreement of the commanders. In 1595 
 Drake was joined in commiflion with Sir John Hawkins, and fent with a fleet to 
 diftrefs the Spaniards in the Weft-Indies. Hawkins dying on the -21 ft of Novem- 
 ber, Sir Francis, the next day, made a defperate attack on the fliipping in the har- 
 bour of Porto Rico. This was performed with all the courage imaginable, but with 
 little advantage to the Englifli, who meeting with a more rcfolute reliftunce, and much 
 better fortifications than they expeded, were obliged to fhcer off. Admiral Drake 
 
 afterwards
 
 852 DRAYTON. 
 
 afterwards burned the towns of Rio tie h Hacha, Santa Martha, and Nombre de 
 Dios. Sir Thomas Baflverville, commander of the land-forces, then marched with 
 feven hundred and fifty men towards Panama ; but returned foon after, finding the 
 defign of taking that place ablbkuely imprafticable. This difappointment greatly 
 chagrined Sir Francis Drake : however, he rclblved to jirocted towards the ifiand 
 of Kfcudo, and from thence to Forto-Bello •, but before he could put his dcfigns 
 into execution, he was fciz:d with a bloody flux, which carried him off on the 28th 
 of January, 1595-6, in the fifty-firft year of his age. He was buried in the element 
 whfre he acquired his fame. 
 
 Thus ended the life of Sir Francis Drake-, one of the mofl: able, aftive, and 
 courageous I'camen, that England ever produced. He was of a low ftature, 
 but well-proport'oned •, and had a chearful, engaging countenance. As naviga- 
 tion had been his chief lUidy, lb he undcrftood it thoroughly, and was a perfcft 
 mailer in every branch of it. His enemies alledged, that he was of an oftcntatious 
 temper, felf-fufficient, and an immoderate fpcaker. But it is acknowledged, that 
 he fpoke with much gracefulnefs, propriety, and eloquence : and it appears that he 
 always encouraged and preferred merit, wliere-ever he found it, and was affable 
 and eafy of accefs. He was prone to anger, and too fond of flattery ; yet he was 
 a (teady friend, and extremely generous. His voyage round the world will ever 
 remain an inconteftible proof of his courage, fortitude, public fpirit, and capacity. 
 
 DRAYTON (Michael) a poet of great renown in the reigns of Elizabeth, 
 James I. and Charles I. was born at Harlhull, in Warwickfhire, in the year 1563; 
 and was iome time a fludent in the univerfity of Oxford. His love of poetry difco- 
 vered itfelf very early •, for at ten years of age, he defired his tutor, that, if he could, 
 he would make him, above all things, a poet. In 1593, he publifhed a colleftion 
 of padorals v and upon the acceflion of king James 1. he wrote a congratulatory 
 poem to that prince •, though he feems afterwards to have been very little fatisficd 
 with the encouragement given by his majefty to the votaries of Apollo, who, he 
 plainly infinuates, were now much lefs refpefted than during the Mufe-nurfirtg 
 Maiden-reign^ as he terms it, of queen Elizabeth. In 1626, we find him filled, 
 before a copy of his own verfes, poet-laureat ; an appellation, which appears to 
 have been originally given to all eminent poets, and was not confined, as it is at 
 prefent, to his majefl^y's fervant, known by that title. He wrote, i. A work en- 
 titled Foly-Olbion : 2. The Barons Wars : 3. England's Heroical Epiflles : 4. The 
 Battle of A^iincourt : 5. The Miferics of Queen Margaret: 6. Nymphidia, or the 
 Court of Fairies, a mailer-piece in the grotelque kind : 7. The Quell of Cynthia : 
 8. The Moon-Calf i and many other poems. His charafter among his friends 
 was that of a modcll and amiable man. He died in the year 163 1, aged fixty-eighr, 
 and was buried among the poets in Wefl:minfler-abbey, where a monument was 
 erefted to his memory, with the following infcription : 
 
 Michael Dravton, Efq. a memorable poet of this age, exchanged his laurel 
 for a crown of glory, Anno 1631. 
 
 Do, pious marble, let thy readers know 
 What they, and what their children owe 
 To Drayton's name ; vvhofe facred dull 
 We recommend unto thy truft : 
 
 PfOtea
 
 D . R . Y D E N. 293 
 
 Protefl his memory, and prefervc his ftory," 
 Remain alafli.ig monument of his glory : 
 
 And when thy ruins fhall difclaim 
 
 To be the treafurer of his name ; 
 
 His name, that cannot fade, {hall be 
 
 An everlafting monument to thee. 
 
 DRYDEN (John) Efq. an illuftrious EngHfh poet, was the fon of Erafmus 
 Dryden, of Tichmarfh in Northamptonfliirc- -, and was bora at Aldwinclt-, near 
 Oundle, in that county, on the 9th of Auguft, 1631. He was educated in gram- 
 mar-learning at Weftminfter-fchoo!, under the famous Dr. Bufby ; and during hs 
 continuance at this feminary, he tranflated the Third Satire of Peruus for a Thurl- 
 day-night's exercife, and wrote a poem on the death of lord Hallings. In 1650, 
 he was elefted a fcholar of Trinity-college in Cambridge, where he profecuted his 
 iludies with great ardour. In 1658, he publifhed Heroic Stanzas on the late lord 
 Prote£tor ; and about two years after, his Aftrsa Redux, a poem on the Relloration, 
 made it's appearance. In 1661, he wrote a panegyric to the king on his coronation. 
 On the ift of January, 1662, he prefcnted a poem to tlie lord-chancellor Hyde ; 
 and, the fame year, publiflied a fatire on the Dutch. Some time after appeared 
 his Annus Mirabilis, or the Year of Wonders, an hiftorical poem. In 1668, upon 
 the death of Sir William Davenant, Mr. Dryden was appointed poet-laureat and 
 hiftoriographer to king Charles II. and in the fame year, he publifhed his Eflay on 
 Dramatic Poetry. His firft play, entitled the Wild Gallant, was afted at the 
 Theatre Royal in 1669 ; after which he wrote feveral other dramatic pieces, which 
 are generally reckoned the mofl faulty of his works, though fome of them are truly 
 excellent, particularly the Spanifli Friar, All for Love, and Don Sebaftian. 
 
 In 1 67 1, Mr. Dryden was publicly ridiculed on the llage, in the duke of Buck- 
 ingham's celebrated comedy, called the Rehearfal, under the charader of Bayes. 
 This charafter, as we are informed in the Key to the Rehearfal, was originally in- 
 tended for Sir Robert Howard, under the name of Bilboa : but the reprefentation 
 of the piece being prevented by the breaking out of the plague in 1665, it was laid 
 by for fome years, and not exhibited on the ftage till 1671 ; in which interval, 
 Mr. Dryden being advanced to the laurel, the noble author changed the name of 
 ■his poet from Bilboa to Bayes •, and made great alterations in his play, in order to 
 ridicule feveral dramatic performances that appeared fince the firfl: writing of it. 
 Thofe of Mr. Dryden which fell under his grace's lafh, were, the Wild Gallanr, 
 Tyrannic Love, the Conqueft of Granada, Marriage A-la-Mode, and Love in a 
 Nunnery. Whatever was extravagant in them, or too warmjy cxprtfled, or any 
 -way unnatural, the duke ridiculed by parody. Mr. Dryden affefted to defpife the 
 fatire levelled at him in the Rehearfal, as appears from his dedication prcfi.\ed ta 
 the tranflation of Juvenal and Perfius •, where, fpeaking of the many lampoons .ind 
 •libels that had been written againft him, he fays, " I anfwered not to the Rehearfal, 
 "becaufe I knew the author fat to himfclf when he drew the pidture, and was the 
 very Bnyes of his own farce ; becaufe I alfo knew my betters were more concerned 
 than I was in that latire; and, laftly, becaule Mr. Smith and Mr. Johnfon, the 
 main pillars of it, w^re two fuch languifliing gentlemen in their converfation, that 
 I could liken them to nothing but their own relations, thofe noble charaders of 
 men of wit and plealare about town." 
 
 ^F In
 
 '^ 'I 
 
 Ijl D R-^Y'D E N. 
 
 In 1679 came out ah F-tltiy on Satire, fiid tb'^Wwni?en jointly by Mr. 
 Drydcn and the carl of Mulgravc. This piece, which was handed about in 
 i:-!anufciipt, contained fome very fcvere rcflfflioris on ihe duchefs of Portfmouth 
 and the earl of Rocherter -, who fufpcfling Mr. Dryden to be the author, 
 hired three ruffians to cudgel him in a coffee-houfc. In 1680 was publifhed a 
 tranflation of Ovid's Epiftles into Englifli verfe, by feveral hands ; two of 
 wliich were tranflatcd by Mr. Dryden, who alfo wrote the preface. The year 
 following, our author publiflicd his Abl'alom and Achitophel, in which, with great 
 energy of ftyle and poignancy of Hitire, he has laflied the duke of Buckingham, un- 
 der the name of Zimri. In the fame year, K'Si, his Medal,- a fatire againft fedi- 
 tion, made its appearance ; and in 1C82 came out his' Religio L'aici, or a Layman's 
 Faith, intended as a defence of revealed religion, and the cJ^ceUence ^nd authority 
 of tiiC fcriptures, as ti)e only rule of fiiitli and manners againfl deills, papirts^ &:c. 
 
 In 1684, he publilLed a tranflation of M. Maimbourg's Hiftory of the League, 
 which he had. undertaken by tlie command of king Charles JI. U^on the death of 
 that prince, he wrote a poem fac fed to his n'lemory, entitled Thr'cnodid Augufta- 
 lis. In the beginning of the reig^n of Jame^ II. our fiutlior embraced the^ Romajij 
 catholic religion ; and, in 16S6, wrote " A pefcpcre of the Papers- vvntjen t'y ,the 
 late King of blelTcd Memory, and found in his ftrong Box," 5n oppofitioh to Dr. 
 Edward Stiliingflect's " Aiifwer to fdme Papers lately printecl, concerning the Au- 
 thority of the Catholic Church, in Matters of Faith, and the Reformation' of the 
 Church of England." Upon this. Dr. Stillingfleet wrote a Vindication of his An- 
 fwer, in which he animadverted, in fevere terms', upon Mr. DryJen's change of his 
 religion, as grounded on his indifference to all religion. In the year i6^y, Mr. 
 Dryden publiflaed his Wind and Panther, in defence of the Romifli tenets; which 
 occafioned an admirable piece of ridicule, written by Mr. Charles Montague, (after- 
 wards earl of Halifax) and Mr. Matthew Prior, and entitled, " 1 he Hind and 
 Panther tranfverfed to the Story of the Countrj Moufe and City Moufe." The 
 year following, he publiflied the Life of St. Francis Xavier^ tranflated from tKj 
 French of Father Dominic Bouhours. :„,.4" ,,. „(, ^h f.. -i^v^q ^ .nj -u 
 
 Upon tlie accefTion of king William ana queen Mary, our author, on account 
 of his newly-chofen religion, was difmiflld from the office of poct-laureat, in which 
 he was fucceeded by Mr. Thomas Shadwell, againfl whom he foon after wrote his 
 NIac Flccknoe, one of the fevereft fatires in our language. In 1693 came our » 
 tranflation of Juvenal and Perfius; the firfl, third, fixth, tenth, and fixteenth 
 fatires of Juvenal, and Perfius entire, being done by Mr. Dryden, who pre- 
 fixed a long and ingenious difcourfe, by way of dedication, to the earl of Dorfet. 
 In 1695 he publiflied his profc verfion of M. Du Frefnoy's Art of Painting, with a 
 preface containing a parallel between painting and poetry, and in 1697 his admi- 
 rable tranflation of Virgil's works came out. Befides the original pieces and tranfla- 
 tions already mentioned, Mr. Urydcn wrote many other things, fuch as prologues, 
 epilogues, epitaphs, lungs, &c, His lafl work was his " Fables, ancient and mo- 
 dern, tranflated into verie from Homer, Ovid, Boccace, and Chaucer." His Ode 
 on St. Cecilia's day is ju.Qily efleemed one of the moft perfect pieces in any language. 
 It is impofiible for a poet to read this without being filled with that fort of enihu- 
 fialm which is peculiar to'the infpircd tribe, and which Dryden largely felt when 
 he compofcd it. The turn of the verfe is noble ; the tranfitions furprifing; the 
 language and fentiments jufl, natural, and heightened. We cannot be too lavifh 
 in pr.iife of this ode; had Dryden never written any thing befides, his name had 
 been imniortal. This great poet died on the firfl of May, 1701, in the fcventieth 
 
 year
 
 D R Y D E N. 295 
 
 Tcar of his age, and was interred in Weflm in tier-abbey. He married the lady 
 klizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas earl of Berkfhire, who furvived him eighc 
 years ; and by whom he had three fons, Charles, John, and Henry. Charles was 
 fome time uflier of the palace to pope Clement XI. and wrote feveral pieces ; 
 John v/as the author of a comedy, entitled, TheHufband his own Cuckold, printed 
 in 1696: Henry entered into a religious order. 
 
 The day after Mr. Dryden's death, Dr. Sprat, then bifliop of Rochefler and 
 dean of Weflminfter, fent word to Mr. Dryden's widow, that he would make a 
 prefent of the ground, and all other abbey-fees for the funeral •, lord Halifax like- 
 wife fent to the lady Elizabeth, and to Mr. Charles Dryden, offering to defray the 
 cxpences of our poet's funeral, and afterwards to bellow five hundred pounds on a 
 monument in the abbey: which generous offers were accepted. Accordingly on 
 the Sunday following, the company being aflcmbled, the corpfe was put into a 
 velvet hearfe, attended by eighteen mourning coaches. When they werejuft ready 
 to move, lord Jefftries, fon of the lord-chancellor Jefferies, with fome of his rakiffi 
 companions, riding by, afl-:ed whofe funeral it was ; and being told it was Mr. 
 Dryden's, protefled that he fhould not be buried in that private manner; that he 
 would himfelf, witli the lady Elizabeth's permiHion, have the honour of the inter- 
 ment, and would beftow a thoufand pounds on a monument in the abbey for him. 
 This put a flop to the proceflion ; and lord Jefferies, with feveral of the gentlemen, 
 who had alighted from their coaches, went up ftairs to' the lady, who was fick in 
 bed. His lordfliip repeated what he iiad faid below ; but the lady Elizabeth re- 
 fufing her confenr, he fell on his knees, vowing never to rife till his requeft 
 was granted. The lady, under a fudden furprife, fainted away; and lord Jefferies, 
 pretending to have obtained her confent, ordered the body to be carried to Mr. 
 Ruffel's, an undertaker in Cheapfide, arid to be left there till further orders. In 
 the mean time the abbey was lighted up, the ground opened, the choir attending, 
 and the bifhop v/aiting fome hours for ilie corpfe to no purpofe. The next day, 
 Mr. Charles Dryden waited upon lord Halifax arid the bifhop, and endeavoured to 
 exculpate his mother by relating the truth : but they would not admit of any excufe. 
 Three days after, the undertaker, having received no orders, waited on lord Jef- 
 feries, who turned it off as a jefl:, pretending that he remembered nothing of the 
 matter, and telling him he might do what he pleafed with the body. Upon this, 
 the undertaker waited on the lady Elizabeth, whodefireda day's refpite to confider 
 what mull be done. Mr. Charles Dryden immediately wrote to lord Jefferies, who 
 returned for anfwer, that he knew nothing of the matter, and would be troubled 
 'no more about it. He then applied again to lord Halifax and the bifliop of Ro- 
 chefler, who abfolutely refufed to do any thing in the affair. In this diilrefs, Dr. 
 Garth, who had been Mr. Dryden's intimate friend, fent for the corpfe to the col- 
 lege of phyficiar.s, and propolcd a funeral by fubl'cription ; which fuccceding, 
 about three weeks after Mr. Dryden's deceafe. Dr. Garth pronounced a Latin ora- 
 tion over the body, wiiich was conveyed from the college, attended by a numerous 
 train of coaches, to Wcitminffer-'abbey. When the funeral was over, Mr. Charles 
 Dryden lent a challenge to lord Jefferies, who refufing to anfwer it, he lent feveral 
 others, and went often himfelf •, but could neither get a letter delivered, nor ad- 
 mittance to f[ieak to him-, which fo incenfed him, that> finding his lordlhip refufed 
 to anfwer him like a gentleman, he refolvcd to watch an opportunity, and brave 
 him to fight, though with all the rules of honour-, which his lordlhip hearing, 
 quilted the town, and Mr. Charles never could meet him afterwards. 
 
 " Mr.
 
 296 DUCK. 
 
 " Mr. Dryden (fays Congrcve) had perfonal qualities to challenge love and 
 efteem from all who were truly acquainted with him. He was of a nature exceeding 
 humane and companionate, eafily forgiving injuries, and capable of a prompt and 
 finccre reconciliation with thofe who had offended him. His friendfliip, where he 
 profcircd it, went much beyond his profedlons. As his reading had been very exten- 
 five, fo was he very happy in a memory tenacious of every thing he had read. He 
 •was not more poffefTcd of knowledge than he was communicative of it; but then 
 his communication of it was by no means pedantic, or impoftd upon the converfa- 
 tion, but juft fuch, and went fo far, as, by tlie natural turns of the difcourfe in which 
 he was engaged, it was neceflarily prompted or required. He svas extremely ready 
 and gentle in the corrcdlion of the errors of any writer who thought fit to confult 
 him, and full as ready and patient to admit of the reprehenfion of others in refpett 
 of his o\^n ovtrrfights or miftakes. He was of a very eafy, I may fay of a very 
 pleafing accefs : but fomcwhat flow, and, as it were, diffident, in his advances to 
 others. He had fomcthing in his nature that abhorred intrufion into any fociety 
 whatever; and, indeed, it is to be regretted that he was rather blameablc on the 
 other extreme. He was, of all men I ever knew, the moft modeft, and the moft eafy to 
 be difcountenanced in his approaches, cither to his iuperiors or his equals. — As to 
 his writings, I may venture to fay, in general terms, that no man hath written, in 
 our language, fo much, and fo various matter, and in fo various manners, fo well. 
 Another thing, I may fay, was very peculiar to him ; which is, that his parts did 
 not decline with his years, but that lie was an improving writer to the lafV, even to 
 near fevcnty years of age ; improving even in fire and imagination as well as in 
 judgment; witnefs his Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, and his Fables, his latelt per- 
 formances. He was equally excellent in verfe and profe. His prole had all the 
 clearnefs imaginable, together with all the noblenefs of exprelTion, all the graces 
 and ornaments proper and peculiar to it, without deviating into the language or 
 diction of poetry. 1 have heard him frequently own with pleafure, that, if he had 
 any talent tor Englifh profe, it was owing to his having often read the writings of 
 the great archbifhop Tillotfon. His verfification and numbers he could learn of 
 no-body ; for he firft pofTcfTed thofe talents in perfedion in our tongue. In his 
 poems, his di(5tion is, where-ever his fubjcd requires it, fo fublime, and fo truly 
 poetical, that it's efTence, like that of pure gold, cannot be deftroyed. Take his 
 vcrfes, and divert them of their rhimes, disjoint them of their numbers, tranfpofc 
 their exprcflions-, make what arrangement or difpofition you pleafe in his words; 
 yet fhall there eternally be poetry, and fomething which will be found incapable of 
 being reduced to abfolute profe. What he has done in any one fpecies or diftinft 
 kind of writing, would have been fufficient to have acquired him a great name. 
 If he had written nothing but his prefaces, or nothing but his fongs and his pro- 
 logues, each of them would have entitled him to the preference and diflindion of 
 excelling in it's kind." 
 
 Some years after Mr. Dryden's deceafe, a monument was erecled to his memory 
 in Weftminller-abbey, by John Sheffield, duke of Buckingham. 
 
 DUCK (Stephen) a very extraordinary perfon, who from a thredier became a 
 poer, was born in Wiltfhire about the beginning of the prefcnt century, and was 
 taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. Being taken from fchool in his fourteenth 
 year, he was for feveral years engaged in the mofl laborious employments of a 
 country life. However, he read fometimes, and thought oftener ; for he panted 
 
 after
 
 DUDLEY. 297 
 
 after k no wlet'gc; and having almoft loft his arithmetic, grew ur.eafy at his having 
 forgot any thing he had learned. I hough he was then twency-four years of age, 
 was married and at fcrvice, and had neither books nor money, hf, by working 
 longer than other diy-labourers, found means to purchafc, firft a book of %'ulgar 
 arichmctic, then one of decimal, and a third of meafuring land ; all which he made 
 himfelf a tolerable mafter of, in ihe hours he could Heal from fleep. afrer the labours 
 of the day. At length a friend of his, who had been two or three years at fervicc 
 in London, returned into the country, bringing with him fome books; viz. -Mil- 
 ton's Paradife LofV, the 5;pe6lators, .'-encca's IVIorals, IVkmachus, Adtiifon's De- 
 fence of Chriftianity, an Englifb Diftionary, an Ovid, a volume of Shakefpeare's 
 Plays; and a few other books. By thefe afliftances, Stephen foon grew fomething 
 of a poet, and fomething of a philofopher. He had from his infancy a turn for 
 poetry; but received a much higher rclifli for it by reading Milton twice or thrice 
 over. The Spadrators improved his underftanding more than any thing; and 
 the copies of verfes fcattered in them, prompted his natural inclination for 
 poetry. Sometimes, while at work, he attempted to turn his thoughts into verfe ; 
 and at laft began to venture them on paper. This took air; and Stephen, whom 
 the country people before thought a fcholar, was now faid to be able to write verfes. 
 His fame reached the ears Ot the neighbouring clergymen and gentlemen, who, 
 upon examining him, found that he had a confiderable fhare of merit, and gave 
 him money to encourage him. At length fonie of his poems falling into the hands 
 of a lady of quality, who attende-i on the late queen Caroline, they were read to 
 her majefty, who took him under her protedtion, and fettled on him an annual 
 penfion. He now ftudied the Latin tongue, and having taken holy orders, was 
 preferred to the living of Byflcet in Su ry, where he became a popular preacher: 
 at length, however, falling into a ftate of lunacy, he, in the year 1756, threw 
 bimfclf into the Thames from a bridge near Reading, and was drowned. 
 
 DUDLEY (John) baron of Malpas, vifcount Lifle, earl of Warwick, and duke 
 of Northumberland, one of the moft powerful fubjedts that ever flourifhed in this 
 kingdom, was the fon of Edmund Dudley, the infamous tool of Henry VII. (be- 
 headed in 1510) and was born in the year 1502. In 151 1 the parliament reverfed 
 the attainder of his late father. In 1523 he attended Charles Brandon, duke of 
 Suffolk, in his expedition to France ; and diftinguifhed himfelf fo much by his 
 gallant behaviour, that he obtained the honour of knighthood. He accompanied 
 cardinal Wolfey in his ambalfy to France, in the year 1527 ; and, fome time after, 
 wis appointed mafter of the armoury in the I'ower. In 1542 he was raifed to the 
 dignity of vifcount Lifle, and at the next feftival of St. George was defied knight 
 of the garter; and was foon after made lord high-admiral of England, in which of- 
 fice he performed fome fignal fcrviccs. Towards the clofe of king Henry Vlllth's 
 reign, he received large grants of church-lands from that monarch, who appointed 
 him by will one of his fixtecn executors. 
 
 E.dwa.'-d VI. liaving afcended the throne, and the earl of Hertford, his uncle, 
 being declared protidtor of the realm, the lord vifcount Lifle rcfigned his poft of 
 high admiral in favour of Sir Thomas Seymour, the proteftor's brother, and was 
 the fame day (Feb. 16, 1547) created earl of W.irwick. He was lieutenant-eene:ai 
 under the lord prote(ftor in the expedition to Scotland, and had a principal fhare in 
 the viftory at MufTclburgh. In 1549 a icbellion broke out in Norfolk, under the 
 condud of Roberc Ket, a tanner, who was foon at the head of fixteen thou- 
 
 4 G fand
 
 698 DUDLEY. 
 
 fand men. The earl of Warwick, whofc reputation was very high in military 
 affairs, was ordered to march with an army againft chcfe rebels, and loon gained 
 a coiiiplt-t; vi(Rory, killing above two thoufand of them. Ket, their rine- 
 kadcr, efraped from the tick!-, but, being taken the next day in a barn with his 
 brother Williajn, was hung in chains on Norwich caftle ; his brother was hanged on 
 Wymondham (lecple, and the rell of the chiefs fufFercd the fame fate. After the cx- 
 rcLition of Sir Thomas Seymour for high treafon, the earl of Warwick was again 
 made lord-admiral. Jn April 1551, he was conftitutcd earl marfhal of England; 
 loon after, lord warden of the northern marches -, and, in Oeflober the fame year, 
 was created duke of Northumberland. He was alio elected chancellor of the uni- 
 vc.Tny of Cambridge, upon the death of the duke of Somerf.-t, whom by his in- 
 trigues he had brought to the block. In 1553 he married his fourth fon, lord 
 Guildford Dudley, to the lady Jane Grey, eldcft daughter of the duke of Suffolk ; 
 and had the addrefs to prevail with king Edward to fettle the crown upon this lady, 
 to the exclufion of the princeffes Mary and Elizabeth. On the 6th of July, 155^, 
 the king died ; and on the loth of that month, the duke of Northumberland caulcd 
 the lady Jane to be proclaimed queen. 1 he princefs Mary had retired into Suf- 
 folk, where Ihe was joined by feveralof the nobility, and a great number of people; 
 vpon which the duke, with an army of eight thoufand men, marched againit her as 
 far as St. Fdmund's-bury. When Mary's friends were informed that the duke of 
 Northumberland had begun his march, fome of them advifcd her to retire into 
 another country -, and perhaps flic would have complied wiLh this advice, had he 
 exerted th.at vigour and adivity which had hitherto diftinguifhtd his chara<ftcr. 
 But finding his troops diminifh; the people unwilling to ftir in his favour, and that 
 he received no fupplics from the council, he retired back to Cambridge. On the 
 19th of July, Mtry was proclaimed queen in London; of which the dyke bcin^ 
 informed, he immediately difbanded his army. He then caufed that princefs to 
 be proclaimed in Cam.bridge, at the fame time throwing up his cap, and crying, 
 *' God favc queen Mary." But he reaped no advantage from thefc exterior marks 
 ©f loyalty; tor he was foon after arrefled in the queen's name by the earl of Arun- 
 del, and committed prifonerro the Tower. On the i8th of Auguft, he was brought 
 to trial in Wcftm;nfter-hall ; and being condemned for high treafon, was beheaded 
 on the 22d of that month. Such wasjhe end of this potent nobleman, of whom it 
 may be truly faid, that, though he was endued with many great and good qualities, 
 yet they were overbalanced by his vices. He had a numerous iffue, viz- eight 
 
 ions and five daughters, 
 o 
 
 DUDLEY ^Ambrose) baron Lille, and earl of Warwick, ion of John duke of 
 Northumberland, was born about the year 1530. He attended his father into 
 Norfolk againft the rebels ; and was in high favour with king Edward VI. After 
 that prince's deceafe, appearing in arms in behalf of lady Jane Grey, he was at- 
 tainted, received fcntence ot death, and remained a clofe prifoner till the 18th of 
 Oftober, 1554; when he was difcharged out of the Tower, and pardoned for life. 
 In the year 1557, he fjgnal'zea himfelf by liis bravery in the famous battle of St, 
 Qiiintin ; but had the misfortune to lofe there his brother Henry, who was a youth 
 of great hopes. The lame year an adt was palled for reftoring the wliole family in 
 blood. On the accefllon of queen FJizabeth, he was regarded as one of the moft ac* 
 comj lifhed perfons at court ; and, in the fourth year of her reign, was created baron 
 •f Liflc and earl of Warwick, He was afterwards appointed the queen's lieutenant 
 
 in
 
 DUDLEY. 299 
 
 in Normandy, where he diftinguifhed himfelf by his courage and condudl. In 
 1569, he, together with the lord admiral Clinton, lupprcfled ihe rebellion railed 
 in the north by the earls of Northumberland and Wcrtmoreland. Jn 1570 the 
 queen granted him the office of chief butler of England, and the next year he was 
 chofen one of the privy-council. He was a man of great fweetnefs of temper, and 
 of an unexceptionable charafter, which gained him the appellation of " 1 he good 
 earl of Warwick." In the laft years of his life he endured great pain in his It-g 
 from a wound he had received in defending Havre de Grace againft the F>ench, 
 and at length fubmitted to an amputation, which proving uniuccefsful, he died 
 foon after at Bedford-houfe, Bloomibury, on the 20th of February, 15'Sg, and was 
 interred in the chapel of the Blcffcd Virgin at Warwick, where a noble monument 
 was erefted over him. He was thrice married, but had no ifllie. 
 
 DUDLEY (Robert) earl of Leicefler, was the fifth fon of John duke of Nor- 
 thumberland, by Jane, daughter and heirefs of Sir Edward Guildford ; and is fup- 
 poled to have been born about the year 1532. He received the honour of knight- 
 hood from king Edward VI. and in June, 1550, efpoufed Amy, daughter of Sir 
 John Robfarr, at Sheen in Surry, the king honouring their nuptials with his prc- 
 fcnce. He was fliortly after appointed mailer of the king's buck-hounds-, and, in 
 Augufl 155 1, was chofen one of the gentlemen of the king's chamber in ordinary. 
 In 1553 he took arms in fupport of lady Jane Grey, for which adl of rebellion he 
 was condemned to die-, but was the nexr year pardoned for life. In 1557 he was 
 prefent at the fiege of St. Q^intin-, and was that year reftored in blood. Upon the 
 accefllon of queen Elizabeth, he became one of her principal favourites : he was 
 made mafter ot the horfe in the firfl year of her reign, and in 1559 was inftallect 
 knight of the garter, and fworn of the privy-council. The great affection the queen 
 difcovered for Sir Robert, and the many favours fhe conferred upon him, induced 
 him to imagine, tkat if he could but get rid of his wife, he might foon render him- 
 felf acceptable to her majefty as an hulband. With this view, he is faid to have 
 difpatched his lady into the country, to the houfc of one of his dependents, at 
 Cunmor in BerkfhiTC; where, we are told, he firft endeavoured to have her taken 
 off by poifon j but this defign not iucceeding, he caufed her to be thrown dowr» 
 from the top of a ftair-cafe, lb that fhe was killed by the violence of the fall, which 
 was pretended to have been merely accidental. She was at firft obfcurely buried at 
 Cumnor ; but Dudley, in hopes of putting fome flop to the rumours that were cir- 
 culated on this occafion, ordered that her body fliould be taken up, and removed 
 to St. Mary's church, Oxford, where it was interred with great pomp and fo- 
 lemnity. 
 
 In 1562, Sir Robert Dudley obtained from the queen the caftle and manor of 
 Kenilworth, together with Altell-Grove in Warwickfhire, and the loidfliips of 
 Dcnbi; h and uhirk. The fame year he was cholen high fteward of the uni- 
 vcrlity of Cambridge ; and received many other grants from the crown. In the 
 Liter end of September, 1564, he was created baron of Denbigh and earl of 
 Leicefler; and bctoie the clofe of the year, was made chancellor of the uni- 
 verfity or Oxford. On tie 24th of January, 1566, he and the duke of Norfolk 
 were ir.vtfted with the order of St. Michael, which had been lent them by 
 Charles IX. king of France. In 1575 the earl of Leicefter entertained the qucca 
 and her court at Kcnilworth-caftle with furpriling magnificence, for th'- Ipacc of 
 fevenicen days. In 1585 he was appointed lieutenant-general of the force? lent ini* 
 the Low Louiitries againll the Spaniards, aiid deputy-oovcrnor of the United Pro- 
 vinces.
 
 300 
 
 DUDLEY. 
 
 vinccs. He was not only unfuccefsful as a general, but ventured to lay an op- 
 prefTive hand upon a people who had lately Ihaken off the Spanifli yoke, who ex- 
 ulted in their new liberty, and were extremely jealous of it. He returned to Eng- 
 land in November i5S6-, and in ]unethe next year embarked for the Low Countiies; 
 but tlie dates-general being greatly difplealed with his arbitrary government, he 
 was foon recalled. Upon his return, finding that an accuiation was preparing 
 againfl: him fur mal-adminiliration, he privately implored the queen's proteftion, 
 and bdbught her "not to receive him with diigrace at his return, whom fhe had 
 lent out with honour; nor bring him to the grave, whom her former goodnefs had 
 raifed from the duft •," which cxprelTions of humility wrought fo effedtually upon 
 t.he queen, that the re-admitted him into htr favour, and appointed him rteward of 
 the houfhold. In the year if,88, when the nation was alarmed with the apprehen- 
 fions of the Spanilli Armad.), the earl of Leiceiler was made lieutenant-general, 
 under the queen, of the army afTembled at Tilbury. He died on the 4th of Septem- 
 ber following, at Cornbury-lodge in Oxfordfhire, and was magnificently interred at 
 Warwick, 
 
 " Leiceder's engaging perfon and addrefs (fays Mr. Granger) recommended him 
 to the favour of queen Elizabeth. Thele exterior qualilications, without the aid of 
 any kind of virtue, or fuperiority of abilities, gained him fuch an afcendant over 
 her, that every inftancc of his mifcondutft was overlooked; and he had the art to 
 make his faults the means of rifins; higher in her favour. He is faid to have been 
 the firll who introduced the art of poiloning into England. It is certain that he 
 often praiflifed it himfclf, and that he fcnt a divine to convince Walfingham of the 
 lawfulnefs of poifoning the queen of Scots, before her trial." 
 
 DUDLFA' (Sir Robert) who was ftyled abroad earl of Warwick and duke of 
 Northumberland, appears to have been the l-gitimate fon of Robert earl of Lei- 
 ceiler, by the lady Douglas Sheffield, though he was declared illegitimate by his 
 fatiier. He was born at Sheen, in Surry, in the year 1573, ^""^ received his edu- 
 cation at Chrill-church college, Oxford. 1 he earl of LeiLcfler dying in 1588, left 
 him the reverfion of the greateft part of his fortune, to which he fucceeded upon 
 the death of his uncle Ambrofe, earl of Warwick. Endued by nature with an en- 
 terpriling genius, he had a ftrong ambition to diftinguifli hinirclf by fome naval at- 
 cliicvtment; and, in 1504, undertook an expedition againlt the Spanifh fettlemcnts 
 in the Weft !ndies, where he behaved with remarkable gallantry. In 1596 heat- 
 tended the earl of Eflex and the lord high adminil Howard in their glorious expe- 
 dition againll; Cadiz ; and for the courage wliich he difplayed at the taking of that 
 town, he was knighted by the firft of thefe noble peers. In the beginning of the 
 reign of king James I. he commenced a fuit, with a view of proving the legitimacy 
 of his birth -, but lieingo/erpowered by the intrigues of the countefs dowager of Lei- 
 cefter, he retired into foreign countries, and aflumcd the title of earl of Warwick. 
 Th'S lad circumilance w.is greedily laid liold of by iiis enemies in England, who re- 
 prcfentcd it to the king in the moft unfavourable light, fo that his majefly lent orders 
 to him to return home; and upon his refufal to comply with that injuntlion, his 
 ellate was feized and veiled in the crown. 
 
 Sir Robert Dudley was kindly received at the court of Florence by Cofmo II. grand 
 tluke of Tufcany, who, in procefs of time, appointed him great chamberlain to his 
 confori, the arch-duchcfs Magdalen of .'^uilria, filter to the emperor Ferdinand II. 
 While ht. refided at this court, he contrived feveral methods of improving fliipping, 
 introduced new manufa<fturcs, and encouraged the merchants to extend their foreign 
 
 commerce -,
 
 E C H A R D. 
 
 301 
 
 commerce-, and by wTiich and other ferviGes he obtained fo h'gh a reputation, that, 
 at the deiire of the arch-duchcfs, the emperor Ferdinand, in 1620, created him a 
 duke of the holy Roman empire. Upon this he aflumed his grandfather's title of 
 duke of Northumberland ; and, ten years after, was enrolled by pope Urban VIII. 
 among the Roman nobility, tie formed the great projed of draining the morafs 
 between Pifa and the fca, and by that means raifed L eg horn from a paltry village 
 to a large and beautiful to*n. He was deeply read in philofophy, phyfic, che- 
 miftry, matnemaiics, and hiftory; and was the inventor of a famous medicine 
 called " The Earl of Warwick's Powder." He wrote an account of his voyage to 
 the Weft Indies-, a v/ork entitled Del Arcano del Mare; a medical treatife called 
 Catholicon ; and a propofnion for his majedy's fervice, to bridle the impertinency 
 of parliaments. Sir Robert died in September 1639, at his caftle of Carbello, in 
 the neighbourhood of Florence. 
 
 DUGDALE (Sir William) an eminent hiftorian and antiquary, was born at 
 Shuftoke, in Warwickdiire, on the 12th of September, 1605. He was taught 
 grammar-learning in the free-fchool at Coventry, where he continued till he was 
 fifteen years of age ; and then returning home to his father, who had been educated 
 at Oxford, was inftrudled by him in civil law and hiftory. Having diftinguiflied 
 himfelf early by his knowledge in antiquities, he was recommended by Sir Henry 
 Spelman to Thomas earl of Arundel, earl marlhal of England, who appointed him 
 a purfuivant at arms extraordinary, by the name of Blanch Lyon. In 1640 he 
 was made Rouge-Croix purluivant inordinary-, and, in April 1644, was created 
 Chcfter-herald. He attended king Charles I. at the battle of Edge-hill, and after- 
 wards at Oxford, where he remained till the furrcnder of that garrifun to the parlia- 
 ment. Upon the reftoration of Charles II. he was advanced to the office of Norroy 
 king at arms-, and in 1677 was appointed Garter principal king at arms. The 
 fame year his majefly conferred on him the honour of knighthood. He died on 
 the loth of February, 1686, and was interred at Shuftoke. He wrote, i. The 
 Antiquities of Warwickfhire: 2. Origines Juridiciales; or Hiftorical Memorials of 
 the Englifti Laws, &c. 3. The Hiftory of St. Paul's Cathedral : 4. A fliort View 
 of the late Troubles in England : 5. The Hiftory of imbanking and draining 
 divers Fens and Marfties, &c. 6. The Baronage of F.nglund-, and other pieces. 
 He likcwife aflifted Roger Dodfworth .in compiling the Monafticon Anglicanum. ' 
 Mr. Granger ftylcs him " the moft laborious and judicious antiquary of his age -,'* '" 
 and obferves, that " his books in general are of fpecial ufe to the readers as wdl as ■ 
 the writers of Englifti hiftory." 
 
 E. 
 
 ECHARD (Laurence) an Englifli hiftorian and divine, was the fon of a cler- 
 gyman, and was born at Baflam, near Beccles, in Suffolk, about the year 1671. He 
 ftudied at Chrift's college in Cambridge, where he took the degree of bachelor of 
 arts in 1691, and that of mafter in 1695. Having taken orders, he was prcfentcd 
 to the livings of Welton and Elkinton, in LiriColnOiirc. He was afterwards made 
 a prebendary of Lincoln \ and, in Auguft i 7 1 2, was inftalkd archdeacon of Stowc. 
 In ilie reign of king George I. he was preferred to the livings of Rcndlcfliam, 
 
 4 H Sudboun,
 
 302 E D W A R D. 
 
 Subborn, and Alford, in Suffolk; at which places he lived about eight years in a 
 continued ill flatc of health. Being advifed to go to Scarborough for the waters, 
 he advanced in his journey as far as Lincoln, but, declining very fad, was unable 
 to proceed further; and there, going to take the air, he died in his chariot on tlie 
 1 6th of Auguft, 1730. He was a member of the antiquarian fociety at London. 
 He acquired a great reputation by hs Hiftory of England, which, though violently 
 attacked by Mr. Oldniixon, is ftill held in conliJcrable cftimation. Befides that 
 work, Mr. Echard wrote a general Ecclefiaftical Hirtory, from the nativity of our 
 Saviour to the firlt eflablifliment of Chriftianity by human laws, under the emperor 
 Conftantine the Great: this performance has paflcd through fcveral editions, and is 
 recommended by the learned Dr. Prideaux as " the befl of it's kind in the Englifh 
 tpngue." He alfo wrote a Hiftory of the Revolution, a Roman Hiftory, &:c. and 
 tranflated into Entilidi the comedies of Terence. 
 
 o 
 
 EDWARD the Black Prince, fo called from his wearing his black armour, 
 was the eldeft fon of Edward IIL and queen Pliilippa, and was born at Woodftock 
 the 13th of June, 1330. Before he was feven years of age, he was created by his 
 father duke of Cornwall, being the firft in England that bore the title of duke. 
 Upon this occafion he received a grant of the ftannavics or tin-mines in Cornwall, 
 together with the coinage, and the profits arifing from thence. In the fourteenth 
 year of his age he was created prince of Wales; the king inverting him with a co- 
 ronet, a gold ring, and a filver rod, and adding lands of coiifiderable value in 
 Wales to his former polTcfTions, to enable him to maintain the dignity of a prince. 
 When he was jufl. turned of fixteen, he attended his father in the wars in France; 
 commanded the firft line or battalion in the famous battle of Crefly-, and obtained 
 the honour of that glorious vicftory. In the year 1356 he prolifcuted the war in 
 Guienne with aftonifliing fuccels ; and on the 19th of September, 1356, with no 
 more than twelve thoufand men, engaged the French army near Poiftiers, which 
 confiftcd of above fixty thoufand, whom he entirely defeated, and took John, the 
 king of France, prifoner. " In this battle (fays Mr. Granger) he difplayed all the 
 military talents of a confummate general ; and in his behaviour after it, all that 
 moderation and humanity, cfpecially towards the rayal captive, which none but 
 great minds are capable of, and which did him more honour than his vi<5lory." 
 In 1362 he was invcftcd with the principality of Aquitaine; and in i367reftorcd 
 Don Pcdto the Cruel to the kingdom of Caftile, who had been depofcd by his na- 
 tural brother Henry. This valiant prince died at Weftminfter on the 8rh of June, 
 1376, in the 46th year of his age, univcrfally regretted by the Englifti nation; he 
 was interred with great magnificence in the cathedral church of Canterbury. He 
 married Joanna, the daughter of Edmund earl of Kent, a widow of extraordinary 
 beauty, by whom he had two fons, namely, Edward, who died in his infancy, 
 and Richard, who fucceeded his grandfather on the throne of England. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince was regarded throughout all Europe as one of the moft 
 irwincible heroes of the age in which he lived. " The foldiers loved him to a degree 
 of enthufiafm; and always fought under his banner with an aflurance of vidtory, 
 ■which no odds could leflcn, and no accidents difappoint. His affability, polite- 
 refs, piety, clemency, and liberal difpofuion, have been celebrated by different 
 hiftorians." 
 
 EGERTON
 
 E M L Y N. 
 
 305 
 
 EGERTON (Thomas) baron of EUefmere, adorned the office of chancellor by 
 his knowledge, his integrity, and his writings. He was the natural fon of Sir 
 Richard Egerton, of Ridley in Chefhire, and was born in that county about the 
 year 1540. He was educated at Brazen-nofe college in Oxford, of which he was 
 entered a commoner in 1556. He continued there three years, and having laid a 
 good foundation of fohd learning, removed to Lincoln's-Inn, where he applied 
 with fuch diligence to the ftudy of the law, that he became, in a little time, a moll 
 eminent counfellor. Queen Elizabeth, charmed with his rifing merit, appointed 
 him finl her folicitor-general, then her attorney-general, and afterwards mafter of 
 the rolls. In the thirty-eighth year of that princefs, he was made lord-keeper of 
 the great feal, in which office he continued during the remainder of Elizabeth's 
 reign. On the 21ft of July, 1603, he was created a peer of the realm, by the 
 title of lord EUefmere -, and on the 24th of that month was appointed lord high 
 chancellor of the univerfuy of Oxford -, and the fame year was advanced to the dig- 
 nity of vifcount Brackley. In the beginning of the year 1617, being fcized with a 
 dangerous illnefs, he refigned the feals, and died on the 15th of March following, 
 in the feventy-feventh year of his age. Wood fays, " he was a mod grave and 
 prudent man, a good lawjer, juft and honeft ; of lb quick an apprchenfion alio and 
 profound judgment, that none of the bench in his time went beyond him." Some 
 of his writings relating to his high office, and the court in which he prefided, are 
 in print. The prefent duke of Bridgewater is one of his defcendants. 
 
 EMLYN (ThomasI a learned and pious divine, memorable for his fufferings on 
 the fcore of heterodoxy, was born at Stamford, in Lincolnfhirc, in May 1663-, 
 and received his education at Emanuel college, Cambridge, and an academy of the 
 difTenters, amongfl: whom he began to preach in the year 1682. He foon after be- 
 came chaplain to the countefs of Donnegal, whom he accompanied to Belfall in 
 Ireland, where Sir William Franklin, who had a good eftate in the weft of England, 
 offered him a confiderable living, on condition of his conforming to the eftablilhed 
 church ; but this he declined, the terms of minifterial conformity being fuch as he 
 could not confcientioufly comply with, though he had not then thefe fcruples about 
 the Trinity which he afterwards entertained. The confufions in Ireland at the time 
 of the revolution induced him to return to England ; and being invited by Sir 
 Robert Rich, one of the lords of the admiralty, to his houfe near Beccles in Suf- 
 folk, was prevailed upon by him to officiate as minifter to a diflenting congrega- 
 tion at LeoftofF in that county. Here he contra6led an intimate acquantiance 
 with Mr. William Manning, a nonconform ift minifter in that neighbourhood ; 
 and being both of inquifitive tempers, they jointly fearched into the principal 
 points of religion. Dr. Sherlock's Vindication of the Dodtrine of the Trinity being 
 publifhed about this time, they turned their thoughts to that fubjed; which they 
 examined the more clofcly, as they imagined they faw reafon firft to doubt, and af- 
 terwards to differ from, the received dodrine in that article. Mr. Manning became 
 a Socinian, and endeavoured earneftly to make Mr. Emlyn one; but the latter could 
 never be brought to doubt either the pre-exiftence of our Saviour, or that God 
 created the material world by him. In 1691 Mr. Emlyn received an invitation 
 from Mr. Boyfe, a diflenting minifter of Dublin, to accept of the paftoral care of 
 his congregation jointly with himfelf, and accordingly went to Dublin, where, about 
 fix years after, he had fome thoughts of openly declaring his fentiments on tlic 
 Trinity, and quitting liis congregation, as he could have no hopes of ftaying when 
 
 they
 
 3^4 
 
 E M I, Y N. 
 
 tlic-y •were Jcnown. He oiily wanted a proper opportunity of doing it, and this was 
 foon offered him; for Mr. Duncan Ciimmms, a phyfician in Dublin, having fome 
 fulpicion, put Mr. Boyfe firft upon the enquiry, and afterwards went with him to 
 Mr. Hmlyn's houfe, where Mr. Kmlyn t'"ice!y owned his being convinced that 
 ♦' the God and Father of Jefus Chrift is alone the fuprcme Being, and fiiperior in 
 fxcellcnce and authority to his Son, who derives all from him." He further de- 
 clared, thjt he had no t'cfign to occafion ftrife among them, and would therefore 
 leave the con2,regation [peaceably, tiiat tliey might chufe another, if they pleafcd, 
 in his room. Mr. Boyfe, however, brought the affair before the meeting of the 
 Dublin minifVers : in confcquence of which Mr. t mlyn was immediately prohibited 
 from preaching, and a few da\s aftir obliged to withdraw himlclf into England, 
 the loudefl: clamours being raifed aga'nft him and his opinions. 
 
 On his arrival at London he publiflied a fhort account of his cafe, and after about 
 ten weeks abfence returned to his family, which he had left in Dublin. Mere per- 
 ceiving the prodigious odium his opinions, and conllquendy himfelf, lay under, he 
 refolved to (hew what evidence he had for them from the Scriptures, and wrote An 
 humble Inquiry into the Scripture Account of Jefus Chrift; intending to return to 
 England as foon as it was printed. Some zealous diflenters gaining intelligence of 
 this, procured the lord chief jullice Pine's fpecial warrant to fcize him and his 
 books, and went with the keeper of Newgate to fee it executed. The chief juftice 
 at firlt refufed to take bail, but at laft allowed two perfons to be bound in a recog- 
 nizance of eight hundred pounds for his appearance. He accordingly took his trial 
 for this book, before the court of Queen's-Bench, on the 14th of June, 1703; 
 and not being permitted to fpeak freely, was foon found guilty. He was com- 
 mitted to the common jail till the 16th of June, and then appearing to h.ive 
 judgment given agalnft-him, the queen's council moved that he fliould recant v 
 which Mr. Emlyn abfolutely refufing, he was fentenced to undergo a year's impri- 
 fonmcnt, to pay a fine of one thoufand pounds to the queen, to lie in prifon till it 
 was paid, and to find fecurity for his good behaviour during life ; and, as if this 
 was not fufficienr, was led with a paper on his breaft round the four courts. He 
 was now for above a quarter of a year a clofe prifoner in the under-fiicriff's houfe; 
 after which he was hurried away to the common jail, where he lay among the cri- 
 minals, in a clofe room filled with fix beds, for five or fix weeks ; and then was 
 removed upon his petition, by an habeas corpus into the Maifhalfea. Thus he 
 continued under clofe confinement, forfaken by all his friends, except Mr. Boyfe, 
 who made inceflant attempts to procure his liberty. At laft his fine was diminillied 
 to feventv pounds, which, together with twenty pounds claimed by the prinjate as 
 queen's ahnoner, being paid, he was releafcd, after two yfars and above a month's 
 imprifonment, upon giving fecurity for his good behaviour during life. 
 
 He now returned to London, where a few friends alTembled a ;;nall congregation, 
 to whom he preached every Sunday. This gave great offence to the high-church 
 clergy ; and the lower houfe of convocation, in their reprefentation to the queen 
 in 17 1 1, nude no fcruple falfely to affert, that weekly fermons were preached 
 in defence of the Unitarian principles. Within a few years, however, this 
 congregation wr.s diflblved by the death of the principal perfons who fupported 
 it; and Mr. Emlyn being left a comfortable fubfiftence, by a gentleman who 
 pitied his misfortunes, retired into filence and obfcurity ; but was honoured 
 with the efteem and friendftiip of many eminent and learned men, among whom 
 were the excellent Dr. Samuel Clarke, Mr. William Whifton, and Dr. James 
 
 FoQcr.
 
 ,E T H E R E G E. 
 
 S'^ 
 
 Fofter. He died at IQington, on the 30th of July, 1741, at the age of feventy- 
 cight. He wrote feveral tradls relating to the Trinitarian controverfy ; memoirs 
 of the life and fentiments of Dr. Samuel Clarke ; and fermons on various fub- 
 jefts. His works are printed in three volumes, oftavo, and to the whole are pre- 
 fixed, by his fon Solomon Emlyn, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the 
 Author. 
 
 ETHEREGE (Sir George) a celebrated wit, who fiourilljed in the reigns of 
 Charles U. and James II. was dcfcended from an ancient family in Oxfordfhire, 
 and was born about the year 1636. It is fuppof^d that he had fome education at 
 the univerfity of Cambridge, though it appears that he made no long refidcnce 
 there, an inclination for feeing tlic world having led him to travel into France wiicn 
 he was very young. On his return, he for fome time Itudied the law in one of the 
 inns of court j but finding that kind of (ludy too heavy for his volatiic and airy 
 difpoficion, and confequencly making but little progreis in it, he foon quitted it for 
 the purfuit of more agreeable accomplilhnienrs. In 1664 he brought on the ftagc 
 his firft dramatic performance, entitled the Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub, 
 which met with good fuccefs, and introduced him to the acquaintance of the great- 
 eft wits of the age, fuch as the earl of Doriec, the duks of Buckingham, the carl 
 of Rochefter, Sir Charles Sedley, &c. In 1668 he produced another comedy, cal- 
 led, She would if llie could, which gained him no lefs applaule than the former. 
 Mr. Phillips fays of thel'e two comedies, that " for plcafant wit and no bad oeco- 
 nomy they are judged not unworthy the approbation they liave met with." In 1766 
 he publiflied his third and laft dramatic piece, viz. the iVlan oF Mode, or Sir Fop- 
 ling Flutter. This is an admirable comedy ; the characters in it are ftrongly marked, 
 the plot agreeably conduced, and the dialogue truly polite and elegant. 
 
 Our author was much addi£lcd to gaming, wine, and woinen, which impaired 
 both his health and his fortune. In order to retrieve the latter, he paid his ad- 
 drefies to a rich widow, whofe ambition was fuch, that flie had determined not 
 to marry any man who could not bellow a title on her ; on which account he was 
 obliged to purchafe the honour of knighthood. He was in his perfon a fair, flen- 
 der, genteel man ; and in his deportment very affable and courteous, of a fpnghtly 
 and generous temper; which, with his lively and natural vein ot writing, acquired 
 him the appellation of Gcntk George, and Eafy Etherege. His courtly addiels and 
 other accomplillunents procured him the favour of the duchefs of York, to whom 
 he dedicated his lall play ; and when, on the arcefTion of James II. Ihe became 
 queen, he was by her recommendation fent ambaffador to Ratisbon, where he coni 
 tinued till after his majefty quitted this kingdom. None of the biographical writers 
 have exaftly fixed the period of Sir George's death, though all feem to place it (^ 
 long after the revolution. Gildon fays, that on that great event he followed his 
 marter king James into France, and died there, or very foon after his arrival in 
 England from thence. But the authors of the Biographia Britannica mention a 
 report that he came to an untimely death by an unlucky accident at Ratisbon: 
 having treated fome company at his houfe there with a liberal entertainment, in 
 which he had t£ft;en his glafs too freely, and being, through his great coui[ilail"ance, 
 too forward in waiting upon his guefls at their departure, fluflicd as he was, he fell 
 down the ftairs, and breaking his neck, died on the fpot -, thus falling a martyr ro 
 jollity and civiiity. Of this however, we have no certain proof. 
 
 4 1 Sir
 
 3o6 EVELYN. 
 
 Sir George, befides his comedies, wrote feme airy fonnets, panegyrics, and other 
 poetical trifles. He alfo wrote a piece entitled, *' An account of the rejoicing at 
 the Diet of Ratisbon, performed by Sir George Etherege, Knight, refiding there, 
 from his Majefty of Great Britain, upon occafion of the birth of the Prince of 
 Wales. In a letter from himfclf." His comedies, though highly applauded for 
 wir, have been juftly ceni'ured for the immorality with which they abound. 
 
 EVELYN (John) Efq. one of the greateft natural philofophers that England 
 has produced, was born ac Wotton in Surry, the 31ft of October, 1620. He was 
 inftrudted in grammar learning at Lewes in Suflex ; from whence, in the year 1637, 
 he removed to Baliol college, Oxford, where he profecuted his academical ftudics 
 with great diligence. He afterwards lludicd in the Middle Temple, London ; and 
 upon the breaking out of the civil war, obtained permifTion from king Charles I. 
 to travel for his improvement. Accordingly, in the fpring of 1644, he left Eng- 
 land, in order to make the tour of Europe ; which he performed with great ad- 
 vantage to himfclf. His early afFedion to, and fkill in, the fine arts, appeared 
 during his travels -, for we find, that he delineated on the fpot the profpedts of 
 fcveral remarkable places that lie between Rome and Naples. Returning to Eng- 
 land in 1651, he took up his refidence at Sayes-Court near Deptford, which he 
 polVrfrcd in right of his wife, the only daughter of Sir Richard Browne, bart. In 
 1658 he publifhed a book entitled "The French Gardener; inftrufbing how to 
 cultivate all forts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the Garden." The next year he 
 drew his pen in defence of the royal caufe, and wrote " An Apology for the 
 Royal Party's in a Letter to a perfon of the late council of ftatc ; with a Touch at 
 the pretended Plea of the Army." This pamphlet had a good effect, and was fo 
 well received, that it paflcd through three editions in that year. Soon after came 
 out a piece entitled " News from Bruflcls, in a letter from a near attendant on his 
 Majefty 's Perfon, to a Perfon of Honour here, deated March the 10th 1659." '^^^ 
 defign of this pretended letter was to reprefent the character of king Charles U. irt. 
 as unfavorable a lii;ht as pofTible, and to dcfttoy the impreflions which had been 
 propagated to his advantage. All the king's friends were exceedingly alarmed at 
 ihis attempt, and Mr. Evelyn as much as any of them : he therefore, as an anti- 
 dote to this poifon, fcnt abroad in a week's time a complete anfwer, which bore the 
 following title; " The late News or MelVage from Bruflcls unmafked." 
 
 Imniediately after the king's return, Mr. Evelyn was introduced to him, and fa- 
 voured with a gracious reception Jn 1661 lie publilhed the four following pieces, 
 viz. 1. A Panegryic en King Charles the Second's Coronation : 2. Inftruftions 
 concerning the Eredling of a Library, tranflated from the French of Gabriel Naude : 
 3. Fumigium j or the Inconveniencies of the Air and Smoke of London difTipated : 
 and, 4. Tyrannus or the Mode, in a Difcourfe of Sumptuary Laws. In the year 
 1663, when the Royal Society was eftabliflied, Mr. Evelyn was chofen one of its 
 members; and at the breaking out of the Dutch war in 1664, he was one of the 
 commiffioners appointed to take care of the fick and wounded feamen. The fame 
 year came cut his " Sylva ; or a Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees, and the Propagation of 
 Timber in his Majefty's Dominions :" this valuable work was written at the requeft 
 of the Royal Society, and publilhed by their order. Our author's merit had, by 
 this time, introduced him into the friendfhip of fome of the bed: and greateft men 
 of the age ; and it was chiefly by his perfuafion, that the lord Howard was prevailed, 
 on to prcfent to the univerfity of Oxford the noble collector of Arundclian mar- 
 bles-
 
 E TEL Y N. 307 
 
 bles. In 166; Mr. Evelyn made a journey to Oxford, where he was honoured 
 with the degree of doftor of the civil law. Upon the firft ercdtion of the board of 
 trade and plantations, he was appointed a member of that counril-, and he fhcwed, 
 by his Hiftory of Navigation and Commerce, how well he was qualified to fill fuch 
 place. The Royal Society having ordered, that each of their members fhould in 
 his turn pronounce at their fever.il m':etings a difcourfe on fome fubjeft of experir 
 mental philofophy, Mr. Evelyn prefented them with a treatife called, " Terra ; a 
 Philofophical Difcourfe of Earth, relating to the Culture and Improvement of it 
 for Vegetation and the Propagation of Plants;" which was printed in 1575. In 
 December 1685, he was named one of the commiflioners for executing the high 
 office of lord privy-feal ; and, foon after the revolution, was made treafurer of 
 Greenwich Hofpiral. 
 
 Full of years and reputation, this amiable and worthy man died on the 27th of 
 February, 1706, in the eighty-fixth year of his age; and was interred at Wotton, 
 the plac&of his nativity. Befides the above-mentioned works, he alfo wrote, i. A. 
 Character of England: 2. The State of France : 3. Sculpture, or the Hiflory 
 and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper : 4. Kalendarium Hortenle, 
 or the Gardener's Almanac : 5. Mundus Muliebris, or the Lady's Dreffing-Room 
 unlocked, and her Toilet fpread : 6. Numifmata, or a Difcourfe of Medals ancient 
 and modern; and other treatifes. Bilhop Burnet ftyles Mr, Evelyn "a moft inge- 
 nious and virtuous gentleman, who is not fatisfied to have advanced the knowledge 
 of his age, by his own moft ufeful and fuccefsful labours about planting and divers 
 other ways,, but is ready to contribute every thing in his power to perfecf^ other 
 men's endeavours."* The learned and judicious Mr. Wotcon, in his Refle<5^ions 
 upon ancient and mordern Learning, fpeaks of our author in very high terms, and 
 obferves, that " it may be efteemed a fmall charader of Mr. Evelyn's Sylva, or 
 Difcourfe of Foreft-Trccs, to fay, that it out-does all that Theophraftus and Pliny 
 have left us on that fubjeft : for it not only does that and a great deal more, but 
 contains more ufeful precepts, hints, and difcoveries, upon that now fo neccflary 
 part of omRes ruftica, than the world had till then known from all the obfervations 
 of former ages. 
 
 EVELYN CJohn) cfq. fon of the preceding author, was born at Layes-Court 
 near Deptford,. on the 14th of January, 1654, and received his education at Tri- 
 nity-college, Oxford. Being no lefs diftinguifhed for his political abilities than his 
 literary accomplifhments, he was appointed one of the commiflioners of the levenue 
 in Ireland, and would probably have been advanced to higher employments, had 
 he not been cut off in the prime of life, dying on the 24th of March, 1698, in the 
 forty-fifth year of his age. He wrote an elegant Greek poem, and feveral Englilh 
 ones, which have been much admired. He alfo tranflated a Poem on Garden?, . 
 from the Latin of Renatus Rapinus ; Life of Alexander the Great, from the Greek, 
 of Plutarch ; and, from the French, " The Hiftory of the Grand Vifiers Mahomet. 
 and Achmct Coprogli; of the three Lift Grand Seigniors, their Sultanas, and chief. 
 Favourites ; with the moft fecret Intrigues of the Seraglio." 
 
 * Burnet's Hiftory of the Reformation, Vol. II, p. 417. .
 
 $09 F A I R F A :X. 
 
 F. 
 
 FAIRFAX (THOAfAS, lord) general of the parliament's forces in the great re- 
 bellion, was the ibn of Ferdinand lord Fairfax, and was born at Denton in the pa- 
 riili of Otlcy, in Yorkfliire, in January 1611. He ftiidicd in St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards, being of a martial difpofition, v/ent into Holland, 
 and ferved as a volunteer under the command of Horatio, lord Vere. Having thus 
 acquired fome knowledge in the art of war, he returned to England, and retiring 
 to his father's houfe, married Anne, the fourth daughter of the lord Vere. Upon 
 the breaking out of the civil war in 1642, his fatlitr was made general of the par- 
 liamrnt's forces in the North, and the fon obtained a commiirion to be general of 
 the horfc under him, when he loon fignalized himfelf by his inrrepidity on feveral 
 occafions, particularly in taking fome important towns and garrifons in Yorkfhirc 
 and Chefliire. He commanded the right wing of horfe at the famous battle of Mar- 
 .fton Moor, in v/hich the Royalifts were defeated, and the king's affairs entirely 
 ruined in the North. 
 
 On the parliament's new modelling the army, they unanimoudy voted fir Tho- 
 mas Fairfax general in the room of the earl of Eflfex, and to him Oliver Cromwell 
 was joined with the title of lieutenant-general, who was afterwards the fpring of iill 
 his fucceeding motions. In February 1645, he received his commiffion -, after 
 which, he, on the t^th of June, obtained a complete vi(flory in the decifive battle 
 of Nafeby. On the i8th he took Leicefter ; on the loth of July he defeated the 
 lord Goring-, on the 2 2d took Bridgewater by Itorm •, on the 30th of the fame 
 month became mafter of Bath ; on the 15th of Auguft took Sherborne-caftlc hy 
 ftorm ; and having befieged Briflol from the 2 2d of Auguft to the loth of Septem- 
 Ijer, it was furrcndered to him by prince Rupert. After this he became mailer of 
 Tiverton -, took Dartmouth by ftorm ; befieged and took the city of Exeter, made 
 himfelf maftcr of feveral forts and garrifons •, defeated the lord Hopton, and fol- 
 lowing him into Cornwall, entirely difperfed the king's army in the weft. 
 
 He then obliged the king to retire in difguife from Oxford. His majefty de- 
 parted from thence on the 27th of April, 1O46, and put himlelf into the hands of 
 the Scots ; when fir Thomjs having taken that city, and feveral other places, the 
 unhnppy king Charles I. had before Michaelmas neither an army nor fortrefs left 
 in England. He then took a journey to London, where he arrived on the 12th 
 of November, being met fome miles off by great crowds of people, and the city 
 militia; and two days after he received the thanks and congratulations of both 
 iioufes of parliament. On tiie iSch of December he fet out to convoy the two 
 h'jndred thouland pounds that had been granted to the Scottifii army, as the price 
 of their delivering up their lovercinn. The parliament now attempting to disband 
 the army, he, m the beginning of June, 1647, advanced towards London, and 
 and in Auguft entered the city, with the fixty members wlio had fled to the army, 
 and reftored them in a kind of triumph ; for which he received the thanks of both 
 houfes, and was appointed conftable of the Tower. His father dying on the 13th 
 of March, 1647-8, he becaine poficfted of his title and eftate, and was appointed 
 kecptr of Fontcfraift-caftlc, cuitos rotulorum of Yorkfhire, &c. in his room -, after 
 which he quelled an infurredlion of the London apprentices ; and another in Kent, 
 headed by Gtorge Goring, earl of Norwich. He returned to London to awe 
 that city and the parliament; and to foiward the proceedings againft the king, 
 
 quartered
 
 F A R (T U H A R. j©9 
 
 quartered himfelf at "Wiiitehall. He was foremoft in the lift of the king's judges, 
 but refufed to aft as he afterwards did to fubfcribc the teft appointed by. parlia- 
 ment for approving all that was done in relation to the king. In Inort, being un- 
 willing to march againll the Scots, who had declared for king Charles II. he re- 
 figned his commifllon, on wliich the parliament fettled an annual revenue of five 
 thoufand pounds a year upon him ; after which he lived privately, till he was 
 invited by general Monk to affifl; him againft Lambert's army, when he chearfully 
 embraced the occafion, and on the 3d of December, 1659, appeared at the head 
 of a body of gentlemen of Yorkfliire, when, upon the rcputatioii of his name, a 
 body of one thoufmd two hundred horfe forlook Lambert and joined him. He 
 ■was at the head of the committee appointed by the houfe of commons on the 3d of 
 May, 1660, to wait upon king Charles II. at the Hague, to defuse him fpcediiy to 
 return to England ; and having readily aiTifted in his relloration, retired again to 
 his feat in the country, where he lived in a private manner till his death, which 
 happened on the 12th of November, 1671, in the fixtieth year of his age. 
 
 Lord Fairfax wrote memorials of himfelf, printed in 1669, and wds not only an 
 hiftorian, but a poet. He verfified the Pfalms of David, and other parts of Scripture, 
 and wrote a poem on Solitude, &c. 
 
 FARQUHAR (George) an ingenious comic writer and peer, was the fon of a 
 clergyman in Ireland, and was born at Londonderry in 1678. Wiien he was very 
 young, he gave fpecimens of his poetry, in which hedifcoveied a force of thinking, 
 and turn of expreflion, much beyond his years. In i6y4 he was fent to Trinity- 
 college, Dublin, where, by the progrefs he made in his ftudies, he acquired a con- 
 fiderable reputation: but his gay and volatile difpofition could not long relilh the 
 gravity and retirement of an academic life ; and therefore, foon quitting it, he be- 
 took himfelf to the diverfions of the ftage, and procured his admittance into the 
 company of the Dublin theatre. He had the advantage of a good perfon, and, 
 though his voice was fomewhat weak, met with a tolerable reception as an ador; 
 for which realbn he refolved to continue on the ftage, till fomething better fhould 
 offer. But his refolution was l^jon broken by an accident, whereby he was near 
 turning a feigned tragedy into a real one j for being to play tlie part of Guyomar, 
 who kills Vafquez, in Mr. Dryden's Indian Lmpcror, and forgetting to exchange his 
 fword for a foil, in the engagement he wounded his brother tragedian, who rcpre- 
 fcnted Vafquez, very dangeroufly •, and though the wound did not prove mortal, 
 yet Mr. Farquhar was fo fhocked at it, that he determined never to appear on the 
 ftage any more. 
 
 Soon after this, Mr. Farquhar, who had now no inducement to remain at Dub- 
 lin, went to London. After his arrival there, v-hich was in the year 1696, the 
 celebrated aclor Mr. Wilks ceafed not to folicit 'lim, till he had prevailed with 
 him to write a play. Wilks, knowing his humour and abilities, allured him that 
 he was confidered by all in a much higher light than he had yet ftiewn himfelf in, 
 and that he was much more adapted to furnilh compofitions for the ftage, than to 
 echo thofe of other poets upon it : but he was more fubftantially invited by a gen- 
 teel accommodation, which allowed him an opportunity of exerting his genius at his 
 Icifure; for the earl of Orrery, who was a })atron as well as mafter of letters, gave him 
 a lieutenant's commifilon in his own regiment in Ireland, which Mr. Farquhar held 
 feveral years, behaving without reproach as an officer. In 1698, his firlt comedy, 
 called Love and a Bottle, appeared on the ftage j and, for it's iprightly dialogue 
 
 4 K and
 
 3IO 
 
 FARCLUHAR. 
 
 and bufy fcenes, was well received by the public. At the beginning of the year 
 17CO, Nvas afted his Conflant Couple, or Trip to the Jubilee -, it being then a jr.bilte 
 year at Rome, when popifli zealots of all countries made their trip thither, to pur- 
 chafe pardons and trinkets for the convenience of iheir fouls and bodies. In the 
 charafter of Sip Harry Wildair, our author drew fo gay and airy a figure, fo well 
 fuited to Wilks's talents, and fo animated by his gcUure and vivacity of fpirir, 
 that the player gained almoft as much reputation as the poet. Mr. Farquhar, en- 
 courafred by the prodigious fucccfs of this play, made a continuation of it in 1701, 
 in his comedy of Sir Harry Wildair. The next year he publifhed hisMifcellanies, 
 or Colleflion of Poems, Letters, and Eflays, which contain a variety of humorous 
 and pleafant fallics of fancy. In 1703 came out another diverting comedy of his, 
 called The Jnconftani, or, the Way to win Him : but now plain Englifh produdi- 
 ons with rothinor but good fenfe, natural humour, and wit to recommend them, 
 beo-an to give way to kalian and French operas -, the airy entertainments of dancing 
 and fincring, which conveycfd no inftruftion, awakened no generous paffion, nor 
 filled the brcaft with any thing great and manly : and therefore this comedy was re- 
 ceived more coldly than the former, though by no means inferior to them in point 
 of merit. Mr. Farquhar was married this year, and, according to general report,- 
 to a ladv of great fortune-, but in this particular was miferably difappointed. The 
 ladv had fallen in love with him, and fo violent was ler palTion, that fhe rcfolved 
 to have him at any rate; and, as fhe knew he was t' o much d iTipated in life to 
 think of matrimony, unlefs advantage was annexed to it, flie firl!: caufcd a report 
 to be fpreaJ of her being a great fortune, and then fcund means to let him know 
 her aftei>ion for him. Farquhar married her; and what is very extraordinary, 
 though he fcund himfelf deceived, his circumlfances embarraflcd, and his family 
 increafincr, he never upbraided her for the impofition, but behaved to her with all' 
 the delicacy and tcndernefs of the moft indulgent hufband. 
 
 In the year 1704, a farce called The Stage-Coach, in the compofition of which 
 he was jointly concerned with another, made it's firft appearance, and was well re- 
 ceived. His next comedy, named The Twin-Rivals, was reprefented in 1705; 
 and in the fucceeding year came out his Recruiting Officer. His laft dramatic 
 piece was The Beaux Stratagem, of which he did not live to enjoy the full fuccefs. 
 Being unhappily opprefled with fome debts, he was obliged to make application to 
 a certain courtier, who had formerly given him many profcffinns of friendfhip. 
 His pretended patron advifcd him to convert his commiiTion into the money he 
 wanted, and pledged his honour, that in a fhort time he would provide him another. 
 This circumftance appearing favourable, and being unable to bear the thoughts of 
 want, he fold his commiffion : but when he renewed his application, and reprefented 
 the diftreficd fituation he was in, his noble patron had forgot his promife, or rather, 
 perhaps, had never intended to perform it. This diftra61ing difappointment fo 
 preyed upon our author's mind, that it carried him off this worldly theatre, while 
 his laft play was adling in the height of its fuccefs at that of Drury-lane. His 
 death happened in April 1707, before he was thirty years of age. 
 
 In the Mules Mercury, or Monthly Mifceliany, for May 1707, we meet with 
 the following paflage : " All that love comedy will be forry to hear of the death of 
 Mr. Farquhar, whofe two laft plays had fomcthing in them truly humorous and 
 diverting. It is true, the critics will not allow any part of them to be regular; 
 but Mr. Farquhar had a genius for comedy, of which one may fay, that it was rather 
 above rules than below them. His conduiSt, though not artful, was furprifing; 
 
 his
 
 FASTOLFF. 
 
 3H 
 
 his charac^ters, though not great, were jufl : his humour, though low, diverting -, 
 his dialogue, though loofe and incorrect, gay and agreeable ; and his wit, though 
 not fuperabundant, pleafanr. In fhort, his plays have, upon the whole, a certain 
 air of novelty and mirth, every time they are reprefentcd ; and fuch as love to laugh 
 at the theatre will probably mils him more than they now imagine." 
 
 FASTOLFF (John) knight and knight-banneret, a valiant and renowned ge- 
 neral in the fifteenth century, was defcended of an ancient and honourable family in 
 Norfolk, and is fuppofed to have been born at Yarmouth in that county, about the 
 year 1377. In 1413 he received a grant of the caftle and dominion of Veires in 
 Gafcony. Two years after, he was entrulled, in conjun6lion witii the earl of Dor- 
 fet, with the government of Harfleur; and it appears that he was prefent at the 
 battle of Agincourt, where he greatly diftinguilhed himfelf. After the death of 
 Henry V. he was appointed by the regent, John duke of Bedford, grand mafter of 
 his houlhold, and venefchal of Normandy. In 1423 he was conftituted lieutenant 
 for the king in Normandy, in the jurifdidions of Kouen, Evreux, Alen^on, and 
 the countries beyond the river Seine-, and alfo governor of the counties of Anjou 
 and Maine. He afterwards took the caftles of Tenuye and Beaumont le Vi- 
 comptj and alfi the calile of Silliele-Guillem, from which he was dignified 
 with the title of baron. In 1425' he took St. Ouen D'Eftrais near Laval, with 
 other places of flrength, from the enemy ; for which fervices in France, he 
 was inverted with the order of the garter. In 1428 he gained great honour by his 
 valour and conduft, in totally defeatng four thoufand t-rench at the head of two 
 thoufund five hundred Englifh, in the famous battle of the Herrings, and con- 
 ducting a convoy in triumph to the Engliih camp before Orleans. In 1429 our 
 brave commander appears to have been fomewhat infcdted with the epidemical panic 
 which had then taken pcflcfTion of moft of the Engliih, on account of the Maid of 
 Orleans -, for he was am mg thofe who fled from the enemy at the battle of Patay. 
 But, notwithftanding, his genenl charaiSter for courage and ability was fo well efta- 
 blilhed, that in 1430, the duke of Bedford preferred him to the lieutenancy of Caen 
 in Normandy. 
 
 In the year 1.^32 Sir John FaftolfF was fent ambafi^ador to the council of BafiJ, 
 and was afterwards appointed to negotiate a final or temporary peace with the 
 French. The duke ot Bedford dying in 1435, gaye a manifelt evidence of his 
 efteem and regard for Sir John F.iiroIfF, by appointing him one of the executors of 
 his lad will •, and Richard dul<e of York, who fucceedcd him in the regency of 
 France, granted our knight an annuity of twcn'y pounds. In 1440 Sir John made 
 his final return to England, where he Ihone as bright in virtue as he had in valour 
 abroad, and became as am'able in his domeltic, as he had been admirable in his 
 public charadter. He was ". bentfaftor to both theuniverfities, bequeathing a con- 
 fiderable legacy to Cambridge for building the fchools of Pliilofophy and Civil Law; 
 and at Oxford, he was fo bountiful to Magdalen-College, through the affcdion he 
 had for his friend William Wainfleet, the founder, that his name is there commemo- 
 rated in an anniverfary fpeech. He died in 1459, when he was Uj)wards of eighty 
 years of age -, and, at the time of his death, was poflcffed of confiderable cltates 
 in Norfolk, Suffoll<, Yorkfliire and Wiltfliire. 
 
 Shakefpear had been highly cenfured by fome writers, for perverting, they fay, 
 with an unaccountable licence, the charadicr of this great and good man, under 
 his Sir John . alftntf •, v-hile others will not allow that he drew his Falltafffrom any 
 part of Sir John Faltolff' s charader. Thcfe latter urge, as arguments for their fide 
 
 of
 
 312 FIELDING. 
 
 of the queflion, the difference of .their names, a difference in their ages, a^d above 
 all, that this charadler of Sir John Falrtaff was written and aftcd originally under 
 the name of Sir John Oldcaflle ; with whom, however, it will no better agree, 
 excrpt as to age, than with Sir Jolm Faftolff. This, at leaft, is certain, that no- 
 thing can be moie different than the charafiers of Shal<cfpear's Fain:aff and the 
 real Faftolff". The poet's FaUlaff' is whimfical, boafling, cowardly, levd, lying, 
 drunken dcbauciice ; whereas the real Sir John FaftolS^ was a grave, difcrcet, va- 
 liant, chaftc, and fober commander, continually advanced to honours and places of 
 profit, for his brave and politic atchievements, military and civil •, and, when firially 
 ftulcd at home, was conllantly employed in afts of hofpitality and munificence. 
 
 FENTON (Ei.fjAn) an Englifh poet, was born at She'ton, near Ncwcaft'e 
 under Line, in Stafix>rdfhire, towarJs the latter end of king Cliarles the Second's 
 reign ; and being defigned for the church, was fent to the Uiiiverfity of Cambridge, 
 •where, embracing principles very oppofite to the government, he became dilqualified 
 tor enterin.^ into h.<ly orders. On his quitting thatfeminary of learning, he attended 
 the earl of Orrery, as his fecretary, to Flanders; and at his return, became mailer 
 of the frce-fchool of Sevenoak in Kent. This laborious employment, however, he 
 foon quitted, at the requeft of lord Bolingbroke, who promiled to provide for him ; 
 but before his lordfhip was able to perform his promife, he was himfelf obliged to 
 abandon his country. Being thus dil'appointed, Mr. Fenton had recnurfe to his 
 literary abilities; and collecting his poems, by the advice of his friends, he pub- 
 liffied a volume of them in 1717. About the fame time he was taken into the fa- 
 mily of Mr. fecretary Craggs, in order to read the clafTics to him ; and that amiable 
 ftatclman would certainly have made his fortune, h.'.d he not been carried off" by 
 the fmall-pox in the flower of his age. In 1723 Mr. Fenton brought upon the llage 
 his tragedy of IVIariamne, and with the prolits of this play he difcharged all his 
 debts, which amounted to little lefs than one thoufand [lounds. Soon after, being 
 invited by lady Trumball, reliiSt of Sir Willi:im Trumball, to undertake the educa- 
 tion of her fon, he accepted the offrr ; and fettling in that family, continued to re- 
 fide there during the remainder of his life. He publifhcd a fine edition of the Works 
 of Mr. Edmund Waller, with notes of his own ; and, after a life of eafe and tran- 
 quillity, died at Eaft-HampUead-Park, near Oakingham, on the 13th of July, 1730, 
 much regretted by all men of tafte, particularly by Mr. Pope, who honoured hira 
 with the following beautiful epitaph : 
 
 " This modeft ftone, w^hat few vain marbles can, 
 
 " May truly fay. Here lies an honeft man: 
 
 " A poet, blefs'd beyond a poet's fate, . 
 
 *' whom heaven kept facred from the proud and great j 
 
 *' Foe to loud praife, and friend to learned eafe, 
 
 " Content with fcience in the vale of peace. 
 
 *' Calmly he look'd on either life, and here 
 
 *' Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear ; 
 
 " From nature's temperate feaft rofe fatisfy'd, 
 
 " Thank'd heaven that he had liv'd, and that he dy'd." 
 
 FIELDING (Henry) a well-known and juftly celebrated writer, was born 
 at Sharphatii-park, in Somerfetlhjre, on the 22d of April, 1707. His father, Ed- 
 mund
 
 F I E L D I N Gi 
 
 313 
 
 mund Fielding, Efq; fei ved in the wars under the duke of Marlborough, and arrived 
 to the rank of lieutenant-general •, his mother was the daughter of" judge Gould, 
 and aunt to the prefent Sir Heiuy Gould, one of the judges of the court of Com- 
 mon-Pleas. By thefe his parents he had four fillers, Catharine, Urfula, Sarah, and 
 Beatrice ; and one brother, Fdmund, who was an o'ncer in the marine fervice. 
 Sarah Fielding, his third filler, is well known to the literary world by many ingenious 
 performances. Our authoi's mother having paid her debt to nature, his father 
 married a fecond time, and the ifilie of that marriage v/as fix fons, all of whom 
 are dead, except the prefent Sir John Fielding, now in the commifiion of the peace 
 'for Middlefex, Surry, EiTex, and the liberties of Weftminfter. 
 
 Henry Fielding received the rudiments of education at home, under the care of 
 the reverend Mr. Oliver, of whom he lias given a very humorous and ftriking por- 
 trait in his Jol'eph Andrews, under the name of parfon Trulliber. From this gen- 
 tleman's care he was removed to Eton fchool, where he became acquainted with 
 lord l^ytteiton, IVTr. Fox, Mr. Pitt, Sii-'Ch.xrles Hanbury Williams, &c. When 
 he left this great feminary, he was uncommonly verfed in the Greek and Latin 
 claffics •, for both which he ever retained a ftrong admiration. F'rom Eton he was 
 fcnt to Leyden, and there he fludied the civil-law, for about two years, at the ex- 
 piration of which time, remittances not coming fo regularly as at firft, he was ob- 
 liged to return to London ; where, tliough under age, he found himfelf his own 
 mafter. From this fource flowed all the inconveniencies that attended him afterwards 
 through life. The brilliancy of his wit, the vivacity of his humour, and his liigh 
 relifii of focial enjoyment, foon brought him into requefl with the men of talle and 
 literature, and with the voluptuous of all ranks. His finances were by no means 
 adequate to the frequent draughts made upon him by the extravagance which 
 naturally followed. He was allowed, indeed, two hundred pounds a year by his 
 father; but, as he himfelf ufed to fay, any body might pay it that would. The 
 fad' was, general Fielding, as we have already obfe* ved, having married again foon 
 after the death of his firit wife, had fo large an increafe of family, and that too 
 fo quick, that he could not fpare any confiderable difburfements for the maintenance 
 of his eldefi fon. Of this truth Flenry Fielding was fenfible; and he was therefore, 
 in whatever difficulties he might be involved, never wanting in filial piety. Dif- 
 appointments, indeed, were obferved to provoke him into occafional peeviihnefs, 
 and fevcrity of animadverfion ; but his general temper was remarkably gay, and, 
 for the molt part, overflowing into wit, mirth and good-humour. l^ifagreeabJc 
 imprefiions never continued long upon Ins mind; his imagination was fond of feizine: 
 every gay profpeft -, and, in his word adverfities, filled him with fanguine hopes of 
 a better fortune. To obtain this, he flattered himfelf tliat he fhould find reiburces 
 in his wit and invention -, and accordingly commenced a writer for the ftage in the 
 year 1727, being then twenty years of age. His firfl: attempt in the drama was 
 a piece called Love in feveral Mafques, which, though it immediately fucceeded the 
 long run of the Provoked Hufband, met with a favorable reception. He produced, 
 in a few years, many other theatrical performances, fome of which were very fuc- 
 cefsful. 
 
 About fix or feven years after Mr. Fielding had commenced dramatic writer, 
 he married Mifs Craddock, a young lady of great beauty •, and his mother dying 
 about the fame time, a moderate eftate at Stower in Dorletihire came into his pof- 
 fclTion. To this place he retired with his wife, of whom he was extremely fond, 
 with a refolution of bidding adieu to all the follies and intemperances of a town 
 
 4 L life.
 
 3,4 FIELDING: 
 
 life. But, unhappily, a kind of family pride here gained an afccndant over him, 
 and he began immediately to vie in fplendor with the neighbouring country (quires-. 
 With an eflate of little more than two hundred pounds ayear, and his wife's for- 
 tune, which did not exceed fifteen hundred pounds, he encumbered himl'elf with 
 a large retinue of fervants, all clad in coftly yellow liveries ; and his chief pleafure 
 confining in fociety and convivial mirth, hofpitality threw open his doors, and in 
 Icfs than three years, entertainments, hounds, and horfcs, entirely devoured his 
 little patrimony, which, had it been managed with oeconomy, might have lecured 
 to him a ftate of independence for the reft of his life. Senfible of tiie difagreeable 
 fituation to which he was now reduced, he immediately determined to exert his beft 
 endeavours to recover, what he had fo wantonly thrown away, a decent compe- 
 tence-, and being then but thirty years of age, he betook himfelf to the Rudy of 
 the law. His application, while he was a ftudent in the Temple, was remarkably 
 inten.'e : he has been frequently known to retire late at night from a tavern to his 
 chambers, and there read, and make extrafts from the moft abftrufe authors, for 
 fevcral hours before he went to bed. After the cuftomary time of probation, he 
 was called to the bar. He attended with affiduity, both in term-time and on the 
 weilern circuir, as long as his health permitted : but the gout foon rendered it im- 
 p^filble for him to be as conftant at the bar as the laborioufnefs of his prokfiion re- 
 quired ; fo that he could only purl'ue the law by fnatchcs, at fuch intervals as were 
 free from pain ; which could n(>t but be a difpiriting circumftance, as he faw him- 
 felf at once difabled from ever rifing to the eminence he afpired to. However, un- 
 der the fevcrities of pain and want, he rtill purfued his refcarches with uncommon 
 cagernefs ; and, though it is wittily remaiked by Wicherly, that Apollo and Lyttle- 
 ton feldom meet in the fame brain, yet Mr. Fielding is allowed to have acquired a 
 refpedtable fliare of jurifprudence, and in fome particular branches he is Lid to have 
 rilen to a great degree of eminence, el'pecially in crown law, as may be judged froni 
 his leavinor two volumes in folio on that lubjedl. This work remains lliil unpub- 
 lilhed, in the hands of his brother Sir John Fielding •,. and is deemed perfcd in 
 fome parts. It will ferve to give us an idea of tlie great force and vigour of his 
 mind, if we confider him in purfuing fo arduous a (ludy amidft the exigencies of 
 family diftrefs, with a wife and children, whom he tenderly loved, looking up to 
 him for fubfiilence, with a body tortured by the acuteft pains, and with a mind 
 diftraded by a thousand avocations, and obliged, for immediate fupply, to pro- 
 duce, almoll extempore, a play, a farce, a pamphlet, or clT.iys for a news-paper..~ 
 A oreat number of fugitive political tradts, which had their value when the incidents 
 were actually pailing on the grand Icene of bufincfs, came fro.T) his pen ; and the 
 periodical paper, called the Champion, owed its chief fupport to his abilities. 
 
 In the progiels of Henry Fielding's talents, there feem to have been thiee remark- 
 able periods •, one, when his genius broke forth with an effulgence fuperior to all 
 the rays of light it had before emitted, like the fun in his morning glory ; thefecond, 
 when it was dilplayed with colleded force, and a fulnefs of peric6tion, like the fun 
 in meridian majefty •, and the third, when the i'anie genius, grown more cool and 
 temperate, ftill continued to cheer and enliven, but Ihewed at the fame time that 
 it was tending to its decline, like the fun, abating from his ardor, but dill gilding 
 the weftern hemifphcre. To thefe three cpochas of our author's genius tliere is an 
 exaiSt corrcfpondency in his Jofeiih Andrews, Tom Jones, and Amelia. It will not 
 be improper here to mention, that the reverend Mr. Young, a learned and much, 
 tllccmcd friend of Mr. Fielding's, fat for the pidurcof parfon Adams. Mr. Young 
 
 was
 
 F I E L D I N G> ^ij 
 
 was remarkable for his intimate acquaintance with the Greek authors, and had as 
 paffionate a veneration for ^fchy'DS as parfcn Adams; the overflowings of his be- 
 nevolence were as ftrong ; and his fits of reverrie occured too upon the mod inter- 
 rerting occafions. Of this laft obfervation a fingular inftance is given, by a gentle- 
 man who ferved, during the laft war, in Flanders, in the very fame regiment to 
 which Mr. Young was chaplain : on a fine fummer's evening, he thought proper to 
 indulge himielf in his love of a folitary walk ; and accordingly he fallied forth from 
 his tent: the beauties of the hemifphere, and the landfcape round him, prefled 
 warmly on his imagination ; his heart overflowed with benevolence to all God's crea- 
 tures, and gratitude to the Supreme Difpenfer of that emanation of glory which 
 covered the face of things. It is probable that a paflage in his dearly beloved ^Efchy- 
 lus occurred to his memory on this occafion, and fcduced his thoughts into a pro- 
 found meditation. "Whatever was the obje6b of his rcfledtions, certain it is, that 
 fomething did powerfully feize his imagination, fo as to preclude all attention to 
 things that lay immediately before him ; and, in that deep fit of abfence, Mr. Young 
 proceeded on his journey, till he arrived, very quietly and calmly, in the enemy's 
 camp, where he was, with difficulty, brought to a recolleclion of himfelf, by the 
 repetition of " Qiii va la," from the foldiers upon duty. The officer who com- 
 manded, finding that he had ilrayed thither in the undtfigning fimplicity of his 
 heart, obferving an innate goodntl's in his prifoner, very politely gave him leave to 
 purfue his contemplations home again. 
 
 Soon after the publication of Jofeph Andrews, Fielding's laft comedy, the 
 Wedding Day, was exhibi:ed on the flage with very indifferent fuccefs. His ill 
 ftate.of health, and his neccffities, now made him grow cool to the ftudy of the 
 law : befides, to his diftrefs, his beloved wife daily languiflaed and wore away before 
 his e}es, and her death brought on him fuch a vehemence of grief, that his friends 
 were apprehcnfive of his lofing his reafon. When the firft emotions of his forrow 
 were abated, he engaged in two periodical papers fucceffively. The firft of thcfe, 
 called the True Patriot, was let on foot during the late rebellion, and was con- 
 ducive to the excitement of loyalty in the breafts of his countrymen : the fecond, 
 entitled the Jacobite Journal, was calculated to difcredit the fhattered remains of an 
 unfucccfsful party, and, by a well-applied raillery and ridicule, to bring the fenti- 
 menis of the difafi^edted into contempt. By this time Fielding had attained the age 
 of forty-three; and, being inceflfaiuly purfued by reiterated attacks of the gout, 
 he was rendered incapable of following the bufinefs of a barrifter any longer. He 
 therefore accepted the office of an a^fting magiftrate in the commiffion of the peace 
 for Middlefex. That he was not inattentive to the calls of his duty, is evident 
 from the many trafts he publilhed relating to feveral of the penal laws, and to the 
 vices and mal-praftices which thofe laws were intended to reltrain; particularly A 
 Charge to the Grand Jury, delivered at Weftminfler, on the 29th of June, 1749.; 
 An Enquiry into the Caufes of the Increafe of Robberies; and A Propofal for the 
 Maintenance of the Poor. Amidft all the laborious duties of his office, his inven- 
 tion could not lie ftill ; but he found leifure to amufe himfelf, and afterwards the 
 world, with the Hiftory of Tom Jones. And now we are arrived at the fecond 
 grand epoch of Mr. Fielding's genius, when all his iacidties were in perfect unilon,, 
 and confpired to produce a complete v/ork, eminent in all the great effcntials o£ 
 compolition ; in fable, charadler, fcnriment, and elocution; and, as thefe couki 
 not be all united in fo high an alfeniblage, without a rich invention, a fine imagi- 
 nation, an enlightened judgment, and a lively wit, wc may fairly here decide his- 
 
 charader^
 
 3^6 F I N C H. 
 
 charaiflfr, and pronounce him the EngliOi Cervantes. Thus have we traced our 
 author in his progrels to the time when the vigour of his mind was in its full per- 
 fection ; from thfs period it funk, but by flow degrees, into a decline. Amelia,' - 
 vliich kicceedcd Tom Jones, has indeed tlie marks of genius, but of a genius be- 
 ginning to fall into its dcc;iy. 
 
 At length Mr. Fieidi.-.g's whole frame of body was fo fliattered by continual in- 
 roads of complicated dilorders, that by the advice of his phyficians, he fet out for 
 Lifbon. The lal1: gleams of his wit and humour faintly fparkled in the narrative he 
 wrote of his voyage to that place. In this his la(l fketch, he puts us in mind of a 
 pcrfon, under fentence of dcaih, jefl:ing on the fcaffold ; for his ftrength was now 
 quite cxhaufted ; ^nd, in about two months after his arrival at Lifbon, he yielded 
 his lall breath, in the year 1754., and the forty-eighth of his age. He left behind 
 him (tor he married a fecond time) a widow and four children, three of whom were 
 Jiviiio- in 1 762, and were then training up in a handfome courfe of education under 
 ti:e care of their uncle, with the aid of a very generous donation, given annually by 
 Ralph Allen, efq. for that purpofe. This gentleman, who is now dead, bequeathed 
 to the widow and to each of the children a legacy of one hu.ndred pounds. 
 
 " We have feen (fays Mr. Murphy in his life of our author) how Mr. Fielding 
 very foon fquandered away his fmall patrimony, which, with oeconomy, might 
 have procured him independence; we have feen how far he ruined, into the bar- 
 gain, a conftitution which, in its original texture, feemed formed to lad much 
 loncrer. When indigence and illnefs were once let in upon him, he no longer re- 
 mained mailer of his own actions -, and that nice delicacy of conduft, which alone 
 conftitutes and preferves a charader, was occafionally obliged to give way. When 
 he w^as not under the immediate urgency of want, thofc who were intimate with 
 him are ready to aver, that he had a mind greatly fuperior to any thing mean or 
 little-, when his finances were exhauftcd, he was not the mod elegant in his choice 
 of the means to redrefs himfclf; and he would inftantly exhibit a farce, or a puppet- 
 fliew, in the H.iy-market theatre-, which was wholly inconfiltent with the profelTion 
 he had embarked in. But his intimates can witnefs how much his pride fuffcred 
 when he was forced into mealures of this kind ; no man having a jufter fenf« 
 of propriety, or more honourable ideas of the employment of an author and a 
 fcholar." 
 
 Henry Fielding was in fl..iture rather rifing above fix feet ; his frame of body 
 large, and remarkably robuft, till the gout had broke the vigour of his conftitu- 
 
 D 
 
 tion 
 
 FINCH (Heneace) earl of Nottingham, was the fon of Sir Heneage Finch, 
 knif'ht, fpeaker of the houfe of commons in the firft year of Charles I. and for 
 fome time recorder of London. He was born in 1621, educated at WertminlUr- 
 ichool, and in 1634 was entered a gentleman-commoner of Chrift-church college, 
 Oxford: from this feminary he removed to the Inner Temple, where he became 
 I'uccefTively barriftcr, bencher, treafurcr, reader, &c. At the relloration of Charles II. 
 he was made folicitor-gencral, and advanced to the dignity of a barontt. In April 
 1 66 1 he was chofen member of parliament for the univerfity of Oxford, and in 
 1665 was created doftor of civil law. 
 
 In May 1670 the king appointed him his attorney-general: about three years 
 after, upon the removal of the earl of Shaftefbury from the office of chancellor, he 
 was made keeper of the great fcaJj and in the fifteenth year of Charles II. was 
 
 created
 
 F I N C JJ. I 3,7; 
 
 ■was created baron of Daventry in Northamptonshire. In the month of December, 
 1675, he was appointed high chancellor of England. He performed the office of 
 -lord high fteward at the trial of William viicount StiifFord, who was convifted of 
 high trealon by his peers, for being concerned in the popilh plot. As a reward for 
 his many faithful fcrvices, he was in 1681 created earl of Nottingham : but he did 
 not long furvive his elevation to that dignity; for he died on the i8ch of Decem- 
 ber, 16^2, in the fixty-fecond year of his age. Though he lived in very trouble- 
 fome and tickliih times, yet he conduced himfelf with fuch even fteadinefs, that 
 he prefcrved the good opinion both of his prince and of the people. He was dif- 
 tingiiilhed by his integrity, wifdoni and eloquence, and his zeal for the church of 
 England. Several of his fpeeches in parliament, &c. have been publifhed. 
 
 His charai^er is thus defcribed by Mr. Dryden, in his Abfalom and Achitophel, 
 under the name of Amri : 
 
 " Our 11(1 of nobles next let Amri grace, 
 
 *' Whole merits claim'd the Abethdin's high place; 
 
 " Who, with a loyalty that did excel, 
 
 " Brought all th' endowments of AchitopheU 
 
 *' Sincere was Amri, and not only knew, 
 
 " But Ifrael's fanftions into prad^ice drew ; 
 
 " Our laws, that did a boundlefs ocean feem, 
 
 ** Were coafted all, and fathom'd all by him. 
 
 *' No rabbin fpeaks like him their myltic fcnte, 
 
 " Sojulf, and with fuch charms of eloquencej 
 
 " To whom the double bleiling does belong, 
 
 " With Mofes' infpiration, Aaron's tongue." 
 
 Sir William Blackdone fpeaks of the earl of Nottingham in the following terms 
 of commendation : " He was a perfon of the greateft abilities and moft uncorrtipted 
 integrity : a thorough mafter and zealous defender of the laws and conftitution of 
 bis country -, and endued with a pervading genius that enabled him to difcover and 
 to purfue the true fpirit of juttice, notwithftanding the embarraflments raifed by the 
 narrow and technical notions wliich then prevailed in the courts of law, and the 
 imperfed ideas of redrefs which had poffefled the courts of equity. The reafon and 
 uecclTities of mankind, arifing from the great change in property, by the extenfion 
 of trade and the abolition of military tenures, co-operated in eftablilhing his plan, 
 and enabled him, in the courfc of nine years, to build a fyltem of jurifprudence 
 and jurifdidion upon wide and rational foundations, which IiaveaUb been extended 
 and unproved by many great men, who have llnce prefided in chancery ; and from 
 that time to this, the power and bufin^fs of the court have incrcafcd to an amazing 
 degree."* 
 
 FINCH (Daniel) earl of Nottingham, fon of the former, was born about the 
 year 1647, and received his education at Chrift-church college, Oxford. He ferved 
 vn fevcral parliaments in the reign of Charles II. for the city of Litchfield, and the 
 borough of Newton in Hampfhirc. In 1679 he was appointed firft commiffioner of 
 ih^; admiralty, andfwornof the privy-council j and at the end of the next year, fpoke 
 
 4 M with 
 
 * Blackftoat's Commentaries oa tlie Laws of Ergland, Kook III. Chap, W,
 
 3i8 FISHER.' 
 
 with great vigour in the houfe of commons againfl: the bill for the exclufion of the 
 duke of York. Upon his father's deceafc, he fucceeded him in his titles and eftates ; 
 and in the reign of James II. was one of the chief arguers among the temporal lords 
 againft abrogating the teit-afb. After the prince of Orange had landed in the weft, 
 the carl of Nottingham was one of the commiflloners fc-nt by kirg James to treat 
 with that prince. On the advancement of king William and queen Mary to the 
 throne, he was ofFerfd the poft of lord high chancellor, which he cxcufed himfelf 
 from accepring ; but was appointed one of the principal fecretaries ot Hate. In 
 1690-1 he attended his majefty to the congrefs ac the Hague ; and James II. took 
 lijch umbrage at his behaviour, that in his declaration upon his intended defcent in 
 1692, the earl was excepted out of his general pardon. In March 1694 he refigned 
 his poft of fecretary of ftate; and in the year following a public tcftimony was 
 given to the integrity of his condud; for, upon an examination in parliament inta 
 the bribery and corruption of fomc of their own members, in order to obtain a 
 new charter for the Eaft-India company, it appeared that his lordfhip had abfolutely 
 refofed to take five thoufand guineas for his intereft in promoting that charter, 
 1 and five thoufand more on the pafllng of the a6l for thit purpofe. Immediately 
 
 ; after the accefnon of queen Anne, he w^as again appointed fecretary of ftate; in 
 
 •^ which office he had a vote of the houfe of commons pafTed in his favour, viz. " that 
 
 he highly merited the truft her majefty had repofed in him ;" and the like fanftion 
 from the houfe of lords. However, on the 17th of April, 1704, he refigned that 
 employment, and accepted of no other during the whole reign of queen Anne, 
 thou2h, upon the change of the miniftry in 17 10, large offers were made to en- 
 gage him in (he meafures of the court; his refufal of which fo exafperated that 
 party, that he was attacked with great virulence in feveral libels both in verfe and 
 profe. On the death of the queen, he was one of the lords juftices for the admi- 
 niftration of affairs till the arrival of king George I. and on the 24th of Septem- 
 ber, 1714, was declared prefident of the council. Some time after, he retired from 
 all public bufinefs to a ftudious courfe of life, the fruits of which appeared in his 
 elaborate anfwer to Mr. Whifton's letter to him on the fubjeft of the Trinity, for 
 which on the 22d of March, 1721, he received the unanimous tharvks of the uni- 
 verfity of Oxford, in convocation affembled. He alio wrote a letter to Dr. Water- 
 land, printed at the end of Dr. Newton's Treatife on Pluralities. His lordftiip died 
 the 2ift of January, 1729-30, a very advanced age. He was remarkably fkilled 
 in the whole fyftem of the Englifli law, as well as in the records of parliament ; 
 and thefe qualifications, joined to a copious and ready eloquence, gave him great 
 weight in all public affemblics. 
 
 FISHER (John) bifhop of Rochefler, was born at Beverley In YorkHiire, in 
 thi year 1459, ^""^ ^^^ taught grammar-learning in that town, from whence he 
 was removed to Michael-houfe, Cambridge. He took tlic degrees in arts in 14S8 
 and 1491; and was one of the prodors of the univerfity in J495. The fame 
 year he was defied mafter of Michael-houfe ; foon after which, he entered into 
 holy orders, and greatly diftinguiftied himfelf as a divine. In 1501 he took the 
 degree of doiflor in divinity. The fame of his learning and exemplary virtues 
 reaching the ears of Margaret countefs of Richmond, mother to king Henry VII. 
 fhe appointed him her chapl lin and-cont'effor-, in which ftation he fj far gained the 
 Cjlcem of that pious lady, that ftie refigned herfclf wholly to his diredion. It was 
 xhicfly l#y his advice and perfuafion, that flic undertook thofc magnificent founda- 
 tions
 
 FISHER. 
 
 V9 
 
 rions at Cambridge which have rendered her name ilkidrioii?. In 1^2, Dr. Fifher 
 was appointed the lady Margaret's firft divinity-profeiTor at Cambridge, and in 
 1504 was promoted to the iee of Rocheltcr, at the recommendation of Foxbifhop 
 of Wincheftcr. The fame year he was chofen high chancellor of the iiniverfuy 
 of Cambridge. In 1505 he accepted the headfliip of Qiieen's college in that uai- 
 verfitv, which he enjoyed for the fpace of three years. 
 
 When the affair of the king's divorce was feton foot, in 1527, his majefly, who 
 entertained a high opinion of Fiiher'.-: integrity and learning, defired to knew his 
 fentiments on the fubjefl of his marriage with queen Catherine of Arragon : the 
 bifliop declared, that there was no reafon at all to queftion it's validity ; and from 
 this opinion he never could be prevailed upon to recede, though he thereby loft tlie 
 king's favour. In 1531, the qucftion of giving king Henry VIII, the title offu- 
 preme head of the Englifli church, being debated in convocation, Fiflier oppofed ic 
 with all his endeavours ; and loon after brought himfelf into much trouble, by coun- 
 tenancing impoftures of Elizabeth Barton commonly called the Holy Maid of Kent, 
 an account of whom the reader will find in page 151 of this work. He was 
 adjudged guilty of mifprifion of treafon, for concealing the maid's trealbnable" 
 fpeeches ; condemned to forfeit his goods and chattels to the king, and to be im- 
 prifoned during his majefty's pleafure. About the fame time an aft was pafled, 
 by which the king's marriage with Catharine was declared void, his marriage with 
 Anne Boleyn confirmed, and the crown entailed upon her ilTue. In purfuance of 
 this ftatute, an oath was taken by both houfes of parliament, March 20, 1524* 
 whereby they fwore " to bear faith, truth, and obedience to the king's majelty, 
 and to the heirs of his body by his moft dear and entirely beloved lawful wife 
 queen Anne," &c, Fiflier refufing to take this oath when tendered to him, was 
 committed to the Tower on the 26th of April following, and fliortiy afterwards 
 deprived of his bilhopric. During his confinement, pope Paul III. created him a 
 cardinal-, which unfeafonable honour precipitated his deftruftion. When the king 
 heard of this promotion, he gave ftrift orders that none (liould bring the hat into 
 his dominions -, and lent lord Cromwell to examine the bifhop about the affair: 
 after fome conference between them, Cromwell aflced him, " My lord of Rocheftt r, 
 what would you fav, if the pope Ihould fend you a cardinal's hatj would you 
 accept of it?" Fifher reph'ed, " Sir, I know myfelf to be fo far unworthy any 
 fuch dignity, that I think of nothing lefs -, but if any fuch thing flaould hajipen, 
 aflure yourfelf tliat I Iliould improve that favour to the bell advantage I could, in 
 affifting the holy catholic church of Chrill ; and in that refpcft I would receive it 
 apon my knees." When this anl'wer was reported to the king by lord Cromwell, 
 Henry faid in a great paffi in, " Yea, is he yet fo lufty ? Well, let the pope fend 
 him a hat when he will. Mother of God, he fliall wear it on his fho-ilders then, for 
 'I will leave him never a head to fet it on." F>om this time the bifliop's ruin was 
 determined on : but as nothing which had been hitherto proved againft him was 
 fufficient to take away his life. Rich, the folicitor-general, went to him, and in a. 
 fawning treacherous manner, under pretence of confulting him (as from the king) 
 about a cafe of confciencc -, gradually drew him into a difcourfe on the fubjeifl: of 
 the king's fupremacy-, concerning whicli the bilhop inconfadeiately uttered theie 
 words : " As to the bufinefs of fupremacy, I muft needs tell his majefty, as I have 
 often told him heretofore, and would lb tell him if I were to die this prefent hour, 
 that it is utterly unlawful ; and therefore I would not wifii his majefty to take any 
 fuch power or title upon hioi, as he loves his own foul, and the ijood of his poftt- 
 
 ritv,
 
 320 F L A i\l S T E E D, 
 
 rltv."" The bilhcp 'ocing thus caught in the Inare that was laid for him, a fpeciaS 
 commifTion was drawn up for trying him ; and on the 17th of June, 1535, after » 
 fliurc trial, he was found guilty of high treafon, in denying the king's lupremacy, 
 and condemned to fuflTer death. On the 22d of the fame month he was beheaded on 
 'I'owtr-hiil, and his head was fixed up the next cay over London-br-dge. 
 
 Billiop Fiflier was a tall, ftrong, well-made man; his complexion was d^rk, his 
 forehead broad, his features regular, and his counten?.nce grave and venerable. 
 He was a great lover of learning, and a patron of learned men ; and was remark- 
 able for ftudymg the Greek language when he was an old man. Erafmus repre- 
 fciits him as a perfon of tlie hij^hcd integrity, of deep learning, incredible fweer- 
 nefs of temper, and greatnefs of foul. Me was the author of ieveral works, viz. 
 u A. Commentary on thefeven penitential I'falms : 2. Aflertiorkum Martini Lutheri 
 Confutatio : 3 Defenfio Afil-rtionis Henrici Oclavi de fcptem Sacramentis contra 
 Lutheri Captjvicatem Babylonicam : 4. Epiflola Refponforia Epillola; Luthrri : 5. 
 Sacerdotii Defenfio contra Lutherum : 6. Pro Damnations Lutheri j and other 
 pieces. 
 
 FLAMSTEED (John) the famous aflronomer, was born at Denby in Derby- 
 fliirc, on tlie 19th of Au^uft, 1646. He was educated at the fiee-fchoolof Derby, 
 v/i\ere his father lived ; and at fourteen years of age was afflidted with a long and 
 fevere illnefs, which prevented his going to the univerfuy, as had been intended. H^ 
 was taken from fciiool in the year 1662, and within a month or two after had John 
 de Sacrobofco's book de Sph^ra put into his hands, which he applied himfelf to read 
 without any inftruftor. This accident, and the leifure which he now had, laid the 
 foundation of all that mathematical and aftronomical knowledge, for which he be- 
 came afterwards fo jullly celebrated. He had already perufed a great deal of hiftory, 
 ecclefiaftical as well as civil ; but this fubjeft was entirely new to him, and lie wag 
 extremely delighted with it. Having tranflated fo much from Sacrobofco, as he 
 thought neceflary, into Englifh, he proceeded to make dials by the diredion of fuch 
 ordinary books as he could procure ; and changing a treatife on aftrology found 
 among his father's books, for Mr. Street's Caroline Tables, he attempted to calcu- 
 late the places of the planets. He fpentfome part of his tirue alfo in aftrological 
 lludies, yet fo as to make them fubfervieiu to artronon:iy. 
 
 Having calculated by the Caroline tables an eclipfe of the fun, which was to 
 happen on the zsd of June, 1666, he communicated it to a relation, who Ihewed 
 It to Emanuel Halton, Efq; of Wingfield-manor in Dcrbyfhire. This gentle- 
 man was a good mathematician, as as appears from fome pieces of his, publiftcd 
 in the appendix to Fofter's Mathematical Mifcellanies^ He came to fee Mr. Flam- 
 Iteed loon .^.fter; and finding he was little acquainted with the aftrorromical per- 
 formances of others, fent him kicciolufs's Almageftum Novum, and Kepler's 
 Rudolphine Tables with fome other mathematical books, to which he was before a 
 itranger. From this time he profecutcd his Hudies with great vigour, and with 
 equal fuccefs. In 1669 he calculated fome remarkable eclipfcs of the fixed ftars by 
 the moon, which v/ould happen in 1670; and wrote an account of them to lord 
 Brounclcer, prefident of the Royal Society. This piece, being read before the So- 
 ciety, was fo much approved, that it procured him letters of thanks from Mr. 
 Oldenburgh their Secretary, and from Mr. John Collins. In 1670, \\\$ father, 
 wlio had hitherto difcountenanced his (Indies, taking notice of his correfpondencc 
 with ijevcral ingenious men whom he had never feen, advifcd bim to nwke a journey 
 
 to
 
 FLAMSTE'ED. 
 
 321 
 
 to London, that he might become perfonally acquainted with them. Mr. Flam- 
 llced gladly embraced this propolal, and vilited Mr. Oldenburgh and Mr. Collins j 
 and they introduced him to Sir Jonas Moore, who prcfented him with Mr. Town- 
 Ic-y's Micrometer. At Cambridge, he vificed Dr. Barrow and Mr. Ifaac Newton j 
 and at tlie fame time entered himfclf a ftudcnt of Jefiis College. Jn 1673 ^^ wrote 
 n I'mall tradl concerning the true and apparent diameters of all the planets, when 
 at their neareft or remoteft diftances from the eartli. The next year he wrote ar» 
 Ephemeris, in which he fhewed the falfity of aftrology, and the ignorance of thole 
 that pretended to it, and gave a table of the moon's rifing and iettinii; carefully 
 calculated, together wiih the eclipfes and approaches of the moon and planets to 
 the fixed ilars. In 1674, Mr. Flamfleed paffing through London in the way to 
 Cambridge, Sir Jonas Moore informed him, that a true account of the tides would 
 be highly acceptable to the king, upon which he compofed a fmall Ephemeris for 
 his majefty's ufe. Having taken the degree of mafter of arts at Cambridge, he 
 rcfolvcd to enter into orders, and to fettle in a fmall living near Derby, which 
 was in the gift of a friend of his father's. In the mean time. Sir Jonas Moore 
 having notice of his defign, wrote to him to come to London, whither he returned 
 in February, 1675. He was entertained in the houle of that gentleman, who had 
 other views for ferving him -, but Mr. Flamftced perfifting in his refolution to take 
 orders, he did not diffuade him from it. On the 4th of March following. Sir 
 Jonas brought Mr. Flamfteed a warrant to be king's aftronomer, with a falary of 
 lool. per annum. This, however, did not abate his inclination for entering 
 into holy orders; fo that the Eafter following he was ordaiiied at Ely-houfe by 
 bidiop Gunning. On the loth of Auguft, 1675, the foundation of the Royal 
 Obfcrvatory at Greenwich was laid; and as Mr. Flamfteed was the firll loyal 
 aftronomer for whofe ufe this edifice was ereded, it flill bears the name of Flam- 
 fteed-Houfe. During the building of it he lodged at Greenwich; and his qua- 
 drant and telefcopes being kept in the queen's houfe there, he obferved the ap- 
 pulfes of the moon and planets to the fixed ftars. In 16K1 his Dodrinc of the 
 Sphere was publ'Llicd in Sir Jonas Moore's Syftem of the Mathematics. 
 
 About the year 1O84 he was prelcnted to the living of Burltow, near Blechingly, 
 in Surry, Of the manner in which Mr. Flamfleed obtained this living, the fol- 
 lowing account is given by Mr. Roger North : " Sir Jonas Moore once invited 
 the lord-keeper North to dine with him at the 'J'ower ; and, after dinner, prc- 
 fented Mr. Flamrtced, His lordfliip received him with much familiarity, and 
 encouraged him to come and fee him often, that he migiit have the p leafure of 
 his converfation. The ftar-gaza* was not wanting to himfelf in that ; and his 
 lordlhip was extremely delighted with his accounts and oblervations about tlic 
 planets, efpecially thofe attendant on Jupiter; flicwing how the eclipfes of them, 
 being regular and calculable, might rectify the longitude of places upon the ulobe, 
 and demonftrating tiiat light did not pafs inflantaneoufly, but in time ; with other 
 remarkables in the heavens. Thefe difcourfes always regaled his lordfhip ; and 
 a good benefice falling void, not far from the obfervatory, in the gift of the Great 
 Seal, his lordfliip gave it to Mr. Flamfleed ; which fet him at eale in his fortunes, 
 and encouraged his future labours, from which great things were cxpefted ; as 
 applying the Jovial oblervations to marine ufes, for finding longitudes at fca, and 
 to correct the globes, ccleftial and terreftrial, which were very faulty. And in 
 order to the firft, he had compofed tables of the eclipfes of the Satellites, whicii 
 fhewed when they were to happen, one after another ; and of thefc, finely painted 
 
 4 N ^ipon
 
 212 
 
 FLETCHER. 
 
 upon ne.1t bo.ird, he made a prefent ro his lordfhip. And he had advanced his 
 other dt-fign oi reditying maps, by having provided large blank globes, on v/hich 
 he might inlcribe his places corrected. But plenty and pains fcldom dwell toge- 
 liier ; tor as one enters the other gives way : and, in this inltance, a good living, 
 penfions, &c. Ipoiled a good coir ographer and aftronomer-, for very little is leic 
 of Mr. Flamftced's fcduloiis and judicious applications that way *." 
 
 In juftice to Mr. Flamlleed it fliould be obfcrved, that there appears no juft 
 ground for North's reflcdtion againfl; him, at the dole of the above paflage. His 
 allronjmical inquiries might not produce all the confequences which he Ibmetimes 
 expefted from them ; but nothing of this kind fcems to have ariien from any want 
 of application in him : for the Hhilofophical Tranfadtions afford ample teftimonics 
 of his adtivity and diligence, as well as of his penetration and exaftnefs in aftro- 
 nomical ftudies, after he had obtained the preferments that have been already 
 mentioned, and which were all that ever were conferred upon him. 
 
 In December 1719, Mr. Flamlleed was feized with a ftrangury, which carried 
 him off" on the laO day of that month. His Hiiloria Cxleltis Britannica was pub- 
 liihcd at London in 1725, in tlirec volumes, folio, and dedicated to the King, by 
 his widow Mrs. Margaret Flamlleed, and Mr. James Hodgfon. " That judicious 
 aftronomer. Dr. John Keill, obierves, that Mr. Flamlleed, with indefatigable pains 
 tor more than 40 year":, watched the motions of the flars, and has given us innu- 
 merable obfervations of the fun, moon, and planets, which he made with very large 
 inllruments exaflly divided by moll exquifite art, and fitted with telclcopial lights. 
 "Whence we are to rely more upon the obfervations he hath made, than on thofe 
 that went before him, who made their obfevations with the naked eye, without 
 the afTiltance of telcfcopc s. The laid Mr. Flamlleed has likewife compofed the Bri- 
 tifh Cat.dogue of the Fixed Stars, containing about three thouland liars, which is 
 twice the number that are in the catalogvie of Flevelius -, to each of which he has 
 annexed its longitude, latitude, right afcenfion, and dillance from the pole, toge- 
 ther with the variation of right afcenfion and declination, while the longitude in- 
 Greafes a degree." 
 
 ~tD 
 
 FLETCHER (John) a celebrated Englifh dramatic poet, was the fon of Dr. 
 Richard Fletcher, bifhop of London: he was born in Northainptonfhire, in the 
 year 1576, and was educated at the univerfity of Cambridge. He wrote plays in 
 conjundiion with Mr. Francis Beaumont, but what fhare each had in forming the 
 plots, writing the fcenes, &c. it is impolTible to determine. Winflanley relates, 
 that thefe two poets meeting once at a tavern, in order to form the plan of a trage- 
 dy, Fletcher undertook to ^i7/ //i^ ^'w^, which words being overheard by an offici- 
 ous waiter, who had not been witnels to the context of their converfation, he lodg- 
 ed an information of treafon againfl them •, but their loyalty being unqueltioned, 
 and it appearing that the plot was only againll a theatrical monarch, the affair ended 
 in mirth. Mr. Fletcher, befides the plays which he and his friend Beaumont wrote 
 in concert, was author of five other dramatic pieces, viz. the Faithful Shejjherdefs, 
 Monficur Thomas, the Night-Walkcr, the Woman-Hater, the Woman's Prize, 
 and the Two Noble Kinfmen, in which lall he was afliflcd by Shakefpeare. He 
 died cfthe plague at London in 1625, aged forty-nine, and was interred in St. 
 Mary Overy's church, Southwark. Mr. Edward Philips obfervcs, that " he was 
 one of the happy triumvirate of the chief dramatic poets of our nation in the laft 
 
 foregoing 
 f North's Life of the Lord-Keeper North.
 
 F O T E. 'gaj 
 
 foregoing age, among vvhom tliere might be faid to be a fymmetry of perfeflion 
 while each excelled in his peculiar way : Ben johnfon in his elaborate pains and 
 knowledge of authors ; Shakcfpeare in his pure vein of wit and natural poetic 
 height; and Fletcher in a courtly elegance and genteel familiarity of rtyle, and 
 withal a wit and invention fo overflowing, that the luxuriant branches thereof were 
 frequently thought convenient to be lopped off by his almoft infeparable companion 
 Francis Beaumont." 
 
 The worics of Beaumont and Fletcher, though approved of in general, have not 
 cfcaped cenfure. Mr. Rymer, the hiftoriographer has criticifed them in a book en-» 
 titled " The Tragedies of the laft Age confidered and examined by the pradice of 
 the ancients, and by the common fenleof all ages ;" and being a critic devoid of can-- 
 dour, has laboured to expofe their faults without taking the lead notice of their 
 beauties. Neverthelefs, they have been allowed to poflefs great merit; and it is 
 fufficient to fay, that among their admirers are the illuflrious names of Denham, 
 Waller, Johnlbn, Dryden, &c. 
 
 FOOTE (Samuel) Efq. a well known author of the prefent age, was born at 
 Truro in Cornwall. His father was member of parliament for Tiverton in Devon- 
 Ihire, and enjoyed the pods of commifhoner of the prize office and fine contradt. His 
 mother was heirefs of the Dinely and Goodere families, and to her, in confequence of 
 an unhappy and fatal quarrel between her two brothers. Sir ]ohn Dinely Goodere, 
 bart. and Samuel Goodere, captain of his majelty's Ihip the Ruby, four thoufand, 
 pounds per annum defcended. Mr. Foote received his education at WorcellercollegCi 
 Oxford; from whence he was removed to the Temple, being defigned for the-ftudy 
 of the law ; in which it Is very probable that his great oratorial talents and powers 
 of mimicry would haveOiewn themfeives in a very confpicuous light. Thedrynefs 
 and gravity of this ftudy, however, not fuiting his natural vivacity of temper, he 
 chofe rather to employ thofe talents in a fphere of atflion to which they feemed bet- 
 ter adapted, viz. on theftage. His firft appearance was in the part of Othello; bu^i. 
 difcovering perhaps that his forte did not lie in tragedy, he foon flruck out into a nev/ 
 and untrodden path, in which he at once attained the two great ends of affording 
 entertainment to tlie public and emolument to himfelf. This was by taking on 
 himfelf the double charader of author and performer, in which light, in 1747, he 
 opened the Little Theatre in the Haymarker, with a dramatic piece of his own 
 writing, called the Diverfions of the Morning. This piece confided of nothing 
 more than the introduftion of feveral well-known characters in real life, whole mar.i- 
 ner of converfation and exprelTion this author had very happily hit in the diftion of 
 his drama, and ftill more happily reprcfented on theftage by an exa<5t imitation not 
 only of the manner and tone of voice, but even of the very perfons of thofe whonfi 
 he intended ro take off. Among thefe charafters there was a certain phyfician,. 
 who was much better known from the oddity and fingularity of his appearance and 
 converfation, than from his eminence in the pracftice of his profefllon. '1 he ceie*- 
 brated chevalier Taylor, the oculilf, who was at il\at time in the meridian of his 
 populariry, was another objedt of Mr. Foote's mimicry and ridicule; and in the 
 latter part of his piece, under the charadler of a theatrical direftor, he took ofF^ 
 with great humour and accuracy, the feveral ftyles of ading of every principal pen- 
 former of the EngblTi ftage. 
 
 This performance at firft met with fome little oppofition from the civil magj- 
 ibatesof Wcftminller, under the fanition of the ad of parliament for limiting the num- 
 
 b«
 
 3X4 FOOT E. 
 
 berof play-houfcs: bul the author being patronized bymanyofthe principal nobiliiy 
 and other';, this oppofition was over-ruled, and with an alteration of the title of his 
 picccto That of Mr. Foote's giving Tea to his Friends, he proceeded without further 
 molcilation, and reprelcnted it, through a run of upwards of forty mornings, to 
 crowded and fplcndid audiences. The enluing feafon he produced another piece of 
 the fame kind, which he called an auction of p;dures. In this he introduced feveral 
 new characters, all however popular ones, and extreinely well known, particularly 
 bir Thomas De Veil, then the adingjuftice of peace for Weftminfter i Mr. Cock, 
 the celebrated auOioneer ; and the equally famous orator Henley. From this 
 lime Mr. Foote continued to produce many other dramatic pieces, viz. the Knights, 
 the Minor, the Englilliman in Paris, the Englifliman return'd from Paris, the 
 Author, the Orators, the Lyar, the Mayor of Garratt, the Patron, the Commiffiiry, 
 the Bankrupt, the Cozeners, Sec. He has lately diipofed of all his property in the 
 Haymarkct theatre, for the annual fum of fixteen hundred pounds, to George 
 Colman, Efq-, who lias alfo agreed to pay him a handlbme futn for the right of 
 acting all his unpubkHied pieces. 
 
 " Mr. Foote's dramatic works (fays the ingenious author of the Companion to 
 the Play-houfe) feem rather to be the hafty productions of a man of genius, whofc 
 Pegal'us, though endued with fire, has no inclination for fatigue, than the laboured 
 finiihings of a profeft dramatilt, aiming at immortality. His plots are fomcwhat 
 irregular, and their cataftrophes not [always conclufive, or perfedtly wound up. 
 Is'everthelefs it muft be confcfied that they contain more of one cflential property 
 of comedy, viz. firong character, than the writings of any other of our modern 
 authors, and although the didtion of his dialogue may not, from the general tenor 
 of his fubjedts^ either requires or admit of, the wit of a Congreve, or the eloquence 
 of an Ethercge, yet it is conflantly enibelliflied with numberlefs ftrokes of keen 
 fatire, and touches of temporary humour, fuch as only the cleareft judgement and 
 deepelt difcernment could diiftate ; and though the language fpokcn by his cha- 
 racters may at firft fight feem not the moft accurate and correft, yet it will, on a 
 •tlofer examination, be found entirely dramatical, as it contains numbers of thofe 
 natural «;/««/y^ of exprefTion, on which the very bafis of charader is frequently 
 ibunded, and which render ic the truell mirrour of the convcrfation of the time he 
 ^vrote in. 
 
 " It has been objcdted againft Mr. Foote (continues the fame writer) that the 
 .introdudtion of real charaftcrs on the ftage is not only ungenerous, but cruel and 
 Ajnjuft ; and that the rendering any perfon the objed of public ridicule and laugh- | 
 ter, is doing him the moll eficntial injury polTible, as it is wounding the human " 
 breaft in the tfndereft point, viz. it's pride and felf-opinion. Yet I carmot tliink 
 this charge fo ftrong as the vehement opponents of mimicry would have it appear 
 to be. Mr. Foote himfelf, in his Minor, has very properly diltinguifhed who are 
 the proper objcfts of ridicule, and the legal vidtims to the bfli of fatire •, that is 
 to fay, thofe who appear what they are not, or would be what they cannot. When hy- 
 pocrify and difiimulation would lay fnarcs for the fortunes, or contaminate the princi- 
 ples of mankind, it is furely but jufticc to the world to withdraw the maflc, and fliew 
 their natural faces with the diilortions and fhocking deformities they really are pof- 
 fcflcd of. And when aftcdtation or Angularity overbear the more valuable parts 
 of any perfon's charadter, and render thofe difagreeaWc and wearilome com- 
 pan.ons, who, divefred of thofe charadteriftic foibles, might be valuable, Icnfible, 
 and entertaining members of commutiity, it is themfelves furely who aft the ridi- 
 culous
 
 F O R T E S C U E. 3r5 
 
 culous part on the more entenfive fcage of the world ; and it fliould rather be deem- 
 ed an aft of kindnefs both to the perfons t4iemfelvcs and their acquaintance to fet uij 
 fuch a mirrour before them, as by pointing out tp themfeives their abfurd peculia- 
 rities, (and who is without fome ?) may afford them an opp;jrtunity, by amend- 
 ment, to deftroy the refemblance, and io avoid the ridicule : fuch a fort of kindneis 
 as it would be to lead a perfon to a looking-glals who had put on his peruke the 
 wrong fide foremoft, inftead of fuffering him in that condition to run the gauntlet 
 in the mall or the play-houfe, where he mcft perceive the titter of the whole aflem- 
 bly railed againfl him, without knowing on what account it is railed, or by what 
 means to put a ftop to it. In a word, if a Sir Penurious Trifle, a Peter Paragraph, 
 or a Cadwallader, have ever had their originals in real life, let thofe originals keep 
 their own counfel, remember the qui capit. Hie facit, anu reform their refpeftive 
 follies. Nor can I help being of opinion, that a/i author of this kind in fome re- 
 fpefls is more ufcful to the age he lives in, than thofe who only range abroad into 
 the various fcenes of life for general chara6ter. And although Mr. Foote's drams- 
 tic pieces may not perhaps have the good fortune to attain immortality, or be per- 
 fectly relifhed by the audiences of 3l future age, yet I cannot deny him here the juftice 
 of bearing ftrong teltimony to his merits, and ranking him among the firfi: of the 
 dramatifts of this" 
 
 FORTESCUE (Sir John) an eminent lawyer, fcholar, and ftatefman, whom 
 Mr. Granger ftyles "one of the mod learned men of his age," was defcended from 
 an ancient family in ["'evonlhire-, but there is no certain account of the time or 
 place of his birth. He received his education, according to bifhop Tanner, at Exe- 
 ter-college, Oxford. He afterwards ftudied the municipal laws of this kingdom at 
 Lincoln's-! nn, of which he was made one of the governors in the fourth and'^feventh 
 years of the reign of Henry VI. In 1430, he was called to the degree of fcrjtrant 
 at law, and kept his feaft upon that occafion with great fplendour. In 1441 he 
 was made one of the king's ferjeants at law, and the following year was appointed 
 chief juftice of the King's-Bench. He was much efteemed for the gravity, wifdom, 
 and integrity with which he prefided in that court for many years. He continued, 
 in high favour with the king, of which, in the twentieth year of his reign, h e re- 
 ceived a fignal proof, by an unufual augmentation of his falary ; for befides the 
 curtomary allowance of a chief jultice, his majefty granted him an annuity of one 
 hundrt-d and eighty marks out of the Hanapar ; a great fum in thofe days. Sir 
 John Fortefcue held his office throughout the whole reign of Henry VI. to whoni 
 he firmly adhered, and whom he ferved with great fiddity in all his troubles : and 
 on this account, in the firft parliament under king Edward IV. which met at Weft- 
 minfter on the 4'h of November, 146J, he was attainted of high treafon, by the 
 fame afkitrwhich king; Henry VI. quven Margaret, Edward their fon, the dukes 
 of Exeter and Somerfer, and .' great number of perfons of didindlion were likewife 
 attainted.'- Aftfer this revolution in favour of the houfeof York, king Henry beinw 
 oblio;ed to fly 'wiiti^ !fcotland, together with his queen and fon, was accompanied by 
 Sir John Fortefcue;'- And it is generally believed, that at this time he wasconftitu- 
 ted chanct'lter of Errgland by king Henry. His name, indeed, is not to be found 
 in the records as thiircellor •, becaule, a« Mr. Selden fays, "being with kino- Hen- 
 ry VI. driven into Scotland by the fortune of the wars with the houfc of York, he 
 was made chanccllot'-of rnglan^ while he was there." Several other writers have 
 ftyk-d him chancellor of En'j,lar,d; and -in his book De Laudibus Legum Ant^lije, 
 he calls himfelf "Cancelliirius Anglian." 
 
 4 O In
 
 326 F O R T E S C U E. " 
 
 In the year 146.^ he embarked with queen Margaret, prince Edward, and other 
 pfrlbns ot' diftinction, ac Bamburg, and lamkd lafcly at Slugs in Flanders -, from 
 uhence they were conducted co Bruises, ih:rnce to Liflr, and afterwards into Lorrain. 
 In this exile he continued many years, retiring from place to place, as the neccnitics 
 of the royal family required. But when the earl of Warwick had obliged king Ed- 
 ward IV. to leave the kingdom, and iiad replaced Henry VI. on the throne, queen 
 Margaret, and the adherents of the houfe of Lancafter, were encouraged to return 
 to Hegland. Accordingly, on the 14th of April, 1471, that princefs, accompanied 
 by her fon Edward, Sir John Fortelcue, the duke of Somcrlct, and others, with a 
 fmall body of French forces, landed at Weymouth in Dorfctfhire. Immediately 
 after the T arrival, thry received the unwelcome and ii-^^xpefled news that the earl 
 of Warwick was ilain, and his army defeated that very day, at Barnet, by king 
 Kdward; and that Henry was imprilbned in the Tower. ± <■;$ was a fatal ftroke to 
 tne Lancalhian party-, and queen Margarer, overwhelmed , ;'h grief and defpair, 
 took refuge with her Ion in the abbey of Bcaulieu in Ham^fliire. Her fpirits, 
 however, revived, when fiie faw herfclf joined by the carl of L vonfhire, the lord 
 Wenlock, and many other perfons of rank, who exhorted her fti'.l to hope for fuc- 
 . ecfs, Shf. then took the field, and advanced through the counties of D-. von and So- 
 merfet, her army increafing on each day's march, until fhe arrived at rcwkfbury 
 in Gloucefterfliire, where flie was overtaken by king Edward. A battle immedi- 
 ately enfued, which ended in the total defeat of the queen's troops, herfelf and her 
 ion being taken prifoners. About three thoufand of the Lancaftrians fell in this 
 engagement ; and foon after ir, the gallant prince Edward was barbaroufly murdered. 
 The duke of Somerfer, who commanded the van of the queen's army with about 
 twenty other perfons of confcquence, having retired to the abbey-church of Tewkf- 
 b'jry, they were furrounded, dragged our, and beheaded without delay. But queen 
 Margaret, Sir John Fortefcue, and feveral others, had their lives given them. 
 
 Our chancellor, feeing the affairs of the houle of Lancafter entirely ruined, found 
 It neceflary to reconcile himfelf as well as he could to the victorious Edward IV. 
 in order to facilitate which, he ^7rote a kind of apology for his own conduft ; and 
 it is conjectured, that the king reftored him to his eltate. Some time after he had 
 received his pardon, he wrote a learned book on the difference between an abfoluie 
 and limited monarchy, which was publifhed in 17 14, by John Fortefcue Aland, 
 Efq. afterwards lord Fortefcue. No account is iranfmitted to us of the remaining 
 part of Sir John Fortcfcue's life, which was probably fpent in an honourable 
 retirement in the country, free from the care?, and remote from the dangers of a 
 court. Neither is any exadt account preferved of his death. We are only told, 
 in general, that he was near ninety years of age when he died ; which the cir- 
 cumftances of his life render very probable. His remains were interred in the 
 parifti church of Ebburton, or Ebrighton, in Gloucefterfhire, where he had pur- 
 chafed an eftate. 
 
 It is truly faid by lord Fortefcue of our chancellor, that " all good men and 
 lovers of the Englifli conftitution fpeak of him with honour -, and he (till lives, in 
 the opinion of all true Engliflimen, in as high eltcem and reputation, as any judge 
 that ever fat in Weftminfter-Hall. He was a man acquainted with all forts of 
 learning, befides his knowledge in the law -, in which he was exceeded by none, as 
 will appear by the many judgments he gave when on the bench, in the year-book 
 of Henry VI. His character in hiftory, is that of pious, loyal, and learned : and 
 he had the honour to be called the chief counfellor of the king. He was a great 
 
 courtier*
 
 FOX. 327 
 
 rourtier, and yet a great lover of his country.*" His writings evidently fliew that 
 he was a man of general learnin£:, and of great reading for thofe times; fince s\c 
 find him quoting Ariftotle, Cicero, Quintilian, Boetius, St. Aullin, Aquinas, 
 iEgidiiis, &c. but he was far from drawing all his knowledge from books ; he 
 gathered much from his own experience, and was very communicative with ref- 
 pe6t to the fruits of it. Sir Edward Coke, who oftens mentions Sir John Fortef- 
 cue, tells us, that befides his profound knowledge in the law, he was alio an ex- 
 cellent antiquary ; and affirms, that there are fome particular chapters in our 
 author's treatife De Laudibus Legum Anglia;, which are lb excellent that they de- 
 ferve to be written in letters of gold. 
 
 FOX (Richard) bifhop of Winchefler, and founder of Corpus-Chrifti College 
 in Oxford, was born at Ropefley, near Grantham, in Lincolnfliire, about the lat- 
 ter end of the reign of Henry VI. He was educated firft at Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, where he greatly diftinguifhed himfelf -, but the plague obliging him to 
 retire from thence, he removed to Pembroke-hall in Cambridge ; and when he had 
 rtaid there a competent time, he went for his further improvement to Paris, where he 
 Itudied divinity and the canon law. Here he was introduced to Henry earl of Rich- 
 mond, who was then meditating a defcent upon England, in order to dethrone 
 Richard III. and, with the reft of the Englilh who were at Paris, he bound himfelf 
 by oath to efpoufe the earl's caufe. Henry accordingly received Dr. Fox into his 
 familiarity; and having applied to the French king, Charles Vlll. for afliftance 
 in his intended expedition, but being called away before he could obtain his defire, 
 he left the farther profccution of this matter to Dr. Fox, whom he thought the 
 fittcft man to manage fo important an affair. Nor was was he deceived in his opi- 
 nion, for he adted with fuch indullry and prudence, that he foon obtained men and 
 money from the court of France. After Henry had gained the battle of Bofworth, 
 and in coniequence afcended the throne of England, he appointed Dr. Fox to ba 
 one of his privy counfellors. About the fame time Fox was collated to the pre- 
 bend of Biihopftone, in the church of Sarum ; and i486, to the prebend ofSouth- 
 Grantham, in the fame church. In 1487 he was raifed to the bifliopric of Exeter, 
 and appointed keeper of the privy feal. He was alfo made principal fecretary of 
 ftate, and mailer of St. Croite, near Winchefler. And the king continually em- 
 ployed him, either in matters of ftate at home, or inembaffies of importance abroad. 
 In J 492 he was tranllated from Exeter to the bilhopric of Bath Wells ; and in 1494, 
 was removed to the fee of Durham. He was afterwards chofen chancellor of the 
 univerfity of Cambridge, which office he held till 1502; and in 1503, hewastranf- 
 lated to the fee of Winchefter. 
 
 Bilhop Fox continued to have great weight and influence in all public afFair'?, 
 during the whole reign of Henry VII. who appointed him by will one of his exe- 
 cutors, and particularly recommended him to his fon and fucceflbr, Henry VIII. 
 but upon the acceffion of that prince. Fox's credit greatly declined at court. How- 
 ever, in I 510, he was fent ambafTador to France, in conjuniflion with theearl of Surry 
 and the bifliop of Durham, who concluded a treaty of alliance with Lewis XII. 
 About the fame time a fliarp difpute arofc between him and archbilhop Warham, 
 concerning the extent of the jurifdiftion of the prerogative court. This difpute 
 lit length grew fo high, that an appeal was made to the pope : but it being referred 
 
 to 
 
 * Preface to " The Difference between an AUfolute and Limited IVloaardiy."
 
 328 FOX. 
 
 to the king, he determined it amicably in 1513- This fummer he atrended the 
 kinrr in his expedition to France, and was prefent at the taking of Terouenne. 
 But in 1515, being no longer able to bear the repeated mortifications he received 
 from cardinal V\ olfey, to whofe rile he greatly contributed, he withdrew in dif- 
 contcnt to his own diocele. 
 
 About this time, he was employed in the noble foundation of Corpus-Chrifti 
 college. Oxford. In 1522 he founded a frce-fchool at Taunton in Somerfetfhire, 
 where he had a fine manor as bilhop of Wincheller. He did the fame at Grantham, 
 near the phice of his nativity. He had the misfortune to lofe his fight about ten 
 years before his deceale. Cardinal Wolfey, Taking advantage of his infirmities, 
 endeavoured to perfuade him to refign his bilhopric to him, and to be content with 
 a penfion. The old bifliop, however, ftoutly rejedled the advances and infinua- 
 tions of the cardinal for this purpofe : he direded the mtflenger, who came from 
 "Wolfty with this propofal, to tell his mafter, " That though, by reafon of his 
 blindnefs, he w.;s not able to diftinguifh white from black, yet he could difcern 
 between true and falfe, right and wrong •, and plainly enough faw, without eye.";, 
 the malice of that ungrateful man, which he did not fee before. That it behoved 
 the cardinal to take care, not to be fo blinded with ambition, as not to forefee his 
 own end. He needed not trouble himfelf with the biiliopric of Winchelter, but 
 rather fliould mind the king's affairs." Bifliop Fox died on the 14th of Septem- 
 ber 1528. 
 
 FOX (John) an eminent ecclefiaftical hiftorian, was born at Boflon, in Lin- 
 colnfhire, in 1517 i the very year in which L.uther began to oppofe the errors of 
 the church of Home. At the age of fixteen he was entered of Brazen-Nofc Col- 
 lege, Oxford; and, in May 1538, took the degree of bachelor of arts. His un- 
 common abilities and learning foon diftinguifhed him, infomuch that he was 
 choRn fellow of Magdalen College, and proceeded in mafter of arts in 1543. He 
 difcove ed in his younger years a genius for poetry, and wrote in an elegant flilc 
 feveral Latm comedies, the fubjedls of which were taken from the Scriptures. He 
 afterwards applied to the ftuJy of divinity ; and declared himfelf in favour of the 
 reformation then in hand, before he was known to thofe who maintained the caufe. 
 In order to make himfelf a fufficient judge of the controverfies which then divided 
 the church, his firil care was to fearch diligently into the ancient and modern 
 hiftorv (-r it. To this end he applied himfelf with fuch zeal and induftry, that, 
 before he was thirty years of age, he had read over all the Greek and Latin lathers, 
 the fchoolmen, &c. and had alfo acquired a con-.pett-nt fl<ill in the Hebrew lan- 
 guage. But from this ftrid application by day and night; from his forfaking 
 his friends for the moft folitary retirement; from the, great and vifible diflradions 
 of his mind ; and. above all, from his abl'cnting himlelf from the public worfliip, 
 arofe fufpicions of his alienation from the church ; in which his enemies being foon 
 confirmed, he was in 1545 accufed of hercfy, and expelled his college. 
 
 His iriends were greatly difpleafed with him on this account; and his father- 
 in-law took a handle from hence to with-hold Mr. Fox's paternal eftate from him. 
 Being thus forfaken by his friends, he v/as reduced to great diftrefs ; when he was 
 tak'-n inro the houfe of Sir 1 homas Lucy, of Warwickfliire, to inftruft his chil- 
 dren. Here he m. rried a citizen's daughter of Coventry, and continued in Sir 
 Thomas's family till his children had no further occafion for a tutor ; after which 
 ~ he ipcnt fome time at Coventry. He removed to London a few years before king 
 lieury's death; where having neither employment nor preferment, he was again 
 
 driven
 
 FOX. 329 
 
 driven to great necefTuies. From this ftate of exigence he was relieved in a very- 
 extraordinary manner. As he was fitting one day in St. Paul's church, almolt 
 fpent with long fafting, there came to him a perfon whom he never remembered to 
 have fcen before, who, fitting down by him, accofted him in very familiar terms, 
 and put into his hands a fum of money j bidding him to be of good cheer, to be 
 careful of himfelf, and to ufe all means to prolong his life, for that in a few days 
 new hopes were at hand, and new means of fubfiftence. Mr. Fox tried all methods 
 to find out the perfon by whom he was lb feafonably relieved, but in vain ; how- 
 ever, the prediction was fulfilled, for within three days he was taken into the fcrvice 
 of the duchefs of Richmond, in order to be tutor to the children of her neohew the 
 earl of Surry. In this family he lived at Ryegace, during the laft years of king 
 Henry's reign, the whole reign of Edward VI. and part of queen Mary's ; being at 
 this time protected by the duke of Norfolk, one of his pupils, Gardiner, bifhop of 
 "Winchefter, was however determined to have him feized, and laid many fnares to 
 entrap him. The duke perceiving the danger to which our author was expofcd, 
 furnilhed him with the means of going beyond fea. Before Mr. Fox could put to 
 fca, Gardiner had iffued a warrant for apprehending him, and was caufing the moll 
 diligent fearch to be made for him ; neverthelefs, he at Lngth efcaped with his 
 wife into Germany, whither great numbers of Englifh fubjefts reforted in thofe 
 times of perfecution. He maintained himfelf and his wife in the city of Bafil, by 
 correfling the prels for Oporinus, a celebrated printer. 
 
 After the acceflion of queen Elizabeth, he returned to his native country, where 
 he found a very faithful friend in the duke of Norfolk, who fettled a penfion on 
 him. Sir William Cecil alfo obtained for him a prebend in the church of 
 Salifbury; and this he was permitted to hold, notwithllanding his non-conformity. 
 He was remarkable for his piety and humanity, his zeal for the proteftant religion, 
 and his intenfe application to the duties of his funttion. His death happened on 
 the 18th of April, 1587, and he was buried in St. Giles's church, Cripphgate, of 
 which, it is faid. he was feme time vicar. He wrote feveral works, the principal 
 of which is his Hiftory of the Afts and Monuments of the Church, commonlv 
 called Fox's Book of Martyrs. " This great work (fays the Rev. Mr. Granger) 
 may be regarded as a vaft Gothic building, in which fome things are fuperfluous, 
 fome irregular, and others manifeftly wrong; but which altogether infufes a kind of 
 religious reverence ; and we ftand amazed at the labour, if not at the fkill, of the 
 architeft. This book was, by order of queen Elizabeth, placed in the common 
 halls of archbifliops, bifhops, deans, archdeacons, and heads of colleges •, and was 
 long looked upon with a veneration next to that of the Scriptures themfclves. The 
 fame has been faid of Fox, which was afterwards faid of Burnet, that feveral per- 
 fons fiirnifhed him with accounts of pretended fafts, with a view of ruining the 
 credit of his whole performance. But the author does not {land in need of this 
 apology ; as it was impoffible, in human nattire, to avoid many errors in fo volu- 
 minous a work, a great part of which confifts of anecdotes." 
 
 FOX (George) the founder of the feft of Qiiakers, was born at Drayton, a 
 village in Leicellcrfliire. He was bound apprentice to a fhocmaker, and followed 
 his trade in Nottingham a longtime; but, having a turn to fpiritual contempla- 
 tions, he at length believed himfelf to be divinely infpired. His rcfledions on the 
 degeneracy of mankind made him refolve to attempt a reformation : he therefore 
 quittted his original occupation, and turned preacher. This was about the year 
 
 4 P \^SO\
 
 530 FRIEND. 
 
 i'i50; and Iiis wife ^largarer, being under the fame delufion, had alio a flure in 
 his minirterial funiftions. His doctrine and appearance being altogether new, the 
 populace ran at'cer him in great numbers -, which fuccels encouraged him to declaim 
 w.th the utmoll: vehemence againft the difurders of the times. He and his dil'ciplcs 
 were leizcd with fuch violent tranfports of enthufialm, as threw them into contor- 
 fions and univerfal trepidation, whence they deri\cd the name of quai<ers. Crom- 
 well caufed iiim to be apprehended and imprifoned, and forbade his followers to 
 hold any aflcmblies ; but this prohibition was of littif rffcdl, for his feft foon grew 
 very numerous, and many confiderable men were drav. ii over to it, among whom 
 were Robert Barclay and William Penn. Fox died in tiic year i6Si. 
 
 This enthufiaft propofed but few articles of faith, infilling chiefly on moral vir- 
 tue, mutual chjrity, the love of God, and a dote artenti .n to the inward motions 
 and fecret operations of the fpirir. He required a -'lain fimple worlhip, and reli- 
 gion without ceremonies, making it a principal point to v ait in profound filence 
 xhc diredions of the holy fpirit. Quakers were at firfl guilty of fome extravagancies ; 
 'but thefe gradually wore of, and they fettled in:o a regular body, profcffing great 
 ■aullerity of behaviour, a fingular probity and uprightnefs in the r dealings, a great 
 ■frugality at their tables, and a remarkable plainnefs i.i their drcis. The fyftem of 
 the Quakers, is laid down in fifteen thefes, by Robert Barclay, in a fenfible well- 
 v/ritten Apology, addreflfed to king Charles II. Some of their principal doftrines 
 are, That God has given to all men, without exception, fupernatural light, which 
 teing obeyed can fave them ; and that this light is Chrilt, " the true light, which 
 lightcth every man thatcometh into the world :*' that the fcriptures were indeedgiv- 
 en by infpiration, and are preferable to all other writings extant in the world ; but that 
 they are no more than fccondary rules of faith and pradlice, in fubordination to the 
 light or fpirit of God, which is the primary rule : that immediate revelation is not 
 ceafed, a meafure of the Ipirit being given to every one : that all fuperftitions and 
 ceremonies of mere human inftitution in religion, ought to be laid afide ; as alfo, 
 in civil fociety, the faluting one another by pulling off the hat, bowing, or the 
 like i and the faying ^<7« inilead of thou to a fingle perlbn : that men and women 
 ought to be grave and plain in their apparel, fober, and juft in their whole con- 
 vcrlation, honelt and pundual in all their dealings ; and not to fwear, or fight, or 
 bear any carnal weapons for that end. • 
 
 FRIEND (Dr. John) a very learned phyfician and elegant writer, was born in 
 the year 1675, at Croton in Northamptonlhire; of which parifh his father, a man 
 of learning, piety, and integrity, was redlor. He was educated firft at Wcftmin- 
 fter-fchool, under the famous Dr. Bufby, and afterwards at Chrift-church college 
 in Oxford, where he made a rapid progrefs in his ftudies. In 1696 he publilhed, 
 in conjundtion with Mr. P. Foulkes, an edition of two Greek orations, with a 
 new Latin verfion. About this time, he began to apply himfelf to the fludy of 
 phyfic ; and how foon he became a proficient in tliat Icience, appeared from a let- 
 ter of his, in 1699, ^^ ^^' Sloane, concerning an Hydrocephalus ; as alio from ano- 
 cpiftle to the fame gentleman, containing the hiftory of an extraordinary convulfio'n ; 
 both which were inferted in the Philofophical Tranfadlions. In 1703 he publilhed 
 his Emmenologia, a work that gained him the highefl: reputation. The next year 
 he was chgfenprof«flbrof chemirtry intheuniverficy ofOxford iand in 1705 he atten- 
 ded 
 
 • Cofjitl iccoriiiig 10 St. John, Chap. I. v. 9,
 
 F R O B I S E R, 331 
 
 ded the earl'of Peterborough to Spain, as phyfician to the army. On his return home, 
 rn 1707, he publilhed an account of the earl's conduiT: in that expedition ; and in 
 July the fdme year he was created dodor of pliyfic by diploma. In 1709 came ouc 
 his " Chemical Lcdures, in which alniolt all the operations of Chemilirv aie re- 
 duced to their true principles and the laws of Nature." In 1712 he waselefted a mem- 
 ber of the Royal Society, and foon after attended the duke of Ormond into Flan- 
 ders, as his phyfician. In 1716 he was chofen fellow of the college of phyficians. 
 The fame year he publifhed the firft and third books of Hippocrates de Morbis 
 Popularibus, to which he added a Commentary on Fevers, written by himfelf. 
 This piece gave occafion to a violent controverfy between him and Dr. Woodward, 
 profeffor of phyfic in Grefham-college. 
 
 On the 7th of March, 17 17, he read the Gulftonian ledure in the college of phy- 
 ficians; and on the iSthot Odlober, 1720, pronounced the anniverfary oration be- 
 fore that learned body, which was afterwards publifhed and highly applauded. In 
 the year 1722 he was ele(fled member of parliament for the borough of Launceftori 
 in Cornwall, when joining with the party that oppofed the meafures of government, 
 and being fufpedted of having a hand in bilTiop Atterbury's plot, he was com- 
 mitted to the Tower on a charge of treafon ; but was foon after releafed. It was 
 during his confinement in that place, that he wrote a Latin epiftle to Dr. Mead 
 concerning fome particular kind of fmall-pox, and laid the plan of his celebrated 
 Hiftory of Phyfic, the firfl: part of which was publifhed in i7Z5, and the fecond in 
 the year following. U[)on the accefllon of his late majefty to the throne, he was' 
 appointed phyfician in ordinary to the queen, who honoured him with a great fharc 
 of her confidence and efteem. He died of a fever at London, the 26th of July, 
 1728, in the fifty-third year of his age. His body was interred at Hitcham in 
 Buckinghamfhire; and a monument was erefted to him in Weftminfter-abbey. Her 
 majefty exprefled the utmoft concern at his death, and, in confideration of his great 
 merit, fettled a penfion upon his widow. Dr. Wigan publiflied his Latin works 
 together in folio, in the year 1733. 
 
 Dr. Friend's charafter is fet off to great advantage in theHarveian oration fpoken 
 by Dr. Edward Wilmot in 1735 -, in which he is reprefented as a deep philofopher, 
 a learned phyfician, an elegant writer, and an ornament to fociety, as being viry 
 honeft, and very humane, ever defirous of doing good, and communicating know- 
 ledo-e to the utmoft extent of his power, 
 
 FROBISER, or FORBISHER (Sir Martin) a famous Englifli navigator and 
 (ea-officer, was born near Doncafter in York (hire, and was early bread to the fea. 
 He was the firft Knglifiiman who attempted to find a north weft paflage to China; 
 and in 1576, with two barks and a pinnace, undertook a voyage for That purpofc. 
 After difcovering the Streights that bear his name, and feveral other places for- 
 merly unknown, he returned to England without fucceeding in his defign. The 
 next year he made a fecond voyage, in which he difcovered and gave names to fe- 
 veral bays and ides, and found a confidcrable quantity of gold ore. Soon after, 
 he undertook a third voyage, but meeting with many diflicultics, was obliged to 
 return without being able to find out the wiHied-for paflage. In 1585 he com- 
 manded the Aid in Sir Frances Drake's expedition to the Wcft-Indiej, in which the 
 towns of St. Domingo, St. Jago, and Carthagena, were taken. In 1588 he bravely 
 exerted himfelf againft the Spanifli armada, having the command of the fourth 
 fquadron of the Englifli fleet; and as a reward for his diftinguiflied gallantry on 
 that occafion, was knighted at fea by the lord high admiral. In 1592 he was di(- 
 
 patched
 
 332 
 
 GARDINER. 
 
 patched with a fquadron to the coaft of Spain, in order to lie in wait for the Spa- 
 nifh carracks from the Eaft Indies; and in 1394 was fent with four men of war to 
 the afTiftance of Henry IV. of France againft a body of the Leaguers and Spaniards, 
 who had ftrongly fortihed them'.elves at Croyzon near Brefl: ; but in an aflault upon 
 tliat fort, on the 7th of November, Sir Martin was unfortunately wounded with a 
 ball in the hip or fide, of which woumi he died foon after the fleet arrived at Ply- 
 mouth. He was a man of great courage, experience, and conduft, but fomewhat 
 harfh and violent. 
 
 GARDINER, (Stepkex) birtiop of Winchelter, and chancellor of England, was 
 born at St. Edmund"s-Bury in Suffolk, and educated at Trinity-hall, Cambridge. 
 He afterwards applied himfclf to the ci\il and canon law, and became fecretary to 
 cardinal Wolfey. In 152 «; he was, by an accident, at once admitted into the king's 
 nrefence and favour. Wolky having proje*fted the treaty of alliance with Francis I. 
 employed his fecretary to draw up the plan of it; and king Henry VIII. coming 
 to his houfe at Moor-Fark in Hertfordfhire, found Gardiner bufy at this work. The 
 king liked his performance extremely well ; was pleafcd with his converfation, and 
 immediately toox him into favour. In 1528 his majetly fent him, in conjuncftion 
 with Edward Fox, provoft of King's college, Cambridge, to the court of Rome, 
 to Iblicit a divorce from queen Catharine of Arragon. Upon his return from thence, 
 he was raited to the archde<iConry of Norfolk ; and the king, having conftantoccafion 
 for his fcrvice, appointed him fecretary of ftate. In 153 i he was confecrated bilhop 
 of Wincheftcr ; and in 1533 ^^ ^"'^ ^^^- J^onnc were lent over to Marfeilles, where 
 there was an interview between the French king and the pope, and there they no- 
 tified to his holinefs king Henry's appeal to a general council from any papel fcn- 
 tence that either was or might be given againft him, Gardiner, at his return home, 
 was called upon, with the other bilhops, to acknowledge and defend the king's 
 fupremacy ; which he did in a treatife entitled De Vera Obedientias. He was af- 
 terwards employed in fcvcral other negociations. He had a fhare in the divorce of 
 Anne of Cleves, and that of queen Catharine Howard ; and upon the death of 
 Cromwell earl of EfTex, in 1540, was eleded chancellor of the univerfity of Cam- 
 bridge. He was concerned in a plot to ruin archbilhop Cranmer, which being dif- 
 covcred by the king, his majefty, fully convinced of that prelate's innocence, left 
 all his enemies to his mercy; but the archbilliop generouHy forgave them. After 
 this, the king confuting with bilhop Gardiner, upon fome fufpicions he entertained 
 of queen Catharine Parr, as being inclined to herrfy, he fo artfully inflamed thefe 
 jealoufies, as to perfuade Henry to fign a paper of articles agjinft her, and it was 
 ac^reed to fend her to the Tower: but chancellor Wriothefley, who was intrufled 
 ■with this paper, accidentally dropping it out of his bofom, it was immediately car- 
 ried to the queen, who fo wrought upon his majefty's affections as to difpel his fuf- 
 picions. Gardiner, by his condu"^ in this affair, entirely loft the favour of his fo- 
 vereign, which he could never afterwards retrieve. 
 
 Upon the acceffion of king Edward VI. in 1547, he oppofed the reformation to 
 the utmoft of his power ; and refufing to receive the Homilies, or pay obedience to 
 the vifitors appointed by the king, was in September committed cljfe prifoner to 
 the Fleet, where he continued 'till the 24th of December, when he was difcharged 
 by the aifl: of amnefty. He then repaired to his diocefe, but was foon after fum- 
 moncd toappear before the council, tor having oppofed the king's proceedings in re- 
 gard to the reformation : they ordered him not to fUr from his houle till he gave fa- 
 lisfadion in a fcrmon publicly preached before the king and court ; but he was fo far 
 
 ^rom
 
 G A R R I C K. 33J 
 
 from giving the fatisfaiflion demanded in this fermon, that the very next day he was 
 fent to the Tower, where he remained till the death of king Edward. In I55r 
 he was deprived of his bifhopric, for difobedience and contempt of the king's 
 authority. 
 
 Queen Mary fucceeding to the throne in 1353, Gardiner was not only reftored to 
 his libL-rty and bifhopric, but likewife advanced to the office of lord high chanceU 
 lor, and entrulted with the chief management of public affairs. On the ill of Oc- 
 tober he had the honour of crowning her majefty ; and in 1554 drew up the trea- 
 ty of marriage between Philip of Spain and Mary, lie now exerted hinifelf in 
 vigorous endeavours to reconcile the Englifh to the fee of Rome, and was deeply 
 concerned in thofe cruel perfccutions that were then carried on againll the protcf- 
 tants. He died on the ijih of November, 1555, being upwards of feventy years 
 of age; and was interred with great funeral pomp in the cathedral of Winchefler. 
 He was diftinguifhed for his extenfive learning, infiniiatin'r addrefs, and pro- 
 found policy ; but was of a proud, vindidlive, cruel difpofuion. Befides his tiea- 
 tilc De Vera Obedientia, he had a great hand in the famous book entitled, 'J he 
 nt-celiary Erudition of a Chriftian IMan ; and wrote fome other works. 
 
 GARRICK (DavidJ Efq. is of French extraflion, the family n.ime being Gar^ 
 rique. His grandfather was one of thofe fpirited Huguenots, who turned their 
 backs on their country, when Lewis XIV. revoked th- cilift of Nantfs. He came 
 over to England, with his wife and young child (Mr. Garrick's father, who af- 
 terwards died a major) and fettled at Hereford. Thus did the dread of Qavery, 
 and the love of religion, force Iiim, at an early age, from the united afFcdlions o£ 
 family and country. 
 
 Mr. Garrick was born in the city of Hereford, in 1717, and received the firft 
 rudiments of his education at the free-fchool of Litchfield, which he afterwards 
 compleated at Rochefter, under the celebrated Mr. CoJfon. In March 17,6, he 
 was entered of the honourable fociety of Lincoln's Inn, being intended for the bar. 
 But the crabbed fludy of the law not fuiting his a6live and lively difpofuion, he 
 foon quitted it •, and in 1741 made his firft appearance at the theatre in Goodman's- 
 ficlds. The character he firft reprcfeiited was that of king Richard HI, in which,, 
 like the fun burfting from behiiid an obfcure cloud, he djfplayed, in the 
 carl'.eft dawn, a fomewhat more than meridian brightnefs. In Ihort, his excellence 
 dazzled and aftonilhed every one j and the feeing a young man, in no more than 
 his twcnty-fourtli year, and a novice to the ftage, reaching at one fingle flep to that 
 height of perfedion which maturity of years and long praftical experience had 
 not been able to beftow on the then capital performers of the Englifti ftage, 
 was a phaenomenon which could not but become the objetl of uaiverlal fpecula- 
 tion, and as univerfal admiration. The rumour ot this bright ftar appearing in the 
 Eaft, flew with tlie rapidity of lightning through the town, and drew all the thea- 
 trical Magi thither to pay their devotions to ths new-born fon of genius -, the theatres 
 towards the court end of the town were deferred, perfons of all ranks flocking to- 
 Goodman's-fields, where Mr. Garrick continued to act till the clofc of the feafon ;. 
 when having very advantageous terms offered him for pertorming in Dublin during 
 tlie fummer, he went thither, where he found the fame juft homage paid to his 
 merit, which'he had received from his own countrymen. The enfuing winter he en- 
 gaged liimfelf to Mr. Fleetwood, manager of Drury-lane play-houfe, where he 
 continued till 1745, in the winter of -which year he again went over to Ireland, and 
 
 4 Q. retnai^-A
 
 n4 
 
 G A R T 11. 
 
 remained there during the whole of that feafon, being jo'int-manngcr with Mr. 
 ShcriJan ot the cheat:e-royal in Saiock-allcy. In 174'' he retiirneJ to England, and 
 engaged with the late Mr. Uich, patenti-e of Covent-Gardtn. In the clulc of 
 that tcalon, Mr. Garrick, in conjunction with Mr. La'y, purchalcd the property ot' 
 Drury-Lane theatre, together with the renovation ot the patent ; and in the winter of 
 I747,.0!xrned it with tiie beft part of Mr. Fleetwood's forincr company, and the 
 pre.i: add.timial ilrcnyth of Mr. Harry, Mrs. Pritchard, and Mrs. Cibber from 
 Co'ent-Garden. In this ftation Mr. Garrick continued till the year 1776, when, 
 loaded with fame and wealth, he difpofrd of his Ihare of the patent tor the fum 
 of thirty-fix thuuland p')U(ids. 
 
 *' Mr. Garrick ir; his pt-rfon is low, yet vvell-fliaped and neatly proportioned; 
 and, having .iddcd the qu.dificatioiis of dancing and fencing to that natural gen- 
 tility of manner, whiih n.) art can bcll'jw, but which our great mother nature en- 
 dows m mv w.th, even trom infancy, his deportment is conllantiy eafy, natural 
 and engaging. His complexion is dark, and the features of his iace, which are 
 pleafiiigly regular, are animated by a full black eye, brilliant and penetrating. 
 His voice is clear, melodious and commanding; and from his judicious manner of 
 conducing it, enjoys that articulation and piercini^ dillinctnefs, which renders it 
 equally intelligible, even to the moft dillant parts of an audience, in the gentle 
 whilpers of murmuring love, the half-lmothercd accents of infelt palfion, or the 
 profelTed and fometimes aukward concealments of an afide fpeech in comedy, as 
 in the rants of rage, the darings of defpair, or all the open violence of tragical en- 
 thufiafm." 
 
 His fuperiority to all others in one branch of excellence, however, muft not 
 make us overlook the rank he is entitled to (land in as to another ; nor our remem- 
 brance of his being tlie//y? rtt7i5r living, induce us to forget, that he is far from 
 being the lall writer. Notwithftanding the numberlefs avocations attendant on his 
 profcfTion as an adtor, and his llation as a manager, yet ftill his aftive genius has 
 been perpetually burlUng forth in variousprcduflions both in the dramatic and poeti- 
 cal way. The prologues, epilogues, and longs, which he lias written, are almc^ft in- 
 numerable, and poficfs a degree of happinefs both in conception and execution, in 
 ■which he Hands unequalled. 
 
 GARTH (Sir Samuel) an excellent poet and phyfician, was defcended of a 
 good family in Yorkfliire. After he had paffed through his fchool education, he 
 was tranfplanted to Feter-Hcufe in the univcrfity of Cambridge, where he took 
 the degree of dodt )r of phyfic on the 7th of July, i6<)i. He then removed 
 to London, and his firft examination before the College of Phyficians was on the 
 12th of March, 1692; and he was admitted fellow the 26th of June following. 
 The 17th of September, 169;, he prcnounced a Latin oration before the college, 
 to the great fatisfanion of the auditors, and his own honour, as it is exprefied in the 
 regider ; and this orarion, whxh was foon after printed, is judly admired for the 
 elegante of the ftyie, and a beautiful elogium of king William which he has intro- 
 duced. The year before, he zealoufly promoted and encouraged the ercfting the 
 difpcnfary, which is an appartment in the college for the relief of the fick poor, by 
 giving them advice gratis, and difpenfing medicines to jhem at very low rates. 
 This wurk of charity having expofed hiin and many other phyficians to the envy and 
 refentment of feveral pcrfons of the fame faculty, as well as apothecaries, occafioned 
 him t') ridicule them with peculiar f[)irit and vivacity, in a poem called the Difpenfary, 
 in fix cantos ; which, though an incorreft copy of it firfl ftole in a manner into 
 the world in the year 1691;, yet, in a few months, pafied through three imprcflion'-, 
 
 and
 
 GARTH. 
 
 3?5 
 
 anJ was afterwards printed feveral times, with a dedication to Anthony Henlfv, 
 Elc] ; and commendatory verf.s prefixed to it by Mr. Charles Boyle, afterwards earl 
 of Orrery, colonel Chriftopher Codrington, Thomas Cheek, Lfq ; and colonel 
 Henry Blount. Upon the publication of this poem, univerfally admired as it wa";, 
 it met with fome criticifms upon it •, the principal of which was, that the fury, 
 iJifcale, is an improper machine to recite chambers and recommmd the example 
 of pretent writers. But, to juftify this, he had the authority of fome Greek and 
 Latin poets upon parallel inllances : and it is to be confidered, that Difeafe is re- 
 prefented a fury as well as Envy; fhe is imagined to be forced by an incantation 
 Irom her reccls ; and to be revenged on the exorcift, mortifies him with an intro- 
 <du6tion of feveral perlbns eminent in an accomplifliment he has made fome advan- 
 ces in. It was objeiffcd likewife, that our poet had imitated the Lutrin of Boileau ; 
 ■but he declared that he had copied that excellent writer in notliing but in two or 
 three lines in the complaint of Moleire, in the fecond canto of the Lutrin, and in 
 one in the firft. The fixch edition contained feveral defcriptions and epiibdes not 
 printed in any of the preceding •, and the poem both loft and gained in every edi- 
 tion ; almoft every thing which the author left out being a robbery from rhe public, 
 and every thing he added a new embellifliment to the work. This poem grtatly 
 railed his reputation; which, together with his great learning and abilities in his 
 profelTion, his politenefs, agreeable converfation, and good humour, procured him very 
 extenlive praflice, and gained him the friendfliip andefteem of molt of the nobility 
 and gentry of both fexes. He was one of the moft eminent members of a famous 
 fociety called the Kit-Kat-Club, which confifted of above thirty noblemen and 
 gentlemen, diftinguiflied by their excellent parts and affeffion to the proteltant fuc- 
 ceiTion in the Houfe of Hanover. And he made a confiderable figure among the 
 members of his own College of Phyficians, of which he was eledfed, on the third 
 of Odtober i 702, one of the cenfors. He was in particular favour and elleeni 
 with the duke of Marlborough, whole difgrace and voluntary exile he lamented in 
 a fine copy of verfes. In 1711 he wrote an elegant Latin dedication, for an in- 
 tended edition of Lucretius, to George I. then Eleftor of Brunfwick •, upon whofe 
 arcefiion to the thror>e he had the honour of knighthood conferred upon him with 
 the duke of Marlborough's fword. He was likewife made phylician in ordinary to 
 his majefty, and phyfician general to the army. j 
 
 As his own merit procured him great interefl: with thofe in power, fo his 
 humanity and good-nature inclmed him to make ufe of that interefb rather for the 
 fupport and encouragement of other men of letters and genius, than for the ad- 
 vancement of his own fortune. Mr. Pope, in one of his letters, gives him the 
 charaifler of the beft-natured of men, and tells us, " that his death was very he- 
 roical, and yet unaffbcfted enough to have made a faint or a philofopher famous. 
 But ill tongues, and worfe hearts," adds he, " have branded even his lall mo- 
 ments, as wrongfully as they did his life, with irreligion. You muft have heard 
 many tales on this fubje6>. But if ever there was a good chriftian without knowing 
 himfelf to be fo, it was Dr. Garth." He died on the i8th of Jan. 1718-19, and 
 was interred on the 22d of the fame month in the church of Harrow on the Hili, 
 in a vault built by himfelf for the interment of his family. 
 
 He wrote feveral other poems befides thofe abovementioned, particularly, Clare- 
 n-jont, addreflTed to the earl of Clare, afterwards duke of Newcaille, and printed 
 in the year 1715 : to the lady Louifa Lenox, with Ovid's fc.piftles : to the cail of 
 iiurlington, with Ovid's Arc of Love : a tr'anfiation of the fourteenth book of 
 •'-J. Ovid's
 
 336 GAY. 
 
 Ovid's Metamorpliofes, and of the {\ory of Cippus in the fifteenth book : a pro- 
 logue to Mr. Rowc's I ameriane : a prologue to the mufic meeting in Yurk-Huild- 
 iiK's : a prologue at the opening of the Theatre in the Hay-market: epilogue to 
 Mr. Addifon's Cato : and vcrles on lady CarliQe, lady FfTex, lady Hyde, and 
 lady Wharton, printed amongnhe vcrfes \Aiitten for the toailing-glaflcs of tiie Kit- 
 Kat-Club, in 1703, and pCifchflied in the fifth volume of Drydcn's Mifcellanics. 
 He left an only daughter, who was married to colonel William Boyle. 
 
 GASCOICNE (Sir William) lord chief juftice of the King's Bench, was 
 born at Gawthrop, in Yorkiliire, about the year 1350, and being bred to the law, 
 was in 1398 made one of the king's ferjeants. On the acccfTion of Henry IV. in 
 1299, he fat as judge in the court of Common-pleas, and in November 1401 was 
 appointed chief juftice of the King's Bench. Me diftin'guifhed himfclf by his inte- 
 grity, loyalty, and inflexible juflice, and particularly by a memorable tranfadtion 
 in the latter end of this king's reign. A lervant of the prince of Wales, after- 
 wards Henry V. being arraigned for felony at the bar of the King's Bench, the 
 prince, his mafter, halted to the court, and not only ordered Sir William to rcleafc 
 him, but even attempted his refcue. Being oppofed by the lord chief juftice, who 
 commanded him to leave the prifoner and depart, he ruflied with fury up to the 
 bench, and ftruck the judge while lie was fating in the execution ot his office. Upon 
 which Sir William, after fome grave expollulations on this outrage and unwarran- 
 table interruption of the courfe of juftice, ordered the prince to be feized and com- 
 mitted to pnfon, there to wait his father's pltafure ; and the royal youth was lb 
 ft ruck with the reproof, that he fubmittcd to that difgraceful punifhment with a 
 calmncfs as fudden and furprizing as the offence which occafioned it. When this 
 affair was reported to the king, he exclaimed, in a tranfport of joy, " Happy is 
 the king who has a magiftrate endowed with courage to execute the laws up^n fuch - 
 an offender ; and ftill more happy in having a fon who will fo peaceably fubmit 
 to fuch chaftifement !" '1 his adion had a happy effedt on the prince, who had 
 for fome time led a diffolutc life; but he now reformed his condudt, and being foon 
 after raifed to the throne, was far from (hewing the Icaft refertment againft Sir 
 William Gafcoigne, who was called to the parliament which met in the firft 
 year of his reign, but died before the expiration of that year, on the J7th of 
 December, 1413. 
 
 GAY (John) an excellent F.nglifh poet, defcended from an antlent family in 
 the county of Devon, was born near Barnftaple in i6b'8, and educated at the free- 
 Ichool there ; after which he was bound apprentice to a filk-meicer in London ; 
 but he not liking that employment, his mafter, for a (mall confideration, willingly 
 gave him up his indentures. Having thus procured his freedom from (crvitude, 
 he followed the courfe of life to which he was drawn by his genius and inclination, 
 and applied himfclf to poetry. In 1712 he was appointed fccretary to the dochcfs 
 of Monmouth ; in which Ration he produced his celebrated poem called Trivia, 
 or the Art of walking the Streets ; and in 1714 came out his pafto;als, entitled The 
 Shepherd's Week. 1 he moft promifing views now operied to him at court; he 
 was careffed by fome leading perfons in the miniftry, and his patronefs rejoiced to 
 fee him taken from her houl'e to attend the earl of CiarendoB, as fecretary in his 
 embaffy to the court of Hanover ; but his hopes, with relpect to this new advance- 
 Sficntj began and ended altnott together -, for queen Ai?ne ditd within fifteen days 
 
 after
 
 GAY 337 
 
 after his arrival at Hanover, Soon after his return to England, he wrote his ex- 
 cellent farce called the What d'ye call it, the profits of which brought feme ufcful 
 recruits to his fortune ; and his poetical merits being endeared by the fweetnefs and 
 fincerity of his temper, procured him an eafy accefs to perfonsof the firft diftindion. 
 Jn 1720 he again recruited his purfe by ahandfome fubfcription to his Poems, which 
 he coUefted and printed in two volumes, quarto; but falling into the general infa- 
 tuation of that remarkable year, he loft all his fortune by the South-Sea fcheme. 
 This unexpec^led calamity had fuch an efFeft upon his fpirits, that he was fcized 
 with a violent colic, and after languilhing fome time, removed to Hampftead for 
 the benefit of the air and waters ; but he at length recovertfd, and in 1724 finifhtd 
 his tragedy of the Captives, which he had the honour of reading from the manu- 
 fcript to her royal highnefs the princefs of Wales, afterwards queen Caroline, who 
 promifed him further marks of her favour, if he would write fome fables in verfe 
 for the ufe of the duke of Cumberland. This tafk lie accordingly undertook, and 
 publilhed his Fables in 1726, with a dedication to that prince. Upon the accefllon 
 of his late majclly, he was offered the place of gentleman-ufher to the youngeft 
 princefs Louifa ; a poll: which he thought unworthy of his acceptance, and there- 
 fore declined. In November 1727, his Beggar's Opera made its appearance on 
 the llage, and was received with greater applaufe than had ever been fhewn to 
 any former dramatic performance ; for, befides being afted in London fixty-thrce 
 evenings without interruption, and renewed the next feafon with fuccefs, it was 
 reprefented fifty times at Bath and Briftol, thirty or forty times in moll of the othej? 
 great towns of England, and made its progrefs into Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Minorca. The ladies carried about with them the favourite fongs of it in fans, 
 and fcreens were decorated with the fame. Mifs Fenton, who afled Polly, 
 though 'till then obfcure, became all at once the idol of the town •, her pidures 
 were engraved, and fold in great numbers; her life written ; books of letters and 
 verles to her publilhed, and p.imphlets made of her fayings and jells ; and to 
 crown the whole, after being the mother of fcveral ante-nuptial children, Ihe ob- 
 tained the title and rank of a duchefs by marriage. The profits of this piece 
 were fo very great, both to the author and Mr. Rich, the manager, that it gave 
 rife to a quibble which became frequent in the mouths of many, viz. " that it had 
 made Rich gay, and Gay rich" and it has been afferted, that the author's own 
 advantages from it uere not lefs than two thoufand pounds. 
 
 The unparalleled fuccefs of the Beggar's Opera encouraged Mr, Gay to write 
 a fequel to it, which he entitled Polly ; but this piece, when every thing was in 
 readincfs for the rehearfal of it at the theatre, was prohibited by tiie lord Cham- 
 berlain. This difappointment, however, was far from being a lofs to the author, 
 for, as it was afterwards confefled by his beft friends to be in every refpeft in- 
 finitely inferior to the firft part, it rs very probable that it might have failed of that 
 great fuccefs in the reprefentation v/hich Mr. Gay might promife himfclf from it, 
 whereas the profits arifing from the publication of it, in confcquence of a very 
 large fubfcription, were (it it faid) more than adequate to what could have ac- 
 crued to him from a moderate run, had it been reprefented. Mr. Gay was now 
 taken into the patronage of the duke and duchefs of Qiveen (berry, who treated 
 him with a kindnefs that does honour to their memory. He died at ti-.eir houfe 
 in Burlington Gardens, in December 1732, and was interred in Weftminfte';- 
 Abbcy, where a handfome monument wa$ creeled to him at tlie expcnce of his 
 two noble patrons, with an infcripcion exprcflive of their regards, and his own 
 
 4 R racritSj
 
 338 GILPIN. 
 
 merits, and the following epitaph written by Mr. Pope, who had the warmeft 
 
 friendfliip for him : 
 
 " Of manners gentle, of afFe(5tions mild, 
 
 " In wit a man, fimplicity a child ; 
 
 *' Above temptation in a low eftate, 
 
 *' And uncorrupted ev'n among the great ; 
 
 " A fafe companion, and an eafy friend, 
 
 *' Umblam'd through life, lamented in thy end ; 
 
 " Thefe are thy honours ! not that here thy bud 
 
 " Is mixt with heroes, or with kings thy dull, 
 
 " But that the worthy and the good fhall fay, 
 
 " Striking their penfive bofoms— " Here lies Gat." 
 
 3efides the works already mentioned, Mr. Gay wrote the DiRiefl: Wife, a co- 
 ■ ■medy; Achilles, an opera ; the Wife of Bath, a comedy, &c. 
 
 GILPIN (Bernard) the famous northern apoftle, was delcended of an ancient 
 and honourable family, and was born at Kentmire in Weflmoreland in the year 
 1517. In 1533 he was admitted a fcholar of Queen's college, Oxford, and foon be- 
 came a diftinguifhed difputant in the fchools. On the 21ft of March, 1541, he took 
 the degree of mafter of arts, and was about the fame time cledbed fellow of his col- 
 lege, being much beloved for the fweetncfs of his dirpofition and unaffedted fin- 
 <erity of his manners. After the foundation of Chrilt-church college in Oxford 
 was completed by Henry VIII. he was chofen one of its firft mafters. As he had 
 been educated in the Romifli religion, he yet adhered to that church -, and in defence 
 >of its tenets, while he refuted at Oxford, held a difputation againft Dr. Hooper, 
 afterwards bifhop of Glocefler, and martyr for the proteftant faith. But in the 
 reign of Edward VI. holding a difputation with the famous Peter Martyr, he was 
 ftaggcred, and therefore began more carefully to ftudy the fcriptures and the wri- 
 tings of the fathers, thinking to confirm himfelf in his received opinions by ftrong- 
 cr arguments : but his inquiries foon cooled his zeal for popery, and he at length 
 began to be fenfible that there were many enormous abufes in that religion, and 
 to think a reformation neccflary. In 1552, by the perfuafion of his friends, he was 
 induced, againft his will, to accept of the vicarage of Norton, in the diocefe of 
 Durham ; and this being a grant from king Edward VI. he was appointed to preach 
 before his majefty, who was then at Greenwich. His fermon w^s greatly approved*, 
 and recommended him to the notice of many perfons of rank, particularly to Sir 
 Francis Uuflcl and Sir Robert Dudley, afterwards earls of Bedford and Leicefter, 
 and to fecretary Cecil, afterwards lord Burleigh, who procured for him the king's 
 licence for a general preacher during his majclty's life. Thus honoured, he went 
 to his parifli, entered upon the duties of it, and, as occafion required, made ufe of 
 the king's licence in other parts of the country. But here he foon grew uneafy; 
 and being fcarcely fettled in fome of his religious opinions, found the country over- 
 fpread with popifh doftrines, the errors of which he was unable to oppofe; he 
 therefore refigncd his living, and went abroad to converfe with the molt eminent 
 divines of both perfuafions. 
 
 * It was printed at London In 15S1, and again in 163a. 
 
 Aftcf
 
 C I L P I M. 
 
 J39 
 
 After an abfence of three years, which he chiefly pafled at Louvain, having fa- 
 tisfied his conicience in the general doftrines of the Reformation, he returned to 
 England, and was kindly received by his uncle, Dr. Tonftall, bilhop of Durham 
 who foon after promoted him to the archdeaconry of Durham, to which the reiftory 
 of Eafington was annexed. He immediately repaired to his parifli, where, not- 
 •withftanding the perlecution was then at its height, he boldly preached agaiiill: tlie 
 vices, errors, and corruptions of the times, efpecially in the clergy-, upon v/hich a 
 charge confifling of thirteen articles was drasvn up agiinft him, and prefcnted ia 
 form to the bifhop. But Dr. Tonftallfound means to dilmifs the caule in fuch a man- 
 ner as to proteft his nephew without enda .gering himfclf, and foon after conferred 
 upon him the valuable rectory of PT jughton-le-Spring, on his refignation of the 
 archdeaconry of Durham. Mr. Gilpin was a fecond time accufcd to the bilhop, 
 and again protedted by that prelate. His enemies, enraged at this fecond defeat, 
 laid their complaint before Dr. Bonner, bifhop of London, who immediately gave 
 others for apprehending him. Upon which Mr. Gilpin bravely prepared for mar- 
 tyrdom, and ordering his houfe-fteward to provide him a long garment, that he 
 m'ght make a decent appearance at the ftake, fet out guarded for London. It is 
 faid that in the journey he happened to break his leg, which occafioned fome delay -, 
 however that be, it is certain that the news of queen Mary's death met him on the 
 road, and he was kt at liberty. 
 
 His parifliioners, on his return to Houghton, received him with the fincerefl: joy. 
 The living was worth about four hundred pounds per annum, which at that time 
 was a great revenue; but the duty was proportionably laborious; the parifh con- 
 taining no lefs than fourteen villages. The parfonage-houfe being reduced to decay, 
 he fitted it up, improved and enlaiged it, till it became fuitable to the hofpitality 
 he was refolved to keep in it. Every fortnight he ufed in his family forty bufliels 
 of corn, twenty bufliels of malt, and a whole ox, befides a propoitionable quan- 
 tity of other provifions. Every Thurfdav a large quantity of meat was d re/Ted for 
 the poor, and every day they had as much broth as they pleafed. Twenty-four of 
 the poorefl; were hisconftant penfioners. Four times in the year a dinner was pro- 
 vided for them, when tlicy received from his lleward a quantity of corn, and a fura 
 of nnoney ; and atChrillmas an ox was always divided among them. Every Sunday 
 from Michaelmas to Eafterwas a public day with him, on which heexpefted to fee 
 all his parifhioners and their families, for whofe entertainment he had three tables 
 well covered; the firft for gentlemen, the fecond for hufbandmen, and the third 
 for day-labourers. Strangers and travellers found a cheerful reception ; all that 
 came were welcome guefts, and even their beafts had I'uch care taken of them, 
 that it was humoroufly faid, " If a hoi fe was turned loofe in any part of the country, 
 it would immediately make its way to the redtor of Houghton's." 
 
 To thofe who know, that, before the Reformation, hofpitality was the boafl of 
 the Romifli clergy, the prudence of this part of his conduct will appear in its pro- 
 per light ; and the relt was agreeable to it. His behaviour was free, witliout levity ; 
 obliging, without meanncfs ; infinuating, without art; and to his humanity and 
 affability he added an unwearied application to the immediate duties of his fuiidion. 
 No: fatisfied with preaching in public, he diredted his parifhioners to come to him 
 with thjeir doubts and difhculties; he endeavoured to form the youth to virtue; in- 
 •lerpofed in all actsof opprefTion ; was afTiduous in preventing law-luit?, and recon- 
 «ciling tliofe who quarrelled, and fliewed fuch a heart-felt concern for all under 
 affli'^tion, that they confidtred him as a good angel. But even this was not all ; 
 
 notwithftandtn^
 
 340 
 
 GOLDSMITH. 
 
 notwithftanding the extent of his parifli, obferving the ignorance and fuperfticion 
 that prevailed around it, he thought the iphere of his benevolence too confined, and 
 therefore preached every year in the moll ncglefled parifties in Northumberland, 
 Yorkfliire, Chefliire, Weftmorcland, and Cumberland. Wherever he came he 
 ufedto vifit the jails, few of which had then an appointed niinilter-, and by his la- 
 bours and affectionate behaviour, he is faid to have reformed many abandoned 
 wretches. Me would likewife employ his interefl: for fuch criminals whofe cafes he 
 thought were attended with hard circumflances, and often procured their pardon. 
 I-le built and endowed a grammar fchool at Houghton, the place of his rclidence, 
 Tliis worthy and excellent divine, who merited and obtaineti the glorious titles 
 of the Fathc'rof the Hoor, and the Apolflc of the North, died on tiie 4ih of March, 
 J583, in the fixty-fixih )ear of his age. 
 
 GOLDSMITH (Dr. Oliver) a late ingenious and celebrated author, was born 
 at Rolcommon in Ireland, in 1731. His father, who was a gentleman of a fmall 
 eftate, had nine fons, of whom Oliver was the third. He received a good clafTical 
 education, and was intended for holy orders. With this view he was fent with 
 his brother Henry to Trinity-college, Dublin, where he obtained a bachelor's de- 
 gree : but his brother's merit, on leaving the college, not being rewarded with any 
 preferment in the church, our author was advifed to the ihidy of phyfic, which 
 he commenced, by attending fcveral courfes of anatomy in Dublin. In the year 
 17/^1 he left Dublin and went to Edinburgh, where he profecuted the fludy of me- 
 dicine under feveral celebrated profelTors of that univerfity ; but he had not re- 
 fided long in Scotland, before he began to feel the ill effefts of his unbounded be- 
 nevolence ; and he was at length abfolutcly obliged to leave the country, in order to 
 avoid a prifon ; for he had bound himfelf to pay a larger fum for a friend, than the 
 narrownefs of his finances would enable him to difcharge. It was in the beginning 
 of the year i7;;4, that he quitted Edinburgh ; but he had no fooner reached Sun- 
 derland, than he was arrelted for the amount of his bond : from this diHrefs how- 
 ever he was happily relieved by the humanity of Dr. Sleigh and Mr. Laughlin 
 Macklane. The debt being difcharged, he embarked on board a Dutch veffcl, 
 bound for Rotterdam, in which place he continued but a fhort time, and then wenc 
 to Bruffels. He now made the tour of a confiderable part of Flanders, took the 
 degree of bachelor of phyfic at Louvain, and thence went through Switzerland to 
 Geneva, in company with an Englifh gentleman, whom he had made an acquaint- 
 ance with in thecourfe of his travels in Flanders. When our poet failed from Eng- 
 land, he was almoft deftitute of money, ib that he was under a necefTity of travc}- 
 ling on foot, or declining a journey in which hepromifed himfelf much fatisfaftion, 
 from a review of the cuftoms and manners of different countries. Mr. Goldfmith 
 was at this period in good health, poffefTing aftrengthof conftitution, and a vigour 
 of mind, which bid defiance to danger and fatigue. He was a tolerable proficient 
 in the French language, and played on the German flute with a degree of taftc 
 fomething above mediocrity. Ihus qualified, he travelled on, anxious to gratify 
 his curiofity, and doubtful of the means of fubfiftence ; his clafTical knowledge,, 
 however, afforded him occafional entertainment in the religious houfes ; while his 
 mufical talents continued to feed and lodge hjm among the merry poor of Flanders, 
 dec. The dodor, in relating the hiftory of this part of his travels, would fay, 
 " When I approached a peafant's houfe in the evening, I played one of my molt 
 merry tunes -, which procured mc not only a lodging, but fubfillencc fur the fol- 
 lowing 
 
 I
 
 GOLDSMITH. 34! 
 
 lowing day : but I mufl; own, that when I attempted to entertain perfons of a 
 higher rank, they always thought my performance coniemptible, nor ever made me 
 any return for my endeavours to plcafe them." 
 
 Dr. Goldfmith had not been long at Geneva, when a young fellow arrived there, 
 to whim he was recommended as a tutor, m his travels through the reit of Lurope. 
 This youth having had a large fortune left him by his uncle (a pawnbroker in 
 London) refolved to improve himfelf by travel ; bur, as avarice was his ruling 
 pafllon, he faw little more of the ruriofities of the continent than what is tj be 
 feen without expence. He was contintially remarking how extravagant were the 
 expences of travelling, and perpetually contriving methods of retrenching them; 
 fo that it is not to be wondered if our author and his pupil foon parted, which thry 
 did at Marfeilles, where the latter embarked for England, happy to fave money rather 
 than to gain knowledge. '1 here was st this time but a fmall balance due to Goldin ith, 
 who was once more left to Itruggle with adverfity. He n,)w wandered alone 
 through the greater part of France, till, having gratified his curiofry, and fuffici- 
 cntly experienced thofe inconveniencies attending the alnvjft pennylels traveller, he 
 failed for England, and arriving at Dover towards the end of the yeai 1758, haf- 
 tened immediately to London, where he found himfelf a perfeft (Irangcr, with 
 fcarce a (hilling in his pocket. Thus fituated, he began to be exrr^mely u leafy. 
 His friend, Dr. Sleigh, now refided in LonJon ; Goldl'mith enqu red him one, 
 and was received with every mark of friendfhip and elleem. An offer was now 
 made him of the place of ufher at Dr. Milner's Academy at Peckham ; and this 
 he eagerly accepted, unwilling to fubfift on the bounty of Dr. Sleigh. 
 
 About this period, he wrote fome criticifms for the IVlonchly Review ; which 
 meeting with hikh approbation, Mr. Griffiths (the proprietor) engaged him to fu- 
 perintend that publication ; he therefore repaired to London, and commenced 
 author in form. This was in the year 1759, when he wrote a few pieces for the 
 bookfellers ; and though his pay was, as it deferved to be, greater than that of 
 many other writers, it was ncverthelefs very difproportionate to the merit of fuch 
 a writer as Dr. Goldfmith. He now became acquainted with the late Mr. John 
 Newbery, who being a proprietor of the Public Leiiger, our poet was engaged 
 as a writer in that paper, tlien newly eftablifhed, in which he publifhed a ferics 
 of valuable letters, that have been fince printed in volumes, under the tide of 
 the Citizen of the World. With the publication of h's excellent poem cdleJ 
 the Traveller, our author's literary fame began to incrcafe very faft, and it was 
 eftabliflied by the appearance of the Vicar of Wakefi.ld; for he was now equally 
 and jurtly elleemed both as a poet and novelift; he had been before lojked upon 
 as a good critic, and he afterwards fhone as an ingenious hiftorian, as his Hif- 
 tory of England, Hiftory of the Earth and animated Nature, &c. abundantly 
 teflify. The Vicar of Wakefield was fucceeded by his comedy of the Good- 
 natured Man, which was performed with tolerable fuccefs at Covent-Garden thea- 
 tre. The next piece of any confequence that our author prcfented the world 
 with, was his Deferted Village, a poem abounding in nature, truth, and clegmce. 
 His laft comedy. She Stoops to Conquer, was adted wi h great fuccefs in the 
 year 1773. He died at his chambers in the lemple, on the 4th of April, 
 
 1774- 
 
 Soon after Dr. Goldlmith's death, a poem was publifhed under the title of 
 Retaliation, which owed its origin to the following circumftance : the dodor 
 belonged to a club of wits, who met occafionaliy at the St. James's CofFee- 
 
 4 S houfe ;
 
 542 GOLDSMITH. 
 
 houfe ; and a member of the fociety having propofed to write epitaphs on out 
 poet, the doftor was called upon for Retaliation, in confcquence of which he 
 wrote, and produced at the next meeting of the club, the above-mentioned poem ; 
 in which (among a few others) are the following charafterillical epitaphs: 
 
 Mr. Edmund Burke, the celebrated Orator. 
 
 HERE lies our good Edmund, wiiofe genius was fuch, 
 
 \\'c Icarccly can praife it, or blanie it too much -, 
 
 Who, born for the univerfe, narrow'd his mind. 
 
 And to party gave up, what was meant for mankind : 
 
 'J'ho' fraught with all learning, kept {training his throat. 
 
 To perfuade * Dicky Whitworth to lend him a vote •, 
 
 Who, too deep for his hearers, ftill went on refining. 
 
 And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining ; 
 
 'i'ho equal to all things for all things unfit, 
 
 Too nice for a ftatel'man, too proud for a wit : 
 
 For a patriot too cool, for a drudge difobedient ; 
 
 And too fond of the right to purfue the expedient. 
 
 In Ihorc, 'twas his fate, unemploy'd, or in place. Sir, 
 
 To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 
 
 Mr. Cumberland, the Dramatic Writer. 
 
 HERE Cumberland lies, having afted his parts 9 
 The Terence of England, the mender of hearts -, 
 A flattering painter, who made it his care 
 To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are» 
 His gallants are all faultlefs, his women divine, 
 And comedy wonders at being fo fine -, 
 Like a tragedy queen he has dizen'd her our, 
 Or rather like tragedy giving a rout. ^ 
 
 His fools have their follies fo loft in a croud - 
 Of virtues and feelings, that folly grows proud, 
 And coxcombs alike in their failings alone. 
 Adopting his portraits, are pleas'd with their own; 
 Say, where has our poet this malady caught. 
 Or wherefore his charaders thus without fault ? 
 Say, was it that vainly direcfling his view. 
 To find out men's virtues, and finding them few, 
 Qiiite fick of purfuing each troublefome elf. 
 He grew lazy at lad, and drew from himfclf ? 
 
 Mr. G A R R I C K. 
 
 HERE lies David Garrick, defcribe him who can. 
 An abridgement of all that was pUafing in man; 
 As an aftor, confeft without rival to fhine. 
 As a wit, if not firll:, in the very firft line ; 
 
 * Member of parliaracnt far tlie town of Stafford, 
 
 Yet
 
 343 
 
 G o w E r; 
 
 Yet with talents like thefe, and an excellent heart, 
 The man had his failings, a dupe to his art ; 
 Like an ill-judging beauty, his colours he fpread. 
 And beplairter'd, with rouge, his own better red. 
 On the Itage he was natural, fimple, afFedting, 
 'Twas only that, when he was off, he was adting ; 
 "With no reafon on earth to go out of his way. 
 He turn'd and he varied full ten times a day ; 
 Tho' fecure of our hearts,, yet confoundedly fick, 
 If they were not his own by finefllng and trick ; 
 He caft off his friends, as a huntfman his pack, 
 For he knew when' he pleas'd he could whiftle them back.' 
 Of praife a mere glutton, he fwallow'd what came. 
 And the puff of a dunce, he miftook it for fame •, 
 'Till his relifh grown callous, almoft to difeafe. 
 Who pepper'd the higheft, was fureft to pleafe. 
 But let us be candid, and fpeak out our mindj 
 If dunces applauded, he paid them in kind. 
 Ye Kenricks, ye Kellys, and Glovers fo grave, 
 "What a commerce was yours, while you got and you gave t 
 How did Grub-ftreet re-echo the (houts that you rais'd, 
 While he was berofcius'd, and you were beprais'd ! 
 But peace to his fpirit wherever it flies, 
 To zfi as an angel, and mix with the ficies : 
 Thofe poets, who owe their befb fame to his fivill, 
 Shall ftill be his flatterers, go where he will. 
 Old Shakefpeare, receive him with praife and with love, 
 And Beaunionts and Bens be his Kellys above. 
 
 Sir Joshua R e v n o l d s, ihe Painter, 
 
 HERE Reynolds is laid, and to tell you my mind, 
 
 He has not left a better or wifer behind i. 
 
 His pencil was ftriking, refil^lefs, and grand, 
 
 His manners were gentle, complying and bland ; 
 
 Still born to improve us in every parr. 
 
 His pencil our faces, his manners our heart: ' 
 
 To coxcombs averfe, yet mofl: civilly flieering. 
 
 When they judg'd without fkill he was ftill hard of hearing 
 
 When they talk'd of their Raphaels, Corregios and ftuff. 
 
 He fhifted his trumpet, and only took fnuff. 
 
 GOWER (John) an Englifh poet of the fourteenth century, cotemnorary with 
 the famous Chaucer, is fuppofed" to have been born about the year 1322, and 
 to have received his education at Oxford. He afterwards ftudicd the law in the 
 Middle Temple, and arrived to great eminence in that profefilon. This ftudy, , 
 however, did not engrofs his whole attention ; he was well read in polite literature, 
 and had an excellent tafte for poetry, in which he employed many of his leiture 
 hours. It was probably this part of his charatfler that firll recommended him to 
 the acquaintance of Chaucer, which at length grew into the warmeft fricndlhip. 
 ScveraLcirciimftanccs confpiied to unite thefe two fathers of EngliflTi poetry : there. 
 
 WJS » 
 
 ig
 
 sa 
 
 G O W E R. 
 
 was a great fitnilar'ity in their tempers, and though Gower was the elder man, 
 yet the difil-rcnce of their ages was inconfiderable -, ihcy were likewife of the fam« 
 party, Chaucer having acta. hed himklf to John of Gaunt duke of Lancaftcr, one 
 of the uncles of Richard II. and Gower adhering with equal (leadincfs to Thomas 
 of Woodilock duke of Gloucefter, another of the king's ,uncks : add to this, 
 Gower, as well as Chaucer, faw with indi^^natioii the vices of the clergy, and cen- 
 fured them with freedom. 
 
 As a poet, Gower was known to king Richard II. whofe favour he had fo far 
 gained, that when that prince was one day taking his diverfion on the Thames, 
 and our author was in a boat near him, the kini^ fent for him into his barge, and 
 honoured him with his coinxand to exercile his poetical talent upon fome ufeful 
 fubjeff. He obeyetl the royal mandate ; and produced his ConfeJJio Amantis. This 
 performance is a kind of poetical fyftem of morality, interfperfed with excellent 
 maxims ; but the greatefl: part conlirts of pleafant (lories, judicioufly introduced as 
 examples in fupporc of the virtuous doftrine delivered. It is written in Englifh 
 verfe, and is divided into eight books. The fevenrh book contains an abridgment 
 of Ariftotle's philofophy, whence he takes occafion to give the king fome good ad- 
 vice, and that upon very delicate fubjeds, with much dignity and freedom. As 
 Gower was particularly attached to the fervice of the duke of Gloucefter, he 
 probably belonged to that prince in the way of his profelTion ; for at that time, not 
 only the king and prince of Wales, but all the princes of the blood, had their 
 ftanding council learned in the law, vho were heard in parliament, in cafe any bill 
 ■was read that might be detrimental to their interells ; and it is not unlikely that 
 Gower was the duke's chancellor, that is, the chief of his lawyers, and he who 
 direded how jufHce was to be adminillered, and his prerogative maintained in his 
 honours, lordihips, and manors. This prince being at the hrad of thofe wfio took 
 up arms againft Richard II. and his favourites in 1387, the king ordered him to be 
 feized and conveyed to Calais, where he was foon after murdered. 'J'his tranfadion 
 could not but cieate in Gower a diflike to the adminillration of Richard 1 thoush 
 indeed if our poet had been no way affeded with this tragical event, he mud, as 
 a friend to the interefts of his country, have been greatly dilgufted with the impru- 
 dent and tyrannical government of that unhappy monarch. But it appears, that 
 he was much concerned for the cruel murder of the duke his patron, whofe death 
 he pathetically lamented in his Vex ClamaiUis and Chronica Tripartita. 
 
 When Richard II. was depufed, and king Henry IV. had gained poflefTion of 
 the throne, Gower appeared on the fide of the revolution. And accordingly, to 
 his Vox Claniantis, which is a kind of chronicle of the infurred ion of the commons 
 in the reign of Richard, in Latin verfe, he added feveral hiflorical pieces-, and, in 
 particular, a chronicle of the depofition of king Richard II. and the coronation of 
 king Henry IV. in three parts, in which he has been thought to be too fevere 
 upon the memory of Richard, and to beftow too many encomiums upon Henry. 
 He alfo made fome alterations in his Confejfio Amantis^ which had been dedicated 
 originally to Richard, and inicribed a kind of fecond edition of it to king Henry. 
 Gower has been greatly cenfured by many writers on this account. He has been 
 reprefented as having, in the mod ungrateful manner, trampled upon and infulted 
 the memory of his murdered mafter, and generous benefador, Richard II. in order 
 to recommend hitnfelf to king Henry. But this fevere cenfure of Gower does 
 not appear to be founded upon any very jull grounds. For in order to place our 
 poet's condud in the worft point of view, much is faid of his obligations to king 
 
 Richard 
 
 I
 
 GRAHAM. 345 
 
 Richard -, but what thofe obligations were does not appear. All that is particularly fpe- 
 cified in this refpcft, is Richard's calling him into his barge, and defiring him to 
 write a poem : but certainly this was not an obligation of fo high a nature, as to pre- 
 clude Gowerfrom theliberty of fpt-akingthe truth of Richard after his death, without 
 incurringtheimputation of ingratitude. And what he has faid of that prince,'vvas evi- 
 dently no more than the truth, and indeed lefs than he might have faid of him with 
 juftice. The unhappy end of that monarch may excite pity in the humane breafT, 
 and in fome degree throw a veil over his failings ; but it muft be at the fame 
 time remembered, that his reign was fullied with numberlefs afts of cruelty and op- 
 preflion. 
 
 Gower compofed fevcral other pieces befides thofe which have been mentioned ; 
 ■and from the general tenor of them, he appears to have been a pcrfun of great in- 
 tegrity and real piety •, one who placed religio-n not in ceremonies, but in actions ; 
 and who laboured to convince minkind, that the praflice of virtue was their trutlt 
 inteiell, as well as their higheft honour. He died in tlie year (402, and was in- 
 terred under a fumptuous tomb in St. Mary Overy's church, Southwark. 
 
 GRAHAM (James) marquis of Montrofe, was fon of the earl of Montrofe, 
 and defcended from the royal family of Scotland. Irle was born in that kingdonv 
 In 1613, and difcoverirg an early thirft for glory, was fent to the court of of France, 
 where, before he was twenty years of age, Lcwjs XJH. gave him a command in 
 his Scotch guards. Returning loon after to his native countiy, he applied 
 to the marquis of Hamilton to intioducc him at court, and recommend him to 
 the king; but that nobleman, being iealous of his great talents, took iuch mealures 
 that when the young earl waited on his majefly, he met with coldnefs and neglect. 
 He was fo dilguftcd at this reception, that he immediately hallened back to Scot- 
 land, and afterwards fiding with the covenanters, raifed a regiment of five hun- 
 dred horfe, at the head of which he joined his countrymen in their firft expedition 
 into England, in 1639. He attended them alfo in their fecond expedition, in 1640, 
 but when they had advanced as far as Newcallle, he found means to fend a letter 
 to the king, containing affurances of inviolable fidelity. 
 
 In the year 1044, his majc lly appointed him governor-general of Scotland, and 
 raifed him to the dignity of a marquis. He foon after fignalized himfelt in a 
 wonderful iuccelTion of victories over the covenanters. Having received a lupply 
 of twelve hundred men from Ireland, he aflcmblcd about aneqvial number of t ligh- 
 landers, well afFeiled to the royal ciiufe. He then, without any regular proviiion 
 of arms and amniunition, attacked and defeaed lord E'ch;' at I'erth, though that 
 nobleman coiutnanded an army of (even thoufand men, well aimed and diiciplined. 
 Being afierwaiJs joined by the earl of Auly, he routed two thoufand five hundred 
 covenanters, headed by lord Burley, at Ah rdeen. When furrounded on all hands 
 by the marqui.s of Ar^yle, the carl of Lothian, and otiicr nublen.en, with the nii- 
 litia of tlie country, he eluded their vigilance by the mod fiirpriz'ng retre.us, marches, 
 and llrat.i-ems. He ravaged the country of Argvle with fire and fword, jnddcfeatei 
 the truo|s of the marquis at Invcrlocliy with great (laughter. The tenor ot his 
 name difpcrfed a body of five thoufand men, whom the carl of Seafolrh had atTem- 
 bled I he louted the forces of colonel L'rrey, a gallant oilicer, in a pitched tjati!e 
 near Invernefs', and IJaillie, another foldier of reputation, nurching againll him 
 with a frefli rmy, met with the fame misfortune. In fhort, Montrofe, by his va- 
 lour and condu(^, prev.allcd in fo m.ny attempts, that he made himfelf mailer of the 
 kiniidcm of Scotland j btit his good fortune was not of long continuance •, he wa 
 
 as 
 
 4 T l;urprizfi(i
 
 34$ GRAHAM. 
 
 furprikJ and defeated on the 13th of September, 1645, by general David Lefley, 
 and oblicred to retire with iiis broken forces into the Highlands. While he was 
 there levying troops, and concerting methods of retrieving his lofs, the king hav- 
 ing thrown himfelf into the hands of the Scots, fent him orders to lay down his 
 arms, and retire beyond fea ; a command which he obeyed with rcludance. When 
 he heard of the king's death, he was filled with grief and indignation, and, in one 
 of his tranfports of forrow, is faid to have written with the point of his fword on 
 the fand thefe fpirited vcrfes : 
 
 " Great, good, and juft 1 could I but rate 
 
 *' My grief, and thy too rigid fate, 
 
 " I'd weep the world to fuch a ftrain, 
 
 " That ic fhciild deluge once again : 
 
 " But fince thy loud-tongu'd wounds demand fupplics 
 
 " More from Briareus' hands than Argus' eyes, 
 
 " I'll fing thy elegy in trumpet's founds, 
 
 " And write thy epitaph in blood and wounds." 
 
 The marquis now repaired to the Hague, with a numerous retinue of gentlemen 
 who followed his fortunes, and offered his fcrvice to Charles II. who created hini 
 knight of the garter, and granted him a commiflion to make a defccnt upon Scot- 
 land. He accordingly embarked for that kingdom, and landed there in April 1650, 
 with about five iiundred foldiers. Being joined by very few of the royalills, he 
 was in no condition to oppofe the numerous army that was fent againll him ; his 
 forces were foon defeated, and himfelf betrayed into the hands of his enemies by a 
 gentleman to whom he fled for protection. He was immediately conveyed prifoner 
 to Edinburgh, and being brought before the parliament, was bitterly reviled by the 
 carl of Loudoun, chancellor of Scotland, who upbraided him with having broken 
 the covenants, rebelled againll God, the king, and the kingdom, and committed 
 many horrible murder?, treafons, and impieties. " He told them, that as the 
 king had condefcended to treat with them, he would behave towards them with 
 more reverence than he fliould otherwife have exprefled for fuch an afl^embly. He 
 faid he had taken and kept the firft covenant, while they profecuted the purpofes 
 for which it was ordained -, that he had never fubfcribed the fecond, which was 
 jiroduftivc of the moft monftrous rebellion •, that he had raifed forces by virtue of 
 his majefty's commifli.;n, and aifled like a faithful fubje(ft, without perpetrating 
 thofe cruelties that were laid to his charge, or fuffering any blood to be Ihed but 
 in battle-, on the contrary, that he had always put a ftop to the carnage as foon as 
 he polTibly could take luch a llep with any regard to his own fafety, and had faved 
 the lives of many perfons then prelent, to whofe evidence he appealed. He ob- 
 ferved, that he had laid down his arms, and quitted the kingdom, at his late maf- 
 ter's command ; that he had now again returned to ScotlancT, by the authority of 
 his prefent majelly. He advifed them to confidcr the confequence of proceeding 
 againd him in this minner, and demanded a fair trial by the laws of the land, or by 
 the law of nations. He was condemned to be hanged the next day on a gallows thirty 
 feet high ; and the fentence implied, that he fiiould be afterwards quartered, and 
 his members cxpofed in different parts of the kingdom. During this fhort interval, 
 he was perlecuted by their minillcrs, who told him that his fufferings in this life 
 would be but an eafy prologue to thofe which he would undergo hereafter, and, 
 •without fcruple, pronounced his eternal damnation. He heard them with fcorn, 
 
 obferving. 
 
 ti
 
 C R A H A M. j^ 
 
 obferving, that they were a miferable, deluding and deluded people, and would 
 fliortly bring that poor nation to the moll inlupportablc iervitude. He declared, 
 he was as well pleafed to hear that his head fhould be placed on the Tolbooth, as 
 he fhould be to know that his pi(Rure hung in the king's bad-chamber ; an4 
 wiflied he had flefh enough to be diftributed among all the cities of Chriflen- 
 dom, as a teftimony of the caufe for which he fiifFered. At the place of execution, 
 the hangman tied about his neck, a Latin book containing the hiftory of his ex- 
 ploits, written by Dr. Wifhart, who had been his chaplain. He fmiled at this 
 mark of impotent malice, faying he was prouder of that collar than ever he had 
 been of the garter ; he behaved himl'elf with undaunted courage, and the moll 
 pious refignation. He expatiated on the virtues of his murdered mafter ; fpoke in 
 praife of the juftice and goodnefs of the prefent king (Charles II.) and fervently- 
 prayed that they might not betray him as they had betrayed his father. After 
 fome devout ejaculations, he chearfuUy fubmicted to the fentence, which was exe- 
 cuted with every circumftance of barbarous exultation.*" 
 
 Thus died this great and good man, on the 21 ft of May, 1650, in the thirty- 
 eighth year of his age. After the Rclloration, his funeral obfcquies were per- 
 formed with great magnificence at Edinburgh. 
 
 GRAHAM (George) an ingenious clock and watch-maker, was bosn at Grat* 
 wick, an obfcure village in Cumberland, in the year 1675, and in 1688 came to 
 London to be put apprentice. After he had been fome time with another mafter, 
 Mr. Tompion, the watch-maker, received him into his family on account of his 
 merit, and treated him with a kind of parental affection till his death. Mr. Graham 
 at lengrh became the moft eminent of his profeffion ; and being completely fkilled in 
 praftical aftronomy, not only gave to various movements for the menfuration of 
 time a degree of pcrfeiftion which had never before been attained, but invented 
 fevcral aftronomical inftruments, which have greatly advanced that fciencc : he alfo 
 made confiderable improvements in thofe that had been before in ufe, and, by his 
 amazing dexterity of hand, conftrufled them with greater prccifion and accuracy 
 than any other perfon in the world. The great mural arch ia the obfervatory at 
 Greenwich was made under his immediate infpeftion for Dr. Halley, and divided 
 by his own hand ; and of this incomparable original, the beft inftruments of the 
 kind in France, Spain, It.dy, and the Weft Indies, are copies, made by Englilh 
 artifts. The fedlor by which Dr. Bradley firft difcovered two new motions in the 
 fixed ftars, was invented and made by hirn. He comprifed the whole planetary 
 fyftem within the compafs of a fmall cabinet, from which, as a model, all the mo- 
 dern orreries have been conftru(5led. When the French academicians were fent to 
 the North, to mal<e obfervations in order to afcertain the true figure of the earth, 
 they juftly thought Mr. Graham the propereft perfon in Europe to furnifli them 
 with inftruments: they accordingly met with fuccefs, performing their work in one 
 year, fo that by a fubfequent obfervation in France, Sir Ifaac Newton's theory of 
 the earth was confirmed. But the academicians who went to the South, not taliing 
 Mr. Graham's inftruments, were greatly embarrafled and retarded. 
 
 Mr. Graham was miany years a member of the Royal Society, to which he com- 
 municated feveral ingenious and important difcoveries, particularly a kind of horary 
 alteration of the magnetic needle, a quickfilver pendulum, and many curious ob- 
 fervations relating to the true length of the fimple pendulum, upon which he con- 
 tinued to make experiments till a few days before his death. Mis temper was as 
 
 * Smollett's Hiftory of England, Vol. Ill, page 355, 410. 
 
 communicative
 
 '549 
 
 G R A Y, 
 
 communicative as his genius was penetrating, and his principal view was neither 
 the accumulation of wealth, nor the difFufion of his fame, but the advancement of 
 fcicncc, and the benefit of mankind : he was pcrfedly fincere, candid, generous, 
 and free from fufpicton : he died November 1751, at the age of fcvcnty-fix, and 
 was interred m Weftminftcr-Abbcy. 
 
 GRANVILLE (George) lord Lanfdowne, an eminent Englifh poet, was de- 
 
 fcendcc! of an ancient and noble famdy, and was tlie fecond Ton of the honourable 
 Mr. Bernard Granville, whofe father was the illuftrious Sir Bevil Granville, or 
 Gieenville. He was born about the year 1667, and imbibed the firlt principles 
 of education in France, under the care of Sir William Ellis. From thence, at 
 eleven years of age, he was removed to Trinity-college in Cambridge, wh^re, be- 
 fore he was twelve, he fpoke a poem of his own compofuion to the duchefs of 
 York, who vifited that univerfity 1679. At the age of thirteen he took the degree 
 of mafler of ans, and two years after quitted Cambridge. In 1696 his comedy 
 called the She Gallants was afhed with applaufe at the theatre-royal in Lincoin's- 
 Inn fields : he alio wrote an admirable tragedy entitled Heroic Love -, the Britifli 
 Enchanters, a dramatic opera •, Peleus and Thetis, a mafquc : he altered Shakc- 
 fpeat's Merchant of Venice, under the title of the Jew of Venice; and in 1702 
 tranflated into Engliili the fecond Olynthian of Drmofihenes. He was elected 
 member for Fowey in Cornwall, in the firft parliament of queen Anne. In 1710 
 he was chofen reprcfentative for the county of Cornwall ; and the fame year was 
 appointed fecretary at war, in the room of Mr. Robert Walpole, afterwards earl of 
 Orford : he continued in this office for fome time, and difcharged it withjreputation. 
 On the 31(1 of December, 1711, he was created a peer of Great Britain, by the 
 title of lord LanfJowne, baron of Biddeford, in the county of Devon. He always 
 ftood high in the favour of queen Anne, and with good realon, having upon c\ery 
 occafion tellificd the greateft zeal for her government, as well as the mod profound 
 refpeft for her perfon. In 1712 he was advanced to the port of comptroller of the 
 houfiiold, and fworn of her Majefty's privy-council ; and foon after became treafurcr 
 of the houfhold, from which office he was removed on the acceffion of (icorge I. 
 
 In the year 17 15 his lordlhip entered deeply into the fcheme for rafing an in- 
 furrcftion in the weft of England : in conlequence of which, on the ^6th of Sep- 
 tember, he was feized as a fulpeded perfon, and committed prifoner to the Tower, 
 where he continued upwards of fixtecn months : he was difcharged from his con- 
 finement on the 8th of February, 1717, and fome years after withdrew to Fr..nce. 
 At his return from thence in 1732, he publiflied a fine edition of his works in two 
 volumes, quarto. He died at his houfe near Hanover-fqiure, on the joth of Ja- 
 nuary, 173', in the 6Sth year of his age. As he had no male iffue, the title of 
 Lanidowne became in him exiinft : his lordfhip lived in the greateft intimacy 
 with the celebrated poets Dryden and Pope, wiio have tranfmitted his name with 
 honour to pollerity : he was a nobleman of uncommon learning and abilities, an 
 eloquent fpeaker, and an admirable poet. 
 
 GRAY (TitoMAS^ author of the Elegy in a Country Church-yard, and many 
 other poetical pieces, was th.e fon of a money-fcrivener, ar^d was born in Cornhill, 
 December 26, 1716 ; he received his -education at Eton-fchool, under the care of 
 hi^ uncle, Mr. Antrobus, then one of the affiftant mafters, and alfo a fellow of 
 Vtter-houfe, Cambridge ; of which focicty Mr. Gray was admitted a penfioner in 
 
 1734-
 
 GREATRAKES. 
 
 349 
 
 1734. At fchool he contrafted a friendfhip with Mr, Horace Walpole and Mr. 
 Richard Weft. The former is well-known and diftinguiflied. The latter was the 
 only fon of lord chancellor Weft of Ireland, and grandibn, by the mother, to 
 biihop Burnet: he removed from Eton to Chrift-church college, Oxford, about 
 the fame time that Mr. Gray left that fchool for Cambridge. Our author's firft at- 
 tempt in Englifti verfe was a tranftation from Statius, much in the fpiritcd manner 
 of Dryden, in 1736 ; and his firft original producftion was an elegant Sapphic Ode, 
 in 1738. In April that year Mr. Weft quitted Chrift-church for the Inner Tem- 
 ple, and Mr. Gray removed from Peter-houfe to London in September, intending 
 to ftudy the law in the fame focicty. But this intention was laid afide, an invita- 
 tion being given him that winter by Mr. Walpole, to be the companion of his 
 travels, on which they fet out in March 1739. A difagreement arifing between 
 them, they parted at Venice, and Mr. Gray arrived in London on the ift of Sep- 
 tember 1741. Some time after, he took the degree of bachelor of laws at Cam- 
 bridge. His much admired Elegy in a Country Church-yard was publiflied in 
 1751, and met with a very favourable reception. Upon the death of Colley Gib- 
 ber, in December 1757, he was offered the place of poet laureat, which he thought 
 proper to decline. In 1763 he received a complimentary efvftle from Count Al- 
 garotti, to whom his Pindaric Odes h.id been recommended by a friend then on his 
 travels, in which he fays, " I will be as much as I can praco laudum tuarum, and my 
 letter ftiall be printed in a new journal that is publiflied at Venice, entitled 
 The Minerva ; for Italy fliall know, that England, enriched with a Homer*, an 
 Archimedesf, a Dem.ofthenes;|;, wants not alfo her Pindar." 
 
 In the year 1 765, Mr. Gray was offered the degree of doftor of laws by the Ma- 
 rifchal College of Aberdeen, which he declined. In the month of July, 1768, the 
 duke ofGrafton recommended him to'hismajeftyfortheprofefTorfliipof modern hiftory 
 at Cambridge, worth four hundred pounds per annum, which he gladly accepted. 
 He died on the 3 ift of July, --70, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. His abilities 
 and learning conl'picuoufty appear in his works, which have been lately publifhed 
 together by the ingenious Mr. Mafon, who, being intimately acquainted with our 
 poet, has prefixed memoirs of his life and Writings. 
 
 GREATRAKES (Valentine) famous in the laft century for curing 
 many difeafes by ftroaking the parts affefted with his hands, was the fon 
 of William Greatrakes, efq. and was born at AfFane, in the county of 
 Waterford, in Ireland, on St. Valentine's day, 1628. He was bred a proteftanr, 
 in the free-fchool of Liimore. On the breaking out of the Irifli rebellion, he fled 
 with his mother into England, where he was kindly entertained by his great uncle, 
 Edmund Harris, brother to Sir Edward Harris, knight ; and after his uncle's 
 death, he completed his education under John Daniel Getfius, a German, minifter 
 of Stoke-Gabriel in Devonihire, with whom he ftudied humanity and divinity; 
 After an abfcnce of five or fix years fpcnt in thefe improvements, he returned to 
 his native country, which he found in a deplorable fituation, and therefore retired 
 to the caftle of Caperquin, where he fpent a year in contemplation, and grew ex- 
 tremely diffatisfied with the world. However, about the year 1649, he entered 
 into the parliament's fervice, and became a lieutenant in lord Broghill's regiment: 
 he continued in the army till the year 1656, when he retired to AfFane, and was 
 
 * Milton. + Sir Ifiac Newton. % Lord Cluilam, 
 
 4 U made
 
 353 
 
 GREAT RAKES. 
 
 made clerk of th€ peace for the county of Cork, regifter for tranrplantation, and 
 jullice of the peace. 
 
 Being difmifled from his places at the reftoratinn, he again gave way to melan- 
 choly, and about the year 1662, felt a llrange perfuafion in his mind that he was 
 endowed with the gift of curing the king's-tvil -, yet being fcnfiblc of the ridicule 
 to which he fhould probably expofe himfeU" by making it known, he thought fit to 
 conceal this opinion for fome time ; but at length mentioned it to his wife, 
 who confiticrcd it as no better than an idle fancy. A few d.iys after one William 
 Maker, of Salterbridge, in the parifh of Lifmore, having a fon afflicted with 
 the king's evil, both in his eyes, cheek, and throat, brought him to the houfe, 
 defiring Mrs. Greatrakcs, who was always ready to afford her charity to her neigh- 
 bours, according to the little fkillfhehad in furgery, to do fomcthing for him. She ac 
 quainted her hufband with ir, who told her that fhe Ihould now fee whether this 
 was a mere fancy, or the diftates of the Spirit of God in his heart ; and laying 
 iiis hands on the parts affefted, he prayed to God to heal the child, and bid the 
 parent bring him again in two or three days. When he returned, the eye was almofl 
 healed, the node, which was nearly as big as a pullet's egg, being fuppurated, 
 and the throat greatly amended ; fo that in a month's time he was perfectly cured. 
 'Ihen there came to Mr. Greatrakes one Margaret Macdi.ine, of Ballinefly, in the 
 parifli of Lifmore, vvlio had had the evil upwards of fevcn years, whom he cured, 
 to the amazement of all ■, and his fame now increafing, he cured the fame dif- 
 ©rder in many others, all by ftroaking- with iiis hands •, and fome troubled with 
 agues he cured in the lame uunner. 
 
 Afterwards he had the like impulfe that he could heal all kinds of difeafes ; 
 and going one day to Mr. Dean's, at Lilinore, there came into the houfe a poor 
 man who had a pain in his loins and flank, went almoft double, .ind had five ul- 
 cers in his leg ■, who begging hi*^ afiiftance, he put his hands on tl« man's loins 
 and flink, and immeJiiitely rtroaked the pain out r^' him, i'o that he could ftand 
 upright. He then put his hands on the ulcerous leg, which inftantly changed 
 colour from black to red ; three of the five ulcers clofcd up, and the reft within 
 a few hours after -, fo that he went out well, and two days afterwards fell to work 
 at his trade, which was that of a mafon. After this Mr. Greatrakes cured many 
 difeafes of various kinds by ftroaking. 
 
 In the mean time, as he pretended to have fome extraordinary afTiftance from the 
 
 Holy Ghoft in performing thefe cures, he was cited before the bifhop's court, and 
 
 forbid to proceed any farther-, upon which, in 1665, he came to England, where 
 
 Edward lord Conway took him to his feat at Ragley, in Warwickfhire, to try the 
 
 force of his ftroaking faculty upon his lady, who had for many years laboured 
 
 under a moft violent head-acli •, but here the obftinacy of the diforder baffled his 
 
 utmofl endeavours ; yet continuing there three weeks, he cured great numbers of 
 
 people; infomuch that Mr. Henry Stubbe, who pradlifed phyfic at Stratford upon 
 
 Avon, and, being daily at Ragley, was an eye-witncfs of the cures, publifhed a 
 
 piece entitled " The Miraculous Conformift, or an Account of ftveral marvellous 
 
 Cures performed by the ftroaking of the Hands of Mr. Valentine Greatrakes,'* 
 
 This gentleman foon after received the royal commands to wait upon his majefiy 
 
 at Whitehall, where he performed leveral cures, as he did alfo in and about Lon* 
 
 don. But he was not always iuccel'sful -, for being employed by one Mr. Crcfler, 
 
 in Charter-houfe-fquare, his ftroaking had a very bad effect, upon which was pub- 
 
 lllbed ^^ Wontb?rs no Miracles, or Mr. Valentine Grcatrakcs's Gift of Healing 
 
 cxamiiicd •.'* 
 /'
 
 G R E E N V I L E. 
 
 351 
 
 fTramined :'* this was foon followed by another pamphler, entitled " A brief Ac- 
 count of Mr. Valentine Greatrakcs, and divers Itrange Cures by him lately per- 
 formed, &c." to which were annexed the tellimonies of feveral eminent and wor- 
 thy perfons of the chief matters therein related ; and the whole was drawn up in 
 the form of a letter to the honourable Robert Boyle, el'q. who was a patron of our 
 tlroalcer, as was alfo Dr. Henry More, and feveral other members of the Royal 
 Society, before whom Mr. Greatrakcs was examined. . Dr. More afcriued the 
 cures to an extraordinary refined and purified Hate of the blood in Grer.trakes, 
 whence he thought might ifiue a fa native, as well as there did a malignant conta- 
 gion in a contrary ftate ; others fuppofed that thsy were wrought by the force of 
 imagination in his patients -, and fome imagined them to be mere fiiftions. It is 
 certain that the great Mr. Buylc believed hmn to be an extraordinary perfon, and 
 atteftcd many of his cures. He had the charafter of being a gentleman of great 
 piety and humanity : however, he was a kind of prodigy that furprized and puz- 
 zled not only the ignorant, but the learned. 
 
 GREEN^'1LF., or Greenville (Sir Richapd) a gallant naval commander' 
 in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was the fon of bir Roger Grecnvile, bart. and was 
 born about the year 1540. Being naturally of an adtive and martial fpirit, he enter- 
 ed into the fervice of the emperor againft the Turks, and gave fignal proofs of 
 his courage in Hungary. In 1571 he was chofen to reprefent the county of Corn- 
 wal in parliament, received the honour of knighthood, and afterwards commanded 
 3 fquadron of fcven fmall fliips, which failed from Plymouth on the 9th of April, 
 1585, in order to make difcoveries in America; when entering the bay of Mof- 
 quito in the ifland of St. John de Porco Rico, he and his men landed, built a fort, 
 and took two fhips. 
 
 On the 2oth of June, they reached the newly-difcovered country of Virginia,^ 
 where Sir Richard left a colony of an hundred men, under' the direction of Sir 
 Ralph Lane, and having fettled every thing to the fatisfucftion of thole who were 
 to remain behind, weighed anchor in the Tyger, which was of the burthen of one 
 hundred and twenty tons, and fet fail for England. In his paflage home, he chafed 
 a Spanifh fhip of three hundred tons burthen, which he found it impoffible to take 
 any other way than by boarding, and that appeared to his own people impractica- 
 ble, as they had at that time no boat; but Sir Richard caufed fomething like a 
 boat to be clapped up with the boards of broken chelfs. In which he went in perfon, 
 with as many men as it would hold, and boarded the Spanifh fhip ; which he had 
 no fooner done, than the half-wrought boat fell to pieces. In the vefTel he had 
 thus taken, which was richly laden. Sir Richard was feparated from the Tyger, 
 wh'ch he did not fee a<iain during tlie '.hole voyage, that vefTcI anchoring at Fal- 
 mouth on the 6th < f ('(flober, whereas Sir Richard Greenvile did not arrive in his 
 prize at Plymouth till the lyth of the fame month, when he was met, and welcomed 
 on fhore, by a great concourfe of people, who came to congratulate his good for* 
 tune. 
 
 Sir Richard, foon after his return, refolved to make another voyage to Virginia •,. 
 but not being able to get every tiling ready ns foon as he expected, he prevailed on 
 his kinfman -^ir Walter Raleigh to fend a Ihip with provifions. 1 h'ac vefTel arrived 
 at Virginia, and Sir Ricliard landed tlicre fourteen days after, with a fquadron of 
 three fail ; but neither the fiifl fliip. nor ""ir Richard'b fquadron, couJd difcover any 
 fjgas of tb.e colony which had been left there, the men having been, at their 
 
 own
 
 S5i G R E Ji N V I L L E. 
 
 own requcft, taken away a few days before, by Sir Francis Drake, who touched 
 there in his return from the WeR-lndies. Sir Richard then took fome prizes, 
 landed on the Azores, and plundered feveral villages, after which he returned to 
 England. 
 
 In 1591, the queen's miniftry being informed that a rich Spanifli fleet was foon 
 to return home trom America, it was rcfolved that a ftrong fquadron fliould be fer.t 
 to intercept it at the Weftern Iflands. This fleet confifled of fevcn of her* majcfty's 
 fl\ips, under the command of lord Thomas Howard, admiral, and Sir Richard 
 Greenvile, vice-admiral. In the mean time, tlie Spanifli monarch receiving notice 
 of the purpol'e of the Englifli, equipped a fleet of fifty-three fail, and fent tliem to 
 cfcort his Wefl-lndia fliips. The lord Howard received information that this for- 
 midable armament was approaciiing him, on the laft day of Auguft in the after- 
 noon, when he was riding at anchor under the ifland of 1" lores ; and almoft before 
 l,c had received the intelligence, the enemy's fleet was in fight. I'he Englifli liqua- 
 dton was in no condition to oppofe the Spaniards ; for befidcs its very great infe- 
 riority, near half the Englifli were di Tabled by the fcurvy and other difeales. Lord 
 Howard, therefore, weighed immediately, and put to fea, and the reft of his fqua- 
 dron followed his example. The Revenge, Sir Richard Grecnvile's fliip, weigh- 
 ed laft. Sir Richard flaying to receive the men who were on fliore, and who would 
 otherwife have been loft, he having no Ids than ninety fick on board. The 
 Admiral, and the reft, with difficulty, recovered the wind, which Sir Richard not 
 being able to do, his mafter and fome others advifed him to cut his main-fail and 
 caft about, trufting to the failing of his fliip, becaufe the Seville fquadron was al«« 
 ready on his weather-bow. But Sir Richard peremptorily refufed to fly from the 
 enemy, telling them, '* That he would much rather die than leave fuch a mark of dif- 
 honour on himfelf, his country, and the Queen's fliip." In confequence of this refolu- 
 tion, he was prefently furrounded by the enemy, and engaged alone with the whole 
 Spanifli fleet of 53 fail, which had ten thoufand men on board -, and from the time the 
 fight begun, which was about three in the afternoon, to the break of day next morning, 
 lie repulfcd the enemy fifteen times, though they continually fliifted their vefiels, and 
 boarded with frefli men. In the beginning of the acftion he himlelf received a wound ; 
 but lie continued above deck till eleven at night, when receiving a frefli wound, he was 
 carried down to be dreflfed. During this operation he received a fliot in the head, 
 and the furgeon was killed by his fide. The Englifli began now to want powder; 
 all their fmall arms were broken or become ufclefs, forty of their beft men, which 
 were but one hundred and three at the beginning, killed, and almofl: all the reft 
 wounded ; their mafts were beat over-board, their tackle cut in pieces, and nothing 
 but a hulk left, unable to move one way or other. In this fltuation Sir Richard 
 propofed to the flbip's company to truft to the mercy of God, not to that of the 
 Spaniards, and deftroy the fliip with themfelves rather than yield to the enemy. 
 The mafter-gunner and many of the fcamen agreed to this dcfjierate refolution ; 
 but others oppofed it, and obliged Sir Richard tofurrender. Eledicd in three days 
 after-, and his laft words were, " Here die I, Richard Greenville, with a 
 joyful and quiet mind -, for liiat I have ended my life as a true foldier ought to do, 
 fighting for his country, queen, religion, and honour : my foul willingly depart- 
 ing from tills body, leaving behind the lafting tame of having behaved as every 
 valiant foldier is in duty bound to do." The Spaniards loft in this fliarp, though 
 uneoual aftion, four Ihips, and about a thoufand men. 
 
 GRESKAM
 
 C R E S H A M. U3 
 
 GRESHAM (Sir Thomas) founder of the Royal Exchange, and of Grefliam- 
 collegf, (which is nowdeftroyed, and the Excife-office built on the fame fpot) was 
 the fon of Sir Richard Grefham, a weahr.y merchant, and was born at London in 
 15J9. While very young, he was bound apprentice to a mercer ; after v-^hich he 
 wasj'ent to Gonvil-hall, now Cains-college, in Cambridge, where he made great 
 proficiency in learning. He then engaged in trade, in which hem.t withfuch fuccefs, 
 that he foon became one of the richelt merchants in the kingdom, and was admitted 
 a member of the Mercers company in the year 1543. On his father's death, he fuc- 
 ceeded hini in the office of agent to king Edward VI. for taking up money of 
 the merchants of Antwerp, and in 1551 removed with hiT family to that city, 
 where his mercantile genius exerted itfclf in contriving excellent fchemes for paying 
 the debts of the crown, and extending our foreign trade. However, upon the ac- 
 cefllon of queen Mary, he was removed from his agency ; but prefenting to the 
 miniilry a memorial of his fervices to the late king, he was foon after re-inftared 
 in that poft, and, on the deceafe of Mary, was immediately employed by queen 
 Elizabeth to buy up arms, 'Her majefty, in 1559, conferred on him the honour-, 
 of knighthood, and appointed him her agent in foieign parts. 
 
 Sir Thomas's father, while fherifFof London, had applied to king Henry Vill. 
 to enable him to purchafe houfes, in order to build a bourfe for the reception of 
 the merchants ; but without effeft. Sir Thomas now relumed his father's defiga,v 
 the citizens purchafcd eighty houfes in Cornhill, and cleared the ground, ahetr 
 which Sir 1 homas, at his own expense, built an exchange -^ipon that fpot, on the 
 fame plan as that of Antwerp. It was completed in 1569; and on the a9th of 
 January, 1570, queen Elizabeth came to Sir '1 homas's houfe in Bilhopfgate-ftrei-r, 
 where having dined with him, flie went to view the bourfe, and caufed it to be 
 proclaimed, by a trumpet and herald, the Royal Exchange. This edifice was'. 
 deftroyed by the great fire in 1666, but was immediately rebuilt in a more magni- 
 ficent manner. 
 
 Thoiugh Sir Thomas Grefiiam had purchafed large eftates in fevcral counties of 
 England, yet he was dcfirous of having a country feat near London, and therefore 
 bought Ofterly park near Brentford, within which he built a very large and mag- 
 nificent feat. Here queen Elizabeth being once lodged and entertained with great 
 fplendour, found fault with the court before it, as being too large, obferving, 
 that it would appear better if divided by a wall in the middle ; he took the hint, 
 and in order to (hew his refpecft to her majefty, immediately fent for workmen 
 from London, who built up the wall witii fuch privacy and expedition, that the 
 next morning the queen, to her great furprize, found the court divided in the 
 manner fhe had propofed the day before. Before this feat was completed, he formed 
 and executed the defign of converting his manfion-houfe in Biihopfgate-ftreet into 
 a college. For this purpofe, he gave one moiety of the Royal Kxchange to the 
 mayor and commonalty of London, and the other to the Mercers company for 
 the falaries of feven lecftures in divinity, law, phyfic, aftronomy, geometry, mufic, 
 and rhetoric, at fifty pounds per annum for each, with his houfe in Bifhopfgatc- 
 flreet for the refidence of the lecturers, and the reading of the leflures. He like- 
 wife left 53I. 6 s. 8 d. yearly, for the provifion of eight alms-folks refiding in the 
 alms-hoiifes behind his houfe, with lol. a year to each of the prifons, and the like 
 fum to each of the hofpitals, and lool. per annum to provide a dinner on every 
 quarxcr-day for the Mercer's company. On the 21ft of November, 1379, this gc- 
 
 4 X • ' nerowr'
 
 5^ GREY. 
 
 ncravis and worthy man fuddtnly fell down in his own houfe, and being taken up 
 l^)eeclilcls, foon expired. 
 
 GREVILF., or GREVILLE fFuLK.) lord Brooke, an ingenious writer,'^^ and 
 a m'jniiicent patron ol:" learning, was the fon of Sir Fulk Grevilc, of Beau'champ- 
 court in Warwickfhire, where he was born in the year 1554. He was educated at 
 the univcrfuics of Oxlbrd and Cambridge, after which he travellc', and, upon 
 his return, was introduced at court by his uncle Robert Grevilc a icrvant to queen 
 Elizabeth ; and fron^^hat time he coitinued to make daily advances in her ma- 
 jelly's favour. He had a great arvbition to fignalize hinifelf in military enter- 
 prizes v but being diverted from them by the rcmonftranccs, and even txprcfs in- 
 junctions, of the queen, he devoted himfelf wholly to civil employments. The 
 firlt place he poflclTed under the government, was an office in the co'jrt of the 
 niarchcs of Wales ; and he was foon after appointed fecretary to that principality. 
 Jn 1597 he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1599 ^^^ made treafurer of 
 marine caufes far life. He was created knight of the Bath at the coronation of 
 king James I. and, in the twelfth year of that king's reign, was confticuted under- 
 treafurer and chancellor of the exchequer, and fworn of the privy-council. Having 
 difcharged his offices with great fidelity, he was, in i6iO, advanced to the dignity 
 of a baron, by the title of lord Brooke, of Beauchamp-court, and the next year 
 was made one of the gentlemen of the king's bed-chamber, upon which herefigneil 
 his poft in the exchequer. He wrote feveral works, among which are, i. Two 
 tragedies, Alahani and Muftapha : 2. A Treatife of Human Learning, in verfe ; 
 3. The Life of Sir Philip Sidney : 4. An Inquifition upon Fame and Honour, in 
 cigluy-fix llanzas. At length, neglcfting to reward one Haywood, who had I'penc 
 the greateft part of his life in his fervice, the latter expoftulated with his lordfhip, 
 but was fliarply rebuked ; this prompted him to revenge, and being alone witli 
 him, in his bed-chamber, at Brookc-houle in Holborn, he gave his lordfhip a 
 mortal ftab in the back, of which he died September 1628, aged feventy-four. 
 The afTiffin immediately withdrew into another room, and (tabbed himfelf. His 
 lordffiip w,is interred in St. Mary's church, Warwick, under a beautiful monument 
 of black and white marble. 
 
 Mr. Wa'.pole obferves of lord Brooke, that he was one of thofe admired wits 
 who have loll much of their reputation in the eyes of pofterity -, for u thoufand ac- 
 cidents of birth, court favour, or popularity, concur to gild a flender proportion of 
 merit, and after-ages, who look when thofe beams are withdrawn, wonder what 
 ♦attra<5led the eyes of the multitude. 
 
 GREY (Lady Jane) an illuftrious f>erfonage, diftinguifhed by her birth, learn- 
 ing, and virtue. She was of royal blood by both parents ; her grandmother on 
 thi- fide of her father Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, being queen confort to Ed- 
 ward IV. and her grandmother on the fide of lady Frances Brandon her mother, 
 being daughter to Heniy VII. queen dowager of France, and mother of Mary 
 queen of Scots. Lady jane was born at Broadgate, her father's feat in LeJccfter- 
 fliire, in 15^7, and gave early proofs of the moft allonilhing abilities. Her genius 
 tirlt appeared in the works of her needle, and then in the fine hand Jhe wrote : 
 flie performed admirably onfcveral mufical inilrumcnts, and accompanied them with 
 her voice, which nature had rendered exquilitely fweer, and which was affitled by all 
 the graces art could bellow. Her father h.ad two chaplains, Harding and Aylmer, 
 
 both
 
 G R E tr. 
 
 35S 
 
 both men of dldinguirtied learning, whom he employed as her tutors ; and Ihfc 
 made fuch proficiency under their inflruftions as amazed them both. She not 
 only fpoke and wrote her own language with extraordinary accuracy, but the 
 French, Italian, Latin, and efpecially Greek, were as natural to her as her own ; 
 Ihe was alfo verled in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic. 
 
 Upon the decline of the king's health, in 1553, the dukes of Suffolk and Nor- 
 thumberland, who by the fall of Somerlet had rilen to the height of power, began 
 to think of preventing the reverfe of fortune, which they forefaw would take 
 place on Edward's death, by changing the fucceOion of the crown, and trans- 
 ferring it into their own families. Here the excellent and amiable qualities 
 of the lady Jane, joined to her near affinity to the king, fubjefted her to be the 
 chief tool of their ambition. On this account Hie was married to the lord Guilford 
 Dudley, the duke of Northumberland's fourth fon, without being acquainted with 
 the real defign of the match, which was celebrated with great pomp in the latter 
 end of May. In a few days after this, king Edward grew fo weak, that Northum- 
 berland, thinking it high time to carry his projeft into execution, broke the af- 
 fair to the your.g monarch, and having made the moll plaufible objeftions to his 
 majefty's two filters, perfuaded him to fet afide all partialities of blood in favour 
 of the l.idy Jane ; and a deed of fcttlement being drawn up by the judges, was 
 with great fecrccy figned by his majefty, and all the lords of the council. Nor- 
 thumberland then direfted letters to the princefs Mary, in her brother's name, re- 
 quiring her attendance at court ; but when flie was within half a day's journey of 
 Greenwich, the king died there, on the 6th of July, 1553, and having timely no- 
 tice of it, ihe cfcaped the fnare that had been laid for her. 
 
 Ac length, every previous flep being taken, the dukes of Northumberland 
 and Suffolk repaired to .Sion-houfe, where the lady Jane refided with her hul- 
 band ; and there the duke of Suffolk with much folemnity, told his daughter, that 
 the late king had left his crown to her by the confenr of the privy council, and that 
 the magiftrates and citizens of London approved of what Iiad been done. Then 
 both he and Northumberland kneeling, paid their homage to her as queen of Eng- 
 land. The unhappy lady, overwhelmed with grief and altonifhmenr, anfwcred, 
 That natural right, and the lav'S of the kingdom, declaring for the king's fi'lters, 
 Ihe would not burthen her conl'cicnce by wearing a yoke that belonged to them ; 
 that ihe was fenfible of the infamy or violating the right of others to gain a fcepter; 
 ' and that it was mocking God and deriding juftice, to fcruple the Healing of a fhilling, 
 •and not the ufurpation oi a crown. Sh..- then mentioned the dangers with which 
 •her wearing of the crown would be attended, and concluded with laying, " I will 
 not exchange my peace for honourable jealoufies, for magnificent and glorious 
 fetters. And if you love me fincerely, you will rather w:fh me a fecure and quiet, 
 though mean fortune, than an exalted condition, expofcd to the wind, and follow- 
 ed by a dilmal fall." H-wever, the exhortations of her father, the entreaties of 
 her mother, the artful perluafions of Northumberland, and the ta'-nell defircs of 
 her hufband, v/hom fhe tenderly loved, at length prevailed on her to yield an un- 
 lyilling affent ; and with a heavy heart (Ik- fuffercd herlelf to b; conveyed by 
 "water to die Tower, wliich fhe entered with all the flace of a qurx-n, .ttcndcd by 
 lome of the principal nobility. She was immediately proclaimed qupen, and the 
 fame day affuming the regal title, proceeded to t^xercife manyac'ls of fovcreignty. 
 Mary, however, was no fooner proclaimed, than the duke of Suffolk, who then 
 relidcd with hts daughter in the Tower, wentto her apartment, 'and in the fofteft 
 
 terms
 
 jr,^ G R E T. 
 
 terms told her, thai fhi muft lay afide the dignity of a quern \ to which, with t 
 Icrcne countenance, fhe anfwered, that fhe received this meffage with greater fatir- 
 faiition than Utr former advancement to royalty -, that by her obedience (be had fin- 
 ued and offered violence to herfclf, and now willingly refigned the crown. 
 
 'Ihus ended thr reign, but not the misfortunes of this unhappy lady. She and 
 •her hulband were commitred to the Tower, as were alfo the dukes of Suffolk and 
 Northumberland, who had raifed an army to fupport her claim. The former of 
 thefe noblemen was fet at liberty; bi:t the latter was beheaded on the 2 2d of Au- 
 guft. On the 3d of November, the lady Jane, and her hofband the lord Guilford 
 Dudley, were tried and condemned for high trcafon. But there are fome reafons 
 to believe that queen Mary would have fpircd their lives, had not the duke of Suf- 
 folk imprudently engaged in Wyat's rebellion ; the conlequencc of which was, an 
 crdcr from the queen for their immediate execution. Lady Jane received the news 
 with marks of real joy ; and ihe was prepared to meet her fate, vihen Dr. Fecken- 
 ham, abbot of Wellminfter, came to her from the queen, who was very dtfirous 
 that flie Ihould die a papifl. The lady received him with much civility, and with 
 fuch calmnefs and fweetnefs of temper, that he could not help being moved at 
 her fituation, and therefore procured her a refpire of three d.ys. But when he ac- 
 quainred her w'nh ir, fhe told him. That far from defiring her death m g n be de- 
 layed, fhe cxpeded and wifhed for it as the period of her miferies, and hei entrance 
 into eternal happinefs. She heard him patiently, and anfwered all his arguments 
 in defence of popery, with fuch ftrength and clearnefs, as plainly fhewed that fhe 
 had lUidied her religion with the utmotf care. On Sunday evening, which was the 
 lafl fhe was to fpend in this world, it is faid fhe wrote a letter in the Greek tongue, 
 on the blank leaves at the end of a Greek Teltament, whicli (he bequeathed as a le- 
 gacy to her fiiler, the lady Catharine Grey. The next morning tJK- lord Guilford 
 carneHly defirmg the officers to allow him to take his lafl farewel of her, they 
 confented -, but, upon notice, flie lent him word, that fuch a meeting would rather 
 add to his afRiihtions than confirm that tranquility which had prepared their fouls- 
 -for the ftroke of desth, advifing him to defer the interview to the other world, 
 where friendfhips were happy, and unions indifToiuble. All fhe could do was to 
 give him a farewel out of a window, as he paflcd to his fcafFold on Tower-hill, 
 where he fufTVrcd with much Chrillian meekncfs. She alfo beheld his dead body 
 wrapped in linen, as it was brought back under her window to the Tower- 
 chapel. 
 
 The lieutenant led this noble and excellent lady about an hour after to a fcaffold 
 oppofue the White-Tovcr, where fhe was attended by Feckenham ; but without 
 paying any regard to his difcourlcs, Ihe kept htr eyes fixed on a book, of prayers 
 which fhe held in her hand. After a fhort recolleftion, fhe faluted thafe who were 
 prefent with a compofed countenance: then addreffing herfclf to Dr. Feckenham, 
 (he faid, " God will abundantly requite you, good Sir, for your humanity to me, 
 though your difcourfes gave me more uneafintfs than all the terrors of approach- 
 ing death." She then made a plain and fhort fpeech to the fpedators; after which, 
 kneeling, fhe repeated the Miferere in Englifli. Then rifing, fhe gave her two 
 women her gloves and handkerchief, and her Prayer-Book to the lieutenant of the 
 Tower. In untying her gown the executioner offered to affifl her, but fhe dcfired 
 hini to let her alone-, and turning to her women, they undrefTed her, and gave 
 her a handkerchief to bind over her eyes. The executioner then kneeling defircd 
 her .pardon, to which fhe anfwered, ^* Moft willingly." In fhort, the handkerchief 
 
 being 
 
 I
 
 O U y, 357 
 
 being bound clofe over her eyes, (he began to feel for the block, and bcmg guided 
 to ic by one of the fpeftators, (he flretched herfelf forward, and faying, " Lord, 
 into thy hands I commend my Ipirir," her head was inftantly leparated from her 
 body at one ftroke. Soon after her death a work was publiflied in quarto, 
 intitled, The Precious Remains of Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 GRIERSON (Constantia) diftinguidied by her poetical genius and uncom- 
 mon learning, was born in the county of Kilkenny in Ireland, and was not only 
 verfed in Grcelc and Roman literature, but alio in hiflory, divinity, philofophy, 
 and mathematics. She gave a proof of her knowledge in the Latin tongue, by her 
 dedication of the Dublin edition of Tacitus to lord Carteret; and by that ©f Te- 
 rence to his fon, to whom Ihe likewife wrote a Greek epigram. When lord Car- 
 teret was viceroy of Ireland, he obtained a patent for Mr. Grierfon, her hiifband, 
 to be his majefly's printer in that kingdom. She wrote feveral fine poems in Eng- 
 lilh, fome of which were inferted by Mrs. Barber amongft her own. Mrs. Pilkin»- 
 ton has recorded ibme particulars concerning this female author, and tells us that, 
 *' when about eighteen years of age, (he was brought to her father to be inftrufted 
 in midwifry : that fhe was millrels of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French, and 
 underftood the mathematics as well as mod men : and what made thefe extraordr- 
 nary talents yet more furprizing was, that her parents were poor illiterate country- 
 people ; fo that her learning appeared like the gift, poured out on the Apol^les, 
 of (peaking all languages without the pains of lloiiy." Being afked by Mrs. Pil- 
 kington where flie had gained this prodigious knowledge, fhe anfwered, that " (he 
 had received fome little inflru£lion from the minilter of the parifli, when flie could 
 fpare time from her needle-work, to which fhe was clofely kept by her mother." 
 Mr. Pilkington adds, that " fhe wrote elegantly both in verfe and profe ; that her 
 turn was chiefly to philofophical or divine fubjefts ; that her piety was not inferior 
 to her learning; and that lome of the moft delightful hours fhe herfelf had ever 
 palTcd, were in the converfation of this female philofopher." 
 
 GUY (Thomas) founder of Guy's Hofpital, was the fon of Thomas Guy, 
 lighterman and coal-dealer in Horfley-down, Southwark. He was put apprentice, 
 in 1660, to a bookfeller in the porch of Mercer's-chapel, and fet up trade with a 
 ftock of about 2 col. in the houfe that forms the angle between Cornhill and Lom- 
 bard-ftreet. i he Englifh Bibles being at that time very badly printed, Mr. Guy 
 engaged with otheis in a khem: for printing them in Holland and importing them ; 
 but this being put a Hop to, he contradlcd with the univerfity of Oxford for their 
 privilege of printing them, and carried on a great bible trade for many years to 
 confiderable advantage. 'J hus he bega 1 to accumulate money, and his oains refted 
 in his hands ; for being a finglc man, and very penurious, his expenccs could not 
 be great when it was his cuftoni to dine on his (hop-counter with no other table- 
 covering than an old newfpaper: he was moreover as little fcrupulous about the 
 ftile of his apparel. The bulk of his fortune however was acquired by purchafing 
 fcamen's tickets during queen Anne's war?;, and by South-fea ftock in the memor- 
 able year 1720. To (hew what great events fj)ring from trivial caufes, it may be 
 obferved that the public owe the dedieation of the greateft part of his immenfe 
 fortune to charitable purpofes, to the indifcreet officioulnefs of his maid-fervant in 
 interfering with the mending of the pavement before the door. Guy had agreed 
 to marry her, and preparatory to his nuptials had ordered the pavement before tha 
 
 4 y door
 
 153 
 
 HALE; 
 
 door, which was In a neglefted ftate, to be mended, as far as to a particular (tone 
 whick he pointed out. The maid, while her mafter was out, innocently looi<ing 
 on the paviours at work, faw a broken place that they had not repaired, and men- 
 tioned it to them : but they told her that Mr. Guy had dircfted them not to go lb 
 far " Well, fays fhe, do you mend it, tell him I bad you, and I know he will not 
 be angry." It happened however that the poor girl prefumed too much on her in- 
 fluence over her careful lover, with whom a few extraordinary fliillings expence 
 turned the fcale toully agaiail her; rhe men obeyed, Guy was enraged to find his 
 orders exceeded, his matrimonial fcheme was renounced, and he built hofpitals in 
 his old age. In the year 1707 he built and furnilhed three wards on the north fide 
 of the outer-court of St. Thomas's hofpital in Southwark, and gave tool, to it 
 annually for eleven years preceding the ercftion of his own hofpital -, and fome time 
 before his death credcd theftately iron gate, with the large houfes oh each fide, at 
 the expence of about 3000I. He was feventy-fix years of age when he formed the 
 dcfign of building the hofpital contiguous to St. Thomas's, which bears his name, 
 and lived to fee it roofed in; dying in the year 1724. Tlie charge of ereding 
 this vaft pile amounted to 18,7931. and he left 219,499!. to endow ft-; a much 
 larger fum than had ever been dedicated to charitable ufes in this kingdom by any 
 one man. He erected an almfhoufe with a library at Tamworth in StafFordfhire, 
 (the place of his mother's nativiry, and for which he was reprefentative in parlia- 
 ment) for fourteen poor men and women -, and for their penfions, as well as for 
 the putting out poor children apprentices, bequeathed 125I. a year. Laftly, he 
 bequeathed loool. to all who could prove themfclves in any degree related to him. 
 
 Noorthouck's Hiftorical and ClaJJical DiSfioJunj. 
 
 HALE (Sir Matthew) lord chief juftice of the King's-Bench in the reign of 
 Charles II. was born at Alderly in Gloucefterfhire, on the firft of November, 1609 ; 
 being the fon of Robert Hale, a barrifter of Lincoln's-Inn. In 1626 he was ad- 
 mitted of Magdalen-hall in Oxford, where he ftudied for fome time with uncom- 
 mon diligence •, but was afterwards diverted from his ftudies by the levities of youth, 
 and refoived to engage in a military life. Fioni this refolution, Tiowever, he was 
 difluaded by Mr. ferjeant Glanvill, by whofc advice he applied to the ftudy of the 
 iaw, and entered himiclf of LincolnVinn in 1629. He was called to the bar fome 
 time before the civil wars broke out, and, after they did break out, behavetl in 
 fuch a manner as to gain the elleem of both parties. He was one of the coanfcl 
 to the earl of Strafford, archbilhop l^aud, and king Charles himfelf ; as alfo to 
 the duke of Hamilton, the carl of Holland, lord Capel, and lord Craven. After 
 the king's death, he took the oath called the Engagement, and in 1 65:^-4 was made 
 one of the juftices of the Common-Pleas, in. which ftation he afted with great in- 
 tegrity and courage. In 1658-9 he was chofen burgefs for the univerfiry of Ox- 
 ford; and, in the parliament which recalled king Charles II. was elecfked orte of 
 the reprefcntaiives for the county of Gloucefter. Soon after the reftoration of that 
 monarch, he was appointed chief baron of the Exchequer; bur, in order to avoid 
 the honour of knighthood, which was ufually conferred upon perfons promoted to 
 that office, he, for a confiderable time, declined all opportunities of waiting on his 
 majedy. The lord chancellor Clarendon obftrving this circumflance, fcnt for him 
 one day upon bufinefs, when the king was at his houfe, and, on his coming, faid 
 to his majclly, ♦• There is your modelt chief baron ;" upon which he was unexpeft- 
 ^ly knighted. On the listh of May, 1671, he was made lord chief juftice of 
 
 the
 
 hales; 
 
 35f 
 
 the King's-Bench, which poft he held about four years and a half, when, his health 
 declining, he prudently rcfigncd it. He died on the 25th of December, 1676. 
 aged fixty-feven, and was interred in the church-yard of Alderly. He wrore, i. 
 An EfTay on the Gravitation and Non-Gravitation of fluid Bodies : 2. Obfervations 
 touching the Torricellian Experiment: 3. Contemplations moral and divine: 
 4. The primitive Origination of Mankind confidered and explained accordincr to 
 the Light of Nature : 5. Pleas of the Crown; or, a methodical Summary of the 
 principal matters relating to that fiibjedt. 6. The Original Inftitution, Power, and 
 Jurifdiftion of Parliaments ; and feveral other works. 
 
 The Rev. iVIr. Granger obferves, that " this excellent perfon, whofe learning iti 
 the law was fcarce equalled, and never exceeded, was, in many refpefts, one of the 
 mofl perfeft charafters of his age. Nor was his knowledge limited to his own pro- 
 fefTion : he was far from inconfiderable as a philofopher and divine. He was as 
 good and amiable in his private, as he was great and venerable in his public capa- 
 city. His decifions upon the bench were frequently a learned lefture on the point 
 of law; and fuch was his reputation for integrity, that the inrerefted parties were 
 generally fatisfied with them, though they happened to be againfl: themfelves. No 
 man more abhorred the chicane of lawyers, or more difcountenanced the evil arts 
 of pleading. He was fo very confcientious, that the jealoufy of being milled by 
 his afFcftions made him perhaps rather partial to that fide to which he was leaft 
 inclined. Though he was a man of true humility, he was not infenfible of that 
 honeft praifc which was bellowed on him by the general voice of mankind, and 
 which muft have been attended with that felf-applaufe which is the natural refult of 
 good and worthy aflions. This pride, which deferves to be called by albfter name, 
 was a very different thing from vanity. He is therefore very unjuftly reprefented 
 as a vain perfon by Mr. Roger North, who, by endeavouring to degrade an ef- 
 tablilhed charadter, has only degraded his own." 
 
 HALES (John) ufually ftyled the Ever-Memorable, was born at Bath in So- 
 merfetlhire, in the year 1584. At thirteen years of age he was fent to Corpus- 
 Chrifti-college, Oxford; and in 1605, by the intereft of Sir Henry Savile, was 
 chofen fellow of Merton-collcge. On account of his uncommon (kill in the Greek 
 tongue, he was not only appointed to read the Greek leflure in his college, but was 
 alfo in 16 1 2 made Greek profefifor to the univerfity. The year following he was 
 admitted a fellow of Eton-college, being then in holy orders. In 1618 he accom- 
 panied Sir Dudley Carleton, king James's ambaflTador to the dates of Holland, ia 
 quality of his chaplain ; by which means he had an opportunity of being prefenc 
 at the fynod of Dort, of whofe tranfadions he gave Sir Dudley an account in a 
 fertes of letters, which were afterwards publiflied. In his younger years he was 
 attached to the doftrines of Calvin; but hearing Epifcopius fpeak in the above- 
 mentioned fynod, he changed his fentiments, and became an Arminian. A traft 
 which he wrote at the defire of his friend Mr, Chillingworth, concerning fchifm 
 and fchifmatics, expofed him to the difpleafure of archbifliop Laud, who fent for 
 him to Lambeth and expoftulatcd with him on the fubjcft; but, after fome con- 
 verfation, the archbifliop was perfcftly reconciled to him. In 1639 Mr. Hales was 
 preferred to a canonry of Windfor, of which however, he was deprived upon the 
 commencement of the civil war ; and refufing to take the engagement, he was in 
 1649 ejefted from his fellowfhip of Eton-college. He paffed the remainder of his 
 life in privacy and retirement, in the houfe of a widow at Eton, whofe hulband 
 
 had
 
 |6b HALE 9. 
 
 had been his fervant. Here he was reduced to very narrow circumftances, and ob- 
 liged to difpofe of his valuable library at a low price, in order to procure fubfiftence. 
 He died on the 19th of May, 165^, in the fcventy-fecond year of his age. 
 
 " Mr Hales (lays Dr. John Fearfon, bifliop of Chefter) was a man of as great 
 ftiarpncfs, quicknefs, and fubtilty of wit, as ever this or perhaps any nation bred. 
 His induftry did ftrive, if it were polTible, to equal the largenefs of his capacity, 
 whereby he became as great a mafter of polite, various, and univerfal learning, as 
 ever yet converfcd with books. Proportionate to his reading was his meditation, 
 which furnilhed him with a judgment beyond the vulgar reach of man, built upon 
 unordinary notions, raifed out of ftrange obfervations and comprehenfive thoughts 
 within himfclf. So that he really was a moft prodigious example of an acute and 
 piercing wit, of a vaft and illimitcd knowledge, of a fevere and profound judgment. 
 Although this may feem, as in itfclf it truly i?, a grand elogium, yet 1 cannot ef- 
 teem him lefs in any thing which belongs to good men, than in thofe intelleftual per- 
 fedtions -, and had he never underftand a letter, he had other ornaments fufficient to 
 endear him. For he was of a nature, as we ordinarily fpeak, fo kind, fo fweet, fo 
 courting all mankind, of an affability fo prompt, fo ready to receive all conditions 
 of men, that I conceive it near as eal'y a tafk to became fo knowing, as fo obliging. 
 As a chriftian, none was ever more acquainted with the nature of the gofpel, be- 
 caufe none more ftudious of the knowledge of it, or more curious in the fearch, 
 which being flrengthened by thole great advantages before-mentioned, could not 
 prove otherwife than highly cffcftual. He was not only mud truly and ftriftly juft 
 in his fecular tranfadions, moll exemplarily meek and humble notwithftanding his 
 perfeftions, but beyond all example charitable." 
 
 In 1659 there came out a colledion of Mr. Hales's works, under the title of 
 Golden Remains •, and fome years after appeared another colledion entitled, Several 
 .Trads by the ever-memorable Mr. John Hales. 
 
 HALES (Stephen) D. D. a celebrated divine and philofopher, was the fon of 
 Thootas Hales, tfq. of Beckfbourn in Kent, and was born there on the 7th of 
 September, 1677. In 1696 he was entered a penfioner at Bennet college, Cam- 
 bridge-, and was admitted a fellow in 1703. He early difcovercd the bent of his 
 genius to natural philofophy. His firft ftudy was botany, in which he took infinite 
 pains. He next applied to the ftudy of anatomy in animal life, and invented a 
 curious reprcfentation of the lungs in lead. He alfo made, when very young, a 
 confidcrable progiefs in chemiftry. But what rendered him moft remarkable at the 
 univerfity, was the invention of a machine in brafs to demonftrate the motion of 
 the planets. 
 
 Having taken his degrees in divinity, and entered into holy orders, he was ap- 
 pointed curate of Teddington in Middlefex. Jn 1718 hewaschofen a fellow of the 
 Koyal Society •, and about ttie fame time was induded into the living of Forlock in 
 the county of SomerCet. In 1741 he firft publiflied his moft ufeful mvention of Venn 
 tilators, which he continued to improve during the reft of his life. About fix or 
 feven years after, one of them was put up in the prilon of the Savoy ; and though be- 
 tween fifty and a hundred perfons had died every year of the jail dftemper in that 
 place, four perfons only died in two years after his machine was ereded, thqugh 
 the number of prifoners frequently exceeded two hundred. The ule of ventilators 
 was afterwards introduced into the king's Ihipx, and other places j and in the laft 
 par, after long felicitations, he procured an order from the French king to ered 
 
 thetn
 
 1 
 
 H A L L E Y. 35i 
 
 them In theprifons where the Englifh were confined. In (hort, it would be almoH: 
 endlefs to enumerate this great philofopher's various refearcbes into nature, and all 
 the Ichemes he publifhed for the benefit of mankind ; moft of which are to be 
 found in the tranfadtions of the Royal Society, and difcover his great knowledge 
 of the fecrets of nature. He fpent the latter part of his life chiefly at Teddington, 
 where he was honoured with the company of fome of the greateft perfons in the na- 
 tion; whom, without any of the fafliionable modes of polite breeding, he received 
 and vifited with patriarchal fimplicity ; and among thofe who honoured him with 
 their particular efteem, was the late prince of Wales, his prefent majefty's father, 
 who often took a pleafure in furprifing him in his laboratory. After the death of 
 that amiable prince, in 1751, the princefs's houfhhold was no fooner fettled, than 
 he was appointed her almoner, and did credit to her choice. About two years af- 
 ter, he was ele<5led a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. His own me- 
 rit, and the intercft of his friends, might eafily have procured him fume higher 
 preferment in the church •, but he ftudioufly declined all further promotion, and 
 devoted his time to the profccution of his itudies. Blcft with ferenity of mind, and 
 an excellent conftitution, he attained the age of eighty-three, and, after a fliort 
 illnefs, died at Teddington on the 4th of January, 1761, A monument was after- 
 wards erc^iled to his memory in Weltminller-abbey, by her royal highnefs the prin- 
 cefs dowager of Wales. ;(h 
 
 HALLEY (Edmundj a mofl: eminent mathematician and aftronomer, was bom 
 in the parifh of St. Leonard Shoreditch, on the 29th of Of^ober, i6^6, and inftru6l- 
 ed in graniiiiar-learning at St. Paul's fchool. Fiom thence, in the year 1673, ^^ 
 removed to Qi_ieen's college, Oxford, where he applied with great affiduicy and 
 fuccefs to practical and geometrical aftronomy. In November 1676, he embarked 
 for the iQand of St. Plelena, in order to complete the catalogue of fixed (tars by the 
 addition of thole that lie near the fouth pole ; and having delineated a planilphere, 
 in which he laid them all down in their exacl places, he returned to England in 
 1678, King Charles II, to whom this planifphcre wasprefented, gave Mr, Halley 
 a letter of mandamus to tlie univcrfity of Oxford for the degree of mailer of arts ; 
 and in the fime year he was chofen Icllow of the Royal Society. In 1680 he fet 
 out on his travels, accompanied by his friend Mr. Robert Nclfon, author of the 
 Companion for the j^eatls and Fafts. In 16S3 he publiflied liis Theory of the Va- 
 riation of the M;'.g(ietical Cumpafs, in which he fuppofes the whole globe of the 
 earth to be one great magnet, with four magnetical poles or points of attraiflion; 
 but after\vards thinking that this theory was liable to great exceptions,, he procured 
 an applijCfllHpn to be made to king William, who appoinred him commander of the 
 Paramoi,irv"pink, with orders to feek by obfcrvations the difcovery of the rule of 
 variations, and to lay down the longitude and latitude of his majefty's fettlements- 
 in America. He fet out on this attempt the 24th of November, 1698, but having 
 crofiTed the line, his men grew fickly, and his lieutenant mutinying, he returned 
 home in Jun/, 1699, and h3,ving g.)t the lieutenant tried and cafliiered, ict lad a 
 fecond tune in September following, with t'^e fame fhip, and another of lefs bulk, 
 of which he had alfj the command. He now travcrfcd tlie vail: Atlantic ocean 
 from one hemiiphere to the other, as far as the ice would. permit him to go •, and 
 having made his obfcrvations at St. Helena, Brafil, Cape Verd, Barbadues, the 
 Maiiifiras, the Canaries, the coatt of Barbary, and many other latitudes, arrived in 
 England in September, 1 70Q, and the next year publifhed a general chart, Hiew- 
 
 42 ing
 
 362 H A M D E N. 
 
 incr at one view the variation of the compafs in all thofe places. Captain Halley, 
 (as he was now called) had been at home little more than half a year, when he 
 was lent by the king to oblerve the courfe of the tides, with the longitude and lati- 
 tude of the principal head-lands in the Britidi channel. This tafk he performed 
 with his ufual expedition and accuracy, and foon after his return he publilhed a 
 large map of that channel. 
 
 In 1703 Mr. Hallcy was appointed Savilian profeflbr of geometry at Oxford, 
 in the room of Dr. \Vallis, and had the degree of do<n:or of laws conferred upon 
 him by that univerfity. In 17 13 he was made fecretary of the Royal Society •, 
 and in 1720 fucceeded Mr. Flamfteed in the pofl: of king's aftronomcr, upon which 
 he the next year refio;ned his place of fecretary. Soon after the accefiion of his 
 late majefty, he obtained, by tise intereft of queen Caroline, a grant of the half- 
 pay of a captain in the navy, as he had formerly fcrved the crown in that capacity. 
 In Auguft 1729, he was chofen a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. 
 He expired without a groan on the 14th of January, 1741-2, in the eighty-fixth 
 year of his age, and was interred at a place near Greenwich. Mofl: of his writings 
 were publilhed in xhe Philofophical Tranfaftions, of which, for leveral years, 
 they were the chief ornament. Our aftronomer wa'^ intimately acquainted with the 
 celebrated Sir Ifaic Newton, from whom he received, and to whom he commu- 
 nicated, many uicful hints ; and the publication ^f whofe Principia he fupcrin- 
 ;t€nded. 
 
 . HAMDEN, or HAMPDEN (John) Efq. of Hamden in the county of Bucks, 
 (received the honourable appellation of patriot Haniden, for his fpirited defence of 
 the laws and liberties of his country, in oppofuion to the illegal and opprefTive 
 rax of fhip-money. He was del'cended from one of the moft ancient families in 
 Buckinghamdiire, and was born at London in the year 1594. In 1609 he was 
 fcnt to'^Magdalcn college, Oxford, whence he removed to the inns of court, 
 ivhere he made a confiderable progrcis in the ftudy of the law. After he had 
 pafied his thirtieth year, he was chofen to reprefent his county in parliament ; 
 and in 1636 became univerfally known by his refufal to pay (hip-money, as an il- 
 legal impofitioH •, for which he was profecuted in the exchequer. This important 
 •caufe was folemnly argued in that court before all the judges, who, after fevcral 
 hearings, decreed that Mr. Hamden lliould pay the tax. From this time he 
 •loon grew one of the moft popular men in the nation, and a principal direftor of 
 the anti minifterijl party in the houfe of commons. At the commencement of 
 the long parliament, " the eyes of all men (fays lord Clarendon) were fixed upon 
 him, as their pater patricZ, and the pilot that muft fteer the velTel through the tem- 
 pers and rocks which threatened it-, his reputation of hcnefty was univerfal, and 
 Jiis affcdions feemed fo publicly guided, that no corrupt or private ends could bias 
 them." On the 3d of January, 1641-2, the king fent his attorney-general to ac- 
 cufe of high trealbn the lord Kimbolton, Mr. Hamden, and four other members 
 of the houfe of commons, and went the next day to that houfe to feize them -, but 
 they had previoufly retired ; and Mr. Hi'mden afterwards made a fpeech in the 
 houfe to acquit himftlf of the charge. Upon the breaking out of the civil wars, 
 in 1642, he took the command of a regiment of foot under the earl of Eflex, 
 and gave proofs of uncommon bravery and military fkill. But he received a 
 mortal wound in an engagement with prince Rupert, in Chalgrave-field, Oxford- 
 shire, and died on the 24th of June, 1643, ii\ days after the battle. 
 
 Hi«
 
 H A M D E N. ^i 
 
 His charafter is thus delineated by the earl of Clarendon : " He was a man of 
 much greater cunning, and it may be of the mofl: difcerning fpirir, and of the 
 greatelt addrcls and infinuation to bring any thing to pafs which he defired, of any 
 man of that time, and who laid the defign dcepeil. — He was not a man of many 
 words, and rarely began the difcourfe, or made the iiift entrance upon any bufincfs 
 that was afllimed, but was a very weighty fpeaker-, and after he had heard a full 
 debate, and obferved how the houfe was like to be inclined, took up the argument, 
 and fhortly, and clearly, and craftily, fo ftared it, that he commonly condu(T:ed it 
 to the conclufion he defired. He was of that rare affability and temper in debate, and ~ 
 of that feeming humility and fubmifllon of judgment, as if he brought no opinion 
 of his own with him, but a defire of information and inftruftion : yet he had lb fub- 
 tle a way of interrogating, and, under the notion of doubts, infinuating his objec- 
 tions, that he infufed his own opinions into thofe from whom he pretended to learn 
 and receive them. And even with them who were able to prefcrve them felves from 
 his infufions, and difcerned thofe opinions to be fixed in him, with which they could 
 not comply, he always left the chirader of an ingenious and confcientious perfon. 
 He was indeed a very wife man, and of great parts, and pofitlTed with the mod ab- 
 folute fpirit of popularity, and the moft ablblute faculties to govern the people of 
 any man I ever knew. For the firft year of the parliament, he feemed rather to 
 moderate and foften the violent and diltempered humours, than to inflame them. 
 But wife and difpafTioned men plainly diicerned, that that moderation proceeded 
 from prudence, and obfervatlon that the feafon was not ripe, rather than that he 
 approved of the moderation •, and that he begot many opinions and motions, the edu- 
 cation whereof he committed to other men; fo far difguifing his own defigns, that 
 he feemed feldom to wifli more than was concluded. And in many grofs conclufi- 
 ons, which would hereafter contribute to defigns not yet fet on foot, when he 
 found them fufficiently backed by a majority of voices, he would withdraw himfclf 
 before the queftion, that he might feem not to confent to fo much vifible unreafon- 
 ablenefs •, which produced as great a doubt in fome, as it did approbation in others, 
 of his integrity.— After he was among thofe members acculed by the king of 
 high-trcafon, he was much altered, his nature and carriage feeming much fier- 
 cer than it did before-, and without quellion, when he firfl: drew his fword, he 
 threw away the fcabbard.— He was very temperate in diet, and a fupreme go- 
 vernor over all his pafTions and afi^efhions; and had thereby a great power o- 
 ver other men's. He was of an induftry and vigilance not to be tired out, or 
 wearied by the moft laborious ; and of parts not to be impofed upon by the 
 moft fubtle and fharp -, and of a perfonal courage equal to his beft parts : fo 
 that he was an enemy not to be wifhed, wherever he might have been made a 
 friend; and as much to be apprehended where he was fo, as any man could dc- 
 ferve to be. And therefore his death was no lefs pleafing to the one party, 
 than it was condoled by the other. In a word, what was faid of Cinna, 
 might well be applied to him-, he had a head to contrive, a tongue to per- 
 fuade, and a hand to execute, any mifchlef." 
 
 The ingenious author of the Seafons, fpeaking of the great men that Britain 
 has produced, thus celebrates our patriot ; 
 
 " A Hamden too is thine, illuftrious land, 
 " Wife, ftrenuous, firm, of unfubmitting foul, 
 
 " Wh*
 
 364 H A R L E Y. 
 
 '•' Who ftem'd the torrent of a downward age, 
 " To flavcry prone, and bade thee rile aga'n, 
 " In all thy native pomp of freedom bold." 
 
 IIANMER (Sir Thomas) the Ton of William Hanmer, Efq. fucceeded to 
 the title and cftate of his uncle Sir John Hanmer, of Hanmer in Shroplhire-, bart. 
 He had his education at Oxford, where he was much cfteemed for the fvveetnefs of 
 his manners, and his perfeft acquaintance with the liberal arts; and he always re- 
 tained the warmcft gratitude and affcdlion for that univerfuy. When he arrived at 
 years of maturity, he was choien burgcfs for the county of Suffolk ; and he fat in 
 parliament near thirty years, either as a reprefentative for that county or for Flint- 
 Ihire, or for the borough of Thctford. In this venerable aflembly he was foon dif- 
 tinguiflicd, and his powerful elocution and unbiaflcd integrity drew the attention of 
 all parties. In the year 171-5 he was unanimoully elected fpeakcr of the houfe of 
 commons-, which office he dilcharged with becoming dignity, and declined all fur- 
 ther honours and emoluments. Ac length withdrawing himfelf from public 
 bufmeis, he fpent tlie remainder of his life in an honourable retirement. In this 
 retreat he prepared an elegant and correct edition of the dramatic works of Shake- 
 fpeare, of which he made a prefent to the univerfity of Oxford, where it was 
 printed in the year 1744, with maftcriy engravings by Gravclot, at the expcnce of 
 Sir Thomas. This worthy man died at his feat in Suffolk, in 1746, and was in- 
 terred in the parifh cluirch of Hanmer, where a monument was eredled over his 
 grave. He was twice married; firft to Ifabcl, duchefs dowager of Grafton, and in 
 her own right countefs of Arlington -, fecondly to Elizabeth, tiaughter and heirefs of 
 Thomas Folkes, of Barton in tiie county of Suffolk. Efq. 
 
 HARLEY (Robert) earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, and lord high trea- 
 furer in the reign of queen Anne, was the eldeft fon of Sir Edward Harley, and 
 was born at London on the 5th of December, 16(11. He was educated under the 
 reverend Mr. Birch, at Shilton, near Burford, in Oxfordfhire; which, though a 
 private fchool, was remarkable for producing, at the fame time, a lord high-treafu- 
 rer, viz. lord Oxford; a lord-high-chanccllor, viz. lord Harcourt ; a lord-chief- 
 julticeof the common-pleas, viz. lord Trevor ; and ten members of the houfe of 
 commons ; who were all contemporaries as well at fchool as in parliament. Here he 
 laid the foundation of that extenfive knowledge and learning which rendered him af- 
 terwards fo confpicuous in the world. 
 
 At the Revolution, Sir Edward Harley, and this his eldeft fon, raifed a troop of 
 horfe at their own expence; and, after the accefTion of king William and queen 
 Mai y, Mr. Harley was choien aiember of parliament for Tregony in Cornwall, and 
 afterwards fcrvcd for the town of Radnor, till he was called up to the houleof lords. 
 In 1690 he was chofcn by ballot one of the nine members of the houfe of com- 
 mons who were commifljoners for ftating the public accounts ; and alio one of the 
 arbitrators for uniting the two India companies. In 1694 the houfe of commons or- 
 dered Mi. Harley, on the 19th of November, to prepare and bring in a bill for the 
 frequent meeting and calling of parliaments, which he accordingly did on the 22d, 
 and it was received and agreed to by both houfes without any alteration or amend- 
 ment. On the nth of February, 170 1-2, he was chofen fpcaker of the houfe of 
 commons ; and that parliament being dilfulved tlie fame year by king William, and 
 
 a nevtr
 
 H A R L E f; 365 
 
 ■* new one called, he was again elefted fpeaker on the 31ft of December following, 
 as he was in the firft parliament called by queen Annt-. On the i7ch of April, 
 1704, he was fwoin ol: her majef^y's privy council; and, on the iSih of May fol- 
 lowing, made one of the principal fecretarics of ftate. In 1-06 he was appointed 
 one of the commlfTioners for the treaty of union with '^cotland, wh.ch took cffedl ; 
 and refigned his place of fecretary in February, 1707-8. On the loih of Au- 
 guft, 1710, he was confliiuted one of the commiffioncrs of ihe Trcalury; alfo chan- 
 cellor ai)d under-treafurer of the Exchequer: and, having three days after been 
 aga'n fworn into the privy-council, he was, on the 8th of March following, in 
 great danger of his life; the marquis of Guifcard, a French papift, then under the 
 •examinniion of a committee of the privy-council it Whitehall, lUbbing hira in the 
 breaft v^ith a penknife, which he took up in the clerk's room, v.'here he waited be- 
 fore he was examined. Guilcard, after a fhort fcuffle, was fcized, and being im^ 
 prifoned in Ncagatc, died there on the i7ih of the fune month. 
 
 In confequence of this affair, an acft of parliament was paflld, making it felony, 
 without benefit of clergy, to attempt the life of a privy counfcllor in the execu- 
 tion of his office-, and a claufe was inferred to juliify all ptrfms, who, in alTiIt- 
 ing Mr. Harley arid fecuring Guiicard, ga>'e the latter any wound or bruilc that 
 occafioned his death. Both houfes of parliament addrefi'cd the queen on this oc- 
 cafion, and expreffed their threat concern " at the moll barbarous and villainous 
 attempt made upon the perfon of Robert Harley, efq. chancellor of your majelly's 
 exchequer, by the marquis of Guifcard, a French papitl, at the time when he was 
 under examination for treafjnable practices, before a committee of y )ur muiedy's 
 council. We cannot but be moit deeply affedled, to fi;id fuch an ini'ance of in- 
 - vererare malice againif one employed in your majetty's council, and fo near your 
 'royal pevlon ; and we h.ve reafon to l:.elieve that his fidelity to your maiefty, and 
 
 • zeal for your fervice, have drawn on him the hatred of all the abetiors of popery 
 .' and faftion. We think it our duty, on this occafion, to alTure your majelty, that 
 
 • we will cffeff ually ftand by and defend your majcity, and thufe who have the ho- 
 ■' nour to be employed in your fervice, agamft all public and fecret attempts of your 
 
 enemies." 
 
 The wound Mr. Harley had received confined him for fome weeks -, but the 
 hi'iufe cf commons being informed that it vas almoll healed, and that he would in 
 a few d ivs come abroad, they rcfolved to congratulate his efcape and recovery; and 
 accordingly, upon his next attending the houfe, which was on the 26th of A:iril, 
 thefpea-i-r addrelTed himfdf to him in a very refptctful fpeech, to which Mr. Har- 
 ley returned as rel'pedfful <in anfver. In the year 171 1, queen Anne, to reward his 
 many e;ninent fervices, w;.s pleafei! to advance him to the peerage of Great-Britain, 
 by the liiie dBu c ties of Baron H..rlev, of Wigmoie in tiie county ot iJcrciord, carl 
 of Oxford, and earl Mortimer. Wc will tranfcribe the preamble of the letters pa- 
 tent, bearing ddte May,- r i th, to fliew the reader how prodiuioufly high Mr, Har- 
 ley's credit ilood vvicli tiie people of i-.n^land, as well a. With the governing powers, 
 at that rime: " Whatever favour ihe equity of a prince can beliow on a gentleman 
 defccnded fr'im an lludrious and very ancient family, framed by nature for great 
 things improved by education in all manner of learning for erer^ter, exciciied by long 
 cxi.crif-nce in bufinefs, verfcd in very difteicnt cmp'oytnenis of the c immonwealih, 
 w th extraordinary reputadon, aid not without dan:^er ; fuch hasourtrully and well 
 bel )ved counfeilor Rohert Harley julliy dcfei ved of us ; he being the only man who, 
 by a full houle of commons, was chofen fpeaker by three iucccllive pailiamcnis; 
 
 5 A and.
 
 3^5 H A R L 5 f . 
 
 and, at the fame time that he held the chair, was one of our principal fccretaries of 
 ftatc-, his capacity fitting him tur the management of thofe two impi rtant offices, 
 which, though they feenied to dif»giee in themfeives, were eafily reconciled by one 
 who knew how, with equal wc ght and addrefs, to teiipcr and turn the 
 minds of men ■, fo wifely to defend tlie rights of the people, wiihout derogating 
 from the prerogative of the crown-, and who was thoroughly acquainted how well 
 monarchy could confifl; with liberty. Having run tlirough thefc tivo employments 
 at the fame time, after fome breathing-while he took care of our treafjry, as chan- 
 cellor of our exchequer; put a Itop to the groA^ing embezzlement of the public 
 money, which was fprcad'.ng far and wide, like a contagion ; piovided, for the fet- 
 tling a new trade to the South-Seas ; and having, with wonderful fagacity, very 
 lately, and in a very good time, retrieved the languifhing condition of our t xchc- 
 quer, and thus reftored public credit, merited the applaufc of tlic parlianienr, filled 
 our citizens with joy, and us, for our intereft is ever the f.ime wit!» th^t of our peo- 
 ple, with no fmall fatisfaftion : for thefe reafons, wc determine to confer on a gen- 
 tleman, who has defcrved fo well of us, and of all our good fubjefts, thofe honours 
 which were long fince due to him and his family ; being induced thereto by our own 
 inclination, and the general voice of all Great Britain. Since therefore the two 
 houfes of parliament have declared, that the fidelity and afFeclion he has exprefled 
 in our fervice, have expofed him to the hat.ed of wicked men, and the dcfperate 
 rage of a villainous parricide; fince they have congratulated his efcape from fuch 
 imminent dangers, and put us In mind, that he might not be preferved in vain; we 
 willingly comply with their dcfires, and grant him, who comes fo honourably recom- 
 mended by the hearty votes of our parliament, a place among our peers, to whom, 
 by the noble blood and long train of his anceflors, he is fo nearly allied ; and that, 
 with all felicity, he take his title from the city where learning fiourifhes in fo great 
 a degree, himfclf the ornament of learning, and patrqn of learned men. Know," &:c. 
 On the 29th of May, 17 n, the queen appointed the earl of Oxford lord high 
 ■treafurer of Great-Britain; and in Augull. the fame year, at a general meeting of 
 the South-Sea company, he was cholen their governor. On the 26th of Oftober, 
 17 1 2, he was elefted a knight of the garter. July the 27th, 1714, he refigned 
 his ftaff of lord-high-treafurer Into the hands of the queen, who died on rhe ift 
 of Auguft following. On the loth of June, 1715, he was impeached by tjje 
 ^houfe of commons of high-treafon, and other high crimes and mifdemeanours ; and 
 on the i6th of July, was committed to the Tower, where he fuffercd confinement 
 -till the ift of July, 1717, and then, after, a public trial, was acquitted by his 
 i.peers. He died in the fixty-fourth year of his age, on the 21ft of May, 1724, 
 after having been twice married. Mr.' Pope has celebrated his memory in til 
 folio win" lines : 
 
 o 
 
 •' A foul fupreme, in each hard inflance try'd, 
 " Above all pain, all anger, and all pride ; 
 *' The /age of power, the blaft of public breath, 
 *' The lult of lucre, and the dread of death." 
 
 His lorddiip was not only an cncourager of learning, but the grcatcft collf<5bor 
 
 in his time of all curious books and manufcripts, efpecially thofe concerning the hif- 
 
 tory of his ov/n country. He was an enemy to the whigs a d to the diflentcrs ; 
 
 •his charadcr is therefore reprefentt^d very differently by different parties, and he 
 
 is
 
 H A R y ^ J(. 2^y 
 
 is fcverely cenfurcd even by lord B()lingbroke, the aflociate of h's politics and coun- 
 fels. He wrote an ElTiy upon Public Credit, an Eiray upon Loans -, and a Vin- 
 dication of tlic Rights of the Commons is faiJ to have been written by him, though 
 publilhed under tne name of Thomas Mack worth, 
 
 HARVEY (William) M. D. an emin nt phyfician, born of a good family at 
 Foli<ftone in Kent, on the 2d of April, 1578. At ten years of age he was fsnt to 
 a grammar-kliool at Canterbury ; and in May, 1593, removed to Gonvil andCiius 
 college, Cambridge. Having fpent five or fix ycais in this univerfi^y, he rravellcd 
 abroad, and took the degree of dodlor of phyfic at Padua. After his return co 
 England, he was incorporated dotfi^or of phyfic at Cambridge, and going to Lon- 
 don, entered upon the praiftice of his profeffion there. In 1607 '^^ ^^^ chof n a 
 felio^v of the college of phyficians ; and in 1(315 was appo-nied lefturer of anatomy 
 and chirurgery in that college. In the courfe of thefe iedurer, he firft opened his 
 difcovery of the circulation of the blood, which will render his name immortal. This 
 he afterwards communicated more fully to the world in his " Exercitatio Anatomic* 
 de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis," publiflied at Frankfort in 1627. 
 
 Dr. Harvey's difcovery of the circubtion was of the greateft importance to the 
 whole art of phyfic. But no man who has attained great excellence, has ever ef- 
 caped the attacks of envy. Difcoveries and improvements in any art or fcience, 
 have generally bten viewed with a jealous eye by the bulk of the profelTors of thofe 
 arts or fciences. And accordingly Harvey's difcovery brought upon him many op- 
 ponents of his own profefiion. Their feveral attempts to refute his book were in- 
 deed without iuccefs; but fome of his antagonifts fecm to have been mean enough 
 to endeavour to obftruifl him in his private praiftice -, for it appears, that Harvey 
 complained to one of his friends, that he was much lefs frequently called upon to 
 vifit the fick, after he had publiibed his book concerning the motion of the heart. 
 ■ His adverfaries may be divided into two clafi^es ; by which he was attacked on 
 different fides, and by very different arguments. Of tht-fe, the one party endea- 
 voured to make it appear that his hypothefis was falfe ; whilft the other admitted 
 it to be wed founded, but aflerted that he was not the auihor of the difcovery. 
 One of the firit who attacked Harvey's principles concerning the circulation, was 
 ^milius Parlfanus, a phyfician of Venice ; but he was oppofed by Sir George Enr, 
 of the college of phyficians, in his " Apologia pro Sanguinis Circulatione." 'Ihofe 
 who endeavoured to deprive Hsrvey of the honour of this difcovery, afierted that 
 it was known to preceding writers. Vander Linden took great pains to prove that 
 it was knov/n to Hijipocrates -, others faid it was known to Galen, others to Michael 
 Servetus, and others to Columbus, an eminent anatomift ; and Mr. Bayle after- 
 wards affirmed, that it was known to Cfefalpinus. Paflages were cited from thefe 
 authors to prove this > but it has been fiiewn very clearly by Dr. Friend, in his 
 Hiftory of Phyfic, as well as by others, that the paflages quoted do by no means 
 anfwer the purpofe for which they are produced. 1 he honour of difcovering th« 
 circulation was alfo attributed to the famous Father Paul. This was occafioned by 
 ihe following incident. The Venetian ambaffador in England was prefcntcd by Dr. 
 Harvey with his book on the circulation of the blood ; which, on his return to 
 Venice, he lent to Father Paul, who tranfcribed the mofl: remarkable particulars 
 out of it. Thefe tranfcrip:s, after Father Paul's death, came into tlie hands of his 
 executors, which induced feveral perfons to imagine that he was the auihor of them, 
 and gave rife to the report that he had difcovercd the circulation of tiie blood. But 
 
 Dr.
 
 sGt 
 
 HARVEY. 
 
 Dr. Harvey rfceivo.l letters from F. Fiilgcntio, Father Paul's intimate friend, 
 which fet the aiTair in a clear light. Upon the whole, we may conclude with the 
 words of Dr. Friend, " As this great difcovery was ent rely owing to our country- 
 man, fo he lias explained it with all the cleaincfs imagnab'c; and though much 
 has been wiiiten ujxjn that fubjeft, I may venture to lay, his own book is the 
 fliortelt, the plainclt, and the nioft convincing of any, as we may be latisficd, if 
 we look into the many apologies written in defence of the circul. rion." 
 
 On the 3d of February, 1O23, letters were granicd by King Janies I. permit- 
 Vn" Dr. Harvey to wait >ind attend on his Majelly in the fame miiniiCr as the Phy- 
 ficians in ordinary did, with a promile that he ftioukl fucc^ed ro tliar office on the 
 firit vacancy. And he was afterwards appointed Phyfician to King Charles 1. He 
 adhered to that Prince upon the breaking out ot the evil w..r.s, and a-tendcd his 
 Maji-dy at the battle of Edge-hli, and from thence to Oxtord j and in 1642, he 
 was incorporated Dodlor of phyfic in that L'niverfity. In 1645, by the King's in- 
 fluence, he was eleiftcd Wardi. n of Merton-College ; but upon the (iirrendcring of 
 Oxford the year alter to the Parliament, he was obliged to quit tbatofficej and re- 
 tiring to London, he pafft;d his time privately in the neighbourhood of that city. 
 In 165 1, he publifhed his " Excrcit.uiones de generaiione animaluin : quibus ac- 
 ccdunt qi^jeJam de partu de membranis ac humoribus uteri, ci I'c conceptione." 
 This is a curious and valuable Work, and would certainly have been n ore fo, had 
 not the civil wars occafioned the lof of fome ot his papers. For although he had 
 permilfion from the Parliament to attend the King upon his Maiciiy's leaving 
 Whitehall, yet his houfe in London was in his ablcnce plundered of all the fur- 
 niture ; and his Adverfaria, with a great number of anatomical obfervations, re- 
 lating efpccicilly to the generation of infeds, were carried off, and never afterwards 
 recovered by him. Ths lofs he gre.tly lamented. 
 
 Dr. Harvey had the happincfs to live to fee the do6Vrine or the circulation ge- 
 nerally received. And, in 1652, a ftatue was ercfted to his honour by the College 
 of Phyficians. Two years after, he was chofcn Prcfident of the College in his ab- 
 fence; and coming thither the day after, he acknowledged his great obligations 
 to the electors for the honour they had done him, but declined accepting of the 
 office, on account of his age and wcaknefs. As he had no children, he made the 
 College his heirs, and fettled his paternal edate upon them in July following. He 
 had three years before built them a room to ailemble in, and a library; and, in 
 
 1656, he brought the deeds of his eflare, and prefented them to the College. He 
 was then prefent at the firft t't^(i, inflituted by himfelf, to be continued annually, 
 together wii:h a commemoration-fpccch in Latin, to be fpoken on the i8th of Oc- 
 tober, in honour of the benefaflors 10 the College. He died on the 3d of June, 
 
 1657, in the eightieth year of his aye, and was carried to be interred at Hemp- 
 l^cad, in the county of Eflex*, where a monunient was eredlcd to his memory. 
 It has been rrported, that Dr. Harvey before his death was deprived of his fight, 
 and that he ti^reupon drank a gbfs of opium, and expired foon alter : but this 
 report .-.ppears to be entirely void of foundation. 
 
 Dr. Harvey was not only eminently le irncd in the fciences more immediately 
 conncfted with his profeflion, but was alfo well verled in other branches of litera- 
 ture. He was well read in antient and modern hillory -, and when he was wear.ied 
 
 « It is faiJ in the Biographia Britannica, and !n tlie New ancl-<3en. Bicg. DiJl. that Harvey was 
 biii-iecVat Heinpitead iu iiertfuidlhire ; but this is a niilbkc. 
 
 with
 
 HAWKINS. 3^^ 
 
 V/Ith too clofe an attention to the ftudy of nature, he would relax his mind by dif- 
 courfing with his friends on political fubjefts, and the (late of public affairs. He 
 t ok great pleafure in reading feme of the antient l-'oets, and efpecially Viigil, with 
 wh .fe works he was exceedingly delighted. He was iaborioully ftudious, regular 
 and virtuous in his life, and h,ul a ftrong fenfe of religion. In his familiar conver- 
 fation there was a mixture of gravity and chearfulncls ; he exprcffed himklf with 
 great perfpicuity, and with much grace and dignity -, and was eminent for his great 
 candour and moderation. He never endeavoured to detract from the merit of other 
 men -, but appeared always to think that the virtues of others were to be imitated, 
 and not envied. And in the controverfy which was occafioned by his difcovery 
 of the circulation, he feemed much more folicitous to difcover truth, than to 
 obtain fame. In the latter part of his life, he was greatly afflided with the 
 gout. He married the daughter of Lancelot Browne, Doctor of phyfic, but 
 had no children by her. 
 
 An elegant and correft Edition of Dr. Harvey's V\''orks, in one Volume, Quarto, 
 was publiibed by the College of Phyficians at London, in 1766, with a Life of 
 him in Latin prefixed. 
 
 HAWKINS (Sir John) one of the mod renowned famen of his time, was 
 born at I'lymoutli about the year 1520. He was fecond fon to William Hawkins, 
 Lfq ; an eminent fea-Commander. He was from his ywuth add'*5ted to navigation, 
 and the ftudy cf the mathematics ; and began very early to put his knowled^^e in 
 j)radl:ice, by making feveral voyages to Spain, Portugal, and the Canaries, which 
 were in thofedays extraordinary undertakings, and muft have given him more ex- 
 perience than almoll any ot his contemporaries. Of his firft voyages v,'e h?.ve no 
 part'cular account ; but it appears that he had early acquired a great reputation, 
 and was employed by queen Elizabeth as an Officer at fea, when fome of thofe who 
 were afterwards her cliief Commanders were but boys, wlio learned from him 
 the flcill by which they arofe to eminence. 
 
 In the fpring of the year 1562, he formed the defign of his famous voyage, 
 which was advantageous to himfelf, and moft of his proprietors -, but much more 
 fo in its conlcqucnces to his country. In feveral trips that he made 10 the Cana- 
 ries, where by his generofity and humanity, we are told, he had made himfcli" 
 much beloved, he acquired a knowledge of the flave-trade, and of the very great 
 profit obtained by the laic of Negroes in the Weft-Indies. After due confidera- 
 tion, therefore, he refolved to attempt fomewhat in this way, and to raiCe a fub- 
 fcription among his fiends, for opening a nev/ trade, firft to Guinea, for (laves, 
 and then to Hii'paniola, St. John dc Porto Rico, and other Spanifh Iflands, for 
 fugars, hides, filver. Sec. Upon his reprefentation of the affair. Sir Lionel Duc- 
 ket, and fome others, readily joined in the undertaking. At their expence a little 
 fleet was prepared, compofed of the following fhips. The Solomon, of the bur- 
 then of one hundred and twenty tons, in which Mr. Hawkins himfelf failed; the 
 Swallow, of one hundred tons, commanded by Captain Thomas Hampton-, and 
 a bark of forty tons, called tlie Jonas; on board of all which there were about one 
 hundred men. With this fquadron he failed from the coaft of England, in the 
 month of Odober, 1562; and, in his courfe, firft touclied at Teneriffe, and ther.ce 
 failed to the coaft of Guinea; where having by force or purchale acquired three 
 hundred Negroe flaves, he failed direftly to Hifpaniola, and making there a large 
 profit, he returned fafc to England in the month of September, 1563.* 
 
 5 B The 
 
 * Cann)beU's Lives of the Admirals.
 
 ^yo H A V/ K I N S. 
 
 The next year Mr. Hawkins made another voyage with a greater force, Iiimfdf 
 being in the Jefus ot' Lubeck, a Ihip of ieven hundred tons, accompanied by the 
 i-olomon, and two barks, the i yger and the Swallow. He failed from Plymouth 
 the i8th of Odlobcr, 1564, and proceeded to the coaft of Guinea, wliere he niade 
 himfelf mafter of a confiderable number of Negroes, with which he failed for the 
 Weft-Indies. He arrived at the Ifland of Dominica on the 9th of March, 1565, 
 and on the 16th he cime to the Ifland of Margarita, where he v/as kindly enter- 
 tained by the Alcaide, who furnifhed him with bullocks and (heep •, but the Go- 
 vernor not only refufed him the liberty of trafficking there, and deprived him of a 
 pilot whom he had aftually hired, but fcnt a caravel to inform tlie Governor of 
 St. Domingo of liis arrival, who thereupon fent orders to the Spaniards all along 
 the coafts, to have no dealings with the Englifli. 
 
 Mr. Hawkins finding there would be no traffic for him here, fet fail again on the 
 20t.h of the fame month, and came on the 2 2d to a place on the continent called 
 Santa Fe, where he found excellent watering, and other refrefhments. From hence 
 he departed on the aSth; and the next day palled between the cortmcnt and the 
 Ifljnd of Tortuga, He kept along the coaft till the 3d of April, when he came 
 to a town called Burboroata. Here he was obliged to ride at anchor, and Illicit 
 fourteen days for liberty to traffic ; and when he had obtair.ed it, it was cloaked 
 with an article of fuch extravagant duty to the king of Spain, as would have more 
 than eaten up all his profit. Hawkins, therefore, finding that nothing was to bc 
 dor.e by fair means, landed an hundred men, well armed, and marched dire'1;!y up 
 to the town. By this kind of logic he loon brought the Spaniards to realbn -, fo 
 that they thereupon fuffcred him to traffic peaceably upon paying a moderate duty. 
 
 Having finin-ied his commerce here, he fet fail again on the 4th of May, and on 
 the 6th came to the Ifland of Curacoa, where he trafficked advantageoufly for hides^ 
 *Tid had what provifions he pleafed, of bul!ocks, flieep, and la.mbs, paying for the 
 hides only. On the 19th, he came to Rio de I.1 Hach.i, where the king of Spain's 
 Treafurer refided, to whom he applied for kbeity to trade there. But he met wiili 
 the lame difficulty he had found at Burboroata, till he made ufe of the fame me- 
 thod of bringing the Spaniards to rcatbn •, and accordingly marching an hund-ed 
 men, compleatly armed, towards the town, he obtained whatever he required*. 
 And having trafficked much to his advantage, he came home through the Gulph 
 of Florida, arrivinii at Padflow in Cornwall on the 2Gth of September, 1565; 
 having loft, notwithflanding many unfavourable accidents, and frequent fkirmiflies, 
 no more than twenty perfons in the whole voyage, and bringing with him a lar^ie 
 cargo of verV rich commodities. 
 
 In the begmning of the year 1567, Mr. Hav/kins failed to tl-.e relief of the 
 French Prorellants in Rochelle. And at his return fro.Ti France, while he waited 
 the Qiieen's orders wit'-, his fquadron at Catwater, the Spanifli fl-.-tt of near fifty 
 fail, bound to J- landers, pafll'd between the Ifland and tiie Main, without Icwerin"- 
 their top-fails, or taking in their flags, upon which Captain Hawkins ordered a fliot 
 to be made at the Admirai's flag; but that not having the dcfired effcft, he dircift- 
 ed a fccond, which pierced it quite through ; and upon this the Spaniards look in 
 both top-fails and flags, and came to an anchor. The .•'\dmiral then fcnt one^ of 
 his principal Oflkers in a boar, to expoftulate the matter, and to know the rcafoa 
 of fuch procedure. Captain Hawkins would not let kim come aboard, or lo much 
 
 * Lccjard's Naval Hiflcry, Vol. I. P. 143. 
 
 as
 
 HAWKINS. fjt 
 
 as receive his mefuge in perfon-, but upon its being reported to him by an Officer, 
 he fent him word by the fame perfon to tell his Admiral, that as he had entered the 
 Qiieen's port, and ncglcifted to pay that reverence which was due to her Majefly, 
 more efpecially as her fhips were there, and having fo numerous a fleet, it could 
 not but create a fufpicion of fome ill defign ; for which caufe he required him tcj 
 depart the port in twelve hours, upon pain of being confidered and treated as aa 
 enemy. The Spanifli Admiral having received this meflage, came in the fame boar, 
 and defircd to fpeak with the Englifli Commander ; which was at firft refufcd, buc 
 upon his prefling it a fecond time, was admitted. "When they met, the Spaniard 
 afked Captain Hawkins, if there was war between Spain and England ? he anfwered. 
 No ; but that it was not impoflible that this proceeding might be thought fufficienc 
 caufe for a war; that he meant to dilpatch an exprefs immediately to the Queen 
 and Council, with iJi account of what had paflTed, and that in the mean time he 
 might depart. The Spanifh Admiral at firft pretended, that he could not compre- 
 hend wherein he had given offence •, but Hawkins brought him to an acknowledg- 
 ment, tliat he had done wrong, in not paying a proper refpeft to the Englifh flag; 
 and he oflcre J to pay any penalty, and defired that no difpute between them might 
 injure that harmony which fubfilled between their princes. Hawkins, after a little 
 difficulty, agreed to pafs things over ; and he and the Spanifh Admiral, like good 
 friends, feafted one another both on board and on fhore. After which, as foon as 
 the wind was fair, the Spanifh fleet proceeded for the coaft of Flanders. 
 
 The fame year, 1567, Mr. Hawkins undertook a third voyage to Guinea and 
 the We(l-Indic3. He went himfelf in the fame fliip in which he had failed in the 
 former voyage, viz. the Jefus of Lubeck, accompanied by the Minion, and four 
 other fliips, one ot which was commanded by Captain Francis Drake. He failed 
 fio u Plymouth on the 2 J of Oclober. At flrft he met with fuch ftorms, that he 
 had thoughts of returning home; but the weather growing better, and the wind 
 coming fair, he continued his courfe .o the Canaries, and from thence to the coalt 
 of Guinea; where he procured about five hundred Negro flaves, with whom he 
 proceeded to Spanifh America. But when he came to Rio de la Hacha, the Go- 
 vernor rcfufed to trade; upon which Hawkins landed, and made himfelf maflcr of 
 the town. Buc in this. Dr. Campbell oblerves, there fcems to have been fome col- 
 lufion; for after i his th-y traded together in a friendly manner, till moil of the 
 Negroes were fold. 
 
 Mr. Hawkins then fiilfd to Carthagena, where he difpofed of the reft of his 
 flaves ; but in returning home, being furprized by florms on the coall of Florida, 
 he was forced to fteer for the port of St. John de UUoa, in the bottom of the bay 
 of Mexico. He entered the port on the i6ih of September, 1568, when the 
 Spaniards came on board, fuppofing him to have come from Spain, and were 
 exceedingly terrified vvhen they difcovered their miflake. Mr. Hawkins, how- 
 ever, treaied t!.em very civilly, afTuring them, that all he came for was provi- 
 fions ; neither did he attack twelve merchant Ships that were in the port, the car- 
 goes of whicii were worth two hundred thoufand [)Ounds ; but contented himfelf 
 with feizingtvo perf)ns of diftiniflion, whom he kept as lioftages wiiile an exprc!"s 
 was fcnt to Mexico, with an account of his demands. The next day the Spanifli 
 fleet ajjpeared in fighr, whicli gave Captain Hawkins great uneafinefs ; for, if he 
 kept them out, he was fenfible tncy mull be loll with all they had on board, which 
 amounted to near two millions Ikrling; an aifl which, confidering there was no war 
 declared againll Spain, he was afraid Queen Elizabeth would never pardon. Oa 
 
 the
 
 37* 
 
 HAWKINS. 
 
 the other hand, he had great reafon to fufped, that as the port was narrow, and 
 and the town pretty populous, the Spaniards would not fail, if once they were 
 lliffcrcd to come in, to attempt fonie treachery. Huvvtvcr, at length he deterniintd 
 to admit the fleet, provided the new Vice-Roy of Mexico, who was on board of 
 ir, would agree that the Englifh fliould have provificns for their money, thct Hof- 
 tages fhould be f^ivcn on both fides, and that the Ifland, with eleven pieces of brafs 
 cannon therein, Ihould be yielded to his crew while they (laid. At thefe demands 
 the Vice-Roy at firft fcemed difpleafed ; but he foon after yielded to them, and at 
 a perfon d conference with IVlr. Hawkins, folemnly promiled to perform chem. 
 
 AH things being fettled, the Spanifli fleet entered the port; and two days were 
 employed to range the fliips of each nation by themfelves,. the officers and failors 
 on both fides profefllng great friendfliip. But the Spaniards iiitcrnded nothing k!'s 
 than treachery; for they had by this time muftcred a thoufand men on land, and 
 dcfigned en a certain day to att.xk the Englifa on every fide. On the day appoint- 
 ed, in the morning, the Englifli perceived the Spaniaids fliifting their weapons frcm 
 fliip to fliip, and pointing their ordnance towards thcni. I'hey 'ikewile obfcrv.d 
 greater numbers of men pa/Ting to and fro, than the bufinefs on board the flbips re- 
 quired. Thefe, with other circumllances, affbrdi;.g room for fufpicion, Caj'tain 
 Hawkins fent to the Vice-Roy to know the meaning of fuch motions ; whereupon 
 the Vice-Roy fent orders to have every thing removed that might give the bnglidi 
 umbrage, with a promife that he would be their defence againd: any villainous at- 
 tempts of the Spaniards. However, Hawkins was not fansfied with this anfwcr, 
 becaufc he fufptcted that a great number of ir,en were hidden in a fhip of nine 
 hundred tons, which was moored next the Minion ; j-.e therefore fent the Mafter of 
 the Jefus, who underftood Spanifli, to know of the Vice-Roy whether it was fo of 
 not. Upon which the Vice-Roy, finding he could no longer conceal his mean and 
 villainous defign, detained the Mailer, and caufing the trumpet to be founded, 
 the Spaniards at the fignal fell upon the Englifli on all fides. 
 
 Mr. Hawkins was at dinner at the time when the trumpet founded, and Don 
 Augufl:ine de Villa Nueva with him, a Spaniard whoiu he had treated with rauch 
 kindnefs and refpedb, but who had notwithilanding undertaken to dil'patch him on 
 the fignal that was now given-, and had for that purpofe a dagger in his fleeve, 
 which was perceived before he could lay his hand upon it, by one John Chamber- 
 layn, at the very inllant that the trumpet founded. Upon v/hich Captain Hawkins 
 ordered him to be carried prifoner into the fieward's room ; and then mounting 
 upon deck, he faw the Spaniards ifiiie out of their hulk, and board the Minion 
 •which lay clofe to them. He immediately cried out, " God and St. George fall 
 upon thofe traitors, and refcue the Minion : i truft in God the day fliall be our's." 
 And his men diredly leaped out of tlie Jefus into the Minion, drove out the Spa- 
 niards, and, by a fliot which went through the Spanifli Vice-Admiral, blew up 
 three hundred of the enemy into the air. 'J'hey alfo fe: the Spanifli Admiral on fire, 
 which continued burning half an hour. However, all the linglifli who were on 
 the Ifland v.'erc cut off", except three, who faved themfelves by Avimming ; and the 
 mafls and rigging of the Jc!us were mangled in fuch a manner by the ordnance on 
 the Ifland, that there were no hopes of bringing her off. This being the cafe, 
 they determined to place her for a flielter to the Minion, till night ; and then, 
 taking out -^f her what provifions and necefl"aries they could, to leave her behind. 
 But prefently after, perceiving two large fliips, fired by the Spaniards, bearing down 
 direftly upon them, the men on board the Minion, in great confternation, with- 
 out
 
 HAWKINS, 37J 
 
 out the confcnl of either the captain or mafler, fet fail and made off from the Je- 
 fiis in fuch hufce, t!-,at Mr. Hawkins liad fcarcely timt to get on board her. And 
 as to the men, moft of them followed in a fmall boar; the reft being left to the 
 i ■' n^ercy, or rather to the cruelty of the Spaniards, 
 
 This aiftion continued from noon till night -, in which fpace the Spaniards, le- 
 fides their admiral and Vice-admiral both difabled, lo'.l four fhips that were funk 
 or burnt, and ii'.e hundred and forty men out of fifteen hundred; fo that they 
 grained little by their perfidy. Indeed, the Minion and the Judith w.re tlie only, 
 two Englifli fhips that efcaped ; and'in the night, the Judith, whitli was a bark 
 only of fifty tons, was fcpjrated from the Minion, on beard ef which was Caj>tain 
 IJawkins, and the bell; part of his men. In this diftrefs, having little to ear, lefs 
 water, in unknown feas, and many of his men wounded, he continued till the 8tli 
 of October, and then eitered a creek in the bay of Mexico, in order to obtain 
 fome refrefliment. This was near tlie mouth of the river Tamjiico, where his com- 
 pany dividing, upwards of an hundred of them defired to be put on lliore ; but 
 the reft, v\ ho were about the fame number, rcfolved at all events to endeavour to 
 get home. Accordingly, on the i6th, they weigiicd and Hood through the crulpfi 
 of tlorida, making the beft of their way for Europe. In their paflage, they we;e 
 forced to put into fonte Vedra, in Spain, from whence they failed to Vigo, where 
 they met with fome Englifli fliips, which fupplied them with neceflaries ; fo that 
 they fet fail again on the 20th of January, 1569, and at length arrived in Enojand. 
 Thus ended this unfortunate expedition, which greatly impaired Mr. Haw'kins's. 
 fortune ;. and concerning which, at the end of his c^vn relation of it, he fays, " If 
 all the mifeiies and troubk-fome affairs of this forrov,'ful voyage Hiould be perftdi- 
 ly and thoroughly written, there fliould need a painful man with his pen, and as 
 great a time as he had that wrote the lives and deaths of the Martyrs," 
 
 III 1573 Mr. Hawkins was made treafurer of the navy; and in 1588 was ap- 
 pointed to ferve under the lord high admiral againll the Spanifn armada; on which 
 occafion he a(fted as rear-admiral, and had as large a fhare of the danger and ho- 
 nour of that day, as any man in the fleet ; for which he defervedly received the 
 honour of knighthood. In J590 he was fent, in conjunftion v/ith Sir Martin For- 
 biflier, each having a jquadron of five men of war, to infefl: the coafls of Spain, 
 and to intercept, if poffible, the plate-fleet. At firft, his catholic majefty thout^ht 
 of oppofing thefe famous commanders, with a fuperior fleet of twenty fail, under 
 the command of Don Alonzo de Baffan ; but, upon more mature deliberation, lie 
 ■abandoned this defign, dircdling his fliips to keep clufe in port; and fent in- 
 ftruftions into the Indies, that the fleet, inllead of returning, fljould winter there. 
 Sir John Hawkins, and his colleague, fjient kven months in tiiis llation, -without 
 being able to perform any thing of confcquence, or fo much as taking a finglc fliip. 
 They afterwards attempted the ifland of Fayal, wliich had lubmitted the year be- 
 fore to the earl of Cumberland ; but the citadel being re-fortified, and the inhabi- 
 tants well fupplied with artillery and ammunition, the Englifli were obliged to re- 
 treat. 
 
 As the war with Spain ftill continued, and it was evident that nothing galled the 
 enemy fo much as the lofl'es they met with in the W^eft-Indies, a propofal was made 
 to the queen by Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Erancis Drake, the moll experienced 
 feamen in her kingdom, for undertaking a more cffcdual expedition into thofe parts, 
 than had been hitherto made through the whole courfe of the war. They alfo 
 offered to defray a great part of the expence ihemfclves, arid to engage their 
 
 5 C friends
 
 374 HAWKINS. 
 
 frienJs to bear a confiderable proportion of the reft. There were many motives 
 that induced Sir John Hawkins, though then far advanced in years, to hazard 
 his fortune, his reputation, and his perfon, in this dangerous lervice. Among . 
 thefe motives, this was not the Icaft, that his fon Richard was then a prifoner 
 in the hands of the Spaniards -, and there was fome hope that in the caurfe of 
 fuch an enterprize an opportunity might offer of redeeming him. Queen Eli- 
 zabeth readily agreed to this propofuion, and furnifhed, on her part, a ftout 
 fquadron of men of war; on board one of which, the Garland, Sir John Haw- 
 kins embarked. Their whole force confifted of twcnty-feven (hips, and about 
 two thoufand five hundred men. The fleet Tailed from Plymouth on the 28th 
 of Augurt, 1595, in order to execute their grand dcfign, of burning Nombre 
 de Dios, marching froni thence by land to Panama, and there feizing the trea- 
 fute which they knew was arrived from Peru. A few days before their de- 
 parture, the queen fent them advice that the place-fleet w^s fafcly arrived in 
 Spain, excepting only one galleon -, which, having loft a mart, had been oblig- 
 ed to return to Porto Rico •, the taking of this veflel (he, therefore, recom- 
 mended to them as a thing very praflicable, and which could prove no great hin- 
 drance to tlieir other defign. When they were out at lea, the admirals difi^ered, as 
 is too frequently the cafe in conjunfl expeditions. Sir John Hawkins was tor exe- 
 cuting immediately uhat the queen had commanded; whereas Sir Francis Drake, 
 and Sir Thomas Bafl<erville, General of the land forces, were inclined to go firft 
 to the Canaries, in which they prevailed ; but the attempt they made on the ciiief 
 of the Canary lilands was unluccefsful ; and then they failed for Dominica, where 
 they fpent too much time in refrefhing themfelves, and fetting up their pinnaces. In 
 the mean time, the Spaniards had fent five frigates to bring away the galleon from 
 Porto Rico, having exact intelligence of the oefign of the Englifli admirals to at- 
 tempt that place. On the 30th of October, Sir John Hawkins weighed from Do- 
 minica ; and in the evening of the fame day, the Francis, a bark of about thirty 
 five tons, and the llcrnmoft of Sir John's (hips, fell in with the five Spanifti fri- 
 gates, and was taken. The ill luccefs of this expedition threw Sir John into a fit of 
 Ikknefs ; of which he died on the 21ft of November, 1595, when he was in fight of 
 the Ifland of Porto Rico. 
 
 Sir John Hawkins had naturally ftrong parts, (fays Dr. Campb.ll) which he 
 improved by a conftatit application. One or' his greateft faults was the love 
 of money, in which he exceeded alljuft bounds. But notwi:hftanding his imper- 
 fections, hewas univerfally efteemed one of the ableft of his profcOion ; of which 
 thefe ar^ no inconfiderable proofs, that he was a noted commander at lea forty ei"ht 
 years, and treafurer of the navy two and twenty. He had great perlonal couracrp, 
 and prcfence of mind ; and is faid to have been very affable to his feamen, and much 
 beloved by them. He and his brother William were oi.vners at once of thirty sood 
 (hips : and it was generally owned, that Sir John Hawkins was the author of more 
 ufeful inventions, and introduced into the navy bc;t-r regulations, than anv othcer 
 who had commanded therein before his tinne. 
 
 HAWKINS (Sir Richard) fon of the former, was born at Plymouth, and 
 was early initiated in the fea fervice. In 1582, when he was but a young man, he 
 h.id the command of a vefiurl that was employed in an expedition to the Weft-Indies ; 
 and on thiscccafion hedilplayed great courage and capacity. When Iiis father went 
 with Sir Mjrtin Forbiiher to the courts of Spain, in 1^93, he com nandcd her ma- 
 
 jefty's
 
 HERBERT. 
 
 375 
 
 jefty's fhip the Crane, and was very aflive in purfuing the Spanifh fquadron that 
 was employed in carrying relief to their forces in Britanny, and in cruizing near 
 the Azores. In 159;?, having now received the honour of Knighthood, he fitted 
 out two large fliips, and a pinnace, at his own expence, and had the queen's com- 
 mifTion to impower him to infeft the Spaniards in South America. J'h'is expedition 
 was unfortunate from his firft letting out ; and yet, notwithftanding a number of 
 unfavourable accidents, he refolutely perfirted in his defign of paffing the Streights 
 of Magellan, and iurrounding the globe, as Drake and Cavendifli had done before 
 him. One Captain Thralton, who had been very culpable in diftreffing Mr. Ca- 
 vendifh in his lafl: voyage, was guih/ of the like bafenefs towards Sir Richard 
 Hawkins ; for though he knew his pinnace was burnt, he deferted him at the river 
 Plate and returned home, leaving bir Richard to purfue his voyage through the 
 Streights of Magellan with one fhip only; which, with equal prudence and refolu- 
 tion, he performed in the fpring of the year 1594. Sailing along the coaft of 
 Patagonia, in the latitude of forty-eight degrees, he gave names to feveral places, 
 and bellowed on that whole country the title of Hawkins's Maiden-Land ; becaufe, 
 as he fays, it was difcovered at his expence, and in the reign of a maiden quee^. 
 In the foutli-feas he toolv feveral prizes, one of which was of confiderable va» 
 lue. On the coaft of Peru, he was attacked by Don Bertrand dc Callro, who 
 who had with him a fquadron of eight fail, and two thouland choice men on-^ 
 board ; yet Hawkins found means to difengage himfelf, after he had done the 
 Spaniards incredible damage. But flaying too long in the fouth-feas, in order 
 to gain more prizes, he was attacked a fecond time by Admiral De Caftro, 
 who was now Itronger than before. Hawkins, however, defended himfelf gal- 
 lantly for three days and three nights-, and then moft of his men being killed, 
 his fliip in a manner finking under him, and himfelf having received fix wounds, 
 two of which were very dangerous, he was prevailed on to furrender upon ho- 
 nourable terms ; namely, that himfelf, and all on board, fhould have a free pafTage 
 to England as foon as poffible. 
 
 Sir Richard Hawkins continued a long time prifoner in America, where he was 
 treated v/ith great humanity by admiral i3e Caftro ; but at length, by order of the 
 court of Spain, he was fent thither inftead of returning to England, and remained 
 for feveral years a prifoner in Seville and Madrid. At length he was releafcd, and 
 returned to his native country, where he fpent the latter part of his life in peace, 
 leaving behind him a copious account of his voyage, and of the obfervations that 
 he had madetiierein, to the time of his being taken by the Spaniards. He intend- 
 •ed to have written a fecond part, but in this he was prevented by fudden 
 ■death -, for having fome bufinefs which called him to attend the privy council, 
 he was ftruck with an apoplexy in one of the outer rooms, 
 
 HERBERT (Edward) baron of Cherbury, a celebrated deiflical writer, was 
 defcended from an ancient family, and born in 1581, at Montgomery-caftle in 
 Wales, the feat of his father, Richard Herbert, Efq. At the age of fourteen, he 
 was entered a gentleman-commoner of Univerfity-College in Oxford; " where 
 fays (Mr. Wood) being put under the tuition of an eminent tutor, he laid the 
 foundation of that adniir.ible learning, of which he was afterwards a complete 
 mafter." From thence he travelled into foreign countries, and returned home a 
 very arcompliflied gentleman. After his return, he was made a Knight of the 
 Bath by king James I : by whom he was alio fent ambafTador to France ; " 
 
 where
 
 375 HERBERT. 
 
 ■where he ftaid a confiJerable tiirje-, but v/as recalled on account of a difpure 
 between him and the conllable de Luints. This aftair is rtluted inti.c following 
 manner. Sir Edward Herbert, while he was in France, had private iniliudlions 
 from Englan(;i to mediate a piece for the French protcHants; and, in cafe of a 
 refufal, to ufe certain inenacef. Accordingly, being referred to de Luir.es, the 
 tondable and favourite, he delivered to him the melfage, nfcrving his threarcn- 
 ings till he faw how the matter was reliflieJ. Dc Luines had concealed behind 
 the curtain a gentleman of the reformed religion, who, being an ear-v,itnefs of whiit 
 palTed, might relate to his friends what little cxpei5latior:s they ought to entertain or 
 the king of Englands intercefTion. De Luines behaved very imperioudy, and de- 
 manded to know what our king had to do in the affair. Sir lidward replied, " It is 
 not to you, to whom the king my mailer oweth an account of his actions ; and for 
 me it is enough that 1 obey him. In the mean time, I mull maintain, that my 
 matter hath more rcafon to do what hedoih, than y.Ai to afk why he doth it. Ne- 
 verthclefs, if you defircme in a gentle fafliion, I iliall acquaint you farther." Upon 
 this de Luines bowing, faid, " Very well." Sir Edward Heifcert then obferved, 
 that it was not on this occafion only, that the king of Great-L!ri"a;n had defucd the 
 peace and prolperity ot France, but upon all other occafuns, when.-verany war was 
 raifcd in that country •, and this he faid was his firft rcafon. The fecond was, that 
 when a peace was fettled there, his majefly of France r.'iiglit be better dilpofed to 
 SfTill the palatinate in the affairs of Germany. De Luints hereupon fiid, " ^^'e 
 will have noneof your advices." Sir Edward replied, that he took that for an anfvver, 
 and was forry only that the altciflion and good-will of the king his mafler was not 
 fufficiently underrtood ; and that fince it was reje^^ed in tliat manner, he could do no 
 Icfs than lay, " That the king his mafter knew well enough what lie had to do." 
 De Luines anfwercd, " We are not afraid of you." Sir Edward, fmiling a little, 
 replied, " If you had faid you had not loved us, 1 fbould have believed you, and 
 given you another anfwer. In the mean time, all that 1 will tell you more, is, that 
 we know very well what we have to do." De Luines, upon this, rifing from his 
 chair, with a countenance and manner fome.vhat difcompofed, faid, " By God if 
 you were not monfieur the ambafTador, I know very well how I would ufe you." 
 Sir Edward Herbert, rifing alfo from his chair, faid, that, " as he was the king of 
 Great-Britain's ambalTador, fo he was alfoagcntlem:!n; and that his fword, whereon 
 he laid his hand, fhould give him fatisfadtion, if he had taken any offence."' De 
 Luines making no reply, the ambafiador went on towarJ.s the door-, and de Luines 
 Jeeming to accompany him. Sir Fdward told him, that " there was no occafion to 
 ufe fuch ceremony after fuch language ;" and fo depaited, expeclmg to hear farther 
 from him. But no melTage was brought him from de Luines, and he had after- 
 wards a more civil audience from the king at Coignac ; however, the marflial of St. 
 Geran told him, that he had offended theconftable de Luines, and was not in a place 
 of fecurity there j to which Sir Edward replied, " that he thought himfelf to be in a 
 place of fecurity, wherefoevcr he had his fword by him." De Luines, refentingthe 
 affront, prevailed on his brother the duke of Chaunes to go as an ambaffador extra- 
 ordinary to king James ; and this nobleman mifreprcfented the affair fo much to 
 the difadvantage of Sir Edward, that he was recalled ; until tlie gentleman who 
 had flood behind the curtain, out of a regard to truth and honour, related all the 
 circumftances, fo as to make it appear, that though de Luines gave the firfl affront, 
 yet Sir Edward had kept himlelf within the bounds of his inflrudions, and behaved 
 in a manner becoming an ambaffador. He afterwards fell on his knees to king 
 
 James
 
 H E R V E Y. 
 
 377 
 
 James before the duke of Buckingham, requefting that a trumpeter, or an heralJ, 
 might be lent to De Luincs to tell him that he had made a falfe relation of the 
 whole afiair, and that Sir Edward Herbert would demand fatisfadion of him fword 
 in hand. The king anfwered, that he would take the matter into confideration-, 
 but De Luines died foon after, and Sir Edward was again fcnt ambaffador to 
 France. 
 
 In the year 1625, Sir Edward Herbert was advanced to the dignity of a baron 
 of the kingdom of Ireland, by the title of lord Herbert of CuRlc-Ifland ; and, in 
 i6gi, he was made an h'nglifh peer, by the title of lord Herbert of Cherbury in 
 Shropfhire. AftL-r the breaking out of the civir war, he adhered to the parliament; 
 and in 1644, " lie had an allowance granted him for his livelihood, having been 
 fpoiled by the king's forces," as Whitlockc fays ; bur, according to Woo;i, he 
 " received fatisfadlion from the parliament for their caufing Montgomery-caRJe to 
 be demoliflied.'' He died at his houfe in Queen-ftreet, London, on the 20th of 
 AuguR, 1648, and was buried in the chancel of St. Giles's in the Fields. 
 
 Lorrl Flerbcrt was a very learned and ingenious nobleman, and was the author of 
 feveral works ; particularly, I. The Hiftory of the Life and Reign of King Henry 
 VliL This has been feveral times printed, and much applauded. Bifliop Nichol- 
 fon, in his Fngliili Fliilorical Library, fays, that Lord Herbeit " acquitted him- 
 felf in this hiftory with the like reputation, as the lord chancellor Bacon gained by 
 that of Henry VII. For in the public and martial part this honourable author has 
 been admirably particular and exaft, from the beft records that were extant ; though, 
 as to the eccltfiallical, he fecms to have looked upon it as a thing out of his pro- 
 vince, and an undertaking more proper for men of another profeflion." II. De 
 Veritate, This treatife lord Herbert firfl: publifhed at Paris in 1624, ^nd again in 
 1633 ; and it was alfo re-printed at London in 1645, in 4to. It is a deiftical per- 
 formance, intended to fhevv the I'ufficiency of natural religion, and to make it ap- 
 pear that th-re was little occafion for any divine revelation. III. De Relig'ione Cm~ 
 tilium, errorumque aptid eos co.nfis. The firtl part ot this was printed at London in 
 1645 ; and that year lord Herbert fcnt the manufcript of it to Gerard John Vof- 
 fius, as appears from a letter of his lordfliip's, and VofTius's anfwer. The whole 
 of it was publiflaed at Amfterdam in j6Cj, in 4to. and afterwards re-printed there 
 in 1700, Bvo. and an Englifh tranQation of it was publifhed at London in 17O;-. 
 Dr. Leland obferves, that the greater part of this work is taken up with an account 
 of the heathen religion and ceremonies, which his lordfhip hath performed with 
 abundance of learning, and hath intermixed many foftening apologies for the 
 Pagan fuperltition and idolatry. IV. De Keligione Laid. 
 
 HERVEY (James) a late-divine of exemplary virtue and piety, as well as in- 
 genious writer, was born at Hardingftone in Northamptonfhire, on the 26ih of 
 F'ebruar/,; 1714. The firfl inllructions he received came from his mother, who 
 taught him to read ; and under her tuition he continued till he was levcn years of 
 age, when he was fent to the grammar-fchool at Northampton. In 1731 he was 
 entered of Lincoln-college, in the univerfity of Oxford. Having entered into holy 
 orders, he became curate to his father, who was then pofielFed of the living of 
 Wefton-Favcl!, near Northampton. He afterwards Icrvcd as curate in fome other 
 parilhes ; and upon the death of his father, in 1752, I'uccceded ip the livings of 
 Weilon-Favell and Collingtrce. He was naturally of a delicate conflitution,. which 
 he weakened Hill more by his conftant application to his ftudifs j and having been, 
 
 5 D lor
 
 j-f H I L L;. 
 
 for fome t'liie, cfflivfteJ with a cramp and a he£l!c coi;gh, he was feized with his 
 liit illnels in October i~5S, and expired on Chriltma?-day following in ihc forcy- 
 lit"th year ot his age. He wrote, i. Meditations and Contemplations (containing, 
 i. Meditations amonj^ the Tombs ; 2. Reflexions on a Flower-Garden ; 3. A Del- 
 cant on Creation; 4. Contemplations on the Nighc-, 5. Contemplations on the 
 Starry ileavens •, and, 6. A Winter-Piece:) 2. Remarks on Lord Bolingbrcke's 
 Letters on the Study and Ufe of Hillory, fo far as they relate to the Hillory of 
 the Old TeRament: 3. Theron and Afpafio -, or, a Series of Dialogues and Letters 
 on the moft important and interefting Subjeifts -, in three volumes: 4. Eleven 
 ]^etters to the Rev. Mr. John Wefley, containing an Anfwer to that Gentleman's 
 Remarks on Theron and Afpafio: 5. Sermons, Letter?, &c. In the younger part 
 of his life he wrote fome copies of verfes, which fliewed no contemptible genius 
 for poetry ; but thefe were fupprefl'ed by his own defire. 
 
 'J he character of this worthy man, both in his public and private capacity, wais 
 truly eftimable. As a miniftcr, he performed all the duties of his function with 
 the greateft ftrictnefs. In the pulpit he was earnelt and fervent, and fliewed that 
 he felt the efficacy of what he preached. Nor did he think it fufficient to preach 
 on Sundays only, but fct up a weekly ledlure every Wednefday evening, at VVef- 
 ton-Favell church, which was very well attended. His zeal for the performance 
 of his duty wa«, however, for fome time before he died, much interrupted by the 
 ill ftate of his health, which would not permit him perfonally to take due care 
 even of the parifli of Wefton, where he refided ; a circumftance that gave him in- 
 exprelfible, concern. In the exercife of his charity, he chofe to clothe the poor 
 rather than to give them money; and he would get fome judicious perfon to buy 
 linen, coarfe cloth, ftockings, fhoes, &c. for them at the beft hand. But when 
 money would be really ferviceable to a diftrefled family, he would give five or more 
 guineas at a time, taking care that it fliould not be known whence the money came. 
 He was particularly defirous of getting the advice of a phyfician for the fick poor, 
 and was ever ready to procure them the beft medicines. He would frequently re- 
 <jueft fuch phyficians of his acquaintance in different parts of the kingdom, as he 
 apprehended to be charitably difpofed, to give their advice occafionally, when they 
 paffed through a town, to fuch poor creatures as the clergyman of the place, or 
 Ibme fubftantial inhabitant, fhould recomm.end as proper objefls of compafTion. 
 He greatly difapproved of the clergy's attempting to prefcribe medicines to their 
 parilhioners, as he thought it impoflible for them to do it with the requifite judg- 
 ment. " Let my brethren," he would fay, " give them wine, bread, or beer, and 
 get good fpoon-meats made for them ; but medicines are of too important a nature 
 to be given indifcriminately." In any expence relating to himfelf, he was extreme- 
 ly frugal, that he might be the more liberal to others ; and it was always his defire 
 to die juft even with the world, and to be, as he termed it, his own executor. His 
 fund almoft expired with his life ; and what little remained, he defired might be 
 given in warm clothing to the poor. 
 
 In point of learning Mr. Hcrvey was far from being deficient; he was maflcr 
 of the three learned languages, viz. Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and well read ia 
 the claffics, as appears from his excellent writings. 
 
 HILL (Aaron) an Englifh-poer, was born in London, on the loth of Fe- 
 bruary, 1 684-5, 3nd educated at Weftminfter-fchool, which his narrow circum- 
 ftances, occalioncd by his father's mifmanagement, obliged him to leave at fourteen 
 
 years
 
 I"! I L L. 379 
 
 year's of age. Soon after, he formed a refolution of paying a vifit to his relation lord 
 Paget, atnbaflador atConrtantiiiople, and accordingly embarked on the 2d of March, 
 1700. On his arrival in that city, the lord Paget received him with equal furprize 
 :and pleafure, being amazed that lo young a lad fliould run the hazard of fuch a 
 voyage to vifit a relation whom he only knew by character. He immediately pro- 
 vided for him a very learned ecclefiaftic in his own hoiile as his tutor, and after- 
 wards lent him under his tuition to travel, by which n;eans he had an opportunity of 
 •feeing Egypt, Palcftine, and great part of the Ea(L Pie returned to England with 
 lord Paget in 1703, and in this journey faw mofl of the courts of Europe. A few 
 years after, he accompanied Sir William Wentworth in the tour of Europe. 
 About the year 1709, hepubliflied his firft poem, entitled Camillus, and being that 
 year made mafter of the theatre in Drury-lane, wrote Elfrid, or the fair Inconllant, 
 his firft tragedy, which he began and completed in little more than a week. The 
 next year he became mafter of the opera-houfe in the Hay market, and then 
 produced Rinaldo, which met with great fuccefs, and was the firft opera that 
 Mr. Handel let to mufic after he came to England. But though Mr. Hill 
 conduced both theatres to the fatisfaftion of the public, a inifunderllanding 
 between him and the lord chamberlain, induced him to give up the manage- 
 ment of them. 
 
 Mr. Hill's genius was not confined to polite literature •, he fought to enrich his 
 country and himfelf by valuable difcovcries ; and, in 1715, undertook to make aa 
 oil, as fweet as that from olives, from beech nuts •, but, though he obtained-a pa- 
 tent for this fcheme, it came to nothing. In 1728 he made ajourney into the north 
 of Scotland, having contrafted with the York-Buildings company for feveral woods 
 there of great extent, in order to furnifh timber for the ufe of the navy. This af- 
 fair was, however, attended with many difficulties-, for when he had caufcd the 
 trees to be chained together into floats, the ignorant Highlanders refufed to venture 
 themfelveson them down the river Spey, till he firft went himfelf to convince them 
 that there was no danger. However, he found the rocks a great obftacle to his 
 pafiage, whereupon he caufed fires to be made on them when the river was low, and 
 then wafer to be thrown upon them, by which means they were broken to pieces, 
 and a free paffage opened for the floats : neverthelefs, this projeiSt, like the former, 
 came to nothing. 
 
 Kefides the poems abovementioned, Mr. Hill, among many others, wrote one 
 called the Northern Star, upon the aftions of czar Peter the Great, for which he 
 was feveral years after complimented with a gold medal from the emprefs Cathe- 
 rine according to the czar's defire before his death. He likewife wrote the Fatal 
 Vifion, a tragedy ; Zara -, Merope; Alzira; the Infolvent, &c. 
 
 He died on the 8th of P'ebruary, 1750, in the very minute of the earthquake, after 
 
 '■enduring a twelvemonth's torment of body with great calmnefs and refignation. 
 
 His literary abilities may be judged from his works which are printed in four 
 
 volumes 8vo. And as to his moral chr.ra61:°r, it was in every refpedt perfedtly 
 
 amiable. 
 
 HILL (Sir John) M. D.was originally bred an apothecary jbuthis marrying early, 
 
 and without a fortune, made him very foon look round for other refources than his 
 
 profedion. Having, in his apprenticelhip, attended the botanical Ictftures of the 
 
 .company of apothecaries, and being poflefled of quick natural parts, he had made 
 
 hi.mfclf mafter of the theoretical, as well as praftical parts of botany ; and being 
 
 recommendcdi
 
 380 H O A D L E Y. 
 
 Tecommended to the late duke of Richmond and lord Petre, he was by them em- 
 ployed in the int"pe(f^ion and arrangement ot their botanic gardens. AllilU-d by the 
 liberality of thefe noblemen, he executed a fcheme of travelling over llvcral p.irts 
 of the kingdom, to colleft the molt rare and uncommon plants, which he after- 
 wards publifhed by fubkription; but, notwiihllanding his indefatigable induflry, 
 this undertaking turned out by no means adequate to his expectations. '1 he ftagc 
 now prcfcnted itfclf to him as a loil in which genius might Uand a chance of flou- 
 rifhing; but after two or three vinfuccefsful attempt?, it was found that he had 
 no prctenfions either to the fock or bulkin, which once more reduced him to his 
 botanical purfuits, and his bufincfs as an apothecary. At length, about the year 
 1746, he tranflated from the Greek a fmall traft on ftones and gem^, written by 
 'Jheophraftus, which he publillied by fubfcription ; and being well executed, it 
 procured him friendi, reputation, and money. Encouraged by this fuccefs, he 
 engaged in works of greater exte..t and importance. The htit he undertook was 
 a general Natural Hiftory, in three vols, folio. He next engaged, in conjundlion 
 with George Lewis Scott, Efq. in furnifliing a fupplement to Chambers's Divftio- 
 rary •, and while he was concerned in great number of other worlds, fome of which 
 feemed to claim the whole of his attention, he carried on a daily eflay, under the 
 title of Infpe(51or. Amidft this hurry of bufinefs, Mr. Hill was fo exad an ceco- 
 nomift of his time, that he conflantly frequented every place of public amulement; 
 where, while he relaxed from the feverer purfuits of lludy, he gleaned up articles 
 of information for his periodical works. It would not be eafy to trace Mr. Hill, 
 now Dr. Hill, (for he procured a diploma from t!ie univerfity of St. Andresvs,) 
 through all his various purfuits in life. A quarrel he had with the royal focicty, 
 for being refufed as a member, which provoked him to ridicule that learned body, 
 in a review of the works of the Royal Society of London, 410, 175 1 ; together 
 with his over-writing himfelf upon all fubjeds without rcferve ; made him fink in 
 the eftimation of the public, nearly in the fame pace as he afccnded. He found, 
 as ufual, however, relburccs in his own invention. Ho applied himklf to the pre- 
 paration of certain fimple medicines ; fuch as the eilence of water-dock, tincfture of 
 valerian, bali'am of honey, &c. &:c. 'I'he well-known fimplicity of thcfe medi- 
 cines made the public judge favourably of their effcfts, infomuch that they had 
 a rapid fale, and brought the dodor a confiderable income. Soon after the pub- 
 lication of the firft of tliefe medicines, he obtained the patronage of the Earl of 
 Bute, through whole interefl: he was appointed to the management of the royal 
 gardens at Kew, with a handfome falary : and to wind up the whole of an extraor- 
 dinary life, having a little before his death, feized an opportunity of introducing 
 himfelf to the knowledge of the king of Sweden, that monarch inverted him with 
 the order of St. Vafa, which title he had not the happinefs of enjoying above two 
 years. He died towards the clofe of the year 1775. Noorthouck's Hijlorical 
 4ind LiiiJJical Diiiionc^- 
 
 HOADLEY (Benj« ; oimop of Winchefter, was the fon of the reverend 
 
 Mr, Samuel Hoadley, mailer of the public grammar-fchool at Norwich, and was 
 born at Wefterham, in Kent, on the 14th of November, 1676. He received his 
 academical education at Catharine-hall, Cambridge; in 1701 was chofcii ledurer 
 of St. Mildred's in the Poultry, and three years after preferred to the redory of 
 St. Peter le Poor, in Broad-flreet. His writing, in 1709, a work entitUd The 
 Meafurcs of Obedience, occafioiied a literary conceit, in which he fignalized him- 
 felf
 
 H O B B E S. 381 
 
 fclf (o remarkably, that the houfc of rommons, in an addrefs to queen Anne, re- 
 prcfcnted the fign.il fcrvices he had done to tlie caufe of civil and religious liberty-, 
 and Mrs. Howland prcfented him to the reftory of Stretham, in Surry. In 1715 
 he was made bilhop of Bangor, and foon after preached his celebrated lermon upon 
 the words, " My kingdom is not of this world," which produced the famous Ban- 
 gorian controvtriy, as it was termed, that employed the prefs for fcveral years, 
 and aimoft the whole body of the clergy, on one fide or the other. He was en- 
 gaged in other difputes, which he conducted with great ftrength of argument, and 
 was fucceflively tranfiated to the fees of Hereford, Salifbury, and Winchefler. 
 His latter days were embittered by a molt vile inftance of fraud and ingratitude. 
 The bifhop took a f'rench pricft, who pretended to abjure his religion, under his 
 protedtion, upon no other recommendation than that of his neceflities ; in return 
 for which a<ft of humanity, he found an opportunity of getting the bifhop's name, 
 wrote by his own hand, and caufing a note of fome thoufand pounds to be placed 
 before it, offered it in payment. But the bidiop denying the note to be his, it was 
 brought before a court of jullice, and v/as there found to be a grots impofition. 
 The ungrateful villain had now recourfe to a pamphlet, in which he charged the 
 bifnop with being a drunkard, and alledged that he had the note of him when he 
 was in liquor. To this calumny the bifhop made a full and nervous anfwer, ia 
 which he expofcd the man's fallhood, and folemnly averred that he was never drunk 
 in his whole life. 1'he world, with becoming ardour, embraced his defence, and 
 he had the happinefs to find liimfelf p.rfeclly acquitted even of any fufpicion of 
 fuch a charge. As a writer, hepoflefied uncommon abilities j his language is plain, 
 ftrong, and nervous, but his periods are frequently drawn out to an immoderate 
 length. His tra<^s and pamphlets are extremely numerous, and the reader may 
 fee a complete catalogue of them in the Supplement to the Biographia Britannica. 
 
 Benjamin Hoadley, M. D. fon of the above-mentioned worthy prelate, was born 
 on the loth of February, 1706, and ftudied at Bennet-college, Cambridge, under 
 the tuition of Dr. Thomas Herring, afterwards archbifhop of Canterbury. He 
 took his degree in phyfic, and applying himfelf to mathematical and philoiophical 
 ftudies, was, when very young, eleded a fellow of the Royal Society. He was 
 made regifter of Hereford while his father filled that fee, and was early appointed 
 phyfician to his majcfty's houfliold. He died at his houfe at Chelfea, on the loth 
 of Augufi:, 1757. He wrote, i. 1 hree Letters on the Organs of Refpiration : 2. 
 The Sufpicious Hufband, an excellent comedy: 3. Obfcrvations on a Series of 
 fciedirical Experiments : and, 4. Oratio Anniverfaria in Theatro Col. Med. Londin. ex 
 Harveii injiituto habiia die oSlo decimo OSlob. 1742. 
 
 HOBBES (Thomas) a famous writer, was the fon of a clergyman, and was 
 born on the 5th of April, 1588, at Malmfbury in Wiltfliire. In the eighth year 
 of his age, he was fcnt to the grammar-fchool of that town, where he made fo rapid 
 a progrcfs in h's ftudies, that, before he went to the univerfity, he tranfiated the 
 Medea of E'.uripides out of Greek into Latin verfc. In 1603 he was entered of 
 Msgdalen-Hall in Oxford; and, in 1608, was taken into the family of William 
 Cavendifti, lord i iardwicke, foon after created earl of Devonfhirc, in quality 
 of tutor to his fon William, lord Cavendifh. Mr. Hobbes fo effedlually recom- 
 mended himfelf both to this young nobleman and to his father, that he was fcnc 
 abroad with him on his travels in 1610, and made the tour of France and Italy, 
 which gave him an opportunity of making himfelf a complete mafter of the lan- 
 
 $ £t guages
 
 382 H O B B E 9, 
 
 guages of thofe countries. Upon his return to England, he became acquainted 
 with feveral perfons of high rank, a.id alfo with men eminently diftinguiihed for 
 their genius and learning ; particularly the lord chancellor Bacon, who is f;iid to 
 have admitted him to a great degree of familiarity, and to have made uie of his pen 
 for tranilating fome of his excellent works into Latin. He was likcwife much 
 in the favour of lord Herbert of Cherbur)^; and Ben Johnfon had fuch 
 an efteem for him, that he revifed the firft work which he publiflicd, name- 
 ly, his I'.nglifh tranflation of the Hillory of Thiicydides. I'his has been ef- 
 teemed one of the beil tranQations that we have of any Greek writer. Whilll 
 Mr. Hobbes was engaged in this work, his patron the earl of Dcvonfliire died, in 
 1626; and, in i6:S, the year his tranflation was publiflied, that nobleman's fon 
 died alfo, ia v^hofe fervice our author had lived twenty years, firfl: in quality of 
 his tutor, and afterwards of his fecretary. '1 his induced Mr. Hobbes to accept of 
 an offer made him of going abroad with the fon of Sir Gervafe Clifton, whom he 
 accordingly accompanied into France, and ftaid there fome titwe. But while he 
 continued there, he was folicited to return to England, in order to take under his 
 care the young heir of that noble family to which he had fo early attaclicd himfelf. 
 Ic was in the year 1631, that the countefs dowager of Devonfliire entrufted him 
 with the care of the young earl, who was then about the age of thirteen. This 
 wa5 very fuitable to Mr. Hobbes's inclinations, and he difcharged his truft with 
 great fidelity and diligence. In 1634 he accompanied his noble pupil to Paris, 
 vhere he applied his vacant hours to natural philofophy, and more efpccially to the 
 underftanding of mechanifm, and the caufes of aiiimal motion. Upon thefe fub- 
 je(5ls he conferred with Father Merfenne, a man of cxtenfive learning, and parti- 
 cularly eminent for his phyfical and mathematical knowledge ; and who kept up 
 a correfpondence with almoft all the learned in Europe. From Paris he attended 
 his pupil into Italy, where at Pifa he became known to that illuftrious aflronomer 
 Galileo; and after having feen all that was remarkable in that country, he returned 
 with the earl of Devonfli're into England in 1637. ^'^ continued to live in that 
 nobleman's family ; and his long refidence in tlie fine feat at Chatf^vorth afforded 
 him an opportunity of exercifing his inclination for Latin poetry, in celebrating 
 the wonders of the Pe.ik. And accordingly he publiflied a Latin poem on that 
 fubje<fl in 410. an Englith tranflation of which was afterwards printed. 
 
 About the beginning of the year 1641, when there appeared reafon to expeft 
 civil commotions in England, Mr. Hobbes withdrew, for the fake of living in 
 quiet, to Paris. He had not been long there, when, by the good offices of his 
 friend Father Merfenne, he became acquainted with the celebrated Delcartes, and. 
 afterwards held a correfpondence with him upon feveral mathematical fubjt-fts. But 
 when Defcartes printed his Meditations, wherein he attempted to eflablifh points 
 of the higheft confequence from innate ideas, Mr. Hobbes took the liberty of dif- 
 fenting from him ; as did alfo the French king's mathematical profeflbr, l-'tter Gaf- 
 fendi, with whom Hobbes contracted a very clofe friendfliip, which was not inter- 
 rupted till the death- of the former. In 1642 Mr. Hobbes printed a few copies 
 of his famous book, entitled, " Elcmenta Philofophica de Live." This work, 
 which m.ide a great noife in Europe, railed againfl: him many adverfaries, who 
 charged him, and indeed juftly, with infl:iliing principles which had a dangerous 
 tendency. Immediately after the appearance of this book, Defcartes gave the fol- 
 lowing judgment of it in a letter to a friend: " I am of opinion (f.iys he) that 
 the author of the book De Cive is the fame perfon who wrote the third objccftion. 
 againft my Meditations. I think him a much greater maftcr of morality, than 
 
 of
 
 H O B B E S. 3S3 
 
 of metaphyfics or natural philofophy; though I can by no means approve of his 
 principles or maxims, which are very bad, and extremely dangerous ; becaufe they 
 luppofe all men to be wricked, or give them occafion to be fo. His whole defign 
 is to write in favour of monarchy, which might be done to more advantage than 
 he has done, upon maxims more virtuous and folid. He has written likewife great- 
 ly to the difadvantage of the church and the Roman Catholic religion, fo that if 
 he is not particularly fupported by fume powerful intereft, I do not fee how he can 
 efcape having his book cenfured." 
 
 Among other perfons of rank, who, upon the ruin of the royal caufe, retired 
 into France, was Sir Charles Cavendifli, brother to the duke of Newcaftle ; and 
 this gentleman, being fkilled in every branch of t'le mathematics, proved a con- 
 (lant friend and patron to Mr. Hobbes; whofe reputation for that kind of learn- 
 ing was now fo well eftablifhed, that, in 1647, he was recommended to'inftrutt 
 therein Charles prince of Wales, afterwards king Charles II. In 1650 was pub- 
 lifhed at London a fmall treatife of iVlr. Hobbe^'s, entitled, " Human Nature,'"' 
 and another, " De Corpore Politico, or, of the Elements of the Law." This 
 latter piece was prefcnted to GafTendi, and read by him a few months before his 
 death ; who is laid firft to have kificd it, and then to have delivered his opinion of 
 it in thefe words : " This treatife is indeed fmall in bulk, but in my judgment the 
 very marrow of fcience." Mr. Hobbes had now for a confiderable time been em- 
 j)loyed in d gelling his religious, moral, and political principles, into a fyltem, 
 which he called " Leviathan ; or the matter, form, and power of a Common- 
 wealth, ecclefiaftical and civil." This was publidieJ at London in 1651, in folio. 
 It was juftiy confidered as a book of a very evil tendency, and was oppofed by 
 fcveral learned writers. After the publication of this work, IVIr. Hobbes returned 
 to England, where he numbered among his intimate friends fome of the greateft 
 men of the age, particularly Dr. Harvey, Mr. Selden, and Abraham Cowley. In 
 1654 he publifhed his Letter upon Liberty and Necedity, which gave rife to a 
 long controverfy between him and Dr. Bramhall, bifiiop of Londonderry. About 
 this time he alfo publifhed " Elementorum Philofophise, fedlio prima, de Corpore.'* 
 This occafioned the controverfy between him and Dr. Wallis, mathematical profef- 
 for at Oxford, which lafted as long as Mr. Hobbes lived, and in which he had the 
 misfortune to have all the mathem.^ticians againll him. It is indeed faid, that he 
 came too late to this ftudy for a man who would excel in it ; and that though for 
 a time he maintained his credit, while he was content to proceed in the fame track 
 with others, and to reafon in the accuflomed manner from the edabliflicd princi- 
 ples of the fcience, yet when he began to digrefs into new paths, and fct up for a. 
 reformer, inventor, and improver of geometry, he loft himfclf extremely. It was 
 in 1655, that Wallis firll attacked the mathematic.1l p.irt of our author's philofo- 
 phy, in a treatife, entitled, " Eienchus GeometriiE Hobbianx." This, and another 
 attack made againft him by Dr. Seth Ward, Mr. Hobbes, in 1 656, anfwered in atrea- 
 tife, entitled, " Six LefTons to the Piofenbrs of Mathematics of the inftitution of 
 Sir Henry Savile." To this Wallis replied the fame year, in a book, entitled, 
 " Due Correftion for Mr. Hobbes : or, School-difcipline for not faying his leflbns 
 right, &c." Upon this, in 1657, Mr. Hobbes publ flied in Englifh a treatife 
 under the title of " Stigmai ; the marks of the abfurd Geometry, &c. of Dr. Wal- 
 lis." To this i3r. Wallis replied the fame year, in a treatife entitled, •' Hobbi.ini 
 Fundi l>ifpun<rtio ; or. An Anfwer to a late Treatife, &c." And in 1660, Mr. 
 Hobbes renewed this paper war, by publiflaing a new work, in Latin, under 
 
 the
 
 384 H O B B E S. 
 
 the tide of " Exaaiiuaiio & Emendatio Matl-.ematica; hodierns, fcx dialogisGO;<!- 
 prchenl'a." Upon the relloration of King Charles II. Mr. Hobbes came up to 
 London. He was at Salifbury-Houfe vv:th his patron, when the king paiTing 
 by one day, accidentally law him. He fent for him, gave him his hand to kits, 
 and enquired kindly after his health and circun-iftancesj and fome time after di- 
 reded Mr. Samuel Cooper, an eminent portrait painter, to go to him and draw hi? 
 pifture. His mijelly likewile afforded Mr. Hobbes another private audience, fpokc 
 to him very kindly, affured him of his proteflion, and fettled a penfion upon him 
 of tool, per annum, out of his privy purfe. Yet this did not render him entirely 
 fafc i for in 1666, his Leviathan, and his treatife De Give, were ccnfurcd by par- 
 liament, which alarmed him very much ; as did alfo the bringing a bill into the 
 houfe of commons to punifh atheifm and profanencfs. It is fuppofed to have 
 been on th« occafion, that he compofec^ his " Hiftorical Narration concerning He- 
 refy, and the punifhm.ent thereof-," with a view of demonftrating that he could 
 not be legally punifhed for hciefy, in writing and publifhing his Leviathan. 
 
 In the mean time, the controverfy between Mr. Hobbes and Dr. Wallis ftill 
 continued, and feveral pieces paflcd between them. Wallis having printed " Hob- 
 bius Heauconcimorumenos, or a Confideration of Mr. Hobbes's Dialogues •," this 
 gave our author occafion to publifli " Confiderations upon the reputation, loyalty, 
 manners, and religion, of 1 homas Hobbes of Malmefbury, written by himfclf, 
 by way of letter to a learned perfon •," /. e. Dr. Wallis. In this Hobbes vindi- 
 cates his own ch3ra(fter with much fpirit, and treats Wallis with great feverity. 
 Our author's next performance was, "DePrincipiis&Ratiocinatione Geometrarum, 
 contra faftum ProfeiTorum Geometrise." Hobbes's ftock of patience feems to have 
 been exhaufted, when he wrote this piece j for he makes the following obfervation 
 concerning the ftate of the difpute between him and Wallis, and his other oppo- 
 nents : " With rcfpci^ to thofe (fays he) who have written upon thefe kind of 
 fubjcfls, and myfelf, either I alone am mad, or they are all out of their fenfei j 
 fo that no third opinion can be taken, unlefs any will fay that we are all mad." 
 
 In 1669 Mr. Hobbes was vifited by Cofmo de Medicis, then prince, and after- 
 wards duke of Tufcany, who gave him ample marks oi his elteem and refpcdl j 
 and having received his picture, and a complete collecflion of his works, caufed 
 the former to be repofited among his curiofitics, the latter in his noble library at 
 Florence. The like vifits he received froni foreign ambalTadors, and other ftran- 
 gers of di(lind:ion ; who were curious to fee a perlbn whofe fingular opinions and 
 numerous writings had made fo much noifc all over Europe. In 1672 he wrote 
 an account of his own life in Latin verfe, when, as he obfcrves, he had completed 
 his eighty-fourth year, 'iwo years after, he publiflicd in Englifh verfe four books 
 of Homer's OdylTey, vvhich were favourably received by the public -, and this en- 
 couraged him to undertake a tranflation of the whol^ Iliad and OdyfTcy, which 
 he publifhed in 1675. Mr. Pope, in the preface to his own tranflation of the 
 Iliad of Homer, fays, " Mr. Hobbes in his verfion has given a corredt explana- 
 tion of the fenfe in general, but for particulars and circumftances he continually 
 lops them, and often omits the mod beautiful. As for it's having been cfteemed 
 a clofe tranflation, I doubt not many have been led into that error by the fliort- 
 ncfs of it, which proceeds not from his following the original line by line, but from 
 the contradlions above-mentioned. He fometimes omits whole fimilies and fcn- 
 tcnces, aod is no'.v and :hen guilty of miftakes, into which no writer of his learning 
 
 could
 
 HOGARTH; ' 385 
 
 could have fallen but through careleflhefs. His poetry, as well as Ogilby's, is too 
 inean for criticifm." 
 
 Mr. Hobbes wrote feveral other pieces befides thofe we have mentioned. He 
 died on the 4th of December, 1679, in the ninety-fecond year of his age. The 
 Rev. Mr. Granger ftyles him *' a man of much learning, more thinking, and not 
 a little knowledge of the world;" and obferves, that " he was one of the molt 
 celebrated and admired authors of his age. His (iyle is incomparably better than 
 that of any other writer in the reign of Charles I. and was, for it's uncommon 
 ftrength and purity, fcarcely equalled in the fucceeding reign. He has, in tranfla- 
 tion, done I'hucydides as much jullice as he has done injury to Homer : but he 
 looked upon himfelf as born for much greater things than treading in the foot- 
 Heps of his predecefiors. He was for Itriking out new paths in fcience, govern- 
 ment, and religion; and for removing the landmarks of former ages. His ethics 
 have a ftrong tendency to corrupt our morals, and his politics to deftroy that li- 
 berty which is the birth-right of every human creatur.^. He is commonly reprc- 
 fented as a fceptic in religion, and a dogmatilt in philofophy ; but he was a dog- 
 matill in both. The main principles of his Leviathan are as little founded in mo- 
 ral or evangelical truth, as the rules he laid down for fquaring the circle are in 
 mathematical demonftration. His book on Human Nature is efteemed the belt 
 of his works." 
 
 Among thole who have written again ft Mr. Hobbes's pernicious tenets, we may 
 particularly reckon Dr. Seth Ward, bilhop of Salifbury, archbifhop BramhalJ, 
 archbilhop Tennilon, bilhop Parker, bifhop Cumberland, and the earl of Cla- 
 rendon. 
 
 HOGARTH (William) an excellent burlefque painter, was born in the pa- 
 rifli of St. Bartholomew, London, in the year 1698. His father, being one of 
 the lower rlafs of tradefm'en, had.no higher views for him, than binding him ap- 
 prentice to an engraver of pewter pots. How long he purfued this contemptible 
 employment is uncertain ; but the hrft piece in which he diftinguiflied himfelf as 
 a painter, was the figures of the Wandfworth Afiembly, whicli are drawn from 
 the life, without any circumftances of his burlefque manner. His next produftioti 
 was probably that fine pidure of the Pool of Bethefda, whicli he prefented to St. 
 Bartholomew's hofpital. His being afterwards employed to draw defigns for a 
 new edition of Hudibras, was the inlet to his future excellence in comic painting, 
 in which he furpaffed all that ever came before, or have fincc fucceeded him. The 
 firft work of this fort which he produced, was his Harlot's Progrefs, which has 
 ever been efteemed a mafter-piece in its kind. The ingenious Abbe du Bos had 
 often complained, that no hiftory painter of his time had gone through a fcries of 
 adlions, and thus, like an hiftorian, painted the fuccefTive fortunes of an hero from 
 the cradle to the grave. What du Bos wiflied to fee done, Hogarth performed. 
 He launches out his young adventurer a fimple girl upon the town, and condufts 
 her through all the vicilTitudcs of wretchedncls to a premature death. The Rake's 
 Progrefs fucceeded, which, though not equal to the former, was allowed to be 
 poffeflfed of confiderable merit. 
 
 Soon after the conclufion of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Mr. Hogarth made 
 a trip to Paris ; the confequence of which was, his humorous print called the 
 Roali: Beef of Old England. In 1750 he publilhed a treatife entitled the Analy- 
 fis of Beauty ; and about fcven years after, he fucceeded his brother-in-law as fer- 
 
 5 t*" jeant-
 
 386 H O L T. 
 
 jeant-painter to his majefi:/. The lad material circumftance of his life was his con- 
 tell with the late Mr. Charles Churchill. It is faid that both met at Weftminftcr- 
 hall i Hogarth, to catch a ridiculous likenefs of the poet; and Churchill, to fur- 
 nifli a ludicrous defcription of the painter. But Hogarth's print of Churchill was 
 not much elleemed, and the poet's letter to him died with the fubjeft. Mr. Ho- 
 garth's death happened on the 25th of Odober, 1764, Befidcs the piftures and 
 j)rints already mentioned, he publifhed many others, viz. Marriage a-la-mode, in 
 lix prints ; the enraged Miifician ; ^outhwarl-: Fair; the March to Finchley ; four 
 prints of an eleftion; the tff'dls of Idlenefs and Induftry, exemplified in the con- 
 duft of two fellow-apprentice?, in tvselve prints ; the (leeping Congregation ; Co- 
 lumbus breaking the egg; two prints of an invafion; the diibeflfed l-'oet ; the five 
 orders of perriwigs ; Paul before Felix ; Mr. Garrick in the charader of king 
 Richard 111. &c. &c, 
 
 HOLT (Sir John) lord chief juftice of the King's-Bench, was the eldeft fon 
 of Sir f homas Hair, ferjcant at law ; and v/as born at Thame, in Oxfordlhire, 
 on the 30cn jf December, 1642. He received his education at Abingdon-fchool, 
 and at Oriel-coUfge, Oxford ; whence he removed to Gray's Inn, London, and 
 applying himfelf with great diligence to the ftudy of the law, became, in ihc 
 fpace of a few years, a moft diftinguifhed barrifter. In February 1685 he W23 
 made, by the king's letters patent, recorder of London, which office he difcharged 
 vith applaufe for about a year and a half, during whicli time he received the ho- 
 nour of knighthood ; but refufing to expound the law according to his majedy's 
 pleafure, he was difmiflcd from his employment. In 1686 he was called to the de- 
 gree of a fe'jeant at law; and being chofen a member of the convention-parlia- 
 ment, in 1688, was, on the arrival of the prince of Orange, appointed one of 
 the managers for the commons in the conferences held with the lords concerning 
 the abdication of the king and the vacancy of the throne. His behaviour on this 
 occafion probably contributed to his advancement ; for immediately after the kc- 
 volution, he was made lord chief jullicc of the court of King's-Bench, and ad- 
 mitted into the privy-council. In the year 1700, when the lord chancellor Somcrs 
 was deprived of the great fcal, king William prefled our chief juftice to accept of 
 it; but he declined the honour that was offered him. His integrity and uprioht- 
 nefs as a judge are celebra.ed in the fourteenth number of the Tader, under the 
 charafter of Verus. He died on the 5th of March, 1709, after a lingering ill- 
 jiefs, in the fixty-feventh year of his age ; and was interred in the parifli-church of 
 Redgrave in buffolk, where a fumptuous marble monument was eredled co his 
 memory. 
 
 Sir John Holt was one of the ableft and mod upright judges that ever prefided 
 in a court of juftice. He was a perfedt mafter of the common law, and applied 
 himfelf with great alTiduity to the funftions of his important office. He pofTciTed 
 an uncommon clearnels of underftanding, and great folidity of judgment ; and 
 fuch was his integrity and firmnefs of mmd, that he could never be induced to 
 fwerve in the leaft from what he thought to be law and juftice, even in compliance 
 with his fovereign, or either houfe ot parliament. He had a juft lenfe of the ex- 
 treme danger of calling in the military power, under pretence of affifting the civil 
 magiftrates in the execution (;f the laws ; and he would on no occafion countenance 
 any thing of this kind. Whilft he held the office of chief juftice, there liappcn- 
 ed a riot in Holborn, occafioncd by a villainous pra<ilicc in which fome people 
 
 had
 
 HOWARD. 3S7 
 
 had engaged, of decoying young perfons of both fexes to the plantations. The 
 perfons fo decoytd they kept prilo::cts in a hoiife in Holoorn, 'rill they could find 
 an opportunity of fhipping them otF; wh ch being difcovered, the enraged popu- 
 lace were going to pull down the h')Ul'e. Notice of this being fcnt to vV.hltehail, 
 a parry of the guards were commanded to march to the pl.'.cc ; but they fir(\ fent 
 an officer to lord cnief juftice Holt to acquaint him with the dtfi.n, and to de- 
 fine him to fend fome of his p-ople to attend the foldiers, in order to give it the 
 - better countenance. The officer having delivered his meflaj:e, the chief jullice 
 
 • faid to him, " Suppofe the populace fhould not difperfe at yiur , ppearance, what 
 are you to Jo then ?" " Sir, (anfwered the officer) we h ive orders to fire upon them," 
 " Have yju, Sir? (replied his lordHiip) then talc notice of what 1 fay ; if there 
 be one man killed, and vou are tried before me, I will take care that you, and 
 every foldier of your party, Ihall be hanged. Sir, (added he) go back to thofe 
 who fenr you, and acquaint them, that no officer of mine (hall attend foldiers j 
 and ie' them know at the fame time, that the laws of this king.iom are not to be 
 executed by the fword : thefe matters belong to the civil power, and you have 
 nothing to do with them." Upon this, the lord chirf jultice ordered his tip- 
 ftaves, with a few conllables, to attend him, and going In perfon to the place where 
 the tumult was expo'.lulated with the mob, and alTuring them that jultice (hould 
 be done upon the perfons who were the objefts of their indignation, they all 
 difpeifed quietly, 
 
 HOWARD (Sir Edward) lord high admiral of England, was the fecond fun 
 of Thomas ear! of Surry, afterwards duke of Norfolk. He began early to tef- 
 tify his mclin.tion to the fea-fervice; for in 14^2, when he was a v<-ry young 
 man, he we.it out in a fl.-et commanded by Sir Edward Poynings, with a view of 
 acquiring fkill in n ival affairs, and in the art of war. The fleet which \'y ynin^s com- 
 ma -.dcd, confirting of twelve fail, was lent by king Henry VII. to affiit the duke 
 of Burgundy againfl his ri^bellious lubjedts. In the courfe of this expedition, 
 our young feaman gave proofs of extraordinary courage, and had on that account 
 the honour of knighthiod conferred on him. On the accefTion of I lemy Vlll. 
 
 • that monarch made choice of him for his Itandard-bear r ; whicii, in thole days, 
 was not only a mark of particular favour, but of the highcll confidence and re^ 
 fpedl:. 
 
 In 151 [, Sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch feaman, with two flout vefTels, commit- 
 ted piracy on the Englilh coalts, and greatly interrupted the trade ano navigation 
 of the kingdom. His p'et^nce was, letters of reprifal granted him againit the 
 Portugucfe, by James III. late king of Scotland; and unuer colour of this, he 
 fcized and plundered what fhips he pleafed, alledging that they had HurtUizucfe 
 goods on board. Complaint being made of thcle grievances to the privy-council 
 of England, Sir Edward Howard's t.tthcr, the etri of Surry, declared, " 1 hat the 
 narrow feas fliould not be fo infefted, whiill he hau an eftate that could furniih a 
 fli'p, or a Ton who was capable of co nmruiding one." And accordingly two fhips 
 were fitted out by Sir Edward Howard and his cider brother ">ir I homas, and pro- 
 bably at their father's exjience. Thefe two gallant brothers having been fome 
 days at fea, were leparated by a florm, whicli gave Sir Thoma"; an opportunity of 
 coming up with Sir Andrew Barton in the Lion. An obltinate engagement im- 
 mediately enfued, the fuccefs of which was long doubtful. The Scotch comman- 
 der, who was a bold and experienced feaman, nia^e a very defperate defenccj but 
 
 he
 
 388 HOWARD. 
 
 he was at length killed, and the fhip furrendered to Sir Thomas Howard. Sir 
 Edward, in tr.e mean time, came up with Barton's other vcflcl, which v-as nanied 
 • the Jenny Pcrwin, and exceedingly well manned. After a fharp engagement. Sir 
 Edward made himfelf mailer of this fhip alio •, and both the Scotch vtflrls, with 
 the I'urviving part ot their crews, were triumphantly brought into the River Thames, 
 by the two noble brothers. The prLloners, having been iome time confined, were 
 afterwards fet at liberty. James IV. then king of Scotland, highly refented this 
 a(5lion, and lent ambalTadors to the king of England, to demand fatisfadtion. But 
 Hen:y returned him this anfwer, " That punilhing pirates was never confidercd as 
 a breach of peace among princes." 
 
 Sir Edward Howard's charader for courage and naval abilities was now fo well 
 eftablifhed, that in 1512 he was appointed lord high admiral of England. King 
 Henry having, the fame year, entered into a war with France, the marquis of 
 Dorfet was fent with a confiderable army into Bifcay, in order to penetrate that 
 way into the province of Guicnne. The marquis and his troops were convoyed 
 by Sir Edward Howard -, and when the forces were landed, the lord admiral put 
 to fea again with his fquadron. He arrived on the coaft of Brittany, and having 
 fiifl cleared the fea of the enemy, landed fome of his men about Conqued and 
 Breft, who burnt feveral towns, and ravaged the adjacent country. The French 
 monarch, alarmed at the Englifli admiral's fuccefs, equipped a powerful fleet to 
 oppofe his progrefs. King Henry being informed of this circumftance, ordered 
 five and twenty fhips of war to be fitted out without delay, to go to the afTif- 
 tance of the lord admiral ; and he went himfelf to Portfmouth to haften the ar- 
 mament. When Sir Edward Howard had received this reinforcement, his fleet 
 confilled of forty- five fail. He immediately determined to attack the enenoy, who 
 were now ready to come out of the harbour of Breft. The French admiral was a very 
 brave feaman ; and the fhip he commanded, which was called the Cordelier, was 
 fo large as to be able to carry twelve hundred men, exclufive of mariners. Sir 
 Thomas Knevet, however, in the Regent, which was a much fmaller vefiel, at- 
 tacked and boarded the French admiral's fliip. The action was maintained for 
 fome time with great bravery on both fides, but at length the French fliip took 
 fire; and that and the Regent being clofely grappled together, they both blew up, 
 and fixteen hundred gallant men, befides the two commanders, perifhed in an 
 inftant*. This fatal (Iroke threw both fleets into conflernation ; for though they 
 had been for fome time engaged, they foon after feparated, without proceeding 
 to any further hoflilities on either fide. 
 
 In the year 1513, Sir Edward put to fea again, with forty-two fhips of war, 
 befides fmall vefleis, and forced the French into the harbour of Breft. He alfo 
 made frequent delccnts upon the coaft of France, and ravaged the country round 
 about. The French hing, theiefore, ordered Pregent, one of his ablefi fea-of- 
 ficers, to fail from Toulon with a fquadron of gallics-, and, after joining the Breft 
 fleet, to come out and fight the Fnglifh. Sir Edward Howard having received 
 information of this deljgn, formed a plan for burning the French fliips in the har- 
 bour. He was fo confident of fuccefs in this r.tfair, that he acquainted the king 
 with it, and invited him to be prefcnt at fo glorious an aftion ; dcfiring that 
 
 * According to fome writers, tl;e Frencli admiral fat fire to his fiiip on purpofe, cliufing rather 
 to 1)1( w up his own (bip and thKt ot the e«cniy together, than fiibmit to the Englilb com- 
 .marider. 
 
 his
 
 HOWARD. ^89 
 
 his majcfty (hould rather have the honour of deftroytng the French naval force, 
 than himfelf. But Sir Edward's letter being laid before the council, they were of 
 different fentimcnts, confidcring the affair as by much too hazardous for his majcfly's 
 perfon to be expofed in it. They therefore wrote to the admiral, commanding him 
 not to fend excufes, but to do his duty. Sir Edward was extremely piqued at 
 •this language ; fuppofing that from his well-known bravery, he ought not to have 
 been fubjedled to fuch a reproof. However, he immediately prepared to enter the 
 harbour. And for this purpofe he ordered about fifteen hundred men into his boats, 
 which brought the French, to the number of ten thoufand, down to line the 
 Ihore. But he at length found his defign to be impracticable ; for the French 
 ihips lay under the cover of their fortifications, and of a line of twenty-four large 
 hulks lalhed together, which they intended to have fct on fire, if the Englifh had 
 forced them to an engagement. Sir Edward put the befl face he could upon this 
 difappointment ; and in the mean time received intelligence that Pregent, with fix 
 gallies, and four tenders, was arrived in Conquet bay, a little below Brefl, and 
 only waited for an opportunity of entering that harbour. The lord admiral here- 
 upon fent a frigate to reconnoitre the fituation of the enemy, whom they perceived 
 at an anchor between two rocks, on each of which flood a ftrong fort, and fo far 
 up the bay, that it was not poflible to bring any of the Englifh fhips of force to 
 bear upon them. Sir Edward, however, determined to attack them ; and accord- 
 ingly he manned the only two gallies he had in his fleet with fome of his braveft 
 men ; and with two row-barges, and two tenders, he entered the bay. One of the 
 gallies was commanded by himfelf, the other by lord Ferrers. There being a briik 
 gale of wind, they foon came up with the enemy j and Sir Edward immediately 
 attacked the French admiral. Armed with his fword and target, he undauntedly 
 entered the fhip of his enemy, having only eighteen Englifhmen and one Spaniard 
 attending him. But he had no fooner boarded the French vefTel, than the grap- 
 pling-tackle, which faftened his galley to that of the enemy, cither flipped, or was 
 cut afunder. Thus was the gallant Howard left to the mercy of the French com- 
 mander. But he difdained that fafety which could only be purchafcd by captivity. 
 He therefore took his whiftle (whicJi in thofe days, we are told, was the badge of 
 fupreme command at fea) from his neck, and threw it into the fea ; into whi^ h he 
 himfelf, with feventcen of his followers, were immediately pufhed by the pikes of 
 his enemies. Such was the immature death, on the 25th of April, 1513, of Sir 
 Edward Howard, knight of the Garter, and lord high admiral of England. He 
 ^ad great fkill in maritime affairs, and pofTefTed an extraordinary degree of bravery. 
 It was his avowed maxim, " That a feaman never did good, who was not refolutc 
 to a degree of madnefs." He was a warm friend to the intercft of his country, and 
 at all times ready to hazard his life and fortune in its fervice. 
 
 HOWARD (Thomas) duke of Norfolk, a brave and experienced admiral, an 
 able general, and a great flatelman, was the eldcft fon of Thomas earl of Surry, 
 afterwards duke of Norfolk, and Lrother to the lord Admiral, the fubjedb 
 of the preceding life. He early diflingiiifhcd himtclf by his courage, and thirft for 
 military glory. He engaged in the expedition againft -ir Andrew Barton, in con- 
 jundion with his brother Sir Edward, and had himfelf the honour of taking Bar- 
 ton's fhip. He attended tfie m.irquis of Dorlet in his expedition againft Guienne, 
 whi.h was rendered unlucccfsful by the infinccrity of Ferdinand king of Spain; 
 and the marquis falling fick, Sir Ihomas Howard fuccecdrd him, and fhewed ^rcac 
 
 5 G conduct
 
 ^^ 
 
 I? 5 W A R Bil 
 
 conduifl in brfng'ng home the reroainder 6f the Englifli'army. A few montlis aftrt" 
 the arrival of Sir Thomas ia England, he received the ill news of his brother the 
 •lord admiral's death; whereupon the king immediately appointed him his fucctflbr, 
 1 his promotion was -very agreeable to Sir '1 homas, as he was extremely c'efirous 
 of revenging his brother's death upon the enemy. Before he let out to take upon 
 him the command of the fleet, he petitioned that each Ihip fhould have a larger 
 •complement of men. In the mean time Pregent, the French admiral, encouraged 
 •by the death of Sir Edward Howard, and the confequent return of the fleet vshich 
 had been under his command, had made a defcent upon the coaft of SuflTex, and 
 committed fome diforders there •, but receiving information that the Englifh fleet 
 was again putting to fea, he made the beft of his way to the coaft of France. And 
 Sir Thomas Howard was fo active, and Icoured the feas of French vcfTels in 
 luch a manner, that not a bark of that nation durft appear. In July 1513, he 
 landed in Brittany, ravaged a part of the country, and burnt a C')nriderable town. 
 King Kenry was now in France, employed in the fiege of Terouenne. James 
 IV. king of Scotland, took this opportunity of invading England hoping to find 
 -that kingdom unprepared for its defence. But he foon difcovered his mift ike. 
 The earl of Surry, father to the lord admiral, marched againft him with a con- 
 fiderable army ; and Sir Thomas Moward, being informed of the Scottilh king's 
 invafion, immediately landed five thouiand veteran troops, and marched r^c the 
 head of them to join his father. The earl of Surry, having received this reinforce- 
 ment, fent an herald to the king of Scotland, to offer him batde: and Sir 'I homas 
 Howard fent him word at the fame time, that he was come to anfwer for the 
 death of Sir Andrew Barton. '1 he Scottifli king had in all his manifrlioes men- 
 tioned the death of Barton, as one of the caufcs of the war. Sir 1 homas Ho- 
 ward, therefore, fcems to have thought himfelf obliged, in point of honour, to 
 oive fome latisfaftion for that affair in perfon. This defiance from the earl of 
 Surry and his fon, produced the fam.ous battle of Flodden-field, which w.is fought 
 on the eichth of September, 1513. Sir Thomas Howard commanded the van- 
 guard, and greatly contributed to the glorious vidtory which the Engiifli then ob- 
 ■tained, by the valour and military fkill which he exerted en that important occa- 
 Xion. In confideration of the eminent fcrvices of the earl of Surry and his fon, 
 king Henrv, in 1514, created the earl duke of Kcri'olk, and his fon, the lord ad- 
 miral, carl of Surry. A peace being now concluded with France, the martial ta- 
 lents of the new earl of Surry lay for fome time unemployed. In 1519 he was 
 appointed lord deputy of Ireland. That kingdom was then in fuch diforder, 
 and thv.' Irifh chiefs were fo exceedin^-ly turbulent, that this was a very trouble- 
 ibmepoft. The earl, however, by his vigilance and aftivity, liippreffed Dcfmonri's 
 rebellion, humified the ©'."^eals and O'C arrols, and without exer' ifing feverity^ 
 brouo-ht the affairs of Ireland into good order. He gained the affedions of the 
 people, and held a parliament at Dublin in I521 i afte; which he was recslicd. In 
 1522, king Henry again entered into a war with France-, and having at the fame 
 time engaged in an alliance with the emperor Charles V. that prirct, m conlcquercc 
 of this alliance, joined his naval force with that of Ei gland I he emperor's 
 fleet confifted of one hundred and e'gh-y fail; and the earl of Surry, by cipecial 
 pernvflion from king Henry, received tl.e emperor's commiflion to be admiral alfo 
 of the Imperial fleet. With thefe united fleets, the cail lai'ed to the coaft of Nor- 
 mandy. He landed fome of his troops at Cherburg, and depciniliicJ all the ad- 
 jacent country; alter which, re-embarking his men, he rciurncU to Tonland, 
 
 la 

 
 H O W A n D. 
 
 sn 
 
 'Til a few days after, he again fet fail, and landed a very large body of troops on 
 *the coaft of Brittany. He attacked the town of Morlaix, took it by ftorni, and 
 plundered it. He alfo burnt feventeen fail of French (hips on the coall, and then 
 returned, with a very rich booty, to Southampton. But he i>revioufly detached a 
 Iquadron, under the command of vice'admiral Fitz-william, with orders to continue 
 cruizing, and fcouring the fea. On the earl's arrival at Southampton, he found the 
 emperor Charles there, ready to embark for Spain, he having been fome time in 
 England on avifit to king Henry. The lord admiral, therefore, took the emperor 
 on board his fhip, and fafcly convoyed him to the pore of St. Andero in 
 'Bifcay. 
 
 In the fourteenth of the reign of king Henry, the old duke of Norfolk, weaned 
 with the fatigue of public bufinefs, refigncd his office of lord treafurer, which the 
 king conferred upon his fon the earl of Surry, who was alfo entrufted with the 
 ■army raifed to invade Scotland, and in the ftation of general did confiderable fer- 
 vice againft the duke of Albany. Before that nobleman's arrival in Scotland, he 
 ravaged all Twedaic and March with great feverity. But a truce being concluded 
 •with the Scots in i'523, the earl of Surry returned home, and difmifled his troops. 
 •His father dying about this period, he became duke of Norfolk. He was after- 
 'wards conftitutcd earl marfhal of England ; and was lent principal ambalTador to 
 "the French king, when that monarch was proceeding to an interview with the pope- 
 In rhe twenty-eighth year of this rcign, he aflifted the earl of Shrewfbury in fup- 
 prelTing a formidable rebellion ; and in 1542, he was again appointed to command 
 an army againft the Scots, in which expedition he acquitted himfelf with his ufual 
 'courage and ability. 
 
 Though the duke of Norfolk had, by many important fervices, proved himfelf 
 to be an honelt and able fervant to the crown •, yet the enemies of the Norfolk family 
 found means to work the king up into a perfuafion, that the duke, and his fon 
 'Henry earl of Surry, were in a plot to feize upon his perfon, and to engrofs the 
 government into their own hands ; and fome private diflentions which at this time 
 'prevailed in the duke's family, contributed greatly to forward the defigns of his 
 'enemies. His duchefs, the daughter of Stafford duke of Buckingham, who had 
 '•buffered in this reign, had long fufpeded her hufband of infidelity to her bed ; and 
 theduke by his behaviour, we are told, feemed very indifferent about removing her 
 jealoufv. The duchefs, therefore, defirous of revenge, gave infurmation to the 
 -duke's enemies of whatever fhe could difcover, either of his fecrets or refentments. 
 -Elizabeth Holland alfo, a miftrefs of the duke's, was prevailed upon to give all 
 the information fhe could both againft the father, and the fon, who hated hen 
 There were milunderftandings alfo among other branches of the duke's family ; and 
 'his enemies took advantage of this, to colled together whatever they could againft 
 •him. But when they had done, the whole hardly amounted to the colour of an ac- 
 'cufation. However, the duke of Norfolk, and his fon the earl of Surry, were 
 both committed to the Tower. The evidence of the duchefs of Norfolk againft 
 •her hufband, amoumed to little more than complaints of thit duke's infidelity, 
 'and his ufing her ill. As to Mrs. Holland, (he depofcd, tliat'the duke had in 
 confidence told her, that he was hated by the king's council, on account of his 
 affeftion to the popifn doftrine <f the facrament •, that he had complained that he 
 was not in the cabinet council j and had faid, that the king was now fo corpulent 
 -and difeafed, that he was let up and down ftairs by an engine. She alfo declared, 
 that the duke had faid, that his nixijefty was fickly, and could not hold o\K long i 
 
 and
 
 J5Z HOWARD. 
 
 and that the realm was likely to be in an ill cafe through diverfity of opinions. And 
 that he had alfo faid, that the king loved him not, becaufc he was too much loved 
 in his country -, but that he would follow his father's leffon, which was. That the 
 lefs others fei by him, the more he would fet by himfelf. 
 
 The duke was fo clofcly confined, that he was obliged to petition the lords of 
 the council, to be allowed fjme books; for, faid he, *' unlefs I may have books to 
 read 'ere I fall on deep, and after I wake again, I cannot fleep, nor did not this 
 dozen years." He wrote a pathetic letter to the king, in which he pleaded his 
 paft fervices, and proicfted his innocence. But Henry was by no means pacificed. 
 The duke was at length prevailed upon, in hopes of appeafing his majefty, to make 
 a fubmiirion, and fign a confefllon -, in which, however, the greatelt crime he ac- 
 knowledged, was, his having concealed the manner in which his fon bore his coat 
 armour. As to the earl of Surry, he was brought to his trial, and, on very trivial 
 pretences, condemned and executed. A bill of attainder againft the duke of Nor- 
 folk was broughtinto the houfc of peers, where it pafled without his being fuffered 
 to fpeak in his own defence, and was lent down to the commons. The king was 
 now in a dangerous fituation, and haftening fall towards his end ; and having 
 harboured a notion that the duke of Norfolk might difturb the tranquility of his 
 young fucceflbr, prince Edward, and fearing left the duke ihould efcape him, he 
 fent a mcflage to the commons, defiring them to haften the bill. 1 hey accordingly 
 complied, and paffed the bill ; and the kmg, having given the royal alTcnt to ic 
 by commiffioners, iflued orders for the execution of the duke on the 29th of 
 January, 1547. But the king himfcif expired early in the morning of the pre- 
 ceding day. The lieutenant of the Tower, therefore, deferred the execution of the 
 warrant; and it was not thought expedient by the council, to begin a new reign 
 by the death of the greateft nobleman in the kingdom, who had been condemned 
 by an unjuil and tyrannical fentence. After this narrow efcape, the duke's life 
 was fome years prolonged J he was, however, continued in his confinement in the 
 Tower, during the whole reign of king Edward Yl. but en the acceflion of 
 queen Mary, he was fet at liberty, and his attainder taken off. He foon after 
 commanded a body of troops, which was fcnt to fupprcfs the infurre(5t:on of fir 
 Thomas Wyat. But he died, in an advanced age, in the beginning of queen Mary's 
 reign. 
 
 HOWARD (Henry) earl of Surry, fon of the laft-mentioned nobleman, re- 
 ceived his education at Windfor with Henry Fitz-roy, duke of Richmond, natural 
 fort to king Henry VIII. he gave early indications both of valour and genius; and 
 being violently enamoured of a young lady, who was maid of honour to one of 
 king Henry's queens, he exercifed his poetical abilities in celebrating her under the 
 name of Geraldine. This objeft of his love is fuppofed to have been lady Eliza- 
 beth Fitz-gcrald, daughter of Gerald Fitz-gerald, earl of Kildare. Our young 
 nobleman was fo tranfported with his palTion for this lady, that he made a tour to 
 moll of the courts of Europe, to maintain her unparalleird beauty againft all op- 
 pofcrs, and every where made good his challenge with honour. He particularly 
 went to Florence, a city which had been the dwelling-place of fome of the lady's 
 anccftors, and there publilhed a challenge againft all comers, whether Chriftians, 
 Turks, Jews, or Saracens, indcfcnceof his miftrefs's beauty. And in the couife 
 of his combats for this lady, he fo much attrafted the regard of the duke of Tul^ 
 cany, by his valour and Ikill in arms, that he offered him the highcft prefer- 
 
 nwnts,
 
 HOWARD. 
 
 393 
 
 ,i 
 
 merits, if he would continue at his court. This propofal, however, he declined i 
 and was about to proceed to fome other cities of Italy, in order to maintain in like 
 manner the beauty of the fair Gerakiine; but his defign was fruftrated by letters 
 being fent him by king Henry VIII. commanding his fpeedy return to Eng- 
 land. 
 
 In 1 544 the earl of Surry was made field marfhal of the Englifh army in France-, 
 and having greatly dirtinguifhed himfelf there, was, after the taking of Boulogne, 
 being then knight of the garter, conftituted the king's lieutenant, and captain-gene- 
 ral of all his army, within the town and county of Boulogne. During his com- 
 mand there in 1546, h-aring that a convoy of provifions for the enemy was com- 
 ing to the fort of Outre-Eau, he refolved to intercept it. But the convoy being 
 fupported by a very confiderable body of French and Germans, and making an 
 obftinate defence, the Englifh were routed ; Sir Edward Poynings, marflial of 
 Calais, with feveral other perfons of note, were killed in the action ; and the earl 
 of Surry was forced to make a precipitate retreat into Boulogne. This difgrace, 
 however, he foon repaired -, but he could never after regain the king's favour, 
 " in whofe eyes (as Mr. Walpole obferves) a moment could cancel an age of 
 fervices. 
 
 The earl of Surry's ill fuccefs in this affair having thus brought on him the dif- 
 pleafure of the king, the earl of Hertford was fent over to command in his room. 
 Surry, being exafperated at this, is faid to have let fall fome expreffions that fa- 
 voured of diflike to the king, and of hatred to his miniflers; which is fuppofed to 
 have been one of the caufes of his ruin. l"he king had alio conceived a prejudice 
 againfl the earl on another account. The duke of Norfolk, who obferved the 
 growing power of the Seymours, and the influence which they were likely to have 
 in the next reign, (on account of their relationlhip to prince Edward, by the mo- 
 ther's fide^ was defirous of making a-n alliance with them : he had, therefore, 
 prefTcd his fon to efpoufe the earl of Hertford's daughter, and had alfo 
 propofed to marry his own daughter, the duchefs dowager of Richmond, 
 to Sir Thomas Seymour. But the earl of Surry abfolutely refufed to marry 
 Hertford's daughter ; and as neither of the propofed marriages took efFe(f>, 
 the Seymours and Howards became thenceforward open enemies. And the enemies 
 of the Norfolk family inftilled into the king apprehcnfions of the ambitious defigns 
 of the duke of Norfolk and his fon ; and infinuated to him, that the reafon of the 
 earl of Surry's refufing to marry Hertford's daughter, was becaufc he had entertained 
 hopes of efpoofing the princefs IVIary. 
 
 Some accufations were about this time brought both againfl the duke of Norfolk 
 and his fon ; and the defigns of their enemies were greatly advanced by the diflten- 
 tions in the Norfolk family. Sir Richard Southwell appeared before a committee 
 of the council, and declared, that he had fome matters of treafon to difclofe againfl: 
 the earl of Surry. The earl denied the charge with great warmth, and offered to 
 fight his accufer in his fhirt, according to tiie law of arms ; but the council would 
 not permit this, and both the earl and his father were committed to the Tower. 
 On the 15th of January, 1547, the earl of Surry was tried at Guildhall, on a 
 charge of high treafon, by a jury of commoners, before the lord chancellor, the 
 lord mayor, and other commiffioners appointed for the purpofc. The principal ac- 
 cufation againfl him, was his quartering the arms of Edward the Confeffor on his 
 'fcutcheon, from which it was inferred, that he afpired to the crown •, though he 
 juftified what he had done, by the opinion of the heralds. The duchefs of Rich- 
 iiwnd, the earl's filler, who had been fome time at variance with him, depofcd, 
 
 5 H that
 
 394 H O W A R D. 
 
 that her brother had a coronet to bis arms, which to her judgement feemed a dole 
 crown, and a cypher which fhe took, to be the king's ; and that he dilluadcd her 
 from going too tar in reading the fcr^ptiires. Other charges were brought aguinll 
 him, equally frivolous, particularly that he had enterta ned in his family fome 
 Italians who were fufptcled to be fpies. The earl defended himfelf with grt-at 
 eloquence and fpirit ; but the jury, notwithftanding, found him guilty, and ti'.e 
 unfortunate nobleman was a few days after beheaded t)n Tower-hill. 
 
 Thus fell in the prime of his life, Henry earl of Surry ; " a man (lays Sir Walter 
 Raleigh) no lefs valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes." He exccllrd in all 
 the military exercifrs of that age, and encouraged literature and the fine arts, botli 
 by his patronage and example. He was a great refiner of the Englifl: hnguage, 
 and is much celebrated for the fwcetnefs and harmony of his numbers. Ihe tuthor 
 of The Art of the Knglilh Poetry obferves, " thatSir Thomas Wyat the elder, and 
 Henry earl of Surry, were the two chieftains, who having travelled into Italy, 
 and there tailed the fweet and ilately mealures and ftile of the Italian poetry, 
 greatly polifhed our rude and homely manner of vulgar poetry, from what it had 
 been before •, and tiierefore may be jultly called, The Reformers of our E.ni_liih 
 Poetry and Stile." It mud, however, be remarked, that the poetical produftions 
 of Sir Thomas Wyat are not equal, either with refped to imagination, or harmony 
 of numbers, to thole of the earl of Surry. 1 he ingenious Mrs. Elizabeth Cooper 
 fays of the latter, that "in purity of language, and fwcetnefs of found, he tar 
 furpalTcd his cocemporaries, and all that had preceded him. Nay, I believe no 
 writer that followed him for many years, can jullly vie with him in either of thele 
 beauties. In a word, he broke through the fafliion of ftanzas, and wrote fo muc i 
 in the manner of the prefent times, that many of his lines would do honour to tiie 
 mofl elegant of the moderns." 
 
 His poems, together with thofe of fume of his cotemporaries, were publiflied 
 at London in the year 1717, in one volume 8vo. 
 
 HOWARD (Charles) earl of Nottingham, and lord high admiral of Eng- 
 land, was the fon of lord William Howard, baron of Effingham, and was born in 
 1536. In 1569 he ferved as general of the horfe in the expedition againft the earls 
 of Nottingham and Wefbmoreland, who had taken up arms in the north ; and in 
 crufhing this rebellion he was very aftive. The next year he commanded a Iqua- 
 dron of men of war, appointed to efcort Anne of Aullria, daughter to the emperor 
 Maximilian, to thecoaltof Spain j on which occafion he aflerted the honour of the 
 Englilh flag with great fpirir, by compelling the Spanifli fliips which attended that 
 princefs, to lower their flags in the Englifli feas. In 157 i he was chofen knight 
 of the fhire for the county of Surry, and in the year following fuccecdcd to his 
 father's title and ellatCi after which he became fuccelTively chamberlain of the 
 lioufliold, and knight of the garter; and in 158S was raifed to the office of lord 
 high admiral, at that critical jundure when the Spaniards were fending their arma- 
 da, in their opinions, to the aflurcd conqueftof this kingdom. As omt lord admi- 
 ral had a very capital Ihare in the defeat of this formidable armament, a narrative 
 of the engagement may with great propriety be introduced. 
 
 The Spanifh fleet confifled of an kundred' and thirty vefl"els, of which near an 
 hundred were galleons, and were of greater fize than any which had ever before 
 been ulcd inEurope. Itcarried on boird nineteen thoufand two hundred and ninety- 
 five folditr-s eight thoufand four hundred and fifty-fix mariners, two thoufand and 
 
 eighty-
 
 HOWARD. 
 
 395 
 
 eighty-eight galley-flaves, and two thoufand fix hundred and thirty places of can- 
 non. It was victualled for fix months ; and was attended with twenty fnallcr 
 fliips, called caravels, and ten falvcs with fix oars a-picce. The duke of Medina 
 Siuonia was appointed admiral of the whole ; and Don Martin?z de Ri- 
 caldo, an expeiienced lea-officer, fcrved under him. As foon as the lord-admiral 
 Howard knew that the Armada was ready to fail, he put to fen, and continued 
 cruizing for fome time; but the miniftry having received information that the 
 Spanifli fleet had been fh.ittered by a terrible rtorm, and that they would be un- 
 able to make any attempt that year, queen Elizabeth, who was fomewhat too 
 paifimonious, commanded fecretary Walfingham to write to the lord-admiral, di- 
 rejfiing, that four of the largcll fliips fiiould be lent into port, and the fcamen dif- 
 charged, to fave expence. But the admiral wrote back to'excufe his not obey- 
 ing this dircdlion, and in the clofe of his letterdefired, that if his reafons were 
 not thought fuflicient, the fiiips might remain at his own expence. 
 
 In the mean time, the iipaniards had repaired all the damages they had fuftained 
 in the late Itorm, and again fet fail for England. The firfl: land they fell in with 
 was the Lizard, which they miftook for the Ram's-head near Plymouth, and it 
 being near night, they fl:ood off to fea till the next morning. Their prefent de- 
 fign v/as, to attempt burning the Englilh fleet in the harbour, before they pro- 
 ceeded any further. But being dcfcried by a Scotch pyrate, one captain Fleming, 
 he immediately bore away for Plymouth, and gave the lord-admiral notice of 
 their approach. When the admiral had received this intelligence, and faw of 
 how much confequence it was to get out what few fliips were ready in the port 
 of Plymouth, he, to encourage others, not only appeared and gave orders in 
 every thing himfelf, but wrought alfo with his own hands, and with fix fhips 
 only got the firll night out of Plymouth J and the next morning, the 20th of July, 
 when he had with him no more than thirty fail, he defcried the Spanifli navy, 
 which made a beautiful, though terrible appearance. " The Spanifli fleet (fays 
 Camden) appeared like caftles with lofty turrets, in front like a half-moon, the 
 wings thereof fpreading out about the length of feven miles, failing flowly, though 
 wiih full fails, the winds being as it were tired with cari^'ing them, and the ocean 
 groaning under their weight." The lord-admiral knTered them to pafs by quietly, 
 that having the advantage of the wind, he might the better attack them in the 
 rear. And he difpatched his brother-in-law, Sir lidward Hobby, to the queen, 
 to inform her of the great difproportion between the enemy's force and his own, 
 and defire her to haflen as many fliips as polTible to his afliltance. On the 21ft of 
 July, both fleets formed the line of battle, the Spaniards under their proper of- 
 ficers, and the Englifli under the lord-admiral, Drake, Hawkins, f>obilhcr, and 
 other commanders. The van of the Armada was led by Alplionfo de Leyva, 
 the duke of jMedina appears to have been in the center, and Ricaldo commanded 
 the rear. The lord admiral in his own fli'p, called the Ark-Royal, attacked 
 Leyva's diviflon with the utmofl: fury ; whilft: Drake, Hawkins, and Frobillier, 
 fo vigoroufly charged Ricaldo's fquadron, that it was driven to the center, and 
 it was with great difficulty the duke of Medina could bring them again to form. 
 The Englifli feemed to manage their fhips with as much cafe as they would have 
 done their horfes. 1 hey broke through the front, the rear, and the center ; they 
 advanced, charged, and retreated, before the Spaniards could point the artillery 
 of their unwieldy hulks. The face of the fea was foon covered with wrecks, and 
 the Englilh received a happy prcfage of vidory from the fmall lofs they had lul'- 
 
 taixied.
 
 396 HOWARD. 
 
 tained. As the lord-admiral had defigned this fight chiefly to convince his men that 
 the Spanifh fliips were more formidable in appearance than in reality, he ordered 
 the fignal for a retreat to be hung out ; and the rather, as he was not yet rein- 
 forced with forty Ihips which had been left in harbours, and which he ex- 
 pected next day. 
 
 During the night after the frrft day's engagement, one of the largeft Spanifh fliips 
 "was fet on fire by accident •, and the flame communicated itielf to a large galleon, - 
 commanded by Don Pedro de Valdez, which was taken by 1 rake, and fent to 
 Dartmouth. The fea running very high, and neither party being difpolcd to re- 
 new the engagement immediately, there was no adtion till the ? 3d. At firft, both 
 fides ftrovc to gain the weathergage -, but the Lnglifli in this had fo much the ad- 
 vantaoe, that they difengaged a fleet of their own merchantmen, which had been 
 furroundcd by the Spaniards, and would have deftroyed Ricaldo's fquadron, had 
 not the whole Spanifli fleet made a brave eflx)rtto fave it. The lord-admiral equally 
 difplayed his courage and his condufb ; he gave his orders with the utmoft coolnefs 
 Rnd fcrcnity ; and loll no advantage that the dexterity of his men, the fabric of his 
 own fhips, and the unweildncfs of the enemy's, prefented. He wifely gave orders, 
 that the Englifti fliould neither grapple nor board, well knowing the fuperiority 
 which the Spaniards had within their fliips. He maintained, therefore, a kind of 
 running fight all that and the next day, and battered the (trongcft of the Spanifh 
 veflcls with great fuccefs. 
 
 In the evening of the 24th, the lord-admiral made difpofuions for a general en- 
 gagem.ent, and formed his fleet into four divifions, under himl'elf, Drake, Haw- 
 kins, and Frobiftier. But a dead calm happening, he could not bring his defign 
 to bear. The engagement, however, continued on the 25th, between the lord-ad- 
 miral, under whom the lord Thomas Howard ferved in the Golden Lion, and one 
 of the Spanifh fquadrons ; but to the difadvantage of the latter, though the Eng- 
 liih futlained fome lofs. Next day the lord-admiral knighted the lord Thon^as How- 
 ard, the lord SlieiReld, Roger Tov. nfliend, John Hawkins, and Martin Frobiflier, 
 for their eminent lervices. After this, a council of war was held, in which it was 
 reiblved to follow the Spanifh fleet to the Streights of Calais, where the Englifh 
 were to be reinforced by a flrong fquadron, under the lord Henry Seymour, and 
 Sir William Winter. This jundion was formed about the 27th, and then the 
 Enalifli fleet amounted to an hundred and forty fail, among which were not above 
 eighteen or twenty capital fnips, the burthens of the reft being greatly inferior to the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 The Armada having now anchored before Calais, and the gre.it fliips being fo 
 difpoled that the lord-admiral Hov/ard faw it would be a very difficult matter to 
 put them again into dilbrder, he reiblved to convert fome of his worft vefTcis into 
 fire-fhips. This expedient he accordingly put in praftice, filling eight large barks 
 with all forts of combuftible matter, and fending them under the command of the 
 captains Young and Frowfe, all midnight, into the thickefl part of the Spanifh 
 fleet, where they fpcedily began to blaze in lb terrible a manner, that the Spa- 
 niards fcemed to waken from their dreams of conqueft, in order to provide for their 
 fafcty. They had now no choice but of the element by which they were to 
 perifh. All was confufion, hurry, and defpair. They cut their cables, they pulled 
 up their anchors, they ran foul of each other, to avoid the devouring element. The 
 Englifh, next morning, fell upon them in the midft of their contufion and terror, 
 and had it not been for the coolnefs of the duke of Medina^ the whole Spanifh 
 
 fleet
 
 HOWARD. 
 
 S97 
 
 fleet muf!: have been ruined that day. For upon the approach of the fire-fliip":, he 
 ordered that the lines fhould open and give them way, that the blaze might fpend 
 itfc4f Tnri'Jeiftually, and that the whole of the fleet fliould rendezvous over-'againl't 
 Gravelinc. 'J'heie orders were but imperfcclly obeyed, ihe fear ot the Spaniards was 
 as great, as the fire of the Englifh was impetuous ; and it was with the utmoft dif- 
 ficulty that many of the largeft Spanifh ihips got clear of the fliallovvs upon the 
 coaft of Flanders, upon which they had run. Sir Francis Drake, and captain 
 Fenner, taking advantage of this diforder, attacked the fquadron under the uuke 
 of Medina, before his fleet could be rendezvoufed. While buth fides thus main- 
 tained a fort of running fight, each was reinforced, and the engagement became ge- 
 neral, but greatly to the difadvantage of the Spaniards, whole fhips now law upon 
 the fea like fo many floating wrecks. In this diflrelfed fituation, they endeavoured 
 to retreat through the ftreights of Dover ; but the wind, coming about wuh hard 
 gales at north-weft, drove them on the coaft of Zealand; but loon after veering 
 to the fouth-weft, they tacked and got out of danger. The duke of Medina Sido- 
 nia took this opportunity of calling a council of war; wherein, after mature deli- 
 beration, it was refolved, that there were no hopes left of fucceeding in their defign 
 upon England i and that therefore all that remained for them to do, was to en- 
 deavour to fave as many fliips as pofiible. This refolution was immediately carried 
 into execution, and the Spanifli fleet made all the fail they could for their own 
 coaft, going north-abour, which expofed them to great dangers. The Fnglifti 
 fleet followed that of the Spaniards for fome time-, and had not their ammunition 
 fallen fiiort, by the negligence of the officers in fupplying them, they would have 
 obliged the whole Armada ro furrendcr at difcretion. '! he duke of Medina had 
 once taken that refolution ; but is faid to have been diverted from it by the advice 
 of his conieflfor. This conclufion of the enterprize would have been more 
 glorious to the Engl fti; but the event proved equally fatal to the Spaniards. 
 
 When the Spaniih fleet arrived on the Scotch coaft, and found that care was 
 every where taken that they fliould meet with no fupply, they threw their horfes 
 and mules over-board, and fuch of them as had a competent ftore of water, bore 
 away diredtly for the Bay of Bifcay with the duke of Medina, amountmg in all 
 to about twenty-five fliips. The reft, about fortv fail, under the command of the 
 vice-admiral, ftood for the coaft of Ireland, intending to have watered at Cape 
 Clare. On the 2d of September, however, a violent tempeft arofe, and drove moft 
 of them a fit ore ; fo that upwards of thirty fhips, and many thoufand men, periflied 
 on the Irifh coaft. Some were forced a fecond time into theEngiiOi channel, where 
 they were taken ; and fevcral very large veflTels were loft among the Weftern Ifles, 
 and along the coaft of Argylefliire. Out of thefe about 500 perfons were laved, 
 who came into Edinburgh almoil naked, and were clothed out of mere charity by 
 the inhabitants of that city, who alio attempted to fend them home to Spain : 
 but they were forced in their pafTage upon the coaft of Norfolk, and obliged 
 to put into Yarmouth, where they ftaid till advice was given to the queen and 
 council, who, in confideration of the mifcries they had already endured, fuftered 
 them to proceed on their voyage. However, not half of the Armada got home 
 again to Spain ; of an hundred and thirty fliips, there returned but fifty-three 
 or four •, and of the people embarked therein, there perifhed at leaft twenty 
 thoufand men. And the feamen, as well as loldiers, who returned, were dif- 
 pirited with their defeat, and overcome with hardlhip and fatigue ; and they 
 
 r, 1 filled
 
 398 HUDSON. 
 
 filled all Spain with accounts of the valour of the Englifli, and of the tempeduous 
 violence of that ocean which furrounds them. 
 
 In this glorious defeat of thefe formidable enemies of his country, the lord-ad- 
 miral Howard had afted a very confpicuous part. Through the whole of the tran- 
 fadion, he difplayed great magnanimity, prudence, and valour; and the queen ex- 
 prcflTed her fenfe of his merit in the moil honourable terms, and alfo beftowcd upon 
 him a penfion for life. In 1596 he commanded in chief at fca, as the earl of 1-flex 
 did at land, the forces fent againft Spain. In this expedition the Englifh made 
 themfelves mailers of the city of Cadiz, and did prodigious damage to the Spaniards. 
 Upon his return home, the queen, on the 22d of Odober the fame year, advanced 
 him to the dignity of earl of Nottingham. In 1599, ^here being fome reafon to 
 apprehend that the Spaniards meditated a fecond invafion of hngla-^d, a large 
 fleet and army were fpeedilv aflembled to oppofe any attempt of that kind. And 
 the queen, in order to Ihevv the confidence fhe had in the fidelity, courage, and ca- 
 pacity of the earl of Nottingham, was pleafed to rcpofe in him the fole and fupreme 
 command both of the fleet and army, with the high title of lord lieutenant-ge- 
 neral of all England, an ofiice unknown to fucceedmg times, and which he held 
 with almofl: regal authority for the fpace of fix weeks, being fometimes with the 
 fleet in the Downs, and fometimes on fliore with the forces. The next year he 
 was ap^iointed one of the comminioners for executing thp office of earl-marflial of 
 England. Upon the accefl'ion of King James I. he not only retained his pofl: of 
 high admiral, but was likewife made choice of to officiate as lord high fleward at 
 the coronation of that monarch. Soon afterwards, he was fent ambaflador to the 
 Spanifh court, where he was treated with the utmoft deference and refpcftj and ac 
 h;s departuie the king of Spain made him as many prefents as amounted to twenty 
 thoufand pounds*. In 1613, with a fquadron of the royal navy, he efcortcd the 
 princeJs Elizabeth, and her confort the eleftor Palatine, to Flufhing. This was 
 the lalt lervice he performed in that capacity ; for being now grown very old and 
 infirm, he foon after refigned his office, and fpent the remainder of his life in eafc 
 and retirement. He died on the 14th of December, 1624, at the age of eighty- 
 eight. He was a perfon extremely graceful in his appearance, of great fkill in 
 naval affairs, and of courage which no danger could daunt 
 
 HUDSON (Capt. Henry) a famous navigator in the beginning of the laft cen- 
 tury, attempted to difcovcr a paflage by the north to Japan and China, and for 
 this purpolc made four voyages, in I'o many fucceffive years. In the laft, which 
 was m 1610, he firfl: entered the ftrcights that bear his name, and failed into the 
 vafl bay, which, from this bold difcovcrer, is ftill called Hudlbn's Bay; giving 
 names to places as he palTed along, and calling the country itfclf Nova Britannia, 
 or New Britain. In this bay, or rather fea, he failed above a hundred leagues 
 fouthward, imagining all the while that he had dilcovered the defired pafTigc ; 
 but at length perceiving his m;ftake, he refolved, notwithflanjing the extreme 
 cold of that climate, to wmter in the m ft Ibutliern part of the bay, Avith an 
 intention of purfuing his difcoveries the following fpring. He therefore, on the 
 3d of November, caufed his fliip to be drawn into a Imall creek, where he and 
 his men would have infallibly perifhed, had they not been unexpectedly fupplied 
 wi;h numerous flights of fowl, which were proceeding towards the fouth, in 
 
 * Campbell's Lives of the Ailmiralt. 
 
 fearch
 
 HUGHES. 399 
 
 fearch of a warmer climate, and ferved them for food. In the fpring, when the 
 ice.began to break, captain Hudfon made fcvcral attempts to complete his dif- 
 coveries, but at lall found himfelf obliged to abandon his enteiprize, and make 
 the beft (;f his v/^y home; anJ therefore, with tears in his eyes, he diO.iibuted to 
 his men all the bread "he had left, which was only a pound to each ; though it is 
 faid other provifions were afterwards found in the fliip. In his difpair he threat- 
 ened to let fome of his mutinous Tailors on (liore ; upon which a few of tiie mod 
 refolut-- ot thenn entered his cabin in the night, tied his arms behind him, and 
 expofed him in his own fhallop at the wed end of the dreights, with John Hud- 
 fon his fin, and feven of the mod fick and infirm of his men, and turning them 
 adrift, it is fuppofed they all peridied, being never heard of more. The crew failed 
 for England ; but four of them going on Ihore near the mouth of the dreights, 
 were killed by the natives: the red, after enduring the greatcd hardfliips, arrived 
 at Plymouth in September 16 ii. 
 
 HUGHES (John') an ingenious and polite writer, was the fon of a citizen of 
 London, and was born at Marlborough on the 29th of January 1C77. He 
 received his education in private fchools at London ; and in the early part of his 
 life his genius leemed equally inclined to each of the three fider arts, poetry, 
 niufic, and drawing, in all which he made a very confiderable progrels. Thefc 
 qualifications, however, did not render him averfe to bufinefs -, he had for lome 
 time an employment in the office of ordnance, and was fecretary to two or three 
 commiflioners under the great feal for purchafing lands in order to the better 
 fccuring the docks and harbours at Portlmouth, Chatham, and Harwich. The 
 fird public fpecimen he gave of his poetic talents was a poem on the peace of 
 Kyfwick, which made its appearance in 1697, and was received with uncommon 
 approbation. He continued from this time to favour the world v;ith many other 
 ingenious compofitions both in verfc and profe, which gained him a diftinguifhed 
 rank in the republic of letters. In the year 1717, the lord chanceller Cowper, to 
 whom our author had not long been known, thought proper, without any pre- 
 vious folicitation, to appoint him fecretary for the commifiions of the peace ; and 
 upon his lordfhip's refigning the great feal, Mr. Hughes was, at his particular 
 recommendation, and with the ready concurrence of his fuccedbr the carl ot Mac- 
 clesfield, continued in the fame employment. He held this place till his death, 
 which happrned on the 17th of February, 1720, the very night on which his ad- 
 mired tragedy of the Siege of Damafcus was fird reprefented at the theatie-royal in 
 Drury-lane. He was happy in the acquaintance and friendftiip of the learned Dr. 
 Benjamin lloadley, aft rwards bifliop of Winchefler, Sir Godfrey Kneller, Mr. 
 Addifon, Mr. Congreve, Mr. Pope, Sir Richard Steele, Mr. Southern, Mr. Rowe, 
 and many other eminent perfons. Bcfides the above-mentioned tragedy, he wrote 
 another called Amalafont queen cf the Goths •, Calyplo and Telemachus, an opera ; 
 Apollo aid Daphne, a mafque ; Cupid and Ilymen, a mnfque ; and made an ele- 
 gant tranflition of Molicre's Mifanthrope. He alio tranflated into Englifti For:- 
 teneilc's Diologuts of the Dead, the Abbe de Vertot's Hillory of the Revolutions 
 in Portugd, and the Letters of Abclaid and Heloife. Severiil cflays in the 1 at- 
 ler, Spedtat ir, and Guardian, were written by him -, and in the year 1715 he pub- 
 lifhed a very accurate edi'ion of the works of Spcnier, in fix volumes, i2mo. lo 
 which are prefixed the life of the author, an cflay on allegorical poetiy, remarks on 
 the Fairy-Qiieen and other writings of Spenfer, and a Gloifary ; all by Mr. Hughes. 
 
 ■J'ilia
 
 4CO 
 
 HUME. 
 
 This gentleman is likewife fuppofed to have written the whole, or at leaft a con- 
 fiJerable part of *' The Lay-Monailery ; confiding of ElTays, Difcourfes, &c. 
 publinicd fingly under the title of the Lay-Monk ; being the lirquel of the Spec- 
 tators." 
 
 In 1735 Mr. Hughes's poems were collefled and publifned in two volumes lamo. 
 by Mr. Duncombe, who married our author's filler. 
 
 HUME (David) Efq. a celebrated hift^rian and philofopher, w.is born at 
 Edinburgh on the 26th of April 1711, O.S. He was dtfcendcd, on his father's 
 fide, from a branch of the earl of Home's family. His mother was daughter of 
 Sir David Falconer, prefidcnt of the College of Juftice : the title of lord Halker- 
 ton came by fucceffion to her brother. Mr. Hume, a few months before his death, 
 wrote an account of his own life, publilhed in 1777, from which the following 
 pafliiges arc fcle/^ed in his own words : 
 
 " My family was not rich, and being myfelf a younger brother, my patrimony, 
 according to the mode of my country, was cf courfe very flender. My father, 
 who pafltid for a man of parts, died wlitn I was an infant, leaving me, with an 
 elder brother and a fifter, under the care of our mother, a w^man of fingular merit, 
 who, though young and handfome, devoted herfclf entirely to the rearing and 
 educating of her children. I palled through r'le ordinary courfe of education with 
 fuccefs, and was leized very early with a paffion for literature, which has been 
 the ruling padlon of my life, and the great fource of my enjoyments. My ftu- 
 dious dilpofition, my fobriety, and my inuuliry; gave my family a notion that 
 the law was a proper profeOion for mc ; but I fuund an unfurmountable aver- 
 fion to every thing but the purfuits of philofophy and general learning ; and 
 ■while thcv fancied I was poring upon Voel and Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil were 
 the authors which I was iecretly devouring. 
 
 " My (lender fortune, however, being unfuitablc to this pl.m of life, and my 
 health being a little broken by my ardent application, I was tempted, or rather 
 forced, to make a very feeble trial for entering iiito a more adtive fcene of life. 
 In 1734 I went to BriRol, with fome recommendations to eminent merchants, 
 but in a few months found that fcene totally unfui'able to me. I went over 
 to France, with a view of profecuting my tludies in a country retreat •, and 
 I there laid that plan of life, which I have lleadily and fucccfsfuUy purfued. I 
 refolved to make a very rigid frugality fu; ply my deficiency of fortune, to main- 
 tain unimpaired my independency, and to regard every objedt as contemptible, 
 except the improvement of my talents in literature. 
 
 " During my retreat in France, firfl: at Rheims, but chiefly at La Fleche in 
 Anjou, I compofcd my Treatile of Human Nature. After paffing three years very 
 agreeably in that country, I came over to London in 1737. In the end of 1738 I 
 publilhed my Trcatife, and immediately went down to my mother and my brother, 
 wiio lived atliis country-houfe, and was employing himfelf very judicioudy and 
 fuccefsfuUy in the improvement of his fortune. Never literary attempt was more 
 unfortunate than my Treatife of Human Nature. It fell dead-born from the prefs, 
 without reaching; i'uch diflincflion, as even to excite a murmur amono; the zealots. 
 But being naturally of a cheerful and fanguine temper, I very foon recovered the 
 blow, and profecuted with great ardour my ftudies in the country. In 1742 I 
 printed at hdinburgh the firit part of my elTays : the work was favourably received, 
 and foon made me entirely forget my former difappointment. I continued with 
 
 my
 
 H U M E. 401 
 
 my. mother- and brotlier in tha country, and in that tinie recovered tlie knowledge 
 of the Greek language, which 1 had toj mqch neglected in my early 
 youth. 
 
 " In J745 I received a letter from the marquis of Annandale, inviting me to 
 come and live with him in England ; I found alio, that the friends and family of 
 that youfig nobleman were defirous of putting him under my care and direction, 
 for the ftate of his mind and health required it. — I lived wirh him a twelvemonth. 
 My appointments during that time made a confidcrable acceflion to my fmall for* 
 tune. 1 then received an invitation from general St. Glair to attend him as a. fecre- 
 tary to his expedition, which was at fiift meant againll Canada, but ended in an 
 jncurfion on the coalT: of France. Next ye,ar, viz. 174.7, I received an invitation 
 from the general to attend him in the lame llation in his military embally to the 
 courts of Vienna and Turin. I then wore the uniform of an officer, and was in- 
 troduced at thcfe courts as aid-de-camp 'to the general, along with Sir Harry 
 Erfkine and captain Granr, now general Grant. 'I'hefe two years were almoft the 
 only interrijptions which my fludies havereceiyed during the courfe of my life:. I 
 palled them agreeably, and in good company ; and my appomtments, with my 
 frugality, had made me reacii a fortune, which 1 called independent, though molt 
 off my .friends were incline4-jtq;fmile when I fa id fo i in fhort, 1 was now mafler of 
 near a thoufand pounds,. -.. 
 
 " I had always entertained a notion, that my want of fuccefs in publifhing the 
 Treatjfe of Human Nature, had proceeded more from the manner than the matter, 
 and that! had. been guilty, of a very ufual indifcrction, in going to the prefs too 
 early. I therefore cad the firft part of that work anew in the Enquiry concerning 
 Human Underitanding, which was publifhed whilq 1 was at Turin. But this piece 
 was at firft little more fuccefsful than the Treatile of Human Nature. On my re- 
 turn from Italy, I had the mortification to find all England in a ferment, on ac- 
 count of Dr. IMIiddleton's Free Enquiry, while my performance was entirely over- 
 looked and neglefted. A new edition which had bei-n publiOied at London of my 
 Effays moral and political, met not with a much better reception. Such is the 
 force of natural temper, that thefe difappointments made little or no imprelTion on 
 me. I went down in 1749, and lived two years with my brother at his country- 
 houfe, for my mother was now dead. I there compofed the fecond part of my 
 Effays, which I called Political Difcourfes, and alfo my Enquiry concerning the 
 Principles of Morals, which is another part my Treatife that 1 caft anew. Mean-* 
 while, my bookfeller, A. Millar, informed me, that my former publications (all 
 but the unfortunate Treatifej were beginning to be the fubjedl of converfation ; 
 that the fale of them was gradually incrqafing, and that new editions were demanded* 
 Anfwers by reverends, and right reverends, came out two or three in a year-, and 
 
 I found, by Dr. W 's railing, that the books were begirrning to be eflecmed 
 
 in good company. However, I had fixed a refolution, which I inflexibly main- 
 tained, never to reply to any body ; and not being very irafcible in my temped, 
 I have eafily kept myfelf clear of all literary fguabbles. Thele fymptoms of a 
 rifing reputation gave me encouragement, as I was ever more difpofed to fee the 
 favourable than the unfavourable fide of things ; a turn of mind which it is more 
 happy to pofl^efs, than to be born to an eftate of ten thoufand a year. 
 
 " In 1 75 1 I removed from the country to the town, the true fcene for a man o£ 
 
 letters. In 1752 were publifhed at Edinburgh, where I then -lived, my Political 
 
 Difcourfes, the only work of mine that was luccefslul on the firft publication. Ic 
 
 ' 5 K' was
 
 Afii HUME. 
 
 was well received abroad and at home. In the fame year was publilhed at London 
 my Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals ; which, in my own opinion (who 
 ought not to judge on that fubjeftj is of all my writings, hiftorical, philofophi- 
 cal, or literary, incomparably the beft. It came unnoticed and unobferved into 
 the world. 
 
 " In 1752 the faculty of advocates chofe me their librarian, an office from 
 ■which I received little or no emolument, but which gave me the command of a 
 Jarge library. I then formed the plan of writing the hiftory of England. 
 
 Mr. Hume then proceeds to defcribe the difapprobation and reproach that enfued 
 upon the publication of his hiftory, which difcouraged him fo much, that had 
 the war broke out with France, he would have retired to fome town in that 
 kingdom, have changed his name, and never more have returned to his native 
 country. 
 
 " Notwithftanding (continues Mr. Hume) the variety of winds and fcafons 
 to which my writings had been expofed, they had ftill been making fuch ad- 
 vances, that the copy-money, given me by the bookfellcrs, much exceeded any 
 thing formerly known in England 5 I was become not only independent, but opu- 
 lent. I retired to my native country of Scotland, determined never more to fct 
 my foot out of it-, and retaining the fatisfadion of ne\'er having preferred a 
 requeft to any one great man, or even made advances of friendfliip to any of 
 them. As I was now turned of fifty, I thought of paffing all the reft of my 
 life in this philofophical manner, when I received, in 1763, an invitation from 
 the earl of Hertford, with whom I was not in the lealt acquainted, to attend 
 him on his embafly to Paris, with a near profpe(fl of being appointed fecretary 
 to the embafly ; and in the mean while, of performing the funftions of that office. 
 This offer, however inviting, 1 at firft declined, both becaufe I was reludlant to 
 begin connexions with the great, and becaufe I was afraid that the civilities and 
 gay company of Paris would prove difagreeable to a perfon of my age and 
 humour: but, on his lordffiip's repeating the invitation, I accepted of it, 
 
 " Thofe who have not feen the ftrange effects of modes, will never imagine the 
 reception I met with at Paris, from men and women of all ranks and ftations. The 
 more 1 declined their exceffive civilities, the morel was loaded with them. There 
 is, however, a real latisfaflion in living at Paris, from the great number of fen fible, 
 knowing, and polite company with which that city abounds above all places in 
 the univerfe. I thought once of fettling there for life. 
 
 " I was appointed fecretary to the embafly ; and in 1765, lord Hertford left me, 
 being appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland. I was charge ^ affaires till the arrival 
 of the duke of Richmond, towards the end of the year. In the beginning of 
 1766 I left Paris, and next fummer I returned to Edinburgh, very opulent (for 
 I poflcfled a revenue of loool. a year, healthy, and though fomewhat ftrickcn 
 in years, with the profpeft of enjoying long my eafc, and of feeing the in creafc 
 of my reputation. In fpring 1775, I was ftruck with a diforder in my bowels, 
 which at firft gave me no alarm, but has fince, asT apprehend it, become mortal 
 and incurable. I now reckon upon a fpcedy diflcjlution. I have fuffcrtd very 
 little pain from my diforder ; and, what is more ftrange, have, notwithftanding 
 the great decline of my perfon, never fuffcred a moment's abatement of my 
 fpirits; infomuch that, were I to name the period of my life, which I fhould moft 
 chufe to pafs over again, I might be tempted to point to this latter period. I 
 poflifs the fame awlour as ever in ftudy, and the fame gaiety in company. I con- 
 
 fider.
 
 r-I U M E. 403 
 
 fider, befides, that a man of fixty-five, by dying, cuts off only a few years of in- 
 firmities; and, though I fee many fymptoms of my literary reinitation's breal^ing 
 out at laft with additional luftre, I knew that I could have but a few years to 
 enjoy it. It is difficult to be more detached from life than I am at pre- 
 fent. m ' .'loi:? hir. ,ii-3i:%v n;. 
 
 " To conclude hiftoricaHy v:\ih my own chara(Ster : I am, or rather was (for 
 that is the llile I muft now ufe in fpeaking of myfelf, whicli imboldens me 
 the more to fpeak my fentiments ;) I was, I fay, a man of mild difpofitions, of 
 command of temper, of an open, focial, and chearful humour, capable of at- 
 tachment, but little fufceptible of enmity, and of great moderation in all my 
 paffions. Even my love of literary fame, my ruling paflion, never foured my tem- 
 per, notwithftanding my frequent difappointments. My company was not unac- 
 ceptable to the young and carclefs, as well as to the ftudious and literary ; and, as I 
 took a particular pleafure in the compnny of modell women, I had no reafon to 
 be difpleafed with the reception I met with from them. In a word, though mod 
 men, any-wife eminent, have found reafon to complain of calumny, I never was 
 touched, or even attacked by her baleful tooth : and» though I wantonly expofcd 
 myfelf to the rage of both civil and religious faftions, they feemed to be difarmed 
 in my behalf of their wonted fury. My friends never' had occafion to vindicate any 
 one circumftatice of my chara^er and conduft ; not biit that the zealots, we may 
 well fuppofe, would have been glad to invent and propagate any (lory to my difad- 
 vantage, but they could never find any which they thought would wear the face of 
 probability. I cannot fay there is no vanity in making this funeral oration of my- 
 felf, but I hope it is not a mifplaced one ; and this is a matter of faft which is cafily 
 cleared and afcertained." 
 
 Thus ends Mr. Hume's own account of his tranfaftions. He died dt Edinburgh, 
 the 25th of Auguft following, retaining his chearfulnefs to the laft. 
 
 "Concerning the philofophical opinions of Mr. Kume (fays Dr. Adam Smith) 
 menwll, no doubt, judge vaiioufly, every one approvjing or condemning them, ac- 
 cording as they happen to coincide ordifagree with his own ; but concerning whofc 
 chara£ber and eoriduft there can fcarce be a difference of opinions. His temper, in- 
 deed, ftemed to be more happily balanced, if I may be allowed furh an expreffion, 
 than that perhaps of any other man I have ever known. Even in the loweft ftate of his 
 foitune, his great and neceffary frugality never hindered him from excrcifing, upon 
 proper occafioris, aifts both of charity and gerigrofify. • It was- a frugality fodnded, 
 not upon avarice, but upon the love of independency. The extreme genticnefs of 
 hisrtatura nevitf' weakened eithfer the firmnefs of his mind, o'r thelleadinels of his 
 refolutions. His conftant pleafantry was the genuine effiifion of gnoJ-nature and 
 good humour, tempered with delicacy and modefty, and without even the flighteft 
 lindlureof malignity, fo frequently the difagreeable fource of what is called wit in 
 Other men. It never wis the meaning of his raillery to mortify -, and therefore, far 
 irom offending, it fcldom failed to pleafc and delight even thofc who were the ob- 
 jefts of 'k. 'Vo his friends, who were frequently die obj^^cls of it, tliere was not 
 perhaps arSy drie of all his great and amiable qualities, which contributed more to 
 endear his converfation. And that gaiety of tember, fo agreeable in fociety, but 
 which is fo often accompanied with frivolous and fuperficial qualitie?, was in him 
 certainly attended with the moft fevere application, the moft extenfne learning, iht 
 gteaieft depth of thought, and a (Capacity in- every refpefl" the tnoi^ comprchenri\'el 
 
 Upon
 
 404 n U T C H I N S O N. 
 
 Upon the whole, I have always confider^ him, both in his life-time and fince bis 
 death, as approaching as nearly to the. idea of a perfeftly wife and virtuous man, as 
 perhaps the nature of human frailty will permit " 
 
 HUTCHESON (Dr. Francis) a very elegant writer, and excellent man, was 
 ilie fon of a diflencing minifter, in the north ot Ireland, and was born on the 8th 
 cf Auguft, 1694. He early difcovertd a fuperior capacity, ajid having gons throagh 
 a Ichooi education, began his courfe of philofophy at an academy: from thence 
 IiL- ren.oved to the univcrlity of Glafgow, where he applied himfclf to all parts of 
 l.ttrature, in which his progrefs was fuitable to his uncommon abilities. After- 
 wards he.fet up a private academy at Dublin, wheie his acquaintance .was fought 
 by men of all ranks, who had any taflc for the belles Icttres. The late lord . vif- 
 count Molefworth is faid to have taken gre^t plcafure in his converfation, and to 
 have aflifted him with his obftrvations upon his Enquiry into the Ideas of Beautv, 
 and Virtue, before it came abroad. He received the fame favour froni Dr, Synge, 
 bifhop of Elphin, with whom he lived in great friendll)ip; 'J he firlt editiyn of 
 this excellent work being publiihed without the author's. napie,,the lord Qhanville, 
 then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, fent to enquire at the bookfeilcr's for the author; 
 and not being able to learn his name, left a letter to be conveyed to him ; in-con- 
 fequence of which Mr. Hutchefon became acquainted with his excellency, who 
 treated him with diftinguifhed marks of familiarity and efteem. Archbifhop King 
 liad alfo a high eflecm Jor him, and was of great ule to him in fcreening him from 
 two feveral attempts made to profecute him for daring; to take uj,>oo him the edu-- 
 cation of youth without fubfcribirig the ecclefiartical canons and obtaifiing a li^ 
 cence from the bifliop. He was likewife much cfteemed by archbifliop Boulter, 
 who through his influence made a donation to the univerfity of Glafgow of an an- 
 nual fund tor an exhibitioner, to be bred up in any of the learned profeflions. 
 Having taught in a private academy at Dublin feven or eight years, with great 
 reputation and fuccefs, he was, in 1729, chofen profeflbr of philofophy at Glaf- 
 gow, and there fpent the remainder of his life, which lafted till the fifty-third year 
 ot his age. This ingenious and worthy man wrote, befides the above work, and 
 fome others,, a Treatife on the PafTions } and after his death was publiflied his Syf- 
 tern of Moral Philofophy, in two volumes, quarto, which is abridged in two vo- 
 lumes, duodecimo. 
 
 HUTCHINSON (John) an eminent EngliOi writer, who may be confidered 
 as the founder of a fed, as fome divines of the church of England have efpoufed 
 his fentiments with great warmth. He was born at Spennythorn in Yorkfliire, 
 in the year 1674.. His father intending to qualify him for being a fteward to fome 
 nobleman or gentleman, gave him what learning the j)lace allbrded ; and while he 
 ••vas confidering whither to fend him, in order for his farther qualification, a gentle- 
 man came into that neighbourhood, and being defirous of boarding in fome repu- 
 uble family, was recommended to Mr. Ilutchiafon the father, who finding that 
 he was both a fcnfible and a learned man, communicated to him his intentions 
 concerning his fon ; .and the gentleman, who had taken a liking to the youth, agreed 
 to inftrudt him in every branch of learning proper for the employment for which 
 he was dcfigr.ed, on condition that the father fhould cntcrtam him in his houfe 
 while he fliould think proper to (lay in thofc parts. The father chearfuUy agreed 
 tothefe terms, and, hisgueft inftru«ntdhis fon in every branch of the, mathcmatic!, 
 
 and
 
 HYDE.- 405 
 
 and at the fame time furniflied him with a competent knowledge of the cele- 
 braa-d writings of antiquity. But the gentleman fo indiidrioufly concealfd 
 every circumltance relating to himfeif, that not fo much as his name was known. 
 At nineteen years of age our author became iteward to Mr. Bathurft, of Skutter- 
 fkelf in Yorkfliire, from whofe fervice he afterwards removed into that of ihe 
 duke of Somerfet. About the year 1700 he came to London to manage a law- 
 fuit between the duke and another nobleman ; and, while he was in town, con- 
 trafted an acquaintance with Dr. Woodward, who was phyfician to the duke his 
 mafter. Between tiie years 1702 and 1706, his bufinefs carried him into fcveral 
 parts of England and Wales, and as he travelled from place to place, he employed 
 himfeif in coUeifting foiTds ; and we are told, that the noble collection of them 
 which Dr. Woodward bequeathed to the univerfity of Cambridge, was made by 
 him. Mr. Hutchinfon is laid to have put his colledtions into Dr. Woodward's 
 hands, with obfervations on them, which the doftor was to digeft, and publifh with 
 farther obfervations of his own ; but the dodlor putting him off from time to time 
 with excufes, gave him unfavourable notions of his integrity •, and he complains 
 in one of his boo'<s, that he was bereft, in a manner not to be mentioned, of thofe 
 obfervations and thole colleiStions, nay even of the credit of being the colleftor. He 
 refolved therefore to wait no longer, but to trufl: to his own pen ; and, in order to 
 be more at leifure to profecute his fludies, quitted the fervice of the duke of So- 
 merfet, who being then mafter of the horfe to king George I. made him his riding 
 purveyor, which is a kind of finecure, with a falary of 200I. per annum, fie 
 now gave himfeif up to a ftudious and fedentary life, and in the year 1724 pub- 
 lilhed the firft part of his Mofes's Principia, in which he explains all fciences by 
 the difcoverics he pretends to make from the Hebrew text of the books of Mofes, 
 and not only ridicules Dr. Woodward's Natural Hiftory of the Earth, but Sir 
 Ifaac Newton's Principia. From this time till his death, he continued publiftiing 
 a volume every year, or every other year; which, with the manufcripts he left be- 
 hind him, were publidied in 1748, in twelve volumes 8vo. On the Monday before 
 his death, Dr. Mead urged him to be bled, faying pleafantly, " I will foon fend 
 you to Mofes," meaning to his Iludies-, but Mr. Hutchinfon taking it in the literal 
 fenfe, aniv/ered in a muttering tone, " I believe, doftor, you will," and was fo 
 difpleafed, that he difmiffed him for another phyfician. He died on the 28th 
 of Auguft, 1737, aged fixty-three. His works abound with ill language, and dif- 
 cover a violent propenfity co pei^cution and cruelty. 
 
 HYDE (Edward) earl of Cbrendon, and lord high chancellor of Engkind, 
 was the fon of Mr. Henry Hyde, of Pyiion in Wiltfhire, and was born at Dinton, 
 in that county, on the i6thof February, 1608. In 1622 he became a lluderit 
 of M.igdalcn-hall, in the univcifity of Cxford ; frorii whence, after he had taken 
 tlie degree of bachelor of arts, he removed to the Middle-Temple, where he ftu- 
 died the law for feveral years, and role to confiderahle eminence in that profelfion. 
 He fcrved as burgefs for VVotton-Baflet in Wilifliire, in the parliament which 
 met at Weftminfter on the 13th of April, 1640 ; and firfl: diftinguilhed himfeif 
 in the houfe by a fpeech againll the grievances of the earl-marflial's court. This 
 parliament being dilf)lved in the May following, he was chofen member for 
 Saltafli in the fucceeding one, and was afterwards employed as chairman in fe- 
 veral commi'.tces. But in 1642, being dilfatisficd with ilie proceedings of tlie • 
 commons, he left them, and repaired to king Charles 1, at York, who conferred 
 
 5 'L upon
 
 4o6 HYDE. 
 
 upon him the honour of knighthood, appointed him chancellor of the Exche- 
 qiier, and caufed him to be fworn of his privy-council. He attended his majefly 
 when he fet up the royal ftandard at Nottingham, in Auguft 1642 ; but bVing 
 a man of the gown, and not of the fword, we hear little of him in the courfe of 
 the civil war, till the treaty of Uxbridge in 1644, at which he was one of ttie 
 king's commifTioners ; when he fliewed himfelf a zealous afiertor of the king's right jJ 
 to the militia, and vindicated his majefty's council from any mifmanagement in re- 
 ference to the affairs of Ireland, with which the parliament charged them. Tliis 
 treaty being broke off, Sir Edward Hyde's province, for fome time, was to attend 
 the prince of Wales in the Weft. Upon the decline of the king's caule, he 
 retired from Pendennis-caftle in Cornwall to the Scilly iQands, and thence to 
 Jerfey, where he fpent moft of his time in writing his Hillory of the Rebellion, 
 for which he was furniflied with fome materials by the king himfcJf. In the 
 year 1648 he paffcd over to France, and, after the death of Charles I. was ap- 
 pointed one of the privy-council to Charles II. who alfo continued him in his 
 chancellor-fhip of the Exchequer, and in 1649 thought proper to lend him and 
 the lord Cottington upon a joint-ambaffy into Spain, to apply for affiftance in 
 the recovery of his crown ; but this negotiation was not attended with fuccefs. 
 In 1653 Sir Edward was falfely accufed of holding a correfpondence with Oliver 
 Cromwell, and other attempts were made to ruin him in the king's good graces, 
 but in vain -, for on the 13th of January, 1657-8, the great fcal was delivered into 
 his hands, with the title of lord high chancellor of England, at Bruges, where 
 his majefty then refidcd. He exerted himfelf flrenuoufly in promoting the king's 
 reftoration, and when that was accomplillied, returned with his fovereign to Eng- 
 land ; whe e, as he liad been one of tlie greateft fliarers in his fuffcrings, he en- 
 joyed a proportionable fliare of his profperity. Bcfides the port of lord high 
 chancellor, in which he was continued, he was chofen chancellor of the univerfity 
 of Oxford in Oftober 1660, and in November following created a peer, by the 
 tide of baron Elyde, of Hindon in the county of Wilts ; to which were added, in 
 April 166 1, the titles of vifcount Cornbury and earl of Clarendon. But neither 
 the obligations he lay under to his fovereign nor his near alliance to the royy.l 
 family Cfor his eldsit daughter had been married to the duke of York ;) neither 
 orratitude for the favours he had received, nor the profpcdt of the ftill greater he 
 micrht afterwaids obtain, could induce him to extend the royal prerogative at the 
 exp:"nce of infringing the privileges of the peopft. And this patriotic condu(ff» 
 it is faid, was in a gieat meafure owing to the dying advice of his fatli-rr, who 
 warned him, with his iaft breath, never to facrifice the laws and liberty of his 
 country to his own intereft, or to the will of his prince. But fuch were the cor- 
 rupt manners of the age, that his very virtues proved the caufe of his overthrow ; 
 for it was by his fteady adherence to thcfe noble principles, that he loft the king's 
 favour, which circumftance gave free fcope to the malice of his enemies. The 
 firrt open attack upon him was made by the earl of Briftol, who in '.66 j ex- 
 hibited articles of hi^h treafon againft him to the houfe of lords. In this ftranfie 
 inconfidcnt charge, he was accufcd of having endeavoured to fix the imputaiion 
 (,f popery upon the king; of having promifed to ufe his influence in aboliftimg 
 the penal law5 againft papifts ■, of having contented to fome articles dil'graceful 
 to the proteftant religion, in the treaty for the king's marriage; of having fcan- 
 dalized his majefty, advifcd the falc ot Dunkirk, flandered both houfes of parlia- 
 ment, enriched himfelf by felling employments, and embezzled the public money. 
 
 This
 
 HYDE. 407 
 
 This impeacfiment appeared fo void of all foundation and probability, that it was 
 rejected by the lords : neverthelefs, it contributed to render the earl lefs refpeifted 
 in parliament,' and lefs beloved by the people. In Auguft 1667, he was deprived 
 of the great feal ; and on the 12th of November following, was impeached by the 
 houfe of commons of high trealbn and other crimes and mifdemeanors ; upon 
 which, in the beginning of December, he retired to France, and on the 19th a 
 bill was paflfed for baniihing him from the king's dominions. Before his'departure 
 he drew up an apology for himfclf, addreHed to the houfe of peers, which was 
 voted to be a fcandalous and malicious libel, and publicly burned by the hands 
 of the common hangman. 
 
 In 1668 his life was attempted at Evreux in Normandy by a body of Englifli 
 feamen : of this outrageous aflault the following account is given in a letter Irom 
 Mr. Oliver Long, dated at Evreux, April 26, 1668, to Sir Wil^liam Cromwell, 
 fec."etary of ftate. ." As I was travelling from Rouen towards Orleans (fays this 
 gentleman) it was my fortune, April 23, to overtake the earl of Clarendon, then 
 in his unhappy and unmerited exile, who was going tov/ards Bourbon, but took 
 up his lodgings at a private hotel in a fmall walled town called Evreux, fome lea- 
 gues from Rouen. 1, as mOftEnglifh gentlemen did to fo valuable a patriot, went 
 to pay him a vifit near fupper-time ; when he was, as ufual, very civil to me. 
 Before fupper was done, twenty or thirty Englifh feamen or more came and de- 
 manded entrance at the great gate ; which being flrongly barred, kept them out 
 for fome time. But in a fliort fpace they broke it, and prefently drove all they 
 found, by their advantage of numbers, into the earl's chamber ; whence, by the 
 afliflance of only three Iwords and piftols, we kept them out for half an hour, in 
 which difpute feveral of us were wounded by their fwords and piltols, whereof they 
 had many. To conclude, they broke the windows and the doors, and under the 
 conduct of one Howard, an Irifhman, who has three brothers, as I am told, in 
 the king of England's fervice, and an enfign in the company of cannoniers, they 
 quickly found the earl in his bed, unable to Itand by the violence of the gout ; 
 whence, after they had given him many blows with their fwords and ftaves, mixed 
 with horrible curfes and oaths, they dragged him on the ground into the middle of the 
 yard, wheretheyencompafled him around with their fwords and ftaves, and after they 
 had told him in their own language, how he had fold the kingdom, and robbed them of 
 their pay, Howard commanded them all, as one man, to run their fwords through his 
 body. But what difference arofe among themfelves before they could agrt-e,God above, 
 who alone fent this fpirit of difTcnfion, only knows. In this interval their lieute- 
 nant, one Swaine, came and difarmed them. Sixteen of the ringleaders were put 
 into prifon ; and many of thofe things which they had rifled from him found again, 
 which were reftored, and of great value. Monfieur La Fonde, a great man be- 
 longing to the king of France's bed-chamber, fent to conduit ehe earl on his way 
 hither, was fo defperately wounded in the head, that there were litile hopes of 
 his life. Many of thefe alTafliiis were grievoufly wounded, and the adhon is fo 
 much refented by all here, that many ot^ thefe criminals will n^.ect with an ufage 
 equal to their demt-riis. Had we been fufficiently provided with fire-arms, we had 
 infallibly done ourfelves juftice on them; however, we fear not but the l.^iw will 
 fupply our defedt." 
 
 His loidlhip, after having dwelt in feveral parts of France, died at Rouen on 
 the 9th of December, 1 674, in the 67th year of his age ; and his body, being broui^ht 
 to Lngland, was interred on the north fide of king Henry the Vllth's chapel in 
 
 Weltmmftcr-
 
 4o8 H Y D E. 
 
 Weftminfter-abbey. This great and learned chancellor wrote, l. A Hiflcry of 
 the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, from the year 1641 to the Reftoration : 
 2. A Survey of Mr. Hobbes's Leviathan : 3. A Hiftory of the Rebellion and 
 Civil Wars in Ireland -, and other works : and in 1759 was publiflied at Oxford, from 
 his lordfliip's original manufcript, a continuation of his Hiftory of the Grand Re- • 
 hellion, with an account of his life written by himfelf. " The virtue of the 
 earl of Clarendon (fiys the Rev, Mr. Granger) was of too (lubborn a nature for 
 the age of Charles II. Could he have been content to enflave millions, he might 
 have been more a monarch than that unprinccly king. But he did not only look 
 upon himfelf as the guardian of the laws and liberties of his country, but had 
 aUo a pride in his nature that was above vice; and chofe rather to be a vidim 
 himfelf, than to facrifice his integrity. He had only one part to aft, which was 
 that of an honell man. His enemies allowed themfclves a much greater latitude ; 
 they loaded him with cakim.nies, blamed him even for their own errors and mifcon- 
 duft, and helped to ruin him by fuch buffooneries as he dcfpifed. He was a much 
 greater, perhaps a happier man, alone and in exile, than Charles the Second upon 
 his throne." 
 
 Mr. \V;:lpole gives the following charafter of this nobleman : " Sir Edward 
 Hyde, who oppofed an arbitrary court, and embraced the party of an-afflided one, 
 muft be allowed to have acled confcientioufly ,\ better proof was his behaviour 
 on the Reftoration, when the torrent of an inlatuated nation entreated the king 
 and his miniller to be abfolute. Had Clarendon fuught nothing but power, his 
 power had never ceafed. A corrupted court and a blinded populace were lefs the 
 caufcs of the chancellor's fall, than an ungrateful kin>i, v\ ho could not pardon his 
 lordihip's having refuled to accept for him the flavcry of his country. Like Juf- 
 tice hcrlclf, he held the ballance between the neccflary power of the fiiprcme ma- 
 giftrate, and the intcrells ot the people. This never-dying obligation his cotem- 
 poraries were taught to overlook, and to clamour againlf, till they removed the 
 only man who, if he could, would have corredted his mafte-'s evil government. 
 Almod every virtue of a miniftcr made his charaiifer venerable. As an hillorian 
 he fcems more exceptionable. His majelly and eloquence, his power of painting 
 characters, his knov^ ledge of his lubjett, rank him in the firit clafs of writers ; yet 
 he has both great and little faults. Of the latter, his Ifories of gholts and omens 
 are not to be defended. His capital tault is his whole work being a laboured juf- 
 tification of king Charles. If he relates faults, fome palliating epithet always 
 fl des in, and he has the art of breaking his darkell fhades with pkams of light 
 that bre.ik off all impreffion of horror. One may pronounce on my lord Claren- 
 don, in his double capacity of llaiefmaii and hiiiorian, that he afted for literty, 
 but wrote for prerogative." 
 
 The fame ingenious author obfervcs, in fpeaking of W'illiam Herbert, earl of 
 i'embroke, that " his charafter is not only one of the moft amiable in lord Cla- 
 rendon's Hftory, but is one of the bell drawn. It diltinguifhes that happy pencil, 
 to which tlie real pencil mud: yield, of the renowned portrait-painter of that age. 
 Vandyke little thought when he drew Sir hdward Hyde, that a greater mafter than 
 himfelf was fitting to him. They had indeed great rcfembiance in ihcir manners; 
 each copied nature faithfully. Var.tiyke's men are not all of exaft height and 
 fymmetry, of equal corpulence ; his women are not, Madonas or Venufes. 1 he 
 likcncfs leems to have been ftudied in all, the charafter in many : his dreffes are 
 
 thofe
 
 JEFFREYS; 403 
 
 thofe of the times. The hiftorian's fidelity is as remarkable ; he reprefents the folds 
 and plaits, the windings and turnings of each charafler he draws; and though 
 he varies the lights and fliades as would bell: produce the efFcdl he defigns, yet his 
 colours are never thofe of imagination, nor difpofed without a fingular propriety. 
 Hamden is not painted in tlie armour of Brutus, nor would Cromwell's made fit 
 either Julius or Tiberius." 
 
 J. 
 
 JEFFREYS, or JEFFERIES (George) earl of Flint, vifcount Weikharn, 
 and baron of Wem, commonly called judge Jeffreys, was the fixth fon of John 
 Jeffreys, efq. of Adton in Denbighlhire, and was educated at Wellminfter-fcliool, 
 whence removing to the Inner Temple, he applied himfelf to the ftudy of the law; 
 but, it is faid, was never regularly called to the bar ; for in 1665, being at the 
 affizes in Kingfton, where few counfellors attended, on account of the plague, the 
 neceffity of the cafe gave him permiffion to put on a gown, and to plead, and this 
 he continued till he reached the higheft employments in the law. Alderman Jef- 
 freys, who was probably related to him, introduced him among the citizens of Lon- 
 don, and he foon came into great bufinefs, and was chofen their recorder. He was 
 afterwards appointed folicitor to the duke of York, made a judge of his native 
 country, and in 1680 was knighted, and made chief juftice of Chefter. At length 
 refigning the recorderdiip, he in 1683 obtained the poft of chief juftice of the 
 king's-bench, and foon after the acceffion of James li. the great fcal. He was one 
 of the greatefl: advifers and promoters of all the oppreffive and arbitrary meafures 
 carried on in that reign ; and his fanguinary and inhuman proceedings againft the 
 duke of Monmouth's unfortunate adherents in the Weft, will ever render his name 
 infamous. Whenever the prifoner was of a different party, or he could pleafe 
 the court by condemning him, he would fcarce allow him to fpeak for himfelf; 
 but would load him with the groffeft and moft vulgar abufe, browbeat, infult, and. 
 ridicule the witneffes that fpoke in his behalf, and even threaten the jury with 
 fines and imprifonment, if they made the leaft hefitation about bringing in the pri- 
 foner guilty. Yet it is faid, that when he was in temper, and matters indifferent 
 came before him, fcarce any one became a feat of juftice better. Nay, it even 
 appears, that when he was under no ftate influence, he was fometimes inclined to 
 protedl the natural and civil rights of mankind, of which the following inftance 
 has been given. The mayor and aldermen of Briftol had made a practice of tranf- 
 porting convidled criminals to the American plantations, and felling them by way 
 of trade. This turning to good account, when any pilferers, or petty rogues were 
 brought before them, they threatened them with hanging, and then fome officers 
 who attended, earneftly advifed the ignorant intimidated creatures to beg for tranf- . 
 portation, as the only way to fave them -, and in general their advice was followed. 
 Then, without more form, each alderman took one, and fold him for his own be- 
 nefit. But this infamous trade, which had been carried on many years, at lafl 
 came to the knowledge of the lord chief juftice, who, on enquiry, finding that 
 the mayor was equally involved in the guilt of this pradice with his brethren, made 
 him defcend from the bench where he was fitting, ftand at the bar in his fcarlet 
 and furr, and plead as a common criminal. He then obliged them to give fecuv 
 rities to anlwer informations -, but tlie proceedings were ftopped by the Revolution^. 
 
 The brutality Jeffreys commonly Ihewed on the bench, where his voice and vi>- 
 fage were equally terrible, at length expofcd him to a fevere morcificatioow A. 
 
 5 M, liriYCoer
 
 410 
 
 J E W E L. 
 
 fcrivener of Wapping having a caufe before him, one of the nppon?r.''5 coi-infel 
 faid he was a llrangc fellow, and lometimes went to church, and lometimcs to con- 
 venticles ; and it was thought he was a trimmer. At this the chancellor fired: 
 *' A trimmer !" faid he i " 1 have heard much of that monller, but revcr faw one. 
 Come forth Mr. Trimmer, and let me fee your fhape." He then treatcil the poor 
 fellow fo roughly, that on his leaving the hall, he declared he would not un- 
 dergo the terrors of that man's face again to fave his life, and he flivjuld certainly 
 retain the frightful imprefiions of it as long as he lived. Soon after, on the ar- 
 rival of the prince of Orange, the lord-chancellor, dreadmg the public refentmenr, 
 diftyuifed himfelf in a feaman's drefs, in order to leave the kingdom, and was drink- 
 ing in a cellar at Wapping, when this fcrivener entering, ana feeing again the face 
 which had filled him with fuch horror, ftarted ; upon which Jeffreys, fearing he 
 ■was known, feigned a cough, and turned to the wall with his pot of beer in his 
 hand. But the fcrivener going out, gave notice that he was there, and the mob 
 rulhing in, feized him, beat him, fpit in his face, fhewed every mark of deteftation» 
 and carried him before the lord-mayor, who (ent him with a ftrong guard to the 
 lords of the council, by whom he was committed to the Tower, where he died on 
 the iSchof April, i68g. 
 
 JEWEL (John) a learned and excellent prelate, and oneof thegreateft champions 
 of the reformed religion, was defcended of an ancient and reputable family, 
 feared at Buden in Devonfhire, wiiere he was born on the 24th of May, i5Z2. 
 After learning the firft rudiments of giammar at private fchooh in the country, 
 he was entered of Merton college, Oxford, and afterwards admitted a fcholar of 
 Corpus-Chrifti college in that univerfity, where he purfued his fludies with inde- 
 fatigable induftry, ufually rifing at four o'clock in the morning, and ftudying till 
 ten at night; by which means he acquired a confummate knowledge m moft bran- 
 ches of literature. In 1520 he proceeded bachelor of arts, became an eminent 
 tutor, and was foon after chofen rhetoric ledurer in his college. In February 
 J544. he commenced mafler of arts. He had early imbibed proteflant principles, 
 and inculcJted the fame to his pupils ; but this was carried on privately till the 
 accelTion of king Edward VI. when he openly avowed his religious fentiments, and 
 entered into a clofe friendfhip with Peter Martyr, profefTor of theology at Ox- 
 ford. In 1550 he took the degree of bachelor in divinity, ant! frequently preached 
 before the univerfity with great applaufe. He was at the fame time redtor of Sun- 
 ningwell in Berkfhire, where hezealoufly preached the reformed doftrines. 
 
 When queen Mary fucceeded to the throne, in 155?, Mr. Jewel v/as one of the 
 ■firft who felt the rage of the ftorm then raifcd againlt the reformation ; for before 
 any law was made, or order given by the queen, he was expelled his college by 
 the fellows, by their own private authority. However, unwilling to leave the 
 univerfity, he took chambers in Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke-college, where 
 itiany of his pupils followed him, befides other gentlemen, who were drawn by the 
 fame of his learning to attend his lectures. The univerfity of Oxford now ap- 
 pointed him their orator, and employed him to write their firft congratulatory 
 letter to her majefty. Mr. Wood obfcrves, that this tafk was evidently impofed 
 upon him by thofe who meant him no kindnefs-, who took it for granted, that 
 he muft cither provoke the Roman-ca:holics, or forfeit the good opinion of his own 
 party. If this be true, whxh is probable enough, he had the dexterity to avoid 
 the fnarej for the addrefs, being both refpetftful and guarded, offended neither 
 
 party,
 
 JOHNSON. " 4tt 
 
 ■party, and was well received by the queen. Mr. Jewel flili continued at Oxford, 
 until lie was called upon to lublcribe to fome of the popiOi dodtrines under the 
 fevered penalties, which he fubmitted to. Yet this compliance did not anAver his 
 purpofe ; for the dean of Chrift-church, Dr. Martial, allcdging that his fubfcrip- 
 tion was infincere, laid a plot to deliver him into the hands of bifliop Bonner, and 
 would have certainly caught him in the fnare, had he not efcaped by a bye-way 
 to London. Here he lay concealed, till a fiiip was provided to tranlport him be- 
 yond fea, together with money to defray the expence of the voyage, by Sir Nicholas 
 Throgmorton, a perfon of great diftin6tion. On his arrival at Frankfort, he made 
 a public confefiion of his forrow for having fubfcnbed the articles of the popifli 
 faith. Thence he repaired to Strafburgh, and afterwards to Zurich in Switzer- 
 land, where he refided in the houfc of his friend Peter Martyr, whom he alTifted 
 in his theological ledures. 
 
 Upon the death of queen Mary he returned to England •, and we find his name 
 am.ong the divines appointed by queen Elizabeth to hold a difputation in Weft- 
 minfler-abbey againll the papifts, on the ^i ft of March, 1559. In July following 
 he was one of the commiflloners authorized to vifit the diocelcs of Sarum, Exeter, 
 Briftol, Bath and Wells, and Gloucefter, in order to root out popery in the weft 
 of England; and on the 21ft of January, 1559-60, he was confecrated bifliop of 
 Salifljury. In 1 565 the univerfity of Oxford conferred on him the degree of dodlor 
 in divinity. He had before greatly diftinguiflied himfelf by a fermon preached at 
 St. Paul's Croft, wherein he gave a public challenge to all the Roman-catholics 
 in the world, to produce but one clear and evident tcftimony, out of any father 
 or famous writer who flouriftied within fix hundied years after Chrift, for any 
 one of the articles which the Romanifts maintain againll the church of England. 
 This celebrated divine died on the 23d of September, i57r, in the fiftieth year 
 of his age, and was interred in the choir of Salift)ury cathedral. He was of si 
 weak habit of body, which he exhaufted by his intenfe application to his ftudies. 
 In his temper he was pleafant and affable, modcft, meek, and a perfeft matter of 
 his paflions -, and, when bifliop, became remarkable for his apoftolic dodrine, holy 
 life, prudent government, incorrupt integrity, unfpotted chaftity, and bountiful 
 liberality. He had naturally a very ftrong memory, which he greatly improved 
 by art, fo that he could repeat whatever he wrote after once reading. He uled 
 to fay, that if he were to deliver a premeditated fpeech before a thoufand au- 
 ditors, fliouting or fighting all the while, they would not put him out. His 
 writings, which have rendered his name famous over all Europe, are as follow, 
 viz. I. An Apology for the Church of England in Latin: 2. A Defence of the 
 fame Apology: 3. A View of a feditious Bull fent into England by Pope Pius 
 V. 4. A Treatife of the Holy Scriptures: 5. An Expofition of St. Paul's two 
 Epiftles to the TheflTalonians : 6. A Treatife of the Sacrament : 7. Sermons, Let- 
 ters, Controverfial Trads, &c. His admirable Apology was tranflated into Eng- 
 lifli by Anne, the fecond of the four learned daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke, 
 and mother of Sir Francis Bacon ; and the tranflation was publiflied in 1564, 
 with the approbation of the queen and the prelates. Our blOiop's defence of 
 his Apology was in fo great efteem, that queen Elizabeth, king James 1. and 
 "king Charles 1. and four fuccefFive archbifliops, ordered it to be kept chained 
 in all parifti churches for public ufe. 
 
 JOHNSON (Benjamin) the great dramatic poet, was of Scotch cxtraflioii^ 
 
 his
 
 412 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 his grandfather being a native of Annandale in that kingdom, whence he removed 
 to Carliflc in the reign of Henry Vlil. under whom he enjoyed fome office. Our 
 poet was born at Wcrtminllcr, in the year It74, about a month after the death of 
 his father, who was a clergyman. He was firil educated at a private fchool in 
 the parifli of St. Martin's in the Fields, and afterwards removed to Weflminfter- 
 fchool, where Camden was his mailer. After he had been fome years at this 
 feminary, his mother, having married a bricklayer, took him home, and obliged 
 him to work at his father-in-law's bufincfi. He affitled, we are told, in the buil'!- 
 ine of Lincoln's-Inn, having a trowel in his hand, and Horace in his pocket. B.n 
 had already made a confulerable progrefs in clafTical learning ; he was, therefore, 
 bv no means captivated widi his new employment, but determined to go abroad: 
 tie accordingly enlifted himfelf as a foldier, and in this capacity went over to the 
 Hnslilli army in the Netherlands, where he diftinguifhed himfelf by his valour. In 
 an encounter with a fingle man of the enemy, he fiew his antagonift-, and, flrip- 
 pin<T him, carried off the fpoils, in the view of both armies. Upon his return to 
 Encrland, he rcfumcd his former ftudies •, and in order to do this with the more ad- 
 vancaoe, he went to Cambridge, where he is faid to have been admitted into St. 
 John's College. His continuance at the univerfity was but fhort, which was pro- 
 bably owing to the lownefs of his finances. And as he had a genius for dra- 
 matic compofitions, he now began to turn his thoughts to the ftage. The play- 
 houfe he entered into was an obfcure one in the extremity of the town, called 
 the Green Curtain -, which, Anthony Wood fays, was about Shoreditch, or Clerken- 
 wcll. In this new courfe of life, he at firft made but an indifferent figure. It 
 is faid, that " his firft afting and writing were both ill;" and that his attempts 
 as an aftor could neither provide him a fupport, nor recommend him to a fhare 
 in any of the theatres, which, in that age, were numerous in London. On the 
 contrary, his inability this way became a topic of fatire to his adverfaries, who 
 have mentioned fome charaftcrs in which he appeared with very little credit. 
 
 While he was thus a retainer to the rtage, he had the misfortune to be engaged 
 in a duel with one of his brother comedians; and in the rencounter he was 
 wourklcd in the arm by his antagonill's fword, which is faid to have been ten 
 inches longer than his own ; but lie killed his opponent, who had challenged him. 
 For this offence he was committed to prifon ; and during his confinement, he was 
 vifitcd by a popifh pricft, who, taking advantage of his melancholy and dejedion 
 of fpirits, made him a convert to the church of Rome, in which he continued 
 twelve years. When, or by what means he obtained his difcharge from prifon, 
 does not appear; but his fpirits returning with his liberty, he foon after entered 
 into the ftate of matrimony. He was now about twenty-four years of age, and 
 it is from this time that we are to date the rile of his reputation as a dramatic 
 writer. He had indeed made fome attempts in that way from his nrft entrance 
 into the play-houfe, but without fuccefs. He had writien a play or two, which 
 had been abfolutely condemned ; and another would have fhared the fame fatr, 
 had it not been for the friendly interpofition of S.'^akefpeare, That amiable and 
 benevolent bard not only brought Johnfon's firfb play upon the ftage, but after- 
 wards continued to recommend him and his produdions to the public, and even 
 lent his hand to the finifhing of fome of them. 
 
 The firft play our author printed, was Every Man in his Humour, which 
 made its appearance on the Itage in 1598. In i6co he paid his court to quten. 
 EiJzabeib, by complimenting her under the allegorical perfonace cf the goddcfs 
 
 Cynthia,
 
 JOHNSON. 413 
 
 Cynthia, in his Cynthia's Revels, which was afted that year by the children of the 
 queen's chapel. He foon after publifhed Every Man out of his Humour; a,rid 
 continued to produce a new play every year, till he was called off by the malqucs 
 and entertainments made for the amufement of king James and his court. In 1605 
 he brought upon the ftage his comedy of VoJpone, or the Fox i wl''.;i he had 
 finiflied in the fpacc of five weeks. About this time he joined v/uli Chapman and 
 Marfton, two cotemporary dramatic writers, in a comedy called iiaftward Hoe, in 
 which there were fome fatirical refleftions on the Scottifh ;ation ; in confequence 
 of which they were all three committed to prifon, and were even in danger of 
 lofing their ears and noi'es. However, upon fubmifiion, they received a pardon ; 
 and Johnfon was fo rejoiced at his difcharge, that he gave an entertainment to his 
 friends, among whom were Camden and Seldcn. In the midft of the entertainment, 
 his aged mother drank to him, and fliewed him a paper of poifon, which fhe in- 
 tended to have given him in his liquor, after having taken a potion of it herfclf, 
 if the fentcnce for his puniflament had pafled. In 1609 he brought on the ftage 
 his Epicene, or Silent Woman, which is generally efteemed one of the bcft come- 
 dies extant in our language. The enfuing year he produced the Alchemift, and 
 this was followed by his tragedy of Cataline. In 161 3 he made the tour of France, 
 and, whilft he was at Paris, was admitted to an interview with cardinal Perron. 
 Their difcourfe turning chiefly upon literary fubjeds, the cardinal fhewed him 
 his trandation of Virgil, which Johnfon, with his ufual opennefs and freedom, 
 flatly told him was a bad one. After his return to England, he was often employed 
 in the compofition of mafques and interludes for the diverfion of the court ; and 
 on thefe occafions he was by no means fparing of that flattery which was fo agree- 
 able to the royal ears of James. About this period a quarrel commenced between 
 him and Inigo Jones, whom he therefore ridiculed in his comedy of Bartholomew- 
 Fair, under the charader of Lantern Leatherhead, 
 
 In 1616 Ben Johnfon publifhed his works in one volume, folio, and the fame 
 year the poet-laureat's falary of an hundred marks per annum was fettled upon him 
 for life by king James I. He was now at the head of the poetic band, and 
 was invited to the chief feat of the Mufes, the univerfity of Oxford, by feveral 
 members, particularly by Dr. Corbet of Chrift-church. Ben refided in that college 
 during his abode in the univerfity; and, as the doftor was a celebrated wit, the 
 time muft have been agreeably i'pent by Johnfon, efpecially as it was crowned by 
 an honourable aiteflation of his merit, he being created mafter of arts in a full 
 convocation on the 19th of July, 1619. On the death of the laureat, Samuel 
 Daniel, in 0<5lober following, Johnfon fucceeded to that poft, the duty of which 
 had been chiefly performed by him a long time before. Our poet foon after tra- 
 velled on foot into Scotland, to vifit Mr. Drummond of Hawthornden*. 
 
 * William DRUMMON'n, who was bom on tlie 13th of November, ijS^', was the fon of Sir 
 John Drummond of Hawthorncleii, gentle.ijan-uflicr to king James VI. of Scotland, lie liaU liis 
 education at Edinbiugli, and afterwards going over to France, (hidied the civil law at Bourges, 
 in which he made fuch a progrcfs, as occ:irioncd the prefident Locl<Ii.iit to fay, that if iMr. Drum- 
 mond had followed the praflice, he would have made the belb Kgnre of any lawyer of liis time. 
 But his genius leading liiin to polite literature, he relinqiiidied all tlioughts of the bar, and retired 
 to his pleafant feat at Hawthornden, where he wrote his Cyprefs Grove, an elegant performance 
 of the moral kinfl, in which lie reprefents the vanity and inllability of human all'airs, teaches a 
 due contempt of the world, and propofes coidolations againil the fear of death. He alfo wrote 
 about the fame time a poetical piece called the Flowers of Sion. Dut an accident happened foon 
 after, Svhich induced hinj to ijuit bis retiiement; and that was the death of an amiable young 
 
 5 N He
 
 414 JOHNSON. 
 
 I^e pafled fome months with this ingenious friend, to whom he opened his 
 heart with the moft unrefcrved freedom and confidence. Driimmond cummitted 
 the heads of their converfation to writing, and they are inferred in a folio edition 
 of that author's works, printed at Edinburgh in 171 1. From thefe minutes we 
 learn fevei*^" ^particulars concerning Johnfon, which do not occur in any other 
 relation ; and the^^ccount is authentic, as it was taken from his own mouth. Our 
 author celebrated the adventures of this journey in a particular poem, which, to- 
 gether with fome more .f his produdtions, being accidentally burnt about t<AO or 
 three years afterwards, he lamented the lofs in another poem, entitled An Execra- 
 tion upon Vulcan. 
 
 We have already obferved, that Johnfon had an hundred marks per annum fet- 
 tled on him as poet-laureat : but, in 1630, he prefcnted a petition to king Charles 
 I. requeuing him to make thole marks as many pounds. The petition was as 
 follows : 
 
 " The humble petition of poor Ben, 
 
 " To the heft of monarchs, mailers, men, 
 
 " Kins; Charles. 
 
 " Doth moft humbly fhow it, 
 
 ** To your majefly, your poet : 
 
 " That whereas your royal father, 
 
 •* James the blefled, pleaftsd the rather, 
 
 •' Of his fpecial grace to letters, 
 
 " To m.ake all the Mufes debtors . 
 
 " To his bounty -, by extenfion 
 
 *' Of a free poetic penfion, 
 
 *' A large hundred marks annuity, 
 
 " To be given me in gratuity, 
 
 " For done fervice, and to come : 
 
 " And that this fo accepted fum, 
 
 *' Or difpens'd in books or bread, 
 
 " (Fcr on both the Mufe was fedj 
 
 " Hath drawn on me from the times, 
 
 ** All the envy of the rhimes, 
 
 " And the rattling pit-pat noife 
 
 " Of the lefs poetic boys, 
 
 lady, to wliortj he was on the point of being m.irried. Thi"; misfortune affecfltd him fo much, 
 that, in order to divert his melancholy, he again went abroad, and tr.ivelled through Germany, 
 France, and Italy, where he vifited the mort famous univerfitjes, converltd with learned men, 
 and made a choice colle(^;ion of the bell .incieiit Creel;, ai;d modern Spanilh, Fitnch, and Italian 
 book?. He then returned to his native countr)', where a civil war was jufl ready to break our. 
 He wrote a Hiftory of the five fuccefTive Kings of Scotland of the name of J.imes, feveral tra(5ls 
 jgainft the meafiires of the covenanters, and many other works both in verfe and profe. The 
 news of the beheading of Charles I. (fays Mr. Grapger) fo (hocked him, that it quickly hadened 
 his death, which happened in the year 1649. The fame writer obferves, that Mr. Drummrnd 
 " was a man of a fine natural genius, which he afliduoudy improved with all the advantages of 
 arts, languages, and travel. He was univerfally edetmcd one of the bell poets of his age, and • 
 (lands in the firft rank of modern hillorians. He, for his excellence in telling a Hory, and in- 
 terelting his reader in what he relates, is tliouglu to be comparable to Livy. His poems conliil ' 
 chiefiy of love-vcrfes, epigrams, aad efitapbs." 
 
 " When
 
 JOHNSON. 415 
 
 " When their pot-guns aim to hit, 
 With their pellets of Imall wit. 
 Parts of one (they judgM) dtcay'dj 
 But we laft out ftiil uniay'd. 
 Pieafe your majefty to make. 
 Of your grace, for goodnefs' fake. 
 Thole your father's marks your pounds : 
 l^ec their fpite, which now abcunds, 
 '1 hen go on, and do its worlV, 
 1 his would all their envy burft j 
 And fo warm the poet's tongue. 
 You'll read a fnake in his nexc long." 
 
 O" 
 
 His petition had the defired fuccefs ; and accordingly, on the furrender of his- 
 former patent, a new one was ifTued in 1630, appointing him an annual penfion of 
 one hundred ;;ounds for life, together with a tierce of Spanifh wine. Befides this 
 enlargement ( f his falary, we are told, he had alio a penlion from the city of Lon- 
 don, from feveral of the nobility and gentry, and particularly from Mr, Sutton, 
 founder of the Charter-houfe. Notwithftanding all thele fupplies, fuch was our 
 poet's ex:ravagance and want of ceconomy, that his finances were in continual dif- 
 order, which fometimes prompted him to make application to different perfons for 
 money, in a manner that bordered upon meannels. In 16^1 he publifhed the 
 New Inn, or the Light Fleart, a comedy. This had been hilled off the ftage on- 
 its firft appearance; but Johnfon had recourfe to his pride on the occafion, and 
 threatened, by way of revenge, to leave the ftage, in an ode addrelTed to himfelf. 
 This ode w;is thought by fome to be very arrogant, and a fliarp reply to it was» 
 vrittcn by Owen Feltham, in vcrfe, and in the fame meafure with Johnfon^s ode.- 
 
 Our poet, after having been long in a declining ftate of health, died on the i6th 
 of Auguft, 1637, in the fixty-third year of his age; and was interred in Weft- 
 minfler-abbey, at the north-weft end, nr-ar the beltrey. Over his grave was laid 
 a common pavemenr-llone, with this laconic infcription, " O rare Ben Johnfon" ? 
 In the beginning of the fubfcquent year there came out a coUeifnon of elegies and 
 poems on his death, entitled '■ johnfonius Virbius, or the Mem ry of Ben Johnfon 
 revived by the Friends of the IVlu'es " And foon after, a defign was fee on fooc 
 to erec5> a marble inonumeit with his ftatue, and a confiderabie fum of money 
 was coUeded for that purpofe; but the breaking out of the rebellion prevented its 
 being carried into execution, and the money was returned. The buft of Johnfon, 
 with the form' r infcription under it, that is nov/ fixed to the wall in the Poets' 
 Corner, near the fouth-eaft entrance into the abbey, was fet up l)y that great patron, 
 of learning, the fecond earl of Oxford, of the Harley family. 
 
 Mr. Drummond of Hawthorndcn reprefents the perlbnal charafter of Ben John-- 
 fon in very difadvantageous terms, obferving, that he was " a great lover and 
 praifer of himfelf, a contemner and fcorner of others, chufing rather to lofe his 
 friend than his jtft; jealous of every word and acftion of thofe about him, efpe- 
 cially after drink, which was one of the elements in which he lived; a dilTembler 
 of the parts which reigned in him ; a bragger of fome good that he wanted. He 
 thought nothing right but what either himfelf or fome of his friends had laid or 
 done. He was paffionately kind and angry ; carclcfs either to gain or keep; vin- 
 didtive, but, if he was well anfwered, greatly chagrined; interpreting the belt 
 
 faying^.
 
 4i6 ^ J O H K S O N. 
 
 fayings and deeds often to the worft. He was for any religion, being verfcd In 
 both ; opprefl<;d with fancy, which over-matlered his reafon, a general difeafe 
 among the poets. His inventions were fmooth and eafy; but above all he excelled 
 in a tranflation." He had a very ftrong memory ; for he tells us himfelf in his 
 Difcovcries,. that in his youth he could have repeated all that he had ever written, 
 and fo continued till he was paft forty ; and even after that he could repeat whole 
 books that he had read, and poems of fomc feled friends, which he thought worth 
 charging his memory with. As to his poetical genius, the charafteriftic of it, 
 with regard to dramatic poetry, is univerfally allowed to be an excellence in draw- 
 ing humour. Mr. Pope, in the preface to his edition of Shakefpeare's plays, 
 remarks, that when our author " got poflcflion of the ftage, he brought critical 
 learning into vogue ; and that this was not done without difficulty, may appear 
 from thofe frequent leflbns (and indeed almoft declamations) which he was forced 
 to prefix to his firft plays, and put into the mouths of his a<fi:ors, the grex, cho- 
 rus, &c. to remove the prejudices and inform the judgment of his hearers. 1 ill 
 then, the Englifh authors had no thoughts of writing on the model of the ancients-, 
 their tragedies were only hiftories in dialogue; and their comedies followed the 
 thread of any novel as they found it, no lefs implicitly than if it had been true 
 hiflory." Mr. Dryden gives him the title of " the greatcft man of the lall age ;" 
 and fays, that if we look upon him while he was himfelf (for his laft plays were 
 but his dotages) he was the moll learned and judicious writer that any theatre ever 
 had; that he was a moft fevcre judge of himfelf as well as others ; that one can- 
 rot fay he wanted wit, but rather that he was frugal of it; that in his works 
 there is little to be retrenched or altered ; but that humour was his proper fpherc. 
 Befides his plays and mafques, he wrote, i. An Englilh Grammar: 2. Dikoveries 
 on Men and Matter : 3. A Tranflation of Horace's Art of Poetry : 4. Poems, 
 Epigrams, &c. The mofl; complete edition of his works was printed in 1756, in 
 fcven volumes, cxftavo. 
 
 JOHNSON (Mrs.) the Stella of dean Swift, under which name he always 
 mentioned her, was the daughter of Sir William Temple's fteward, and the con- 
 ceaUd, though undoubted wife of Swift. Sir William bequeathed her in his will 
 a thoufand pounds, as an acknowledgment of her father's faithful fervices. She 
 had an elevated underftanding, with ail the delicacy and foftncfs of her fex. Her 
 voice, though fweet in itfelf, was rendered ftill more harmonious by what Ihe faid. 
 Her wit was poignant without feverity ; her manners were polite, eafy, and un- 
 fijfcrved : wherever Ihe came Ihe attradlcd attention and efleem. She was ftriiflly 
 virtuous, fincerely religious, and conftant in her devotions. She had great fkill 
 in mufic, and was perfediy well verfed in all the arts proper to employ a lady's 
 leifure. Her wit was a fund of perpetual chearfulnefs, and her prudence kept 
 that chearfulnefs within proper bounds. In fhort, Ihe exaftiy refembled the 
 defcription Homer has given of Penelope : 
 
 " A woman lovelicft of the lovely kind, 
 " In body perfcft, and complete in mind." 
 
 This is the charafter giv«n of Stella by thofe who knew her bed. She was 
 married to Dr. Swift in the year 1 716, by Dr. Afhe, t4icn bifhop of Clogher, though 
 ■fhe could never prevail upon him to acknowledge her openly as his wife. 
 
 Dr. Swift and Mrs. Johnfon prelerved the fame manner ot li<'e after marriage as 
 before it. They lived \n feparatc houles; he remaining at the deanery, fhe in lodg- 
 ings
 
 JONES. 4,7 
 
 ings at a ditlance from him, and on the other fida of the LifFey. Nothing ap- 
 peared in their behaviovir inconfitUnt with decorum, or beyond the limits of 
 Platonic love. They converfed like friends, but indLiltrioufly took care to lummon 
 witnefTes of their converfation •, a rule to which they adhered fo ftriftly, that it 
 would be difficult, if not impofTible, to prove that they had ever been too-ether 
 without a third perfon. A condudt fo unnatural gave room for various comments 
 and reflexions ; but however unaccountable this renunciation of the marriaoe 
 rights may appear to the world, it certainly did not arife from any confcioufnefs 
 of too near a confanguinity between them, though the general voice of fame was 
 willing to make them both the natural children of Sir William Temple; but this 
 could not be true. Sir William being employed as a minilfer abroad from the year 
 1665 to 1670, fo that Swift's mother, who never croffed the fea, except from Eng- 
 land to Ireland, was out of all pofiibility of a perlbnal correfpondence with him, 
 for two years before his birth. It may be imagined that a woman of Stella's deli- 
 cacy mull repine at fuch a fituation. l"he outward honours flie received are fre- 
 quently bellowed on a miftrcfs : though a wife, flie was not acknowledged in that 
 charafter, and though ftriftly virtuous, was obliged to fubmit to all the appearances 
 of vice, except in the prefence of thofe few witneff.s of the cautious manner in 
 which flie lived with her hufband. Hence inward anxiety diiturbed by decrees 
 the calmnefs of her mind, and the ftrength of her body, bhe began to decline in 
 her health in the year 1724, and died on the 28th of January, 1727, in the forty- 
 fourth year of her age, abfulutely deftroyed by the peculiarity of her fate; a fate 
 which perhaps flie could not have endured by an alliance with any other man upon 
 earth. 
 
 JONES (Inico) a celebrated architeft, was the fon of Ignatius Jones, a cloth- 
 worker of London, and was born in that city about the year 1572. Accordino- 
 to the mofl: probable accounts of his life, he was bound apprentice to a joiner; 
 but even in that obfcure fituation, the brightnefs of his genius burft forth fo ftrono-- 
 ly, that he was taken notice of by one of the great lords at court: fome fay, it 
 was the earl ot Arundel ; but the greater number, that it was William earl of Pem- 
 broke. By one of thefe noblemen, Inigo was fcnt to Italy to ftudy landfcape- 
 paint'ng, to which his inclination then pointed, and for which that he had a talent, 
 appears by a fmall piece prefcrved at Chifwick-Houfe, the colouring of which is 
 very indiflerent, but the trees freely and mafl:erly imagined*. Inigo was no 
 fooner at Rome, than he found himfelf in his fphere. He felt, fays Mr. Wal- 
 pole, that nature had not formed him to decorate cabinets, but defign palaces. 
 During his n:ay in Iraly, he ftudied with the greateft attention the works of the 
 beft antient and modern mafl;ers, lufFcring nothing which flood recommended by 
 its antiquity or value to efcape his notice. He rcfided for a confiderable time 
 at Venice, where he acquired fo great a reputation, that Chriftian IV. kino- of 
 iJenmark, fent for him from thence, and appointed him his architeft general. 
 What buildings he was employed in erefting in Denmark, we are not informed. 
 He had lived Ibme years in that kingdom, when his Danifli majefly, whole fifler 
 Anne had married king James I. made a vifit to England in 1606. Mr. Jones 
 took this opportunity of returning home; and expreffing a defire to continue in 
 his native country, the queen appointed him her architeft ; and being not lono- after 
 
 * Anecdotes of Painting in England, by tlie Hon. Mr. Horace Walpole. 
 
 5 O taken
 
 4i8 JONES. 
 
 taktn in the fame capacity into the Icrvice of prince Henry, he difchargeil his rruft 
 with lo much fidelity and fkili, that the king gave him the reverfiun of the place 
 of furvcyor-gencral of his works. After the death of prince Henry, in 1612, he 
 travelled once more to Italy, and being afiilted by ripencfs of judgment, pcrfcdted 
 his talte in architcclurr. When the furvcyor's place became vacant, he returned 
 to England,' where finding the office of works extremely in debt, he gave up the 
 profits of his employment, and prevailed on the comptroller andpay-matttr to imi- 
 tate his example, till the whole arrears were paid. 
 
 In 1620, king James ftopi)itig ;it Wilton, the feat of the earl of Pembroke, 
 amontr other fubjefis, fell into a difcourfe about thatfurprilinggroop of ftones, called 
 Stonc-henge, on Salifbiiry-plain. Hereupon our architeft, who was well known to 
 have carefully examined the antique buildings and ruins abroad, was fcnt for by 
 the earl of Pembroke, and there received his majefly's commands, to endeavour 
 to make what difcoveries he could concerning Scone-henge. Jn obedience to this 
 command, he prefently I'd about the work ; and having, with no fmall pains, 
 laken an exi:6l mcakirement of the whole, and diligently feaiched the foundation, 
 in order to find out the original form and afpedl:, he proceeded to compare it with 
 other antique buildings that he had fcen •, and, after much rcalbning and a long 
 fcries of authorities, he concluded that this antient and ilupcndous pile m.ufl have 
 been originally a Roman temple, dedicated to Ccelus, and buiit after the Tufcan 
 order; that it was built when the Romans flourifhed in peace and profperity in 
 Britain, and, probably, betwixt the time of Agricola's government and the reign 
 of Conftantine the Great. This account, which he endeavoured to fupport by 
 many artiuments, he prcfented to ttie king ; and the fame year he was appointed 
 one of the commifiloners for repairing St. Paul's cathedral. 
 
 " He was alio employed to eredt a new palace at Whitehall ; and the Banquetting- 
 Houfe was finiflicd by him abou: the year 1621 ; " a fmall part (fays ,v:r. V\ alpule) 
 of the pile defigncd for the palace of our kings -, but fo complete in itfcJf, that it 
 ftands amodel of the moft pure and beautiful talte."—" Several plates of the intended 
 palace of Whitehall have been ^:iven, (continues this ingenious writer) bur, I be- 
 lieve, from no finiflied defign. The four great fhcets are evidently made up from 
 general hints -, nor could fuch a fource of invention and tafte, as the mind of inigo, 
 ever produce fo much famenefs. The (Irange kind of cherubims on the towers at 
 the end are prepolterous ornaments, and whether of Inigo, or not, bear no rela- 
 tion to the reft. The great towers in the front are too near, and evidently 
 borrowed from what he had feen in Gothic, not in Roman buildings. The 
 circular court is a picflurefquc thought, but without meaning or utility. The 
 ■whole fabric, however, was fo glorious an idea, that one forgets for a momerr, 
 in the regret for its not being executed, the confirmation of our liberties ob- 
 tained by a melancholy fcene that paffcd before the windows of that very Ban- 
 quet ting-Houfe." 
 
 In 1623 Mr. Jones was employed in building a chapel at Somerfet-Houfe, 
 for the Infanta of Spain, who was then intended for a bride to the prince of 
 Wales. The front of this palace to the river, part only of what was defigncd, 
 and the water-gate, were erefted afterwards on the defigns of Inigo, as was the 
 gate at York-Stairs. Upon the acceffion of Charles I. our architeft was continued 
 in his poft. In 1633 an order was ifllied out, requiring him to fet about the repa- 
 »ation of St. Paul's cathedral ; and the work was begun foon after at the eaft-end, 
 
 the
 
 JONES. 4,5 
 
 the firfl flone being laid by Dr. Laud, then bifhop of London, and the fourth 
 by Mr. Jones. Indeed, as he was the folc architcft, To the tondufb, defiiin, 
 and execution of the work, were entrulkd entirely to him ; and having reduced 
 the body of it into order and uniformity, from the fleeple to the weit end, he 
 add?d there a molt magnificent portico, which excited univerfa! admiration, and 
 was confidcred as a piece of architefture not to be parallelled in modern times. 
 'I his portico confilled of folid walls on each fide, with rows of Corinthian pillars 
 ict within, at a dillance from the walls, to fupport the roof. 
 
 While he was raifing thcfe noble monuments of his fame as an archite6f, he 
 gave no lefs proofs of his genius in the fancy and judgment of the pompous ma- 
 chinrry employed in the mafques and interludes, which were the principal enter- 
 tainments of the court in his time. Several ot thcfe reprefentations are ftill extant 
 in the works of Chapman, Davenanr, f^aniel, and particularly Ben Johnf n. 
 The fubject svas chofen by the poet, and the fpeeches and fongs were alio of his 
 compofinji ; but the invention of the fcencs, ornamen.s, and drelfes of the figures, 
 was the contrivance of Inigo Jones. 
 
 In the mean time, Mr. Jones received great encouragement from the court, fo 
 that he acquired a handfome fortune. But it was much impaired by the lofTes 
 which he iutfcred in confcqucnce of his loyalty -, for as he had a Ihare in his royal 
 mailer's profpcrity, fo had he a ihare alfo in his misfortunes. Upon the meet- 
 ing of the long parliament in November 1640, he was called before the houle of 
 peers, on a complaint exhibited againft him by the parifhioners of St. Gregory's 
 in London, for damages done to that church, on repairing ^t. Paul's cathedral. 
 I'he church being old, and (landing very near the cathedral, was thought to be 
 a blemilli to it, and therefore was tiken down, purlumt to the king's diredfion, 
 and the orders of the council, in '6^9, in the execution of which our furveyor 
 was chiefly concerned. But, in anfwer to the complaint, he pleaded the oeneral 
 iifue ; and, when the repairing of the cathedral ceafed, in 1642, lome parr of the 
 materials remaining were, by order of the houfe of lords, delivered to the parifhioners 
 of St. Gregory's, towards the rebuilding of their church. This profecution put 
 Inigo to a confiderablc expence •, and as he was both a royalift and a Roman-ca- 
 tholic, in 1646 he paid 545I. for his delinquency and fequelh^ation. He died at 
 iJomerfct-Houfe, on the 21II: ot July, 1651 -, and was interred in St. Bennet's church, 
 near Paul's wharf, where a monument was erefted to his memory, which was de- 
 ftroyed in the fire of London. 
 
 Inigo Jones was not only the greateft architeft in England, but the mod eminent 
 of his profefli(;n at that time in Europe. He is generally ftiled the Britifli Vi- 
 iruvius ; and Mr. Webb, who knew him well, afferts, that his abilities, in all 
 human fcicnces, furpaficd moft of his age. He was a perfect mafter of the ma- 
 thematics, and an excellent geometrician. He had fome knowledge of the two 
 learned languages, Greek and Latin, e.pecially the latter; and was not without 
 a tafte for poetry. Sir Anthony Vandyke ufed to fay of him, that, in defigninor 
 with his pen, he was not to be equalled by any great matters of his time, for the 
 
 boldnefs, foftnefs, fweetnefs, and furenefs of his touches. Among the works 
 
 of this great architect are the following, viz. i. The Banquetting Houfe, White- 
 hall, already mentioned. 2. Barber's Hall, in Monkwell-ftreet, London. This 
 is a very fine edifice, and the theatre is particularly admired, as an admirable fa- 
 bric for feeing and hearing. It was erected for the ufe of the furgeons, and 
 here diffcf^tions ufed to be performed, and lecfures read. But when the barbers 
 
 and
 
 420 
 
 J O N E S. 
 
 and furgeons, who ufcd to be united in one company, were formed into dillinft 
 and feparate companies, this hall was given by ad ot parliament to the barbers. 3. 
 The church and piazza of Coveiit-garden. Thele have been much admired by 
 connoifleurs ; and in particular it has been faid ot' the church, that it is one of the 
 moll fimple, and at the fame time moft perfefi: pieces ot architefture, that -the 
 arc of man can produce. The ingenious Mr Horace Walpple is, however, of a 
 different opinion. He fays, " The arcade of Covcnt-gardcn, and the church, are 
 two ftruftures of which 1 want tafte to fee the beauties. In the arcade there is no- 
 thing remarkable ; the pilaRcrs are as errant and homely ftnpes as any plailterer 
 v/ould make. And the barn-roof over the portico of the church (Irikes my eyes 
 with as little idea of dignity or beauty, as it could do if it covered nothing but 
 a barn." 4. The garden-front of Wilton-houk-, the feat of the carl of Pembroke-, 
 and lome other parts of that noble edifice.' 5. 1 he Qtieen's Houfe at Greenwich. 
 6. 1 he Grange in Hampfhire, the feat of ti-.e eail of Northingtun. 7. Pifniobury 
 in Hertfordfliire. 8. Gunnerfoury, near Brentford. 
 
 Several of his defigns liave been publiflied by Mr. Kent, Mr. Colin Camp- 
 bell, and Mr. Ifaac Ware ; and he left in manufcript fome curious notes on Pal- 
 ladio's Archicefture, which are infertcd in an edition of Palladio, publifhed in 
 1 7 14. 
 
 JONES (Henrv") a remarkable poet, was born at Drogheda, in Ireland, of 
 mean extraftion, and was originally bred a bricklayer ; but having a natural in- 
 clination to poetry, frequently applied to that at the expence of his mechanical vo- 
 cation. Being an indigent poet, and defirous of obtaining fome patron, his genius 
 broke out in panegyrics, as being the mofl likely to procure him friends ; and in 
 1745, when the carl of Cheflerficld was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he was taken 
 notice of by that nobleman, who treated him with great generofity, brought him 
 to England, recomm.ended him to many of the nobility here, and not only, by 
 his intluencc and intcreft, procured him a large fubfcription for publifliing a col- 
 ledlion of his poems, but is faid to have taken on himfelf the correftion of his 
 tragedy of the Earl of EfTex, and prevailed on the managers of Covent-garden 
 theatre to bring i: on the llage. This tragedy, which is an improvement on Banks's 
 play of the fame name in point of language, procured him fome money and repu- 
 tation •, and, if he had pofTe/red any oscor.omy, might have been the means of 
 ellablilbing him in a moderate Hate of independence. His poetical merit in his 
 other writings lies pretty much in the fame fcale, that of mediocrity ; and it is 
 probable, that Mr. Jones would not have been fo much taken notice of, had he 
 not been formerly a bricklayer. His knowledge was, however, much greater than 
 could pofTibly be cxpeded from a man bred to daily iabour-, but his temper was 
 under the dominion of his pafTions, and confequently uncertain and capricious. As 
 he had no idea of ceconomy, he feemed to think himfelf born rather to be fup- 
 ported by others, than under any obligation to lecure to himfelf the profits which 
 his writings and the munificence of his patrons, from time to time, afforded him. 
 After experiencing many reveries of fortune, which his overbearing fpirit, and 
 imprudence in regard to pecuniary concerns, drew upon him, he died at London 
 in April, 1770, in a work-houfe. 
 
 KEILL
 
 K E I L L. 421 
 
 K. 
 
 KEILL (John) M. D. an eminent aftronomer, mathematician, and philofopher, 
 was born at Edinburgh on the ift of December, 1671, andftudied in the univerfity 
 of that city, where he toolc the degree of mafter of arts. In 1694 he went to Ox- 
 ford, and being admitted of Baliol-collegc, began to read ledlurts according to the 
 Newtonian fyftem in his private apartment there. He is faid to have been the fir(t 
 who taught Sir Ifaac Newton's principles by the experiments on which, they are 
 founded, and this he did by an apparatus of inftruments of his own providing; 
 Jay which means he acquired a great reputation throughout the univerfity. The 
 fiift f[)ecimen he gave the public of his fkill in mathematical and philofophical 
 knowledge, was his Examination of Dr. Thomas Burnet's Theory of the Earth, 
 which appeared in the year 1698. It was univerfally applauded by the literati, 
 and allowed to be decifive againft the doflor's Theory. To this piece Mr. K- ill 
 fiibjoined Rem-irks on Mr. Whifton's New Theory of the Earth ; and thefe theo- 
 ries being defended by their refpeCtive inventors, drev from our author, in 1699, 
 An Examination of the Refle<5^ions on the Theory of the Earth, together with a 
 Defence of the Kemarks on Mr. Whifton's New Theory, in the year 1700, 
 Dr. Thomas MiUmgton, Sedleian profeflfor of natural philofophy at Oxford, who 
 had been appointed phyfician in ordinary to king William, fubltituted Mr. Keill 
 as his deputy, to read Icftures in the public fchools. This ofBce he difcharged 
 with great applaufe : and in 1701 publifhed his celebrated treatile, entitled IntrO' 
 duSiio ad Veram Ph\ficavr. He was foon after chofen a fellow of the Royal Society. 
 In 1708 he publifhed, in the Philofophical Tranfaftions, a paper on the laws of 
 attradion and its phyfical principles. About the fame time, being offended at a 
 pafTage in the Afta Eruditorum of Leipfic, wherein Sir Ilaac Newton's right to 
 the honour of the firft invention of his method of fluxions was called in queftion, 
 he communicated to the i oyal Society another paper, in which he alTerted the jul- 
 tice of that claim. In 1709 he attended the Palatines to New England, in qua- 
 lity of their treafurer; and, in the fucceeding year, he was chofen Savilian pro- 
 feflbr of ailronomy at Oxford. In 17 11, being attacked by Mr. Leibnitz, he en- 
 tered the lifts againft that great mathematician, in the difpute concerning the in- 
 vention of fluxions.. Mr. Leibnitz wrote a letter to Dr. Hans Sloane, then fccre- 
 tary of the Royal Society, dated the 4th of March, 171 1, in which he demanded 
 fatisfadtion of Mr. KeiU for the injury he had done him in his paper, relating to 
 the pafTage in the Ada Eruditorum of Leipfic. He proteftcd that he was far 
 from afTuming to himfelf Sir Ifaac Newton's method of fluxions, and therefore de- 
 fired that Mr. Keill might be obliged to retrad his falle afTertion. Mr. Keill, on 
 the other hand, dcfired that he might be permitted to juftify what he had afl'erted. 
 He made his defence to the approbation of Sir Ifaac, and feveral other members 
 of the Society, and a copy of it was fent to Mr. Leibnitz ; who, in a fecond 
 letter, warmly remonftrated againfl Mr. Kcill's want of candor and fincerity ; ad- 
 ding, that it did not become a man of his age and experience to enter into a dif- 
 pute with an upftart, who adted without anv authority from Sir Ifaac Newton ; 
 and defiring that the Royal Society would enjoin .Vlr. Keill filence. Upon this, a 
 fpccial committee was appointed, who, after examining the fads, concluded their 
 report with " reckoning Sir Ifaac Newton the inventor of fluxions, and that Mr, 
 Keill, in afTerting the fame, had been no ways injurious to Mr. Leibnitz." 
 Soon afterwards, when feveral objections were urged againft the Newtonian phi« 
 
 5 P lofophy.
 
 422 
 
 KEITH. 
 
 lofopliV, in fupport of Defcartes's notions of a plenum, Mr. Keill publiflied, in 
 the Philolbpiiical Tranfadions, a paper on the rarity of matter, and the tenuity of 
 its compofition. While he was engaged in this difpute, quten Anne was pleafed 
 to appoint him her decypherer, and he continued in that pod under king George 
 I. till the year 1716. He had alfo the degree of doftor of phyfic conferred on 
 him by the univerfity of Oxford, in 1713-, two years afecr which, he publiflied 
 an edition of Commandinus's Euclid, with additions of his own. In 1718 ap- 
 peared his Jntrodttciio ad Veram yljironcmiam, which was afterwards, at the requeft 
 of the duchefs of Chandos, tranllated by himfelf into Englifli, and, with fcvcral 
 emendations, publifhed in 172 i, under the title of " An Introdi.cflion to tlie True 
 Allronomy, or Aflronomical Lciftures read in the Agronomical Schools of the 
 Univerfity of Oxford." This was his lalt gift to the public ; for he died on the 
 ill of September, in that year. 
 
 Dr. James KiiIll, younger brother of the above-mentioned Dr. John Keill, 
 was a phyfician of eminence, and wrote the followirg works, viz. i. An Ac- 
 count of Animal Secretion, the Qiiantity of Blood in the Hum.an Body, and Muf- 
 cular Motion: 2. '1 he Anatomy of the Human Body; and, 3. Several Pieces in 
 the Philofophical Tranfadions. He died on the 16th of July, 1719, at the age 
 of forty-fix, 
 
 KEITH (James) ficld-marflial in the fervice of the king of PrufTia, was the 
 fon of William Keith, earl marfhal of Scotland^ and was born in the year 1696. 
 He was educated at the univerfity of Aberdeen, and was deligned for the Jaw j 
 but the bent of his genius led him to arms. The rebellion breaking out in Scot- 
 land when he was eighteen years of age, lie, from the perfuafions of the countefs 
 his mother, who was of the Romifh religion, joined the pretender's party, and was 
 prefent at the battle of SherifF-muir, fought on the 12th of November, 1715 ; 
 after which, though wounded, he cfcnpcd to France, where he applied himfelf to 
 the ftudies proper for a foldier, particularly the mathematics, in which he made 
 fuch proficiency, as to be admitted a Icllow of the Royal Academy of Sciences at 
 Paris. He afterwardstravelled through Italy, Switzerland, and Portugal, examinino-, 
 as he paflld, the fcveral produiftions in architedure, painting, and fcuipture, and 
 furveying the fields where famous battles had been fought. In 1717 he became 
 known to Peter, czar of Mufcovy, who was then at Paris, and who invited him 
 to enter into the RufTian fervice; but this he declined. He then went to Madrid, 
 where he obtained a commiflion in the Irifli brigades, commanded by the duke of 
 Ormond, and afterwards accompanied the duke of Liria, who was fcnt ambafla- 
 dor extraordinary to Ruffia. By this nobleman Mr. Keith was recommended to the 
 czarina, who promoted him to the rank of her lieutenant-general, and invefl:ed him 
 ■with the order of the Black Hagle. Some time after, ilie Turks, invading the 
 Ukrain, on the fide of Ruflia, the cmprefs fent two armies to oppofe them ; one 
 of which, under tlie command of count Munich, marched for Oczakow, which 
 was invelled and taken chiefly by the valour and condud of Mr. Keith. 
 
 He diflinguiflu'd himfelf on feveral occafions during the war with the Swedes. 
 It muft be remembered too, that he had no inconfiderable fliare in bringing about 
 that extraordinary revoluiion, wlicn the emprefs Elizabeth, the daughter of Perer 
 the Great, was raifed to the throne. Tie was likewifc employed by the Rufllans in 
 fcveral embalfics : but at length finding the honours of that country no better than 
 H. fplendid Icrvitude, he went to PrufTia, where he was received by the king with all 
 
 pofTibl*
 
 K E N N. 423 
 
 poffible marks of elleem, and was made governor of Berlin, and field-marflial of 
 the Prudian armies. His majeQy honoured him with fo great a Ihare of his con- 
 fidence, as to travel with him in difguife over a confidcrable part of Germany, 
 Poland, and Hungary. In bufinefs he made him his chief coiinfellor, in his diver- 
 fions his conftant companion. This brave and experienced general, after having 
 lignalized his courage and military capacity in the wars of that illuftrious monarch, 
 was killed in the unfortunate battle of Hohkerchen, in the year 1758. 
 
 KEMPTHORNE (Sir John) a gallant Englifh admiral, was born at Widf- 
 combe, in Devonfhire, in the year 3620, and was put apprentice to the captain 
 of a trading veflcl belonging to TopflTam. He obtained an extraordinary degree 
 of knowledge in his proteffion, by which, and the favour of his mafter, he grew 
 into great credit with the mort eminent traders in Exeter, in whole fervice he made 
 feveral voyages into the Mediterranean. In the beginning of the war with Spain, 
 he was attacked by a large Spanifh man of war, commanded by a knight of 
 Malta, and defended himlcif gallantly till all his ammunition was fpent, when re- 
 membering that he had feveral large bags or pieces of eight on board, he thought 
 they might better ferve to annoy, than to enrich the enemy, and therefore or- 
 dered his men to load their guns with filver, which did fuch execution on the Spa- 
 niard's rigging, that if his own fliip had not been difabled by an unlucky (hot, he 
 had in all probability got clear. At laft, however, overpowered by numbers, he 
 was boarded, taken, and carried into Malaga. I he knight to whom he was prifo- 
 ner, generoufly treated him with the utmoft civility and kindnefs, carried him 
 home to his own houfe, and commended his valour to every body ; and fome time 
 after fent him to England. On the credit of this adtion, captain Kempthorne 
 laid the foundation of his fubfequent fortune. Some years after, the knight of 
 Malta was taken in the Streights, by commodore Ven, and brought prifoner to 
 England, where he was committed to the Tower. This afforded our captain aa 
 opportunity of returning the civilities he had receivetl, and of procuring the knight's 
 liberty, which he did; and he alio furnilbed him, at his own expence, with every 
 thing neceflary for his return to Spain. 
 
 After the Reftoration, captain Kempthorne was advanced to the Mary Rofe, a 
 man of war of forty-eight guns, in which he was fcnt to convoy a confidcrable fleet 
 of merchant-men into the Streights: during the voyage he met with a fquadron 
 of I'cven Algerine pirates, when, by his prudence and courage, he preferved all 
 the vefiels under his care, and obliged the enemy to flieer off, after leaving behind 
 them feveral of their men, who had boarded the Mary Rofe, whom he brought 
 into Fnghind. Upon the duke of Alb.-marle's taking the command of the fleet 
 in 1C66, in the firfl Dutch war, he carried one of the flags -, and in the fucceed- 
 ing war, ferved as rear-admiral, and obtained the honour of knighthood. He 
 was afterwards made commiflioner of the navy at Portfmouth, and died on the 
 19th of October, 1679, in the fifty-ninth year of his ago. 
 
 KENN (Thomas) bidiop of r>ath and Wells, was the fun of Mr. Thomas Kenn, 
 of Furnival's Inn, London, and was born at Berkhampflead, in Hertford 111 ire, 
 in July 1637. He was educated at Winchefler fchool, and at the univerfity of 
 Oxford ; and having taken orders, he became domellic chaplain to Dr, Morley, 
 hilTiop of Winchefler, who gave him feveral preferments. In 1671;, which was 
 the year of the Jubilee, he tra^^illed to Rome, and in 1679 took the degree of 
 
 do(.^or
 
 424 
 
 KING. 
 
 doiftor of divinity. He was afterwards appointed by king Charles II. to attend 
 lord Dartmouth at the demolilhing of Tangier, and upon his return was made 
 chaplain lo his majelly, as he had been before to the princefs of Orange, who re- 
 fided in Holland. " While he was chaplain to that princefs," fdys ^ir. Granger, 
 " he obliged one of the prince's favourites to perform his contraft, by marrying a 
 vounCT Ijdy of the princefs's train, whom he had fcduocd by means of that contraft. 
 Tliis gave great offence to the prince. But Charles II. was not offended at his re- 
 ligious intrepidity, in peremptorily refufingto admit Nell Gwynn into his lodging?, 
 when the court was at Wincheller : on the contrary, he foon atter made h:m a 
 bifhop. 1 he king's good fenle told him, though the prince of Orange's did nor, 
 that if a man is really a Chridian, his conduft ought to be uniformly confident 
 with that charafler -, and that principles of confcience are of too llubborn a nature 
 to yield, even in courts, to modes of compiaifance." 
 
 On the 25th of January, 1684-5, ^'"- Kf"" was confecrated bifhop of Badi and 
 Wells, and the following month attent'ed king Charles H. on his c'e.ith-bed, and 
 did his utmoft to awaken his confcience. Bilhop Burnet fays he fpoke on that 
 occafion -with great elevation ol- thought and expreflion, like a man inlpircd. 
 In the next reign, he zealoufly oppofcd the progrefs of popery, and on the 8th 
 of June, j688, he, with five other bifhops, and the archbilhop of Canterbury, 
 was committed prifoner to the Tower of London, for fubfcribing a petition to king 
 James, againft the declaration of mdulgence. However, upon the Revolution, he 
 refufed to take the oaths to king \N illiam and queen iVlary, on which account he 
 was deprived of his bifhopnc. He lived after his deprivation with lord Weymouth, 
 at Longleat in V. iltfliire, where he fpent the iireatett p.irt ot his time in retirement, 
 •which he well knew how to enjoy. \^ hen he wasafflifted with the colic, to which 
 he was very fubjedt, he frequently amufed himfelf wirh writing verfes. Hence 
 fome of his pious poems are cnti led Anodyne"--, or the Alleviation of Pain. 1 here 
 is a proia.c riatncis m his herux poem called Eiimund, but fome cf his hymns 
 and other compofitions have more of the fpirit of poetry, and give us an idea 
 of that devotion which animated the author. Her majefty queen Anne beftowed 
 on him a penfion of two hundred p unds per annum till his death, which hap- 
 pened on the 19th of March, 171 i. He alfo publifhed, i A Manual of Prayers: 
 2. An t'xpofition of the Church Catechifm : 3. Directions for Prayer : 4. Several 
 Sermons, &cc. 
 
 KING (Sir Peter) baron of Ockham, and lord high-chancelbr of Great 
 Britain, was born in the year 1669 at Exeter, in which city his father, Mr. Jeroni 
 King, was an eminent grocer and falter ; but, though a man of confiderable fub- 
 ilance, and deicended from a good family, he determined to bring up his fon to 
 his own trade; and accordingly, having given him fuch an education as was 
 fuitable to that dcfign, he took him into his bufinefs, and kept him to the fhop 
 for fome years. However, the fon, having a ilr ng inclination to learning, took 
 all opportunities of gratifying his paffion ■, and, being happily endued with a genius 
 greatly fuperior to his birth and breeding, he bri.ke through the difadvantages 
 of his education. In this fpirit he pui chafed books with what money he could 
 fpare, and, devoting every moment of his leifure hours to ftudy, he became an 
 excellent fcholar before any body fufpecled it. Thus improved, he happened to 
 fall into the company of the celebrated Mr. John Locke, to whom he was re- 
 lated ;
 
 KING. 
 
 425 
 
 lated ; and that geiulenan, after fomedifcourfe, being greatly furprifed and pleafcd 
 wi:h the prodigious advances he had made in literature, advifed him to go to 
 Leyden, in order to perfeft himlclf therein. From rhli time he began to look 
 abroad into the world; and, oblerving the favourable turn given to the views of 
 the diflcnters by the Revolution in ^688, he begin to entertain hopes of their ob- 
 taining an eftabiifhment in the ftate, joiniiy with the church of England, by a com- 
 prehcnfion. Animated with this prolpeit, he took xhe pains of collecting all 
 fuch paflages of the fathers, in the three firrt centuries, as might be of fcrvice to 
 tiiat end; and, having digeftcd them into or.ier. with proper remarks, hepubliflicd 
 the firft part of the work in i6yi, oftavo, with this title : " An Inquiry into the 
 Conftitution, Difcipline, Unity, and Worfhip, of the Primitive Church, that 
 flourifhtd within the firft three hundred years after Chrill : Faithfully collcded out 
 of the extant writings of thofe ages." Not long after, he fent into the world the 
 fecond part of this Inquiry. 
 
 After his return from Leyden, he entered himfclf a ftudeiit of the Inner- Tem* 
 pie, refolving to chufe the law for his profeffion, by the advice of his learned 
 kmfman Mr. Locke. He was endowed with good parts and indefatigable induitry ; 
 two qualities which, when united in one perfon, never fail of raifing him to a de- 
 gree of eminence in any kind of learning that he applies to. Accordingly, Mr. 
 King had not been many years at the Temple, when he had acquired as high a 
 reputation for his fkiU in the law, as he had before for his knowledge in divinity. 
 In 1699 be obtained a feat in the houfe of commons as reprefcntative for the bo- 
 rough of Beer-Alfton in Devonfhire; and the fame honour was continued to him, 
 not only in the enfuing, which was the laft parliament of king William, but alfo 
 in the five fucceeding parliaments during the reign of queen Anne. In the mean 
 time, as the fubjeft of his theological treatife, already mentioned, had led him 
 occafionally to look into the origin of the Apoltles Creed, in order to find out the 
 defign of the primitive fathers of the church in compiling it ; fo he could not think 
 of lofing all the pains he had taken, efpecially in a favourite ftudy ; wherefore in« 
 dulging his natural inclination, he employed his leifurc hours in purfuing that en» 
 quiry, and, having at length completed his coUedlions, as well as the neceflary re- 
 marks upon them, he digefted the whole into a proper method, and publiflied it 
 in 1702, in oftavo, under the title of " The Hiftory of the Apoftles Creed, with 
 critical Obfervations on its fcveral Articles." Ihe learning and judgment mani- 
 fcfted in this treatife furprifed the world equally at leaft with that of his former 
 piece in theology; infomuch that one of our bifhops, a prelate dillinguilhed for 
 his erudition, being perfuaded it could hardly be any thing better than a wretched 
 rhapfody out of feveral difcourlt's on the fubjedl before printed, and tfpccially 
 bifhop Pearfon's Expofition of the Creed, who feemed to have exhaulled that 
 matter, took it up, and began to read it with this difadvantageous prcpoffefllon ; 
 but he was foon convinced of his miftake, and his injurious prejudice was turneJ 
 into admiratbn'at the fight of fo many curious things in this hiftory, not to be 
 met with in Dr. Pearfon, without finding any thing borrowed from that writer's 
 Expofition. However, after this, our author found himfclf under a neccfllty of 
 dropping al) further purluits in his beloved ftudy. 1 he great bufinefs which hia 
 abilities as a lawyer brought into his hands, left him no time to fpare for it; anci^ 
 in 3' few years, his merit in the law was diftinguilhcd by fome advantageous 
 honooTS. Upon the death of Sir Salathiei Lovel, the lord-mayor and aldermen 
 «i the city of Londpn cho(^ him recorder, July 27, 1708 ^ and he was knighted 
 
 6 Q. ^y
 
 426 KNOX. 
 
 by queen Anne on the 12th of September following. In 1709 he was appointed 
 one of tlie managers of the houfe of commons at the trial of Dr. Sachcverel ; 
 and, on the accelTion of George I. to the throne, the lord Trevor being removed 
 from the firfl feat in the court of Common-Pleas, Sir Peter King fucceeded him ia 
 the poft of lord chief-juftice of that court, in Michaelmas term 1714. He was 
 foon after fworn of the privy-council; and on the 2yA\ of May, 1725, was 
 created a peer of England,, by the title of lord King, baron of Ockham in tiurry ; 
 and the great foal, being taken fiom the earl of Macclesfield, was dcliv^ercd to 
 our new-created peer on the ill of June ibllowing, with the title of lord high chan- 
 cellor. He is not thought to have made that figure upon this bench which was 
 expedted from the charafler that raifed him to it; for it is laid, that more of his 
 decrees were repealed by the houfe of lords, than of any other chancellor io the 
 fame fpace of time. However, he took extraordinary pains in difcharging theba- 
 finefs of his office, which impairing his conllitution, brought him at lall into a pa- 
 ralytic diforder ; and his ditlcmper increafing, he rcfigned the feals on the 26i;h of 
 November, 1733, and his life on tlie 2 ad of July following. 'Jhc diftinguillaing 
 marks of lord King's character were profound learning, acute judgment, great 
 benevolence, and uncommon induftryr 
 
 KNOX (John) the principal diredtor of the reformation in the Scottifli church, 
 •was defcended of an ancient and honourable family ; and was born, in the year 
 150;;, at Gifi^ord, near Hadingtoun, m the county of liall Lothian, in Scotland. 
 He received the firlt part of his education in the grammar-fchool of Hading- 
 toun, and from thence was removed to the univcrliiy of St. Andrews, where 
 he was placed under the tuition of Mr. John Mair; and applied himftlf with 
 fuch uncommon diligence to the academical learning then in vogu?, that, in a 
 fhort time, and while yet very young, he obtained tlie degree of mailer of arts. 
 As the bent of his inclination led h:m ftrongly to the church, he turned the 
 courfe of his (ludies' early that way; and, by the advantage of his tutor's in- 
 tlruftions, foon became remarkable for his knowledge in fcholaltic theology ; io 
 that he took priell's orders before the period ufually allowed by the canons, and 
 began to tench, with great applaufc, his beloved iVicnce. But, after fume time, 
 upon a careful perufal of the fathers of the church, and particularly the writings 
 of St. Jerom and St. Audin, his tafte was entirely altered. He quitted the fub- 
 tilty of the fchool?, and applied to a plainer and more folid divinity.- Ai his 
 entrance upon this new courfe of fludy, he attended the preaching of. Thoma^ 
 Guilliam, a black friar, whofe fermons were of extraordinary fcivice to him. 
 This friar was provincial of his order in 1543, when the earl of Arran, then 
 regent of Scotland, favoured the reformation ; and Mr. George Wilhart, men- 
 tioned in our life of cardinal Beaton, coming from England in the fuccccding 
 year, with the commiflioners fent from king Henry Vlll, Knox, being of an 
 inquifitive pature, learned from him the principles of the Protcftaiits; with which 
 he was fo pleafcd, that he renounced the Romifh religion, and became a ze.;lcus 
 reformer, having lett Sr. Andrews a little before, on being appointed tutor to the 
 tons of the lairds of Ormillon and Languidry. 
 
 Mr. Knox's ordinary refidence was at Languidry, where he not only inflructed 
 his pupils in the feveral branches of learning, but was particularly carelul to inftii 
 into their minds the principles of piety and the protcllant religion : bur this coming 
 to the cars of the archbilhop of St. Andrews, that prelate perfedutcd ^ini with 
 
 fuck
 
 KNOX. 
 
 4*r 
 
 fttch feverity, tlwt he wa? frequently obliged to abfcond, and fly from place 
 to place. Wearied witli thefe continual dangers, he refolved to retire to Germany,, 
 where the new opinions were fpreading very faft; knowing that in England, 
 lliough the pope's authority was lupprelTed, yet the greater part of his doftrine 
 i;emained in fviU vigour. But this dcfign being much diflilced by the fathers of 
 both his pupils, i.hey, by their importunity, prevailed with him to go to St. An- 
 drews in the beginning of the year 1547, where he foon after accepted a preacher's 
 place. He now difcharged with great diligence all the duties, of his minifterial 
 fundlion, till July in that year, when the caftle of St. Andrews, in which he re- 
 fided, was furrendercd to the Fiench; and then he was carried with the garrifon 
 into France. He remained a prifoner on board the gallies till the latter end of the 
 year 1549; v^hen, being ict at liberty, he travelled to England j and repairing to 
 London^, was there liccnfed, and appointed preacher, firft at Berwick and next at. 
 Newcaftle. During this employ, he received a fummons, in i^^^i, to appear be- 
 fore Cuthbert To.Tllal, bifljop of Durham, for preaching againft the mafs. In. 
 J552 he was appointed chaplain to king Edward VI ■, it being thought proper, 
 as Mr. Strype relates, that the king lliould retain fix chaplains in ordinary, who 
 fliould not only attend on him, but be itineraries, and preach the golpel over all 
 the nation. 
 
 About this time the council fent to Cranmer, archbifliop of Canterbury, to be- 
 llow upon Mr. Knox the living of AUhallow?, in London, which accordingly was 
 offfcred him i but he rcfufcd it, not Being willing to conform to the Englifli li- 
 turgy as it then flood. However, he ftill held his place of itinerary preacher v. 
 and, in the difcharge of that office, going to Buckinghamfhire, was greatly pleafed 
 with his i-eception at fome towns, particularly at Amerlham in that county ; and 
 he continued to preach there, and at other places, fome time after queen Mary's 
 accefTion to the throne. But in February, 1554, he left England, and, crofflng 
 the f<^a to Dieppe, went from thence to Geneva-, where he had not been long, 
 -when he was called by the congregation of the Englifh refugees, then eflablillicd 
 at Franckfort, to be their preacher. This vocation he obeyed, though unwilling- 
 Jy at the command of John Calvin : and he continued at f^ranckfort till fome of 
 the principal perfons of his congregation, finding it impofiible to perfuade him ta 
 ufc the EnCTlilli liturgy, refolved to procure his removal from the place. In that 
 view, they accufed him to the magiflrates of treafon, committed both againfl their 
 fovereion, the emperor of Germany, and alfo againft their own fovereign in Eng- 
 land, queen Mary •, and the magiflrates, not having it in their power to fave him, 
 if he fhould'be required, cither by the emperor, or, in his name, by queen Mary, 
 gave him private notice thereof j which he no fooner received, than he fet out 
 for Geneva, where he arrived on the 26th of March, I'gss, but Clayed there only 
 till Auc^uft following ■, when he paid a vifit to Scotland. Upon his arrival there, 
 finding the profcflbrs of the reformed religion much increafed in number, and 
 formed into a fociety under the inl'pedlion of fome teachers, he affociated himfclf 
 with them, and preached to them. Prefently after this, he accompanied one of 
 them, the laird of Dun, to his feat in the north ; where he flayed a month, preach- 
 ing daily to confiderable numbers who reibrted thither ; among whom were the 
 chief gentlemen in that country. In the winter of 1555, he taught for the moll 
 part in Edinburgh. About Chrlrtmas, 1556, he went into the well of Scotland, 
 at the defire of fome proteflant gentlemen, and preached in many places in Kyle. 
 
 The popiih clergy being greatly alarmed at this fuccefs of Mr. Knox, in pro- 
 moting
 
 •4^1 K"N O X. 
 
 mot'ing the prolel^ant caufe, fummoned him to appear before them In the diurch 
 of Black-Friars in Edinburgh, on the 15th of May, 1556; and fcveral gentlemen 
 of diflinftion, among whom was tlie laird of Dun, refolving to Hand by him, he 
 determined to obey the fiimmons. But the profecucion was dropped when the 
 bilhops perceived fuch a confiderable party in his favour. However, he went to 
 Edinburgh on the day on which he was cited, where he preached to a very nu- 
 merous audience; and in the bifhop of Dunlveld's houfe he taught, both before 
 and after noon, to great numbers, for ten days. At this time, the earl of Glen- 
 cairn prevailed with the carl marifchal, and his truftce Henry Drummond, to 
 hear one of Mr. Knox's fcrmons. They were extremely well fatisfied with his dif- 
 courfe, and propofed to him to write to the queen-regent an earneO letter, to per- 
 Uiade her, if pofTiblc, to. hear the proteftant doflrine. He complied with their 
 defire, and wrote to her in May, 1556. The letter was delivered by the earl of 
 Glencairn. The queen read it, and gave it to the archbilhop of Glalgow, with 
 this farcaftic exprclTion, " Pleafe you, my lord, to read a pafquil ?" 
 
 While our reformer was thus occupied in Scotland, he received letters from 
 the Englifh congregation at Geneva, earneftly entreating him to come thither. Ac- 
 cordingly, in July, 1556, he left Scotland, went firft to Dieppe, and from thence 
 to Geneva. He had no fooner turned his back, than the bilhops fummoned him 
 bi:fore them ; and, upon his non-appearance, they pafled fentence againlt him for 
 herefy, and burned him in effigy at the crofs of Edinburgh. On the tenth of 
 March, 1557, fevernl noblemen, the chief promoters of the reformation at thaC 
 time in Scotland, judging their affairs to be in a pretty good pofture, and being 
 fenfiblc of the ufefulnefs of Mr. Knox for the purpofe, fcnt him an exprefs, ear- 
 neftly defiring him to return home. When this letter came to his hands, he imme- 
 diately communicated it to his congregation, who were very unwilling to part with 
 him ;'but, having confulted Mr. Calvin and other minifters, they gave it as their 
 opinion, that He could notrefufe fuch a call, unlcfs he would declare himfelf re- 
 bellious to God, and unmerciful to his country. The congregation, upon this, 
 agreed to his departure ; and he wrote back by the mefTengers who brought tho 
 letter, that he would return to Scotland with all reafonable expedition. He left 
 Geneva at the end of September, and, on the 24th of Odlober, arrived at Dieppe. 
 There he unexpeftedly met with letters from Scotland, informing him that Tew 
 confultaiions were entered into, and advifing him to ftay at Dieppe till the conclu- 
 fion of them. This was alfo farther explained in another letter, direded to a 
 friend of Mr. Knox, wherein he was told, that many of thofe who had before 
 joined in the invitation, began to be inconrtanr, and to draw back. Upon the re- 
 ceipt of thefe advices, Mr. Knox wrote an expodulatory letrer to the lords who 
 had invited him, wherein he denounced judgments againft fuch as fliould be in- 
 conftant in the religion they now proftfied. Befides which, he wrote leveral other 
 letters from Diepj^e, both to the nobility and inferior profeffors of the reformed 
 religion, exhorting them to conflrancy in that dodtrine, and giving fome ufeful 
 cautions againft the errors of feftaries. 
 
 Mr. Knox returned to Geneva in the beginning of 1558, and the fame year he 
 printed thtrc his treatife, entitled. The Firft Blaft of the Trumpet againft the mon- 
 ft:rous Government of Women*. He defigned to have written a fubfequent piece, 
 •which was to have been called The Second Blaft; but queen Mary of lifiglandi | 
 
 • This pamphlet was le%'cllcd at the qweens of Esglsnd and Scetland, . 
 
 ^ dying
 
 KNOX. 429 
 
 dying foon after, and he having a great efteem for queen Elizabeth, whom he 
 looked upon as an inilrument raifed up, by the providence of God, for the good 
 of the Protefliants, he went no farther. In 1559 he refolved to return to his na- 
 tive country ; and, having a Ilrong defire, in his way thither, to vifit thofe in Eng- 
 land, to whom he had formerly preached the gofpei, he applied to Sir William 
 Cecil, his old acquaintance, to procure leave for that purpofe. But this petition 
 was ib far from being granted, that the meffenger, whom he fcnt to folicit that 
 favour, very narrowly efcaped imprifonmenr. Hereupon he made the bell of his 
 way to Scotland, where he ariived on the id of May, 1559 ; and was very aiftive 
 in promoting the reformation there, as appears from the fecond book of his Hif- 
 tory, which contains a full account of his conduft till the Proteflants were obliged 
 to :'p[)ly to England. For carrying on which tranfaflion, in July this year, h& 
 was appointed to meet Sir William Cecil incognito at Stamford -, but his journey 
 being retarded by the danger of pafiing near the French, who lay at Dunbar, he 
 was afterwards lent, in company with Mr. Robert Hamilton, another proteftanC 
 miniiler, to negotiate thcfe affairs bciween the Proteftants in Scotland and queen 
 Eliz.^.bcth. When they came to Berwick, they remained Ibme days with Sir James 
 Crofts, the governor, who undertook to manage their bufmefs for them, and ad- 
 vifed them to return home, which they did. Secretary Cecil fent alfo an anfwer 
 to the proteflant nobility and gentry, concerning their propofals to queen Eliza- 
 beth ; which was fo general that they were very near refolving to break off the ne- 
 gotiation, had not Mr. Knox interpofed witli lb much earneftnefs that they allowed 
 him to write once more to the fecret.iry. To this letter there was quickly fent an 
 anfwer, deliring that fome perfons of credit might be fent to confer with the En- 
 glifh at Berwick; and the fame letter informed them, that there was a fum of mo- 
 ney ready to be delivered for carrying on the common caufe ; affuring them, that, 
 if the lords of the congregation were willing to enter into a league with queen 
 Elizabeth, upon honourable terms, they ffiould neither want men nor money. In 
 confequencc of this anfwer, Mr, Henry Ealnavers, a man well refpecled in both 
 kingdoms, was fent to Berwick, who foon returned wirh a fum of money, which 
 defrayed the public expence till Noveiiiberiwiien John Cockburn of Onnitlon, being 
 fent for afecond fupply, received it, but fell into the hands of the earl of Bothwell, 
 who took the money from him. The effedt of thefe negotiations was, the fending 
 of an army under the command of the duke of Norfolk ; which being joined 
 by almoft all tlie great men in Scotland, at l;tll: a peace was concluded between the 
 two knigdoms, on the (:]ih of July, 1560. 1 he congregationcrs being freed by 
 this peace from any dilb.irbance, made ievcral regulations towards propagating and 
 ellabliffung the new religion ; and, in order to have the reformed doctrine preached 
 throughout the kingdom, a divilion was made thereof in:o twelve dillrids, (for 
 the whole number of the rrformtd minifters at this time was only twelve -J wliereby 
 the dillrift of Fninburgh was affigned to Mr. Knox. Thefe twelve minifters 
 compofed a confelTion ot faitli, whicii was afterwards ratified by parliament. They 
 iilfo comuiled the firft books of difcipline for that church. In January, i^6i, 
 we Had .vJr. Knox cnga^^ed in a dil'pute, c ;nccrning the controverted points of 
 religion, againft Mr. Alexander Anderlbn, fub-principal of the king's college at 
 Aberdeen, and Mr. Ji.hn Ledey, afterwards bifhop of Rofs. On the loth of Au- 
 gult following, Mary, queen of Scots, arriveil at Leiih from France, and imme- 
 diacl/ fet up a private m.ifs in her own chapel ; which afterwards, by her pro- 
 tedion and countenance, was much frequented. This excited the zeal of Mr, Knox, 
 
 5 R who
 
 ^30 K N O X. 
 
 who exprciTccI h-mfclf w'tli great wVrMh a^ainft aUo<^ing it; anxl .in aft of tlie 
 privy-council being proclaimed at the ma'rkec-crofs of Edinburgh, cti the 25th of 
 that month, forbidding any diP.urbancc to be given to this pradice, under pain of 
 death, Mr. Knox openly, in his rcrmon the Sunday follov.ing, deckred, that one 
 hiafs W£S more frightful to him than ten tl oufand armed enemies larded in any 
 pait of the realm. This freedom of Tpeech gave great offence to the courr, and 
 the queen hcrlcif had a long conference with him upon that and other fubjefls. 
 In 1362 he was appointed by the general aflembly, commiffioncr to therountics 
 of Kyle and Gallow.-y. At this time he accepted a challenge, made by an eminent 
 pcrfon among the Papifts, to a public difputation upon the inals, which continued 
 the fj-iace of three days, and was afterwards printed. In the beginning of the 
 queen's firfl; parliament, Mr. Knox endeavoured to excite the earl of Murray to 
 appear with zeal and courage to get the articles of Leith cftabliflied bv law; but 
 ifinding him cooler than he expected, there followed a bre.ich between them, wliich 
 continued for a year and a half: and, after the bill was rejected, the parliament 
 not being diflblved, he preached a fcrmon before a great many of the members, 
 wherein he cxpreflTed his fenfe of that matter with vchemency ; and, at the ciofe, 
 declared his abhorrence of the queen's marrying a papift. This highly offended 
 the court; and her majefly, fending for him, expreffed much palTion, and thought 
 to have puniflied him, but was prevailed upon to dcfift at thnt time. The enfuing 
 year, lord Darnley being married to the queen, was advifcd by the Protef^ants 
 about court to hear Mr. Kncx preach, as thinking it would contribute much to 
 procure the good-will of the people. At their defire he went, on the 19th of 
 Auguft, to the high church; but was fo mucli offended at the fermon, that he com- 
 plained to the council, who immediately ordered Mr. Knox bcfor* them, and for- 
 bid him to preach for feveral d.iys. The general aflcinbiy, which met in Decem- 
 ber this year, in their fourth fefllon, appointed Mr. Knox to draw up a confolatory 
 letter in their name, to encourage the minifters to continue in their vocations, which 
 many were under temptation to leave for want of fubfifl-ance ; and to exhort the 
 profcfibrs of the realm to lupply their neccfTities. He was alio appointed by this 
 alfembly to vific, preach, and plant, the kirks of the fouth, till the next affeiiibly, 
 and to temain as long as he could at that work. He requefied tl.e general af- 
 fembiy, which met at Edinburgh, in December, 1566, that he might have leave 
 to go CO England to vifit two of his fons, and for other necclTary affairs in that 
 kingdom ; and the members being inforn'.cd, that fome worthy and learned tuvines 
 in lingland were profecuted by the bifnops, becaule they rcfufcd to ufe the cc- 
 clcfiaftical habits, caufed a letter to be written, and fent by Mr. Knox, wherein, 
 •with great earneflnefs, they ent.'eated, that they would deal gently with fuch mi- 
 niflers as were fcrupulous. 
 
 In 1567 Mr. Knox preached a fermon at the coronation of king James ^'^ 
 of Scotland. This year is very remarkable in Scotland, on account of the great 
 turn of affairs there by queen Mary's refignirg the government, and by the ap- 
 pointment "of the earl of Murray to be regent. The firft parliament which was 
 called by the earl met on the i5!h of December. It was a very numerous con- 
 vention of all the cltatcs, and Mr. Knox preached a very zealous fermon at the 
 opening of it; and he was extremely afHidted at th'e regent's death in 1569. In 
 i^yi, the Hamiltons and others, who had entered into a combination againft the 
 earl of Lenox, then regent, began to fortify the town of Edinburgh. While 
 they were thus employed, a council was held by .them in the caltle on the 4th of 
 
 Mayj
 
 k: K X. 
 
 +Sr 
 
 May; where the laird of Grange, captain of the ciflle, propofod that they fhouM 
 give Security for tlie perfon of Mr. Knox, which was alio mucli defired by the 
 town's people. The Hamiltons aniwered, That they could not promife him fc- 
 curity upon their honour, becaufe there were many in the town who loved him nor, 
 btrfides other diforderly people that might do him harm without their knowledge. 
 Upon this anfwer, which plainly fhewed no good intention to Mr. Knox, his friends 
 in the town, with Mr. Craig, his coUegue, at their head, entreated him to leave 
 the place; in compliance with their requcfts, he left Edinburgh on the 5th of 
 May ; he went firft to Abbotfhall in Fife, and thence to St. Andrews, where he 
 remained till Auguft 1572. This year there was a convention of the miniflcrs at 
 Leith, where it was agreed, that a certain kind of epifcopacy fhould be introduced 
 into the church, which was zealoudy oppofed by our reformer. The troubles of 
 the country being much abated, and the people of Edinburgh, who had been ob- 
 liged to leave it, being returned, they fent two of their number to St. Andrews, 
 to invite Mr. Knox to return to them, and to afk his advice about the choice of 
 another minifter to afiin; him during the time of the troubles. 'J'he fuperintendant 
 of Lothian was with them, when they prelented the letter; which when Mr. Knox 
 had perufed, he confented to return, upon this condition, that he fliould not be 
 defired in any fort to ceafe fpeaking againlt the treafonable dealings of thofe who 
 held out the callle of Edinburgh ; and this he defired them to fignify to all their 
 brethren, left they fliould afterwards repent ; and, after his return, he repeated 
 thefc words more than once, to his friends there, before he entered the pulpit j 
 they anfwercd, that they never meant to put a bridle on his tengue, but delired 
 iiim to fpeak according to his confcience, as in former times. They alfo requefted 
 his advice upon the choice of a miniller; and, after fome debates, they agreed 
 upon Mr. James Lawlon, fub-principal of the king's college at Aberdeen. Mr. 
 Knox left St. Andrews on the 17th of Auguft, and arrived at Leith on the 23d, 
 On the iaft day of that month, he preached in the great kirk; but his voice was 
 become very weak, and therefore he defired another place to teach in, where his 
 voice might be heard ; which w.is granted : after this Mr. Knox continued to preach 
 in the Tolbooth as long as he had ftrength ; but his health received a great Ihoclc 
 from the news of the mallacre of the proteftants at Paris, about this time. How- 
 ever, he introduced it into his next fermon, with his ufual denunciation of God's 
 vengeance thereon, which he defired the French ambaflador, monfieur La Crocque, 
 might be acquainted v.'iih. On Sunday November the 9th 1572, he admitted 
 Mr. Lawfon a miniftcr of Edinburgh. But his voice was lo weak, that very few 
 could hear him ; he declared the mutual duty befAcen a minifter and his flock; 
 he praifed God, that had given them one in his room, who was now unable 
 to teach, and defired that God might augment Iiis graces to him a thoufand- 
 fold above that which he had, if it were his pleafure, and ended with pronouncing 
 the blefting. During his illnefs he was vifitcd occafionaliy by the earl of Morton, 
 and others of the principal nobility and gentry. He died on the 24th of Novem- 
 ber, 1572, and was interred on the 26th, his corpfe being attended by fcveral 
 lords who were then at Edinburgh, particularly the earl of Morron, that dav 
 chofen regent of Scotland, who, as foon as he was laid in his grave, faid, *' There 
 lies he, who in his life never feared the face of a man ; who has been often threaten- 
 ed with dag and dagger, but yet has ended his days in peace and honour: for 
 he had God's providence watching over him in a fpccial manner, when his vei) 
 life was fought." 
 
 " John 
 
 ■"O
 
 431 L A M B R U N. 
 
 " John Knox (fays Mr. Granger) was a rigid Calvinift, and the moft violent 
 of the reformers. His intrepid zeal and popular eloquence qualified him for the 
 great work of reformation in Scotland, which perhaps no man of that age was equal 
 to but himfelf. He affefled the dignity of the apollolic char.>(5ter, but departed 
 widely from the meekr.efs of it. He even dared to call the queen of Scots Jeze- 
 bel to her face, and to denounce vengeance againft her from the pulpit. He was 
 author of fevcral hot pieces of controverfy, and ocher theological works : he alfo 
 wrote a Hiflory of the Keformation of the Church of Scotland, from 1421 to 
 
 The learned and ingenious Dr. Robertfon has dra'An a favourable pifture ot 
 Mr. Knox, and obfcrves, that " zeal, intrepidity, difinterelk-dnefs, were virtues 
 ■which he pofllfied in an eminent degree. He was acquainted too with the learn- 
 ing ciiuivatcd in that age; and excelled in tiiat Ijiecics of eloquence which is cal- 
 culated to roufe and to inflame. His maxims, however, were often too fcvcre, 
 and the impetuofity of his temper excelTive. Rigid and uncomplying himfelf, he 
 ihewed no mdukence to the infirmities of others. Keg;ardlefs of the d-ftinftions 
 of rank and charader, he uttered his admonitions with an acrimony and vehemence, 
 more apt to irritate than to reclaim ; and this often betrayed him into indecent 
 exprefiions, with refpedt to queen Mary's perfon and cOiiducl. Thofe very quali- 
 ties, however, which now render his charaiRer lefs amiable, fitted him to be the 
 inflrument of providence for advancing the reformation among a fierce people, and 
 enabled him to face clangers, and to furmou.nt oppolnion, from which a prrfon of 
 a more gentle fpirit would have been ape to fhnnk back. By an unwearied ap- 
 plication to ftudy and to bufincfs, as well as by the frequency and fervour of his 
 public difcourfes, he had worn out a conflitution naturally ilrong. buring a linger- 
 ing illnefs, he difcovered the utmoft fortitude ; and met the approaches of death 
 with a magnanimity infeparable from his charadter. He was conltantly employed 
 in afts of devotion, and comforted himfelf with thofe prolpe(fls of immortality, 
 •vvhicii not only prefcrve good men trom defponding, but fill them with exultation 
 in their laft moments." 
 
 L. 
 
 LAMERUN (Margaret) a Scotch woman, remarkable for her intrepidity. 
 She was in the retinue of Mary queen of Scots, as was alfo her hufband, who 
 dying of grirf for the tragical end of that princefs, flie refolvcd to revenge tht 
 death cf both on queen Elizabeth. For this purpofe flie dnfied hcrfclf in rrian's 
 apparel, and aflliniing the name of Anthony Sparke, repaired to the court of En^-- 
 land, carrying about with her a brace of piftols, one to kill Elizabeth, and the 
 other hcrfclf, that flie might not fall into the hands of juftice. But one day, as 
 Ilie was pufhing through the crowd to come up to her majcfty, who wa^ thea 
 walking in her garden, fhe happened to drop one of the pillols, which being ften 
 by the guards, flie was feized, in order to be fcnt to prilbn-, but the queen, not 
 fufpcdir.g her fex, had a mind firll to examine her. Accordingly demanding her 
 name, country, and quality-, flie replied with unfliaken ftcadincis, "Madam, 
 though 1 appear in this drcfs, I am a wom.in. My name is Margaret Lambrun. 
 1 was I'everal years in the fcrvice of queen Mary, whom you have fo unjuftly 
 put to death, and by her death you have alio caufcd that of my hufband, who 
 U:cd of g-cf at I'ccirg fo innocent a queen perifli io in'quitonfly. Now as 1 
 
 iud
 
 LATIMER. 433 
 
 had the greateft Jove for them both, I refolved, at the peril of my life, to revenge 
 their death by killing you, who are the caufe. I confefs, that I have fufFered 
 many ftruggles within my breaft, and hive made all pofTible efforts to divert my 
 refolution •, but I found myfelf neceflitated to prove by experience the truth of 
 that maxim, that neither reafon nor force can hinder a woman from revenge, when 
 impelled to it by love." The queen heard her with the utmoft coolncfs, and 
 calmly anfwered, " You are then perfuaded that in this aftion you have done 
 your duty, and fatisfied the demands which your love for your miflrefs and your 
 fpoufe indifpenfibly required from you ; but what do you think it is my duty to 
 do to you ?" Margaret boldly replied, " I will tell your majefty frankly my opi- 
 nion, provided you will pleafe to let me know, whether you put this qucflion as 
 a queen, or as a judge." Her majefty faying, that it w.is as a queen ; " Then," 
 returned Margaret, " your majefty ought to grant me a pardon. " But what fe- 
 curity can you give me," faid the queen, " that vou will not make the like at- 
 tempt upon fome other occafion ?" " Madam," replied Lambrun, " a favour 
 given under fuch reftraint, is no more a favour, and, in fo doing, your majefty 
 would aft againlt me as a judge" Upon this the queen, turning to fome of 
 her council then prelent, cried, " I have been thirty years a queen, but do not 
 remember to have had fuch a lefture ever read to me before;" and immediately 
 granted the pardon as unconditionally as it was defired, againft the opinion of the 
 prefi-ient ot her council, who obferved, that he thought her majcHy obliged to 
 punifti fo daring an offender. But Margaret alfo requefted the queen to extend 
 her genercfiry one degree farther, by granting her a fafe conduft cue of the king- 
 dom, till Ihe landed on the coaft of France ; to which Elizabeth readily confcnted, 
 
 LATIMER (Hugh) biftiop of Worcefter, and one of the firft reformers of 
 the church of England, was born at Thirkelpjp, in Leiccfterfliire, about the year 
 1470, and iludied at Cambridge. Having entered into pricfts orders, he flievved 
 great warmth and zeal in defence of the popifti tenets, and inveighed publicly 
 and privately againft the reformers. In ftiorr, his zeal was fo remarkable, that 
 the univerfity eletlcd him their crofs-bearer in all public proce.Tions. Among 
 thofe in Cambridge who at this time favoured the Reformation, was Mr. Thomas 
 Bilney, a clergyman, diftingu;ftied by his exemplary piety and humanity; and 
 this gentleman being acquainted with Mr. Latimer, whom he efteemed on account 
 of his probity and fincenty, he, as opportunities offered, fuggeftcd many things 
 to him about corruptions in religion in general, and frequently dropt hints con- 
 cerning fjme in the Romifli church, till having ])reparcd the way, he frankly 
 openetl his mind to him, and concluded with earneftly exhorting him to lay afide 
 his prejudices, and confider with an honeft heart the objeftions urged againft the 
 dodrincs of popery. This had the dcfircd effeiff, and Mr. Latimer no fooner 
 ceafcd being a zealous papift, than, from the fame warmth of conftitution, he be- 
 came a zealous proteftant, and was extremely arTiduous in making converts, both 
 in the town ami univerfity. He preached in public, exhorted in private, and every 
 where preffed the neceffuy of a holy life, in oppofition to thofe outward ceremo- 
 nies which were then efteemed the effentials of religion. The iirft- remarkable 
 oppofition he met with from the popifh party, was occafioned by a courfe of fcr- 
 mo.TS he preached before the univerfity, during the Chriftmas holidays, in which 
 he particularly infiftcd on the great abufe of locking up the Scriptures in an Vin- 
 known tongue, and fhcwed that true religion was fcatcd in the Jieart, and char, 
 
 5 S ill
 
 i^34 I. A T I M E R; 
 
 in corr.parifon with it, external appointments wcrex)f no value. Thcfe difcourrel 
 cccafioncd a great outcry. Mr. Latimer was a preacher of*conCderablc eminence, 
 and began to dilplay uncommon addrcls in adapting his Icrmons to the cjpaCtics 
 of the people. The clergy now thought it high time to oppolc him openly ; and 
 Dr. Biickcnham, prior ot the IM.iclv Fri.irs, ap.icaring in ihe pulpit a few Sun- 
 days after, with great pomp and prolixity, attempted to (licw the dangeious ten- 
 dency of M.''. Latimer's opinions, particularly of the heretical notion of having 
 the Scriptures in Englifh. " If ih.it herefy," faid he, " prevailed, wc fliould fcon 
 fee an end of every thing ufcful among u?. '1 he plough-man reading, that if he 
 put h's hand to the pluiigh, and (hould happen to look, back, he was unfit tor 
 ihc kingdom of God, would focn lay afide his labour. The baker likevufc read- 
 ing, that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump, would give us very infipid bread. 
 The limple man alfo finding himfclf commanded to pluck out his eyes-, in a few 
 ye.us we fliould have the nation full of blind beggars." 
 
 pklr. I atimer could not refill his inclination to expofe this folemn trifler. The 
 whole univerfity met together on Sunday, when it was known Mr. Latimer would 
 preach, and juil before the fermon began, prior Buckenham hiirifclf entered the 
 church, and with an air of importance feated hin'.fclf before the pulpit. Mr. La- 
 timer, with great gravity, recapitulated the dciflot's arguments, placed them in 
 the ftrongcil light, and then rallied theip with fuch a flow of wit and good humour, 
 that without the leafl; appearance of ill-nature, he n-.adc his adverfary in uhc 
 highefl degree ridiculous. He then appealed to the peoj^le on the low elleem in 
 which their holy guides had always held their underftandings -, exprcflcd the ut- 
 moft difpleafure at their being treated with fuch contempt, and wiflied his honell 
 rountrymen m ght only have the ufe of the Scriptures till they fliewed themfelvcs 
 fuch ab'lud interpreters. He concluded his difcourfe with a few obfeivations on 
 Scripture metaphors ; and in fliort, his fermon had fuch an eftedV, that the prior 
 wa* for the future contented to fliut himfeif up in his monaftery. The credit of 
 ■ the Frotclbnc party thus increafed at Cambridge, while Bilney and Latimer were 
 at their head. The popifli clergy, and the heads of college?, were alarmed: fre- 
 quent convocations were held, and the tutors were admonifhed to have a fl;rict eye 
 over their pupils ; but Mr. Laiimer continued to preach, and herefy to fpread. '1 he 
 heads of the popifli party at the univerfity applied to the bifliop of Ely, as their 
 diocefan, who came to Cambridge, and was contented with filcncing Mr. Latimer. 
 But there happened to be thtn a Protcflant prior at Cambridge, viz. Dr. Barnes, 
 of the Auflin Friars ; which m.onaflery being exempt from epifcopal jurifdifbion, 
 he boldly licenfed Mr. Latim.er to preach there. Thither his party followed him ; 
 and the late oppcfition having greatly excited the curioficy of the people, the 
 friars chapel w-s fcon incapable of containing the crowds that attended. Among 
 otheis, the biflinp of b ly was frequently one of his hearers, and was fo ingenuous 
 as to declare, that Mr. Latimer was one of the befl preachers he had ever heard. 
 The credit to his caufe, which our preacher had thus gained in the pulpir, he 
 n'.ai.^rained out of it by a holy life. Mr. Bilr.ey and he, net fatiified with afiinw 
 ur.exceptionably, were daily giving inllances of goodnefs, which malice could not 
 fcandalize, nor envy mifinterpret. The la^^s being now put in execution againft 
 heretics, Bilney, Latiir.er, and one or two more, were fummoned to appear before 
 bifliop Tonflal. Bilney was prevailed upon to recant, but the rcll efcapcd on 
 eafier terms-, and all of them returning to Cambridge, were received with op^n 
 arms by their friends. Bilney, however, filled with remorfe, grew melancholy, 
 
 and
 
 LATIMER. 455 
 
 and three years after, refolving to expiate his abjuration, went to Norfolk, and 
 preaching publicly cgainft popery, was burned at Norwich. His fuflcrings feemed 
 to infpire the leaders of the Reformation at Cambridge with new courage, and 
 Mr. Latimer wrote a letter to the king againfl; a proclamation which had been 
 jurt publiflied, forbidding the ufe of the Bible in Englidi, and other books on re- 
 ligious fubjc(5t^, which the king received with temper, boon afterwards Dr. Butts, 
 the king's [ihyfician, being fent to Cambridge to promote tiie eftablilliment of 
 the king's lupremacy, the zeal Mr. Latimer fliewed 0:1 this occafion, rivetted him 
 in the royal favour, and he obtained a benefice in Wiltdiire, to which he retired, 
 and not only entered on the duty of his parifh, but extended his labouis through- 
 out the country, havi jg obtained a general licenfe for that purpofe from the uiri- 
 vcrfity of Cambridge; and his manner of preaching being very popular, the pul- 
 pits were every where open to him. But the popiHi clergy being foon inflamed 
 againrt him, he was cited by StokeQey bifliop of London to appear before liirn, 
 and on- his appealing to his own ordinary, another citation was obtained out of 
 the archbifhop's court. He fet out for the capital in the depth of winter, under 
 a fevere fit of the flone and colic. On his arrival, he found that inftead of beingr 
 examined as he expcdled about his fermons, a paper was put into his hands, which 
 he was ordered to fubfcribe, declaring Iiis belief in the efficacy of the mafTes for 
 the fouls in purgatory, of prayers to the faints, of pilgrimages to their fcpulchres, 
 &c. buc he refufed to fign it, and was difmifTed with a copy of the articles. 
 He was now regularly fent for three times a-week, and tired out with the moil 
 captious queftions : but at length a (lop was put to their proceedings, by an order 
 from the king. In Scpteiribcr 1535 he was ra;fed to the bifliopric of Worceilcr. 
 It was then ufual for the bifhops to make prefcnts to the king of a purfe of gold, 
 en New-years-day : but Latimer, inftead of the purfe, prefentcd Henry a New 
 Teftament, in which was a leaf doubled down to this paflTage ; " Whoremongers 
 and adulterers God will judge." 'In 1539, when the famous aft of the fix 
 articles was pafieJ, which gave an univerlal alarm to all the favourers of the 
 Reformation, he refigncd his fee, and retired into the country, where he pur- 
 pofed to lead a fequellered life ; but being afterwards bruifed by the fall of a tree, 
 he was obliged to come to London to obtain the affillance of the mod flcilful 
 furgeons. Here he was quickly apprehended, on account of i.is having faid fome- 
 thing againft the fix articles, and fent to the Tower, where, without any jcdicial 
 examination, he futFcred, through one pretence or anorhe--, a fevere imprifonmenc 
 during the laft fix years of king Henry's reign. ]-Iowcver, upon the change of 
 the gpvernment under king Edward VI. he and all others who were imprifoned 
 in the fame caufe, were fet at liberty. He might now have relumed his bifhopric, 
 but this he declined, and fpent above two years with arciibifliop Crunmer at 1 am- 
 beth, where he was chiefly employed in hearing the complaints and redrcnint>- 
 the injuries of the poor. He alfo afTified the archbidiop in compofing the ho- 
 milies which were let forth by authoriiy in the firll year of king Edward. 
 Upon the revolution that hapj)ened at court after the deatii of the duke of 
 . Somerfet, he feems to have retired into the country, and to have made ufe of 
 the king's licence as a general preacher in thofe parts wKerc he thought his 
 labours might be mod ferviceable. 
 
 . In the beginning of queen Mary's reign, he was cited to appear before the 
 council -, he therefore fet out immediately, and as he palTed ihrou<z,li Smithfield, 
 where the h' retics were ufually burned, he faid che.u-fully, " This place hath 
 
 long
 
 436 L A U Di 
 
 long groaneJ for me." The next morning he waited upon the council, who, 
 having loaded him with many fevere reproaches, fcnt him to the Towtr. Cranmer 
 and Ridley were his ftllow-prifoners -, and when it was relolved to have a public 
 difputation at C'xford, between the moll eminent of the popifli and proteftant 
 divines, thcfe three were appointed to manage the difpute on the part of the pro- 
 teftants. In Odober 155^, Ridley and Latimer were brought to their ti-ial at 
 Oxford, and being condemned for herefy, were burned before Baliol-college on 
 the 16th of that month. They bore their fate with admirable courage and con- 
 ttancy, and were both remarkable for every Chriftian virtue. 
 
 LAUD (William) archbirtiop of Canterbury, was the fon of a clothier of 
 Reading, where he was born on the 7th of October, 1573. He received the ru- 
 diments of education at the free-fchool of that town, and perfeded his ftudies at 
 St. John's college, Oxford, of which, in 1593, he was chofcn a fellow. The 
 year foUov/ing he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and that of mailer in 
 1598, in which year he was grammar-reader. Being ord.uned prieil: in 1601, 
 he read, the fucceeding year, a divinity ledlure in his college. In 1603 he was 
 one of th; prt/ftors of the univerfuy of Oxford, and the fame year was appointed, 
 chaplain to Cnarles Blount, earl of Devonlliire. In 1604 he commenced b.chelor 
 in divinity ; and three years after, he was prefented to the vicarage of Stanford 
 in North.imf tonlhire. In 1C08 he obtained the advov.fon of North-Kil- 
 worth in LeiceflerHiire, took the degree of dodlor in divinity, and was 
 made chaplain to Dr. Richard Neile, then b'fhop of Rochefter. He foon 
 after exchanged North-Kilworth for the rcftory of Weft-Tilbury in Efltx -, and 
 in 1610 billiop Ncile gave him the living of Cuckftone in Kent-, biit finding the 
 air of this place prejudicial to his health, he exchanged it for another benefice. 
 In 161 1 he was eledted prefident of St. John's college, OxiorJ, and made chap- 
 Iain in ordinary to king James I. In 1614. he obtained a prebend in the church of 
 Lincoln, the archdeaconry of Huntingdon the year following, and the deanery of 
 Gloucefter in 1616. Four years niter, he was inllallcd prebendary of Weftmin- 
 fter, and in 1621 was advanced to the bifhopric of it. David's, at which time he 
 refigned the prefulentfhip of St. John's college. In 1626 he officiated at the co- 
 ronation of king Charles 1. as dean of Weftminfter, his majelly having forbid 
 bifhop Williams, the dean of that church, to be prefent at the ceremony : in the 
 courfe of the fame year he was tranflated to the fee- of Bath and Wells, and ap- 
 pointed dean of the royal chapel; and in 1627 was fworn of the privy-council. 
 The next year he was promoted to the bifhopric of London, and in 1630 was 
 clcdled chancellor of the univerfuy of Oxford. From this time he made it his 
 bufincfs to adorn that univerfity, and beginning with St. John's college, where 
 he was educated, built all the inner quadrangle, except a part of the fouth fide.. 
 He then erei'ted that elegant pile of building at the weft end of the divinity-fchooI> 
 in which is the convocation-houfe, and Sclden*s library. He alfo gave the uni- 
 verfity, at different times, one thoufand three hundred manufcripts in Hebrew, 
 Syriac, Chaldee, Egyptian, Ethiopian, Armenian, Arabic, Pcilian, Turkifh,. 
 KufTian^ Chinefe, Japontfe, Greek, Latin, Italian, French, Saxon,. EngliPj, ancl' 
 Irifli, which he had purchaled at a prodigious cxpcnce. 
 
 After the murder of Villiers di:ke of Buckingham, bifhop Laud became chief, 
 favourite to king Charles I. which circum.liance, at the fame time that it augmented 
 tis power and ixitcrcft, increafcd the envy and hatred of :he people againfl him. 
 
 lb*
 
 LAUD. 43;. 
 
 iports on Sundays •, his illegal and cruel feverity in the ftar-chamber and high 
 The fup^rftitious ceremonies he ufed in the conlccracioii of St. Catharine Cree- 
 churcli, London, on the i6th ot January, 1 630-1, gave great difguft; and his 
 zeal in the profecutions carried on in the high-commi(7ion and Itar-chamber courts 
 againft authors, printers, and divines, filled the minds of the people with refent- 
 ment. In 1633 he attended the king into Scotland, and was fworn a privy- 
 counfellor for that kingdom. During his ftay in Scotland, he formed the refolu-^ 
 tion of bringing that church to an exaft conformity with the church of England. 
 In the fame year he fucceeded archbifhop Abbot in the fee of Canterbury, and 
 was male chancellor of the univerfity of Dublin. In 1634, and the following 
 year, the archbifh )i.i, by his vicar-general, performed his metropolitical vifitation, 
 in which, among other things, the church-wardens in every parifh were enjoined 
 to remove the communion-table from the middle to the eaft end of the chancel, 
 altar-wile, the ground being raifed for that purpofe, and to fence it with proper 
 rails. In this vifitation the Dutch and Walloon congregations were fummoned to 
 appear, and rui;h as were born in England, enjoined to repair to their feveral parifli 
 churches; and thofe minifters and others who were born abroad, to ule the Eng- 
 lifh liturgy tranfiated into French or Dutch ; but many, rather than comply, chole 
 to leave the kingdom. On the 5th of February, 1634-5, the archbifhop was put 
 into the great committee of trade, and the king's revenue; and on the 4th of 
 March following, he was appointed one of the commilTioners of the treafury. In 
 order to prevent the printing and publifhing what he thought improper books, 
 he pi-ocured a decree to be pafled in the ibr-chamber, on the nth of July, 1637, 
 whereby it was enjoined that the rnafler printers fliould be reduced to a certain 
 number, and that none of them fhould print any books till thcv were licenfed 
 either by the archbifliop, or the bifhjp of London, or fome of their chaplains, 
 or by the chancellors, or vice-chancellors of the two univerficies. 
 
 A new parliament being fummoned, met on the r3th of April, 1640; and 
 the convocation the day following-, but the commons launching out into complaints 
 againll the archbilhop, and infilling upon a redrefs of grievances before they 
 granted any fupply, the parliament was difl"olved on the 5th of May. The con- 
 vtcation houevcr continued fitting, and made feventeen canons, which were fup- 
 polied to be formed under the immediate diretftion of the archbifhop. In the begin- 
 ning :>f the long parliament he was attacked on account of thofe canons, and they 
 being ."oniienined by the houfe of commons on the i6th of December, 1640, 
 "• as containing many things contrary to the king's prerogative, to the fundamen- 
 tal law^. and Ifatutes of this realm, to the rights of parli.iment, to the property 
 and lib rcy of the fubjecl, and tending to fedition, and ot dangerous conlequence;'* 
 he was, on the 18th of December, accufed by the commons .pf hrfgh treafon ; 
 upon which he was committed to the cullody of the ufhcr df-.^thc black-rod, and 
 on the ill of March fcnt to the Tower; and being at lengtlrttficd before the 
 houlc of lords, for endeavouring to fubvert the laws, and to overthrow the 
 proteftant religion, he was found guilty, and beheaded on Tower-hill, on Friday 
 the 10th of January, 1644-5, '" ^^^ feventy-fecond year of his age. 
 
 'I'his learned prelate, notwithftanding his being charged with a defign to intro- 
 duce popery, wrote an Anfwer to Dr. Fidier, whicii is one of the beft pieces that 
 have ever been i)rinted againd that religion ; and there is great rcalon to believe, 
 that he never intended to fubjed linglaiid to the church of Rome. He was tem- 
 perate in his diet, and regular in his private life; but his fondnefs for introducing 
 new ceremonies, in which he (hewed a hot and indifcreet zeal ; his encouraging of 
 
 ^i T coinmiflloa
 
 438 LEAK E; 
 
 commi/Tion courts, and the fury with which he perfecuted the diflenters, and ail 
 who prelumcd to contradicfl his fcntimcnts, cxpolcd him to popular hatred. Bcfides 
 his Anfwer to Fifhfr, he publifhcd levcral lermons, and other works. 
 
 LEAKE (Sir John) a brave and fuccefsful Englifli admiral, was the fon of 
 Richard Leake, maller-gunntr of England, and was born in June, 1656, at Ro- 
 therhithe in Surry. He was inftruftcd by his father in mathematics and gunnery, 
 and entered early into the fervice ot the navy as a midfhipman -, in which itation 
 he diilinsjuillied himfclt" at the memorable enaagcment between Sir Edward Sprasge 
 and Van I rump, in 1673, being then no more ti>an levcnteen years of age. Upon 
 the conclufion of that war foon atic-r, h^- engaged in the merchants fervice, and 
 had the command of a fhip in two or three voyages up the Mediterranean. When 
 his father was advanced to the command of a yacht, he fucceeded him in the poll 
 of gunner to the Neptune, a fecond-rate man of war. 
 
 In the latter end of king James the Second's reign, when that unfortunate mo- 
 narch had refolved to fit out a Itrong fleet to prevent the invafion from Holland, 
 Mr. Leake's father, then mailer-gunner of England, took that opportunity to pro- 
 pofe the trial of a piece of artillery of his own invention, called the cuflcce- 
 piece ; which being readily granted, and the Fircdrake fire-fhip ordered for that 
 fervice, his fon John, for the better execution thereof, was appointed comniander. 
 In the battle of Cantry-bay, in 1689, he fet fire, with the cufkee-piece, to one of 
 the French fliips, commanded by the chevalier Coetlogon, which entirely difabled 
 her tor further lervice ; and levcral other fliips received damage by the fame means. 
 His behaviour in this engagement recommended him to the favour ot the admiral 
 (Herbert, afterwards earl of Torrington) who gave him the command of the 
 Dartmouth on the 3d of May that year-, and the fame day being ordered, with 
 fome other fhips, to convoy Ibme vicfluallers into Londonderry, that dcfperate de- 
 fign was carriec" into execution chiefly by his means -, whereupon the enemy was 
 obliged to raife the fiege. The commander of the land-forces, major-general 
 Kirk, who law the adlion, was fo highly pleafcd with the condudl and bravery of 
 it, that he gave Mr. I^eake a company in his own regiment, which he enjoyed 
 many years after he was a flag-oflicer. 
 
 1 he importance of rel'cuing Londonderry from the hands of king James, ra'fed 
 our captain likewife in the navy; and, the Dartmouth being paid off, he had the 
 command given him of the Oxford, a fourth rate of fifty-four guns. In the year 
 following, 1690, he was promoted to the Eagle, a third rate of feventy jiuns. 
 While he held this command, he was very inllrumental in clearing lord Torring- 
 10.1 from the charge of mifcondudl, in the engagement with the French fleet off 
 Beachy-head. Sir Ralph Dclaval, who had been vice-admiral in the cn- 
 gagemejit, prefided at the court-martial held on this occafion, December 
 10, 1690, at Shcernefs. Captain Leake was one of the juc'ges, and when 
 he found the court wavering in their opinion, and it was inlinuated, that 
 the eyes of all the kingdom were upon them, expefting juQice to con- 
 demn the admiral, and that even both threifts and promiles were urged^ 
 to prevail upon the members of the court to find him guilty, our captain 
 generoufly undertook to defend his caufe, examined every particular of his lord- 
 Ihip's condudl, and fo fully jullified him, that he brought over tlie majoiity to 
 acquit him. In 1692, the diftinguifhed figure Mr. Leake made in the famous 
 battle off L,a Hogoe, procured him the particular fricndlhip of Mr. Churchill, 
 brother to the duke of Marlborough; but the Eagle being therein diJabled for 
 
 fci vice
 
 LEAKE. 
 
 439 
 
 
 Tervice, he accepted of the Plymouth, a third rate of fixty guns. In 1693 he was 
 preferred to the Oflbry, a fecond rate, in which ftation he continued till cheend of the 
 war. Mr. Leake's father died in July, 1696, in the fixty-eighth year of his age, ac 
 Woolwich, 'i he captain at that time was engaged with the grand fleet in the Sound- 
 ings j and, in his abfcnce, his friends had procured for him his father's places of 
 maftcr-^unner of England, and ftore-keeper at Wjolwich : but Mr. Leake declined 
 the offer of fucceeding him. He had fixed his eyes upon a commflioner's place in 
 the navy, and, no doubt, might have obtained it, by the intereft of admiral Ruffel, 
 Sir George Rook, and Sir Cloudefly Shovel, who were his friends, bcfiues admi- 
 ral Churchill ; but, upon opening his mind to this laft, that gentlem:m prevailed 
 ■with him not to think of quitting the fca, and procured him a commifTion for tire 
 Kent, a third rate of feventy guns, in May 1699. ^ his fliip being difcharged the 
 February following, he was in 1700 made captain of the ISerwick, a third rate of fe- 
 venty guns. Upon the profpedt of a new war, he was removed to the Britannia, the 
 finefl: fiift-rate in the navy-, of which he was appointed, in January, loi, firft cap- 
 tain of three under the earl of Pembroke, newly made lord high-admiral of England. 
 This was the higheft ftation he could have as a captain, and higher than any pri- 
 vate captain ever obtained either before or fince. But upon the earl's removal, to 
 make way for prince George of Denmark, Mr. Leake's commifTion under him be- 
 coming void, in May 1702 he accepted of the Aflbciation, a fecond rate, till an op- 
 portunity offered for his farther promotion, which foon happened •, for, upon the 
 •declaration of war againft France that year, he received a commifTion, June the 24th, 
 appointing him commander in chief of the fliips defigned againft Newfoundland. 
 He arrived there with his fquadron in Aoguft, and, deftroying the French trade 
 and fettlements, reftorcd the Englifh to the poffefTion of the whole ifland. Upon 
 his return home, he was appointed rear admiral ot the Blue on the 9th of Decem- 
 ber, and vice-admiral of the fame fquadron the ill of March following ; but he de- 
 clined the honour of knighthood, which was offered him on his promotion to the 
 flag, which however he accepted in February the following year, when he was en- 
 gaged with admiral Rooke m taking Gibraltar; foon after which, he particularly 
 diftinguifhcd himi'elf in the general engagement off M.daga. He commanded the 
 leading Iquatlron of the van, with which, conlifting of fix Ihips only, he drove that 
 ofthe enemy, confilling of' thirteen, out of the line of battle, lb much difabled that 
 . they never returned to the fight. And, being left at Lift^on with a winter-guard 
 for thofe parts, he relieved Gibraltar in 1705, which the French had brfieged by 
 fea, and the Spaniards by land, and reduced to the laft extremity. Arriving there 
 on the 29th of October, two French men of war of :^6 guns each, a frigate of 30, 
 another of 16, a fire-fliip of 24, a ftore-ketch laden with powder and iliells, two 
 Englifh prizes, befides many other vcffcls, all, at his coming into the bay, the 
 ^rench immediately run afhore and burnt; lb that not one of them ef'caped. He 
 arrived fo opportunely for the befieged, th.-^t two days would, in all probability, have 
 funk them beyond hope. For the enemy, by the help of rops ladders, found meant 
 to climb up the rocks, and got upon the mountains through a way that was thought 
 inaccefTible, to the number <:f 500 Spaniards, where they had remained fcveral 
 days. At the fame time they had got together a great number of boats from Cadiz, 
 and other parts, to land 3000 men at the New Mole. 1 hefe, by making a vigo- 
 rous alTuilt on the fca-fide, were defigned fodraw the garrifon to defend that attack, 
 whilft- the 500 concealed men ruftied into tlie town ; there being alio a plot (as was 
 difcovered ibmc days afterwards) for delivering it upi but this was prevented by Sir 
 
 5 Joho
 
 440 LEAKE, 
 
 John Leake's Icafoiiable arrival. For the men upon the hill now defpairing of Tuc- 
 ccfs, though they had bound themlclves Dy an oath not tJ fall into thi enemy's 
 hands-, yet, hunger drawing them out ot their ambufcade, they were dilcovered 
 the day after Sir John's arrivril ; whereupon he detached out of the fleet 560 ma- 
 rines and feamcn to alTiu tiic gairifon, w'liift colonel Hur, with 500 men, marched 
 out of the town, ^nd attacked them "ith (iich vigour, that notwithftanding their 
 oath, 190 common foldicrs, wilh a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, a major, and 30 
 captains, lieutenants, and enfigns, were gl..d to take quarter -, the remaining part, 
 more cefperate, to the number of 200, were killed on the fpot; the reft, who en- 
 deavoured to make their efcapc by the fame way that they came, fell headlong down 
 the rock j fo that few, if any, returned to the camp. 
 
 In February Sir John was ap|)ointed vice-admiral of the Whi'e, and in March he 
 relieved Gibraltar a iccond time. Before his departure the firll time, he had pro- 
 cured 2000 recruits from t-ngland, which were put into the tow. the bcgit.ning of 
 December, 1704, and on the 23d he fet fail for Lilbon, where he received advice 
 that the fiege was continued, that great fuccours were lent to it by land from the Spa- 
 niards, and that the French had invclird it with a large fleet by fea, under baron 
 Pointi. On the 6th of March he fet fail for that pl-ce, and on the 10th attacked 
 iive fliips of the French fleet coming out of the bay, which were taken or deftroycd, 
 and baron Pointi died foon after of the wounds he received in the battle. The reft of 
 the French fleet, liaving intelligence ot Sir John's coming, had left the bay the day 
 before his arrival. He had no fooner anchored, but he received a polite letter of 
 thanks from the prince of Hefle, accompanied with a prefent of a gold cup on the 
 occafion. 1 his blow ftruck a panic along the whole cuaft, of which Sir John recei- 
 ved the following account in a letter trom Mr. iiil.l, envoy at the court ot Savoy : 
 *' 1 can tell you, fays he, your late fuccefs againft Mr. Pointi put all the French 
 coaft into a crreat c^nfternation, as if you wer? coine to fcour the whole Mediterra- 
 nean. All the fhips of war, that were in the road of Toulon, were hauled into the 
 harbour, and nothing durft look out for foiie days." In fliort, the effeft at Gib- 
 raltar was, that the enemy entirely railed ^he fy ?.e, and marched off. So that this im- 
 portant place was fecuied from any further attempts of the enemy. 
 
 In 1705 Sir John was engaged in the reduction of Barcelona, after which, he 
 concerted an expedition to furprize the Spanilh galleons in the bay ot Cadiz, which 
 he would certainly h.ive efFecfted, had it nut btcn for the iil-bchaviour of the con- 
 federates, the Portuguefe and Dutch. In 1706 he relieved Barcelona, reduced to 
 the laft extremi'y, and thereby occafioned the fiege to be r.iifed by king Philip. 
 This was fo great a delivetai ce to his competitor, king Charles, afterwards emperor 
 of Germany, that he annually commemorated it by 1 public thankfgiving, on the 27th 
 of May, as long as he livett. 1 he ucgj being raifed on the 2d or May was atiernled 
 with a total eclipfe of the fun, which not a little increafed the enemy's confternation, 
 as if the heavens concurred to defeat and put to fhamc the defigns of the 'rench, 
 whofe monarch had alTumed the fun for his devue. In allufion to which, t le rc- 
 vcrfe of the medal, ftruck by queen Anne on this occafion, reprefcnted the (on in 
 eclipfe over the city and harbour of Ilarcelona. After this fuccefs at Barcelona, .Sir 
 John reduced the city of Carthagcna; from whence proceetiing to thofe of Alicanc 
 and joice, they both fubmitted to him; and he concluded the campai^^n of that 
 year with the conquelt of the city ar.d illand cf Maj )rca. On his return ii.jme, prince 
 George of F'enmark prefentcd him with .i diamond ring of 400I. value, and he had 
 ihe honour of receiving a gratuity of loool. from the queen, as a reward for his 
 3 fcrvicesu
 
 LEAK E. 441 
 
 ferviccs. Upon the unfortunate death of Sir Cloudcfly Shovel, iij 1707, he was 
 mavie admiral of the Whire, and commander in chief of her majefiy's fleet. In tliis 
 tommand he returned to the Mediterranean, and furprizing a convoy of the enemy's 
 corn, fcnt it to Barcelona, and thereby faved that city and the confederate army 
 from the danger of famine, in 170S' ; ibon after this, convoying the new queen of 
 Spain to her confort, king Charles, he was prefented by her majelly with a diamond 
 ring of 300 1. value. From this fcrvice he proceeded to the iQand of Sardinia, 
 which being prcknrly reduced by him to the obedience of king Charles, that of Mi- 
 norca was foon after furrendered to the fleet and land forces. Having brought the 
 campaign to fo happy a conclufijn, "-ir John returned liome, where, during his ab- 
 lence, he had been appointed one ot the council to the lord high-admiral, and was like- 
 wile elected member of parliament both for Harwich and Rocheiler, for the latter 
 of wiiich he made his choice. In December the fame year he was made a fecond ■ 
 time admiral of the fleet. In May 1709 he was conflituted rear-admiral of Great Bri- 
 tain,, and appo'nted one of the lords of the admiralty in December fjllowing. 
 Upon the change of the minillry in 1710, Sir John was appointed firfk commiffioner 
 of the admiralty, but he declined that [)oft, as too hazardous, on account of the dir 
 vifions fubfiiiing at that junfture, ;!nd was co:itinued firft in the new commifllon, 
 though not flrll commifTioier : in which Ration he wa^ no: accountable, more than 
 any of the red, fur tiic proceedings of the board, though he fan in the cliair, and re- 
 prelen'cd the linl commiflaoner. In Auguft 1713, the earl of Strafil)rd was appoin- 
 ted rirfl commitTioner, but being abruad, all the management ilill lay upon Sir John, 
 though, after this, he Vv'as but the fcond in the commillion. Tiie fame year he 
 was chokn, a fecond time, member for Rochefler; and was made admiral of th= 
 fleet the third time in 1711, .>nd again in 1712, when, hecondudcd the linglifli forces 
 to taivc poflcfllon of Dunkirk, it is obfervablei that he had the good fortune M 
 begin the war with the firll remarkable inftancc of fuccefs, the expedition to New- 
 faiiidland, and to clofe it widi this laft remarkable ifl"ue of a long courfe of fuccefs. 
 IJci'ore the txpiradon of the year, the commiflion of admiral of the fleet was given 
 10 him a fifth tiine. He was alio c!)afen reprefentatlve of Rorhefler a third rime. 
 
 Upon h.-r niajelty's dcceafe, Augvilt t, 1714, hi'- poit of rear-admiral was deter- 
 mined, and he was fuperfcded as admiral of tlie fleet by Matthew Aylmer, Efq. the 
 Novcinb:r fol'owing. In tiie universal change that was made in the public affairs, 
 upon the accefllon of king Geo ge I. adm.r.d Leake could not expccl to be excepted. 
 He continued to prcferve his honour and gratitude for the memory ot his royal mif- 
 trcfs after her deceafe, and fp-ired not 10 tcftify it, and never went to court : ih's be- 
 haviour was made a handle for gettinc him ofi'wich a pe.dion of 600 1. a year. Af- 
 ter this he lived privately, and building a fmall feat at Greenwich, he fpent part of 
 his time there, retiring fomctimes to a country-houfe he had at Beddington in Surry. 
 Sir J hii married a daughter of captain Hill, of Yarmouth -, by uhom he had one fon, 
 whole milconduft gave him a great deal of une.ifinefs. i:!e married difgracefully, and 
 having fpent all his fortune about the time that his father re ired, depended upon 
 him tor a f ipport. Except in this initance. Sir John palfed his li.re in great tran- 
 quility, and n perfeft health, only a defluxion in his eyes was fom--cimes trouble- 
 fome. I le died at Greenwich, Augull i, 1720, in the fixty-fifth year of his age, 
 and his body was interred at Stepney, with all the honours due to his rank. 
 
 Sir Jihn Leake was certainly one of the bell fea-men this ifland has produced, be- 
 ing a peifc(5t mailer both in theory and pradice. He likewife underllood fliip-bu;ld- 
 ing, gunnery, fortificatio.n, and tlu; difciphnc of the land fcrvice, wancmg only 
 
 5 U pr.i(flice
 
 442 
 
 L E E. 
 
 praftice to have made him a good land officer and engineer. His courage was of 
 the keener fort, witriuut being rafli. 'n councils of war, where it was coo often in- 
 finuated, that the undertaking was impracticable, if we had not a great fiiperioncy, 
 or there was nothing but honour to be gained by it. Sir |ohn iifualiy replied, let us 
 ma^e it prafticable •, and before he propored any cnterprize, was well prepared to 
 anlwer all objedions, anii even to carry it immediately intv) execution. This pru- 
 dent fore-call, on which he laid all his undertakings, drew a great dd'erence lo his 
 opinion, and made him fortunate in all his dcfigns, which being executed with great 
 vigour, were attended with that glorious fucctfs that jurtly gained him the charade- 
 riltic epithets of the brave and furuinate admiral. As he was never proud of his own 
 fortune, lo he never envied that of others, nor attempted to fupplant ihem ; he 
 ice himlelf wholly to perform the bufne's h- was engaged in, and in every Ration 
 acquitted himfelf with fidelity and the greateft moderty. He hated every thing 
 that was mean or mercenary, and in his whole Lis never purlued an enterprize 
 with any bye-ends to liimlelf. He difregarded both riches and grandeur. He fliun- 
 ncd the honour of knighthood for fome time, and rer'ufed the pofl of firft comniif- 
 fioner of the admiralty : he rcfufed to be a peer. 
 
 As to his political principles, he was for the eflablilhment both in church and 
 ftate. No man was more lenfible of the benefits that have accrued to this king- 
 dom by the proteltant fucceflion in the houfe of Hanover, at the fame time that 
 he retained a dutiful and moll grateful regard to the memory of queen Anne, as 
 the beft of women, the bed of queens, and the bcfl: of miftrefTes. 
 
 In private life, no man was a better hufband, a better father, or a more fincere 
 friend; never happier than when in his family-, and among his particular acquain- 
 tance he had a generofity which took plcafure in ferving others. Few men were 
 freer from vice of all kinds; even that of fwearing, fo generally pradlifcd among fea- 
 commanders, he was rarely guilty of: and, to conclude, he was not orily morally but 
 chrift ianly virtuous. 
 
 LEE (NathanielJ a dramatic poet of the lafl: century, was the fon of a clergy- 
 man, and was educated under Dr. Bufby at Weftminfter-lchool, whence he remov- 
 ed in 1668 to Trinity-coileLC in Cambridge, where he took the degree of bachelor 
 of arts : but not fucceeding to a fcllow-fhip, he Irft the univcrfuy and went to court, 
 where alto meeting with difappointment, he had recourfc to his pen for lubfillence, 
 and having a genius for the drama, compofed a tragedy called Nero, which was 
 performed with fuccefs in 1675. He then tried his talents tor afting; but finding 
 that he fhould never make a confpicuous figure in that profefiion, he foon quitted 
 it, and continued writing for the theatre. He was not only negligent of oeco- 
 nomy, but fo rakiflily extravagant, as to be frequently plunged into the lowed 
 depth of milery. At length becoming difordcred in his fenfes, he w.is in 1684 
 confined in the hofpital of Hethlem, where he continued four years, being difcharged 
 in 1688. After this he produced two more plays, viz. the Princefs of Cleve, and 
 tlie MafTacre of Paris. However, notwithllanding the profits . rifing from thefe 
 pieces, his finances were at this period reduced to fo low an ebb, that his chief 
 depend mce was a weekly ftipend of ten (hillings from the theatre royal. He 
 Was not f) clear of his frenzy, as not to fuffcr fome temporary rclapfcs, and 
 perhaps his untimely end was occafioncd by one ; for it is faid that he died in a 
 drunken frolic by night in the ftrcer, in the year i6yo, at the early age of ihirry- 
 four. Dcfides the plays already mentioned, he wrote the following, viz. i. Sopho- 
 
 ni(ba,
 
 L E G G E. 443 
 
 nifba, or Hannibal's Overthrow : 2. The Rival Queens, or Alexander the 
 Great: 3. Mithridates, King of Pontus : 4. Theodofius, or ihe Force of Love: 
 5. CjBlar Borgia : 6. Lucius Junius Brutus : 7. Conllantine tiie Great : 8. Glo- 
 ria.!. 1, or the Court of Augulhis. He alio joined with IVI'. Drydcn in writing 
 the tragedy of the Duke of Guifc and that of Oedipus. " Among our modern 
 EngliOi poets .'fays Mr. Addifon, in No. 39 of the ^peiftatorj there is none who 
 was better turned for tragedy than Lee, if, inftcad of favouring the impetuofity 
 of his genius, he had reftrained ir, and kept it within proper bounds. His 
 thoj[;hts are wonderfully fuitcd to tragedy, but frequently loil in fuch a cloud 
 of words, that it is hard to fee the beauty of them. i here i.s an infinite fire in 
 his works, but fo involved in fmoak^^ that it does not appear in half it's lulfre. 
 He frequently fucceeds in the paflionate parts of the tragedy, but more par- 
 ticularly where he flackens his effort.--, and eales the flylc of thole epithets and 
 metaphors in which he fo much abounds." 
 
 LEGGE (George) baron of Dartmouth, an eminent naval commander, was 
 the eldeit fon of colonel William l.egge, groom of the bed-chamber to king 
 Charles I. and was brought up under the brave admiral Sir Edward Spragge. 
 He entered the navy at feventeen years of age, and before he was twenty, his gal- 
 lant behaviour recommended him fo efFedtually to king Charles 11. that in 1667 
 he promoted him to the command of the Pembroke. In 1671 he was appointed 
 captain of the Fairfax, and the next year removed to the Royal Catharine, in 
 which fhip he obtamed a high reputation, by beating off the Dutch after they 
 had boarded her, though the fliip feemed on the point ot finking; and then finding 
 the means of Hopping her leaks, he carried her fafe into port. In ibjT, he was 
 made governor of Portlmouth, mafler of the horfe, and gentleman to the duke 
 of York. Several other poRs were fucccffively conferred upon him, and in Decem- 
 ber 1682, he was created baron of Dartmouth. The pore of Tangier having been 
 attended with great expence to keep the fortifications in repair, and to maintain in 
 it a numerous garrilon to protect it from the Moors, who watched every oppor- 
 tunity of feizing it, the king determined to demolifli the fortifications, and bring 
 the garrifon to England ; but the difficulty was to perform it without the Moors 
 haying aiy fufpicion of the defign. 1 ord Dartmouth was appointed to perform 
 this difficult affair, and for that purpofe was, in 1683, made governor of Tangier, 
 general of his majclty's forces in Afi:ca, and admiral of the fleet. At his arrival 
 he prepared es'ery thing neceffary for putting h's dcfign in executi( n, blew up all 
 the fortifications, and 'eturned to Enjdand with the garrilon-, foon after which 
 the k ng made him a prtfent of ten tuuufand pounds. When James II. afcentied 
 the throne, his lordfliip was created mailer of the horfe, general of the ordnance, 
 conftable of the lower of London, captain of an independent company of foot, 
 and one of the pr:vy-council. That monarch placed the h'ghefl confidence in his 
 fricndfhip ; and on his being thoroughly convinced that the prince of Orange intend- 
 ed to land in England, he appoinced him commander of the fleet ; and had ht^ 
 not been prevent'-d by the .wind ..nd other accidents from coming up with the 
 prince of t-i inge, a bloody engage, nent would doubtkls have enfued. 
 
 After the revolution he retired from public bufinds; but his always exprefling 
 
 a high regard for the abdicated king, rendered him fufpecftcd of carrying on a cor- 
 
 refpondence with him ; upon which he was committed to the Tower. While, 'po 
 
 was there, the iailois gave a proof how much he was beloved by thcni. ./*. report 
 
 3 ' had
 
 444 L • E S T R A N G E. 
 
 iiad for fome time prevaiLd that lie was ill ufed in the Tower, on wliich they 
 aflrmbled in ga-at numbers on rower-hill, and exprr-flcd their rcfentmerit in fuch 
 terms, that it was thought expfdient to defire the lord Dartmouth to confer wiih 
 them ; which he accord;ni;ly i:id, and fully fatisfied thnn that the report had nut 
 the Icafl: foundation; whereupon they gave a loud huzza, and im nediately dif- 
 pcrfeJ. He died in the Tower, on the 23th.of Oftober, 1691, in ih? forcy-four»h 
 year of his age. 
 
 LELAND (John) a learned diffcnting minifter, well known by his excellent 
 writings in defence of Lhriilianity, was born at Wig,.n, in Lancafhire, in the 
 year 1691, of parents eminently diftinguifhed for their piety and virtue. Thry 
 took the e.irlicit care to im[)rove his mind with proper inftruftions '; but in the 
 fixth year of his a^e the fmail-pox deprived him of his undcrftanding and rriemory, 
 expunging all his former iJeas ; and in this deplorable ftate he continued near a 
 twelve-month, when his faculiics fcemed to fpring up anew, and, though l.e 
 could rccollcCl no ideas he had entertained before the diltcmi-.er, he now difcovercd 
 a quick apprehtnfion and a ftrong memory. H:s parents iettl.ng in Dublin, he 
 acquired there a large ftock of learning, nnd when properly qualified', becan c 
 the paftor of a congregation of FrotcHant diirenters in that cit\ -, but his labours 
 ^vere not confined to the pulpir. The many attacks made on Chriiti.mity, iv 
 fome writt-rs of no conremptibie abilities, engagc-d him to confider thit fubjecft with 
 the cxadelt care, and the mod htithful examination, whence its truth and divii e 
 original appeared to him with greater luftre ; and he publifhed anlwers to tiie fevcral 
 authors who fucctflivcly appeared. He was, indeed, a malier m this controvcrly, 
 and his hiftory of ir, entitled, A View of tne Deillical Writers that have appear- 
 ed in England, in the lall and prefent century, is greatly efteeined. In the 
 tiecline of life he publilhed The Advantage and the Neccility of the Chriftian 
 Revelation, Ihewn from the State of Keligion in the ancient Hca-hen World, 
 in two volumes, quarto. He treats the arguments ofthcdeifl, in all his vsork-, 
 with the moil cool and difpaflionate language, and with ail the force of the m:4t 
 ^(jlid arguments. In fliort, h;s learning and abilities, his amiable te'^per, grc.c 
 niodefty, and exemplary life, recommend his memory to general cfteem. 
 
 L'ESTRANGE (Sir Roger) a well-known writer in the fcventeenth century, 
 was dcfcendcd from an ancient family, feated at Hunftanron-hall, in the couniy 
 of Norfolk, where he was b jrn on the 17th of December, 1616. Mr was the 
 fon of Sir Jblammond L'Eftrangf, ban. who gave him a liberal education. Ufcn 
 the breaking out of the; civil war, he efpouiird the royal caufc, for which h; 
 was a remarkable fufterer, and was once in the moll immir.ent danger of lofing 
 his life; for having, in 1644, obtained a commilllon from king Charles I. for 
 furprifing Lynn in Norfolk, his defign was difcovcred, and he v.'as accordi.-gly 
 feized, conduded to Lc-ndon, and tried by a court-martial, wlio comieiTined him 
 to fuff.-r death; but he was afterwards reprieved, and continued in Newgate 
 alniofl f.)ur years, Etcat-in:; thence in 164-', he retired beyond fea ; and return- 
 ing to England about five years after, obiaincd nis pard in. Being naturally a 
 man of lively parts, he in 1663 fet up a new -paper, called the Public Inttiligcnctr ; 
 but this was laid down to niakc room for the Lonucn Gazette,- the firlt paper of 
 which appeared on the 4th ot Keoruary, 1665. ^" 16' 9 he beiian a pcrii/dicai 
 pa^cr Crilicd the Obfcrvator, in which, fays Mr. Gjang^r, '• he went as great 
 
 k;:gtiiS
 
 LINDSAY. 445 
 
 lengths to vindicate tl^meafures of the court, as were ever gone by any mercenaiy 
 journallfl." He was chofen reprefentative for Winchefler in the parliament that 
 aflembled upon the accefllon of James II. in whofe reign he received the honour 
 of knighthood. He had before been appointed licenfer of the prcfs, a pod which 
 he enjoyed till the Revolution, when he met with fome trouble on account of his 
 attachment to king James. He died on the nth of December, 1704, in the 
 eighty -eighth year of his age. He wrote a great number of pamphlets, chiefly 
 political; and tranflated into Englifh Cicero's Offic'rs, Seneca's Morals, Erafmus's 
 Colloquies, Jofephus's Works, ^fop's Fables, Quevedo's Vifions, &c. 
 
 LILLO (George) an eminent dramatic writer, was born near Moorgate, in 
 I^ondon, in 1693, and in that neighbourhood purfued his bufinefs of a jeweller 
 many years, with the faireft reputation. He was ftrongly attached to the Mufcs, 
 and all niscompofitions tend to the promotion of virtue, morality, and religion. Mr. 
 Lillo, in purfuing his aim, made a happy choice of his fubjeft. He does not intro- 
 duce kings and heroes on the ftage, nordefcribe the fall of empires -, yet by exhibiting ^ 
 tragic fcenes in common and domeftic life, and reprefenting the ruin of private 
 .families by luft, avarice, and other vices, he raifes the paffions to an equal height, 
 andexadls a like tribute of tears from the audience. It is faid, that when his George 
 Barnwell firft came upon the ftage, many of the critics attended its firft reprefenta- 
 tion with the mofl; unfavourable impreflions, and the ftory being founded on an old 
 ballad, they brought it with them, intending to make pleafant remarks and ludi- 
 crous comparifons between the ancient ditty and the modern drama ; but the merit 
 of the play foon got the better of their contempt, and prefented them with fcenes 
 written fo truly to the heart, that they dropped their ballads, and took out their 
 handkerchiefs. Mr. Lillo wrote four other tragedies, viz. the Chriftian Hero, Lime- 
 rick, the Fatal Curiofity, and Arden of Feverfham. He died on the 3d of Sep- 
 tember, 1739, leaving behind him the charafter of a man of ftrift morals, great 
 good-nature, a found underftanding, and an uncommon fhare of modefty, which 
 added a double luftre to all his other perfections. 
 
 LINDSAY (John) earl of Crawford, a brave warrior, was theeldell fon of John 
 earl of Crawford, and was born on the 4th of October, 1702. In December, 1713, 
 he loft his father ; and his mother having died before, queen Anne, in confidera- 
 tion of his fatlier's fervices, and from a regard to an orphan family, took care 
 of their maintenance and education. The duchefs dowager of Argyle lent for the 
 young earl and his brothers and fifters to live under her care, and he continued 
 under her management till he was fent to the univerfuy of Glafgow, where he 
 made military hiftory his chief ftudy. In 1721 he fet out for Paris, where he 
 was two years at the academy of Vaudeuil, and made fuch progrefs, that for 
 his fkill in horfcmanihip, fencing, &c. he was exceeded by none. In December, 
 1726, he was made captain of one of the three additional troops of Scots Greys, 
 commanded by general Campbell. In 1732 he had a captain's comminion in 
 the queen's own regiment of dragoons, and the fame year was eleded one of the 
 fixtecn peers of Scotland. In 1735 he went to ferve as a volunteer in the Im- 
 perial army under prince Eutjcne, who received him with great marks of di- 
 ftindlion : the earl embraced every opportunity of difplaying his courage, and 
 when the war was over, returned to England. 
 
 In 1738 his lordfliip embarked for Peterfburgh, where he was received by the 
 
 K X. czarina
 
 446 LINDSAY. 
 
 czarina with the greatell refpcvft, and honoured with recommendatory letters to 
 firld-mirOial Munich, who then commanded an army aflembled in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Cri'.n Tartary ; where the earl arrived atcer having travelled near a 
 thouland miles by land, with great difficulty and danger, from the number of 
 the enemy'-s parties that were fcouring the country •, and during the campaign 
 the field-marflial treated him with particular kindnefs. The next year he made 
 a campaign under prince Charles of Lorrainagaintl the Turks, when at the battle of 
 Krotzka, fought on the 22d of July, his lorcifhip being with a party of Imperial 
 hc.rfe, who bravely engaged and deteated a much fuperior number of Turks, had 
 his horfe fliot dead under him, and he himfclf received a mufket-ball in his 
 thigh, which fliivercd the head of the bone, and he lay almoft dead in the 
 field. HiS lordfhip patiently endured inexprefTible pain, and being obliged to 
 remain where the enemy was every minute expecfted to come, he gave his rrpfat- 
 jng watch to his j'ervant, laying " Dear Kop, take this, go lave your life." 
 This he urged fcveral times: but th; faithful fervant replied, " No, my dear lord, 
 I am refolved to (hare the hard fate of this day, along with you." Happily 
 count Luchefi, who commanded the party, ordered fome grenadiers to carry him 
 off, and he was taken to Belgrade, which v,'as at that time bombarded by the 
 Turks; after which he went up the Danube to Vienna. In May, 1742. his lord- 
 fhip embarked for Bourdeaux, in order to make ufe of the: waters of Barege, in 
 the fouth of France, whence, after (laying till September, he went to Aix in Savoy, 
 and by uling the baths tiiere twice a day, received fuch benefit from them, that 
 he refolved to j jin the Piedmoncefe army at Mountmellian, under the command of 
 the king of Sardinia ; but on his arrival there, finding no appearance of an action, 
 he went to Geneva. 
 
 At the battle of Dettingen he commanded the brigade of. life-guards, and 
 charged the French infantry fword in hand. In this adion a (hot hit the barrel of 
 his piltol, and fell into his bolfter-cafe. Sometime after, his lordfhip was advanced to 
 the rank of brigadier-general. At the battle of Fontenoy he behaved with great 
 intrepidity, and w.is foon after created a major-general. In 1746 he commanded a 
 body of lix thoufand HclTian troops in Scotland, under the prince of HcfTc, where 
 they fecured the important pofts of Sterling and Perth. On the fupprefTion of the 
 rebellion his lordfliip returned to the army in the Netherlands. On the ift of 
 Oftober, the day on which the battle of Roucoux was fought, he got on horfe- 
 back before day-break, and after vifuing his poft, went, with a few other gentle- 
 men, to reconnoitre in front, and on his return was furprized to find an officer and 
 about twenty-five men on the fide of the village Loutain neareft Roucoux ; thel'e 
 be:ng taken for Auftrian foldicrs, his lordfliip with his aid-de-camp and another 
 gentleman coming near them, they prcfented their pieces and challenged them : 
 upon which his lordlhip taking the advantage of his having feemingly come from the 
 p"rench camp, fiid to the officer in French, " Don't fire, we are friends", and im- 
 mediately, without giving him time to a(k any queftions, afked to what regiment 
 they belonged, and the officer anfwering the regiment of Orleans, his lordfhip 
 jeplied in the fame language : " Very well, keep a good look out. I am going 
 a little farther to reconnoitre the enemy more dirtin<5tly." Upon which the earl 
 unconcernedly rode off till out of reach, and then clapping fpurs to his horfe. 
 Joined his poft, in fight of the French officer. At the battle of Roucoux he com- 
 manded the fecond line of the Britilh cavalry, the earl of Rothes commanding 
 the firft, who drove back the French infantry farther than they had advanced j 
 
 however, •
 
 LLOYD. 447 
 
 however, the confederates thouglit proper to retreat after fuftaining the lofs of 
 five thoufand two hundred meii, and killing nine thoufand of the French. His 
 lordfliip's troop of guards being broke, he was made colonel of a regiment of foot 
 lately commanded by lord Semple, 
 
 In February 1747, the earl of Crawford landed at Southampton, rode poft to 
 Bekontord in Scotland, and abouc an hour after his arrival was married to the 
 daughter of the duke of Athol. In May his lordfliip was made colonel of the 
 Scots Greys, and i.i September was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, 
 and in June repaired to his quarters at Bois-le-Duc. After the end of the campaign 
 he went to Aix-la-Chapelle, where his wound broke out again ; and while he was 
 coniined to his bed, he had the misfortune to lofe his lady, who died of a fever 
 after four days illnefs. His lordfhip, after fuitaining exquifite torture from the 
 breaking out of the wound, died on the 2 5ch of December, 1749, at forty-feven 
 years of age. 
 
 It oug'it not to be omitted, that though his lordfhip underftood fencing extreme- 
 ly well, and had as much perfonal bravery as any man, he confidercd duelling 
 as the molt execrable cuftom that was ever introduced into fociety. In the field 
 of b:Utle he fought for honour, and declined no danger ; but he efteemed it im- 
 pious and inhuman to determine trivial points of honour by the fword or the 
 piftol ; and that it was incompatible with true bravery, and inconfiflent with the 
 charader of a foldier, whofe fwrd fhould be devoted to the honour of his king, 
 and his blood only fpilt in the lervice of his country. 
 
 LLOYD (Robert) A. M. a late ingenious author, was the fon of the Rev. 
 Dr. Lloyd, fecond maftcr of Weftminfter-fchool ; by whom he was fo early initi- 
 ated in the claffics, that his fertile genius foon became pregnant with the ftores 
 of Greek and Roman literature. Thus qualified, he repaired, at a proper age, 
 to the univerfity of Oxford, from whence, after having taken the degree of mailer 
 of arts, he returned to Weftminfter-fchool, and for Ibme time affifted his father 
 as an ufher in that famous feminary. The firft performance which eftabliflied 
 his reputation as a poet, wa<i the Aftor, addrcfTed to his friend Mr. Bonnel Thorn- 
 ton. This is one of his belt produftions ; in which he palTes very high encomiums 
 both on Mr. Garrick and Mr. I hornton, difplaying, as on many other occafions, 
 a ftrong attachment and moft friendly regard for both. Having refigned the uflier- 
 fliip of Weftminfler-fchool, he became an author by profefTion ; and, notwith- 
 ftanding his decided merit, experienced moft of the vicifTitudes of fortune to which 
 the generality of authors are fubjccft. It is fo natural a tranfition fur a man of 
 wit to become a man of the town, and for the expences nccefiary to fupport the 
 latter chara6\er to exceed the income of the former, that it is no wonder our 
 poet was induced to ens;age in publications that promifcd to produce profit 
 rather than fame. Among thei'e was the St. James's Magazine. This work 
 not meeting with fuccefs, our author found himfelf unable to difcharge fome 
 obligations of a pecuniary nature, and was accordingly confined within the walls 
 of the Fleet. In conjundtion with Mr. Charles Dennis, he, at this time, under- 
 took a tranflaiion of the Contes Moraux of Marmpntel -, a hafty performance th'ic 
 did them little credit. Mr. Lloyd alio wro'e a ballad opera, entitled the C.ipricious 
 Lovers, which was afted at Drury-Laae ! heatrc with fome applaufe, but not witlx 
 fo much as it merited. 
 
 The news of his intimate friend Churchill's death, in 1764, being announced 
 fumewhat abruptly to our author, while he was fitting at dinner, he was feized 
 
 with
 
 44? LOCKE. 
 
 with a fiidden ficknefs, and faying, "I fhall follow poor Charles," took to his bfd, 
 from which he never rofc again. He died in the Fleet, in December, 1764. He 
 wrote many other pieces bcfides thofe we have already mentioned. 
 
 LOCKE (Jon>j) one of the greatefl: men that England ever produced, v/as 
 born at Wrington in Somerfctfliire, on the 29th of Auguft, 1632. He ftiidied 
 firft at Weftminfter-fchool ; and in 1651, became (Indent ot Chrilt church college, 
 Oxford, where he made a diftinguifhed figure in police literature. Having taken 
 both his degrees in arts, he entered on the phyfic line, went through the ufual 
 courfes preparatory to the pradice, and gained fome bufincfs in the profelTion 
 at Oxford ; but his weakly conftitution being unable to bear the fatigue attend- 
 ing it, he gladly embraced an oftcr made him of going abroad in quality of 
 fecretary to Sir William Swan, who, in 1664, was appointed envoy to the eledior 
 of Brandenburgh and fome other German princes. Ihis employ continuing only 
 for a year, he returned to Oxford, and was profecuting his phyfical ftudies there, 
 when an accident brought him acquainted with the famous lord Adiley, afterwards 
 earl of Shaftcfbury v who being advifed to drink the mineral waters at Adlon, for 
 an abfcefs in his brcaft, wrote to Dr. Thomas, a phyfician at Oxford, to procure 
 a quantity of thole waters to he ready at his coming there. The dodor being 
 called away by other bufinefs, prevailed on his friend Mr. Locke to undertake the 
 affair, who, happening to employ a perfon that failed him, was obliged to wait 
 upon his lordlhip on his arrival, to excufe the difappointment. Lord Afliley re- 
 ceived him with his ufual politenefs, was fatisfied with his apology, and lb much 
 plcafed with his converfation, that? upon his rifing to take leave, he detained 
 him to fupper, and engaged him to dinner next day, and even to drink the waters 
 (which Mr. Locke had expreOed a defign of doing fhortly) that he m'ght have 
 the more of his company. From this beginning his lordfhip became our au- 
 thor's patron; and foon after the fummer of 1667, invited him to his hcufe, and 
 followed his advice in opening the abfcels in his breaft, which faved his life, 
 though it never clofed. The cure gave his lordfhip a great opinion of Mr. Locke's 
 fliill in phyfic ; yet, upon a further acquaintance, that profound ftatefman regard- 
 ed this as the lealt: of his qualifications -, infiiort, he advilcd him to turn his thouti,hts 
 another way, would not fuffer him to pradifc phyfic out cf his houfe, except 
 among fome of his particular friends, and urged him to apply himfelf to the ftudy 
 of flate affairs, and political fubjeifts, as well ecclefiaflical as civil. This advice 
 was evidently calculated to fuic Mr. Locke's tafte and temper ; it proved moft 
 aoreeable to him, and he quickly made fo confiderable a progrefs in following ir, 
 as to be confulted by hi.s judicious patron upon all occafions. His lordfliip like- 
 wife introduced him to the acquaintance ot the duke of Buckingham, the earl of 
 Halifax, and ibmc other lords, the mofl: eminent perlbns at that time, all of whom 
 were highly pleafed with his converfation. Though he was of a lerious turn, 
 and always fpoke with great caution, yet he frequently threw into his difcourfe 
 a variety of agreeable and free exprefTions. One day three or four of the noble- 
 men jull mentioned having met at lord Afliley's, rather for converfation than bu- 
 fincfs, indead of purfuingir, as was their ufual cuftom, they called for cards, and 
 fat down to play. Mr. Locke looked on for Ibme time, and then taking out 
 his pocket-book, began to write with great attention. One of the company 
 obfcrving this, aflced what he was writing; " My lord, fays he, I am endeavouring 
 to profit, as far as 1 am capable, in your company ; for, having waited with impatience 
 
 for
 
 LOCKE. 449 
 
 for the honour of being in an aflVfnbly of the greateft geniufes of the age, and having 
 at length obtained this good fortune, I thought I could not do becter than write 
 down your converfation •, and indeed I have fet down the fubftance of what has 
 been faid for this hour or two." He had no occafion to read much of this dialogue: 
 the company faw the ridicule, diverted themfclves with improving the jelt, and 
 prefently quitting their play, entered into a converfation fuitable to their characters, 
 and fpent the refb of the day in that manner. 
 
 In 1668, or the year following, he attended the earl and countefs of Northum- 
 berland into France i but the earl dying at Turin, in May 1670, Mr. Locke re- 
 turned with her ladylhip to England. On his return he refided, as before, with 
 lord Afhley, then chancellor of the Excliequer, who defired him to undertake the 
 finifhing the education of his only fon, aged fifteen or fixteen. This funftion 
 Mr. Locke difcharged with fo much wifdom and prudence, that the parents of 
 his pupil committed to him tiie care of his marriage. In the courfe of his refidence 
 with lord Afhley, that nobleman having, joinly with fome other lords, obtained 
 a grant of Carolina, employed our author to draw up the fundamental conftituti- 
 ons of that province. This he accordingly did, and therein dil'covered thofe lati- 
 tudinarian principles, which, while they gave great offence to the clergy of that 
 period, were the conftant rule of his faith in religion. He f>ill retained his ftudent^ 
 lliip in Chrift-church, whither he went occafionally to refide, both for the fake 
 of ftudy, and on account of the air, that of London not ageeing with his confH- 
 tution. He had early imbibed a great difguft againft the fcliclaflic and difpu- 
 tatious method of Arillotk; and the fyftem of logic and metaphyfics th.en ufcd in 
 thcfchools, tended more Ilrongly to confirm his averfion. in this dilpofition he read 
 Des Cartes's philolbphy with great pleafure; but upon mature conlideration, 
 finding it wanted a proper ground-work in experiments, he refolved to attempt 
 fomething himfelf in that way. Accordingly, having now gained fome leifure, 
 he began to form the plan of his Efliy on Human Underftanding ; but he was 
 hindered from making any progrefs in it by other employments in the fervice of 
 his patron, whoieing, in 1672, created earl of Shaftefbury, and lord high chan- 
 cellor, appointed him fecretary of the prefentations. This place he held till No- 
 vember 1673, when the great feal being taken from, his mafler, the fecretary, as 
 privy to all liis moft fecrct affairs, fell into difgrace alfo. After this he alTifled 
 in fome pieces which the earl procured to be publiflicd, with a view to excite 
 the nation to Watch the Roman Catholics, and to oppofe their defigns 1 and his 
 lordfhip being ftill prefident at the board of trade, Mr. Locke alfo continued in 
 his poll of fecretary to a commifTion from that board, which had been given him 
 by<iiis patron the June before This place was worth 500 1. per annum, and he en- 
 joyed it till December 1674, when the commiffion was difTolved. 
 
 On the 6ih of February in this year, he took his bachelor's degree in phyfic 
 at Oxford ; and in the fcllowing fummer, being apprehenfive of a confumption» 
 went over to Montpelier, where he ftayed a conficlerable time. His thoughts were 
 now chiefly employed upon liis EfTay ; and having fallen into the acquaintance 
 of Mr. Herbert, afterwards carl of Pembroke, he communicated to him the dcfign, 
 and on the publication, dedicated the Eflay to that nobleman. In the mean time 
 he did not neglcdt the lludy of phyfic. He was much efieemcd by Icveral of 
 great eminence in the faculty, particularly by Dr. Sydenham, whofe method o^ 
 practice he approved and followed, and who, in his book intitled Ohfervationes Mc- 
 diccv, &c. printed in 1676, writes thus to a friend : "_ You know how mucli my 
 
 5 Y method
 
 450 LOCKE. 
 
 « 
 method has been approved of by a perfon who has examined it to the botiom, 
 and who is our common frien.i-, I mean Mr. John 1-ocke j who, if we confidcr 
 his genius, his penetrating and exadl judginent, or the ftridtnefs of his morals, has 
 Icarce any fuj e.io% and few equals, now living." 
 
 In 1679 the earl of Shaftefbury was again taken into favour at court, and ap- 
 pointed prcfident of the council. This new turn occafioned him to fend immediate- 
 ly for Mr. Locke to England ; but being again difgraced and imprifoned, in lefs 
 than half a year after, he had no opportunity of ferving our author. Mr. Locke 
 however, remained unalterably attached to liis patron amidft all the . revcrfes of 
 his fortune; and in 1682, when that nobleman fled into Holland to avoid a 
 proftrcutioii for high treafon, he followed him thither ; nor upon the death of 
 his lordfliip, which happened very food after, did he think proper to return 
 home, where he knew his attachment had created him fome powerful enemies, 
 and occafioned his b^ing much fafpefled of a confederacy with his patron. This 
 fufpicion was flrengthened by his affjciating v/ith ieveral malecontents at the 
 Hague, particularly with Robert Fcrgufon, who had written fome tra(5ls againfl; 
 the government ; io that upon an information againft him for faftious and diiloyal 
 behaviour, he was removed from his lludent's place at Chrift-church-on the 1 6th 
 of November, 16^4, by a fpecial order from king Charles II. as vifitor of the 
 college. Mr. Locke thought this proceeding very injurious, and accordingly, 
 'on his return to England after the revolution, he put in his claim to the rtu- 
 dentfhip; but the college rejcdting his pretenfions, he declined their offer of being 
 admitted a fupernumcrary ftudcnt. With the fame fpirit, when he was offered 
 a pardon from king James IL in 1685, by Mr. William Penn, the famous 
 quaker, who had known him at Chrill-church, and had procured u promifc 
 of it from his majelly ; our author rejecfted the propofal, allcdging, that, being 
 guilty of no crime, he had no occafion for a pardon. This anfwer, in all pro- 
 bability, came to the king's ears, for in May 168 t, the Englifh envoy at the 
 Hague demanded him to be delivered up by the flates-gencral, on fi:fpicion of 
 his having been concerned in the duke of Monmouth's invafion. This oblij;ed 
 him tr) lie concealed near twelve months, till it became fufliciently known that, 
 he had no hand in that enterprize. Indeed Mr, Locke had not only no«conne(ftion 
 with the duke, but had no erteem for him 
 
 Towards the latter end of the year 16S6, the abovementioned fufpicion being, 
 blown over, he appea.'-ed again in public. In 1687 he formed a weekly alTembly 
 at AiTifterdam, witli Li.mborch, Le Clerc, and others, for holding conferences 
 upon fubjccfb; of Icarrang-,. and about the end of the year he finilhed his great 
 v\ork, the Eflay on Human Underftanding, which was publilhed in 1690. 3^1 
 February 1689 he returned to England in the fieet which convoyed the princefs 
 of Orange. As he was eflecir.pd a fufferer for revolution prirciples, he might 
 eafily have obtained a very confiderable port; but he contented himfelf with that, 
 of conimifTioi^er of appe Is,, worth 200 1. a year, which was procured for him 
 by the lord .Mordaunt, afterwards earl of Peterborough. About the fame time 
 it W.1S ofR-red him. to go abroad in a public charadler, anA left to his choice whe- 
 ther he wjuld be envoy, at the court of the emperor, that of the t\e6ior of Bran- 
 denburg, or any other where he thought the air rapll fuitable to him'-, but he 
 waved all thelV, on account of the infirm, ftate of his iicalth, which difpofed 
 him gla.ily to except an offer made by Sir Francis Mafham and his lady, of 
 ii\ apartment in their cou.Ttry feax, at Oacs in EfTex. This place proved fu agree- 
 
 abia
 
 LOCKE, 45i 
 
 \\ able CO Hitn in every refpacft, that it is no wonder hi fpent t!ie greaCc-ft part of t'le 
 remainder of his life there. He fouid in lady Mafham (who was daughter to 
 Dr. Cudworthi a friend and companion exaftly to his heart's wi(h, a lady of a 
 contemplative and ftudious complexion, and particularly acciiftomed from her 
 infancy to deep and refined fpeculations in theology, mecaphylics, and morality ; 
 and flie was fo irmch devoted to Mr. Locke, that, to engage him to refide there, 
 fns pT-ovided an apartment for him, of which he was wholly mafter ; and took 
 care that he fhould live in the family with as much eafe as if the whole houfe kad 
 been his own. He had the additional fatisfaftion of feeing this lady bring up 
 her only fun exactly upon the plan which he had laid down as the bed method 
 of education -, and, what mult needs pleafe him dill more, the fuccefs of it was 
 fuch, as feemed to give a fanclion to his judgment in the choice of that method. 
 In fa£t, it was from the advantage of this fituation, that he derived fo muclx 
 ftrength as to continue exerting thofe great, talents which the earl of Shaftefliury 
 had obfervcd to be in hin) for political fubjects. Hence we find him writing in 
 defence of the revolution in one piece, and conlidering the great national concern 
 at that time, the ill ftate of the filver coin, and propofing remedies for it in 
 others : and hence he was made a commifTioner of trade and plantations in 1695, 
 which engaged him in the immediate bufinefs of the ftate. Mr. Locke difcharg- 
 cd this employment for feveral years, and "t is faid, that he was in a manner the- 
 foul of that illuftrious body. The moll experienced merchants were furprized, 
 that a man who had fpent his life in the ftudy of phyfic, of polite literature,, 
 and of philofophy, fliould have more extenfive views than themfelves in a bufi- 
 nefs to which they had wholly applied themfelves from their youth. With re- 
 gard -to the church, he in the fame year, 1695, publifhed a trcatifc to promote 
 the fcheme which king William had much at heart, of a comprehenfion with 
 the difTcnters. This, however, drew him into a controverfy, which was fcarcely 
 ended, when he entered into another in defence of his hffay, whicli laded till 
 1698. Soon after which, the adhma, his conditutional difordcr, increafing with 
 his years, began to lubdue him, and be became fo infirm, that in 1700 he re- 
 figned his feat at the board of trade, becaufe he could no longer bear the air of 
 London fufficiently for a regular attendance upon it ;. and v/e alio find, that the 
 change of the minidry at that time was difagreeable to him. 
 
 After this refignation, he continued altogether at Oats, in which agreeable retire- 
 ment he employed the remaining yenrs of his life in the dudy of the fcriptures ; 
 and from thai dudy began to entertain a more noble and. elevated idea of the 
 chriilian religion, than he had before; lb that if lufficienc drtngth had been lefc 
 him for new wirks, he would probably have written fome, in order to have in- 
 fpired others with, this grand and fublime idea, in its full extent. The fummer 
 before his dc-atti, lie began to be very fenfible of Iris approiching didblution, 
 but employed no phyfician, depending fulely on his own fkill in the ufe of all- 
 proper meaiT; 10 prolong his life. At length his legs began to fwcll, and that 
 lyniptom daily increafing, his drength diminiilicd very vifibly. He o.'ten fpoke- 
 of his departure, an I always with the greated compofure -, and now dilcerning 
 how diort a time he had to live, he prepared to quit the world. As he was 
 for a confi derable time incapible of going to church, he thought proper to 
 receive the l.icrament at home ; and one day two of his friends communicating 
 with him, as. loon as the office was finidied,, he told the minider *' that he was 
 in tiic iintimencs. of perfed. charity towards all men, and, of a finccre union. 
 
 with.
 
 452 LOCKE. 
 
 with the church of Chrift-, by whatever name diftinguifhed." He lived fome 
 months after this, fpending his time in aifls of piety and devotion. On the 27th 
 ofOtlober, 1704, the day before his death, lady Mafham being alone with him* 
 and fitting by his bedfide, he exhorted her to regard this world only as a ftate of 
 preparation for a better, adding that he had lived long enough, and thanked God 
 tor having pafTcd his life fo happily, but that this life appeared to him mere va- 
 nity. He expired on the day following, the 28ch of (Jdlober, in the 73d year 
 of his age, and was interred in the church of Oats, where there is a monument 
 erecfled to his memory, with a Latin infcription written by himfclf. 
 
 As an intimate j^friend of his well obferves, Mr. Locke was born for the good 
 of mankind. Mod of his adions were dirccfted to that end, and perhaps no 
 man in Europe, of his time, applied himfclf more earncftly thereto, or executed 
 it with more fuccefs. The general efteem which his works have attained, and 
 mud preferve, fo long as virtue and good feule are left in the world j the fer- 
 vice they have been to England in particular, and univerfaily to all who apply 
 themfelves ferioufly to the fearch ot truth, and the ftudy of chriflianity, are 
 their beft elogium. The love of truth is vifible in every part of them. This 
 is allowed by all who have read them ; for even thole who have not relifhed 
 fjme of Mr. Locke's opinions, have done him the juftice to confefs, that the 
 manner in which he defends them, fliews that he advanced nothing of which 
 he was not fincerely convinced himlelf. 
 
 He wrote the following works: 1. Three Letters upon Toleration: the firll, 
 printed at London in 1689, was in Lat'n. 11. A Regifter of the Changes of 
 Air, obfcrvcd at Oxford, inferted in Mr. Boyle's general Hiltory of the Air, 
 1692, 8vo. in. A new Method for a Common Place-Book, 1686. IV. An EfTay 
 concerning Human Undcrrtanding, 1690. folio, V. Two 'Ireatifes of Civil 
 Government, &c. 1690, Svo. "\'i. Some Confiderations on the Conkquenccs of 
 lowering Inrcreft and railing the value of Money, 1691, Svo. \ 11. Some Ob- 
 fcrvations on a printed paper intitlcd. For encouraging the coining filver money 
 in England, &c. Vlli. Further Confiderations concerning the raifing the value of 
 Money, &:c. IX. Thouglits concerning Education, &c. 1693, 4to. X. The 
 Keafonablcnefs of Chriflianity, &c. 1695, Svo. XI. A Vindication of the Rea- 
 fonablenefs, &c. 1696, Pvo. XII. A fecond Vindication, &c. 1696, 8vo. XIH. 
 A Letter to the Billiop of WorceRer, &c. 1697, ^vo. XIV Reply to the bifhop, 
 &c. 1697, 4to. XV. Reply to the bifliop's Ucond letter, 1698. XVi. A Para- 
 plirafe and Notes on the Epiftles of St. Paul, &c. 1709, 410. and fome other traifts. 
 
 Mr. Locke had a great knowledge of the world, and of the bufincfs of it. His 
 wifdom, his experience, his gentle and polite behaviour, gained him the edeem 
 and friendfhip of all who knew him. Without fetting up for a teacher, he in- 
 ftrudted others by his own example. He was at firlt pretty much difpofed to give 
 advice, where he thought it was wanted j but experience of the little tffcdt it had, 
 made him grow more rcfervcd. In converfaticn he was moft inclined to the ufeful 
 and fcrious turn-, but v.hen occafion naturally offered, he gave into the free and 
 facetious with plealure, and was mafter of many entertaining ftorics. which he 
 always introduced propeily, and generally made it more agreeable by his natural 
 and chearful manner of telling them : nor was he any enemy to raillery when deli- 
 cate and innocent. It was his peculiar art in converfation to lead people to talk 
 of what they underftood beft. With a gardener, he difcourfed of gardening ; with 
 a jeweller, of diamonds i with a chymilt, of chymidry ; with a watchmaker, of 
 
 watches,
 
 L' Y T T L E T O N. 457 
 
 watches, &rc, *' By this means, faid he, I pleafe all thefe men, who, commonly, 
 can fpeak pertinently upon nothing die. As they believe I have an ellcem for 
 their profeffion, they are charmed v/ith flievving their abilities before me, and I, 
 in the mean while, improve myfelf by their difcourfe." By thus putting quefl.ion3 
 to artificers, he would fometimes find out a fecret in their art, which they did not 
 underftand themfelves ; and often give them views entirely new, which they put 
 in pradice to their profit. Always eafy in his own conduft, he difJained thofe 
 ftudied airs of gravity by which the learned, as well as the ignorant, would diftin- 
 guifh themfelves from the reft of mankind. He would even divert himfelf with 
 ridiculing it by his imitation, on which occafions jie always remembered this 
 maxim of the duke of llochefoucault, \jh\ch he greatly admired, that " Gravity 
 is a myftery of the body, invented to conceal the defefls of the mind." 
 
 LYTTLETON*, or LITTLETON, (Sir Thomas) the famous Engl ifh law- 
 yer, was born of a good family, and educated at one of our univcrfities. He re- 
 moved from thence to the Inner Temple, where he applied with uncommon dili- 
 gence to the Iludy of the' law, and greatly diftinguilhed himfdf by his learned 
 ledures on the ftatute of Weftminiler, de donis conditionalihus^ concerning condi- 
 tional gifts. He was afterwards made, by king Henry VI. itew. -d or judge of 
 the court of the palace, or marflialfea of the king's houlhold -, and on the 13th 
 of May, 1455, ^^^5 appointed king's ferjeanr, in which capacity he rode the 
 northern circuit, as judge of the affize. 
 
 "When Edward IV. was raifed to the throne, our author was fherifF of Wor- 
 ceflerfliire ; and in the fixth year of that monarch's reign, 1466, he was appointed 
 one of the judges of the court of Common-Pleas, and rode the Northampton- 
 fhire circuit. The fame year he obtained a writ, direded to the commiflloners 
 of the cuftoms at London, Briilol, and Kingfton upon Hull, for the annual pay- 
 ment of an hundred and ten marks to fupport his dignity, with an hundred and 
 fix fliillings and eleven-pence half-penny to furnifh him with a furred robe, and 
 fix fhillings and fix-pence more for another robe called Linura. On the 1 8th of 
 April, 1475, he was invelkd with the honourable order of the Bath, He died on 
 the 23d of Auguft, 148 I, at an advanced age, and was interred in the cathedral" 
 church of Worcefter. He v/rote a treatife of the tenures or titles by which all 
 cftates were anciently held in Engl;.nd j a work for which his memory muft 
 ever challenge refpeft and veneration, from all the fl;udents and prcfeflbrs of 
 the law. Sir Edward Coke, in his preface to the firft part of his Inftitutes, 
 which is only a comment on this work of Sir Thomas I.yttlcton's, lavs, " That 
 which v/e have formerly writt-'n, that this book is the ornament of the con> 
 mon law, and the moll perfect and abfolute work that ever was written in 
 any human fcitnce; and in another place, that which I affirmed, and took 
 upon me to maintain, againft all oppofites v/liatfoever, that it is a work of as ab- 
 folute perfeftiun in its kind, and as free from error, as any book that I have 
 known to be written of any human learning, fliall to the diligent and obfirving 
 reader of thefe Inftitutes be made manifeft. His greateft commendation, becaufe 
 it-is of greateft profit to us, is, that by this excellent work, wliich he hath ftudi- 
 oufly learned of otheis, he faithfully taught all the profefibrs of the law in fuc- 
 CLcding ages. The viftory is not great to overthrow his oppofites ; for there 
 rever was any learned man in the law, tli.it underftood our author, but concurred 
 with me in his commendation." This great lawyer was anceftor of the late lord " 
 Lyttlcton, a nobleman delctvedly celebrated for his learning, abilities, and virtue. 
 
 5 Z MACKENZIE 
 
 4»
 
 45!? M A C L A U R I N. 
 
 M. 
 
 MACKENZIE (Sir George) an eminent Scottifli writer, and f^^vnder of thd 
 Advocates Library at Edinburgli, was defcended trom an ancient and .. 'ile family, 
 and was born at Dur.d.e, in the (hire of Angus, in 1636. He gav'j arly proofs 
 of an extraordinary i;cnius, and, before he was fixteen years of age, had finifhed 
 his ftudies at the univerfities of Aberdeen and St. Andre-vs. Af'cr this, he tra- 
 velled into France, and ftuditd the civil law at Bourgts for about three years.' 
 On his return home, he was called to the bar, and becime an advocate in 1636. 
 Some years after, he was promoted to the office of a judge in the criminal court, 
 which he difcharged with fo great reputation, that in 1674, he was made king's 
 advocate in Scotland, and one of his majelty's privy-council in that kingdom. He 
 alfo received the honour of knighthood. Upon the accefllon of king ^Villiam and 
 queen Mary, he refigned his port of lord advocate, and came to England, with a 
 view of enjoying a learned retirement in the univerfity of Oxford. In June 1690, 
 he was admitted a ftudent in the Bodleian library; but died wirhin a year after his 
 admiffion, at his lodgings in London, on the 2d of M-y, 169 1, and was interred 
 with great pomp and ibltrmnity in the Grty Friars church-yard at Edinburgh. He 
 wrote, 1. A Difcourfe on the Laws and Cuftoms of Scotland in matters criminal. 
 2. Idea Eloquantia forenfis hodiernse. 3. Jus Regium ; or, a Vindication of 
 Monarchy. 4. A Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland. 
 5. Inftitutions of the Laws of Scotland. 6. Ellays upon various Subjeds, &c. dec. 
 His works were printed together at Edinburgh in 1716, in two volumes, folio. 
 He was a great benefadtor to literature, having founded the Advocates Library at 
 Edinburgh, which now (as Mr. Pennant informs us) contains above thirty thou- 
 fand volumes. Mr. Granger ftyles Sir George Mackenzie " an able lawyer, a 
 polite fcholar, and a celebrated wit;" and adds, that " he was learned in the 
 laws of nature and nations, and particularly thofe of his own country, which he 
 illuftrated and defended by his excellent writings. He was a great maftcr of 
 forcnlic eloquence, on which he has written an elegant difcourfe, which contains 
 a brief, but comprehenfive compendium of the laws of Scotland. The politenefs 
 of his learning, and the fprightlinefs of his wit, were confpicuous in all his plead- 
 ino'S, and fhone in his ordinary converfation. Mr. Dryden acknowledges, that he 
 was unacquainted with what lie calls the beautiful turns of words and thoughts in 
 poetry, till they were explained and exemplified to him in a converfation which 
 he had with that noble wit of Scotland Sir George Mackenzie." 
 
 Mr. Wood reprcfents our author as " a gentleman well acquainted with the beft 
 authors, whether ancient or modern ; of indefatigable induftry in his ftudies, of 
 great abilities and integrity in his profcfTion, powerful at the bar, juft on the bench, 
 an able ftaiefman, a faithful friend, a loyal fubjeft, a conftant advocate for the 
 cleroy and univerfities, of ftiiifl: honour in all his adtions, and a zealous defender 
 of piety and religion in all places and compan'es. His converfation was 
 pleafant and ufeful, fcvere againft vice and loofe principles, without regard to 
 quality or authority. He was a great lover of the laws and cuftoms of his coun- 
 trv, a contemner of popularity and riches, frugal in his cxpcnces, abltemious in 
 his diet, &c." 
 
 MACLAURIN (Colin) an excellent mathematician "and philcfopher, was 
 born at Kilmoddan in Scotland, in February, 1698, and ftudied five years at the 
 
 univerfity
 
 M A N L E Y. 4^ 
 
 tmiverfity of Glafgow with intenfe application. His uncommon genius- for ma- 
 thematical learning difcovered itfelf ic early as at twelve years of age. when ac- 
 cidentally meeting with an Euclid in a friend's chamber, he in a few days brcame 
 mafier of the firft fix books without any afralance; and in his fixteench yea;- he 
 invented many of thole propofition: that were afterwards publilhed under the tiLle 
 of Geometria Organica. In his lifteenth year he took the degrre of mafter of 
 arts, and on that occafion compoied and defended with great applaulc a then ■ on 
 the power of gravity. In 1717, he was chofen prifeffor of mathematics in the 
 Marifchal college of Aberdeen ; and two years after coming to London, he be- 
 came acquainted with Dr. Hoadley, then bilhop of Bangor, Sir Ifa^c Newton, 
 Dr. Samuel Clarke, and other eminent perfons, and was at the fame time admitted a 
 member of the Royal Society. In 1722, lord Polwarth engaged him to attend 
 his eldeft fon on his travels, as his tutor and companion ; when naving vifited 
 feveral parts of France, they fixed at Lorrain, where Mr. Maclaurin wro'e his 
 treatife on the percuflion of bodies, which gained the prize ot the l\oyal Academy 
 of Sciences for the year 1724. But his pupil dying foon after at Montpelier, he 
 returned to his profeflbrlliip at Aberdeen ; and the next year was chofen profelTor 
 of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1742, he publ'.fhed his Complete Syltem of 
 Fluxions, in two volumes quarto, which is the m.olt ccnfiderable of all his works, 
 and will do him immortal honour. iHe favoured the public with many other learn- 
 ed pieces, fome of which were infertcd in the Philofophical 'rranid(!'tions, and 
 others in the fifth and fixth volumes of the IVfedical i'lTays printed at Edinburgh. 
 
 In the year 1745, having been very adive in fortifying the city of Edin >urgh 
 againfi: the rebel army, he was obliged to fly from thence to the north of Enujand, 
 when he accepted of an invitation from Dr. Herring, archbilhop of Yoik, to 
 refide with him during his fl:ay in England : but the next year he died of a dropfy, 
 on the 14th of June, at the age of forty-eight. He was a very good, as well as 
 a very great man. His peculiar merit as a philofopher was, that all his ftudies 
 were accommodated to general utility-, and in many parts of his works, we find 
 an application of the moll obllrufe theories to the perfecting of the mechanical 
 arts. 
 
 iiVIANLEY (Mrs.) the ingenious author of the Atalantis, was born in one of 
 the iflands of Hampfhire, of which Sir Roger Manley, her father, was governor. 
 She received an education fuitable to her birth, and gave early dilcoveries of a 
 genius, much iuperior to what is ufually found among her fex. She had the mif- 
 fortune to lofe her mother while flie was an infant, and her father before fhe was 
 r;rown up. Sir Roger, at his death, left her to the care of a relation •, but the 
 villain, eager to gratify his paiTion for her, married her, though he had a wife 
 already, and having brought her to London, foon deferted her. She was after- 
 wards taken under the patronage of the duchefs of Cleveland, a miftrefs of king 
 Charles II. but her grace, being a woman of a fickle temper, grew tired of Mrs. . 
 Manley in fix months time, and difcharged her on pretence that flie intrigued with 
 her fon. When our authorefs v/as difmiffed by the ducliefs, flie was folicited by 
 general Tidecombe to pals fome time with him at his country-feat; but Ihe excufcd 
 hcrlelf by faying, " that her love of folitude was improved by a difguft of the 
 world •, and fince it was impolTible for her to appear in public with reputation, 
 llie was rcfolved to remain concealed." In this retirement flie wrote her firft 
 tragejy, called the Royal Milchief, which was acted with great applaulc in the 
 
 ytmr
 
 4«3 M A R V E L L. 
 
 year 16^6, The merit of this produfbion procured her many admirers, and hef 
 apartment became cr^^wdeJ with men of wit and gaiety. Tills proved fatal to her 
 virtue: flie engaged in intrigues, and was talsen into keeping. Sh'.- now wrote her 
 memoirs of the New Atalantis, in four volumes, in which flic made very free v/ith 
 the chara(rters of many perfons of diftinguiflied rank, for having an averfion to 
 the Whig miniftry -, flie made this work a lewd fatire on thofe who had brought 
 about the Revolution. A warrant was therefore granted to ftize the printer and 
 publifher of the Atalantis: but Mrs. Manley, being too generous to let them fuf- 
 feron her account, voluntarily prefented hcrlelf before the court of King's Bench, 
 as the author of that work, and was confined in a meflenger's hovile, without 
 being allowed pens, ink, or paper. However, her counltl fued cut an Habeas 
 Corpus, and flie was admitted to bail. Not long after, a total change of the mi- 
 niftry en'.ued, when ihe lived in high reputation and gaiety, amufing herfilf with 
 writing poems and letters, and converfing wiih wits. Befides the tragedy above- 
 mentioned, {he wrote another called Lucius, the firft Chriilim king of Britain ; 
 and a comedy entitled. The Loll Lover, or the Jealous Hufband. She died on 
 the iith of July, 1724. 
 
 MARVELL (Andrew) an Englidi writer of confiderable reputation, was the 
 fon of a clergyman of Kingfton upon Hull, and was born in that town in the 
 year 1620. At the age of th'rteen he was entered of Trinity college in Cam- 
 bridge, whence fome Jefuits feduced him away-, but being found by his father 
 fome months after in a bookfeller's fhop in London, he was prevailed on to return 
 to the univerfity. Having finillied his academical ftudies, and taken the degree of 
 bachelor of arts, he travelled into foreign countries, and refided for fom,e time at 
 Conrtantinople, as fecretary to the Englifh ambafl'ador at that court. In 1657, 
 he was appointed afTiftant to the celebrated John Mifton, Latin fecretary to the 
 proteftor; and a little before the Reftoration, the inhabitants of Kingfl:on upon 
 Hull chofe him their reprefentative in parliament, in which ftation he acquitted 
 himfelf fo much to the fatisfadlion of his ele^ftors, that they allowed him a hand- 
 fome penfion till his death. He fcldom fpoke in parliament, but had great influ- 
 ence without doors on the members of both houfes. Prince Rupert, in particular, 
 paid great deference to his counfels ; fo great, that whenever he voted according to 
 the fentiments of Mr. Marvell, which he often did, it was ufually faid by the op- 
 pofite party, that " he had been with his tutor :" and fuch was the intimacy be- 
 tween the prince and our author, that when the latter was obliged to abfcond, ia 
 order to avoid falling a iacrifice to the indignation and malice of thofe enemies, 
 whom the honefl fliarpnefs of his pen had raifed againfl: him, his highnefs fre- 
 quently honoured him with a vifit. For Mr. Marvell had rendered himfelf lb ob- 
 noxious to the government, by the oppofltion he gave them with his writings, as 
 well as with his aftions, that his life was often threatened, and he was forced to 
 conceal himfelf from public view. 
 
 King Charles 11. took great pleafure in our author's converfation, and tried all 
 means to gain him over to his fide,*but in vain; for nothing could ever fluke his 
 rcfolution. The king having one night entertained him, fent the lord treafurer 
 D.inby the next morning to find out his lodgings. Mr. Marvell, who then lodged 
 up two pair of flairs, in a little court in the Strand, was writing when the lord 
 treafurer opened the door abruptly upon him: furprizcd at the fight of lb unex- 
 pected a vilitor, he told his lordfliip, that he believed he had millaken his way ; but 
 
 ior4
 
 M A S PI A M. 
 
 461 
 
 lord Danby replied, that he had not, and thnt he was come with a melTao-e from 
 his majerty, to inform him what he could do to. ferve him ; to which Mr. Marvell 
 anfwered in his ufual facetious manner, that it was out of his majdly's p^twcr to 
 ferve him. Though his lordfliip entered ferioufly into the fiibjeft, and prelfcd our 
 author to let him Icnow whether there was any place at court that he fliould be 
 pleafed with, he found that no arguments would prevail, fince Mr. Marvell in- 
 filled that he could not accept of any place with honour, for he muil thfn either 
 be ungrateful to the king in voting againft him, or falfe to liis country in coin- 
 ciding with the meafures of the court. The lord Danby then told him, that the 
 king had ordered him a thoufand pounds, which he hoped he would receive, till 
 he could think of fomething further to afl< of his majeity. The lalt offer he re- 
 jected with the fame iteadinefs of mind as the firfl: ; though, as foon as the trea- 
 furer was gone, he was obliged to borrow a guinea of a friend. 
 
 This uncorrupt patriot dieil on the 16th of Auguft, 16 78, net without the 
 ftrongefl fufpicions of his having been poifoned ; and his body was interred in 
 the church of St. Giles in the Fields. He wrote, i. The RehearJal tranfprofed, a 
 controverfial piece, 2. Mr. Smirk, or the Divine in Mode. 3. An Account of 
 the Growth of Popery ani arbitrary Government in England. 4. Mifcellaneous 
 Poems and Tetters. Mr. Granger obferves, that " he was an admir.ible m.^fler of 
 ridicule, which he exerted with great freedom in the caufe of liber y and virtue. 
 He never refptf ted vice for being dignified, and daied to attack it wherever he 
 found it, though on the throne itfelf. There never was a more honeft fatirift. 
 His pen was always properly direifled, and had fome efFedl: upon fuch as were 
 under no check or reftraint from any laws human or divine. He hated corrup- 
 tion more than he dreaded poverty ; and was lb far from being venal, that he could 
 not be bribed by the king into fdence, when he fcarce knew how to procure a 
 dinner. His fatires give us a higher idea of his patriotifm, parts, and iearnino-, 
 than of his flcill as a poet." 
 
 MASHAM (T. ady Damaris) a perfon diftinguifhed by her piety and extraor- 
 dinary accomplifliments, was the daughter of Dr. Cudworth *, and was born at 
 Cambridge on the 1 8th of January, 16^,8. Her father foon perceiving the bent 
 of her genius, took fuch particular care of her education, that flie quickly be- 
 came remarkable for her uncommon learning and piety. She was the fecond wife 
 of Sir Francis Mafham, of Gates, in the county of Eflex, baronet, by whom Ihe 
 had an only Ion, the late Francis Cudworth MaOiam, efquire, one of the m.iflers 
 in chanc.-ry, accomptant general of that court, and I'oreign oppol'cr in the court 
 
 * Tlie following account is given of this learned divine, by tlie reverend I\li-. Granger: " Dr. 
 Km-pii Ci'DwoR'ni, wlio lield tlie fame rank in nietapliylks, that Dr. IJarrow did in the fiiblimc 
 geometry, was, in the former part of his life, a very eminent tutor at Enriniic! r.'ollce.'- in '.am- 
 bridge, where he entered ar thirteen years of age. He liad no Ufs than tv. enty-eigiit pnjijls at 
 one time under his c:ir<r, among \\ hum was Mr. William Tem]ile. He was ai"terwards .appoinicd 
 malkr of Clarc-h;dl, where lie liad a fliare in the education of Mr. Jolui Tillotfon. In l'>4C, ha 
 fiicccedcd Dr. Metcalf as rep;iiK profefTor of Hebrew at Camhridgc, Jiiul in 16^4, was preferred to 
 the mailerdiip of Chrill's college in tliat univerfity. He had the courage to Hem the torrent of 
 irreligion and atlieifm that prevailed in the reign of Charles 11. by publidiing his True Iinelledu,il 
 Syileui ; a book well known for the excellence of its reafoning, and the variety of its learning. 
 Heunderdood the Oriental languages, and was an ex:iH critic in the Greek and Latin. He was .1 
 good anticjiiary, mathematician, and philofoiiher ; and was fiiperiorto all his cotemporarics in mc- 
 taphyfics. This learned and pious rwan died on the ::6th of June, 16S8, in the fcventy-firft year 
 of his age." Bio^raphkal Hijirnj af Riiglami. 
 
 6 A of
 
 462 M A S S I N G E R. 
 
 of exchequer. She was well llcillcd in arithmetic, geography, chronology, hif- 
 tory, phiiolbphy, and divinity, and owed a great part of her improvement to the 
 care of Mr John Locke, who lived many years in her family, and at length died 
 in her houfe at Oates ; and whom fhe treated witii the utmoft gencrofity and re- 
 fpedt. She wrote a Dilcourfe concerning the Love of God, publiflied at London in 
 the year 1696 •, and, Occafional Thoughts in reference to a virtuous and Chrillian 
 Life. This amiable lady died in 170S, and was interred in the cathedral church 
 of Bath, where a monument is ercfted to her memory, with the following infcrip- 
 tion : " Near this place lies Dame Damaris Mafham, daughter of Ralph CuJ- 
 v.'orth, D. D. and fecond wife of Sir Francis Mafliam, of Oates, in the county 
 of Ellex, baronet, who, to the foftnefs and elegancy of her own fex, added fcve- 
 ral of the nobleft accomplifliments and qualities of the other. She poflcflcd thefc 
 advantages in a decree unufual to either, and tempered them with an exaftnefs 
 peculiar to herl'elf. Her learning, judgment, fagacity, and penetration, toge- 
 ther with her candour and love of truth, were very obfcrvable to all that con- 
 verfed with her, or were acquainted with thofe fmall treatifcs flie publifhed in her 
 lil'e-time, though flie indultrioufly concealed her name. Being mother of an only 
 fon, fhe applied all her natural and acquired endowments to the care of his edu- 
 cation. She was a ftricb obferver of all the virtues belonging to every ftation of 
 life, i.nd only wanted opportunities to make thofe talents fhine in the world, 
 which were the admiration of her friends. She was born on the i8th of January, 
 16^.8, and died on the 20th of April, 1708." 
 
 MASSIN'GER (Philit) an Englifli dramatic poet, " made his firfl entry on 
 the ftage of this vain world," as Mr. Anthony Wood exprcflcs it, at Salilbury, 
 about the year 1585 ; and was admitted a commoner of St. Alban's hall, Oxford, 
 in t6oi. Being impatient for an opportunity of improving his poetic fancy, and 
 his knv)vvledge of the belles lettrcs, by convcrfation with the vorld, and an intcr- 
 courfe with men of wit and genius, he quitted the univerfity without taking any 
 degree, and came up to London, where applying himfelf to writing for the ftage, 
 he prefontly role into hit^h reputation, his plays meeting with the univerlal ap- 
 probation of the public, both for the purity of their ftylc, and the ingenuity and 
 CECOnomy of their i)lots. He was held in the higheft efleem by the poets of his 
 age, as well for his gieat abilities, as for his modcfty. Befules thofe plays in 
 which he joined with other poets, he piiblifhed fourteen of his own writing, viz. 
 the BaHitul Lover-, the Bondman-, the City Madam; the Duke of Milan; the 
 t^mperor of the Eai> ; the Great Duke of Floi-cnce -, the Guardian-, the Maid of 
 Honour; a New Way to pay Old Debts ; the Piftuie; the Renegado ; the Roman 
 Aflor ; a Very Woman; and the Unnatural Combat. He died fudiienly at his 
 houfe on the Bankfide, Southwark, in March 1639, ^"'^ ^^-^^ buried in St. Mary 
 Overy's church, in fhe fame grave with Fletcher the poet, A corrciS edition of 
 his works, in four volumes oftavo, was publiflied in 1761. 
 
 The author of the Companion to tlie Playhoufe obfcrves of MafUnter, that he 
 •» has certainly equal inventions, equal ingenuity in tlic conduifi of his plots, and 
 an equal knowledge of charafter and nature with Beaumont and Fletciicr ; and if 
 it flKiuKi be objc(5tcd that he has lefs of the vis coniica^ it will liirely btr allowed 
 that this delicienry is amply made amends for, by that purity and decorum which 
 he has prcferveii, and a rcjcdiou of that loofcnefs and obfccnity which runs through 
 Hioll of their comedies." 
 
 MEAD
 
 M E A D. 463 
 
 MEAD (Dr. Richard) a celebrated phyfician, was dcfcended from a good fa- 
 mily in Buckinghamllure, and was born in the parifh of Stepney, near London, 
 on the i/th of Auguf>, 1673. His father, Mr. Maithew Mead, had been one 
 of the two minifters of that parifh, but was ejefted for con-conformity in 1662 : 
 nevcrthelcfs, he took a houfe in the town, and, excepting an interval of abfence, 
 continued to preach there till his death, which happened on the i6ch of Oftober, 
 1699. As Mr. Mead had a handfome fortune, he bellowed a liberal education 
 upon thirteen children, of whom Richard was the eleventh. At fixteen years of 
 age, this fon was fent to Utrecht, where he ftudied three years under the famous 
 Grsvius ; and then choofing the profcfllon of phyfic, he went to Leyden, where 
 he attended Herman's botanical icdures, and alio thofe of Dr. Archibald Pit- 
 cairne on the theory and praftice of medicine. Having finiflied his (ludie?, he, 
 in company with his eklefl: brother and two other gentlemen, made a journey to 
 Italy, and at Padua took the degree of doftor of phylofophy and phytic, On the 
 16th of Auguft, 1695. He returned to England in the year following, and fet- 
 tled at Stepney, where he married, and praCtilcd phyfic with a fuccels that laid 
 the foundation of his fubfcquent greatnefs. In 1703, he communicated to the 
 Royal Society an analyfis of Dr. Bonomo's difcoveries, relating to the cutaneous 
 worms that generate the itch, which was inferted in the Philoibphical Tranfai-lions. 
 1'he original letter of Bonomo to Redi upon this fubje^f, was [)ublifhed in Italian 
 in 1687; and Dr. Mead met with it in his travels through Italy. This analyfis, 
 with the account of poifons whicti he had before written, procured him a place 
 in the Royal Society, of which Sir Ifaac Newton was then prefident. The fame 
 year, 1703, he was eleded phyfician of St. I'homas's Hofpical, and was alfo em- 
 ployed by the furgeons to read anatomical lectures in their hall, which obliged him 
 to remove into the city. In 1707 his Fadiean diploma for dodor cf phyfic 
 was confirmed bv the univerfity of Oxford; and in 1716 he was chofen fellow 
 of the Colle;ie of Phyficians. In 1727 he was appointed phyfician to king 
 George II. whom he had alfo ferved in that capacity while he was prince of 
 Wales •, and he had afterwards the pleafure of feeing his two fons-in-law, Dr. Ni- 
 chols, and Dr. Wilmot, his coadjutors in that eminent ilation. 
 
 Dr. Mead was not more to be admired for the qualities of his head, thin he \v as 
 to be loved for thofe of his heart : though he was himfclf a hearty Whig, yet, 
 uninfluenced by party principles, he was a generous friend to ail men of merit, by 
 whatever denomination they might happen t) be diltinguillied. He kept up a 
 Gonftant correfpondencc with the great Boerhaave, who had been his fellow-ftudent 
 at Leyden : they communicated to each other their obfervations and projeds, and 
 'never loved each other the lefs for differing in fome particulars. In the mean time, 
 intent as Dr. Mead was on the duties of his profeffion, he had a greatnefs of mind 
 that extended itfelf to all kinds of literature, which he fpared neither pains nor 
 money to promote. He cauled the beautiful and fplcndid edition ot l huanus's 
 Hiftory to be publifhed in 1733, in feven volumes, folio; and by Lis interpo- 
 fition and alfiduity, Mr. Sutton's invention for drawing foul air from fhips and 
 other clofe places was carried into execution, and all the fhips in his majelly's navy 
 provided with this ufcful machine. Nothing pleafed him more than to call hidden 
 talents into light ; to give encouragement to the greatcll projeds and to fee them 
 executed under his own eye. louring aimoft half a century he was at the head of 
 his bufinefs, which brought him in one year above feven thoufand pounds, and tor 
 fevcral years between five and fix thouund. liis generous and benevolent temper 
 
 was
 
 404 
 
 M 1 D D L E T O N. 
 
 was cotiflantly exercifed in afts of charity. The learned in general, and the clergy 
 in particular, were welcome to his table and advice-, and h;s doors were always 
 open to the poor and neccHltous, whom he frequently aH'illed with his purfe. His 
 library confiiled of ten thoufand volumes, of which liis Latin, Greek, and orien- 
 tal manufcripts made no inconfiderable part. He had a gallery for his pictures 
 -and antiquities, which coll him great Turns. His reputation not only as a phyfi- 
 cian, but as a fcholar, was ib univerfally eftablifhed, that he corrcfponded with all 
 the principal lit. rati in Europe; even the king of Naples fcnt to defire a com- 
 plete colkdion of his works, and, in renirn, made him a prefent of the two firlt 
 volumes of Signior Hajardi, which may be confidcre*! as an introduftion to the 
 collti5tion of the antiquities of Herculaneum. At the fame time that prince in- 
 vited him to his palace, that he might have an opportunity of fliewing him thofe 
 valuable monuments of antiquity ; and nothing but his great age prevented his 
 unJcitiiking a journey fo fu'ted to his taftc and inclination'. No foreigner of learn- 
 ing ever came to London without being introduced to Dr. Mead, and on thefe oc- 
 calions his table was always open, and the magnificence of princes was united with 
 the pleafures of philofophers. It was principally to him that the feveral counties 
 of EngLind and our colonies abroad applied for the choice of their phyficians, 
 and he was likewife confulted by foreign phyficians from RufTia, Prullia, Den- 
 mark, &c. He wrote, i. A Trcuife on the Scurvy. 2. De Variolis &c Morbillis 
 Dilfertatio. 3. Medica facra •, five de Morbis infignioribus, qui in Bibliis memo- 
 r^ntur, Commtntarius. 4. Monita &Pra;cepta inedica. 5. A Difcourfe concern- 
 ing peRilential Contagion, and the Methods to be ufcd to prevent it. 6. De Jm- 
 perio Solis ac Lunx in Corpora Humana, & Morbis inde oriundisj and other 
 learned trads. The works he wrote and publifhed in Latin were tranflatcd into 
 Englifh, under the doftor's infpedion, by Thomas Stack, M. D. and F. R. S. 
 'J his great phyfician and polite fcholar, died on the j6th of February, 1754. 
 
 MIDTLE'I ON (Sir Hugh) a great benefadlor to the city of l^ondon, by 
 bringing thither the New River, was born at Denbigh in North Wales, and be- 
 came a citizen and goldfmith of London. He acquired a large fortune by work- 
 ing r)me filver mines in Cardiganfiiue, by which he is faid to have cleared two 
 thoufand pounds a month for feveral years together. In the mean time, London 
 not being fufficicntly fupplied with water, three acfts of parliament wcie fuccef- 
 lively obtained, granting the citizens full power to bring a river from any part 
 of iVIiddlefcx and Hertfordlhire v but the proj:^Ll was laid afide as imprafticnbie, 
 till it was undertaken by ^ir Hugh Middlcton, who^ after having made an cxadt 
 furvey of all the rivers and fprings in Middlefex and 1 lertfordfhire, made choice 
 of two, one in the parifh of Amv/ell, near Hertford, and the other near Ware, 
 both about twenty miles from London, and having united their ftre.ims, conveyed 
 them thither at a very great expence. 1 he work was begun on the 20th of F"e- 
 bruarv, 1608, and was attended with innumerable difficulties. In order to avoid 
 the cmincncies and vallics in the way, he was obliged to m^ike the water run a 
 courfe of above thirty-eiglit miles, and to carry it over two vallies in lon^c wooden 
 frames or troughs, lined with lead ; that at Buthill is fix hundred and fixty iect in 
 length, and thirty in he'ght; under which is an arch for the pafi'age ot' the land 
 floods, capacious enough to admit under it the largcll waggon loaded with hay or 
 ft raw J tiie other near Highbury is four hundred and fixtytwo feet long, and fe- 
 vcnteen in height, where it is raifcd along the top of high artificial banks, and at 
 
 th<:
 
 M I D D L E T O N. 
 
 4^5 
 
 ttie bottom of the hollow fupported by beams, fo that any perlbn may walk, under 
 it. Thus this river, which is of ineltimabie benefic to London, was brou'ht to 
 the city within the fpace of five years and a hal/» and on Michaelmas-day, ° 6i ?, 
 was with great ceremony admitted into the rcfervoir near Iflington. By this noble 
 work Sir Hugh greatly impaired his fortune : however, though he was a lofer in 
 point of profit, he was a gainer in point of honour; for king James I. who had 
 borne a confiderable part of the expence, conferred upon him the honour of 
 knighthood, and afterwards created him a baronet. He had bcfides, the much 
 greater honour of being remembered by pofterity, as the benefaflor of his coun- 
 try. At his death he bequeathed a fliare in his iNew River water to the company 
 of Guldfmichs, for the benefit of their poor. 
 
 MIDDLETON (Dr, Conyers) an Fnglidi divine of uncommon genius and 
 erudition, was born at Richmond in Yorkfiiire, on the 27th of De:embv:r 16S >. 
 At feventcen yeais of age, he was fent to Trinity college in Cambridge, of which 
 in 1706, he was chofen fellow. In 1709, he joined with feveral other fellows of 
 that col'ege, in a petition to the bifhop of Ely againft Dr. Bentley their mafler, 
 and immediately withdrew himftlf from his jurifdidlion, by marrying, a l^dy of an 
 ample fortune. He then took a fmall redory in the ifle of Ely, which w.as in the 
 gift of his wife; but foon refigned it, on account of its unhealthy fituation. In 
 1 717, when king George I. vifited the univerfity of Cambridge, he, with feveral 
 others, was created dodor of divinity by mandate, and was die firft perfon who 
 made a motion to profecute Dr. Bentley for making an illegal demand of four 
 guineas from each doiflor ; and after Dr. Bentley was firft fufpended from his de- 
 grees, and then degraded, Dr. Middleton publifhed four j)ieces on the pioceedin^s 
 of the univerfity on that occafion. In 1720, Dr. Bentley pubiifhing propolals 
 for a new edition of the Greek Teflament, with a Latin verfion, Dr. iVliddietori 
 printed remarks, paragraph by paragraph, upon thefe propofals. Dr. Bentley de- 
 tended his propofals againll the remarks, which he afcribed to Dr. Colbatch • 
 upon which Dr. Middleton nubliflied with his name fome farther remarkr. 
 At length, upon the king's prefenting bifliop More's valuable coUedion of 
 books to the public library at Cambridge, the new office of principal librarian 
 was conferred on Dr. Middleton. Soon after, his wife dying, he travelled tlirough 
 Fnnce into Italy, and arrived at Rome in the beginning of the year 1724, where 
 he was treated with particular rcfpeifl by perfons of the firft diQindtion. In ly^o 
 was iiublifhed Tindal's famous book, calletl Chrillianity as old as the Creation 
 ■ the defign of which was to dedroy revelation, and to eilablifli natural reli-^ion in 
 its ftead. Many anlwerers role up againft it, and, among the reft. Dr. Waterland 
 publiftied A Vindication of Scripture, &c. when Dr. Middleton difliking the 
 manner in which he vindicated Scripture, addrefled a letter to him, containing 
 fome remarks on it, with a plan of another anfwer to Tindal's book. Th"s ^ave 
 great offence, and occafioned a very warm controverfy on both fides, iii which Ibme 
 others we.-e engaged : but during this terrible conflid. Dr. Middleton was ap- 
 pointed Woodwardian profcffor, which office he refigned about two years a'^ter. 
 In 1741, appeared his Hiftory of the Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero, in two vo- 
 lumes, quarto, a work written in the moft corred and elegant ftyle, and abound- 
 ing with every thing that can inflrud and entertain, that can inform the iinder^ 
 ftanding, and polifli the tafte ; and in 1743, he publiilied the Epiftlcs of Cicero 
 to Biutus, and of Bruius to Cicero, with the Latin text on the oppofitc page. 
 
 6 B Fo'ur
 
 466 MILTON. 
 
 J'our years after, there came out a piece of our author's, which laid the foundation 
 of another warm controverfy j this was an introduftory dilcourfe to a htrger work 
 concerning the miraculous powers fuppofed to have fubfifted in the Lhriftian 
 church, which, alarming the clergy, it was taken to taflc by Dr. Stebbing and Dr. 
 Cliapman. This attack Dr. Middleton repelled by fome remarks on botli their 
 performances, and foon after publiflied liis P'ree Enquiry into ihe miri^culous 
 Po'.vers, which are fuppofed to hive fubfilled in the Chriftian church fr.;m the 
 earlieft ages. Innumerable anfwerers now appeared againft him, among whom 
 Mr. Dodwell a:id Mr. Church diftinguilhed themfehes ,by fo much zeal, that they 
 were complinicnted by the univerfity of Oxford with the degree of dodor of di- 
 vinity. But before Dr. Middleton thought proper to take notice of any of his 
 antagonids, he furprifed the public with An Examination of the Lord Bifhop of 
 Lontlon's Difcourfes concerning the Ufe and Intent of Prophecy. It does not 
 appear that he originally intended to reply to any of them feparately, for he was 
 meditating a general anfwer to them all •, but being fcized with illnefs, ami ima- 
 gining he might not be able to go through with it, he fingled out Church and Dod- 
 well, as the moft confiderable of his adverfaries, and employed himfelf in pre- 
 paring a particular anfwer to them; which, though unhnifhed, was publillied foon 
 after his death. He wrote feveral other works befidcs the abovernentioned, and 
 died on the 28th of July, 1750. 
 
 MILTON" (John) one of the greatefl geniufes for epic poetry that ever the 
 world produced, derived his dtfccnt from an ancient family of tiiat name, feated 
 at Milton, near Abingdon, in Oxfordfhire, and was the fon of Mr. John Milton, 
 a money-fcrivener. He was born in Bread-ftrect, London, on the 9th of Decem- 
 ber, 1608, and, after being initiated in grammar learning by a domcftic tutor, 
 was fent to St. Paul's fchool. From his twelfth year he applied to his (ludies with 
 fuch extraordinary diligence, that he feldom quitted them before midnight; which 
 not only made him fubiffl to frequent and ievere pains in his head, but liktwife 
 occafioned that wcaknefs in his eyes, which terminated in a total privation of 
 fight. In 1625, he was removed to Chrift's college, Cambridge, where he made a 
 great progrels in all parts of academical learning, and diftinguifhed liimfelf by 
 leveral poems both in Latin and L nglifli. He took the degree of bachelor of 
 arts in the year 1629, having performed iiis exercife for it with great applaufe. 
 His fatlier defigned him for the church ,- nor had young Milton, for fome time, 
 any other intentions; but upon his arriving at years of maturity, and confulting 
 his own judgment, he dropped all thoughts of that kind, and refolved to devote 
 himfelf to the fcrvice of the Mull'S. After he had proceeded mafter of arts in 
 i6j2, he left the univerfity and returned to his parents, who then lived at Morton 
 in Buckinghamfhire. In this retirement he wrote his celebrated mafque of Comus, 
 which was reprefented at "Ludlow cadle in 1634. Upon the death of his mother, 
 he prevailed with his father to gratify a defire he had long entertained of feeing 
 foreign countries, and in the fpring of the year 1638 fet out for Paris, where he 
 was introduced to the famous Grotius. Thence he repaired to Florence, Rome, 
 Naples, and other cities of Italy, where he contradled a familiarity with thofe 
 who were of higheft reputation for wit and learning, and was treated with par- 
 ticular refpeft by perfons of the firft diftindion. 
 
 * Having I'een the finefl parts of Italy, he was preparing to pafs over into Sicilv 
 and Greece, when the news from England, that a civil war was on the point of 
 
 breaking
 
 MILTON. 45; 
 
 breaking out between the king and parliament, diverted his purpofe ; for he 
 thought it unworthy of him to be taking his pleafiire abroad, while his country- 
 men were contending at home for their liberty. He refolved therefore to return by 
 the way of Rome, though he was diflliaded from that relblution by the merchant?, 
 who were informed by their correrpondirnts, that the Englifli Jefuits there were 
 forming plots againft his life, in cafe he fhould return thither, on account of the 
 great freedom with wliich he had treated their religion, and the boldnt-is he dil'co- 
 vered in demonftrating the abfurdity of the fopifii tenets. Neverthelcfs, he went 
 to Rome the fecond time, and flayed there two months more, neither concealino- 
 his name, nor declining any difputations to which his ancagonifts in religious opi- 
 nions invited him. He efcaped the fecret machinations of the Jefuits, and came 
 fafe to Florence, where he remained two months, as he had done in his former 
 vifit, excepting only an excuifion of a few days to Lucca : then crofllng the Ap- 
 penines, and palling through Bologne and Ferrara, he arrived at \'enice where he 
 fpenc a month ; and having fliipped off" the books he had colieded in his travels, 
 he took his courfe through Verona, Milan, and along the lake Leman to Geneva. 
 In this city he continued feme time, meeting there with people of his own prin- 
 ciples-, and from thence returning through France, he arrived fafe in England, 
 after an abfence of fifteen months. 
 
 Soon after his return, he to )k a handfome houfe in Aldcrfgate-flreer, and em- 
 ployed himfelf in educating his filler's two fons, and fome other young gentle- 
 men, whom he is faid to have formed on the fame plan which he afterwards fet 
 forth in a fmall traft inl'cribed to his friend Mr. Hartlib. He was not, however, 
 fo occupied at home, as to be inattentive to the dilputes which were now agitated 
 among his countrymen •, for in 1641 lie publifhed a treatife of the Reformation 
 of Church Difcipline in England. In this performance he endeavours to fliow, by 
 orderly fteps, from Henry the Eighth's reign, whai were all along the real impe- 
 diments in this kingdom to a pcrfedt reformation, which irt general he reduces to 
 two heads, that is, our retaining of ceremonies, and confining the power of ordi- 
 nation to diocefan bifhops exclufively of the people. " Our ceremonies (he fays) 
 are fenfclels in themfelves, and ferve for nothing but either to facilitate our return 
 to popery, or to hide the defefts of better knowledge, and to fet off the pomp of 
 prelacy." As for the bifhops many of whom he denies not to have been good 
 men, be affirms, " that at the beginning, though they had renounced the pope, 
 they hugged the popedom, and fhared the authority among themfrlves." And he 
 imputes to the bilhops the obfirudion of a further reformat-on in the reign of 
 queen Elizabeth, and labours to prove that cpiicopal politics are always oppofite 
 to liberty. 'I'he fame year he publilhed his fmall treatife of Prclatical Epifco- 
 pacy. His next performance was, the Reafbn of Church Government urged 
 againfl Prelacy. He alfo publifned about this time Animadverfions upon the Re- 
 monllrants Defence againft Smedymnuus •, and an Apology for Smeftymnuus. 
 
 In the year 1643 our author efpoufed Mary, tiie daughter of Richard Powell, 
 efquire, of Forefl-hiil, in Oxfordfliire. This lady, however, whether from a dif- 
 ference on account of party, (her father being a zealous royalift) or fume other 
 caufe, after having cohabited with her hulband little more than a month, left 
 him, under pretence of vifiting her friends in the country, and rcfu fed to return 
 upon his repeated fblicitations. Her dcfertion pr .voked him both to write fever.il 
 trads concerning the doiflrine and dilcipline of divorces, and alio to make his 
 addrefi's 10 a young lady of great wit and beauty ; but before he had engaged her 
 
 atfct^ions
 
 46S M I L t O N. 
 
 afteciinns to concluJe the marriage-treaty, in a vifK at one of his relations, h^ 
 fo'jiid his wife proftrare before him, imploring forgivencfs and reconciliation. 
 "• Ic is not to be doubted (fays Mr. Elijah Fenton) but an interview of this nacure, 
 fo little expected, mull wonderfully affeft himv and perhaps the impreiTions ic 
 mJtie on his imagination, contributed much to the painting of that pathetic fcene 
 in Faradifc Loft •*, in which Eve addrefieth herfclf to Adam for pardon and peace. 
 At the intercelTion of his friends who were prefent, after a Ihort reluctance, he 
 generoufly faciificed all his relcntment to her tears. 
 
 ■ - ■' " Soon his heart relented 
 
 " Tow'rds her, his life fo late and fole deliglit, 
 " Now at his feet fubmiflive in difcrefs." 
 
 " And after this re-union, fo far was he from retaining an unkind memory of 
 the provocations which he had received from her ill conduct, that when the king's 
 caufe was entirely cppreired, and her father, who had been aftive in his loyalty* 
 was expoftd to fequellration, Milton received both him and his family to pro- 
 tedion and free entertainment in his own houfe, till their affairs were accommo- 
 dated by his intereft in the vidorious fadion f." 
 
 In 1644 Milton publiflied iiis Arcopagitica, or fpeech for the liberty of unli- 
 cenfed printing. This is, perhaps, (fays Dr. Newton; " the beft vindication that 
 has been publifhed at any time, or in any language, of that liberty whit-h is the 
 bafis and fiipport of all other liberties, the liberty of the prefs." But it had not 
 at prefent the defired effect; for fome of the leading prefbyterians, though they 
 had before juftly complained of this licenfing power, were now unwilling to give 
 it up when they were in pofTclTion of it themfclves. However, about five years 
 afterwards, in May, 1649, Gilbert Mabbor, the licenfer, was dilcharged from his 
 office ; and what is remarkable, this was done at Mabbot's own d.fire, who offered 
 many reafons to the parliament why no fuch officer as that of licenfer of the prefs 
 ought to be exercifcd. One of the reafons which he afTigned was, " Bccaufe that 
 employment (as he conceived) is unjuft and illegal, as to the ends of its firlt infli- 
 tution, viz. to flop the prefs from publifhing any thing that might difcover the 
 corruption of church and ftate in the time of popery, epifcopacy, and tyranny, 
 the better to keep the people in ignorance, and carry on their popifh, faftious, and 
 tyrannical defigns, for the enflaving and deflruction both of the bodies and fouls 
 of all the free people of this nation," A ftop was thus put to this arbitrary re- 
 ftraint of the prefs, fo fatal to the interefls of truth, liberty, and learning : it was, 
 however, revived after the rcfloration of Charles II. but was finally abolifhed at 
 the Revolution ; and we hope it will never again be fuffertd to dil'grace this coun- 
 try. It is well obferved by Mr. Toland, in his Life of Milton, fpraking of li- 
 cenfers of the prefi, that " nothing deferves more wonder, than rhat any wife peo- 
 ple fhould fuffer a fmall number of injudicious fellows, always ready to fupprefs 
 whatever is not rcliflied by their own fc6t or the magiftrate, to be the fole mafters 
 and judges of what fhould or fliould not be printed; that is, of what the nation 
 is to know, fpeak, or underftand : and I need not hefitate to affirm, (fays he) that 
 fuch a pbv/er in the hands of any prince, the licenfcrs being always his creatures, 
 
 ''■ Eoi k X. ver. 509. 
 
 "Y f enton'i Life of r.lilcon, prefixed lo Pai'adife Loft. 
 
 is
 
 MILTON. 469 
 
 is more dangerous even than a (landing army to civil liberty ; nor in point of reli- 
 gion is it inferior to the Inquifition." 
 
 Milton now rcfided in a large houfe in Barbican ; and befules his wife's rela- 
 tions, his own father had lived with him for fome time, and continued to do fo till 
 his death, which happened about the year 1647. Some time before this, there was 
 a defign of conftituting him adjutant-general in the army under Sir Wilh'am Wal- 
 ler ; but the new-modelling ot the army proved an obllrudtion to that advance- 
 ment. After the death of his father, his wife's friends havmc removed from 
 him, his houfe in Barbican was now too large for his family ; he therefore quitted 
 it for a fmailer in High Holborn, which opened backwards into Lincoln's-lnn- 
 Fields, where he profecuted his ftudies till the king's trial and death. And many 
 of the prefbyterians now declaiming tragically againft the king's execution, and 
 afierting that his perfon was facred and inviolable, Miltun publifiied his 1 enure 
 of Kings and Magi Urates, wherein he fhewed the inconlillency of the preicnt be- 
 haviour of th-; prefbyterians witli their former conduit-, .ind alfo proved, that it 
 was not only in itfelf a molt equitable thing, but that it has alio been fo elteemed 
 by the free and confidering part of mankind in all ages, that fuchas had the power 
 might call a tyrant to account for his mal-adminifiration, and, after due convic- 
 tion, depofe and put him to death, according to the nature of his crimes. 
 
 Our author was now taken into the fervice of the comtnonwealtb, and appointed 
 Latin fecretary to the council of (late. His State Letters, which are Hill extant 
 have been ever efteemed the completeft models for his fucceilbrs in that office. 
 The E»iavBa;o-;A;;ci; coming out about this time, viz. in 1649, Milton, at Cromwell's 
 defire, immediately wrote and publifhed an anfwer to it, called Eiy.o-^o}cXcx.a-r7jg, or 
 the Image-braker. In 1651 appeared his celebrated Defence of the People of 
 England againft Salmafius, entitled, Defenfio pro Populo Anglicano contra Claudii 
 Salmafii Defenfionem Regiam ; which fpread his fame over all Europe. The par- 
 liament, by whofe order he had undertaken this work, rewarded him with a pre- 
 fent of one thoufand pounds. About the year 1652 a gutta ferena, which had for 
 feveral years been gradually increafing, totally extinguilhed his fight. In i6'4 
 he publifhed his Defenfia Secunda pro Populo Anglicano, and in the year follow- 
 ing his Defenfio pro Se. After Richard Cromwell had been obliged to refion the 
 protedlorfhip, Milton wrote a letter, in which lie laid down the model of a com- 
 monwealth J not fuch as he thought the bcft, but what might be the moft readily- 
 fettled in that time of confufion. He alfo drew up another piece to the fame pur- 
 pofe, which feems to have been addrefled to general Monk \ and in February 
 1659-60, upon a profped of the king's return, he publifhed his Ready and f afy 
 Way to eftablilh a free Commonwealth. Juft before the reftnration he was re- 
 moved from his office of Latin fecretary, and a particular profccution was at firll 
 intended againft him; but a juft.efteem for his admirable parts and learnino- havin.tr 
 procured him many friends, even among thofe who detcfted his principles, he was 
 included in the general ann- fty. 
 
 Milton had exerted himfelf fo zealoufly againft king Charles I. and the royal 
 party, that it has been thought a matter of aftonifhiAent that he was treated with 
 lb much lenity, and fo eafily pardor.cd. But it appears that there was powerful 
 interceffion for him both in council and in parliament. Secretary Morris, and Sir 
 Thomas Clargcs, greatly favoured him, and exerted their intereft in his behalf; 
 and his friend Andtew Marvel!, member of parliament for Hull, formed a con- 
 fiderable party for him in the houfe of commons : but the principal inllrumcnt in 
 
 6 C obtainint 
 
 ^S
 
 47° 
 
 MILTON. 
 
 obcnining his parJon is faid to have been Sir William Davenant, It is I'aid that 
 an offer was made to Milton, of holding the Hame place of Secretary under king 
 Charles IJ. which he had difcharged with fo much ability under the commonwealth 
 and under Cromwell : but this he abiblutely refufed, probably thinking that he 
 could not accept this poft under the prefent eftablifhment, without afting incon- 
 fillenily with his principles and his former conduifl. But his wife, who was not 
 i"o icrupulous, was very urgent w!:h him to accept lb advantageous an offer ; upon 
 v.'hich Milton faid to her, " You are in the right, my dear; you, as other wo- 
 men, svould ride in your coach ; for me, my aim is to live and die an honefl: 
 man." 
 
 in 1667, our au:lior fent into the world his Paradife Loft, " The noblelt poem, 
 (fays Mr. Fenton) next to thole of Homer and Virgil, that ever the wit of man 
 produced in any age or nation." It is furpriling that a work of fuch extraordiny 
 merit Ihould not have met with a more favourable reception when it was firft pub- 
 liOa-d. B'lt Milton's political principles, which were greatly decried after ihc re* 
 ftoration, prejudiced many againft his writings ; and not a few were offended with 
 the novelty of a poem that was not in rhime. We are informed indeed by Mr. 
 Richardfon, th^t Sir George Hungerford, an antient member of parliament, told 
 him, that Sir John Denham came into the houfe one morning with a Iheet of Para- 
 dife Loft, wet from the prefs, in his hand ; and being afked what he had there, 
 faid he had part of the nobleft poem that ever was written in any language, or in 
 any age. However, it appears to have been in general but little known till about 
 two years after, when the earl of Dorfet recommended it, as Mr. Richardfon was 
 informed by Dr. Tancred Robinfon the phyfician •, who had been often told by 
 Fleetwood Shephard, that the earl, in company with Mr. Shephard, looking about 
 for books in Little Britain, accidentally met with Paradil'c Loll j and being fur- 
 prized at fjme paffages in turning it over, he bought it. The bookfeller begged 
 his lordlhip to fpeak in its favour if he liked it, for the impreffion lay on his hands 
 as wafle paper. The earl having read it, fent it to Drydcn, who in a fliort time 
 returned it with this anfwer, " 1 his man cuts us all out, and the antients too." 
 Drydcn's epigram upon Milton is well known * ; and thole Latin verfes by Dr. 
 Barrow the phylician, and the Englifh ones by Andrew Marvell, ufually prefixed 
 to the Paradife Loft, were written before the fecond edition, and were publiftied 
 with it. But ftill the poem was not generally known and efteemed^ nor did. it 
 meet with the applaufe it defcrved, till after the edition in folio, which was pub- 
 lifhed in 1688 by fubfcription. The bookfeller was advifed and encouraged to un- 
 dertake this edition by Mr. Somers, afterwards lord Somers, who not only fubr 
 fcribcd himfelf, but was zealous in promoting the fubfcription : and in the lift of 
 fubfcribers we iind ibme of the moft eminent names of that time. There were two 
 editions more in folio, one in 1692,, the other ia 1695-, for the poem was now fo 
 well. recerved, that, notwithftanding the. price of. it was four times greater than hcr 
 fore^ the fale incre.ftjd every year. But the moft elegaat edition .was publiftied igi. 
 
 * It may .net,, however,, ba improper tQ infert it her? : it is as follows : . 
 
 " Three Poets, in three diftant ages born, 
 " Grecccj ItaJj', and Kngl;uid,' diJ adorn.. 
 " The firlt in loft-incfs of thoujrht Ilirpalt ; 
 *' The next in uiajc-fh' ; in both the lall. 
 " The force of nature could no fiirtlier go ; 
 '* To rn»!re a third, (he join'J the former two."'
 
 MILTON. 
 
 471 
 
 1749, '^y ^^' Thomas Newton, now bilhop of Briftol, widi notes, and the life of 
 the author. The Paradife Loll was tranflated into blank verfe, in Low Dutch, 
 and printed in 1728; into French profe, in 1729 ; and into Italian verfe by Rolli 
 in 1736. There are alio three Latin verfions of it, one by Mr. Hog, a Scotfman, 
 publilhed in 1690, another by Dr. Trapp, and the third by Mr. Dobfon, fellow 
 of New College in Oxford. The lafl.' being reputed the bell, Mr. Dobfon received 
 a thoufand pounds for it, which had been propofed for this undertaking in 1735, 
 by William Benfon, efquire, auditor of the impreil:. Thus was juflice at length 
 done to the merits of this illuflrious bard ; and Milton is now confiJcred as an 
 Englilh claflic, and the Paradife Lolf generally eQccmed the nobleil and moft fub- 
 lime of modern poems, and equal at leaft to the bell of the antient. 
 
 In 1670 lie pubiiflicd his Hillory of Britain-, and in 1671, his Paradife Re- 
 gained. It is commonly reported, that Milton himfelf preferred tiiis poem to the 
 Paradife Loft; but all that can be affer.ed upon good authority is, that he v.-as not 
 pleafed to hear this poem decried fo much as it was, in comparifon with the other. 
 And certainly (fays Dr. Newton) " It is very worthy of the author, and, contrary 
 to what Mr. 1 oland relates, Milton may be feen in Paradife Regained as well as 
 in Paradife Loft. If i: is inferior in poetry, I know not whether it is not fuperior 
 in lentiment ; if it is lefs defcriptive, it is more argumentative ; if it doth not fome- 
 times rifefo high, neither doth it ever fink fo low ; and it has not met with the ap- 
 probation it deferves, only becaufe it has not been more read and confidered. His 
 iubject indeed is confined, and he has a narrow foundation to build upon ; but he 
 has railed as noble a fuperftruflure, as fuch. little room and fuch fcanty materials 
 would allow. The great beauty of it is the contraft between the two chara£lers of 
 the Tempter and Our Saviour, the artful fophiftry and fpecious infinuations of the 
 one refuted by the ftrong fcnfe and manly eloquence of the other." 
 
 Befides the works that we have already mentioned, he wrote an excellent trag».'dy 
 called Samfon Agoniftes; a brief hiftory of Mufcovy ; an inftitution of logic aftec 
 the method of Peter Ramus ; poems on feveral occafions, both Latin and Eng- 
 lini; a treatife of the civil power in ecclefiaftical caufes, &c. &c. A complete 
 and elegant edition of his profe works was publilhed at London in 1738, in two 
 volumes folio, witii an account of his life and writings, by Dr. Thomas Birch j 
 and his poems have been colledled and printed together in three volumes quarto, 
 and three volumes oftavo. He died of the gout at his houfe in Bunhill-row, in 
 November 1674, in the fixty-fixth year of his age, and was interred near his father 
 in St. Giles's church, Cripplegate. He left behind him three daughters by his 
 firft wife. In 1737 a monument was erefted to his memory in Wctlminfter-abbey, 
 at the expence of Mr. Benfon, one of the auditors of the impreft. 
 
 Mr. Fenton has given the following dcfcription of this great poet: " In his- 
 youth he is faid to have been extremely hanJfome : the colour of his hair was a 
 light brown ; the fymmetry of his features exadt, .enlivened with an agreeable air, 
 and a beautiful mixture of fair and ruddy, l-lis Itature did not exceed the middle - 
 fize i neither too lean, nor corpulent ; his limbs well proportioned, nervous, ami 
 aftive; fcrviceable in all refpecfls to his exercifing the fword, in wiiich he much 
 delighted, and wanted neither fltiU nor courage to refent an affront from men of 
 the moft athletic conftitutions. In his diet he was abftcmious -, not delicate in the 
 choice of his difhes; and ftrong liquors of all kinds were his averfion. Being too 
 fadly convinced how much his health had fuffered by night-ftudies in his younger 
 ycarSj he u fed to go early (fcldom later than nine) to reft; and rofe commonly. 
 
 btforc
 
 47= 
 
 M I T C H E L. 
 
 before five in the morning. It is reported (and there is a pafTage in one of his 
 I,atin elegies to countenance the tradition) that his fancy made the hnppiell flights 
 in the fpring ; but one of his nephews ufcd to deliver it as Milton's own obfer- 
 vation, that his invention was in its higheft perfeftion from September to the ver- 
 nal etiuinox : however, it was, the great inequalities to be found in his compo- 
 fures, are inconteftible proofs, that in fome lealons he was but one of the people. 
 When blindncfs reflrained him from other exeicifes, he had a macJiine to fwing in, 
 for the prclervation of his health, and diverted himlelf in his chamber with play- 
 ing on an organ. His deportment was erect, open, affable; his converfation eaiy, 
 cheerful, inlUucflive ; his wit on all occafions at command, facetious, grave, or 
 jatirical, as the fubjeft required. His judgment, when difengaged from religious 
 and political fpeculations, was juft and penetrating-, his apprchenfions quick; his 
 memory tenacious of what he read ; his reading only not fo extenfive as his geniuf, 
 for that was univerfal. And having treafured up luch immenfe ftores of fcience, 
 perhaps the faculties of his foul grew more vigorous after he was deprived of his 
 fight; and his imagination (naturally fublime, and enlarged by reading romances, 
 of which he was much enamoured in his youth) when it was wholly abftrafled 
 from material objefls, was more at liberty to make fuch amazing excurfions into 
 the ideal world, when, in compofing his divine work, he was tempted to range 
 
 *' Beyond the vifiblc diurnal fphere," 
 
 With fo many accomplifhments, not to have had fome faults and misfortunes, on 
 be laid in the balance with the fame and felicity of writing Paradife Loft, would 
 have been too great a portion for humanity." 
 
 MITCHEL (Sir David) a diftinguiihed admiral, was defcended from a 
 worthy family in Scotland, and at fixteen years of age was put apprentice to the 
 mafter of a trading velfcl at Leiih, with whom he continued feven years. He af- 
 terwards fcrvcd as mate aboard feveral (hips, particularly in northern voyages ; 
 by which he not only acquired great (kill as a feaman, but attained moft of the 
 modern languages ; which, with his extraordinary fl'cill in the mathematics, and 
 other genteel accomplifiiments, recommended him, after his being prefTed to lea in 
 the Dutch fervice, to the favour of his officers, At the Revolution, being re- 
 markable for his flcill in maritime affairs, and his att,ichment to the government, 
 he was made a captain, and fuon dirtinguifhed and promoted, fo that in 1693 he 
 commanded the fquaciron th.at conveyed the king to Holland ; and by this means 
 having an opportunity of frequently converfing with his majelly, became fo much 
 in his favour, that in the next promotion he was made rear-admiral of the Blue, 
 and foon after appointed one of the grooms of his majefty's bed-chamber. 
 
 In 1694 Sir David Mitchel, being then a knight, and rear-admiral of the Red, 
 failed with admiral Rufiel into the Mediterranean ; and on the admiral's return 
 home, he was made commander in chief of a fquadron left in thofe Teas. In 1696 
 he ferved under Sir George Rooke, with whom he lived in great friendfliip. He 
 afterwards brought over from Holland, and carried back Peter the Great, emperor 
 of RufHa, and alio attended him during the whole time he ftaid in England; and 
 that prince, who often declared that he iiad learned more of maritime affairs from 
 him, than from any other perfon whatever, offered him the higheft preferments in 
 Mufcovy, if he would accompany him thither; but this propofal was neither 
 
 agreeable
 
 ISI O L E S W O R T H. 
 
 473 
 
 agreeable to Sir David's circiimflances nor inclinations ; for having been appointed 
 gentleman of tlie black rod, on the death of Sir Fleetwood Shepl.erd, and having 
 alfo his pay as vice-admiral, he had no reafon to quit his native country, even to 
 oblige fo great a prince. His (Icill and conduft as a feaman, and his perfect ac- 
 quaintance with every branch of naval affairs, rendered him extremely ul'eful, and 
 his polite behaviour made him agreeable to every adminiftration. Upon the accef- 
 fion of queen Anne, Sir David was appointed one of the council to prince George 
 of Denmark, then lord high admiral; in which office he continued till rhe year 
 before the prince's death, when he was laid afide; but upon another change of 
 affairs he was fent over to Holland to expoftulate with the ftates-general upon the 
 deficiencies of their quota during the continuance of the war, which commiflian 
 he difchare;ed with great honour. This was the laft public aft of his life, for 
 foon after his return to England, he died at his feat called Popes, in HertfordlhirCj 
 on the firfl of June 1710. 
 
 MOLESWORTH (Robert) vifcount Molefwcrth, an eminent flatefman and 
 polite writer, was defcended from an Engliili family-, but his father haviiig ferved 
 in the civil wars in Ireland, afterwards fettled in Dublin, where he became a con- 
 fiderable merchant, and died in Septe.mber, 1656, leaving his wife pregnant with 
 this his only child. He was born at Dublin in December following, and having 
 ftudied in the college th^re, married a filler of Richard earl of Bellamonr, When 
 the Prince of Orange entered England, Mr. Molefworth dilTinguifhed himfelf by 
 his early and zealous appearance in defence of the liberty and religion of his coun- 
 try ; which rendered him fo obnoxious to king James, that he was attainted, and 
 his eftate'fequeflered. But king William was no fooner ellabliflied on tiie throne, 
 than he made him one of his privy-council; and in 1692 he was fcric envoy ex- 
 traordinary to the court of Denmark, where he refided above three years, till dif- 
 obliging his Danifh majefty by claiming fome privileges which, by the cufhom of 
 the country, are denied to every body bat the king, he was forbid the court: on 
 which, pretending bufinefs in Flanders, lie retired thither, and, without an audi- 
 ence of leave, returned home, where he drew up an account of Denmark, which, 
 though it offended that court, was well received by the public, and tranfiated into 
 feveral languages. It was likewife fo highly approved by the earl of Shaftfbury, 
 the author of tlie Charaftcridics, that it occafioned a drift friendfliip between him 
 and Mr. Molelworth. This piece was however anfwered by Dr. William King, 
 the Danifh envoy furnilhing him with materials for that purpofe. Mr. Molefworth 
 ferved his country in the houfe of commons in both kingdoms, being chofen for 
 the borough of Swordes in Ireland, and lor thofe of Bodmyn, St. Michael, and 
 Eaft Retford in England; and he always behaved with the greatert firmnefs and 
 fteadinefs, in defence of the principles he had embraced. He was a member of 
 queen Anne's privy-council, till the latter end of her reign, when party fpirit run- 
 ning high, he was removed from the board. But as he ftrenuoufly maintained the 
 houfe of Hanover's right to fuccecd to the throne, king George I. on his obtain- 
 'm<y the cruwn, appointed him one of his privy-council in Ireland, r.nd alfo a com- 
 miiTioner of trade and plantation^ •, and in J716 he was advanced to the peerage 
 of Ireland, by the title of baron Fhilipftown, and vifcount Molefworth of Swordes, 
 Mis lordfnip was likewife a fellow of the Royal Society, and continued to ferve 
 his country with incorruptible integrity till the two la(t years of his life, which 
 he fpentin a ftudious and learned retirement, and died on the 22d of May, 1725, 
 
 6 D at
 
 474 
 
 MONK. 
 
 at his feat at Brecdenftown, in the county of Dublin. He is the reputed author 
 of fcveial pieces written with great force of reafon and mafculine eloquence ; he alio 
 wrote an addrefs to the houfe of commons for the encouragement of atzricukure, 
 and tranflated Hottoman's Franco-Gallia, a Latin treatife on the flute of the 
 French before the incroachments made on their liberties. He had by his wife fcven 
 fons and fovir daughters ; one of whom, named Mary, was diftinguiftied for her 
 poetic genius. 
 
 MONK (George) duke of Albemarle, the renowned reftorer of kin^ Charles II. 
 to his crown and kinL'dom, was bon of an ancient family at Potheridge in Dc- 
 vonlhire, on the 6th of December, 1608. He dedicated himlclf to arms from his 
 youth, no provifion being expcfted from his father Sir Thomas Monk, a gentle- 
 man of reduced fortune. Before he was quite fcventcen, he entered as a volunteer 
 under h^s kinfman Sir Richard Greenvile, who was then at Plymouth, and jlHI 
 upon fitting out under lord Wimbledon, on the ill-concerted, and worfe executed, 
 expedition againft Spain. The ill fuccefs which attended our young volunteer's 
 firft effay, neither damped his courage nor changed his martial inclination -, for 
 the next year he obtained a pair of colours under Sir John Burroughs, in the ex- 
 pedition to tiie ifle of Rhee; whence returning in 162S, he, the following year, 
 ferved as an enfign in the Low Countries, tiili under lord Oxford, and then undir 
 lord Goring, by whom he was promoted to the rank of a captain. In this llation 
 he was concerned in feveral fieges and battles -. and having, in ten years ferv:ce, 
 by a fteady and dole application to the duties of his proklFion, made himfelf an 
 abfolute mafter of the military art, he returned to his native country juft on the 
 breaking out of the war between king Charles I. and his Scottifh fubjcds. Our 
 captain's reputation, backed by the powerful recommendations of the carl of Lei- 
 ceflcr and lady Carlifle, procured him the rank of lieutenant- colonel in the regi- 
 ment belonging to lord Newport •, in which poH; he ferved in the king's northern 
 expedition. 
 
 The trcdty commenced at Rippon, had fcarce put an end to the Scotch war, 
 when the horrid Irifh rebellion broke outj in quelling which, colonel Monk did 
 fuch confiderable fcrvicc, that the lords-juRices appointed him governor of Dub- 
 lin ; but the parliament interceding, that authority was vefted in another; and 
 foon after, the colonel returned to llngland with his regiment, on his figning a 
 truce with the Irilh rebels, purfuant to the king's orders; which was done on the. 
 fifteenth of September, 1643: but, on the colonel's arrival at Briflol, he was met 
 by orders bo:h from Ireland and Oxford, diredling lord Hawley, governor of Brif- 
 t'jl, to fccurc iiim till further orders. However, his lordfhip (on being informed 
 of tlie unjuft fufpicions entertained of tlie colonel, purely for being an officer 
 under the earl of LeiceAcr, who was nominated by the parliament to command the 
 forces raifeJ, and paid by them for the Infh fcrvicc ; and from a fear that he might 
 not willingly enter into a war againft thofe whofe pay he received ; and being fa- 
 tisfied he had no f jTt of inclinativn to fide with them) fuffered him to proceed to 
 Oxford on his bare parole ; where he fo f.dly juftified himfelf to lord Digby, 
 then fecretary of ftate, that he was by that nobleman introduced to his majcfty ; 
 but his regiment was given to colonel Warren, who had been his major. 
 
 In order to make him amends for this precipitancy, the king raifed him to the 
 
 rank of major-general in the Irilh brigade, then commanded by lord Byron, and 
 
 cnijl.'ycd in ihi fi.ec of Nantwich, in Clicfliire; to which poft Monk f;evdily. 
 
 "^ repaired,
 
 M O N K. 4;5 
 
 repaired, but arrived only time enough to iliare in the unfortunate furprifal of that 
 whole brigade by Sir Thomas Fairfax, who brought a conlidtrible body of the 
 parliament's forces to the relief of that place ; from whence Monk was fent to 
 Hull, among the other prifoners, and was in a fiiort time conveyed to the lower 
 of London, where he remained in clofe confinement till the ihirtrenrh of Novem- 
 ber, 1646; and then, as the only means to procure his Lberty, he t;c)k the cove- 
 nant, engaged with the parliament, and a-reed to accept a comm:uid under them in 
 the Irifli fcrvice. He. fet out for Ireland in January following, but returned in 
 April on account of fom.e impediments. Soon after, he was made cornm.ander in 
 chief of all the parliament's forces in the nirth of Ireland ; whereupon he returned 
 to that kingdom and landed at Bc;lfalK The Sco:s under the command of major- 
 general Monroe, refufing to join the Englilh in the fervice of the parliament, co- 
 lonel Monk was prevented from ciuering into adtion fo foon as he chofe •, but beinrr 
 joined by colonel Jones, he made large amends, and difputed the p )ficirion of 
 Ulder very warmly with Owen Roe O'Neal, obliging him to raife the fiege of 
 Londonderry. Yet, notwithtlanding thcfe i'mall fuccelFes, the fupcriority of the. 
 marquis of Ormond and lord Inchiquin, at the head of the royalilts, and the uii- 
 conquerable diftrufl of the Scots, to whom moll of his garrilon of Dundalk re- 
 volted on their approach to that place, reduced him to the nece/Tity of enterintr 
 intj a treaty with O'Neal; who deceiving h'm, he was obliged to furrender Dun- 
 dalk to lord Inchiquin, and return to Engl.md •, where he was called to an account 
 by the parliament for having treated with the Irifli rebels. About this time. Ins 
 elder' brother dying without iirue male, the family eftate, by entail, devolved upon 
 him, and he repaired it from the ruinous condition in which his father and brother 
 had left it. He had fcarce fettled his private affairs when he was called upon to 
 fcrve againft the Scots, (vvho had proclaimed king Charles II.) under Oliver Crom- 
 well, by whom he was made lieutenant-general of the artillery, and h.id a re"i-. 
 ment given him. In this p-jfl: he v^as extrem.ly fw-rviceable to Cromwell, particu- 
 larly at the farnjus battle of Dunbar-, where perfonally charging and routinrr 
 Lower's regiment, he led the way to that comjileat viftory there obtained by the 
 Engiidi foices. After this, he was employed in difperfing a body of irregulars, 
 known by the name of Mofs-troopers ; and in reducing the cafties of Darlington, 
 Rofwell, Brothwick, and Tantailon, where they ufed to harbour: he was alf) 
 concerned in fettling the articles for the furrender of Edinburgh caflle; and, bein^r: 
 left coinmander in chief in Scotland, at the head of fix th:)uland men, by Crom- 
 well, when he returned to England in pu'fuit of Charles II. he brfieged and took 
 Sterling, and carried Dundee by ftorm •, where he behaved vvidi great cruelty, 
 putti:ig the governor and eight hundred men to the fword. Soon afteiwanhs, St.. 
 Andrew's and Aberdeen having alfo fubmitted to hitn, he was feized with a violent 
 fit of illnefs, vyhich obliged him, in 1652, to go to Bath for his recovery. Re- 
 turning from thence, he fet out again for Scotland, as one of the commifTioners 
 for unting that kingdom with the new-ercifted Englifii commonwealtli ; which 
 having brought to a fuccefsful conclufion, he returned to London. 
 
 The Dutch war having now been carried on for fome months, lieutenant-gene- 
 ral Monk, on the death (-f colonel Popham, was joined with the admir.ds blake 
 and Dean in the command at fea ; and, on the third of June, 165 {, he, by his 
 courage and conduft, contributed greatly to the defeat then given to the JXitch 
 flret, and likewile to the next obtained on the thirty-firll of July following. While 
 Monk^ and the oUicx admirals, were, tiuis triumphing over the nation's enemies, 
 
 and
 
 4:6 M O N K. 
 
 and increafing tlie honour of the commonwealth abroad, Cromwell was paving his 
 way to the luprcniacy at home-, which, on the fixtcenth of December, 1653, he 
 obtained under the title of protedor. In this capacity he foon concluded a peace 
 with the Dutch, who obtained much more favourable terms from him than what 
 the council of Itate and parliament had appeared willing to grant. Monk, who 
 lay with his fleet on the Dutch coaft, remonftrattd fo warmly againft this peace, 
 and ihofe remonllrances were fo well received by Cromwell's parliamtiit ; and Monk, 
 on his return, was treated fo kindly by them, that Oliver is laid to have grown 
 jealous of him to fuch dct^rce, that he clofeccd him, to find whether he was in- 
 clined to any other intereft; but, on receiving fatisfadion from the general on this 
 head, he not only took him into favour, but, on the breaking out of frefh trou- 
 bles in the north of Scotland, fent him down there commander in chief, forv.'hich 
 poll he fet out in April 1654. Arriving at Leith, he fent colonel Morgan with a 
 large detachment againft- the royalifls-, and, having afllfted in proclaiming the 
 proteclor at Edinburgh, on the fourteenth of May, followed himfelf with the reft 
 of the forces. Through the general's prudent management, this war was finifhed 
 by Auguft, when he returned from the Highlands, and fixed his abode at Dalkeith, 
 a feat belonging to the countcfs of Buccieutzh, within four or five miles of Edin- 
 burgh; where he conftantly refided during the time that he ftayed in Scotland, 
 amufing himfelf with the pleafures of a rural life, and beloved by the people, 
 though his government was more abfoluce than any of their princes had dared to 
 pradtile. 
 
 The war in Scotland being thus fpeedily and happily concluded for the protec- 
 tor, he appointed a council of ftate for that part of his government, confifting of 
 the lord Broghill, general Monk, colonel Howard, colonel William I ockhart, co- 
 lonel Adrian Scroop, colonel John Whetham, and major-general Defborough, who 
 came to Scotland in September 1655, and began to exercifc their authority, which 
 was very cxtcnfive. The majoiry of thefe commiffioners (three of whom, lord 
 Broghill, colonel Howard, and colonel Wheiham, were afterwards very inftru- 
 mental in the relloration) concurred with general Monk in almoft every thing he 
 propofed ; by which means the government of Scotland lull remained chiefly in 
 his hands ; which, together with his affable behaviour towards the better fort of 
 all parties, made Cromwell begin 10 entertr.iti fdme fufpicions of him ; and, in 
 order to prevent his influence from growing too powerful, the proteftor ufed to 
 make frequent changes in the forces under his command, by recalling fuch regi- 
 ments as were mofl trufted by the general, and fending in their room thofe who 
 were moft violent and refractory at home-, who gave him much trouble to bring 
 them into order, and make them fubmit to that difcipline which he obliged all under 
 him ftriftly to obferve. Nor was this diftruft entir.Iy without foundation. It is 
 certain that the king entertained good hopes of him, and to tliat purpofe wrote a 
 letter to him from Cologne on the 12th of Auguft, 16/55. However, the general 
 made no Icruple of difcovering every ftep taken by the Cavaliers which cams to his 
 kno'vltd^e, even to the fending the protedlor tliis letter, and joined in promoting 
 a'."!drcfl"es to him from the army in Scotland ; and in 1657 he decreed a fummons to 
 Oliver's houfe of lords. From this period to the death of Oliver Cromwell, general 
 Monk rna.ntained Scotland in fubjedion, and lived fme from all dillurbance, not 
 intermeddling further with the mad politics of ihofe times, than to put what orders 
 he rcteivcd from Kngland pundually into execution ; in puifuance of which plan 
 he proclaimed Richard Cromwell proteflor there after his father's death, Richard 
 
 having
 
 M O N K. 4.;,; 
 
 having difpatclied Dr. (afterwards Sir Thomas) Clarges, tli-rn cominiflloner of the 
 Scotcl) and Irifli force?, (whole fifter the general had Ibme time before owned fof 
 his wife) with letters to him ; to which he returned a fuitable and rcfpecftrul an- 
 fwer. At the fame time he joined with the reft of the officers and army under his 
 command, in an addrefs to the new protedtor, whofe power he might eailly forefctf 
 would have but a fhort date, it having been his opinion that Oliver, had he lived 
 much Lnger, would fcarce have been able to preferve himfelf in his (lation. 
 
 The general receiving advice of the depofiti^n of Richard Cromwell, readilv*' 
 abandoned him he had fo lately proclaimed; and his brother-in-law CUrges bilncr 
 again fent to him from the rump-parliament, on their reitoration, he acquiefced m 
 all they had done, as the furelt way to prelerve his own command ; and, with hi» 
 officers, fi.ned the engagement againfl; Charles Stuart, or any other fingle perfoHj 
 being admitted to the government. But, when tlieir committee, confiftint^ of ten 
 perfons, began, on the information of two republican colonels in his army, to 
 make confider.ible alterations therein, by cafliicring thofe officers in whom he moft 
 confided, he wrote a letter to the houfe, complaining of this treatment in fo warm 
 a ftile, at the fame time engaging for the fidelity of his officers, that they ordered 
 their committee n>t to proceed further therein till the general himfelf was com 
 fulted. The royai'iis were far from being idle at this junifture •, there had been a 
 kind of fecret committee of that party for managing affairs in behalf of the 
 crown, ever fince the death of Charles I. among whom was Sir John Greenvile, 
 our general's kiafman, who had lately given a very good living in Cornwall to Mr. 
 Nicholas Monk, his brother-, and Sir John receiving at this time two letters from 
 king Charles II. then at Brnffels, one direfted to himfelf, and the other to the 
 general, together with a private commiffion to treat with the latter, the fuccefs of 
 that overture ended, as it is well known, in the reftoration of the king. On the 
 eighth of May, 1660., the general affifted at the proclamation of king Charles II. 
 and being informed by .^ir Thomas Clarges, that his majefly intended to land at 
 Dover, he fct out for that place. The interview between the king and the "encral 
 was conformable to every one's expeftation, full of duty on one fide, and favour 
 and efteem on the other; the king permitting the general to ride in his coach two 
 miles out of the town ; when his m^jcfty took horfe, and, with general Monk on 
 his left hand, and his two brothers on his right, proce(?dcd to Canterbury, where 
 he conferred the order of the garter on his rellorer, the dukes of York and Glou- 
 cefter invclling him with the honourable cnfigns of that dignity. From Canterbury 
 th.e king removed to Rochefter, where he lay on Monday the 28th of May ; ani 
 the next morning, being his birth-day, fct out for Black-heath to review the army 
 which the general had caufcd to be drawn up there ; and from thence proceeded 
 to his capital, into which he made his public entry with great magnificence. Ge- 
 neral M(jnk was now fworn one of the privy council, made mailer of the horfe, 
 "one of the gentlemen of the bed-chamber, firit lord commiffioner of the 'i'reafuryi 
 and, in about a montii afterwaids, was created a peer, by the titles of baron Monk 
 of A-'othei'dge, Beauchamp, and 'I'et-s, tarl of Forrington, and duke of Albe- 
 marle, with a grant of I'even thoufand pounds a year, bcfides other penfions. He 
 received a very peculiar acknowledgment of regard on being thus called to the 
 peerage, almofl the whole houfe of commons attending him to the very door of the 
 houfe of lords ; and we are told, tliat Sir Edward Nicholas faid, that the induflry 
 and fervice, which liie duke of Albemarle had paid tj> the crown fines the king's 
 
 6 li reitoration,
 
 47? MONK. 
 
 retloration, without reflcdTing upon his fervice before, dcferved all the favour ant} 
 bounty which his majclty had been plcafed to confer upon him. 
 
 In 0(5tober, the duke was made one of t!ie commiflioncrs for trying the regi- 
 cides ; and w js foon after appointed lord-lieutenanc of the counties of l^evon and! 
 MiJdlcfex, and of the borough of Southwark. The parliajrent voting the dif- 
 bandin" of the army, the duke joined very heartily with lord chancellor Hyde in 
 promoting that (lep-, and took great pains, by changing of officers, to bring it to 
 be fubmiitcd to quietly ; in which he fucceeded, all but his ova regimcni of foot, 
 and a n:w-ra;fcd regiment of horfc for the king's guard, being paid cff and dif- 
 raifTed. in January following, while the king was accompanying his mother and. 
 fiftcr on their return to France,, the duke was employed at London in qu-jlling an- 
 infurreflioH made by tome Filth-monarchy men, under one Venner, a wine-cooper ; 
 wlio were with fome difficul'y reduced by the duke's regiment, af.er repulling fome 
 detachments of the eity militia and the new-railed horfe. This gave rife to a pro- 
 pofal for keeping up (landing forces; but the duke was averfe theieto, faying, that 
 his endeavouring to continue any part of the army would be liable to fo much 
 niifintcrpretation, that he would by no means appear in it. On the 2 2d of April, 
 j66f, the duke, as mailer of the horfe, attended the king in his procefiion, lead- 
 ing the horfe of ftate, from the Tower to Whitehall ; and the next day carried the 
 freptre and dove, and was on^ of the fupporters of the canopy during the royal 
 un(5tion at the coronation-, after which, he and the duke of Buckingham did ho- 
 mage for themfclves and the relt of their degree. In the latter part of this year 
 he was attacked with a dangerous illnefs, from which he was recovered by the 
 king's phyfician. Sir Robert Frafer. After this, every thing being irv full peace, 
 he enjoyed himfelf for fome time in retirement, till, on the breakmg out of the 
 firfl Dutch war, in 1664, he wa?;, by his royal highnefs the duke of York, who 
 commanded the fleet, intruded with the care of the admiralty, receiving at the 
 fame time a very obliging letter from his royal highnefs. 
 
 'J'he plague broke out in London the fame year-, an! the king removing from 
 thence to Oxford, the duke of Albemarle's vigilance and aflivity made his majelly 
 regard him as the fitted: nobleman to be enrrufted with the care of his capital city 
 in that time of imminent danger and diflrefs ; which additional burthen he chear- 
 fully underwent, and was gieatly affiflcd therein by the archbidiop of Canterbury 
 and the earl of Craven. About Michaelmas the king fentfor him to Oxford, whi- 
 ther he immediately repaired, and, on his arrival, found .his majefly had appointed 
 prince Rupert and himfelf joint admirals for the cnfuing year; which pod, though 
 many of his friends difTuaded him, he readily accepted, and immediately fet him- 
 felf diligently about his new employment ; wliercin all the care of finifhing thofe 
 new fliips which were on the (locks, repairing the old ones, which had been much 
 damaged in an aflion with the Dutch that fummcr, viftualling and manning the 
 whole fleer, fell chiefly to his lot, and was fo eflcduaily and cxpeditioufly purfued 
 by him, the feamen ofi^ering in crowds to the fervice, becaufe they faid ihey were 
 Itire that hon (I George, as they commonly called him, would fee them well ltd and 
 juHly paid, that on 23d of April, 1666, the prince and he took their leaves of 
 the king, and repaired on board the fleet-, wliere- the former hoificd his flag as ad- 
 miral of the white, on board the Royal James ; and the latter, as admiral of the 
 led, on board the Royal Charles. 
 
 The particulars of his bravery againft the Dutch in this ftation are properly the 
 fubjedl of general hiRory, to which therefore we refer. He returned home in the 
 
 beginning
 
 M O N S N. 
 
 479 
 
 beginning of September, and lay with the fleet at anchor in the bay of St. Helen's, 
 rear Spithead. During that interval, broite out the terrible fire in London ; which 
 beginning on the fecond of September, 1666, burned with unparallelled fury for 
 three days, and laid the greated part of the city in afhes. 'i his unexpefled acci- 
 dent immediately occafioned the duke of Albemarle to be recalled from the fleer, 
 to afllft in quieting the minds of the people ; who exprefled their affedion and ef- 
 teem for him, by crying out publicly, as he pafled through the ruined ftreets, that 
 *' if his grace had been there, the city had not been burned." About his fixtieth 
 year he was attacked with a dropfy, which being too much neglected, gained 
 ground upon him pretty taft, and at lengtli put a period to his life on the third of 
 January, 1669-70. The king, as a mark of his regard to the memory of this va- 
 liant commander, caufcd his remains to be dcpofited among the monarchs of Eng- 
 land in Weflminfter-abbey. 
 
 The duke of Albemarle wjs an author; a light in which he is but little known, 
 yet in which he did not want merit. While he was a prifoner in the Tower, he 
 compofcd a treatile which was afterwards publiflied, entitled, Obfervations upoa 
 military and political affairs. Several of his fpeeches and letters have been alfo 
 printed. 
 
 MONSON (Sir William) a famoi>s Englifli admiral, was the third fon of Sir 
 John Monfor>, of South Carlton in Lincolnfliire, and was born in the year 1569. 
 He ftudicd two years in Baliol-coilege, Oxford -, but being of an adive and mar- 
 tial difpofition, be grew weary of a contemplative life, and went early to fca in the 
 condition of a private man. In 1587 he had the command of a fliip, and in 1589 
 was vice-admiral to the earl of Cumberland in his expedition to the Azore iflands; 
 in their return from which enterprize, they fufFered the molt dreadful hardflaips. 
 *' The extremity we endured (fays he in his naval trads) was mose terrible than 
 befel any ftiip in the eighteen years war. For fixteen days together wc never 
 tailed a drop of drink, either beer, wine, or water; and though we had plenty of 
 beef an 1 pork of a year's faking, yet did we forbear eating it, for fear of making 
 us the drier. Many drank lalt water, and tho!e that did died luddenly, and the 
 lafl words they ufually fpoke were. Drink, drink, drink ! And I dare boldly fay, 
 that of five hundred men that were in that fliip feven years ago, at this day there 
 is not a man alive but myfelf and one inore." He afterwards ferved a fecond time 
 under the earl of Cumberland, when they took feveral Spanilh fhips ; and captain 
 Monfon being fent to convoy one of them to England, was taken, after a long and 
 bloody fight, by fix Spanifli gallies, and detained as an hoftage for tjie perform- 
 ance of certain covenants ; and being carried to Portugal, he was confined in pri- 
 fon near two years at Cafcais and Lifbon. In 1 £^94 he was created mailer of arts at , 
 Oxford. 
 
 In 1596 he ferved in the expedition to Cadiz, under Robert Devereux, carl of 
 EfTex, to whom he was of great fcrvice by his wife and moJerate counfel, and 
 was defervedly knighted. He was employed in feveral other expedi ions, and was 
 highly honoured ani.; efteemed during the reign of queen Elizabeth. In 1604 he 
 was appointed admiral of the Narrow Seas, in which Itation he continued til! 1616, 
 during which time he fupported tlie honour of the Englilh flag againll the info- 
 lence of the infant commonwealth of Holland, and pjotcded our trade againil the 
 encroachments of France, 
 
 Notwithftanding .
 
 4!?o MONTAGUE. 
 
 ,.'Kolv/'itlifta1>din|^ his'faichfut fcrvices, he had the misfortune to fall ihco difgracej' 
 tiV.dy through the intrigues cf (bme powerful courtiers, was, in the year 1616, impri-i 
 ibiicd in t!\e Tower-, but on his being examined by the I'jrd chief juUice Coke and 
 (ecretary Winwood, he was difcharged ; and foon after he pubUfhed a vindication 
 of his condud:, with an account or' the infolence of the Dutch. At length, in 
 1635, it being found neccflaiy to equip a large fleet, in order to break a confede- 
 racy that was forming between the Frt-nch and Dutch, he was appointed vice-ad- 
 miral of that armament, and performtrd his duty with great honour and bravery. 
 This was the laft fcrvice in which he was employed ; for he fpcnt the remainder of 
 his days in peace and privacy at his feat at Kinneifley in Surry, where he digcllcd 
 and finiflied his Naval Trafts, and died there in February 1642-3, in the fevcnty* 
 fourth year of his age. 
 
 MONTAGUE (Edward) earl of Sandwich, an illuftrious Englishman, who 
 united the qualifications of general, admiral, and llatefman, was the fon of Sir Sid-* 
 iiey Montague, the youngeit of fix fons of Edward lord Montague of Bought(;n. 
 He was born on the 27th of July, 1625, and having received the advantages of a 
 liberal education, entered very ejrly into bufinels. He married, when not much 
 above feventeen, the daughter of Mr. Crew, afterwards lord Crew cf Stene-, and 
 in Augufl; 1643 received a commiffion to raife and command a regiment under the 
 carl of Eflcx. This he performed, though but eighteen years of age, and took 
 the field in fix weeks. He was prefent at the (torming of Lincoln on the 6th of 
 May, 1644, which was one of the warmeft adions in the civil war. He was like- 
 wife in the battle of Marfton-moor, fought on the 2d of July the fame year, 
 where he diftinguiflied himtclf in fuch a manner, that when the ci:y of York de- 
 manded to capitulate, he was appointed one of the cominifiloners for fettling the 
 articles, though he was then but m his nineteenth year. We find him the next year 
 in the battle of Nafeby, and in July 1645, he (tormed the town of Bridgwater. 
 In September he commanded a brigade in the fiorm of Brillol, where he diltin» 
 guiflicd hiiT:felf in a very remarkable manner, and on the loth of ireptember, 1645, 
 fubfcribed the articles of the capitulation granted to prince Rupert, on the delivery 
 of that important place to the parliament. But after all this fervice in the army, 
 at fo early an atje, he fliewed no inclination to make the fword the fuprcme power ; 
 for when the foldiers declared againft the parliament, and impeached eleven of its 
 members, he forbore going to the houfe, where, though not of age, he fat as 
 knighi for Huntingdonflfirc. He had, however, a feat at the board of treafury, 
 and a fliare in the tranfaftions of thofe times. After the Dutch war was over, he 
 was brought into a command of the fleet, and was made choice of by the protedor 
 Cromwell, to be joined with admiral Blake in his expedition into the Mediterranean. 
 He found fome difficulties to flruggle with, at his entrance upon this employ- 
 ment; many of the officers being difpleafed with the fervice in whicli they were to 
 be engaged, and fome infifting on laying dow n their commifllons. He managed 
 this intricate bufinefs with great prudence and dexterity, fo as to Ihew a due regard 
 to'difcipline, without running into any atfls of feverity : and this had a very happv 
 efifd, fin' c, by tliat time he came to i'ail, the fleet was tolerably well fettled, and 
 the officers dif^ofed to aft in obedience to orders. In the fpring of the year i6j6, 
 we liid him in tHe Mediterranean, where himfelf, and his colleague Blake, medi- 
 tated great tilings. They once thought of attacking the Spani.Qi fleet in the har- 
 bour of Cadiz i but after attentively confidcring the port, it was refylved in a 
 
 council
 
 MONTAGUE. 481 
 
 council of war, that fucli an attempt was impracticable. The fleet then 
 ftood over to the oppofite fliore ot Barbary, in order torcprefs the inlolencc 
 of the Tripoli and Sillee Rovers, which was found no very cafy tafk ; and 
 therefore admiral Montague could not forbear intimating his dcfire, that we 
 fliould have fome good port ir5 Africa, which he believed might anfvver vari- 
 ous ends, and efpecially conduce to the prefcrvation of our trade in the 
 Levant. The fleet afterwards returned into the road of Cadiz, where they 
 made prize of two Spanilli galleons. A full account of their ftrength, and 
 the money on board them, admiral Montague fcnt into England as foon as 
 they were taken. On his return home, he was much carelfed by the Pro- 
 testor, and received the thanks of the Parliament for his fervices to the 
 flats. 
 
 In tl>c year 1657, he was appointed to command the fleet in the Downs, 
 and accordingly went on board it the latter end of July. The defign of 
 this fleet was to watch the Dutch, to carry on the war with Sp.iin, and fa- 
 cilitate the takinp- of Dunkirk : and in all thcfe he did as much as could' 
 be expcftcd from him. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, and the fet- 
 ting up ot his Ton Richard,, he accepted the command ot a large fleet fent to 
 the north; on beard of which he embarked in the fpring oi the year 1659, 
 and on the 7th of April he wrote to the king of Sweden, the king of Den- 
 mark, and the Dutch admiral Opdam, to inform them of the motives that 
 -"induced the proteftor to fend fo great a fleet into the Baltic ; and that his 
 inflruftions were not to refpeft the private advantage of England by making. 
 war, but the public tranquility of Europe, by engaging the powers of the 
 North to enter into an equitable peace.. Before he failed,, the parliament 
 enjoined him to aft only in conjunction with their commiflaoners colonel 
 Algernon Sidney, Sir Robert Honeywood, and Mr. Thomas Boon. And it is 
 fuppofed that his difguil; at this, and at their giving away his regiment of 
 horfe, occafioned him to leave England in no very warm difpofition for their 
 fcrvice. However, when he arrived in the Sound, he took his fhare with the 
 other miniflers in the negotiation, and made it fufficiently evident, that his 
 genius was equally capable of fliining in the cabinet, or commanding at fea, 
 or on fliore. While he was thus employed, king Charles fent a perlbn with 
 tw(9 letters, one from hinifelf, and another from lord chancellor Hyde, con- 
 taining arguments and promifes calculated to induce admiral Montague to 
 withtlraw himfelf from the fcrvice of the parliament. But, what the king 
 now defired of him was, a fpeedy return to Englurd, that the fleet might 
 ■be ready to aft in conjunftion with Sir Geoige Booth, and other perfons, 
 who were difpofed to bring about a relloraiion of their fovereign. Thcfe 
 letters had fuch an effeft upon Montague, that he entered heartily into the 
 fcheme, and imtiicdiately fet about pucuug it in execution. 
 
 This dcfcftion of the admiral from tht inrcreft of the parliament, could 
 not efcape the penetration of Algernon Sidney. He prLfentlv difcerned fome 
 change in the condudt ot Montague, and purfucd his difcovcrics fo clofely, 
 that he almoft obtained his whole Iccrct. The admiral, obfcrving his fuf- 
 picions, called a council ot war, wherein he made a fpccch, bv which he 
 prevailed on the n fl of the ofliccrs to concur with him in his defign of re- 
 turning home. After which he weighed anchor immediately, and laikd for 
 
 6 F Eng-
 
 4S; MONTAGUE. 
 
 England. But, on his arrival, ho found things in a very unfxpeAcd Gtua- 
 tion ; Sir George Booth in the Tower, the parliament in full poflcffion of 
 their authority, and a warm charge againlt himfelf prefented by Algernon 
 Sldnct. However, he let out for London, and attended the pailiamcnt ; t© 
 whom he gave fo plaufihle an account of his conduct, that though they were 
 diflatisfied with him, yet not having fufficient evidence againil him, they 
 contented thcmrclves with difmifling him from his command. 
 
 Mr. Montague then retired to his own eftatc. But when other and more 
 effectual mcafures were again adopted for relloiing king .Charles, he was re- 
 placed in his former poll in the navy by the influence of general Monk. 
 He fent the king a lilt of fuch officers in the fleet as might be confided in, 
 and of fuch as he apprehended muft be reduced by force.: and he exerted 
 hiinielf to the utmoft in bringing about the rcHoration. He had the honour 
 rf convoying king Charles to England ; and chat prince, two days after his land- 
 ing at Dover, created him a knight of the garter. Our adiDiral's fervices 
 were alio rewarded foon after, bv the king's creating him baron Monraguc 
 of St. Neots in the countv of Huntingdon, vifcounc Hiachinbrooke in the 
 fame county, and earl of Sandwich in Kent. He was iikeuile fworn a mem- 
 ber of the privy council, appointed mailer of the king's wardrobe, admiial 
 -<jf the Narrow Seas, and lieutenant-admiral to the duke of York, who vas then 
 lord high-admiral of England, At the king's coronation, hks lordfliip c:;rri- 
 td St. Edward's Haff, and was now looked upon as one of the principal mi- 
 nifters of ftate, as well as the perfon chiefly intrufted with the care of the 
 fleet. In September, 1660, he was fent with a fqu-idron of nine men of 
 V'ar to Helvoetfluvs, to bring over the king's fifter, t!;e princefs of Orangej 
 and upon this occafion he received great honours in Holland. On the 24tK 
 of the fame month the fleet returned, and his majeftv and the duke of York 
 going on board the admiral's fliip, named the Refolution, lay there that 
 night, and reviewed and examined the fquadron the next morning. 
 
 A treaty of marriage having been concluded between king Charles I[. 
 and the infanta of Portugal, with whom he was to receive a portion of 
 300,000 1. the ifl.ind of Bombay in the Eaft Indies, and the city of Tan- 
 gier in Africa ; it became necclfary to fend a fleet to bring over the queen, 
 and to fecure Tangier againlt any attempts of the Moors. For this purpofe 
 the earl of Sandwich was fent with a numerous fleet, which failed on the 
 I9rh of June, 1661, from the Downs, after having been vifited by the duke 
 of York. His lordflrp failed firft to Liibon, and from thence to Tangier, 
 uhich place was put into the hands of the Englifli on the 30th of January, 
 1662, v.hen the earl of Peterborough marched into it with an Englifli gar- 
 rifon, and had the keys delivered to him by the Portuguefc governor. The 
 admiral then returned to Liibon, where he received the queen's portion, 
 confiftino- in money, jewels, fugars, and other commodities, and in bills of 
 exchange, and then failed with her majcfly for England, and arrived at Spit- 
 head the 14th of May, 1662. 
 
 Ac the beginning of the Dutch war in 1665, the duke of York took 
 upon him the command of the fleet as high admiral, and the earl of Sand- 
 wich commanded the blue fcjuadron ; and by his induftry and care a great 
 number of the encn-.y's fliips were taken, and the beft part of their Bour- 
 
 dcaux
 
 MONTAGUE. 485 
 
 deaiix fleet. In the great battle, fought on the 3d of June, 1665, where- 
 in the Dutch lofl; their adnikal Opdam, and had eighteen men of w-xt 
 taken, and fourteen deftroyed, a huge fhare of the honour of the vlftory 
 was juftly given to the courage and conduit of the earl of Sandwich ; who 
 bore with his fquadron into the centre of the Dutch fleet, and thereby be- 
 gan that confufion which ended in a total defeat of the enemy. Soon after 
 this, the fleet was put under the command of the earl, as the duke of 
 York had now repaired to court. And on the 4th of Septcnrbcr, 166^, 
 his lordlhip took eight Dutch men of war, two of their Eaft-India fliips, 
 and twenty fail of their merchantmen. Alfo, on the 9ih of September, 
 a part of the Englifli fleet fell in with eighteen of the Hollanders, the 
 greatcfl: put of which they took, with upwards of a thoufand prifoncrs. 
 
 His lorcliliip, foon after his return to England, was fent ambaft'idor ex- 
 traordinary to the court of Madrid, to mediate a peace between the crowns 
 ot Spain and Portugal. He managed thifi negotiation with great ability, 
 and not only concluded a peace between thqfc two nations to their mutual 
 fatisfaftion, but alfo concluded with the court of Spain, (fays Dr. Campbell) 
 the moft: beneficial treaty of commerce that ever was made for this natiori. On 
 the breaking out of the laft Dutch war, in 1672, he went to fea with the duke 
 of York, and had the command of the blue fquadron. The ficet was at fea in 
 the beginning of May, and on the 28th of that month came in fight of the 
 Durch^ An engagement began between the two fleets about eight o'clock 
 in the mornings and on this occafion the earl of Sandwich, in the Royal 
 James, a fliip of an hundred guns, gave the moft fignal proofs of his va- 
 lour. He was firfl attacked by a large Dutch fhip, commanded by captaia 
 -Brackell, followed by a fire-fliip; which was foon feconded by the Dutch 
 rear-admiral Van Ghent, with his whole fquadron. Brackell, though of 
 much lefs force, depending on the afliflance of his friends, who had the ad- 
 '^p'antage of the wind, grappled the Royal James, and, while the earl was 
 engaged with him, he was attacked by Van Ghent, with fevcral other men of 
 war and fire-fhips, as^ainfl all which he defended himfelfwith great vigour. 
 Van Ghent was foon taken oft' by a cannon fhot ; three of the Dutch fire- 
 fhips, and a man of war, which would have laid the earl on board, were 
 funk ; and, at length, he was difengaged from Brackell's fliip; with which 
 he had been gra])pled an hour and a half, and had reduced her to the (late 
 ot a wTL^ek, wounded her commander, killed and wounded almoft all his 
 officers, and above two-thirds of his men. He had now defended himfelf 
 and repulfcd the enemy with the utmoft bravery, for five hours together, 
 and it was believed might have made an honourable retreat too. But he , 
 would not be perfuadrd to defifl; from the unequal combat, though not fe- 
 conded as he ought to have been, by his fcjuadron. At length, another 
 Dutch fire-fhip, covered by the fmokc of the enemy, grappled the Roval 
 Junes, and fet her in a flame ; and the brave earl perifhod in her with feveral 
 other gallant officers. His body being found near a fortnight after, was in- 
 terred with great funeral pomp in king Henry the feventh's chapel in Well- 
 
 jininller Abbey. 
 
 I Such was the cndj on the 28th of May, 1672, of Etlward carl of Sand- 
 wich.
 
 4S4 MONTAGUE. 
 
 wich. He was a nobleman of great abilities, of extraordinary courage, of 
 uncommon fkill in all naval affairs, and polleffed of many perfonal accom- 
 pliflimcnts. Bifhop Parker fays, lie was " a gentleman adorned witli all the 
 virtues of Alcibiadcs, and untainted by any of his vices'; of high birth ; 
 capable of any bufiiiefs ; full of wifdom ; a great commander at fea and 
 land ; and alfo learned and eloquent, affable, liberal, and magnificent." Se- 
 veral of his letters and negotiations are in print. Mr. Evelyn informs us, 
 that he fometimes amufcd himfelf with engraving. 
 
 MONTAGUE (Edward) baron of Kimbolton, vifcount Mandeville,. 
 and earl of Manchcfter, one of the generals of the parliament forces in the civif 
 war, was the fon of Henry carl of Mancheftcr, and was born in 1603. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, where he took the degree of mafter of arts ; 
 and then going to court, he in 1623, attended prince Charles, fon of king 
 James I. in his journey to Spain, and at his coronation was made knighc 
 of the Bath. He was chofen rcprcfentative for Huntingdonftiire in the lirft 
 parliament of Charles I. and fer\'ed for the fame county in three other par- 
 liaments, till he was called by writ to the houfe of peers, as baron of 
 Kimbolton, his father being then living. In 1640, he was one of the lords 
 who petitioned the king to fummon a parliament, by which the grievances 
 of the nation might be rcdreflcd ; and upon the meeting of the long parlia- 
 ment dilHnguiflicd himfelf by his zeal in defence of the liberties of the 
 people ; and was one of the peers whom his majcfty admitted into his 
 privy-council, as a pledge of his rcfolution to reform the government. His 
 lordfliip, however, incurring the king's rcfentmcnt by his llrenucus oppofi- 
 tion to the meafures of the court, was on the 3d of January 1641-2, im- 
 peached by his majefty of high trcafon, together with five members of the 
 houfe of commons ; but, the king was foon obliged to defift from this im- 
 prudent profecution. In November following, his lordlbip, on the death of 
 his father, fucceedcd to the title of earl of Manchcfter. On the com- 
 mencement of the civil war, he engaged in the fcrviee of the parliament ; 
 h:;d the charge of feven of theallbciated counties, and with his ufual a(flivity and 
 addrcfs railed an army of horfe, which he commanded in perfon. Soon 
 after he had entered upon his comir.and, he forced the town of Lynn to 
 furrcnder to the parliament, and defeated a detachment of the earl of New- 
 cartle's army at Horncaftle in Lincolnlhire. In April 1644, -he \vas order- 
 ed with four thoufand horfe, and five thoufand foot, to attend prince Ru- 
 pert's motion?, and in the next month took Lincoln by ftorm. At the 
 battle of Marfton-moor, on the 2d of July following, he commanded the 
 left wing of horfe, and had under him lieutenant-general Cromwell, when 
 he defeated prince Rupert's right wing, and the vidtory was principally ow- 
 ing to him. After the fecond battle of Newbury, he was fufpcdtcd of fa- 
 vouring the king's intcreft ; was even accufed by Cromwell of negledl of 
 tKity, and bv the fclf-denying ordinance deprived of his commilTion. 
 
 His lordfhip was afterwards made fpeaker o*f the houfe of peers, and 
 ufed his utmoft endeavours to heal the breaches of the nation, and procure 
 a peace with the king, upon whole death he retired from all public bufi- 
 tefs. He heartily concurred in the reltoration of Charles IL who appointed
 
 MONTAGUE. 485 
 
 him one of the lords of his bed-chamber, and lord chamberlain of the 
 houfhold. Sometime after, he was honoured with the order of the garter ; 
 .and died at Whitehall on the 5th of May, 167 r, in the fixty-ninth year 
 of his age. He was univerially beloved for his many great and amiable 
 qualities ; no man was courted with more application by perfons of all 
 ranks and conditions ; and in thofe times of civil tumult, he was never guilty 
 of rudenefs to thofe he was obliged to opprefs. 
 
 MONTAGUE (Charles) earl of Halifax, a celebrated poet and flatef- 
 man, was the fourth fon'of the honourable George Montague, efq, of Har- 
 ton in Northamptonfliire, where he was born on the i6th of April, 1661. He 
 was educated at Weltminller School, and at Trinity College in Cambridge, 
 where in 1685, he wrote a poem on the death of Charles II. in which he 
 difplaycd fuch ftrength of imagination, and elegance of tafte, as attracted 
 thc' notice of that great i)arron of the mufes, the earl of Dorfet, who invit- 
 ed him to London, and introduced him to the acquaintance of fome of the 
 principal wits of the age. Here he foon increafcd his reputation by a piece 
 which he wrote in conjunftion with Mr. Matthew Prior, entitled, The Hind 
 and Panther trnnfverfed to the (Tory of the Country-moufe and City-Moufe, in 
 anfwer to Mr. Dryden's Hind and Panther. In 168S, he llgned, with many 
 others, the invitation to the prince of Orange to come over to England ; 
 and upon the abdication of king James II. he was chofen a member of the 
 convention, where he voted for declaring the throne vacant. Not long after, 
 he was recommended to king William by the earl of Dorfet, who, intro- 
 ducing him to that monarch, faid, " May it pleafe your majefty, I have 
 brought a nioufe to have the honour of kifling your hand," alluding to the 
 lalt mentioned poem : the king fmiled, and replied, " Your lordlhip will 
 do well to put me in a way of making a man of him;" and immediately 
 ordered him a penfion- of five hundred pounds a year out of the privy 
 purfe. In 1691, he was appointed one of the commillioners of the trea- 
 fury ; and in 1694, chancellor and under treafurer of the exchequer. The 
 next )'ear he undertook the great work of re-coining all the current mone)', 
 which, though attended with great difficulties, he completed in lefs than two 
 years. In 1696, he projected the fchemc for eftablifliing a general fund, 
 and found a method of raifing the finking credit of the bank of Eng- 
 land ; and the year following, he provided againit the mifchiefs proceeding 
 from the fcarcity of money, by raifing for the fervice of the government above 
 two millions in exchequer notes. Before the end of this feffion of parlia- 
 ment it was rcfolvcd by the houfe of commons, that " Charles Montague, 
 cfq; chancellor of the exchequer, for his good fervices to the government, 
 dellrvcd his majefiy's favour :" which vote, when we confider what nice 
 and critical times he lived in, when the exigence of the public affairs cal- 
 led for the utmofl fltill of the ableft Ilatefmtn, and that this ha[)jiv con- 
 dudfor of them was not more than thirty-fix years of age, muft necelVarily 
 fugi^cft an high idea of his abilirics. 
 
 In 1698, he was appointed fntt commiilioner of the treaiury, and in 
 that and the fucceeding year one of the lords juftices of the kingdom dur- 
 ing his majcfl:y's abfcncc in Holland. In 1699, he refigncd the chancellorfliip 
 
 6 G of
 
 486 M O R D A U I^I 'T. 
 
 of t!ie fxclicqutr, together with his pod of firll lord of the .tlTafury ; but 
 was at the lame time nude auditor of the exchequer, and in tlic year 1700, 
 created a peer of England, by the title of baron of Halifax. The next 
 year he was attacked by the houfe of commons, who impeached him of high 
 crimes and mifdemcanors: but the articles were difmificdby the honfe of lords ; 
 and he continued in king William's favour till the diJath of that prince. In the 
 beginning of queen Ann's reign, he was again attacked by the commons, 
 but without fuccefs. In 1706, ho was one of the commiflioncrs for con- 
 cluding the treaty of union with Scotland; and en the p:ifiingof the bill for 
 the naturalization of the illuftrious houfe of Hanover, his iorulliip was maile 
 choice of to carry that act thither. Upon the dcceafc of queen Anne, in 
 1714, he was one of the lords of the regency till the arrival of king 
 George I. who appointed him firft commiffioner of the treafury, conferred 
 on him the order of the garter, and promoted him to the dignity of 
 carl of Halifax-'. This fucccfiioii of honours, however, he did not long enjoy; 
 for, wliile he appeared to be in a vigorous flare of health, he was fudden- 
 Iv taken ill, and dicxl on the 19th of Mayj 1715. He wrote feveral pieces 
 both in verfe and profc, which, together with io;nc of his fjiceches, were 
 publiflicd in 17 16, in one volume, 8vo. Dr. Smollett, in his Hillory of 
 > England, draws the; following sketch of his lordfhip's charaSrcr : *' Monta-" 
 gue (favs he) had diilinguiilicd himfclf early by his poetical genius ; but 
 he foon converted his attention to the cultivation of more folid talents. 
 He rendered himfelf remarkable for his eloquence;, dilcernment, and know- 
 ledge of the Englilh confiitution. To a delicate tafle, he united an eager 
 appetite for political ftudies. The firft catered for the enjoyments of fancy : 
 the other was fubfervicnt to his ambition. He, at the fame time, was the 
 diftinguifhcd encourager of the liberal arts, and the proft-fl'ed patron of pro- 
 jectors. In his private deportment he was liberal, eafy, and entertaining ; 
 as a ftatefman, bold, dqgniatical, and afpiring," 
 
 MORDAUNT (Charles) carl of Peterborough, fon of John lord Mor- 
 daunt, vifcount Avalon, was born about the year 1658, and in June 1675, 
 fuccccdcd his father in his honours and edatc. While young, he ferved un- 
 der the admirals Herbert and i\.-irborough in the Mediterranean, againrt the 
 Algerines.; and in i68o, embarked for Africa with the earl of Plvuiouth, 
 and diftinguilhed himfelf at Tangier, when it was beficgcd by the Moors, 
 In the reign of king James II. he voted againfl the re])oal of the teft ad", 
 and difliking the mcafures and dcfigns^ of the court, obtainc'd permiflion to 
 go over to Holland, to accept the command of a Dutch fquadron in the 
 Wert Indies. On his arrival, he prelfed the prince of Orange to undertake 
 an expedition into England, which his highncfs at that time declined. He 
 afterwards, in 1688, accompanied that prince into this kingdom; and, up- 
 on his advancement to the throne, was fworn of the privy-council, made 
 one of the lords of the bed-chamber, ahb firrt commilTioner of the trea- 
 fury, and, on the 9th of April, 1689, was promoted to the rank of earl 
 of Monmouth. He had likewife the command of the royal regiment of 
 horfc which the city of London had rjifcd for the public fervicc, and of 
 
 which
 
 MORE. 487 
 
 which his majcilj' was colonel. However, in the beginning of November, 
 1690, he was ciirmiifed from his pofl in the trcafury. Upon - the death of 
 his uncle Henrj' earl of Peterborough, in June 1^97, he fucceedcd to that 
 titie ; and on the acccflion of queen Anne, was invefted with the commiffi- 
 on of captain-gcneral and governor of Jamaica, In March i7o_5, he was 
 fworn of her majelty's privy-council ; and the fame year declared general 
 and commander in chief of the forces fent to Spain, and joint admiral of 
 the fleet with Sir Cloudcfly Shovel. He took the ftrong city of Barcviona 
 in Odober following, and afterwards relieved it when greatly diflrcllcd by 
 the enemy ; he drove out of Spain the duke of Anjou, and the French 
 army, which conliftcd of twenty-five thoufand men, though his own troops 
 never amounted to ten thovifand : he gained pofleffion of Cataionia, of the 
 kingdonis of Valencia, Arrngon, and the ide of Majorca, with part ofMur-, 
 cia and Cailile, and thereby gave the earl of Galvvay an opportunity of ad- 
 vancing to Madrid without a blow, AU thcfe arc aftonilhing inftances of 
 his valour and military flvill. 
 
 For thefe important ferviccs his lordfhip was declared general in Spain 
 by Charles III. afterwards emperor of Germany ; and that war being look- 
 eil upon as likely to be concluded, he received her majefty's commiflion ta 
 be ambalfador extraordinary, with infiructions for treating and adjuring 
 all matters of ftate and traffic between the two nations. But whatever were 
 the caufes of his being recalled from Spain, his condu*?!: there was jullified by 
 the houfe of lords, in January lyu, who refolved that his lordlhip, during 
 the time he commanded the army in that kingdom, had performed many 
 great and eminent fervices, and if the opinion which he had given in the 
 council of war at Valencia, had been followed, it might very probably have 
 prevented the misfortunes that had (ince happened in Spain j and upon this 
 foundation they voted thanks to the earl in the mod folemn manner. His 
 Jordfliip was afterwards employed in fcveral embaflies to foreign courts, ap- 
 ])ointcd colonel of the royal regiment of horfe-guards, lord-lieutenant of the 
 county of Northampton, and, on the 4th of Auguft 1713, was inftallcd 
 knight of the garter at Windfor, In March 1714, he was made governor 
 of the iHand of Minorca ; and in the reign of George I. was general of all 
 the marine forces in Great Britain, in which pod he was continued by his. 
 late rnajcfiy George II. . He died in his paflagcto Lisbon, whither he was 
 going for the recovery of his health, on the 25th of Oftober, 1735, at 
 the age of feventy-feven. He was pofleifcd of various fhining qualities ; 
 for, to the grcatcft perfonal courage and refolution, he added all the arts 
 and addrefs of a general, and to the mofl lively and penetrating genius, 
 ■ n great extent of knowledge upon almoft every fubjed: of importance with- 
 in the compafs of ancient and modern literature ; and even his familiar let- 
 , tcrs, inferred among thofe of bis friend Mr. Pope, arc an ornament to that 
 excellent coUci^iion. 
 
 MORE (Sir Thomas) lord high chancellor of F.ngland in the reign of 
 
 king Henry VIII. was the only Ion of Sir John More, knight, one of the 
 
 j viAices of the King's Bench, and was born at London in the year 1480, 
 
 He
 
 48 S 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 R 
 
 E. 
 
 He was educated at the frcc-fchool called St. Anthony's, where he made 
 a great progrels in grammar-learning ; and was afterwards admitted into 
 the family of cardinal Morton, archbifliop of Canterbury, and lord high 
 chanccllur, who fent him to the iiniverfny of Oxford ; where having been 
 inllrufted in rhetoric, logic, and philofophy, he removed to New-Inn, in 
 London, for the ftiidy of the law, and thence to Lincoln's-Inn, where he 
 continued that ftudy, till he became a barrirtcr. After this he read for fome time 
 a public Icfture upon St. Auguftin's treacifc de civitate Dei in St. Laurence's 
 church in the Old Jewry, to which reforted the moft learned men of the 
 city. He was then appointed reader of Furnival's-Inn ; which place he 
 held above three years, and afterwards gave himklf up to devotion and 
 prayer in the Chartcr-houfe of London, living there rcligioufly, though 
 without taking upon him the vow, about four years; at the end of which 
 period, he went to the houfe of John Colt, Efq: of New-Hall in Eff.x, 
 whofe cldeft daughter Jane he married ; and fettling his wife and family 
 in Bucklerlbury in London, profecuted his lludy of the law at Lincohi's-Inn. 
 At the age of twenty-one, he was elected a burgefs in parhament, and 
 diflinguifhed himfelf remarkably in 1303, by oppofing a fubfiJy demanded 
 by king Henry VIL with fuch ftrength of argument, that it was aiflually 
 refufed by the parliament. As foon as the vote had palled againfl it, Mr. 
 Tyler, one of the privy-council, went immediately to the king, and "to.'d 
 him, that a beardlefs boy had difappointed his purpofe. A prince, tyranni- 
 cal and avaricious like Henry, could not fail to be much inccnfcd ; and wc 
 are not to wonder that he Ihould be determined to be revenged on the 
 pcrfon who had prefumed to oppofe the favourite mcafurc of his reign 
 (that of getting money); however, as Mr. More had no fubrtance himfelf, 
 the king was obliged to pretend a quarrel, without any caufe, againft Sir 
 John, his father, whom he ordered to be imprifoned in the Tower, till he 
 had paid a fine of an hundred pounds, and Mr. More was obliged to fore- 
 go his pradticc of the law, and live in private, till the death of Henry VIL 
 This retirement, however, was of no real difadvantage to him, as he employ- 
 ed his time in improving himfelf in hidory, mathematics, and the belles 
 Icttrcs ; fo that when he emerged from his obfcurity, he Ihone with double 
 'luftre. He was now made judge of the flieriff's court in the ciry of Lon- 
 don ; by which office, and his pradlice, he gained above four hundred pounds 
 a year. His reputation as a pleader was become fo extremely high, that 
 before he was taken into the employ by the government, he was, at the de- 
 fire of the Englifli merchants, twice appointed their agent in fome caufes 
 of importance between them and the merchants of the Steel-yard ; upon 
 which cardinal Wolfey was very folicitous to engage More in his majclty's 
 iervicc : but he was fo averfe to change the condition of an independent 
 man for that of a courtier, that the minillcr could not prevail ; and the. 
 king, for the prefent, was pleafed to admit of his excufes. It happened, 
 however, fome time after, that a great fhip belonging to the pope, arriving 
 at Southampton, the king claimed it as a forfeiture, upon which the pope's 
 legate demanded a trial, with counfcl for his holinefs, learned in the laws 
 of the kingdom ; and, as his majeily was himfelf a great civilian, he alfo de- 
 fired
 
 MORE. 439 
 
 firoJ if miglit be Iiearu in fome public place in the royal prefencc. Henry 
 agreed to nil this, ami Mr. More was choicn couniel on the Tide ot the pope ;i 
 ^ whofe cauCe he pleaded with ib much learning and fLicccls, that the for* 
 fciture which the crown claimed, was immediately reftored, and the conduift 
 of the la'.vvcr univerfally ailniired and applauded. Indeed it brouglu fu. 
 great an addition to his fame, that the king would iio Ioniser difpeiile with 
 his fervice, and having no better place at that time vacant, he made hini 
 mafler of the reepiefts, in a month after knighted him, appointed him ono 
 of his privy-council, and admicted him into the grcateU tamiliarity with 
 himlclf. 
 
 It was a cuftom with his majefty, after he had performed his devotions^ 
 upon holidays, to fend for Sir Thom.as More into his clofet, and there con-- 
 fcr with him about aftronomy, geometry, divinity, and other parts of"learn- 
 ing, as well as affairs of ftate. Upon other occalions the king would take 
 him in the night upon his leads, at the top of the houfe, to be inllruitcd by 
 him in the variety, courle, and motions of the heavenly bodies. But this was. 
 not the only u(e the king made of his new fervant. He foon found that- 
 he was a man of a chearful difpofition, and had a great fund of wit and 
 humour ; and therefore, Vi'ould frecpiently order him to be fent for, to make-, 
 him and the queen merrv. When Sir Thomas perceived that they were fo 
 much entertained with his converfation, that he could not once in a month 
 get leave to fpend an evening with bis wife and children, whom he loved^ 
 nor be abfent from court two days together, without being fent for by the 
 king, he grew very uneafy at this rellraint of his liberty ; and therefore, 
 beginning by degrees to difufe himfelf from his accuftomed mirth, and 
 fomewhat to dillemble his natural temper, he was not fo ordinarily called- 
 for upon thefe occalions of merriment. The trcafurer of the exchequer 
 dying in 1520, the king, without any folicitation, conferred this office ou- 
 Sir i'homas More ; and within three years after, a j)arliament being fum- 
 moned, in order to raifc money for a war with France, he was eledled 
 fpeaker of the houfe of commons. In 1528, he was appointed chancellor 
 of the duchy of Lancafter, and at the fame time admitted into fo high a degree 
 of favour with the king, that his majefly would fomctinKS come, without giv-- 
 ing him any notice, to his houfe at Chelfea, in order to enjoy his conver- 
 fation upon common affairs.. He one day made Sir Thomas an unexpected' 
 vifit of this fort to dinner, and afterwards walked with him in his garden 
 for an hour, with his arm about his neck ; which was fuoh a demonlbati- 
 on of kindnefs and familiarity, that the king being gone, Mr. Roper, one 
 of Sir Thomas's fons-in-law, could not help obferving to him, " How happy 
 he muft be, to have his prince diftinguifh him in fo particular a manner.'-'' 
 To which Sir Thomas replied, " I thank our lord, fon Roper, I find his 
 grace to be my very good mafter indeed, and I believe that he does 
 as much favour me at prefent as any fubjeft within this realm ; but yet I 
 may tell thee, fon, I have no caufe to be proud of it; for if my head 
 would win him a caflle in France (with which kingtiom Henry was then 
 at war) it would not fail to be ftruck off my fhouldcrs." 
 
 It was obferved of Sir Thomas More, that the ignorant and the proud, 
 
 6 H even.
 
 490 
 
 MORE. 
 
 even in the highfd ftatlons, were thofe people whom he rcfpcded thc' 
 Icatt ; bur, on the other hand, he was a patron to every nun of letters, 
 Knd held a correfpondence with the principal literati in Europe. Among 
 foreigners, Erafmus appears to have had the greatcft fhare in his love anti 
 confidence ; and after a feries of mutual letters, expreffing their elleem for 
 each other, that divine made a voyage to England, on j)urpofc for the be- 
 nefit of his converfaiiun. There is a ftory told ot their firft coming to- 
 gether, which would hardly deferve to be recorded, if it was not related 
 of two fuch eminent men : the perfon who conducted Erafmus to London, 
 it feems, had fo contrived, that Sir Thomas and he Hiould meet, without 
 knowing it, at the lord-mayor's table, in thofe days open at all times to men of 
 parts and knowledge. A difpute arifing at dinner, Erafmus, in order to 
 ilifplay his learning, endeavoured to defend the wrong fide of the (jueflion ; 
 l;iit he was fo fliarply oppofcd by Sir Thomas, that, finding he had to do 
 with an abler man than he ever before had met with, he faid, in Latin, 
 with feme vehemence, " You are either More, or nobody." To v^hich Sir 
 Thomas replied, in the fame language, with great vivacity, " You are either 
 Erafmus or the devil," Upon this eclairciflemcnt, the friends immediately 
 embraced; and al'teraards, through the means of Sir Thomas, Erafmus was 
 piuch carelfcd by the greatcll men in the nation. 
 
 Li 1527, he attended cardinal Wolfey in his ambafly to France, and on 
 the 25th of Ovftober, i ^30, he had the great feal of England delivered 
 to him, and was declared lord high chancellor, the duties of which office 
 Jie difcharged with the grentell: integrity and univerfal approbation. It has 
 been alVerted by many hiftorians, that king Henry VIIL gave the great 
 feal to Sir Thomas, purely with a view ot engaging the opinion of fo 
 eminent a man in favour of his divorce from queen Catherine ; for he thought, 
 after beftowing on him fuch a port, Sir Thomas could not, with decency, 
 refufe it; but if thefe were really the' king's fentiments, he knew very little 
 of the perfon he had to deal with, and in the end found himfelf miftaken; 
 Sir Thomas always declared that he thought the marriage lawful in the 
 fight of God, fince it had once received the fanClion of the apoftolic coun- 
 cil 1 for^ though he flood the foremoft among thofe who were for abolifl>,- 
 ing the illegal jurifdiclion which the popes exercifed in England, he was 
 far from wilhing a total rupture with the fee of Rome, which he plainly 
 perceived was unavoidable, according to the meafures king Henry was then 
 purfuing. All thefe things confidered ; Sir Thomas, knowing he muft be 
 engaged in them, one wav or other, 'on account of his office, by which 
 means he muft either offend his confcience, or difoblige the king, never 
 cealed foliciting his friend the duke of Norfolk to intercede with his ma- 
 jefty, that he might deliver up the feal, for which, through many infirmi- 
 ties of body, he faid he was no longer fit ; and beii>g prefTcd fo often by 
 him to this purpofe, the duke at length applied to the king, and obtained 
 peimiffion that the chancellor might refign. But when he waited on Henry 
 ioT that purpofe, the monarch, notwithftanding what he called Sir Thomas's 
 wbAinacy with regard to his great affair, expigllcd much unwillingncfs to 
 
 part
 
 MORE. 49J 
 
 part with fo ufeful a fervant ; and, giving him many thanks and com- 
 niendatlons, for his excellent execution of a moft important truft, afflircd 
 him, that, in any requeft he ihould have occafion to make, which ccncern- 
 c'd either his intereft or his honour, he Ihould always find the crown ready 
 to aHlft him. 
 
 As Sir Thomas More had fuflained the office of lord high chancellor, for 
 above two years and a half, with the utmoft wifdom and integrity, fo he 
 retired from it with an unparalleled greatnefs of mind ; not being able to 
 defray the neceflary expences of his private family, when he had diverted 
 hl«r.felf of that employment. About the time of his refignation, in 1533, 
 died, in a very advanced age, his father, Sir John More, whom he often 
 vifited and comforted during his illnefs, and to whom he exprefTed the mot^ 
 filial afieclion in his laft moments. This was an event, however, which 
 brought him a very inconfiderable increafe of fortune, bccaufe the greatefl 
 part of his father's efiate was fettled upon his fecond wife, who out-lived 
 Sir Thomas many years. When he had delivered up the great feal, he wrote 
 an apology for himfelf, in which he declared to the public, that all the 
 revenues and pcnfions he had by his father, his wife, or his own purchafc, 
 except the manors given him by the king, did not amount to the value 
 of fifty pounds a year. The firfl; thing he let about -after the furrcnder of 
 his office, was to provide places for all his gentlemen and fervants among 
 the nobility and bifliops, that they m.ight not be fufferers by him. This 
 being done to his fatisfadtlon, he next, being no longer able to bear their 
 expences as he ufcd to do, difpofed of his children in their own houfes, 
 leflening his family by degrees, till he could get it within the bounds of 
 his fmall inconie, making, at the utmofl:, but a little above one hundred, 
 pounds a year. 
 
 The prepolTeffion which Sir Thomas had, for a long time, entertained 
 of the fate that at laft befel him, is very extraordinary ; and indeed, 
 through his knowledge of the cruel, inconftant temper of the king, this is 
 faid to have been fo ftrong, that he frequently foretold to his wife and 
 children what would happen; nay, he once hired a purfuivant to come fud- 
 denly to his houfe, v/hilft he was at dinner, and, knocking haftily at the 
 door, fummon him to appear before the council the next day, which he 
 did in order to arm his family againft the calamities which he found ap- 
 proaching. But his firfl; troubles began on account of a female impoftor, 
 called the Holy Maid of Kent. This woman affirmed, that flie had rcvc- 
 I lations from God, to give the king warning of his wicked life, and the 
 
 Iabufe of the authority committed to him. In a journey to the Nuns of 
 Sion, flie called on Sir Thomas More, to whom flie declared her pretended 
 revelations ; in confequence of which he was brought in, by the king's di- 
 retftion, as an accomplice with her. He juftified himfelf, however, as to 
 all the intcrcourfc he had with her, in fevcral letters to fecretary Crom- 
 well ; in which he laid, he was convinced flie was the motl falfc diHemb- 
 ling hypocrite that had ever been known. But this availed him nothing, 
 the king being highly incenfed againll him for not ajiproving the divorce, 
 and his marri.^ge with Anne Uoleyn ; and when Sir Thomas dcfired to be 
 
 admit-
 
 49* 
 
 M O R E. 
 
 admitted iiUo the houfe of commons to make his own defence ag:,in(l the 
 bill of iiKlittiiK'iit, his majcfty would not coiifcnt to if, but afTigncd a com- 
 mittee of covincil to hear hi;u. However, the chief point intciukd was ta 
 prevail on him, by tair words or thrcateiiings, to give a public aill-nt to 
 the king's meafure; to which purpofc the lord chancellor Audley made a 
 great parade of his majcOy's extraordir.ary love and favour to Sir Thomas: 
 but the worthy knight, after alluring the committee of the juft fcnfc he 
 had of the king's goodncfs to him, told them, '• That he had hoped he 
 Ihould never have heard any more of that bufinefs, fince he had, frour the be- 
 ginning, informed his majelly of his fentiments w^ith regard to it ; and 
 the king accepted them not ungracioufly, promifing, tJut he ihould never 
 be molefted farther about it. But, however, he had found nothing, fince 
 the firft agitation (jf the matter, to pcrfuado him to change his mind; if 
 he had, it would have given him a great deal of pleafurc." Then the 
 lords proceeded to threaten him, telling him it was his majclty's command, 
 that they Ihould inform him he was the moft ungrateful and traiterous fub- 
 jccl: in the world; adding, that he had been the means of his majelly's 
 publifhing a book, in which he had put a fword in the pope's hand to 
 tight againft hiivifclf. This was Henry's famous book againlt J^uihor; but 
 Sir Thomas clearing himfelf of this charge alio, and protcLting he had al- 
 ways found fault with thofe parts of the book, which were calculated to 
 raife the power of the pope, and that he had objetled againft them to his 
 majefty, the lords, not being able to make any reply to his vindication,, 
 broke up the committee. 
 
 As the duke of Norfolk and fecrctary Cromwell had a high edcem for 
 Sir Thomas, they ufed their utuioft efibrts to dilfuade the king from pro- 
 ceeding on the bill of attainder agjinlt him; alluring him, that they found 
 the upper houfe were fully determined to hear him. in his own defence,^ 
 before they would pafs it ; and, if his name was not llruck out, it was much 
 to be apprehended, that the bill would be rejetted.. But the liing was too 
 haughty to fubmit to a fubjeift, with whom he had entered the lifts, and 
 too vindidive in his temper to forgive a man who had been his favourite, 
 and yet had dared to offend him : therefore, after talking in a very high, 
 llrain, he l^iid, that he would be prefent himfelf in the houfe when the bill 
 ihould pais ; thinking, no doubt, that the parliament flood fo much in awe 
 of him, that they would not then dare to rejeft it. The committee of coun- 
 cil, however, difTcrcd trom him in that point ; and out of the perfonal 
 iriendihip they had for Sir Thomas More, they fell on their knees and be- 
 fought his majefty to forbear ; telling him, " That if it ftiould be carried 
 againft him in his own prcfcncc, as they believed it would be, it would en- 
 courage his lubjecls to delpife him, and be a diftionour to him alio all over 
 Europe. They did not doubt but they ihould. be able to find out fome- 
 ihing elfe agai-nft Sir Thomas, wherein they might ferve his majefty with 
 fome fuccefs ; but in this affair of the Nun he was univerfally accounted 
 fo innocent, that the world thought him worthier of praife, than of re- 
 proof." With thefe fuggeftions, cfpccially that of finding fomcthing clfe a- 
 gainll him, they at lalt lubUued the king's obftinacy j and the naiue of Sir 
 
 Thomas-
 
 M ORE. 493 
 
 Thomas More was ftruck out of the bill. But as it was now publicly 
 known, that he was as much out of favour with the Icing, as he had been 
 in his good graces before, accufations poured in againfl: him from every 
 quarter ; and then it was, that he found the peculiar advantage of his in- 
 nocence and integrity. For, if he had not always afted with the higheft 
 probity, fo that in all thj offices which he went through, he kept himfelf 
 clear of every fort of corruption, the moft trivial matter would have been 
 liiid to his charge, in order to crufii him. Of this we have an inftance in 
 the cafe of one Parncll, who complained that Sir Thomas had made a de- 
 cree againft him in the court of chancery, at the fuit of Vaughan his ad- 
 vcrfarv, for which he had received,, from the hands of Vaughan's wife, a 
 great gilt cuji, as- a bribe. Upon this accufation, he was brought before 
 the council by the king's diretflion ; and being charged by the witncfs 
 with the fadt, he readily owned, that as that cup was brought him for a 
 new-year's gift, long after the decree was made, he had not refufed to take 
 ir. The curl of M'iltihire, father to queen Anne Bolcyn, who profecuted 
 the fuit againfl him, and who hated him for not confcnting to the king's 
 marriage with her, was tranfported with joy to hear him own it, and cried 
 out haililv, " Lo ! my lords, did not I tell you, that you fliould find the 
 matter true ?" Sir Thomas then defired, that, as ihcy had with indulgence 
 heaid him tell one part of the tale, fo they would impartially hear the other, and 
 this being granted, he declared, " That though, after much folicitation, he 
 had indeed received the cup, and it was long after the decree was made, 
 yet he hatl ordered his butler to fill it immediately with wine, of which he 
 direftly drank to Mrs. Vaughan ; and, when fhe had pledged him in ir, 
 then, as freely as her hufband had given it to him,, even fo freely he gave 
 the fame to her again, to prcfcnt unto her hufband for his new-year's gift, 
 and which flie received, and carried back again, though with fome reluct- 
 ance." The truth of this, the woman herfelt, and others then prcfcnt, de- 
 pofed before the council, to the great confufion of the earl of Wiltflilrc, 
 and to the difappointment of all Sir Thomas's other enemies. In the par- 
 liament that was called in 1534, an aft was made, declaring the king's- 
 marriage with Catherine againlf the law of God, confirtning the fcntcnce a- 
 gainft it, notwithlfanding any difpenfation to the contrary, and eftabliihing 
 the fucccilion to the crown of England in the iflfue of his majcfty's prcfcnt 
 marriage with queen Anne.. There was a claufe in this aft, That if any 
 perfon fliould divulge any thing to the flander of this marriage, or of the 
 ili'ue begotten in it, or, being recpiired to fwcar to maintain the contents of 
 this aS\, rcfufe it, that they fhould be adjudged of milprifion of trcafon, 
 and fuffer accordingly : and, before the two houfes broke up, that they 
 might fet a good cxainple to the king's other fubjcfts, all the members took 
 the oath relating to the fucccffion ; after which, commiflTioners were fcnt 
 all over the kingdom, to atlminiflcr it to the people of every rank and 
 denomination. In a fliort time after the breaking up of the parliament, 
 there was a coinmittec of the cabinet-council at Lambeth, confiding of the 
 archbifhop of Canterbury, the lord-chancellor Audlcy, and fecretary Crom- 
 well : where feveral ccclefiaftics, but no other layman than Sir Thomas 
 
 6 1 More
 
 49-1- 
 
 M O R E. 
 
 More, were cited to appear, and take the oatli. Sir Thomas being callcfl, 
 and the oath tendered to him under the great fcal, he defn-td to fee the a<ft 
 of fucceflion which enjoined it ; and this being alfo lliewed him, he faid, 
 " That he would blame neither thofe who had made the aft, nor thofe 
 who had taken the oath ; but, for his own part, though he was willing 
 to fwcar to the fuccelTion, in a form of his own drawuig, yet the oath 
 which was offered, was fo worded, that his confcience revolted againfl it, 
 and he could not take it with fafcty to his foul." Mr. fecrctary Crom- 
 well, who tenderly favoured him, and who knew the confequence of this 
 debate, when he perceived that Sir Thomas could not be prevailed on to 
 take the oith as it was .tendered, faw that his ruin vvoukl become inevit- 
 able ; and, in his great anxiety, proteftcd with an oath, " That he had ra- 
 ther his only fon fliould have lolt his head, than that Sir Thomas More 
 Ihould have refufcd to fwear to the fucceffion :" and the conference end- 
 ing in this manner, Sir 'Jhomas was committed to the cuflody of the ab- 
 bot of Weftminflcr for four days; during which, the king and his council 
 . deliberated, what courfe would be bcft to rake with him. Several methods 
 were propofed, but Henry would lirten to none of them; and, in the end. 
 Sir Thomas More was committed prifoncr to the Tower., and indiiflcd on 
 the ftatutcs. 
 
 Sir Thomas had now been a prifoncr in the Tower above a year, and 
 the king had tried every expedient to procure his approbation of his di- 
 vorce, and fccond marriage, that he might avail himfclf of the example of 
 a man fo famous for his wifdom, learning, and piety ; but in vain : the 
 knight had efpoufed the caufc of queen Catherine, from a principle of confcience, 
 and therefore he always withftood Henry upon that point with a firmnefs 
 ■becoming his charadter. The affair of the fupremacy was no Icfs a matter 
 of confcience to him than the other; but as the ftatute which enacflcd it, 
 had made it treafon to write or fpeak againft it, he obferved a filence in 
 this refpeft, conformable to the law ; but he refufed to acknowledge it with 
 an oath; wherefore the king being determined to get rid of a man who had 
 given him fo much trouble, and of whofc virtues and popularity he flood 
 in awe, gave orders, that Sir Thomas More fhould be brought to his trial. 
 Accordingly, on a day appointed, he was conveyed in a boat from the Tower 
 to Wcftminllcr-hall. So long an imprifonmcnt had much iin]iaired his 
 ftrcngth ; he went, therefore, leaning on his ftajT from the water-fide ; but 
 though his countenance carried the marks of weaknefs and infirmity, it had 
 the tame air of chearfulnefs, which had always fat ui)on it in the days of his 
 profperity. He was tried by the lord-chancellor, and a committee of the 
 lords, with fome of the judges, at the bar of the King's-bench. When 
 the attorney-general had pronounced the charge againlt him in the moft 
 virulent manner, the lord-chancellor faid to him, in which he was feconded 
 by the duke of Norfolk, " You fee now, how gricvoufly you have offend- 
 ed his majcfty ; neverthclefs, he is fo merciful, that, if you will but leave 
 your obftinacy, and change your opinion, we hope you may yet obtain par- 
 don of his highnefs for what is pall." To this he replied with great re^ 
 folution, " That he had much caufc to thank thefc noble lords for this 
 
 courtefy,
 
 MORE. 493 
 
 I'D 
 
 comtefy, but he befought Almighty God, that, through his grace, he-might 
 continue in the mind he was then in uivto death." After this, he was 
 permitted to fay what he could for himfelf, in anfwer to the indictment ; 
 and began as follows : " There arc four principal heads, if I am not de- 
 ceived, of this my indi6tment ; every one ot which, God willing, I pro- 
 pofe to anfwer in order. To the firtl; that is objected againll me, that I 
 have been an cnemv, out of llubbornncfs, to the king's fecond m^iiriage : I 
 confefs, that I always told his majefty my opinion in it, as my confcicpcc 
 didated to me ; but I am fo far from thinking myfclf guilty of high 
 treafon upon this account, that, on the contrary, being afked in a matter 
 of fuch great importance, had I bafely flattered my prince againlt my con- 
 fcience, then, I think, I Ibould have worthily been accounted a wicked 
 fubjed, and a perfidious traitor to God. However, if I offended, i fup- 
 pofe there has already been punifhment fufficient in the lofs of , all my goods, 
 and almoft fifteen months impriibnment. My fecond accufation is, that I have 
 trsnfgrefled a ftatute, in that being a prifoner, and twice examined by the 
 lords of the council, I would not difclofe unto them my opinion, out of 
 an obftinate and traiterous mind, whether the king was fuprcme head of 
 the church, or not : yet I then proteftcd, that I had never faid or done 
 any thing againlt it, neither can one word or aftion of mine be produced 
 to make me culpable. By all which I know that I could not tranfgrefs any law 
 or incur any crime of treafon : for neither this ftatute, nor any law in the 
 world, can punilh a man for holding his peace : they only can punifh either 
 words or deeds, God alone being judge ot our fecret thoughts. I come 
 now to the third caj-ital matter of my indictment, whereby 1 am accufed, 
 that 1 malicioufly pradtifed againlt this ftatute, becaufe I wrote eight packets 
 of letters, whilft I was in the Tower, to bifhop Filhcr, by which I exhort- 
 ed him to break the fame law. I would have thcfc letters produced, and 
 read againft me, which may either free me, or convicl me of a lie. But, 
 becaufe you fay the bifliop burnt them all, I will here tell the truth of the 
 whole matter : Ibme of them were only about our private affairs, as being 
 old friends and acquaintance : one of them was in anfwer to his, whereby 
 he defired to know how I had anfwercd in my examinations to this oath 
 of fupremncy-; touching which, this only I wrote to him again, that I had 
 already fettled my conl'cicnce, let him fettle his to his own good liking ; 
 and this, I truft, is no breach of your laws. The laft objefted crime 'is, 
 that being examined in the Tower, I did fay, that this law was like a two- 
 edgjd fword ; for, in confenting thereto, I Ihould endanger my foul ; and, 
 in refufing it, I fhould lofe my life. From which anfwer, becaufe bifhop 
 Fifher made the like, it is evidently gathered, as you fay, that we both 
 confpircd together. To this I reply, that if his anfwer were like mine, 
 it proceeded not from any confpiracy of. ours, but from the likenefs of 
 our wits and learning. And to conclude, I unfeignedly avouch, that I never 
 fpokc a word againlt this law to any living man ; j.lthough, perhaps, his 
 majefly has been told to the contrary." 
 
 Tea juftification fo full as this, the attorney-general had no reply tt> 
 
 make :
 
 496 MORE. 
 
 make; but the jiulges proceeded to examine the witncfles, in order to 
 prove his treafoii to the jury ; and Mr. Rich, the folicitor-gcneral, being 
 called and hvorn, depofed, that when he was lent, Ibmc time before, to 
 Iftch Sir Thomas More's books and papers from the Tower, at the end of 
 a converf.ition with him upon the king's fupremacy, on Mr. Rich's own- 
 ing on a c.\fe put by him, that no parliament could make a law that God llioukl 
 not be God, Sir Thomas replied, " No more can the parli.mient make the 
 king fupremc head of the church." When the foliciror-gencral had given 
 this evidence to the court on oath, the prifoncr, under a great ' furprife at 
 the malice anil falftiood of ir, faid, " If I was a man, my lords, that did 
 not regard an oath, I needed not, at this time, and in this place, as it is 
 well known to you all, ftand as an acculed perfon ;. and, if this oath, Mr. 
 Rich, which you have taken, be true, then I pray, that 1 may never fee 
 God in the face ; which I would not fay, were it otherwife, to gain the whole 
 xvorld.'' Upon which the folicitor not being able to prove his teftimony by 
 >\itnefles, though he attempted it, that allegation dropped. 
 
 The reader, who has attended to this impartial abltradt of the trial, and 
 who confidcrs the charafters of the prifoncr and the witnefs, will, it is ap- 
 ]>rchcndcd, acquit Sir Thomas More of the indictment without any hcfita- 
 lion. Bur, unhappily for him, he lived in the days of Henry VIII. whole 
 will was a law to judges, as well as juries : notwithttanding, therefore, 
 that his innocence was fo clearly pointed our, and the evidence againtl him 
 fo ill fiipportcd, or rather proved lb evidently to be falfe ; yet the jurv, 
 to their eternal reproach, found him guilty. They had no Iboner brought 
 in their verdid:, than the lord-chancellor Audley, began to pronounce the 
 lenttnce; but the prifoner flopped him Ihort with this modeft rebuke, " My 
 lord, when I was towards the law, the manner in fuch cafes was, to a(k 
 ihe prifoner, before fcntence, whether he could give any reafon why judg- 
 jncnt fliould not proceed againft him ?" Upon this, the chancellor alked Sir 
 I'homas what he had to alledgc. But if a jury could not be moved by 
 what he had faid in defending himfclf againll the charge in this indi«ff- 
 nicnr, there could be but little hope, that the judges would be influenced 
 to wave their ftntence by what he ihould lay againfl the matter of the 
 iTiditftmcnt itfclf. However, whether the exceptions he made were too flrong 
 to be anfwcrcd ; or whether the chancellor began at this time to feel fome 
 little compun<ftion ; or, whether he had realbn to be afraid of the popular 
 clamour, if he took the condemnation of. the priloncr entirely upon him- 
 felf; after Sir Thomas had done fpeaking, he turned to the lord-chief-juf- 
 ticc, and afkcd him his opinion openly before the court, as to the validity 
 of the indictment, notwithftanding the exceptions of the prifoner. The 
 anfwer of the chicfjuflice, whofe name was Fitz-James, is fomcwhat re- 
 markable : " My lords all, by St. Gillian, I muft needs confefs, that if the 
 adt of parliament be not unlawful, then in my confcience the indiftmcnt 
 K not infufficient." Upon this equivocal expreflion, the lord-chancellor faid 
 to the refl, •' Lo, my lords; lo, you hear what my lord chief-juflice faith ;" 
 and, without waiting for any reply, proceeded to pafs fentence, " That 
 
 Sir
 
 m O R £. 
 
 497 
 
 Sfi- Thomas More fhould be carried back to the Tower of London, and 
 from thence drawn on a hurdle through the city to Tyburn, there to be 
 hanged till he was halt dead ; after that cut down, yet alive, his private 
 parts cut off, his bellv ripped, his bowels burnt, his four quarters fet up 
 over four gates of the city, and" his head upon London-bridge." 
 
 This dreadful fentcncc filled the eyes of many with tears, and their 
 hearts with horror;, then the court telling Sir Thomas, that if he had any 
 thing further to fay,, they were ready to hear hitn, he flood up, and faid, 
 " I have nothing to fay, my lords, but that like as the blclled apoQle St,- 
 Paul v.'as prefent, and confented to the death of Stephen, and kept their 
 cloaths who Honed him to death,- and yet be they now both twain hol)f 
 faints in heaven, and fliall continue there friends for ever ; (o I verily truft, 
 and fliall therefore right heartily pray, that though your lordfhips have now- 
 been judges on earth to my condemnuijion, we may yet hereafter all meet to- 
 gether ip heaven, to our everlafting falvation : and fo I pray God pre-- 
 ferve you all, and cfi^ecially my fovereign lord the king, and fend him faith- 
 ful counfellors." Having taken his leave of the court in this noble man- 
 ner, he was conveyed back to the 'lower ; and in confideration of his hav^ 
 ing borne the higheft office in the kingdom, his fentence of being hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered, was changed by the king into decapitation. On the 
 6ch of July 1535, Sir Thomas Pope, his intimate friend, came to him 
 from the king, very early in the morning, to acquaint him that he was 
 to be executed that day at nine o'clock, and therefore that he muft immedi- 
 ately prepare hinifelf for death. The prifoner replied, " I moft heartily 
 thank )ou for your good tidings ; I have been much bound to the k'w-r's 
 highnefs for the benefit of the honours that he hath moft bountifully be- 
 flewed upon me, yet I am more bound to his grace, I do allure you, for 
 piTttft-ig me here, where I have had convenient time and fpace to have re- 
 membrance of my end; and, fo help me God, moft of all I am bound un- 
 to him, that it hath pleafed his majefty fo fhortly to rid me out of the 
 miferies of this wretched world." As foon as Sir Thomas Pope had left 
 him, he drt'fied himfclf in the beft clothes he had, that his appearance 
 might cxprefs his internal cafe and fatisfadfion : the lieutenant of the Tower 
 objetting to this generofity to his executioner, who was to have his clothes,- 
 Sir Thomas afllired him, " if it was cloth of gold, he fliould think it well 
 beftowed on him who was to do him fo fingular a benefit." But the lieu- 
 tenant, who \\as his friend, prelfed him very much to change his drcfs ; 
 and Sir Thoinas, unwilling to deny him fo fmall a gratification, put "on a 
 gown of fiizc; and of the little money that he had ""left, fent an angel to- 
 the executioner, as a token of his good-will. And now the fatal hour be- 
 ing come, he was brought out of the Tower, carrying a red crofs in his- 
 hand, and often lifting up his eyes to heaven. A woman meeting him 
 with a cup of wine, he refufed it, faying, " Chrift at his pnlJion drr.nk 
 no wine, but gall and vinegar." As he was goii^g up the fcaflbld crcrted 
 on Tower-hill, which fcemetl to him fo weak that it was ready to fall, he 
 faid nicnily to th« lieutenant, " Pray, Sir, fee mc fafc up ; and as to my 
 
 6 K coin--
 
 49? MORE. 
 
 coming 6o\vn, let mo (hlfc for myfclf." Then he defircd the people to pray 
 for him, and bear wicncfs that he died in the faith of the catholic church, 
 n faithful fervant both to God and the king- The executioner alking his 
 forgivcnefs, he kifled him, and faid, " Pluck up thy fpirits, man, and be 
 not afraid to do thine office; my neck is very fhort, take heed therefore 
 thou ftrike not awry, for thine own credit's fake." Laying his head upoa 
 the block, he bid the executioner ftay till he had put his beard afidc, ob- 
 I'crvinp- that it had never committed any treafon ; upon which, at one blow 
 of the axe, his head was fevered from hii body. 
 
 Sir Thomas More was the author of many and various works, though 
 fcarce any of them but his Utopia has long been read ; which is owing to 
 their having been chiclly of the j>olcmic kind, anJ written in defence of a 
 caufe which could not be fupportcd, that of the Romiili church. His Englifh 
 works were coilefted and publilbed at London, by order of queen Mary, in 
 151^7; his Lntin at Bafii, in 156:?, and at Louvain in 1566. It is univerfaily 
 agreed, that he was admirably ikilled in every branch of polite literature. 
 '' More had, (fays, a learned author) if ever man had, what is called ver- 
 J'atile irigcnhtm, .nnd was capable of excelling in any way to which he would 
 apply himfclf. lie was no bad poet, and might have been a better, if 
 lie had paid more afliduous court to the Mules. He compofed a poem up- 
 on the coronation of Henry VIII. which is a genteel comptiment to that 
 prince and to his queen, and a mod fevere fatire upon the reign of his a- 
 varicious and rapacious father. He concludes the dedication of it with thefc 
 emphatical words : Vale, princcps illuAviffimc, &: (qui novus ac rarus re- 
 gum titulus) am.itiffime." — " More (fays billiop Burnet) was the glory of 
 his age ; and his advancement was the king's honour more than his own, who 
 was a true chritVian philofopher. He thought the cauie of the king's divorce 
 was juft ; and, as long as it was profccutcd at the court of Rome, fo long 
 he favoured it,; but when he faw that a breach with that court was like to 
 follow, he left the poft he was in with a fuj^erior greatnefs of mind. It 
 was a fall great enough, to retire from that into a private ftute of life; but 
 the carrying matters lb far againll him as the king did, was one of the 
 lulleft reproaches of that reign. More's fuperftition fcems indeed contemp- 
 tible ; but the conftnncy of his mind was truly wonderful. He received 
 tlie fentence of condemnation with that equal temper of mind, which he had 
 flicwed in both conditions of life, and then fct himfelf wholly to prepare 
 for deaths which was fo li'-tle terrible to him, that his ordinary facetiouf- 
 ntfs remained with him even upon the fcafibld. In his youth he had freer 
 thoughts of things, as appears by his Utopia, and his letters to Erafmus; 
 but afterwards he became fupcrflitioufly devoted to the interefls and pallioiis 
 of the popilh clergy ; and as he ferved them when he was in authority, even 
 to affill them in all their cruelties, fo he employed his pen in the fame 
 caufe." It ilocs not appear, that any protedant was pur to death for his 
 ojiinions during Mores chancellorfliip ; yet it cannot be denied, that he was 
 very bitter againil them, and ufed all means to difcountenancc and fupprefs 
 them. 
 
 We
 
 NASH. 
 
 499 
 
 We flmll conclude our account of the life of this great man with the fol- 
 lowing lines of Thomfon : 
 
 " A fleady More, 
 
 ** Who, with a gen'rous though miftaken zeal, 
 
 '• Withftood a brutal t\'rant's ufeful rage, 
 
 " Like Cato firm, like Arillides juit, 
 
 " Like rigid Cincinnatus nobly poor, 
 
 " A dauntlcls foul erctS, who faiil'd on death." 
 
 N. 
 
 NASH (Richard) efq. maftcr of the ceremonies at Bath, was born ac 
 Svvanfen, in Glamorganfliirc, on the i8th of Qdtober, 1674. His father 
 was a gentleman whole principal income arofe from a partnerfliip in a glafs- 
 houfe ; and who refolved to ftraiten himfelf, in order to give his fon a li- 
 beral education. He therefore put him to Carmarthen fchool, and from 
 thence fent him to Jefus College, Oxford, in order to prepare him for the 
 law : but the youth foon difcovcrcd, that though much might be expedl- 
 ed from his genius, nothing could be hoped from his indullry; he went 
 through all the mazes of a college intrigue before he was fevcnteen, and 
 w^as juir upon the point of marriage when the whole affair coming to the 
 knowledge of his tutors, it was prevented by his being fent home to his 
 father. The army now feeming the moft likely profeffion for difplaying 
 his inclination for gallantry, he purchafed a pair of colours : but Ibon 
 finding that the profeffion of arms required attendance and dutv, he became 
 difgulled with the life of a foldier, and quitting it, entered his name as a 
 (tudent in the Middle Temple, where, though poor, he ditlinguiflied him- 
 felf by the fpleiulor of his drefs. King William was at this time raifcd 
 to the throne, and as it had been long curtomary for the inns of court to 
 entertain our monarchs on their acceffion to the crown, or fome fuch oc- 
 cafion, with a pageant, this ceremony was for the lalt time exhibited in 
 honour of that prince, and Mr. Nafh was chofcn to condu(ft the whole 
 with proper decorum. He had here an opportunity of exerting all his abili- 
 ties, and the king was fo well pleafed with his performance, that he made 
 him an offer of knighthood ; but this he declined, perhaps from his not 
 being able to pay the fees required upon a man's obtaining that honour. 
 Soon after, he was invited by fome gentlemen of the navy on board u 
 man of war, that had orders to fail for the Mediterranean, and while the 
 glafs palled freely round, the fliip fet fail, and he was obliged to make a 
 voyage in the company with whom he had fpcnt the night. During this 
 voyage he was prcfenc at an engagement, in which his particular friend 
 was killed by his fide, and he himfelf is fitid to have been wounded in 
 the leg. 
 
 At length Mr. Naffi came to Rath, which was then a mean and contemp- 
 tible city, that had no elegant buildings, no open llrccts, nor vinilurm 
 fquarts. The lodgings were meanly furniffied, and no order or decorum
 
 500 
 
 NASH. 
 
 Was obfcr.ved by the vifitants ; hefides, one of the grcateff phyfTcians of that 
 age endeavoured to ruin the city, by writing a pamphlet againrt the effi- 
 cacy of the waters, in which he faid, " He would call a toad into the 
 Ipring." Nafh humouroufly aflurcd the people, that, if they would give 
 him leave, he would oliarm away the poifon of the doctor's toad, as they 
 ullially charmed away the venom of the tarantula, by mufic. He was ac- 
 cordingly empowered to fct up a band of mufic, on which the company 
 fcnfibly incrcafcd. Nafh triumphed, and the fovereignty of the city was de- 
 creed him by all ranks, while Tunbridge focn became a colony to his 
 kingdom. No perfbn could be more fit lor this poft : he had fome wir,. 
 ho undcrftood rank and precedence with the utmolt exaClnefs, was fond of 
 Uiew and finery, and generally fet a pattern of it to others. He was alfo 
 extremely charitable, and frequently Ihamed his betters into a fimilitude of 
 fentiment, if they v/ere not naturally fo before. By his mcairs new houfes 
 were built, the roads near the city repaired ; the ftreets inftantly began to 
 be better paved, cleaned and lighted ; and the company, inftead of allbmbl- 
 ing in a booth to drink tea, or chocolate, or to game, were fupplied with 
 a handfome affembly-houfe ; and the greateft regularity and decorum were 
 cftablifhcd in the pump-room, the baths, and in the affembly-rooms. Thus 
 he rendered the city of Bath the theatre of fummcr amufements for people 
 of fafiiion, and all admired him as u very extraordinary charadler. His 
 equipage was fumptuous, and he ufually travelled to Tunbridge in a pofl- 
 chariot and fix greys, with out-riders, footmen, French horns, and all other 
 lippendages of expcnfive parade ; and to diftinguifh himfelf he always wore 
 a white hat. He had no other means of fupporting this extravagance but 
 the profeffion of a gamcfter, and a fhare in the profits of keeping the gam- 
 ing tables. But what is ftill more extraordinary, he was generous, humane, and 
 a man of fuch honour, that when h? found a novice in the hands of a 
 sharper, he generally forewarned him of the danger, and when he had won 
 Jit play a perfon's whole efiate, he has, after feverely chiding him for his 
 folly, returned it to him again, and been content with a comparatively trifl- 
 ing fum. His gcnerofitv and humanity extended to all the dillreflcd that 
 fell under his notice, uhom he relieved out of his own purfe, and for 
 whom he took the pains to make public colledlions. But of all the in- 
 flances of his bounty, none does him more honour than his having a prin- 
 cipal fliare in eftablifhing the hofpital at Bath. With rcfpeft to the orna- 
 iiients of th::t city, he crcfted an obelifk, thirty i'ctt high, in honour of the 
 j»rince of Orange, who was recovered by drinking the Bath waters ; and another 
 Jeventy feet high, in honour of Frederic prince of Wales. On the other 
 liand the corporation of Bath placed a (latue of Nafli, at full length, in 
 the pump-room, between the bufts of Newton and Pope. At length Nafh, 
 as he grew in years, was in want of that bounty he had fo liberally dif- 
 pcnfed to f)thers; whereupon the cor]ioration of that city allowed him ren 
 guineas, which he received the firft Monday in every month ; and at his 
 death, which hajipened at Bath on the 3d of February, 1761, in the eighty- 
 fevcnth year of his age, thev allowed fifty pounds for his funeral, which 
 was condudcd with great folemnity, and fu of the fenior aldermen fup- 
 portcd his pall. 
 
 NAY-
 
 N A Y L O R. 501 
 
 NAYLOR (James) a remarkable enthufiail, was born of reputable pa- 
 rents at Ardeflcy, near Wakefield in Yorklbiic, about the ) car i6i6, and 
 was educated among the independents. On the breaking out of the civil 
 wars, he entered as a common foldier in the parliament armj' under lord 
 Fairfax", and was afterwards a quarrer-maller in a troop of horfe under gene- 
 ral Lambert ; but being difabled for that fervice by ficknefs, he left it in 
 1649, and returned home. In 1652, having heard the docftrlne of the 
 Q^iakers preached by the famous George Fox, he was converted to their 
 principles, and foon diftinguifhed as an eminent preacher among them. He 
 was zealous in the exercifc of his fundtion, and well approved by his bre- 
 thren for a confidcrablc time ; but being a man of good natural parts, and 
 very eloquent as a preacher, he made fuch an impreflion on the minds of 
 a few weak people, principally women, who profefled to be of the fame 
 fociecy, that they began to confider him as more than human, and to pay 
 him a fort of adoration ; infomuch that in fome letters which they wrote to 
 him, they ftyled him, " the everlafting fon of righteoufnefs, the prince of 
 peace, the only begotten fon of God, the fairelt of ten thoufands, Sec." 
 They are alfo reported to have kneeled before him in Exeter prlfon, (to 
 which, as the pcrfecution was hot againfl: the Qiiakers, he was committed 
 in the year 1656,) and to have kilFcd his feet, in acknovvledgnicnt of his 
 divinity. Thefe inftances of fanaticifm he did not rejedt, from a deluded 
 imagination, that as, according to his faith, the fpirit or power of Chrift 
 dwelled in all men, he had no authority to refule any tribute of reverence, 
 which their fight of a fuperlor degree of that power refiding in him, induc- 
 ed them to pay to it. This extravagant notion not only procured -him ^thc 
 cenfure of his brethren, who declared him no longer a member of their 
 community ; but, as he foon grew more enthufialtical, in a very fiiort 
 time fubjefted him to fevere punifliment ; for being difchargcd froni 
 Exeter prifon in the courfe of the fame year, he fuffercd himfelf to be con- 
 dudtcd into Briftol on horfeback in a kind of religious triumph, refembl- 
 ing the manner of our Saviour's entrance into Jerufalem : a man went un- 
 covered before him ; a woman led his horfe, whilft feveral others fpreading 
 their handkerchiefs and fcarfs in his way, exclaimed, " Holy ! holy ! holy 
 is the Lord God of hotls ! — Hofannah to the highefl ! — holy ! holy ! holy 
 is the Lord God of Ifrael I" In confequence of this frantic conduft, they 
 were immediately committed to prifon, Irom whence Naylor was foon after 
 removed to London, and tried by the parliament for blafpheniy. The trial 
 laded feveral days; for, notwithftanding the different offences abovemcntioned 
 were confeffcd by the prifoner, feveral of the members could not be brought 
 to believe that any thing he had faid or done amounted to blafjihemy : but 
 being at lart cnnviclcd, he was fentenced to ftand twice in the pillory ; 
 once in Palace-Yard, Weftminfler, and once at the Old Exchange, Irondon, 
 wearing at each place an infcription of his crimes; to, be whipped through 
 the ftrects, from Wertminfter to the Old Exchange, by tl^e common hang- 
 man ; to have his tongue bored through, at the iaft-mentioned place, with 
 a hot iron, and his forehead branded with the letter 13 ; and afterwards to 
 be lent to Briilol, and conveyed into, and through that city on a horfe, with 
 
 6 L hie
 
 5C2 
 
 NELSON. 
 
 his fiicc backward ; to be there publicly whipped on a market-day, and then 
 connnittcd clofc prilbncr to Biidevvell, in London, during the pleafurc c€ 
 parliament. Many humane people of different periuafions, who were rather 
 inclined to pity him as an enthufiaft than to lee him punilhed as a blaf- 
 phcmer, prclentcd petitions to the parliament for a mitigation of the feve- 
 riiy of this fentence ; but without fuccefs. His punilhment was inflicted 
 with the greateft feverity, and borne with amazing patience and refignaticMi j 
 occafioned, perhaps, in fomc mcafurc, by a conviction ot his errors ; as he fL:on 
 became very penitent, and during a confinement of two years in Bride-vel!,, 
 wrote feveral papers in condemnation of his former condudt. And when difcharg- 
 ed from thence, he went to Brirtol, where, in a meeting of his (riends, he made a 
 public recantation, in fo affcdting a manner, that they were convinced of 
 the finccrity of his repentance, and became reconciled to him. It having 
 been alio reported of this extraordinary man, that he was guilty of adultery 
 with thofe women before-mentioned whillt he was under confinement, we 
 think it incumbent upon us, as impartial biographers, to infert his own de- 
 claration, which he gave out in writing concerning it.—" As to that ac- 
 cufation, as if I had committed adultery with fome of thofe women who 
 came with us from Exeter prifon, and alio thofe who were with me at 
 Uriftol the night before I lufFered there, of both which accufations I am 
 clear before_God, who kept me at that day, both in thought and deed, as to 
 all women, as a little child." During the fliort time he lived afterwards, he 
 bore the reproach of his former conduft with becoming patience, evincing 
 to the world, by his ferioufnefs and humility, a red;ified judgment and Chri- 
 flian difpofition. But being on a journey from London to Wakefield, in 
 1 660, he was taken ill, and died that year at tl^e houfe of one of his 
 iViends, near King's-Rippon in Huntingdonfhire, in the forty-fourth year of 
 his age. He wrote feveral books and papers in vindication of himfclf from 
 the unjuft accufations of his adverfaries, and alfo in fupport of the prin- 
 ciples of the Quakers. Se-uJiU's HiJ}. of tk Shtakers. 
 
 NELSON (Robert) cf(|. a learned and' pious Englifh gentleman, was 
 born- at London on the 22d of June 1636, and was the {on of John Nel- 
 fon, cfq. a Turkey merchant of that city. His father dying when he was 
 very young, he was left to the care of his m.-other, and her brother Sir 
 Gabriel Roberts, who was' appointed his guardian, and by whom he was 
 extremely belovcid, being a mod beautiful youth, and of fine natural parts. 
 He fludicd for fome time at St. Paul's fchool in London; but the princi- 
 pal part of his education was under a private tutor in his mother's houfc, 
 at Dryfield, in Glouceficrfliire, from whence he was fent to Trinit) -college 
 in Cambridge, where he was entered a fellow-commoner. In 1680, he was 
 chofen a fellow of the royal fociety ; and in December following, fct out 
 with his friend and' fchool-fellow. Dr. Edmund Halley, on his travels to 
 foreign parts; a'rtd arriving at Rome, he contraitted an acquaintance with 
 the lady Theophila Lucy, widow of Sir Kingfmill Lucy, and d.,ughtcr of 
 the earl of Berkeley, whom he married in 1682. This lady falling into a 
 ]iad ftiit'i t)f health, for the recovery of it he pafliid over with her into 
 
 France
 
 NEWTON. 
 
 5<^3 
 
 France, in the j'ear i6S8, and went to Aix in Provence, where he continu- 
 ed Ibme time, and afterwards proceeded on his travels through Italy, Ger- 
 many and Holland. He was greatly carelFcd in all the foreign courts which 
 he vifited, as the many letters written to him from pririces, miniltcrs of 
 ftate, and other peribns of diftindtion, abundantly telVify. Nor was he lefs 
 cfteemed in England, his acquaintance being generally among inch as were 
 moll remarkable for piety and learning, of whom the worthy Mr. Kettle- 
 well was one; he is here particularly mentioned, bccaufe to him we owe 
 Mr. Nclfon's firft engaging in that excellent, ul'eful, and pious work, his 
 Companion for the Fellivals and Falls of the church of England ; which 
 whoever reads, will find it no fmall addition to the pleafure and advan- 
 tage he fliall reap by it, to coniider that it is the work of a fine gentle- 
 man, and one who never entered into holy orders ; becaufe this will Hiow 
 what injuftice thofe men do to our moft holy religion, who reprefent it a& 
 a morofe, narrow-fpirited inftitution, fit only to be pracftifed by hermits and 
 reclules. IMr. Nelfon's other qualifications of a comely peribnage, a genteel 
 deportment, and a good fortune, were lb far from being inconfirtcnt with thac 
 genuine Ipirit of piety which always fliewed itfelf in him, that they were 
 no fmall ornaments to ir ; thofe external endowments of nature and fortune 
 ferved to fet off, and make his virtue the more amiable and captivating. 
 
 He died at Kenfington on the i6th of January, 17 14- 15, in the fifty- 
 ninth year of his age. His corpfe was depofited in the new burying- 
 ground in Lamb's-conduit-ficlds, where a monument was erefted to his me- 
 mory, with a long and elegant Latin infcription, written by Dr. Smalridge, 
 bifliop of Briftol. He publilhcd feveral devotional pieces, and left his whole 
 eftate to pious and charitable ufes, particularly to charity-fchools. 
 
 NEWTON (Sir Isaac) was defcended of an antient family, which had 
 its origin at Newton in Lancafliire ; but removing thence, was afterwards 
 feated at Weftby in Lincolnlhire ; and at length becoming polfeffed of the 
 manor of Woolftrope, in the fame county, fixed its refidence upon that de- 
 mefne. Here this prodigy of mathematical learning was born, on Chrift- 
 mas-day, 1642. His father dying, left him lord of that manor while he was 
 yet a child ; and a few years after, his mother engaged in a fccond mar- 
 riage : however, fhe did not ncgtedl to take a proper care of her fon's e- 
 ducation ; and at twelve years of age, put him to the free-fchool at Gran- 
 tham in Ijncolnfliire. It was her defign not to breed him a fcholar ; 
 therefore, after he had been at fchool fome years, he was taken home,, 
 that (being deprived, as he was, of his father) he might betimes get an 
 infight into his own affairs, and be able the fooner to manage them him- 
 fclf. But, upon trial, the youth fhcwcd lb little difpofition to turn his 
 thoughts that way, and at the fame time rtuck fo clofe to his books, that 
 his mother concluded it beft to let him purfue the bent of his own in- 
 clinations. For that purpofe (he fent him back to Grantham ; whence, ar 
 eighteen years of age, he was removed to Trinity-college in Cambridge. 
 
 The ftudy of the mathematics had been introduced into the univerfity 
 in the beginning of this century. From that period the elements of geo-- 
 
 mctry
 
 504 NEWTON. 
 
 metry and algebra became generally one brancli of a furor's Icsflures to his- 
 pupils ; and Mr. Newton, at his admiflion, found Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Bar- 
 row, the mod eminent mathematician of the time, fellow of his college. 
 Mr. Lucas aUb dying Ihortly after, left, by his will, the appointment for 
 founding his mathematical lecture; which was fettled in 1603, and Mr, 
 Barrow chofen the firft profeflbr. Our author, therefore, by turning his 
 thoughts to the mathematics, fcems to have done no more than fall in, as 
 well with his own particular fituation, as wirh the general tafle of that 
 time; but then it is univerfally acknowledged, he did it with a genius fu- 
 perior to all that ever went before him, Archimedes only excepted. For 
 a beginning, he took up Euclid's Elements; he run his eye over the book, 
 and at fight was maflcr of every proportion in it. This done, the youth- 
 ful vigour of his undcrftandino: would not fuftcr him to flay and fit down 
 in order to contemplate the Angular excellence in that author's elegant man- 
 ner of dcmonOniting, whereby the whole feries and connedtion ot the truths 
 advanced is continually kcjit in view up to their firft principles. 'This ne- 
 glect, however, he was fcnlible of in his riper age ; but his ingenuity in 
 confcffing an error, which otherwife no body could have furmiled, and that 
 too after he was grown equally full of years and honour, was, in him,on- 
 Iv a ilender inlV.mce of a molt amiable fimplicity of difpofitiou. " He fpoke, 
 £vcn with regret (fays Dr. Pemberton) of this miliake in the beginning 
 of his mathematical ftudics, in applying himfelf to the works of DesCarces 
 and other algebraical writers, before he had confidered the Elements of Euclid 
 with that atten'ion which fo excellent a writer deferves." After all, if this was a 
 fault in him, it was a fault that adlualiy gave birth to all thofe valt improvements 
 which he afterwards made in thefe feiences. The truth is, when he came to 
 the college, DesCartcs was all the vogue. Tliat eminent mathematician andphilo- 
 fopher had greatly extended the bounds of algebra, in tli« way of exprcfling 
 geometrical lines by algebraical equations, and thereby introduced a new method 
 of treating geometry. Our author Ilruck into this new analytical way, and 
 prefentlv faw to the end of the fartheft advances made by Dts Cartes ; but having 
 Ibundcd the depth of that author's underftanding, without feeling the extenfive 
 power of his o.vn, he proceeded to read thofe pieces of Dr. Wallis which were 
 then printed, and particularly his Arithmctica Infaiito.Mm. Here he firtt found 
 that matter which fee his boundlefs inventioii to work. 
 
 In 1664, he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and that of matter in 
 1667, in which year he was chofen fellow of his college. He had before 
 this time difcovered the method effluxions, and in 1669, he was made pro- 
 fcllbr of mathcma'ics at Cambridge, upon the refignation of Dr. Barrow. As 
 his^ thoughts had been for fon)e time chiefly employed upon optics, he made 
 his difcoverics in that fcience the fubject of his lectures, for the three firlt years 
 after he wis appointed jnathcmatical profeffor. He had notfinifhed thefe lectures, 
 when he was eleded a U-llow of the royaJ fociety, in January, 1671-2 ; and, hiving 
 now brought his theory of light and colours to a great degree of perfection, 
 he communicated it to that fociety firft, zo have their judgment upon it ; 
 and it was attcrwsrds publillied in the Pnilofophical Tranfactions. In 
 1687, appeared liis celebrated work, called Philofophie NaturuUs l*rineipia 
 
 Mathe-
 
 NEWTON, ^5 
 
 Mathematica. This performance, in wliich our author had built a new fyftem 
 of natural philofophy upon the moll fublime geometiy, did not meet at firft with all 
 the applaufe it deferved, and was one day to receive. Two reafons concurred 
 in producing this effeft : Dcs Cartes had then got full poflefTion of the world ; 
 his philofophy was, indeed, the creature of a fine imagination, gaily dreffed in 
 a tempting metaphorical ftile ; he had given her, likewife, fome of nature's true 
 features, and painted the rcll to a ieeming of nature's likenefs, with a fmiling 
 countenance : befides, whatever fhe' faid was eafily underftood ; and thus fhe 
 yielded hcrfelf up, without any great difficulty, to her votaries. Upon thefe 
 accounts, people in general even took unkindly an attempt to awake tiiem out 
 of ib pleafmg a dream. On the other hand, Mr. Newton had, with an un- 
 paralleled penetration, purfued nature up to her moft fecret abodes, and was 
 intent to demonftrate her refidence to others, rather than anxious to point out 
 the way by which he arrived at it himfelf. He finifhed his piece in that elegant 
 concifenefs, which hadjuftly gained the antients an univerial efteem. Indeed, 
 the confequenccs (low with fuch rapidity from the principles, that the reader is 
 often left to fupply a long chain of reafoning to connedl them ; therefore it required 
 fome time before the world could underftand it; the beft mathematicians were oblig- 
 ed to ftudy it with care before they could make themfelves mailers of it, and thofe of 
 a lowdr clafs durll not venture upon it, till encouraged by the tellimonies of the mod 
 learned : but at lafl, when its worth came to be fufficiently known, the approbation 
 which had been fo flowly gained, became univerfid, and nothing was to be heard 
 from all quarters but one general fhout of admiration. " Does Mr. Newton eat, 
 or drink, or fleep, like other men ?" faid the marquis de I'Hopital, one of the 
 greacefl mathematicians of the age, to the Englifh who vifited him ; " I re- 
 present him to myfelf as a celeftial genius, entirely difcngaged from matter." 
 
 Tiie general fubjeft of the Principia is the dofitrine of motion, which is the 
 moft confiderable of all others for eltablifhing the firfl principles of philofophy 
 by geometrical demonflration. The undertaking was begun by Des Cartes ; bur, 
 taking up with grofs experiments, without examination, he derived his con- 
 clufions too haftily. Mr. Nev/ton both faw the miftake, and, at the fame time, 
 how extrem.ely ditficult it would be to r.void it ; but he had the refolution to 
 make the attempt, and he alone hid ftreiigth to complete the execution. To 
 this end, by experiments madfe with the moft accurate, exaftneis, and obferved 
 with the niceft circumfpeftion anci fagacity, he firft difcovers what are the real 
 phfEnomena of motion ariiing from the natural pov/ers of gravity, elafticity, the 
 refiilance of fluids, and the like; whence he rifcs, by the help of his own fub- 
 lime geometry, to inveftigate' the i rue forces of thefe powers of nature ; and 
 then, from tliolc tuices, demonftratcs the other pha:nomena : particularly, in 
 fettling the fyftcm^oi the heavens, he demonftriates mathematically, in the firft 
 book, what arc rh<- ;>;enuine cffeds of central forces, in all hypothefes whatfoever 
 that can be framed concerning the laws tit attradtion ; then, from Kepler's rules, 
 and other aftrononiical and gohgrapbieal ohfervatlohs, he fhews, what' the par- 
 ticular laws of attraftion are in namre; and proves that this attraflion is every 
 where the lame as the terrellrial gravuy, b\ the force of which, all bodies tend 
 to the fun, and to the feveral planets. Then, from other dcmonftrarions, which 
 are alfo mathematical, he deduces tiie motion of the planers, the comets, the 
 mo Jii, and the fea. • 
 
 . In the height of all thefe profotmd '-hilofojihical rcfeai-chft^jlil''" before i his 
 
 6 M n-
 
 5o6 NEWTON. 
 
 Principia went to the prefs, the privileges of the univerfity of Cambridge 
 being attacked by king James II. our author appeared among tlie moft zealous 
 defenders, and was accordingly nominated one of the delegates to the h-gh- 
 commiflion court. After thisjhe was chofen one of the univerfity rcprefentativcs in 
 the convention parliament in 16R8, where he attended till its difiblution. Mr. 
 Montague, afterwards earl of Halifax, fat likewife for the firfl time, in that parlia- 
 ment; and being bred at the fame college, was well acquainted with our audior's 
 abilities; and undertaking the rccoinagc of the money when he became chancellor 
 of the Jixhceqeur, he obtained of the king, for Mr. Newton, in 1696, the office 
 of waiden of the Mint. This poft put him in a capacity of doing fignal fervice 
 in tliat affair, wliich was of fo great importance to the nation : and, three years, 
 after, he was promoted to be mailer of the Mint ; a place, cofnmunibus annis^ 
 worth twelve or fifteen hundred pounds a year; which he held till his death. 
 Upon this promotion, he appointed Mr. William Whiflon his deputy in the 
 mathematical profeirorfliip at Cambridge, giving him the full profits of the place >. 
 and, not long after, he procured him to be his fucceffor in that poft. 
 
 The royal academy offciences at Paris, having, in 1699, made a new regu- 
 lation for admitting foreigners into their fociety, Mr. Newton was immediate- 
 ly elefted a member of tliat academy. In 1703 he was chofen prefident of the 
 royal fociety; in which, chair he continued above twenty-three years, till the 
 day of his death. In 1704 he publiflied at London, in 410, hia Optics, or a 
 Treatife of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions, and Colours of Light. He 
 had now at times employed thirty years in bringing die experiments to that 
 degree of certainty and exadlnefs, which alone could fatisfy hunfclf. In reality, 
 this feems to have been his moft favourite invention. In the fpeculations of 
 infinite ferics and fluxions, as alfo in the demonftration of the power of gravity 
 in preferving the fyftem of the world, there had been fome, though diftant 
 hints, given by others before him ; whereas, in the diffefting a ray of light 
 into its firft conllitucnt particles, which then admitted of no farther fcpara- 
 tion ; in the difcovery of the different refrangibility of thefe particles thus fe'pa- 
 rated, and that thefe conftituent rays had each its owa peculiar colour inherent 
 in it ; that rays falling in the fame angle of incidence have alternate fits of 
 refleftion and refraction ; that bodies aj-e rendered tranfparent by the minutenels 
 pf their pores, and become opaque by having them large ; and that the moft 
 tranfparent bodv, by having a great thinncfs, will become lefe pervious to the 
 light : in all thefe, which made up his New Theory of Light and Colours, 
 he was abfolutely and entirely the firft ftarter j and, as the fubjedt is of the moft 
 fubtle and delicate nature, he thought it necelFary to be himfelf the laft finiflicr 
 of it. The affair that had chiefly employed his refearches for fo many years, 
 was far from being confined to the fubjeX of light alone : on the contrary, all 
 that we know of natural bodies feemed to be comprehended in it ; he had 
 found out that there was a mutual aXion at a diftance between light and other 
 'bodies, by which both the refleftions and refraftions, as well as inflections, of 
 the former were conftantly produced. To afcertain the force and extent of this 
 principle of acftion, was wiiat had all along engaged his thoughts, and what, 
 after all, by its extreme fubtilty efcaped even his moft penetrating fpli-it. Hov-i- 
 ever, though he has not made fo full a difcovery of this principle, wliich diretfls 
 the courfe of light, as he has in relation to the power by which the planets are 
 icpt in their courfcs j yet he gave the beft dircdions poflible for fuch as might 
 
 b&
 
 NEWTON. 507 
 
 be inclined to carry on the work, and furniflted matter abundantly enough to 
 animate them to the purfuit. He has, indeed, hereby opened a way of paffing 
 from optics to an entire fyftem of pliyfics j and, if we look upon his queries, as 
 containing the hillory of a great man's firll thoughts, even in that view they 
 muft be entertaining and curious. 
 
 In 1705 queen Anne, in confideration of Mr. Newton's extrao'-dinary merit, 
 conferred upon him the honour of knightliood ; and in 1707 he publiilied his 
 Arithmetica Univerlalis. This work was another ipecimen of the vail depth o£ 
 our author's genius. In 17 11 his Analyfis per Quantitatura Series, Fluxioncs et 
 Differentias, cum Enumeratione Linearuni Tertii Ordinis, was publiflied at 
 London by William Jones, Efq. F. R. S. In 17 1 5, Mr. Leibnitz, with the view 
 of bringing the world more eafily into a belief, that Sir liaac Newton had taken 
 the method of fluxions from his differential metliod, attempted to foil his ma- 
 thematical fl<ill by the famous problem of the trajecStories, which_ he therefore 
 propofed to the Englifli by way of challenge. But the Iblution of this, though 
 it was the moft difficult propofition that his antagonift could think of, was hard- 
 ly more than an amuiement to Sir Ifaac. He received the problem at four 
 oitlock in the afternoon, as he was returning from the Mint, and though he was 
 extremely fatigued with bufinefs, yet he finiJlied the folution of it before he went 
 to bed. 
 
 Wiien king George I. was raifed to the Britifli throne. Sir Ifaac began to be 
 taken particular notice of at court ; and it was for the immediate fatisfaftion of that 
 monarch, that he was prevailed with to put the laft hand to the difpute about 
 die invention of fluxions. In this court, the princefs of Wales, afterwards 
 queen-confort to his late majefty George II. happened to have a curiofity foe 
 philofophical enquiries. No Iboner, therefore, was fhe informed of our author's 
 attachment to the houfe of Hanover, than Ihe engaged his converfation, which 
 prefently endeared him to her. Here flie found, in every difficulty, that full 
 fatisfaftion which fhe had in vain fought for elfewhere ; and her highnefs was 
 often heard to declare, that fhe thought herfelf happy in coming into the world- 
 at a jundure of time which put it in- her power to enjoy the benefit of his 
 converfiition. Among other things. Sir Ifliac one day acquainted her highnefs 
 with his thoughts upon fome points of chronology, and communicated to lier- 
 what he liad formerly written purely for his own amufement upon that fubjed. 
 But the plan appeared to be fo new and ingenious, that flie could not be latisfied till 
 he promifed her that he would complete a work which fne found fo happily 
 begun. Not long after, about the year 17 18,, the princefs begged flie might 
 have a copy of thefe papers. Sir Ifaac rcprefented to her highnefs that they lay 
 very confufed ; and, bcfides, what he had written therein was imperfcA ; but 
 that in a few days, he could draw up an abftraft thereof, provided it might be 
 kept fecret. Some time after he had done this,, and preil^nted it, ffie defired 
 that Signior Conti, a Venetian nobleman, then in England, miglit have a copy 
 of it. This was a requell which could not be denied, cfpecially as the condi- 
 tion of fecrefy was readily promifed. Notwithflanding this promife, the Vene- 
 tian, who, during his flray in England, had ahv.iys afl^'tcted to fliew a particular 
 friendfliip for Sir Ifaac, no iboner crolied the water into France, than hedifperfcd 
 copies of it, and procured an antiquary to tranllate it into French, and alfo to 
 write a confutation of it. This was printed at Paris in 1725; after which, a 
 copy of the tranflation only, without the renarks, was dekvered, as a prercnt, 
 fcom the bookfcller that printed it, to our aiitlior, in order to obtain his confent 
 
 to
 
 5oS N E W T O N. 
 
 to the publication ; which, though exprefsly denied by him, yet the whole wai 
 publilhcd in the lame year. Upon this, Sir Ifaac publiflied, in the Philol'oplii- 
 cal Tranfadtions, Remarks upon the Obfervations made upon a Chronological 
 Index of Sir Ilaac Newton, &c. 
 
 Sir Ifixac, in the eightieth year of his age, had been feizcd with an inconti- 
 nence of urine, thought to proceed from the ftone in the bladder, and judged 
 to be incurable : however, by obfcrvance of a iiriil regimen, and other pre- 
 cautions, which till then he never had occafion for, he procured great intervals 
 of eafe during the five remaining years of his life ; yet he was not free from 
 fome fevcre paroxyfms, which even occafioncd large drops of fweat to run down 
 his face. In thefe circumflances, he was never oblerved to utter tlie leaft com- 
 plaint, or exprefs the leaft impatience; and as foon as he had a moment's 
 cafe, he would fmile and talk with his ufual chearfulnefs. Till this time he 
 had always read and writ feveral hours in a day ; but he was now obliged to 
 rely upon Mr. Conduit for the difcharge of his office in the Mint. On Saturday 
 morning, March i8, 1726-7, he read tlie news-papers, and difcourfed a long 
 time with Dr. Mead, his phyfician, having then the perfcdt ufe of all his fenfes 
 and his underftanding ; but that night he entirely loft them all ; and i^ ' 
 recovering them afterwards, he died on the Monday following, the 20th of 
 March, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. His body lay in ftate in the Jeruia- 
 lem-chamber, and, on the 28th of March, was conveyed into Weftminller-ab- 
 bey, the pall being fupported by the lord-chancellor, the dukes of Montrofe 
 and Roxburgh, and the earls of Pembroke, Sufiex, and Macclesfield, 'i'he 
 corpfe was interred jufl: at the entrance into the choir, on the left hand, where a 
 noble monument is erected to his memory, with an elegant Latin infcription. 
 
 As to his perfon, he was of a middling ftature, and fgrnewhai inclined to be 
 fat in the latter part of his life. His countenance was pleafing and at the fame 
 time venerable. He loft but one tooth, and never made ufe of fpe6tacles dur- 
 ing his whole life ; which, perhaps, might be the ground for Mr. Fontcnelle's 
 faying, in a kind of panegyric, that he had a very lively and piercing eye. For 
 bilhop Atterbur)", who fcems to have obferved it more critically, aflures us, 
 that, " This did not belong to hinr, at leaft not for twenty years paft, about 
 which time I became acquainted with him. Indeed, in the whole air of his face 
 and make, there was nothing of that penetrating lagacity which ajipears in his 
 compofitions ; he had fomething rather languid in his look and manner, which 
 did not raife any great expectation in thofe who did not know him." In view- 
 ing the character of his genius, we muft turn to the nature of his inventions, 
 and the manner in which he opened his way to them. The mark that fecms 
 moft of all to diftinguifh it is this, that he himfclf was the trucft judge, and 
 made the jufteft ellimation of it. One day, when one of his friends i\ad faid 
 fome handfome things of his extraordinary talents,- Sir Ifaac, in an eafy and iin<- 
 afFe(5ted way, aflured him, that, for his own part, he was fenfible, that, wiut>- 
 ever he had done worth notice, was owing to a patience of thought, rather 
 than any extraordinary lagacity which he was endowed with above other men. 
 " I keep the fubjeft conltantly before, and wait till the firft dawnings open 
 flowly, by little and little, into a full and clear light." And hence we are able 
 to give a very natural account of that unufual kind of iiorror which he had for 
 all difputf:s upon tliefe points ; a fteady, unbroken attention was his peculiar 
 ftlicuy i he knew it, and he knew the value of it. In fuch a fuuution of mind 
 
 con-
 
 NEWTON. 509 
 
 controverfy mufl: needs be looked upon as his bane. However, he was far from 
 being tteeped in philofophy ; on the contrary, he could lay afide his thoughts, 
 though engaged in the moft intricate refearches, wlien his other aflairs required 
 his attendance ; and, as loon as he had leifurc, refume the fubjccl at the point 
 where he left off. This he feems to have done, not fo much oy any extraordi- 
 nary ftrength of memory, as by the force of his inventive -faculty, to v/hich 
 every thing opened itfelf again v/idi eafe, if nothing intervened to ruffle him. 
 The readinefs of his invention made him .not tliink of putting his memory 
 much to the trial ; but this was the offspring of a vigorous inteniVneis of thought, 
 out of which lie was but a common man. He fpent, therefore, the prime of 
 his age in thefe abftrufe refearches, when his fituation in a college gave him 
 leiune, and even while ftudy was his proper profeffion : but as foon as he was 
 removed to the Mint, he applied himfelf chiefly to the bufuiefs of that office; 
 and fo far quitted mathematics and philofophy, as not to engage in any new 
 purfuits of cither kind afterwards. 
 
 Dr. Pemberton tells us, tliat he found Sir Ilaac had read fewer of the mo- 
 dern mathematicians than one could have cxpefted ; but his own prodigious 
 invention readily fupplied him with what he might have occafion for in any fub- 
 jedt he undertook. He often ccnfured the handling geometrical fubjcCts by 
 algebraic calculations j and frequently praifcd Slufius, Barrow, and Huygens, for 
 not being influenced by the bad talle which tlien began to prevail. He ufed to 
 commend the laudable attempt of Hugo dc Omcrique, to refcore tlie ancient 
 analyfis, and very much elleemed Apollonius's book J^e Seftione Rationis, for 
 giving us a clearer notion of that anal) us than we had before. He particularly 
 recommended Huygens's ftile and manner, as being, he thought, the molt ele- 
 gant of any mathematical writer of modern times, and tlie nioil juffc imitator 
 of the ancients; of wliofe tafte and form of demonftration Sir Ifaac always' pro- 
 fefled himfelf a greitt admirer. Dr. Pemberton likcv/ife obfcrves, that his me- 
 mory was much decayed in the laft years of his life ; yet the common difcouri'e, 
 that he did not then undcrftand his ovvn v/orks, was entirely groundlefs. This 
 opinion might perhaps arife from his not being always ready to fpeak on thefe 
 lubjects v/hen it might be expetted he iiiould. But this the doiilor imputes to 
 an abfence commonly feen in great geniufcs. " Inventor.s," fays he, " feem 
 to treafure up in their minds what they have found out, after unotlier manner 
 than thofe do the fame things who have not this inventive faculty. Tlie former, 
 when tliey have occafion to produce their knowledge, arc obliged, in Ibme 
 rneafure, immediately to invcitigate part of what they want ; for this, as they 
 are not equally fit at all times, fo it has often happened, that fucli as retain 
 things chiefly by means of a very Itrong memory, liave appeared off hand 
 more ejcpert than even the difcoverers themfelves." Add to this, what, in 
 regard to ftrict truth, inufb not be fuppreffed, tiiat the l^cliaviour of Mr. 
 Leibnitz particularly, as well as of the Abbe Conti, not to mention fome 
 others, had given that 'caution whicli was innate to him fuch a referve, as 
 feemed to border upon the lufpicious. ' However, this referve, no doubt, was 
 at fome of thel'e times the genuine effeft of his native modefty ; whicli, in 
 contemplating the charafter of his mind, appears to have flood foremofb in 
 h;s compofition, and was, in truth, greater than can eafily be imagined, or 
 will be readily believed; yet it alv^'ays continued fo, v/ithout any alteration, 
 though the whole world, fays M. dc Fontenelle, confpired againfl: it. In hisdifpute 
 
 6 N witlx
 
 zio 
 
 OLDCASTLE. 
 
 with Mr. Leibnitz, he even fhewed a great meeknefs of difpofition ; however, 
 he was very iar froiTJ being infcnfible, both of the injurious prcfumption and 
 mean chicanery of his envious competitor; and undoubtedly took the beft 
 method of foiling him, by refufing to feed his vanity with a verbal contelt, 
 but Uibduing his inlolence witli inflexible fads. 
 
 He never behaved in fuch a manner, as to give the moft m.alicious cen- 
 furers the leaft occalion even to fufpeft him of vanity. He was candid and 
 affable, and always put himfelf upon a level with his company. He never 
 thought either his merit or reputation fuflicient to excufe him from any of 
 the common offices of focial life. No fingularivies, either natural or affected. 
 
 diftino'uifhed him from other men. Though firmly attached to the church 
 
 of England, he was averfc to the perfecution of the nonconformills. He 
 judged of men by their manners ; and the true fchifmatics, in his opinion, 
 were the vicious and the wicked. Not that he confined his principles to na- 
 tural religion, for he was thoroughly perfuadai of the truth of revelation ; 
 and, ' amidff the great variety of books whicli he had conftantly before him, 
 that which he Ihidied with the grcateft application was the Bible. He did 
 not neglecl the opportunities of doing good, which the revenues of his pa- 
 trimony, and a profitable employment, improved by a prudent ceconomy, 
 put into his power. When decency upon any occafion required expence and 
 Ihew, he was magnificent without grudging it, and with a very good grace : 
 at all other times, chat pomp, which feems great to low minds only, was ut- 
 terly rc.renched, and the expence refervcd for better iifes. He never 
 married, and, perliaps, he never had leifure to think of it. Being im- 
 merfed in profound (ludies during the prime of his age, and afterwards en- 
 gaged in an employment of great importance, and even quite taken up 
 with the company which his merit drew to him, he was not fenfible of any 
 vacancy in life, mr of the want of a companion at home. He left two and 
 thirty thoufand pounds at his death, but made no will ; which Mr. Fonte- 
 nelle tells us was, becaufe he thought a legacy was no gift. 
 
 After Sir Ifaac's death, there v.'ere found among hi.-, papers feveral difcourfes 
 upon the fubjeds of antiquity, hiitory, divinity, chemiftry, and mathema- 
 tics ; fome of which have been publifhed. 
 
 o. 
 
 OLDCASTLE (Sir John) generally ftiled the- good lord Cobham, was 
 born in the reign of king Edward IH. He obtained his peerage by mar- 
 rying the niece and heirefs of Henry lord Cobham ; a nobleman who had 
 with great virtue and patriotilm oppofed the tyranny of Richard IE Jn 1393 
 he gave a public evidence of his dillike to the papal fee. The famous fta- 
 tute againll: provifors, which had been enafted in the reign of Edward IIL 
 was almoft totally diliegarded during the weak government of Richard : lord 
 Cobham, therefore, and fome others who were well affefted to the fame caufe, 
 undertook the revival of it. Cobham exerted himfelf in this affair with great 
 fpirit ; and his arguments made fuch an imprellion on the parliament, that he 
 and his friends carried their point. The ftatute againll provifors was con- 
 firmed, and the ftatute of premunire was paffed againti; all that purchafcd or 
 folicited, in the court of Rome, or eli'ewhere, any tranllations of biihops, pro- 
 
 ceffes
 
 OLDCASTLE. 511 
 
 cefi"es, and fentences of excommunication, bulls, inftruments, or any thing 
 elfe, to the prejudice of the king, his crown, or' kingdom. And both houfes 
 of parliament declared, that they would ftand by the king with their lives and 
 fortunes againft all procefTcs in the court of Rome, about rights of patronage, 
 bulls, and mandates, and all attempts againft his crown and royalty. About 
 two years after, we Hnd lord Cobham making another effort in tiie fame caufe. 
 A rebellion having arifen in Ireland, Richard went over thither with an army. 
 During the king's abfence, the lord Cobham, Sir Ricliard Story, Sir Thomas 
 Latim.er, and others of the reforming party, made Ibme attempts towards the 
 reformation of the clergy ; and having colleded their ftrength, they drew up 
 a number of articles againft the corruptions which then prevailed among 
 churchmen, and prcfented them, in the fonn of a remonftrance, to flie houfc 
 of commons. This ftep greatly alarmed the clergy ; and accordingly, when 
 Richard had already made one campaign in Ireland, and was preparing to 
 take the field early in the fpring of the year 1395, the archbifhop of Can- 
 terbury arrived at his camp, and entreated his majefly to return into England, 
 in order to put a ftop to the ruin of the church ; for that was the light in 
 v/hich the good prelate thought proper to view the intended reformation, 
 ^he archbifhop alio reprelented the Wicklifhtes as enemies to the ftate, as 
 well as to the church ; and praftiled fo artfully on the weak and jealous djf- 
 jiofition of Richard, that he abandoned the fair profpeft of reducing Ireland, 
 and returned immediately to England, in order to defend the chur^li againft 
 the defigns of the heretics. After his arrival, the WicklifStes were threatened 
 with death, if they perfifted in their errors ; and the chancellor of Oxford was 
 Gfdered to expel all thofe who were fufpefted of favouring their opinions. 
 
 Bcfides thefe inftances of lord Cobham's attachment to the principles of the 
 reformers, he likewife put himielf to great expence in colle6ting and tranfcribing 
 the works of WickliiT, which he dilperfed among the people. He alfo maint-aincd 
 a great number of the difciples of Wickliff, as itinerant preachers in many parts 
 <H the country, particularly in the diocefes of Canterbury, London, Rochelter, 
 and Hereford. And as he took fo little pains to conceal his opinions, and 
 acted publicly in this manner, he was confidered as the head of the reforming 
 jiarty, and confcqucntly drew upon himfelf the refentment of the whole body 
 of the clergy, to whom he was more obnoxious than any other man at that time 
 in England. 
 
 We find but very few particulars related of lord Cobham during tlie reign of 
 Henry IV. But he is frequently fpoken of as having been a very brave and 
 ercperienced officer; he niuft therefore have been employed in militaiy tranfac- 
 tK^ns of whicli we hiive nov/ no particular account. " In all adventurous acls 
 of worldly manhootl (fays Bale) he was ever fortunate, doughty, noble, and 
 valiant." And it is acknowledged by hiftorians who are by no means partial 
 in his favour, that by his valour and military talents he acquired the efteem both 
 of Henry IV. and Henry V". " He v,vs (fays Mr. Guthrie) one of the bravell men 
 and bed ofhccrs in England; he had ferved with great reputation in France; and 
 the opinion of his valour, joined to that of his honelty and piety, had gained 
 him prodigious popularity." 
 
 In the beginning of the reign of Henry V. a convocation of the clergy wa"*; 
 held by Thomas Arundel, archbifliop of Canterbury, who had obtained an 
 order from the king to appoint commiffioners at Oxford, to take information.* 
 
 con-
 
 512 
 
 OLDCASTLE. 
 
 concerning the doctrines cf the Lollards, which was tiie name now geiieially 
 given to the Wicidiilircs. Thefe commirfioncrs having tranfmitted an account 
 of their proceedings to the archbifhop, that prelate laid tliem before the con- 
 vocation, which, after fomo debates, iinanimouny agreed, that tlKre was no 
 other way of extirpating the hereiy of t'je Lollards, but by making example, 
 of the principal favourers of their doclrine ; that lord Cobham was tiie moit 
 confiderable protector of this pernicious fed ; and that, in order to Itrikc terror- 
 into the red, a particular profecution fhould be immediately commenced 
 againll iiim. The archbiihop, iiowever, would not proceed in this affair, until- 
 he had firft obtained tlie king's permiflion ; and this he did not obtain, till after 
 his maicftv had e\-{-)oftulated with lord Cobham in private, and found him wn- 
 fhakcn in his principles. Henry himfclf was a zealot for die eftablilhed reli- 
 gion, and was fo exafpcrated at the inflexibility of Cobham, tliat he withdrew all 
 the regard he had hitlicrto profelTed for that Lollard, and allowed the arch- 
 bifhop to proceed ag.'.inil him with the utmoll rigour in the ecclcfiaftical courts. 
 Me was accordingly examined before the primate, and being conviftcd -and 
 condemned for herefy, was delivered over -to the iecular arm ; but finding 
 means to efcape from the Tower, in v/hich he had been confined for fix months, 
 he retired to Wales, where fome of the chiefs of that country afforded hi;i# 
 their protection. 
 
 About this time the king publifhed a proclamation, forbidding the Lollards 
 to alfemble in companies, which they had been ufed to do for tiie purpofe of 
 devotion. This proclam^ition had its eflecft only in part ; for they Hill continued 
 to aflemhle, though in fmaller companies, and with more privacy, and often in 
 the dead of night. As on this occafion they generally chofe fome unfrequented 
 place, a number of them ibmetimes rendezvoufed in St. Giles's fields, which 
 were then covered with bufhes. Here they had met one evening, and intended, 
 as ufual, to continue their meetins; to a verv late hour. Some emiffaries of 
 fhe clergy, who had mingled with them under the dilguife of friends, gave in- 
 telligence of their defign ; and as the king, who was then at Eltham, about feven 
 miles from London, was fitting down to fuppei", advice was brought him that twenty 
 thoufand Lollards, with lord Cobham at their head, had poJted rlu-mfelves in 
 St. Giles's fields, breathing revenge, and threatening to murder tiie king, the 
 princes of the blood, and all the nobility and prelates wlio fliould oppofe them. 
 " Nothing (fays Rapin) was more improbable, tlian that twenty thouland men 
 fliould allemble at the very gates of London, without being obferved ; and it 
 was ftill more unlikely that Oldcafvle, a very experienced warrior, fliould chufe 
 St. Giles's fields, over-grown as they were with bullies and flirubs, for the ren- 
 dezvous of his forces. Nevertheless, the news was confirmed by fo many cir- 
 cumftances, that the king could not but credit the report." Accordingly, 
 Henry immediately armed v/hat men he could readily multer, and put himfeif 
 at their head, in hopes to furprize the enemy before they fliould have concerted 
 their fchemes. Soon after midnight he arrived at the place, and finding there 
 about eighty or an hundred perfons, killed fome of them on the fpot, and took 
 the reft jirifoners. The king, wiio fuppofed that v.'hat he had already met with 
 was only the advanced guard of the enemy, marched on in expectation of meet- 
 ing with the main body ; but no main body was (jver found, and this formida- 
 ble army was difrerfed v.'irh as much cafe as it had been railed. Notwithftand- 
 ing the manifelt improbability of this confpiracy, it was, at leaft for a time, 
 
 entifv-'ly
 
 OLDCASTLE. 
 
 513 
 
 entirely credited by the king, and therefore fully anfwered the defigns of the 
 clergy ; as it thoroughly incenfed Henry againfl: the Lollards, and gave a fevere 
 check to the whole party. The hiftorian we have jufl quoted, fpeakino- of 
 this tranfaftion, further fays, " It is hardly to be conceived, that a prince fo 
 wife as Henry, could fuffer himfelf to be impoled upon by fo grofs a fiftion. 
 Had he found, indeed, as he was made to believe, twenty thoufajid men in 
 arms, in St. Giles's fields, it might have created fufpicion ; but that fourfcore, 
 or an hundred men, among whom there was not a fingle perfon of rank, fliould 
 have formed fuch a projeft, is extremely improbable. Befides, he himfelf knew 
 Sir John Oldcaftle to be a man of fenfe; and yet nothing could be more wild 
 than the projeft fathered upon him ; a projedt, which it was fuppofed he was 
 to execute with an handful of men, and yet he himfelf abfent, and no leader 
 in his room. Befides, notwithftanding the ftricteft fearch made through the 
 kingdom, to difcover the accomplices of this pretended confpiracy, not a fingle 
 perfon could be found, befides thofe taken at St. Giles's." As for lord Cob- 
 ham himfelf, Henry was fo fully perfuaded of his guilt, that through his in- 
 fluence a bill of attainder againfi: him paifed the commons ; and not content 
 with this, the king fec a price of a thoufand marks upon his head, and pro- 
 mifed a perpetual exemption from taxes to any town that fhould fecure him. 
 This tranfaftion happened in the year 1414. 
 
 A few months afterwards, a parliament was called at Leicefter, whither the 
 zeal of the clergy followed the king ; and in purfuance of their old fcheme 
 ot rendering the Lollards fufpeded as enemies to the Hate, they procured an 
 aft to be pafiTed, by which herefy incurred the forfeitures of treafon ; and 
 which likewife coptained a claufe, manifeftly levelled at the lord Cobham, 
 which made thofe liable to the fame penalties who had broken prifon, unlefs 
 they furrendered themfelves again. 
 
 In the mean time, the noble Cobham ftill continued an exile in Wales, though 
 frequently obliged to fliift the place of his retreat ; and in that mountainous 
 country he was four years fheltered from the malice of his enemies. They, 
 however, made ufe of all the means in their power to find him out ; and, after 
 many fruitlefs attempts, at length engaged the lord Powis in rhcir intereft, who 
 was very powerful in thofe parts, and in whofe hands it was imagined lord Cob- 
 ham was concealed. Powis, taking proper meafures to work upon his tenants, 
 hid numbers upon the watch, and with a degree of vigilance tliat lord Cobham 
 could not efcape. Whilft, therefore, he imagined himfelf fecur€ from his enc^ 
 mies, he was fuddenly taken, carried to London in triumph, and put into the 
 hands of tiie arclibilliop of Canterbury. 
 
 The abfence and fuftcrings of lord Cobham, had in no degree foftened the in- 
 veteracy of his enemies : on the contrary, the clergy, who had formerly been 
 under fome reftraint, having gained great additional j)ower, by tlie late enafted 
 law, and the great influence which they now had in parliament, as well as in 
 the ftate, were difpofed to let loofe all their fury again'l him. Things being 
 thus circumllanced, lord Cobham might eafily forefee his f\ue ; which, indeed, 
 did not long remain in fufpence. He received fcntence of death, both as an 
 heretic and a traitor. And on the day appointed for his execution, lie was 
 brought out of the Tower with his arms bound behind liim, and having a 
 very chearful countenance. He was then placed- upon a hurdle, and drawn 
 upon it into St. Giles's fields, where they had fct up a new gallows. When 
 
 6 O he
 
 5^4 
 
 O L D F I E L D. 
 
 he had arrived at the place of execution, and was taken from the hurdle, he 
 devoutly fell down upon his knees, and prayed to God to forgive his enemies. 
 He then Hood up, and addrefllng the multitude, exhorted them to continue 
 in the ftedfaft obfervance of the laws of God, as delivered in the Scriptures. 
 Having added to this Ibme other exhortations to the people, he fiibmitted 
 himfelf to his fate, with the intrepidity of an hero, and the refignation of a 
 Chriftian. He was hung up alive by the middle with iron chains, on thft 
 gallows ; under which a fire being made, he was burnt to death, in February 
 141 8. Such was the end of the illuftrious Cobham ! and fuch the treatment 
 which he received, by the contrivances, and at the inftigation of a fet of men, 
 who pretended to be minifters of the gofpel of peace ! 
 
 " Lord Cobham (fays Mr. Gilpin) had been much converfant in the world ; 
 and had probably been engaged, in the early part of his life, in the licence 
 of it. His religion, however, put a thorough reftraint upon a difpofition, 
 naturally inclined to the allurements of pleafure. He was a man of a very 
 high fpirit, and warm temper ; neither of v.-hich his fu frerings could fubdue. 
 With very little temporizing, he might have efcaped the indignities he re- 
 ceived from the clergv, who always confidered him as an objedl beyond 
 them ; but the greatnefs of his foul could not brook conceflion. In all his 
 examinations, and through the whole of his behaviour, we fee an authority 
 and dignity in his manner, which Ipeak him the great man in all his af- 
 flidlions.— He was a perfon of uncommon parts, and very extenfive talents ; 
 well qualified either for the cabinet or the field. In converfation he was re- 
 markable for his ready and poignant wit.-— His acquirements were equal to 
 his parts. No fpecies of learning, which was at that time in efteem, had 
 efcaped his attention. It was his third of knowledge, indeed, which firil 
 brought him acquainted with the opinions of WicklifF. The novelty of them 
 engaged his curiofity. He examined them as a philofopher, and in the courJe 
 of his examination became a Chriftian." The influence and charafVer of lord 
 Cobham, muft have had a confiderable efrcct in advancing the progrefs of the 
 opinions which he efpoufed ; by Ihewing the world, that religion was not 
 calculated only for a cloifter, but that it would do honour to the higheft 
 ftations of human life ; and that no temporal honours or grandeurs were too 
 great to be hazarded in its defence. 
 
 OLDFIELD (Anne) a celebrated aftrefs, and moft accomplifhed woman, 
 was born in Pail-Mall, London, in i68j. Her father was an officer in the 
 guards, and had been once pofTefled of a competent eftate ; but being an 
 extravagant man, fpent it, and left his family at his death very ill provided. 
 In thefe unhappy circumftances, the widow was obliged to live with a filler 
 who kept a tavern in St. James's-market ; and the daughter was placed with 
 a fempflrefs in King-ftreet, Weilminfter. Mifs Oldfield in the mean time 
 conceived an extraordinary fancy for reading plays, and was entertaining her 
 relations at the tavern wi h her talent in this way, when her voice chanced 
 to reach the ear of captain George Farquhar, who, luckily for her, dined 
 there that day. Farquhar immediately perceived fomcthing uncommonly fweet 
 in it J and ftruck with her agreeable perfon and carriage, prefently pronounced 
 her admirably formed for the ftage. This concurring v/ith her own inclina- 
 tions, her mother opened the matter to Sir John Vanbrugh, a friend of the 
 
 family.
 
 O L D F I E L D. 515 
 
 family ; who finding the young votary's qualifications every way very pro- 
 mifing, recommended her to Mr. Rich, then patentee of the king's thea- 
 tre,- who without delay took her into tjie play-houfe. However, fhe did not 
 give any hopes of ever being a capital adrefs till the year 1703, when fhe 
 firft fhone out in the part of Leonora in Sir Courtly Nice, and efl:abli£l:icd her 
 theatrical reputation the following year, in that of Lady Betty Modifli in the 
 Carelefs Hufband. 
 
 It was a little before this time, that fhe engaged the particular regard and 
 affedion of Arthur Maynwaring, efq ; who interefted himfelf greatly in the 
 figure file made upon the ftage ; and it was in fome mcafure owing to the pains 
 he took in improving her natural talents, tliat flie became, as fhe foon did, 
 the delight and chief ornament of it. After the death of this gentleman, which 
 happened in November 17 12, fhe engaged in a like correfpondence with bri- 
 gadier-general Churchill. She had one fon by Mr. Maynwaring, and another 
 by the brigadier-general, who afterwards married the lady Anna Maria Walpole, 
 natural daughter of the earl of Orford. About the year 17 18, Mr. Savage, na- 
 tural fon to earl Rivers, being reduced to the extremity of diftrefs, his very 
 fingular cafe was fo much compaffionated by Mrs. Oldfield, that flie allowed 
 him a fettled penfion of fifty pounds per annum, which was regularly paid till 
 her death. This, with feveral other tender, humane, and difintereftedly generous 
 actions, added to her diftinguifhed tafte in the elegance of drefs, converfation, 
 and manners, have generally been fpread as a veil to cover her failings, which 
 indeed could not bear the light ; although it does not appear that fhe had ever 
 any love aff"airs, except with the two gentlemen above-mentioned, towards whom 
 flie is faid to have behaved with all the fidelity, duty, and affeftion of a good 
 wife. However, with all her failings, fhe was the darling of her time, as long 
 as fhe lived ; and after her death, which happened on the 23d of Oftober 1730, 
 her corpfe was canned from her houfe in Grofvenor-llreet to the Jerufalem 
 chamber, to lie in ftate, whence it was conveyed to Weibninfler-abbey, the pall 
 being fupported by the lord Delawarr, lord Hervey, the right hon. George 
 Bubb Dodington, Charles Hedges, efq ; Walter Carey, efq ; and captain Elliot, 
 She was interred towards the wefl end of the fouth ifle, between the monuments 
 of Mr. Craggs and Mr. Congreve. She left the bulk of her fubftance to her 
 fon, Arthur Maynwaring, efq ; from whole father flie had received it ; without 
 neglecting, however, a proper regard to her other fon, Charles Churchill, and her 
 own relations. 
 
 Mrs. Oldfield, in her perfon, was of a flature jufl rifing to that height, 
 where the graceful can only begin to fhew itfelf; of a lively afpeft, and ma- 
 jeftic mien. Nature had given her this peculiar happinefs, that (lie looked and 
 maintained the agreeable at a time of life, when other fine women can only 
 raife admirers by their underfbanding. Ihe qualities flie had acquired were the 
 genteel and the elegant; the one in her air, the other in her drefs. The Tat- 
 ler, taking notice of her drefs, fays, that " whatever chara^fter the reprefented^ 
 flie v/as always well drefTed. The make of her mind very much contributed to 
 the ornament of her body. This made every thing look native about her; and 
 her clotlies were fo exadly fitted, that they appeared, as it were, part of her 
 perfon, Her mofl elegant deportment was owing to her manner and not to her 
 habit. Her beauty was full of attraftion, but more of allurement. There was 
 fuch a compofure in her looks, and propriety in her drefs, that you would think 
 
 it
 
 5i6 O L D H A M. 
 
 it impoffible fhe fliouUl change the garb you one day faw her In, for any thing 
 fo becoming, till you next day law her in another. There was no other myftery 
 in this, but that however (he was appareled, herfelf was the fame, for there is 
 an immediate relation between our thoughts and geftures, that ^a woman muft 
 think well to look, well." 
 
 OLDHAM (John) an eminent Englifli poet, was the fon of Mr. John 
 Oldham., a non-conformift minifter, and was born on the 9thof Auguft 1653, 
 at Shipton in Gloucelterfhire. He was educated at Tedbury fchool, and in 
 1670 was entered of Edmund-hall in Oxford. He was foon obferved to be 
 a good Latinift ; but he chiefly applied himfelf to the ftudy of poetry, and other 
 branches of polite literature. In 1674 he proceeded bachelor of arts, but left 
 the univerfity before he completed that degree by determination ; being com- 
 pelled to go home, and live for fome time with his father, very much againft 
 his inclination. The following year he compofed a fine Pindaric ode on the 
 death of Mr. Charles Morwent, who had been his intimate friend and compa- 
 nion. Soon after this, he went to Croydon in Surry, and accepted of che place 
 of ufher of the free-fchool in that town. Here it was that he received a vifit 
 from the earls of Rochefter and Dorfct, Sir Charles Sedley, and other perfons 
 of dillindlion, merely upon the reputation of fome of his veifes, which they 
 had feen in manufcript. His fuperior, or the head-mafter, was not a little fur- 
 prized at fuch a vifit, and would have taken the honour of it to himlclt ; but • 
 he was foon convinced, that he had neither wit nor learning enough to make a 
 figure in fuch company. It is faid, that Mr. Oldham's convcrfation with thefe 
 illuftrious perfonages was the means of bringing him to the acquaintance of 
 fome other perfons of note. After about three years continuance at Croydon- 
 fchool, he was recommended to Sir Edward Thurland, a judge, whofe country 
 refidence was near Ryegate in Surry; and who appointed him tutor to his 
 two gnndions. He continued in this family till the year 168 1 ; after which 
 he was fome time tutor to a fon of Sir William Hickes, who lived near 
 London, and who was intimately acquainted with Dr. Richard Lower, an 
 eminent phyfician, bv whofe peculiar friendlhip and encouragement, Mr, Old- 
 ham ftudied phyfic for about a year, and made fome progrefs in it ; but he 
 was too much addi£ted to poetry, to apply hiinfclf fufficiently to thole 
 ftudies, which would have qualified him for a more gainful profelTion. 
 
 When Mr. Oldham liad difcharged his trull, in qualifying the fon of Sir 
 William Hickes for foreign travel, he declined going abroad witli that young 
 gentleman, though he was earneftly prefied to it. He therefore t^ok leave of 
 the family, and with a fmall lum of money that he had fiived, hallened to Lon- 
 don. There he became, wc are told, a perfeA votary to the bottle. He was 
 a moft agreeable companion, and notwichllanding his taftc for plealure and 
 gaiety, is reprefcnted as more inoral and' decent in his convcrfation, than the 
 generality of the licentious wits of that age. He had not long refided in Lon- 
 don, before he was found out by the noblemen and gentlemen who had vifited 
 him at Croydon, by whom he was introduced to the acquaintance of Mr. Dr)'- 
 den, who always had a great elteem for him. But what turned moll to his 
 advantage, was his being made known to the earl of Kingflon, who became 
 his patron, and entertained him with great refpeft at his feat at Holme- 
 Picrpoint, with a view, it is faid, of making him his chaplain, if he would 
 
 have
 
 OLDHAM, 517 
 
 have qualified himfelf for it by entering into the priefthood. But Mr. Old- 
 ham appears to have had the utmoft averfion to the office of chaplain, 
 which he confidered as a kind of honourable fervitude : however, he IHII 
 continued to live with the earl of Kinglton, who treated him not as a depen- 
 dant, but as a friend and companion. He wrote at different times, a confi- 
 derable number of pieces of poetry, among which are, i. Four Satires upon 
 the Jefuits, written in the year 1679. " Thefe fatires (fays Mr. Granger) 
 gained him the appellation of the Englijh Juvenal, as they have much of the 
 indignant fpirit and manner of the Roman poet. They are cenfured for their 
 incorretlneis ; but this feems to be the effed: of that youthful fire to whicli 
 they owe their excellence." 2. The PafTion of Byblis, imitated in Englifli, 
 from Ovid's Metamorphofes. 3. The Praife of Homer, an Ode. 4. Horace's 
 Art of Poetry, imitated in Englifh. 5. Elegiesoutof Ovid's Amours, imitated. 
 6. The Eighth Satire of Boileau imitated. 7. The Thirteenth Satire of Juve- 
 nal imitated. 8. Paraphrafc upon the Hymn of St. Ambrofe, a Pindaric 
 Ode. Thefe, with upwards of forty other fmall pieces written by our author, 
 have been feveral times reprinted in one volume, 8vo. and in two volumes, 
 1 2mo. 
 
 Mr. Oldham being feized with the fmall-pox, at the earl of Kingfton's feat, 
 at Holme-Pierpoint in Nottinghamfliire, that diforder put an early period to 
 his life, on the 9th of December, 1683, in the 30th year of his age. He was 
 handfomely interred in Holme-Pierpoint church, the earl of Kingfton himfelf 
 attending as chief mourner ; and that nobleman foon after ereded a monu- 
 ment there to his memory. Mr. Oldham was in his perfon tall and thin, 
 long-vifaged, his nofe prominent, and his afpeifl unpromifing ; but it is faid, 
 that " fatire was in his eye." He was of a tender conllitution, and fome- 
 what inclined to be confumptive. He was much celebrated by the wits of 
 his own tim.e : and among many others who lamented his deatli, Mr. Dry- 
 den wrote a copy of verfes on the occafion, in which are the following 
 lines : 
 
 " Farewel ! too little and too lately known, 
 " Whom I began to think and call my own ; 
 " For fure our fouls were near ally'd, and thine " 
 " Caft in the fame poetic mould with mine. 
 " One common note on either lyre did ftrike, 
 " And knaves and fools were both abhorr'd alike, 
 •• O early ripe ! to thy abundant ftore, 
 " What could advancing age have added more ? 
 ** It might (v/hat nature never gives the young) 
 " Have taught the fmoothnefs of thy native tongue^, 
 " But fatire needs not thofe, and wit will fliine 
 " Thro' the harfh cadence of a rugged line ; 
 ** A noble error, and but feldom made, 
 " When poets are by too much force bctray'd. 
 " 1 hy generous fruits, tho' gather'd ere their prime, 
 " Still Ihew'd a quicknefs ; and maturing time 
 " But mellows what we write, to the dull I'weets of rhime. 
 
 6 P " Once 
 
 ,.!
 
 StS 
 
 O T W A Y. 
 
 " Once more, hail and farewel ; farewel, thou young, 
 " But ah too Ihort, Marccllus of our tongue !" 
 
 OTWAY (Thomas) an excellent tragic poet, was the fon of Mr. Hum- 
 phry Otway, rector of Wolbeding in SulTex, and was born at Trottin, in 
 that county, on the 3d of March, 165 1. He was educated at Winchefter- 
 fchool, and became a commoner of Chrill-Church college, Oxford, in the 
 beginning of the year 1669. He left that univerlity without a degree; and 
 is faid to have removed thence to St. John's college, Cambridge, which feems 
 very probable, from a copy of verfes of Mr. Richard Duke to him. He 
 then went to London, where he applied himfelf to dramatic poetry, and 
 commenced player. His fuccefs as an actor was but indifferent ; he was more 
 valued for the fprightlinefs of his converfation, and the acutenefs of his wit, 
 which gained him the friendfliip of Charles Fitz-Charles, earl of Plymouth, 
 one of the natural Tons of king Charles II. who procured him a cornet's 
 commiffion in the troops lent into Flanders. He foon after returned from 
 thence in very necefTitous circumftances, and applied himfelf again to the 
 bufmeis of writing for the ftage. 
 
 He never could iufficiently reftrain his appetite for extravagance and pro- 
 fufion, lb as to live one year in a comfortable competence ; but was either 
 riotin"- in lu.xury, or pining away with want, and expofed to the infolence 
 and contempt of the world. He died in a public-houfe on Tower-hill, 
 April 14, 1685, in the thirty-fifth year of his age, and was interred in a 
 vault under the church of St. Clement Danes. He had, doubtlefs, retired 
 to that part of the town, to avoid the perfecution of his creditors; and it 
 has been reported, that delicacy having long deterred him from borrowing 
 fmall fums, he was at lall driven to the grievous necelTity of venturing out 
 of his lurking-place, when, naked and fhivering, he went into a coffee-houfe 
 on Tower- hill, where feeing a gentleman of whom he had Ibme knowledge, 
 he bco-"-ed of him to lend him a fhilling. The gentleman was quite fliocTced 
 to fee the. author of Venice Preicrved begging bread, and being moved with 
 compafTion, put a guinea into his hand. Mr. Otway tlianked his benefador, 
 retired immediately, and changed the guinea to purchafe a roll ; but as his 
 ftomach was full of wind through txcefs of fafting, the firfl: mouthful choaked 
 him, and inftantly put a period to his life. He tranflated out of French into 
 English, " The Hiftory of the Triumvirates ; the firft part, of Julius Cjcfar, 
 Poiiipey, and Craffus ; the fecond part, of Auguftus, Antony, and Lepidus : 
 beino- a faithful collecftion from the bell hiilorians and other authors, con- 
 ccrnin"- that revolution of the Roman government, which happened under 
 their authority;" printed at London in 1686. His dramatic writings are, i. 
 Alcibiades : 1. Titus and Berenice : 3. Don Carlos, Prince of Spain : 4. The 
 Orphan: 5. Caius Marius :^ 6. Venice Preferved : 7. The Soldier's Fortune: 
 8. The Atheift, or the fecond Part of the Soldier's Fortune : 9. The Cheats 
 of Scapin : 10. Friendfhip in Fafhion. Befides thefe plays, Mr. Otway 
 wrote feveral mifceilaneous poems. All his works are priiued in two pocket 
 volumes. 
 
 " No poet (fays Mr. Granger) has touched the palTions with a more mafterly hand 
 ihan Otway. Fie was acquainted with ail the avenues to the- human heart, and 
 knew and felt all its emotions. He could roufe us into rage, and melt us into pity 
 And tendernefs. His language is that of nature, and confequently the fimpleft 
 
 imagiruble.
 
 O V E R R U R Y. 519 
 
 imaginable. He has equally avoided the rant of Lee, and the pomp of Dry- 
 dcn. Hence it was that his tragedies were received, not with loud applaufe, 
 but with tears of approbation." 
 
 Mr. Langbaine is of opinion, that Otway's genius in comedy leaned a little 
 too much to libertinifm ; but that in tragedy he made it his bufinefs, for i-hi. 
 moil part, to obferve the decorum of the ttage ; and that lie was a man of 
 excellent parts, who daily improved in writing ; though he fometimes fell mio 
 plagiar'-m, as well as others of his cotemporaries, and borrowed very freely from 
 Shakefpeare. " Otway (fays Mr. Addifon) has followed nature in the language, 
 of his tragedy, and therefore fliines in the palllonate parts, more than any of our 
 Englifli poets. As there is fomething familiar and domeftic in the fable of 
 his tragedy, more than in thofe of any otlier poet, he has little pomp, but 
 great force in Ins exprefTions. For which realon, though he has admirably 
 fucceeded in tjie tender and melting part of his tragedies, he fometimes falls 
 into too great a familiarity of phrafe in thofe parts, which, by Ariftotle's 
 n:le, ought to have been raifed and fupportcd by the dignity of exprefrion. 
 It has been obfcrved by others, that this poet has founded his tragedy of 
 Venice Preferved on fo wrong a plot, that the greateft charaflers in it are thofe 
 of rebels and traitors. Had the hero of his play difcovered the lame good 
 qualities in the defence of his country, that he ibewed for its ruin and fub- 
 verfion, the audience could not enough pity and admire him : but as he is 
 now reprefented, we can only fay of him what the Roman hifhorian fiys of 
 Catiline, that his fall would have been glorious, (ft pro pairia fic concidijfet) 
 had he fo fallen in the fervice of his country." 
 
 Mr. Gildon fliles our author " a poet of th« firft magnitude;" and tells 
 us, that he was a perfeft mafter of the tragic paffions, and draws them every 
 where with a jufl and natural fimplicity ; and therefore never fails to raife 
 Itrong emotions in the Ibul : whereas Mr. Dryden, who affefts a quite diffe- 
 rent Ityle, and feldom or never touches the paffions, for moll part of his 
 time exprelTed a very mean, if not contemptible, opinion of our poet ; though 
 at laft, efpecially in his preface to ihe tranflation of M. Du Frefnoy, he de- 
 clared in his favour ; and yet even there could not but throw in fome exceptions 
 againft his diclion. " To exprefs (fays Mr. Dryden in that pafTagc) the 
 paffions, which are feated in the heart, by outward ligns, is one great prer 
 cept of the painters, and very difhcult to perform. In poetry, the very fame 
 paffions and motions of the mind are to be exprelTed ; and in this conlifts 
 the principal difficulty, as well as the excellency of that art. This (iays Du 
 Frefnoy) is the gift of Jupiter; and to fpeak in the fime heathen language, 
 we call it the gift of our Apollo, not to be obtained by pains or (ludy, if 
 we are not born to it. For the motions which arc lludied, are never io 
 natural as thofe which break out in the height of a real paflion. Mr. Otway 
 polfefTed this part as thoroughly as any of the ancients or moderns. I will 
 not defend every thing in his Venice Preferved ; but I mufl bear this telli- 
 rnony to his memory, tliat the paffions are truly touched in it, though per- 
 haps there is fomewhat to be defircd both in the grounds of them, and in 
 the height and elegance of cxpreffion. But nature is there, wliich is the 
 greateft beauty." 
 
 GVERBURY (Sir Thqmas) a polite Englifli writer, memorable chiefly for 
 
 hii
 
 J20 O V E R B U R Y. 
 
 his tragical end, was defcended of an ancient family, and born in 1 581, at Comp- 
 ton-Scoi-fen in Warwickfhire, the feat of Giles Palmer, efq ; whofe daughter 
 was his morher. At the age of fourteen he was entered a gentleman-commoner 
 of Queen's College in Oxford, where he applied himfelf diligently to his Ihidies; 
 and having acquired a competent itock of logic and philofophy, had the degree 
 of bachelor of arts conferred on him in November 1598. He afterwards went 
 to the Middle Temple, London, his father defigning him for the profeffion of 
 the law : but his genius leading him to polite literature, and the fplendor and 
 elegance of a court prefently engaging his whole attention, it was not long be- 
 fore he refolved to pufli his fortune in it. Accordingly, about the time of 
 the coronation of James 1. he commenced an acquaintance with the famous 
 Robert Car, afterwards earl of Somerfet j and that gentleman,, finding Over- 
 bury's accompliihments very ferviceable to his ambitious views, entered into 
 the moll intimate connexion with him. It is well known that Car was raifed 
 from a low ftacion, and that his ignorance in literature was one motive for 
 king James's taking him into his favour; who propofed not only to teach hirn 
 Latin, but to make him as able a ftatefman as the bed of his minillers ; fo that 
 it is no wonder, that this favourite fliould be glad to cultivate a familiarity 
 with Overbury, whofe uncommon parts and learning could not but be of in- 
 finite fervice to him. 
 
 Car foon growing into high favour with his majefly, made ufe of it, in i6o8». 
 to obtain the honour of knighthood for his friend Overbury, whofe father he 
 likewife procured at the fame time to be made one of the judges for Wales. 
 The year following. Sir Thomas made a tour through Holland, France, and 
 Flanders, and publifhed his obfervations upon thofe travels the fame year in 
 4to. In i6i2 he aflifted his friend, then lord vifcount Rochefler, in his amour 
 with the young countefs of Eflex : but being afterwards difpleafed with his 
 lordfhip's defign of marrying that lady, after having procured a divorce from her 
 hufoand, he took the fame liberty of opening his mind upon this, as he had al- 
 ways done upon other occafions, and declared with great warmth againft a 
 match, which he apprehended would prove the ruin oS his interell with the vif- 
 count. Tlie courtier made no fcruple of facrificing his friend to his love ; and 
 difclofing all to the objecl of his aftedlions, it was immediately refolved between 
 them, that the fuccefsful iflue of their intrigue neceflarily required the removal 
 of Sir Thomas out of the way. Accordingly, after fome fruitlefs trials to that 
 purpofe, the method of poifoning was pitched on, as the fureft in the attempt, 
 and the fafcft from a difcover}', if they could get him into their power. With 
 this view, the minion firft obtained for him the offer of an embaffy to Riifiia 
 from his majefly ; and then prevailing on him to refufe it, eafily procured his 
 imprifoniTient for a contempt of the king's cominands. He was fent to the Tower 
 on the aifl of April, 16 13, and all engines fct at work to compafs the villain- 
 ous defign. After fome time, his father came to town, and petitioned the 
 king for his difcharge. He likewife applied to the vifcount Rochefler, to 
 v;hom fcveral prelUng letters were written by Sir Thomas himfelf, but all to 
 no purpofe. Sir Thomas had no fufpicion at firft, that his imprifonment was 
 his friend's contrivance ; but at length tlifcovering it, he expoflulatcd with 
 him by letter in the fcvercfl terms, and even proceeded to threats of making 
 lome important difcoveries relative to Rochefler's former conducfl, which ter- 
 rified the favourite fo muchj that he charged the lieutenant of the Tower to 
 
 look
 
 PARKER. 521 
 
 look to Overbury well ; " for if ever he came out, it would be his ruin, or 
 one o£ the two mufb die." 
 
 In the mean time, many attempts by poifon were made upon Overbury ; 
 none of which fucceeded, till an empoifoned clyfter was given him on the 
 I4rh of September, under a pretence of removing thole complaints, which, 
 Hnknown to him, were occafioned by their former wicked practices on him. 
 He never ceafed vomiting and purging till he expired ; and being of a (trong 
 conftitution, he ftruggled many hours in the agonies of deatli, wliich at 
 Jengtii put an end to his extreme torture, about five o'clock the next morn- 
 ing. His corpfe being exceedingly noifome, was interred about three tlie 
 fame day in the Tower-chapel. Immediately after hisi death, fome fufpicion 
 of tl-is true caufe of it was rumoured about; but the great perfonages con- 
 cerned, prevailed fo far, as to make it believed that he died of the venei~eal 
 difeafe. Nevertbelefs, the whole was difcovered about two years after, when 
 the under-agcnts were all apprehended, tried, and executed. Tne favourite 
 alfo, now earl of Somerfct, as well as his countefs (for he had married the 
 lady fome time before) were both tried and condemned ; but they at length 
 received his majefty's pardon. The countefs, however, underwent a very mi- 
 ferable fate, dying of a frocidenlia vulv£ et uteri, which hanging down in- 
 verted to her knees, and mortifying piece-meal, occafioned the molt exquifite 
 tortures. 
 
 Sir Thomas Overbuiy was the author of feveral works in verfe arvd profej 
 all which were reprinted at London, in 1753, in 8vo. His chara6ler is repre- 
 fented by an hiflorian of thofe times, who, having related the occafion and 
 circumftances of his death, proceeds in the following terms : " In this man- 
 ner fell Sir Thomas Overbury, worthy of a longer life and a better fate ; 
 and if I may compare private men with princes, like Germanicus Casfar^ 
 both by poifon procured by the malice of a woman, both about the thirty- 
 third year of their age, and both celebrated for their flciil and judgment in 
 poetry, their learning, and their wildom. Overbury (continues this writer) 
 was a gentleman of an ancient family, but had fome blemillies charged upon 
 his character, either through a too great ambition, or the infoknce of a 
 haughty temper. — After his return from his travels, the vifcount Rocliefter 
 embraced him with fo entire a friendlhip, that exercifing by his majefty's 
 fpecial favour, the office of feoretary provifionaily, he not only communicated 
 to Sir Thomas the fecrets, but many times gave him the packets and letters 
 unopened, before they had been perufed by the king himfelf; which as it 
 prevailed too much upon his early years, fo as to mal<.e him, in t'ne opinion,, 
 of fome, thought high and ambitious, yet he was lb far from violating his truft 
 and confidence, that he remains now one example among others who have 
 fufiered in their })erfons or their fortunes, for a freedom of advice, which 
 none but finccre friends will give, and many arc fuch iU friends to themfelvcs 
 as not to receive." 
 
 PARKER (Matthew) the fecond proteftant archbilTiop of Canterbury, was 
 born of reputable parents in the city of Norwich, the 6th of Augull, 1504, 
 and educated at Gorpus-Chrifli or Bcnnet college in Cambridge, of which he-. 
 
 6 Ci_ Nvas-
 
 ^- PARK E R. 
 
 was afterwards chofen a fellow. He foon rendered liimfclf fo cx>nfpicuous for 
 his learning, that he was, among other eminent fcholars, invited by cardinal 
 Wolfey to Oxford, to furniih and adorn his new magnificent foundation. 
 This invitation he did not think proper to accept ; but continued to relide 
 in his own college, where he purfued liis Itudics with the moft diligent ap- 
 plication. Having taken orders, he became a frequent preacher at court, at 
 St. Paul's Crols, and ochei* public places. In 1533 he was appointed chap- 
 lain to queen Anne Bolcyn, who preferred him to the deanery of Stoke, and 
 who had fuch a particulal- regard and eiteem for him, and was fo well af- 
 fured of his zeal for the reformation, that, a little before her death, fhe 
 carneflly recommended her dauglucr Elizabeth to his pious care and inftruc- 
 tion. He was afterwards chaplain to king Henry VIII. and his Ton Edward 
 VI. He held feveral livings fuccelHvely,. and through the recommendation 
 of Henry VIII. was chofen mafter of Corpus-Chrifti college, Cambridge, to 
 which he proved a very generous benefactor. By Edward VI. he was pro- 
 moted to the deanery of Lincoln ; and under thefe two princes he lived in 
 great reputation and affluence. But in queen Mary's reign he was deprived 
 of all his preferments on account of his being married, as it was pretended, 
 but the real caufe was his zeal for the reformed religion. He fupported. 
 this reverfe of fortune with a cliearful and contented mind, and during his 
 retirement tranfiated the Pfalms into Englilh verfe, and wrote a Defence of the 
 Marriage of Priells. 
 
 The accelTion of queen Elizabeth made a great change in his circumfcances, 
 for he then not only became free from all danger, but was exalted to the 
 archicpifcopal fee of Canterbury. His great prudence, conduft, experience, 
 and learning, peculiarly qualified him for this important office, and to carry 
 on the work of reformation with vigor to its perfcft eltabl^fhment. He was 
 confecrated in Lambeth-chapel, on the 17th of December, 1559, by William 
 Barlov/ biihop of Chichefler, John Scory bifhop of Hereford, Miles Cover- 
 dale bifhop of Exeter, and John Hodgkin bifliop of Bedford. We choofe to 
 mention this circumftance fo minutely, becaufe the Romanifts invented a tale 
 afterwards, that lie had been confecrated at the Nag's-head tavern, in Cheap- 
 fide. But this calumny has been fully refuted by arch-deacon Mafon, arch- 
 bifhop * Bramhall, and P. F. Le Courayer, and likewife dilproved by many 
 
 catho- 
 
 * John Bkamh ALL, archl.ifliop of Armagh, was one of the moft learned, able, and active 
 prelates of tlie age in which lie lived, an acute difputant, anil an excellent preacher. He was 
 born at PontelVa.^t in Yorkfliire, ahont the year i 593, and rccciv ed his c<hic;ition at Sidney-college, 
 Cambridge. Having tinilhed his ftudies and entered into holy orders, he was fiicceffively prefented 
 to feveral benefices, and in 1 630 took the degree of di»(Sor in divinity. In 1633 he refigned all 
 his ecclcfiaftical preferments in England, and went over to Ireland at the invitation of the lord 
 vifceunt Wentwortli, deputy of that kingdom ; by whofe interqll he obtained the archdeaconry of 
 Meatli, and foon after tlie blfhopric of Londonderry. He was a great ftickler for the patrimony 
 of the church, and, in about four years, regained to that of Ireland, upwards ot thirty thoufand 
 pounds a year of her jull rights. He had alfo a confiderable hand in bringing the Irifh church 
 to a conformity with that of England, by perfuading tlie former to embrace the thirty-nine 
 articles of religion. His zeal, kowcver, in tliefe and other matters, expofcd him to the refent- 
 xncnt of fome faiFlious fpirits, who, is March 1641, preferred againfl him a charge of high 
 treafon ; and though his conduct ieems to have been irreproachable, yet he was unable to 
 .«fcapc the tlireatened danger without the interpafition of the royal authority in his behalf; 
 
 and
 
 PARR. 5:* 
 
 catholics, fo that to believe it now-a-days^ requires more tlian even popifh 
 credulity. 
 
 Dr. Parker being thus conflituted primate and metropolitan of the Englifii ' 
 ■church, took care to have the fees filled with learned and worthy men, and 
 acquitted himfclf in iiis high ftation with equal prudence and capacity. He 
 died on the I7th of May, 1575, in the fcventy-fecond year ot his age, and 
 was buried in his own private chapel at Lambeth. He was a man of a 
 grave afpcAi of a mild difpofition, and courteous demeanour ; pious, fober, 
 temperate; drift in the diltribution of julice; a great patron and zealous 
 defender of the church of England, againft the attacks both of puritans and 
 papifts. He was of a very charitable and generous temper, and his liberality 
 and bounty did not die with him, for many illuftrious monuments of it ftill 
 remain. He founded a grammar fchool at Rochdale in Lancafhirc. To 
 Corpiis-Chriiti college, Cambridge, where he was educated, he gave lands 
 for the maintenance of two fellows and thirteen fcholars, three hundred and 
 ten ounces of plate, the perpetual advowfon of St. Mary Abchurch in Lon- 
 don, a hundred pounds to purchafe lands for the maintenance of a fire in 
 the common hall there, from the ill of November to the laft day of February. 
 Befides, he built the inner library of that college, and furnifhed it with a 
 great number of valuable manufcripts and printed books. He alfo gave to 
 the univerfity library, a liundred choice books, fome printed and fome in ma- 
 nufcript. 
 
 ' This prelate wrote an account of the lives of his predeceflTors in the fee of Canter- 
 bury ; and it was chiefly by his means that the great Englilh Bible, commonly 
 called the Bifhops' Bible, was publiihed. To him we are likewife indebted 
 for the publication of four of the beft of our ancient Englifli hiftorians, namely, 
 Matthew of Weftminfter, Matthew Paris, Alfer, and I'homas Walfingham. 
 He loved and patronized the arts, and employed a painter and two engravers 
 in his palace at Lambeth. ** It fhould alfo be remembered to his honour, 
 (fays Mr. Granger) that he was the firll founder of the fociety of antiquaries 
 in England." 
 
 PARR (Catharine) queen to Henry VIII. was the daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Parr, of Kendal in Wellmoreland ; and, tliough a widow, (fhe having before 
 been married to John Nevil, lord Latimer,) attraded the heart of that mo- 
 narch, to whom file was married in July 1543. She was celebrated for her 
 learning, and was early educated in polite literature, as was the tafte among 
 women of fafhion at that time in England; and, as llie advanced in life, fhe 
 grew fond of ftudying the Scriptures. Several learned men, who were retained 
 as her chaplains, preached to her every day in her privy-chamber, and frequently 
 touched fuch abufes as were common in the church. This practice was approved 
 by the king, who often permitted her to confer with him on religious fubjeds. 
 
 But 
 
 and the king fent over a letter to Ireland, to flop all proceedings againfl him. Not long after, 
 be privately embarked for England, where lie exerted himfclf in the fervice of Charles 1. 
 till the allair; of that monarch were reduced to ihc brink of ruin ; and then, in 1644, he with- 
 drew into the Low-Comitries. Ivelnrning to England at the Kelloration, he was, on the i8th 
 of January, 1661, appointed archbifir'p of Armagh, and primate of all Ireland. He died of the 
 pally on the zjth of June, 1663. His works, wliich are chicHy of the comroverfial kind, have 
 been printed together in one volume folio. 
 
 e
 
 j24 
 
 PATRICK. 
 
 But when difcafe and confinement had increafed his natural impatience of con- 
 tradition, and \vhen, in prcfence of the bifhop of "Winchefter, and others of 
 his party, fhe had been urging her old topic of perfecting the Reformation, 
 the king, after fhe had retired, broke out into thefc expreflions : " A good 
 hearing it is, ^vhen women become fuch clerks ! and a thing much to my com- 
 fort, to come in my old age to be taught by my wife !" Ihe bifhop of Win- 
 chefter did not fail to improve this opportunity of aggravating the queen's in- 
 folence ; and after infinuating the danger of chcri filing fuch a ferpent in his 
 bofom, accufed her of treafon cloaked with hercfy. Upon this the king was 
 prevailed on to give a warrant to draw up articles that would affe£t her life,., 
 and the day and hour were appointed when flie was to be fci^ed. However,. 
 the defign being accidentally difcovered to her, fhe waited upon the king, 
 who received her kindly, and purpofely began a difcourfe abouF religion. 
 She anfwered, " That women by tlieir creation at firft were made I'ubjed; to 
 men ; and they being made after the image of God, as the woinen were after 
 their image, ought to inftruft their wives ; and that fhe was much more ta 
 be taught by his majefty, who was a prince of fuch excellent learning and 
 wii'dom." " Not fo, by St. Mary," faid the king, " you are become a doc- 
 tor, Kate, able to inltruft us ; and not to be inftrucfted by us." To which fiie 
 replied, " That it feemed he had much miftakcn her freedom in arguing with 
 him, fince flie did it to engage him in difcourfe, in order to amufe this painful 
 time of his infirmity, and that ihe might receive profit by liis learned converfa- 
 tion ; in which lafl poirit Ihe had not miffed her aim, always referring heriirlf 
 in thefe matters, as Ihe ought, to his majefty." " And is it even fo, fweec- 
 heart," faid the king, " then we are perfeft friends again." The day, which. 
 had been appointed for carrying her to the Towe.*-, being fine, the king took 
 a walk in the garden, and fent for the queen. While they were together,., 
 the lord-chancellor, who was ignorant of the reconciliation,, came with the 
 guards. The king ftepped afide to him i and, after a little difcourfe, was- 
 heard to call him " Knave, aye arrant knave, a fool, ami a beait," and or- 
 dered him to quit his prefence. The queen, not knowing on what errand lis 
 came, endeavoured with gentle words to pacify the king's anger ; " Ah ! 
 poor foul," cried the king, " thou little knoweft how ill he deferves this at 
 thy hands. On my word, fweetheart, he has been toward thee an errant kn.ive, 
 and fo let him go." 
 
 By her thus happily conquering the king's rcfentment, fhe furvived him ; 
 and at his deceafe, in 1547, he bequeathed her, as a mark of his affedion, a 
 legacy of four thoufand pounds, befides her jointure. She w?^ aftei-wards. 
 married to Sir Thomas Seymour; lord-admiial of England, and uncle to king, 
 Edv/ard VI. She, however, lived but a very fliort tn«e with him; for flie 
 died in child-bed in September 1548. In her life-time fhe publiihed, *' Prayers,, 
 or Meditations, wherein the Mind is Itirrcd patiently to fuffer all Afflictioas 
 herC) and to fet at nought the vain Profperity or this World, and always 
 long for the everlafting Felicity :" and among her papers was found. Queen 
 Catlierine Parr's Lamentation of a Sinner, be-»vailing the Ignorance of her 
 blind Life ; which was publiihed with a preface, by the great lord Burleigh. 
 
 PATRICK (Simon) bifnop of Fly, one of the moft' learned men, as well as 
 beft writers, of his tune, v/as the fon of a mercer at (iainlborough in Lincoln- 
 
 Ihircj,
 
 PATRICK. C2C 
 
 ^ J 
 
 lihire, where he was born on the 8th of September, 1626; and in 1644 was 
 admitted into Qvieen's college, Cambridge. Taking the degrees in arts at 
 the ufual feafons, he was chofcn fellow of his college ; and about the fame 
 time received holy orders from Dr. Jofeph Hall, bifhop of Norwich. 
 He was foon after taken into the family of Sir Walter St. John, of Batter- 
 fea, who gave him that living in 1658. Three years after, he was elefted by 
 a majority of fellows mafter of Queen's college, in oppofition to a royal man- 
 damus, appointing Mr. Anthony Sparrow for that place ; but the affair being 
 brought before the king and council, was decided in favor of Mr. Sparrow ; 
 and fome of the fellows, if not all, who had lidcd with Mr. Patrick, were 
 ejefted. In 1662 the earl of Bedford prefented him to the rectory of St. 
 Paul's, Covent-Garden, where he endeared himfelf to his parifhioners by his 
 excellent inftruftions and good example, and particularly by continuing among 
 them during the whole time of the plague in 1665. 
 
 Having I'ufficient reafons of diflike to his college at Cambridge, he went 
 to Oxford for his degrees in divinity ; and entering himfelf of Chrift-church 
 college, took his doctor's degree there in 1666. He was appointed chaplain 
 in ordinary to his majefty about the fame period. In 1668 he publifhed his 
 Friendly Debate between a Conformifb and a Non-conformill, which was 
 anfwered by the diffentcrs. In 1672 he was made prebendary of Weftmin- 
 fter, and in 1679 dean of Peterborough. During the reign of king James II. 
 he was one of thofe illuftrious champions, who, by their preaching and 
 writing, defended the proteftant religion againft the attacks of the church of 
 Rome. In 1686 he and Dr. William Jane, the two chaplains then in waiting,., 
 held a conference with two Romifli prieils, in the prefence of his majefty, who 
 was defirous of converting Lawrence Hyde earl of Rochefter to popery ; but 
 this conference, inftead of bringing over the earl, only ferved to confiinn 
 him in his old principles. Bifhop Kennet, who relates this, adds, that rhe- 
 king, going off abruptly, was heard to fay, " lie never faw a bad caufe fa 
 well, nor a good one fo ill maintained." The king tooi<: great pains to gain. 
 Patrick over, fent for him, treated him very kindly, and dehred him to abate 
 of his zeal againft his church, and quietly enjoy his own religion ; but the 
 dean replied, with a refolution that never failed him when he thought his 
 duty was concerned, " that he could not give up a religion fo well proved 
 as that of the proteftants." Conformably to this principle, he^oppofed the 
 reading of his majelty's declaration for liberty of confcience j andaffifted Dr. 
 Thomas Tenifon in fetting up a fchool in the parifh of St. Martin's in the 
 Fields, I^ondon, to confront die popiih one opened i^t the Savoy, for feducing 
 the youth of the town into popery. At the Revolution he was very aftive 
 in fettling the -affairs of the church, and was appointed one of the commif-. 
 fioners for the review of the liturgy. In 1689 he was promoted to the 
 bifhopric of Chichelter, from whence, in 1691, he was tranflatcd to that of 
 Ely, in the room of the deprived billiop Turner. Here he continued to 
 perform all the offices of a good prelate, as well as of a good" man ; and 
 died on the 3 ill of May, 1707, in the eiglity-firll year of his age. He 
 publiflied feveral works of the devotional kind, many fermons, traits againlt 
 popery, and paraphrafes and commentaries upon the Holy Scriptures. Thefe 
 Uft arc excellent in their way, and perhaps the molt ufefiil of any ever 
 written in the Englifh language. Bifhop Burnet ranJvs Dr. Patrick among 
 
 6 R thoie
 
 p6 P E N N. 
 
 thofe many worthy and eminent clergymen of this nation, who deferved a 
 hio-h charafter ; and were indeed an honour to the church, and to the age in 
 which they lived. 
 
 PATTISON (William) an unfortunate poet, was born at PeasmarlTi, near 
 Rye in Suil'cx, in 1706. His father, who rented a confidcrable farm belong- 
 ing to the earl of Thanet, difcovering his ftrong propenfity to lirerature, 
 and not being in circumftances to give him a proper education, applied to 
 his noble landlord, who took him under his protection, and placed him at 
 Appleby fchool in Weftmoreland, where he became acquainted with the re- 
 verend Mr. Noble, a clergyman of tafte and learning, who took great plea- 
 fure in improving his mind and his judgment. Mr. Pattifon, while here, 
 was a threat lover of folitude, and ufed frequently to retire to a romantic place 
 near Appleby, which, from its refemblance to fome defcriptions in Cowley, 
 he called Cowley's Walk. In this wild fcene of ragged rocks, fhady woods, 
 and murmuring ftreams, he fpent many agreeable afternoons, and moon-light 
 evenint^s, indulging the pleafing melancholy, which the awful folemnity of 
 the place naturally infpired ; and here he wrote an elegant philofophical poem, 
 entitled, The Morning Contemplation. Upon his leaving Appleby, he re- 
 moved to Sidney college in Cambridge, where he went through both the 
 Latin and Englifli claiTics with great advantage. He had, however, a parti- 
 cular avcrfion to public difputations, and being impatient of reftraint, could 
 not well brook the difcipline of the college ; and his tutor treating him, as 
 he thought, with too much rigour, he pinned a copy of verfes to his gown, 
 to make his apology, and let off for London. 
 
 This imprudent ftep gave his friends very great concern. They prefTed 
 him to return, but the pleafures of the town, and his romantic expeftations 
 of meeting with fome generous patron, rendered him deaf to all advice. As 
 he had no means of fubfiftence but v/hat arofe from fubfcriptions to the 
 poems he propofed to publifli, and as he wanted the prudence to hufband this 
 precarious income, he was foon involved in the deepeil diflrcfs ; inibmuch 
 that in a poem, entitled Effigies Au.'boris, addrefled to lord Burlington, he, de- 
 fcribes himfelf as deftitute of money ard friends, hunger preying on- his 
 vitals, and being obliged to pafs the night on a bench in St. J-mes's Park ; 
 and in a private letter to a gentleman, he thus exprefied himfelf, " Spare my 
 blu!>.es, I have not enjoyed the common necefiaries of life thefe two days, 
 &c." At length the fucccfs of fome of his compofitions induced Curll, the 
 bookfeller, to take him jnio his houfe ; but, about a month after, he was 
 fcized with the fmall-pox, "and his heart being, as he laid, broke by his af- 
 flictions, he died in the tAvvnty-lirft year of his age. He hnd a furprifing 
 genius, and had railed hopes in all that knew him, of his becoming one of 
 the mo^L eminent poets of the age. His example may be of ufe to check 
 the fallies of youth, to make them more attentive to the fage ndvice of friend- 
 fhip and experience, and to Ihew them the infignificance of the brightcfl: parts 
 without a due mixture of prudence. His poetical works were publilhcdin 1728, 
 in two volumes oclavo. 
 
 PENN (William) an illuftrlous perfon among the quakers, and the 
 founder and legiQator of the colony of Pcnnfylvania, was the fon of Sir 
 
 William
 
 P E N N. s~l 
 
 William Penn, knight, one of the comnnanders at the taking of Jamaica, and 
 was born in London on the 14th of O<5tober, 1644. In 1660 he was entered 
 a gentleman-commoner of Chriil-church, in Oxford ; and there, having re- 
 ceived an imprenion from the preaching of one Thomas Loe, a quaker, he 
 and fome other ftudents withdrew from the national form of worfhip, and 
 held private meetings, wlicre they preached and prayed among themfelves. 
 This giving great offence to rhe heads of the colleges, Mr. Penn was fined 
 for nonconformity, and llill continuing his religious e):ercifes, was at length 
 expelled his college. Upon his return home, he was, for the fame reafon, 
 treated with great feverity by his father, who at lafl turned him out of doors; 
 but his refentment abating, he fent him to France in company with fome 
 perfons of quality, where he remained for fome time, and returned not only well 
 Ikilled in the French language, but a polite, and accomplifhed gentleman. 
 In 1666 his father committed to his care a confiderable eft.ite in Ireland; 
 but being found In one of the quakers meetings in Cork, he, with many 
 others, was confined in prifon, but, on his writing to the earl of Orrery, was 
 foon difcharged. However, his father being informed that he ftill adhered to his 
 opinions, fent for him to England, and finding him inflexible to all his ar- 
 guments, had ';'ie cruelty to turn him out of doors a fecond time. About 
 the year 1668, he became a public preacher among the quakers, and in that 
 year was committed clofe prifoner to the Tower, where he wrote feveral 
 treatifes, and bfe'ing diicharged after feven months imprifonment, went to Ire- 
 land, v.'here he alf > preached among the quakers. Returning to England, 
 he was in 1670 committed to Newgate for preaching in Gracechurch-ftreet 
 meeting-houfe, London ; but being tried for that offence at the fefTions-houfe 
 in "^he Old-Bailey, he was acquitted. On the i6th of September, the fame 
 year, his father, wlio was then perfedtly reconciled to him, died, and left him 
 both his paternal bleffing and a plentiful fortune ; but his perfecutions were 
 not yet a: an end, for, on the 5th of February, 1671, he was again fent pri- 
 foner to Newgate, for preaching at a meeting in Whecler-ftreet, London ; 
 and during his imprifonment, which lafted fix months, he wrote feveral trea- 
 tifes. After his difcharge, he went into Holland and Germany ; and, in the 
 beginning of the year 1672, married and fettled with his family at Rickmanf- 
 worth, in Hertfordfliire. The fame year he publiflied more pieces, and particu- 
 larly one againfl. Reeve and Muggleron. In 1677 he again travelled into 
 Holland and Germany, in order to propagate his opinions, and had frequent 
 converfations with the princefs Elizabeth, daughter of the queen of Bohemia, 
 and fifter to the princefs Sophia, mother of king George I. 
 
 In Marcii 1681, king Charles II. in confideration of the fervices of Mr. 
 Penn's father, and feveral debts due to him from the crown at the time of 
 his deceafe, granted Mr, Penn and his heirs the province lying on the weft 
 fide of the river Delaware, in North America, formerly belonging to the 
 Dutch, and tlicn called the New Netherlands. The name was now changed 
 to that of Pcnnfylvania, in honour of Mr. Penn, whom and his heirs 
 his majefty made abfolute proprietors and governors of that country. On 
 obtaining this grant, Mr. Penn publiflied a brief account of that province, 
 with the king's patent ; and as he propofed an eafy purchafe of lands, ai^d 
 good terms of fettlement for fuch as were inclined to remove thitlier, many 
 
 families
 
 5a8 PETTY. 
 
 families went over, when he appointed commilTioners to purchafe the land 
 he had received from the king of the native Indians, and concluded a peace 
 ■with them. The city of Philadelphia was planned and built ; and he himfelf 
 drew up the fundamental conftitutions of Pennfylvania in twenty-four articles. 
 In November 1681 he was elcded a member of the Royal Society; and the 
 next year he embarked for Pennfylvania, where he continued about two years, 
 and then returned to England. Upon the acceflion of king James II. to 
 the throne, he was taken into a great degree of favour with his majefty, 
 which expofed him to the imputation of being a papift ; and Dr. Tillotfon, 
 among others, having entertained a fufpicion of him, Mr. Penn fully vindi- 
 cated himfelf. However, upon the Revolution, being fufpefted of difaffec- 
 tion to the government, he was examined before the council, on the loth of 
 December, 1688, and obliged to give fecurity for his appearance on the firft 
 ilav of the next term, which was afterwards continued. He was feveral times 
 difcharged and examiined i and at length warrants being iflued out againft him, 
 he was forced to conceal himfelf for tv/o or three years ; but being at lalt 
 permitted to appear before the king and council, he reprefented his inno- 
 cence fo effeflually that he was acquitted. In Auguft 1699, he embarked 
 with his family for Pennfylvania; whence he returned to England in 1701, 
 in order to vindicate his proprietary right, which had been attacked during 
 his abfence. Upon queen Anne's acceffion, he enjoyed a great Ihare of her 
 favour, and frequently appeared at court : but m 1707, he was involved in a 
 law-fuit with the executors of a perfon who had formerly been his lleward j 
 and though he was generally thought to be aggrieved, the court of chancery 
 did not think jiroper to relieve him; on which account he was obliged to 
 live within the rules of the Fleet for feveral months, till the matter in dif- 
 pute was accommodated. He died at his feat at Ruflicomb, near Twy- 
 ford, in Buckiiighamflaire, the 30th of July, 17 18, in the fcventy-fourth year. 
 of his age. He wrote a great number of works, the moft cileemed of which 
 are, i. Primitive Chriftianity revived: 2. Defence of a Paper, entitled Gofpel 
 Truths, againft the exceptions of the bifliop of Cork: 3. A Perfuafive to 
 Moderation : 4. Good Advice to the Church of England, Roman Catholic,, 
 and Proteftant DifTenter : 5. The fandy Foundation Ihaken : 6. No Crofs, no 
 Crown: 7. The, great Cafe of Liberty of Confcience debated: 8. The Chrif- 
 tian Quaker and his Teftimony flated and vindicated : 9. A Dilcourfe of 
 the general Rule of Faith and Praftice, and Judge of Controverfy : 10. 
 England's prefent Intereft confidercd : ii. An Addrefs to Proteftants : 12. A 
 Treatife on Oaths: 13. Reflexions and Maxims: 14. A Brief Account of 
 the Rife and Progrefs of the People called Quakers. All his works were 
 colledled and publifhcd in 1726, in two volumes folio. Mr. Penn's mild, 
 generous, and pacific fpirit, joined to his uncommon abilities, procured him 
 refpeft from the moft diftinguiftied perfons, and rendered him beloved, not 
 only by thofe he fettled m America, but by the very Indians them- 
 felvcs. 
 
 PETTY (Sir William) a fingular inftance of an univerfal praftical genius, 
 vas the eldeft fon of Anthony Petty, a clothier, and was born at Rumfey,, 
 in Hampftiire, on the i6th of May 1623. Whilft he was very young, he. 
 took great delight in converfing widi artificers, anjd imitating their feveral 
 
 tfades.
 
 PETTY. 529 
 
 trades, whicli he performed very dexteroiifly at: twelve year? of d^c. And Iw 
 tells us himfelf, that, " at thu full age of fifteen years, he had obtained rJic 
 Latin, Greek, and French tongue, the whole body of comnnon arithiTietic, the 
 pradtical geometry and aftronomy conducing to navigation, dialling, with the 
 knowledge of feveral mecJianical trades. After this he went to the univt rfity 
 of Caen in Normandy ; and upon his return to England was preferred in 
 the king's navy, where at the age of twenty years he had gotten up about 
 threefcorc pounds, with as much mathematics as any one of his age was- known 
 to have had." With this money, foon after the breaking out of the 
 civil war between king Charles I. and his parliament, he retired into the 
 Netherlands and France for three years ; and having vigorouHy profecuted his 
 fbudies, efpecially that of medicine, ' at Utrecht, Leyden, Amfterdam, and" 
 Paris, he returned home to Rumfey, and brought with him iiis brotlier An- 
 thony, (whom he had bred up) with about ten pounds more than he had 
 carried out of England. It is fuppofed, that when he was abroad, he chicily 
 maintained himfcif by traiiic. While he v/iis at Paris, he ftudied anatomy, 
 and read Vefalius with Mr. Hobbes, " wlio (as Mr. Wood fays) loved his 
 company execeeding well, and was not wanting on all occaiions to forward his 
 pregnant genius." 
 
 In 1647, having invented an InHirument for double writing, he obtained a 
 patent from the parliament for the fole teaching of that art for feventeea 
 years. The year following he went to Oxford, where he praftlfed phvfic and 
 chemiftry, and alufted Dr. Clayton, the anatomy profeffo.^ in his difledipns. 
 On the 7th of March, 1649, he was created do'flor of phyfic in that univer- 
 fity, and chofen a fellow of Brazen-nofe -college ; at v/h:ch time lie v/as one of 
 the fociety engaged in cultivating natural knowledge and the new philofopliy, v;ho 
 often met at his lodgings. On the i^th of June, 1650,' lie v/as admitted a 
 candidate of the college of Phyficians of London ; and in December follow- 
 ing was one of the perfons chiefly concerned in the recovery of a woman 
 who had been hanged at Oxford, for the fuppofed murder of her batlard 
 child. And on the firfl of January, 16 50-1, Ke was made profc.Tor of ana- 
 tomy at Oxford> upon the refignation of Dr. Clayton. In tiie enfuing month, 
 Dr. Knight having quitted the mufic profefTorfhip in Grefliam college, Dr. 
 Petty was chofen to fucceed him. 
 
 By thefe preferments, according to his own account, Dr. Petty had iav 
 proved his flock to four hundred pounds, and having an hundred pounds 
 more advanced him to go to Ireland, he landed at Waterford on the 10th 
 of September, 1652. He was fent thither in the quality of a phyfician t.o 
 the army, with an allowance of twenty fliillings a day, and was hkev.ife. phy- 
 fician to three fucceffive lord-lieutenants, Lambert, Fleetwood, and Henry 
 Cromwell, in which pofi: he continued till June, 1659, and gained by his 
 practice about four hundred pounds a year more than his falary. In 1654, 
 perceiving that the admeafurcments of the lands, forfeited by the rebellion 
 there in 1641, and intended for a recompence to the foldiers who had iup- 
 preired it, were very inlufRciently managed, he obtained a contract, dated 
 the mth of December that year, for making the laid udmeafurements, by 
 which he gained iiLcnit nine thoufand j)ounds, and fix hundred pounds more 
 for dircCling an ificr furvc-y of tiic adventurers lands. Tl.efe funis, together 
 With wliat he had acquired by his other empioyments, raifld him an tftate 
 
 6 S of
 
 5JO P E : r y. 
 
 ot^" thirteen thoufand pounds, at a time when as much land was bought for 
 ten lliillings in real money, as would yield ten (hil. :r.gs a year rent. 
 
 On the 14th of July, 1655, Dr. Petty was admitted a fellow ot the college 
 of phyficians. lie was likewife one of the commiflTioners for parcelling out the 
 l.mds in Ireland to the arnv/, after they were furveyed, and clerk of the coun- 
 cd there ; as aifo fccretar/ to the lord lieutenant Henry Cromwell, by whofe 
 mtcrell-, in 1658, he was eleded one of the burgeflfes for Wefllow in Cornv/all, 
 to ferve in the parliament of Richard Cromwell, which met at Weftminller on 
 the ziih of January, 1658-9. In this parliament he was impeached on the a5th 
 of March foliov.-ing by Sir Hierom Sankey, for mifmanagement of the diltribu- 
 fioiis and allormcnts of the Irifli lands, with other ofiences relating to that affair. 
 The charge was general, and Dr. Petty being then in Ireland, many gentle- 
 men ot the long robe were againll receiving it, till it was digeded into parti- 
 culms; but at i-tlt it was refolved, that he fhould be fummoned to attend th-e 
 houfe that day month. However, he came over fooner, and appearing in the 
 houfe'on the loth of April, anfwered to the charge on the 21 It, to which Sir 
 llier.'m replied. Upon this the matter being adjo'irned, and that parliament 
 dillblved the next day, it was not brought to any iiVue. Henry Cromwell had 
 written over a letter in his favour to fccrecary Thurloe, d:>ted the nth of that 
 month. Soon after Dr. Petty went back to Ireland, where endeavours were 
 ufed to profecute him, and he was removed from his public employments ; 
 though the lord-lieutenant ftill continued to entertain a good opinion of him. 
 
 Dr. Petty returning to England the fame year, became a member of the Rohi 
 Club, which uled to meet at Miles's Coffee-houfe in New-Palace Yard, Weft- 
 minlter, among whom were Mr. James Harrington, Henry Neville, and other 
 ingenious men. This club lafted till about the 21ft of February, 1659-60. 
 But before they broke up. Dr. Petty went again into Ireland, where he con- 
 tinued till the Refloration ; and then returning into England, he was intro- 
 duced to king Charles II. by whom he was grac'oufly received, and who 
 conferred on him the honour of knighthood. Having now refigned his pro- 
 fenTorlTiip in Grefham College, he obtained the grant of a patent, by which 
 he was conilituted furveyor-general of Ireland. In i66j he was continued 
 a fellow of the college of phyficians by their new charter, and by the charter 
 of the Royal Society appointed one of their firft council. About this time 
 he was much talked of for his new invention of a double-bottomed fliip, 
 to fail againfl wind and tide; which in July, i66j, made one very fuccefs- 
 ful voyage from Dublin to Holyhead, and back again, contrary to the ex- 
 pectation of mod perfons, who thought it an impracticable experiment. But 
 in a fecond voyage it had the misfortune to be loft in a violent llorm. This 
 invention appeared fo remarkable to the author of the Hiftory of the Royal 
 Society, that he has given it the following encomium : " It was (fays he) 
 the mod confiderable experiment that has been made in tliis age of experi- 
 ments ; if eitb.er v,e regard the grea: charge of the work, or the wonderful 
 change it was likely to make in navigation, or the great fuccefs to which 
 this rird attempt was arrived. Though it v/as at lirll confronted with the 
 doubts and objcftions of mod feamen of our nation, yet it foon confuted 
 them by experience. It appeared veiy much to excel all other forms of fhips 
 in failing, in carriage, in fecurity, and many o:!ier fuch benefits. Its fird 
 voyage it performed with admirable fwiftr.efs. And thougli it mifcarried after 
 
 its
 
 ; P E T T Y. 5ji, 
 
 its return, yet it vras dcftrcyed by a coinmon fite, and by fuch a dreadful 
 tempefl, as ovcrwhelir.cd a great tlcet the laine niglit -, lb t'lat the ancient- 
 fabric of fliips have no reafon to triumph over that new model, when of 
 threefcore and ten fail, that were in the fame ftorm, tliere vvas not one 
 efcaped to bring the news." Sir William prelcnted a model of this Ihip to 
 the Royal Society, which is yet preferved in their repofitory. He aftera^ards 
 employed himfelf for many years in endeavouring to improve upon his 
 fcheme, and procured ar.ochcr vellcl to be buil'j, but this did not anfwer tlie 
 intended purpofe, and all his labours in this way at length came to nothing. In 
 1665 he communicated to the Royal Society a difcourfe concerning the 
 building of fliips ; which lord Brouneicer, their prefident, took it into his own 
 poirellion, and kept for many years, faying it was too great a fecret of ilatc 
 to be commonly perufed. He was the author of many other ufeful inven- 
 tions, frvcral of which were laid before the Royal Society, whofe inllitutionhe 
 very diligently promoted, and was frequently chofen one of their council. 
 
 In i6b6 Sir William drew up a treatife, called Verbum SapieiUiy containing 
 an account of the wealth and expences of England, and the method of raifmg 
 taxes in the moft equal manner ; Ihewing likewife that England can bear the 
 cliargc of four millions per annum, when the occafions of government require 
 it. The next year he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Hardrefs Wal- 
 ler, and relift of Sir Maurice Fenton ; and afterwards fet up iron works and 
 jiilchard fiihing, opened lead mines and a timber trade, in Kcrro, wliich turned 
 to a very good account. In 1684 be v/as chofen prefident of the philofophi- 
 cal fociety formed at Dublin, in imitation of that at London. In the tov/n 
 of Rumfev there is a houie diat v/as given hy him for the maintenance of 
 a charity-fchool, the rent of which is Hill applied to that ufe. He died at 
 his houfe in Piccadilly, on the 16th of December, 1687, in tlie 65tli year of 
 his age, leaving behind him a very large fortune i and was buried in the 
 church of Rumfev. 
 
 Sir William Petty was a man of great abilities, extenfive knowledge, and 
 extraordinary indullry and application. He gave early proofs of tliat compre- 
 henfive and inqiiifitive genius for which he was afterwards lb eminent; and he 
 made his way in tlie world under great difadvantage in point of circumflances.* 
 Tlie variety of purfuits in wh.ich he was engaged, iliev.s that he jiad a genius 
 capable of any vh.ing to which he chofe to apply it. He v/as an excellent 
 chemifl: and anatomill, and a perfeift mafter of every ether kind of knowledge 
 that was requihre to the profeffion of phyfic. He was a very able madiemati- 
 cian, had a fine hand at chawing, was fliilful in the praitical part of mechanics, 
 and a nioft exaft furvcyor. But his chief bias feems to have been towards 
 cultivating the common arts of life, and political interells of ftates. Thefe 
 were his favourite iludies, and continued with him to the lall ; as he acquaints 
 us himfelf in the following paflag;e of his will, which is dated the 2d of May,' 
 1685. " I being now (fays he) about fixty-two years old, intend the improve- 
 ment of my lands in Ireland ; and fo to get in the many debts owing unto me ; 
 
 * He told Mr, Aiibic\', tint he was driven to giv^t (Iraks for money, w Iicn he was in I'raiicc ; 
 and that he had lived a week iijion two or three jjcnnywonh of walniirs. But lif, at length, 
 I'lad'.' his v.ay tliroiigh all difficulties; and, as he exi)iefled it to that gtniltinai), " hcH'ed jjui 
 tiis fortune hiuifclf." Gifl.i^er's Ubgraphkal Hijlury nf Eii^tand. 
 
 a«d
 
 ^■3^ 
 
 PHILIPS. 
 
 and to promote the trade of iron, lead, marble, fifli, and timber, whereof my 
 cftate is capable. And as for lludics and experiments, I think now to tonline 
 the fame to the anatomy of the people, and political arithmetic; as alio to 
 the improvement of fliips, "land carriages, guns, and pumps, as of molt ufe to 
 maukiiid; not blaming the ftudy of other men." 
 
 lie wrote, i. Advice to Mr. Samuel Hartlib : z. A Treatife on Taxes and 
 Cojitribuiions : 3. An ElTiy in Political Arithmetic, concL-ming tixe Growth of the 
 City cf London: 4. Obfcrv-irions upon the Dublin Biiio of Mortality in 16S1, 
 and the State of that City: 5. The Political Anatomy of Irelr\nd : 6. Political 
 Ariihinetic, or a Difcourfe concerning the Lxteot a.nd Value of Lands, Peoph-, 
 Ikiildings, Hufbandry, Manufadurcs, Commerce, &.'c. 7. The Politician Dif- 
 covered : 8. Five EfTays in Political Arithmetic: 9. Several Papers in the Plii- 
 lofophical Tranfa.?Lions ; and other pieces. 
 
 PHILIPS (Catharine) an Engliih poetefs,, who Qione without a rival among 
 the female wits of her time, was the daughrx-r of Mr. John Fowler, a merchant 
 of London, and. was born in the parifh of St. Mary Wool-church, in 1631. 
 At the age of eight years flie was removed to a fchool at Hackney, v/here fne 
 made great improvements. Mr. Aubrey fays, " that flie was very apt to learn, 
 and m.ade verl'cs when fhe was at fchool ; that flie devoted i\ert'clf to religious 
 duties whan fhe was very young ; that fhe would then pray by lierfelf an hour 
 together ; that fhe had read the Bible througli before flie was full five years old ; 
 that fhe could fay,, by heart, many chapters and paiTages of Scripture ; and 
 was a. frequent htarer of fcrmons, which fhe would bring av/ay entire in her 
 memoiy." She became afterwards a perfeft miflrefs of the French tongue, 
 and learned the Italian under the tuitioa of Sir Charles Cotterel, for whom fhe 
 had a great friendfhip, and with whom flie correfponded when he was at a 
 diflance from her ; though the inj;imacy between her and this gentleman appears 
 to have been entirely founded on their mutual tafte for pohte literature, and 
 not the refult of any attachment of a difterent kind. About the year 1647, 
 fhe was m>arried to James Philips, of the pnory of Cardigan, Efq; to v/lio.n 
 fhe is faid to have been an excellent wife : and it is obferved that fhe not 
 only performed the conjugal duties with fidelity and afFedUon, but was highly 
 ferviceable to her hulband in affairs, in which few wives are thought capable 
 of being ufeful. : for his fortune being much cncumbi^red, fhe cterced her 
 intereft with Sir Charles. Cotterel, and other perlbns of diflrinilion, who ad- 
 mired her underitanding, in her huiband's favour,, who foon extricated him. 
 from the dilhculties under which he laboured. As fhe was born with a ge- 
 nius for poetry, fo fhe began early in life to improve it, and compofed 
 many poems on various occafions for her amufement, in her reccls at Cardi- 
 pin, and . retirement elfev/here. Thele being difperfed among her friends and 
 u>:quaintance, were by aa unknown hand collecled together, and publifhcd 
 in 8vo. in. i66j, without her knowledge or confent. The reputation of her 
 abilities procured her the cfteem of many perfons of diftinclion ; and upon 
 her going into Ireland, in order to accompany her intim:ue friend the vil- 
 countefb of DuQCannon, and alfo with a view of tranfadi.'ig fome of her hufband's 
 affairs in that kingdom, her great mtrit foon made her known to the duke 
 and dutchefs of Ormond, the earls of Orrery and Roicommon, Dr. Jeremy 
 1 ay lor, billiop of D.ov/n ami Connor, and. other perlbns of rank, who fliewed 
 
 lier
 
 PHILIPS. 553 
 
 her fingular marks of their eftcem. While Mrs. Philips remained in Ireland, 
 Ihe, at the dcfire of lord Orrery, tranP.ared from the French of Corncille 
 the tragedy of Ponipey, which was feveral times afted in the now theatre 
 there, with great applaufe, in the years 1663 and 1664, in which lall year 
 it was publiflied. She alio tranflated Corneille's tragedy of Horace, except- 
 ing the fifth adl, which was done by Sir John Denham, In i66'{, fhe quit- 
 ted Ireland, and went to Cardigan, where ilie fpent the remaining part of 
 that, and the beginning of the next year, in a fort of melancholy retirement ; 
 for fhe appears to have been dejected at fome ill fuccefs in her huiband's 
 affairs. Her fituation here was alfo difagreenble, as flie was fcr.d of the fo- 
 ciety of perfons of an ingenious and literary turn, a pleaftire wliich it was 
 not eafy to obtain in this place. However, on her g -ng _o London, her 
 ipirits were recruited by the converfation of her friends there : but fhe did 
 not enjoy this fatisfaflion long, for fhe was fuddenly feiztd with the fmali- 
 pox, and died of it in Flect-ltreet, in the thirty-third year of her age, in. 
 June 1664. 
 
 This ingenious lady, who was much celebrated in her own time, under 
 the title of the m.xtchless Orinda, is faid to have been in her pcrion of 
 a middle ftature, pretty fat, and of a ruddy complexion. She was not only 
 diftinguiflied for her poetical abilities, but for her generous, charitable dil- 
 polition, and her kindnefs to all in dillrefs. The famous Cowley expreiled 
 his refpeift for iier memory by an elegant ode upon her death ; and Dryden 
 has more than once mentioned jier with honour. But it has been obferved, 
 that her poems are more to be admired for propriety and beauty of thought 
 than for harmony of verfification, in which fne was fomewhat deficient. After 
 her death, her poems and tranflations were publilhed in one volume folio, in 
 1667 ; and, in 1705, a fnall volume of her letters to Sir Charles Cotterel 
 was printed, under the title of Letters from Orinda to Poliarchus ; the edi- 
 tor of which tells us, that " they were the cfFetl of an happy intimai?^- be- 
 tween herfelf and the late famous Poliarchus, and are an admirable pattern 
 for the pleafing correfpondence of a virtuous friendfhip. I'hey will fufRci- 
 ently inftruct us, how an intercourfe of writing between perfons of dif- 
 ferent fexes ou2;ht to be manaa:ed with dclie,.hl and innocence ; and tea;h 
 the world not to load fuch a commerce with cenfure and dctradtion, -when it 
 is removed at lucli a diflance from even the appearance of guilt." Vv'^e fiiall 
 felecl a paflage from one of thefe letters, as a fpecimen of Mrs. Pliilips's 
 epiftolary ftile. " I could never govern my pafhons (lays fhe) by the lefTons 
 of ti:e Stoics, who at beft rather tell us what we fliould be, than teach us 
 'how to be fo : they ihew the journey's end, but leave us to get thithcc as we 
 can. I would be eafy to mylelf in all the viciffitudes of fortune, and Seneca 
 tells me I ought to be fo, and that 'tis the only way to be happy ; but I 
 know that as well as the Stoic. I would not depend on others for my feli- 
 city ; and Epicletus lays, if I do not, nothing fhall trouble me. I have a 
 great veneration for thefe philofophers, and allow they give us many inflruc- 
 tions that I find applicable and true j but as far as 1 can fee, the art of con- 
 tentment is as little to be learned, tliough it be much boafrcd of, in the 
 works of the Heathens, as the doftrine of forgiving our enemies.- 'Tis the 
 Iciiool of chriftianity that teaches both us thefe excellent JefTons. And as the 
 theory of our relitjion gives us .reafon to conform and refign our will to t!i-at 
 
 6 T of
 
 5:4 PHILIPS. 
 
 of the Eternal, who is infinitely wifcj and iufl, and great, and good ; fo the 
 pradice of our duty, though in the moll difficult cafes, gives us a fecrct 
 fatisfaftion, that furpafies all other earthly pleafures. And when we have 
 once had the experiment of it, we may truly fay the poet was in the right 
 to exhort us to ftudy virtue, becaufe the more we praftife it, 'rwill prove the 
 more plcafant, more eafy, and more worthy of love." 
 
 PHILIPS (John) an ingenious poet, fon of Dr. Stephen Philips, arch- 
 deacon of Salop, was born at Bampton in Oxfordfhue, the 30th of Decem- 
 ber, 1676. . He was educated at Winchcfter-fchool, and at Chrift-churcli 
 college, in Oxford, where he applied ro his Ihidies with uncommon diligence, 
 and was honoured vith the acqiniintance of the bell and politclt gentlemen 
 of the iiniverfity, among whom he was particuhrly intimate with Mr. Edmund 
 Smith, author of the tragedy of Phrcdra and Hippolitus. The firil poem by 
 vhich he was -diltinguifned, was his Splendid Shilling, which is-efteemed one 
 of the fined burlefquc poems in t!ic Englifli language. On his coming to 
 London, he was introduced to the acquaintance of Robert Harley, Efq. after- 
 wards earl of Oxford, and Henry St. John, Efq. afterwards lord Vifcount 
 Bolingbroke, at whoi'e requeft he wrote a poem on the famous battle of 
 Bler.heim, publifhed in the year 1705. He alfo wrote a didactic poem, called 
 Cyder, upon the model of Virgil's Georgics ; and a Latin ode to Heniy Sr. 
 John, Efq. which is reckoned a uiallcr-piece. He was beloved by all who 
 knew him -, and though he was fomev/hat referved and filent among ftrangers, 
 he behaved among his friends with great freedom, eafe, and familiarity. He 
 was averfe to difputes, and thought no time fo ill fpent, and no wit fo ill 
 ufrd, as that which is employed in fuch debates. In iliort, he was diftin- 
 guifncd by his innate goodnefs, unaffefted piety, univerfal cliarity, and fleady 
 adhererence to his principles. He died at Hereford, of a lingering confump- 
 tion and afthma, on the 15th of February, 1708, in the thirty-fecond year 
 of his age, and was interred in Hereford cathedral. Sir Simon Harcourt 
 erccflcd a monument to liis memory in Weitminller-abbey, in v/hich is Mr. 
 Philips's buft in relief, reprefented as in an arbour, interwoven with vines, 
 laurel-branches, and apple-trees ; and over it this motto, honos erit huic 
 Qi'OQUE POMO, alluding to the high qualities afcribed to the- apple in his 
 excellent poem upon Cutler. The epitaph, which is Latin, was written by Dr. 
 Friend, a.id contains an account of his virtues and' abilities. 
 
 PHILIPS ("Ambrose) an eminent Englifli writer, was defcended from an 
 ancient family in LeiceflerJhire, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he wrote his Paftorals, wiiich were greatly admired by Sir Richanl 
 Steele, and which Gildon, in his Art of Poetry, ranks with thofe of Theo- 
 critus and Virgil. On his qtiitting the univerfity, he repaired to London, 
 where he became acquainted with the wits, and Sir Richard Steele inferred in 
 the Taik-r his poern called a Winter-piece. Sir Richard mentions it with 
 honour ; and Mr. Pope, who had a confirmed averfion to Phili[)s, when he 
 af.tLted to defpife his other works, always excepted this out of the number. 
 "Mr. Philips afterwards publifhcd The Life of John Williams, Lord Keeper 
 of the Great Seal, Bilhop of Lincoln, and Archbilhop of York, in the reigns 
 ol James and Charles I. He was likcwife concerned with Dr. Boulter and 
 
 others.
 
 P I L K I N G T O N. sjs 
 
 others, in a paper called the Free-Thinker, fince publifhed in three vo'umes 
 oiftavo, and duodecimo. After the acceflion of king George I. to the throne, 
 Mr. Philips was made a juftice of the peace. In the mean time he incurred 
 the difpleafure of Mr. Pope, who fatirifed him with his ufual feveriry. This is 
 faid to have been owing to his mentioning Mr. Pope as an enemy to the govern- 
 ment. Philips not being able to ufe the lafli of fatire againft io expert a mafter 
 of that weapon, had recourfe to another, and ftuck up a rod at Button's cofTce- 
 houfe, with which he threatened to chaiHfe his antagonift, wlienever he fliould 
 meet him there. But Pope prudently declined coming to a place where he 
 muft have felt the refentment of an offended author, as much fuperior to hiiu 
 in bodiiv fhrength, as inferior in the art of vcrfification. Mr. Philips befidcs 
 ids poems, wrote three tragedies, the DiftrelTcd Mother, Humpiirey Duke of 
 Gloucefler, and the Briton. When his worthy friend Dr. Boulter v/.is made 
 archbifliop of Armagh, he accompanied him into Ireland, where he obtained 
 confiderable employments, and was chofen reprefentative in parliament for tlie 
 county of Armagh. He returned to England in 1748, but died loon after at 
 his lodgings near Vauxhall. Pie v»'as certainly fiir fiom being fo contcmp.ible 
 a poet as Mr. Pope endeavoured to reprefcnt him. 
 
 PILKINGTON (Latitia) a lady diftinguifhed by her literary abilities, was 
 the daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, a phyfician of Dutch cxtraftion, who iettled 
 in Dublin, where fhe was born in the year 17 12. She had early a ftrong in- 
 clination to letters, and when (he was grown up had lb furprifing a memory, 
 that fhe could repeat by heart almofl all the poems of our moft celebr;!ted mo- 
 dern poets. She was married, when young, to the Re\-. Mr. Matthew Pilking- 
 ton, a gentleman known in the poetical world by his volume of MifccUanies, 
 revifed by dean Swift ; but his jealoufy occafioned continual difcontcnts, !n 
 the mean time, Mr. Pilkington came to London, to ferve as chaplain to the 
 lord mayor } and while he continued there, he wrote a very afi'eftionate letter 
 to his wife, in which he praifed her poetry, and informed her that Mr. Pope, 
 to whom he had Hicwn her verfes, longed to fee the author, and that ho him- 
 felf heartily wiflied her in London ; upon which fhe accepted the invitation, re- 
 paired to that metropolis, and then returned with her hufband to Ireland ; hvx 
 foon after, Mr. Pilkington entertaining frefh fufpicions of her fidelity, they fe- 
 parated. She afterwards came over to England, and fettled in London, wlierc 
 becoming known to Colley Cibber, {he, by his means, lived upon the contri- 
 butions of the great; but thefe refources failing. Hie was arrelled fofdcbt, 
 and confined in the Marfhallea prifon. After lying tiiere fome time, fne was re- 
 lealed by Mr- Cibber, who folicited charities for her. Slie now tool: a lirtle 
 fhop in St. James's ftreet, where fhe Ibid pamphlets and prints ; and here, bv 
 the liberality of the great in fubfcribing to her Memoirs, ihe enjoyed for Inme- 
 time a decent competence. At length fhe returned to Dv.blin, where Ih;' 
 printed the firft volume of her Memoirs in oftavo, through v. hich are fcictert i 
 many beautiful pieces of poetry. On this occafion, flie received many handfomi- 
 prefents from the perfbns of diltinftion who bought her book; and as fhe had 
 been very fevere in drawing charaflers of thofe who had not fhewn tlieinkl\-cs 
 her friends, many others now endeavoured to difarm her iatire and conciliate 
 her eflecm, that they might not be mentioned in an unfavourable light in hei 
 
 ftcond
 
 556 P L O 1 . 
 
 fecond and third volumes, which were afterwards publilhed. In fliort, after 
 living without the leart oeconomy, in a continual fucceffion of want and plenty, 
 five died at Dublin, the 29th of Auguft, 1750, in the thirty-ninth year of li'er 
 age. Her Memoirs are written with great fprightlincfs and wit, and defcribe 
 t]^ dilFerent humours of mankind very naturally. She alfo wrote a comedy 
 called the Turkifa Court, or London Apprentice, which was aifled at Dublin 
 in 1748, but never printed. 
 
 PITT (Christopher) an Englifh poet,, juftly celebrated for his excellent 
 tranflation of Virgil's .^ncid, was born in the year 1699. Having ftudicil 
 four years at New-college in Oxford, and entered into holy orders, be was prc- 
 fentcd by liis friend and relation, Mr. George Pitt, to the living of Pimpcrnc, 
 Dorfecfhu-e, wliich he held during the remainder of his life. He had fo poeti- 
 cal a turn, tliat, while he was a fchool-boy, he wrote two large folios of manu- 
 fcript poems ; one of which contained an entire tranflation of Lucan, and the 
 other confifted of various detached pieces, feveral of which were afterwards 
 publiihed in his volume of Mifccllaneous Poems. He was much elteemed 
 while at the univerfity, particularly by the well-known Dr. Young, who fo much 
 admired the early difplays of his genius, that he ufcd familiarly to call him 
 his fon. Next to his beautiful tranflation of Virgil, Mr. Pitt gained iIk; 
 greateft reputation by an Englifli verfion of Vida's Art of Poetry, which he has 
 executed with the ilridlell attention to the author's fenfe, the utmoll elegance 
 of verfirtcation, and with all the noble Ipirit of the original. This amiable 
 poefdied in the year 1748, without leaving, it is fiid, one enemy behind him. 
 On his tomb-ftone were engraved thefe words : " He lived innocent, and died 
 beloved." 
 
 PLOT (Dr. Robert) one of the mod learned philofophers and antiquaries 
 of hh age, was born at Sucton-Barn, in the pariih of Borden, in Kent, in.1641. 
 In 1658 he was entered of Magdalen-hall in Oxford; he took the degree of 
 bachelor of arts in 1661, that of mafl:cr in 1664, and both the degrees in law 
 in 1 67 1. He afterwards removed to Univerf.ry-college. Being a very ingenious 
 man, and particularly addicted to natural philofophy, he was made a fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and in 1682 elcfted one of the fecretaries of that learned 
 body. He jnibliilied tb.eir Philofophical Tranfadions from No. 14J to No. 166, 
 inclusive. In 1683, Elias Aftmoie, efq; appointed him the firfl: keeper of his 
 Muieum ; and about the fame time he was nominatid by the vice-chancellor 
 lirfl profefTor of c::emilby in the ui.iverfiiy of Oxford. In 1687 he was made 
 fccretary to the earl-marfha), and the following year received the title of hiftorio- 
 grapher to king James II. He refigned his profeirorlhip of chemiltry in 1690, 
 and alio his place of keeper of the Aflimolean miifcum, to which he jjrefented 
 a very large colleftion of natural curiofities. In January 1694-5, he w.ts 
 appointed Mowbray-herald extraordinary, and, two days after, regifter for 
 the court of honour. He died of the flone, on the joth of April, 
 1696. 
 
 Dr. Plot was author of the Natural Hifbories of Oxfordlhire and Stafford- 
 fhire ; the firfl: of whicli was publiflied in 1677, and the latter in 1686. 
 *■ Vs liatevcr is vifible in the heavens, earth, and waters; whatever is dug out 
 
 Cfl
 
 P O C O C K. 5J7 
 
 of the ground ; whatever is natural or unnatural ; and whatever is obfcrvabie in 
 art and fcience ; were the objects of his fpeculation and enquiry. Various and 
 diflimilar as his matter is, it is in general well conneftedj and his tranfifions 
 are eafy. He, in the eagernefs and rapidity of his various purfuits, took upon 
 truft, and committed to writing, fome things, which, upon mature confideration, 
 he mult have rejcdled." Befides thefe two capital works, he publiflied Tentamen 
 Philofopbicum de Origim Fov.tium., 1685, 8vo. and nine papers of his are infcrted 
 in the Phiiofopliical Tranfaftions. He left fevcral manuicripts behind him, 
 among which were large materials for the natural hiftory of the counties oi 
 Kent and Middlefex. 
 
 POCOCK (Dr. Edward) famous for his extraordinar}' flcill in the Oriental 
 languages, was the eldeft fon of the Rev. Mr. Edward Pocock, and was born 
 at Oxford, on the 8 th of November, 1604. He was fent early to the frce-fchool 
 at Tame, in Oxfordfliire, and at fourteen, years of age v/as entered cf Magdalen- 
 hall, in Oxford, whence he removed to Corpus-Chrifti college. In 1628 he 
 was admitted fellow of his college, and about the fame time had prepared an 
 edition of the Second Epiftle of St. Peter, the Second and Third of St. John, 
 and tliat of St. Jude, in Syriac and Greek, with a Latin tranflation and notes. 
 Jn 1629 he was ordained pried, and appointed chaplain to the Englifli merchants 
 at Aleppo, where he continued five or fix years, in which time he diftinguilhed 
 himlelf by his fortitude and zeal while the plague raged there. On his return 
 to England, in 1636, he was appointed reader of the Arabic Icvfture founded at 
 Oxford by archbifliop Laud. The next year he went to Conftantinople, where 
 he profecuted the ftudy of the Eaftern languages, and procured many valuable 
 coins and manufcripts. After three years llay in that city, he embarked in 1640 
 for England, and taking Paris in his way, vifited the famous Elugo Grotius. 
 In 1643 he was prefented to the reftory of Cliildrey in Berks. About ihe middle 
 of the year 1647, he obtained the reftiiution of the falary of his Arabic lefture, 
 which had been detained from liim about thrire years. In 1648, king Charles I. 
 who was then prifoner in the i!le of Wiglit, nominated Mr. Pocock to the 
 profeiTorfnip of Hebrew, and the canonry of Chrift-church, Oxford ; but, in 
 J 650, he was eie6tcd from his canonry for refufing to take the engagement; 
 ?.n4, foon after, a vote pafTed for depriving him of his- Hebrev/ and Arabic lec- 
 tiir'es, but feveral perfons prefenting a petition in his favour, he was fuffered 
 to enjoy both thole places. He had before this time publiflied his Specimen 
 llijlori.e Arabicm, and in 1655 appeared his Po-rta Mojis, and foon after die 
 Knglilh Polyglot Edition of tiie Bible, to which he had largely ccntributed, 
 and alfo Eutychius's Annals, with a Latin verfion. At tiic ri»iloration of king 
 Charles II. he was reftored to his canonry of Chrift-church, and took the degree 
 of do<5tor of divinity. He tlicn publifVied his Arabic verfion of Grotius's Trea- 
 tife concerning the Truth of the Ciiriilian Religion, and- an ii.rabic poem en- 
 titled Laniiato'l Ajani., with a Latin tranilation and notes. Soon afterwards he 
 publifiKtl Cxregory Abiil Pharajius's Ihftoria Hynajliarum. In 167^ aj'ipearcd his 
 Arabic verfion of the chief parts of the liturgy of the church of England ; and 
 a few years after, his commentary on the Prophecies of Micali, Malachi, Hofea, 
 and Joel. This great man died on the lO'.li of September, 1691, in the eighty- 
 J'eventh year of his age, after liaving been for many years confefledly the firft 
 perfyn in Europe for eaftern learning. He was not otily a perfed: mafter «X 
 
 6 U Hebrew,
 
 538 POL E. 
 
 Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Greek, and Latin, but was alfo well acquainted 
 wicli the Perfic, Samaritan, /Ethiopic, Coptic and Turkifh languages : he un- 
 drrllood the Italian, and was not ignorant of tl\e Spanilh. He was no lef> 
 worthy of admiration for his uncommon probity and virtue, than for his in- 
 tellectual accomplifhments. 
 
 POLE (Reginald) cardinal and archbilhop of Canterbury, was defcended 
 from royal blood, being a younger fon of Sir Richard Pole, lord Montague, 
 couiin-german to Henry VIL by Margaret, the daughter of George duke 
 of Clarence, younger brother to king Edward IV. He was born at Stover- 
 ton CalUe in Stafibrdfliire, in the year 1 500 ; and at (even years of age fent 
 to be inftrucled in grammar by the Carthufians, in their monaftery at Shcne, 
 near Richmond, in Surry. He afterwards ftudicd at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford ; and, in 1517, the year in which Luther began to preach againil in- 
 dulgencies, was made prebendary of Salifbury, to which the deanery of Exeter, 
 and other preferments, were foon after added ; for his relation, king Henry 
 VII. caufed him to be bred to die church, with a defign to raife him -to 
 the higheft dignities in it. When nineteen years of age, he travelled into Italy, 
 and having vifited feveral univerfities there, fixed at Padua, wiiere he became 
 the delight of that part of the world, for his learning, politenefs, and piety. 
 From thence he went to Venice, where he continued for- fome time, and 
 then viiiLcd other parts of Italy. After having fpent five years abroad, he 
 returned to England, and was received by the king, queen, and court, with 
 great affection and honour ; but foon retired to refide among the Carthufians 
 at Shene, where he fpent two years. 
 
 Henry VIII. beginning now to ilart doubts concerning the lawfulnefs of 
 his marriage v.ith Catherine of Spain, in order to obtain a divorce, Pole, 
 forefeeing the troubles it would occafion, obtained leave of his majefly to go 
 abroad .; but afterwards rcfu.Hng to concur with the king's agents in profecuting the 
 affair of the divorce, he fell under his majefty's difpleafure. At le.igth Henry 
 rcfolving to throw off the papal yoke, and affert his right to the title of 
 fupreme head of the church, procured a book to be written in defence of 
 his fupremacy, by Sampfon bifhop of Chicheiler, which he immediately fenc 
 for Pole's approbation. - Pule, aiter having endeavoured in vain to defer his 
 anfwer, drew up his piece Pro Unitate Eccicjiajlica, and fent it to king 
 Henry. His maiefty now fent orders for him to return to England ; but 
 Pole, being fenfible that his denial of the king's fupremacy, which was the 
 principal fcope of his book, was here high treafon, and confidering the fate 
 of Eifner and More, refufcd to obey him. On which Henry withdrawing 
 the penfion which he had hitherto allowed him, ffripped him of all his dig- 
 nities in England, paffed an aft of attainder againft him, and at length fet a 
 price on his head. 
 
 The pope made him abundant amends for thefe loffes and mortifications. 
 He was prcfented with a cardinal's hat, and employed in feveral important 
 negociations and tranfaftions ; was confulted by the pope in all affairs relat- 
 ing to fovertign princes, and was one of his legates at the council of Trenf. 
 Pope Paul 111. dying in ifA^, our cardinal was twice clcdted to fucceed him, 
 but retufed both eleftions ; one as being too hafty, and the other as being 
 •done in the night-time. This unexanipled fcrupulolity dilpleafcd feveral of 
 
 his
 
 P O M F R E T. 5:,9 
 
 his friends in the conclave, who immediately concurred in chufing Juliits 
 m. Upon the accelTion of queen Mary, in 155 J, Pole was appointed legate 
 for England ; but he did not think it fafe to venture hither till he knew 
 the queen's intentions with reipedb to the eftablifliment of the Ron^afli reli- 
 gion, and whether the aft of attainder which had been palled againtt 
 him was repealed. But having received fatisfaftion on thefe points, he fet 
 out for England by way of Germany. On his arrival in that kingdom, 
 he ablblved the parliament, and two days after made his public entry into 
 London, with all the folemnity of a legale, and prefently fet about the bufi- 
 nefs of reforming the church from herel'y. In 15 56 he fucceedcd Cranmcr 
 in the archbiihopric of Canterbury. Being naturally humane, and pcniircd 
 of^reat fwcetucfs of temper, he was at firft backward in the perfccution of 
 the proteftancs, and was therefore fufpeJted of favouring the rciormation. To 
 remove theie fufpicions, he concurred in the cruelties then excrcifed againfi: 
 thofe who profeilcd the reformed religion ; but this did not fecure him againfb 
 the attacks of that turbulent pontiff, Paul IV. who fummoned him to Rome 
 to anfwer the charge of herefy, and depriving him of his legatine powers, 
 conferred them upon Peyto, a Francifcan friar, whom he had made a car- 
 dinal for that purpofe. The new legate was upon the road for England, when 
 queen Mary, apprifed of his bufinel's, aflumcd fome of her father's fpirit, and 
 forbade him at his peril to fet foot upon Englifli ground. Pole, however, 
 was no fooner informed of his holinefs's pleafure, than, out of that implicit 
 veneration which he conllantly prcferved for the apoftolic fee, he voluntarily 
 ab^iained from all the funftions of a legate, and difpatched one of his at- 
 tendants to Rome, with letters clearing him in the moft lubinilTive terms j 
 upon which the pope reftored him to his legatine powers. He died of a quar- 
 tan ague on the 16th. of November, 1558, about lixtecn hours after the death 
 of his royal miftrefs, queen Mary. He was a learned, eloquent, model!:, humble, 
 and good-natured man, of exemplary piety and gencrofuy ; arid though he was 
 more inclined by nature to Itudy and contemplation, than to aciive life, yet. 
 he was prudent and dexterous in bufinefs ; fo that he would have been a 
 finiflied char.;fter, had not his fuperilitious devotion to the fee of Rome car- 
 ried him, againft his nature, to commie feveral cruelties in perfecuting the 
 protcllants. Bifhop Burnet, who has drawn Pole in very favourable colours, 
 acknowledges this charge, but imputes thefe fanguinary proceedings to Paul 
 IV. pitying the cardinal's weaknefs, in not having courage' enough to contend 
 with fo haughty and perfecuting a pope. 
 
 Cardinal Pole, befides his book Pro Unitate Ecclcfiafiica, wrote many other 
 fmall pieces, relating to doftrine as well as difciplinc. 
 
 POMFRET (John) an Englifh poet, was the fon of the reverend Mr. 
 Pomtret, ic61:or of Luton in Bedfordihire, and was born ia tlie year 1667. 
 He was firit educated at a grainmar-fchooi in the country,, and from thence 
 lent to the univerfuy of Cambridge, but to v/hat college is uncertain. There 
 he accomplilhed himfelf in polite literature, wrote moit ot his poetical pieces, and 
 took both of the degrees in arts. After that, he enterctl into orders, and 
 was preferred to the living of Maiden in Bedforlhire. About the year i/oj, 
 he came up to London for inflitution and indudion into a larger and very 
 confiderablc living, but was flopped fomc time by Dr. Henry Compton, 
 
 then
 
 540 POPE. 
 
 then biihop cf London, oft account of thefe four lines at the clofe of his 
 
 poem called the Choice : 
 
 " And as I near approach'd the verge of life, 
 
 " Some kind relarion (for I'd have no wife) 
 
 " Should take upon him all my worldly care, 
 
 " Wliilll I did ibr a better (late prepare." 
 
 rhe parcnthefis in the fecond of thefe lines was fo malicioufly reprefented, 
 that the good bifliop was made to believe from it, that Mr. Pomfret pre- 
 ferred a miitrefs to a v/ife ; thougli no fiich meaning can be deduced, unlefs 
 it be alierted that an unmarried clergyman cannot live v/ithout a miftrefs-. 
 But t'ne billiop was foon convinced that this infinuation was nothing more 
 than the effcft of malice, as Mr. Pomfret at that time was a(ftLially married. 
 The oppofition however which his llanderers had given him, was not witiiout 
 effedl i for being by this obliged to Itay in town longer than he intended, 
 he caught the faiall-pox, of which he died in London, at the age of thirty- 
 fix years. A volume of his poems was publiihed by himfelf in 1669, with 
 a modeft and fenfible preface. Two pieces of his were publiflied after his 
 death by his friend Philalethes ; one entitled Reaf>n, and written in 1700, 
 when the difputes concerning the Trinity ran Jiigh ; tiie other. Dies Novifllma, 
 or the Lafl Epiphany, a Pindaric ode. His veriihcation is not unmuiical, 
 but there is not that force in his writings which is necclfary to conftii;utc 
 a poet. 
 
 POPE (Alexander) a celebrated poet, and one 6f the moft elegant 
 writers tiiat ever appeared in England, was born on the 8th of June, 1688, 
 at London, where his fatlier was then a confiderable merchant. He was 
 taught to read very early by an aunt, and learned to write without any af- 
 fillance, by copying printed books. The family beingof the Romifh perfuafion, 
 he was put, at eight years of age, under one Taverner, a pj-ieil, who taught 
 him the rudiments of the Latin and Greek tongues together ; after which 
 he was fent to a popifli feminary near Winchefter, and from rlicnoe was re- 
 moved to a Ichool at Hyde-Park Corner. He difcovcrcil early an inclna- 
 tion for poetry ; and the trandations of Ogilby and Sandys from Virgil and 
 Ovid firll falling in iiis way they became his favourite authors. At twelve years 
 of age he retired widi his parents toBinfield, in Windfor-Fortlt ; aiul there became 
 acquainted with the writings of Spencer, V\'allcr, and Drydcn. Dryden ftruck 
 him moft, probably, becaufe the caft of that poet was moft congenial with 
 his own J and chcixtore he not only ftudied his works intenfely, but ever after* 
 mentioned him with a kind of rapturous veneration. He once obtained a 
 fight of him at a coffee-houfe, but never was known to him ; a mif- 
 fortune, which he laments in thefe pathetic words, " Virgilium tantum 
 vidi." 
 
 Though Pope had been under more tutors than one, yet it ftcms they 
 were fo infufficient for the purpofe of teaching, that he had learned very 
 little from them ; fo that, being obliged afterwards to begin all over again, 
 he may juftly be confideied as one of the a-.ToWMToi, or felf-ta\ighi. At fifteeri 
 he had acquired a readinef* in the two learned languages, to which he foon 
 
 added
 
 POP E. 
 
 5+f 
 
 atldetl the French and Italian. He h;id already fcribblcd a great deal of 
 poetry in various ways; and he now began to wrije an epic poeiu, called 
 Alcander. What the poet himfclf obferves upon thefe early pieces is agree- 
 able enough; and flicM's, that though at firft he v/as a little intofcicated with 
 the waters of Helicon, he afterwards arrived at great fobriety of thinking. 
 " I confels, fays he, there was a time when I was in love with myfelf ; and 
 my firft produftions were the childien of Self-love begot upon Innocence. 
 I had made an epic poem, and panegyrics on all the princes, and I thought 
 myfelf the greatefl genius that ever was. I cannot but regret thefe delight- 
 ful vifions of my childhood, which, like the fine colours we fee when cur 
 eyes are fliut, are vanillied for ever." 
 
 His paltorals, written in the year 1704, firft introduced him to the wits of 
 the time; among whom were Gardi, Lanfdown, Wycherly, and Walfli. This 
 lalt gentleman proved a fincere friend to him ; and loon difcerning that his 
 talent lay, not fo much in llriking out new thoughts of his own, as in im- 
 proving thofe of other men, and in an eafy verfification, told him, among other 
 things, that there was one way left open for him, wherein he might excel 
 his predeceflbrs, which was correftnefs ; obferving, that though we had feveral 
 great poets, yet none of them were correct. Pope took the hint, and turned 
 it to good account ; for, without doubt, the harmony of his nun-ibers was in 
 a great meafure owing to it. The fame year, 1704, he wrote the firft part 
 of his Windfor Foreft, though the whole was not publifhed till 17 10. In 
 1708, he wrote the EfTay on Criticifm ; which was jullly efteemed a mafter- 
 piece in its kindj and fhewed not only the peculiar turn of his talents, but 
 that thofe talents, young as he v/as, were ripened into perfe6tian. He was 
 then not quite twenty years old; and yet the maturity of judgnoent, the 
 knowledge of the world, and penetration into human nature, difplayed in that 
 piece, were fuch as would have done honour to the greateft abilities and ex- 
 perience. But whatever may be the merit of the EfTay on Criticifm, it was ftill 
 furpalTtd, in a poetical view, by the Rape of the Lock, firft completely pub- 
 lifhed in 17 1 2. The former eKcelkd in the didactic way, for which he was 
 peculiarly formed; a clear head, ft.i:ong fenfe, and a found judgment, being 
 his charaftcriftical qualities : but it is the creative pov/er of the imagination 
 that conftitutes what is properly called a poet ; and therefore it is in the 
 Rape of the Lock, that Pope principally appears one, there being more vis 
 imaginandi difplayed in this poem, than perhaps in all his other works put 
 together. In 17 13 he dillributed propofals for publilhing a tranflation of 
 Homer's Iliad, by fubfcripticn, in which all parties concurred (o heartily, 
 that he acquired a confiderable fortune by it. The fubfcripticn amounted to 
 6000 1. befides icoo I. which Lintot, the bookfeller, gave him for the 
 copy. 
 
 Mr. Pope's finances being now in a good condition, he purchafed a houfe 
 at Twickenham, whidier he removed with his father and mother in 17 15. 
 As he was a papift, he could not purchafe, nor put his money to intereft on 
 real fecurity ; and as he adhered to the caufe of king James, he made it a poiiit 
 of confcience not to lend it to the government : fo that though he was worth 
 near 20,000 1. when he retired, yet living afterwards iipon the quick ftock, 
 he left but a fiender fubttance to his faixiily. Our poet, however, did not 
 fail to improije it to the utmoft ; he had already acquired much by his pub- 
 
 6 X lications.
 
 542 POPE. 
 
 lications, and he ftill endeavoured to acquire more. In 1717 he publiflied a 
 collcAion of all he had printed fcparaccly ; and proceeded to prepare a nevv 
 edition of Shakefpeare's plays, which, being publiflied in 1721, difcovered 
 that he had confulted his fortune, more than his fame, in that undertaking. The 
 Iliad being finifhed, our author engaged in a tranfiacion of Honier's,Odyfley. 
 Mr. Broome and Mr. Fenton did part of it, and received 500I. of Mr. Pope 
 for their labours. This work was completed in 1725; and he v/as afterwards 
 engaged wiili Swift and Arbuthnot in printing fome volumes of Mifcellanies. 
 About this period he narrowly efcaped lofing his life, as he was returning 
 home in a friend's chariot ; which, on pafllng a bridge, was over-turned, and 
 thrown with the horfes into the river. The glafles were up, and he was un- 
 able to break them ; fo that he mud have been immediately drowned, if 
 the poftilion had not broke them, and dragged him out to the bank. A 
 fragment of the glafs, however, cut him fo defperately, that he ever after 
 loft the ufe of two of Iiis fingers. 
 
 In 1727 his Duneiad appeared in Ireland, and the year after in England, 
 with notes by Swift, under the name of Scriblerus. This edition was pre- 
 fented to the king and queen by Sir Robert Walpole ; who, probably about 
 this time, offered to procure Pojie apenfion, which however he refufed, as he 
 had formerly done a propofal of the fame kind made him by lord Halifax. He 
 greatly cultivated the fpirit of independency ; and, " Unplaced, unpenfioned, 
 no man's heir or flave," was frequently his boaft. He fomewhere obferves, 
 that the life of an author is a ftate of warfare : he has fhewn himfelf a com- 
 plete general in this way of warring. He bore the infults and injuries of 
 his enemies long, but at length, in the Duneiad, made an univerfal flaughter 
 of them ; for even Colley Cibber, who was afterwards advanced to be the 
 hero of it, could not forbear owning, that nothing was ever more pcrfedt 
 and finiflied in its kind than this poem. In 1729, by the advice of lord 
 Bolingbroke, Mr. Pope turned his pen to fubjeds of morality; and accord- 
 ingly we find him, with the alTiftance of that noble friend, who furniftied 
 'him with the materials, at work this year upon the EiTay on Man. The fol- 
 lowing extradt of a letter to Swift difcovers the reafon of his lordfhip's advice: 
 " Bid him," fays Bolingbroke, " talk to you of the work he is about, I hope, 
 ia good earneft ; it is a fine one, and will be, in his hands, an original. 
 His fole complaint is, that he finds it too eafy in the execution. This flatters 
 his lazinefs : it flatters my judgment ; who always thought that, univerfal as 
 his talents are, this is eminently and peculiarly his, above all the writers I 
 know, living or dead ; I do not except Elorace." Pope tells the Dean, in 
 the next letter, that, " the work lord Bolingbroke fpeaks of with fuch abun- 
 dant partiality, is a fyftem of ethics in the Horatian way." In purfuing the 
 fame defign, he wrote his Ethic Epiftles ; the fourth of which, upon Tafte, 
 giving great offence, as he was fuppofcd to ridicule the duke ot Chandois 
 under the charader of Timon, is faid to have put him upon writing fatires, 
 which h« continued till 1739. He ventured to attack perfons of the higheft 
 rank, and fet no bounds to his fatirical rage. A genuine colleftion of his 
 letters was publiflied in 1737. 
 
 The year following, a French tranflation of the Efliay on Man, by the 
 Abbe Refnel, was printed at Paris ; and Mr. Croulaz, a German profeflbr, 
 animadverted upon this fyftem of ctliics, wJiich he reprefcntcd as nothing eli» 
 
 but
 
 PRIOR. 543 
 
 but a fyftem of naturalifm. Mr. Warburcon, now biuiop of Glov.cefter, 
 wi ote a commentary upon the Eflay ; in which he defends it againft Croufaz, 
 wholt objeiftions he fuppofes owing to the faultinefs of the Abue Rcfnel's 
 tranllation. The poem was repviblifhed in 1740, with the commentary. Our 
 author now added a tourth book to the Dunciad, which was firil printed fe- 
 parately, in 1742 ; but tlie year after the whole poem came out togetlier, as 
 a fpecimen of a more correft edition of his works. He had made fome 
 progrefs in that defign, but did not live to complete it. He had all along 
 been fubjeft to the head-ach ; and this complaint, which he derived from his 
 mother, was now greatly increafed by a dropfy in his breaft, under which 
 he expired on the 30th of May, 1744, in the 56th year of his age. In his 
 will, dated December 11, 1743, Mifs Blount, a lady to whom he was always 
 devoted, was made his heir during her life ; and among other legacies, he 
 bequeathed to Mr. Vv'arburton the property of all fuch of liis works already 
 printed, as he had written or fhould write commentaries upon, and had not 
 been otherwife difpofed of or alienated; with this condition, that they fliould 
 be publifhed without future alterations. In difcharge of this truft, that gen- 
 tleman publifhed a complete edition of all Mr. Pope's works, in 175 1, in 
 nine volumes, 8vo. 
 
 A work, entitled. A" Eflay on the Writings and Genius of Pope, by Mr. 
 Warton, will be read with pleafure by tliofe who defire to know more of 
 the perfon, character, and writings of this excellent poet. In the mean time, 
 the following account of him by lord Orrery may fuffice : " If we may judge 
 of him by his works," fays this noble author, " his chief aim was to be 
 elteemed a man of virtue. His letters are written in that ftile ; his laft vo- 
 lumes are all of the moral kind ; he has avoided trifles, and confequently has 
 efcaped a rock, which has proved very injurious to Dr. Swift's reputation. 
 He has given his imagination full fcope, and yet has prcferved a perpetual 
 guard upon his conduft. The conftitution of his body and mind might really 
 incline him to the habits of caution and refcrve. The treatment which he met 
 with from an innumerable tribe of adverlaries, conhrmed this habit, and made 
 him flower than the dean in pronouncing his judgment upon perfons and 
 things. His profe writings are little Icfs harmonious than his verfe ; and 
 his voice, in common converfation, was fo naturally mufical, that 1 remem- 
 ber honeft Tom, Southern ufed to call him the Little Nightingale. His 
 manners were delicate, eafy, and engaging ; and he treated his friends v/ith apolite- 
 nels that charmed, and a generofity that was much to his honour. Every 
 gueft was made happy within his doors, pleafure dwelt under his roof, and 
 elegance prefided at his table." 
 
 PRIOR (Matthew) an eminent poet and ftatefman, was the fon of Mr. George 
 Prior, a citizen and joiner of London, where he was born on the 2 ill of 
 July, 1664. His father dying while he was very young, he was left to the 
 care of an uncle, who was a vintner near Charing-Crol's, and who behaved 
 to him with the tendernefs of a parent. He had him educated at Weitmin- 
 fter-fciiool, after which he took him home, intending to bring him up to his 
 own bufinefs. However, he ftill profecuted the itudy of the cJafTics at his 
 leifure hours, and particularly his favourite Horace ; on which account he 
 was foon taken notice of by the polite company who rclbrted to his uncle's houfe. 
 
 One
 
 54'r 
 
 PRIOR. 
 
 One day, wh^rt the earl of DotTct and fcveral other peifons of rar.'i were at this 
 tavern, the dircourfe turned upon the Odes of Horace, and the company being 
 divided in their fentiments about a paflage in that poet, one of^he gentlemen 
 laid, " I find we are not like to agree in our criticifms -, but if I am not miftaken, 
 there is a young fellow in the houfe who is able to fet us all right :"• upon 
 which he named Mr. Prior, who was immediately fent for, and defired to give 
 his opinion of Horace's meaning in the ode under debate. This he did with 
 great modefty, and fo much to the fatisfadion of the company, that the earl 
 of Dorfet determined to remove him from the ftation he was in to one more 
 agreeable to lus genius, and accordingly procured him to be fent to St. John's coU 
 lege in Cambridge, where he at length became fellow of that college. During 
 his refidencc in the univerfity, he contraded an intimate fricndlhip with Charles 
 Montague, afterwards earl of Halifax; with whom he joined in writing a very 
 humorous piece, entitled, The Plind and Panther tranfverfed to the Story of 
 the Country Moufe and the Cicy Moufe, in anfwer to Mr. Drj'den's poem called 
 the Hind and Panther. 
 
 Upon the Revolution Mr. Prior was brought to court by his great patron the 
 earl of Dorfet, and in 1690 was made fecretary to the earl of Berkeley, pleni- 
 potentiary for king William and queen Mary in the congrefs at the Hague. 
 He was afterwards appointed fecretary to the earls of Pembroke and Jerfey, and 
 Sir Jofeph Williamfon, amb.iffadors and plenipotentiaries at the treaty of Ryfwick 
 in 1697 ; as he was likewife in 1698 to the earl of Portland, ambaflador to the 
 court of France. While he was in that kingdom, one of the officers of the 
 French king's houfliold, fliewing him the royal apartments at Verfailles, and 
 particularly the paintings of Le Brun, in which are reprelented the vidlories of 
 Lewis XIV. alked him whether king W^illiam's attions were alfo to be I'een in 
 his palace ? ''^ No, Sir," anfwered Mr. Prior, " the monuments of my mafter's 
 atftions are to be feen every where but in his own houfe." In 1697 he was 
 made fecretary of ftate for Ireland, and in 17CO was appointed one of the com- 
 milTioners of trade and plantations, upon the refignation of Mr. Locke. He 
 v.-as likewife chofen meiv.bcr of parliament for Ealt-Grinllead in SufTex. In 
 17 1 1 he was made one of the commifiloners of the culloms, and fent minifter 
 plenipotentiary into France, for negotiating a peace with that kingdom : but 
 the year after king George I. came to the throne, he was recalled from France, 
 and, upon his arrival in F.ngland, was taken up by a warrant from the houfe 
 of commons, and foon after Ilriccly examiried by a committee of the privy- 
 council. Robeit Walpole, efq. then moved the houfe of commons for an im- 
 peachment againll him, and he was ordered into dole cuftody : but though he 
 v.-as one of the pcrlbns excepted out of the aA of grace, which palTcd in 17 17, 
 he was at the clofe of that year difcharged from his confinement. He ipent the re- 
 mainder of his days in tranquillity and retirement, chiefly at his eftate at Down- 
 hall in Eflex ; and died at the earl of Oxford's feat at Wimpole in Cambridge- 
 Ihire, the i8th of September, 1721. He was interred according to his defire 
 in Weftminfter-abbey, where an elegant monument is erecfted to his memory. 
 Upon a raifed altar is Prior's buft, on one fide of which Hands the figure of 
 the mule Thalia, with a flute in her hand, and on the other the hiftoric mufc 
 with her book (hut. Over the bufb is a handfome pediment, on the afcending 
 fides of which are rwo boys, one holding an hour-glafs run out, the other a torch 
 
 reverfed.
 
 P R Y N N E. 545 
 
 reverfed. On the apex of the pediment is an urn, and on the bafe is a Latin 
 infcription, written by Dr. Robert Friend, mafter of Weftminfter-fcliool. 
 
 Mr. Prior's poems, which are defervedly admired, were collected by himfelf, 
 and publilhed in one volume folio, with an elegant dedication to the late duke 
 of Dorfet ; and affe his death fome more of his poetical pieces came out 
 in i2mo. 
 
 PRYNNE (William) a voluminous writer in the reigns of Charles I. and 
 II. was born at Swainfwick, near Bath, in Somerfetfliire, in the year 1600, and 
 educated at Oriel college in Oxford. Thence he removed to Lincoln's-inn, 
 wliere he ftudied the law, and was fuccelTively made barrifter, bencher, and rea- 
 der : but publilliing in i6j2 a work entitled Hijlrio MafiiXy written againll 
 plays, mafques, balls, and other entertainments of that kind, he was committed 
 prifoner to the Tower of London ; and being profecuted in the flar-chamber, 
 was iVntcnced to pay a fine of 5000I. to the king ; to be expelled the univerfity 
 of Oxford, and the fociety of Lincoln's-Inn ; to be degraded from his profelTian 
 of the law ; to ftand twice in the pillory, firft in Palace-Yard, Weftminfler, and 
 three days after in Cheapfide, and in each place to lofe an ear ; to have his 
 book called Biflrio-Maftix publicly burnt before his face by the hands of the 
 hangman ; and to undergo perpetual imprilbnment. After this fentence was 
 executed, which was in iVlay 1634, he was remanded to prifon, and on the nth 
 of June following wrote a fevere letter to archbilhop Laud, on his rigorous pro- 
 ceedings againft him, and the fentence in the liar-chamber, when tliat prelate 
 acquainting the king with this proceeding, his majefty commanded the arch- 
 bifliop to refer it to Noy, the attorney-general. Noy fent for Prynne, and de- 
 manding whether he wrote the letter, Prynne defired to fee it, and having 
 got it into his pofTciTion, tore it to pieces, and threw it out of the window, which 
 prevented a fartiier profecution. He afterwards publiflicd feveral books, par- 
 ticularly one entitled News from Ipfwich, .in which he feverely rcflefted on 
 archbiiliop Laud, and fome other prelates j for which, on the 14th of June, 
 1637, he was fentenced in the ftar-chamber to pay 5000I. to lofe all that re- 
 mained of his ears in the pillory, to be branded on both cheeks with the letters 
 S. L. for a fchifmatical libeller, and to be perpetually imprifoned in Caernar- 
 von-caftle. On the 30th of the fame month, the firft part of this rigorous fen- 
 tence was put into execution in Palace-Yard, Weftminfler, and on the 27th of 
 July he began his journey towards Caernarvon- caftle, v;hence he was in January 
 following removed to Mount-Orgueil cp.ftle, in the IQe of Jerfey. However, 
 an order was at length ilfued out by the houfe of commons, tlie 7th of Novem- 
 ber, 1640, for his releafement from prifon ; and on the aSth of the fame month 
 he entend London in triumph, attended by a vail concourfe of people on horfe- 
 back and on foot, who welcomed him with all pofTible cxprefTions of joy. 
 
 After thefe fuffcrings Mr. Prynne was elected member of parliament for New- 
 port ill Cornwall, when he oppofed the biflions, and particularly archbifliop 
 Laud, both in his fpeeches and writings, and was one of the chief managers of 
 that prelate's trial. He was aUb one, of the parliamentary vifitors of the uni- 
 verfity of Oxford: he warmly oppofed the Independents; promoted the king's 
 intereft, and in a long fpeech infifleil upon tlie fatisfaiftorinefs of his majclly's 
 ani\vers to the propofitions of peace; and in 1648, he, with feveral other mem- 
 bers of the houfc of commons, was refufed admittance into the houfe by the 
 
 6 Y army,
 
 54^ 
 
 P U L T N E Y. 
 
 army, and imprifoned, on account of their zeal for a peace, and for an agree- 
 ment Avith the king. Upon this, he became a bitter enemy to Cromwell, 
 attacked him with great fcverity in his writings, and making over his eilate to 
 his relations, rcfufed the payment of taxes, and openly defied Cromwell's au- 
 thority, for which he was committed clofe prifoner to Dunfter-caftle, in Somer- 
 Jetfliire, on the firfl: of July, 1650. The year following he was removed to 
 Taunton cafde, and afterwards to Pendennis caftle; after which he wrote a 
 number of books upon various kibjefts. In February 1659-60, he, as a fecluded 
 member, was reftored to his feat in the houfe of commons, v/hert he became 
 inftrumental in recalling king Charles I.I. and was chofen burgefs for the city 
 of Bath, to, fit in the healing parliament, which met on the 25th of April, 
 1660. At the Reftoration he was made chief keeper of his majefty's records 
 in the Tower of London, and appointed one of the fix commiflioners for ap- 
 peals and regulating the excife. In 1661 he was again elected member for 
 Bath. He died at London on the 24th of October, 1669. 
 
 " William Prynne (fays Mr. Granger) a man of four and aufl:ere principles, • 
 took upon himfclf the office of cenfor, and boldly fl:eppcd forth to correft 
 every enormity in church and ftate. He wrote againft biflaops, players, long 
 hair, and love locks j and was therefore dignified by his party with the appel- 
 lation of Cato. He was a man of great reading ; and there appear in his writings 
 a copioufnefs without invention, and a vehemence without fpirit. This volu- 
 minous rhapfodift gave his works, in forty volumes folio and quarto, to the 
 fociety of Lincoln's-Inn. There is a catalogue of them 'in the Athena; Oxo- 
 nienfes. The mofi: valuable of his performances by far, is his Collcftion of 
 Records, in four large volumes, which is a very ufeful work." Mr. Wood fup- 
 pofes that he wrote a fheet for every day of his life, computing from the time 
 of his arrival at man's eflate. 
 
 PULTNEY (William) Efq; afterwards earl of Bath, was defcended from 
 bne of the moft ancient families in the kingdom, and was born in the year 
 1682. As he had a plentiful fortune, he early obtained a feat in the houfe of 
 commons, and began to diftinguilli himfelf by being a warm partizan againft 
 the miniftry in the reign of queen Anne. He had fagacity to detfd their er- 
 rors, and fpirited eloquence futficicnt to expofe them. In 1714^ king George I. 
 afccnding the throne, raifed Mr. Pultney to the poft of fecretary at war. 
 Not long after, he was appointed cofferer of his majeft:y's houihold; but the 
 intimacy which had fubfilled between him and Sir Robert Walpole, who then 
 a(5ted as prime minifter, was foon interrupted, by its being fufpcfted that Sir 
 Robert was defirous of extending the limits of prerogative, and promo^i;lg 
 the intereft of Hanover, at the expence of his country. Accordingly in 
 the year 1725, the king, by the advice of this minifter, defirinj t.'iat 
 a fum of money fhould be voted him by the commons, in order to dil- 
 charge the debts contra6ted in his civil government, Mr. Pultney moved, that 
 an account fliould be laid before the houfe, of all money pri,d for fccrct fer- 
 viceg during the lafl: twenty-five years to the then prefent tniK'. I'liis cavfed 
 an irreconcileable breach between the two minifters, which in two years after 
 broke out into open inveftive. When the houfe of commons were deli; lating 
 upon the loan' of the bank, which Sir Robert warmly efpoufcd, Mr. Pultney 
 obfervcd, that fiiifting the funds was but jxrpetuating taxes, and putting off 
 the evil day j and- fomc warm altercation paffcd between him and the prime mi- 
 
 nifteri
 
 P U L T N E Y. 
 
 547 
 
 nifter ; however. Sir Robert carried it in the houfe for this time. Nor did Mr. 
 Pukney confine his difpleafure at the minifter to his perfon only, but to all his 
 meafures ; fo that Ibme have been of opinion, that he often oppoled Sir Robert 
 when the meafures he purfued were beneficial to the public. However, it would 
 be tedious to our readers, as well as unentertaining, to go through the courfe 
 of the oppofition between them } fince to do this to any purpofe, would be to 
 analyfe tjieir fpeeclies, which the nature of the prcfent abftract will not admit 
 of. It is fufficient to obferve, that this courfe of Heady oppofition at laft became 
 fo obnoxious to the crown, that the king, on the firft day of July, 1731, cal- 
 led for the council book, and with his own hand ftruck the name of William 
 Pultncy, Efq; out of the lift of privy counfellors : his majefty further ordered 
 him to be put out of all commifiions for the peace j the feveral lords lieutenants, 
 from whom he had received deputations, were commanded to revoke them, 
 and the lord chancellor and fecrctaries of ttate were direfted to give the neceflary 
 orders for that purpofe. A proceeding fo violent in the minillry, only ferved 
 to inflame this gentleman's refentment, and increafe liis popularity. It v/as fome 
 time after this that he made that celebrated fpeech, in which he compared the 
 minifliy to an empiric, and the conftitution of England to his patient. " This 
 pretender in phyfic, faid he, being confulted, tells the diftempered perfon, 
 there were bur two or three ways of treating his difeafe, and he was afraid that 
 none of them would fuccecd. A vomit might throw him into convulfions that 
 would occafion immediate death, a purge might bring on a diarrhcea that would 
 carry him off in a flrort time; and he- had already bled fo much, and fo often, 
 that he could bear it no longer. The unfortunate patient, fhocked at this de- 
 claration, replies. Sir, you have always pretended to be a regular doctor, but 
 I now find you are an errant quack ; I had an excellent conftitution when I 
 firft fell into your liands, but you have quite deftroyed it; and now I find I 
 have no other chance for laving my life but by calling for the help of fome 
 regular phyfician." In this manner lie continued inflexibly fevere, attacking the 
 meafures of the minifter with a degree of eloquence and farcafm that worfted 
 every antagqnift ; and Sir Robert was often heard to fay, that he drea'ded his 
 tongue more diaa anotlier man's fword.. In the year 1738, when oppofition ran 
 fo high that feveral members openly left the houfe, as finding that party and 
 not reafon carried it in e/ery motion, Mr. Pukney thought proper to vindicate 
 tlie extraordinary ftep which they had taken ; and when a motion was made for 
 removing Sir Robert Walpole, he warmly fupported ic. 
 
 What a fingle fefTion could not effedt, was at length brought about by time ; 
 and in the year 1741, when Sir Robert found his place of prime minifter no 
 longer tenable, he wifely refigned all his einploymcnts, and was created earl, 
 of Orford. His oppofcrs, amo.ij whom Mr. Pultncy had long been forcmoft, 
 were allured of being prov.d d for, and among feveral other promotions, Mr. Puk- 
 ney was fworn- of the piivy council, and foon afterwards created earl of Bath. 
 He had long lived in the very tocus of popular obfervation, and was refpeded 
 as the chief bulwark againft the encroachments of the crown. But from the 
 moment he accepted a tide, all his favour with the people was at an end, and the 
 reft of his life was fpcnt in contemning that applaufe which he no longer could 
 ixicure. Dying without ilfue on the 8th of June, 1764, his title becameexiinft ; 
 and his only fon having died fome time before in Portugal, the paternal eftaic 
 devolved to his brother lieutenant-general Pukney. In his will he left four 
 
 hundred
 
 548 P U R C E I. L. 
 
 haindi-ed pounds to his coufiii, Mrs. Johnfon ; five hundred pounds, with his 
 library, to the reverend Dr. Douglas; and an annuity of fix hundred pound* 
 to the ingenious Mr. Colnian, whom, it is faid by fomc, he aflillcd in writing 
 the Connoifll-ur, 
 
 PURCELL (Henry) a juftly celebrated mafter of mufic, was the fon of 
 Henry Purccll, one of the gentlemen of the chapel at the refloration of 
 Charles II. I lis father dying when he was but fix years old, he was made 
 one of the children of the chapel-royal, and received his education under 
 Cook, Humphreys, and Blow. Being very diligent and attentive to the in- 
 ftrudtions of his teachers, he became an early proficient in the fcience of 
 mufical compofition, and was able to write correft harmony> at an age when 
 tq be qualified for the performance of clioral fervice is all that can be cx- 
 peclcd. Upon the deceafe of Dr. Chriftopher Gibbons, in 1676, Purcell, 
 bcino- then but eighteen years of age, was appointed organill of the collegiate 
 church of St. Peter, Vv'eftminfter ; and in 1682, upon the death of Mr. 
 Edward Low, he fucceeded him as one of the organifts of the chapel- 
 royal. 
 
 As. Purcell had been educated in the fchool of a choir, the natural bent 
 of his Itudies was towards church mufic; and he applied himfelf to the com- 
 pofition of anthems, a kind of mufic which, in his time, the church ftood 
 <^'-reatly in need of. The antiiem, " They that go down to the fea in fhips," 
 gained him great applaufe. The reft of Purcell's compofitions in print are 
 chiefly pofthumous publications by his widow, and confift of a CoUeftion 
 of Airs compofed for the Theatre, and upon other occafions ; ten Sonatas ; 
 Leffons for the Harpfichord -, Orpheus Britannicus, in two books, a work not 
 more known than admired ; fundry hymns and anthems in the Harmonia 
 Sacra, and part of the folemn burial fervice, which was completed by Dr. 
 Croft, and is printed at the end of his book of anthems. Thefe compofi- 
 tions, as alfo a great number of fongs, rounds, and catches, and even dance- 
 tunes fet by Purcell, are a proof of his extenfive genius ; but neither the 
 allurements of the llage, nor his love of mirth and good fcllowfhip, were 
 ftrong enough to divert his attention from the fervice of the church. The 
 Te Deum and Jubilate of Purcell, are well known to all pcrfons converfant 
 in cathedral mufic. The general opinion has long been that he compofed 
 thefe offices for the mufical performance at St. Paul's for the benefit of the fons 
 of the clergy, grounded perhaps on the uniform prailice of performing 
 them on that occafion, till about the year 17 13, wiien tliey gave way to 
 the compofitions of Handel. 
 
 Purccll died on the 21ft of November, 1695. There is a tradition that 
 his death was occafioned by a cold which he caught in the night, while he 
 was waiting for admittance into liis own houfe. It is faid that he ufed to 
 keep late hours, and that his wife had given orders to the fcrvants not to 
 let him in after midnight; unfortunately he came home heated with wine 
 from the ta%Trn at an hour later than that which was prefcribed him, and 
 through the inclemency of the air contraded a difordcr, of which he died. 
 He was interred in Weftmintter-abbey ; and on a tablet fixed to a pillar, 
 placed there by his patroncfs the lady Elizabeth Howard, is the following 
 infcription, which lias been admired for its elegance : 
 
 Her*
 
 Q^ U I N. • 549 
 
 Here lyes 
 
 Henry Purcell, Efq; 
 
 Who left this life, 
 
 And is gone to that blefled place, 
 
 Where only his harmony 
 
 ■ can be exceeded. 
 
 Obiit ainno die Novembris, 
 
 Anno jEtatis fus jymo, 
 
 Annoq ; Domini 1695. 
 
 OyiN (James) a celebrated comedian, was born in the parifliofSt. Paul's, 
 Covent-Garden in 1693, and his father foon after fettling in Ireland, he was firli 
 •placed at a grammar-fchool, and afterwards at the univerfity of Dublin, 
 wliere he remained till he was near twenty years of age. As his fiither de- 
 figned him for the bar, he then came over to England, and took chambers 
 in the Temple ; but he foon difcovcred a much Ibonger inclination to ftudy 
 Shakefpeare than Coke upon Littleton. About this time his father died, who 
 having been poflefTed of a fmall fortune, which his natural generofity had greatly 
 incumbered, Mr. Quin found his patrimony fo fmall, as to be infufficient 
 for his fupport; and having made but a fmall progrefs in the ftudy of the 
 law, he refolvcd to quit his prefent purfuit, and apply to the ftage. He had 
 many requifites to form a good a(5tor ; an expreOive countenance, a marking 
 eye, a clear, full, and melodious voice, an extenfive memory, founded upon 
 a long application to our beft claffic authors, an enthufiaftic admiration of 
 Shakefpeare, a happy and articulate pronunciation, and a majeltic figure. 
 He had been frequently in company with Booth and Wilks, the capital ailors 
 of this period ; and had formed a very ftrift intimacy v/ith Ryan, to whom 
 he now opened his mind with refpeft to his coming upon the ftage, and 
 .who, in 17 17, introduced him to the managers of the Theatre-Royal in Drury- 
 Lane, who engaged him to appear the fucceeding winter. He accordingly 
 made his Hrft appearance in 1718, but had not an opportunity of difplaying 
 his great theatrical powers till 1720, when the Meriy Wives of Windfor 
 being revived at Lincoln's-Inn-Fields theatre, he performed the part of Fal- 
 ftafF; and on the hrft night of his appearance in that charafter, he furprifed 
 and afton ftied the whole audience. 
 
 Notwithftanding the rough fantaftic manner which fo much charaflerifed 
 Mr. Quin, no one was of a more humane difpofition, or lefs addided to 
 revenge. But there Avas at that time, upon Drury-Lane theatre, one Wil- 
 liams, a fubaltern player, who performing the part of the mellenger in the 
 tragedy of Cato, in laying, " Ca;far fends health to Cato," pronounced the 
 laft word Keeto^ which fo ftruck Quin, that he replied with his ufual cool- 
 nefs, " Would he had fent a better meftenger !" Williams was fo exafpe- 
 ratcd at this anfwer, that he vowed revenge; and following Quin into the 
 green-room, reprefented the injury he had done him, by making him appear 
 ridiculous in the eyes of the audience, and infifted upon fatisfaftion. Quin 
 endeavoured to rally his paflion, but this only added fuel to his afltagonift's 
 
 6 Z . rage,
 
 550 CL U I N. 
 
 rnge, who retiring, waited for Quin under the Piazza, upon his return from 
 the tavern to his lodging : Williams drew upon him, and a rencounter enfued, 
 in wliich Williams fell. For this affair Quin was tried at the Old-Bailey, 
 when it was brought in manflaughtcr, to the entire fatisfadtion of the court, 
 and of all who were acquainted with the origin and progrefs of this 
 quarrel. 
 
 Upon Booth's quitting the ftage, Quin flione forth in all his fplendour ; and 
 yet he had the diffidence, upon the firit night of his appearance in Cato, to 
 infcrt in the bills, that the part of Cato would be attempted by Mr. Quin. 
 Tlie modefty of this invitation produced a full houfe, and a favourable 
 audience ; and when he came to that part of the play, where Cato's dead fon is 
 brought in upon the bier, Quin, in fpeaking thefe words, " Thanks to the 
 o-ods !— my boy has done his duty!" fo affefled the Whole houfe, that they 
 cried out v.'ith continued acclamation, " Bootli outdone !" and when he can^e 
 to the foliloquy, he was encored to fuch a degree, that, though it was fub- 
 mitting to an impropriety, he indulged the audience with its repetition. 
 
 Quin was now arrived at the luminit of his profefllon, where he remained 
 without a rival full ten years ; and when Cibber had thrown himfclf out of 
 Fleetwood's confidence, Quin fupplied his place, in profiding over rehearfals, 
 and the perufal of fuch new plays as were offered. At the end of the year 
 1748, Quin having taken umbrage at Rich's behaviour, retired, in a fit of 
 fpleen and refentmcnt, to Bath, but came from thence in the year 1749, to 
 play the part of Othello at Covent-garden theatre, for the benefit of the 
 unhappy fufferers by the fire in Cornhill, and afterwards continued many 
 fucceflive years to. come conftantly to London, to perform the character of 
 Sir John Falftaff, for his old friend Ryan ; but in 1754, having loft two 
 of his front teeth, he declined the talk, by writing to his friend, " that 
 there was no perfon on earth he would Iboner fervc, but that he would whif- 
 tle Falftaff for no man." 
 
 While Mr. Quin continued upon the ftage, he conftantly kept com- 
 pany with the greateft gcniufes of the age. Fie was well known to 
 Pope and Swift ; and the earl of Chefterficld frequently invited him to his 
 table ; but there was none for whom he entertained a higher efteem; 
 than for the ingenious Mr. Thomfon, to whoin he made himfclf knov.'n by an 
 ■A&. of gencroficy, that does the greateft honour to Iiis character. Mr. Quin's 
 judgment in the Englilli language recommended him to his royal highnefs 
 "Frederic prince of Wales, who appointed him to inftru6t his children in 
 fpeaking and reading with a graceful propriety ; and Quin being informed 
 of the elegant manner in which his prefent majefty delivered his firft gra- 
 cious fpcech from the throne, he cried out in a Idnd of extafy, " Ay— I 
 taught the boy to fpeak !" Nor did his majefty forget his old tutor ; for, 
 foon after his accefTion to the throne, he gave orders, without ahy applica- 
 tion being made to him, that a genteel penfion fliould be paid to Mr. Quin 
 during his life. Mr. Quin, indeed, was not in abfolute need of this royal 
 benefaction ; for, as he never married, and had nojie but diftant relations, he 
 funk coool. which was half his fortune, in an annuity, for which he obtained 
 200 1. a year; and with about 2000 1. more in the funds, lived in a decent 
 manner during the latter part of his life at Bath, from v/hence he carried 
 on a tegular corrcipondencc with Mr. Garrick, and generally paid a vilit to 
 
 his 
 
 \ 
 
 m
 
 R A D C L I F F E. 551 
 
 his- friends in the metropolis once a-year, when he conftantly pafTed a week 
 or two at Mr, Garrick's villa at Hampton. He died of a fever on the 21II 
 of January, 1766, in the 73d year of his age. 
 
 R. 
 
 RADCLIFFE (Dr. John) a very eminent phyfician, was born at Wake- 
 field in Yorkfliire, in the year 1650. As his father had but a fmall eflate, 
 and was encumbered with a numerous family, he did not intend to give any 
 of his children a learned education ; but fome of the neighbouring gentry and clergy 
 obferving his fon John to have a very promifing genius, perluaded him to 
 breed him a fcholar. Accordingly he was firft fent to the grammar-fchool 
 at Wakefield, from whence he was removed to Univcrfity-college, Oxford. 
 He took the degree of bachelor of arts, and was afterwards eleflied a fellow 
 of Lincoln-college. He was now enabled by the income of his fellowfliip, 
 and fome further allowance from his mother, who was become a widow, to 
 profecute' the ftudy of phyfic, and to go through the necefiary courfes of 
 botany, chem.iflry) and anatom:y ; in all which he quickly made a great pro- 
 grefs. In 1672 he took the degree of mafter of arts, having performed the 
 preparatory cxercifcs v>fith uncommon applaufe. After this, he enrolled his 
 name upon the phyfie line. It appears that he did not much ftudy the an- 
 tient medical authors, but preferred the more judicious of modern writers, 
 and particularly Dr. Willis, whofe works he held in very high eliimation. 
 In 1675 Mr. Rr.dciiffe proceeded "bachelor of phyfic ; and as this degree 
 gave -him a right to praftife in the univerfity, he did not neglect to make 
 ufe of that privilege. He foon acquired a confiderable degree of reputation 
 as a fuccefsful practitioner, though his method of treating his patients was 
 very different from what was generally approved by the faculty. Two of 
 .the moft eminent apothecaries in Oxford, therefore, did all they "could to 
 decry his mode .>f practice ; and Dr. Luff and Dr. Gibbons endeavoured to 
 depreciate him in his medical character ; the firlt iaying, " the cures he per- 
 formed were only guefs-work ;" and the laft, who is faid to have been an 
 excellent Greci.in, obferving of Radcliffe, by way of farcafm, " That it was 
 a great pity his friends liad not made a fcliolar of him." But Radcliffe 
 made fuch returns to thele reflexions on him, that his opponents v/ere no 
 gainers by their attacks. 
 
 It appears, indeed, that Radcliffe never was a hard ffudcnt ; but recom- 
 mended himiclf more to. his friends by his wit and vivacity, than by any dili- 
 V gent application to his books. He had little turn to a contemplative life ; but 
 his fociable talents made him the delight of his companions ; and the molt emi- 
 nent fcholars in the univerfity w\»re pleafed with iiis converfation. He had very 
 few books of any kind ; fo fev/, indeed, that the learned Dr. Ralph Bathurit, 
 prefident of Trinity-college, when lie cfrie day vifitcd him at his chambers, 
 afkcd him in a kind of furprife, " Where was his ftudy ?" Upon which Rad- 
 cliffe, pointing to a few phials, a fkeleton, and an herbal, anfwercd, " Sir, 
 this is Radcliffe's library." 
 
 The reflexions thrown out v/ith a view to injure his reputation, did not pre- 
 vent his having a very great pra6tice, which was attended with extraordinary 
 
 fuccefs^
 
 "551 
 
 R A D C L, I F F E. 
 
 fuccefs. Tlic fmall-pox happened then to rage in and about Oxford, and proved 
 fatal to great numbers ; but of thofe who applied to Radcliffe, he recovered fo 
 many by a judicious ufe of the cool regimen, which was not then the fufliion- 
 ablc prailice, that it greatly extended his fame. But the remarkable" cure of 
 the lady of Sir T homas Spencer, who lived about four miles from Oxford, fee 
 Radcliffe above the reach of all his competitors. That lady had been under 
 the hands of the moll eminent medical praftitioners at Oxford for fome time, 
 ■without receiving any benefit from their advice, and without hopes of recovery, 
 from a complication of diftcmpers ; 'till Mr. Dormer, who had married her 
 ladylhip's daughter, obtained licr confent to fend for Mr. Radcliffe j which 
 being accordingly done, his prefcriptions very happily fee her upon her legs 
 again, in three weeks time, after fhe had been in a languifhing condition more 
 than fo many years; and rellored a decayed conllitution in fucli a m.anncr to 
 its wonted vigour, that fhe lived to a very great age. 
 
 Radcliffe ftill continued to have fome enemies in the univerfity, and, among 
 others. Dr. MarlTiall, redlor of Lincoln-college, who could not forgive him for 
 fome fatirical remarks he had made on his parts and condudl ; he therefore fhewed 
 his 'enmity to him, by oppofing Radcliffe's application for a faculty place in 
 the college ; v.hich v.ould have been a difpenfation from taking holy orders, 
 which the ftatutes required him to do, if he kept his fellowlhip. This was in- 
 confiftent with all his views, as he had no defign to be a clergyman : he there- 
 fore quitted his fellowfhip in 1677. However, after his refignation, he was de- 
 firous of keeping his old chambers, and refiding in them as a commoner ; but 
 meeting with fome ungentcelufage on that account from Dr. Marlhall, he thought 
 proper to quit Lincoln-college, and to refide elfewhcre in the univerfity. In 
 the mean time, he continued to exercife his profeffion with a high degree of 
 reputation; and his extenfive practice neceffarily increafed his experience, which 
 was aided by great natural fagacity, refpecbing the caufes of difeafes, and the 
 means of cure. It was not unufual with him to exprcfs himfelf with a kind of 
 farcaftic feveriry concerning tliofe whom he difliked; but he was, notwithftand- 
 ing, a fair and honourable practitioner, and had a thorough contempt for ail 
 low and mean artifices to acquire bufinefs. In 1682 he went out doctor in phy- . 
 fic, and grand comjiounder. Among other fpccies of quackery which were pre- 
 valent at this period, one wss, that of the urinal-cafters,- who pretended that 
 they could as well cure people at a diftance, as by perfonal attendance, of all 
 kind of hum?n maladies, by a fight of tlie water of the dileafed perlbn ; and 
 that from this alone they could derive a fufficient knowledge of the difordcr 
 laboured under. A poor woman who fuppofed this to be a proper method of 
 applying for relief for her fick hufband, came to Dr. Radcliffe, with an urinal 
 in her hand. She dropt a courtefy, and told him Ihe had heard of his 
 great fame at Stanton, and that fhe made bold to bring him a fee, by which 
 fhe hoped his worfhip would be prevailed with, to tell lier what diftempcr 
 her hufband lay fick of, and to prefcribe proper remedies for his relief. 
 " Where is hc*.^" cries the doctor : " Sick in bed four miles o.ff," replies 
 thewoinan. " And that's his water, no doubt," fays the dodor. " Yes, and 
 it pleafe your worihip," anfwers the woman. Being then afked of what 
 trade her hufband was, flie replied that he was a flioe-maker. '•' Very 
 well, millrefs," fays Radcliffe, and taking the urinal, empties it into a chamber- 
 pot, and then filling it with his own water, difmiffes her with th^ following 
 
 words : 
 
 i
 
 RADCLIFFE. 
 
 555 
 
 ■words : " Take this with you home to your hufband, and if he •will undertake 
 to fit me with a pair of boots, by the fight of my water, I'll make no queflion 
 of prefcribing for his diftemper, by a fight of his." 
 
 In 1684, having by his praftice in Oxford, and the counties adjacent, ac- 
 quired a very confiderable fum of money, he removed to London, and fettled 
 in Bow-Stre^, Covent-garden, where he was extremely followed for his advice, 
 his fame having reached the capital before he came thither himfelf ; and he came 
 into fuch general repute, that there was fcarcely any cafe held worthy of a con- 
 fulcation, to which Dr. Radcliffe was not called. So that he had not been a 
 year in town, before he got by his practice above twenty guineas per diem, as 
 his apothecary, Mr. Dandridge, v/ho himfelf died worth 50,0001. by his means, 
 has often declared. And he was. not only in high elteem for his medical 
 abilities, but was alfo much admired for his wit and humour, and readinefs at 
 repartee, which made his company much fought after by perlbns of the higheft 
 rank. 
 
 In 1686, the princefs Anne of Denmark appointed Dr. Radcliffe her princi- 
 pal phyfician. In 1688, when matters were carrying on towards the introduftion 
 of popery, and all the court-influence was employed to gain new converts. Fa- 
 ther Saunders, one of his majefty's chaplains, and another Dominican, were 
 commanded by king James II. to ufe their endeavours to bring Dr. Radcliffe 
 over to their communion. They accordingly waited on him, and earneltly prefTed 
 him to fave his foul, by embracing the catliolic religion, without which, they 
 told him, he was to expeifl no lefs than eternal damnation in the world to come. 
 Radcliffe heard what they had to fay for fomc time, and then told them, " That 
 he held himfelf obliged to his majefty, for his charitable difpofitions to him, 
 in fending them to him on fo good an account as the laving his Ibul, which 
 he v/ould endeavour to fhew his acknowledgments of, by his duty and loyalty : 
 but if the king would be gracioully pleafed to let him jog on in the ways he 
 had been bred up in, during this life, he Would run the riique of incurring the 
 penalties they threatened him with in that which was to come." 
 
 At the revolution, the famous Dr. Bidloo came over with king William as 
 his chief phyfician j and it was thought, that this would liave occafioncd Dr, 
 Radcliffe to loie much of his praftice among the great. But this was not the 
 cafe J for his patients encreafed upon his hands, by the means of that very 
 rival, who it was fuppofed wouhl engrofs them. For Dr. Bidloo, though other- 
 wife an expert praflitioner, is laid not to have been fo happy in his conjedures 
 concerning difeafes as Dr. Radcliffe ; and often, by miflaking the nature of 
 an Engliih conftitudon, fubjeded thofe who advifed with him to tlxe greateft 
 hazards : by which the reputation of Radcliffe daily increafed. And he got 
 the ftart of all his competitors to fuch a degree, that even his majefty's foreio-n 
 attendants, Mr. Bentinck, afterwards earl of Portland, and Mr. Zukflcin, after- 
 wards earl of Rochfbrd, applied to him in cafes of necefTity, wherein he always 
 difplayed his fkill to the greatcit degree ; the iirft being cured by him of a vio- 
 lent diarrhoea, that had brought that great favourite almoll to the point of death ; 
 and the laft, who was very corpulent, of a lethargy, which had been attempt- 
 ed by other hands in vain. The recovery of two perfons fo dear to the kino-, 
 could not but excite his majefty's attention ; and accordingly he not only ordered 
 Dr. Radcliffe five hundred guineas out of the privy purfe, but made him an 
 otict of being one of his phyficians, with u fakuy of iool. pir annum more than 
 
 7 A any
 
 n* 
 
 R A D C L I F F E. 
 
 any other. He accepted the prefenr, but declined the poft ; one reafon for which 
 feems to have been, that RadclifFe in his political principles favoured the Jaco- 
 bites, and confidered the government as in an iinfettled ftate. He is faid alfo 
 to have been of opinion, that lie fliould get more by being occafionally employed 
 by his majcfly, than by a fixed lalary as his regular phylician. And in this he 
 appears not to have been millaken ; for as king William had but an infirm con- 
 ftitution, and was fubject to diforders from a flux of rheum and an aithma. 
 Dr. Radclifle, who was particularly diftinguifhcd by his fkill in the laft men- 
 tioned diftemper, was very often called upon for his alTiftance ; fo that we are 
 aifured, he was more than once heard to declare, " That one year with another, 
 for the firfl eleven years of king William's reign, he cleared more than fix hun- 
 dred guineas, for his bare attendsnce on his majefty's perfon, exclulive of hi% 
 great officers." 
 
 In 1691, William duke of Glouceftcr being taken fo exceedingly ill that the 
 phyficians defpaired of his life, Dr. Radcliflx', wlio was then at Epfom, .being 
 lent for by an exprefs, came up to town and attended his highnefs, whom he 
 fo perfectly rellored, that queen Mary ordered her chamberlain on that account 
 to make him a prefent of one thoufand guineas. In 1692 our phyfician met 
 with a very confiderable lofs. Among others, he had contrattcd an acquaintance 
 with Mr. Betterton ; and this eminent tragedian, by the folicitation of a friend, 
 had depofited two thoufand pounds, or, as others lay, eight thoufand, as a ven- 
 ture in an interloper that was bound for the Eaft-Indies ; and having a profpedt 
 of a large return, he communicated the affair to Dr. Radclifi^e, who readily 
 laid down five thoufand pounds. The fhip was fuccefsful in tiie outward- 
 bound palfage ; but having, to avoid the French privateers in her return home, 
 firft put into Ireland, and then, finding no convoy ready, fet out for England 
 without one, flie was taken by the marquis de Nefmond, with all her rich 
 cargo, which amounted to above i20,oool. This lofs, though an irreparable 
 one to Betterton, was not much regarded by Radclilfe : for when the news of 
 it was brought him to the Bull-head tavern, in Clare-market, where he was 
 drinking with fcveral perfons of rank, who condoled with him on the occafion, 
 he, with a fmiling countenance, defiied them to go on with their toafting and 
 merriment, faying, " he had nothing to do but go up fo many pair of Hairs 
 to make himfelf whole again." In 1694 queen Mar)' was feized with the fmall- 
 pox, wh'ch the court phyficians not being able to raifc. Dr. Radclilfe was fent 
 for by the council j upon pcrufing the recipes, he told them, without feeing her 
 majefty, that " flie was a dead wom^n, for it was impoliiblc to do any good 
 in her cafe, where remedies had been given that were lb contrary to the nature 
 of the dillemper ; yet he would endeavour to do. all that lay in him, to give 
 her fome eafe." Accordingly the pullules began to fill by a cordial julep he 
 prefcribed for her majelly, which gave fome faint hopes of her recovery ; but 
 thefe foon vanifhcd, for fhe died on the eSth of December, 1694. 
 
 Some time after this. Dr. Radcliffe, who till then had kept himfelf in the 
 good graces of the princefs Anne of Denmark, afterwards queen Anne, loft her 
 favour by the iincourtlinels of his behaviour, and his too great attachment to 
 the bottle. Her highnefs, being indifpofed, had given orders tliat he Ihould 
 'be fent for; in anfwer to which, he made a promile of coming to St. James's 
 foon after J but as he did not make his appearance there, that melTage was fuc- 
 ceeded by another, importing, that Ihe was extremely ill, and dcfctibing after 
 
 what
 
 RADCLIFFE. 
 
 S~5S 
 
 what manner flie was feized. At which Radcliffe fwore by his Maker, " That 
 her highnefs's dillemper was nothing but the vapours, and that flie was in as 
 good a ftate of health as any woman breadiing, could ilie but give into the 
 belief of it." But on his going to wait on the princefs not long after, he found 
 that his freedom with her highnefs had been highly refcnted ; for offering to 
 go into her prefence, he was ilopt by an officer in the anti-chamber, and told, 
 *' That the princefs had no further occafion for the fcrvices of a ph/.fician who 
 would not obey lier orders, and that flie had made choice of IDr. Gibbons to 
 fucceed him in the care of her health." But though Dr. Radcliffe thus loft the 
 favour of the princefs Anne, he ftill continued to be in great cfteem with king 
 William, who had a more than ordinary occafion to fhew it, i.n the campaign 
 of 1695, which was clofed by the taking of Namur. The earl of Albemarle, 
 who then had a command in the army, was taken ill of a fever in the camp ; 
 upon which the king, wlio interefted himfelf very much in that nobleman's 
 life, having but little confidence in the phyficians that attended his perfon in the 
 field, fent to Dr. Radcliffe from England. He came accordingly, and reftored 
 the earl in a week's time to his former health, after he had been reduced to tlie 
 lafl: extremity. The king was fo well pleafed with his fuccefs, that he gave him 
 twelve hundred pounds for his fervice on this occafion ; and lord Albemarle alfo 
 prefented him with a diamond ring, and four hundred guineas. His majcffy 
 likewife made him -an offer of a baronet's patent, which he declined, as likely 
 to be of no ufe to him, having no dired defcendants, and no thoughts of 
 marrying. 
 
 At the clofe of the year 1701, king William, on his return from Holland, 
 finding himfelf much out of order, fent for Dr. Radcliffe to attend him at Ken- 
 fington. After the neceffary queftions had been put by the phyfician to the 
 royal patient, the king, fliewing his legs, which were much fwelled, while the 
 reft of his body was greatly emaciated ; " Doftor, (faid he) what think you 
 of thefe ?" " Why truly, (replied Radcliffe) I would not have your majefty's 
 two legs for your three kingdoms." This blunt anfwer, though the king I'eem- 
 ed to take no notice of it, is faid to have given him fo much offence, that he 
 never fent for Radcliffe afterwards, though he continued to make ufe of his 
 diet drinks till within three days before his death. And it is obfervcd by the 
 writer of Radcliffe's life, that the king's death happened much about the time 
 which the dovftor had calculated ; and which the king had frequently faid to the 
 earl of Albemarle would come to pafs in verification of Radclifil-'s prediction. 
 Upon the acceffion of queen Anne to the tiirone, the earl of Godolphin, who 
 Irad a great regard for Radcliffe, endeavoured to get him appointed principal 
 jihyfician to the queen ; but her majefty would not confent to this, faying, " That 
 Radcliffe would lend her word again, that her ailment was nothing but the Va- 
 pours." However, in all cafes of emergency, he was continually advifed with ; 
 and was paid large fums for his private prefcriptions for the queen. 
 
 In the year 17 13 Dr. Radcliffe was elected member of parliament for the 
 •town- of Buckingham. He continued in full bufinefs till his death, which h^p- 
 }iened on the ift of November, 1714; and his^ body was interred in St. IMary's 
 church, Oxford. He was the moft- celebrated phyfician of his time, and \ya» 
 generally confidere.d as fiipei'ior to all others as a fuccefsful praflitioner. His 
 grcat'cll excellence feems to have been a happy fagacity in finding out tlic caufes 
 of difeafes,. which-thc better cniiblcd him to apply the proper iremcdies. As 
 
 he
 
 ^6 RADCLIFFE. 
 
 he was apt to (peak contemptuoufly of other phyficians, and of their modes of 
 pradice, fo the gentlemen of the faculty in his own time, as well as fince, 
 have fpoken very llightingly of him in their turn. It is probable, that people 
 in general entertained too high an opinion of him, to the prejudice of other 
 phyficians of real merit ; but on the other hand, there feems reafon to believe, 
 that thofe of the fame profefTion have not done juftice to the medical abilities 
 of Radcliffe. Sir Hans Sloane had a high opinion of Radcliffe's merit ; and 
 in order to exprefs more emphatically his contempt of fuch perfons, as fpent 
 the greateft part of their time in niceties of language, and verbal criticifms, 
 he obfervcs, in the introduftion to the fccond volume of his Natural Hiftory 
 of Jamaica, that one of this turn would needs perfuade him that Dr. Radcliffe 
 could not cure a difcafc, becaufe he had fcen a recipe of his, wherein the word 
 pihda was fpelt with //. Radcliffe, as already obferved, was not a hard ftudenr^ 
 but he certainly had a liberal education, and was unqueftionably a man of wit> 
 and ftrong natural underllanding ; and the uncommon cxtenfivenefs of his prac- 
 tice mull have greatly contributed towards incrcafing his Ikill and abilities as a 
 phyfician. 
 
 By his will Dr. Radcliffe left one thoufand pounds per annum to his fifter, 
 Mrs. Hannah Redflaaw, for her life; to his fifter, Mrs. Milliccnt Radcliffe, five 
 hundred pounds per annum for life, and to two of his nephews, to one five 
 hundred pounds per annum for life, and to the other two hundred. He alfo 
 gave the fum of five hundred pounds per annum for ever to St. Bartholomew's Hof- 
 pital, towards mending the diet of the patients ; and alfo one hundred pounds 
 for ever, for buying linen for the faid hofpital. He Lkewife gave annuities f<jr 
 their lives to five of his fervants ; and to his four executors five hundred pounds 
 each for their trouble. But the principal part of his eftate he bequeathed to 
 the univerfity of Oxford, to wliich he was a very munificent benefactor. He 
 left all his eftates in Yorklliire in trull, to pay thereout 600I. per annum, to 
 two perfons to be chofen out of the univerfity of Oxford, when they are maf- 
 ters of arts, and entered on the phyfic line. They are to receive this fum for 
 their maintenance for the fpace of ten years, and no longer j the half of which 
 time, at leaft, they are to travel in parts beyond fea, for their better improve- 
 ment. And the yearly overplus of his Yorkfhire eftates he left to Univerfity- 
 coUege in Oxford, for the buying perpetual advowfons for the inembers of that 
 college. He alfo left five thoufand pounds for building the front of Univcrfity- 
 college, down to Logic-lane, anfwerable to the front that was already built ; 
 and for building the mafter's lodgings therein, and chambers for his two tra- 
 velling fellows. He likewife left forty thoufand pounds for building a "library 
 in Oxford, and purchafing the lands on which it was to be built i and gave one 
 hundred and fifty pounds /)^r annum for ever, as a falary for the librarian, and 
 one hundred pounds per annum for ever, for purchafing books lor the laid library j 
 and one hundred pounds per annum for keeping it in repair. 
 
 The Radcliifian Library was finifhed in the year 1745, and is a great orna- 
 ment to the univerfity of Oxford. James Gibbs was the archited by whom it 
 ^as ereiftcd. It ftands in the middle of a magnificent fquare, foimed by St. 
 Mary's church, tlie public fchools, and Brazcn-nofe and All-Souls colleges. 
 It is a fumptuous pile of building, ftanding upon arcades, which, circularly dif- 
 pofed, inclofe a fpacious dome, in the center of which is the library itleli, into 
 ■which there is an afcent by a flight of Ipiral Iteps. The libraiy, which l\as 
 
 bee^
 
 RALEIGH. 557 
 
 been ftiled a compleat pattern of elegance and majefty in building, is adorned 
 with fine compartmenti of ftucco. It is enclofed by a circular feries of arches, 
 beautified with feftoons, and fupported by pilailcrs of the Ionic order; behind 
 tiiefe arches are formed two circular galleries above and below, where the books 
 are difpofed in elegant cabinets : tlie compartments of the cieling in the upper 
 gallery are finely ftuccoed : the pavetnent is of two colours, and made of a pe- 
 euliar-fpecies of ftonc brought from Germany; and over the door is a ftatue of 
 Dr. Radclifre,. well executed by Ryjbrack. The finifliing and decorations of 
 this Attic edifice, are all in the higheft tafte imaginable ; and the beautiful area 
 in which tiiis noble library llands, is adorned with a confiderable number of 
 obclifks and lamps. 
 
 RALEIGH (Sir Walter) a truly illuftrious perfon, celebrated for his va- 
 lour, genius, and learning, was defcendcd from an antient family in Devon- 
 Ihire, and was the fon of Walter Raleigh, Efq; of Fardel in that county. He 
 was born inthe ycnr 1552, at a farm called Hayes, fituate in that part of Dcvon- 
 fliire which borders on the fea ; and after laying the foundation of literature 
 in his own county, he v.'as lent to Oriel college, Oxford, wlien very young, and 
 fbon diftinguiflied himfclf there by a proficiency in learning far beyond his 
 age. But though he was fond of letters, his ambition prompted him to purfue 
 the road to fame in an aftive life ; he therefore made but a fhort ftay at Ox- 
 ford. In 1569, queen Elizabeth fending forces to affift the perfecuted Protef- 
 tants of France, Mr. Raleigh, then only feventeen years of age, went over with . 
 them as a gentleman-volunteer. He ferved in France above five years, and 
 acquired both fl<ill and reputation: but having ftill an earneil defire to increafe 
 his military knowledge, and an eager tliirll for glory, he paffcd next into the 
 Netherlands, where he fenced for fomc time againft the Spaniards. 
 
 In 1576, we find Mr. Raleigh in London, and exercifing his poetical t.alents ; 
 for we have of liis a commendatory poem, prefixed among others to a (inirc 
 called the Steel Glafs, publilhed this year by George Gafcoigne, a poet of fomc 
 eminence in thofe tinies. In 1578, when his brother-in-law, Sir Humphrey 
 Gilbert, had obtained a patent from the queen, to pla:it and inhabit fonie nor- 
 thern parts of America, Mr. Raleigh engaged in that adventure ; but returned, 
 foon after, the attempt proving unfuccefslul. Shortly afterwards, he entertained, 
 thoughts of fei-ving his queen and country in Ireland, whither the pope and 
 tlie king of Spain had fcnt men, money, and blell'ings, to comfort and alliib 
 fuch as in breach of their oaths would take arms againft their ftvercign, and 
 cut the throats of the Englifli. It is not clear at what time Mr. Raleigh palled, 
 the feas ; but it appears that in 1580 he had a captain's commiflion under the 
 earl of Ormond, governor of Munfter, and performed many fignal fcrviccs. 
 The Spanilh fuccours, under the command of an officer of their own, and af- 
 fifted by a choice body of their Irifli confederates, had raifed and fortified a 
 caftle, which they called Del Ore, and which they intcndcJ fhould fervc them 
 for a place of retreat, whenever they found themfelves diltreflcd, and flioukt 
 alfo prove a key to admit frefli fuccours from abroad, which they daily expedit- 
 ed. The lord-deputy of Ireland rcfolved at all hazards to difptjllefs them of 
 this fort, which he befieged with his fmall army for foitie time. In this dan- 
 gerous entcrpri'ze captain Raleigh had a j)rincipal Hiare, comn)anding often in. 
 the trenches, and contributing greatly to the reuuctiou of the place, wiiich was 
 
 7 H ii.
 
 55? R A L E I G H. 
 
 at length compelled to furrciuler at difcretion ; and the lord deputy ordered the 
 greatclt part of the garrifon to be put to the fword. This was accordingly 
 •executed, though with great regret, by the captains Raleigh and Mackworth. 
 Many other confiderable fervices were performed by Raleigh, in Ireland; which 
 .fo recommended him to the notice of the government, that in 1581 he was 
 honoured with a joint commilTion to be governor of iVluniter. Raleigh at his 
 jetiirn to England, is faid to have drawn on himfelf the attention of the queen, 
 by the following incident. Her majefty taking the air in a walk, flopped at a 
 plafhy place, in doubt whether to go on ; when Raleigh, drefTed in a gay and 
 genteel habit of thole times, immediately call off and fpread his new plufh cloak 
 on the ground ; on which the queen gently treading, was conducted over clean 
 and dry. Indeed, Raleigh, befides the advantages of wit and eloquence, was 
 a handibme man, and always made a very elegant appearance, as well in the 
 fplcndor of attire, as the politenefs of addrefs ; qualifications well fuited to re- 
 commend him to a female fovereign. He went to court fen after this adven- 
 ture, and met with fuch a reception, as gave him reafon to entertain hopes of 
 the queen's favour; in which lie made fo quick a progrcfs, that fhe frequently 
 •confuhed him on tlie moll important occafions, and was greatly pleafed with 
 the vigour and prudence of his counfels. He was one of thole who were ap- 
 pointed by the queen to accompany the duke of Anjou into the Netherlands; 
 and on his return, in 15B2, he brought over the prince of Orange's letters to 
 her majefty. In i 583 he was concerned in Sir Humphry Gilbert's expedition to 
 Newfoundland ; and though he did not go in perfon, yet he built a new fliip 
 called the Bark Raleigh, and furnifhed it comj)letely for the voyage ; the un- 
 fuccefsful end of which it feemed to predifl, by its untimely return in Icfs than 
 a week to Plymouth, through a contagious diftemper which feized on the fliip's 
 crew. Yet neither this accident, nor the unfortunate lofs of his brother Sir 
 Humphrey, could drive from Raleigh's thoughts a fcheme fo beneficial to his 
 country, as thefe northern difcoveries feemed to be. He, therefore, digcfted 
 into writing an account of the advantages which he imagined might attend the 
 l^rofecution of fuch a defign ; and having laid his paper before the council, ob- 
 tained her majefly's letters patent in favour of his projefl, dated the 25th of 
 March, 1584. Upon this grant, he fitted out tv. o vellels, which reached the 
 gulph of Florida on the 2d of July : they failed along the fhore about one hun- 
 dred and twenty miles, and at lafl deb.irked on a low land, which proved to 
 be an ifland called Wokokcn. After taking a formal polfefTion of this country 
 in the name of queen t.iizabe.h, he carried on a friendly correfpondence with 
 the natives, who fupplicd tlie failors with provifions, and gave them furs and 
 deer-flcins in excliange for trifles. Thus encouraged, eight of tlie crew went 
 twenty miles up the river Occam, and arrived ar an ifland called Roanok, the 
 refidence of the Indian chief, whole houfe was built of cedar, and fbrtifieii round 
 with fharp pieces of timber. His wife came out to them, and ordered her 
 people to carry them from the boat on their backs, and fhewcd them many ci- 
 vilities to exprefs her friendly intentions towards them, in the abfence of her 
 hulband. After having gained the befl information they could of the Hrength 
 of the Indian nations, and of their connexions, alliances, and conteits with 
 each other, they returned to England, and made fuch an advantageous report 
 of the fertility of the foil, and healthfulnefs of the climate, that the queen fa- 
 voured tke defign of fettling a colony in that country, to which flic gave the 
 
 . ■ . ~ name
 
 RALEIGH. 559 
 
 name of Virginia. Soon after captain Raleigh's return, he was chofen knight 
 of the laire for the county of Devon, and received the honour of knighthood, 
 a diftinftion the more honourable to him, as the queen was extremel)' cautious 
 and frugal in bcftowing honours : (he at the fame time granted him a patent to 
 licence the vending of wines throughout tiie kingdom, which was, in all pro- 
 bability, a very lucrative one. 
 
 Sir Walter v/as fo intent upon planting his new colony in Virginia, that, in 
 1585, he fent out a fleet ot leven fail, under the command of his coufin Sir 
 Richard Greenvile, general of the expedition, who came to an anchor at Wokoken, 
 from whence he lent his compliments to king Wingina, at Roanok ; after which 
 the general, and a felect company, vifited many Indian towns, at one of which 
 the Indians having ftolen a filver cup, the Englifh burnt the tov/n, and deftroyed 
 the corn fields. Sir Richard at lai't returning to his fleet, thought tit to weigh 
 anchor, and let fail for England ; when he took in his paffiige a Spanifh prize 
 worth fifty thoufand pounds, with which he arrived at Plymouth ; having left 
 behind, in Virginia, one hundred and fcven perfons. 
 
 The Spanifh prize above-mentioned was not the only circumftance of good 
 fortune which happened to Sir Walter this year; the rebellion in Ireland being 
 now totally fuppreired, her majefly granted him twelve thoufand acres of the 
 forfeited lands ; and this great eftate he planted at his own expence. Sir Wal- 
 ter, encouraged by this noble grant, fitted out a third fleet for Virginia ; where 
 the colony, having fufFered great diftrefles, had prevailed on Sir trancis Drake 
 to take them with him to England. Raleigh had, in the fpring of that year, 
 fent a fhip of one hundred tons for the fuccour of his colony ; but not arriving 
 before the people had left that country, flie returned with all her lading to 
 England. In 1586 her majefty made Sir Walter feneichal of Cornwall and 
 Exeter, and lord-v/arden of the ftannaries in Devonfhire and Cornwall. The 
 next year he prej)ared a new colony of one hundred and fifty men tor Virginia ; 
 appointing Mr. John Wh'te governor, and with him twelve alTiftants; and in- 
 corporatetl them by the name of the governor and afTillants of the city of Ra- 
 leigh in Virginia. On their arrival at Hatcarafs, the governor dil'patched a 
 ftrong party to Roanok, expecting to find fifteen men that had been left there ; 
 but they fought them in vain. They afterwards found that ibme of tiiem had, 
 been murdered by the favages, and the reft driven to a remote part of the coun- 
 try. This new colony having Wintered into an alliance with the natives, con- 
 fidered that they flKAild want frelh lupplies of provifions ; and, wanting an 
 agent to go to England, prevailed on their governor to undertake that office, 
 who returned with his fiiips in tlie latter end of the year. Sir Walter, fblicitous 
 for the fafety of the colony, prej)ared a fleet to affiil: them ; but the apprehen- 
 fions of an invafion from Spain, in 1588, prevented its failing; fo that gover- 
 nor White could only obtain two fmall pinnaces, which had tiie misfortune to 
 be lb thoroughly rifled by the enemy, that they were obliged to return back 
 without performing the voyage, to the diftrefs of the planters abroad, and the 
 regret of their patron at home. 
 
 About this time, Sir Walter was advanced to the poll of captain of her ma- 
 jefty's guard, and was one of the council of war appointed to confider of the 
 moft effectual methods for the fecurity of the nation ; upon which occafion he 
 drew up a fcheme which is a proof of his judgment and abilities. But he did 
 not confihc himfcif to the office of giving advice i he raifcd and difciplincd thr 
 
 militia
 
 £6o RALEIGH. 
 
 militia of Coinwnll ; and, having pcrformcti all pofTible fe:-\'iccs at land, joined 
 the fleet with a fqiiadron of voluntecis, nnd had a confuierable Ihare in the de- 
 feat of the Spaniiii armada; when his merit, on fo important a crifis, juftly 
 raifed him Itili higiier in the queen's favour, wiio now made him gentleman of 
 her privy- chamber, and granted him fonie additional advantages in liis wine pa- 
 tent. 
 
 Don Antonio, king of Portugal, being expelled from his dominions by Ph'- 
 lip -II. of Spain, in 1589, queen Elizaberh contributed fix men of war, and 
 threescore thoufand pounds, in order to reinflate him, and encouraged her fub- 
 jects to concur in that deiign. Sir Walter Raleigh, with Sir Francis Drake, 
 and Sir John Norris, accompanied that prince to Portugal ; and, in this expe- 
 dition, thc7 took a great number of hulks belonging to th^ Hans-towns, laden 
 with Spaniiii goods, provifions, and ammunition. Soon after, Raleigh formed 
 a dcfign againll the Spaniards in the Weft-Indies, of intercepting the plate-fleet, 
 nnd fitted out a maritime force for that purpofe, confifting of thirteen .Oiips of 
 his own and fellow-adventurers ; to which the queen added .two men of war, 
 the Garland and Forefight, giving him a commiffion as general of the fleet, the 
 poft of lieutenant-general being conferred on Sir John Burgh. He let fail in 
 February, i<;9i-2; but the winds proved fo contrary, tiiat he could not leave 
 the coaft of England till the 6tii of iVIay; and the next day Sir Martin Frb- 
 biflier followed and overtook him with the queen's letters to recall him ; but, 
 imagining his honour engaged in the undertaking, he purfued his courfc, thougJi 
 he was informed that the king of Spain had ordered that no ihips fhouki fail 
 that year, nor any treafure be brought from the Weft-Indies. But, on the nth 
 of May, meeting with a ftorm off Cape Finifterre, he divided his fleet into two. 
 fquadrons, committing one to Sir John Burgh, and the other to Sir Martin 
 Frobiher; with orders to the latter to lie off" the fouth cape, to keep in and' 
 terrify the Spaniards on their coafts, while the former lay at the Azores for the 
 caracs from the Eaft-Indies. The fuccefs of thefe direftions v.-as ar.lVerable to 
 the excellent judgm.tnt that formed them ; for the Spaniih admiral, collecting 
 his whole naval force to watch Frobifticr, left the caracs unguarded, and ihe 
 Madre de Dios, then efteemed the richeft prize ever brought to England, was 
 feized bv Sir John Burgh., 
 
 In the height of Sir Walter Rr.ieigh's favour with the queen, he fell under 
 her majcfty's difpleafure for debauching the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throg- ^ 
 
 morton, one of the queen's maids of honour; and the confequence of the amour * 
 
 difcovcring the iiitrigue, her majefty ordered him to be confined for fcveral j^ 
 
 months, and difmiflcd iht lady from her attendance; to whom Sir Wal- J^ 
 
 tcr afterwards niade the moft honourable reparation he could by marriage ; ^'■ 
 
 in which they were both examples of conjugal affedtion and fidelity. Whilft 
 Raleigh lay under this difgrace at court, he projefted the difcovery of 
 the cxtcniive empire of Guiana, in South- America, which the Spaniards 
 had then only vifitcd. Sir Walter having provided a fquadron of Ihips, 
 at a great expence, the lord high-admiral Howard, and Sir Robert Cecil, con- J 
 
 ceived fo good an opinion of the defign, that they both concurred in it. He ', 
 
 fet fail from Plymouth in February, 1595, and arrived at the ifle of Trinidad 
 on the 22d of March ; when he made himfelf maftcr of St. Jofeph, a fmall 
 city, and took tjie Spanifli governor prifoner. He then, leaving his ftiips at 
 Curiapan, with an hundred men, in fcveral little barks, failed four hundred 
 
 milea \';
 
 K A L E I G fr. 561 
 
 miles tip the river Oronoquc, \n fearch of Guiana; but the heat of the \veat1ier, 
 and tlie torrents, obliged hini to return the fame year. In 1596 he was engaged 
 in the expedition to Cadiz ; wherein the earl of HiFex, and the lord high-ad- 
 miral 1-Ioward, were joint commanders. On the 20th of June they anived be- 
 fore Cad:/,. The lord high-admiral was of opinion that the land forces fliould 
 attack the town firft, that the fleet might not be expofed to the fire of the fliips, 
 of the city, and forts adjacent; and the council of war concurred in this opi- 
 iiion ; but, as the earl of EflTex was putting his men into boats, in order to land 
 them, Sir Walter, not happening to have been prefent at the council of war, 
 went direflly to the carl, and offered fuch convincing reafons againft it, and 
 for their firll falling upon the galleons and fliips in the harbours, that the earl 
 faw the ncceffity of altering his fcheme, and dcfired Sir Walter to dilTuade the 
 admiral from that of landings He did fo ; the admiral was convinced ; n.nd, 
 by Sir Walter's advice, deferred the attack, till the next day. This attack was 
 attended with wonderful fuccefs ; the city was taken and plundered; msny of 
 the principal fliips belonging to the Spaniards were run alhore ; and the galleons, 
 . v/ith all their treafure, burnt, to prevent their falling into the hands of the 
 EngliPa. 
 
 Sir Walter was reftored to the queen's favour in 1597, and performed feveral 
 Other fignal fervices. The death of queen Elizabeth proved a great misfortune 
 to him; for her fuccefTor king James I. had been greatly prejudiced againft 
 him by the earl of ElFex ; yet he did not difcover his dillike for Ibme time, 
 but treated him with apparent kindnefs : however, his majelly's pacific genius 
 could not relilli a man of fo martial a fpirit. He had not been long upon the 
 throne before Sir Walter was difmifTed from his pod of captain of the guards ; 
 and, foon after, was charged with being engaged in a plot againft his majefty, 
 and with carrying on a fecret correfpondence with the king of Spain ; but no 
 clear evidence has yet been produced of his having had any concern in it, though 
 he was brought in guilty, and fcntenced to die. Sir Waher had good reafon 
 to conclude, from the unjult manner in which the profecution had been carried 
 on againft him, that now he was condemned he fhould meet with no favour. 
 His afrairs, however, began to wear a more favourable afpedt : for after having 
 been kept about a month at Winchelter, in daily expe6tation of death, he was 
 removed to the Tower of London ; loon after which, his lady petitioned the 
 king, that fhe might be a prifoner with her hufband, and live with him in his 
 conhncment ; and her requeft was granted. By degrees Sir Walter obtained 
 ftill greater favours: for the king was pleafed to grant all the goods and chat- 
 tels, forfeited to him by Raleigh's conviiftion, to truftees of his appointing, for 
 the beneht of his creditors, and of his lady and children. Some time after 
 his etlate followed his goods ; and now he began to conceive himfelf in a fair 
 way of being reflored to that ftate from which he had fallen. In this, how- 
 ever, he was greatly miftaken : for a new court favourite arifing, Robert Car, 
 a Scotfman, who had no fortune of his own, it was contrived by thofc who had 
 gaped in vain for RrJeigh's eflate themfelves, to lay the foundation of chix 
 favourite's future greatnefs upon the ruin of Sir Walter and his family. For 
 being thus fruftrated of the elfedts of Sir Walter's conviftion, they pretendetl 
 to find a flaw in his laft conveyance of the fee and inheritance of Sherborne 
 unto his fon ; which being prior to Raleigh's convidion, gave the crown a title 
 paramount to that which was undcrftood to be therein, when the forfeiture was 
 
 7 C granted
 
 I 
 
 5«.2 RALEIGH. 
 
 grahted back to Ralc-igh. Upon an information in the court ot" Kxchcqwr, 
 judgment was given for the crown, and the effect of that judgment was turned 
 to the benefit of the favourite, who in 1609 had a complete grant of all tiut ')j 
 Rakigii hnd forfeited. 
 
 Raleigli fpent a great part of his confinement in writing that noble and im- 
 mortal monument of his parts and learning, The Hiftory of the World. He 
 likewife devoted a part of his time to chemillry, wherein he was no lef^i luc- 
 ccfsful, difcovering an excellent medicine in malignant fevers, which bears the 
 name of his Cordial, though it has been doubted wliether the true recipe of it 
 be ftill preferved. Befidcs thefe, he turrjed his thoughts on various other fub- 
 jeds, all beneficial to mankind, and in that light worthy of Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh. The patron of his lhidies.was Henry, prince of Wales, the glory of the 
 '•fioLife of Stuart, the darling of the Britilh nation while he lived, and the objccc 
 of its fmcere and univerfal lamentation, by his untimely death. We are told, 
 that prince Henry once faid, fpcaking of Raleigh, " That no king but his fa- 
 ther would keep fuch a bird in a cage." As king James himfelf affected to 
 be a man of learning, and a patron of men of letters, it might have been ex- 
 pefted, that Raleigh's literary labours would have recommended him to his ma- 
 jefty. But this was not the cafe; lor v/e are allured by Francis Ofborne, " that 
 though his majefty had been intcmperaccly praifed by flatterers for fome of the 
 ■weakeft of his own compolitions, yet he could not forbear, out of an imperti- 
 nent emulation, to affed Sir Walter Raleigh the lefs, btcaufe of the great repute 
 which followed him for his excellent pen." And we are elfewhere told, that 
 . Sir Walter's Hiftory of the W orld gave James fo niuch difpleafure, " that at 
 its firft publication it was forbid ; and particularly, for fome paliages in it which 
 affected the Spaniards j as alio for being too j)lain with the faults of princes in 
 his preface.*" 
 
 When Sir Weaker had been a prifoner in the Tower above twelve years, he 
 at length obtained his enlargement. And now he could not content himfelf 
 •with leading an indolent life in retirement; but was defirous of fpending the 
 latter part of his days, as he had fpen: the former, .in the purfuit of honour, and 
 - in the fervice of his country ; or, as he hiinfeif with great dignity' expreffed it, 
 in a letter to fecretary Winwood, *' To die for the king, and not by die king, 
 is all the ambition 1 have in the world." Tiie fchemc he had now at heart was 
 his old one, of fettling Guiana ; and his majefty granted him a patent for that 
 purpofe, at leaft under the privy-feal, if not under the great iVal of Ivngland ; 
 v/hich Sir Francis Bacork, on being applied to, affured him was a futficicnt par- 
 don for all that was palt, as the king had made him admiral of his fleet, and 
 given him the power of martial law over his officers and foldiers. The whole 
 expence of this expedition was defrayed by $ir Walter Raleigh oiul his friends. 
 In their paffage they met with various difappointments ; however, in November, 
 1617, they came in fight of Guiana, and anchored five degrees ofl' the river 
 Caliana. Here Sir Walter was received with the utmoit joy by the liulians, wlvo 
 offered him the fovereignty of the country, which he declined. His extreme 
 ficknefs preventing his attempting the difcovery of the gold mine in perfon, 
 he deputed captain Keymis to that fervice, ordering him to fail with five fhips 
 iftto the river Oronoque ; but, thrpe weeks after, he and his men landing by 
 
 * Oldyi's Life I of -Sir Vvaler Raleigh, p. iPg. 
 
 night
 
 R A L E r G H-. y63 
 
 night nearer a Spaniili town than they expefted, they were fet upon- by the Spa- 
 nilh troops, who were prepared for their coming. This unexpcfted attack foon 
 threw them into confulion ; and, liati not Ibmc of the leaders animated the relt, 
 they had all been cut to pieces : but the others, by their example, ibon rally- 
 ing, they made iuch a vigorous opjiolicion, that they forced the Spaniards to" 
 retreat. In the warmth of the purfuit, the Engliih found themfelves at the Spa- 
 nifh town before they knew where they were.. Here the battle was renewed, 
 and they were aflaulted by the governor himfelf, and four or live captains, at 
 the head of their companies, when captain Raleigh, the eldclb foil of Sir Wal- 
 ter, hurried on by the heat and impatience of youth, not waiting for the muf- 
 keteers, rufhed forv/ard, at the head of a company of pikes, and, having killed 
 one of the Spaniih captains, was fliot by another ; but, prelfing Hill forw:ird with 
 his fword, upon the captain who had fliot hiaj, tlie Spaniard, with the butt-end 
 of his mufket, felled him to the ground, and put an end to his life ; when his 
 ferjeant immediately thrulc the Spaniih captain through the body with his hal- 
 bert. Two other captains, and the governor himfelf, fell in this engagement. ■ 
 The Spanifh leaders being thus difpatciu'd, the relt fled ; fome took ihelter about 
 the market-place, from whence they killed and wounded the Engliih at pleafure j 
 fo that ihere was no v/ay left for fafety but by firing the .town, and driving the 
 enemy to the woods and mountains. Captain Kcymis had now an opportunity' 
 of. vifiting the mine,, which he attempted with captain Thornhurll, Mr. W . 
 Herbert, Sir John Hamdcir, and others ; but, upon their falling into an am- 
 bufcade, in which they loll many of their men, they returned to Sir Walter, 
 without difcovering the mine. As fome mitigation of their ill fuccefs, and as 
 an inducement to further hopes, Keymis produced tv/o ingots of gold, whicli 
 they had found in the town, together with a large quantity of papers found iji 
 the governor's ftudy. Among thefe were four letters, v/hich difcovered not only 
 Raleigh's whole enterprize to have been betrayed, but his life hereby put into 
 the power of the Spaniards. Thefe letters alio difcovered tlie preparations made, 
 by the Spaniards to receive Raleigh. To the juli indignation which Sir Wal- 
 ter conceived upon this occafion, was added the mortificatiiMi of finding tJia': 
 Keymis had made no trial of the mine. He reproached that captain v/ith 
 having undone him, and wounded his credit with the king pail recovery. This 
 aftccled Keymis fo fcjifibly, that he retired to his cabbin, where lie Oiot him • 
 felf; but, finding the wound v/as not mortal, he thfpatched himllU wich a 
 knife, which he thruft into his heart. The ill flatc of Sir Walter's health would 
 not fufFer him to repair Keymis's neglcth He w.'s incapable of fuch a voyage, 
 and, at the fame ti ne, was in continual apprelieniion of being attacked, by the 
 Spanidi fleet, fenc out on purpofe to lay wait for and dellroy him ; but the 
 enemy milled him, by Haying In the v/rong place. On liis tt-tVirn home, he 
 found that king James had publillied a j)roclamation declaring Ills detellatLon 
 of his conduit, alierting that his majelty had, by exprefs limitation, reilraineil 
 and forbid ILaleigh from attempting any aft of hoftility againit his brodier of 
 Spain ; yet it is evident, that the commiHion contained no lueli limitation. Thi'! 
 proclamationj however, did not deter Sir Walter from landing, who refolved , 
 to furrender himfelf into the king's hands, to whom he wrote a letter in de- 
 fence of his condui5l. He v/as feized on the road, to London, and returned 
 v/ith the ofEccrs to Plymouth. When he arrived at London he was permitted 
 the confinement of his own houfe ; but having good rcal'on not to trull himfelf to 
 
 tttc
 
 56+ R A L E I G H. 
 
 t!ic mercy of the conrt, he fonr.ed a defign to clcape into France; v/hich being 
 tiifcovc-rcd, he was f«;ized in a boat below V\'oolv/icli, and on the tenth of Au- 
 puft, 1618, was committed to the. Tower. His de;'.th was now abfolutcly deter- 
 mined, yet it was not eaiV to find a method to compafs it, fmce Iiis conduit in 
 ■ his late expedition could not be ll.-etched in law to I'uch a fentence ; it was rc- 
 jfolved thertioi'e to iacrilice hiin to Spain, in a manner that has juftly expofed the 
 court to tlie abhorrence of all Succeeding ages, by calling liiin down to judg- 
 ment on his former fentence palled fifteen years before. In confcquencc of 
 this refolution, he, having the day before received notic* to prepare himfelf for 
 jdcath, V.MS, on the 20th of Orcober, taken out of his bed, in the hot fit of an 
 ague, and carried to the King's Bench bar at Wclhninfter, wiicre the chicf-juf- 
 tice ordered the record of his conviction and judgment in 1603, to be read, 
 and tlien demanded, What he had to offer why execution iliould no: be awarded 
 againll liim ? To this Sir Walter pleaded his commitVion for his lall voyage, 
 which implied a relloring life to him, by giving him power, as marfhal, on 
 the life and death of others. He then began to jultify his conduit in that voy- 
 age ; but the court refufed to hear him, and he was ordered tor execution the 
 next day. He defired he might not be cut off" lb fuddenly, calling upon God 
 to be his judge, before whom he fliould fhortly appear, That he was never dif- 
 loyal to his niajelty, " which I will jullify, ' laid he, " where I fliall not tear the 
 face of any king upon earth." 
 
 The very next day, being Thurfday the c:9th of October, 16 18, Sir Walter 
 was condufted by the flieriffs of Middlelex to tlie fcalfold which was creded in 
 Old-Palacc-Yardj WeftmiHiter. He had eat his breakfait, and fmoked his 
 pipe that morning, with great chearfulnefs ; and made no more of death, than 
 if he had been to take a journey. The dean of Wcflminiter attended him in 
 his lait moments ; and being furprized at our hero's contempt of death, cxpoi- 
 tulated with him upon it. But Sir Walter told him plainly, that he never 
 feared death, and much lefs then, for which he blelfed God ; and as to the 
 manner of it, though to others it might leem grievous, yet for himfelf he had 
 rather die fo than in a burning fever. He converfed freely on the fcaftbld with 
 the earl of Arundel, and others of the nobility, and vindicated himfelf from 
 feveral al'perfions ; particularly the charge of having entered into a correfpon- 
 dence with France, and fpoken of the king in diiloyal terms. He endeavoured 
 likewife to clear himfelf from the fufpicion of having pcrfccuted the earl of 
 EITex, and infulted him at his death. " I will borrow (faid he) but a little 
 time more of Mr. Sheriff, that I may not detain him too long; and herein I 
 fhall fueak of the imputation la d upon me, through the jealoufy of the peo- 
 ple, that 1 had been a pcrlecutor of my lord of Effex ; that I rejoiced in his 
 death, and flood in a window over-againll him, when he fuffered, and puffed 
 out tobacco in defiance of him ; whereas God is my witnefs, that I flied tears 
 for him when he died ; and as I hope to look God in the face hereafter, my 
 lord of Ltfex did noc lee my face at the time of his death ; for I was far off, 
 in the armoury, wlicre I law him, but he faw not me. 'Tis true, I was of a 
 contrary faction ; but I take the fame God to witnefs, that I had no hand in his 
 death, nor bore him any ill alfcilion, but always believed that it would be bet- 
 ter for me that his life had been preferved. For after his fall, I got the hatred 
 of thofe who viflieJ me well before; and, thofe who fet me againft him, fet 
 themlcives afterwards againft me, and were my greateft enemies. And my 
 
 foul
 
 RALEIGH. 565 
 
 foul hath many times been grieved, that I was not nearer to him vvhcn he died ; 
 becaufe, as I underllood afterwards, he afked for me at his death, and d^fired 
 to have been reconciled to me." 
 
 Sir Walter concluded with dcfiring the fpeftators to join with liim in prayer 
 to God, " whom (laid he) I have grievoufly offended, being a man full of vani- 
 ty, who has lived a finful life, in fuch callings as have been mod inducing ta 
 it. For I have been a foldier, a failor, and a courtier ; which are all courfes of 
 wickednefs and vice." Proclamation being then made, that all men fliould de- 
 part the fcaffold, he prepared himfelf for death, giving away his hat and cap, 
 and money, to Ibme attendants who Itood near him. When he took leave of 
 the lords, and other gentlemen who were on the fcaffold, he entreated the earl 
 of Arundel to ufe his endeavours with the king, that no fcandalous writings to 
 defame him fhould be publifhed after his death; concluding, " I have a long 
 journey to go, and therefore will take my leave." Then having put off his 
 gown and doublet, he called to the executioner to fhew him the axe; whick 
 not being prefently done, he faid, " I pray thee let me fee it ; doll thou think 
 I am afraid of it ?" And having it in his hands, he felt along the edge of it 
 and fmiling faid to the Iheriff, " This is a fharp medicine, but it is a founJi 
 cure for all difeafes." The executioner kneeling down and afl^ing his for- 
 givenefs. Sir Walter, laying his hand upon hio fhoulder, granted it ; and being 
 afked which way he would lay himfelf upon the block, he anfwered, *' So the 
 heart be right, it is no matter which way the head lies." His head was Ifruck 
 eff at two blows, his body never flirinking nor moving. 
 
 Thus fell Sir Walter Raleigh, in the fixty-fixth year of his age. His deatk 
 ■was greatly lamented by the Englifh nation, though it gave the utmolt fatisfac- 
 tion to the Spanifh court. He was undoubtedly a man of very great abilities, 
 and of uncommon courage. It has been obfcrvcd, that his characfter was a com- 
 bination of al molt every eminent quality ; he was the foldier, ftatefman, and 
 fcholar united ; and had he lived with the heroes of antiquity, he would have 
 made a juft parallel to Casfar and Xenophon, being, like them, equally mailer 
 of the fword and the pen. Both at fca and land, he was remarkably indefati- 
 gable and indufi:rious. It is faid, that whether he was engaged in important 
 and arduous expeditions, bufy in court tranfaftions, or purfuing fchemes of plca- 
 fure, he never failed to dedicate at lead four hours every day to fludy, by 
 which he became mailer of fo great an extent of knowledge, and was cniibled, 
 as Thomfon* exprelfes it, to enrich tlie world with his pnfon-hours. When 
 
 * This elegant and plcafing poet has cek'bratctl Sir Waller Ilakigii in the follow in"- lines : 
 
 Who can 0)cak 
 
 '* Tlic miaierous worthies of tlic Maiden Reign? 
 " In Raleigh mark their every glory niix'd ; 
 " Raleigh, the f'coiir^^c of Spain ! whole bread \\ith all 
 
 " The Irfj^e, tlie patriot, aiul the hero biirn'd, i 
 
 " Nor funk his vignnr, wlieti a coward-reign 
 " The warrior tetter'd, and at lafl refign'd, 
 " X<* g'"' 'i'^ vengeance ot a vanqnilh'd .'op. 
 ** Then, a^ive ftill and unreilrain'd, his mind 
 " Explor'd the valf extent ot" ages paO, 
 •' ;^nd with his prifon-liours enricli'd the world ; 
 " Yet fonnd no time'-, i,n all the liig relearih, 
 ''f^-. '' So glorions, or fo bafe, as thofe he prov'd, 
 
 " In wuich he conjierd, and in wh:ch lie blc*!."" — , . 
 
 7 ^ fngagccl
 
 506 
 
 R A L E I G II. 
 
 eno-.irrc'd in the public fcrvice, he umlcrwcnt all the labours that attend a fol- 
 dicr, and fared as the meancft ; and no common mariner took, more pains, or 
 hazarvled more in the moil difficult attempts. Indeed, king James hiirdelf bore 
 teflimoiiy to the great vvortli of Sir Walter Raleigh, thoitgh in a manner that 
 icikdts evcrlafting difhonour on lumfclf. For this pufiUanimous prince, foon 
 after Sir Walter's execution, beginning to fee how he was like to be deluded 
 bv the Spanifh minillry, made one of his own miniilers write to his agent in 
 Spain, to let that court know, they fliould be looked upon as the mofl: unwor- 
 thy people in the world, if they did not now aft with fincerity, fince his ma- 
 icftv had given fo mmy teftimonies of his ; and now of late, " by caufing Sir 
 'Walter Raleigli to be put to death, chiefly for the giving them fatisfaftion. 
 Further to let them- fee how, in many aftions of late, his majelly had llrnined 
 upon the affeftions of his people, and efpecially in this laft concerning Sir Wal- 
 ler Raleigh, who died with a great deal of courage and conftancy. Lailly, 
 tliat he fliould let them know, how able a man Sir Walter Raleigh was, to have 
 <)one his majefty Itrvice. Yet, to give them content, he hath not ipared him ; 
 when, by prefcrving him, he might have given great fatisfaftion to his fubjefts, 
 and had at command, upon all occafions, as ufeful a man as fcrved any prince in 
 Chrifl-endoni." 
 
 Sir Walter's principal literary performance is his Hiftory of the World ; which 
 ■was firft publifhed in 1614, in folio. It has been many times re-printed; but 
 the bell: edition is that publiflied by Mr. Oldys, in 1736, in two volumes, fo- 
 lio. Great encomiums have been pafl!ed upon this elaborate work ; and, among 
 others, Felton, in his Diflcrtation on the Claffics, gives the following charafter 
 of it: " Sir Walter Raleigh's Hillory of the World is a work of fo vail a com- 
 pafs, fuch endlefs variety, that no genius, but one adventurous as his own, 
 durft have undertaken that grand defign. I do not apprehend any great diffi- 
 culty in coUefting and common-placing an univerfal hiftor}' from the whole 
 body of hifl:orians; that is nothing but mechanic labour: but to digefl: the 
 feveral authors in his mind, to take in all their majelly, fhength, and beauty, 
 to raife the fpirit of meaner hifliorians, and to equal all the excellencies of the 
 beft, is Sir Walter's peculiar praife. His ftile is the mofl: perfect, the happied, 
 and mofl: beautiful of the age he wrote in, majellic, clear, and manly ; and he 
 appears every where fo fuperior, rather than unequal, to liis fubjeft, that the 
 
 fpirit of R-Oiiic and Athens feenis to be breathed into his work. To conclude, 
 
 his admirable performance in fuch a prodigious undertaking, fheweih, that 
 had he attempted the hiftory of his own countiy, or his own times, he would 
 have equalled even Livy and Thucydides ; and the annals of queen F.lizabeth by 
 His pen had been the brighteft glory of her reign, and would have tranfmitted 
 liis hillory as the ftandard of our language *ven to the prefent age." 
 
 Sir Walter alfo wrote many fmall tratts, and feveral poems, which were col- 
 lected and publiflied in two volumes, Svo. in 1748. Among thcfe pieces arc 
 ihe following, viz. i. A Difcourfe on the Invention of Shipping; 2. Obfcrva- 
 Tions concerning the Caufes of the Magnificence and Opulence of Cities : j. 
 trhe Prince; or Maxims of State: 4. A Dialogue between a Counfellor of 
 ptate, and a Juflice of Peace, concerning the Prerogative of Parliaments: 5. 
 Obfi rvatic n'.. concerning the Royal Navy and Sca-fervice : 6. Inllruftions to his 
 S9i\, aud Pofterity. 
 
 RAY
 
 RICHARDSON. 5Q7 
 
 RAY (John) a celebrated Englifn naturaliil, was the fon of a blacl-.imith, 
 and was born at Black Notlcy, in Eflcx, the 29th of November, 1628. He 
 received the firft rudiments of learning at a fchool in Braintree, and in T644 
 ■was admitted of Catharine-hall, Cambridge, whence he rcniDvcd to Trinity- 
 college in the fume univeruty. He took the degrees in arts, and was chofen fellow 
 of his college J and the learned Dnport, famous for his flcill in Greek, who 
 had been his tutor, ufed to fay, that the chief of all his pupils, and to whom 
 he efteemed none of the reit comparable, were Mr. Ray and Dr. Barrov/, who 
 were of the fame Handing. In 16 51 he was appointed Greek Icclurer in his 
 college J in 1653, mathematical lecturer; and, in 1655, humanity reader; which 
 three appointments fhew the reputation he liad acquired in this early period of 
 his life, for his fl<lil in languages, polite literature, and the fciences. Having 
 injured ii;s health by too clofe an application to his ftudies, he was obliged at 
 his leifure hours to exercife himielf by riding or walking in the fielcis ; and 
 this led him to the ftudy of botany. In 1660 he publiihed a Catalogue of the 
 Cambridge Plants, v/hich met with a good reception -, and the fame year he was 
 ordained deacon and prieft. The year following he made a tour through fe- 
 veral parts of Scotland as well as England, in fearch of plants and other natural 
 curiofities, accompanied by Francis Willoughby, Efq. and other gentlemen. 
 In 1662 he refigned his fellowfhip of Trinity-college, becaufehe could not comply 
 with all the conditions required by the acl of uniformity. EIc afterwards tra- 
 velled, in company with Mr. Willoughby, Mr. Skippon, and others, through 
 Holland, Germany, Italy, France, &c. took feveral tours in England, and was 
 admitted fellow of the Royal Society. In 1672, Mr. Willoughby dying, ap- 
 pointed him one of his executors, and guardian to his children, and left him 
 an annuity of 60I. for his life ; the latter part of which was attended with much 
 pain, occafioned by feveral ulcers in his legs. Fle died at Black-Notlev, on 
 the 17th of January, 1705-6, and was buried in the church-yard of that place, 
 where a monument, with a long Latin infcription, v/as ereclcd to his memory. 
 He was niodell, affable, and communicative, and was diftinguillied by his pro- 
 bity, charity, Ibbriety, and piety. He wrote a great number of works, the 
 principal of which bL'fides that already mentioned are, i. Catalogtis Plantarrim 
 AngliiC : 2. Obfei-vations Topographical, Moral, &c. 3. Uiftoria Plantaruni, Spe- 
 cies bacieiius editas, aliajquc irijicper multas noviter inventus iS dejcriptas ccrnpUHcnSy 
 3 vols. 4.. Melhodus Plantar lan : 5. Synopfis Melhodica AnimaUiim quadrnpeditm 
 et Jerpentini Generis: 6. Synopfis Methodica Avium et Pijcium : 7. Uiftoria Injetio^ 
 rum, Opus pcjlhumum : %. Metbodus Injeclorum : 9. The Wifdom of God, mani- 
 fefted in the Works of the Creation : 10. Pliyfico-Theological Difcourfcs con- 
 cerning the Chaos, Deluge, and the Dilfolution o<" the World: 11. Philolbphi- 
 xal Letters, &c. 
 
 RICHARDSON (S.^muel) an eminent F".nglini writer, was born in tiie year 
 of the Revolution, 1688, and bred to the bufincfs of a printer, which he cxcr- 
 cifed all his life with diftinguiflu'd eminence. Though he underllood no lan- 
 guage but his own, ];e acquired a confiderable degree of reputation, as an autlior 
 in the romance-way. His Pamela, Clarifla, and Sir Charles Grandifon, have 
 been univerfally read ; and they fliew a wonderful power over the paflions, in 
 which his ftrength chiefly lay. His purpofe was to promote virtue and moral 
 perfcdion : and hence, like many other writers, who have been animated with 
 
 this
 
 568 RIDLEY. 
 
 this nobie zeal, he was led to defcribe human nature, rather as he wi/l^cd her 
 to be, than as flie really is ; not as flie appears in her prclent depraved ftatc, 
 but as fhe would appear when reformed and puriHed ; and we may venture to 
 fay, that whoever rtiall form their judgment of the human kind from Mr. Rich- 
 ardfon, and affix to it all thofe effeminate and fantallic ideas of fentiment, de- 
 licacy, and refinement, which his dcfcriptions are too apt to fuggeft, will find 
 themfelves little qualified for commerce with the world. The truth is, this in- 
 genious writer, with a view of exalting th'^ nature of man, has adopted Shaftcl- 
 bury's fyftcm of ir, as the foundation of his works ; while others have adopted 
 that of Hobbes, v.ith a view of degrading it. But have either of them philo- 
 fophifcd riglitly ? is human nature cither lo good as Shaftefbur)-, or fo bad as 
 Hobbes, hath dcfcribed it? perhaps not. Perhaps it is more of the mixed kind; 
 and has in it much good and much evil, which prevail in different perlbns ac- 
 * cording to the temperament and'conllitution of each; and this being in reality 
 the cafe, it Ihould fcem that thofc writers, wlio, Tike Fielding, have reprefented. 
 it thus, have reprefented it the moll truly, and the moll like itlelt". 
 
 Mr. Richardfun died of the palfy, after a few days illneis, on the 4th of July, 
 176 1, in the fcventy-third year of his age. He was a man of excellent parts, 
 and a lover of virtue ; which he fhewed in his life and converfation, as well as 
 in his writings. Befides the works above-mentioned, he publilhed a Tour 
 through Britain, in four vols, and a volume of letters upon various fubjeds. 
 He is laid to have delighted in letter-writing from his childhood, and therefoi-e 
 was the morecafily induced to throw his romances into that form; which,, if h 
 enlivens tlie hlftory in fome refpefts, yet lengthens it with uninterefling 
 prate, and formalities that mean nothing ; ;uid on that account is fometimcs 
 found rather tedious and fatiguing. 
 
 RIDLEY (Nicholas) one of the principal inftruments of the reformation, 
 and who fuffered martyrdom for it in the reign of queen Mary, was born of 
 an ancient family in Tynedale, near the Scotch borders, in Northumberland. 
 HiS fchool education he received at Newcaitle upon Tyne, whence he was re- 
 moved to Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, st the charge of his uncle Dr. Robert 
 Ridley, about the year 15 iS. Here he acquired a competent fliill in tlie Latin 
 and Greek tongues, as well as in the philofophy and theology of the fchools. 
 His reputation was fuch as to procure him the cfteem of the other univerfity, 
 as well as of his own ; for in the neginning of the year 1 ^14., the mafler and 
 fellows of Univerfity-Collcge in Oxford, inv ited him to accept of an exhibition, 
 founded by Walter Skyrley bifhop of Durham, whicli he declined. The next 
 year he took the degree of mailer of arts. His uncle was now willing to add 
 to his attainments, the advantages of travel, and the improvement of foreign 
 univerfities ; and as his (ludies were directed to divinity, he fcnt h'.in to ipend 
 foine time among, the dodlors of the Sorbonne at Paris (which was then the moll 
 celebrated univerfity in Europe) ,and afterwards aniong the profelTors of Lou- 
 vain. H: ving ftaid three years abroad, he returnetl to Cambridge, and there 
 purlued ..s theological fludies. He was fenior prodlor of the univerfity, when 
 the imj liicant point of the pope's fupremacy came before them to be examined 
 upon tiie ;>nthority of fcripture ; and their refolutien after mature deliberation, 
 " That the bifhop of Rome iiad no more authority or jurifdidtion derived to 
 hina tVonn God, in this kingdom of England, than any other foreign bilhop," 
 
 was
 
 RILEY. jSj 
 
 was figned in the name of the univerfity by Sirnon Heynes, vice-chancellor, 
 Nicholas Ridley and Richard Wilkes, prodiors. He loft his uncle in 1536; 
 but the education he had received, and the improvements he had made, loon 
 recommended him to another patron, viz. Cninmer, archbifiiop of Canterbury, 
 who appointed him his doitieftic chaplain, and collated him to the vicarage of 
 Heme in Kent. He bore his teftimony in the pulpit here againft the act of 
 the Qx articles, and inftrufted his charge in the pure doftrines of the golpel, 
 as far as they were yet difcovered to him ; but tranfubitantiation was at this 
 time an article of his creed. During his retirement at this place, he read a 
 little treatife written feven hundred years before by a monk named Bertram. 
 This rtrft opened his eyes, and determined hirn more accurately to fearch the 
 fcriptures in this article, and the dodtrines of the primitive fathers. His dif- 
 coveries he communicated to his patron, and the event v.as the convidiion of 
 them both, that this doftrine was novel and erroneous. 
 
 After he had continued about two years at Heme, he was chofen mafter of 
 Pembroke-Hall, and appointed chaplain to king Henry VIII. and the cathedral 
 church of Canterbury being made collegiate, he obtained the fifth prebendal 
 ftall in it ; and fuch was his courage and zeal for the reformation, that, next 
 to the archbilhop, he was thought to be its greateft fupport among the clergy. 
 In the fucceeding reign of Edward VI. when a royal vifitation was refolved on 
 throughout tlic kingdom, he attended the vifitors of the northern circuit as 
 their preacher, to inltruft that part of the nation in the principles of religion. 
 In 1547 he was appointed bifhop of Rochefter, and was confecrated in the ufual 
 form of popifli bifliops, as the new ordinal had not yet taken place. When Bon- 
 ner was deprived of the bilhopric of London, Ridley was pitched upon as a 
 proper perfon to fill that important fee, being efteemed, fays Burnet, both the 
 moft learned, and mofl thoroughly zealous for the reformation. A little before 
 the death of king Edward, he Was named to fuccecd to the bilhopric of Dur- 
 ham ; but great as the honours were which he received or were intended him, 
 the high-^ft were referved for him under queen Mary ; which were, to be a pri- 
 foner for the gofpcl, a confeiTor of Chrift in bonds, and a martyr for his truth. 
 He was burnt at Oxford with bifhop Latimer, on the i6th of Oftober, 1555. 
 
 Some of the writings of this pious and learned prelate are now loft, fbme 
 may be fecn in Fox's Book of Martyrs, and ibme are exhibited in his life writ- 
 ten 'by Gloccfter Ridley, to which wc muft refer the reader, if he is defirous 
 of a fatisfaftory account of this excellent perfon's life, learning, and fuffcrings; 
 or of the plan and progrcfs of the reformation, which is there delineated widi 
 great candour, accuracy, and judgment. 
 
 RILEY (J()hn) one of the beft native painter's that have flouriflied in Eng- 
 land, was born in the year 1646, and received inilrudtions from Fuller 2nd 
 Zouft, but his talents wer6 obfcurcd by the fame, rather tlian by the merit of 
 Kncller; and he was little noticed till after the death of Lcly, wlicn one Chif- 
 finch being perfuaded to fit to hiin, the pifture was Ihewn, and recommended 
 him to Charles 11. wlio fit to him, but almoft difcouragcd the bafliful artift 
 from purfuing his profefilon ; for, looking at the pifture, he cried, " Is this 
 like me ? Then, od's-fifli, I am an ugly fellow;" which difcouragcd Rilcv ib ' 
 much, that he could nof bear the pidurc, though he fold it for a large pi xc 
 James and his queen liit to him, as did alfo thelv fuccefibis, W^illiam and Mar^, 
 
 7 E wlio
 
 570 ROBIN S. 
 
 who appointed him their painter. Graham fpcaks of him wkh lialc jafticc, 
 faying, he had no excellence beyond a head ; but there arc draperies and hands 
 painted by Riley, that would do honour to either Lely or Kneller. The por- 
 trait of the lord-keeper North at Wroxton, is capital throughout. Riley, who 
 was humble, modell, and of an amiable charafler, had the greatell diffidence of 
 himfelf, and was eafily difgufted by his own works, which was probably the 
 fource of the objections made to him ; for, with a quarter of Sir Godfrey's vanity, 
 he might have perfuaded the world he was a great mafter. But the gout put 
 an early end to his progrefs, for he died in 1 691, at forty-five years of age, 
 and was buried in Bifhopfgate church, in which parifli he was born. Mj-. M'''al- 
 j>cle's Jnecdoles of Painting in England. 
 
 ROBINS (Benjamin) an excellent Englifh mathematician and polite writer, 
 was born at Bath in Somerfetfliire, in 1707. His parents were in a low ftation, 
 .and quakers; yet he made an early and furprizing progrefs in various branches 
 of fcience, and particularly in the mathematics, which he at length taught in 
 London ; but this way of life, which required confinement, not fuiting his adlive 
 difpofition, he gradually declined it, and engaged in bufinefs that requrred more 
 cxercife. Hence he tried many laborious experiments in gunnery, from the per- 
 fuafion that the refiftance of the air has a much greater inSuence on fwift pro- 
 jectiles than is generally imagined. Hence alfo he was led to confider the me- 
 chanic arts that depend on mathematical principles ; as the conllruvflion of mills, 
 the building of bridges, the draining of fens, the rendering rivers navigable, and 
 the making of harbours. Among other arts, fortification much engaged his at- 
 tention, and he met with opportunities of perfeifling himfelf by viewing the prin- 
 cipal ftrong places of Flanders, in fome tours he made abroad v/ith perfons of 
 diftinftion. 
 
 Upon his return from one of thefe cxcurfions, he found the learned amufcd 
 widi Dr. Berkeley's work, entitled The Analyft, in which an attempt was made to 
 explode the method of fluxions. Mr. Robins was advifed to clear up this affair 
 by giving a diftincl account of Sir Ifaac Newton's dodlrines, in fuch a manner 
 as to obviate all the objections that had been made without naming them : and 
 accordingly he publiQied, in 1735, A Difcourfe concerning the Nature and Cer- 
 tainty of Sir Ifaac Newton's Method of Fluxions ; and fome exceptions being made 
 to his manner of defending Sir Ifaac Newton, he afterwards wrote two or three 
 additional difcourfes. In 1738 he defended the fame great pliilofopher againft 
 an objeftion contained in a note at the end of a Latin piece, called Matbo, five 
 Cojmothecria Puerilis ; and the following year printed Remarks on M. Euler's Trea- 
 tile of Motion, on Dr. Smith's Syftem of Optics, and on Dr. jurin's Difcourfe of 
 dillincl and indillinct Vifion. Mean-while Mr. Robins did notconfine hJirvielf to 
 mathematical fubjefts, for in 1739 he publifhed three pamphlets on political af- 
 fairs, without his name ; two of which relating to the convention and negocia- 
 tions with Spain, were fo univerfally efteemed, as to occafion his being employ- 
 ed in a very honourable poft ; for on a committee being appointed to examine 
 into the pafl conduA of Sir Robert Walpole, he was cholen their fecretary. In 
 1742 he publillied a fmall treatife entitled New Principles of Gunnery, contain- 
 ing the refult of man^ experiments; when a difcourfe being publifhed in the 
 Philofophical Trania(^tions in order to invalidate fome of his opinion^ he thought 
 proper, in an account he gave. of his book in the fame Tranfa^uons, to take no- 
 tice
 
 R O O K E. 571 
 
 tice of thofe experiments ; in confequence of which feveral of his difiertations 
 on the refiftance of the air were read, and the experiments exhibited before the 
 Royal Society, for which he was prefentcd by that learned body with a gold 
 medal. 
 
 In 1748 appeared lord Anfon's Voyage round the "World, which, though 
 Mr. Walter's name is in the title, was in reality written by Mr. Robins. Mr. 
 Walter, chaplain on board the Centurion, had indeed brought it down to his 
 departure from Macao for England, when he propofed to print the work by 
 fubfcription. It was however thought proper that an able judge fhould review 
 and corredb it, and Mr. Robins was appointed ; when, upon examination, ic 
 was refolved that the whole fliould be written by Mr. Robins, and that what 
 Mr. Walter had done fliould only ferve as materials. Hence the introduftion 
 entire, and many diflertations in the body of the work, were compofcd by him> 
 without receiving the leaftaffiftancc from Mr. Walter's manufcript, which chiefly 
 related to the wind and the weather, the currents, courfes, bearings, diftances^ 
 the qualities of the ground on which they anchored, and fuch particulars as ge- 
 nerally fill up a tailor's account. No producflion of this kind ever met with a 
 more favourable reception, four large impreffions being fold within a twelve- 
 month. 
 
 Having thus rendered himfelf famous for his ability in writing, he was de- 
 fired to compofe an apology for the unfortunate aifair at Prefton-Pans in Scot- 
 land, which was prefixed as a preface to Tlie Report of the Proceedings of 
 the Board of General Officers, on their Examination into the Conduit of Lieut, 
 Gen. Sir John Cope ; and this preface was efteemed a m.ifter-piece in its kind. 
 . He afterwards contributed to the improvements made in the royal obfervatory 
 at Greenwich. His reputation being now at its full height, he was offered the choice- 
 of two very confiderable employments : the firfl v/as to go to Paris as one of 
 the commilfaries for adjufting the limits in Acadia ; the other, to be engineer- 
 general to the Eaft India company, whofe forts being in a i-uinous condition, 
 wanted a perfon capable of putting them into a pofture of defence. He accep- 
 ted the latter, and liaving provided a complete fet of aftronomical and other in- 
 ftruments for making obi'crvations, departed from England in Chriftmas 1749, 
 and, after a voyage in v/hich the fliip was ne.\r being call away, arrived at the 
 Indies in July, 1750. There witli unwearied diligence he formed complete plans 
 for Fort St. David and Madrafs, but did not live to put them in execution ; for 
 the climate difagreeing with his conftitution, he was attacked by a fever, from 
 which he recovered } about eight months after, he fell into a decline, that con- 
 tinued till his death, which happened on the 29th of July, 175 1. He left by 
 his laft will the publifliing of his mathematical v/orks to his intimate friend 
 Martin Folkes, efq. prefident of the Royal Society, and to James Willbn, M. D. 
 and accordingly tiiey v^cre publilhed by the latter in two vols, odtavo, in 
 1761. 
 
 ROOKE (Sir Geokce) a brave and experienced admiral, was the fbn of Sir 
 William Rooke, knight, of an ancient family in the county of Kent, where he 
 was born in the year 1650. His father gave him the education of a gentleman, 
 and had great hopes that he would have diftinguifhed himlelf in an honourable 
 profelTion for which he was intended. But as it frequently happens, that genius 
 gives a bias too Itrong for the views even of a parent to conqucrj fo Sir Wil- 
 liam
 
 J72 R O O K E. 
 
 liam Rooke, after a fiiiitlefs (Irviggk with his fon's bent to naval employment, 
 ac lall gave way to his incli nations, and fuffered him to go tofea. His hrft iiation 
 in the navy was that of a ref'ormade, in which he fignalized himfelf by his 
 undaunted courage, and indefatigable application. This quickly acquired him 
 the poll of a lieutenant, from v/hence he rofe to that of a captain before he 
 -was thirty. Thefe preferments he enjoyed under the reign of Charles II. and, 
 in that of his fucceilbr king James^ he was raifed to the coinmand of tl:e Dept- 
 ford, a fourth-rate man of war. But being too honeft to favour the unlawful 
 -defigns of that prince, he early and heard ly concurred in promoting the happy 
 revolution that enfued. In 1689 admiral Herbert, afterwards earl of Torring- 
 - ton, fent him as commodore with a fquadron to the coaft of Ireland, to aflift 
 In the reduciion of that kingdom, wherein king James had landed with a French 
 army. In this llation he was particularly inftrumental in the relief of London- 
 derry ; which was of the higheft importance to the prefervation of the Protef- 
 tant intercll in Ireland, and to the preventing king James from being wholly 
 mafter of that kingdom. Soon after, he was employed in convoying the duke of 
 Schombwg's army ; and landing them fafely near Carrickfergus, facilitated the 
 fiege of that place. After it was taken, he failed with his fquadron to Corkc, 
 and, notwithllanding all the fire from the batteries at the harbour's mouth, he 
 entered, and took poffeffion of the Great Ifland, though this was looked upon 
 as tlie beft fortified port in Ireland. And he might have done more, but his 
 iliips were fo foul, aad his provifions grown fo lliort, that he was obliged to 
 return to the Downs, where he arrived in the middle of October, having ac- 
 quired great reputation by his activity and good fervice. 
 
 in the begirjiing of the year 1690, he was, upon the recommendation of the 
 carl of Torrington, appointed rear-admiral of the red ; and in that ftation fervcd 
 in the fight off Beachy-Head, which happened on the 30th of June, the fame 
 year. He was foon after appointed to command the fquadron that convoyed king 
 William to Holland. The admiral failed out of the Downs, January 16, 1690-!, 
 and, having carefully difcharged his truft, returned on the 25th, with his fqua- 
 dron, to Margate 1-load. He failed again to the eaRward on the 15 th of March, 
 but returned the 2iil of the fame month from the coaft of Holland; the king 
 not being ready to embark, and taking the opportunity of coming back, about 
 the middle of April, with part of the Dutch fquadron. However, his majefty 
 making but a ftiort ftay in England, rear-admiral Rooke had the honour to con- 
 voy him over the fecond time, and on the 2d of May landed him in Holland. 
 The rear-admiral, after this, joined the grand fleet, under the commajid of ad- 
 miral Ruffel. In March, 1692, he again convoyed king William to Holland, 
 and was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral of the blue ; in which capacity 
 he ferv'ed in the famous battle of La Hogue, on the 226 of May. He behaved 
 in this engagement with great courage and conduft ; and it was principally ow- 
 ing to his vigorous efforts, that the laft llroke was given on that important day, 
 which threw the French entirely into confufion, and forced thern to run great- 
 hazards, in order to fheltef themfelves from their vidlorious enemies. But the 
 next day, which was Monday the 23d of May, was for him ftill more glorious; 
 for he received orders to go into La Hogue, and burn the enemies Iliips as they 
 lay. There were thirteen large men of war, drawn up as clofe to the Qiore as 
 poflible, befides tranfports, tende^s, and fliips with ammunition, difpofed in fuch 
 a maaoer, that it was thought impoffible to burn them. Bcfidcs, the French cainp 
 
 was
 
 ROOK E. 573 
 
 ■was in fight, with all the French and Irifh troops that were to have been employ- 
 ed in the invafion of England, and feveral batteries upon the coaft, well provi- 
 ded with heavy artillery. Vice-admiral Rooke, however, made the necelTary pre- 
 parations for obeying his orders 5 but finding itimpolTible to carry in the fliipsof 
 his fquadron, he ordered his light frigates to ply in clofe to the Ihore; and ha- - 
 ving manned out all his boats, went Iiimfelf to give directions for the attack. 
 He burned that very night fix three-deck fhips ; and the next day, being the 24th, 
 burned fix more, from 76 to 60 guns, and over-fet and deftroyed the thirteenth, 
 which was a {hip of fifty-iix guns, together with mofl of the tranfports and ammu- 
 nition veflfels ; and this under the fire of all the batteries before-mentioned, in 
 fight of the French and Irifh troops; and yet, through his prudent conduft, this 
 bold aftion coft the lives of no more than ten men. For his good fervices in ■ 
 this affair, king William fettled a penfion of a thoufand pounds a year on him 
 for life. 
 
 About the middle of February, 1692-3, his majefty went to Portfmouth ; and, 
 having firft viewed the fortifications, and the dock-yard, he afterwards went to 
 fee the fleet at Spithead -, and going on board Mr. Rooke's fhip, dined with him, 
 and then conferred on him the honour of knighthood, having a little before ap- 
 pointed him vice-admiral of the red. The chief command of the fleet being 
 now put in commifTion, Sir George Rooke was entrufted with the fquadron that 
 was to efcort the Smyrna fleet, and the joint admirals received orders to accom- , 
 pany him as far to lea as they fliould think proper. Upon this occafion Sir 
 George fhewed great reludance to part 'with the grand fleet, imagining that as 
 the French fquadron was not at Breft, it mull be gone to Toulon, and the 
 event proved as he expeded. The French waited for him with all their force, 
 which he no fooner found, than he fent orders to the merchant fhips to get 
 along fhore in the night, and fave themfelves in the Spanilh ports. His whole 
 fquadron confifled of twenty-three fhips of war ; of thefe thirteen only were 
 Englifh, eight were Dutch, and two Hamburghers. The fleet of merchant- 
 men under his convoy was compofed of four hundred fail of all nations, though 
 the greater part were Englifli. The fleet under Tourville, the French admiral, 
 •confilied of one hundred and twenty fail, of which fixty four were of the line, 
 and eighteen three-deck fhips; yet Sir George faved all die men of war, and 
 brought back with him fixty merchant-men, befides thofe which efcaped into 
 the Spanifli ports. On his return home the merchants gave him their thanks; 
 the king made him one of the lords commifTioners of the admiralty, and before 
 the clofe uf the year 1694, raifed him to the rank of admiral of the Blue. 
 The next year he was made admiral of the white, and was alio appointed ad- 
 miral and commander in chief in the Mediterranean. Early in the year 1697, 
 admiral RuflTel being declared earl of Orford, and placed at the iiead of the 
 admiralty. Sir George Rooke was appointed admiral and commander in chief 
 •of the fleet, which put to fea in a very indilFerent condition, it being but hali* 
 manned and half viflualled ; when cruizing off the French coafl, he met with a 
 large fleet of Swedifh merchant-men ; and having obliged them to bring to, and 
 fubmit to be fearched, he found jufl grounds to believe, that moft of their car- 
 goes belonged to French merchants, upon which he fent them to Plymouth. This 
 affair being brought to a trial, it appeared that they were freighted by FrMc.h 
 merchaats, partly with French goods, but chiefly with Indian mercliandiise wnich 
 
 7 F had
 
 574^ R O X K. 
 
 had been taken out of Fnglifh and Dutch fliips, and the Vihole of this rich ffeeC 
 was ad'udged to be a good prize. 
 
 During the reign of king- William, Sir George was twice defied member 
 for Ponfmouth, and on the accefTon of queen Anne, in 1702, he was conftituted 
 vice-admiral and lieutenant of the admiralty of England, as alfo lieutenant of 
 the fleets and fcas of this kingdom. Upon the declaration of war againll France, 
 Sir George Rooke was ordered to command a fleet lent againfl: Cadiz, the duke 
 of Orrnond having the command of the land forces. This fleet confifted of 
 thirty Hnglifli, and twenty Dutch fliips of the line, exclufive of frigates, fire- 
 ihips, and other fmall vefrels ; and the nuniber of foldiers embarked was not 
 far Ihort of fourteen thoulimd. On the 19th of June, the fleet weighed from 
 Spithead, and on the 12th of Auguft anchored at the diftance of two leagues 
 from Cadiz. But the attempt to take that city proving ineffedual, they failed 
 from thence on the 19th of September ; and on the 2 ill, Sir George Rooke fcnt 
 the Pembroke man of war, captain Plardy, with two others, and fome tranfports, 
 to water in Lagos-Bay. There Mr. Bcauvoir, chaplain of the Pembroke, and 
 fome of the officers, went on fhore, and got intelligence that the Spanifli gal- 
 leons, under the convoy ef a fl:rong French fquadron, had put into Vigo the i6th 
 of September. As captain Hardy's fliip was the bcfl: failer, and he was mafler of 
 the intelligence, he was pitched upon to fail a-head to find out the fleet, which 
 he met with on the 6th of Os^ober, and informed the admiral of what he had 
 heard. Upon receiving this information. Sir George refolved to attack the ene- 
 my ; and having declared this refolution the next day in a council of officers, 
 fhey concurred with him, and it was unanimoully refolved to pat it in execu- 
 tion: accordingly the fleet failed for Vigo, and on the i ith of Oftober came be- 
 fore the harbour of Rodondello, where the French admiral had taken all precau- 
 tions imaginable to fccure his fleet. The paflage into the harbour was not above 
 three quarters of a mile over, with a battery of eight brafs, and twelve iron 
 guns on the north fide, and on the fouth was a platform of twenty brafs guns, 
 and twenty iron guns ; alfo a ftone fort, with a trench before it, ten guns mount- 
 ed, and five hundred men in ir. There was, from one fide of the harbour to 
 the other, a ftrong boom of <hips yards and top-mafts, faftened together witli. 
 three inch rope, very thick, and underneath with hawfers and cables. Within 
 the boom were moored five fhips, of between fixty and feventy guns each, with 
 their broadfides fronting the entrance of the paflage ; fo that tliey might fire 
 at any fhip that came near the boom, forts, and platform. As foon as the 
 confederate fleet came to an anchor, the admiral called a general council of 
 land and fea officers, in which it was refolved to attempt the forcing of the 
 tarbour the next morning. It was determined that a detachment of fifteen 
 Fnglilh and ten Dutch men of war, with all the fire-fliips, frigates, and bomb- 
 veflels, Ihould go upon this fervice ; tliat the great ffiips ihould move after them» 
 and go in, if there fhould be occafion ; that the army at the fame time, fhould 
 land and attack the fort on the fouth fide of Rodondello, and from thence pro- 
 ceed where they might mofl: efi^eiftually annoy the enemy. For the better exe- 
 cution of thefe refolutions, the admiral fpcnt a great part of the night in going 
 from Ihip to fhip, in his own boat, to give the necelfary orders, and to encou- 
 raOp both officers and feamen to perform their duty. On the 12th of Odo- 
 ber, in the morning, the duke of Oripond landed at the diftance of about 
 
 fi)«
 
 R O O K E. 575 
 
 fix miles from Vigo, with between two and three thoufand men ; and meeting 
 with no oppofition in landing, he ordered the grenadiers to march direftly to the 
 fort, which guarded the entrance into the harbour, where the boom lay, which 
 they executed with much alacrity and courage ; and having foon made themfelves 
 mafters of the lower platform of forty pieces of cannon, the French governor 
 ordered the gates of the place to be thrown open, with a relblution to have forced 
 his way through the Englifli troops. But his orders were no fooner obeyed, 
 than the grenadiers entered the place fword in hand, and compelled the garri- 
 ibn to furrendcr prifoners of war. As foon as our flag was feen flying at the top 
 of this fort, the fliips advanced, and vice-admiral Hopfon in the Torbay, being 
 next to the enemy, crowded all the fail he could, and bearing direftly againlt 
 the boom, broke it ; and foon after the reft of the fquadron entered the harbour. 
 The enemy made a prodigious fire upon them, both from their fhips, and bat- 
 teries on (hore, till the laiter were pofl^efled by our grenadiers. At this time 
 one of the enemy's fire-fhips laid the Torbay on board, and had certainly burnt 
 her, but that the fire-fhip had a great quantity of fnuff on board, which extin- 
 guifhed the flames when flie came to blow up : yet the vice-admiral's fhip re- 
 ceived confiderable damage, and an hundred and fifteen mep were killed and 
 drowned ; of whom about fixty jumped overboard as foon as flie was grappled 
 by the fire-fliip. Mean while, the AlTociation, a fhip of ninety guns, lay with 
 her broadfide to the battery on the left of the harbour, and captain Wyvell, in 
 the Barfleur, was fent to batter the fort on the other fide, from which feveral 
 fliot were fired, which penetrated through the fhip ; and for fome time he durll: 
 not fire a gun, becaufe our troops were between him and the fort ; but they 
 foon drove the enemy from their poll ; and then the ftruggle was between the 
 French fetting fire to, and our men endeavouring to fave their fliips and the gal- 
 leons. The whole fervice was performed under Sir George's diredtions with ad- 
 mirable conduft and bravery ; all the Ihips were deftroyed or taken ; prodigious 
 damage done to the enemy, and vaft wealth acquired by the allies. After this 
 glorious fuccefs. Sir George fet lail from Vigo on the 19th of Oftober, and ar- 
 rived fafely in the Downs on the 7 th of November, and foon after came up to 
 London. 
 
 A new parliament having been called, to meet on the aoth of Oftober, Sir 
 George was, in hisabfence, chofen member for Portimouth; and, when he took 
 his feat in the houfe, the fpeaker was diredled to return him thanks for his great 
 ferviccs : he was alio fworn a privy-counfellor. Complaints having been made in 
 the houfe of lords of his conduft at Cadiz, he laid before them an account of 
 his proceedings, and undei-wcnt an examination, which ended in this vote, Tl at 
 Sir George Rooke had done his duty, purfuant to tlie councils of war, like a brave 
 ofHccr, to the honour of the Englilh nation. In the beginning of the year 1704, 
 he commanded the fleet that convoyed king Cliarles III. of Spain to Liibon. On 
 the 14th of June following, he paflTed througii the Streights moutii, and v.'us 
 joined two days after by Sir Cloudefley Shovel, with his fquadron, off" Lagos, and 
 continued crui'/ing for about a month, in expcdtation of orders from home. On 
 the 17th of July, being in the road of Tetuan, a council of war was called, in 
 which feveral fchcines were examined, but found to be impracticable ; at lafl; Sir 
 George Rooke propofed the attacking of Gibraltar, wliich was agreed to, and 
 imiiKtiiately put into execution. The fleet got into the bay of Gibraltar the 
 21ft of July, and the marines, Englifli and Dutch, to the number of 1800, 
 
 7 G were
 
 5/6 
 
 R O O K E. 
 
 were landed, under the command of the prince of Hefle, on the ifthmus, to 
 cut off all communication between the town and the continent. His highnefs 
 having taken poft there, fummoned the governor to furrender, "who anfwered, 
 that he fliould defend the place to the laft. On the 22d the admiral, at break 
 of day, gave the fignal for cannonading the town ; which was performed with 
 fuch vigour, that 15,000 lliot were fpent in five hours; when the admiral per- 
 ceiving that the enemy were driven from their fortifications a: the fouth Mole- 
 head, and that, if we were once poffefied of thcfe, the town muft be taken of 
 courfe, he ordered captain Whitaker to arm all the boats, and attempt to mak* 
 himfelf mafter of them. This order was no fooner iffijed, than captain Hicks, 
 and captain Jumper, who were neareft the mole, pufned on fhore with their pin- 
 naces, and actually feized the fortifications before the relt could come up. The 
 Spaniards feeing this, fprung a mine, by which two lieutenants and forty men 
 were killed, and about fixty more wounded. However, the two captains kept 
 poflcffion of the great platform, till they were fuftained by captain Whitaker, 
 with the feamen under his command, who foon made himfelf mafler of a redoubt 
 between the mole and the town ; on which the admiral fent a letter to the go- 
 vernor, who capitulated on the i4th, and the prince of Heffe took poffelTion 
 of the place. After leaving a fufficient garrifon there, the admiral returned to 
 Tetuan to take in wood and water. On the 9th of Auguft he failed again for 
 Gibraltar, and defcried the French fleet, which he refolved to engage : but per- 
 ceiving that night they were for getting away, he purfued them in the morning, 
 with all the fail he could make. On the nth one of the enemy's fhips was 
 forced afliore, near Fuengorolo j the crew quitted her, fet heron fire, and fhe 
 blew up immediately. Our fleet continued Hill purfuing the enemy; and, on 
 the 1 2th, not hearing or feeing any thing of them, the admiral fufpected they 
 might llip between him and the fliore; whereupon he refolved to make the beil 
 of his way to Gibraltar : but difcovering them about noon, near Cape Malaga, 
 he and his fquadron made all the fail they could after them, and continued the 
 chace all night *^. 
 
 " On Sunday the 13th, in the morning, we were within three leagues of the- 
 enemy, who brought to, v<ith their heads to the fouthward, the wind being 
 cafterlv, formed their line, and lay to receive us. Their line confifled of fifty- 
 two Ihips, and twenty-four gallies ; they were very ftrong in the centre, and 
 v/eaker in the van and rear ; to lupply which, moft of the gallics were divided 
 into thofe quarters. In the centre was Monfieur de Thoulouie, with the white 
 fquadron; in the van, the white and bh:.;; and in the rear, the blue: each ad- 
 miral had his vice and rear admirals. Our line confilted of fifty-three fhips, 
 the admiral, and rear-admirals Byng and Dilks, being in the centre ; Sir Cloudef- 
 ley Shovel and Sir John Leake led the van, and the Dutch the rear. The ad- 
 miral ordered the Swallow and Panther, with the Lark and Newport, and two 
 Hre-flijps, to lie to the windv/ard of us, that, in cafe the enemy's van Ihould 
 pufh through our line with their gallies and fire-fhips, they might give them 
 lon.e diverfion. We bore down upon the enemy in order of battle, a little 
 after ten o'clock, when, being about half gun-fliot from them, they fet all their 
 
 * In relating he particulars of the engagement, which followed the next day off Malaga, we 
 fiull ktcp to Sir George Rockes own account, as publiMud by aiithv>rity. It w.is dated from on 
 b« arcl the 1. oyal Caherine, ofi Cape !:t. \ incciit, Augi;ft 27, OS. 1704, and addfcffed to his royal 
 highnels prince George of Denmark. Sec the London Gazette, No. 40^4. 
 
 fails
 
 R O O K E. 577 
 
 ■fails at once, and fcemed to intend to ftretch a-hcad and weather us > fo that 
 our admiral, after firing a chafe-gun at the French admiral to flay for him, of 
 which he took no notice, put the fignal out, and began the battle, which fell 
 very heavy on the Royal Catherine, St. George, and the Shrewfbijry: About 
 two in the afternoon, the enemy's van gave way to ours, and the battle ended 
 with the day, when the enemy went away, by the help of their gallies, to the 
 "leeward. In the night the wind fhifted to the northward, and in the morning to 
 the weftward, which gave the enemy the wind of us. We lay by all day, 
 within three leagues one of another, repairing' our defects; and at night they 
 filed, and flood to the northward. On the 15th, in the morning, the enemy 
 "Was got four or five leagues 'to the weflward of us; but, a litde before noon; 
 we had a breeze of wind eaftcrly, with which we bore down on them till four 
 o'clock in the afternoon. It beijjg too late to engage, we brought to, and lay 
 "by, with our heads to the northward all night. On the i6th, in the morning, 
 the wind being flill eafterly, hazy weather, and having no fight of the enemy, 
 or their fcouts, we filed and bore away to the weflward, fuppofing they would 
 have gone away for Cadiz ; but being advifed from Gibraltar, and the coafl of 
 fearbary, that they did not pafs the Streights, we concluded they had been fo 
 Teverely treated, as to oblige them to return to Toulon." 
 
 After the Englifh had, in vain, endeavoured to renew the fight, they repaired 
 to Gibraltar, where they continued eight days in order to refit ; and having fup- 
 plied that place to the utmofl of their power with ammunition and provifion, it 
 was thought convenient to return to England. On the 24-th of Augufl the ad- 
 miral failed from Gibraltar : on the 26th he gave orders to Sir John Leake to 
 take upon him the command of the fquadron that was to remain in the Medi- 
 terranc-an during the winter, and then failed home with the refl, where he arrived 
 fafely on the 25th of September. Sir Geoige was extremely well received by 
 the queen, and the people in general, as appeared by the many addrefTes pre- 
 fented to her majefty, in which the courage, conducfl, and fortune of Sir George,. 
 Were highly extolled. When the parliament came to fit, which was on the 23d 
 of October, the houfe of commons complimented the queen exprcfsly upon the 
 advantages obtained at fea, under tlie conduct of-our admiral. The miniflry, 
 however, could not bear that fuch high commendations fhould be bellowed upon 
 a man who was not of their party ; and they took fo much pains to prevent Sir 
 George Rooke from receiving the compliments ufual upon fuch fuccelfes, that 
 it became vifible he muft either give way, or a change happen in the admini- 
 ftration. Sir George perceiving, that as he rofe in credit with his country, he 
 lofl his interefl with thofe at the helm, refolvcd to retire from public bufinefs, 
 that the aflairs of the nation mi^Jit receive no diflurbance upon his account. 
 Thus, immediately after he had rendered fuch important fervices to his country, 
 as the taking the fortrefs of Gibraltar, and beating the whole naval force of 
 France in the battle of Malaga, the laft engagement which, during this war, 
 happened between thefe two nations at fea, he was conflrained to quit his com- 
 mand. He pafTed the remainder of his days as a private gentleman, chiefly at 
 his feat in Kent. At lall the gout, which had for many years greatly afHicled 
 him, brought him to his grave on the 24th of January, 1708-9, in the 58th 
 year of his age; and he was buried in the cathedral church of Canterbury, 
 tv'here a beautiful monument is erefted to his memory. 
 
 Sir George's zeal for the church, and his adherence to that fort of men who, 
 
 in
 
 578 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 in his time, were known by the nanae of Tories, made him the darling of one 
 party, and expofed him no lefs to the averfion of the other. This is the caufc 
 that an hiltorian finds it diflicult to obtain his true charader from the writings 
 of thofe who flourifhed in the fame period of time. The ingenious and impar- 
 tial Dr. Campbell, in his Lives of the Admirals, undoubtedly the beft naval 
 hiflory extant, has drawn fo mafterly and jufl: a charaifter of him, that we can- 
 not more properly conclude this life than with a tranfcript of it : " He was cer- 
 tainly (fays that candid writer) an officer of great merit, if either conduct or 
 courage could entitle him to that charadter. The former appeared in his beha- 
 viour on the Irifli ilation, in his wife and prudent management, when he pre- 
 ferved fo great a part of the Smyrna fleet, and particularly in the taking of Gi- 
 braltar, which was a project conceived and executed in lefs than a week. Of 
 his courage he gave abundant teftimonies ; but cfpecially in burning the French 
 fiiips at La Hogue, and in the battle of Malaga, where he behaved with all the 
 rcfolucion of a Britifli admiral j and, as he was firft in command, was firfl: alfo 
 in danger. In party-matters he was, perhaps, too warm and eager ; for all men 
 have their failings, even the greateft and befl: ; but in adlion he was perfeftly 
 cool and temperate, gave his orders with the utmoft lerenity ; and as he was 
 careful in marking the condiidt of his principal officers, fo his candour and juf- 
 tice were always confpicuous in the accounts he gave of them to his fuperiors : 
 he there knew no party, no private confiderations, but commended merit where- 
 ever it appeared. He had a fortitude of mind that enabled him to behave with 
 dignity upon all occafions, in the day of examination as well as in the day of 
 battle ; and though he was more than once called to the bar of the houlc of 
 commons, yet he always efcaped cenfurc ; as he likewife did before the lords ; 
 not by (hifting the fault upon others, or meanly complying with the temper of 
 the times, but by maintaining fteadily what he thought right, and fpeaking his 
 fentiments with that freedom which becomes an Englilhman, whenever his con- 
 duct in his country's fervice is brought in queftion. In a word, he was equally 
 fuperior to popular clamour, and popular applaufe ; but, above all, he had a 
 noble contempt for foreign interelts, when incompatible with our own, and 
 knew not what it was to feek the favour of the great, but by performing fuch 
 aclions as defcrved it. In his private life he was a good hufband and a kind 
 mailer, lived hofpitably towards his neighbours, and left behind him a moderate 
 fortune ; fo moderate, that wlicn he came to make his will, it furprizcd thofe 
 who were prcfcnt ; but Sir George afllgncd the reafon in few words : " I do not 
 leave much," faid he, *' but what I leave was honcflly gotten ; it never coft a 
 failor a tear, or the nation a farthing." 
 
 ROSCOMMON (WtNTwoRTu Dili-ox, earl of) a diflinguillied poet of the 
 fcvcnteenth century, was the fon of James Dillon, earl of Rofcommon, and was 
 born in Ireland, under the adminillration of the firfl: carl of Strafford, from 
 whom he received the name of Wentworth at his baptifm. He paflcd his in- 
 fancy in Ireland, after which the carl of Stratford fent for him into England, and 
 placed him at his own feat in Yorkfhire, under the tuition of Dr. Hall, after- 
 wards bifliop of Norwich, who infl:ru(ft:cd him in Latin, without teaching liim 
 the common rules of grammar, which he could never retain in his memory, 
 though he learnt to write in that language with clafllcal elegance and propriety. 
 On the earl of Strafford's being impeached, he went to complete his education 
 
 at
 
 R O W E. 
 
 579 
 
 at Caei>^ in Normandy, and afterwards travelled to Rome, where he became ac- 
 quainted with the moft valuable remains of antiquity, and learned to Ipeak Ita- 
 lian with fuch grace and fluency, that he was frequently miftaken for a native. 
 He returned to England foon after the Reftoration, and was made captain of 
 the band of penfioners ; but a difpute with the lord privy-feal, about a part of 
 his eftate, obliged him to refign his poll, and revifit his native country, where 
 the duke of Ormond appointed him captain of the guards. He was unhap- 
 pily very fond of gaming, and as he was one night returning to his lodgings, 
 from a gaming-table in Dublin, he was attacked by three ruffians, who were em- 
 ployed to aflaiTinatc him. The earl defended himfelf with fuch refolution, that 
 he had difpatched one of the aggreflbrs, when a gentleman paffing that way 
 took his part, and difarmed another, on which the third fought his fafety in 
 flight. This generous afTiftant was a difbanded officer, of good family and fair 
 reputation ; but reduced to poverty ; and his lordfhip rewarded his bravery by. 
 refigningto him his poll of captain of the guards. Sometime after, he returned 
 to London, when he was made mafter of the horfe to the duchefs of York, and 
 married die lady Frances, eldeft daughter of Richard earl of Burlington. He 
 here diftinguifhed himfelf by his writings, and in imitation of thofe learned 
 and polite alTcmblies with which he had been acquainted abroad, began to form 
 a fociccy for refining and fixing the ftandard of the Engliih language, in which 
 he was affifted by Mr. Dryden. At length he was feized with the gout, and a 
 French phyfician applying a repelling medicine, in order to give him prefent 
 eafe, it drove the diftemper into his bowels, and put a period to his life on the 
 17th of January, 1684. The moment in which he expired, he cri-ed out with a 
 vpicc expreffive of the utmoft fervour of devotion, 
 
 " My God, my Father, and my Friend, 
 *' Do not forfake me at my end." 
 
 He was interred in Weftminfter-Abbey. He wrote an F.lTay on tranrtated 
 Verfe, and feveral other poems, and tranflated Horace's Art of'Poetry into Eng- 
 liih blank verfe. Mr. Pope, in his Eflay on Criticiim, mentions him in the 
 following terms : 
 
 o 
 
 -" Rofcommon, not more learti'd than good. 
 
 " With manners gen'rous as his noble blood'; 
 
 " To him the wit of Greece and Rome was kno\\n, ' 
 
 " And ev'ry author's merit but his own." 
 
 Mr. Walpole obferves, that the earl was " one of the moft renowned writers 
 in the reign of Charles II. but one of the moft carelefs too. His Ellay on 
 tranflated Verfe, and his tranflation of Horace's Art of Poetry, have great merit : 
 in the reft -of his poems there are fcarce above four lines that are ftriking. His 
 poems are printed together in the firft volume of the works of the minor poets. 
 At the defire of the duke of Ormond, he tranflated into French Dr. Sherlock's 
 Difcourfe on Pallive Obedience." 
 
 ROWE (Nicholas) a celebrated Englifti poet, v/as the fon of John Rowe, 
 cfq. fcrjeant at law, and was bovii at Little Bcrkford, in Bedford Ihi re, in the 
 
 7 H - . year
 
 j«o R O W E. 
 
 year 1673. He ftudied at Weftminfter-fchool under Dr. Bufby ; and, bcfides 
 his {kill in the Larin and Greek languages, made a tolerable proficiency in the 
 Hebrew ; but poetry was his darling lludy, and he at that time compofed feveral 
 copies of verlcs upon different fubjeds, in Greek, Latin, and Englifh, which 
 were muc'h admired. ^Vllen he was about fixteen yeai-s of age, he was placed 
 in the Middle Temple, where he made remarkable advances in the ftudy of the 
 law ; and being afrei-wards called to the bar, appeared in as promifing a way 
 to make a figure in that profefTion as any of his cotcmporarics ; but his firlt 
 tragedy, the Ambitious Step-Mother, meeting with univerfal applaufe, the fpirit 
 of poetry gained the afcendant over him, and he laid afide all thoughts of 
 raifing himfelf by the law. He produced feveral other excellent tragedies, viz. 
 the Fair Penitent, UlyfTes, Tamerlane, the Royal Convert, Jane Shore, and the 
 Lady Jane Gray; befides a comcuy called the Biter, which did not meet with 
 fucccfs. He alfo wrote many poems on various fubjefts, which were publifhed 
 iin one volume duodecimo. Being a great admirer of Shakefpeare, he obliged 
 the public with a new edition of his works. But Mr. Rowe's laft, and perhaps 
 mOil excellent performance, was liis tranfiation of Lucan. This gentleman's 
 fondnefs for the Mufes did not difqualify him for bufinefs. The duke of Qucenf- 
 berry, -when fecretary of ftate, made him fecretary for public affairs ; but after 
 that nobleman's death all avenues were Hopped to his preferment. It is faid, 
 that he went one day to pay his court to the earl of Oxford, lord high treafurcr 
 of England, who afked him, if he underftood Spanifh well? He anfwered, no; 
 but imagining that his lordOiip might intend to fend him into Spain on fome 
 honourable commiffion, he added, that he did not doubt but that in a fhorr 
 time he fhould be able both to underftand and fpeak that language. The earl 
 approving of what he faid, Mr. Rowe took his leave, and immediately retired 
 to a private country farm, and having in a few months learned the Spanilb 
 tongue, waited again on the earl, to give him an account of his diligence. 
 His lordfhip afked him, if he was furc he underftood it thoroughly ? and Mr. 
 Rowe anfwering in the affirmative, the earl, to his no fmall difapf>ointment, 
 burft into the following exclamation ; " How happy are you, Mr. Rowe, that 
 you can enjoy the plcafure of reading and underftanding the Hillory of Don 
 Quixote in the original !" 
 
 Upon the acceffion of George I. to the throne, Mr. Rowe was appointed poet 
 laureat, and one of the land-furvcyors of the cuftoms in the port of London. 
 The prince of Wales conferred on him the poft of clerk of his council, and the 
 lord chancellor Parker made him his fecretary for the prefentations. He died 
 on the 6th of December, 17 18, in the forty-fixth year of his age; and as he 
 was always remarkable for his piety, virtue, and fwcetnefs of difpofition, he kept 
 up his good humour to the laft, and took leave of his wife and friends imme- 
 diately before his laft agony, with the fame tranquility of mind, as though he 
 had been upon taking only a fliort journey. He was interred with great Ib- 
 lemnity in "Welbninller-Abbey, where an elegant monument was erefted to his 
 memory, and to that of his daughter. On a pedeftal about twenty inches high, 
 which flands on an altar, is his buft, which is a very fine one, and near it is his 
 lady in the deepeft afHidlion ; between both, on a pyramid behind, is a medal- 
 lion, with the head of a young lady in reliefi and on the front of the pedeftal 
 is this infcription : 
 
 " To.
 
 R O W E. 581 
 
 " To the memory of Nicholas Rowe, efq. who died in 1718, aged forty-five, 
 and of Charlotte, his only daughter, wife of Henry Fane, efq. who inheriting 
 her father's fpirit, and amiable in her own innocence and beauty, died in the 
 twenty-third year of her age, 1739." 
 
 Underneath, on the front of the altar, are thefe lines : 
 
 " Thy reliques, Rowe ! to this fad flirine we trufl, 
 
 " And near thy Shakefpeare place thy honour'd buft, 
 
 " Oh I (kill'd, next him, to draw the tender tear, 
 
 " For never heart felt paflion more fincere ; 
 
 " To nobler fentiments to fire the brave, 
 
 " For never Briton more difdain'd a flave ! 
 
 " Peace to thy gentle ftiade, and endlefs reft, 
 
 " Bleft in thy genius, in thy love too bleft ! 
 
 " And bleft, that t'mely from our {ctj\c remov'd, 
 
 *' Thy Ibul enjoys that liberty it lov'd. 
 
 " To thefe fo mourn'd in death, fo lov'd in life, 
 
 " The childlefs mother, and the widow'd wife, 
 
 " With tears infcribes this monumental ftone, 
 
 " That holds their aflies, and expefts her own." 
 
 ROWE (Elizabeth) a lady eminent for her excellent writings both in verfc 
 and profe, .ts well as for her extraordinary piety and virtue, was the eldeft. 
 daughter of Mr. Walter Singer, a difienting minifter, and v/as born at Ilchefter, 
 in Somerfetftiire, the nth of September, 1674. Mr. Singer refided at Ilchefter 
 till the death of his "wife, but, not long after, removed to Frome in the fame 
 county, where he was beloved for his good undcrftanding, fimplicity of man- 
 liers, and truly Chriftian fpirit. At what period his daughter received the firft 
 impreftions of religion, does not appear ; " My infant hands (fays ftie, jn one 
 of her pious addrelTes to the Almighty) were early lifted up to thee, O my 
 God !" She was fond of painting, and loved the pencil, when flie had hardly 
 ftrength and fteadinefs of hand fufficient to guide it ; and, in her infancy, would 
 fqueeze out the juices of herbs to ferve her for colours. Her father was at the 
 cxpcnce of a mafter to inftrudl her in this art, and the continued to amufe her- 
 felf with drawing landfcapes and portraits, at leifure intervals, till her death. 
 She was alfo delighted with mufic, but chiefly of the grave and folemn kind, 
 as being beft fuited to the grandeur of her fentiments, and the folemnity of her 
 devotion. But her greateft inclination was to poetry and writing. So prevalent 
 was her genius this way, that Ihe began to write vcrfes at twelve years of age, 
 which was almoft as foon as ftie could write at all. Even her profe has all the 
 charms of vcrfe without the fetters; the fame fire and elevation, the fame bright 
 images, bold figures, rich diiStion. A colleftion of her poems was publifhed in 
 1696, when fhe was but twenty-two years old. Slie had no other tutor for the 
 French and Italian languages than the honourable Mr. Thynnc, fon of the lord 
 vifcount Weymouth, who willingly took that tafl< upon himfclf, and had the 
 pleafure to fee his fair pupil improve fo faft under his inftruftions, that in a 
 few months fhe was able to read the Jerufalem Delivered of Talfo in the origi- 
 nal tongue with great eafe. Such fhining merit, joined 10 the charms of her 
 
 pcrfon
 
 582 
 
 R U S S E L. 
 
 porfon and converfacion, could not fail to procure lier many admirers. Among 
 others, it is faid, the celebrated Mr. Prior would have been glad to have Ihared 
 the pleafures and cares of life with her. But Mr. Thomas Rowe * was the 
 happy perfon referved by heaven to obtain and to enjoy lo incflimable a trcafurc. 
 He married her in 1710 ; and they lived together, for the fpace of five years, 
 in all the raptures of conjugal endearment. His death filled her, as might be 
 expetled, with inexpreflible forrow : fhe wrote a beautiful elegy on the occa- 
 fion, and continued, to the laft moments of her life, to entertain the hjghefl 
 veneration for his memory, and a particular regard and cflcem for all his rela- 
 tions. From this time forward flie devoted heifelf to privacy and retirement ; 
 and, except on a very few occafions, when, in order to oblige her friends, fhe 
 was prevailed on to vifit them at London, or their country-Ilats, Ihe refided at 
 Fromc in Somerfetfhire, in the neighbourhood of which the greatefl part of her 
 eftace lay. Here it was that fhe compofed the mofl cefebratcd of her works. 
 Her Friendfhip in Death, in twenty letters from the dead to the living, was pub- 
 liflied in 1728 ; and foon after appeared her Letters Moral and Entertaining. 
 The defign of thefe two works is, by fiftitious examples of heroic virtue and 
 generous benevolence, to allure the reader to the pradice of every thing excel- 
 lent, and, by lively images of rcmorie and mifcry, to warn the young and 
 thoughtlefs. 
 
 In the year 1736 Mrs. Rowe publifhed the Hiftory of Jofcph, an heroic poem, 
 wiiich ihe had written in her younger years. She did not long furvive the pub- 
 lication of this performance ; for Ihe died (as is fuppofed) of an apoplexy, on 
 the 20th of February, 1736-7, in the fikty-third year of her age. In her ca- 
 binet were found letters directed to the countefs of Hertford, the tarl of Ork- 
 ney, and fevcral other perfons of diflinftion, with whom flie had long lived in 
 ■ the grcatcfl: intimacy, and to whom Die had ordered thofe letters to be deli- 
 vered immediately after her deceafe. The reverend Dr. Ilaac Watts, agreeable 
 to her reqiieft, reviled and publiflied her devotions in 1737, under the title of 
 Devout Exerciies of the Heart in Meditation and Soliloquy, Praife and Prayer; 
 and, in 1739, her mifccllaneous works in profe and verfe, were printed in two vo- 
 lumes, t)davo, with an account of her life and writings prefixed. 
 
 RUSSEL (John) the firfl earl of Bedford, was born at Kingfton-RufTel in 
 Dorfctfhire, and refidcd at Berwick, about four miles from Bridport in that 
 county. Philip, archduke of Auftria, fon of the emperor Maximilian, landing 
 in 1506 at Weymouth, whither he was driven by a florm in his paflage from 
 Flanders to Spain, Sir Thomas Trenchard, who lived near that port, cndcavour- 
 
 * This ingcnions jicnilcninn was horn nt I.on(ioii on tlie J/jth o*" April, tfiS'y. He wa? eiliicatcil 
 in the Chartci-lioufe Icliocl, and attained a ^ciCerl kii>i'A ledge o\ the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew 
 toD'iuc!. He- atu-rwirtls fptnt focnc time at ilie univc-rliiy ot LeyHtn, where he fludied ihe fcwifh 
 ar)tir|iiitics, civil law, the dclljs Icttrcs, and experimental philoCophy. Returning home uiili h 
 Ijrpe (lock of kiiou ledge, .-.iia with the pnri (^ moi sis, he, in i 7(>(;, I>(can)e ac<iu,iinted witii [\lifs 
 S'n;;er at Kiih, and was married to her the folloM ing year, when her exalted nicrir, and amialie 
 qualities, irfplied liini witli the iin'fl generous Jnd lading paHion. His intenle application to (tiidy 
 contvibiiled to impair his health, and a confcmptioti pit: a period to his life on t!ie 13th of May, 
 i7'5-» "hen l:c was only twenty-eight years of ape. Briidcs i'everal poems inftrted among thofe (if 
 his wife's, he li.id Ibiiucd a defigii to write the lives of all the ilhiltrioiis perfons of anri(|iiity omiiied 
 by I'liiiarth ; ;mu1 eight of tlief« he afltiallv completed: tliey were pullilhed after his death, arul 
 being tritiiflaicd iino Trench, were added to M. Datiei'-a Tranflatioii oj Plutarch's Lives, 
 
 ing
 
 R U S S E L. 5,83, 
 
 mg to entertain him agreeably till he could inform the king of his arrival, in- 
 vited Mr. Rullel, who was his neighbour and relation, to wait upon the arch- 
 duke at his houfe ; and that prince was fo highly pleafed with his convcrfation, 
 that he defired him to accompany him to Windlbr, wliicher king Henry had 
 invited him, and there recommended him to the king as a gentleman well qua- 
 lilied to lerve him in fomc confiderable ftation, and his majelly made him one of 
 the gentlemen of his privy-chamber. Upon the acceffion of Henry the Eighth 
 to the throne, he was continued in this poft, and in i 513 attended that monarch 
 to Tcrouenne, where he diftinguilhed himfclf by his conduct and braver)', par- 
 ticularly in recovering a piece of ordnance from ten tiioufand French, with only 
 two hundred and fifty men under him. He was very aftive at the iiege of 
 Tournay, where he was one of the fixty who went with the king to cut off tlu': 
 paffage between that city and the French army. In 1522 he was knighted by 
 the earl of Surry, admiral of the Englifh fleet, for his fervice at the taking of 
 Morlaix in Brittany. The following year he was made marflial of the marflialfca 
 of the king's houfe. Soon after, he was fent in diiguife to France, in order to 
 foment the difference between tlie duke of Bourbon, conltable of France, and 
 the French king. This commiffion he executed with fuch addrefs, that the duke 
 declared in favour of the emperor and the king of England, which gave great 
 latisfadtion to his majefty, as it contributed to the fuccefs of his defigns upon 
 Bray, and other places in France, wliere Sir John Ruffel Ihewed himfclf as vi- 
 gorous in action as he had been prudent in negociarion. In 1525 he was pre- 
 fent at the battle of Pavia, where Francis I. king of France, was taken prifoner 
 by the duke of Bourbon ; and in 1532 he attended king Henry to his magni- 
 ficent interview with the French king at Boulogne. In 1537, he was appointed 
 comptroller of the houfhold, and the fame year was made one of the privy- 
 council. In 1538 he was advanced to the dignity of a baron, by the title of 
 baron Ruffel, of Chcyneys in Buckinghamfliire, and upon the diffolucion of the 
 monalleries, obtained feveral large grants of land in Buckinghamfliire, Devon- 
 (hire, and Somcrietfliire. About the fame time he was made lord warden of the 
 tlannarics, and knight of the garter. In 1542 he was appointed lord admiral of 
 England and Ireland, and prefident of the counties of Dorfet, Devon, Somerfet, 
 and Cornwall. The next year he was appointed lord-privy-feal ; and in 1544, 
 the king attacking Boulogne in perfon, lord Ruflel was made captain-general of 
 the van-guard. In 1547 the king, at his death, appointed him. one of the fix- 
 teen counfellors to his fon prince Edward ; at whofe coronation he was conili 
 tuted lord-high-fteward of England for tlie day. In 1549 he was fent againft 
 the infurgcnts of Devonfhire with a body of troops, with which he entirely de- 
 feated thofe rebels .at Fennington-bridge, and relieved Exeter. For thefe, and 
 other fervices, he was, in January 1549-50, created earl of Bedford, and in 1550 
 was lent as one of the ambaffadors to Guifiies in Flanders, to ncgociatc a peace 
 with France. While he refided there, he difcovered a plot concerted by the 
 emperor, to tranfport the princefs Mary, fifter to king Edward VI. into his own 
 dominions, and by that means oblige lier brother to accede to his terms ; upon 
 which his lordlliip was ordered to watch one of the ports with two hundred 
 men, while the duke of Somerfet and Mr. St. Leger guarded others, and the 
 princefs was brought to court. His lordfhip having furvived the many difficul- 
 ties and fadions of king Edward's reign, upon the acceffion of queen Mary he 
 
 7 1 obtained
 
 ^ 
 
 584 R U 5 S E L. 
 
 obtained a new patent for the office of lord-priv)'-feal. He died at London on 
 the 14th of March, 1554. '^ 
 
 He was fucceeded by his fon Francis Ruffel, earl of Bedford, who fignalized 
 hinifcif at the famous battle of St. Qiiinrin, in the reign of queen Mary, and 
 was fent ambafla'dor into France and Scotland by q\ieen Elizabeth : this noble- 
 man fbunded a fchool at Woburn in Bedfordfliire, and two fcholarfhips in Uni- 
 verfit^'-college, Oxford. 
 
 RUSSEL (William, lord) an iliuftrioiis patriot, who fuffered decapitation 
 in the reign of king Charles II. was the third fon of William Ruflel, the fifth 
 earl, and firft duke of Bedford, by Anne, the daughter of Robert Carr, earl of 
 Somerfet. In 1679 he was appointed one of the king's new privy-council, and 
 the year following was elected knight of the fliire for the county of Bedford, 
 when he ftrenuoufly promoted the bill for the exclufion of the duke of York 
 from the throne, which having pafled the houfe of commons, he was ordered to 
 carr}' it up to the lords, and accordingly did on the 15th of November, 1680, 
 attended by a great number of the commons ; but the lords rejecting the bill 
 upon the firft reading, he dcfired them not to dellroy themfclves by their own 
 hands, and faid, that, if the commons might not be fo happy as to* better the 
 condition of the nation, he prayed the lords not to make it worfe, by giving 
 money to the king, while they were fure it muft go into the hands of the duke's 
 creatures. This, and other fpeeches of the like nature, having difgufted the 
 court, the parliament was foon after diflblved ; but the neceffity of the king's 
 affairs requiring the meeting of another parliament, his majefty called one, 
 which affembled at Oxford on the 21ft of March, 168 1, in which lord Ruflel 
 ferved again as member for the county of Bedford ; however, the bill of ex- 
 clufion being again read in the houfe of commons, this parliament was diflblved 
 on the c8th of that month, and no other was called during the remainder of 
 king Charles's reign. In- 1683, his lordfliip being accufed of being concerned 
 in the Ryc-houfe plot, was committed prifoner to the Tower upon a charge of 
 high treafon, and on the 13th of July, was brought to his trial at the Old Bailey, 
 for confpiring the death of the king, a crime of which he was abfoiucelv inno- 
 cent. Although the moft that was proved againft him, by fufpeded witnefles, 
 was his being prefent where treafonable matters were difcourfed, without bear- 
 ing a part in that difcourfe, or giving any afl*ent by words, or otherwife, to 
 what was faid, which amounted to no more than mifprifion or concealment of 
 treafon j yet he was brought in guilty, and condemned to fuffer the death of a 
 traitor. 
 
 After his condemnation, the king was ftrongly folicited in his behalf. His 
 father, the old earl of Bedford, ofl^ercd the duchefs of Portfmouih the fum of 
 one hundred thoufand pounds to procure his pardon. Lord Ruflcl's lady alfo, 
 who was daughter of the earl of Southampton, threw herfelf at the king's feet, 
 in a flood of tears, and pleaded tlie fervices of her father in behalf of her huf- 
 band. But Charles was inexorable ; he dreaded the principles and popularity 
 of lord Rulfel ; he deeply refented that cagernefs and perfcverance with which 
 he had oppofed him in the late parliaments : neverthelefs, he mitigated his fen- 
 tence into fimple decapitation. Lord Cavendifli, the intimate friend of Ruflel, 
 offered to efFeft his efcape, by exchanging apparel with him, and remaining a 
 prifoner in his rcom i the duke of Monmouth fent a meflage to him, importing 
 
 that
 
 R' U S S E L. 585 
 
 that he would furrender himfelf, if he thought fuch . a ftep would contribute 
 to his fafety: but lord Rufiel generoufly rejedled both thefe expedients, and rer 
 ligned himfelf to his fate with admirable fortitude. His lady, that he might 
 not be fhocked in his laft moments, fummoned up the refolution of a heroine, 
 and parted from him without ihedding a tear. As foon as flie was gone, iie faid 
 that " the bitternefs of deatli was pall ;" and afterwards behaved with furprifing 
 ferenity of temper. On the day that preceded his death, his nofe beginning to 
 bleed, he laid to Dr. Burnet, who attended him, " I fhall not now let blood to 
 divert this diltemper ; that will be done to-morrow." Immediately before he 
 was conveyed ^ to the place of execution, he wound up his watch, faying, with a 
 fmile, " Now I have done with time, and muft henceforth think folelv of eter- 
 nity." The fcaffold was erefted in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, that the triumph of 
 the court might appear the more confpicuous, in his being conveyed through the 
 whole city of London. Even the populace wept as he pafTed along in the coach 
 with Tillotfon and Burnet. On the fcaffold he delivered a paper to the flieriffs, 
 exprefling his abhorrence of the popifli tenets, and protefting his innocence 
 with regard to any defign againft the king's life. He prayed that God would 
 preferve his majeiiy and the proteftant religion; and, without the lead change 
 of countenance, calmly fubmitted to the ftroke of the executioner. This hap- 
 pened on the 21 ft of July, 1683. Upon the Revolution, the nation had lb jufb 
 a fenfe of his lordfhip's innocence, that an aft was pafled for annulling his at- 
 tainder. 
 
 " William lord Ruflel (fays the reverend Mr. Granger) was a man of pro- 
 bity and virtue, and worthy of a better age than that in which he lived ; an age, 
 when lilence and freedom of fpeech were equally criminal ; when a perjured 
 witnefs was more efteemed than an honeft patriot, and law and equity were 
 wrefted to the purpofes of an enraged fadtion, and an arbitrary court. As he 
 was apprehenfive for the civil and religious liberties of his country, he diilin- 
 guifhed himfelf by promoting the bill for excluding the duke of York from the 
 erown. He thought refiftance preferable to flavery ; he had moreover the ho- 
 nefty to avow it, and perfifted in it to the laft, though a retradtation of this prin- 
 ciple would probably have faved his life. He was the proto- martyr of patriotifm 
 in. this reign: Algernon Sidney was the fecond." 
 
 Mr. Thomfon, in his elegant poem of the Seafons, celebrates lord RufTel in 
 the following lines : 
 
 " Bring every fweeteft flower, and let me ftrew 
 
 " The grave where Russel lies; whole temper'd blood, 
 
 " With calmeft cheerfulnefs for thee refign'd, 
 
 **■ Stain'd the fad annals of a giddy reign ; 
 
 " Aiming at lawlefs power, though meanly funk 
 
 " In loofe inglorious luxury." 
 
 RUSSEL (Edward) earl of Orford, an admiral of diftinguiflied merit, was 
 the fon of Edward Ruftcl, efq. and the grandfon of Francis Ruflel, earl of Bed- 
 ford. He was defigned by his father for the fea-lervicc, and received a fiiirable 
 education; but his elder brother dying in 1674, he fucceeded to the family 
 eftate. However, in the year 1690 he was appointed admiral of the blue. His 
 catholic majclty Charles II. having married a princefs of the houfe of Neubergy 
 
 fiftcr
 
 586 
 
 R U S S E L. 
 
 filler to the reigning ennprefs, and to the queen of Portugal, he demanded an 
 Knglilh fleet to convey her fafely to his dominions, which was readily granted, 
 as the tacit confeffion of our dominion at fea. Upon this, admiral Rujfcl was 
 ordered to fail to Flufliing, with feveral large men of war -and two yachts, in 
 order to receive her catholic majcfty and her attendants ; and on their coming on 
 board, he hoiiled the Union dag at the main-top-nialt head. Soon after, he 
 was advanced to the command of the whole fleet, in which capacity he aftcd at 
 the famous engagement ofl' La Hogue, in 1692, when almoll the whole naval 
 power of France, under the command of count Tourville, was deilroycd : but 
 this lignal fervice done to his country could not defend him from the malignity 
 of party, fo that he was difmilfcd from his employments at the beginning of 
 the lucceeding year, but was rellored in November following. In 1694 he 
 commanded the fleet in the Mediterranean, when he blocked up the French fleet 
 in Toulon, checked the progrcfs of the arms of France in Catalonia, and kept 
 all the Italian princes in awe. In 1695 the French had formed a defign of in- 
 vading England, and for that purpofe had affembled a powerful army near 
 Dieppe, where tlie troops lay ready to embark, when admiral Rullel being lent 
 witii a ftrong fleet to the coaft of France, '(truck fuch terror into the enemy,- 
 that the intended invafion was laid afidc. Thefe and other eminent fervices re- 
 commended him fo effedtually to king William, that he, in 1697, created him 
 a peer of Great Britain, by the title of baron of Shingey in Cambridgcihire, 
 vifcount Barfleur in the duchy of Normandy, and earl of Orford in SuiFolk, and 
 foon after made him vice-admiral of England. Being ilill, however, purfued by 
 party malice, he was in 1701 impeached by the houfe of commons, but was 
 honourably acquitted. After this he went no more to iea, but I'ervcd as firft 
 commiflioncr of the admiralty in the reign of queen Anne, till the change of 
 the miniftry in 17 10. On the deceafe of that princefs in 17 14, he was chofen 
 one of the lords-juftices till the arrival of king George I. who appointed him 
 one of the privy-council, and firft commiffioner of the admiralty, in which fta- 
 tion he died at his houfe in Covent-Garden, on the 26th of November, 1727, 
 in the feventy-fifth year of his age. 
 
 RUSSEL (Dr. Alexander) an eminent phyfician and fellow of the Royal 
 Society, was born at Edinburgh, and after having ftudicd two ycai's in that 
 univcrfity, was placed under the care of his uncle, a fkilful practitioner in phyfic. 
 He afterwards came to London ; foon after, he embarked for Turkey, and in 
 1740 fettled at Aleppo, where, having learned the language, he diligently de- 
 voted himfelf to the duties of his profeffion, in which he h?d fuch Ikill that he 
 was employed by the inhabitants of all denominations, Franks, Greeks, Arme- 
 nians, Maronitcs, Jews, &c. The Turks themfelves forgot that he was an un- 
 believer, laid afide their ufual contempt for ftrangcrs, and fplicited his acquaint- 
 ance. The pafcha himfelf confulted him, and finding him upright, fcnfible, and 
 fincere, entertained a fricndfliip for him. I'hc fadtory were happy in fuch a 
 phyfician and companion j his intimate connection with the pafcha gave him 
 conftant opportunities of rendering them important fervices, and on many oc- 
 cafions all the European nations that trade to Aleppo, were obliged to him for 
 his aid and interpofition. If any difficult aflair occurred, the pafclia had re- 
 courfe to him, and as frequently gained advantage by his advice ; nor during 
 his abfcnce would lie puniih any criminal: offenders were taught by fuch a con- 
 duct.
 
 S A C K V I L L E. ^ s^J 
 
 duft, that examples of feverity happened lefs frequently by the do.flor's kind en- 
 deavours to mitigate their punifliment. Nor did the pafcha deal illiberally with 
 our phyfician ; he fhewed his generohty and munificence by n.:»!:ing him feveral 
 coilly prefeiits. The dodlor's father in Scotland was not forgotten : " I am 
 obliged," laid he, " to him for thine affiftancc." One cannot eafily defcribe the 
 fincere complacency a parent muft feel, on having fuch authentic proofs of the 
 merit of a fon from a diftant clime. The dodlor, in his return from Turkey, 
 vilited the moll famous lazarettas, enquired into their ftrudure, the govern- 
 ment they were under, and the precautions taken for the public fafety. At 
 Naples, Leghorn, and other places, he had all the means of information he 
 could expedi:, and thus became acquainted with the conduft of the wifcft ftates 
 in regard to the methods ufed to prefcrve them from the pcftilence. Dr. Ruf- 
 fcl, on his return to England, refided in London, and in 1755 publifhcd his 
 Hiilory of Aleppo, in which he gives a fall defcription of that city, and the 
 neighbouring country, with his treatment of the diicafes of the inhabitants, and 
 paiticularly the plague. The Royal Society, of which he was a fellow, were 
 indebted to him for many valuable communications. In 1759 h:" was chofen 
 phyfician to St. Thomas's hofpital, and continued in that Ilation till his death, 
 which happened about the year 1769. He was a conftant and fincere friend ; an 
 able, honcft, and experienced phyfician ; a pleafing companion, and a benevo- 
 lent Chriftian. 
 
 SACKVILLE (Thomas) the firft earl of Dorfct, was defcended from an an- 
 cient and honourabk family, and was born at Buckhurfl: in SufTex, in 15J6. 
 Havino; ftudiud at the univerfities of Oxford and Cambridoc he was fcnt to the 
 Inner Temple, London, where he proceeded I'o far in the law, that he was 
 called to the bar; but he had no other defign than to qualify himfelf more ef- 
 fectually for fcrving his country in parliament, which lie did in the reign of queen 
 JVIary. While he was at the univerfity, he had acquired the name of a good 
 poet; and in I557> he wrote his Liduftion to the Mirror of Magittrates, which 
 is a feries of poems formed upon a dramatic plan. It met v/ith great applaufe, 
 and Mr. Vv'^arton does not fcruple to affirm, that it approaches nearer to Spen- 
 cer's Fairy Queen in allegorical reprefentations, than any other previous or fuc- 
 cceding poem. In 1561 was afted his tragedy of Gorboduc, which was greatly 
 admired by the wits of the age, and particularly by Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Having thus obtained the reputation of being one of tlie beft poets of his 
 time, he laid down his pen, and affiimed the character of a ilatefman, in which 
 he became very eminent. He found leifure, however, to make the tour of France 
 and Italy ; but had the misfortune to be confined in prifon at Rome, when he 
 received the news of the death of his father Sir Richard Sackvillc, in T566. 
 Upon this he obtained his relcaic, returned home, entered into the pofiollion 
 of a great ellate, and was loon after created a peer, by the title of lord Buck- 
 hurfl. In 1587 he was fent ambafiador to the Hates of the United Provinces, 
 upon their complaints againfl: the earl of Leiccfler : but, though he difchargcd 
 that trult with great integrity, the favourite prevailed on queen Elizabeth to 
 recall him, and confine him to his houfe for nine or ten months. Flowever, 
 after the death of his enemy, he cnjoved a greater Ihare of her niajeliry's favour 
 
 7 K ' than
 
 58S S A C K V I L L E. 
 
 than ever, and in 1590 was cleded knight of the Garter. la 1598 he was joined 
 with the lord treafurer Burleigh, in ncgociating a peace with Spain, and that 
 niinifler dying rx lame year, he fuccccdcd him in the trcafury. Upon the death 
 of queen Elizabeth, the adminiftnition devolving on him, with other counfel- 
 lors, they unanimouHy proclaimed king James, who, before his arrival in Eng- 
 land, renewed his patent of lord treafurer for life, and in 1604 created him carl 
 of Dorfct. He was confulced by his majefly upon all cccafions, and lived in 
 tlie highelt tftecm and reputation. But at length as he was attending at the 
 council-table, on the 19th of April, 1608, he dropped down dead, and was in- 
 terred with great funeral pomp and folemnity in Weftminfter-Abbey. 
 
 The honourable Mr. Walpole concludes liis account of this noble author, with 
 thefe words : " Tiptoft and Rivers let the example of borrowing light from 
 other countries, and patronized the importer of printing, Caxton. The carls of 
 Oxford and Dorfct ftruck out new lights for the drama, without making the 
 multitude laugh or v/eep at ridiculous reprefentations of fcripture. lo the two 
 former we owe printing, to the two latter tafVe. What do we not owe, per- 
 haps, to the lall of the four ! Our hiftoric plays are allowed to have been founded 
 on the heroic narratives in the Mirror for Magiftrates ; to that plan, and to the 
 boldnefs of lord Buckhurft's new fccnes, perhaps we owe Shakefpeare." 
 
 SACKVILLE (Edward) carl of Dorfet, grandfon of the former, who made 
 a diftinguilhed figure in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. was born in the 
 year 1590. In 1613 he received a challenge from lord Bruce, then at Paris, 
 • whom he met according to appointment, and killed in a duel between Antwerp 
 and Bergen-op-Zoom. This affair made a great noife, and feveral afperfions 
 being thrown upon him, he in his own vindication drew up a particular account 
 of the fight, and fcnt it to a friend in England before hh return home. In. 
 1616 he was made knight of the Bath, at the creation of Charles, prince of 
 Wales, afterwards king Charles I. He was alfo one of the chief commanders of 
 the forces fcnt in 1620 to affift Frederick, king of Bohemia, againft tlie emperor 
 Ferdinand ; at which time was fought the remarkable battle of Prague. In 
 1621 he was fent ambafilidor to the French king; he was foon after appointed 
 one of the privy-council, and being elefted one of the kniglits for the county 
 of Suflex, in the two laft parliaments in the reign of James I. became a leading 
 member in the hoiifc of commons. At the deceafe of his elder brother, in 
 1624, he fucccedcd to the title of earl of Dorfct. He now flione in the houfc 
 of peers, and in 1625 was inflallcd knight of the Garter, and made commif- 
 fioncr of trade. On the marriage of king Charles I. he was conftitutcd lord- 
 chamberlain to the queen, and bore the firll: fword at the king's coronation. 
 He was continued in the privy-council, and ilicvvcd liimfclf a true patriot, both 
 to his king and country. In which fpirit he was in the committee of council 
 for fetting at liberty thofe gentlemen who had been imprifoned for refufing to 
 pay Ihip-money. He alfo joined in other orders for redrefTing the grievances of 
 the fubjeifts. In 1641, being made prefident of the council and lord-privy-feal, 
 he made two fpecches, advifing his majefty to a reconciliation with his parlia- 
 ment ; and the following year waited on the king at York, v/here his majefty 
 publilhed a declaration of his peaceable intentions. Finding a party in the houfc 
 too llrong to be fatisfied, he fupplied the king with money, attended him in the 
 field, and at the battle of Edgehill behaved with the grcatell bravery, leading 
 
 on
 
 S A C K V I L L E. 589 
 
 on the troops that retook the royal ftandard. The fame year the earl of EfTcx 
 
 having deferred the king's intereft, v/as difplaced, and the carl of Dorfet ap- 
 pointed lord-chamberlain of the houlhold in his room ; and waiting on the king 
 at Oxford, he took all occafions to bring about an accommodation between his 
 majefty and the parliament ; but no treaties taking effeil, and the king having 
 put hinifelf into the power of the Scottifh army, the earl of Dorfet, and others 
 of the council, ligned the capitulation for the furrendcr of Oxford, where they 
 had liberty to compound for their lands. His lordihip was a man of eminent 
 abilities : his perfon was flrong and beautiful, his eloquence flowing, and his 
 courage fervid and clear. He died on the lyth of July, 1652. 
 
 SACKVILLE (Charles) earl of Dorfet and Middlefex, was defcended in a 
 direct line from the lall-mentioned nobleman, and was born on the 24th of Ja- 
 nuary, 1637. He had his education under a private tutor, and then making 
 the tour of Italy, returned home a little before the Reftoration. He made a ' 
 confpicuous figure in the houfe of commons, and was earefled by king Charles II. 
 and was indeed one of the libertine wits that enlivened the court of that volup- 
 tuous monarch. On the breaking out of the Dutch war, in 1665, he went a 
 volunteer under the duke of York. " His behaviour during that campaign 
 (fays Mr. Prior) was fuch, as diftinguiflied the Sackville defcended from that 
 Hildebrand of the name, who was one of the greateft captains that came into 
 England with the Conqueror. But his making a fong the night before the en- 
 gagement (and it was one of the prettieft that ever vjss, made) carries with it fo 
 fedate a prefence of mind, and fuch an unufual gallantry, that it dcferves as 
 much to be recorded, as Alexander's jefting with his foldiers before he pafled 
 the Granicusj or William I. of Orange giving orders over night for a battle, 
 and defiring to be called in the morning, left he fhould happen to fleep too 
 long." He was foon after appointed one of the gentlemen of the king's bed- 
 chamber ; and his majefty, on account of the remarkable politenefs of his ad- 
 drefs, lent him on feveral fliort embafTies of compliment into France. His 
 \incle James Crantield earl of Middlefex dying in 1674, that nobleman's eftate 
 devolved to him, and the next year he fucceedcd alfo to that title by creation. 
 Two years after, his father the earl of Dorfet likewife died, when he fucceeded 
 him in his honours and eftate. He difliked and openly difcountenanced the 
 violent meafures of James the Second's reign, and early engaged in the fervice 
 of the prince of Orange, on whole accefTion to the throne, he was made lord- 
 chambeilain of the houfliold, and one of the privy-council. In 1601 lie, with 
 fome other noblemen, attended king "William to the congrefs at the Hague^^ 
 but they were in danger of lofing their lives in the paffiige. They went on 
 board the 10th of January, in a very fevere feafon ; and when they were two or 
 three leagues off Goree, having been obliged by bad v;eather to continue foiu- 
 days at fea, the king was fo impatient to land on the coaft of Holland, that he 
 went into an open boat for that purpofe ; but a thick fog arifing foon after, he 
 and his attendants were fo clofcly furrounded with ice, as not to be able cither to 
 make the fliore, or get back to the fliip : in this condition they remained twenty- 
 two hours, almoft defpairing of life, the cold being fo fevere, that at their land- 
 ing they could fcarce fpeak or ftand. At length the earl of Dorfet retired from 
 public affairs ; and died at Bath on the 19th of January,, 1705-6, leaving an onlv 
 fon, named Lionel Cranfield vSackville, v/ho was created duke of Dorfet in 1720. 
 
 His
 
 590 S A I N T - J O II N. 
 
 His lordfhip wrote feveral nnall poems, which however are not niin-veroii:. 
 
 eiioiigli CO make a volume of themfl-lves, but may be found, fome of t];cm at 
 
 lead, in the works of the Minor Poets, publifiicd in 1749, odavo. He was 'a 
 
 great patron of men of wit and genius, who have not failed to tranfmit his 
 
 name "with hillre to future ages. Drj'den, Addifon, Prior, Congreve, and many 
 
 others, have fevcrally made panegyrics on this accomjjliflied nobleman ; Prior 
 
 more particularly, v/hofe exquifitely wrought character of him, in the dedication 
 
 of "liis poems to the late duke of Dorfet, is to tliis day admired as a mafter-picce. 
 
 Take the following pafTage as a fpecimcn. " The brightnefs of his parts, the 
 
 folidity of his judgment, and the candour and gencrofity of his temper, diltin- 
 
 (Tuifted him in an age of great policenefs, and at a court abounding with men 
 
 of the finell; {snic and learning. The moll eminent mailers in their feverai ways 
 
 appealed to his determination. Waller thought it an honour to confult him in 
 
 ti'.e ibfcnefs and harmony of his verfe ; and Dr. Sprat, in the delicacy and turn 
 
 of his profe : Drydcn determines by him, under the charafler of Eugcnius, as 
 
 to the laws of dramatic poetry : Butler owed it to him, that the court tailed his 
 
 Pludibras ; Wycheflcy, that the town liked his Plain Dealer; and the late duke 
 
 of Buckineham deferred to publifli his Rchearfal, till he was fure (as he exprclfed 
 
 it) that mV lord Dorfet would not rehearfe upon him again. If we wanted fo 
 
 rei<^n teilimony, La Fontaine and St. Evrcmont have acknowledged, th.at he 
 
 was a perfect mailer of the beauty and fincncfs of their language, and of all 
 
 that they call ks belles httres. Nor was this nicety of his jutlgnient confined 
 
 only ^o books and literature; but was the fame in flatuary, painting, and all 
 
 cdicr parts of art. Bernini would have taken his opinion upon tlje beauty and 
 
 attitude of a figure; and king Ciiarles did not agree with Lely, that my lady 
 
 Cleveland's piilure was finilhed, till it had the approbation of my lord Buck- 
 
 huril." 
 
 SAINT-JOHN (Henry) lord vifcount Bolingbrokc, a great piiilofopher and 
 jiolitician, and famous for' the part he ailed under both thefe charaders, was 
 dei'cended from an ancient and noble family, and born at -EaiLerlira in Surry m 
 tlie year 1672. His father was Sir Henry St. John, fon of Sir Walter St. John, 
 of Batterfea : his motlier was the lady Mary, fecond daugliter and cdheirefs of 
 Robert Rich, carl of Warwick. He was bred up with great care, under the in- 
 fpeflion of his grandfather, as well as of his father i^ who negledled no means to 
 improve and accomplifh him in his tendered years. Some h^vemfinuated, that 
 he was educated. in diflenting principles ; and a certain writer Aiys, that he " w;u 
 well lectured by his grandmother, and her confeffor, Mr. Daniel l^urgefs, in tlJe 
 Prcfbyterian. way." He has dropped a hint in his letter .to Mr. Pope, printed at 
 the end of His letter to Sir William Wyndham, which ftems to countenance 'a 
 notion of this kind ; and that is, where he fpeaks of his being " condeained, 
 when he was a boy, to read Mantpn, the. puritanical, parfon, who oiade one lui/i- 
 dred and nineteen' fermons on the i 19th pfdm." But whatever occafional in- 
 formations or inftruclions he might receive from his grandmother, or her friends, 
 it is very certain, that he had a regular and liberal education ; and, having 
 palTed through Eton fchool, was iremoved to Chrill-church in Oxford, where 'it 
 may be fairly inferred, from the company he kept and the friendlliips he made, 
 anany of which 'fubfifted in their full llren^th ever after, that he foon rubbed 
 oif the ruft of puritanifm, if Indeed he ever contraded it. When he left th • 
 
 univerfit\. 
 
 J
 
 S A I N T . J O H N, 591. 
 
 «niverfity, he was confidered as a perfon of very uncommon qualifications, and 
 as one who was fure to make a fhining figure in the world. He was in his perfon 
 perfedly agreeable ; had a dignity mixed with fweetnels in his looks, and a 
 manner that was extremely taking. He had great acutenefs, great judgment, 
 and a prodigious memory. Whatever he read, he retained ; and that in fo 
 Angular a manner, as to make it entirely his own. In the earlier part of" his 
 Life he did not read much, or, at leaft, not many books; for which he ufed 
 to give the fame reafon that Menage afllgned for not reading Moreri's Difti- 
 onary ; namely, " That he v/as unwilling to fill his head with what did not' 
 deferve a place there ; fince when it was once in, he knew not how to get it 
 out again." With great parts he had, as it ufually happens, great pafTions ; 
 and thefe hurried him into many of thofe indifcretions and follies, which arc 
 common to young men. The truth is, he was a great libertine in his younger 
 days ; was much addifted to women, and apt to indidge himfelf in late hours, 
 and in all the exceffes that ufually attend them. This however did not wholly 
 extinguifh in him the love of ftudy and the defire of knowledge : " there has 
 been Ibmething always (fays he) ready to whilper in my ear, while I ran the 
 courfe of pleafure and of bufinefs, '■'■ Jolve Jenejcentem .maturt Janus equum ; and 
 while 'tis well, releafe thy aged horfe." But my genius, unlike the demon of 
 Socrates, whifpered fo foftly, that very often I heard him not, in the hurry of 
 thofe paffions with which I was tranfported. Some calmer hours there were ; 
 in them I hearkened to him. Refledion had often its turn ; and the love of 
 ftudy, and defire of knowledge, have never quite abandoned me. I am not 
 therefore entirely unprepared for the life I will lead ; and it is not without 
 reafon, that I promife myfelf more fatisfaftion in the latter part of it, than I 
 ever knew in the former." 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1701 he was elefted member for the borough 
 of Wotton-Baflet in Wiltlhire, and fat in the fifth parliament of king William, 
 which met on the loth of February that year; and in wliich Robert Harley, 
 efq. was chofen for the firft time fpeaker. This parliament was but of Ihort 
 continuance ; for it was difl"olved in November following. The chief bufinefs 
 of it was the impeachment of the king's minifters who had been concerned iiv- 
 the conclufion of the two partition-treaties ; and Mr. St. John fiding with the 
 majority, who were then confidered as Tories, ought to be looked upon as 
 coming into the world under that denomination. We obferve this in his favour 
 againlt thofe, who have accufed him of changing fides in the former part of his 
 life. He was in the next parliament, that met on the 30th of December fol- 
 lowing, which was the laft in tlie reign of king William, and the firft in that 
 of queen Anne. In July 1702, the queen making a tour from Windfor to 
 Bath, by the way of Oxford, Mr. St. John attended her; and at Oxford, among 
 fcveral perfons of the higheli diflinftion, had the degree of doftor of laws con- 
 ferred upon hiin. Perfevering lleadily in the fame tory connedlions, which 
 he had manifeftly embraced againil: the inclinations of his family, his father 
 and grandfather being both whigs, he acquired fuch influence and authority in 
 the houfe, that it was thought proper to dillinguifh his merit; and, on the lOth 
 of April 1704, he was appointed fecrctary of war, and of the marines. As tliis 
 poft created a conftant correfpondence between him and the duke of Marlbo- 
 rough, we may reaionably prefume it to have been the principal foundation of 
 the rumours raifed many years after, that he was in a particular manner attached 
 
 7 L -to
 
 592 S A I N T - J O H N-. 
 
 to that illuftribiis peer. It is ccFtain, that he knew the ■worth of that great 
 o-encral, and was a fincere admirer of him ; but yet he was in no fenfe his 
 creature, as fome have afferted. This he difavowcd, when the duke was in 
 the zenith of his poAvcr ; nor was he then charged, or ever afterwards, by the 
 duke or duchefs with ingratitude or breach of engagements to them. Yet, as 
 we fay, he had the highefl: opinion of tlie duke, which he retained to the lail 
 moment of his life ; and he has told us lb himfelf in fo inimitable a manner, 
 that we cannot forbear tranfcribing the palTage. " By the deaili of king Wil- 
 liam, (fays he) the duke of Marlborough was railed to the head of the army, 
 and indeed of the confederacy; where he, anew, a private man, a fubjeft, ac- 
 quired by merit and management a more deciding influence, than high birth, 
 confirmed authority, and even the crown of Great Britain, had given to king 
 William. Not only all the parts of that vaft machine, the grand alliance, 
 were kept more ^ compafl and entire; but a more rapid and vigorous motion 
 was given to the wliole : and, inftead of languifhing or difaftrous campaigns, 
 we law every fcenc of the war full of aftion. All thofe wherein lie appeared, 
 and many of thofe wliercLn he was not then an a6lor, but abettor however of 
 their adion, were crowned with the moft triumphant fuccefs. I take v/itii 
 pleafure this opportunity of doing juftice to that great man, whofc faults I 
 knew, whofe virtues I admired ; and whofe memory, as the greateft general and 
 as the greateft miniller, that our country or perhaps any other has produced, I 
 honour." 
 
 But whatever might be his regard for the duke of Marlborough at the time 
 we are fpeaking of, it is certain that it mull have been entirely pcrfonal ; fince 
 no two perfons could be more clofely united in all political meafures, than he 
 and Mr. Harley : and therefore, when this miniftcr was removed from the 
 office of fecretar}- of ftate, in February 1707-8, Mr. St. John chofe to foHow 
 his fortune, and the next day rcfigned his employment in the adminiftration. 
 He was not returned in the j)arliament, which was elefted in 1708 ; but upon 
 the diliblution of it in 1710, Mr. Harley being made chancellor and untler- 
 treafurer of the exchequer, the poft of Iccrctary of ftate was given to Mr. St. 
 John. About the fame time he wrote the famous Letter to the Examiner, 
 which may be found among the firft of thofe papers : it was univerially afcribed 
 to him, and is indeed an exquilite proof of his abilities as a writer ; for in 
 this hngle ftiort paper are comprehended the outlines of that dcfign, on which 
 Dr. Swift employed himfelf for near a twelvemonth. 
 
 Upon the calling of a new parliament, to meet on the 25th of November, 
 17 10, he was chokii knight of the ftiirc for the county of Berks, and alio bur- 
 gefs for Wotton-Bairet ; and made his eledion for the former. He appeared 
 nov." upon a fcene of action, which called forth all his abilities. He fuftained 
 almoik the whole weight of the bufinefs of the peace, of Utrecht, which how- 
 ever he was not fuppofed to have ncgociated to the advantage of. his country. 
 The real ftate of the cafe is, that '^' the two parties (as he himfelf owns) were 
 become faclions in the ftrift fenfe of the word." He was of that which prevailed 
 for peace, againft thofe who delighted in war; for this was the language of the 
 times: and therefore, a peace being refolved on by the Englifh minillcis at all 
 events, it is no wonder if it was made with lefs advantage to the nation. He 
 has owned this himfelf, although he has juftified the peace in general : " though, 
 it was a duty (fays he) that we owed to our country, to deliver her from the 
 
 ncccflity 
 
 \
 
 S A I N T . J O H N. 593 
 
 necefllty of bearing any longer fo unequal a part in fo unneceflary a war, yet 
 was there feme degree of merit in performing it. I think fo ftrongly in this 
 manner, I am fo incorrigible, that if I could be placed in the fame circum- 
 flances again, I would take the fame refolution, and aft the fame part. Age 
 and experience miglit enable me to a6l with more ability and greater fkill ; but 
 all I have fufferedfince the death of the queen, fliould not hinder me from a<5t- 
 ing. Notwithflanding this, I fliall not be furprifed, if you think that the peace 
 of Utrecht was not anfwerable to the fucccfs of the war, nor to the efforts made 
 in it. I think fo myfelf, and have always owned, even when it was making and 
 made, that I thought fo. Since we had committed a fuccefsful folly, we ought 
 to have reaped more advantage from it, than we did." 
 
 In July 17 1 2, he had been created baron St. John of Lediard-Tregoze in 
 Wiltlhire, and vifcount Bolingbroke ; and was alfo the fame year appointed lord 
 lieutenant of the county of Efiex. But thefe honours not anfwering his ex- 
 pedtations, for his ambition was undoubtedly great, he formed a defign of taking 
 the lead in public affairs from his old friend Mr. Harley, then earl of Oxford ; 
 which proved in the iffue unfortunate to them both. It muft-be obferved, that 
 Paulet St. John, the lall: earl of Bolingbroke, died on the 5th of October, pre- 
 ceding his creation j and that the earldom became extinCl by his deceafe. The 
 honour however was promifed to him ; but his prefence in the houfe of com- 
 mons being fo neceffary at that rime, the lord treafurer Harley prevailed on him 
 to remain there during that fefilon, upon an affurance, that his rank fhould be 
 pieferved for him. But, when he expected that the old title would have been 
 renewed in his favour, he was put off with that of vifcount ; which he refented 
 as an affront, and looked upon it as fo intended by the treafurer, who had got 
 an earldom for himfelf. Hear liow Bolingbroke fpeaks of this : " I continued 
 (fays he) in the houfe of commons, during that important felTion which pre- 
 ceded the peace ; and which, by the fpirit ftiewn through the wiiole courfe of it, 
 and by the refolutions taken in it, rendered the conclufion of the treaties prac- 
 ticable. After this, I was dragged into the houfe of lords in fuch a manner, 
 as to make my promotion a punifliment, not a reward j and was there left to 
 defend the treaties alone. It would not have been hard (continues he) to have 
 forced the earl of Oxford to ufe me better. His good intentions began to be 
 very much doubted of: the truth is, no opinion of his fincerity had ever taken 
 root in tiie party ; and, which was worfe perhaps for a man in his ftation, the 
 opinion of his capacity began to fall apace. — I began in my heart to renounce 
 the friendfhip, which, till that time, I had prefervcd inviolable for Oxford. I 
 was not aware of all his treachery, nor of the bafe and little means which he 
 employed then, and continued to employ afterwards, to ruin me in the opinion 
 of the queen, and every where elfe. I faw however, that he liad no friendfhip 
 for any body ; and that with refpeft to me, inftead of having t]ic ability to ren- 
 der that merit, which I endeavoured to acquire, an addition of ftrcngth to him- 
 felf, it became the objedt of his jealoufy, and a reafon for undermining mc." 
 There was alfo another tranfadtion that pafTed not long after lord Bolingbroke 's 
 being raifed to the peerage, which helped to increafe his animofity againll that 
 miniiler. In a few weeks after his return from France, her majefty bellowed 
 the vacant ribbons of the order of the garter upon the dukes of Hamilton, 
 Beaufort, and Kent, and the earls Pawlet, Oxford, and Strafford. Bolingbroke 
 thought himfelf here again ill uied, having an ambition, as the minifler well 
 
 knew.
 
 594 S A I N T - J O H N. 
 
 knew, to receive fuch an inftance as this was of his miftrefs's grace and favour. 
 Upon the whole, therefore, it is no wonder that, when the treafiirer's ItafF was 
 taken from his old friend, he exprefled his joy by entertaining that very day, 
 July 27, 17 14, at dinner, the generals Stanhope, Cadogan, and Palmer, with 
 Sir William Wyndham, Mr. Craggs, and Ibme other gentlemen. Oxford faid, 
 upon his going out, that fome of them would fmart for it ; and Bolingbroke 
 was far from being infenfible of the danger to which he ftood expofed : yet he 
 was not without hopes fl:ill of fccuring himfelf, by making his court to tlie 
 ■whigs ; and it is certain, that a little before this he had propofed to bring in a 
 bill to the houfe of lords, to make it treafon to enlift Ibldiers for the pretender, 
 which was paflcd into an adl. 
 
 Soon after the acceffion of kins; Geors-e I. to the throne, the feals were taken 
 from him, and all the papers in his office fecured : yet, during tlie fhort fellion 
 of parliament at this juncture, he applied himfelf with his ufual induftry and 
 vigour, to keep up the fpirits of the friends to the late adminiflration, without 
 omitting any proper occafion of teftifying his refpeft and duty to his majcfty ; 
 in which fpirit he afTifted in fettling the civil lift, and other neceflary points. 
 But, upon the meeting of the new parliament, in March 17 15, finding himfelf 
 in imminent danger, he privately withdrew into France, in the latter end of 
 that month. The continuator of Rapin's hiftory reprefents him as having fled 
 in a kind of panic : " lord Bolingbroke's heart began to fail him (fays that hif- 
 torian) as foon as he heard that Prior was landed at Dover, and had promifed 
 to reveal all he knew. Accordingly that evening his lordlliip, who had the 
 night before appeared at the playhoufe in Drury-I^ane, and befpoke another 
 play for the next night, and fubfcribed to a new opera, that was to be adbed 
 fome time after, went off" to Dover in difguife, as a fervant to Le Vigne, one of 
 the French king's mefllengers." Upon his arrival at Paris, he received an invi- 
 tation from the pretender, to engage in his fervice ; which he abfolutely re- 
 fufed, and made the befl: application that his prefent circurnftanccs would ad- 
 mit, to prevent the extremity of his profecution in England. After a fhort ftay 
 at Paris, he retired into Dauphine, where he continued till the beginning of 
 July ; w^hen, receiving a melTage from fome of his party in England, he com- 
 plied with a fecond invitation from the pretender; and taking the feals of the 
 fecretary's office at Commercy, he fet out with them for Paris, in order to pro- 
 cure from that court the neceflary fuccours for his new mailer's projected iriva- 
 fion of England. The vote for impeaching him of liigh treafon had pafTed in 
 the houfe of commons on the loih of June preceding; and fix articles were 
 brought into the houfe, and read by Mr. Walpole, Auguft the 4th, 17 15, which 
 were in fubftance as follows, viz. i. That, whereas he had afllired the mini- 
 fters of the States-General, by order from her majcfty in 171 1, that fhe would 
 make no peace but in concert with diem ; yet he fent Mr. Prior to France that 
 fame year, with propofals for a treaty of peace with that monarch, without the 
 confent of the allies : 1. That, he advifed and promoted the making a feparate 
 treaty or convention witli France, which was figned in September: 3. That he 
 difclofed to Mr. Mefnager, the French miniller at London, this convention, 
 which was the preliminary inftmitions to her majefty's plenipotentiaries at 
 Utrecht, in Oftober : 4. Tiiat her majefty's final inltrudions to her faid pleni- 
 potentiaries were difclofed by him to the abbe Gualtier, an emiflary of France : 
 5. That he difclofed to the French the manner how Tournay in Flanders might 
 
 be
 
 S A I N T - J O H N. 595 
 
 be gained by them : 6. That he advifed and promoted the yielding up of Spain 
 and the Weft Indies to the duke of Anjou, then an enemy to her majefty. 
 Thefe articles were fent up to the lords in Auguft ; in confequence of which, 
 he was attainted of high treafon, the loth of September the fame yenr. 
 
 In the mean time, his new engagements with the pretender had the fame 
 iffue; tor the year 17 15 was fcarcely expired, when the fcals and papers of his 
 new office of fecretary were demanded, and given up ; and this was foon fol- 
 lowed by an accufation, branched into feven articles, in which he was charged 
 with treachery, incapacity, and negled. Thus difcarded by the pretender, he 
 refolded to make his peace, if it were pofTible, at home. He fet himfelf imme- 
 diately in earneft to this work ; and in a fliort time, by that aftivity which 
 was the charadleriftic of his nature, and with which he conilantly profecuted all 
 his defigns, he procured, through the mediation of the earl of Stair, then the 
 Britifh ambafTador at the French court, a promife of pardon, upon certain con- 
 ditions, from the king; who, in July 17 16, created Sir Henry St. John, his 
 father, baron of Batterfea, and vifcount St. John. Such a variety of diftrefsful 
 events had thrown him into a ftate of rcBedlion, and this produced, by way of 
 relief, a philofophical confolation, which he wrote the fame year, under the title 
 of Reflexions upon Exile. In this piece he has drawn the pidturc of his own 
 exile, which, being reprefented as a violence, proceeding folcly from the malice 
 of his perfccutors, to one who had ferved his country with ability and integritv, 
 is by the magic of his pen converted not only into a tolerable, but what ap- 
 pears to be an honourable ftation. The following year he drew up a vindica- 
 tion of his whok conduft with refpeft to the tories, in the form of a letter to Sir 
 William Wyndham, which was printed in 1753. It is written with the utmoft 
 elegance and addrefs, and abounds with interefting and entertaining anecdotes. 
 
 His firft lady being dead, he efpoufed about this time a fecond, of great 
 merit and accomplifhments, who was niece to the famous Madame de Maintenon, 
 and widow of the marquis de Villette ; with whom he had a very large fortune, 
 encumbered however with a long and troublefome law-fuit. In the company 
 and converfation of this lady, he pafled his time in France, fometimes in the 
 country, and fometimes at the capital, till 1723; in which year, after the break- 
 ing up of the parliament, the king was pleafed to grant htm a full and free par- 
 don. . Upon the firlt notice of this favour, the expeftation of \^hich had beerj 
 the.ruling principle of his poHlical condud for feveral years, he returned to his 
 native country. It is obfervable, that bifliop Atterbury was banifned at this 
 very junfture ; and happening, on his being fct afliore ac Calais, to hear that 
 lord Bolingbroke was there, in h'.s way to Kngland, he faid, '^' Then I am ex- 
 changed." His lordlhip having obtained, about tv/o years after his return, an 
 a6t of parliament to reftore him to his familv-inheritance, and to enable him to 
 pofTefs any purchafe he fliould make, pitched upon a feat of lord Tankerville, 
 at Dawley near Uxbridge, where he fettled with his lady, and gratihed the po- 
 litenefs of his tafte, by improving it into a moft elegant villa. Here he amufed 
 himfelf with rural employments, and with correfponding and converfing with 
 Pope, Swift, and other ingenious friends ; but he was by no means fatisiied in 
 his own mind, for he was yet no more than a titular lord, and Hood excluded 
 from a feat in the houfe of peers. Inflamed with this taint that yet remained 
 in his blood, he entered again, in 1726, upon the pultlic flage ; and difavow^ 
 ing all obligations to Sir Robert Walpole, to whole fecret.emnity Ik imputed 
 
 7 fi»l his
 
 596 S : A I ~N 'T - J O H N. 
 
 his not having received all the efFefts of royal mercy that were intended him, 
 he embarked in the opporition againll that minifler, and diftinguifhed himfelf 
 by a multitude of pieces, written duxing the Ihort remainder of that reign, and 
 for fome years under the following, with great boldnefs againft the nieafures 
 that were then purlued. Befides his papers in tlie Craftfman, he publilhed fe- 
 veral pamphlets, which were afterwards reprinted in the fecond edition of his 
 political tracts, and in the colledion of his works. 
 
 Having carried on his part of the fiege againft the minifler with inimitable 
 fpirit for ten, years, he laid down his pen, upon a difagreement with his princi- 
 pal coadjutors; and, in 1735, he ^-etired to France, with a full refolution never 
 to engage more in public bufinefs. Swift, who knew that this retreat was the 
 effc(5l of difdain, vexation, and difappointment, diat his lordfliip's palfions ran 
 high, and that his attainder unreverfcd ilill tingled in his veins, concluded him 
 certainly gone once more to the pretender, as his enemies gave out : but he was 
 rebuked for this by Mr. Pope, who alTurcd him, that it was abfolutely untrue 
 |n every circumftance, that he had fixed in a veiy agreeable retirement near 
 FontaLnblcau, and made it his whole bufinefs vacare Uteris. His lordlhip had 
 now pafled the fixtieth year of his age, and through as great a variety of kenes 
 both of pleafure and bufinefs, as any of his cotemporaries. He had gone as far 
 towards reinftating himfelf in the full pofiefTion of his former honours, as great 
 parts and application could go ; and was at length convinced, that the door was 
 finally fiiut againft him. He had not been long in his retreat, when he began 
 a courfe of Letters on the ftudy and ufe of hiftory, for the ufe of the lord 
 Cornbury, to whom they are addreflcd. They were publiftied in 17525 and 
 though they arc written, as all his lordlliip's pieces are, in a moft elegant and 
 mafterly ftile, and abound with the juftcft and deepeft refleftions, yet, on ac- 
 count of fome freedoms taken with ecclefiaftical hiftory, they expofed him to 
 much ccnfure. Subjoined to thefe letters are, his piece upon exile, and a letter 
 to lord Bathurft on the true ufe of ftudy and retirement; both full of the fineft 
 refledions, as finely exprefled. Upon the death of his father, wlio lived to an 
 extreme old age, he fettled at Batterfea, the ancient feat of the family, where 
 he pafled the remainder of his life in the higheft dignity. His age, his great 
 genius, perfefted by long experience and much refledion, gave him naturally 
 the afcendant over all men ; and he was, in truth, a kind of oracle to all men. 
 He was now as great a philofopher, as he had beih before a ftatcfman : he fead, 
 he refiedled, he wrote, abundantly. Pope and Swift, one the greateft poet, the 
 other the greateft wit of his time, perfe(flly adored him ; and it is well known, 
 that the former received from him the materials for his F.fTay on Man. Read 
 the following words of a noble lord, who knew experimentally the fweets of 
 btium cum dignitate : " Lord Bolingbroke (fays he) had early made himfelf maftcr 
 of books and men ; but in his firft career of life, being immerfcd at once in 
 bufinefs and pleafure, he ran through a variety of fcencs in a furprizing and ec- 
 centric manner. When his padions fubfided by years and difappointmcnts, when 
 he improved his rational faculties by more grave ftudies and refle^5lion, he fhone 
 out in his retirement with a luftre peculiar to himfelf, though not feen by vul- 
 gar eyes. The gay ftatcfman was changed into a philofopher, equal to any of 
 the fages of antiquity. The wifdom of Socrates, the dignity and eafe of Pliny, 
 and the wit of Horace, appeared in all his writings and convcrfation." 
 "Vet, even in this retirement, it is evident, that he did not neglcft the con- 
 
 fideration
 
 S A I N T - J O H N. 597 
 
 confideraticxn of public affairs ; for after the conclufion of the war in 1747, mea- 
 fures being taken which did not agree with his notions of political prudence, 
 he began fome refleftions on the ftate of the nation, principally with regard to 
 her taxes and debts, and on the caufes and confequences of them ; but he did 
 not finifh them. In 1749 came out his Letters on the Spirit of Patriotifm, on 
 the idea of a Patriot King, and on the State of Parties at the acceiTion of king 
 George I. with a preface, wherein Mr. Pope's conduct, with regard to that piece, 
 is reprefented as an inexcufable adl of treacheiy to him. Pope, it feems, had 
 caufed fome copies of thefe letters, which had been lent him for his perufal, to 
 be clandeftinely printed off; which however, if it was without the knowledge 
 of his noble friend, was fo far from being treacheroufly meant to him, that it 
 proceeded from an excefs of love and admiration of him. Bolingbroke knew 
 this well enough, and could not poflibly fee it in any other light : but being 
 angry with Mr. Pope, for having taken into his friendfliip a man, whom he 
 greatly difliked, and for having adopted at the inftigation of that man a fyftem, 
 different from what had been laid down in the original Effay on Man, lie could 
 not forbear giving a little vent to his refentment; and his lordlhip was the more 
 to blame, as he himlelf has in effeft excufed Pope, by faying, that he was in a 
 very infirm ftate, and in his laft illnefs, when he fuffered this change of princi- 
 ples to be made in him. 
 
 His lordfhip had often wifhed to fetch his laft breath at Batterfea, and this 
 he did on the 15th of November, 175 1, on the verge of fourfcore years of age. 
 His corpfe was interred with thofe of his anceftors in that church, where there 
 is a marble monument eredted to his memory, with the following infcription : 
 
 Here lies 
 
 Henry St. John : 
 
 In the reign of queen Anne 
 
 Secretary of war, fecretary of ftate. 
 
 And vifcount Bolingbroke. 
 
 In the days of king George I. 
 
 And king George II. 
 
 Something more and bettei". 
 
 His attachment to queen Anne 
 
 Expofed him to a long and fevere perfecution. 
 
 He bore it with firmnefs of mind, 
 
 The enemy of no national party. 
 
 The friend of no fadion : 
 
 Diftinguifhcd under the cloud of a profcription. 
 
 Which had not been entirely taken off> 
 
 By zeal to maintain the liberty, 
 
 And to r.eftore the ancient profperity 
 
 Of Great Britain. 
 
 His eftate and honours dcfccnded to his nephew, the prefent lord Bolingbroke : 
 the care and benefit of his manufcripts he left to Mr. Mallet, who publifhed 
 them, together with his works already printed, in I754> in five volumes quarto- 
 They may be divided into political and philofophical works ; the former of 
 ■which have been touched upon already, and confift of letters upon hiftory, a 
 
 letter
 
 598 S A I N T - J O H N. 
 
 letter to Wyndham, letters on patriotifm, and papers in the Craftfman, which 
 had been feparately printed in three volumes, o(flavo, under the title of Difler- 
 tation upon Parties, Remarks on the Hiftory of England, and Political Tracts. 
 His philofophical works confilt of the fubftancc of fome letters writ en originally 
 in French about 1720 to Mr. dc Pouilly ; a letter occafioned by one of arch- 
 bifliop Tillotfon's iermons ; and letters or efiays on philofophy and religion, ad- 
 drelTed to Alexander Pope, efq. Thefe eflays contain many things wliich clalh 
 with the great tiuihs of revelation ; and, on this account, not only expofed the 
 deceafed author to the animadvcrfions of feveral divines, but alfo occafioned a 
 prefentmcnt of his works by the grand jury of Wertminller. His lordfaip, it 
 is to be feared, was a very indifferent chriftian, fince there arc numberlefs alier- 
 tions in his works, plainly inconfiftent with any belief of revelation ; but then 
 there are numberlefs truths, fet forth in the fined manner, with all the powers 
 of elegance and fancy ; which will amply reward the attention of a reader, who 
 knows how to diftinguifli them from the errors they are mixed with. Swift has 
 faid, in a letter to Pope, that " if ever lord Bolingbroke trifles, it muft be 
 when he turns divine :" but at the fame time he allows, that " when he writes 
 of any thing in this world, he is not only above trifling, but even more than 
 mortal." In fliort, whatever imperfeiflions may be difcovered in him, with re- 
 gard to certain principles and opinions, he was certainly a man of great parts 
 and univerfal knowledge, and one of the finefl: writers that any age has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Mr. Pope efteemed him almoft to a degree of adoration, and has blazoned 
 his charafter in the brighteft colours that wit could invent, or fondnefs bellow. 
 Mark how he apoftrophizcs him in the Eflay on Man : 
 
 " In parts fuperior what advantage lies ? 
 
 " Tell, for you can, what is it to be wife ? 
 
 " 'Tis but to know how little can be known, 
 
 " To fee all others faults, and feel our own : 
 
 " Condemn'd in bufinefs, or in arts to drudge, 
 
 " Without a fecond, or without a judge : 
 
 " Truths would you teach, to fave a finking land ? 
 
 " All fear, none aid you, and few underltand. 
 
 " Painful pre-eminence ! yourfelf to view 
 
 " Above life's weaknefs, and its comforts too." 
 
 Epill. iv. ver. 259. 
 
 So at the conclufion, the excellent bard has immortalized both himfelf and his 
 noble friend, by whofe perfuafion this incomparable didactic poem was begun 
 and finiflaed, in the following beautiful lines : 
 
 " Come then, my friend, my genius, come along, 
 " Oh, mafler of the poet and the fong ! 
 " And while the mufe now floops, or now afcends, 
 " To man's low pafTions, or their glorious ends, 
 " Teach me, like thee, in various nature wife, 
 " To fall with dignity, with temper rife : 
 
 " Form'd
 
 SALISBURY, 599 
 
 -' Form'd by thy converfe, happily to (leer 
 
 " From grave to gay, from lively to fevere ; 
 
 " Correft with fpirit, eloquent with cafe, ^. 
 
 " Intent to reafon, or polite to plcafe. 
 
 " Oh ! while along the ftream of time thy name 
 
 " Expanded flies, and gathers all its fame j 
 
 " Say, fhall my little bark attendant fail, 
 
 *' Purfue the triumph, and partake the gale ? 
 
 ** When ftatefmen, heroes, kings, in dull repofe, 
 
 •• Whofe fons fhall blufli their fathers were thy foes, 
 
 " Shall then this verfe to future age pretend, 
 
 " Thou wert my guide, philofopher, and friend ? 
 
 " That urg'd by thee, I turn'd the tuneful art 
 
 *' From founds to things, from fancy to the heart ; 
 
 " For wit's faife mirror held up nature's light j 
 
 " Shew'd erring pride. Whatever is, is Right ; 
 
 *' That reafon, pafilon, anfwer one great aim j 
 
 " That true felf-love and fecial are the fame ; 
 
 " That virtue only makes our blifs below, 
 
 " And all our knowledge is, ourfelves to know." 
 
 It may not be improper to obferve, that many of his letters, and forne little 
 pieces of poetry, for which he had a natural and eafy turn, are fcattered in fe- 
 deral colleftions, but are not to be found in the edition of liis works. 
 
 SALISBURY (Robert Cecil, earl of) an eminent ftatefman in the reigns 
 of Elizabeth and James I. was the fon of William lord Burleigh, by his feconci 
 lady, Mildred, eldeft daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke. The exaft time of his 
 birth is not known; but it is fuppofed to have been about the year 1550. He 
 was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of 
 mafter of arts. He had the advantage of being a courtier from his cradle, ana 
 of being trained under his excellent father, by which means he became a great 
 proficient in all ftate affairs. He was accordingly employed by queen Elizabeth in 
 important negotiations, and matters of the greatcfl: confequence. Her majefly 
 having conferred on him the honour of knighthood, fhe fent him alTiflant to 
 the earl of Derby, ambalTador to the king of France. At his return, flie made 
 him, in 1596, fccond iccrctary of ftate with Sir Francis Walfingham : and after 
 the death of chat great man, he continued principal Iccrctary of ftate as long 
 as he lived. In 1597 he wms conftituted chancellor of the duchy of Lancaller, 
 and lord privy-fcal. In 1598 he v/as one of fhe commifHoners fcnt into France, 
 to ncgociatc a peace between that crown and Spain ; and he loon after fucceeded 
 his father, the lord Burleigh, in the office of mafler of the wards. Fie fuc- 
 ceeded him alfo in the charaftcr of prime minifler ; for from the time of lord 
 Burleigh's death, the public aflVirs were chiefly under the dire<51.ion of Sir Ro- 
 bert Cecil. Fie difplayed very confiderable political abilities, an^ maintained 
 an extenfive correfpondence in moft of the countries of Europe. He was very 
 a<5tive in the oppofition againft the carl of EfTcx, and appears to have been a 
 principal inftrument in bringing that unfortunate nobleman to the block. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth dying on the 24th of March, i6oj, it was Sir Robert Cecil 
 
 7 N who
 
 Boo SANDYS. 
 
 ■who firll publicly read her -will, and proclaimed king James I, And he fo 
 much ingratiated himfelf with that monarch, that on the 13th of May, this year, 
 he was created baron of Eflenden in Rutland(hire ; the "^oth of Augull, 1604, 
 vifcount Cranborne in Dorfetfliire ; and on the 4th of May, 1605, earl of Sa- 
 iifbury. He was alio appointed chancellor of the univerfity of Cambridge ; 
 and on the 20th of May, 1605, inflalled knight of the Garter. He continued 
 to apply himfelf to the management of public affairs with extreme afllduity ; 
 and upon the death of the earl of Dorfet, in t6o8, was advanced to the poft of 
 lord high treafurer of England ; when finding the exchequer almoft exhaufted, 
 he laboured with great diligence to increafe the royal revenues, and employed 
 every method which he could devife for that purpofe. His indefatigable ap- 
 plication to public bufinefs threw him at length into a confumption of the 
 lungs ; and after having been for fome time in a declining condition, he was 
 attacked, in the beginning of the year 1612, with a tertian ague, which turned 
 to a complication of the dropfy and fcurvy. Thefe united diforders put a pe- 
 riod to his life on the 24th of May in that year. He was a nobleman of un- 
 common abilities and fagacity, and was perfeftly acquainted with the ftate and 
 interefts of the nation. King James uied to call him his " Little Beagle," 
 alluding to the many difcoveries he made, of which he fent him intelligence. 
 
 SANDYS (George) an Englifh poet, was the fon of Dr. Edwin Sandys, 
 archbilhop of York, and was born at Bilkops-Thorp in Yorklhire, about the 
 year 1578. At eleven years of age he was fent to the univerfity of Oxford j 
 how long he refided there, or whether he took a degree, does not appear. In 
 1 6 10 he let out on his travels; and, in the courfe of two years, made a very 
 extenfive tour, having not only travelled through feveral parts of Europe, but 
 alfo vifited many cities and countries of the Eaft, as Conflantinople, Greece, 
 Egypt, and the Holy Land ; after which, taking a view of the remote parts of 
 Italy, and the iflands adjoining, he went to Rome, where he met with Nicholas. 
 Fitzherbert, his countryman, by whom he was Ihewn all the antiquities of that 
 famous city. From thence he repaired to Venice ; and being by this time greatly 
 improved, and become not only a fine fcholar, but an accoaiplillied gentleman, 
 he returned to his native country, where, after properly digefting the obferva- 
 tions he had made, he publiilied an account of his travels in folio, which was 
 extremely well received, the feventh edition of it being publifhed in 1673. Mr. 
 Sandys alfo diftinguifhed himfelf as a poet ; and his produftions in that way 
 were greatly admired in the age in which they were written. In 1632 he pub- 
 lifhed at Oxford, in folio, " Ovid's Metamorphofes, englifhed, mythologized,. 
 and reprefented in figures." He had before publiflicd part of this tranflarionj 
 and, in the preface to this fecond edition, he tells us, that he has attempted ta 
 collecfl out of fundry authors the philofophical fcnfe of the f;\blcs of Ovid. 
 To this work, which is dedicated to king Charles I. is fubjoined, " An ElTay to 
 the Tranflation of the JEntis." In 1636 he publiflied in oftavo, " A Parar 
 phrafe upon the Pfalms of David, and upon the Hymns difperfed throughout the. 
 Old and New Tellament ;" which was re-printed in 1638, in folio, with a title, 
 fomewhat varied. And in 1640, he publiflied a tranflation of Grotius's tragedy 
 entitled Chriftus Patiens, with notesj which was re-printed with cuts in 1688, 
 odtavo. He was one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber to king Ci\arles I., 
 and died at Boxley iii Kentj in March 1643-4. He was greatly efleemcd by 
 
 many
 
 SAVAGE. 601 
 
 many of the moft virtuous men, and mofl eminent fcholaxs of his time, and 
 particularly by the celebrated Lucius lord Falkland, who was his intimate friend. 
 He has been celebrated by cotemporary and fubfequent wits as a very confiderable 
 poet. Mr. Dryden pronounced him the bed verfifyer of the laft age ; and it is 
 on all hands agreed, that he was not Only a man of genius, but of fingular 
 worth and piety. 
 
 SAVAGE (Richard) a memorable inftance of the ufelelTncfs and infigni- 
 ficancy of knowledge, wit, and genius, without prudence and a due regard to 
 the common maxims of life, was brought into the world on the loth of Janu- 
 ary, 1697-8. A little before his birth, Anne countefs of Macclesfield, his mo- 
 ther, having lived for fome tiine upon uneafy terms with her huJband, had de- 
 clared, tliat the child with which Ihe was pregnant was begotten by the earl 
 Rivers. This, as may be eafily imagined, made her hufband no lefs defirous 
 of a feparation than herfelf, and on the 3d of March he obtained an att of par- 
 liament, by which the nuptial contrail was totally annulled, and the children of 
 his wife illegitimated. The earl Rivers, however, appeared to confider him 
 as his own Ion ; for he flood his godfather, and gave him liis own name ; but 
 unfortunately left him to the care of his mother ; who immediately upon his 
 birth difcovered a refolution of difowning him, and committing him to the care 
 of a poor woman, ordered her to educate him as her own fon, and enjoined her 
 never to inform him of his true parents. Thus born with a legal claim to ho- 
 nour and to affluence, he was in two months illegitimated by parliam.ent, and 
 doomed to poverty and obfcurity by his unnatural mother, who in a lliort time 
 after was married to colonel Bret. The lady Mafon, his grandmother, and his- 
 godmother Mrs. Lloyd, flill regarded him with tenderneis and pity, but in his 
 tenth year the latter died, and left him a legacy of 300I. but having none tO' 
 profecute his claim, her will was eluded by the executors, and no part of the 
 money ever paid. However, the lady Mafon Hill continued her care, and placed 
 him at a fmall grammar-fchool near St. Albans, where he was called by the 
 name of his nurfe. While he was thus cultivating his genius, the carl Rivers 
 was taken ill. He had frequently enquired after his fon, and h.al been always 
 amufed with fallacious and evafive anfwers; but being now on liis death-bed, he 
 thought it his duty to provide for him among his other natural children, and 
 therefore demanded a poiitive account ot him, with an importunity not to be 
 denied. His mother, no longer able to refufe an anfwer, refoived to cut him. 
 off for ever from the happinefs that competence aflbrds, and therefore declared 
 that he was dead ; on which the earl, not imagining that there could exifl in a 
 human form a mother that would ruin her fon for no fault of his, bellowed 
 upon fome other perfon 6000I. which he had in his will bequeathed to Savage. 
 Not contented with this, flie foon after endeavoured to liavc luni fent fecretly to 
 the American plantations : but being prevented by fome means or other froni' 
 banifhing him into another country, Ihe ordered him to be placed with a flioe- 
 maker in Holborn, that, after the ulbal time of trial, he might become his 
 apprentice. 
 
 About this time his nurfe, who had always treated him as her own fon, died ; 
 and it being natural for him to take care of thofe eftcds which he. now imagined 
 were become liis own, he ,went to her houfc, opened her boxes, and examined 
 her papers, among which he found fome letters written to her by the lady Ma- 
 fon,
 
 6o2 Si a: V- A, O. El 
 
 fon, which informed him of his birth, and the reafon for which it was ctM>- 
 cealed. He was now no longer fatisfied with his employment ; but thinking he 
 had a right to fhare his mother's affluence, applied to her as her fon, and made 
 ufe of every art to attracl: her regard, and awaken her tendernefs ; but neither 
 his letters, nor the interpofition of thoU; friends which his merit or diftrcfs pro- 
 cured him, could make any imprefiion on her mind. He was at that time fo 
 touched with the difcover}' of his real mother, that it was his freqv'^^'^t praftice 
 to walk in the dark evenings for feveral hours before her door, in hopes of 
 feeing her come by accident to the window, or crofs her apartment with a candle 
 in her hand. One evening as he was thus walking in the ftrcet, he faw the 
 door of her houfe by accident open ; he entered it, and finding no pcrfon in 
 the palTage to Hop him, went up flairs to falute her. She difcovered him be- 
 fore he could enter her chamber, alarmed the family with her outcries, and 
 when fhe had gathered them about her, ordered them to drive out that villain 
 who had forced himfclf in upon her, and endeavoured to murder her. Savage, 
 who, with the mod fubmiflive tendernefs, had attempted to foothe her rage, 
 hearing her pronounce fo horrid an accufation, thought it prudent to retire. 
 Thus being neither able to foften her heart, nor to open her hand, he was re- 
 duced to extreme mifery, and having no other means of fupport, from neceflity 
 became an author. 
 
 The firll effort of his genius was a poem on the Bangorian controverfy ; 
 after which he produced two plays, viz. Woman's a Riddle, and Love in a 
 Veil ; but he was allowed no part of the profits from the firft, and from the 
 fccond he received no other advantage than the acquaintance of Sir Richard 
 Steele and Mr. Wilks, by whom he was pitied, careifed, and relieved. Sir 
 Richard with all the ardour of benevolence promoted his intercft, and even 
 propofed to eftablifn him in fome fettled Icheme of life, and to have contracted 
 an alliance with him, by marrying him to his natural daughter, on whom he 
 intended to bellow loool. but being never able to raife the fum, the marriage 
 was delayed. In the mean time he was officioufly informed, that Mr. Savage 
 had ridiculed him, on which he was fo exafperated, that he withdrew the allow-' 
 ancc he had hitherto paid him, and never more admitted hiin to his houfe. Mr. 
 Wilks, the adtor, to whom calamity fcldom complained without relief, took him 
 xmdcr his protection, and by his interpofition obtained from his mother 50!. 
 and a promife of 150I. more; but this lalt fum fhe afterwards refufed to pay. 
 Savage beiiig now a conllunt frequenter of the theatres-, Mrs. Oldfield, the 
 adrefs, was fb plcafed v, ith his convcrlation, and moved by liis misfortunes, that 
 £he allowed himi 50! . a year during her life, though he never i'aw her alone, or 
 in any otlicr place than behind the I'cenes ; and at her death he endeavoured 
 to fhew his gratitude by wearing mourning. He had fbmetimes, by the kind- 
 ncfs of Mr. Wilks, the advantage of a benefit, on v/liich oCcafions he often re- 
 ceived uncommon marlcs of regard and compafnon -, but he had generally the 
 mortification to hear that his mother employed her whole intercft to fruflrate 
 his applications. In the year 1723 he brought on the ftage the tragedy of Sir 
 Thomas Ovcrbury, in which he himfelf performed a part. If we confider the 
 circumftances under which he wrote it, it will afford at once an uncommon 
 proof of ftrength of genius, of a ferenity not to be ruffled, and an imagination 
 not to be fuppreffed. During a confidcrabJc part of the time in which he was 
 ■employed upon this performance, he wa* wKhout lodging, and often without 
 
 food ;
 
 S^fA- V; A G E.^ 6oj 
 
 food i nor had he any other conveniencies for ftudy than the fields or the ftreet; 
 and when he had formed a fpeech, he would ftep into a fliop, and beg the ufe 
 of pen, ink, and paper. The profits of this f/lay amounted to about lool. 
 and it procured him the notice and efteem of many perfons of diftinAion. Soon 
 after, he was' perfuaded by his friends to publifh his poems by fubfcription, 
 which turned out to his advantage. 
 
 He was now advancing in reputation, wlien both his fame and life were en- 
 dangered by a moft unhappy event. On the night of the 20th of November, 
 1727, Mr. Savage, with two of his companions, entering Robinfon's coff"ee- 
 houfe, near Charing-crofs, a quarrel enfued between them and fome company 
 in the houfe, in which Mr. Savage killed a gentleman, named Sinclair : for this 
 he was tried at the Old Bailey, and fentenced to fuffer death ; though it did not 
 appear that there was any preme<.iitated malice, or defign of murder. Savage 
 liad now no hopes of life, but from the msrcy of the crown, which was earneftly 
 Iblicited by his friends ; but how incredible foever it may feem, it was obftrudted 
 only by his mother i who had the wickednefs to caufe the queen to be informed, 
 that he had entered her houfe in the night with an intent to murder her; and 
 her maielly was fo perfuaded of the truth of this atrocious calumny, that flie for 
 a long time refufed to hear any of thofe who petitioned for his life : but at 
 length the countefs of Hertford demanding an audience of the queen, laid 
 before her majefty the whole feries of his mother's cruelty, and pleaded fo fuc- 
 cefsfully, that he was foon after admitted to bail, and obtained the king's par- 
 don. Some time after he had procured his liberty, he met in the ftreet a wo- 
 man who had fworn with much malignity againft him. She informed him, 
 that fhe was in diftrefs, and had the confidence to afk him for relief; when, inr 
 Head of infulting the mifery of one who had brought his life into danger, he 
 only reproved her for her perjury, and changing the only guinea, he had, gene- 
 roully gave her half of it. .; y^n'^ 
 
 Savage had now loft that tenderncfs for his mother which the whole feries of 
 her cruelty had not been able wholly to rcprefs, and confidering her as an im- 
 placable enemy, whom nothing but his blood could fatisfy, threatened to har- 
 rafs her with lampoons, and to publifli a copious narrative of her condu6t, un- 
 lefs fhe confcnted to allow him a penfion. This expedient proved fuccefsful, 
 and the lord Tyrconnel, upon his promlfe of laying afide his defign of expofing 
 his mother's cruelty, took him into his family, treated him as an equal, and, 
 engaged to allow him a penfion of aool. a year. This was the golden part 
 of Savage's life. Vie was courted by all who endeavoured to be thought men 
 of genius, and carefied by all who valued themfclves upon a refined tafte. In 
 • this gay period of his life he publiflied the Temple of Health and Mirth, on 
 the recovery of lady Tyrconnel from a languifiiing lUnefs ; and the Wanderer, 
 a moral poem, which he dedicated to lord Tyrconnel, in ftr^iins of the highcft 
 panegyric ; but thefe praifes he in a Ihort time found himfelf inclined to retradt, 
 being difcarded by the man on whom they were beftowed. Of this quarrel lord 
 Tyrconnel and Mr. Savage afi'igned very difl'erent reafons ; one of ihofe urged 
 by the former was, that having given him a valu.ible collecftion of books 
 ftamped with his arms, he had tlic' mortification to fee them foon after expofcd 
 to falc upon ftalls, it being ufual to Mr. Savage, when he v/anted a finall funi, 
 to take his books to the pawnbrokers; for indeed,, having been obliged from 
 his firfl: entrance into the world to fubfift upon expedients, affluence was not 
 
 7 O able
 
 604 S'^A^'V A G E. 
 
 able to exalt him above tiiem. It was Mr. Savage's peculiar happmcfi ttiat he 
 Icarcely ever found a ftranger whom hfc did not leave a friend ; but it mull like- 
 wife be added, that he had not often a friend long, without obliging him td be- 
 come a ftranger. 
 
 Savage now thought himfelf again at liberty to cxpofe the cruelty of his mo- 
 ther, and therefore publiflied the Baftard, a poem written with great fpirit, of 
 ■which editions were multiplied with unufual rapidity. His mother, to whom 
 it tvas infcribed, happened to be then at Bath, where, not being able to retire 
 from Cenfure, fhe heard it repeated in all places of concourfe, nor could flie 
 enter the aflembly rooms, or crofs the walks without being faluted with fome 
 lines from the Baftard : when, being unable to bear the rcprefentations of her 
 own condudl, fhe haftily fled from reproach, to flielter herfelf among the 
 crov^ds of London. The pod of poet laurcat becoming vacaiv. by the death of 
 Mr. Eufden, Savage folicited for it, but was difrppointed, the lord-chamber- 
 lain giving it to Colley Cibber. He now wrote a poem on the queen's birth- 
 day, in which he begged that as fhe had given him life, (he would enable him 
 to lupport it, and to this piece he gave the title of the Volunteer Laureat. 
 This poem was no fooner publifhed, than her majcfty fent to a bookfelier for 
 it, and a few days after fent Mr. Savage a bank bill of fifty pounds, with a pro- 
 rtiife that he fhould annually receive the like prefent. His conduft with re- 
 gard to this penfion was very extraordinary ; for as foon as he had received it 
 he immediately difappcared, and lay for fome time out of the reach of his 
 Tlnoft intimate friends. At length he wOuld be feen again, pennylcfs as before, 
 but never informed any perfon where he had been, nor was his retreat ever dif- 
 covcred. His perpetual indigence, politenefs, and wit, ftill raifed him new 
 friends, as faft as his mifbehaviour loft him his old ones ; and Sir Robert Wal- 
 pole, the prime minifter, was warmly folicited in his favour. Promifcs were 
 given, but they ended in difappointmentj upon which he publifhed a poem in 
 the Gentleman's Magazine, entitled, the Poet's Dependence on a Statefman. 
 His poverty ftill increafing, he only dined by accident, when he was invited to 
 the tables of his acquaintance, from which the meannefs of his drefs frequently 
 excluded him. Having no lodgings, he palTed the night often in mean houfes, 
 which are fct open for any cafiial wanderers ; fometimes in cellars, amidft the 
 riot and filth of the lov/eft and moft profligate of the rabble ; and fometimes, 
 •when he was entirely deftituce of money, v/alked about the ftreets till he was 
 tired, and lay down in the fummer upon a bulk, and in the winter, with his 
 aflTociates in poverty, among the afties of a glafs-houfe. His di;lreftes, however 
 afflidive, never dejcdcd him ; in his loweft ftate he wanted nor fpirit, and was 
 always ready to reprefs the infolence excited by fuperiority of fortune. 
 
 This wretched life was rendered ftill more unh.appy in the year 1737, by the 
 death of queen Caroline, and the lofs of his penfion. It was now propofed by 
 his friends, that he fliould retire into Wales, with an allowance of 50I. per 
 annum, to be raifed by fubfcription, on which he was to live privately in a 
 cheap place, and lay afide all afpiring thoughts. This oflrr he accepted with 
 joy, and fet out on his journey with about fifteen guineas in his pnrfe. His 
 friends and benefactors, the principal of whom was Mr. Pope, expeftcd now 
 to hear of his arrival in Wales ; but on the fourteenth day after his departure, 
 they were furprifed with a letter from him, acquainting them that he was yet 
 Upon the road, and in want of money, and therefore could not proceed without 
 
 a re»it-
 
 S A V t L E; 6oj 
 
 a remittance. The money was fent, by which he was enabled to reach Briftol ; 
 from whence he was to go to Sv/anfea, the place of his dcftination, by water. 
 He could not immediately obtain a paflage, and on that account was obliged 
 to ftay Ibmetime at Briftol, where with his ufual facility he made an acqua-nt- 
 ance with the principal inhabitants, and was treated with all kinds of civility. 
 At length he reached the place propofed for his refidence ; there he flayed a 
 year, and completed a tragedy whicli he had begun in London. He was now 
 defiroiis of coming to town to bring it on the ftage. His friends, particularly 
 Mr. Pope, ftrongly oppofed this defign, and advifcd him to put his tragedy 
 into the hands of Mr. Thomfon and Mr. Mallet, in order to have it prepared 
 for the ftage, inftead of coming to London in perfon. Savage rejedled this 
 propofal, quitted Swanfea, and fet off for the capital. But at Briftol, a repe- 
 tition of tiie kindnefs he had formerly met with, invited him to ftay -, and he 
 continued there fo long, till by his imprudence and mifcondudt he had wearied 
 out all his friends. His wit had loft its novelty, and his irregular behaviour 
 and late hours grew very troublefome to men of bufinefs. His money was fpent, 
 his cloaths worn out, and his fliabby appearance made it difficult for him to 
 procure a dinner. Here, however, he renrained in the midft of poverty, hun- 
 ger, and contempt, till the miftrefs of a coffee-houfe, to whom he owed about 
 eight pounds, arrefted him for the debt, and lodged him in prifon. During his 
 confinement, he began and almoft finiftied a fatire, entitled, London and Briftol 
 Delineated, in order to be revenged on thofe who were fo void of generofity as 
 to fuffer a man for whom they profefTed a regard, to languifli in a gaol for the 
 trifling fum of eight pounds. When he had been fix months in prifon, he re- 
 ceived a letter from Mr. Pope (on whom his chief dependance now v/,is) con- 
 taining a charge of very atrocious ingratitude. Savage returned a folemn pro- 
 teftation of his innocence ; and he feemed much difturbed at the accufation. A 
 few days after, he was feized with a diforder, which at firft was not fufpedled to 
 be dangerous; but growing daily more languid and dejciStod, at length a fever 
 leized him, and he expired on the firft day of Auguft, 1743, in the forty-ftxth 
 year of his age. 
 
 Such were the life and death of Richard Savage, a man equally diftinguiftied 
 by his virtues and his vices, and at once remarkable for his weaknefles and abi- 
 lities. As an author, though he may not be altogetlier fecure from the objec- 
 tions of the critic, his works muft be acknowledged to be the produftion of a 
 genius truly poetical. They have an original air, which bears no refemblancc 
 to any foregoing writer. Of his ftyle, the general fault is harflinefs, and its 
 genera) excellence, dignity; of his fehtimenr, the prevailing beauty is lublimity, 
 and uniformity the prevailing defeft. 
 
 SAVILE (Sir Henry) a moft learned Englifhman, was born of a good fa- 
 mily at Bradley near Halifax, in Yorkftiire, the 30th of November, 1549. He 
 ftudied in Merton-CoUegc, Oxford, where he took the degrees in arts, and was 
 chofen fellow. When he proceeded maftcr of arts in 1570, he read for that de- 
 gree on the Almagcft of Ptolemy, in fuch a manner as procured him the repu- 
 tation of being admirably {killed in mathematics and the Greek language j in 
 the former of which he voluntarily read ledtures for fome time. In 1578 he tra- 
 velled into France and other countries, where diligently improving himfclf in 
 all ufeful learning, in languages, and the knowledge of the world, he became 
 
 a n^oft
 
 $q6 S A V I L E. 
 
 a moft accoiTipliflied gentleman. At his return he was made tutor in the Greek 
 tongue to queen Elizabeth, who had a great eftccm for him. In 1585 he was 
 appointed warden of Merton-CoUege ; and in 1596 provoft of Eton-Colleg.e. 
 King James I. upon his acceffion to- the crown of England, expreflcd a parti- 
 cular regard for him, and would have preferred him eitlier in churcii or ftate ; 
 but he would only accept tlie honour of knighthood, which v.-as conferred upon 
 him at Windfor in September 1604. His oaly fon dying about that time, he 
 refoh'ed thenceforward to devote his fortune to the advancement of learning. 
 In purfuance of tjiis relolution, he in 16 19 founded two ledtures or profefTor- 
 fhips, one in geometry, the other in aftronomy, in the univerfity of Oxford. 
 He alfo furnillied a library with mathematical books, near the mathematical 
 fchool, for the ufe of his profelfors, and gave lool. to the mathematical cheft 
 of his own appointing j adding afterwards a legacy of 40I. a year to the fame 
 chclh He likev/ife contributed 120I. towards the re-building of tlie fchool s ; 
 feveral valuable manufcripts and printed books to the Bodleian library; and a 
 confiderable quantity of Greek types to the printing prefs at Oxford. This 
 learned and worthy man died at Eton-College on the 19th of February, 1622, 
 and was interred in rhe chapel there. The univerfity of Oxford ordered an ora- 
 tion to be publicly made to his honour, which was foon after publifhed with 
 feveral copies of verfes, under the title of Ulliiim Linea Savilii. Bifhop Mon- 
 tague, in his DiatribeE upon Selden's Hiftory of Tythes, ftyles Sir Henry Savile 
 " that magazine of learning, whofe memory fliall be honourable amongfl: not 
 only the learned, but the righteous for ever." Sir Henry publifhed, i. An 
 Englifh tranflation of Tacitus, with notes: 2. A View of certain Military Mat- 
 ters, or Commentaries concerning Roman Warfare : 3. A noble edition of St. 
 Chryfoftom's Works, in Greek, with notes, in eight volumes folio : 4. Pra:lec- 
 tiones 'Tredecim in rrincipiiun Ekmeutorum Euclidis Oxonia habit a : 5. Or alio coram 
 Eitzabethd.Regi'nd Oxonite habita, &c. 
 
 SAVILE' (Sir George) afterwards marquis of Elalifax, one of the greateft 
 ftatefmen of his time, was born about the year 1630, and fome time after his re- 
 turn from his travels, was ennobled by king Charles II. in confideration of his 
 own and liis father's merits. In 1672 he was called to a feat in the privy-coun- 
 cil, and in the lame year went over to Holland with the duke of Buckingham 
 and the carl of Arlington, as ambafladors extraordinary and plenipotentiary. In 
 1676 he was removed from the council-board, by the interell of the earl of 
 Danby. But in 1679 he was made a member of the new council ; and the next 
 year he oppofed the bill of exclufion, birt propofed fuch limitations of the duke 
 of York's authority, as fhould difable him from doing any harm either in church 
 or flate, as the taking out of his hands all power in ecclefiaftical matters, the 
 difpofal of the public money, and the power of making peace and war, and 
 lodging thefe in the two houles of parliament. When the bill was brought into 
 the houfe of lords, his lordlhip appeared with great rrfolution at the head of 
 the debates againfl: it, which fo exafperated the commons, that they addreflcd 
 ■the king to remove him from his councils and prefence for ever : but he foon 
 after prevailed on his majcfty to diffolve tliat parliament, and was created an 
 earl. However, on the king's deferring to call a new jiarliament, according to 
 his promife to his lordlhip, he fell fick, througli vexation of mind, and refufed 
 the port of fccrctary cf lUte, and that of lord-lieutenant of Ireland. In Au- 
 
 gtift
 
 . \ S A U N D E R S O N. §07 
 
 giul 1682 he was created a marquis, and foon after midc lord priv)'-fcal, and, 
 upon the accelTion of James II. jirefident of the council ; but on his refufmg to 
 confent to the repeal of the tell, he was difmilFed from all public employmencs. 
 In that aiFembly of the lords, which met after king James's withdravvihg him- 
 folf the firft time from Whitehall, the marquis was chofen their prefidcnt; and 
 upon the king's return from Feverfliam, he was fcnt, together wich the carl of 
 Shrewfbury and lord Delamere, from the prince of Orange, to defirc his ma- 
 jelly to quit his palace at V/hiteliall. In the convention parliament, he wa:; 
 chofen fpcaker of the houfe of lords, and llrenuoufly fupportcd t!ic motion for 
 the vacancy of the throne, and the conjuniftivc Sovereignty of tlie prince and 
 princels of Orange, upon whofe accelTion he was again made privy-leal. Yet in 
 1689 he quitted the court, and became a zealous oppofer of the meafures of the 
 government till his death, which happened in April 1695. Mr. Granger ob- 
 fervcs, that " he was a man of unfettled principles, and of a lively imagination, 
 which fometimcs got the better of his judgment. He would never lofe his jeft, 
 though it fpoii'jd his argument, or brought his fincerity, or even his religion in 
 quellion. He was defcrvcdly celebrated for his parliamentary talents ; and in 
 the fiimous contcfl relating to the bill of exclufion, was thought to be a match 
 for his uncle Shaftefbury. The pieces he has left us flicw him to have been an 
 ingenious, if not a mallerly writer ; and his Advice to a Daughter contains more 
 good lenfe in fewer words, than is, perhaps, to be found in any of his cotem- 
 porary authors." His lordfliip a!fo wrote the Anatomy of an Equivalent ; a 
 Letter to a DifTenter ; a Rough Draught of a New Model at Sea ; and Maxims 
 of State; all which WL-re primed together in one volume odlavo. Since thefe, 
 were alio publillied under his name, the Chara6ler of King Charles II. The 
 Character of Piihop Burnet ; and Hiflorical Obfervations upon the Reigns of 
 Edward I. II. III. and Richard II. with Remarks upon their faithful Counfel- 
 lors and falfe Favourites. 
 
 SAUNDERSON (Dr. Nicholas) pi ofeflbr of the mathematics in iheuniver- 
 fity of Cambridge, and fellow of the Royal Society, was born in January 1682, 
 at a village near Penniilon in Yorkfiiire ; where his father had a fmall eftate, 
 and a place in the excife. When he v/as a year old^ the fmall-pox deprived him 
 not only of his fight, but of his eyes affo, which came away in the abfcefs ; 
 and hence he retainetl no more idea of light and colours than if he had been 
 born blind. Nevcrthelefs, being early lent to the free-lchool at Penniilon, he 
 there laid the foundation of that knowledge of the Greek and Latin tongues, 
 which he afterwards improved lb far, as to be able perfectly to undcrftand the 
 works of Archimedes, Euclid, and Diophantus, when read to him in the ori- 
 ginal Greek. On his leaving the grammar-fchool, his father began to inilrucl 
 him in the ordinary rules of arithmetic; and hrre his genius firfl appeared; he 
 was loon capable ot v/orking the common queftions, ofir.aking long calculations 
 by the help of his mcniory, and of forming newsrules to himfelf for the more 
 ready folution of fuch jiroblems as are frequently propofed to learners, rather 
 to jierplex than inlhucl. At the age of eighteen, he v.as introduced to the ac- 
 quaintance of Richard Well, of Underbank, efq. who took the painsto inftruci 
 him in the principles of algebra and geometry ; and foon after Dr. Nettleton 
 took the fame pains with him. To tliefe gentlemen Mr. Saunderfon owed his 
 introduvftion into the mathematical fciences ; they inflrucUd h.iin by tiie fenfe of 
 
 7 P feeling,
 
 6o8 S A U N D E R S O >f. 
 
 feeling, furnillied him with books, and often read and expounded them to him : 
 but he foon excelled his teachers. 
 
 His cagernefs for learning growing with him, his father refolved to encourage 
 it, and fcnt him to a private academy at AtcerclitF, near Sheffield : but logic and 
 metaphyfics, the principal learning of that fchool, not being agreeable to his 
 genius, he made bVit a fiiort ftay there. He now profecuted his Ihidies at 
 home, without a mailer ; indeed he needed only a good author, and fome per- 
 fon that could read it to him, being able by the ftrength of his own abilities 
 to furmount all the difficulties that occurred. His father having a numerous 
 family, at length grew uneafy at the charge of keeping him. His own incli- 
 nations led hun to Cambridge -, but the expence or an education there, was a 
 difficulty not to be got over. At laft it was refolved that he fliould try his for- 
 tune there, but in a way very uncommon ; not as a fcholar, but as a mafter ^ 
 for his friends obfcrving that he was peculiarly happy in conveying his ideas to 
 others, hoped that he would teach the mathematics with credit even in the uni- 
 verfity. Accordingly, iVIr. Jofhua Dunn, a fellow-commoner of Chrift's-Col- 
 lege, brought him to Cambridge in the year 1707, when he was twenty-five 
 years of age ; and he refided in the college with his friend, without being ad- 
 mitted a member. The lociety, plcafed v/ith fo extraordinary a gueft, allotted 
 him a chamber, and allowed liim every privilege that could be of advantage 
 to him. But he ftill laboured under many difficulties; he was young; he had 
 no fortune ; and, though untaught himfelf, was to tea-ch philofophy in an uni- 
 verfity where it reigned in the greatelt perfedlion. Mr. Whillon was then pro- 
 feflbr of mathematics at Cambridge, and read lectures ; fo that an attempt of 
 this kind looked like an encroachment on his office; but, as a good-natured 
 man, and an encourager of learning, he readily gave his confent. The Pr/;;- 
 cipia Alathematica, Optics, and Arithiuetica Univerjaiis of Sir Ifaac Newton> were 
 the foundations of Mr. Saunderfon's leftures, and afforded him a noble field 
 for the difplay of his genius ; and great crowds came to hear a blind man de- 
 liver leftures on optics, difcourfe on the nature of light and colours, explaia 
 the theory of vifion, the effcft of glaffes, the phcenbmcna of the rainbow, and 
 other objects of fight. This muft appear extremely furprifing ; but if we con- 
 fider, that this fcicnce is altogether explained by lines, and is fubjeift to the 
 rules of geometry, it is not difficult to conceive that he might become a mailer 
 of thefe fubjcds. 
 
 As he inftrufled youth in the principles of the Newtonian philofophy, he 
 foon became acquainted with its incomparable author, and frequently converfed 
 with him on the moll difficult parts of his works ; he alfo lived in friendffiip 
 with the other eminent mathematicians of the age, Halley, Cotes, De Moivre,, 
 &c. Upon Mr. Whifton's removal from his proil-fforfhip, Mr. Saunderfon's 
 mathematical merit was fo fupcrior to that of any of his competitors, that an 
 extraordinary Hep was taken in his favour : in order to qualify him with a de- 
 gree which the llatutcs require, the heads of the colleges applied to the duke 
 of Somcrfet tlieir chancellor, who procured a mandate from queen Anne, for 
 conferring on him the degree of mailer of arts ; and he was then chofen Luca- 
 fian profefforof the mathematics, in November 171 1 ; when he began with an, 
 inauguration fpeech in very elegant Latin, and a ftyle truly Ciceronian. He 
 continued at Chrift's-College till the year 1723, when he took a houfe in Cam- 
 bridge-, and foon after married a daughter of the reverend Mr. Dickons, reiflor
 
 S E C K E R. 669 
 
 of Boxworth in Cambndgefhire, by whom he had a fon and a daughter. In 
 1728, when the univerfity was honoured with a vifit from king George II. that 
 prince was pleafed to exprefs his defire of feeing fo remarkable a perfon, and 
 accordingly Mr. Saunderfon waited on his majeily in the fenate-houfe, where, 
 by the royal favour, he was created doilor of laws. 
 
 Mr. Saunderfon had much wit and vivacity in converfation, and was an excellent 
 companion. He had a great regard to truth, and was fuch an enemy to difguife, 
 that he thought it his duty to fpeak his thoughts at ail times with unreftrained free- 
 dom. Hence his fentiments on men and opinions, his friendfhip or difregard, 
 were exprefled without referve ; but this fincerity raifed him many enemies. He 
 at firft acquired molt of his ideas by the fenfe of feeling ; and this, as is com- 
 monly the cafe with the blind, he enjoyed in great perfeiStion. Yet he could 
 not, as fome are faid to have done, diftinguifli colours by that fenfe ; for, after 
 having made repeated trials, he ufed to fay, it was pretending to impoffibilities. 
 But he could with great nicety and exaftnefs obferve the leail degree of rough- 
 nefs or defeft of polifh in a furface. Thus, in a fet of Roman medals, he dif- 
 tinguifhed the genuine from the falfe, though they had been counterfeited with 
 fuch exa6tnefs as to deceive a connoiffeur who had judged by the eye. By the 
 fenle of feeling alfo, he diftinguiflied the lead variation in the atmofphere ; and 
 the author of his life fays, that he has been feen in a garden, when obfervations 
 have been making on the fun, to take notice of every cloud that interrupted 
 the obfervation, almoft as juftly as they who could fee it. He could alfo tell 
 when any thing was held near his face, or when he paifed by a tree at no great 
 diftance, provided the air was calm, merely by the different impulfe of the air 
 on his face. His ear was alfo equally exaft. He could readily dillinguifh to 
 the fifth part of a note. By the quicknefs of this fenfe he could judge of the 
 fize of a room, and of his diftance from the wall; and if ever he walked over 
 a pavement in courts, piazzas, &c. which reQecSted a found, and was afterwards 
 conduced thither again, he could exadly tell in what part of the walk he ftood, 
 merely by the note it founded. He had naturally a ftj-ong healthy conltitution, 
 but his too fedentary life at length brought on a numbnefs in his limbs, which 
 ended in the mortification of one of his feet, of which he died on the 19th of 
 April, 1739, '" ^^^^ fifty-eighth year of his age ; and the next year his Elements 
 of Algebra were publiflied by fubfcription, in two volumes quarto. 
 
 SECKER (TF^0MAs) archbifliop of Canterbury, was born at Sibthorpe, a 
 village near Newark, in Nottinghamfliire, in 1693. His father was a diilenter, 
 and lived upon a fmall patrimony. He was fent to a fcliool at Chefterfield in 
 Derbyfhire, which he left about the year 1708, and went to a dilfcnting aca- 
 demy in Yorkfliire, from whicii, in about a year's time, he removed to another 
 in Gloucefterfliire, where he contra6led an acquaintance with Mr. Butjer, af- 
 terwards bifhop of Durham. Having made confiderable progrefs in claflical. 
 learning, he applied himfelf to critical and theological fubjeds, and likewife 
 to the lludy of phyfic. This he purfued in London till 17 19, when he went to 
 Paris, and there attended lectures on all the various branches of the medical 
 art, yet never wholly difcontinued his application to divinity. Here he firft be- 
 came acquainted with Mr. Martin Benfon, afterwards bifhop of Gloucefter. 
 Having now an unexpeded offer made to liim by Mr. Edward Talbot, of being, 
 provided for by his father, the bifliop of Durham, if he chofc to take orders in. 
 
 the-
 
 6io S E D L E Y. 
 
 the church of Kngland ; he took fonic months to confid'er of ir, anJ, after ma- 
 nirc deliberation, rclhlved to emtuMi-e ti\e propofal. In 1720 he returned 10 
 F.nglani.1, iuid Mr. Biitk-r introduced iiim to Mr. Edward Talbot, to whom he 
 t<'.is before unknown. To facilitate his 6btaining a degree at Oxford, he went 
 in I';' 21 to Leyden, where he took tlie degree of doftor in phyfic, and pub- 
 Mlied a diflertati^jn De McJkina Statica. Having continued at Leyden about 
 three months, he returned to England, and entered himfelf a gentleman com- 
 inoner in Exeter-College, Oxford, and being fuon after ordained priell by bifliop 
 Talbot, became his lordfliip's domeftic chaplain. On the i2tli of February, 
 I7 2J-4, he was inftituted to the re<5tory of Houghton-le-Spring, in the county 
 of Durhanj. In October I72(;, he married the lifter of his friend Dr. Martin 
 J-Jenfon; and clncfly on account of her health, he in 1727 exchanged Houghton 
 for a prebend in the church of Durham, and the living of Ryton near New- 
 csflle. He afterwards obtained the degree of doftor of civil law. In 1732 he 
 was appointed chaplain to the king, and the next year refigned the living of 
 Rvton for that of St. James's, Weftminftcr. His eminent abilities as a preacher 
 and divine, his exemplary difcharge of his parochial duties, with that diffufive 
 benevolence and gcneroficy v/hich made him privately remove tlie difirilles of 
 many poor families, wh.o ftrove to conceal their wants, foon recommended him 
 to a more exalted ftacion. In Januarv 1734-51 he was made bifhop of Bdrtol ; 
 in 1737 was tranlhued to the fee of Oxford, and in 1739 w'as made dean of St. 
 Paul's; upon which he reCgned his prebend of Durham, and tlie reftory of St. 
 James's. In Ihort, the great talents he continued to difplay, and his high repu- 
 tation for piety, and the mofl noble acts of beneficence, at length pointed him 
 out as a perfon every way worthy of being railed to th.e fupreme dignity of the 
 church; and he was coniecrated archbifliop of Canterbury in April 1758. The 
 manner of this woitKy prelate's death, which happened in the year 1768, was 
 verv fingular: he was for fcveral years much afflicted with the gout, and, in the 
 winter befc^x he died, he had fixquent and violent pains in his flioulder, which 
 at length removed to his thigh, and tliere fixed, with continu^il and almofl un- 
 remitted fcvcrity, till the 3 1 it of July fallowing, when, as- he was tunung him- 
 felf in his couch, lie broke his thigh-bone ; but though it was immediately let, 
 he fell into a fligiit kind of delirium, in which he lay without any pain till the 
 3d of Auguft, when he cxjiired with great tranquillity, iff- tiie fcventy-nfth year 
 of his age. After liis death it was found that the thig'a-boiie was quite carious, 
 and that the excruciating pains he had fo long felt, and, which he bore with won- 
 derful patience and fortitude, were owing to the gradual conpfion of this bone, 
 by fome acrimonious humour. He Icic his Catechetical Lecture.^, and a num- 
 ber of manufcript fermons to be publilhed by his two chaplains. 
 
 SEDLEY (Sir Chari.es) an Englifh wit and poet, was the fon of Sir John 
 Sedlcy, of Aylesford in Kent, and was born about the year 1639. He ftudied 
 fome time in VVadham-College, Oxford ;* but left the univerfity without taking 
 any degree. Upon the reftoration of Charles II. he came to London, in order 
 to join the general jubilee, and immediately commencing courtier, wit, poet, 
 and rake, met with fuch admiration and applaufe, that he became a kind of 
 oracle among the poets, and no performance v/as either approved or condemned, 
 till Sir Charles Sedlcy had given judgment. But while he thus increafed in re- 
 putation for wit, and in favour with the king, he grew j)Oor and debauched ; 
 
 for
 
 SEED. (5ii 
 
 Jfpr by engaging in low and ridiculous frolics, his eftate was impaired, and his 
 morals corrupted. We Ihall here mention one of thefe mad adventures, which 
 is related by Mr. Wood. In June 1663, Sir Charles Sedley, lord Buckhurft, 
 Sir Thomas Ogle, and others, were at an eating-houfe in Covent-Garden, where 
 having inflamed themfelves with liquor, they went out into a balcony, and, as 
 Mr. Wood exprefles it, excrementized in the ftreet. This being done, Sir 
 Charles ftripped himfelf naked, and preached to the people in a mofb profane 
 and fcandaious manner. Upon this a riot was raifed, and the mob grew very 
 clamorous, infilling upon having tlie door opened ; and this not being complied 
 with, they were not to be appeafed till they had driven the preacher and his com- 
 pany from the balcony, and broke all the windows of the houfe. This out- 
 rage on decency being foon fpread abroad, and juftly giving offence to all par- 
 ties, they were fummoned to appear in Weftminfter-hall, where being indicled 
 for a/riot, they were all feverely fined, and Sir Charles Sedley fcntenced to pay 
 500I. ; Sir Charles afterwards applied to Mr. Henry Killigrew, and another gen- 
 tleman, defiring them to perfuade the king to remit his fine ; this they pro- 
 mifed } but inllead of getting it off, begged it for themfelves, and had it paid 
 to a farthing. 
 
 The difagreeable confequences of this indecent frolic, gave Sir Charles's mind 
 a more feriqus turn; and he began to apply himfelf to the ftudy of politic?. 
 He had been chofen to ferve for Romney in Kent in the parliament which met on 
 "^the 8th of May, 1661, and continued a member of feveral fucceeding parlia- 
 ments. Tiiough he had received favours from king James II. he was extremely 
 aftive for the Revolution : but James, who was remarkable for not being ena- 
 moured with beauty, had an amour with one of Sir Charles's daughters, who 
 was not handfome, and 'had created her countefs of Dorcheftcr. This, fo far 
 from pleafing, fliocked Sir Charles ; for as great a libertine as he had been him- 
 felf, he could not bear his daughter's di (honour, which he contidered as made 
 more confpicuous by this exaltation. Being one day afked, why he appeared 
 fo warm for the Revolution, he is faid to have anfwered, " From a principle of 
 gratitude -, for fince his majefty has made my daughter a countefs, it is fit I 
 Ihould do all I can to make his daughter a queen." He lived till the begin- 
 ning of the reign of queen Anne. His works were printed in two volumes oc- 
 tavo, and confill of plays, tranllations, longs, prologues, epilogues, and fmall 
 , occafional pieces. However amoroully tender and delicate his poems are, yet 
 they have not much ftrength ; nor do they exhibit great marks of genius. The 
 foftnefs of his verfes is cliaracherifed bv the duke of Buckingham, who calls 
 them " Sedicy's Witciicraft ;" and the art ofinfinuating look' juinciples in de- 
 , cent language, is thus afcribed to him by the earl of Rocheitcr : 
 
 " Sedley has that prevailing, gentle art, 
 
 " That can with a refiftlefs charm impart 
 
 " The loofefl: willies to the chaftell heart ; 
 
 " Raife fucii a conflid, kindle fuch a lire, 
 
 " Betwixt declining virtue and defirc, 
 
 " Till the poor vanquifli'd maid diflblves away, 
 
 " In dreams ail night, in fighs and tears all day." 
 
 ■;-;cr".). '^| 
 
 SEED (J£Remiah) an excellent divine, was born at Clifton, near Penrith, 
 
 7 CL i"
 
 6ia S E L D E N. 
 
 in Cumberland, of which place his father was reftor. He had his fchool-edu^ 
 cation at Lowther, under the reverend Mr. Wilkinfon, and his acadennical at 
 Queen's-College in Oxford, of which he was chofen fellow in 1732. A great 
 part of his life was fpent at Twickenham, where he was curate to Dr. Water- 
 land. In 1741 he was prefented by his college to the living of Enham iti 
 Hamplhire, at which place he died in the year 1747, without having ever ob- 
 tained any higher preferment, which he amply deferved. He was exemplary in 
 his morals, orthodox in his opinions, had the ableft head, and the moft ami- 
 able heart. A late writer againil the Athanafian dodlrincs, whofe teftimony we 
 choofc to give, as it is truth extorted from an adverfary, thus fpeaks of him : 
 " Notwithllanding this gentleman's being a contender for the Trinity, yet he 
 was a benevolent man, an upriglit Chriltian, and a beautiful writer : exclufive 
 of his zeal for the Trinity, he was in every thing elic an excellent clergyman, 
 and an admirable fcholar. I knew him well, and, on account of his amiable 
 qualities, very highly honour his memory j though no two ever differed more in 
 religious fentiments." 
 
 Mr. Seed pubiiflied in his life-time, Difcourfes on feveral important Subjects, 
 in two volumes oftavo, and in 1750, his Polthumous Works, confiiting of fer- 
 mons, letters, effays, &c. in two volumes oftavo, were publifhed from his ori- 
 ginal manufcript, by Jofeph Hall, M. A. fellow of Queen's-College, Oxford. 
 Thefe writings are fo well known, that it is almoft needlefs to fay, that they 
 9re highly poJiflied ; that there is in them the moft refined tafte and delicacy of 
 Sentiment, an exaft knowledge of human nature, great zeal for religion, and 
 folicitude for the happinefs of mankind. 
 
 SELDEN (John) an Englifh gentleman of extenfive knowledge and prodi- 
 gious learning, was dcfcended from a good family, and born at Salvinton in 
 Suflcx, the i6th of December, 1584. He was educated at the frce-fchool iti 
 Chichefter ; and at fixteen years of age was fent to Hart-Hall in Oxford, where 
 he continued upwards of three years. Then he entered himfclf of Clifford's- 
 Inn, London, in order to iludy the law; and about two years after removed to 
 the Inner Temple, where he foon acquired a great reputation by his learning. 
 His firft friendlliips were with Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Camden, 
 and Ulher, all of them learned in antiquities ; which was alfo Mr. Selden's fa- 
 vourite object. In 1610 he began to diftinguifh himfelf by publications in this 
 way, and put out two pieces that year, viz.Jani Anglonim Fades Altera, and i)^? 
 Duello, or the Origin of Single Combat. In 1613 he wrote verfcs in Greek, 
 Latin, and Englilh, upon Browne's Britannia's Pallorals ; which, with divers 
 poems prefixed to the works of other authors, occafioned Sir John Suckling to 
 give him a place in his Sedion of the Poets. The next year came out his 
 Titles of Honour, a work much efleemcd at home and abroad, and which, " as 
 to what concerns our nobility and gentry (fays a certain writer) all will allow 
 ought firft to be perufed, for the gaining a general notion of the dillin<ftion from 
 an emperor down to a country-gentleman." In 16 16 he publifhed notes on 
 Sir John Fortefcue's book De Laudibus Legum Anglia -, and in 16 17 De Dits Syris 
 Syntagmata Duo, which was reprinted at Leyden in 1629. 
 
 Mr. Sclden was not yet above three and thirty years of age ; and yet he had 
 (hewn himfclf a great philologift, antiquary, and linguift : and his name was 
 fo NYOnderfully advanced, not onIy""ac home, but in foreign countricsj that he 
 
 was
 
 S E L D E N. 6r3 
 
 was aftually then become, what he was afterwards ufiially ftiled, the great dic- 
 tator of learning to the Englifh nation. In 1618, wh; n he was in iiis thirty- 
 fourth year, his Hiftory of Tithes was printed in quarto, in the preface to 
 which, he reproaches the clergy with ignorance arid lazinefs, with having no- 
 thing to keep vp their credit, but beard, title, and habit, their ftudies not 
 reaching farther than the breviary, the poftils, and polyantliea ; in the work, 
 itfelf he endeavours to fhew, that tithes are not due under chriftianity by divine 
 right, though he allows the clergy's title to them by the laws of the. land'. 
 This book gave great offence to the clergy, and was animadverted on by feveral 
 writers; by Dr. Richard Montague, afterwards bifhop of Norwich, in particu- 
 lar. The author was called before fome lords of the high commiiTion and alfo 
 of the privy-council, and obliged to make a fubmilTion, which he did raoft wil- 
 lingly, for pubhlhing a boolc, which againft his intention had given offence,, 
 yet without recanting any thing in it, whicli he never did. 
 
 In 1621, king James being difpleafed with the parliament, and having im- 
 prilbned feveral members, whom he fufpefted of oppolihg.his meafijres, ordered 
 Mr. Selden likewife to be committed' to the cuitodyof the fheriff of London j for, 
 though he was not then a member of the houfe of commons, yet he had been 
 fent for and confulted by them, and had given his opinion very ftrongly in fa- 
 \>-our of their privileges, in oppofition to the court. However, by the interefi: 
 of Andrews, bifliop of Winchefter, he was fct at liberty in five weeks. He then - 
 returned to his ftudies, and wrote and published learned works, as ufual. In i 
 1622 he was chofen a burgefs for Lancaller ; but amidft all the divifions, with 
 which the nation was then agitated, kept himfelf perfeftly neuter. In 1625 he 
 was chofen member for Great Bedwin in Wiltfliire ; and in this firft parliament 
 of king Charles, declared himfelf warmly againfl the duke of Buckingham ; 
 and, when that nobleman was impeached in 1626, he was one of the mana- 
 gers of the articles againll him. He oppofcd the court-party the three following 
 ye^rs with great vigour in many fpeeches. The king, having diffolved the 
 parliament m 1629, ordered feveral members of the houfe of commons to be 
 brought before the King's Bench bar, and to be committed to the Tower. Mr. 
 Sqlden, who was one of this number, infifted upon the benefit of the laws, and 
 refufed to make any fubmiffion to the court ; upon which he was removed to the 
 King's-Bench prifon. He was releafed in the latter end of the fiime year; and, 
 about fixteen years after, the parliament ordered him 5000I. for the loffes he had 
 fuftained on this occafion. In 1630 he was again taken into cuftody, with the 
 earls of Bedford and Clare, Sir Robert Cotton, and Mr. St. John, being ac- 
 cufed of having difperfed a libel, entitled, " A Propofition for his Majefly's 
 Service, to bridle the Impertinency of Parliaments ;" but they were foon fet at 
 liberty, it being proved, that Sir Robert Dudley, who then lived in the duke of 
 "•Tufcany'sdominions, was the autlior of that piece. In 1634 a difpmc arifing 
 between the Englifh and Dutch concerning the herring fifhery on the Britifh 
 coaft, and the famous Grotius having leveral years before publifhed his Alare 
 Liberum in favour of the latter, Mr. Selden was prevailed upon by arclibifliop 
 Laud to draw up his Aiare Claujum, which greatly recommended him to the 
 favour of the court. In 1640 he was chofen member for the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford, wlicn he again oppofed the court, though he might by complying have 
 raifed himfelf to very confiderable polls. Three years after, he was appointed ■ 
 <5ne of t lie lay-members to fit in the affembly of divinps at WcilminlUr, and, 
 
 about
 
 6i4 S E L D E N. 
 
 about the fame time, was by the parliament made keeper of the records in the 
 Tower. In 1 644 he was elefted one of the commifTioners of the admiralty, ^nd 
 likewife nominated to the mafterfliip of Trinity-College in Canibridge,' which 
 }}c declined accepting. Towards the clofe of his life, he faw the fcrtiptiriels of 
 ^ll human learning; and owned, that, out of the numberlefs volumes he had 
 read and digefled, nothing ftuck fo clofe to his heart, or gave him- luch folid 
 fatisfadion, as the following pafTage from St. Paul's Epiftle to Titus : " The 
 grace of God, which bringeth falvation, hath appeared to all men, teaching us, 
 that" denying ungodlinefs and worldly lulls, we fhould live foberly, righteoufly, 
 and godly, in this prcfent world ; lookipg for that blcfied hope, and the glo- 
 rious appearance of our Lord Jcfus Chrill, who gave himfelf for \is, that he 
 might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himfelf a peculiar people, 
 zealous of good works." He died on the 30th of November, 1654, at tlic 
 houfe of Elizabeth, countefs dowager of Kent, and was interred in the Temple 
 church, where a monument was erected to his memory. His works were col- 
 lefled and publifhed in three volumes folio, in 1725, by Dr. David Wilkins ; 
 who obferves, that " he was a man of uncommon gravity and greatnefs of foul, 
 averfe to flattery, liberal to fcholars, charitable to the poor; and though he 
 had a oreat latitude in his principles with regard to ecclefiaftical power, yet he 
 had a fincere regard for the cluuch of England." .But the noblcft tcftimony 
 in favour of our great lawyer and fcholar, is that of his intimate friend the earl 
 of Clarendon, who fpeaks of him in the following terms : " Mr. Seldcn was a 
 perfon (fays the noble hiftorian) whom no charafter can flatter, or tranfmit in 
 any expreffions equal to his merit and virtue. He was of fo flupendous learn- 
 ino- in all kinds and in all languages, as may appear from his excejlent and 
 tranfcendent writings, that a man would have thought he had been entirely con- 
 -verfant among books, and had never fpcnt an hour but in reading and •vyptirjg. ; 
 yet his hunianity, courtefy, and affability was fuch,that he would Ijave l^e.en 
 thought to have been bred in the beft courts, 'but that his good-nature, cha- 
 rity, and delight in doing good, and in communicating all he knew, exceeded 
 that breeding;. His ftyle in all his writings feems harfli, and Ipmetimes qb- 
 fcure; which" is not wholly to be imputed to the abflrrufe fubjecEls of which he 
 commonly treated, out of the paths trod by other men, but to a little under- 
 ivaluinc' the beauty of a ftyle, and too much propenfity to the language of anti- 
 f-quity : biut in his converfatior^ he was the moft, clear dilcourfcr, and had the beft 
 ' faculty in making hard things eafy, and prefcnting them to the underftanding, 
 of any man that ha:h been known. Mr. Hyde was v^'ont to fay, that he valued 
 himfelf upon nothing more, than upon having had Mr. Sckien's acquaintance, 
 from the time he was very young; and held it with great delight, as long ab 
 ,.they were fuffcrcd to continue together in Londpn : and he was very mjjc'h 
 troubled always when he heard him blamed, cenfured, and reproached for flay- 
 ^Jing in London, and in the parliament, after they were in rebellion, and in the 
 .' worft times, which his age obliged him to do ; and how wicked Ibcver the ac- 
 ".tions were, which were every day done, he was confident he had not given his 
 confent to them, but would have hindered them if he could with his own fafetv, 
 to which he was always enough indulgent. If he had fomc infirmities wi-tli 
 other men, they were weighed down with wonderful and prodigious abilities 
 I and excellencies in the other icale." 
 
 SEYMOUR
 
 SEYMOUR. 6is 
 
 SEYMOUR (Edward) duke of Somerfet, lord-prote<^or of the kingdom 
 in the reign of Edward VI. was the eldeft fon of Sir John Seymour of Wolf-hall, 
 in the county of Wilts, knight. He was educated in the univerfity of Oxford ; 
 whence returning to his father at court, when martial atcliievemcnts were en- 
 couiaged by king Henry VIII. he applied himfelf early to the profefTion of arms ; 
 fpent his youth in the wars ; and accompanying the duke of Suffolk in his ex- 
 pedition to France, was knighted by that nobleman. Upon his fifter's marriage 
 with the king, in 1536, he was created vifcount Beauchamp, and the next year 
 earl of Hertford. In 1540 he was fent to France to difpu'e the limits of the 
 Englifli borders, and upon his return was elected knight of the Garter. In 1542 
 he attended the duke of Norfolk in his expedition into Scotland ; and the 
 fame year was conftituted lord chamberlain of England for life. In 1544, being 
 made lieutenant-general of tlie North, he embarked for Scotland with a fleet 
 and army, on account of the Scots refufing to marry their young queen to 
 prince Edward, and landing in the Firth, took Leith and Edinburgh, and after 
 plundering and burning them, returned to England. In Auguft the fame year, 
 he went to the affiflance of the king at the fiege of Boulogne, with feveral 
 troops of Almains and Flemings ; and after it was taken, defeated an army of 
 14,000 French, who lay encamped near it. 
 
 By the will of Henry VIII. he was appointed one of the fixteen executors of 
 his majefty, and governors of his fon, till he fhould be eighteen years of age. 
 Upon the prince's acceffion to the crown, it was propofed in council, that one 
 of the fixteen iliould have the chief direction of afiairs, though rellrained from 
 afting without the confent of the major part of the reft. This was warmly op- 
 pofed by the lord-chancellor Wriotheily, who thought the precedence in fecular 
 affairs belonged to him by his office ; but the earl of Hertford, who was the 
 young king's uncle, had fo prepared his friends, that it was voted, that he Ihould 
 be declared governor of the king's perfon, and proteftor of the kingdom ; but 
 that he Ihould not aft without the advice and confent of the other regents. 
 Upon tills two diftinft parties were formed; the one headed by the new pro- 
 testor, and the other by the lord-chancellor ; the favourers of the reformation 
 declaring for the former, and its enemies for the latter. On the loth of Fe- 
 bruary, 1547, the proteftor was appointeil lord-treafurer, and on the 1 6th cre- 
 ated duke of Somerfet; on tlie 17th he obtained a grant of the office of earl- 
 marfhal for life, and on the lath of March following received a patent for the 
 office of proteftor and governor of the king and his realms,, by which he had a 
 netrative in the council, but thev had none on him, and he could either bring 
 his own fnends into it, or fekft" a cabinet council out of it at picalure. In 
 Auguft 1545) he took out a conimiflion to be general, iuid marching into Scot- 
 land at the head of a numerous army, totally defeated the Scors at the me- 
 morable battle of Muffelburgh ; in which 14,000 of the enemy were killed. 
 This fuccefs raifed his reputation, and the nation had great expeftatio;is from his 
 government; but the breach between him and his brother Sir Tiiomas Sey- 
 pipur, lord high-admiral of England, loft him this advantage, and that gen- 
 tleman's being beheaded in March j 549, caufed him to be greatly cenfured. 
 
 About tlie fame time a llrong faftiou was formed againft him by W riothcfly, 
 earl of Southampton, and Dudley, carl of Warwick ; the former hated him on 
 account of his having deprived him of the office of lord high-chancellor, and 
 the latter expefted to have the principal adiiiinillration of affairs upon his re- 
 
 7 R • mova!.
 
 6i6 SEYMOUR. 
 
 moval. His partiality to the commons provoked the gentry; his confenting to 
 the brother's execution, and his palace in the Strand, now called Somerlct- 
 houfe, erefled on the ruins of fevcral religious llmftures, difgufted the people, 
 and many of the clergy hated him, not only for promoting the Reformation, 
 but on account of his enjoying many of the belt manors of the bilhops. The 
 firft dilcovery of their defigns, induced him to remove the king to Hamp- 
 ton Court, and then to Windfor ; but finding the party againfl hini too formid- 
 able for him to oppofe, he fubmitred to the council, and on the 14th of Odtober 
 was committed to the Tower. About this period he had great refpeft fliewn 
 to him by the celebrated reformers Calvin and Peter Martyr. The former wrote 
 to him, fays Mr. Walpole, an epiftle of godly confolation, compofed before the 
 time and knowledge of his difgrace ; which being delivered to him in the Tower, 
 the duke tranflated it from French into Engiifh, and it was printed in 1550. 
 Peter Martyr wrote to him an epiftle in Latin, which pleafed the duke ib much, 
 that at his defire it was tranflated into Englifli by Thomas Norton, and alfo 
 printed in 1550. He himfclf wrote, during his firft; imprilbnmcnt, apiece in- 
 titled, A fpiritual and moft precious Pearl, teaching all Men to love and em- 
 brace the Crofs, as a moft fweet and neceflfary Thing, printed likewife in 1550. 
 In January following he was fined 2000I. a-year, with the lofs of all his offices 
 and goods. However, in a month after he obtained a full pardon, and fo ma- 
 naged his intereft with the king, that the next April he was brought both to the 
 court and council : and to confirm the reconciliation between him and the earl 
 of Warwick, he married the lady Jane, his daughter, to the lord vifcount Lifle, 
 the earl's fon. But tiieir friendlhip Vas of fhort duration, for in October 1551, 
 Warwick, now created duke of Northumberland, cauled the duke of Somerfet 
 to be fent to the Tower, alledging his having formed a deftgn of raifing the 
 people ; and that when himfelf, the marquis of Northampton, and the earl of 
 Pembroke, had been invited to dine at the lord Pagtt's, Somerfct determined 
 to have fet upon them by the way, or to have killed them at dinner. On the 
 firft of December he was brought to his trial, and was found guilty of felony 
 in intending to aflafiinate the duke of Nortliumberland. He was beheaded on 
 Tower- hill, the 22d of January, 155 1-2, and died with gicat ferenity. It was 
 generally believed that the confpiracy for which he iuffered was a mere forgery; 
 and indeed the not bi inging the witnelTes into court, but only the depofitions, 
 and the parties themfelvcs fitting as judges, gave great occafion to condemn the 
 proceedings againft him. Befides, his four friends, who were executed for the 
 fame caufe, ended their lives with the moft folemn proteftations of their in- 
 nocence. 
 
 " Though his adminiftration (fays Mr. Granger) was not without blemiftie;;, 
 his conduct was generally regulated by juiticc and humanity. He repealed 
 the fanguinary and tyrannical laws of Henry VIII. and by gentle and prudent 
 methods promoted the great work of the Reformation. Such was his love of 
 equity, that he erefted a court of requefts in his own houfe, to hear and redrefs 
 the grievances of the poor. His attachment to the reformed religion, but much 
 more his envied greatnefs, drew upon him the refentment of the faftious nobi- 
 lity, at the head of whom was his own brother the lord-admiral, and John 
 Dudley, earl of Warwick, afterwards duke of Northumberland. He caufed the 
 former to be beheaded, and was foon after brought to the block himfelf, by 
 
 the
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 617 
 
 the Intrigues of the latter, to whofe crooked politics, and ambitious views, he 
 was the greateft obftacle." 
 
 SHADWELL (Thomas) poet laureat, and an eminent dramatic writer, was 
 born at Stanton-hall, in Norfolk, in 1640. He was educated at Caius-College 
 in Cambridge, and from thence removed to the Middle-Temple to ihuly the 
 law, where having fpenc fome time, he travelled abroad. Upon his return to 
 England he became acquainted with feveral perfons of wit and diflinguiflied 
 quality, and applied himfelf to the lludy of polite literature, particularly to dra- 
 matic poetry, in which he had great fucccls. At the revolution he was made 
 poet laureat and hiftoriograplier to king "William and queen Mar}', v/hich em- 
 ployments he enjoyed till his death. Mr. Dr^'dcn, who had warmly efpoufed 
 the oppofite intereft, was at the revolution difmiircd from his poft of laureat, 
 and Mr. Shadwell fucceeding him in it, he treated the latter with the utmoft 
 contempt, and in his Mac Flecknce has tranfmltted his antagonift to pofterity 
 in a very difadvantageous light; but notwithftanding his poetical abilities were 
 greatly inferior to thole of Mr. Dryden, many of the befl; wits of tliat age have 
 given their teftimony in favour 'of his comedies. He died fuddenly on the 
 20th of November, 1692, in the fifty-fecond year of his age, as we are informed 
 by the infcription upon the monument, erefted to his honour in Weilminfter- 
 abbey, by his fon Dr. Shadwell. This monument is adorned with his bufl:, 
 crowned with a chaplet of bays, and other decorations. He wrote feventeen 
 plays, and feveral poems, among which is a tranflation of the tenth fatire of Ju- 
 venal. Dr. Nicholas Brady reprefents him as a man of great honcfty and in- 
 tegrity, and ftys, that he had a real love of truth and fincerity, an inviolable 
 fidelity and ftriftnefs to his word, an unalterable friendfliip wherefocver he pro- 
 fefled it; had all the accomplifliments which adorn a complete gcntkman, and 
 fuch a fenfe of religion, that he never took his dofe of opium, but he folcmnly 
 recommended himfelf to God by prayer. 
 
 SHAKESPEARE (William) the celebrated dramatic poet, was the fon of 
 Mr. John Shakel'peare, and was born at Stratford upon Avon, in the county 
 of Warwick, in April, 1564. His father, who was a confiderablc dealer in 
 wool, had fo large a family, ten children in all, that though our poet was his 
 eldeft fon, he could not afford to give him a liberal education, but was obliged 
 to bring him up to his own employment. He had, indeed, ient him for fome 
 time to a free-fchool, where he probably acquired what Latin he was miafter 
 of. But the narrownefs of his circumitances, and the v/ant of his adiflance at 
 home, forced his father to withdraw him from thence, and thereby prevented 
 his receiving any farther advantage from fcholaftic inftruftion. Upon his leav- 
 ing the fchool, he fecms to have devoted himfelf entirely to that way of life, 
 which his fadier propofed to liim ; and, in order to fettle in the world, he mar- 
 ried while he was yet very young, being little more than feventeen years of 
 age. His wife was the daughter of one Hatchway, faid to have been a fub- 
 ftantial yeoman in the neighbourhood of Stratford. In this kind of fettkmenc 
 he continued for fome time, till an extravagance which he was guilty of, obliged 
 him to quit that part of the country, and to relinquifli the way of life into 
 which he had entered. He had fallen into ill company; and, among tliem, 
 fome that made a frequent practice of deer-ftealing, engaged him vs'ith them 
 
 more
 
 6i8 . SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 more than once in robbing a park that belonged to Sir Thomas Lucy, of Char- 
 lecot, near Stratford. For this he was profecuted by that gentleman, as he 
 thought, ibmewhat too feverely ; and, in order to revenge that rigour, he wrote 
 a ballad againlt him. And though this (which was probably his firil poetical 
 eiray) is now loft, yet ic i? faid to have been To extremely poignant and fevere, 
 that it heightened the profecution againft him to fuch a degree, thar he was 
 obliged to leave his bufinefs and family in Warwickfhire, and Ihelter himfelf in 
 London. Thus an incident, which at firft feemcd a misfortune to him, and a 
 refleftion upon his charafter, was the means of bringing into his proper fphere, 
 the greateft dramatic writer which this country has produced. 
 
 As Shakefpeare, during his refidence in the country, fometimes kept licen- 
 tious company, we may probably fuppofe that his application to bufinefs was 
 not very great, and that he was fomewhat deficient in the article of oeconomy. 
 On his arrival at London, he v/as reduced to fuch extreme indigence, as com- 
 pelled him to have recourfe to offices of a very mean kind for a fubfillance. 
 Thus we are told, that as, in the time of Elizabeth, when coaches were not much 
 in ufe, many perfons went on horfeback to the play, one of Shakefpeare's ex- 
 pedients to fupport himfelf, was to wait at the door of the play-houfe, and 
 hold the horfes of thofe that had no fcrvants, that they might be ready again 
 after the performance. In this office he became, it is faid, fo confpicuous for 
 his care and diligence, that in a fhort time every man, as he alighted, called 
 for Will. Shakefpeare, and fcarcely any other waiter was triifted with a horfe, 
 while Will. Shakefpeare could be had. This v.-as the firft dawn of better for- 
 tune. Shakefpeare, finding more horfes put into his hands than he could hold, 
 hired boys to wait under his infpedion, who were known by the name of Shake- 
 fpeare's boys. His wit, and agreeable converfation, foon recommended him to 
 fome of the players ; by whofe means he was introduced into the play-houfe, 
 where he was at firft admitted in a very low ftation ; but his admirable wit, and 
 the natural turn of it to the ftage, foon diftinguiffied him, if not as an extra- 
 ordinary a6lor, yet as an excellent writer. His name is printed, as the cuftom 
 was in tb.ofe times, among thofe of the other players, before fome old plays, 
 but without any mention of the charai^ters he ufed to perform : and Mr. Rowe 
 tells us, that he could never meet with any further account of him this way, 
 than that the top of his performance was the Ghoft in his own Hamlet. 
 
 Shakefpeare having, by pradlice and obfervation, foon acquainted himfelf with 
 the mechanical ccconomy of tl.c theatre, his native genius fupplied the reft. 
 But the whole view of iiis firft attempts in dramatic poetiy being to procure a 
 fubfiftance, he diredtcd his endeavours fole'y to hit the tafte and humour that 
 then prevailed among the lower fort of people, of v/hom the audience was ge- 
 nerally compofed ; and therefore his images of life were drawn from thofe of 
 that rank. In this manner did Shakefpeare fct out, without the advantage of 
 education, the advice or affiftance of the learned, the patronage of the better 
 fort, or any acquaintance among them. But when his performances had me- 
 rited the protection of his fovereign, and the encouragement of the court had 
 fucceeded to that of the town, the works of his riper years were manifeftly 
 raifed above the level of h's former productions. He was highly efteemed by 
 queen Elizabeth, who had feveral of his plays a(51ed before" her, and gave him 
 many marks of her favour. Her majefty was fo well plcafed with the admirable 
 character of FalftalF, in the two parts of Henry IV. that ftie commanded Shake- 
 fpeare
 
 ''Shakespeare. ^19, 
 
 (peare to contiriufe it for one play more, and to ihew him in love. And 
 accordingly it is faid, that to this command we owe The Merry Wives of 
 Windfor. Shakefpeare alfo received many uncommon marks of favour from 
 the carl of Southampton, the friend of the unfortunate earl of ElTex. This 
 generous nobleman is faid to have given our poet at one time a thoufand 
 pounds, to enable him to go through with a purchafe, which he heard he 
 had a mind to : a bounty very great, and very rare at any time ; and al- 
 moft equal, fays Mr. Rowe, to that profufe generofity which the prefent 
 «ge has fhewn to French dancers and Italian fingers. 
 
 Our poet's acquaintance with Ben Johnfon began with an a6l of good-na- 
 ture and humanity. Johnfon, who was at that time altogether unknown to 
 the world, had offered one of his dramatic pieces to the players, in order 
 to have it performed. But tlie perfon into whofe hands it was put, after ha- 
 ving tiirned it carelefsly over, was jufl about returning it to him with an 
 ill-natured anfwer, that it would be of no fervice to the company ; when 
 Shakefpeare happening to caft his eye upon the piece, was fo well pleai'ed 
 with it, that he brought it on the flage, and afterwards recommended John- 
 fon and his writings to the public. In 1603 a licence was granted under 
 the privy feal by king James I. to Shakefpeare, Fletcher,' Philips, Hem- 
 mings, Condel, Burbage, and others, authorizing them to adt plays not only at 
 tkeir ufual houfe, the Globe, on the Bank-fide, Southwark, but in any other 
 part of the kingdom, during his majefty's pleafure. There is no certain ac- 
 count when Shakefpeare quitted the ftage. But it appears that the latter 
 part of his life was fpent in eafe, retirement, and the converfation of his 
 friends. He had the good fortune to acquire a decent competency ; and 
 fpent fome years before his death at his native town of Stratford. His un- 
 common wit, and extreme good-nature, procured him the acquaintance, and 
 •entitled him to the friendfhip, of all the gentlemen in the neighbourhood j 
 and amongfl: them, according to a ftory long remembered in that part of 
 the country, he had a particular intimacy with Mr. Combe, an old gentle- 
 man noted thereabouts for his wealth, avarice, and ulury. It happened, that 
 in a pleafant converfation among their common friends, Mr. Combe told 
 Shakefpeare in a laughing manner, that he fancied he intended to write his 
 epitaph, if he happened to out-live him ; and fince lie could not know what 
 might be faid of him when lie was dead, he defired It might be done im~ 
 mediately. Upon which Shakefpeare gave him thefe four lines : 
 
 *' Ten in the hundred lies here ingrav'd, 
 
 " 'Tis an hundred to ten his foul is not fav'd: 
 
 " If any man afk. Who lies in this tomb ? 
 
 " Oh ! oh ! quoth the Devil, 'tis my John-a-Combe." 
 
 But the fharpnefs of this fatire is laid to have ftung the old gentleman fo 
 fcverely, that he never forgave it. 
 
 Shakefpeare died on the ajd of April, 1616, in tlie fifty-third 3'ear of 
 his age, and was interred on tlie nurth-fide of the chancel, in the great 
 church of Stratford, where a liandfome monument was eredled for him, in- 
 fcribcd with the following Latin dillieh : 
 
 7 S "Judicio
 
 6jo SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 ** Judicio Pylium, genio Socratem, arte Maronem, 
 *' Terra tegit, populus mceret, Olympus habet." 
 
 And on the grave-Ilone, in the pavement, underneath, are thefe lines : 
 
 " Good friend, for Jefus' fake, forbear 
 " To dig the duft inclofed here. 
 " Bleft be the man that fpares thefe ftones, 
 " And curft be he that moves my bones" 
 
 In the year 1740, another very noble monument was erefted to his memory, 
 at the public expence, in Weliminfter-Abbey ; an ample contribution being 
 made for this purpofe, upon exhibiting his tragedy of Julius Casfar, at the 
 Theatre-Royal in Drury-lane, on the 28th of April, 1738. The truftecs 
 for the public on this occafion, were the earl of Burlington, Dr. Mead, Mr. 
 Pope, and Charles Fleetwood, Efq: The monument was defigned by Kent, 
 and executed by Scheemakers, and is extremely elegant. Shakefpeare is re- 
 prefented, in the drefs of his time, in white marble, at full length, leaning a 
 little on his right arm, which is fupported by a pedeftal ; at the bottom of 
 which hangs a fcroll, infcribed with the following lines from the Tempeft. 
 
 " The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
 " The folemn temples, the great globe itfelf, 
 " Yea, all which it inherit, fhall diflblve, 
 " And like the bafelcfs fabric of a vifion, 
 " Leave not a wreck behind." 
 
 And above his head behind there is fixed a plate of curious nlarblc, on 
 which is the following infcription, in raifed letters of brafs richly gilt. 
 
 ** Gulielmo Shakefpeare, anno poft mortem cxxiv. amor publicus pofuit." 
 
 The higheft commendations have been beflowed on this inimitable bard 
 bv the ablell pens. •' If ever any author (fays Mr. Pope) deferved the name 
 of an original, it was Shakefpeare. Homer himfelf drew not his art fo im- 
 mediately from the fountains of nature; it proceeded through ^Egyptian 
 ftrainers and channels, and came to him not without fome tindlure of the 
 learning, or fome caft of the models, of thofe before him. The poetry of 
 Shakefpeare was infpiration indeed : he is not fo much an imitator, as an 
 inilrument, of nature ; and 'tis not fo juft to fay that he fpeaks from her, | 
 as that fhe fpeaks through him. His charafters are fo much nature itfelf, ! 
 that 'tis a fort of injury to call them by fo diflant a name as copies of her. , 
 Thofe of other poets have a conftant refemblance, which fhews that they re- 
 ceived them from one another, and were but multipliers of the fame image;' 
 each pifture, like a mock rain-bow, is but the refleftion of a refledion. 
 But every fingle charadler in Shakefpeare is as much an individual, as thofe j 
 in life itfelf; it is as impofTible to find any two alike ; and fuch as from ' 
 their relation or affinity in any refpcft appear moft to be twins, will upon; 
 comparifon be found remarkably dillindl. His fentiments ate not only inj 
 
 generaLj
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 621 
 
 general the mofl: pertinent and judicious upon every fubjeft; hut, by a talent 
 very peculiar, fomeching between penetration and felicity, he hits upon that 
 particular point on which the bent of each argument turns, or the force of 
 each motive depends. This is perfeftly amazing, from a man of no educa- 
 tion or experience in tliofe great and public fcenes of life, which are ufually 
 the fubjeft of his thoughts; fo that he fcems to have known the world by 
 intuition, to have looked through human nature at one glance, and to be the 
 only author that gives ground for a very new opinion, tiiat the philofo- 
 pher, and even the man of the world, may be born, as well as the poet." 
 
 Mr. Pope however was not fo flruck with Shakefpeare's excellencies, as 
 ta be infenfible to his defedts ; but obferves, that as he has certainly writte/i 
 better, fo he has perhaps written worfe, than any other. He endeavours to 
 account for thefe defeats from the falfe tafte in dramatic compofition which 
 prevailed in that age, from the fituation he was in as a player, from the 
 manner in which his plays were publiflied, and from other caufes. " I will 
 conclude (fays he) by faying of Shakefpeare, that with all his faults, and 
 with all the irregularities of his drama, one may look upon his works, in 
 comparifon of thofe that are more finiilied and regular, as upon an antienc 
 majeftic piece of Gothick architefture, compared with a neat modern build- 
 ing. The latter is more elegant and glaring, but the former is more ftrong 
 and more folemn. It muft be allowed, that in oiie of thefc tliere are ma- 
 terials enough to make many of the other. It has much the greater variety,, 
 and much the nobler apartments ; though we are often conduced to them 
 by dark, odd, and uncouth paflages. Nor does the whole fail to ftrike 
 us with greater reverence, though many of the parts are childifli, ill-placed, 
 and unequal to its grandeur" 
 
 " Siiakefpeare (fays Dr. Johnfon) is above all writers, at leafl: above all 
 modern writers, the poet of nature ; the poet that holds up to his readers 
 a faithful mirror of manners and of life. His charadters are not modified by 
 the cuftoms of particular places, unpractiled by the reft of the v/orld ; by 
 the peculiarities of ftudies or prcfefHons, which can operate but upon fmali 
 numbers j or by the accidents of tranfient falhions, or temporary opinions. 
 They are the genuine progeny of common humanity, kich as the world will 
 always fupply, and obfervation will always find. His perfons a£t and fpeak 
 by the influence of thofe general palTions and principles by which all minds 
 are agitated, and the whole fyftem of life is continued in motion. In the 
 writings of other poets a character is too often an individual ; in thofe of 
 Shakefpeare it is commonly a fpecies. It is from this wide cxtenfion of dt- 
 fign, that fo much inftruftion is derived. It is this which fills the plays of. 
 Shakefpeare with practical axioms and domeftic wifdom. It was faid of Eu- 
 ripides, that every verie was a precept ; and it may be faid of Shakefpeare, 
 that from his works may be colledled a fyftem of civil and occonomical pru- 
 dence. 
 
 " It will not eafily be imagined how much Shakefpeare excels in accommo- 
 dating his fentiments to real life, but by comparing him with other authors. 
 It was obfervcd of the ancient fchools of declamation, that the more diligently 
 they were frequented, the more was the il:udent difqualificd for the world, 
 becaufe he found nothing there which he fhould ever meet in any other 
 place. The fame remark may be applied to every ftage but ihac of Sliake-
 
 621 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 fpeare. The theatre, when it is under any other direftion, is peopled by 
 luch charafters as were never feen, converfing in a language which was never 
 heard> upon topics which will never arife in the commerce of mankind. 
 But the dialogue of this author is often fo evidently determined by the in- 
 cident which produces it, and is purfued with fo much eafe and fimplicity, 
 ■ that it feems fcarccly to plead the merit of fiftion, but to have been gleaned 
 by diligent felection out of common converfation, and common occurrences. 
 " Upon every other llage, the univcrfal agent is love, by whofe power all 
 good and evil is diftributed, and every aftion quickened or retarded. To 
 bring a lover, a lady, and a rival into the fable ; to entangle them in con- 
 tradiftorv obligations, perplex them with oppofitions of intereft, and haiTafs 
 them with violence of dehres, inconfiftent with each other; to make them 
 meet in rapture, and part in agony ; to fill their mouths with hyperbolical 
 joy and outrageous forrow ; to diftrefs them as nothing human ever was dif- 
 trelTed ; to deliver them as nothing human ever was delivered ; is the bufinefs 
 of a modern dramatill. For this probability is violated, life is mifrepre- 
 fcnted, and language is depraved. But love is only one of many paffions, 
 and as it has no great influence upon the fum of life, it has little opera- 
 tion in the dramas of a poet, who caught his ideas from the living world, 
 and exhibited only what he faw before him. He knew, that any odier pal- 
 Tion, as it was regular or exorbitant, was a caufe of happinefs or calamity. 
 
 " Other dramatills can only gain attention by hyperbolical or aggravated 
 charafters, by fabulous and unexampled excellence or depravity, as the wri- 
 ters of barbarous romances invigorated the reader by a giant and a dwarf; 
 and he that lliouki form his expeftations of human affairs from the play, or 
 from the tale, would be equally deceived. Shakefpeare has no heroes ; his 
 •fcenes are occupied only by men, who afl and fpeak as the reader thinks 
 that he Ihould himfelf have fpoken or acted on the fame occafion : even 
 where the agency is fupernatural, the dialogue is level with life. Other 
 writers difguife tlae moil natural pafllons and moll frequent incidents ; fo that 
 he who contemplates them in the book, will not know them in the world. 
 Shakefpeare approximates the remote, and familiarizes the wonderful ; the 
 event which he reprefents will not happen, but if it were pofTible, its effefts 
 would be probably fuch as he has affigned ; and it may be faid that he has 
 not only fliewn human nature as it afts in real exigences, but as it would 
 be found in trials to which it cannot be expo fed. 
 
 " This therefore is the praife of Shakefpeare, that liis drama is the mirror 
 of life ; that he who lias mazed his imagination in following the phantoms 
 which otherwriters raife up before him, may here be cured of his delirious extafies, 
 by reading human fentiments in human language ; by fcenes from which a 
 hermit may eftimate the tranfaiflions of the world, and a confeflbr prcdift 
 the progrefs of the palLons. His adherence to general nature has expofed 
 him to the cenkire of critics, who form their judgements upon narrower 
 principles. Dennis and Rymer think his Romans not fufficiently Roman ; 
 and Voltaire ceni'ures his kings as not completely royal. Dennis is offend- 
 ed, that Menenius, a fenator of Rome, Ihould play the buffoon ; and Vol- 
 taire perhaps thinks decency violated, when the Danilh ufurper is rej)refented 
 as a drunkard. But Shakefpeare always makes nature predominate over ac- 
 cident j and if he prefcrves die circntinl characler, is not very careful of dif- 
 
 tinftions 
 
 \
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 613 
 
 tlndlions fuperinduced and adventitious. His ftory requires Romans or kings, 
 but he thinks only on men. He knew that Rome, like every other city, 
 had men of all difpofitions ; and wanting a buffoon, he wenc into the fenate- 
 houfe for that which the fenate-houle would certainly have offered him. He 
 was inclined to fhew an ufurper and a murderer not only odious, but defpi- 
 cable ; he therefore added drunkennefs to his other qualities, knowing that 
 kings love wine like other men, and that wine exerts its natural power upon 
 kings. Thefe are the petty cavils of petty minds ; a poet overlooks the 
 cafual diftinftion of country and condition, as a painter, fatisfied with the 
 figure, neglefts the drapery. 
 
 " The cenfure which he has incurred by mixing comic and tragic fcenes, 
 as it extends to all his works, deferves more confideration. Let the fadt 
 be firft ftated, and then examined. Shakefpeare's plays are not in the rigo- 
 rous or critical fenfe either tragedies or comedies, but compofitions of a 
 diftinft kind ; exhibiting the real ftate of fublunary nature, which partakes 
 of good and evil, joy and forrow, mingled with endlefs variety of propor- 
 tion and innumerable modes of combination; and expreffing the courfe of 
 the world, in which the lofs of one is the gain of another; in which, at 
 the fame time, the reveller is hading to his wine, and the mourner is bury- 
 ing his friend; in which the malignity of one is fometimes defeated by the 
 frolick of another ; and many mifchiefs and many benefits are done and hin- 
 dered without defign. Out of this chaos of mingled purpofes and cafual- 
 ties, the antient poets, according to the laws which cuftom had prefcribed, 
 feledled fome the crimes of men, and fome their abfurdities, fome the mo- 
 mentary viciffitudes of life, and fome the lighter occurrences ; fome the ter- 
 rors of dillrefs, and fome the gaieties of profperity. Thus rofe the two modes 
 of imitation, known by the names of tragedy and comedy, compofitions in- 
 tended to promote different ends by contrary means, and confidcred as lb 
 little allied, that I do not recoUeCl among the Greeks or Romans a fingle 
 writer who attempted both. 
 
 " Shakefpeare has united the powers of laughter and forrow not only in 
 one mind, but in one compofition. Almoll all his plays are divided be- 
 tween ferious and ludicrous charadlers, and, in the fucceffive evolutions of 
 the defign, fometimes produce ferioufnefs and forrow, and fometimes levity 
 and laughter. That this is a praftice contrary to the rules of criticifm will 
 be readily allowed ; but there is always an appeal open from criticifm to na- 
 ture. The end of writing is to inftruft ; tlic end of poetry is to inftruft by 
 pleafing. That the mingled drama may convey all the inilruiftion of trage- 
 dy or comedy, cannot be denied, becaufe it includes both in its alterations 
 of exhibition, and approaches nearer than cither to the appearance of life, 
 by fhewing how great machinations and (lender defigns may promote or ob- 
 viate one another, and the high and the low co-operate in tlie general fy- 
 ftem by unavoidable concatenation. It is objected, that by this change of 
 fcenes the paffions are interrupted in their progrcffion ; and that the principal 
 event, being not advanced by a due gradation of preparatory incidents, wants 
 at laft the power to move, which conilitutes the perfedion of dramatic po- 
 etry. This reafoning is fo fpecious, that it is received as true even by tliofc 
 who in daily experience feel it to be falfe. The interchanges of mingled 
 fcenes feldom fail to produce the intended viciffitudes of paffion. Fidioij 
 
 7 T cannot
 
 624 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 cannot move Co much, but that the attention may be eafily transferred ^ 
 and though it mufl be allowed that pleafing melancholy be fometiuies in- 
 terrupted by unwelcome levity, yet let it be confidered likewife, that melanr 
 choly is often not pleafing, and that the diflurbance of one man may br 
 the relief of another ; that different auditors have ditfcrent habitudes j and 
 that, upon the whole, all pleafure confills in variety." 
 
 Dr. Johnfon has alfo fome curious obfervations concerning Shakefpeare's 
 diiregard of the unities of time and place, delivered with his ufual energy 
 and eloquence. This learned writer has endeavoured to fliew, that thel^ 
 unities are not elTential to ajuft drama, and that though they may fomctimes 
 conduce to pleafure, they are always to be facrificed to the nobler beauties 
 of variety and inllruftion. The limits of our work will not permit us to in- 
 fert the do6lor's remarks upon this fubjeft ; v/e fliall, therefore, only tran- 
 fcribe his concluding paiTagc, which is as follows : " As nothing is eflen- 
 tial to the fable, but unity of aftion, and as the unities of time and place 
 arife evidently from falfe aflumptions, and, by circumfcribing the extent of 
 the drama, lefTen its variety, I cannot think it m.uch to be lamented that 
 they were not known by Shakefpcare, or not obferved : nor, if fuch another 
 poet could arife, fhould I very vehemently reproach him, that hjs firft act 
 pafied at Venice, and his next in Cyprus. Such violations of rules merely 
 pofitive, become the comprehenfive genius of Shakefpeare, and fuch cenfurej 
 are fuitable to the minute and flcnder criticifm of Voltaire." 
 
 Much has been faid by different writers upon the fubjetl of Shakefpeare's 
 learning. Dr. Johnfon fays, " It is moft likely that he had learned Latin 
 fufficiently to make hiin acquainted with conilruftion, but that he never 
 advanced to an cafy perufal of the Roman authors. Concerning his fkill in 
 modern languages, I can find no fufficient ground of determination -, but as 
 no imitations of French or Italian authors have been difcovercd, though the 
 Italian poetry was then in high efteem, I am inclined to believe, that he 
 read little more than Engliih, and chofe for his fables only fuch tales as he 
 found tranflated. There is however proof enough that he was a ver}' dili- 
 gent reader, nor was our language then fo indigent of books, but that he 
 inight very liberally indulge his curiofity without excurfion into foreign li- 
 terature. Many of the Roman authors were tranflated, and fome of the Greek ; 
 the Reformation had filled the kingdom with theological learning ; moft of 
 the topics of human difquifition had found Englifli v/riters ; and poetry had 
 been cultivated, not only with diligence, but I'uccefs. This was a ftock 
 of knowledge fufficient for a mind fo capable of appropriating and impro- 
 ving it." 
 
 " As to Shakefpeare's want of learning (fays Mr. Pope) it may be necef- 
 fary to obferve, that there is certainly a vaft difference between learning and. 
 languages. How far he was ignorant of the latter, I cannot determine; but 
 'tis plain he had much reading at leaft, if they will not call it learning. 
 Nor is it any great matter, if a man has knowledge, whether he has it from 
 one language or from another. Nothing is iiwre evident, than that he 
 had a taftc of natural philofophy, mechanics, antient and modern hiftory, 
 poetical learning, and mythology. We find him very knowing in the cuf- 
 tom.s, rites, and manners of antiquity. In Coriolanus and Julius C;tlar, not 
 
 only
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 625 
 
 only the fpirir, but manners, of the Romans, are exaftly drawn; and flill 
 a nicer diflincftion is fliown between the manners of the Romans in the time 
 of the former, and of the latter. His reading in the antient hiftorians is no 
 lefs confpicuous, in many references to particular pafTages : and the fpeeches 
 copied from Plutarch in Coriolanus, may, I think, as well be made an in- 
 ftance of his learning, as thofe copied from Cicero in Catiline, of Ben John- 
 fon's. The manners of other nations in general, the ^Egyptians, Venetians, 
 French, &c. are drawn with equal propriet)'. Whatever object of nature, or 
 branch of fcience, he cither fpeaks of or defcribes, it is always with compe- 
 tent, if not extenfive, knowledge : his defcriptions are Hill exafl ; all his 
 metaphors appropriated, and remarkably drawn from tlie true nature and in- 
 herent qualities of each fubjefl." 
 
 The plays written by Shakefpeare are the following-: 
 
 I. The Temped, a Comedy. This is an admirable play ; and is one in- 
 ftance, among many, as an ingenious writer exprefles it, of Shakefpeare's cre- 
 ative taculty, who fometimes feems wantonly, as if tired with rummaging in na- 
 ture's ftore-houfe for his characters, to prefer the forming of fuch as flie ne- 
 ver dreamt of, in order to fhew his own power of making them aft and 
 fpeak jull as fhe v/ould have done, had fhe thought proper to have given 
 them exiftence. One of thefe charafttrs is Caliban in this play, than which 
 nothing can be more outre, and which yet is very naturally fupported. His 
 Ariel is another of thefe inflanccs, and is a moft ftriking contrait to the heavy 
 earth-born clod jufl: mentioned ; all his defcriptions, and indeed every word 
 he fpeaks, appearing to partake of the properties of that light and invifible 
 element which he is the inhabitant of. Nor is his Miranda lefs deferving of 
 notice, her fimplicity and natural fenfations under the circumftances he has 
 placed her in, being fuch as no one fince, though many writers have at- 
 tempted an imitation of the charafter, has ever been able to arrive at. 
 
 II. The Two Gentlemen of Verona, a Comedy. This is a very fine play; 
 the plot fimple and natural ; the charadiers perfeflly marked ; and the lan- 
 guage poetical and afFefting. 
 
 III. The firft and fecond parts of King Henry IV. Both thefe plays are 
 pcrfeft mailer-pieces in this kind of writing, the tragic and comic parts of 
 them being fo finely conneftcd with each other, as to render the whole re- 
 gular and complete ; and yet contrafted with fuch boldncfs and propriety, as 
 to make the various beauties of each the more perfectly confpicuous. The 
 charafter of FalltafF is one of the greatefl: originals drawn by the pen, even 
 of this inimitable mafter; and in tiie charafter of the prince- of Wales, the* 
 hero and the libertine are fo finely blended, that the fpcftator cannot avoid 
 perceiving, even in the greateft levity of the tavern rake, the molb lively 
 traces of the afterwards illuitrious chaiuifter of the conqueror of Trance. 
 
 IV. The iVierry Wives of Windfor, a Comedy. This is generally confidered 
 as Shakefpeare's bell performance in the coniic way ; and there is perhaps 
 no piece in our own, or in any other language, in which fo extenfive a 
 groupe of perfeft and highly finifhed characters are fet forth in one view. 
 
 V. Meature for Meafure, a Comedy. This is a moft admirable play, as 
 well with rcfpeil to charailer and condutt, as to tjie language and ftnti- 
 mcnt. The plot is built on a novel of Cynthio Giraldi, 
 
 VI.
 
 626 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 VI. The Comedy of Errors : which is founded upon the Ma^nechmi of 
 Plautus, but greatly excels the original. 
 
 VII. Much Ado About Nothing, a Comedy. This play is a very pleafing 
 one, and has many beauties in it. The fcene lies in Meffina, and part of 
 the plot is borrowed from the fifth book of Ariofto's Orlando Furiofo. 
 
 VIII. Love's Labour Loft, a Comedy. Dr. Johnfon Hiys, that " in this 
 play, which all the editors have concurred to cenfure, and fome have rejected 
 as unworthy of our poet, it muft be confeflTed there arc many paffages mean, 
 childifh, and vulgar ; and fome which ought not to have been exhibited, as 
 we are told they were, to a maiden queen. But there are fcattered, through 
 the whole, many fparks of genius ; nor is there any play that has more evi- 
 dent marks of the hand of Shakefpeare." 
 
 IX. The Midfuinmer Night's Dream, a Comedy. This play is one of the 
 wild and irregular overflowings of our great poet's creative imagination. It 
 is now never afted uiiutr its oi^iginal form, yet it contains a vaft variety of 
 beauties, and the different parts of it have been made ufe of fcparately in 
 the formation of more pieces than one. 
 
 X. The Merchant of Venice, a Tragi-comedy. The ftory of this piece, 
 which has great merit, is laid to be founded on a real fa6l which happened 
 in fome part of Italy ; but with this difference indeed, that the intended 
 cruelty was really on the fide of the Chriftian, the Jew being the unhappy 
 delinquent who fell beneath his rigid and barbarous refentment. Popular 
 prejudice, however, vindicates our poet in the alteration he has made; and 
 the delightful manner in which he has availed himfelf of the general cha- 
 racter of the Jews, with the very quinteffence of which he has enriched his 
 Shylock, makes more than amends for his deviation from a matter, of fad', 
 which he was not obliged to adhere to. 
 
 XI. As You Like It, a Comedy. Dr. Johnfon fays, that " of this play 
 the fable is wild and pleafing. The comic dialogue is very fprightly, witli 
 lefs mixture of low buffoonery than in fome other plays ; and the graver part 
 is elegant and harmonious." 
 
 XII. The Taming of the Shrew, a Comedy. This piece contains a very 
 humorous reprefentation of a woman of an infolent, pafTionate, and fiery tem- 
 per and behaviour, being brought to the utmoft tractablenefs, fubmillion, and 
 obedience. " Of this play (fays Dr. Johnfon) the two plots are fo well 
 united, that they can hardly be called two, without injury to the art with 
 which they are interwoven. The attention is entertained with all the variety 
 of a double plot, yet is not diftracted by unconnected incidents. The pare 
 between Catherine and Petruchio is eminently fprightly and diverting. At 
 the marriage of Bianca, the arrival of the real father perhaps produces 
 more perplexity than pleafure. The whole play is very popular and di- 
 verting." 
 
 XIII. All's Well That Ends Well, a Comedy. Dr. Johnfon obferves, that 
 this play has many delightful fcenes, though not fufficiently probable, and 
 fome happy characters, though not new, nor produced by any deep know- 
 ledge of human nature. Parollcs is a boafter and a coward, fuch as has 
 always been the fport of the ftagc, but perhaps never railed more laughter 
 or contempt, than in the hands of Shakefpeare. The ilory is taken from 
 one of the novels of Boccace. 
 
 XIV.
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 627 
 
 XIV. The Twelfth Night, or What You Will, a Comedy. This play 
 (fays Dr. Johnfon) is in the graver part elegant and eafy, and in feme of 
 the lighter fccnes exqurfitely humorous. 
 
 XV. The Winter's Tale, a tragi-comedy. This is one of the moft irregu- 
 lar of our poet's performances : it contains, however, many ilriking beau- 
 ties. The plot of the whole is borrowed from Robert Green's novel of Do- 
 raftus and Faunia, 
 
 XVI. The Life and Death of King John. " The tragedy of King John 
 (fays Dr. Johnfon) though not v/ritten with the utmoft power of Shalcefpeare, 
 is varied with a pleafmg interchange of incidents and charadters. The lady's 
 grief is very affefting, and the charafter of the Baftard contains that mix- 
 ture of greatnefs and levity, which this author delighted to exhibit." 
 
 XVII. The Life and Death of King Richard II. This hiftorical play does 
 not comprehend in it all the events which might be expected from its ti- 
 tle. Little more is comprized in it, than the two lafl years of that prince. 
 The action of the drama begins with Bolingbroke's accufing the duke of 
 Norfolk of high treaion, which happened in 1398; and it clofes with the 
 murder of king Richard at Pontcfra6t caftle in the year 1400. 
 
 XVIII. The Life of King Henry V. This piece, Dr. Johnfon obferves, 
 has many fcenes of high dignity, and many of eafy merriment. The charac- 
 ter of the king is well lupported, except in his courtfliip, where he has neither the 
 vivacity of Hal, nor the grandeur of Henry. The humour of Pillol is ve- 
 ry happily continued ; his chara6ter has perhaps been the model of all the 
 bullies that have yet appeared upon the Englifli Ilage. 
 
 XIX. The firfb part of King Henry VI. The hiilorical tranfaiftions con- 
 tained in this play, take in the compafs of above thirty years. 
 
 XX. The fecond part of King Henry VI. 
 
 XXI. The third part of King Henry VI. The fecond and third parts of 
 King Henry VI. contain that troublefome period of this prince's reign, 
 which took in the contention between the two houi'es of York and Lan/;after. 
 Some of the commentators have lufpe6ted, that the three parts of Henry VI. 
 were nor written by Shakefpearc ; but their fufpicions on this head appear 
 to be entirely deftitute of any folid foundation. 
 
 XXII. The Life and Death of King Richard III. This is an admi- 
 rable produflion. 
 
 XXIII. The Life of King Henry VIII. This is the clofing piece of 
 the whole feries of our poet's hirtorical dramas. It contains many beauties, 
 the charadler of Cardinal Wolfey in particular being finely fupported ; and the 
 medc forrov/s and the virtuous diftrcfs of Catherine have furnilhed fome very 
 pathetic fcenes. 
 
 XXIV. Troilus and Creflida, a Tragedy. This is perhaps the moft irre- 
 gular of all Shakefpeare's plays, being not even divided into a6ls ; but it 
 coniains a great variety of beauties. The charadlers of the feveral Greeks and 
 Trojans are finely drawn, and accurately diftinguiflied ; and the heroifm of 
 the grcateft part of them finely contrafled by the brutality of Therfites, and 
 the contemptible levit) of Pandarus. The plot is taken from Chaucer's poem 
 of Troilus and Creflida, which was itfelf only a tranflation of a Latin poem, 
 written by one Lollius a Lombard. 
 
 7 U XXV.
 
 628 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 XXV. Coriolanus, a Tragedy. The plot of this play is chiefly taken from 
 Plutarch's Life of Coriolanus. Dr. Johnfon obfcrves, that it is one of the 
 moft amufing of our author's performances. The old man's merriment in 
 Menenius ; the lofty lady's dignity in Volumnia ; the bridal modclly in Vir- 
 gilia ; the patrician and military haughtinels in Coriolanus -, the Plebeian ma- 
 lignity, and Tribunitian infolence in Brutus and Sicinius, make a wtry plea- 
 fing and intcrefting variety J and the various revolutions of the hero's fortune, 
 fill the mind with anxious curiofity. 
 
 XXVI. Romeo and Juliet, a Tragedy. The fable of this play is built 
 on a real tragedy that happened about the beginning of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. The ftory, with all its circumftances, is related by Girolame Corte, 
 in his hiftory of Verona. And Breval, in his account of Verona, introdu- 
 cing the fbory of Romeo and Juliet, has the following remark : " Shake- 
 fpeare, as 1 have found upon a ftricl learch into the Hillories of Verona, has 
 varied very little either in his names, charafters, or other circumftances, 
 from truth and matter of fadt. He obfen'ed this rule indeed in moft of his 
 Tragedies; which are fo much the more moving, as they are not only grounded 
 upon nature and hiftory, but likewife as he keeps clofer to both than any 
 dramatic writer we ever had befides himfelf." Romeo and Juliet is a very 
 afFeding play. A few years ago it v/as afted fourteen nights together at 
 both houfes at the fame time. 
 
 XXVII. Timon ot Athens. The plot of this Tragedy is taken from the 
 dialogues of Lucian. 
 
 XXVIII. Julius Cai'far. There are innumerable beauties in this Tragedy; 
 in particular, the fpceches of Brutus and Antony over Ciefar's body, are per- 
 haps as fine pieces of oratory as any in the Englifli language; nor can there 
 be a finer fcene of refentment and reconciliation between two friends, than 
 that of Brutus and Caflius in the fourth act. 
 
 XXIX. The Tragedy of Macbeth. This play is extremely irregular, 
 every one of the rules of the drama being entirely and repeatedly broken 
 in upon. But notwlthftanding all its irregularities, it is a moft admirable 
 performance. The plot is founded on the Scottifti hiftor)', and may be tra- 
 ced i n the writings of Hc£tor Boethius, Buchanan, &c. This play (fays Dr. 
 Johnfon) is defervedly celebrated for the propriety of its fidtions, and the 
 folemnity, grandeur, and variety of its aftion ; but it has no nice difcrimi/- 
 nations of character, the events are too great to admit the influence of par- 
 ticular difpofitions, and the courfe of the adlion ncccfiarily dcterm.ines the 
 condudl of the agents. The danger of ambition is well defcribed ; and the 
 pafTions are direded to their true end. Lady Macbeth is merely detefted ; 
 and though the courage of Macbeth preferves fome efteem, yet every reader 
 rejoices at his fall. 
 
 XXX. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. This excellent Tragedy has, from 
 its firft appearance to the prefent time, ever been received with die moft 
 univerfal and dcfervcd admiration and applaufe. 
 
 XXXI. The Life and Death of King Lear. The ftory of this play, ex- 
 cept the epifode of Edmund, is taken from Geoffrey of Monmouth. Dr. 
 Johnfon remarks that the Tragedy of Lear is defervedly celebrated among 
 the dramas of Shakefpeare. There is (fays he) perhaps no play which keeps the 
 attention fo ftrongly fixed, which fo much agitates our pailions, and interefts 
 
 our
 
 SHAW. 619 
 
 our curiofity. The artful involutions of diftind interefts, the ftriking oppo- 
 fition of contrary charaders, the fudden changes of fortune, and the quick 
 fucceflion of events, fill the mind with a perpetual tumult of indignation, pity, 
 and hope. There is no fcene which does not contribute to the aggravation 
 of the diftrefs or condudt of the a6lion, and fcarce a line which does not 
 conduce to the progrefs of the fcene. So powerful is the current of the 
 poet's imagination, that the mind, which once ventures within it, is hurried 
 irrefiftibly along. 
 
 XXXIL Othello, the Moor of Venice, a Tragedy. This is one of Shake- 
 fpear's moft admired performances, though it has been much cenfured by 
 lome critics. The jealoufy of the iVIoor is moft inimitably v/rought up by 
 degrees in an open and fufceptible heart, influenced by the machinations of 
 a defigning villain : and his charafter is throughout the whole play clofely 
 kept up to the defcription given of it by himfelf, in his charge to CafTio 
 and the reft in the laft fcene, as to the report they fhould make of him to 
 the fenate. The ftory is borrov/ed from Cynthio's Novels. 
 
 XXXIII. Antony and Cleopatra, a Tragedy. Dr. Johnfon obferves, that 
 this play keeps curiofity always bufy, and the paflions always interefted. The 
 continual hurry of the a£lion, the variety of incidents, and the quick fuc- 
 celTion of one perfonage to another, call the mind forward without intermif- 
 fion from the firft aft to the laft. 
 
 XXXIV. Cymbcline, a Tragedy. The plot of this play is partly taken from 
 the Decameron of Boccace, and partly from the ancient traditions of the 
 Britifti Hiftory. 
 
 The follov.'ing dramatic pieces are alfo attributed to Shakefpeaje ; viz. i. 
 Titus Andronicus, a Tragedy: 2. The Hiftory of Sir John Oldcattle, the 
 good Lord Cobham : 3. The Life and Death of Tliomas Lord Cromwell: 
 4. The London Prodigal, a Comedy: 5. The Puritan, or the Widow of 
 Watling-ftreet, a Comedy: 6. A Yorkfhire Tragedy: 7. Pericles, Prince of 
 Tyre, a Tragedy: 8. The Tragedy of Locrine, the eldeft fon of King 
 Brutus. The feven laft-mfiTtioned plays have been omitted, as fpurious, in 
 the latter editions of Shakefpcar's works. And indeed, though it is proba- 
 ble from fomc beautiful palTuges in them, that Shakefpeare had fome hand 
 in their compofitioii, yet they are upon the whole too iijdifferenr, to be fup- 
 pofed the genuine and entire work of this inimitable genius. 
 
 The plays of Shakefpeare were firft publirtied together in 1623, in folio, 
 and have fince been republiflied by IMr. Rowe, Mr. Pope, Mr. Theobald, 
 Sir Thomas Hanmer, Mr. Warburton, now bifliop of Gloucefter, Dr. Samuel 
 Johnfon, Mr. Capell, &c. Befides his dramatic performances he alfo wrotg 
 feveral pOems, which have been colledled and publiflTcd in one volume. 
 
 SHAW (Dr. Thomas) the learned author of Travels through Barbary and 
 the Levant, was the fon of Mr. Gabriel Shaw, of Kendal in Weftmoriand, where 
 he was born about the year 1692. He was educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and having entered into holy orders, was appointed chaplain to the 
 Englifh conful at Algiers, in which ftation he continued feveral years, and 
 from thence travelled through the different parts of Barbary, and into the 
 Holy Land. Duiing his abfence he was chofen fellow of his college, and at 
 his return to England, in 1733, took the degree of dodor of divinity, 
 
 and
 
 6jo SHEFFIELD. 
 
 and was ele(5led fellow of the Royal Society. In 1738 he publifheJ an ac- 
 count of his Travels at Oxford, in folio j to %vliich univerfuy he prdcntcd 
 fcveral natural curiofities and ancient coins which he had collected in the 
 courfe of thofe travels. In 1740 he was made prefident of St. Edmund's 
 hall, which, 'by his munificence, he raifed from a ruinous condition, and was 
 at the fame time prefcnted to the vicarage of Bramlcy in Hampfliirc. He 
 was alfo regius profefTor of Greek at Oxford till his death, which happened on 
 the i8th of September, 1751. His Travels v/ere tranflatcd into French, and 
 printed in quarto, in 1743, with feveral notes and emendations, communica- 
 ted by the author. Dr. Clayton, bilhop of Clogher, having attacked thefe 
 Travels in his defcription of the Eall, Dr. Shaw, in 1746, publifhed a fup- 
 plement by way of vindication ; and after his death a fecond edition of his 
 Travels came out with great improvements. 
 
 SHEFFIELD (John) duke of Buckinghamfbire, a polite writer, brave 
 commander, and aolc miniltcr of ftate, was the fun of Edmund earl of Mul- 
 grave, and was born in the year 1649. His fatlier dying when he was 
 nine years of age, and his mother marrying the lord OlTulftan, his educa- 
 tion was intruded to a governor, with whom he travelled into France : but 
 afterwards being feparated from him, he foon found, by converfing with 
 the greateft geniufcs of the age, that he was deficient in many parts of li- 
 terature, vpnn which he devoted fome hours every day to his ftudies. At 
 feventeen years of age he went a volunteer in the firft Dutch war, and after 
 that in the fecond, v.'hen he was prefent at the famous naval engagement 
 in which the duke of York commanded the Englifh fleet. He afterwards 
 made a campaign in the French fervice j and was appointed to command 
 the forces fent by king Charles II. to the relief of Tangier, when the Moors, 
 by whom it was beficged, retired at their approach. He was at that time 
 earl of Mulgrave, one of the lords of the bed-chamber, and knight of the 
 garter. In 1685 he was appointed lord chamberlain to king James II. and 
 was alfo one of his privy-council ; but difapproved the imprudent meafures 
 taken by that prince. Lord Mulgrave had no hand in bringing about the 
 revolution, and was fome years after that great event without any poft under 
 the government ; but in the fixth year of William and Mary he was crea- 
 ted marquis 01 Normanby in the county of Lincoln. His lordfhip, however, 
 exerted his utmoft vigour in procuring, and carry^ing through the treafon bill, 
 and that for triennial parliaments, which were difliked by king William. 
 
 It is faid, that one day, while thefe bills were depending, his majefty fent 
 for him, and, after fome difcourfe, offered to give him an additional title, with 
 an annual penfion of 3000I. and to make him one of the cabinet council. The 
 earl thanked him for his intended favours, and alked, with the humblcft fub- 
 mifllon, what his majcfty c.xpedled from him in return; adding, that he could 
 not deny but that he was engaged in a.Tilling thofe bills which his majclry did 
 not at prefent approve; he was fony his majefty did not, but whether he had 
 the honour or not of ferving him, he could not give them up, but muft pro- 
 mote their fuccefs to his utmoll ability. The king feemed a little furprifed, 
 changed the difcourfe, and then told him, that upon hearing he was not much 
 fatisfied at the meafures taken fome time before king James left England, a per- 
 fon whom he had employed to cocLfult and ueat with the lords who invited him 
 
 over.
 
 SHELDON. 631 
 
 over, propofed at One of their meetings to bring over the lord Mulgrave, and 
 communicate their defign to him : upon which the earl of Shrewfbury faid, 
 *' If you do, you will fpoil all, he will never join with us." His majefty then 
 afked, with a fmile, " Pray, my lord, what would you have done, if my agent 
 had acquainted you with the whole bufinefs?" " Sir (faid the lord Mulgrave,) 
 I ihould have difcovered it to the mafter I ferved." The king replied, " I 
 cannot blame you." If this ftory be true, it is very much to his lordfhip's ho- 
 nour : however, he enjoyed fome confidcrable pofts under that prince. Upon 
 the acceffion of queen Anne, in 1702, he was conflituted lord privy-feal, and the 
 fame year was appointed one of the commiffioners to treat of an union between 
 England and Scotland ; and was alfo lord lieutenant, and cuftos rotulorum for the 
 North Riding of York-fliire. In March 1703 he was created duke of Norman- 
 by, and a few days after duke of Bvickinghamfliire. In 17 11 he was made ftew- 
 ard of her majefty's houftiold, and prefident of the council, and upon queen 
 Anne's deceafe, was one of the lords juftices of Great Britain, till king George I. 
 arrived from Hanover. He died on the 24th of Februaiy, 1721, and was 
 interred with great funeral folemnity in Weilminfter-abbey, where a noble mo- 
 nument is erefted to his memory. His works were fplendidly printed in 1723, 
 in two vols, quarto : the firft contains his poems upon various fubje£ts : the 
 fecond his profe-writings, which confift ofhifcorical memoirs, fpeeches in parlia- 
 •ment, characters, dialogues, critical obfervations, eflays, and letters. 
 
 SHELDON (Gilbert) archbifliop of Canterbury, founder of the Theatre at 
 Oxford, was the youngeft fon of Roger Sheldon, a menial fervant to Gilbert earl 
 of Shrewfbury, and was born on the 19th of July, 1598. He was educated at 
 Trinity college, Oxford, and on his entering into holy orders, became chap- 
 lain to the lord-keeper Coventry, by whom he was prefented to a prebend in 
 Gloucefter cathedral ; and after fcveral other preferments, he in 1634 compounded 
 for his degree of doftor of divinity, and was the next year elected warden of 
 All Souls college. About the fame time he was made chaplain in ordinary to 
 king Charles I. and was afterwards clerk of the clofet to that monarch. He ad- 
 hered to his majefty during the civil wars, and was one of the chaplains fent by 
 the king to attend his commiffioners at the treaty of Uxbridge. In 1646 he 
 attended the king at Oxford, and was witnefs to a remarkable vow made by his 
 majefty, in which he folemnly promifed, that if God ftiould re-eftablifti him 
 on the throne, he would give back to the church all the impropriations held by 
 the crown, and fuch l.inds as had been taken from any epifcopal fee, abbey, or 
 religious houle; a copy of which vow Dr. Sheldon prcfcrved thirteen years 
 under ground. In 1647 he attended his majefty at Newmarket, and afterwards 
 in the Ifle of Wight, as one of his chaplains. He was the fame year cjedlcd 
 from his wardenftiip by the parliament vifitors, and imprifoned ; but obtainin^^ his 
 liberty foon after, retired to SheUlon in Derbyfhire. At the Reftoration, he 
 was appointed mafter of the Savoy, and dean of the royal chapel. On the 9th 
 of October, 1660, he was confccrated bifliop of London j and upon, archbilhop 
 Juxon's death, was promoted to the fee of Canterbury, the iith of iVuf^uft, 
 1663. During the time of the plague in 1665, he continued at Lambeth, wheiy, 
 by his charity, and the fums he coUedted by writing to all the bilhoj)s in his 
 province, he prefei-ved great numbers from perilhing. In December, 1667, 
 he was cleifted chancellor of the univcrfity of Oxford, where he built at his 
 
 7 X foltt
 
 ^ja S -H E R I D' A N. 
 
 folc expcnce the magnificent theatre, which coft him upwards of i6,oool. 
 From the time of his being bifhop of London to his death, he expended, in 
 public and private benefadions, and acts of charity, no !cfs than 66,oool. 
 Havinw filled the fee of Canterbury with great honour and reputation for above 
 fourteen years, he died at Lambeth on the 9th of November 1677, in the eightieth 
 yi-ar of his age, and was interred in Croydon church, in Surry. He publifhed 
 only a fjngk I'crmon. 
 
 SHENSTONE (William) an elegant poet of the prcfent century, was the 
 fon of a gentleman in Shroplhire, who farmed his own eftate. The father, fen- 
 fible of his fon's extraordinary capacity, fent him a commoner to Pembroke 
 colleo-e, in Oxford, defigning him for the church ; but though he had the mtjll 
 awful notions of the wifdom, power, and goodnefs of God, he could never be 
 pcrfuaded to enier into orders. In his private opinions, he adhered to no par- 
 ticular feft, and hated all religious difputes. Tendernefs was his peculiar cha- 
 raderiftic ; he fhewed it to all who differed from him, and his friends, domellics, 
 and poor neighbours, daily experienced the effects of his benevolence. This 
 virtue he frequently carried to fuch an excefo as feemed to border upon weak- 
 nefs ; yet, if any of his friends treated him ungeneroully, he was not cafily re- 
 conciled. On fuch occafions, however, he ufed a maxim highly Avorthy of 
 being obferved and imitated : " I never (faid he) will be a revengeful enemy ; 
 but 1 cannot, it is not in my nature, be half a friend." He was no ceconomiJl, 
 for the generofity of his temper prevented his paying a proper regard to the ufe 
 of money ; he exceeded therefore the bounds of his paternal fortune : but, if we 
 confider the perfecSt paradife into which he had converted his ellate, the hofpi- 
 talitv vith -hicli lie lived, his charities to the indigent, and all out of an eftate 
 that did not exceed 300I. a year, one fliould rather wonder that he left any thing 
 behind him, than blame his want of oeconomy ; yet he left more than fufficient 
 to pay all his debts, and, by his will, appropriated his whole eftate for that pur- 
 pofe. Though he had a high opinion of many among the fair fex, he forbore 
 to marry. A paflion he entertained in his youth was with difficulty furmountcd. 
 The lady was tlie fubjeft of that beautiful paftoral, in four parts, which has 
 been fo univerfully and fo juftly admired ; and which, one would have thought, 
 muft have foftened the proudeft and moft obdurate heart. His works have 
 been publiflied by Mr. Robert Dodfley, in three volumes, oftavo. The firft 
 volume contains liis poetical works, which are diftinguifhed by their fimplicity 
 and elegance ; the fecond his profe works, and the third his letters, &c. 
 
 SHERIDAN (Dr. Thomas) a famous clergyman and poet, was born in the 
 county of Cavan, in Ireland, in the year 1685. His father kept a public houfe, 
 and a gentleman, who had a particular regard for him, obfen'ing his fon give 
 int'ications of a genius above the common Itandard, fent him to Dublin college, 
 and contributed towards finiftiing his education there. He received great en- 
 couragement at his fcttingout in life, his agreeable humour and unreferved plea- 
 fantry introducing him to the acquaintance, and eftablilhing him in the efteem 
 of the wits of that age. He obtained a fmall eftate in right of his wife, of 
 about 40I. a year, and this enabled him to let up a fchool in Dublin, which pro- 
 duced a very confiderable income ; for he was deeply verfed in the Greek and 
 Roman languages, their cuftoms and antiquities. He took care of the moralicv 
 
 of
 
 SHERLOCK. 633 
 
 of his fcholars, whom he fent to the univerfity remarkably well foiinded in all 
 kinds of clafTical learning, and not ill inftruifted in the duties of life. He con- 
 fidered dean Swift, with whom he was very intimate, as his friend, but it was 
 a fr.end who loved to difplayhis wit upon him, and held him in a ivind of bon- 
 dage. Though Dr. Sheridan was naturally one of the mofl: peaceable and in- 
 offenfive men alive, he was, fays lord Orrery, in a continual ftate of war with 
 the minor poets, and was perpetually letting off" fquibs, rockets, and all forts 
 of little fireworks from the prefs, by which means he offended many perfons, 
 who, though they flood in awe of Sv/ift, held Sheridan in defiance, and often 
 giving him flalh for flalh, in the ftyle of Mr. Bayes, fometimes finged his fea- 
 thers. Dr. Sheridan, among his virtues, could not number ceconomy ; on the 
 contrary, he was remarkable for his profufion and extravagance, which expofed 
 him to fuch inconveniences, that he was obliged to mortgage all he had. His 
 fchool declined, and one fatal moment eftefted his ruin. On his late majefty's 
 birth-day, the do6lor having occafion to preach, chofe for his text the follow- 
 ing words, " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof:" for this offence he loft 
 his living ; and this ill-llarred, good-natured, improvident man returned to 
 Dublin, unhinged from all favour at court, and even banillied from the caftle; 
 but fi:iil he remained a punfler, a quibbier, a fidler, and a wit. Not a day 
 palTed without a rebus, an anagram, or a madrigal. His pen and his fiddle- 
 ftick were in continual motion. He at length found, however, that there are 
 too many who can reliih a man's humour, who can have no quick fenfe of his 
 misfortunes. In the midft of his diftrelles, when the demands of his creditors 
 obliged him to feek a retirement, he went to dean Swift and folicited a lodging 
 for a few days, till, by a proper compofition, he might be reftored to his freedom. 
 The dean retired early to reft, but the do£lor, who, though fatigued, was not in- 
 clinable to go fo foon to bed, fent the fcrvant to the dean, defiring the key of the 
 cellar, that he might have a bottle of wine; when Swift, being in one of his odd 
 humours, anfv/ered that he had promifed to find him a lodging, but not fupply 
 him with wine, and refufed the key. The doftor, tliunderfrruck at this inhofpit- 
 able treatment, burft into tears, quitted the houfe, and never after repeated the 
 vifit. Dr. Sheridan died in 1738, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. He wrote 
 a profe tranflation of Perfius, to which he added a collection of the beft notes of 
 the editors of that intricate fatyrift, together with many judicious notes of his own. 
 One of the volumes of Swift's Mifcellanies confifb almoft entirely of letters be- 
 tween the dean and Dr. Sheridan. 
 
 SHERLOCK (Dr. William) a learned Englifli divine, was born in Southwark 
 in the year 1641, and educated at Eton Ichool, whence he was removed to Peter- 
 hoiife, in Cambridge. In 1669 he became reftor of St. George's, Botolph-lane, 
 London; in 1600, took the degree of doftor of divinity ; and, in 1681, was col- 
 lated to the prebend of Pancras in St. Paul's cathedral. He was alfo chofen mafter 
 of the Temple, and had the reftory of Therlield, in Hertford (hi re. -After the 
 Revolution, he was fufpended from his preferments, for refufing to take the oaths 
 to king William and queen Mary, but at laft took tiiem, and publicly jullified 
 what he had done, on which he was feverely libelled by thofe from whom he had 
 withdrawn himfelf. His vindication of the doilrine of the Trinity alfo engaged 
 him in a warm controverfy with Dr. South and others. In 1691 he was promoted 
 to the deanery of St. Paul's. He died at Hampftcad, in Middlcfex, on the 19th 
 
 of
 
 634 SHERLOCK. 
 
 of June, 1707, in the fixty-feventh year of his age, and was interred in St. Paul'i 
 cathedral. Bifhop Burnet tells us, " he was a clear, polite, and ftrong writer, 
 but apt to aflume too much to himfelf, and to treat his adverfaries with contempt." 
 His writings are very numerous ; among thefe are, i. A Difcourfe concerning the 
 Knowledge of Jelus Chrift, againft Dr. Owen ': 1. Several pieces againft the papifts, 
 the Socinians, and DifTenters : 3. A practical Treatife on Death, which is greatly 
 elleemed : 4. A pradtical Difcourfe on the future Judgment, &c. 
 
 SHERLOCK (Thqmas) bifhop of London, was the fon of the former, and was 
 born in 1678. He ftudied at Eton college, and at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, 
 where he took, his degrees. He early difcovered great parts, with deep and exten- 
 fiye learning. Upon the refignation of his father, in 1704, he was made mafter 
 of the Temple ; and it is remarkable, that this mafterfhip was held fucceffively by 
 father and fon for above feventy years. Young as he was, when he attained to this 
 ftation, he acquitted himfelf in fuch a manner as not only filenced the clamours of 
 his enemies, but even exceeded the expeftations of his friends. In 17 14 he was 
 advanced to the mafterfliip of Catharine-hall, Cambridge ; and having obtained 
 the deanery of Chichelter about two years after, he began to diftinguifli himfelf as 
 a polemical writer in the Bangorian controverfy, and was at the head of the oppo- 
 fition againit Dr.Hoadley, then bifhop of Bangor ; during which conteil he publifh- 
 ed a great number of pieces. One of the principal is a Vindication of the Corpo- 
 ration and Teft Afts, in anfwer to the bifhop of Bangor's Reafons for their 
 Repeal. The biOiop anfwered him in a piece, entitled, The common Rights 
 of Subjeds defended; and Dr. Sherlock replied in a fmall pamphlet, entitled, 
 The true Meaning and Intention of the Corporation and Teft AAs alTerted. 
 
 At length Mr. Collins, the celebrated freethinker, publilhing a Difcourfe 
 of the Grounds and Reafons of the Chriltian Religion, occafioned a greas 
 number of pieces being written on the ufe and intent of prophecy ; and 
 though Dr. Sherlock did not enter diredlly into the controverfy, he publifhed 
 fix difcourfes under the title of The Ufe and Intent of Prophecy in the feve- 
 ral Ages of the World. Thefe difcourfes have been much admired. In 1728 
 he was made bifhop of Bangor, and, in 1734, was tranllated to the fee of 
 Salifbury. Upon the death of Dr. Potter, in 1747, he was offered the arch- 
 bifhopric of Canterbury, but declined accepting of it, on account of his ill 
 ftate of health ; yet recovering in a good degree, he the next year fuccecded 
 Dr. Gibfon in the fee of London, which he enjoyed till his death. He like- 
 wife cont nued to hold, along with this high dignit}', the mafterfliip of the 
 Temple, chiefly in compliance with the requelt of the two honourable focie- 
 ties, who were unwilling to part with him: but he at laft refigned in 1753. 
 Towards the latter end of his life, he was afflidted with a terrible malady, 
 v/hich deprived him firft almoll of the ufe of his limbs, and then of his 
 fpeech ; but, in this weak ftate of body, the powers of his mind ftill re- 
 mained unimpaired; and he publifhcd, in 1755, a volume of his fcrmons, 
 which were followed the next year by four volumes more. This learned 
 and pious divine died on the i8th of July, 1761, in the 84th year of his 
 
 His flvill in the civil and canon law was very confiderable ; he was ajfo 
 well verfed in the common law of England, and this gjive him great influ^ 
 ence in all caufes where the church was concerned^ as knowing what it had 
 
 to
 
 SHOVEL. Cj5 
 
 to claim from its conftitutions and canons, and what frdm the common law 
 of the land. Befides the above works, he pubiiihed fevenil others, particular- 
 ly an iigenious piece entitled The Trial of the Witnelies of the Refurrec- 
 tioi. He left to Catherine Hall, in Cambridge, his valuable library, with 
 feveral thoufand pounds for founding a librarian's place and a fcholarlhip. 
 
 SHIRLEY (James) an eminent dramatic poet, was born at London in 1594; 
 and was initrufted in grammar-learning at Merchant-Taylors fchool. Thence 
 he removed to St. John's college in Oxford, where Dr. Laud, then prefidcnt of 
 that college, conceived a great afFedlion for him, on account of his excellent 
 parts ; yet would often tell him, as Mr. Wood relates, " that he was an unfit 
 perfon to talce the facred fundion upon him, and fhould never have his confent;" 
 becaufe Mr. Shirley had a large mole on his left cheek, which fome efteemed a 
 deformity. Leaving Oxford without a degree, he went to Cambridge, where 
 it is prefumed he took the degrees in arts; for he foon after entered into holy 
 orders, and had a cure at or near St. Alban's, in Hertfordiliire. In the mean 
 time becoming unfettled in his principles, he changed his religion for that of 
 Rome, quitted his living, and fct up a grammar-fchool in the town of St. Al- 
 ban's ; but he foon grew tired of that employment, and going to London, ap- 
 plied himfelf to the writing of plays, by which he not only gained a comfort- 
 able livelihood, but alfo the patronage of fome perlbns of quality, particularly 
 of Henrietta Maria, queen to king Charles I. On the breaking out of the 
 great rebellion, he entered into the fervice of William Cavendilh, earl of New- 
 caftle, whom he attended in the field, till the decline of tlae king's caufe : he 
 then retired to London, where, as the adting of plays was prohibited, he found 
 himfelf obliged to return to his former occupation of fchoolmafter, which he 
 exercifcd in White-Friars with fome degree of reputation and fuccefs. In Sep- 
 tember, 1666, being forced by the great fire to leave his houfe near Fleet- 
 ftreet, and to retire into the parifh of St. Giles's in the Fields, he and his fe- 
 cond v/ife Frances were fo afteited by their lofs and terror, that they both died 
 within the fpace of twenty-four hours, in October following, and were interred 
 in the fame grave in St. Giles's church-yard. 
 
 Mr. Shirley was the author of thirty-feven dramatic pieces, fome of which 
 were adled with great applaufc ; he alfo wrote a volume of poems, and three 
 trafts relating to grammar. Mr. Wood tells us, that " he was tiie moil no- 
 ted dramatic poet of his time j " and Mr. Langbaine reprefents him as " one 
 of fuch incomparable parts, that he was the chief of the fecond-rate poets, 
 and by fome thought even equal to Fletcher himfelf." 
 
 SHOVEL (Sir Cloudeslev) a gallant fea-officer, was born at a village near 
 Clay, in Norfolk, about the year 1650. His parents being in low circum- 
 ftances, he was put apprentice to fome mechanic trade ; and, as it is general- 
 ly faid, to that of a flioe-maker. He was engaged in this employment for 
 feveral years, though he is faid early to have difcovered a ftrong inclination 
 for the fea; and happening to be lent upon fome bufinefs to one of the ma- 
 ritime towns upon tlie Norfolk coaft, the fight of the fliipping, &c. fired his 
 fancy to fuch a degree, that he never ceafed his importunities to his jjarents 
 to let him try his fortune in the navy, till he had obtained their confent. 
 He v/ent to fca as a cabin-boy to Sir John Narborongli, to whom he greatly 
 
 7 Y recom-
 
 6^6 SHOVEL, 
 
 recommended himfelf, and thereby laid the foundation of his future eminence. 
 Sir John ordered him to be thoroughly inflructed in navigation, and in every 
 requifite ncceflary to conftitute a complete feaman, and at length i)rocured him 
 a lieutenant's commiffion. He was in this rank at the clofe of the fecond 
 Dutch war, when our trade to the Levant being diilrcfled by the corfairs of 
 Tripoli and Algiers, a Iquadron was fent out to fupprefs their infolence, un- 
 der the command of Sir John Narborough -, who, arriving before Tripoli in 
 the fpring of the year 1675, found every thing ready to give him a warm re- 
 ception. The Algerines, on his firft appearance, drew up their fhips of war 
 under the cannon of their mole ; and the pirates of Tripoli, following the 
 example of their confederates, had brought tl^eir fliips under the walls of 
 their town, and the artillery of a fort that commanded the harbour. The ap- 
 parent ftrength of the enemy, joined to the tenor of Sir John's inftruclions, 
 by which he was direfted to try negociation rather than force, determined 
 him to fend a perlon in whom he could confide to the dey of Tripoli, to pro- 
 pofe an accommodation, upon receiving fatisfaftion for what w-as pall, and fe- 
 curity for the future. And the admiral pitched upon lieutenant Shovel, who 
 attended this expedition, to carry the meffage. Accordingly he went on lliore, 
 and delivered it with great fpirit. But the dey, defpihng his youth, treated 
 him in a difrefpedtful manner, and fent him back with an indefinite anfwer. 
 Mr. Shovel, on his return to the admiral, acquainted him with fome remarks 
 he had made on fhore. Sir John fent him back with another mcflage, and 
 furnifhed him with proper rules for conducing his enquiries and obfervations.. 
 The dey's behaviour the fecond time was worfe than the former j but Mr. 
 Shovel bore it with patience, and made ufe of it as an excule for Itaying 
 fome time longer on iliore. When he returned, he afllired the admiral, that 
 it was very prafticable to burn the fliips in the harbour, notwithftanding their 
 lines and forts. Accordi.n-gly, in the night of the 4th of March, lieutenant 
 Shovel, with all the boats in the fieet, filled with combuftible matter, boldly 
 entered the harbour, and deftroycd ths enemy's (hips. This intrepid action 
 fhruck the Tripolines with amazement^ and made them inilantly fue for peace. 
 Sir John Narborough gave fo honourable an account to the king of Mr. 
 Shovel's courage and conduft in this a^lion, that the next year he was reward- 
 ed with tlie command of the Sapphire, a fifth rate ; whence he was foon after 
 removed to the James Galley, a fourth rate, in which he continued till the 
 death of Charles II. He was known to be no friend to the arbitrary proceed- 
 ings of James II. however, that prince preferred him to the command of the 
 Dover, a fourth rate. He accepted the commiffion, without changing his prin^ 
 ciples ; and at the Revolution, joining heartily with the new government, he 
 •was very active in the fervicc He commanded the Edgar, a third rate, at 
 the battle of Bantry-Bay, in 1689; where he gave fuch fignal proofs of valou/ 
 and conduct, that king William conferred on him the honour of kniglithood. 
 In 1690 he v/as made rear-admiral of the Blue, and, as a mark of royal fa- 
 vour, the king delivered him his commiflion with his own hand. In the fpring 
 of the year 1692, juft before his majcily let out for Holland, he .ippointed 
 Sir Cloudefley Shovel rear-admiral of the Red, and at the fame time com^ 
 mander of the Iquadron that was to convoy him thither. On his return from 
 thence, he joined the grand fleet under admiral Ruflcl, and had a great fhare in 
 llie famous vidlory atLaHogue. In 1693, inftcad of appointing one admiral to 
 
 command
 
 SHOVEL. 6j7 
 
 command the fleet, the king granted a commiflion to Henry Killigrew, Efqj 
 Sir Ralph Delaval, and Sir Cloudedey Shovel, to execute that office in con- 
 junftion. But this proved a bad expedient; for feme difagreement between 
 thefe joint admirals is fuppofed to have occafioned the deftruftion of the 
 Smyrna fleet, which fo much difgraces our annals of this year. However, 
 fo high an opinion was univerfally entertained of the courage, abilities, and 
 integrity, of Sir Cloudedey Shovel, that no imputation was fixed upon his 
 conduft. In 1694, Sir Cloudefley commanded, as vice-admiral of the Red, 
 imder lord Berkeley, admiral of the Blue, in the unfuccefsful expedition to 
 Camaret-Bay. Lord Berkeley returning to London in Auguft, the command 
 of the fquadron, which confifted now only of frigates and fmall fliips, devol- 
 ved upon Sir Cloudefley, who received exprefs inftruftions to undertake the 
 bombardment of Dunkirk, at all events. Accordingly he attempted it, though 
 without any good effeft, through the fault of the engineer; who probably, 
 for want of fufficicnt intelligence of the preparations which the French had 
 made againft this defign, had promifed more than either he or any other man 
 could perform. Sir Cloudefley, however, took care to demonflrate from his 
 condutt that no fault lay in him ; for he went with a boat within the enemy's 
 works, and fo became an eye-witnefs of the impoflibility of doing what his 
 orders direfted to be done : and, therefore, on his coming home, he was per- 
 fe6lly well received, and confidered as a man who would command fuccefs 
 where it was pofnble, and omit nothing in his power where it was net. The 
 remainder of this war was carried on at lea, chiefly by bombarding the towns 
 and forts on the French coaft; in which Sir Cloudefley Shovel had his fhare : 
 and after the peace of Ryfwick, he was always confulted by his majefty, when . 
 maritime affairs came under confideration. 
 
 In 1704 Sir George Rooke commanded the grand fleet in the Mediterra- 
 nean ; to reinforce which. Sir Cloudefley Shovel was fent with a powerful 
 fquadron. He joined the fleet in the middle of June, and was very infl:ru- 
 mental in the fuccefs that followed. He alTifted in the reduction of Gibral- 
 tar, and had a confiderable fhare in the aftion off Malaga ; in which he beha- 
 ved with the utmoll; bravery, and fliewed himfelf to be a mofl: able feaman; 
 In 1705, being made rear-admiral of England, and admiral and commander ■ 
 in chief of the fleet, he was commiflioned to aiSt jointly with the earl of 
 Peterborough, as admiral of the fleet deflincd for the Mediterranean. They 
 failed from St. Helen's in the latter end of May, and on the Z2d of June 
 arrived at Lifbon, where they were joined by Sir John Leake and the Dutch 
 admiral Allcmonde. From thence they proceeded to the bay of Altea, and 
 tliere took inking Cliarles III. of Spain, who prefi"ing the earl of Peterborough 
 to make an immediate attempt on the city of Barcelona, and the province 
 of Catalonia, where he was afTured the- people were well affedtcd to him, the 
 propofal was agreed to: the fleet lailcd to Barcelona in the middle of Augullj 
 and the fiege being undertaken, the city furrendered on the 4th of Odtober; ' 
 It is obfcrved by Dr. Campbell, that there never was an admiral in a moro 
 untoward fituation thin Sir Cloudefley Shove! found himfelf in when t!ie flego 
 of Barcelona 'was undertaken. The fcheme itfelf appeared very imprafticable ; 
 the land officers were divided in their opinions; the prince of Hefle was not 
 upon converfable terms with, the earl of Peterborough; all things jieccfTa:/ 
 fur tiie fiege were, in a manner, wanting, and all hopes of fupply depended 
 
 oil.*
 
 638 SHOVEL. 
 
 on admiral Shovel; who, on this occafion, gave the mofl fignal proofs, not 
 oniy of his vigilance, dexterity, and courage, but of his conltancy, patience, 
 and zeal for the public fervice. He furnilhed guns for the batteries, and men 
 to play them; he landed for the ufe of the army ahnolt all the military 
 ftores of the fleet ; he not only gave prudent advice himfelf, in all councils of 
 ■war, but he moderated the heats and refentments of others ; and, in fliort, was 
 fo ufeful, fo ready, and fo determined in the fervice, and took fuch care that 
 every thuig he promifcd fliould be fully and punftually performed, that his pre- 
 fence and counfels, in a manner, forced the laud officers to continue the fiege, 
 till the place was taken, to the furprize of all the world. 
 
 After the unfuccefsful attempt upon Toulon in 1707, in which Sir Cloudefley 
 performed all in his power, he bore away for tiie ftreighrs ; and having left 
 ])art of his fleet at Gibraltar, for the fecurity of the coalls of Italy, proceeded 
 on his way home with the remainder, confifiing of ten Ihips of the line, five fri- 
 gates, four fire-fliips, a Hoop, and a yatcht. On the 22d of Odober, he came 
 into the Soundings, and in the morning had ninety fathom water. About noon, 
 he lay by ; but at fix in the evening he made fail again, and flood away under 
 his courfes, believing, as it is prefumed, that he faw the lights on Scilly ; foon 
 after which he made fignals of danger, as feveral otlier Ihips did. Sir George 
 Byng, who was then within lefs than half a mile to the windward of him, faw 
 the breaches of the fea, and foon after the rocks, called the Bifliop and his 
 Clerks ; upon which the admiral ftruck, and in two minutes there was nothing 
 jnore feen of him, or his fhip the AflTociation, 1 here were near nine hundred 
 perfons on board the admiral's fliip when flie was loft, and not one of them ef- 
 caped. The chaplain happened to go on board another fliip that morning, in 
 order to adminifter the facrament to fome dying people, and thereby his life 
 was faved. A fhip of feventy guns, and another of fifty, were loft at thejame 
 time. Sir Cloudefley Shovel's body was thrown afiiore the next day on one of 
 the Sciily iflands, when fome fiiliermen took it up, and having ftolen a valuable 
 emerald ring from the finger, ftripped and buried him. This coming to the 
 ears of Mr. Paxton, who was purfcr of the Arundel, he found out the fellows, 
 declared the ring to be Sir Cloudefley Shovel's, and obliged them to difcover 
 where they had buried the body ; whicli he took up, and carried in his own fliip 
 to Portfmouth, whence it was conveyed to London, and interred with great fo- 
 lemnity in Weftminfter-abbey, where a monument of white marble was ereded 
 to his memory by the queen's diredion. The monument was executed in an 
 expenfive manner, but the defign is exceedingly deficient in point of tafte. It 
 has on it the following infcription : " Sir Cloudefley Shovel, knighr, rear-admi- 
 ral of Great Britain ; admiral, and commander in chief of the fleet ; the juft: 
 rewards of his long and faithful fervices. He was defervedly beloved of liis 
 •country, and efteemed, thougii dreaded by the enemy, who had often experienced 
 his conduit and courage. He was fhipwrecked on the rocks of Scilly, in his 
 voyage from Toulon, the 22d of October, 1707, at night, in the 57th year of 
 Jiis age. His fate was lamented by all; but efpecially the fea-faring part of the 
 nation, to whom he was a worthy example. His body was i^ung on the ftiore, 
 and buried with others in the fands; but being foon after taken up, was placed 
 onder this monument; which his royal miftrefs has caufed to be ereded, to 
 ^onimeraorate his fteady koyalty, and extraordinary virtues." 
 
 SIDNEY
 
 SIDNEY. 6j9 
 
 SIDNEY (Sir Philip) one of the greattft men of his time, was the fon of 
 Sir Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland, and was born (as is fuppolcd) at Pciv- 
 fliurft in Kent, the 29th of November, 1554. After being initiated in grammar- 
 learning at a fchool in Shrewibury, he was fent, when very young, to Chrifl:- 
 Church College in Oxford, where he continued till he was about fcvcntccn years 
 of age, and made an extraordinary progrefs in literature. Upon leavihg the 
 univerfity, he travelled into foreign countries, and was at Paris in 1572, at the 
 time of the dreadful mallacre of the Proteftants there ; and on this occafion he 
 fled with other Engliihmen to the houfe of Sir Francis Walfingham, then am- 
 bafTador from queen Elizabeth to the court of France. He afterwards vifited 
 many parts of Germany, Hungary, and Italy, and returned to England in 1575. 
 The earl of Leicefter, who was his uncle, then introduced him at court, and 
 he became one of the queen's favourites. In 1576, when not above one and 
 tv/enty years old, hf was lint by her majefty to congratulate Rodolphus II. upon 
 liis acceffion to the imperial throne. He was alfo entrufted with ibme other 
 private commiffions of more importance, all which he executed greatly to the 
 fatisfadion of the queen. In his return from this ambafly, he went to pay his 
 compliments to Don John of Auftria, then vice-roy in the Low-Countries for the 
 king of Spain. Don John is faid to have been the proudeft man of his time, 
 haughty and imperious in his behaviour, and accuftomed to treat the ambaffadors 
 v/no came to his court with great infolence and fuperiority. At firit, therefore, 
 he paid but little refpefl to Sidney, on account of his youth, and feeming in- 
 experience. But having had occafion to hear him talk, and give fome account 
 of the manners of every court where he had been, he was fo ilruck with the jult- 
 nels and acutenefs of his obfervations, and the vivacity and gracefulnefs of liis 
 manner, that he ever after treated him with meat familiarity, and paid him 
 more rcfpeA in his private charadler, than he clid to any ambalfador from what- 
 <;ver court. 
 
 In 1579, when a marriage was in agitation betwixt queen Elizabeth and the 
 duke of Anjou, Mr. Sidney took the liberty of writing a long letter to her ma- 
 jelly, to diftliade her from the propofed match ; v/hich was written with unufual 
 elegance of expreffion, and much force of reafoning, and in which he difplayed 
 a great compafs of knowledge. It was fome time after this, that a violent dif- 
 pute iiappened between Mr. Sidney and Edward Vere earl of Oxford, of which 
 the following account is given. One day as Mr. Sidney was playing at tennis, 
 the earl of Oxford came into the court, and wanted the otiier to give place to 
 him, and depart -, " forgetting to entreat that (fays lord Brook) which he could 
 not legally command.*" Mr. Sidney not complying, the earl began to expof- 
 tulate more roughly, and at lafl commanded Mr. Sidney and his companion to 
 quit the court. Sidney thereupon calmly anfwered, " that if his lordfliip had 
 been pleafed to exprefs his defire in milder terms, perhaps he might have led 
 out thofe, that he Ihould now find would not be driven out." ^This anfwer 
 blowing up the earl into a flame, he called Sidney a puppy, who thereupon 
 gave his lordlhip the lye. A crowd gathering about, Mr. Sidney, with fome 
 fnarp words, retired abruptly out of the tennis-court ; but the earl profecuted 
 his diverfion. Mr. Sidney, however, expefted fatisfadion, and fent a gentle- 
 
 * Life of the rfiiown:d Sij- Philip Sidney, by Sir F\.\\k Grevillr, lord Brook. 
 
 7 Z man
 
 l40 ..* SIDNEY. 
 
 man upon that errand to the earl ; who refolved to give his young antagonift 
 a challenge. In the mean time tlit affair having taken air, the privy council 
 interpofed, and endeavoured to reconcile them ; but in vain. The queen, therefore, 
 undertook that talk, and reprefcntcd to Mr. Sidney " the difference in degree between 
 earls and gentlemen ; the refpeft inferiors owed to their fuperiors ; and the necelTity 
 there was thatprincesfhouldmaintain the honourof thofe upon whom they conferred 
 titlesand dignities, asdegreesdefcending between thepcoplc'slicenciouliiefsj and the 
 anointed fovereignty of crowns," &c. To which Mr. Sidney replied, with all 
 due reverence, " That place was never intended for privilege to wrong ; v/it- 
 nefs her majefty herfelf, who, how fovereign Ibever flie v/ere by throne, b'rth, 
 education, and nature, yet was Ihe content to call her own affedlions into the 
 fame moulds her fubjefts d.d, and govern all her rights by their laws. Again, 
 he bclbught her majefty to confidcr, that although the earl of Oxford were a 
 great lord by birth, alliance, and favour, yet he was no lord over him ; and 
 therefore the difference of degrees between freemen could not challenge any 
 other homage than precedency." 
 
 It does not appear tliat any farther ill confeqviences arofe from this quar- 
 rel, only Mr. Sidney about this time retired from court in difguft; and it 
 was during this retirement that he is fuppofed to have written h.is celebrated 
 romance, called Arcadia. In 1581 he afllfted at the royal tournament that 
 was exhibited for the entertainment of the duke of Anjou and his train ; and 
 upon that prince's departure from England, he attended him to Antwerp 
 with his uncle the earl of Leicefter and many other perfons of rank. In 1583 
 fie was knighted bytheqixen; and the fame year he married the only daugh- 
 ter of fecretary Walfingham. In 1585 he projedted an expedition to 
 America, without the ki\ov/ledge and confent of the queen, or of his 
 own relations. In this fcheme he was to have been joined by Sir Francis 
 Drake: but when he had reached Plymouth, and was ready to embark, 
 the queen, unwilling to riik a perfon of his worth in an enterprize of 
 ib hazardous a nature, lent meffengers to command him to return back 
 to court; or, if he did not readily comply, to ftop the whole fleet. lie 
 found means, however, to caufe the mciTengers to be intercepted upon 
 die road, ancl their letters forcibly taken from them by two foldicrs, difgui- 
 fed as failors ; but the queen thereupon fent her royal command to him by 
 a peer of the realm, that he fliould abfolutely relinquilh his defign. At his 
 return to court, he was appointed governor of Flulhing, one of the cauticnr 
 ary towns delivered by the Dutch to queen Elizabeth ; and alfo general of 
 the horfe under tlie earl of Leicefter. And foon after his arrival in the Lowr 
 Countries, in ic86, he, togetlier with Grave Maurice, fon to the prince of 
 Orange, entered Flanders, and took Axel by furprifc. He next made a fruit- 
 lefs attempt upon Gravelines ; and in the battle of Zutphen, fought on the. 
 ci2d of Sepvjmber, difplayed the moft undaunted courage. " Tliis gentleman, 
 (fays Mr. Guthrie), in that day of wonders, performed fuch anions as give 
 credibility to thofe of the braveft heroes lie has dcfcribed in h's incomparable 
 Arcadia." But this engagement proved fatal to Sir Philip Sidney, lie had 
 two horfes killed under him, and was mounting a third, when he was danger- 
 oufly wounded with a mufket-ftiot, which broke the bone of his thigh. " The 
 horfe he rode upon (fays lord Brook) was rather furioully choleric than bravely 
 proud, and fo forced him to forfake the field, but not his back, as the nobleft 
 and ficteft bier to carry a martial commander to his grave." He rode back 
 
 to
 
 S I D N ^E Y. 641 
 
 to the camp nbout a mile and half on horfeback; and in his progrefs pafling. 
 along by the rell: of the army, and being faint with excefs of bleeding, he 
 called for drink, which was prcfently brought him. But as he was lifting 
 die bottle to his mouth, he law a poor foldier carried along, who had been 
 wounded at the fame time, and who wiflifully caft up his eyes at Lhe bottle; 
 whereupon the gallant, generous, heroic Sidney, regardlefs of his own fuffer- 
 ings, and compalTionating the anguifh of the wounded foldier, took the bot- 
 tle from his own mouth before he had drank, and delivered it to the other,, 
 faying, " Thy neceffity is yet greater than mine." And when he had pledged 
 the foldier, he was foon after carried to Arnheim, where the principal fur- 
 geons»^*f the cam.p attended him. For about fixteen days there were great 
 hopes. of his recovery; but the ball not being extrafted, and a mortification. 
 enfuing, he prepared himfelf for death with the utmoft piety and fortitude. 
 And having made his will, and fettled his affairs, he took leave of his bro- 
 ther. Sir Robert Sidney, in thefe words : " My dear, much-loved brother, love 
 my memory; cherifli my friends; their fidelity to me may affure you that they 
 are honed ; but, above all, govern your will and affections by the will and. 
 word of your Creator; in me beholding the end of this world, with all her 
 vanities!" He expired on the i6th of Odober, 15S6, in the thirty-fecond> 
 year of his- age. The ftates of Zealand requefled of queen Elizabeth, that 
 they mio-ht have the honour of burying him : but their requeft was not granted; 
 for the queen, in confideration of his great merit and accomplifnments, gave 
 orders that he fiiould be buried at her own expence. Whereupon his body 
 was brought from Arnheim to Flufliing ; and having remained there eight 
 days, was put on board a vefiTel, with all military honours, on the ilt of No- 
 vember, and foon after landed at the Tower-wharf. Being conveyed to the 
 Minories, it lay there in fbate a confiderable time; and on the i6th of Fe- 
 bruaiy, his funeral was folemnized with great pomp in St. Paul's cathcdrall 
 The univerfities of Oxford and Cambridge compofed verfes to his memory; 
 and James king of Scotland honoured him with an epitaph of his own com- 
 pofi tion. 
 
 Sir Philip Sidney, though a young man when he died, was famous through- 
 out all Europe. In 15^0, upon the death of the king of Portugal, the 
 Spaniards having feized that kingdom, Don Antonio, the chief claimant of 
 the Portuguefe crown, applied to Sir Philip Sidney for his affiftance. And 
 Sir Robert Naunton tells us, tlrat he was in election for tiie kingdom of Po- 
 land; and- that the queen refufed to further Sir Philip's promotion to this 
 high dignity, "not out of emulation, but out of fear to lofe the jewel' of 
 his time." 
 
 Encomiums and praifes have been lavlflied upon Sir Philip Sidney with 
 rather too liberal a hand ; but it is neverthelcfs certain, . that he was a man 
 of great merit. He poflTeflTed the moft heroic valour, his condui^t was virtuous, 
 and he had a noble and generous mind ; and his other qualities were adorned 
 with elegant erudition, and the moft accomplilhed manners. He was a great 
 encouragcr of genius and learning; and, in particular, was a generous patron 
 of Edmund Spencer. It is laid that Sir Philip, fomc hours before his ck'atli, 
 enjoined an intimate friend to commit his writings to the flames. But his 
 friend did not follow his diredio'hs , and tlicrefore fcvcral of his pieces have 
 been publilked. His moft celebrated work is his. romance, entitled Arcadia, 
 
 which .
 
 642 
 
 SIDNEY. 
 
 which wns dedicated to his fider Mary * countefs of PL-nibroke. Ic has pafTcd 
 through fourteen editions, and been tranflated into French, Dutch, and other 
 languages. Some fmaller productions of his pen, both in verfe and profe, 
 have been likcwife coininunicated to the public; and particularly in 1595, 
 An Apology for Poetry, in profe, which fonic have eftecmed his bell per- 
 formance. 
 
 SIDNEY (Algernon) ftyled by Thomfon the Britifh Caflius, was the fe- 
 cond furviving fon (»f Robert Sidney earl of l>eiceller, by Dorothy, cldcfi: 
 daughter of Henry Percy carl of Northuniberhmd. During the cij'il war 
 he adhered to the intereft of the parliament, in whofe army he fe. ed as 
 colonel, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. In 1646, his elder brother, the Isrd 
 vifcount Lifle, being appointed lieutenant-general of Ireland, and commander 
 of the forces there, made him colonel of a regiment of horfe : he alfo be- 
 came lieutenant-general of the horfe in tliat kingdom, and governor of Dub- 
 lin. Returning to England the year following, he received the thanks of the 
 houfe of commons for his good fcrvices in Ireland, and was afterwards made 
 governor of Dover. In 1648 he was nominated one of the meinbers of the 
 high court of juftice, appointed to try king Charles I. and it is faid, tliat 
 he aflually fat upon the bench as one of tliat monarch's judges, though he 
 was not prefcnt when fentcnce was pafTed, nor did he fign the warrant for 
 his execution. He was a man of a philolophic turn of mind, had fecn mucii 
 of the abufe of kingly power, and was apprehenfive cfmuch more. Hence 
 he became as zealous a republican, from fpeculation and principle, as others 
 were from animofity and faction. 
 
 As Mr. Sidney was not only a warm, but a confiftent friend to the caufc 
 of liberty, he refufed to a(5b under Oliver Cromwell, when he arbitrarily aflTu- 
 med the government, contrary to tie principles which he had originally avowed. 
 In June 1659, after the death of th.u ufurper, he was commifTioned, together 
 with Sir Robert Floneywood and Mr. Thomas Boone, to go to the Sound, in 
 order to mediate a peace between the kings of Sweden and Denmark. At 
 the Reftoration, he would not perfonally accept of the indemnity then granted 
 to the nation in general, but continued abroad till the year 1677, when he 
 returned to England, and obtained from the king a particular pardon. Not- 
 withftanding this indulgence, he joined the popular party, and entered into 
 cabals for reftraining the exorbitancies of the crown. In 1683 he was char- 
 ged with being concerned in the Rye-houfe plot, and on the 2 ill of Novem- 
 ber was brought to his trial in the court of King's-Bcnch, before the lord 
 chief juftice Jefferies. Lord Howard, a nobleman of an infamous charadter. 
 
 * This lady was a lovtr of the mufes, an encoiirager of j olite literature, and a woman of fine 
 accompiiOimcnts. Slie trauflitcd a tragedy from the Frenct^ f milled, Antoniiis. She died at Lon- 
 don in 1621, and was buried in the cathedi'al church of Salifbury. Ben Johnfon wrote the fol- 
 lowing epitaph on her : 
 
 '' Underneath thh fable hearfe 
 
 '' Lies the fubjedl of all verle ; 
 
 *' Sidney's fiftcr, Pemliroke's mother; 
 
 *' Death ! e'rc thou halt kill'd another, 
 
 " Learn'd :ind fair, and good as fhe, 
 
 *' Time Itall tlirow his dart at thee."
 
 S I M PS O M. 64J 
 
 Was the only witnefs that appeared againfl: him : but the profecutors produc- 
 ed fome DifcouiTes on Government, found among Mr. Sidney's papers, and 
 affirmed that thel'e were equivalent to another evidence. They were written 
 in defence of liberty, maintaining the original contract upon which govern- 
 ment was raifed, and from whicli all power was derived j the lawfulnefs of 
 refinance, in cafe of tyranny and oppreflion ; and the maxim of preferring 
 a republic to the adminillration of a fingle perfon. Thefe papers appeared 
 to have been written fome years before. They could neither prove them 
 to be in his hand-writing, nor that he had ever communicated them to any 
 perfon upon earth; and he obferved, in his own defence, that in a charge 
 of treafon the law abfolutely required two living witnefies. But all his ar- 
 guments were urged without effevft ; a jury had been packed for his trial, 
 and he was found guilty of high treafon. The injuftice of the proceedings 
 againfb him was univerfally condemned : however, he could obt.iin no other 
 favour than that of having his fentence changed into beheading. He was 
 executed on the 7th of December, 1683. Billiop Burnet fays, "In his im- 
 prifonment he fent for fome Independent preachers, and exprefled to them 
 a deep remorfe for his paft fins, and great confidence in the mercies of God. 
 And indeed he met death with an unconcernednefs, that became one who had 
 fet up Marcus Brutus for his pattern. He was but a very few minutes on 
 the fcafFold at Tower-hill : he fpoke little, and prayed very fhort ; and his 
 head was cut ofi^ at one blow." His attainder was reverfed in the beginning 
 of the reign of king William and queen Mary. 
 
 " Algernon Sidney (fays Dr. Burnet) was a man of mofl: extraordinary cou- 
 rage, a fteady man, even to obftinacy, fincere, but of a rough and boilte^ 
 rous temper, that could not bear contradi£lion. He feemed to be a Chriftian, 
 but in a particular form of his own : he thought it was to be like a divine 
 philofophy in the mind : but he was againft all public worfliip, and every 
 thing th.u looked like a church. He was ftiff to all republican principles, 
 and fuch an enemy to every thing that looked like monarchy, that he fee 
 himfelf in a high oppofition againft Cromwell, when he was made protector- 
 He had iludied the hiftory of government in all its branches beyond any man 
 I ever knew." 
 
 Mr. Sidney's Difcourfes on Government have been feveral times printed; 
 but the moft elegant and valuable edition is that which was publiflied in the 
 year 1763, in quarto, which alfo contains his letters, trial, apology, and fome 
 memoirs of his life. Lord Orrery fays, that " Algernon Sidney's Difcourfes 
 concerning^ Government are admirably written, and contain great hiftorical 
 knowledge, and a remarkable propriety of diction ; fo that his name, in my 
 opinion, ouglit to be much higher in the temple of literature, than I have 
 liitherto found it placed." And the author of the memoirs of Sidney obferves, 
 that " his Difcourfes on Government alone will immortalize his name, and 
 are fufficient to fupply the lofs of Cicero's fix books de Rcpuhlka, which has 
 been fo much regretted by men of fenfe and probity. In fliort, it is one of 
 the nobleft books that ever the mind of man produced ; and we cannot wifh 
 a greater or more extenfive blefling to the world, than that it may be every 
 where read, and its principles univerlally received and propagated." 
 
 SIMPSON (Thomas) profefl"or of mathemacici in his majelly's academy at 
 
 8 A Woohvicli,
 
 ^44 SIMPSON. 
 
 Woolwich, fellow of the Royal Society, and member of the Royal Academy 
 at Stockholm, was born at Market-Bofworth, in Leiccfterfhire, the 20ih of 
 Auguft, 1710. His father, who was a weaver, intending to bring him up to 
 his own bufinefs, took fo little care of his education, that he was only taught 
 to read: but, on the nth of May, 1724, there happened a great eclipfc of 
 the fun, which ilruck the mind of this youth with an ardent defire to know 
 the reafon of it, and to be able to foretell fuch furprifing events. Five or 
 fix years after, being at the houfe of a relation, where he had refided fomc 
 time, a pedlar and fortune-teller took a lodging at the fame houfe, and got 
 money by telling of fortunes by judicial aftrology. Young Simpfon, who was 
 now about nineteen years of age, looked upon this man as a prodigy* and 
 endeavoured to ingratiate himielf into his favour ; while he was no lefs pleafcd 
 ■with the abilities of the young man. The pedlar going to Briftol fair, left 
 in the hands of young Simpfon, who had now taught himfelf to write, ar» 
 old edition of Cocker's Arithmetic, to which was fubjoined a fliort appendix 
 on algebra, and a book of Partridge, the almanack-maker, on genituresj and 
 thefe he had perufed to fuch purpole, during his friend's abfence^ as to excite 
 bis amazement on his return. Simpfon foon after, by the advice of his friend, 
 made a public profeflion of cafting nativities j and laying afide the bufmcfs of 
 weaving, foon became the oracle of Bofworth and its environs, fo that fcarce 
 a courtlhip advanced to a match, or a bargain to a fale, without previoufly 
 confulting the infallible Simpfon about the confequences. But at length 
 being convinced of the vain foundation and fallacy of his art, he dropped 
 the profelTion of a fortune-teller, though he found it very lucrative. Being 
 BOW furnilhed with a fufficient ftock of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry, 
 tp qualify him for looking into the Ladies Diary, of which he had afterwards 
 the direction, he came to know that there was Itill a higher branch of ma- 
 tjiematical knowledge, than any he had yet been acquainted with, and this 
 was the method of fluxions ; but he was entirely at a lofs to difcover any 
 Englifh author who had written on the fubjecl, except Mr. Hayes ; and that 
 gentleman's work being a folio, and then pretty fcarce, he was unable to 
 purchafe it. However, an acquaintance lent him Mr. Stone's Fluxions, by 
 means of which, and his own penetrating genius, he was enabled, in a very 
 fpw years, to compofe a much more accurate treatife on that fubject, thaa 
 had ever before appeared in our language. 
 
 After his bidding adieu to aftrology and its emolumxnts, he was driven 
 10 great hardfhips to procure fubfiftence for his family, having married a 
 •widow with two children, who foon brought him two more. He therefore 
 came up to London, and for fome time worked at his bufinefs in Spital- 
 fields, and in his fpare hours taught mathematics, which turned to a very 
 good account. 
 
 The number of his fcholars now Increafing, and his abilities becoming pub- 
 licly known, he put forth propofals for printing, by fubfcription. A new Trea- 
 tife of Fluxions, with the Dodrine of Infinite Series; and this work was pub- 
 lifhed in 1737. In 1740 he publilhed a Treatife on the Nature and Laws of 
 enhance, in quarto ; and the fame year, a volume of EiTays on feveral curious 
 and ufeful fubjeds in fpeculative and mixed mathematics ; and foon after, he 
 received a diploma, by which he was conftituted a member of t.he Royal Acade- 
 my at Stockholm. In 1742 appeared his Dodrine of Annuities and Rcverfions, 
 
 deduced
 
 S K E L T O K. ^45. 
 
 <Jeduced from general and evident principles, with iifeful tables, fhewing the 
 value of fingle and joint lives. This was foon followed by an Appendix, con- 
 taining fome remarks on a late book on the fame fubjcft ; and alfo by a work 
 entitled IV'Iathematical DifTertations on a variety of Phyfical and Analytical Sub- 
 jefts. His next publication was a Treatife of Algebra, wherein the fundamen- 
 tal principles are fully and clearly demonftrated ; to which he added the con- 
 fl.ru6tion of a great number of geometrical problems, with the method of re- 
 folving them. This work was defigned for the ufe of young beginners, and 
 was infcribed to William Jones, efq. F. R. S. 
 
 Through Mr. Jones's intercll and folicitations, Mr. SImpfon was, in 174J, 
 appointed profeffor of mathematics in the king's academy at Woolwich, and 
 foon after was chofen a fellow of the Royal Society, when the prefident and 
 council,, in confidcration of his moderate circumftances, were pleafed to excufe 
 his admilTion fees, and his giving bonds for the fettled future payments. At 
 the academy, he exerted all his abilities in inftrufting the pupils. In his man- 
 ner of teaching, be had a peculiar and happy addrefs, a certain dignity and per-- 
 fpicuity, tempered v/ith fuch a degree of mildnefs, as engaged the attention, 
 efteem, and friendfliip of his fcholars. He therefore acquired great applaufe 
 from liis fuperiors in the difcharge of his duty. His application and clofe con- 
 finement, however, injured his health. Exercife and a proper regimen were 
 prefcribed to him, but to little purpofc; for his fpirits funk gradually, till he 
 became incapable of performing his duty at the academy. At length his phy- 
 ficians advifed his native air for his recovery, and he let out in February, 176 1^ 
 but was fo fatigued by his journey, that, upon his arrival at Bofworth, he be- 
 took himfelf to his chamber, and grew continually worfe till his death, which 
 happened on the 14th of May that year, in the fifty-firll year of his age. He- 
 left a fon and daughter, the former an officer in the roj^al regiment of artillery ; 
 and the king, at the inftances of lord Ligonier, in confideration of Mr'. Simp- 
 fon's extraordinary merit, was pleafed to grant a penfion to his widow, with, 
 handfome apartments adjoining to the academy. 
 
 Befides the works ahead) mentioned, Mr. Simpfon puhliflied, i. Elements. 
 of Geometry : 2. Trigonometry, plane and fpherical, with the Conftrudtion and ■ 
 Application of Logarithms : 3. Seleft Exercifes for young Proficients in the Ma- 
 thematics ; 4. The Dodrine and Application of Fluxions, two volumes oflavo, , 
 in which all the obfcurities and defefts in his former work on that fubjeit, are. 
 removed, and the whole greatly improved : 5. Mifcellaneous Tradts. 
 
 SKELTON (John) a laureated poet in the reign of king Henry VIII. was 
 a native of Cumberland, and was educated at the univerfity of Oxford ; after 
 v/hich, entering into holy orders, he was made recl.or of Difs in Norfolk : but 
 " he was efteemed (fays Mr. Wood) more fit for the ftage, than the pew or 
 pulpit." He is faid to have fallen into fome irivgularities, too natural to poets, 
 and by no means fuitable to the clerical character. His poetical talents, how- 
 ever, recommended him at court, and obtained him the poll of poet-laurcat to 
 king Henry VIII. who was pleafed with his productions. He was eminently 
 learned and ingenious; but licentious, even to fcurrility, in Iiis fatires ujjon 
 fome of the regular clergy; and even dared to lafh cardinal Wolfey, v/liich 
 ©ccafioned. his taking fandtuary in Weftminftcr-abbcy, under the proteftion of" 
 
 John
 
 M 
 
 SLOAN E. P. 
 
 Jolvi Iflip the abbot. He died there on the aift of June, 1529, and was buried 
 in: the church of St. Margaret, Weftminfter. Erafmus fpeaks very honourably 
 of Skelton, ftyling him, in an epi (He to Henry VIII. " Britannicarum Litcra- 
 rum Lumen et Decus." His works were reprinted in oftavo, in 1736. " It 
 appears by his j)oem entitled the Crown of Laurel, (fays Mrs. Cooper) that 
 his performances. were very numerous, though fo few ot them remain. In.thcfe 
 there is a very rich vein of wit, humour, and poetry, though much debafed 
 by the ruft of the age he lived in. His fatires are remarkably broad, open, and 
 ill-bred -, the verfe cramped by a very fhort meafure, and encumbered with fuch 
 a profufion of rhimes, as makes the poet almofl as ridiculous as thofe he en- 
 deavours to expofe. In his more ferious pieces, he is not guilty of this abfur- 
 dity, and confines himfelf to a regular ftanza, according to the then reigning 
 mode. His Bouge of Court is, in my opinion, a poem of great merit : it abounds 
 with wit, and imagination ; and argues him well verfed in human nature, and 
 the manners of that infinuating place. The allegorical charaftcrs are finely 
 defcribed, and as well fuftained." 
 
 SLOANE (Sir Hans) baronet, an eminent phyfician and naturalift, and foun- 
 der of the Bricifh Mufeum, was of Scottiib extraclion, and born at Killileagh, 
 in the north of Ireland, the i6th of April, 1660. The firfl bent of his genius 
 he direfted to the ftudy of nature, and this was encouraged by a fuitable edu- 
 cation. He chofe phyfic for his profeiTion, -and, to attain a perfedt knowledge 
 of its feveraJ branches, repaired to London, where he attended all the public 
 leftures of anatomy and medicine, learned chemiftry, and ftudied botany in 
 Chelfea garden. His turn to natural hiftory introduced him to the acquaintance 
 of Mr. Boyle and Mr. Ray, which he carefully cultivated by communicating ro 
 them all his curious or ufeful obfervations. After flaying four years in Lon- 
 don, he went to Paris, where he attended the hofpitals, and heard the lectures 
 of Tournefort, du Verney, and other eminent mafters. He then went to Mont- 
 pellier, and having fpent a year there in colleding plants, travelled through 
 Languedoc with the fame view, and in 1684 returned to London, when lie 
 tranfmitted to Mr. Ray a great variety of plants and feeds, which that ingenious 
 naturalift has defcribed, with proper acknowledgements, in his Hiitoria Planta- 
 rum. About this time he became acquainted widi Dr. Sydenham, who took 
 Jiini into his houfe, and recommended him in the warmeft manner to prailice. 
 Soon after, he was cliofen a fellow of the Royal Society and of the college of 
 Phyficians. But his dellre of making new difcoverics in the produdlions of na- 
 ture, induced him to take a voyage to Jamaica, in quality of phyfician to 
 Chriftopher, duke of Albemarle, governor of that ifland; and though he Ilaid 
 there but fifteen montlis, he brought from thence luch a variety of plants, as 
 greatly lurprifed Mr. Ray, who did not think there had been fo many to be 
 found in both the Indies. He now applied himielf clofely to his profefTion, 
 and on the firft vacancy was chofen phyfician to St. Bartholomew's holpital j 
 .when he applied the money which he received from his appointment to the re- 
 lief of thofe who were the greateft objefts of compafTion in the hofpital, being 
 unwilling to enrich himfelf by the gains he made of giving health to the poor. 
 In 1693 he was chofen fecretary to the Royal Society, and immediately revived 
 the publication of the Philofophical Tranladions, wiiich had been omitted for 
 
 fomc
 
 S M A L R I D G E. 647 
 
 fome time; and he continued to be the editor of them till the year 171 2. As 
 in his earlieft days he had been fond of natural knowledge, he enriched his ca- 
 binet with every thing that was curious in art or nature ; and this received a 
 great augmentation by a bequeft of William Courten, efq. who had employed 
 the greateft part of his time and fortune in coUeiling curiofities. 
 
 The fenfe which the public entertained of this learned phyfician's merit, 
 evidently appears by the honours conferred upon him : he was created a baro- 
 net by king George I. chofen a member of the Royal Academy at Paris, prc- 
 fident of the College of Phyficians, and, on the death of Sir Ifaac Newton, 
 prefident of the Royal Society. He was the firft in England who introduced 
 the ufe of the bark into general praftice, not only in fevers, but in a variety 
 of other diftempers, particularly in nervous diforders, in mortifications, and 
 in violent hfemorrhages. His efficacious receipt for difeafes in the eyes, and 
 his remedy for the bite of a mad dog, are well known, and warranted by fuccefs. 
 Having faithfully difcharged the refpeftive duties of the places he enjoyed, he 
 retired in 1740, at eighty years of age, to Chelfea, to enjoy in a peaceful tran- 
 quillity the remains of a well-fpent life. Here he continued to receive the 
 vifits of peribns of diftindlion, and of learned foreigners ; and admittance was 
 never refufed to the poor who came to confult him concerning their health. 
 At the age of fixteen he had been feized with a fpitting of blood, which con- 
 fined him to his chamber for three years, and he was always fubjcdt to it; yet 
 by his fobriety, temperance, and moderation, with the occafional ufe of the 
 bark, he protradted his life to a great length, without even feeling the infirmi- 
 ties of old age J and, after a fliort illnefs of three days, died on the nth of 
 January, 1752, in his ninety fecond year. In his perfon he was tall and well 
 proportioned, in his manners eafy and engaging, and in his converfation fpright- 
 ly and agreeable. He was a liberal benefactor to the poor, and a governor of 
 almoft every hofpital about London, to each of which he gave one hundred 
 pounds in his life-time, and at his death a more confiderable fum. He zea- 
 loufly promoted every deflgn that had for its objeft the public good. He laid 
 the plan of a difpenfatory, where the poor might be furnifhed with proper" me-' 
 dicines at prime cofb, which, by the affiftance of the college of phyficians, 
 was afterwards carried into execution.' ' He gave the apothecaries company the 
 entire freehold of their botanical garden at Chelfea, in the center of which is 
 a ftatue of him in marble, admirably executed by Ryfbrack. In 1732 he exerted 
 himfelf in promoting the eftabiifhment of the colony in Georgia; in 1739 of 
 the Foundling-hofpital, and formed the plan for bringing up the children. 
 His noble cabinet of curiofities he bequeathed to the public, on condition 
 that the fum of twenty thoufand pounds fliould be paid to his family ; and- 
 alfo his library, confifting of above 50,000 volumes, 347 of which were illuf-^ 
 tratftd with cuts coloured from nature, and 3566 were in manufcript. He 
 wrote the Natural Hillory of Jamaica, in two volumes folio : this elaborate 
 work (fays Dr. Friend) greatly tends to the honour of our country, and the 
 enriching of the Materia Medica. 
 
 SMALRIDGE (Dr. George) an Englifh prelate and very elegant writer, 
 was born of a good family at Litchfield in Staffordlhire, and educated in gram- 
 mar-learning at Weftminfter-fcliool, where he diflinguifhcd himfelf by his ex- 
 cellent parts, and his inclination for the belles Icitres. Here it was that he 
 
 8 B wrote
 
 648 S M I T H. 
 
 wrote, at the requeft of Elias Afhmole, efq. tv/o elegies, one in Latin, the 
 other in Englifh, upon the death of William Lilly the aftrologer. In 1682 he 
 •was removed to Chrift-chiirch college in Oxford, where in due time he took 
 both the degrees in arts and divinity. He gave an early fpecimen of his abilities 
 and learning, by publifhing, in 1687, Animadverfions on a Piece upon Church- 
 Government ; and, in 1689, a Latin poem of his made its appearance, entitled, 
 Au^io Davi/tana Oxonii habtta -per Gul. Cooper id Ediv. Millingtcn Bibliopolas 
 Londinenjes. Having taken orders, he in 1693 obtained a prebend in the ca- 
 thedral of Litchfield ; after which he was chofen minifter of the rrew chapel 
 in Tothill-fields, Weftminfter. Soon after, he v/as made canon of Chrilt-church, 
 Oxford, and then dean of Carlifle. In 17 13 he was promoted to the deanery 
 of Chrifl-church, and, in the enfuing year, to the bifliopric of Brifloi. Upon 
 the accefTion of king George I. he was appointed lord high almoner to his ma- 
 jefty ; but refufing to concur with the other bifhops in figning the declaration 
 againft the rebellion in 17 15, he was deprived of that employment. His death 
 happened on the 27 th of September, 17 19. Sixty of his fermons were pub- 
 liflied in 1724, in one volume folio : they fhew the polite fcholar, and the man 
 of fenfe. His Latin fpeech at the prefenting Dr. Atterbury as prolocutor of 
 the lower houfe of convocation, has been likewife printed. 
 
 SMITH (Edmund) an ingenious Englifli poet, was the only fon of Mr. 
 Neale, an eminent merchant, by a daughter of baron Lechmere, and was born 
 in 1668. His father meeting with misfortunes that were foon followed by his 
 death, occafioned the Ion's being left young to the care of Mr. Smith, who 
 having married his father's fifter, treated him with as much tendernefs as if her 
 had been his own child, and placed him at Weftminller-fchool, under xhc caie 
 of Dr. Bufby. After the death of his generous guardian, whofe name he from 
 gratitude thought proper to affume, he was removed to Chrift-church, Oxford, 
 and was there handfomely maintained by his aunt till her death. Some time 
 before his leaving Chrift-church, his mother fent for him to Worcelter, and, 
 to wipe off the afperfions that fome had ignorantly caft on his birth, acknow- 
 ledged him her legitimate fon. He pafled through the exercifes of the college 
 and univerfity with great applaufe : he was well veried in all the Greek and Latin 
 claflics, and carefully compared with them the moft valuable v/orks in the Eng-, 
 lifh, French, Spanilli, and Italian languages ; for he confidcred the ancients and 
 moderns not as rivals for fame, but as architecbs who built upon the fame plan. 
 His tragedy of Phfedra and Hippolitus was afted in 1707, when the polite 
 world were fo much engroffed by the Italian opera, that fenfe was facrificed to 
 found, and on this account Mr. Addifon did our poet the honour to write the- 
 prologue, in order to rally the vitiated tafte of the public. This admired tra- 
 gedy, with a poem to the memory of Mr. John Piulips, his moft intimate friend,, 
 three or four odes, and a Latin oration fpoken publicly at Oxford, were pub- 
 liftied after his death in 1719, under the name of his Works. Mr. Smith, al- 
 though he was endowed with many Ibining qualities, had fome defeds in his. 
 conduft, one of which was his extreme careleffnefs in point of drefs j which 
 fingularity procured him the name of Captain Ragg; yet his perfon was fo well 
 formed, that this could not render it difagreeable j whence the fair fex, by whom 
 he was admired, ufed to call him the handfome floven. Upon the whole, he 
 was a good-natured man, a finiftied fcholar, a great poet, and a difcerning cri- 
 tic.
 
 S O M E R S. 649 
 
 tic. He died in 17 10, in tlie forty-fecond year of his age, at the feat of George 
 Ducket, efq. in Wiltlhire. 
 
 SOMERS (JoHM, lord) chancellor of England, one of the moft learned 
 lawyers, greaceft ftatefmen, and moll difinterefled patriots, that ever appeared 
 in this kingdom, was dcfccndcd of reputable parents, and born ac Worcefter 
 in the year 1652. He lludied at Tiinity-college in Oxford, whence he re- 
 moved to' the Middle-Temple, London, where he intermixed the ftudy of 
 the law with that of polite literature. Being ftrong'y attached to the prin- 
 ciples of liberty, and zealous to maintain them in their full force and vi- 
 gour, he wrote a piece entitled The Hiftory of the Succeflion to the Crown 
 of England, with a view to favour the attempt made to exclude the duke 
 of York from the throne. In 168 1 he had a confiderable fliare in a pam- 
 phlet called A jufl and modeft Vindication of the Proceedings of the two 
 iaft Parliaments. In 1688 he was one of the counfel for the feven bifhops 
 at their trial ; and Mr. Granger obferves, that " he difplayed an eloquence 
 on that occafion, wortiiy of Athens or Rome, when they produced their moft 
 finilhed orators ; and an honell zeal for liberty, no lefs worthy of thofe 
 republics, when they produced their moft diftinguiflied patriots." In the con- 
 vention fummoned by the prince of Orange, which met on the aad of Ja- 
 nuary, 1688-9, ^^- Somers reprefented his native city of Worcefter; and 
 was one of the managers for the houfe of commons at a conference with 
 the lords upon the word Abdicated. 
 
 Soon after the acceffion of the prince and princefs of Orange, he was 
 appointed folicitor-general, and received the honour of knight-hood. In 
 1692 he was made attorney-general, and the next year was advanced to the 
 poft of lord-keeper of the great feal. In 1697 he was created baron of 
 Evefliam in the county of Worcefter, and lord high chancellor of England; 
 and for the fupport of thofe honours and dignities, his majefty made him 
 a grant of the manors of Ryegate and Howlegh in Surry, and another 
 grant of 2100I. per annum out of the fee-farm rents. However, in tlie 
 beginning of the year 1700, he was removed from the poft of lord chan- 
 cellor, and the year following was impeached by the commons of high crimes 
 and mifdemeanors, of which he was acquitted upon trial by the houfe of 
 lords. He then retired to a ftudious courfe of life, and was chofen prefi- 
 dent of the Royal Society, of which he had been long a member. In 1706 
 he had a principal hand in concluding the treaty of union between England 
 and Scotland. Two years after, he was appointed prefident of the council; 
 but upon the change of the miniftry in 17 10, was diverted of that employ- 
 ment. In the latter end of queen Anne's reign, his health began to decline,, 
 and even his faculties to be impaired; and it was probably owing to this 
 circumftance, that upon the acceffion of George I. lie had no other poft 
 tlian a feat at the council-table. He died of an ^ opledic fit, the 26th of 
 April, 17 16. Mr. Addifon has drawn his lordfliip's charadter in a moft beau- 
 tiful manner in the Freeholder, and reprelents liim . as a man of virtue, re* 
 ligion, and humanity, adorned with learning, and bleft with the moft fiiining 
 .accomplifliments. 
 
 Mr. Walpole obferves of this illuftrious nobleman, that *' he was one of 
 tliofe divine men, who, like a chapel in a palace, remain unprofancd, 
 
 while
 
 $SO S O M N E R. 
 
 while all the reft is tyranny, corruption, and folly. All the traditional ac- 
 counts of him, the hiftorians of the laft age, and it's beO authors, reprefcnt 
 him as the mofl: incorrupt lawyer, and the honeftcft ftatcfman, as a mailer- 
 orator, a genius of the ftneft tafte, and as a patriot of the nobleft and molt 
 extcnfive views ; as a man who difpenfed bleifings by his life, and planned 
 them for poflerity. He was at once the model of Addifon, and the touch- 
 
 ftone of Swift. The momentous times in which he lived, gave lord Somcrs 
 
 opportunities of dilplaying the extent of his capacity, and the patriotilni of 
 his heart. The excellent ballance of our conilitution never aj)peared in a 
 clearer light than with relation to this lord, who, though impeached by a 
 mifguided houle of commons, with all the intemperate folly that at times dif- 
 graced the free Hates of Greece-, yet had full liberty to vindicate his inno- 
 cence, and manifeft an integrity, which could never have fhone fo bright, 
 unlefs it had been juridically afperfed. In our conilitution, Ariftidcs may 
 be traduced, clamoured againft, and when matter is wanting, fummary ad- 
 drefles may be propofcd or voted for removing him for ever from the fervice 
 of the government J but happily the faftious and the envious have not a 
 
 power of condemiiing by a fhell, which many of them cannot fign. It was 
 
 no inglorious part of this great chancellor's life, that, when removed from the 
 adminiflration, his labours were ftill dedicated to the fervice of the govern- 
 ment and of his country. In this fituation, above all the little prejudices 
 of a profeflion, for he had no profelTion but that of Solon and Lycurgus, 
 he fet himfelf to correft the grievances of the law, and to mend the vo- 
 cation he had adorned.*" 
 
 Lord Somers was not only a munificent patron of learning and learned 
 men, but was alfo himfelf an author. He wrote feveral pieces on the fubjedt 
 of politics, &c. and tranllated into Englifli two of Ovid's Epillles, and Plutarch's 
 Life of Alcibiades. 
 
 SOMNER (William) an eminent antiquarian, was the fon of William 
 Somner, regifter of the court of Canterbury, and was born in that city in 
 March 1606. He was educated at the frce-fchool of Canterbury; after which 
 he was placed as clerk to h s father, in tjic ecclcfiallical courts of that dio- 
 cefe, and at length was preferred to a creditable office in thofe courts by 
 archbifliop Laud. His leifure hours he employed in the ftudy of antiquities, 
 the firft fruits of wliich were his Antiquities of Canterbury, publiflied in 
 the year 1640. This performance gained him a great and deferved reputation. 
 He afterwards ftudied the Saxon language, of which he became a moft ac- 
 complifhed mailer: he was alfo a conliderable proficient in the old Gallic, 
 Irilh, Scotch, Gothic, Sclavonian, German, and in moft of the ancient and 
 modern tongues of Europe. He adhered to king Charles I. in the time of 
 his troubles ; and when he faw him brought to the block, his zeal could no 
 longer contain itlclf, but broke out into an empafTioned elegy, entitled. The 
 Infecurity of Princes, confidercd in an occafional Meditation upon the King's 
 lite Sufferings and Death. This was fc^n followed by another poem in de- 
 fence of that monarch. 
 
 Mr. Somner was at length folicited by his friends to compile a didionary 
 
 * Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors. 
 
 of
 
 SOUTHERN. 6^1 
 
 of the Saxon language ; and for his fupport while he was engaged in this 
 laborious work, Roger Spelman, elq. beftowed upon him the ftipend fettled 
 ©n the Saxon lecture at Cambridge, founded by his grandfather Sir Henry 
 Spelman. This valuable diftionary was publiflied at Oxford in 1659. Jutt 
 before the Refhoration, Mr. Somner was imprifoned in the caftlc of Deal, 
 for endeavouring to procure perfons to petition for a free parliament. in 
 1660 he was appointed mafter of St. John's Hofpital in the fuburbs of Can- 
 terbury, and about the fame time auditor of Chrift-Church m that city. He 
 died on the 30th of March, 1669, when his books and manufcripts were 
 purchafed by the dean and chapter of Canterbury. Befides the above-men- 
 tioned works, he wrote an excellent treatife of Gavel-kind, a treatife of the 
 Roman ports and forts in Kent, and fome other pieces. He was a man of 
 great integrity and fimplicity of manners : and among his friends and cor- 
 refpondents were the arch-bifhops Laud and Uflicr, Sir Robert Cotton*, 
 Sir William Dugdale, Sir John Marlham, and Hlias Afhmofe, efq. 
 
 SOUTHERN (Thomas) a celebrated dramatic author, was born (accord- 
 ing to Mr. Theophilus Cibber's account) at Dublin, in the year of the Refto- 
 ration, and was early educated in the univerfity there. In the eighteenth year 
 of his age he came over to England, and fettled in the Middle-Temple, 
 London, where, inftead of ftudying the law, he applied himfelf to the wri- 
 ting of plays, from which he is fuppofed to have drawn a veiy handfomc 
 fiibfiftance. His firft tragedy, called the Perfian Prince, or Loyal Brother, 
 was reprefented in i68a, at a time when the tory interelt was triumphant; 
 and the charafter of the Loyal Brother was doubtlefs intended to compliment 
 the duke of York, who, after his accelTion to the throne, rewarded Mr. South- 
 ern by giving him a captain's commifiion, which he enjoyed but a fhort time. 
 He fpent the laft ten years of his life at Weftminller, and conftantly atten- 
 ded the abbey-fervice ; being, it is faid, particularly fond of church mufic. 
 He died the 26th of May, 1746, when he was upwards of eighty-five 
 years of age. Dryden entertained a high opinion of our author's abilities, 
 and prefixed a copy of verfes to a comedy of his, called the Wife's Excufc, 
 afted in 1692. On the night that Southern's Innocent Adultery was firfb 
 performed, which is one of the moll afFefting plays in our language, a gen- 
 tleman who was prcfent took occafion to afk Dryden, what was his opinion 
 of Southern's genius; who replied, that he thought him fuch another poet 
 as Otway. The moll finifhed of all his plays is his Oroonoko, or the 
 Royal Slave, which is founded on a true ilory related by Mrs. Behn 
 in one of her novels. His works have been printed in three volumes 
 duodecimo. 
 
 * " Sir KonERT Cottom (f;iys Mr. Granger) was a diftingiiiflxcl member of the Society of An- 
 tiquaries, ill the reigns of Elizabctli and J:iiiics 1. He began to in;*kc liis curious and valuable col- 
 leilion of maiuifcripts in 1588 ; and, 1:1 1(103, received tlic liunour ol Icniglitliood. He was oftca 
 tonfulted by the l<ine; and the legiflature in dillicnlt points, relating to antient cuftoms and priviie- 
 get. He wrote a book on duelling, and the life of Henry 111. was the co|]ei51or of die Parlia- 
 mentary Records, imblilhed by Prynne ; and was, to his immortal honour, the founder oi' the Cot- 
 ton Library. This is now in the Britifh Mufeum, and is a nioft valuable augmentation of the li- 
 terary trealurc of the public. He was the Hrft that coUcdlcd liuglilh coins ; and the lirft engra- 
 vings which we have in tliat kind of antiquity, \vere taken from 01 iginals in liis colleiflion. He 
 died the 6ih of May, i'3i, at the age of li\ty." C, ranger t Bi<>gTabhicaL Hijlory of Ei;'.U>iJ. 
 
 8 C 'SPEED
 
 652 S F E L M A N. 
 
 SPEED (John) an hiftorian of great merit, was born at Farrlngton in Chef- 
 hire, in the year 1552. He was brought up to the bufinefs of a taylor, and 
 •was free of the company of merchant-taylors in the city of London. But being 
 by the generofity of Sir Fulk Greville enabled to profecute thofe ftudies which 
 his inclination led him to, he publiflied, in 1606, '• The Theatre of the Em- 
 pire of Great Britain ; prefenting an exaft Geography of the Kingdoms of Eng- 
 land, Scotland; and Ireland, and the Illes adjoining; with the Shires, Hundreds, 
 Cities, and Shire-Towns, within the Kingdom of England, divided and defcribed 
 by John Speed." Thefe maps were the beft that had till then been made of 
 the Britifh dominions ; and were defigned as an apparatus to his Hillory, which 
 ■was firft publifhed in 1614, with the following title: " The Hillory of 
 Great Britain under the Conquefls of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Nor- 
 mans ; their Originals, Manners, Wars, Coins, and Seals; with the Succeflions, 
 Lives, A«fh, and IflTues of the Engliih Monarchs, from Julius Csefar to our 
 moft gracious Sovereign King James." Mr. Speed received fome communi- 
 cations and afllflances in this work from fome learned antiquaries, with whom 
 he was acquainted. There are prefixed to it recommendatory poems in Latin, 
 French, and Englifli, by Sir Henry Spelman and others ; and many writers 
 have fpoken of it in terms of high commendation. Mr. Speed was alfo author 
 of " The Cloud of Witnefles, viz. the Genealogies of Scripture, confirming 
 the Truth, of Holy Hillory, and Humanity of Chrift." This was prefixed to 
 the new tranflation of the Bible in 161 1, and printed in moft of the fubfequent 
 antient editions of the fame. It was likewiie publiflied by itlelf in 1616, 8vo. 
 and king James I. granted him a patent for fecuring the property of this to 
 himlelf and his heirs. 
 
 Mr. Speed died at London on the 23th of July, 1629, and was buried in the 
 church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, where a monument was eredted to his memory. 
 BilTiop Nicolfon fays, that " he was a perfon of extraordinary induffry and at- 
 tainments in the ftudy of antiquities, and leems not altogether unworthy of the 
 name of fummus et eruditus Antiquarius, given him by one who was certainly 
 fo himfelf." By his wife Sufannah, with whom lie lived fifty-feven years, he 
 had twelve fons, and fix daughters. One of his fbns, named John, was edu- 
 aeted at Oxford, and became an eminent phyfician. 
 
 - SPELMAN (Sir Henry) a moft learned and induftrious antiqu^^y, was def- 
 cended of an ancient family, and born at a village near Lynn in Norfolk, about 
 the year 1561. Before he was quite fifteen, he was fent to Trinity-college 
 in Cambridge, whence, upon the death of his father, he removed to Lincoln's- 
 Inn to lludy the law. Having continued there almofl three years, he 
 returned to his native county, and fettling as a country-gentleman and. 
 farmer, divided his time between ftudy and bufinefs. He now married 
 the cldeft daughter of John L'Eftrangc, a gentleman of Norfolk; and was 
 made high llierifF of that county in the I'econd year of the reign of James I, 
 He was afterwards fent by that prince three times into Ireland upon public 
 bufinefs, and at home was appointed one of the commifTioners for enquiring 
 into the opprellion of exacted fees : he was alfo knighted by king James, who 
 had a particular efleem for him. When he was about fifty years of age, relblv- 
 ing to apply himfelf more clofcly to ftudy than he had hitherto done, he left 
 the country, and fettled with his wife and family in London, where he colled- 
 ed fuch books and manufcripts as had relation to the fubjei5t of antiquities. 
 
 In
 
 SPENSER. €s3 
 
 In 1613 he publiflied his treatife Be non tcmerandis Ecckfiis, and, in 1626, the 
 firft part of his Gloffary of the Saxon Tongue, -which he never completed. 
 The next work that he entered upon was an edition of the Englifh Councils, the 
 firfl: volume of which came out in 1639. 
 
 Sir Henry Spelman was a member of the Antiquarian Society in London, 
 and the intimate friend of Camden and Sir Robert Cotton. He was not only 
 well (killed in the learned languages, but was alfo a great mafter of the Saxon 
 tongue, of which he is jultly efteemed a chief rellorer, and for which he fettled 
 a lefture in the univerfity of Cambridge. His principal works, which are in 
 Latin, will lall as long as the language in which they are written : of thefe 
 his Englifli Councils, and his GlolTary, hold the firft place. This great anti- 
 quary died full of years, and of literary and virtuous fame, in 1641 ; and was in- 
 terred in Weftminfter- abbey. In 1698 his poftluimous works, relating to the 
 laws and antiquities of England, .were publiihed by Mr. Edmund Gibfon, after- 
 wards bifhop of London. His eldeft fon. Sir John Spelman, publiflied the 
 Saxon Pfalter in 1641, 410. from an old manufcript found in Sir Henry's li- 
 brar}^, and alfo wrote the Life of King Alfred the Great in Englifli, printed ac 
 Oxford in 1709. 
 
 SPENSER (Edmund) an excellent Englifh poet of the fixteenth century, 
 was born in London, and educated at Pembroke-hall in Cambridge, where he 
 took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1572, and that of mafter in 1576. At 
 his firft fetting out into the world, his fortune and intereft feem to have been 
 very inconfiderable. After he had continued Ibme time at college, and laid 
 that foundation of learning, which, joined to his natural genius, qualified him 
 to rife to fo great a reputation as a poet, he flood for a fellowfhip, in compe- 
 tition with Mr. Lancelot Andrews, afterwards bifliop of Winchefter, in which 
 he was unfuccelsful. This dilappointment, together with the narrownefs of his 
 circumftances, forced him to quit the univerfity ; and we find him next rcfiding 
 at the houfe of a friend in the north, where he fell in love with his Rofalind, 
 whom he fo finely celebrates in his paftoral poems, and of whofe cruelty he has 
 written fuch pathetic complaints. It is probable that about this time Spenfer's 
 genius began firft to diftinguilli itl'elf ; for the Shepherd's Calendar, which is fo 
 full of his unproiperous paflion for Rofalind, was among the firft of his works 
 of note, and the fuppofition is ftrengthened by the confideration that poetry is 
 frequently the ofi^'spring of love and retirement. This work he addrelTed, by a 
 fiiort dedication, to the iiluftrious Sir Philip Sidney, who was then in the high- 
 eft reputation for wit and gallantry, and the moft popular of all the courtiers 
 of that age; and, as he was himfelf a writer, who excelled in the fabulous or 
 inventive part of poetry, it is no wonder that he was ftruck with our author's 
 genius, and became fenfible of his merit. A ftory is told of him by Mr. Hughes, 
 which v/e fliall prcfent to the reader, as it ferves to illuftrate the humanity and 
 penetration of Sidney, as well as the excellent genius of Spenfer. It is faiil that 
 our poet was a ftranger to this gentleman, when he began to write his Fairy Queen, 
 and that he took occafion to go to Leiceller-houfe, and introduce himfclr", by 
 fending in to Sir Philip a copy of the ninth canto of the lirlb book of ciiat poem. 
 Sidney was much furprilcd with the defcription of defpair in that canto, and 
 is faid to have fhewn an unufual kind of tranfport on the difcovcry of fo new 
 and uncommon a genius. After he had reail fome ftanzas, he turned to liis 
 fteward, and bid him give the perfon who brought thofe vtrfes tifty pounds ; 
 
 but
 
 6^4 SPENSER. 
 
 but upon reading the next Itanza, he ordered the fum to be dojbied. The 
 fteward was no lels furprifed than his mafter, and thought it his duty to make 
 foine delay in executing ib fudden and lavilh a bounty; but upon reading 
 one ftanza more, Sir Philip raifed the gratuity to two hundred pounds, and 
 commanded the fteward to give it immediately, left, as he read further, lie 
 might be tempted to give away his whole eftate. From this time he ad- 
 mitted the author to his acquaintance and converfation, and prepared, the 
 way for his being known and received at court. Though this fcemed a pro- 
 mifing omen, to be thus introduced at court, yet he did not inftantly reap 
 any advantage from it. He was indeed created poet laureat to queen Eli- 
 zabetli : but he for fome time wore a barren laurel, and pofTcfled the place 
 -without the pcnfion. The lord-treafurer Burleigh had no tafte for Spenfer's 
 merit, and is faid to have intercepted the queen's favours to him. 
 
 Thefe difcouragements greatly lunk our author's fpirirs, and accordingly 
 we find him pouring out his heart in complaints of fo injurious and unde- 
 ferved a treatment; which, probably, would have been lefs unfortunate to 
 him, if his noble patron, Sir Philip Sidney, had not been fo much abfent 
 from court, as by his employments abroad, and the fliare he had in the 
 Low Country wars, he was obliged to be. In a poem of Spenfer's, called the 
 Ruins of Time, which was written fome time after Sidney's death, the au- 
 thor feems to allude to the difcouragements already mentioned, in the fol- 
 Jowing ftanza: 
 
 " O grief of griefs ! O gall of all good hearts ! 
 " To fee that virtue lliould defpifed be, 
 " Of fuch as firft were rais'd for virtue's parts, 
 " And now broad-fpreading like an aged tree. 
 ■" Let none fhoot up that nigh them planted be ; 
 " O let not thefe, of whom the mufe is fcorn'd, 
 *' Alive, or dead, be by the mufe adorn'd. 
 
 Thefe lines are certainly meant to refleft on Burleigh for neglc(fl:ing him, 
 and the lord-treafurer afterwards conceived a hatred towards him for the fa- 
 tire which he apprehended was levelled at him in Mother Hubbard's Talc. 
 In this poem, Spenfer has, in the moft lively manner, pointed out the mis- 
 fortune of depending on court-favours. The lines which follow af-c, among 
 others, very remarkable : 
 
 " Full little knoweft thou, that haft not try'd, 
 " What hell it is in fuing long to bide : 
 " To lofe good days, that might be better fpent, 
 *' To wafte long nights in penfive difcontcnt ; 
 " To fpeed to-clay, to be put back to-morrow, 
 *' To feed on hope, to pine with fear and forrow ; 
 *' To have thy prince's grace, yet want her peers, 
 "To have thy afking, yet wait many years; 
 •' To fret thy foul with crofles, and with care, 
 "To eat thy heart with comfortlefs defpa-r; 
 " To fawn, to crouch, to wait, to ride, to run, 
 *' To fpcnd, to give, to want, to be undone." 
 1 ■ As
 
 SPENSER. 
 
 6;5 
 
 As this was very much the author's cafe, it probably was this particular 
 paflage in that poem which gave offence ; for, as Mr. Hughes obierves, even 
 the fighs of a miferable man, arc fometimes refented as '^n affront by him 
 who is the occafion of them. There is a ftory related by fome as a matter 
 of faft, commonly reported at that time, which rcflefts upon the charafter 
 of Burleigh i but it is difcredited by Dr. Birch, and other judicious hifto- 
 rians and critics, becaufe the fame circumflances are recorded to have hap- 
 pened to a poet of inferior merit, and the poetical petition here given as 
 Spenfer's compofition, is" afcribed to the inferior bard. It is faid that upon 
 his prefenting fome poems to the queen, flie ordered him a gratuity of one 
 hundred pounds ; but the lord treafurcr Burleigh objefting to it, faid with 
 fome fcorn of the poet, "What, all this for a fong ?" the queen replied, 
 " Then give him what is reafon." Spenfer waited for fome time ; but had 
 the mortification to find himfeif difappointed of her majefty's bounty. Upon 
 this he took an opportunity to prclent a paper to queen Elizabeth in the 
 manner of a petition, in which he reminded her of the order Ihe had given, 
 in the following lines : 
 
 " I was promifed on a time 
 " To have reafon for my rhyme ; 
 " From that time unto this feafon, 
 *' I receiv'd no rhyme nor reafon." 
 
 This paper produced the defired effe£t -, for the queen, after fliarply repro- 
 ving the treafurer, immediately diredled the payment of the hundred pounds 
 fhe had firft ordered. 
 
 In the year 1579, Spenfer was fent abroad by the earl of Leicefter; but 
 in what fervice he was employed is uncertain. When the lord Grey of Wil- 
 ton was chofen deputy of Ireland, our poet was recommended to be his fc- 
 cretary. This drew him over to another kingdom, and fettled him in a fcene 
 of life, very different from what he had formerly known ; but that he un- 
 derftood, and difcharged his employment with ficill and capacity, appears Cuf- 
 ficiently by his difcourfe on the ftate of Ireland. His life was now freed from 
 the difficulties under which he had hitherto ftruggled : but the lord Grey being 
 recalled in 1582, Spenfer returned with him to England, where he feems to 
 have continued till the untimely death of his gallant patron, Sir Philip Sid- 
 ney, in 1586; with which cataftrophe he was deeply affedlcd. His fervices 
 to the crown, in his ftation of fecretary to the lord deputy, were rccompcn- 
 fed by a grant from que£n Elizabeth of three thoufand acres of land in the 
 county of Cork. This induced him to refide in Ireland. His houfe was at 
 Kilcolman, and the river Mulla, whicli he has more than once fo beauti- 
 fully introduced in his poems, ran through his grounds. About this time 
 he contrafted an intimate friendfhip with the great and learned Sir Waker 
 Raleigh, who had ferved as captain under the lord Grey. Elis elegant poem, 
 called, Colin Clout's come home again, in which Sir Walter Raleigli is de- 
 fcribed under the name of the Shepherd of tlie Ocean, is a beautiful memo- 
 rial of his friendfliip, which took its rife from a fimilarity of tafte in the 
 polite arts. Sir Walter afterwards fixed him in the efteem of queen Eliza- 
 beth i and, through his recommendation, her majefty read our poet's writings. 
 
 8D lie
 
 656 SPENSER. 
 
 He now fell in love a fecond rime, with a merchant's daughter, in which he 
 was more fuccefsful than in his firft amour. He wrote upon this occafion an 
 elegant epithalamium, which he prelented to the lady on the bridal day, and it 
 has configned that day and her to immortality. In this plealant, eafy fituation, 
 our author finiflied his celebrated poem of the Fairy Queen, which was begun 
 and continued at different intervals of time, and of which he at 6rft publiflied 
 only the three firft books ; to thefe were added three more in a following edi- 
 tion, but the fix laft books were unfortunately loft by his fervant, whom he 
 had in hafte fent before him to England. Though he pafled his life for fome 
 time very fercnely here, yet a train of misfortunes ftill purfued him, and in 
 the rebellion of the earl of Defmond be was plundered and deprived of his ef- 
 tate. This diftrefs forced him to return to England, where, for want of fuch 
 a patron as Sir Philip Sidney, he was plunged into new calamities. It is faid, 
 by Mr. Hughes, that Spenfer furvived his patron about twelve years, and 
 died in the iame year with his powerful enemy the lord Burleigh, 1598. He 
 i\as buried in Weftminfter Abbey, near the famous Chaucer ; his obfequies were 
 attended by the poets of that time, and others, who paid the laft honours to 
 his memor)\ Several copies of verfes were thrown into his grave, with the 
 pens that wrote them, and a monument was erefted to him at the charge of 
 Robert Devereux, the unfortunate earl of Eflex. 
 
 Mr. Rymer obferves, that " Spenfer may be reckoned the firft of our heroic 
 poets. He had a large fpirit, a ftiarp judgment, and a genius for heroic poefy, 
 perhaps above any that ever wrote fince Virgil. But the misfortune is, he 
 wanted a true idea, and loft himfelf by following an unfaithful guide. Though 
 befides Homer and Virgil he had read Tallb, yer he rather fuffered himfelf to 
 be mined by Ariofto ; with whom, blindly rambling on marvellous adven- 
 tures, he makes no confcience of probability. All is fanciful and chimerical, 
 •without any uniformity, or without any foundation in truth. In a word, his 
 poem [the Fairy Queen] is perfe£t Fairy Land." Mr. Dryden fays, that " the 
 Englifti have only to boaft of Spenfer and Milton in heroic poetry, who nei- 
 ther of them wanted either genius or learning to have been perfedt poets, and 
 yet both of them are liable to many cenfures. For there is no uniformity in 
 the defign of Spenfer; he aims at the accompliftiment of no one aftion; he 
 raifes up a hero for every one of his adventures, and endows each of them with 
 fome particular moral virtue, which renders them all equal, without fubordina- 
 tion or preference. The original of every knight was then living in the court 
 of queen Elizabeth ; and he attributed to each of them that virtue, which he 
 thought was moft confpicuous in them : an ingenious piece of flattery, though 
 
 it turned not much to his account. His obfolete language, and the ill choice 
 
 of his ftanza, are faults but of the fecond magnitude. For notwithftanding 
 the firft, he is ftill intelligible, at leaft after a little praftice j and for the laft, 
 he is the more to be admired, that, labouring under fuch a difficulty, his verfes 
 are fo numerous, fo various, and fo harmonious, that only Virgil, whom he has 
 profcftcdly imitated, has furpaftcd him among the Romans, and only Waller 
 among the Englifti." Laftly, Mr. Hughes, in his Remarks on the Fairy Queen 
 of Spenfer, obferves, that " the chief merit of this poem confifts in that fur- 
 prifing vein of fabulous invention, which runs through it, and enriches it every 
 where with imagery and defcriptions, more than we meet with in any other 
 modern poem. The author fccms to be poflcfled of a kind of poetical mag! 
 
 and
 
 S P R A G G E. 657 
 
 and the figures he calls up to our view rife Co thick upon us, that we are at 
 once pleafed and diftrafted by the exhauftlefs variety of them ; fo that his faults 
 may in a manner be imputed to his excellencies. His abundance betrays 
 I him into excefs, and his judgment is overborne by the torrent of his imasina- 
 tion. 
 
 SPRAGGE (Sir Edward) an Englifli admiral, diftinguifhed by his abilities 
 in the cabinet as well as at fea. "We find him captain of a Ihip in the firft en- 
 gagement with the Dutch after the Refloration, on the 3d of June, 1665, in 
 ■which he fo far recommended himfelf to the favour of the duls.e of York, that 
 upon king Charles the Second's vifiting the navy, and going on board the Roy- 
 . al Charles, he received the honour of knighthood. He was likewife in the fa- 
 mous battle which lafted four days, in June, 1666, when he was particularly 
 taken notice of by the duke of Albemarle. In the fucceeding battle, fought on 
 the 24-th of July, he carried a flag under Sir Jeremiah Smith, admiral of tlie 
 blue iquadron, and contributed greatly to the glory of the day. He alfo diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf in the clofe of that war, in the unfortunate aifair at Chatham, 
 by defending the fort of Sheernefs, which was attacked by the Dutch on the 
 loth of June, 16675 and though it was unfiniHied, the garriion fmall, and tlie 
 place in no ftate of defence, yet he continued to defend it as long as poffible, and 
 then colledled as great a force as he could by fea. This amounted to no more 
 than five frigates, feventeen fire-fhips, and fome tenders ; and yet when the 
 Dutch admiral Van Nels came up the river again, after his attempt upon Har- 
 wich, Sir Edward engaged him about the Hope. The fight was very unequal, 
 but there being at firlt little or no wind, Sir Edward, by dexteroufly towing 
 his fhips, burnt eleven or twelve of the Dutch fire-fhips with fix of his own, 
 but was at lail obliged to fheker himfelf under the cannon of Tilbury Fort, 
 The next day, the weather being favourable, he attaclced the Dutch again, and 
 by the happy management of his fire-fhips, put them into fuch confufion, tliat, 
 after a fhort difpute, they were forced to retire, and to burn their laft fire-fhip, 
 in order to prevent its being taken. On the 25th they profecuted their retreat, 
 follov/cd by Sir Edward's finaJl fquadron to the river's mouth, where meeting 
 another fquadron of fire-flilps from Harv/ich, they were in fuch danger, that 
 above one hundred men, in two of their largeft fhips, leaped over-board, and 
 were drowned. This was the laft a6lion on our fide in that war. 
 
 In 167 1 Sir Edward Spragge failed from England with a fquadron to chaftife 
 the Algerines. Having received intelligence, that there were feven Algerine 
 men of war in the bay of Bugia, he entered it, and came to an anchor under the 
 caftle walls, which fired upon hirn continually for two hours. Mean-while he 
 caufed a boom which the enemy had made with their yards, top-mafts, and 
 cables, to be cut, and fending a fire-fliip, burnt ail the fhips of the Algerines, to 
 whom this lofs was irreparable. 1 hefe men of war had been Icle^ted by 
 the Algerines on purpofe to engage Sir Edward, and they had furniflied them 
 with their beft brafs ordnance from all the reft of their vefllds, and with iSoo 
 or 1900 chofen men. Sir Edward returned home in the beginning of the year 
 1672, and, on the aSth of May following, was prcfent in the engagement o!F 
 Southwold Bay, where he diftinguifhed himfelf by finking a Dutch ftiip of fixty 
 guns. He was ibon after made admiral of the blue, but before he put to fea, 
 was fcnt in the character of envoy extraordinary to renew the treaty with the 
 
 court
 
 ^53 SPRAT. 
 
 court of France, anJ to fettle the rules that were to be obferved on the 
 iunsflion of the French and Englifli fleets. As no part of Sir Edward's ne- 
 gociations or inllrudions was communicated to prince Rupert, who was ad- 
 miral in chief, when Sir Edward came to hoiil his flag, tliere was great 
 coldatfs between them ; but this did not prevent his doing his dut}' in the 
 next engagement, which happened on the 28th of May, 1673, when he fought 
 the Dutch admiral Van Tromp fcvcn hours. Afterwards, in the battle of 
 the i4ch of June that year. Sir Edv/ard behaved with great intrepidity, and 
 reduced Van Tromp to fuch dilbcfs, that he would inevitably have been 
 either killed or taken, had he not been relieved by De Ruyter. In a third 
 battle, fought on the nth of Augufl: following. Sir Edward being provo- 
 ked by Van Tromp, he laid his fore-top-fail to the mall:, to ftay for him, 
 and having engaged his fquadron, continued fighting for many hours at a 
 diftance from the fleet. Sir Edward was at firft on board the Royal Prince, 
 and Tromp in the Golden Lion ; but after a confliiSt of about three hours, 
 in which the Dutch admiral avoided coming to a clofe engagement. Sir Ed- 
 ward's fliip was fo difabled, that he was forced to go on boarci the St. George, 
 as Tromp did on board the Comet. The fight was then renewed with g.-eat- 
 er fury than before, till at laft the St. George was fo battered, that 'S'\r Ed- 
 ward thought fit to leave her, and to endeavour to fhift his flag to the Roy- 
 al Charles : but before his boat had rowed ten times its own length from the 
 St. George, it was pierced by a cannon fhot, upon which the crew endea- 
 voured to get back again : but before that could be efix;ftcd. Sir Edward, 
 ■who could not fwim, was drowned. Thus died t'lis brave admiral on the nth 
 of Augull, 1673. 
 
 SPRAT (Thomas) bifnop of Rocheflier, one of the molt generally admi- 
 red of our Englifli writers, was the fon of a clergyman,, and was born at 
 Tallaton in Devonfliire, in the year 1636. He was educated firft at a private 
 fchool ; and in 165 1 v/as admitted a commoner of Wadham-coUege in Ox- 
 ford, of which he was afterwards chofen fellow. Upon the death of Oli- 
 ver Cromwell, he wrote a fine Pindaric Ode to the memory of that ufur- 
 per ; in which, if he erred, he erred with his betters ; for the fame com- 
 pliment was paid to the protestor by Dryden, Waller, and feveral other poets. 
 After the reftoration of Charles II. he entered into holy orders, became fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, chaplain to the duke of Buckingham, and after- 
 wards chaplain in ordinary to his majefly. In 1664 he publifhed his Obfer- 
 rations on Monfieur Sorbiere's Voyage into England, which are written with 
 great fpirit, vivacity, and eloquence. In i663 he was made prebendary of 
 Wcftminller, and, the next year, accumulated the degrees of bachelor and 
 dodlor of divinity; in 1680 he was initialed canon of Windfor j in 1683, dean 
 of Weltminflier; and, in 1604, bidiop of Rochclter. He v/as likewife clerk 
 of the clofet to king James II. and in 1685 was appointed dean of the royal 
 chapel. The year following he was nominated one of the commiflioners fot 
 cccleliaftical affairs. In 1692, he and fome other perfons of rank were charged 
 with trealbn by two men, who had forged an ailbciation under their hands : 
 but the perjury of thefe villains being foon difcovered, the bifliop, together 
 with the reft, was acquitted v.ith honour. From this time forward he pafled 
 tis life in tn-inquillity and retirement, and died at his houfe at Bromley in 
 Kent, the 20th of May, 17 13, 
 
 Bifliop
 
 STAIR. 659 
 
 Bifliop Burnet fays of him, that " his parts were very bright in his youth, 
 and gave great hopes, but were blaflcd by a lazy libertine courfe o'f life, 
 ro which his temper and good-nature carried him, without confidcring the 
 duties or even the decencies of his profeffion. He was juftly efteemed a great 
 mafter of our language, and one of our correfteft writers." " It appears from 
 his. writings, (fays the Rev. Mr. Granger) as well as his conduft, that his 
 principles were far from being ftubborn. He has reprefcnted Cromwell as 
 a finilhed hero, and Charles I. as a glorified faint. He fat in the ecclefi- 
 aftical commifTion, and was by no means averfe from the Revolution. His 
 Account of the Rye-houfe Plot is little better than a romance ; but his Hif- 
 tory of the Royal Society, his Charge to his Clergy, his Sermons, and his 
 Account of Cowley, are excellent performances. His ftyle in general, which 
 has been greatly applauded, has neither the clafTic fimplicity of Hobbes, nor 
 the grace of Sir William Temple. His poetry is unequal, and Ibmetimcs 
 inharmonious. He has, however, been juftly ranked with the btft writers in 
 the reign of Charles II." 
 
 STAIR (John Dalrymple, earl of) a confummate warrior and politician, 
 was the eldell: fon of John vifcount Stair, and was born in Scotland on the 
 20th of July, 1673. Scarce was he arrived at the age of ten years, when 
 he had made a iurprifing progrefs in the Greek and Latin tongues, to which 
 he afterwards added a perfedt knowledge of feveral European languages. He 
 was trained up by a governor for fome years, and then put to the college 
 of Edinburgh, where he had run through the whole courfe of his academi- 
 cal ftudies by the time he was fourteen. His father defigned him for the 
 law ; but his genius being turned for the fword, he applied himfelf to the 
 pra£tice of the military art. Having left the college of Edinburgh, he went 
 over to Holland, where he pafTed through the feveral degrees of preferment 
 under the eye of that diftinguifhed commander the prince of Orange, after- 
 wards king William III. At the time of the Revolution, he returned to 
 his native country, and was among tlie firft that declared for king William, 
 under whom he ferved during the war in Ireland at the beginning of his reign. 
 He alfo fignalized himfelf by his valour and military fkill in the wars of 
 queen Anne's reign, and was fent on an ambafly into Poland by that prin- 
 cefs. On the accefllon of king George I. he was appointed one of the lords 
 of the bed-chamber, fworn of the privy-council, and fent ambafiador to the 
 court of France, in wiiich capacity he afted with uncommon vigour, vigi- 
 lance, and addrefs. In 1730 he was made lord admiral of Scotland, which, 
 with his other pofts, he held till the year 1734, when falling into difgracc 
 . at court for his fpirited condudt in parliament, he was deprived of his em- 
 ployments. However, in March 1742, he was appointed field-marfhal of 
 his majefty's forces, and ambaflfador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the 
 ftates-general. The year following he commanded under his Britannic ma- 
 jefty at the battle 01 Dettingen, in which the French were totally defeated. 
 Soon after this adtion, his lordfhip refigned his command, and retired into 
 the country. His death happened on tiie 7th of May, 1747. He was a 
 nobleman of extraordinary abilities, equally fitted for the canij) or the court; 
 and was at the fame time remarkable for his integrity, gcnerofity, and mo- 
 deration. 
 
 8 E STANHOPE
 
 66o STANHOPE. 
 
 STANHOPE (James earl) a general of diftinguifhed bravery, was defcen- 
 ded from an ancient and honourable family in Nottinghamfhire, and born 
 in the year 1673. His father, Alexander Stanhope, efq. being in the be- 
 ginning of king William's reign fent envoy extraordinary to the court of 
 Spain, Mr. Stanhope accompanied him thither, and after flaying there feve- 
 ral years, made a tour to France and Italy, and afterwards went into the 
 confederate army in Flanders, v.here he ferved as a volunteer, and diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf to fuch advantage at the famous fiege of Namur in 1695, 
 that king William gave him a company of foot, and foon after a colonel's 
 commifllon. In the firft parliament of queen Anne he was chofen repreien- 
 tative for the borough of Cockermouth, in Cumberland, as he was likewife 
 in the fucceeding parliament. In the year 1705 he was promoted to the rank 
 of brigadier-general, and gained great reputation in Spain under the earl of Pe- 
 terborough, at the fiege of Barcelona, which furrendered to the allies on the 
 4th of October that year. About the beginning of the year 1708, he was 
 advanced to the rank of major-general. He was foon after appointed by her 
 maiefly envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Cliarles III. king of Spain, 
 and made commander in chief of the Britilh forces in that kingdom, and 
 on the 15th of September, 1708, N. S. landed in Minorca with z6oo men, 
 12.00 of v.hom were Britilh, including the marines, 600 Portuguefe, and 
 the reft Spaniards. Preparations were immediately made for attacking fort 
 St. Philip, whicli was defended by 1600 men. On the iSth, at day-break, 
 the attack began, and was carried on with fuch vigour, that the fame even- 
 ing the befiegers lodged themfelves at the foot of the glacis of the main 
 caftle; the very next morning the enemy beating a parley, the capitulation 
 was figned in the afternoon. After this glorious luccefs, Mr. Stanhope was 
 ■ advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general, and on the 27th of July, 17 10, 
 N. S. obtained a fignal vi61:ory in Spain, near Almenara, as he did on the 
 20th of Augiift, N. S. near Saragofia; but, on the 9th of December fol- 
 lowing, he was taken prifoner at Brihuega, and continued captive in Spain 
 till the year 17 12. Jle aftcnvards oppofed the fchifm bill in -the houfe of 
 commons with great fpirit; and, on the arrival of king George I. was ap- 
 pointed one of the principal fecretaries of llate, fv/orn of the privy council, 
 and foon after was fent with lord Cobham on a private commillion to the 
 emperor's court. In 17 17 he was made nrft lord of the treafury, chancellor 
 and undcr-trealurer of the exchequer, and created a peer by the title of ba- 
 ron Stanhope of Elvafton in the county of Derby, and vifcount Stanhope of 
 Mahon in the ifland of Minorca. In 17 18 he was again appointed fecretary 
 of ftate, in the room of the earl of Sunderland, who fucceeded lord Stan- 
 hope in the treafury. The fame year he was created an earl of Great Bri- 
 tain, by the title of earl Stanhope. But, on the 4th of Februar}', 1721, his 
 lordfhip was fuddenly taken ill of the head-ach in tiie houfe of lords, and in 
 the evening of the next day was feized with a drowfinefs, and foon after ex- 
 pired. His body was interred at Chevening in Kent, and a monument has 
 been ercdcd to his memory in Weftminfter Abbey. He was diftinguifhed 
 by his bravery, his affability, his majeftig eloquence, his perfed acquaintance 
 with moft languages, and with the conftitutions of kingdoms and common- 
 wealths ; and by his being a conltant and fteady friend to religious and civil 
 liberty. 
 
 STANHOPE
 
 STANHOPE. 66z 
 
 STANHOPE (Dr. George) a learned arid ingenious divine, was born at 
 the village of Hartfhorn in Derbyfhire, of which his father, the reverend 
 Mr. Thomas Stanhope, was reftor. He ftudied at Eton fchool, and at Kino-'s 
 college in Cambridge. Upon his removal from thence, he was preferred °to 
 the reftory of Tewing in Hertfordfliire, which, after fome time, he quitted. 
 He was thirty-eight years vicar of Lewifham, and twenty-fix at Deptford, 
 both in Kent. In 1703 he was made dean of Canterbury, and was thfce 
 times chofen prolocutor of the lower houfe of convocation. In him were 
 happily united the good Chriftian, the folid divine, and the accomplifhed 
 gentleman. He was enriched with a large (lock of folid and ufcful learning, 
 and his difcourfcs from the pulpit confided of a beautiful intermixture of the 
 clcareft reafoning, the pureft didion, and all the graces of a jull elocution. 
 His converfation was polite and delicate, grave without precifciicfs, facetious 
 without levity. His piety was real and rational, his charity great and uni- 
 verfal. This excellent divine died on the i8th of March, 1728, aged fixty- 
 eight. He publifhed, i. A Paraphrafe and Comment on the Epiftles and 
 Gofpels, in four volumes oftavo : 2. Sermons at Boyle's Leftures, quarto : 
 3. Twelve Sermons on feveral Occafions, oftavo j 4. Fifteen Sermons, odavo : 
 5. Tranflations of St. Auguftine's Meditations, Thomas a Kempis, and 
 Epidetus. 
 
 STANHOPE (Philip Dormer) the late ingenious and accom.pliflied earl 
 of Chefterfield, was the fon of Philip, the third earl of Chefierheld, and 
 was born on the 22d of September, 1695. He was educated at the univer- 
 fity of Cambridge, where he made a very confiderable progrefs in polite li- 
 terature. In the firfl: parliament of king George I. he was chofen member 
 for the borough of St. Germain in Cornwall ; and he tells us himfelf, that 
 he made a fpeech in the houfe the firft month he was in it, and a month 
 before he was of age. In 17 21 he was elefted burgefs for Lefi:withiel; which 
 borough he continued to reprefent in parliament till the death of his facher> 
 in 1726, when he fucceeded to the peerage. Before this time, he was cap- 
 tain of the yeomen of the guard, and one of the lords of the bedchamber 
 to his late majefly George II. then prince of Wales ; and when that prince 
 afcended the throne, in 1727, he was r.ot only continued in his employments, 
 but admitted into the privy- council. He was foon after appointed ambalTa- 
 dor to the flates-general, and, in April 1728, fet out for the Hague, where 
 he difiinguiflied himfeif by his abilities and integrity, by die elegance and 
 politenefs of his addrefs, by the gaiety and fprightlinefs of his converfation, 
 and by living with a ftate and magnificence that did honour to his country. 
 His lordfiiip remained at the Hague till the beginning of the year 1730, when 
 returning to England, he was honoured with the order of. the* Garter. The 
 fame year he was conflituted lord ficw.ird of his majefty's houfliold ; but 
 being difi"atisficd with the proceedings of the miniftry, he refigncd that of- 
 fice in 1733, and renounced all connexions with the court. ,^ 
 
 His lordfiiip's politicfil charafler, and in a great mcafure his capacity, only 
 now began to be known. He had hitlierto fupported the meafures of the. 
 court, without perhaps fufflciently confidering how .far tijey w?re eqijitablc'; 
 but henceforth he aded the part of an intelligent, uprfght, and independent 
 citizen of a (nc kingdom : fwayed only by the difliites cf his head, and 
 
 the
 
 662 STANHOPE. 
 
 the impiilfe of liis heart, he was ever ready to efpoufe good mearures, and 
 oppofe bad ones, or what to him appeared fuch. Immediately af ter his re-r 
 fignation, lie difplayed himlelf, as an orator and a patriot, in a fpirited 
 fpeech againft mifapplying the produce of the finking fund j and, as he faw 
 the influence of the crown increafing, he formally allociated himfelf with the 
 oppofition, making every poffible attempt to ftem the tide of corruption, 
 and preferve the liberties of the fubjefc. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1745, the earl of Chefterfield was appoint- 
 ed lord-lieutenant of Ireland ; and at the fame time lent ambaflador extra- 
 ordinary to the Hague, in order to perfuade the ftates-general to engage 
 heartily in the war. Having faithfully difcharged this commifTion, he fet 
 out for Ireland, where he entered upon the bufinefs of his viceroylhip. In 
 the latter end of 1746, he was made one of his majefty's principal fecreta- 
 ries of ftatej which office he executed with equal capacity and integrity, till 
 the year 1748, when, finding his health decline, he thought proper to re- 
 fign that employment, and retire from public bufinefs. He died on the i^th 
 of March, 1773, in the feventy-eighth year of his age.' It is well known, 
 that his lordfliip had a natural fon, Philip Stanhope, efq. (now deceafed) 
 whom he loved with the moft unbounded affeftion, and whofe education was 
 ■for many years the chief engagement of his life. After furnifhing him with 
 the moft valuable treafures of ancient and modern learning, he was defirous 
 of abiding to thofe acquifitions that extenfive knowledge of men and things 
 ■which he himfelf had acquired by long and great experience. With this view 
 were written thofe letters of his which were publifhed after his death, and 
 which have been fo defervedly admired. They begin with thofe dawnings 
 of inftrudlion adapted to the capacity of a boy, and rifing gradually by pre- 
 cepts and admonitions, calculated to dired. and guard the age of incautious 
 youth, finifli with the advice and knowledge requrlite to form the man who 
 is ambitious of fhining as an accomplifhed courtier, an orator in the fenate, 
 or a minifter at foreign courts. 
 
 " The earl of Chefterfield was in his perfon of the middle fize, rather 
 genteel than handfome ; but there was a certain fuavity in his countenance, 
 which, being accompanied with the moft polite addrefs and pltafing elocution, 
 procured him in a wonderful degree the admiration of both fexes, and made 
 his fuit irrefiltable with either. He was naturally polfefled of fine fenfibility; 
 but by a habit of maftering his paiTions, and difguifing his feelings, he at 
 length arrived at the appearance of the moft perfect Stoicifm : nothing fur- 
 prifed, alarmed, or difcompofcd him. His capacity was ftrong, and his learn- 
 ing extenfive; his wit brilliant, and his- humour eafy. As a public fpeaker, 
 he was able, eloquent, and correct, intimately acquainted with the interefts 
 of his counti;y and of Europe ; as a patriot, he was warm, bold, and in- 
 corruptible ; as a ftatefman and negociator, he was deep, cunning, plianf, 
 and to a certain degree deceitful. As a private nobleman, he was appa- 
 rently open, and engagingly free and communicative to his equals ; attentively 
 polite, even to his inferiors ; and, in the prefence of his fuperiors, princes 
 and potentates, profoundly refpe6tful, yet perfectly unembarrafTed, He was 
 generous, and even profufe, in the former part of his life ; in the latter, 
 he was perhaps too parfimonious, but the laudablenefs of the motive, a de- 
 fire
 
 STANLEY. 663 
 
 fire to fave a fortune for his natural fon, to whom he could not tranfmit 
 his eftate, will certainly be deemed a fufficient apology." 
 
 His lordfhip, befides his letters, wrote many elegant eflays in a periodical 
 paper called the "World, feveral poems, &c. 
 
 We Hiall conclude our account of this truly accompliflied nobleman with the 
 following beautiful lines from Thomfon's Seafons : 
 
 " O thou, whofe wifdom, folid yet refin'd, 
 
 Whofe patriot-virtues, and confummate fkill 
 ■: To touch the finer fprings that move the world, 
 
 Join'd to whate'er the graces can beftow, 
 
 And all Apollo's animating fire, 
 
 Give thee with pleafing dignity to fhine 
 
 At once the guardian, ornament, and joy 
 
 Of polifh'd life ;— permit the rural Mufe, 
 
 O Chefterfield ! to grace with thee her fong ; 
 
 Ere to the Ihades again flie humbly flics, 
 
 Indulge her fond ambition in thy train, 
 
 (For every Mufe has in thy train a place) 
 
 To mark thy various fuU-accomplilh'd mind : 
 
 To mark that fpirit, which, with Britifh fcorn, . ^ 
 
 Rejefts th' allurements of corrupted power ; << 
 
 That elegant politenefs which excels, 
 
 Ev'n in the judgment of prefumptuous France, 
 
 The boafted manners of her fhining court: 
 
 That wit, the vivid energy of fenfe, 
 
 The truth of nature, which with Attic point, ■ 
 ,' "i ; And kind well-temper'd fatire, fmoothly keen. 
 
 Steals through the foul, and without pain correfts. 
 
 Or, rifing thence, with yet a brighter flame, 
 
 O let me hail thee on fome glorious day. 
 
 When to the liftening fenate ardent crowd 
 
 Britannia's fons to hear her pleaded caufe ! 
 
 Then drefs'd by thee, more amiably fair, 
 
 Truth the foft robe of mild perfuafion wears : 
 
 Thou to afl!enting reafon giv'ft again 
 
 Her own enlighten'd thoughts; call'd from the heart, 
 
 Th' obedient paflions on thy voice attend ; 
 
 And e'en reludtant party feels awhile 
 
 Thy gracious power ; as through the varied maze 
 
 Of eloquence, now fmooth, now quick, now ftrong, 
 
 Profound and clear, you roll the copious flood." 
 
 STANLEY (Thomas) efq. a polite fcholar, and an eminent poet and hif- 
 torian, was the fon of Sir Thomas Stanley, and was born at Cumberlow-Green 
 in Hertfordlhire, about the year 1644. At the age of fourteen, he was fent to 
 Pembroke-hall in Cambridge, where he compofed feveral little poems, which, 
 together with fome tranflations out of Greek, French, Italian, and Spanifh au- 
 thors, were publilhed fome time after. When he had taken his degrees at Cam- 
 
 S F bridge.
 
 664 •> S T E E L E. 
 
 bridge, he was alfo incorporated iiico the univerfity of Oxford. Then he made 
 the tour of France, Italy, and Spain ; and, upon his return home, placed 
 himfelf in the Middle Temple, London. The firll work, he publifhcd was the 
 liiftory of Philofophy, containing the Lives, Opinions, Actions, and Difcourfcs 
 of the Philofbphers of every Se*^. This produclion has great merit, and has 
 been tranflated into the Latin tongue. Mr. Stanley alia favoured the wortd 
 with an accurate and beautiful edition of the Tragedies of /Efchylus. Belides 
 thefe monuments of his learning, he left behind iiim, in maaitifcript, a copious 
 and valuable commentary on .^ifchylus; mifcellaneous remarks on fevcral paf- 
 fages in Sophocles, Eijripidcs, Callimachus, Hcfvchius, Juvenal, Perfius, and 
 other authors of antiquity; prelections on Theophraftus's Charafters; and a 
 critical elTay on the firlt fruits and tenths of tlie fpoil, faid in the epillle to the 
 Hebrews to have been given by Abraham to Melchifedec. This learned gen- 
 tleman died on the 12th of April, 1678, in thf: thirty-fourth year of his age. 
 
 STEELE (Sir Richard), an Englilh writer, who rendered himfelf famous 
 by his zeal in political matters, as well as by the various productions of his pen, 
 was born of Englifh parents at Dublin in Ireland, his flither being a counfcl- 
 lor at law, and private fccretary to James, the rtrll duke of Ormond, lord 
 lieutenant of that kingdom. He came over to England while he was very 
 young, and was educated at the Charter-Houfe School in London, where he 
 had the great Mr. Addifon for his fchool-fellow. In the year. 1695 he wrote 
 a poem on the funeral of queen Mary, entitled the Proceflion. His inclina- 
 tion leading him to the army, he rode for fome time privately in the guards. 
 He firfl became an author, as he tells us himfelf, when an enlign of the guards, 
 a way of life expofed to much irregularity ; and being thoroughly convinced 
 of many things, of which he often repented, and which he more often repeat- 
 ed, he wrote for his own private ufe a little book entitled The Chriftian Hero, 
 with a defign principally to fix upon his own mind a ftrong imprefllon of vir- 
 tue and religion, in oppofition to a ilronger propenfity towards unwarrantable 
 pleafures. This fecret admonition was too weak ; he therefore, in the year 
 1701, printed the book with his name, in hopes that a (landing teftimony 
 againft himfelf, and the eyes of the world upon him in a new light, might 
 curb his defires, and make him alhamed of underllanding and feeming to feel 
 what was virtuous, and yet living lb contrary a life. This had no other effect, 
 but that, from being thought no undelightful companion, he was foon reckoned 
 a difagreeable fellow. One or two of his acquaintance thought fit to mifufe 
 him, and try their valour upon him ; and every body he knew meafured the 
 leaft levity in his words and aftions with the charafter of a Chriftian Hero. 
 Thus he found himfelf flighted, inftead of being encouraged, for his declara- 
 tions as to religion -, and it was now incumbent upon him to enliven his cha- 
 rafter i for which reafon he wrote a comedy called The Funeral, or Grief A-la- 
 mode, in which, though full of incidents that excite laughter, virtue and vice 
 appear juft as diey ought to do. This corriedy was afted in 1702 ; and as no- 
 thing can make the town fo fond of a man, as a fuccefsful play, this, with 
 fome particulars enlarged upon to his advantage, obtained him the notice of 
 king William; and 'his name, to be provided for, was in tlie laft table-book 
 «ver worn by his majelly. He had, before this, procured a captain's commif- 
 Con in tlie lord Lucas's regiment of fuziliers by the interelt of the lord Cutts, 
 
 to
 
 S -IT '/:E '>1E L E. * 66^ 
 
 to whofn he had dedicated his Chriftian Hero, and who likewife appointed 
 him his fccrecary. His next appearince, as a writer, was in the office of 
 Gazetteer, in which Jie obferves he worked faithfully, according to order, 
 without ever erring agninft the rule obferved by all minifters, to keep that 
 paper very innocent and very infipid; and it was believed, that it was to the 
 reproaches hd htard every Gazetrerday againft the writer of it, that he owed 
 tdie fortitude of being .remarkably 'negligent of what people faid, which he 
 did not defervcv '.In- the year 1703 his! cortyedy, intitled, The Tender Huf- 
 band, otiirhe Accompliriied Fools, was afted at the Theatre-Royal in Drury- 
 Lane; as was his comedy of The Lying Lovers, or the Ladies Friend- 
 fhip, the year following. In 1709 he began the Tatler, the firfl of which 
 •was publifhed on Tuefday, April 1 2., and the latt on Tuefday, Jan. 2, 1710-11. 
 Tuis paper greatly incieafmg his r,eputarion and interelt, he was preferred 
 tanbe oire of 'the- commiflloneirs of the Stamp-office. Upon laying down the 
 Tatler, ' he iit up, in concert with ■ Mr. Addifon, the Spectator, which was 
 begun on the lil of March, 17 11. The Guardian was likewife publifhed 
 by them in 171,3; in Ofbober of which year Mr. Steele began a political 
 paper,- entided The Englifhman. Befides thefe he wrote feveral other poli- 
 tical pieces, which fhew the high diflatisfa-lion he had with the meafures of 
 the laft miniii;ry of queen Anne J ;to qppofe which, he refolved to procure 
 a feat in parliament. For this purpofe he- refigncd his place of commiffidner 
 of die Stamp-office in June 1713, and was chofen member of the houfe of 
 commons for the borough of Stockbridge. But li£ did not fit long in that 
 houfe, before he was expelled on the 1 8th of March, 17 14, for writing The 
 Englifhman, being the clofe of the paper, fo called, and The Crifis. In 
 1.7 14 he publifhea The Romifh Ecclefiallical Hillory of late years, and a 
 paper; intitled The Lover, the firft of which appeared on Thurfday, Febru- 
 ary 25, 1714; and another called The Reader, which began on Tliurfday, 
 •April 22, the fame year. In the fixth number of this laft paper he gave 
 an account of his defign of writing the hiflory of the duke of Marlborough 
 from proper materials in his cuftody, to commence from the date of his 
 grace's commiffion of captain-general and plenipotentiary, and to end with 
 the expiration of thofe commiffiohs. 'But this defign. was never executed 
 by him ; and the materials were afterwards, returned to the dutchefs of 
 Marlborough. 
 
 Soon after the acceffion of George I. to the throne, Mr. Steele was ap- 
 pointed furveyor of the royal ftables at Hampton-Court, and governor of the 
 royal company of comedians. He .was likewife put into the commiffion of 
 the peace for the county of Middltfcx, and,, in April 1715, knighted by 
 his majelly. In the firft parliament of that king he was chofen member for 
 Boroughbridge in Yorkffiirc ; and, after the fuppreffion of the rebellion in the 
 north, was appointed one of the commiffioncrs of the forfeited cllates in 
 Scotland, where he received diljinguiihing marks of refpedl from feveral of 
 the nobility and gentry of that part of Great Britain. In 17 15 he publifhc4 
 Ani Account of the itate of the Roman. Catholic Religion throughout tht 
 .World,, tranflated from an Italian majiufcript, With a dedication to die jx)pc, 
 giving Jiim a very particular account of the ftatc 'of religion among Protcf- 
 tants, and of feveral otiicr matters tor importance relating to Great Britain ; 
 but this dedication is fuppofcd to be written by another very eminent Jiand 
 ■J -J j>Ui^; -^i ,Uyv.....^5^ ^L.jj i:.« i^.ii. ,.jJto.^ .u WiH more
 
 666 
 
 S T E R >? E. 
 
 41 
 
 more converfant inrubieds of that nature than Sir Richard, who, the fanie 
 year, publilhed A Letter from the Eari of Mar to the King before his Ma- 
 jefty's Arrival in England, and, the year following, a fecond volume of the 
 Englifliman ; and, in 171S, an Account of his Fifh Pool, which was a pro- 
 ject of his for bringing filh to market alive, for which he obtained a patent. 
 in 1719 he pvibliihed a pamphlet called the Spinfter, and a Letter to the 
 Earl of Oxford concerning the Bill of Peerage, which bill he oppofed in the 
 houfe of commons. Some time after he wrote againft the South Sea Scheme 
 ]|is iCrifis of Property, and another piece intitled A Nation a Family ; and, 
 on Saturday, Jinuar}' 2, 1719-io, began a paper called The Theatre, du- 
 ping tlie courfe of which, his patent of governor of the royal company of 
 comedians was revoked by his majefty. In 1722, his comedy called The 
 Conlcious Lovers was acted with prodigious fuccefs, and publilhed with a 
 dedication to the King, who made him a prefent of 500 1. Some years before 
 his death he grew paralvtic, and retired to his feat at Llangunner, near Caer- 
 marthen, in Wales, uhere he died on the ift of September 1729. 
 
 .-"M 1"'- 
 STERNE (Lauren-ce) an eccentric genius, commonly known by the name 
 of Yorick, was the fon: of a lieutenant in a marching regiment, and w-as born 
 at Clonmell in thic fouth of Ireland, the 24th of Novembe;r, 17 ij. After 
 pafllng his infancy in the itinerant manner incident to the military life of 
 his father, he was placed out to fchool at Halifax in Yorkftiire ; fromwjience, 
 in 1732, he was fent to Jefus College in Cambridge. On his quitting the 
 univerfity, he obtained the living of Sutton in Yorkihire ; and, in 1741, he 
 married. Soon after, he was made prebendary of York,, and by his wife's 
 intereil procured another benefice, that of Stillingtom , IHe. remained, as he 
 tells us, near twentv years at Sutton, performing the duty of both places, 
 and amufing liimfclf with books, painting, fidling, and fhooting. In all 
 this time we do not find that the talents for which he afterwards became fo 
 celebrated, ever manifefted themfelves fo as to diftinguilh him materially from 
 the reft of his brethren ; but when the opportunity occurred to him by the 
 itarting a luckv thought, whatever parochial virtues he might pofTefs as a 
 |)lain countrv clergyman, were inftantly funk in the man of wit and gaiety. . 
 In the year 1760 he came up to London, and publiihcd two volumes of 
 a novel, if it admitted of any determinate name, entitled the Life and Opi- 
 nions of Triftram Shandy. This performance brought Mr. Sterne into high 
 reputation as an author: all read, moll people applauded, but few under- 
 ftood it. He foon after publilhed two volumes of fcrmons, which the fe- 
 vereft critic!s could not help admiring for the purity of their ftile, the ele>- 
 gance of their compofition, and the excellence of their moral tendency ; biit 
 the manner in which they were introduced to the world was generally blamed. 
 He acquaints the public, that " the fermon which gave rife to the publica- 
 tion of thcfe, having been offered to the public as a fermon of Yorick's, 
 {in Trillram Shandy] he hoped the ferious reader would find nothing to offend 
 him in thcfe two volumes being continued under the fame name." This 
 very apology was confidercd as an additional infult to religion : it was afked, 
 if any man could think a preacher in earnell, who (hould mount the pulpit 
 in a Harlequin's co-it. But, with all due refped to religion and decency, 
 we cannot help thinking, that it matters very little in what a coat a man mounts 
 the pulpit, if his doclrine is goodj and this being granted, he fhould cer- 
 tainly
 
 STERNE. 667 
 
 tainly wear the coat which attradts mod hearers, as by that means he will 
 have the greater opportunity of beneficing mankind : fiich appears to have 
 been Mr. Sterne's cafe: if he had publilhed his fermons in his own name, 
 they would not have been read b/ OTii perfoa out or" ten, and not at all 
 by thole who have moft need of inftruftion. 
 
 The third and fourth volumes of Triftram Shandy foon made their appear- 
 ance ; but ihey were not received with fo much eagernefs as the two firft 
 volumes 01' that work. They had, however, many admirers, and the author 
 was encouraged to proceed the length of nine volumes. It is almoft needlefs 
 here to obferve of a book fo univcrfally read, that the ilory of the hcro'i. 
 life is the lead part of the writer's concern. It is, in reality, nothing more- 
 than a vehicle for fatire on a variety of fubjecls ; and moft of the fatirical 
 ftrokcs are introduced with little regard to any connection eitiier with the 
 principal ftory or with each other. The author perpetually digrelles; or, 
 rather, having no determined aim, he runs from objeCt to objeft, as they 
 happen to Itrike a very lively and very irregular imagination. Thefe di- 
 grellions, lo frequently repeated, inllead of relieving the reader's attention, 
 become of thcmfelves tirefome, and the whole is a perpetual feries of dif- 
 appointment. But, notwithllanding thefe, and other blemifhes, the hiftory 
 of Triftram Shandy has uncommon merit. The fatire with which it abounds, 
 though not always happily introduced, is fpirited, poignant, and often ex- 
 tremely jurt. The chara(rters, though Ibmewhat overcharged, are lively and 
 natural, and the author pofTelTes, in a veiy high degree, the talent of catch- 
 ing the ridiculous in every objedt, and never fails to prefcnt it to his read-- 
 ers in the moft agreeable point of view. 
 
 Mr. Sterne's health had been for fome time declining: change of climate 
 was therefore recommended. He made the tour of France and Italy. How 
 much he improved the opportunities which this afforded him of obferving the 
 manners of mankind, is fufficiently known to thofe who have read his Scn- 
 tim'ental Journey (and who has not ?) one of the moft elegant and engaging 
 compofitions in any Irngtagc. What a pity that he did not live to finifh 
 it! Though he feems delirous only to entertain, he is often highly inftruftivcj 
 and he has giv^en us a more perfedt picture of French manners, without the 
 parade of information, than all our travellers who went before him, and all 
 who have written fince. Not long after the publication of the two firft vo- 
 lumes of this work, and before he had time to prepare the remainder for 
 the prefs, to the fincere forrow of all true lovers of humour and fentiment, 
 Mr. Sterne died, in March, 1768. 
 
 To attempt his character, after it has been fo admirably delineated by himfelf, 
 would be entirely Ibperfiuous. We fhall therefore give an abftraift 01" it, in his ov/n 
 elegant colouring. " He was as mercurial and i'ublimated a compofition, as 
 hcteroclite a creature in all his declenfions— with as much life and whim, 
 and gaiete de caiir about him as the kindlicft climate could have engen- 
 dered and put together. With all this fail, poor Yorick carried not one 
 ounce of ballaft j he was utterly unpraftifcd in the world -, and, at the age 
 of twenty-fix, knew juft about as well how to fteer his courfe in it as a rom- 
 ping unfufpicious girl of thirteen. He had an invincible diflike and oppo- 
 fition in his nature to gravity, and would fay, 'twas a taught trick to gain 
 credit of the world for more lenfe and knowledge than a man was worth j 
 
 8 G and
 
 66« .STERN E. 
 
 and that, with all its pretenfions, it was no better, but often worfe, than 
 what a French wit had long ago defined it, viz. " A myllerious carriage 
 of ^the body to cover the defers of the mind ;" which definition of gravi- 
 ty, Yorick, with great imprudence, would fay, defei-ved to be written in 
 letters of gold. But, in plain truth, he was altogether as indifcreet and 
 foolifh on every other fubjeft of difcourfe, where policy is wont to imprefs 
 reftraint. Yorick had no imprefTion but one, and that was what arofe from 
 the nature of the deed fpoken of; which impreffion he would ufually tranf- 
 late into plain Englifh without any periphrafis, and too often without any 
 diftin6lion of perfonage, time, or place : fo that when mention was made 
 of a pitiful or an ungenerous proceeding, he never gave himfelf a moment's 
 time to refleft who was the hero of the piece, what his ftaiicn, or how far 
 he had power to hurt him hereafter ; but, if it wns a dirty adtion, without 
 moic ado, the man was a dirty fellow^ and fo on : and, as his comments 
 had ufually the ill fate to be terminated either in bon nioty or to be enli- 
 vened throughout with fome drollery or humour of expreflion, it gave wing- 
 to Yorlck's indifcretion. In a word, though he never fought, yet, at the 
 fame time, as he as feldom fliunned occafions of faying what came upper- 
 moft, .and without ceremony, he had but too many temptations in I'fe of 
 fcattering his wit and his humour, his gibes and his jefts about him. They 
 were .not loft for want of gathering." 
 
 To this character of Mr. Sterne, drawn by his own inimitable hand, wc 
 beg leave to add an epitaph not unworthy of it, written at the time of his 
 death, but little known. 
 
 EPITAPH. 
 
 •' O ye, whofe hearts e'er virtue taught to glow 
 
 At human good, or melt at human woe, 
 
 Hc-e turn !— and pay the tribute of a figh ; 
 
 But ye profane, unfeeling, come not nigh ! 
 
 Left he, whofe bones beneath this marble reft. 
 
 Should rife indignant on your eyes unbleft. 
 
 Launch the fwift bolt inccnfcd fpirits throw. 
 
 And fend you weeping to the fhades below ! 
 
 He felt for man— -nor dropt a fruitlefs tear, 
 
 But kindly ftrove the drooping heart to chear : 
 
 For this, the flowers by Shiioh's brook that blow. 
 
 Fie wove with thofe that round Lycrsum grow: 
 
 For this Euphrofyne's heart-eafing draught 
 
 He ftole, and ting'd with wit and pleafing thought; 
 
 For this, with humour's necroiinantic charm. 
 
 Death faw him forrow, care, and fpleen difarm ! 
 
 "With dread he faw, then feiz'd his Iharpeft dart, 
 
 And, grimly fmiling, pierc'd poor Yorick's heart. 
 
 If faults he had— -for none exempt we find. 
 
 They, like his virtues, were of gentleft kind j 
 
 Such as arife from genius in excels. 
 
 And nerves too fine, that wound e'en while they blcfs j 
 
 Such
 
 S T I L L I N G F L E E T. 6G^ 
 
 Such as a form fo captivating wear, ' 
 
 If faults, we doubt---and, to call c^imes--^.•we fear; 
 Such as, let envy fift, let malice fcan, 
 Will only prove that Yorick was a man." 
 
 ■ /•TV',: 
 
 STERNHOLD (Thomas) memorable for his verfion of the Pfalins of Da- 
 vid, is fuppofed to have been born in llampfliire. He ftudied at Oxford; 
 but leaving that univerfity widiout a degree, repaired to the court of Hen- 
 ry VIII. who made him groom of the robes, and at his death bequeathed, 
 to him by his will an hundred marks. He enjoyed the fame office under 
 Edward VI. and was in fome efteem at court, on account of his being thought 
 a poet. Being a very zealous reformer, and extremely ftrift in his morals, 
 he was fo offended at the amorous and obfccne fongs ufed at court, that 
 from the moft pious and laudable motives he turned into Englifh metre fifty- 
 one of David's Pfalms, and caufed them to be kt to mufic, vainly flatter-" 
 ing himfelf that the courtiers would fmg them, inftead of their loofe and 
 wanton fonnets. However, the verfe and the mufic being thought admirable 
 in thofe times, they were gradually introduced into all parifli churches, and 
 fung, as they continue to be in the greater part at prefer^, notwithftandinr»- 
 the more elegant verfion fince made by Tate and Brady. Fifty-eight other 
 Pfalms were turned into Englifh verfe by John Hopkins, a cotemporary wri- 
 ter, and the reft were done by other hands. It does not appear that Mr. Stern- 
 hold compofed any other verfes, and this fpecimen gives us no room to la- 
 ment that he did not. He died in London, in the year 1549. 
 
 STILLINGFLEET (Dr. Edward) the learned bilhop of Worceller, was 
 born at Cranborne in Dorfetfhire, the 17th of April, 1635. He was educa- 
 ted at St. John's college in Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. Hav- 
 ing taken orders, he was, in 1657, prefented to the reftory of Sutton; and, 
 in 1662, publilhed his Origines Sacr^e, or a Rational Account of the Grounds 
 of Natural and Revealed Religion; a work, which, thougli written by one 
 who had but juft completed his twenty-feventh year, yet, for extenTive and 
 profound learning, folidity of judgment, fliength of argument, and perfpi- 
 cuity of expreffion, would have done the highclt honour to a man of a more 
 advanced period of life. Our autlior gained fuch reputation by this excel- 
 lent performance, that he was chofen preaclier at the Rolls ciiapel bv Sir 
 Harbottle Grimfion, and in January, 1665, was preferred to the recftory of 
 St. Andrew's Holborn. He was afterv/ards appointed lefturer at the Temple, 
 and chaplain in ordinary to king Charles II. In 1670 he v/as made canon 
 refidentiary of St. Paul's; and, fome time after, obtained a prebend in the 
 church of Canterbury, as well as the deanery of St. Paul's: in all which fba- 
 tions he acquitted himfelf like an able, diligent, and learned divine. He 
 was deeply engaged in all the controverfics of his time; with Dcifts, with 
 Socinians, with papifls, with diffenters. During the reign of king James II, 
 he wrote feveral trads againft popciy, and was prolocutor of tlie lower houfe 
 of convocation, as he had likcwifc been under Charles II. After tlic Revo- 
 lution, he was advanced to the bilhopric of Worceller . He died at Wcfl:- 
 minfter on the 27th of March, 1699, in the fixty-fourth year of liis age, and 
 was buried in the catliedral of Worceller, where an elegant monument was 
 
 crc(Sed
 
 670 STUART. 
 
 eredled to his memon,', with an infcription written by Dr. Bentley, who had 
 been his chaplain. The works of this famous prelate have been collefted 
 and publifhed in fix volumes fol^o. 
 
 STOW (John) an eminent hiftorian and antiquary, was born in London 
 about the year 1525. and bred to his father's bufinefsj which was that of a 
 taylor. He began early to apply himfelf to the Itudy of the hiftory and an- 
 tiquities of England, to which his time and application were fo devoted, that 
 he beftowed little of either upon his bufincfs ; by which means he was at 
 length reduced to great (traits. It was about the year 1560 that he turned 
 his thoughts upon compiling an Englifli Chronicle, and collected fuch mate- 
 rials relating to this kingdom, as he efteemed worthy of being tranfmitted 
 to pofterity : but when he had for fome time eagerly profecutcd thefe ftu- 
 dies, he was on tlie point of delerting them, from his perceiving the little 
 profit he was like to reap by his indufiry, in order to apply himfelf more 
 dilio-ently to his profcfilon ; when Dr. Parker, archbilhop of Canterbury, per- 
 fuaded him to continue his purfuits, and encouraged him during his life with 
 feveral benefadions. The firfl: work he publifhed was his Summary of the 
 Chronicles of England, which he afterwards greatly enlarged, and printed under 
 the title of Flcres Hijhriaru7n ; and in 1598 he publilhed in quarto his fa- 
 mous Survey of London. In the latter part of his life, being reduced to 
 narrow circumftances, he petitioned the lord-mayor and aldermen, in confi- 
 deration of his lervices, to grant him two freedoms of the city. Some time 
 after, he was appointed chronicler of the city, and at lafi; obtained a brief from 
 king James I. to coUeifl the charitable benevolence of well-difpofcd people 
 for his relief. He colledcd a great number of ancient records, regifters, 
 journals, &c. and died on the 5th of April, 1605. It appears from his m.o- 
 num.ent in the church of St. Andrew Underfliaft, that he was eighty years 
 of age at the time of his death. The folio volume, commonly called Stow's 
 Chronicle, was compiled from his papers after his deceafe, by Edmund 
 Howes. 
 
 STUART (Mary) queen of France and Scotland, was the daughter and 
 heirefs of James V. king of Scots, by IVIary of Lorrain, his fecond queen, 
 and dowager of the duke of Longueville. She was born on the 8th of De- 
 cember, 1542, and was not eight days old when her father died; upon 
 whofe death the earl of Arran was appointed regent of the kingdom, and 
 guardian of the queen, during her minority. In the mean time, Henry VIII. 
 king of England, imagining this to be a favourable conjunAure for the co- 
 alition of the two kingdoms, formed a projeft of marrying the young queen 
 to his Ion Edward prince of Wales ; which was accordingly agreed to by 
 the Scottifli parliament in 1543- But all the clergy, headed by cardinal 
 Beaton, together with the queen-mother, violently oppofed this defign, and 
 induced the people in general lo prefer a match with France, as being more 
 advantageous to the nation. On the accefiion of prince Edward to the throne, 
 the duke of Somerfet, protedtor of England, marched with an army into 
 Scotland, in order to oblige the Scots to execute tlie contraft of marriage 
 betwixt their queen and the Englifh monarch j and, on the loth of Sep- 
 tember,
 
 • STUART. 671 
 
 fember, 1547, he entirely defeated diem in the battle of Muflelburgh. How- 
 ever, the match was never accomplifhed. 
 
 The queen -mother being attached to the inteieft of FrancCi the young 
 queen, by her care, v/as conveyed into that kingdom, when fhe was but 
 fix years of age. After flaying a few days with the king and queen at 
 court, flie was fcnt to a mona(ter}|-, where the daughters of the principal no- 
 bility were educated. Here (he difchargcd all the duties of a monaftic life, 
 being conftant in her devotions, and very obfervant of the difcipline. She 
 employed a confiderable part of her time in the ftudy of languages, and 
 acquired fo conilimmate a flull in Latin, that flie fpoke an oration of her own 
 compofing, in that language, in the great guard-room at the Louvre, be- 
 fore the royal family and nobility of France. She was naturally inclined to 
 poetry, and made fo great a progrefs in the art, as to be a v/riter herfelf. 
 She had a good tafte for mufic, and played v/ell upon feveral inftruments; 
 was a fine dancer, and fat a horfe gracefully. Thefe accompliihments, join- 
 ed to the attraftions of a moft beautiful perfon, gained her the favour of 
 Henry IL of France to fuch a degree, as to make him defirous of marrying 
 her to the dauphin, which was accordingly brought about; and the nupti- 
 als were folemnized in April, 1558. Upon this, they both affumed the ti- 
 tle of king and queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland, and caufed the 
 arms of England to be engraved on tlieir feals and plate. Qiieen Elizabeth 
 ordered her ambaflador in France to complain boldly of this ulurpation, but 
 without efFe«5l ; and therefore confidered Mary as a formidable rival. The dau- 
 phin was crowned king of France on the death of his father, by the name 
 of Francis IL in 1559; but his royalty was of very fliort duration; for he 
 died of an impoithume in his right ear, the 4th of December, 1560. Ma- 
 ry now quitted the title of queen of England, and was defired by queen 
 Elizabeth to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh made in the month of June pre- 
 ceding ; but declining to give a pofitive anfwer to this demand, Elizabeth 
 refufed to grant her a fafe-condu<5l to her own country. Mary however, be- 
 ing fully refolved to return to Scotland, embarked for that kingdom, and 
 landed fafely at Leith in Auguft 1561. The year following fhe defired an 
 interview with Elizabeth at York, and promifed to devote herfelf entirely to 
 the intereft of that queen, if flie would either adopt her as her daughter, or 
 caufe her to be declared prefumpiive heir to the crown of England by au- 
 thority of parliament. 
 
 About this time a marriage being propofed by the cardinal of Lorrain be- 
 tween Mary and the archduke Charles of Auftria, fon of the emperor Fer- 
 dinand, queen Elizabeth fent her word, that if in this point fhe was gui- 
 ded by the cardinal, the alliance with F.ngland might chance to be dillbl- 
 ved, and her hopes of fucceOlon cut off; and advifed her to make choice 
 of a hufband out of the B^nglifh nobility, fince by that means a peace might 
 be eflabliflied between the two kingdoms, and her right of luccefTion fccu- 
 red. She recommended to her affeiitions the lord Robert Dudley, afterwards 
 earl of Leicefler, promifing, upon the condition of marrying him, that Jhe 
 iliould be declared her filter, or daughter, and heir of England, by ad of 
 parliament. But the queen of Scots was diffuaded from accepting this pro- 
 pofal by her uncle the cardinal of Lorrain; and, on the i9th of July, 1565, 
 married her coufin the lord Darnley, fon of Mactliew Stuart carl of Len- 
 
 8 H nox.
 
 672 STUART. 
 
 nox, a youth of uncommon beauty and gracefulncfs of perfon, who, as well 
 as Mary, was defcended from the royal blood of England. She at the fame 
 time ifiued a proclamation, conferring upon her hulband the title of king 
 of Scots, and commanding that henceforth all writs at law ftiould run in 
 the joint names of king and queen. For fome months after the marriage, 
 her fondnefs for lord Darnley continued: but in a little time (he found that 
 the qualities of his mind correfpondcd but ill with the beauty of his perfon, 
 for he was weak, giddy, inconftant, dilTolute, proud, and imperious. All 
 the favours that fhe was continually heaping upon him, made no impreiTion 
 on his temper. Her gentlenefs could not bridle his haughty and ungovern- 
 able fpirit; nor could all her attention to place about him perfons capable of 
 direftino^ his conduct, prefer\'e him from rafli and imprudent actions. Fond 
 of all the amufements, and prone to all the vices of youth, he became by 
 degrees carelefs of her perfon, and almoil a ftranger to her company. In- 
 ftead of being fatisfied with that ftretch of prerogative, by which Mary had ^ 
 conferred on him the title of king, and admitted him to a fhare in the admi- 
 niftration, he demanded the matrimonial crown with the molt infolent im- 
 portunity; and though fhe alledged that this gift was beyond her power, 
 and that it could onlv be beflowed by the authority of parliament, he wanted 
 either underftanding to comprehend, or temper to admit lb jult a defence, 
 and often renewed and urged his requeft. 
 
 Darnley's pride and infolence had by this time fufficiently cooled the queen's 
 affccftion for him ; and David Rizio, her favourite, refufing to humour him 
 in his follies, he imputed her majefty's coldnefs, not to his own behaviour, 
 but to the inHnuations of Rizio. Mary's conducft llrengthened thefe fufpi- 
 cions. She treated this ftranger with the utmoil familiarity: he was per- 
 petually in her prefence, intermeddled in every bufinels, and was the com- 
 panion of her private amufements. The haughty fpirit of lord Darnley could 
 not bear the interference of fuch an upftart ; and therefore, unreftrained 
 by any fcruple, he inftantly refolvcd to get rid of him by violence. 
 A plan was laid for Rizio's deftruftion, in which the earl of Morton, the 
 lord Ruthven, and fome others, were engaged. " On the 9tli of Maixh, 1 566, 
 (fays Dr. Robertfon) Morton entered the court of the palace with 160 men, 
 and without noife, or meeting with any reuftance, feized all the gates. While 
 the queen was at fupper with the countefs of Argyle, Rizio, and a few do- 
 meftics, the king fuddenly entered the apartment by a private paiT!\ge. At 
 his back was lord Ruthven, clad in complete armour : three cr four of his 
 nioft trufty accomplices followed him. Such an unufual appearance alarmed 
 thofe who were prcfent. Rizio inlcantly apprehended that he was the viftim 
 at whom the blow was aimed ; and, in the utmoft confternation, retired be- 
 hind the queen, of whom he laid hold, hoping that the reverence due to 
 her perfon might prove fome protection to him : but the confpirators had 
 proceeded too far to be rcftrained by any confidcration of that kind. Num- 
 bers of armed men rufhed into the chamber. Ruthven drew his dagger, 
 and, with a furious mien and voice, commanded Rizio to leave a place of 
 which he w.is unworthy, and which he had occupied too long. Mary em- 
 ployed tears, and entreaties, and thrcatenings, to fave her f^ivorite: but 
 notwithftanding all thefe, he was torn from her by violence, and before he 
 could be dragged through the next apartment, the rage, of his enemies 
 put an end to his life, by piercing his body with fifty fix wounds." 
 
 The
 
 STUART. 673 
 
 The king, with the confpirators, kept pofiefTion of the palace, and guarded 
 the queen with the utnrioft care; while her majefty, who had fcarce the li- 
 berty of choice left, was perfuaded to admit the lords Morton and Ruthven 
 into her prefence, and grant them a promife of pardon. Mean-while, the 
 king flood aftonifhed at the boldnefs and fuccefs of his own enterprife, and 
 uncertain what courfe to take : the queen obferving his irrelolution, made ufe 
 of all her art to difengage him from his new aflbciates, and his confciouf- 
 Hefs of the infult he had offered to fo illuftrious a benefacStrefs infpired him 
 with uncommon facility and complaifance. She prevailed on him to difmifs 
 the guards which had been placed on her perfon, and the fame night he made 
 his efcape along with her, attended by three perfons only, and retired to 
 Dunbar. 
 
 Love no longer covering the follies and vices of Darnley with its friendly 
 veil, they appeared to Mary in their full dimenfions and deformity. That 
 very power, which, with liberal and unfufpicious fondnefs, fhe had confer- 
 red upon him, he had employed to infult her authority, to limit her 
 prerogative, and to endanger her perlon. Cold civilities, fecret dif- 
 truft, and frequent quarrels enfued. The queen's favours were no longer 
 conveyed through his hands. The crowd of expe<5tants ceafed to court his 
 patronage. Among the nobles, fome dreaded his furious temper, others com- 
 plained of his perfidioufnefs, and all of them defpifed the weaknefs of his 
 underftanding, and the inconflancy of his heart. Addicted to drunkennefs, 
 beyond what the manners of that age could bear, and indulging irregular 
 pafTions, winch even the licentioufnefs of youth could not excufe ; he, by 
 his indecent behaviour, provoked the queen to the utmoft ; and the pafTions 
 which it occafioned, often forced tears from her eyes, both in public and 
 private. Her averfion for him increafed every day. He was often abfent 
 from court, appeared there with little fplendor, and was trufted with no 
 power. About this time a new flivourite grew into great credit with the 
 queen, and foon gained an afcendant over her heart. This was James Flep- 
 burn, earl of Bothwell, one of the moft powerful noblemen in the king- 
 dom, who had for a long time been remarkably attached to the queen j 
 and when the confpirators againfl Rizio feized her perfon, was the chief in- 
 ftrument of recovering her liberty. He from that period became her prin- 
 cipal confident, and without his participation no buiinefs was concluded, and- 
 no favour bellowed. In the mean time, the imperious temper of Darnley, . 
 nurfed up in flattery, and accullomed to command, could not bear the con- 
 tempt under which he had fallen. He therefore addrefled himfelf to the 
 pope, and to the kings of France and Spain, with many profeflions of zeal 
 for the catholic religion, and bitter complaints againfl the queen ; and foon 
 after took a refolution of embarking on board a ihip which he had provi- 
 ded, and of retiring into foreign parts. But before he could reach Glafgow, . 
 where he intended to embark, he was feized with a dangerous difbemper, at- 
 tended with violent and unufual fymptoms. His life was in the utmoll dan- 
 ger: but, after languifhing for a few weeks, he in fome degree recovered. 
 The queen vifited him during his ■llnefs, and by all her words and aftions 
 exprelTed an uncommon affeiftion fur him, and, in order to prevent ji-is ex- 
 pofing her by mifreprcfenting her cOnduft to foreign courts, employed all 
 her art to regain his confidence j md then^ by his own confcnt, •. removed 
 
 him .
 
 •674 STUART. 
 
 him to a houfe in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, fituated on a rlflng 
 o-round, in the midft of an open field. She there attended him with the 
 mofl: afTiduous care; but on the 9th of February, 1567, about eleven at 
 night, flic left the houfe, in order to be prefent at a mafque in the palace, 
 and at two the next morning it was blown up with gun-powder. The noife 
 and rtiock occafioned by this ludden explofion, alarmed the whole city. The 
 inhabitants ran to the place whence it came; and the dead body of the king, 
 with that of a fervant who flept in the fame room, were found lying in an 
 .adjacent garden, untouched by fire, and with no bruii'c or mark of violence. 
 Such was the unhappy fate of Henry Stuart, lord Darnley, in the twenty- 
 .firft year of his age. Had he left the world by a natural death, his end 
 would have been unlamented ; but the cruel circumflances of his murder, 
 •in which the earl of Bothwell was undoubtedly concerned, have rendered 
 him the obje6t of pity, to which he had otherwife no title. 
 
 The news of this atrocious murder quickly fpread abroad, and the fufpi- 
 cion fell, with an almoft univerfal confent, on the earl of Bothwell ; of 
 whofe guilt there remains the fullefi: evidence, that the nature of the action 
 will admit. The queen herfclf was accufcd of being privy to this barbarous 
 tranfadtion, and her known fentiments with regard to iier hulband gave a 
 great appearance of probability to the imputation. Bothwell put himfelf up- 
 on his trial in April following ; but no perfon appearing againlt him, he 
 was acquitted ; and a confiderable number of the nobility engaged in a bond 
 -of aflbciation to maintain his innocence, and promote his marriage with the 
 •oueen. Thus fupported, he raifed a body of a thoufand horfe, and inter- 
 cepting Mary on her return from Stirling, conveyed her to his callle of Dun- 
 bar. Soon after, having obtained a divorce from his wife, he conducted 
 the queen to Edinburgh, where fhe created him duke of Orkney, and fi- 
 nally married him on the 15th of May, contrary to the general fcnfe of her 
 people, and that regard which Ihe ouglit to have preferved for her own re- 
 putation. This was undoubtedly an imprudent and fatal ftep, by which fhe 
 entailed upon herfelf numberlefs mortifications, mifery, and ruin. Both- 
 well, not latisfied with the honour of elpoufing his fovereign, endeavoured 
 to make himfelf mafter of the perfon of the young prince, (afterwards 
 kino- James I. of England) who had been committed by his mother to 
 the care of the .eai^l of Mar; but this nobleman refufcd to deliver up his 
 charge. 
 
 Bothwell having rendered himfelf odious to the generality of the ScottiJh 
 nation, many of the nobility aflembled at Stirling, and formed a league 
 for the defence of the prince's perfon. They had well nigh furprifed the 
 queen and her hufband at Holyrood-houfe, from whence fhe efcaped with 
 difficulty to the caftle of Bortiiwick ; but the earl of Home appearing be- 
 fore that place, Ihe retired to Dunbar. Mean-while the confederate lords en- 
 tering Edinburgh, declared by proclamation, that their defign was to take 
 vengeance on Bothwell for murdering the king, and confpiring againfl the 
 life of the prince. Thence they proceeded againfi: the queen and Bothwell, 
 who had levied a confiderable force ; and both fides prepared for an engage- 
 ment. Mary, however, previoufly demanded a conference with Kirkaldy of 
 (Grange, one of the confederates, who, in the name of the reft, promifed 
 her, that, if fhe would difmifs her hufband, and govern the realm by the 
 
 advice
 
 STUART. 675 
 
 advice of her nobles, they would obey her as their queen. During this parley, 
 Bothwell, attended by a few followers, rode off" the field, and was foon af- 
 ter obliged to leave the kingdom. Mary having complied with the 
 conditions propofed by the confederates, was fent under a lirong guard to 
 the caftle of Lochlevin, belonging to William Douglas, who received an 
 order, figned by the aflbciated lords, to detain her in fafe cuftody. They 
 now compelled her to refign the crown to her infant fon, and to appoint the 
 earl of Murray regent during his minority. 
 
 In the beginning of May, 1568, the queen cfcaped from her con- 
 finement, and coUefted a body of forces ; but being defeated by the regent 
 Murray, fhe fled to England, and implored the airiftance of queen Eliza- 
 beth. However, upon her arrival there, flie was detamed as a prifoncr, un- 
 til Ihe fhould vindicate herfelf from the charge of being acceflary to the 
 murder of lord Darnley, who was a native of England. Gommiffioners were 
 appointed to take cognizance of her caufe; deputies were fent from Scotland 
 to accufe her, and York was named for the place of conference. This com- 
 miffion was foon recalled, and the matter brought to a hearing at Weftmin- 
 fter, though without efieft. Mary's confinement, which was a ltri6t one, oc- 
 cafioned repeated attempts both at home and abroad to procure her deliver- 
 ance, and even feme plots againfl: the life of queen Elizabeth ; in confe- 
 quence of which, in 1584, a general alTociation was entered into by the fub- 
 jecls of that queen in her defence. In 1586 the queen of Scots being charged 
 with having a fhare in Babington's confpiracy, it was determined by the 
 Englifh minifters to bring her to trial, which was accordingly done in Oftober 
 that year; and on the 25th of the fame month fentence of death was pro- 
 nounced againfl her, wliich was confirmed a few days after by the unani- 
 mous confent of both houfes of parliament, who petitioned queen Elizabeth 
 that it might be put in execution. On the ift of February, 1587, Eliza- 
 beth figned the warrant for Mary's death ; but being defirous to have the 
 blame of the a6lion, as much as pofTible, removed from herfelf, fhe gave 
 orders to her fecretanes Walfingham and Davifon to write to Sir Amias Paw- 
 let and Sir Drue Drury, the queen of Scots' keepers, to put her fecretly 
 to death; but they declining this inhuman office, her majefly commanded 
 that a letter Ihould be fent to Pawlet for the fpeedy execution of the war- 
 rant. Mary, on the day of her difTolution, which was the 8th of February, 
 behaved with extraordinary compofure and magnanimitv, and fhewed an in- 
 violable attachment to the Romifli religion. She laid her head upon the 
 block without the leaft mark of perturbation, and it was f'^vered from, her 
 body at the fccond ftroke. This tragical bufinejji was performed in the 
 hall of Fotheringay caftle. Her corpfe was inclofed in a leaden coffin, and 
 interred on the ifl of Augufl following, with great pomp and folcmnity, in 
 the cathedral of Peterborough ; from whence, about twenty years after, 
 it was removed to Weltminller-abbey, by order of her fon king James I. 
 
 Thus died the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots, after a life of forty- 
 four years and two months ; almofl nineteen years of which Ihe palled in 
 captivity. Her charafter is thus drawn, with great candor and impartiality, 
 by Dr. Robertlbn. " To all the charms of beauty, and the utmoll elegance 
 of external form, (fays that hiftorian) fhe added thofe accomplilhments, 
 which render their imprefilon irreliftable. Polite, afiabk', infinuating, fprightlv, 
 
 8 I and
 
 676 S T U K E L E Y. 
 
 and capable of fpeaking and of writing with equal eafe and dignit}\ Sud- 
 den, however, and violent in all her attachments ; bccaufe her heart was 
 warm and unfufpicious. Impatient of contradiction j bccaufe fhe had been acciif- 
 tomed from her infancy to be treated as a queen. No llranger, on fomc oc- 
 cafions, to difiimulation, which, in that perfidious court where (he received 
 her education, was reckoned among the neceflary arts of government. Not 
 infenfible of flattery, or unconfcious of that pleafure, with which alinoft every 
 woman beholds the influence of her own beauty. Formed with the qualities 
 which we love, not with the talents that we admire, Jhe was an agreeable 
 woman rather than an illuftrious queen. The vivacity of her fpirit, not fuffi- 
 ciently tempered with found judgment, and the warmth of her heart, which 
 was not at all times under the reilraint of difcretion, betrayed her both into 
 errors and into crimes. To fay that fhe was always unfortunate, will not 
 account for that long and almoft uninterrupted fucceflion of calamities which 
 bcfel her ; we muft likewife add, that fhe was often imprudent. Her paf- 
 fion for Darnley was rafli, youthful, and excefllve j and though the fudden 
 tranfition to the cppofite extreme was the natural efFcfb of her ill-requited 
 love, and of this ingratitude, infolence, and brutality, yet neither thefe, nor 
 Bothwell's artful addrcfs and important fervices, can juftify her attachment to 
 that nobleman. Even the manners of the age, licentious as they were, are 
 no apology for this unhappy palTion ; nor can they induce us to look upon 
 that tragical and infamous fcene which followed upon it, with lefs abhor- 
 rence. Humanity will draw a veil over this part of her charaifter, which it 
 cannot approve, and may perhaps prompt fome to impute her acStions to her 
 fituation, more than to her diipofitions ; and to lament the unhappinefs of 
 the former, rather than accufe the perverfenefs of the latter. Mary's fufFcr- 
 ings exceed, both in degree and duration, thofe tragical diftreflls, which 
 fancy has feigned to excite forrow and commiferation ; and while we furvey 
 them, we are apt altogether to forget her frailties, we think of her faults 
 with lefs indignation, and approve of our tears, a.s if they were flied for a 
 perfon who had attained much nearer to pure virtue." 
 
 STUKELEY (Dr. William) a learned antiquarian, phyfician, and divine, 
 was born at Holbech, in Lincolnlhire, the 7th of November, 1687, and edu- 
 cated at Bennet college in Cambridge. While an under-graduate, he often 
 indulged a ftrong propenfity to drawing, and was fo fond of natural hiflory, 
 that he took frequent perambulations along with the celebrated Dr. Hales, 
 then fellow of the fame college, through the neighbouring country, in fearch 
 of plants. He alfo Ihulied anatomy and cheniiflry, and acquired the prac- 
 tical part of medicine under Dr. Mead. He began to pnidife phyfic at 
 Bofl:Qn, in hi^ native county; but in 17 17 removed to London, where he 
 •was elefted fellow of the Royal Society, and was one of the firft who re- 
 vived that of the Antiquaries in 17 18. The next year he took his degree of 
 dodtor of i)hyfic at Cambridge, and in 1720 was admitted a fellow of the 
 College of . Phyficians. In 1722 he was appointed to read the Gulltonian 
 lefture, wherein he gave a defcription and hiflory of the ipleen, which he 
 printed in folio, with many plates, coloured in imitation of nature. He was 
 greatly afflicted with the gout, which induced him to take feveral journeys 
 m the fpring, in whicii he gratified his innate love of antiquities, by tra- 
 cing
 
 SUCKLING. 677 
 
 cing out the footfteps of the expeditions of the Romans in this ifland, their 
 camps, ftations, &c. The fruit of his travels was his Itiuerarium Curiojum, 
 or an Account of the Antiquities and Curiofitics in Travels through Great 
 Britain, folio, adorned with elegant copper-plates. 
 
 In 1729 he entered into lioly orders, and was prefcnted by the lord chan- 
 cellor King to the living of All Saints in Stamford -, and foon after was cu- 
 red of his gout, by the ufe of the oleum arthriticum, juft invented by Dr. 
 Rogers, which occafioned his publifhing an account of the fuccefs of the ex- 
 ternal application of thefe oils, in a great variety of inftances; and this 
 was followed by A Treatife on the Caufe and Cure of^ the Gout, from a 
 new rationale. In 1736 lie publiflied an explanation of a curious filver plate, 
 a Roman baflb-relievo, found under ground, at Rifley park in Derbyfhire; 
 and the fame year came out his PaUographia Sacra, or Difcourfes on the 
 Monuments of Antiquity that relate to Sacred Hiftory, in quarto. In 1741 
 he became one of the founders of the Egyptian Society, which brought him 
 acquainted with the duke of Montague, who prevailed on him to leave Stam- 
 ford, and in 1747 gave him the living of St. George the Martyr, in Queen's- 
 fquarc, London. From thence he frequently went to a pretty retirement he 
 had at Kentifh-town ; but returning on Wednefday the 27th of February, 
 1765, to his houfe in Queen's-fquare, according to his ulual cultom, he 
 lay down on his couch, wiiere his houfe -keeper came and read to him ; but 
 fome occafion calling her away, on her return he told her, that an accident 
 had happened while fhe was abfent; and on her afking what it was, he add- 
 ed, that it was a ftroke of the palfy. At this fhe fhed tears j but he de- 
 firing her not to be concerned, bid her go and get fome help to carry him 
 up flairs, from whence, he laid, he Hiould never be brought down but upon 
 men's Ihoulders. Soon after, his faculties failed him ; and he continued quiet 
 and compofed, as in a fleep, till the Sunday following, the third of March, 
 when he rcfigned his laft breath, in the fcvcnty-eighth year of his age. Be- 
 fides the works above-mentioned, he publiflied feveral other learned produc- 
 tions, particularly an account of Sconchenge and Abury ; and, towards the 
 end of his life, completed an account of ancient Briiilh coins. 
 
 SUCKLING (Sir John) an Englifli poet and dramatic writer, was the 
 fon of Sir John Suckling, comptroller of the houdiold to Charles I. and was 
 born at Witham, in EfTex, in 16 13. He early difcovered fuch abilities for 
 the learning of languages, that, it is faid, he fpoke Latin at five years of 
 age, and wrote it at nine, and thus proceeding in the courfe of his ftudies, 
 foon became well verfed in polite literature. He alfo excelled in mufic and 
 poetry. When he was grov/n up, he travelled abroad. His eafy behaviour 
 and addrefs were fuitable to the opennefs of his heart, and to that gaiety, 
 wit, and gallantry, which v/ere the characleriltics of his nature. He feemed 
 to affecl nothing more than the character of a courtier and a fine gentle- 
 man, v>'hich he perfectly attained. Yet he was not fo devoted to the Mufes, 
 or to the foftnefs and luxury of courts, as to be wholly a Ihanger to tlie 
 camp ; for, in his travels, he made a campaign under the great Guftavus 
 Adolphus, when he was prcfent at five fieges, three battles, and feveral 
 ils.irmifhes ; and if, fays Mr. Langbaine, his valour was not fo remarkable 
 in the beginning of our civil wars, yet his ioyaltv was exceedingly fo ; for, 
 
 after
 
 67« SWIFT. 
 
 after his return to his native countr}', he railed a troop of horfe for tlie 
 king's fervice, entirely at his own expence, and fo richly and completely 
 mounted, that it is faid to have coll him 12,000 1, but thefe troops and their 
 leader diftinguiflied themfelves only by their finery, for they did nothing for 
 die fervice of the king. Soon after this mifcarriage, Sir John was leized with 
 a fever, of which he died at twenty-eight years of age. His works conlift 
 of poems, letters, plays, &c. and have been fevcral times printed. 
 
 SUTTON (Thomas) efq. founder of the Charter-houfe, was born at Knaith, 
 in the county of Lincoln, in the year 1532. He had his education at Eton 
 School, and in St. John's College, Cambridge, whence he removed to Lin- 
 coln's-Inn in London ; but not relifhing the ftudy of the law, he travelled 
 into foreign parts, where he refided during the whole reign of queen Mary. 
 Returning home in 1562, he entered into the pofTcflion of a large eftatc, left 
 Jiim by his faxher, who had died during his ablence. He now became fe- 
 crctary to the earl of Warwick, and his brother the earl of Leiccller. By 
 the intereft of the fonner of thefe noblemen, he was, in 1569, appointed 
 mafier of the ordnance at Berwick ; and diftinguifhing himfelf in that fitua- 
 tion, in the rebellion which then broke out in the North, he obtained a pa- 
 tent from queen Elizabeth, for the office of mafter-general of the ordnance in 
 the North, for life. Soon after, he purchafed of the bilhop of Durham the 
 two manors of Gatefiiead and W'eekham, famous for their coal-mines ; which, 
 together with the above poft, and his wife's portion, laid the foundation of 
 the immcnfe foitune wliich he afterwards acquired. He now engaged in 
 the bufinefs of a merchant j and being polTcfled of more ready money than 
 moft men in the kingdom, he carried it on to great advantage. In the be- 
 ginning of 161 i, having previoufly obtained an z6t of parliament for that 
 purpofe, he purchafed of the earl of Suffolk Howard-houfe, or the late d f- 
 iblved Charter-houfe, near Smichficld, when he founded and nobly endowed 
 the hofpital and Ichool which now goes by that name. He lived to the age 
 of feventy-nine years, and died at Hackney on the 12th of December, 161 1. 
 His body was interred in Chrift-church, London ; from whence it was re- 
 moved, in 16 14, to the Charter-houfe, and depofited in a vault on the north 
 iide of tlie chapel, under a magnificent tomb. 
 
 SWIFT (Dr. Jonathan) a celebrated wit, poet, and political writer, was 
 defcended from an ancient family, and born in Ireland on the 30th of No- 
 vember, 1667 ; but both his father and mother were natives of England. 
 Some have tnought, that he was a natural Ibn of Sir William Temple, be- 
 caufe Sir William exprefled a particular regard for him : but that was im- 
 pofTiblc ; for Sir William was refident abroad in a public charaiter from the 
 year 1665 to 1670, and Swift's mother, who was never out of the Britifh 
 dominions, brought him into the world in 1667. At about fix years of age 
 he was fent to the fchool of Kilkenny, and having continued there eight 
 years, was admitted a ftudent of Trinity-college in Dublin. Here applying 
 himfelf to books of hiftory and poetry, to the negleft of academical learn- 
 ing, he was, at the end of four years, refufed his degree of bachelor of 
 .arts for infufficiency ; and was at laft admitted Jfeciali gratia, which is there 
 €Onfidcrcd as the higheft degree of reproach and dilhonour. Stung with 
 
 this 
 
 I
 
 S W I F T. 679 
 
 this difgrace, he ftudied eight hours a day for fevcn years follc'.ving. He com- 
 menced thefe Ihidies at the univerfity of Dublin, where he continued them 
 three years: and during this time, he drew up the firrt fkctch of his Tale 
 of a Tub; for W'ailendon Warren Efqj a gentleinan of fortune near Bclfaft 
 in Ireland, who was chamber-fellow widi Swift's • declared diat he then faw a 
 copy of it in Swift's own hand-writing., r. 
 
 In 1688 his uncle Godwin, by whom he had been hitherto fupported, was fei- 
 zed with a lethargy, and loon deprived both ot his fpeech and memory ; 
 by which accident Swift being left without I'upport, took a journey to Lei - 
 celter, where his mother refided, in order to confult her about the courfc 
 he was to purfue. At this time Sir William Temple was in high reputation, 
 and honoured with tiie confidence and familiarity of king William. His fa- 
 ther. Sir John Temple, had been maftcr of the Rolls in Ireland, and con- 
 tracted ^n intimate friendlhip with Godwin Swift, which continued till his 
 death ; and Sir William, who inherited his title and ertate, had married a lady 
 to whom Mrs Swift was related : Ihe therefore advifed her fon to com- 
 municate his fituation to Sir William, and folicit his advice. Sir William 
 received him with great kindnefs, and Swift's firft vifit continued for two 
 years. Sir William had been ambaffador and mediator of a general peace 
 at Nimcguen before the revolution, in which character he became known 
 to the prince of Orange, who frequently vifited him at Sheen, after his ar- 
 rival in England, and took his advice in affairs of the utmoft importance. 
 As Sir William was then lame with the gout, Swift ufed to attend his ma- 
 jefty in the walks about the garden, who admitted him to fuch familiarity, 
 that he Ihewed him how to cut afparagus after the Dutch manner, and once 
 offered to make him a captain of horfe; but Swift had fixed his mind upon 
 an ecclefiaftical life. About this time a bill was brought into the houfe for 
 triennial parliaments, to which the king was very averfe, but fent however 
 to confult Sir William Temple, who loon afterwards fent Swift to Kenfing- 
 ton with the whole account in writing, to convince the king how ill he 
 was advifed. This was Swift's firil embaffy to court, who, though he un- 
 derftood Englilli hiftory, and the matter in hand very well, yet did not 
 prevail. Soon after this tranfadtion he was feized with the return of a dif- 
 order, which he had contracted in Ireland by eating a great quantity of 
 fruit, and which afterwards gradually incrcafed, though with irregular in- 
 terrniffions, till it terminated in a total debility of body and mind. 
 
 About a year after his coming over from Ireland, he thought it expedient 
 to take his mafier of arts degree at Oxford ; and accortlingly was admitted 
 ad aindem on the 14th of June, 1692, with many civilities. From Oxford' 
 he returned to Sir William Temple, and anifted him in revifing his works : 
 he alio torredcd and improved his own Talc of a Tub, and added the di- 
 greffions. From the converfation of Sir William, Swift greatly improved 
 his political knowledge; but fufpccfting Sir William of neglcding to provide 
 for him, merely that he might keep him in his family, he at length refent- 
 ed it fo warmly, that, in 1694, a quarrel enfued, and they parted. Swift, 
 during his refidence with Sir William, had never failed to vifit liis mother 
 at Leicefter once a year, and his manner of travelling was very extraordi- 
 nary. He always went on foot, except the weather was very bad, and then 
 Ke would fometimes take fhelter in a waggoa. He cbofc to dine at ob- 
 
 8 K fcurc
 
 68o S W I F T. 
 
 fcure ale-hoiifeSj among pedlars and other mean people, and to lie where 
 ■ Jte faw written over the door, " Lodgings for a penny," but He tifcd to 
 ^bribe the maid with a tefter for a Angle bed and clean fheets. 
 
 Having taken orders, he obtained the prebend of Kilroot, in the' dioceic 
 of Connor, in Ireland, worth about lool. per annum. But Sir William, who 
 had been ufrd to the convcrfation of Swift, foon found that he could not 
 be content to live without him; and therefore urged !iim to refign his. pre- 
 bend in favour of a friend, promifing to 6btain preferment for hiiti 'in Eng- 
 land, if he would return. Swift confentcd, and Sir William v/as fo much 
 pleafed with this adl of kindnefs, that during the remaindc-r of his life, which 
 •'\vas 'about ' four years, his behaviour was fuch as produced the utmofl har- 
 mony between them. Swift, as a teftimony of his friendfliip and efteem, 
 wrote the Battle of the Books, of which Sir William is the hero; and Sir 
 *'''^' illiam, when he died, left him -^a -pecuniary legacy, and his pofthumous 
 
 vWdrRs- • _ •■ ' •;" _ ■'_ 
 
 UpOn'th'e deceafe of his patron, '^sVifi • applied by petition to king'Wil- 
 ''liam for the firfl: vacant prebend of -Canterbury or Weftminfter, for which 
 ''the royal promife had been obtained by Sir William Temple; whofe pofthu- 
 -rhous works he dedicated to his majefty,' to- facilitate tlie lucccfs of that ap- 
 "|fHcation. But it does not appear, thijt, after the death of Sir William, 
 "the king took the leafl- notice of Swift. After this he accepted an invitation 
 •Yrbm' the tarl of Berkley, one of the' lords juftices of Ireland, to attend hhn 
 "as chaplain and -private fecrctary ; but he u as foon removed from this latter 
 «'profl:, on pretence that it' was not fit for a clergyman. This difappointment 
 ''■was quickly followed by another; for when the deanery of Derry became va- 
 ^C3n't,''aiT'd it was the earl of Berkley's turn to diipofe of it. Swift, inftead 
 "'of f^ceivitig it as an atonement for his late ufage, v.-as put o£F -^Tth the 
 ''livings of Laracor -and ''Rathbegging, in the diocefe of Mearh, which roge- 
 "%her did'^'not afnount to' hilf its value, 'He went to refide' at Laracor, and 
 -performed the duties of a pari Ihprieft with theutmoft pundtuality and de- 
 votion. He' was indeed always very devour, not only in his public and fo- 
 ■'lemn addrefics to God, but in his domeftic and private exercifes ; and yet 
 ."with all this piety in his heart, he could not forbear indulging the peculi- 
 arity of'-h'is humour, when an opportunity offered, Avhatever might be the im- 
 propriety of the time and place. Upon his coming to Laracor, he gave 
 public notice, that he would read prayers on Wednefdays and Fridays, which 
 had not been cuftomary there. Accordingly the bell was rung, and he af- 
 ^ tended the defk ; but having fat fome time with no other auditor than his 
 ■ clerk Roger, he began, " Dearly beloved Roger, the fcripture movcth you 
 and me in fundry places;" and fo proceeded to the end of the fervice. Of 
 'the fame kind was his race with Dr. Raymond, vicar of Trim, foon after he 
 '^w'as made dean of St. Patricks. Swfr had dined one Sunday with Raymond, 
 and rv-henthe bells had done ringing for ^ening prayers, " Raymond," faid Swift, 
 ** I will lay you a crown that I begin prayers before you this afternoon." 
 *T)r. Raymond accepted the wager, and immediately, both ran as fafl as they 
 could to the church. Ra)'mond, the nimblefVof the two, arrived firfV at the 
 'dtjor, and entering' the church,' vnlked dece'rttly towards the reading-defk : 
 '"Swift never flacker.rd his pace, ' But running up the ifle, left Rayrnond be- 
 "*Wnd*Wm; And 'fh.pping irtto chC' dtfk, without poittirtg'tjn the fLtr^ite,"or 
 ^opening the book, began the fervice in" an audible voice. Diu-ing
 
 S W I F T. 68i 
 
 During Swift's refidence at Laracor, he invited to Ireland a lady, whom 
 he has celebrated by the name of Stella. With tliis lady he ijecame ac- 
 quainted while he lived with Sir William Temple : (he was the daughter of 
 his fteward, whofe name v/as Johnfon ; and Sir William, by his will, be- 
 queathed her loool. in confideration of her father's faithful ferviccs. At 
 the death of Sir William, which happened in 1699, Ihe was in the fixteenth 
 year of her age; and it was about two years afterwards, that at Swift's in- 
 vitation fhe left England, accompanied by Mrs. Dingley, a lady who was. 
 fifteen years older, and whofe whole fortune, though fhe was related to Sir 
 William, was no more than an annuity of 27 1. Whether Swift at this time 
 defned the company of Stella as a v/ife, or as a friend, is not certain : but 
 the reafon which flie and her companion then gave for their leaving England 
 was, that in Ireland the intereft of money was high, and provifions were 
 cheap. But whatever was Sv»ift's attachment to Mrs Johnfon, every pofli- 
 ble precaution was taken to prevent fcandal : they never lived in the. fame 
 houfc ; when Swift was abfent, Mrs. Johnfon and her friend refided at the 
 parfonage-houfe ; when he returned, they removed either to his friend Dr. 
 Raymond's, or to a lodging ; nor were they ever known to meet ' but in 
 tlic prefence of a third perfon. Swift made frequent excurfions, but Mrs. 
 Johnfon was buried in folitude and obfcurity ; llie was known only to a 
 iew of Swift's mofl intimate acquaintance, and had no female companion ex- 
 cept' Mrs. Dingley. 
 
 In lyoi Sv/ift took the degree of doclor of divinity; and in 1702, foon 
 after the death of king W^illiam, he went into England for the firft time 
 after his fettling at Laracor; a journey which he frequently repeated during 
 the reign of queen Anne. Mrs. Johnfon was once in England in 1705, 
 but returned in a few months, and never crofTed the channel afterwards. 
 Swift foon became eminent as a writer, and in that charadler was known 
 -to both whigs and tories. He had been educated among the former,, but 
 at length attached himfclf to the latter ; becaufe the whigs, as he faid, had 
 renounced their old principles, and received otliers which their forefathers 
 abhorred. He -had .publiflied, in 1701, A Dilcourfe of the Contefts • and 
 DifTentions between the Nobles and Commons in Athens and Rome :• this 
 was in behalf of king William and his minifters, againft the violent proceed- 
 ings of the houfe of commons ; but from that year to 17C8, he did not 
 write any political pamphlet. In 17 10, being then in England, he was em- 
 powered by the primate of Ireland to folicit the queen to releafe the clergy 
 from paying the twentieth part and firft-fruits; and upon this occafion his 
 acquaintance with Mr. Harley commenced. As foon as he had received the 
 primate's iiiftrudions, he refolved to apply to Mr. Harley ; and before he - 
 waited on liim, got himfelf reprefenred as a perlbn who had been ill ufed 
 by the laft miniflry, becaufe he would not go fuch lengths as they would 
 have had him. Mr. Hirley received him with the utmolt kindnefs and ref- 
 pe6t ; kept him with him two hours alone; engaged in, and foon after ac- 
 complifhed, his bufinefs ; bid him come often to fee him privately; and. 
 told him, that he muft bring him to the knowledge of Mr. St. John. Swift, 
 prefently 'became acquainted with the reft of the minifters, who courted and 
 carefTed him with uncommon affiduity. He dined every Saturday at Mr. 
 Harley's with the lord-keeper, Mr. St. John, and lord Rivers: on that day 
 
 no >
 
 6?2 SWIFT. 
 
 iriTO oiher pcrfon was for fome J:iine admitted; but this felcft compnn/ was 
 at length enlarged to fixtee.T, Swift included. From this time he ru!)poitC(l 
 the interefl of his new friends with all his power, in pamphlets, poems, and 
 periodical papers : his intimacy with them was fo remarkable, that he was 
 thought not only to defend, but in fomc degree to direct their meafures ; 
 • and fuch was his importance in the opinion of the oppofite part)', that many 
 fpeeches v/ere made againll him in both houfes of parliament: a reward 
 was alfo offered for difcovering the autlior of the Public Spirit of the 
 Whigs. 
 
 Amidtt all tlie bufinefs and honours that crowded upon him, he wrote every 
 day an account of what occurred to Stella, and fent her a journal regularly 
 every fortnight, during tlie whole time ot his conncftion with queen Anne's 
 miniftry. From thefe unreftraincd efFufions of his heart many particulars arc 
 known, which would otherwife have lain Inri; and by thefe it appears, that 
 he was not only employed, but truiled, even by Harley himfclf, wiio to all 
 others was referved and mylterious. In the mean time, Swift had no exped- 
 ations of advantage from his connexion with thefe pedbns : he knew they 
 could not long preferve their power, and he did not honour it while it lafted, 
 on account of the violent meafures which were purfued by both fides. " I 
 ufc the miniftry (fays he) like dogs, becaufe I expect they will ufe me fo. 
 — I never knew a minillry do any thing for thofe, whom they make com- 
 panions of their pleafures ; but I care not." In the fummer of 171 1, he 
 forefaw the ruin of the miniftry by thofe mifunderftandings among themfelves, 
 which at laft effected it; and it was not only his opinion, but their own, 
 th^t if they could not obtain a peace, they mull loon be fent to the Tower, 
 even though they fliould agree. In order to facilitate this great event. Swift 
 wrote the Conduct of the Allies : a piece which he confeffes coft him much 
 pains, and which fucceeded even beyond his expectations. It was publifhed 
 on the 27th of November, 1711 j and in two months time above 11,000 
 were fold off. The tory members in both houfes, who fpoke, drew all their 
 arguments from it, and the refolutions, which were printed in the votes, 
 and which would never have palled but for this pamphlet, were little more 
 than quotations from it. 
 
 During all this time he received no gratuity or reward, till the year 171 j; 
 and then he was prefcnrcd to the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. A bi- 
 ihopric had been Jbme time before intended for him by the queen : but arch- 
 biftiop Sharp having rcprefentcd him to her majefty as a man whole chriftian- 
 ity was very queftionable, and being fupported in this by a certain great 
 lady, it was given to another. He immediately croffed the channel to take 
 poflefTion of his new dignity, but did not ftay in Ireland more than a fort- 
 night, being urged by an hundred letters to haften back, and reconcile the 
 lords Oxford and Bolingbroke. When he returned, he found their animo- 
 fity increafed; and, havmg predicfted their ruin from this very caufe, he la- 
 boured to bring about a reconciliation, as that upon which the whole inte- 
 reft of their party depended. Having attempted this by various methods in 
 vain, he retired to a friend's houfe in Berkftiire, where he continued till 
 the queen's death; and, while he was at this place, he wrote a piece called 
 Free Thoughts on the prcfcnt State of Affairs. 
 
 Before we attend Dr. Swift to Ireland, it is neceffary to give a fliort account 
 
 of
 
 SWIFT. 6Sj 
 
 of his Vanefla, becaufe his connedtions with her were made in England. 
 Among other perfons with whom he was intimately acquainted during the 
 gay period of his life, was Mrs. Vanhomrigh. She was born of a good 
 family in Ireland, and had been married to Mr. Vanhomrigh, firft a mer- 
 chant of Amflerdam, then of Dublin, where he was raifed by king William, 
 upon his expedition into Ireland, to very great places. Dying in I70'5, he 
 left two fons and two daughters ; but the fons foon after dying, his wliolc 
 fortune, which was very confiderable, fell to the daughters. In 1709 the 
 widow and the two young ladies came to England, where they were vifited 
 by perfons of the firft quality: and Swift, lodging near them, ufed to be 
 frequently at their houfe, coming and going witiiout any ceremony, as if 
 he had been one of the family. During this familiarity, he became infen- 
 fibly a kind of preceptor to the young ladies, particularly to the eldeft, who 
 was then about twenty years old, was much addi(51:ed to reading, and a great 
 lover of poetry. Hence admiring iiich a charafter as that of Swift, fhe 
 foon paiTcd from admiration to love ; and, urged a little perhaps by vanity, 
 which would have been highly gratified by an alliance with the firft wit of 
 the age, fhe ventured to make the doftor a propofal of marriage. He at 
 firft affeded to believe that flie was in jeft, then rallied her on fo whimfi- 
 cal a choice, and at laft put her off without an abfolute refuial : and, while 
 he was in this fituation, he wrote the poem called Cadenus and Vanefla. It 
 was written in 17 13, a fliort time before he left Vanefla and the reft of his 
 friends in England. In 17 14 Mrs. Vanhomrigh died, and having lived very 
 extravagantly, left fome debts, which it not being convenient for her daughters, 
 who had alfo debts of their own, to pay at prefent, to avoid an arreft they 
 followed the dean into Ireland. 
 
 Dr. Swift, on his arrival to take poflefllon of his deanery, had been re- 
 ceived with great kindnefs and honour; but now, upon his return after the 
 queen's death, he experienced every pofllble mark of contempt and indigna- 
 tion. The tables were turned ; the power of the tories, and the dean's credit, 
 were at an end ; and as a dcfign to bring in the pretender had been im- 
 puted to the queen's miniftry, fo Swift lay now under much odium, as being 
 fuppofed to have been a well-wiflier to that caufe. As foon as he was fet- 
 tled at Dublin, Mrs. Johnlbn removed from the country to be near him, but 
 they ftill lived in feparate houfes ; his rcfidcnce being at the deanery, and 
 her's in lodgings on the oth'^r fide of the river Liffy. The dean kept two 
 public days every week, on which the dignity of his ftation was fuftained 
 with the utmoft elegance and decorum, under the direction of Mrs. Johnfon. 
 As to his employment at home, he feems to have had no heart to apply him- 
 felf to ftudy of ajiy kind, but to have refigned himfclf wholly to fuch amufe- 
 ments and fuch company as olfc-red, that he might not refleft on his fituation, 
 the misfortunes of iiis friends, and his difappointmcnis. "I was three years 
 (fays he in one of his letters to Mr. Gay) reconciling myfelf to the fcene 
 and bufinefs, to wiiich fortune hath condemned me ; and llupidity was what 
 1 had rccourfe to." The firft remarkable event of his life, after his fettle- 
 ment at the deanery, was his marriage to Mrs. Johnfon, after a moft inti- 
 mate friendftiip of above fixtecn years. This was in the year i'ji6i and 
 the ceremony was performed by Dr. Aflie, then bifliop of Clogher, to whojjl 
 the dean had been a pupil in Trinity-college, Dublin, But whatever were 
 
 8 L tlie
 
 684 S W ,1 F T. 
 
 the motives to this marriage, the dean and his lady continued to live af- 
 terwards in the fame manner as befoi'e. Mrs. Dinglcy was ftill the inicpa- 
 rablc companion of Stella, where-ever flie went; and Ihc never reluicd at 
 the deanery, except when the dean had fits of giddinefs and dcafnefi. Till 
 this time he had continued his vifits to Vaneffa, wlio preferved licr reputa- 
 tion and friends, and was vifited by many pcrlbns of rank, charadter, and 
 fortune, of both fexes ; but now his vifits were lefs frequent. In 1717 her 
 lifter died ; and the remains of tlie family fortune centering in V'anefla, Ihe 
 retired to Sel bridge, a fmall houfe and eftate about twelve miles from Dub- 
 lin, which had been purchafed by her fiuher Mr. Vanhomrigh. From tliis 
 place fhe frequently wrote to tiie dean, and he anfwercd her letters : ihe 
 prefled him to marry her, but he rallied, and ftill avoided a pofitive denial. 
 Sha prefted him ftill more, either to accept or refufe her as a wife ; upon 
 which he wrote an anfwer, and delivered it witli iiis own hand. The receipt 
 of this, which probably communicated the fatal fecrct of his marriage with 
 Stella, the unhajjpy lady did not furvive many weelcs : however, before her 
 death, flie cancelled a will flie had made in the dean's favour. 
 
 From 17 16 to 1720, there is a chafm in the dean's life, which it has'becn 
 found difficult to fill up: lord Orrery thinks, with great reafon, that h£ 
 employed this time upon Gulliver's Travels. This work is a moral political 
 romance, in which Swift has exerted the ftrongeft efforts of a fine ..irregular 
 genius ; but while his imagination and wit delight, it is hardly ppflible not 
 to be fometimes offended with his fiitire, which fets not only ail human actions, 
 but human nature itfelf, in tlie worft light. The truth is. Swift's difap- 
 pointments had rendered him fplenetic and angry with the whole worlds and 
 he frequently indulged himfelf in a mifanthropy that is intolerable : he has 
 done fo particularly in fome parts of this work. About this time the dean, 
 who had already acquired the character of a humourift and wit, 'vyasi, firit 
 regarded v.ith general kindnefs, as the patriot of Ireland. He wrote a pro- 
 pofal recommending the ufe of Irilli manufaftures, which rendered him very 
 popular i the more fo, as it immediately railed fo violent a flame, that a 
 profecurion was commenced againft the printer. In 1724 he publifhed the 
 Drapier's Letters ; thole brazen monuments of his fame, as lord Orrery calls 
 them. A patent having been iniquitoufly procured by one Wood to coin 
 i8o,oool. in copper for the ufe of Ireland, by which he would have ac- 
 quired exorbitant gain, and proportionably impoverift.ed the nation ; the dean, 
 in the charafter of a draper, wrote a feries of letters to the people, urging 
 them not to receive this copper money. Thefe letters united the whole na- 
 tion in his praife, filled every ftrcet with his effigy, and every voice with 
 acclamations; and Wood, though fupportcd for fome time, was at length 
 compelled to withdraw his patent, and his money was totally fupprcffed. 
 From this period the dean's influence in Ireland was almoft without bounds : 
 he was confulted in whatever related to domeftic policy, and particularly to 
 trade. The weavers always confidercd him as their patron and legiflator, 
 after his propofal for the ufe of Irifli manufaiflures ; and when eledions were 
 depending for the city of Dublin, many corporations refufed to declare 
 themfelves, till they knew his fentiments and inclinations. He was an ab- 
 (blute monarch over the populace, and was regarded with veneration and 
 «fteem by peribns of every rank. 
 
 On
 
 SWIFT. ^ 685; 
 
 On the aSth of January, 1727, died his beloved Stella, in 'the 44th year 
 of her age, regretted by the dean with fiich excels of afflidlion, as the kcenell 
 fenfibility only could feci, and the molt excellent character excite : (he 
 had been declining in her health from the year 1724. Stella was a moft 
 amiable woman both in perfon and mind. Her ftature was tall, her hair 
 and eyes black, her complexion fair and delicate, her features regular, foft, 
 and animated, her (hape eafy and elegant, and her manner polite and grace- 
 ful ; there was natural mufic in her voice, and complacency in her afpeft : 
 (he abounded with wit, which was always accompanied with good-nature : 
 her virtue was founded upon humanity, and her religion upon reafon ; her 
 morals were uniform, but not rigid, and her devotion was habitual, but 
 not otlentaJous. " Vv'hy tlie dean did not fooner marry this moft oxellcnt 
 perfon; why he married Herat ali ; why his marriage was fo cautioufly con- 
 cealed ; and why he was never known to meet her but in the prefence of- 
 a third perfon, are enquiries which no man can anl'wer," lays the writer of 
 his life, " without abfurdity." Now fo far at leaft, if not fomcthing farther,- 
 we think may be anfwered, and without abfurdity too. " He did not marry 
 her fooner," we fav, becaufe his original intention was not to marry her at 
 all: he never fuffered his behaviour towards females to exceed the limits of 
 Platonic love; and the innocence of his. commerce with A'anclla feems now 
 to be acknowledged by every body, as well as by this writer. " He did 
 marry her at length," probably to cure and put an end to thofe conftant 
 uneafinelTes and jealoufies, which his frequent vifits to Vanella muft natu-> 
 rally have railed in her. " His marriage was cautioufly concealed," becaufe 
 he never intended to acknowledge her openly as his wife ; and " he was . 
 cautious never to meet her but in the prefence of a third perfon," becaufe, 
 by reafon of his known intimacy and connection with Stella above all other 
 women, her charafter was greatly expofed to unfavourable fufpicions, and . 
 therefore to be guarded v/ith all poflible care and tendernefs againft them. 
 Thus, this author's enquiries may manifeftly be anfwered without abfurdity: 
 but the principal, and, indeed, fole difficulty is, why Swift lliould not de- 
 fire a nearer commerce with fuc'i a woman as Stella, and confequently ac- 
 knowledge and receive her publicly as his wifei* Yet the anfwer lias been ■ 
 m.ade a hundred times, though nobody feems to acquitfce in it ; namely, . 
 that he was not made like other men. Add to this, that Swift was a man 
 of great pride, and could not have borne to be defpifed, however fecretly ; 
 that he loved female converfe, and to be courted and admired by wits of 
 that fex, of which Stella was at the head ; that he defpaired of fupporting 
 that dignity and credit, even with the delicate Stella, in a ftate of nearer 
 commerce, which he was always fure of prcferving at fome diftance : add 
 ali thefe confiderations together, and the fokuion ol this mighty myltery may 
 probably not appear impofTible. Suppofing Swift to have been guided in 
 this affair by mere caprice and humour, he cannot but be feen in a moft 
 ungracious light, and conlidercd as a man utterly devoid of humanity ; for 
 it is generally agreed, that Stella's immature deatk was occafioned by the 
 peculiarity of his condtidl towards her. It appears by feveral little, incidents, 
 that (he regretted and difapproved his conduct, and that flie fometimes re- 
 proached him with unkindnefs; for , to i"uch regret and reproach he certainly 
 ailudes, in the followinir verffis, 
 
 **0 tflcn.i
 
 6M S W I F T. 
 
 " O then, whatever heav'n intends, 
 
 " Take pity on your pitying friends: 
 
 " Nor let your ills affeft your mind, ' 
 
 " To fancy tlicy can be unkind ; 
 
 " Mc, furcly, me you ought to fpare, 
 
 " Who gladly would your lufTerings fhare." 
 
 It is faid the dean at length earneftly defired that flie might be publicljr 
 owned as his wife ; but as her licalth was then declining, fhe /aid it was 
 too late, and infifled that they lliould continue to live as before. To this 
 the dean in his turn confented, and fiiffered her, when fhe died, to difpofe 
 entirely of her own fortune, by her own name, to a public charity. 
 
 After the death of the amiable Stella, his life became very retired, and 
 tlie aufterity of his temper increafed : he could not enjoy his public days ; 
 thtfe entertainments were therefore difcontinucd, and he fometinies avoided 
 the company of his moft intimate friends ; but in time he grew more de- 
 firous of company. In 1732, he complains, in a letter to Mr. Gay, that " 
 he had a large houfe, and fhould hardly find one vifitor, if he was no: able 
 to hire him with a bottle of wine ;" and in another to Mr. Pope, that " he 
 was in danger of dying poor and friendlefs, even his female friends having 
 forfaken him; which," as he fays, "vexed him moft." Thefe complaints 
 were afterwards repeated in a ftrain of yet greater fenfibility and felf-pity : 
 ■"'All my friends have forfaken me : 
 
 " Vertiginofus, inops, furdus, male gratus amicis. 
 
 " Deaf, giddy, helplefs, left alone, 
 " To all my friends a burden grown." 
 
 As he fpent great part of his time in folitude, he frequently amufed him- 
 felf with writing ; and it is very remarkable, that although his mind was 
 greatly deprefTed, and his principal enjoyment at an end when Mrs. Johnfon 
 died, yet there is an air of levity and trifling in fome of the pieces he 
 wrote afterwards, that is not to be found in any of his others: fuch in 
 particular are his Diredions to Servants, and feveral of his letters to his 
 friend Dr. Sheridan. In 1733, when the attempt was made to repeal the 
 teft a6t in Ireland, the dilfenters often affeded to call themfclves brother- 
 proteftants, and fellow-chriftians, with the members of the eftablilhed church. 
 Upon this occafion the dean wrote a fhort copy of verfes, which fo provo- 
 ked one Bcttefworth, a lawyer anil member of the Iriih parliament, that he 
 fwore, in the hearing of many perfons, to revenge himfelf either by mur- 
 derin"- or maiming the author ; and, for this purpofe, he employed his 
 footman, with two ruffians, to fecure the dean whcre-ever he could be found. 
 This being known, thirty of the nobility and gentry, within the liberty of 
 St. Patrick's, waited upon the dean in form, and prelented a paper fubfcri- 
 bed with their names, in which they folemnly engaged, in behalf of them- 
 felves and the rell of the liberty, to defend his perfon and fortune, as the 
 friend an* benefaftor of his country. When this paper was delivered. Swift 
 ^as in bed deaf and giddy, ye: made fhift to dicftate a proper anfwer. Thefe 
 
 fits
 
 S W I F 1'. 
 
 6S7 
 
 fits of deafnefs and giddincfs, which were the efFecls of- his forfeit before 
 he was twenty years old, became more frequent and violent, in proportion 
 as he grew into years; and in 1736, while he was writing a fatire on the 
 Irifh parliament, which he called the Legion Club, he was feized with one 
 of thefe fits, the efFedt of which was fo dreadful, that he left the iioem 
 unfiniflied, and never afterwards attempted a compofition either in verle or 
 profe that required a courfc of thinking, or perhaps more than one fittin" 
 to finifli. ° 
 
 From this period his memory was perceived gradually to decline, and his 
 paffions to pervert his underfianding ; and in 1741, lie was fo very bad, 
 as to be utterly incapable of converfation. Strangers were not permitted to 
 approach him, and his friends found it neceflliry to appoint guardians of his 
 perfon and cllate. In the beginning of the year 1742, his reafon was fub- 
 verted, and his rage becam.e ablblute madncfs. In Oftober his left eye 
 fwelled to the fize of an egg, and large boils broke out on his arms, and 
 body; the extreme pain of which kept him awake near a. month, and du- 
 ring one week it was with difficulty that five perfons reltrained him by mere 
 force from pulling out his own eyes.. Upon the fubfiding of thefe tumours, 
 he knew thole about him, and appeared fo far to have recovered his under- 
 fianding and temper, that there were hopes he might once more enjoy fociety. 
 Thefe hopes, however, were but of lliort duration ; for, a few days after, 
 he funk into a ilate of total infenfibility, flept much, and could not, with- 
 out great difficulty, be prevailed on to walk acrofs the room. This was the 
 effeft of another bodily difeafe, his brain being loaded with v/ater. Mr. 
 Stevens, an ingenious clergyman of Dublin, pronounced this to be the cafe 
 during his illnefs; and upon opening his body, it appeared that he was not 
 miftaken. After the dean had continued filent a whole year, in this ftate 
 of helplcfs idiotifm, his houfe-keeper went into his room on the 30th of 
 November in the morning, and told him, it was his birth-day, and that 
 bonfires and illuminations were preparing to celebrate it as ufual; to which 
 he immediately replied, " It is all folly, they had better let it alone." Some 
 other inllances of fhort intervals of fenfibility and reafon, after his madnefs 
 ended in ftupor, feem to prove, that his dilbrder, whatever it was, had not 
 deftroyed, but only fufpended the powers of his mind. In 1744, he now 
 and then called his fervant by name ; and once attempting to fpeak to him, 
 but not being able to exprels his meaning, he fliewed figns of much un- 
 eafinefs, and at laft faid, "I am a fool." Once afterwards, as his fervant 
 was taking away his watch, he faid, " bring it here ;" and when the fame 
 fervant was breaking a large hard coal, he faid, " That is a flone, you 
 blockhead." From this time he was perfcftly filent, till the latter end of 
 October, 1745, and then died, without the leaft pang or convulfion, in the 
 78th year of his age. 
 
 His works, which are greatly admired, have been often printed, and in 
 various forms ; and from them jt is eafy to colled, his charafter : yet we fliall 
 mention fome particulars relating to his converfation and private oeconomy. 
 He had a rule never to fpeak more than a minute at a time, and then wait 
 for others to take up the converfation. He greatly excelled in punning, 
 and ufed to fay, that none defpifed this talent, but tliofe who were not 
 pofleflcd of it. He alfo excelled in telling a Itoryj but in the latter pars, of 
 
 8M his
 
 688 SYDENHAM. 
 
 his lif-* uCcd to tell them too often : he never dealt in the double entendre, 
 or profanenefs upon facred fubjedts. He loved to have ladies in the com- 
 pany, becaufe it preferved, he faid, the delicacy of converfation. He kept 
 his friends in fome degree of awe, yet was more open to admonition than 
 to flattery. Though he appeared churlifh and auftere to his fervants, yet he 
 was in reality a mod kind and generous mailer, and very charitable . to the 
 poor. In the mean time it muft be owned, that there was not any great 
 ibftnefs or fympathy in his nature j although, perhaps, not quite fo much 
 mifanthropy as appears in his writings : and all allow, that he grew covet- 
 ous as he advanced in years. As an ecclefiaftic, he was fcrupuloufly exa^fk 
 in the exercife of his fundion, as well with regard to fpiritual as temporal 
 affairs. His manner was free from ceremony, but not rullic ; for he had 
 a perfefl: knowledge of all the modes and variations of politencfs, though he 
 pr.iilifed them in a manner peculiar to himfelf. He was naturally temper- 
 ate, chafte, and frugal ; and, being alfo high-fpirited, and confidering wealth 
 as the pledge of independence, it is not ftrange that his frugality fliould 
 verge towards avarice. 
 
 As to his political principles, if his own account may be taken, he ab- 
 horred whiggifm only in thofe, who made it confift in damning the cliurch, 
 reviling the clergy, abetting the diffenters, and' fpeaking conrem.ptuoufly of 
 revealed religion. He always declared himfelf againft a popilh fuccefTor to 
 the crown, whatever title he might have by proximity of blood j nor did 
 he regard the right line upon any other account, than as it was eftablifhed 
 by law, and had much weight in the opinions of the people. That he was 
 not at any time a bigot to party, nor indifcriminately transferred his refent- 
 ments from principles to perfons, was fo evident by his condu61:, that he 
 was often rallied by the minifters, for never coming to them without a whig 
 in his fleeve ; and though he does not appear to have afked any thing for 
 himfelf, yet he often preflcd the earl of Oxford in favour of Mr. Addifon, 
 Mr. Congreve, Mr. Rowe, and Mr. Steele. He frequently converfed with 
 all thefe, chufing his friends by their perfonal merit, without any regard to 
 their political principles. 
 
 By his will, which is dated in May 1740, juft before he ceafed to be a 
 reafonable being, he left about 1200I. in legacies, and the rell of his for- 
 tune, which amounted to about ii,oool. to ereft and endow an hofpital for 
 idiots and lunatics. He was buried in St. Patrick's catliedral, under a ftonc 
 of black marble, infcribcd with the following Latin epitaph, written by 
 himfelf: 
 
 " Hie depofirum eft corpus 
 Jonathan Swift, S. T. P. 
 Hujus ecclefiSE cathedralis decani, 
 Ubi fjeva indignatio ulterius cor lacerare nequit. 
 Abi, viator, et imitare, 
 Si poteris, 
 Strcnuum pro virili libertatis vindicatorem. 
 Obiit, &c." 
 
 SYDENHAM (Dr. Thomas) an excellent phyfician of the fcventeenth cen- 
 tury.
 
 SYDENHAM. ^9 
 
 tuty, was the fon of William Sydenham, Efq. of Winford Eagle in Dorfet- 
 ftiire, where he was born in the year 1624. In 1642 he was entered a 
 commoner of Magdalen-hall, Oxford; but leaving that place vshen it was 
 converted into a garrilbn for the nfe of king Ciiarles I. he came to London, 
 where he fell accidentally into the company of Dr. Thomas Cox, an emi- 
 nent phyfician, who, finding him poflcfied of more than ordinar)' talents, per- 
 fuaded him to apply hii.nfelf to the ftudy of piiyfic. In piirfuance of this 
 advice, . after the garrifon of Oxford was delivered up to the parliament, he 
 returned to Magdalcn-halj, and entering on the phyfic line, was created a 
 bachelor in that faculty the 14th of April, 1648. About the fame time, 
 fubfcribing to the covenant, and fubmitting to the authority of the vifitors 
 appointed by the parliament, he was (through the intereft of his brother 
 William, who was then colonel of a regiment of foot, and governor of Wey- 
 mouth) elected fellow of All-fouls college, Oxford. After he had continued 
 there fome years in a vigorous application to the fcience of medicine, he 
 left the univerfity, fixed his refidence in Weftminiter, took the degree of 
 dodlor of phyfic at Cambridge, received a licence from the college of phy- 
 ficians, and foon acquired the higheft reputation for the fuccefs of his prac- 
 tice, without any other enemies than thofe which he raifed by the fuperior 
 merit of his conduit, the brighter luftre of his abilities, or the improvements 
 he made in his art, and his contempt of pernicious methods, fupported only 
 by authority, in oppofition to found reafon and indubitable experience. 
 
 The firft trcatife he publifhed was his Methodus curatidi Febres propriis 
 Objervationibus Juperftruola, printed at London in 1666; of which a fecond 
 edition, correfted and enlarged with the addition of a fifth fcftion de Peftcy 
 five Febre ■pejlilentiali, was publiflied in 1668. This piece was dedicated to 
 the great Mr. Robert Boyle, to whom he wrote a letter on the 2d of April, 
 1668, juftifying his practice in the fmall-pox, and what he had faid with 
 relation to that difeafe in his book. He obfcrves likewik-, that, confidering 
 the methods of praftice which then prevailed among both learned and ig- 
 norant phyficians, it had been happy for mankind, that either the art of 
 phyfic had never been exercifed, or the notion of malignity never ftumbled 
 upon ; whereas it was clear to him, from all the obfervations he could pofli- 
 bly make, that, if no mifchief be done either by the phyfician or nurfe, the 
 fmall-pox is the moft flight and fafe of all other difeafes. " I have the 
 happinefs (adds he) of curing my patients, at lead of having it faid con- 
 cerning me, that few mifcarry under me ; but cannot brag of my correfr- 
 poadency v/ith fome others of my faculty, who, notv/ithilanding my profound- 
 nefs 'in palmiftry and chemifi:ry, impeach me of great infufficiency, as I Hiall 
 likewife do my taylor, when he makes my doublet like a hop-fack, and not 
 before, let him adhere to what hypothefis he will. Though yet, in taking 
 fire at my attempts to reduce practice to a greater eafc and plainnefs, and, 
 in the mean time, letting the mountebank at Charing-crofs pais unrailed at, 
 they contradift themfclves, and would make the world believe I may prove more 
 confiderable than they would have me. But, to let thcfe men alone to their books, 
 I have again taken breath, and am purfuing my dcfign of fpecifics, which, 
 if but a delufion, fo clofely haunts me, that I could not but indulge the 
 fpending of a little money and time at it once more. I have made a great 
 progrefs in the thing, and have reafon to hope not to be difappointed." His 
 
 fecond
 
 690 S Y N G E, 
 
 fecond work was Obfervationes Medico circa Morborum acutorSm Hijloriam 6? 
 CuriHiGtiem, printed in 1676. In 1680 he publilhed his EfijUla refpov/ori^ 
 duif., prima de Morbis Epidemicis ab Anno 16 j^ ad Annum 1680, Jecutida de 
 Luis • Fenerde Hijlorid £5? Curatione; and, in 1682, his Dijfertatio Eplftolaris 
 ad JpeSiatiJfxmum i^ doclijfimum Virum Gulielmuni Cole, M. D. de Objervationibus 
 ntiperis circa Curationem Variolartim confluentium , necnon de AftSlione hyfiericd. 
 His Traclatus de Podagra & Hydrope was printed at London the year fol- 
 lowing; and his Schedula Monitoria de nova Febris ingreJTu, in 1686. His 
 Procejfus integri in Morbis fere omnibus curandis was not publiflicd till after 
 his death. Thefe works were written by himfclf in Englilh, but trandatcd 
 into Latin, before they were publilhed, by fome of his friends. This worthy 
 man was, for a great part of his life, lubje<5t to frequent attacks of the 
 gout, which, being afterwards accompanied with the ftone in the kidneys, 
 proved fatal to him. He died at his houfe in Pail-Mall, the 29th of De- 
 cember, 1689, and was interred in St. James's church, Weftminller. 
 
 " Dr. Thomas Sydenham (fays Mr. Granger) who was long at the head 
 of his profeffion, was a phyfician of great penetration and experience, and 
 went far beyond all his cotemporaries in improving the art of phyfic. He 
 took late to ftudy, but his quick parts and great natural fagacity enabled 
 him to make a prodigious progrels in a little time. Fie dared to innovate, 
 where nature and reafon led the way ; and was the firil: that introduced the 
 eool regimen in the fmall-pox. Hence he gave an efFedkual check to a dif- 
 temper that has been more pernicious to mankind than the plague itfelf ; and 
 Avhich had been inflamed, and rendered ftill more pernicious, by injudicious 
 phyficians. He carefully ftudied, and wrote obfervations upon every epide- 
 mical diftemper that prevailed durmg the courfe of his pradtice. He had 
 many opponents : but his conltant iuccefs was a fuflicient anfwer to all the 
 cavils of his n.ntagonifts. He freely communicated to the world his judici- 
 ous remarks on a great variety of acute and chronical diflempers, and par- 
 ticularly on thofe that fweep away the greateft number of the human fpecies. 
 "What he has written on the nervous and hyfteric colic, fevers, riding in 
 confumptive cafes, and the ufe of milk and chalybeates, defcrves to be 
 mentioned to his honour. He was the firft that ufed laudanum with fuccefs, 
 and that gave the bark after the paroxyfm in agues." 
 
 SYNGE (Dr. Edward) the pious and learned archbifliop of Tuam in 
 Ireland, was the fon of Edward bifhop of Cork, and was born in April, 
 1659, at Inifhonane, of which parilh his father was then vicar. He was 
 educated at a grammar-fchool in Cork, and from thence was fent to 
 Chrift-church college in Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of 
 arts. On his father's death he returned to Ireland, and finiflied his fludies 
 in the univerfity of Dublin. His firft preferment was two fmall parilhcs in 
 the diocefe of Meath, which he foon after exchanged for the vicarage of 
 Chrift-church in the city of Cork, one of the moft laborious cures in Ire- 
 land. He obtained feveral other livings, became chancellor of St. Patrick's, 
 Dublin, and was afterwards appointed vicar-general to the arch-bifliop. In 
 1714 he was promoted to the fee of Raphoe, and, two years after, was 
 tranllated to the archbifhopric of Tuam. He prefided over this fee about 
 t^'cnty-five years, and died at Tuam in July 1741. It is peculiarly 
 
 remarkable
 
 TALBOT. 691 
 
 remarkable of this worthy prelate, that he was the fon of one blfliop, as 
 hath been mentioned ; the nephew of another, viz. of George Synge, bifhop 
 of Cologne in the lad century ; and the father of two bifliops, viz, Edward 
 bilhop of Elphin, and Nicholas bifhop of Killaloe. 
 
 The charader of archbilhiop Synge will befl be fought for in his writings, 
 which are numerous and defervedly popular; confifting of very excellent 
 treatifes for the promotion of religion, piety and virtue, written in a po- 
 lite, fenfible, eafy, and rational manner; and which have been fo well re- 
 ceived by the public, that feme of them have gone through no lefs than 
 thirty editions. Many of thefe trads are in the" catalogue of the Society 
 for promoting Chriftian knowledge. They arc thus julVly charaderifed by 
 Mr. Hanway : " I have met (fays he with many perfons of diftindion, and 
 even of the firft erudition, who, not having been acquainted before with 
 thefe little trads, became enamoured of the beautiful fimplicity and nervous 
 fenfe which iliine forth in the labours of Dr. Synge, once archbifhop of 
 Tuam. 
 
 TALBOT (John) earl of Shrewsbury, one of the braved and moft fuc- 
 ccfsful generals of the fifteenth century, derived his defcent from an ancient 
 and illuftrious family, and was the fon of Richaid lord Talbot. He was 
 born at Blackmore in Shropfhire, in tlie reign of king Richard IL and, in 
 the beginning of that of Henry V. was appointed governor of Ireland. In 
 1417 he attended king Henry at die fiege of Caen; and the following 
 year, in conjundion with the earl of Warwick, he reduced the ftrong caftle 
 of Damfront, and was prefent at the fiege of Rouen ; on all which occafi- 
 ons he diftinguifhcd himfdfby his intrepidity and militaiy fkill. Afterwards, 
 in the reign of Henry VI. he took the town of Laval and other places from 
 the French; but, in 1429, had the misfortune to be taken prifoner at tlie 
 battle of Patay. However, in 1433, he recovered his liberty, and refuming 
 his command in France, took a number of towns from the enemy. For 
 thefe fervices he was, in March 1442, created earl of ShrewAiury. Some 
 time after, he was honoured v/ith the title of earl of Waterford, and con- 
 ftituted lord-licutcnant of Ireland. In T452 he received a commifflon to be 
 governor of Guienne, and iinmediately embarked for that province with a 
 confiderable army. He made himfelf mailer of Bourdeaux, Fronfac, Li- 
 bourne, Cadillac, &c. and reftored the affairs of the Englilh in France; but 
 attempting to oblige the French to raife the fiege of Callillon, he was kil- 
 led in battle, together with his fon the lord vifcount Lifle, in July 1453. 
 It has been obferved of him, that he was vidorious in no kfs than forty 
 battles and (kirmifhes. "General Talbot (lays Father Daniel) was one of the 
 greatefl; warricrs of his time, and the moft able captain the Englifli then 
 had, who called him their Achilles. He had carrietl on the war in France 
 with a great deal of glory almoft all his life long, and died at the age of 
 eighty years, with his fword in his hand." The earl's body was brought 
 over to England, and interred at "Whitchurch in Shropfliire. An old Englifh 
 hiftorian has given the following enumeration of his titles: "John Talbot, 
 earl of Shrewsbury, Wexford, Waterford, and' Valence, lord Talbot of Good- 
 
 8 N ritcii
 
 691 TALBOT. 
 
 ritch and Orchenfield, lord Strange of Blackmore, lord Verdon of Aden, 
 lord Cromwell of Wingfield, lord Lovetoft of Worfop, lord turnival ot' 
 Sheffield, lord Fauconbridge, knight of the noble orders of St. George, St. 
 Niichael, and the Golden Fleece, and great marfhal to king Henry the Sixth of 
 his realm of France. 
 
 TALBOT (Charles) duke of Shrcwfbury, who was lineally defcended from 
 the preceeding nobleman, was the fon of Francis carl of Slirewlbury, and 
 was born in 1660. He loft his father at feven years of age. Being indu- 
 ced to enquire into the popifh religion, in which he was bred, by the dif- 
 covery of tl.c popifli plot in 1679, he applied to Dr. Tillotfon, afterwards 
 archbifliop of Canterbury, who loon reconciled him to the church of England : 
 but his change of religion, it feems, had not a fuitable influence upon his 
 moral conduft. Among other excellent endowments, his lordfhip was parti- 
 cularly diftinguilhed by a very handfome peribn, which procuring him an 
 eafv accefs to the ladies, he indulged himfelf in fome excefles with the fex. 
 This reaching the ears of the good Dr. Tillotfon, gave occafion to one of 
 the politeft and moft pious letters ever penned by the excellent, divine. His 
 lordlhip's turn to gallantry and fine addrefs rendered him very acceptable at 
 the court of Charles H. and on James's afcending the throne, he gave him 
 the command of a regiment of horfe ; but when that unfortunate prince broke 
 into the conftitution, he refigned his regiment, and went over to the prince 
 of Orange. On the prince's landing in the weft, he fent the earl to take 
 poflefiion of Briftol ; and he was principally concerned in promoting the af- 
 ' lociation to revenge any attempt that fhould be made upon his highnefs's 
 perfon. He was afterwards appointed, with the earls of Oxford and Claren- 
 don, to treat with the lords fent by king James to know what the prince 
 demanded, and was primarily confulted in all the affairs of the Revolution. 
 When the prince and princels of Orange, were declared king and queen of 
 England, the earl was fucceffively fworn of the privy-council, made princi- 
 pal fecretary of ftate, and conftituted lortl-lieutenant of Worcefterfhire and 
 Herefordfhire. In 1694 he was elefted knight of the garter, and advanced 
 to the dignities of marquis of Alton and duke of Shrewftjury; but, in May 
 1699, he refigned the office of fecretary of ftate, on account of his ill ftate 
 of health, occafioned by a fall in a fox-chace, when his horfe gave him 
 a blow on the breaft in rifing, which brought on him a fpitting of blood 
 and ftiortnefs of breath. However, in 0(fl;ober following, he was appointed 
 lord-chamberlain of the houffiold ; but the difcharge of blood increafing, he 
 was advifed by his phyficians to go to a warmer climate ; upon which he 
 refigned his poft of lord-chamberlain : and prepared to go abroad. This hap- 
 pening at a time when his friends, the earl of Orford, the lords Somers 
 and Halifax, were harrafied by the parliament, gave a handle to thofe who 
 would not believe his illnefs, to rcprcfent him as a dcferter, who was leav- 
 ing the kingdom out of cowardice. His grace fpent one year at Geneva, 
 and about three at Rome, on which his enemies gave out, that he was 
 become a Roman catholic again ; but this was fo far from being the cafr, 
 that he became more confirmed in Proteftant religion, and even converted 
 the earl of Cardigan and his brother from popery, while at Rome. . 
 
 The duke returned to England in the latter end of the yeax 1.705, when. 
 
 meeting
 
 TALBOT. 
 
 ^93 
 
 meeting with a cold reception from his old friends the Whigs, he retired 
 into the country, but was at laft prevailed upon by the oppofite party to 
 come to court; and, in 17 lo, was made lord-chamberlain of the houfhold 
 by queen Anne, and fworn of her privy-council. He was aftenvards fent 
 ambalTador extraordinary to the French court, in order to complete the peace; 
 but infilling on feveral beneficial articles of commerce, he foon perceived a 
 coldnefs in that court towards him, upon which he folicited his return. In 
 October 1713, he was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland. The year followino, 
 the queen, m . her lad illncfs, took the treafurer's ftaff fro.-ii the earl of 
 Oxford, and delivered it to the dulce, fo that, at the queen's death, ho 
 was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, lord high treafurer of Great-Brirain, and 
 lord-chamberlain, three great employments never before in the hands of 
 one perlbn at the fame time. His grace was one of the lords appointed by 
 king George I. to govern the nation till his arrival, after which he was 
 made groom of the flole and privy purfe, fworn of the pri\ y-council, and con- 
 tinued in the, office of lord-chamberlain. He died on the firft of February, 
 1718, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. Though his conduft did not al- 
 ways efcape fuch mifreprefcntations as are the ordinary effcft of miftake or 
 malice, yet, in general, he had the good opinion of all; fo that kin<T Wil- 
 liam ufed to fay, the duke of Shrewfbury was the only man of whom both 
 Whigs and Tories fpoke well. Mr. Pope fpeaks thus of him ; 
 
 " Off, in the clear, ftill mirrour of retreat, 
 " I fhudied Shrewsburv, the wife and great." 
 
 TALBOT (Charles) lord high chancellor of Great-Britain, was the fon 
 of Dr. William Talbot, fuccefiivcly bifliop of Oxford, Saliitury, and Dur- 
 ham, and was born on the 3d of December, 1686. In 17 17 he was ap- 
 pointed folicitor-general to his late majefly, then prince of Wales, and in 
 the fame year was cholen member of parliament for Tregony in Cornwall. 
 In the two fucceeding parliaments he was one of the reprefentatives for the 
 city of Durham. On the 23d of April, 1726, he was made folicitor-gene- 
 ral ; and the 29th of November, 1733, upon the refignation of lord Kino-, 
 his majefty delivered to him the great feal, with the title of lord high chan- 
 cellor. At the fame time he was fworn of the privy-council, and in De- 
 cember following was created a peer of Great-Britain, by the title of lord 
 Talbot, baron of Henfol in the county of Glamorgan. His lordfliip, after 
 having, for above three years, difcharged the duties of his olHce with dif- 
 tinguiflicd honour and reputation, died at his houfe in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, 
 on the 14th of February, 1737, in the fifty-firfl year of his age, and was 
 interred at Barrington in Gloucefterfliire. 
 
 The cliaraftcr of this great man has been already drawn in another work, 
 from which it will not be improper to tranfcribe it here. " It is a maxim 
 indeed generally received and generally true, that difficult 'and unquiet times 
 form thofc great charafters in life, which we view with admiration and ertieem. 
 But it is remarkable, that this excellent man obtained the honour and reve- 
 rence of his country at a fcafon, when no foreign or domcllic occurrences 
 occafioned any confiderable event. Therefore, as fafts cannot 'be related, 
 from which tlie reader may himfelf colled a jufl: idta of himj worth mu(t 
 
 fiiintljr
 
 Sg^ TALBOT. 
 
 faintly defcribe thofe extraordinary qualities, which combined to complete 
 his charailer. And though future generations may imagine thefe virtues 
 Iieightened beyond their true proportion, it is a fufpicion not to be appre- 
 hended from the prelcnt age. Eloquence never afforded greater charms from 
 anv orator, than when the public attention liftened to his fentiments, deli- 
 vered with the moft graceful modefly; nor did wifdom and kno\\ ledge ever 
 fupport it with more extenfivc power, nor integrity enforce it with greatcr 
 weight. In apprehenfion he fo far exceeded the common rank of men, that 
 he inftantaneoufly, or by a kind of intuition, favv the ftrengdi or imperfec- 
 tion of any argument : and fo penetrating was liis figacity, that the moft 
 intricate and perplexing mazes of the law could never involve and darken 
 the truth fo as to conceal it from his difcernment. 
 
 " As a member of each houfe of parliament, no man ever had a higlier 
 deference paid to his abilities, or more confidence placed in his inflexible 
 public fpirit; and fo excellent was his temper, fo candid his difpofition in 
 debate, that he never offended thofe whofe arguments he oppofed. " When 
 his merit, and the unanimous fuffrage of his country, induced his prince to 
 intruft him with the great feal, his univerfal affability, his cafinefs of acccfs, 
 his humanity to the dillreffed, which his employment too frequently prefcntcd 
 to his view, and his great difpatch of bufinefs, engaged to him the affec- 
 tion and almoll v<'neration of all who approached liim : and by conftantly 
 delivering, with his decrees, the reafons upon which they were founded, 
 his court was a very inftructive fchool of equity, and his decifions were 
 generally attended with fuch conviction to the parties, againft whofe inte- 
 reft they were made, that their acquiefcence in them commonly prevented 
 any further expence. As no fervile expedient raifed him to power, his 
 country knew he could ufe none to fupport himfclf in it. He was conHant 
 and ret^ular in his devotions, both in his family and in public. His piety 
 was exalted, rational, and unaffected. He was firm in maintaining the true 
 inttrefl an.l Itgal rights of the church of England, but an enemy to perfe- 
 cution. When he could obtain a fhorc interval from bufinefs, the pompous 
 formalities of his (lation were thrown afide ; his table was a fcene where wif- 
 dom and' fcience fhone, enlivened and adorned with all the elegance of wit. 
 There was joined the utmofl freedom of difpute with the highefl: good-breed- 
 inf, and the vivacity of mirth with primitive fimplicity of manners. 
 
 *' When he had leifure for exercife, he delighted in field-fports, and even in 
 thofe trifles fhewed, that he was formed to excel in whatever he engaged ; 
 and had he endulged himfelf more in them, cfpecially at a time when he 
 found his health unequal to the exceflive fatigues of his pofl', the nation 
 might not yet have deplored a lofs it could ill fuflain. But though he was 
 removed at a feafon of life when others but begin to fhine, he might juflly 
 be {ald/atis et ad vitatn et ad gloriam vixijfe; and his death united in one 
 "eneral concern a nation, which fcarce ever unanimoufly agreed in any other 
 particular; and notwithftanding the warmth of our political divifions, 
 each party endeavoured to outvie the other in a due reverence to his me- 
 mory. 
 
 " No man was ever more the delight of his country, or had a larger fliare 
 in the hearts and afteftions of the people ; and yet he never made ufe of 
 any other methods to obtain it, than a conllant uniform courfc of wifdom 
 
 and
 
 TAYLOR 69J 
 
 and virtue. The reverence he was held in for his great abilities was ex- 
 ceeded, if it were polTihle, by the love which v/as borne him for his difFu- 
 five benevolence and humanity. A lift of one hundred and fifty perfons 
 found in his fcrutore after his death, who were annual penfioners of his 
 unbounded charity. And the poor of all the neighbouring villages furround- 
 ing his eftate of Barrington, were, by his order, provided with pliyfic in 
 ficknefs ; and the indigent aged, who were palt their labour, fupplied with 
 the neceflaries of life." 
 
 TAYLOR (Dr. Jeremy) bilTiop of Down and Connor in Ireland, was 
 born in the city of Cambridge ; but in what year is not known. At the 
 age of thirteen he was admitted of Caius-college in that univerfity, where 
 he continued till he had taken the degree of mafter of arts. He afterwards 
 entered into orders, and fupplied for a time the divinity-ledlurer's place in 
 St. Paul's cathedral, London ; when his abilities were difplayed fo advan- 
 tageoufly as to attract the notice of archbifhop Laud, who procured him to 
 be eleded fellow of All-fouls college, Oxforci, in 1636. Soon after, the 
 archbiihop made him one of his chaplains, and beftowed on him the refbory 
 of Uppingham in Rutlandfliire. In 1642 he was created dodtor of divinity 
 at Oxford, being then chaplain in ordinary to king Charles I. in which lla- 
 tion he attended his majefty in feveral campaigns. Upon the decline of 
 the king's caufe, he retired into Wales, where he was permitted to officiate 
 as a minifter, and to keep fchool. In this retirement he wrote feveral ex- 
 cellent books. At length he repaired to London, where meeting with Ed- 
 ward lord Conway, that nobleman took him over to Ireland, and fettled 
 him in a pleafant and commodious retreat tlicre. On tlie 27th of January, 
 1 660- 1, he was confecrated bifl:op of Down and Connor in Ireland, and 
 in June following had the adminiftration of the fee of Dromore granted lO 
 him. He was alfo fworn a member of the Irifh privy-council, and eki'red 
 vice-chancellor of the univerfity of Dublin. He died on the 13th of Au- 
 guft, 1667, and was buried in the church of Dromore. 
 
 " This excellent prelate (fays Mr. Granger) was not only one of the great- 
 eft divines that flourifhed in the feventcenth century, but v/as alio one of 
 the completeft charadters of his age. His perfon w;is uncommonly beautiful, 
 his manners polite, his convcrfation fprightly and engaging, and his voice 
 harmonious. He united, in a high degree, the powers of invention, me- 
 mory, and judgment; his learning was various, almoft univcrfal ; and his 
 piety was as unafFedcd as it was extraordinary. His prafcical, controverfial, 
 and cafuiftical writings are, in tlieir feveral kinds, excellent, and anfwer all 
 the purpofes of a Chriftian. His fermons appear to the leaft advantage at 
 prefent; though tiiey mull be allowed to be good for the time in which they 
 were written. A brilliancy of imagination appears in all his writings ; but 
 his DuSlor Dubitantium is a fignal jiroof of his judgment. His works have 
 been printed in four, and alfo in iix volumes in folio, befides feveral vo- 
 lumes of devotions in odavo and duodecimo. His books on Holy Livings, 
 and on Holy Dying, which are frequently bound together, and his Gol- 
 den .Grove, have pafled through many editions." 
 
 TEMPLE (Sir Willum) an eminent ftatefman, and very polite V^riter, 
 
 i O was
 
 696 T E M P I. E- 
 
 was the fon of Sir John Temple, maftcr of the rolls and privy-counfellor 
 in Ireland; and was born ac L^ondon in the year 1628. From his youth 
 he dil'covered a curious and penetrating genius, and a remarkable thirft after 
 knowledge, which his father took care to cultivate by a genteel and liberal 
 education. At eight years of age he was fent to fchool at Penlhurft in Kent, 
 under the care df his uncle Dr. Hammond, then minifter of that parifh : 
 from thence he went to Mr. Leigh, fchool-mafter of Bifhop-Stortford; and, 
 at feventcen, was placed at F.manuel college, in Cambridge, under Dr. 
 Ralph Cudworth, author of the Intellectual Syflem. In this univerfity he 
 dillinguifhed himfelf by his proficiency in every part of human learning ; 
 and, befides the academic tongues, made himfelf a peri'ect mafter of the 
 French and Spanifh. At nineteen he began his travels into France j and, 
 pafllng through the Ifle of Wight, where king Charles I. was then prifoner 
 in Carifbrook-caftle, he met with the daughter of Sir Peter Olborn, gover- 
 nor of Guernfey for the king, who was going with her brother to their fa- 
 ther at" St. Malo's. He made that journey witii them; and there commen- 
 ced an amour with that young lady, which ended in a happy marriage. He 
 fpent two years in France, and foon after made a tour into Holland, Flanders, 
 and Germany; in which he further polifned and improved his natural abili- 
 ties. After his return in 1654, he married the abovementioned lady, and, 
 during the ufurpation, pafTed his time privately with his father in Ireland. 
 The five years he lived there, were fpent chiefly in improving himfelf in 
 hiftory and philofophy ; and he refufed all folicitarions of entering into any 
 public employment till the reiloration, when he was chofen member of th« 
 convention in Ireland, as he was likewife of the fubfequent parliament for 
 the county of Carlow; and, in 1662, was appointed one of the commif- 
 fioners to be lent from the parliament to the king, into whofe favour he was 
 introduced by the lord-chancellor Clarendon and the earl of Arlington. From 
 this time, during the twenty fucceeding years, (that is to fay, from the thirty- 
 fecond to the fifty-fecond year of his age) he continued to acl as a coun- 
 lellor of ftate, with particular honour and fuccefs ; which period he confi- 
 dered as the part of a maji's life moft fit to be dedicated to the fervice of 
 his prince and countrv ; the reft being, as he obferved, too much taken up 
 with his plcafures or his eafe. 
 
 To give a particular account of his negociations at home and abroad, would 
 be to lay open a great part of the hiftory of Charles tlie fecond's reign i 
 yet fome account ought to be given of his management in feveral treaties, 
 which have contributed to immortalize his name. In 1665 he was fent by 
 his majefty to the biftiop of Munfter, in order to conclude a treaty, by which 
 that biftiop obliged himfelf, upon receiving a certain fum of money, to en- 
 ter immediately with the king into the war with Holland ; and, foon after, 
 he received a commifiion to be refident at BruflTels, with a patent for the 
 dignity of a baronet. But one of the moft famous circumftances in Sir 
 "William Temple's life, was his fkilful and dexterous bringing about the tri- 
 ple alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden, in the latter end of 
 the year 1667, lb much to the peace of Europe and the diminution of the 
 threatning power of France. This was managed with fo much fecrecy and 
 uncommon induftry, together with fo much unexpedled fuccefs, tliat the great 
 llatefman De Wit, too much leaning to the French party, could not help 
 
 com- 
 
 I
 
 TEMPLE. 697 
 
 .complimenting him with having the honour which never any other minifter 
 had before him, of drawing the ftates to a refolution and conclufion in five 
 days, upon a matter of the greatelt importance, and an afTiltance of the 
 greatefl: expence they had ever been engaged in ; and all diredly againfl the 
 nature of thdr conllitucion, which enjoined them to have rccourfe to their 
 provinces : adding, that now it was done, it looked like a miracle. Upon 
 the conclufion, two letters were written, one from De Wit to the earl of 
 Arlington, and the fccond from the ftates-general to the king of Great- 
 Britain ; of which fome notice ought to be taken. The former fays, " As 
 it was impofiiblc to fend a minifter of greater capacity, or more proper 
 for the temper and genius of this nation, than Sir William Temple ; fo, 
 I believe, no other perfon either will, or can, more equitably judge of the 
 difpofition wherein he has found the ftates, to anfwer the good intentions 
 of the king of Great-Britain." "As it is a thing without example, that in 
 fo few days, three fuch important treaties have been concluded, fo we can 
 fay, that the addrefs, the vigilance, and the fincerity, of Sir William Tem- 
 ple, are alfo without example. If your majefty continues to make ufe of 
 fuch minifters the knot will grow too faft ever to be united." 
 
 After this, in tiie fucceeding fummer, in the year 1668, Sir William 
 Temple returned to Bruflels, in order to prevail on the Spaniurds to con- 
 fent to a piece with France, which was afterwards treated at Aix-Ia-Chapelle, 
 whither he was fent ambailador extraordinary and mediator; and with his 
 colleague Sir Leoline Jenkins, after many difficulties and delays, at laft brought 
 it to a happy conclufion. Soon after, lie was lent ambaflador-extraordinary 
 to the ftates general, with inftrudtions to confirm the triple-alliance, and 
 folicit the emperor and German princes, by their minifters, to enter into it : 
 t)ut the meafures of the Englifli court being changed, in September, 1669, 
 he received orders to haften over to England, where he met at firft with a 
 very cool reception, and was prefiTed to return to the Hague, and make 
 way for a war with Holland ; with which, lefs than two years before, he 
 had been fo much applauded for having made fo ftridl an alliance : but he 
 cxcufcd himfclf from having any ftiare in it, and retired to his houfc at Shene, 
 near Richmond, in Surry ; and, in this interval of his leifure and retreur, 
 wrote his excellent Obfervations on the United Provinces, and one part ot 
 his Mifcellanies. 
 
 About tlie end of the lummer 1673, the king, growing weary of the 
 fecond Dutch war, refolved to fend Sir William Temple to Holland to con- 
 clude a piece ; but powers having been fent at this tmie from thence to the 
 marquis de Frefne, the Spanifli ambaflador at London, Sir William was or- 
 dered to treat with him, and in a few days concluded the whole affair. As 
 a reward for this fcrvice, he was offered the ambalfy into Spain; which, 
 for want of his fiither's confent, who was then old and infirm, he refufed ; 
 as he did foon after the place of fecretary of ftate, for want of fix thou- 
 fand pounds, which he was to lay down for it, and could not fpare. In 
 June, 1674, he was again fent ambailador to the Hague, and was afterwards 
 one of the ambaftadors and mediators in the treaty of Nimeguen. It was 
 during his refidence in Holland at this time, that he was the great inftru- 
 ment of lecuring the religion and liberty of his country, by bringing about 
 a marriage between the prince of Orange, afterwards king William III. and 
 
 tl\e
 
 698 T E M P L E. 
 
 the lady Mary, daughter to James duke of York, and niece to king Charles 
 II. This affair was concerted by Sir William Temple and the friends of the 
 proteftant religion, and was brought to maturity chiefly by his dexterity in 
 the year 1677. After having performed all thefe fcrvices to the crown and 
 kingdom, Sir William in 1679, was again folicited to enter upon the ofHce 
 of fecretary of ftate ; but he declined it on account of the uncertain fitua- 
 tion of affairs, at the fame time advifing the king to form a new council, 
 of which he was appointed one ; though afterwards, upon the change of 
 meafures at court, and the freedom with which he delivered his opinion, 
 his name was ftruck out of the council. This gave him occafion to fend the 
 the king word, that he would live the reft of his life as good a fubjedl as 
 any in his kingdoms, but never meddle again with public affairs ; a refo- 
 lution which he inviolably maintained, fpending the remainder of his days 
 at Moor-Park, near Farnham, in Surry, without having the Icaft previous 
 knowledge of the prince of Orange's expedition to England in 1688; and 
 refufing the earnell folicitations of that prince, when he was advanced to 
 the throne, to engage in his fervice, though he was often confulted by him 
 in his moil fecret and important affairs. Indeed it is a common tlung for 
 men, who live in the fplendor and huny of courts, fometimes to wifh for a 
 retreat, where they may relieve themlVlves after the fatigue of flate and bu- 
 finefs} yet they feldom do retire but when they know not how to flay any 
 longer : fo that the contempt of a court is, in many men, but a contrivance 
 of felf-love to alleviate the mortification of being excluded, by greatnefs 
 and thole that are in power. On the other hand, nothing is more difficult 
 to the generality of men, who have enjoyed the pomp and pleafures of a 
 court, than to finifh the remainder of their lives in privacy and retirement ; 
 for few perfons have fo rich a fund in themfelves, as to fupply the great 
 chafms which the want of public bufmefs and diverfion leaves on their minds: 
 but Sir William Temple had the happinefs to efcape both thefe inconveniences ; 
 and, as his retiring from bufinefs was in all appearance voluntary, fo his 
 contempt of greatnefs and fplendor was the refult of a thorough conviftion 
 of the emptincis and vanity of thofe glaring objcffs. 
 
 To be very particular in analyfing his works, would be foreign to our 
 pumofe : yet we mull not omit mentioning his Memoirs, which have not 
 been equalled by any that have writ fince him. They arc the moll ufeful 
 becaufe they take in the principal part of the reign of Charles II. and with- 
 out them we fliould have but an imperfcdl account of many particulars in 
 that unequal adminiftration. The fecond part flipt firfl into the world, with- 
 out the knowledge, as it was faid, though moil believe without the coh- 
 nivancc, of the author. They confiH not only of many domellic affairs rela- 
 ting to the court of England, but of the principal foreign ncgociations be- 
 gun in 1673, and ended in 1678, in the treaty of Nimcguen, and with the 
 <teneral peace of Europe ; all laid open with firmnefs and impartiality, as 
 well as clearnefs and fimplicity. The firfl part was never publifhed at all, 
 but is very well fupplied by a great number of letters and public papers; 
 whicli fufficiently fliews what a vigorous actor Sir William Temple was, how 
 great a ftatefman he proved, and how complete a mailer of bufinefs and 
 politics. The third part was publilhed by Dr. Swift fome years after his 
 death i which, though co.iiplained of as being publilhed without confent of 
 
 rela-
 
 
 TEMPLE. «99 
 
 relations, was never charged with being the leaft fpurious. This, though 
 fhorteft in compafs, both as to time and matters, yet, keeping clofe to 
 Englifh adminiftration at home, and difcovering greater depths of thofe affairs, 
 we take it to be the moft ufeful of the three. Here are laid open, not 
 only the fecret fprings of many aftions which were generally unknown before, 
 but all the fubtle arts and projeftions of minifters of ftate, with thofe various 
 windings and turnings with which ftrangers are fo often perplexed and con- 
 founded in courts. 
 
 We Ihall fay nothing further of his writings, but only obferve, that, when 
 the reader comes to perufe the whole, he will readily form to himfelf the 
 general characSber of an accomplilhed gentleman, a penetrating politician, a 
 wife patriot, and a learned man : and, if this great idea fliould be really fhaded 
 by fome touches of vanity and fpleen, he fliould confider tJiat the greateft 
 and wifeft men have not always been exempt from thofe very failings and 
 imperfe(5lions >. and that the former might arife from fome peculiar excellen- 
 cies in his charaderj and the latter from fome uncommon provocations of 
 thofe who differed from him either in politics or literature. 
 
 In 1694, he had the misfortune to lofe his lady, who was eminent for the 
 highefl accomplifliments, and particularly efteemed by queen Mary, with whom 
 fhe had the honour to keep a conftant correfpondence by letters, in which- 
 Ihe had an admirable turn of wit, and a peculiar elegance and beauty of 
 expreffion. Sir William furvived her four years, and died in January, 1698-9, 
 in his feventieth year, at IVloor-Park ; where, according to his direftions in 
 his will, his heart was depofited in a filver .box, and buried under the fun- 
 dial in his garden, oppofite to the window from whence he ufed to contem- 
 plate and admire the works of nature with his beloved filter, the ingenious 
 lady Giffard. His charader is given by Dr. Birch as follows;, "He had an 
 extraordinary vivacity, with fo agreeable a vein of wit ajad fancy in his con-' 
 verlation, that no body was welcomer in all forts of company ; but his 
 humour was greatly affecled by the Ipleen in fudden changes of weather, and 
 efpecially from the croffes and difappointments which he fo often met with inhis 
 endeavours to contribute to the honour and fervice of his country. He was an ex- 
 act obferver of truth, thinking none, who had failed once, ought ever to be 
 trufted again ; of great humanity and good nature j iiis pafllons naturally warm and 
 qoick,but tempered by reafon. He never feemed bufy in his greateft employments, 
 was devoted to his liberty, and therefore averfc to the fervitude of courts. 
 He had been a paffionate lover, was a kind hufband, an indulgent father, 
 a good mafter, an excellent friend, and, knowing himfelf to be fo, was 
 impatient of tlie Icaft fufpicion or jealoufy from thofe lie loved. He was 
 not without ftrong averfions, io as to be uncafy at the firft fight of Ibme. 
 whom he diOiked, and impatient of their converfation ; apt to be warm in . 
 difputes and expoftulations, which made him hate the one and avoid the 
 other; being ufed to fay, that they might fometimes do well between lovers, 
 but never between friends. He had a very familiar way of converfing with 
 all forts of people, from the greatell princes to the meanelt fervants, and 
 even children, whofe imperfcft language, and natural innocent talk, he was 
 fond of, and made entertainment of every thing that could afford it. He 
 was born to a moderate ellate, and did not much increaie it during his em- 
 ployments. His religion v.'as that of the church of Enghind, in ■which he 
 
 8 P was
 
 700 
 
 THEOBALD. 
 
 •ivas born and educated ; and, how loofe foevcr bifliop Burnet, wlio was not 
 acquainted with him, in the Hiilory of his own time, reprcfents his prin- 
 ciples to have been ; yet there is no ground for fuch a reflexion j^iven iq 
 liis writings ; among which his excellent letter to the countefs of Eficx is 
 a convincing proof both of his piety and eloq^^^nce. He was rather tall 
 in ftature ; his Ihape, when young, very exafi- ; his hair dark brown, and 
 curled naturally; and, whilft that was efteemeJ a beauty, no body had it 
 in greater perfeftion : his eyes grey, but lively ; and his body lean, but ex- 
 tremely aiflive ; fo that none acquitted themfelves better at all exercifes." 
 
 TENISON (Thomas) archbifliop of Canterbury, was born at Cottenham, 
 in Cambridgell-iire, the 29th of September, 1636, and educated in the free- 
 fchool of Norwich, whence he was fent to Corpus-Chrifti college in Cam- 
 bridge. Having at length taken orders, he became minifter of St. Andrew's 
 church, Cambridge, where he attended the fick inhabitants during the plague 
 in 1665, for which his parifliioners prefented him wi;h a piece of plate. He 
 was afterwards promoted to feveral other livings: and in 1680, being then 
 doctor of divinity, he was prefented to the vicarage of St.. Martin's in the 
 Fields, London. During the fevere frofl in 1683, his difburfements to the 
 poor out of his own ftock, amounted to above 300I. In 1685 he attended 
 the duke of Monmouth on the morning of his execution. During the reign 
 of king James H. he wrote feveral pieces againft popery, and in 1689 was 
 prefented by king William and queen Mary to the archdeaconry of London. 
 While he enjoyed the vicarage of St. Martin's he made feveral donations 
 to that parilh J and, among others, endowed a free-fchool for it, and built 
 a very handfomc library, which he furniflied with ufeful books. In 1691 
 he was nominated to the bilhopric of Lincoln; and in 1694, upon the death 
 of archbifhop Tillotfon, was promoted to the archiepifcopal fee of Canter- 
 bury, which this worthy and modeft divine was with difficulty prevailed 
 upon to accept. In queen Anne's reign he oppofed the bill to prevent oc- 
 cafional conformity ; was the firfl: Englilh commilTioner to treat of an union 
 between England and Scotland ; and upon the death of that princefs became 
 the firft of the lords juftices to govern the kingdom till the arrival of 
 king George I. whom he crowned in Weftminfter-abbey on the 20th of 
 Oftober, 17 14. This learned prelate, who was remarkable for his humanity, piety, 
 and moderation, died at Lambeth on the 14th of December, 17 15, in the 
 feventy-ninth year of his age. His grace, befides the above works, pub- 
 lifhed, I. The Creed of Mr. Hobbes examined in a feigned Conference 
 between him and a Student in Divinity: 2. A Difcourle of Idolatry: 3. Ba- 
 coniana, or certain genuine Remains of Sir Francis Bacon ; and other 
 works. 
 
 THEOBALD (Lewis) an Englilh author in the beginning of the prefent 
 century, was born at Sittingburn in Kent, of which place his father, Mr. 
 Peter Theobald, was an eminent attorney. He acquired his grammar learn- 
 ing under the Rev. Mr. Ellis at Ifleworth, in Middlefex, and afterwards 
 applied himfelf to the ftudy of the law ; but finding it unfuitable to his 
 genius, he engaged in a paper called the Cenfor, printed in Mill's Weekly 
 Journal, and by delivering his opinion with too little referve on the produdions 
 
 of
 
 T II O M S O N. 
 
 701 
 
 of the moH: eminent wits, expofed himfclf to their lafh and rcfcntmcnt ; among 
 thefe was Mr. Pope, who, in revenge, made him the hero of" his Dunciad, 
 though he afterwards difrobed him of that dignity, and placed Colley Gib- 
 ber in his room.. Mr. Dennis, who wrote with fuch bitternefs againfl Mr. 
 Pope, was alio his enemy, and thus fpeaks of him in his Remarks on Pope's 
 Homer: "There is a notorious ideot, one Hight Whachum, who, from an 
 under-fpur-leather to the law, is become an underftrapper to the playhoufe; 
 who has lately burlefqued the Metamorphofes of Ovid, by a vile tranllation ; 
 and this fellow is concerned in an impertinent paper called the Cenfor." 
 In 1720 Mr. Theobald introduced upon the ftage a tragedy called the Dou- 
 ble Falfhood, the greateft part of which he alFertcd was Shakefpeare's, in 
 which he was oppofed by Mr. Pope and others, while he, by way of reply, 
 endeavoured to vindicate his aflertion. Pie wrote feveral dramatic pieces; 
 but his principal work, is an edition of Shakefpeare's Plays, in which he has 
 correfted, with great pains and ingenuity, many faults which had crept into 
 that great poet's writings. 
 
 THOMSON (James) an admirable Britilh poet, was the fon of a minif- 
 ter in Scotland, and was born at Ednam in the fliire of Roxburgh, the nth 
 of September, 1700. He ftudied at the univerfity of Edinburgh, where 
 Mr. Hamilton, v/ho filled the divinity chair, prefcribed to him, for the fub- 
 jedl of an exercife, a pfalm, in which are celebrated the power and majefty 
 of God. Of this pfalm he gave a paraphrafe and iUuftration, as the nature 
 of the exercife required; but in a flyle fo highly poetical, that it furprifed 
 the whole audience. Mr. Hamilton complimented him upon it, but at the 
 fame time told him, with a fmile, that if he thought of being ufeful in the 
 miniftry, he muft keep a ftridter rein upon his imagination, and exprefs 
 himfelf in language more intelligible to an ordinary congregation. From 
 this Mr. Thomfon concluded, that the advantages he might receive from the 
 ftudy of theology were very precarious ; and iiaving foon after received fome 
 encouragement from a lady of quality, a friend of his mother, then in 
 London, he fet out on his journey thither. Though this encouragement 
 ended in nothing beneficial, his merit did not lie long concealed; Mr. 
 Forbes, afterwards lord-prefidenr of the fefilon, received him very kindly, and 
 recommended him to fome of his friends, particularly to Mr. Aikman, whofc 
 premature death he has affeftionately commemorated in a copy of verfts 
 written on that occafion. The kind reception he met widi here emboldened 
 him, in 1726, to rifk the publication of his admired poem called Winter, 
 and from that time his acquaintance was courted by all men of tafte. Dr. 
 Rundle, afterwards bifliop of Derry, received him into liis intimate confi- 
 dence, and introduced him to his great friend the lord-chancellor Talbot. 
 In return Mr. Thomfon's chief care was to finifh the plan which their wiflies 
 had laid out for him : and the expeftations whicli his Winter had raifed, 
 were fully fatisfied by the fuccefllve publication of the three other feafons. 
 Befides thefe, he publifhed in 1727, his Poem to the Memory of Sir Ifaac 
 Newton, then lately deceafed, and alfo his Britannia, a poem. 
 
 His poetical purfuits were now interrupted by his attendance on the ho- 
 nourable Mr. Charles Talbot, fon of the lord-chancellor, in his travels ; 
 with him he vifited moft of the courts of Europe, and what judicious 
 
 oblcr.
 
 702 
 
 THOMSON. 
 
 obfervations he made on this occafion appears from his excellent poem on 
 Liberty, which he began foon after his return to England. 'But while he 
 was writing the firft part of this poem, he received a fevere fhock by the 
 death of his noble friend and fellow-traveller, which was foon followed by 
 another feverer ftill, the death of lord Talbot himfelf, whom Mr. Thomfon 
 laments in the moft pathetic manner, in the poem dedicated to his memory. 
 His lordfhip had a little before made him fecretary of the briefs ; but this 
 place falling with his patron, he found himfelf reduced to a ftate of pre- 
 carious dependance, in which he palTed the greateft part of the remainder of 
 
 his life. 
 
 It will not here be improper to mention an incident, which, though omit- 
 ted in his life prefixed to his Works, is worthy of notice. Mr. Thomfon 
 having the misfortune to be arrefted by one of his creditors, the report of 
 his dillrefs reached the ears of Mr. Quin, who being told that he was in. 
 the hands of a bailiff, at a fpunging-houfe in Holborn, went thither, 
 and being admitted into the room, was, after fome civilities on 
 both fides, invited by Mr. Thomfon to fit down. Quin then told him, that 
 he was come to fup with him, and had already ordered fupper to be pro- 
 vided, which he hoped he would excufe. Mr. Thomfon made a fuitable 
 reply, and the difcourfe turned on fubjedts of literature. When fupper was 
 over, and the glafs had gone brifkly round, Quin obferved that it was time 
 to enter upon bufmefs. On which Thomfon, thinking he was come about 
 fome affairs relating to the drama, declared that he was ready to fcrve him 
 to the utmoft of his capacity, in any thing he fliould command. " Sir (faid 
 Quin) you miftake my meaning; I am in your debt; I owe you a hundred 
 pounds, and am come to pay you." Thomfon, with a difconfolate air, replied, 
 that as he was a gentleman whom, to his knowledge, he had never offended, 
 he wondered he Ihould come to infult him under his misfortunes. Quin, in 
 return, expreffed his dcteftation of fuch ungenerous beliaviour, adding, " I 
 fav I owe vou a hundred pounds ; and there it is," laying a bank-note of 
 that value before him. Thomfon, filled with ailonifhment, begged he would 
 explain himfelf. "Why (returned Quin) I'll tell you. Soon after I had 
 read your Seafons, I took it in my head, that, as I had fomething to leave 
 behiad me when I died, I would make my will ; and among the reft of 
 my legatees, I fet down the author of the Seafons a hundred pounds; but 
 this day hearing that you was in this houfe, I thought I might as well have 
 the pleafure of'paying the money myfelf, as order my executors to pay it, 
 ■when, perhaps, you might have Icfs need of it." Mr. Thomfon exprefled 
 his grateful acknowledgments. The fum being much more than the debt 
 for which he was confined, he was immediately difcharged, and a very ftrift 
 friend (hip fubfilled from that time between him and his generous bene- 
 faftor. 
 
 The profits Mr. Thomfon received from his works were not inconfiderable j 
 his tragedy of Agamemnon, afted in ^738, yielded a good fum. But his 
 chief dependance was now on the proteftion and bounty of Frederic, prince 
 of Wales, who, upon the recommendation -of lord Lyttelton, fettled on him 
 a handfome allowance; but the mifunderftanding which fubfifted between his 
 royal highnefs and the court, prevented his obtaining a licence for his tra- 
 gedy of Edward and Elcaaota. His next dramatrc performance was the ma(k 
 
 of
 
 T H O R N H I L L. 
 
 703' 
 
 of Alfred, written jointly with Mr. Mallet, for the entertainment of his royal 
 highnefs's court, at his fummer-refidcnce. In 1745, his Tancred and Sigi!- 
 munda was performed with applaufc ; and, in the mean time, lie had been 
 finifhing his Caftie. of Indolence, an allegorical poem, in two cantos-, which 
 was the laft piece Mr. Thomfon publifhcd. Soon afttr, the generous friend- 
 {hip of lord Lyttelton procured for him the place of furvi y()r-ocneral of 
 the Lee-.vard iflands, which he enjoyed during the two laft years of his 
 life. 
 
 Mr. Thomfon had improved his tafte upon the fmeft original?, ancient and 
 rnodern. The autumn was his favourite fc-afon for poetical compofition, and 
 the deep filence of the night he commonly chofe for his ftudies. The amufc- 
 ments of his leifure hours were civil and natural hillory, voynores, and the 
 beft relations of travellers. Though he performed on no inllrument, he was 
 pafTionatcly fond of mufic, and would fometimes liften a full hour at his 
 window to the nightingales in Richmond gardens; nor was his tadc lefs cx- 
 quifite in the arts of painting, fculpaire, and architecture. As for the more 
 diftinguifhing qualities of his mind and heart, they beft appear in his writings. 
 There his devotion to the Supreme Being, his love of mmkuid, of his country 
 and friends, fliine out in every page •, his tendemefs of heart was fo unbounded, 
 that it took in even the brute creation. It is not known, that, through his 
 whole life, he ever gave any perfon a moment's pain, cither by his writings- 
 or otherwife. He took no part in the political fquibbles of his time, and 
 was therefore refpedted and left undifturbed by both fidcs. Thefe amiable- 
 virtues did not fail of their due reward ; the applaufi- of the public attended 
 all his productions : his friends loved him with an enthufiaftic ardour, and fin- 
 cerely lamented his untimely death, which happened on the 27th of AuRuft, 
 1748, in the forty-eighth year of his age. 
 
 His executors were the lord Lyttelton and Mr. Mitchel, by whofe intcreft 
 the tragedy of Coriolanus, which he had juft finifhcd, was brought upon the 
 ftage to the beft advantage. His works, particularly the Seafons, have had 
 feveral impreffions. Jn 1762 were publiflied two editions of his works, one 
 in two volumes quarto, the other in four volumes duodecimo. With the pro- 
 fits arifing from the former, which was printed by fubfcription, a monument 
 was erecfled to his me<nory in Weftminfter-abbey ; on which he is reprcfented' 
 in full length, in a fitting pofture, with his right hand upon an open book, 
 and his left arm refting on an urn, embelliflied with four figures in bafs-rclief. 
 On the other fide ftands a fmall winged figure, holding over the urn, in his- 
 right hand, a chaplct of bays. Under it are thcfe lines : 
 
 Tutor'd by thee, fweet Poetry exalts 
 Her voice thro' ages, and informs the paga 
 With mufic, image, fentiment, and thought 
 Never to die. 
 
 Obiit JEtaus 48, A. ^D. '1^48. 
 
 .•i in-i.:itfr. -jtr. Sil .wi.i 
 
 . THORNHILL (Sir James) an eminent' Eno I ifti painter, war the fon of a 
 gentleman of Dorfetfliire, and was born in the year 1676. He came to Lon- 
 don, where his uncle,Dr. Sydenham, the famous phyfician, put him apprentice to 
 a middling painter. Such a maftcr being, however, but of little lervice to him,,. 
 
 8 Q^ ■ he
 
 704 T H IJ R L O E. 
 
 he was obliged to truft to his own judgment and application ; and having naturally 
 genius and tafte, he, by the ftrength (i thelV, made a lurprlfii-^ progrefs in the art 
 of painting. He travelled through Holland and Flsndcrs, and then went into 
 France, where he bought fome good pidtures. By his merit he foon acquired 
 a very high reputation. He was appointed by queea Anne to paint, in the 
 dome of St. Paul's cathedral, the hiftory of that fainr, which he executed in 
 a grand and beautiful manner. He was alfo made her majefty's firft hiftory- 
 painter; and afterwards painted an apartment at Hampton-court palace, in which 
 the queen and prince George of Denmark, her hufband, are reprelented alle- 
 gorically; and alfo another piece painted entirely on the wall, where the 
 fame fubieft is treated in a different manner. Thefe performances, having ef- 
 tabliflied his reputation, procured him Diuch employment among perlons of 
 quality and fortune. His mafter-piece is the refcLtory and faloon in Green- 
 wich hofpical. In the veftlbule, which is the pafTage leading to this refedory. 
 Sir James has reprcfented, in the cupola, the winds in two colours, and boys 
 on the walls, who fullain pannels to receive the names of the benefadtors. From 
 thence you afcend into the rcfeftory, which is a fine lofty gallery ; where, 
 in the middle of the cieling, king William and queen Mary are reprelented 
 fitting, attended by the Virtues and by Love, who fuppott the fceptre. The 
 king appears giving peace to Europe. The twelve figns of the zodiac fur- 
 round the oreat oval in which he is painted; the four Seafons are feen above ; 
 and Apollo, drawn by four horfes, making the tour of the zodiac. The ciel- 
 ino- is all by his own hand } but he employed a Polander to aflilt: him in paint- 
 ing the walls, which are adorned with thofe virtues that are fuitable to the 
 intention of the fabric. In the faloon above, the cieling reprefents queen Anne 
 and prince George of Denmark, furrounded with heroic Virtues; Neptune 
 and his train bringing marine prefents j and the four quarters of the world 
 prefcnting thcmfelves. On the wall facing the entry is painted king George I. 
 fitting, with all his family around him. On the left hand is the landing of 
 king William ; on the right, that of king George I. at Greenwich. The paint- 
 ings of this faloon would have been more elleemed, had they been all executed 
 by Sir James's own hand, as they are entirely from his defigns. 
 
 As our painter's father had, by his ill condud, been reduced to fell his 
 eftate, Sir James, having acquired Ja confiderable fortune, purchafed it, and re- 
 built the manfion-houfe in a beautiful manner; and there he ufed to retire 
 during the fummer feafon. He was knighted by king George II. was fe- 
 veral years in parliament, and was alfo a fellow of the royal fociety. He de- 
 figned with the greateft facility, and his genius was not only well turned for 
 hiftory and allegory, but for portraits, landl'capes, and architefture; he even prac- 
 tifed this laft fcience, and built fcveral houfes. He died at the place of his birth, 
 in 1732, aged fifty-fix. 
 
 THURLOE (John) efq. fecretary of flate to the two proteftors, Oliver 
 and Richard Cromwell, was born at Abbots Roding, in Eflex, in i6i6. Being 
 bred to the law, he foon became eminent in that profelTion, and was appointed 
 one of the fecrctaries to the parliamentary commiflloners at the treaty of Ux- 
 bridge, in the beginning of the year 1645. In 1647 he was admitted of Lin- 
 Coln's-Inn, and, in March, 1648, made receiver or clerk of the curfitor's fines. 
 He had not the leaft concern in the death of Charles I. however, after the ef- 
 
 tablifhmenc
 
 T I C K E L L: 
 
 1^5 
 
 tablifhment of the new commonwealth, he engaged in public bufinefs, and 
 in 165 1 was made fecretary to the lord chief jufticc Saint- John and Walter 
 Strickland, efq. ambaflTadors to the ftates of the United Provinces. The next 
 year he was condituted fecretary to the council of ftarc; and upon Oliver 
 Cromwell's affuming &■ protedtorfhip, became fccretary of ftate. In February 
 *^53-.4> he was chofe >. one of the mafters of the upper bench of the icciety 
 of Lincoln's-Inn, and on the 21ft of Auguft, 1655, had the care and charge 
 of the poftage, both ' jreign and inland, committed to him by the p oteftor. 
 The following year 'le was ckdcd member of parliament for the iQe of tly: 
 foon after, he was fworn one of the privy-council to the protedor-, and, upon 
 the death of Oliver, was continued in the poft of fecretary by his fiiccelTor 
 Richard Cromwell, notwithftanding his being very obnoxious to the principal 
 perfons of the army, to whofe intercfts, v/henever they interfered with thole of 
 the civil government, he was a declared enemy. He was afterwards chofen 
 burgefs for the univerfity of Cambridge. He concurred in the reftoration ; 
 and though he was, a few days before that great event, committed by the 
 houfe of commons to the cuflody of their ferjeant at arms, and was examined 
 by the parliament, no criminal charge could be proved againft him. He was 
 often folicited by king Charles II. to engage again in the adminiftration of public af- 
 fairs, which he always declined. He died fuddenly at his chambers in Lin- 
 coln's-Inn, the 2ift of February, 1667-8, at fifty one years of age. 
 
 He was of a very amiable charafter in private life, and in the height of 
 his power exercifed all pofTible moderation towards perlbns of every party,- His 
 manner of writing is remarkably ftrong, perfpicuous, and concife. His State- 
 Papers, in feven volumes folio, place the hirtory of Europe in general, as 
 well as that of Great Britain and its dominions, during that remarkable peri- 
 od, in the cleared light-, and at the fame time fhew his afton. filing induftry 
 and application in the management of fuch a vaft variety of important affairs 
 as pafTed through his hands, with a fecrecy and fuccefs not to be pa- 
 ralleled. 
 
 TICKELL (Thomas) an elegant Englifli poet, was the fon of a clergyman 
 who enjoyed a confidcrable preferment in the North of England ; but we have 
 no account where or when he was born. He was educated at Queen's col- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he was made fellow ; and while he continued at that 
 univerfity, he addrefled to Mr. Addifon a complimentary copy of verfes on 
 his Opera of Rofamond, which introduced him to an acquaintance with that 
 gentleman, who, dil'covering his merit, became his fincere friend. On Mr. 
 Addifon's being made fecretary of flate, he appointed Mr. Tickell his under- 
 fecretary -, and whtn he was obliged to refign that office on account of his ill 
 Iwalth, he recommended our author fo effeftually to Mr. Craggs, his fucceifor, 
 that he was continued in his poft till that gentleman's death. In 1724 Mr. 
 Tickell was appointed fecretary to the lords juftices of Ircl.md, and enjoyed 
 that poft as long as he lived. He wrote fome poems, which, when fepa- 
 rately publiflied, met with a favourable reception, and paflcd through feveral 
 editions: they are now printed in the fecond volume of the Works of the 
 Minor Poets. After Mr. Addifon's death, Mr, Tickell had the care of the 
 edition of his works, in four vols, quarto, to which he prefixed an account of Mr. 
 Addifon's life, and an excellent poem on his death. He died in the year 1740. 
 
 TILLOTSON
 
 7o6 T 'I L L O T S O N. 
 
 TILLOTSON (John) archbifliop of Canterbury, was defcended of an ancient 
 family, and was the Ion of Mr. Robert Tillotfon, a confiderabie clothier of Sower- 
 by, in rhe parifh of Hallifax in Yorkfhire; where he was born about the end of 
 September, .or beginning of Oftober, 1630. After he had, with a quick pro- 
 ficiency, pafTcd through the grammar-fchools, and attained a (kill in the learned 
 languages fuperior to his years, he was fent to Cambridge in 1647, at the age of 
 feventeen, and admitted a penfioner of Clare-hall. He commenced bachelor of 
 arts in 1650, and mailer in 1654-, having been chofen fellow of his college in 
 1 65 1. His firlc education and impreffions were among thofe who were then 
 called Puritans; yet, even before his mind was opened to clearer thoughts, he 
 felt fomewhat within him that difpofed him to larger notions and a better temper. 
 The books then put into the hands of youth being generally heavy, he could 
 fcarce bear them : but he foon met with the immortal work of Mr. Chillingworth, 
 which gave his mind.*-new turn. He was foon freed from his firft prejudices, or, 
 rather, he was never maftered by them ; yet he ftill adhered to that Itrictnefs of 
 life to which he was bred, and retained a juft value and due tendcrnefs for the 
 men of that perfuaiion ; and by the ftrength of his reafon, tog<;ther with the clear- 
 refs of his principles, brought over more ferioiis perfons from their fcruples to 
 the communion of the church of England, and fixed' more in it, than any man, 
 perhaps, of that time. He left his college in 1636, being invited by Edmund Pri- 
 deaux, efq. of Ford-abbey in Devonfhire, to inftrud his fon. 'I his gentleman 
 had been commiflloner of the grcat-feal under the long parliamentj and was then 
 attorney-general to Oliver Cromwell, the protestor : but how long Mr. Tillotfon 
 lived with Mr. Prideaux, does not appear. 
 
 The time of Mr. Tillotfon's entering itito holy orders, and by whom he was or- 
 dained, are fads we have not been able to determine ; but his firft fern-.on that 
 appeared in print, was preached at the morning exercife at Crinplegate. At the 
 time of his preaching this I'ermon he was ftill among the Prefbyterians, whofe com- 
 jniflioners he attended, though as an auditor only, at the conference held at the 
 Savoy for the review of the liturgy, in 1661 ; but he immediately fubmitted to the 
 a6l of uniformity, which commenced on St. Bartholomew's day, in the yearcnfuing. 
 The firft office in the church in which we find him employed after the reftoration, 
 ■was that of curate at Chefiiunt, in Hcrtfordftiire, in the years 1661 and 1662. 
 Here he is faid, by his mild behaviour and perfuafive eloquence, to have pre- 
 vailed with an Olivcrian foldier, who preached among the anabaptifts in that town 
 in a red coat, and was much followed, to defift from that, and betake himfelf to 
 fome other employment. The fhort diftance of Chefliunt from London allowing him 
 frequent opportunities of vifiting his friends in that metropolis, he was often invited 
 into the pulpits there. And in December 1662 he was clc6ted miniftcr of the pa- 
 rilh of St. Mary, Aldermanbury. But Mr. Tillotfon declined the acceptance of 
 this living : however, he did not continue long without the offer of another bene- 
 fice, which he accepted, being prelented in June 1663 to the re(ftory of Ket- 
 ton or Keddington, in the county of Suffolk. Shortly after, he was called to 
 London by the Icciety of Lincoln's-Inn, to be their preacher, which invitation was fo 
 agreeable to him, that he determined to fettle entirely among them ; and though 
 in the intervals of the terms he could have allotted a confiderabie part of 
 the year to his parifti in Suffolk, yet fo ftricft was he to the paftoral care in 
 point of rcfidcncc, tliat he refigned that living, even when his income in Eon- 
 don could fcarce fupport him. The reputation which his preaching gained 
 
 him
 
 T I L L O T S O N, . 707 
 
 him in fo confpicuous a ftation as that of Lincoln's-Inn, recommended him 
 to the truftees of the Tuefday lefture at St, Lawrence Jewry, who in 1664 
 chofe him their Icifturer. He now fet himfelf to oppofe the two growing evils 
 of Charles the Second's reign, atheifm and popery. He had, in 1663, preached 
 a fermon before the lord-mayor and court of aldermen at Sr. Paul's, on the 
 wifdom of being religious, which was publifhed in 1664, much enlarged, and 
 is one of the mod elegant, perfpicuous, and convincing defences of religion 
 in our own or any other language. The fame year, 1664, one Sarjeanr, alias 
 Smith, who had quitted the church of England for that of Rome, publifhed 
 a book called Sure Footing in Chriftianity, or Rational Difcourfes on the Rule 
 of Faith. This being cried up as an admirable production by the abettors 
 of popery, Tillotfon anfwered it, in a piece entitled the Rule of Fairh, printed 
 in 1666, and' infcribed to Dr. Stillingfleer ; with whom he was intimately ac- 
 quainted. Sarjeant replied to this, and alfo in another piece attacked a pafTage 
 in Tillotlon's fermon on the wifdom of being religious ; which fermon, as well 
 as his Rule of Faith, Tillotfon defended in the preface to the fiiil volume of 
 his fermons, printed in 167 1, 8vo. 
 
 In 1666 Mr. Tillotfon took the degree of doctor of divinity-, in 1670 was 
 made a prebendary of Canterbury; and in 1672 was advanced to the deanery 
 of that church : he likewife obtained a prebend in the cathedral church of Sr. 
 Paul, London. He had now been for fome years chaplain to the king, though 
 his majefty is fuppofed, by Burnet and others, to have had no kindnefs for 
 him •, his zeal againit popery being fuch, as to preclude all poffibility of his 
 being a favourite at court. In 1683 he vifited the unhappy lord Ruflel when 
 under condemnation, and attended him in his laft moments on the fcafFold. 
 At the Revolution, he was admitted into a high degree of favour and con- 
 fidence with- king William and queen Mary, and was appointed clerk of the 
 clofet to his majfrfly. The refufal of archbifhop S'uicroft to fubmit to the 
 new government, made it ncceffary to look out for a fucccflor to that prelate. 
 The king foon fixed upon Dr. Tillotfon for that purpofe, whofe defires and 
 ambition had extended no further than to the exchange of his deanery of 
 Canterbury for that of St. Paul's, which was readily gi anted him, and he was 
 inftallcd dean of -that church on the 21 ft of N'ovember, 1689: but at the very 
 time that he killed the king's hand for this promotion, his majefly commu- 
 nicated to him his intention of raifing him to the arclibilhopric of Canter- 
 bury, This faft will be beft reprcfcnted in the dean's own words, in a let- 
 ter to lady Ruficl ■, part of which we fliall infert here. And it is obfervable, 
 that this letter is an unanfwerablc confutation of a leport, propagated to the 
 difadvantage of bifhop Burnet, that he had a view himlilf to the archbifboprir, 
 and that his difappointment in that refpeft was tlic ground of :in incurable re- 
 fentment againll: a prince, to whom he had been fo much obliged. " IJut now 
 (fays the dean) begins my trouble. After I had killed the king's Ivand for 
 the deanery of St. Paul's, I gave his mnjefty my mofl humble thanks, and told him, 
 that now he had let me at eafe for the remainder of my life. He replied, 
 " No fuch matter, I afiureyou;" and fpoke plainly about a great place, which 
 I dread to think of, and laid, it was necelTary for bis fervice, and lie mull 
 charge it upon my coni'cience. Juft as he had laid this, he was called to fup- 
 ger, and I had only time to lay, thit, when his majcliy was at Icifurc, I did 
 
 8 R believe
 
 7o8 T I L L O T S O N. 
 
 believe I could fatisfy him, that it would be mod for his fcrvice that I Ihould 
 continue in the ftation in which he had now pLiced me. This hath brouj^^ht 
 me into a real difficulty. For, on the one hand, it is hard to decline his ma- 
 jefty's commands, and much harder yet to ftand out againft fo much goodnefs 
 as his majefty is pleafcd to ufe towards me. On the other, I can neither bring 
 my indinaiion nor my judgment to it. This I owe to the bilhop of Salifbury, 
 one of the beft and worft friends I know : beft for his fingular good 
 opinion of me ; and the worft for direfting the king to this method, which I 
 know he did ; as if his lordfhip and I had concerted the matter, how to finifh 
 this foolifh piece of diflimulation, in running away from a bifliopric to catch 
 an archbifhopric. This fine device hath thrown me fo far into the briars, that, 
 without his majefty 's great goodnefs, I ftiall never get off without a fcratclied 
 face. And now I will tell your ladyftiip the bottom of my heart. I hare, 
 of a long time, I thank God for it, devoted myfelf to the jniblic fcrvice, with- 
 out any regard for myfelf; and to that end have done the beft I could, in the 
 beft manner I was able. Of late God hath been plealed, by a very fevere way, 
 but in great goodnefs to rne, to wean me pcrfe£lly from the love of this world; 
 fo that worldly greatnefs is now not only undefirable, but diftafteful to me, and 
 I do verily believe that I ftiall be able to do as much or more good in my 
 prefent ftation than in a higher, and fhall not have one jot lefs intereft or in- 
 fluence upon any others to any good purpofe j for the people naturally love a 
 man that will take great pains and little preferment : but, on the other liand, 
 if I could force my inclination to take this great place, 1 forefee that I ftiall 
 fink under it, and grow melancholy, and good for nothing ; and, after a little 
 while, die as a fool dies." 
 
 A man of Dr. Tillotfon's difpofition, which was mild, moderate, and humane, 
 had certainly the greateft reafon to dread the archbiftiopric, Hnce whoever 
 fhould fucceed Bancroft was fure to be the butt of all the virulence and malice 
 of tlie nonjurors, who would of courfe deleft and abhor him. Accordingly, 
 he made all the ftruggle and oppofition to it which a fubjcd could make againft 
 his fovereign ; and when all would not prevail, he accepted it with the greateft 
 reluftance. He was confecrated archbifhop of Canterbury on the jift of May, 
 1691, in the church of St. Mary Le Bow ; and, four days after, was fworn of 
 the privy-council. No fooner was lie fettled in the archiepifcopal fee, than he 
 began to form feveral defigns for the good of the church and religion in ge- 
 neral ; and in thcfe he was encouraged by their majefties. In his leifure hours 
 he revifed his own fermons, and in 1693 publiflied four of them, concerning 
 the divinity and incarnation of our blelTed Saviour. His chief defign in this 
 was to remove the imputation of Socinianifm, which had long been li.Kcd upon 
 him by thofe who did not love his principles, but for which there feems to 
 have been no reafon at all, unlefs defending religion upon rational grounds, and 
 maintaining a friendftiip and correfpondence with Locke, Limborch, Le Clerc, 
 and others who did the fame, may be thought reafons. Of this he indireftlv 
 complains in one of his fermons ; " I know not how it comes to puis, but fo 
 it is (fays he,) that every one who offers to give a reafonable account of his 
 faith, and to eftablifti religion upon rational principles, is prefently branded for 
 a Socinian i of which we have a fad iaftance in thai incomparable perlbn Mr, 
 
 Chillingworth,
 
 T I L L O T S O N. 
 
 705 
 
 Chillingworth*, the glory of this age and nation, who, for no other caufe, that 
 I know of, but his worthy and fuccefsful attempts to make chriftian religion 
 reafonable, and to difcover thofe firm and folid foundations upon which our 
 faith is built, hath been requited with this black and odious charadter. But, 
 if this be Socinianifm, for a man to enquire into the grounds and reafons of 
 Chriftian religion, and to endeavour to give a fdt.sfaiTiory account why he be- 
 lieves it, I know no way but that all confiderate and inquifitive men, that are 
 above fancy and enthufiafm, muft be either Socinians or Atheifts." 
 
 The malice and party-rage, which he had felt the effedts of before he was 
 raifcd to the archbifhopric, broke out with full force, upon his advancement, in 
 all the forms of infult; one inftance of which, not commonly known, deferves 
 to be mentioned here. One day, while a gentleman was with him, who came 
 to pay his compliments, a packet was brought in, fealed and direfted to his 
 grace ; upon opening which there appeared a mafli inclofed, but nothing writ- 
 ten. The archbifhop, without any figns of emotion, threw it carelefly among 
 his papers on the table ; and, on the genLlemaii's expreffing great llirprize and 
 indignation at the affront, his grace only fmiled, and faid, that " this was a 
 gentle rebuke, compared with fome others, that lay there in black and white," 
 pointing to the papers on the table. Nor could the feiies of ill treatment, 
 which he received, ever provoke him to a temper of revenge, being far from 
 indulging himfelf in any of thofe liberties, in fpeaking of others, which were, 
 to fo immeafurable a degree, made ufe of againll himfelf. And upon a bundle 
 of libels that had been publilhed againft him, and which were found among 
 his papers after his death, he put no other infcriptlon than this, " Thefe are 
 libels: I pray God forgive them; I do." Tiie calumnies fprcad againft him 
 (though the falfeft that malice could invent) and the confidence with which they 
 were averred,- joined with the envy that accompanies a high ftation, had indeed 
 a greater operation than could have been imagined, confidering how long l\c 
 had lived on fo public a fcene, and how well he was known. It feemed a new 
 and unufual thing, that a man, who, in the courfe of above thirty years, had 
 done fo much good and fo many fervices to fo many perfons, without ever 
 once doing an ill office to any one, and who iiad a fweetncfs and gentlenefs 
 
 * Having omitted the life of this celebrated divine in its proper place, we think it not improper 
 toinl'crt anaccount of him here. William Chillingwor ih, was born at Oxford in 1602, and 
 educated at Trinity-college in that univcifity. By the arts and inlinualions of the famous jefiiic 
 John I'ifher, he was converted to the Romifli religion, and perfuadtd to retire to the Jclliits col- 
 lege at Donay : but, at the earned entreaties of Dr. Land, then bilhop of London, who w.is his 
 godfather, he relui ncd foon after to his native country ; and having examined with greater care 
 the points controverted between i)apilts and jiroteftaiits, embraced once more the reformed doc- 
 trines. Tliis engaged him in a liteiary war with fcvcral Roniancatbolii.s, over whom, in the opi- 
 nion of mod peoj)le, he always obtained the vL^ory ; and his trinaipli was rendered complete by 
 an excellent work which he publillied in 16 ;8, entitled, The Religion of l'i-ote!>anls a fafe W'.iy 
 to Salvation. But, iiotwithrtanding his return to the Knglilh chnnh, he had (lill fome douhis 
 with regard to tlie fiibfcription of the thirty-nine articles ; and this prevented him, for fome lime, 
 from receiving any ecclcfiaftical preferment: Init having at lad overcome liis ii:riiples, and con- 
 fented to fubfcribe, he v> as in Jnly, 163S, promoted to the chanccllorlhip of the cluirch of Salif- 
 bnrv, with the prel,end of Brixwonh in Norlhamptonniiie annexed. In the time of the civil 
 war, he adhered to I he royal caafc, and attended his majedy at the fiegc of Glouceder in 1643, 
 when he advifed and dirtifted the making certain engines for a(liiultii)g the town, in imitation of 
 the Roman ti-fiudinei cirn ptntch ; bm thefe machines, though fnfTicient proofs of his gcjilus, were 
 not attended with the fuccefs which was expccflcd fioni them. Soon after, he was taken prifoner, 
 among other royalifls. in Arundel callle ; and being conveyed to Chichcdcr, he died there in 
 January, 1643-4. 
 
 in
 
 710 
 
 TILLOTSON. 
 
 in his nature, that feemed rather to lean to an cxcefs, fhould yet meet with 
 lb much unkindnels and injuftice. But he bore all this with a perfeft fub- 
 miffion to the will of God ; nor had it any efFedl upon him fo as to change 
 either his temper or his maximsj though perhaps it might fink too much into 
 him with regard to his health. 
 
 On the 1 8th of November, 1694, he was fi-ized with a fudden illnefs, 
 which, turning to a dead pally, put an end to his life on the 22d of that 
 month, in the fixty-fifth year of his age. He? was attended, the two laft 
 nights of his iilneis, by his worthy friend Mr. Nelfon, in whofe arms he 
 expired. The forrow for his death was more univerfal than was perhaps ever 
 known for a fubjedl ; and his funeral was attended with a numerous train of 
 coaches, filled with perfons of rank and condition, who came voluntarily to 
 afTift at the folemnity. He was interred in the church of St. Lawre-nce 
 Jewry, where a neat monument was erected to his memoiy. His funeral 
 fermon was preached by bifhop Burnet ; and, being foon after publiflied, was 
 remarked on by Dr. Hickes, in a piece entitled, Some Difcourfes on Dr. 
 Burnet and Dr. Tillotfon, occafioned by the late Funeral Sermon of the 
 former upon the latter. The acrimony of this piece is fcarce to be matched 
 among the inveftives of any age or language: Dr. Burnet, however, publiflied 
 a ftrong and clear anfwer to thefe difcourfes, and fliewed them to be, what 
 they really are, a malicious and fcurrilous libel. But whatever attempts have 
 been, or may hereafter be made upon archbifliop Tillotfon, his charadler may 
 fafely be trufted to pofterity; for his life was nor only fiee from blemiflies, 
 but exemplary in all the parts of it, as appears from faifrs founded on in- 
 difputable authority, and from the teftimony of his own writings. In his 
 domeilic relations, friendfhips, and the whole commerce of bufinefs, he was 
 eafy and humble, frank and open, tender-hearted and bountiful to fuch a 
 degree, that, while he was in a private ftation, he always laid afide two tenths 
 of his income for charitable ufes. 
 
 Dr. Tillotfon publifhcd in his life-time as many fermons as, with his Rule 
 of Faith, amounted to one volume in folio ; and as many were publilhed 
 after his death, by his chaplain Dr. Barker, as made two more volumes. 
 They have been often printed, and much read, as they continue to be at 
 prefent, and muft ever continue to be, fo long as any regard is paid to found 
 divinity, built upon good fenfe. They have been tranflated into feveral lan- 
 guages ; and the reputation of them in foreign countries was partly owing 
 to Monfieur Le Clerc, who, in his Bibliotheque Choijee for the year 1705, gave 
 an account of the fecond edition, in 1699, folio, of thofe that came out 
 in the author's life-time. He declares there, " that the archbifliop's merit 
 was above any commendation which he could give ; that it was formed from 
 the union of an extraordinary clearnefs of head, a great penetration, an ex- 
 quifite talent of reafoning, a profound knowledge of true divinity, a folid 
 piety, a moll: fingular perfpicuity and unafi^efted elegance of ftyle, with every 
 other quality that could be defired in a man of his order; and that, whereas 
 compofitions of this kind are commonly mere rhetorical and popular declamations, 
 and much better to be heard from the pulpit than to be read in print, his 
 are, for the moft part, exaft differtations, and capable of bearing the teft 0* 
 a moft rigorous examination." 
 
 TINDAl,
 
 T I P T O F T. 
 
 711 
 
 TINDAL (Dr. Matthew) a noted freethinker, was the fon of a cler- 
 gyman of Beer-ferres in Devonfliire, and was born about the year 1657. He 
 ftudied at Lincoln-college in Oxford, whence he removed to Exeter-college, 
 and was afterwards elefted fellow of All-Souls. In 1685 he took the de- 
 gree of do6tor of laws, and in the reign of king James II. declared himfelf 
 a Roman-catholic, but foon returned to the proteftant faith. He was 
 greatly diftinguiflied in his time, by two very extraordinary books which 
 he publiflied; one written againft the church, in the fenfe that high-church- 
 men underftand that word ; the other againft revealed religion. The firfl 
 of thefe came out in 1706, with the following title; "The Rights of the 
 Chriftian Church aflerted, againft the Romilli and all other Priefts who claim 
 an independant Power over it; with a Preface concerning the Government 
 of the Church of England, as by law ellabliihed." The latter appeared in 
 1730, and was entitled " Chriflianity as old as the Creation, or the Gofpel 
 a Republication of the Religion of Nature." One might have expedted, from 
 the title of this work, that his purpofe was to prove the gofpel to be per- 
 feftly agreeable to the law of nature ; to prove, that it has ftt the princi- 
 ples of natural religion in the cleareft light, and was intended to publifh 
 and confirm it anew, after it had been very much obfcured and defaced through 
 the corruption of mankind. We fhould be further confirmed in this fuppo- 
 fition from his acknowledging, that *' Chriftianity itfelf, ftripped of the ad- 
 ditions, which policy, millake, and the circumltances of time, have made 
 to it, is a moil holy religion, and all its do6lrines plainly fpeak themfelves 
 to be the will of an infinitely wife and good God." Yet whoever examines 
 his book with accuracy, will find, that this is only plaufible appearance, in- 
 tended to cover his real defign ; which was to fet afide all revealed religion, 
 by fhewing, that there neither is, nor can be, any external revelation at all, 
 diftindt from what he calls "the external revelation of the law of nature in 
 the hearts of all mankind ;" and accordingly his rcfuters, the moft confider- 
 able of whom was Dr. John Conybeare, afterwards billiop of Briftol, have 
 very juftly treated him as a deilt. 
 
 Befides thefe two important works, Dr. Tindal wrote a number of fmaller 
 pieces, in defence of civil and religious liberty. He died at London in Au- 
 guft 1733, and it appears that the faculties of his mind wore well; for, 
 although he was about feventy-three years of age when he publifhed his 
 Chriftianity as old as the Creation, yet he left a fccond volume of that work 
 in manufcript, by way of general reply to all his antagonifts, the publication 
 of which was prevented by Dr. Giblbn, biftiop of London. Mr. Pope has 
 fatirized Dr. Tindal in his Dunciad. 
 
 TIPTOFT (John) earl of Worcefter, a nobleman of diftinguifhcd learn- 
 ing, was born at Everton in Cambridgeniire, and educated at Baliol-collcgc, 
 Oxford. He was the fon of John lord Tiptoft, and was created a vifcount 
 and carl of Worcefter by king Henry VI. and appointed lord-deputy of 
 Ireland. By king Edward IV. he was made knight of the (barter, and juf- 
 tice of North-Wales for life. He was a man of great learning for the age 
 in which he lived ; an age in which, as Mr. Horace Walpole obfervcs, " va- 
 lour and ignorance were the attributes of nobility, and metaphyfical ibphif- 
 tries, and jingling rhymes in barbarous Latin^ were the higheft endowments 
 
 8 S and
 
 7K2 
 
 T O L A Ijr D. 
 
 and prerogatives of the clergy." On his return from a pilgrimage which he 
 made to Jerufalem, he refided fome time at Venice and Padua, where he 
 purchafed a great number of books. He afterwards vifited Rome, through 
 a curiofity of feeing the Vatican library ; and was, we are told, fo mafterly 
 an orator, that, in an elegant Latin oration which he pronounced before pope 
 Pius II. he drew tears from the pontiffs eyes. But literature does not feem, 
 according to fome writers, to have humanized his temper, or foftened his 
 heart : for he is charged with great cruelt)', particularly with having, a few 
 weeks before king Edward left the kingdom, condemned about twenty gen- 
 tlemen of king Henry's party, who were taken on board a (hip at South- 
 ampton, to be firfl: hanged, then fixed to the gallows by their legs, and af- 
 terwards impaled in the highways. Befides the preferments already mentioned^ 
 it appears that he was by Edward IV. made treafurer of the exchequer, and 
 lord high conflable of England. On the reftoration of king Henry by the 
 earl of Warwick, he abfconded ; but being taken on the top of a high tree, 
 in Weybridge foreH in Huntingdonftiire, he was brought to London, accu- 
 fed of cruelty in his adminillration of Ireland, particularly towards two in- 
 fant fons of the earl of Defmond, and being condemned, was beheaded at the 
 Tower, in the year 1470. "It was an unwonted drain of tenderncfs, (fays 
 Mr. Walpole) in a man fo little fcrupulous of blood as Warwick, to put to 
 death fo crreat a peer, for fome inhumanity to the children of an Irifli lord; 
 nor is it eafy to conceive why he fought for fo remote a crime : he was 
 not often fo delicate. Tiptoft feems to have been punifhed by Wanvick for 
 leavino- Henry for Edward, when Warwick had thought fit to quit Edward 
 
 for H'^nry." 
 
 It has been faid of this nobleman, that when he was beheaded, " the axe 
 at one blow cut off more learning than was left in the heads of all the fur- 
 viving nobility." He is faid to have publifhed feveral tranflations and learned 
 traifls, and to have given manufcripts, to the value of five hundred marks, 
 to the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 TOLAND (John) famous for his learning and abilities, but infamous for 
 his atheiftical principles, was born the 30th of November, 1670, in the 
 mofl" northern peninfula of Ireland, on the ifthmus of which (lands London- 
 derry. He was of a good family, but his parents were papifts, as we learn 
 from himfelf; for he tells us, that he "was educated from his cradle in the 
 grofleft fuperftition and idolatn.^ ; but God was pleafcd to make his own rea- 
 fon, and fuch as made ufe of theirs, the happy inftruments of his converfion ; 
 for he was not fixceen years old when he became as zealous againft popery, 
 as he ever fince continued." He Iludied three years at the univerfity of 
 Glafo-ow in Scotland, was created maftcr of arts at Edinburgh, and after- 
 ward's completed his ftudies at Leyden, where he refided two years; after 
 which he came over to England, and went to Oxford, where, having the ad- 
 vantage of the public library, he collected materials upon various fubjecis, 
 and compofed fome pieces, among which was a differtation to prove the hif- 
 tory of the tragical death of Regulus a fable. In 1696 he publifiied a work 
 in London, entitled Chriftianity not Myfterious, which was attacked by fe- 
 veral writers, and even prefented by the grand jury of Middleiex ; but thofe 
 prcfentments have rarely any other effed, than to make a book fell tlie bet- 
 ter.
 
 TORRINGTON. 
 
 ■71-3 
 
 ter, by publifliing it thus to the world,, and tempting the curiofity of men, 
 who are naturally inclined to, pry into what is forbidden them. This work 
 made no lels noife in Ireland than it had made in England, and the da- 
 •mour was much increafed when Mr, Toland went thither himfelf in the be- 
 ginning of 1697, The Irifli parliament voted that his book fliould be burned by 
 the common hangman, and ordered the author to be taken into cuftody ; upon 
 which he made his eicape into England, where he publifhed an apology for 
 himfelf. In 1698 appeared his Life of John Milton ; fome pafiagc-s in 
 which being animadverted upon, he vindicated himfelf in a piece called 
 Amyntor. 
 
 Upon the pafTing of an aft of parliament, in June 1701, for fettling the 
 'crown (after the deceafe of king William and the princcfs Anne, and in dc- 
 -fault of their iflue) upon the princcfs Sophia, eleftrefs dow.;ger of Hanover, 
 and the protcftanc heirs of her body, Mr. Toland publiflied his Aijglia Li- 
 bera, or the Limitation and Succefiion of the Crown of England explained 
 and aflerted ; and when the earl of Macclesfield was fcnt to Hanover with 
 this aft, our author attended him thither. He prefentcd his Anglia Libera to 
 the princefs Sophia, and was the firft who had the honour of killing her high- 
 nefs's hand on account of the aft of fucceffion. On his departure, the elec- 
 trefs dowager prefented him with gold medals in return for the book, and alfo 
 gave him piftures of herfelf, the eleftor, the young prince, and the queen of 
 Pruflia. He then made an excurfion to the court of Berlin, after which he 
 returned to England. In 1707 he travelled into Germany, from whence he 
 repaired to Holland, where he continued till the year 17 10, and, while he 
 was there, was introduced to the acquaintance of prince Eugene of Savoy, who 
 gave him fome marks of his generofuy. On his return to England, he was 
 for fome time fupported by the liberality of the earl of Oxford, lord-treafurer, 
 and kept a country-houfe at Epfom in Surry-, but foon lofing his lordfliip's 
 favour, he wrote fevcral pamphlets againll the meafures of that minifter. In 
 1720 he publifhed a Latin traft, entitled Panlheijlicon, in which his impious 
 doftrines are plainly fet forth. During the four lall years of his life he re- 
 fided at Putney, but ufed to fpend moft part of the winter in London. His 
 charafter was far from being an amiable one, for he was extremely vain, and 
 ■wanted thofe focial virtues which are the chief ornaments as well as duties 
 of life. He died at Putney on the nth of March, 1722, in the fifty-fecond 
 year of his age. We are told that he behaved himfelf, throughout the whole 
 courfe of his illnefs, with a true philofophical patience, and encountered death 
 without the leaft perturbation of mind. He was undoubtedly a man of un- 
 common abilities, and, perhaps, the moft learned of all the infidel writers ^ 
 but his fyftem being atheifm, if to own no God but the univerfe be athcifm, 
 he was led to employ thele great parts and learning very much to the hurt 
 and prejudice of Ibciety. He publifhed many other pieces befides thofe we 
 have mentioned i and his pofthumous works were printed in 1726, in two vo- 
 lumes oftavo. 
 
 TORRIKGTON (Arthur Herbert, earl of) an eminent naval com- 
 mander, was the eklefl fon of Sir Edward Herbert, knight, and was born in 
 London during the time of the civil wars. Being polfefled of but a fmali 
 fortune,- he entered early into the fea fcrvicc-, and after the Reftoration was 
 
 pro-
 
 714 iToR A P P. 
 
 promoted by the duke of York to the command of one of his majefty's fhips 
 of war. In the firft Dutch war in the reign of king Charles II. he commanded 
 the Pembroke, in tlie Streights, and gained great honour. Soon after, being 
 off the ifle of Portland, the Pembroke ran foul of the Fairfax in the night, 
 and funk at once, but captain Herbert, and moll of his crew, were happily 
 faved. He had foon another (h\[^ given him, and behaved on all occafions 
 with great fpirit and refolution, receiving feveral wounds, and lofing the fight 
 of one of his eyes, in his country's fervice. In i63i he was made rear-ad- 
 miral of the blue, and appointed to condud a fquadron with a fupply of 
 troops and military ftores to Tangier, then in our hands and blocked up by 
 the Moors •, and had alfo orders to curb the infolence of the Algcrines. 
 He landed as many feamen as he could fpare, formed them into a battalion, 
 and by attacking the Moors on one fide, while the garrifon made a brifk 
 fally, drove them from their pods, and compelled them to retire farther within 
 land. He executed the other part of his charge, againft the Algcrines, with 
 equal bravery and fuccefs, by dellroying fame of their fliip<, and obliging 
 the dey to conclude a peace. Upon the accefiion of James II. to the throne, 
 he was made vice-admiral of England, and mailer of the robes : yet when 
 the king prefled him to vote for the repeal of the teft adl, he boldly an- 
 fwered that he could not do it, either in honour or confcicnce ; and though 
 he had places to the value of four thoufand pounds a year, he chofe to lofe 
 them all, rather than comply. He foon after retired to Holland, where he 
 was intrufled with the command of the fleet which efcorted the prince of 
 Orange and his forces to England. In 16S9 he engaged the French fleet, 
 confining of twenty-eight men of war and five fire-fhips, in Bantry-bay, though 
 he had but nineteen men of war and two tenders ; after a brill-: engagement, 
 the French flood farther into the bay ; but admiral Herbert's fliip, and fomc 
 of the others were fo difabled in their rigging, that they could not follow them, 
 but continued fomc time before the bay. Soon after his majeily created him 
 baron of Torbay, and earl of Torrington. This was foon followed by his 
 engagement with the French off Beachy-head, in June 1690, where, though 
 the number of the fliips was Hill more difproportioned, and his lols very in- 
 confiderable, his condii<fl: on this occafion was called in queftion, and being 
 committed to the Tower, he was brought to his trial in December following 
 before a court martial, but was honourably acquitted. Such however was the 
 clamour of the populace, that the king was obliged to deprive liim of his 
 commiffion. The admiral had now received too fenfible a proof of the ex- 
 treme uncertainty of popular favour, ever to think of recovering his command : 
 but he conftantly attended the houfe of peers, and was zealous in promoting 
 whatever could contribute to the iVrvicc of the navy. He died on the 13th 
 of April, 17165 when he was upwards of feventy years of age. 
 
 TRAPP (Dr. Joseph) an Englifh divine, of excellent parts and learning, 
 was the fecond fon of Mr. Jofcph Trapp, reftor of Cherington in G!ouccfl:erIhire, 
 at which place he was born in the year 1679. He had a private education 
 under his father, who inftruded him in the languages, and, when he was fit 
 for the univerfity, lent him to Wadham-college in Oxford, where he took the 
 degrees in arts, and was chofen fellow. He was greatly diflinguiflied by his 
 ikill in the belles lettres j and, in 1708, was chofen to the profeflbrfliip of poz-
 
 TRENCHARD. 
 
 71S 
 
 try, which was founded by Dr. Birkhead, formerly fellow of All-Souls-Col- 
 lege, with this condition, that the place of lefturer can only be held for ten 
 years. He was the firft profeflTor, and publilhcd his ledlures under the title 
 of FrcdeUiones PoeticcC. He was fliewn there, in very elegant Latin, how 
 perfeftly he underftood every fpecies of poetry, what noble rules he was 
 capable of laying down, and how critically and juftly he could give direc- 
 tions towards the forming a juft poem. He fhewed afterwards, by his tranf- 
 lation of Virgil in blank verfe, that a man may be able to direct, who can- 
 not execute ; that is, may have the critic's judgment, without the poet's fire. 
 Trapp has ftuck clofe to Virgil in every line, has expreflfed, indeed, tlie 
 defign, the charafters, contexture, and moral of his poem ; in fliort, has 
 given Virgil's account of the adtions. Dryden, on the contrary, has not only 
 conveyed the general ideas of his author, but has conveyed them with the 
 fame majefty and fire, has led you through eveiy battle with fear and trem- 
 bling, has foothed you in the tender Jcenes, and enchanted you with the 
 flowers of poetry. Virgil, contemplated through the medium of Trapp, ap- 
 pears an accurate writer, and the /Eneid a well-condudcd fable ; but, dif- 
 cerned in Dryden's tranflationj he glows as with fire from heaven, and the 
 vEneid is a continued feries of whatever is great, elegant, pathetic, and 
 fublime. 
 
 Dr. Trapp (for he afterwards became a doftor in divinity) was in tlie 
 early part of his life chaplain, as we are told, to the father of the famous 
 lord Bolingbroke. His preferments were the redlory of Harlington in Mid- 
 dlefex, of Chrift-church in Newgate-fiireet, and St. Leonard's in Foitcr-lane, 
 London, with the lefturefliips of St. Lawrence Jewry and St. Martin's in the 
 Fields : his high-church principles were probably the reafon of his not rifing 
 higher. He died in November 1747, and left behind him the ciiaradler of 
 a pathetic and inftruftive preacher, an excellent fcholar, a difcerning critic, 
 and a very exemplary liver. Four volumes of his fermons have been pub- 
 lifhed. Fie is the author, likewife, of a piece intitled. The Church of Eng- 
 land defended againft the falfc Reafoning of the Church of Rome. He 
 wrote a tragedy, called Abramule, or Love and Empire, afted in the year 
 1704, and dedicated to lady Harriet Godolphin. Several occafional poems 
 were written by him in Englifli ; and there is one Latin poem of his in the 
 Muffe Anglicans;. Laflly, he tranflated Milton's Paradile Loft into Latin 
 verfe, with little fucccfs, as will be eaiily imagined; and, as he publifhed it 
 at his own expence, he was a confiderable lofer. 
 
 TRENCHARD (John) an illuflrious patriot and political writer, was dcf- 
 cended of an ancient family, and born in the year 1669. He had a liberal 
 education, and was bred to the law, in which he was well fkilled ; but po- 
 litics, and the place of commiffioner of the forfeited eftates in Ireland, which 
 he enjoyed in the reign of king William, took him from the bar, whither 
 he had never any inclination to return. By the death of an uncle, and by 
 his marriage, he became poflc-ned of an eafy fortune, with the profpcdt of 
 a much greater. He began early to diftinguilh himfelf by his writings; for, 
 in 1697, he publiflied An Argument Ihewing that a Handing Army is incon- 
 fiftent with a free Government, and abfolutely deftrudlive to the Conftitution 
 of the Englifh Monarchy; and, in 1698, A flaort Hillory of Handing Ar- 
 
 8 T niies
 
 7i6 T U L L. 
 
 mies in England ; which two pamphlets produced feveral anfwers. In No- 
 vember 1720, Mr. Trenchard, in conjunflion with Mr. Thomas Gordon, be- 
 gan to publifli in the London, and afterwards in the Britifh Journal, a fe- 
 rics of letters under the name of Cato, upon various and important I'ubjeds 
 relating to the public. Thcfe were continued for almoft three years with 
 great reputation ; but there were fome among them, written by Mr. Trench- 
 ard under the name of Diogenes, upon feveral points of religion, which were 
 thought exceptionable and animadvened upon. Mr. Gordon afterwards col- 
 lefted the papers written by Mr. Trenchard and himfelf, and publifhed them 
 in four volumes i2mo, under the title of Cato's Letters, or Efiays on Liberty 
 civil and religious, and other important Subjedls. It was imagined at that 
 time, that lord Molefworth had a confiderable hand in tliefe letters j but Mr. 
 Gordon alTures us, in the dedication of them to John Milner, efq, that this 
 noble perfon never wrote a line in them, nor contributed a thought towards 
 them. 
 
 Mr. Trenchard was member of parliament for Taunton in Somerfetfliire, 
 and died in December 1723, of an ulcer in his kidneys, in the fifty-fifth 
 year of his age. He left no writings behind him, but two or three loofe 
 papers, once intended for Cato's Letters. Mr. Anthony Collins, in the ma- 
 nufcript catalogue of his library, af'cribes to him the following pieces, viz. 
 I. The Natural Hiftory of Superllition, 1709: 2. Confiderations on thepublic 
 Debts, 1719 : 3. Comparifon of the Propofals of the Bank and of the South- 
 Sea Company, 1719: 4. Letter of Thanks, &c. 1719: 5. Thoughts on the 
 Peerage Bills 1719: 6. Refleftions on the Old Whig, 1719. Mr. Gordon, 
 who has drawn his charadler at large in the preface to Cato's Letters, tells 
 us, that he " has let him no higher than his own great abilities and many 
 virtues fet him ; that his failings were fmall, his talents extraordinary, his 
 probity equal j and that he was one of the worthieft, one of the ablefl, one 
 of the moft ufeful men, that ever any country was blelTed withal." 
 
 TULL (Jethro) author of a trcatife on horfe-hoeing husbandry, and [the 
 tirfl Engliflinian who has attempted, with any tolerable degree of I'uccefs, to 
 reduce agriculture to certain and uniform principles, was a gentleman of aa 
 ancient family in Oxfordfhire, had a competent paternal eftate, and a gen- 
 teel education, which he improved by applying to the lludy of the law. 
 After being admitted a barrifler in the Temple, he made what is called the 
 grand tour, and in every countiy through which he pafTed, was a diligent 
 obferver of the foil, culture, and vegetable produftions natural to each, and 
 < of the different methods of ploughing, fowing, planting and reaping. On his 
 return home, he fettled upon his eftate in Oxfordfhire, married a lady of a 
 good family, occupied a farm of his own, and applied himfelf to the ma- 
 nagement of it in the way that he thought moft rational. In obferving the 
 vineyard culture in the moft fertile parts of France, he difcovered, or thought 
 he difcovered one general method of cultivating all land to advantage in all 
 countries ; he obferved, that where the vines flourifhed the beft, the vine- 
 yards were the moft regularly planted, and the foil moft carefully drcft. From 
 thefe and other obfervations he concluded that a regular method of planting or 
 fowing every kind of vegetable was the way to propagate it to moft advantage, 
 
 and
 
 X U L L.. 'J ^'j 
 
 and he began with experiments upon corn and grafs to confirm or difprove his 
 new hyporhefis. 
 
 Novelty always excites curiofity ; many gentlemen came from different parts on 
 the fame of this new method of farmings, fome of whom were periuaded by the 
 weight of Mr. TuU's arguments to go hand in hand with him ii the coiirfe of . 
 his experiments, while others took every occafion of ridiculing the pradice. In 
 general, the whole body of farmers and huA^andmen pronounced the man a con- 
 juror, who, by fowing a third part of his land, could make it produce a quantity 
 equal to that of lowing the whole. While the projei^t engrofled the converfation 
 of the neighbourhood for many miles round, Mr. Tull employed himfelf alTidu- 
 Gufly in training fervants, and in accommodating the inftruments proper for his 
 new hulbandry to their limited capacities : and this work he found much harder to 
 accomplifli than he at firft expedted, it being Ids eafy to drive the ploughman out 
 of his way than to teach the beads of the field to perform the work. The late 
 lord Ducie Moreton, who accompanied Mr. lull in this laborious bufinefs, has 
 very frequently, to corred: the aukwardnefs of the ploughmen, or overcome their 
 obftinacy, condefcended to put his hand to the plough himfelf: yet, notwith- 
 Itanding the exertions of his lordfhip, and the vigilance, adivity, and incre- 
 nuity of Mr. Tull, who was an excellent mechanic, they were both forced at 
 lalt, after having expended large fums of monev, to relinquifli the pro- 
 
 Some time after thif, Mr. Tull, by intenfe application, vexatious toil, and 
 too frequently expofing himfelf to the viciditudes of heat and cold in the 
 open fields, contraded a diforder in his bread, which not being found curable 
 in England, obliged him a fecond time to travel, and leek a cure in the milder 
 climates of France and Italy. Here he again attended more minutely to the 
 culture of thofe countries-, and, having little elfe to do, employed himfelf, du- 
 ring three years refidence abroad, to reduce his obfcrvations to writing. From 
 the climate of Montpelier, and the waters of that f-dutary fpring, he found 
 in a few months that relief which all the power of phyfic could not afford 
 him at home; and he returned to England perfedly repaired in his conftitution, 
 but greatly embarraffed in his fortune. 
 
 Tart of his paternal cftate in Oxfordfliire he had fold, and, before his de- 
 parture, had fettled his family in a farm of his own on the borders of Berk- 
 {hire, where he returned with a firm rclolution to perfecSt his former under- 
 taking, having, as he thought, deviled means during his abfence to obviate 
 all dilficulties, and force his new hufbandry into piadice by tlie fuccefs of 
 it, in fpite of all the oppofition that fliould be railed by the lower clafs of huf- 
 bandmen againfl: it. 
 
 He revifed and redified all his old inftruments, and contrived new ones proper 
 for the different foils of his new farm ; and he now proceeded with tolerable fuc- 
 cefs, though not rapidly, nor much lefs expenfively, in the profecution of his new 
 fyftem. He demonllrated to the world the good effeds of his horfe-hoeing cul- 
 ture ; and. by raifing crops of wheat without dunging for thirteen years together 
 in the fame field, equal in quantity, and fuperior in quality to thofe of his neigh- 
 bours in the ordinary courfe, he evinced the truth of his own dndrine, that labour 
 and arrangement would lupply the place of dung and tallow, and would produce 
 more corn at an equal or Icls expence. But though Mr. Tull was fuccefslul in 
 (hewing that this might be done, he was not fo happy in doing it himfelf. His 
 
 expenccs
 
 7j8 T Y N D a L E. 
 
 expences were enhanced various ways-, but chiefly by the ftupidity of workmen in 
 conftriiding his inltruments, and tlie aukwardnefs or malice of his krvants, who, 
 bccaufe they did nor, or would not comprehend the ufe of them, feldom failed to 
 break fome cflTcntial part or other, in order to render them ufelcfs. The advan- 
 tages attending the new hufoandry were now vifible to all the -Aorld ; and it was 
 now that Mr. TuU was prevailed upon, by the folicitations of the neighbouring 
 gentlemen, who were witnefies of its utility, to publifh his theory, illuftrated by a 
 genuine account of the refiilt of it in pradtice. 
 
 Not led by vanity, nor encouraged by the hope of gain to commence author, 
 he at firft thought only of methodizing his ideas, andclalTjng his obfervations into 
 fome order for the ufe of his friends ; but when he was once engaged, the fubjeft 
 ripened in his hands, and, like the vegetables under his culture, grew more full and 
 perfcft by a nice and orderly arrangement. A genius, and a man zealous for his 
 own reputation and the public fervice, cannot handle a favourite fubjeft fuperficially. 
 Heentered into the vegetable properties of plants, their production and nutri ion, 
 with the precifion of a philofopherj and laid down the methods by which they 
 were to be propagated, with the knowledge of an old experienced hufbandman. 
 The inftruments which, after various trials, he had found to anfwcr the belt, he 
 caufcd to be carefully conftruded, and had them drawn and accurately defcribed 
 by good artilfs, under his own infpe(5i:ion •, they were not filched, like later in- 
 llruments, from one invention under pretence of fupplying the defefts of another, 
 with a view to acquire the reputation of a mechanic, but were all the genuine 
 produftion of his own i.Tvention, tried and altered again and again till they actually 
 performed with accuracy and facility the work they were intended to complete. 
 Such are the inltruments which Mr. Tull has exhibited, and which have been 
 altered and difiointtd, rendered imperfedt and utterly ufelefs by pretended im- 
 provers, both at humc and abroad, who perhaps never faw the originals, and 
 who had not genius to comprehend the drawings, much lefs to improve and 
 lender them more ufeful. 
 
 TYNDALE (William) a zealous reformer and martyr, memorable for 
 having made the firlt Englifh verfion of the New Teftament, was born on the bor- 
 ders of Wales, before the year 1500. He fludied at Magdalen-hall, Oxford, 
 where he diltinguiltied himfelf by his embracing and zealoufly propagating 
 the doflrines of Luther. Afterwards he removed to Cambridge, and from 
 thence went to live with a gentleman in Gloucelterfliirc, as tutor to his chil- 
 dren ; but difcovcring more zeal againft popery than was confiitent with his 
 fafety, he was obi ged, for the ferurity of h:s perfon, to leave the place. His 
 2eal for the reformation made him dclirous of tranfl.uing the New Testament 
 into Englifli : and as this could not be fafely done in England, he went into 
 Germany, and finifhed that work in the year 1527. He then began to tranf- 
 late the Oid Teftament, and completed the five books of Mofes, prefixing dif- 
 courfcs to each, as he had done to the books of the New Teftament. On his 
 firft going inro Germany, he went into Saxony, where he had many confer- 
 ences with Luther, and then returning to the Netherlands, chiefly refided at 
 Antwerp, from whence he fent his tranflations of the Scriptures to England, 
 where they made much noife, and the clergy being highly exafperatcd, not 
 only procured a royal proclamation prohibiting the publifliing and readino- 
 them, but feat over one Philips to Antwerp, who treacheroufly infinuated 
 
 himfelf
 
 VANBRUGH. 
 
 V$ 
 
 bimfelf into Mr. Tyndale's company, under the mafic of friendfhip, and then 
 caufed him to be feized, after which he was confined in the callle of Filford, 
 about eighteen miles from Antwerp. Though the Englifh merchants endea- 
 voured to the utmoft ofj their power to procure his relcafc-, and though lord 
 Cromwell, and others, interpofed in his behalf, yet Philips exerted himfelf with 
 fuch cruel zeal, that our reformer, being tried and condemned for herefy, was 
 burnt, after being firft Itrangled by the hands of the hangman. While he 
 was tying to the Hake, he cried with a loud voice, " Lord, open the eyes of 
 the king of England." This happened in the year 1536. 
 
 His llory is told at large in Fox's Bonk of Martyrs: Fox fays, he mioht 
 be called England's Apoftle. He was author of many works befidcs his tranflations 
 of the Scriptures. He poflelTcd uncommon abilities and learning, which, joined to 
 great warmth and firmnefsof nature, qualified him very well for the office of reformer. 
 
 V. 
 
 VANBRUGH (Sir John) a celebrated dramatic writer, as well as an inge- 
 nious archited, derived his origin from an ancient family in Chefhirei and ic 
 is probable that he was bom about the middle of the reign of Charles II. 
 He received a liberal education, and difcovered an early propcnfity to dramatic 
 compofition. His firft comedy, called the Relapfe, or Virtue in Danger, was 
 adled in the year IC97 with great applaufe, which gave him fuch cncouraoe- 
 ment, that he wrote eleven more comedies. He was the friend of Mr. Con- 
 greve, whofe genius was naturally turned for theatrical produiflions ; and thcfe 
 two comic writers gave new life to the Englifti (bge, and reltored its reputa- 
 .tion, which had been finking for fome time : but their making vicious perfons their 
 moft ftriking characters, and their bordering too much on obfcenity, could be of no 
 fervice tothecaufe of religion and virtue; and, therefore, it was not without re.<fon 
 that they were attacked by iVIr. Jeremy Collier, in his Short View of the Immorality 
 and Profanenefs of theEnglilh Stage. They defended themfclves, it is true ; Mr. Con- 
 greve in a piece entitled Amendments of Mr. Collier's falfc .md imperh-(5t Citations, 
 &c. and Sir John Vanbrugh in A Short Vindication of the Relapfe and the Provoked 
 "Wife: but their defences were nothing more than witticifms, pl.iyed ofT againft folid 
 rcalon and argument. 
 
 Either the reputation which Sir John Vanbrugh gained by his comedies, or his (kill, 
 in architeiflure, were rewarded with great advantages, He was appointed Claren- 
 cieux king at arms ; which place he held fome time, and at laft difpofed of. Fn 
 Auguft 1716 he was conftituted- furveyor of the works at Greenwich hofpital : 
 he was likewife made comptroller-general of his majtfiy's works, and furvcyor of 
 the gardens and waters. He was an able archited:, but his performances in this 
 fcience are eflcemed heavy. Under his diredion were raifed Blenheim-houfe in 
 Oxfordfhire, Claremont in Surry, the Opera houfe in the Hay-marktt, his own 
 houfe at White-hall, &c. In fome part of his life he went to France, where, beincr 
 prompted by his tafte for architcdture to view the fortifications of the country, 
 he was one day obferved by an engineer, who informing againft him, he was fe- 
 cured ami fcnt to the Baftile; but he met with an eafy confinement, and was foon 
 fet at liberty. He died of a quinfey at his houfe in Whitehall, the i6ih of March, 
 1726. 
 
 8 U VANE
 
 710 
 
 VANE. 
 
 VANE (Sir Henry) an eminent patriot and ftatefman, wastheeldeft fonofSir 
 Henry Vane, fecretary of ftate to king Charles I. and was born about the year 
 1612. He v/ds educated at Weftminfter-fchool, and at Magialen-hali, Oxford. 
 Having finiflied his iludies at ihe univerfity, he travelled ab'oad, and (pent fome 
 time at Geneva. After his return home, he dilpleafcd his father by the avcrfion 
 which he difcovered to t'le government and liturgy of the church of England ; 
 and this mifunderflanding occafioned his making a voyage to New-England in 1635. 
 On his arrival in that land of liberty, he was fo much taken notice of for his Ihin- 
 ing talents, that, when the next feafon came for the election of magiftrates, he 
 was chofen governor. But in this ftation he had not the good fortune to pleafe 
 long; for being of a warm imagination, and fomewhat enthufiaftic in his religious 
 opinions, he infufcd many fcruplcs of confcience into the people, which they had 
 not brought over v;ith them, nor heard of before. And his behaviour giving of- 
 fence to many, they concerted fuch meafures as put an end to his government at 
 the next eleftion. He returned to England foon after, and by his father's intereft 
 with the carl of Northumberland, then lord hii^h admiral of England, was joined 
 •with Sir William Kuflcl in the office of treafurer of the navy. He was alio cho- 
 fen by the town of Kingfton upon Hull to be one of their reprefentatives in 
 the parliament which met at Weftminfter on the 13th of April, 1640; and in 
 June the fame year he received the honour of knighthood from king Charles I. 
 He was likewife eleded a member of the long parliament. 
 
 As Sir Henry engaged warmly in the oppofition againft the meafures of king 
 Charles, it has been mtimated, that he entered into this oppofition out of re- 
 fentment, becaufe that prince had conferred on Sir Thomas Wentworth, after- 
 wards earl of Strafford, the dignity of baron of Raby, in the county of Dur- 
 ham, a houfe and cil.ite belonging to the Vane family; and Sir Henry there- 
 fore naturally thought that this honour fliould belong to himlelf, if to any man. 
 Wc can have no duubt but this incident exafperated Vane both againft the king 
 and Strafford; but as he had early conceived a diflike againft the eftablifhed 
 hierarchy, it feems unreafonable to impute his oppofition to the meafures of 
 government merely to his refentment on nccount of the king's conferring that 
 title on Wentworth. However, this circumftance undoubtedly made him not 
 the lefs aftive in promoting the profecution of that nobleman ; and accordingly he 
 communicated a paper that was laid before the parliament as evidence againft 
 Strafford, and which contributed not a little towards his condemnation. 
 
 On the 26th of February, 1641, Sir Henry Vane carried up to the houfe of 
 peers fourteen articles of impeachment againft archbifliop Laud. In June, 1643, 
 he was nominated one of the Ly-gentlemen appointed to fit in the affembly of di- 
 vines. Tiie fan.e year he was one of the parliamentary commiftioners lent into 
 Scotland, in order to negociate a treaty with that nation, and engage it to join 
 and afllft the parliament. After his return to London, he took the covenant ; and 
 about the fame time was appointed fole treafurer of the navy, which place he 
 enjoyed till the firft wars between the Englifti and Dutch. In this office he (hewed 
 an uncommon example of honour and integrity. The fees were, at that time, 
 four-pence in the pound, which, by reafon of the war, amounted, it is faid, to 
 little lefs than jo.oool. a year. Sir Henry, confidering this as too much for 'a 
 private man, very generoufly, of his own accord, gave up his patent, which he 
 had for life from king Charles I. to the parliament; defiring but acool. a year, 
 
 for
 
 VANE. ;2, 
 
 for an agent he had bred up to the bufinefs. In 1645 he was one of the 
 parliament's commifTioners at the treaty of Uxbridge, as he w?.s a^ain at 
 that of the Ifle of Wight in 1648 : but he feems always to have endeavoured 
 to prevent an accommodation with his majefty. He does not, however, ap- 
 pear to have had any fliare in the king's trial or death ; but, upon the ef- 
 tablifhment of the commonwealth in February 1648-9, he was appointed one 
 of the council of ftate, in which poft he was continued till the difiblution 
 of the parliament by Oliver Cromwell in 1653. In 1656, being fufpefted 
 of difaffedtion to the proteftor Cromwell, to whofe authority he rcfufed to 
 fubmit, he was imprifoned for about four months, in CariAjrook-caftle in the 
 ine of Wight. 
 
 After the death of Oliver Cromwell, and the depofition of his fon Rich- 
 ard from the office of protedlor. Sir Henry Vane was, in May 1659, again 
 chofen one of the council of (late, and on the a6th of Odober following, 
 one of the new council for the management of public affairs : but, upon the 
 re-aflembling of the long parliament, he was confined to his houfe at Raby, 
 in the diocefe of Durham. Upon the Reftorarion, he was excepted from 
 the general indemnity, and committed to prifon. On the 2d of June, 1662, 
 he was brought to his trial for high trcafon. The fubftance of the charge 
 againft him was, that he had compafied and imagined the late king's death, 
 contrived to fubvert the ancient form of government, and to debar the king 
 from the exercife of his regal power; to efFecl which, he had traitoroufly and 
 malicioudy aflembled and confulted with other falfe traitors, &c. tfe was 
 not permitted to have counfel, but he pleaded for himfelf with great cou- 
 rage, eloquence, and ability. He maintained, that if a compliance with the 
 government then eftabliflied in England, and acknowledging its authority, 
 was to be regarded as criminal, the whole nation was equally guilty, and 
 none remained, whofe innocence could entitle them to try or condemn him: 
 that the legiflature of England had provided for the public fecurity, by the 
 famous ftatute of Henry VII. in which it was enafted, that no man, in cafe 
 of any revolution, fhould ever be queftioned for his obedience to the king 
 in being ; that whether the eflablifhed government was a monarchy or a com- 
 monwealth, the reafon of the thing was ftill the fame, and the expelled prince 
 had no right to think himfelf entitled to allegiance, while he could not 
 afford prote6tion : that, for his part, he had ever condemned all the violences 
 which had been put upon the parliament, and upon the perlbn of the fo- 
 vereign ; nor had he once appeared in the houfe, for fome time before and 
 after the execution of the king; that finding the whole government thrown 
 into diforder, he was refolved, in every revolution, to adhere to the commons, 
 the root and foundation of all lawful authority : that, in the profecution of 
 this principle, he had cheerfully fufi^ered under the violence of Cromwel's 
 tyranny ; and would nov/, with equal alacrity, expofe himfelf to the rigours 
 of perverted law and juftice : that though, on the king's refloration, it was 
 in his power to have efcaped from his enemies, he was refolved, in imitation 
 of the mofl: illuftrious names of antiquity, to perifli in defence of liberty, 
 and give teftimony with his blood for that honourable caufe in which he had 
 been enlifted; and that, befides the ties by which he was bound, both by 
 God and nature, to his native country, he was voluntarily engaged by the 
 
 mod
 
 "722 
 
 V E R E. 
 
 moft facred covenant, whofe obligation no earthly power fhould ever be able 
 to make him relinquifh. 
 
 Notwithftanding the llrength of his defence, he was found guilty of high 
 treafon, and condemned to fuller decapitation. Though he was naturally 
 timid, his perfuafion that his cauie was jull:, fupported him againil the ter- 
 rors of death. On the 14th of June, 1662, he was drawn on a fledge to 
 Tower-hill, where a fcaffold was erected for his execution. On Uiis occafion 
 a new and very indecent practice was begun. It had been obferved, that 
 the dying fpeeches of the regicides had left impreflions on the minds of the 
 hearers, that were not at all to the advantage of the government ; and much 
 being apprehended from the well-known eloquence of Sir Henry Vane, it 
 was ordered that drummers fliould be placed under the fcaftold, who, as foon 
 as he began to fpeak to the people, upon a fignal given, beat their drums 
 fo as to prevent his being heard ; and trumpets were alfo founded for the 
 fame purpofe. This put him into no difordcr; he only defuxd they might 
 be flopped, for he underftood what was meant by it. Then he went through 
 his devotions ; and as he was taking leave of thofe about him, happening to 
 fay fomewhat relating to the times, the drums Itruck up a fccond time. Upon 
 this he gave over, and died with the utmoft fortitude and courage. 
 
 Ludlow, in his Memoirs, fays, that " he behaved himfelf on all thofe occafions 
 [his trial, fentence, and death] in fuch a manner, that he left it doubtful, 
 whether his eloquence, foundnefs of judgment, and prefcnce of mind, his 
 gravity and magnanimity, his conitant adherence to the caufe of his country, 
 and heroic carriage during the time of his confinement, and at the hour of 
 death ; or the malice of his enemies, and their frivolous fuggeftions at his 
 trial, the breach of the public fiiith in the ufage he found, tJie incivility of 
 the bench, and the favage rudenefs of the llieriff, who commanded the trum- 
 pets feveral times to found, that he might not be heard by the people ; were 
 more remarkable." 
 
 Sir Henry Vane was a man of great political abilities, and appears to 
 have been inf.uenced by principles of real patriotifm. He feems alfo to 
 have been fincerely pious, but his religion was ftrongly tinflurcd with en- 
 thufiafm. He was extremely eloquent, and had a great command of his 
 temper, which made him very fuccefsful in bringing over others to his own 
 fentiments. He publifhed feveral pieces, theological and political. Bifhop 
 Burnet reprefcnts him as being naturally " a very fearful man, whofe head 
 was as darkened in his notions of religion, as his mind was clouded with 
 fear ; for though he fet up a form of religion in a way of his own, yet it 
 confifted rather in a withdrawing from all other forms, than in any new par- 
 ticular opinion or form ; from which he and his party were called Jeekers, 
 and feemed to wait for fome new and clearer manifeftations. In thefe meet- 
 ings he preached and prayed often himfelf, but with a peculiar darknefs; 
 •which ran likcwife through his writings to a degree that rendered them 
 wholly unintelligible. He inclined to Origen's notion of an univerfal fal- 
 vation to all, both the devils and the damned i and to the dodrlne ofpre-cx- 
 iftence." 
 
 VERE (Edward) earl of O.xfoxd, an admired poet in the reign of queen 
 
 Elizabeth,
 
 V E R E. 72'? 
 
 Elizabeth. His youth was diftinguilhed by his wit, his dexterity in the ex- 
 ercifes of thofe times, his valour, and his zeal for his country. Having tra- 
 velled into Italy, Stow fays, he was the firlt that brought into England em- 
 broidered gloves and perfumes ; and prefenting the queen with a pair of 
 the former, fhe was fo pleafed with them, as to be drawn wixh tliem in one 
 of her portraits. The earl of Oxford Ihone in the tournaments of that reicrn, 
 in two of which he was honoured with a prize from her majelty's own hand, 
 being led armed by two ladies into her prefence-chambcr. In 1585, he was 
 at the head of the nobility who embarked with the earl of Leiceftcr for the 
 relief of the ftatcs of Holland; and, in 1588, joined the fleet with fliips 
 hired at his own expence, to repel the Spanifh Armada. He was knio-ht of 
 the Garter, and fat on the trials of the queen of Scots, of the earls of Arundel, 
 Eflex, and Southampton ; but another remarkable trial in that reign proved 
 the voluntary caufe of his ruin. He was an intimate friend of the duke of 
 Norfolk, who being condemned on account of his adherence to the Scottidi 
 queen, he earnellly folicited tiie lord-trealiirer Burleigh, his father-in-law, to 
 fave the duke's life ; but not fucceeding, he was fo incenfed againft that mi- 
 nifter, that, from the moft abfurd and unjuft revenge, lie fwore he would do 
 all he could to ruin his daugliter, and, accordingly, not only forfook her 
 bed, but fold and confumed great part of the vail inheritance defcended to 
 him from his anceftors. He lived to a very great age, and died in the fe- 
 cond year of James I. This nobleman was reckoned one of the bell wri- 
 ters of comedy in his time, and yet the very names of all his plays are loft, 
 though a few of his poems are extant in the Paradife of Dainty Devifes, 
 printed in 1758, quarto. 
 
 VERE (Sir Francis) the celebrated Englifli commander in the Nether- 
 lands, was the fon of Geoffrey de Vere, a branch of the noble and moft 
 ancient family of the Veres, earls of Oxford; and was born in 1554. In 
 1585 he went to Holland among the forces fent by queen Elizabeth, under 
 the command of the earl of Leicefter; and, continuing in the Low-Countries, 
 he gave fignal proofs of a warlike genius and undaunted courage. In 15&8 
 he was knighted by the lord Willoughbv, general of the Englifli forces, for 
 his gallant behaviour at the fiege of Bergen-op-Zoom. tie diflinguilhed 
 himfelf on many other occafions ; and in 1592 was chofen member of par- 
 liament for the borough of Leominfter in Hercfordfnire. He afterwards at- 
 tended the earl of Elfex in the expeditions againft Cadiz and the Azore iflands. 
 In 1597 he was appointed governor of the Brille, being at that time com- 
 mander of the Engiifli troops in the fcrvice of the States. On the 5th of 
 July, 1600, he gained immortal honour by his courage and condud in the 
 memorable battle near Nicuport. The lail military exploit performed by this 
 famous general, was his gallant defence of Ollend, for eight months, againft 
 the Spanilh army. He was at the end of that term relieved, and the town 
 •was taken after a fiege of three years. Sir Francis died on the 28th of 
 Auguft, 1608, in the fifty-fourth ye.ir of his age; and was interred in Wcft- 
 minfter-abbey. Befides his other preferments, he was governor of Portfmouth. 
 His own glorious exploits are recorded by himfelf in his Commenta- 
 fits. 
 
 8 X VERE
 
 ;;^ VERNON. 
 
 VERE (Sir Horace) baron of Tilbury, and younger brother to Sir Fran- 
 cis Vere, vvas born at Kirby-hall in Effex, in the year 1565. Entering early 
 into a military life, he accompanied, in the twentieth year of his ajjc, his 
 brother Sir Francis into the Low-Countries, where he acquired great reputa- 
 tion by his valour and conduct. In 1600 he had a confiderable fliarc in 
 the vidory obtained by the Englifb and Dutch near Nieuport. He after- 
 wards, as well as his brother, fignalized himfelf in the defence of Oftend. 
 He commanded the forces fent by king James I. to the alTubnce of the 
 cledor Palatine. Mr. Granger obferves, that " he was a man of a moft 
 fleady and fedate courage, and pofTelTcd that prefence of mind in the great- 
 eft dangers and emergencies, which is the higheft qualification of a general. 
 It was owing to this quality, that he made that glorious retreat from Spi- 
 nola, the Spanifh general, which was the greateft action of his life*. His 
 takino- of Sluys was attended with difficulties which were thought infuper- 
 
 able.° 
 
 Upon the acceffion of king Charles I. Sir Horace Vere, as a reward for 
 his fervices, was advanced to the peerage, by the title of lord Vere, baron 
 of Tilbury ; being the firft peer created bv that monarch. He died the 2d 
 of May, 1635, and was buried in Wcftminfter-abbey. 
 
 VERNON (Edward) Efq. an admiral of diftinguilhed bravery, was de- 
 fcended from an ancient family in StafFordfhire, and born at Weftminlter on 
 the 1 2th of November, 1684. His father, who was fecretary of ftate to king 
 William and queen Mary, gave him a good education, but never intended 
 him for the fea-fervice: however, as the youth became defirous of en- 
 tering on that employment, his father at laft confented, and he purfued thofe 
 ftudies which had a relation to navigation and gunnery with furprifing ala- 
 crity and fuccefs. His firft expedition at fea was under admiral Hopfon, 
 when the French fleet and Spanifti galleons were deftroyed at Vigo. In 1702 
 he ferved in an expedition to the Weft Indies, under commodore Walker; 
 and, in 1704, on board the fleet commanded by fir George Rooke, which con- 
 voyed the king of Spain to Lifbon, when Mr. Vernon received an hundred 
 guineas and a ring from that monarch's own hand. Ele wa^ alfo at the fa- 
 mous battle of Malaga, the fame year. In January 1705, he was appointed 
 comiTjjpder of the Dolphin; and, in 1707, commanded the Royal Oak, one 
 of the fhips fent to convoy the Lifbon fleet, which falling in with tlie French, 
 three of our men of war were taken, and a fourdi blown up. In 1708 Mr. 
 Vernon commanded the Jerfey, and was fent to the Weft Indies as rear-ad- 
 miral under fir Charles Wager, where he took many valuable prizes, and 
 greatly interrupted the trade of the enemy. In 1715 he commanded the Af- 
 fiftance, a fliip of fifty guns, under fir John Norris, in an expedition to the 
 Baltic; and, in 1726, the Grafton of feventy guns, under fir Cliarlcs Wager, 
 in the fame feas. 
 
 On the accefllon of his late majefty George II. in 1727, Mr. Vernon waschofen 
 member for Penryn inCornwall, and foon after was fent to Gibraltar, ascommander 
 
 • A great general, who commands a fmall army againft another great general with a large one, 
 miift sa with more propriety in fecuring a good retreat, than in fighting. Spinola faid, that 
 Sir Horace Vere " cfcaped with 4000 men from between bit fingers.' G&a.ncik. 
 
 of
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 725 
 
 of the Grafton, to join fir Charles Wager. The next expedition in which 
 he was engaged, was that which immortalized his name. This was in 1739; 
 he was fleeping in his bed at Chatham, when the courier arrived with the news 
 at about two in the morning, and being informed that difpatches of the u'.mofi: 
 importance were arrived from London, he arofe, and opening the packet, lound 
 a commifTion appointing him vice-admiral of the blue, and commander in chief 
 of a fquadron fitting out for deflroying the fettlements of the Saaniards in 
 the Weft Indies, with a letter from his majefty requiring his immtrdiace attend- 
 ance on him. Having received his iaftruftions, he weighed anchor from Spit- 
 head, on the 23d of July, and, on the 20th of November, arrived in fight of 
 Porto-Bcllo, with only fix fhips under his command. The next day he bet^an 
 the attack of that town, when, after a furious engagement on both fides, it 
 was taken on the 2 2d, together with a confiderable number of cannon, mor- 
 tars, and ammunition, and alfo two Spanifh men of war. He then blew up 
 the fortifications, and left the place tor want of land-forces fufficient to keep 
 it, but firft diftributed 10,000 dollars, which had been lent to Porto-Bello for 
 paying the Spanifh troops, among the forces for their encouragement. In 1741 
 he made an unluccefsful attempt upon Carthagena, in conjunftion with gene- 
 ral Wentworth. After his return home, the rebellion in 1745 breaking out, 
 he was employed in guarding the coafts of Kent and Suflex, when he ftationed 
 a fquadron of men of war in fo hap,)y a manner, as to block up the French 
 ports in the channel. But foon after, complaints being made againft him for 
 fuperfeding the orders of the lords of the admiralty, in appointing a gunner 
 in oppofition to one recommended by themfelves, and for cxading too fevere 
 duty from his men, he was ttruck off the lift of admirals ; on which he retired 
 from all public bufmefs, except attending the houfe of commons as member 
 for Ipfwich in Suffolk. He died fuddenly on the 29th of OiSober, 1757, in 
 the feventy-third year of his age. 
 
 VILLIERS (George) duke of Buckingham, memorable for having been 
 the favourite of two king?, was the fon of Sir George Villiers, and was born 
 at Brookefby, in Leicefterfhire, in Auguft 1592. At ten years of age he was fent 
 to a private fchool in that county, but fecms not to have difcovered any genius 
 for letters; fo that more regard was paid in the courfe of his education to the 
 accompliftimcnts of a gentleman, than to thofe of a fcholar. When he was 
 about eighteen, he travelled into France, where he prrfetSly learned the French 
 language, with all the exercifes of the French rpbility. He continued there 
 three years •, and foon after his return, his mother, who was r.n enterprifing 
 woman, relblved to get him introduced at court, concluding probably, and not 
 without realon, that a young gentleman of his fine perfon and accomplifliments 
 could not fail of making his fortune under fuch a monarch as James I. In 
 March 161 5, the king going to Ne A/market, according to iiis ufual cuftom, 
 to take the divcrfion of hunting, the fludents of Cambridge invited him to fee 
 a comedy called Ignoramus. At this play it was contrived that Villiers fliould 
 appear with all the advantages which his mother could let him off with ; and 
 the king no fooner caft his eyes upon him, than he became confounded with 
 admiration; for, lays lord Clarendon, "though he was a prince of more learning 
 and knowledge than any other of that age, and really delighted more in books, 
 and in the converfation of learned men, yet, of all wile men living, he was 
 
 the
 
 7*6 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 the mod delighted and taken with handfome perfons and fine clothes." Thirs 
 he conceived luch a liking to the perfon of Villiers, that he immediately took 
 him into his fervice. He had been but a few days at court, when he was 
 made cup-bearer to his majefty; a few weeks after, he received the honour of 
 knighthood, and was appointed one of the gentlemen of the bed-chamber. 
 Villiers being thus advantageoufly preferred at court, foon rofe to an extra- 
 ordinary height of power and dignity. On the 4th of January, 16 16, he was 
 made mafter of the horfc; the 24th of April he was inftalled knight of the 
 Garter ; and on the aid of Auguft, the fame year, he was created baron of 
 Whaddon, in the county of Bucks, and vilcount Villiers. 
 
 *'The unrivalled Villiers (fays an ingenious female hiftorian) now Ihone 
 forth in all the gaudy plumage of royal favour. James found in the difpo- 
 fition of the youth an unbounded levity, and a duftile licentioufnefs, which 
 promiled as glorious a harvell as vice and folly could defire." Indeed, it is 
 very evident that Villiers fuftained his new honours with very little virtue, 
 ■wifdom, or moderation. This we may learn even from lord Clarendon, though 
 he is very favourable to him. Villiers (fays the noble hillorian) "entirely 
 difpofed of all the graces of the king, in conferring all the honours, and all 
 the offices of the three kingdoms without a rival ; in difpenfing whereof, he 
 was guided more by the rules of appetite, than of judgment, and fo exalted 
 almolt all of his own numerous family and dependants, whofe greateft merit 
 was their alliance to him : which equally offended the antient nobility, and 
 the people of all conditions, who faw the flowers of the crown every day fa- 
 dincT and withered, whilft the demefnes and revenue thereof were facrificed to 
 the enriching a private family, how well foever originally extradfed, fcarce ever 
 heard of before to the nation ; and the expences of the court fo valt and un- 
 limited, that they had a fad profped of that poverty and neceffity, which after- 
 wards befel the crown, almoft to the ruin of it." 
 
 As James now entrufted his new favourite Villiers with the management and 
 difpofal of every thing, fo he alfo heaped honours, eftates, and preferments, 
 upon him, with the mofb boundlefs profufion. On the ^th of January, 1617, 
 he was created earl of Buckingham, and fworn of the privy council. In March 
 following he attended the king into Scotland, where he was likcwife fworn a 
 privy counfellor of that kingdom ; and, in the fucceeding year, he was ho- 
 noured with the title of marquis of Buckingham, and made lord high admi- 
 ral of England, chief juftice in Eyre of his majefty's parks and forsfts on the 
 fouth-fide of Trent, maflcr of the King's-Bench Office, (tesvard of W'eflmin- 
 fler, and conflable of Windlbr-caflle. '1 he forfeited ellate of the lord Grey of 
 Wilton was alfo bellowed on him. In confcquence of Buckingham's thus en- 
 grolTing the royal favour, the only way to obtain preferment was by being, or 
 pretending to be, devoted to his fervice ^ and the court was filled with his 
 creatures, relations, and dependents. 
 
 A treaty of marriage between Charles prince of Wales, and the Infanta of 
 Spain, had now been a long time in agitation. And in 162^, Buckingham per- 
 fuaded prince Charles to make a journey into Spain, and to fetch home his miftrefs 
 the Infanta; by reprefenting to him, how brave and gallant an a<5li()n it would be, 
 and how foon it would put an end to thofe formalities, which, though all fub- 
 flantial matters were already agreed upon, might yet retard her voyage to Eng- 
 land many months. It is fuggcfted by lord Clarendon, that iiuckingham's motivg 
 
 for
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 727 
 
 I 
 
 for this iourney, was an unwillingnefs that the earl of Briftol, the ambafTador in 
 Spain, fhould iiave the fole honour of concluding the treaty of marriage. How- 
 ever, the king greatly difapprovcd of this ftep, and indeed with good rcafon ; 
 but the felicitations of the prince, and the impetuofity of Buckingham, prevailed. 
 Prince Charles, accompanied by the marquis of Buckingham, Sir Francis Cot- 
 tington, and Endymion Porter, fct out from London on the 27th of February, 
 They pafied difguifed and undilcovered through France, and even ventured to 
 appear at a court-ball in Paris, where Charles law the princefs Henrietta, whom 
 he afterwards efpoufed, and who was, at that timt-, in the bloom of youth and 
 beauty. In eleven days after their departure from London, they arrived at Ma- 
 drid ; and furprized every body by a flep fo unufual among great princes. The 
 king of Spain immediately vifited prince Charles, expreficd the utmoft gratitude 
 for the confidence he hid repckd in him, and made warm proteflations of a cor- 
 refpondent confidence and-friendfliip. By the mod ftudied civilities, he fliewed 
 the refpeft which he bore his royal gueft. He prefented him with golden keys of 
 all the regal apartments, that Charles might have ready accefs to him at all hours. 
 The queen fent him divers prefents of rich apparel, perfumes 'i.nd other rarities 
 of the country; and he was entertained wi h a variety of Ihews and triumphs. 
 The Spanilb monarch took the left hand of the prince on every occafion ; and 
 Charles was introduced into the palace with the fame pomp and ceremony, which 
 attend the kinas of Spain on their coronation, The privy council received pub- 
 lic orders to obey him as the kii g himfelf; the fumptuary laws were fufpended 
 during his refidcnce in Spain ; and all the prilons of the kingdom were thrown 
 open, and the prifoners received their freedom, as if an event the mod honourable 
 and fortunate had happened to the monarchy. 
 
 It appears that Ui.ckingham, during his flay in Spain, behaved with great 
 infolence to the earl of Brillol, the Englifh ambaflador at that court. He alfo 
 made himfelf extremely difagrteable to the Spanifli niiniflry, by his manners 
 and behaviour, v^hich were a mixture of Gallic licentioufiicfs, and Britifh rough- 
 nel's. His fallies of pafTion, his diflolute pleafures, and bis ariogant and impe- 
 tuous temper, which he took no pains to difguife, were qualities which could' 
 be efleemed no where, but to the grave and fober 5pjniai-ds were the objefts 
 of peculiar averfion. They could not conceal their furprife, that fuch a hair- 
 brained youth fh )i)ld intrule into a negociation, now conducted to a period 
 by fo accompliflied a minillcr as Briltol, and could afTunie to himfelf all the 
 merit of it. And when they obferved, that he had the imprudence to infult 
 the count d'Olivarcz, iheir prime-minifler, every one who was ambitious of 
 paying court to the Spanifh, became defirous of cxpreHing their dillike to the 
 Englifh favourite. Buckingham once told Olivartz, that his own attachment to 
 ■ the Spa.iifh nation, and to the king of Spain, was extreme- that he would 
 contribute to every meafure, which could cement the frientlfliip between Eng- 
 land and them ; and that his peculiar ambition would be to facilitate the prince's 
 marriage with the Infanta. But he added, " With regard to you. Sir, in par- 
 ticular, you mull not confidcr me as your friend ; but mull ever expeifl from 
 me all pofTible enmity and oppofition." The count rej^lied, that he very wH- 
 llngly accepted of what was proffered him > and on thcl'e terms the favourites 
 parted. 
 
 While the marquis of Buckingham continued at Madrid, he received a pa- 
 tent from England, by which he was created earl of Coventry, and duke of 
 
 8 Y Buck~
 
 728 
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 Buckinoham. However, the great animofity which fubfiftcd between him and 
 the Spanifh minillry, • now induced him to employ his whole influence over 
 the prince, which was very great, to inftill into him an averfion for that mar- 
 riage, which had hitherto been the objeft of his mod earneft defires. There 
 were alfo at this time feveral delays with refpedt to cor ' iding the match on 
 the part of the Spanifh court, which concurred fo effica .oufly with Bucking- 
 ham's endeavours, that Charles was perluadcd to think that the Spaniards had 
 no fincere inclination to an union with the crown of England ; and that him- 
 felf and his father had been the dupes to a treaty, the completion of which 
 would involve them in inextricable difficulties. 'Ihefe and other infinuations 
 worked him up to fuch a height of refentment, that he lifl:ened with eagernels 
 to the project of an abrupt departure, and began to entertain doubts of his not 
 being able to effedt it. In this delpondency he wrote to his father, acquaint- 
 ing him with his apprehenfions -, and Buckingham at the lame time fent letters to 
 the king, in which he wrote word, " That he had at length discovered the king 
 of Spain's infincerity, who was far (he faid) from having the Icaft thought of ac- 
 complilhing the marriage; and that the prince was in danger of being detained in 
 Spain all his life." Thefc, and other advices of the like nature, put the king into 
 fuch a fright, that he fent pofitive orders to Buckingham to bring away the prince, 
 if poflible ; and at the fame time difpatched a fleet of fhips to St. Andero in Bif- 
 cay, to efcort them home. This order was readily obeyed ; and on pretence ot 
 preparing the Englilli fhips for the prince's reception, Buckingham departed haf- 
 tily, taking no ceremonious farewell of the court. However, the prmce, when 
 he left Madrid, took a foleinn leave of the Spanifh court, and both parties pro- 
 fcfifed an intention to conclude the marriage; but after Charles's return to Eng- 
 land, the treaty for this purpofe was entirely broken off. 
 
 The prince and Buckingham arrived at Portfmoutli on the fith of Oftober, 1623 ; 
 and from thence they immediately polled to the king, who received tbem with 
 the utmoft joy. And fliortly after Buckingham was made lord warden of the 
 Cinque Ports, and fie^vard of the manor of Hampton-court. But notwithlland- 
 \no the joy with which the king received the prince and his favourite on their 
 return to England, it appears that James's attachmmt to Buckingham was by this 
 time very much decreafed. He was much difgulled ac the violent behaviour and 
 meafurcs of the duke ; and was alfo jealous of the clofe intimacy and connexion 
 which now fubfifled between him and the prince. Lord Clarendon fays, that after 
 Buckingham's return, " he executed the fame authority in conferring all favours 
 and graces, and in revenging himfelf upon thofc who had manifelted any un- 
 kindnefs towards him. And yet, notwithftanding all this, if that king's nature 
 had equally difpofed him to pull down, as to build and ereft; and if his courage 
 and feverity in punifhing and reforming, had been as great as his generofuy and 
 inclination was to oblige, it is not to be doubted, but that he would have with- 
 drawn his afFeftion from the duke entirely, before his death." King James died 
 on the 27th of March, 1625 ; and a report was raifed, that his death was occa- 
 fioned by po.fon, adminiftered by Buckingham, or by his means : but this charge 
 fecms not well fupported. 
 
 On the acccfTion of king Charles I. the duke of Buckingham continued to en- 
 joy the fame degree of royal favour, which he had fo long pofl^cflTed in the reign 
 of James. King Charles difcovered as great a friendfhip towards him, and as 
 emire a confidence in him, as ever any king had Ihewn to a fubjedt. It was by 
 
 Buckingham
 
 V I L L I E R S. 725 
 
 Buckingham that all preferments in church and ftate were conferred ; all hts 
 kindred, friends, and dependants, were promoted to fuch degrees of honour 
 and wealth, and to fuch pofts as he thought proper; and all his enemie? were 
 kept down and difcountenanced, if not ruined. A treaty of marriage having 
 now been concluded between king Charles and the princefs Henrietta Mari^, 
 daughter to Henry IV. of France, the duke of Buckingham, in June 1625, 
 went to attend the new queen with the royal navy, and brought her to Dover, 
 from whence fhe came to Canterbury, where the marriage v.as confummated. 
 It was not long after that an affair happened, which increafed the unpopula- 
 rity of Buckingham. When the late king James defcrted the Spanilh alli- 
 ance, he had been cajoled by the French miniftry to furnifh them with one 
 Ihip of war, and feven armed merchant-ikips, to be employed againft the 
 Genoefe. Buckingham, who was at this time warmly attached to the court 
 of France, prevailed on Charles to lend thefe fliips to be ufed againfl the 
 French Proteftants at the fiege of Rochelle. Accordingly the fquadron failed 
 to Dieppe; but no fooner was its deftination known, than the whole crew 
 mutinied. They drew up a relnonftrance to vice-admiral Pennington, their 
 commander; and figning all their names in a circle, left he Ihould difcover 
 the ring-leaders, they laid it under his prayer-book. Pennington declared, 
 that he would rather be hanged in England for difobedience, than fight againft 
 his brother Proteftants in France. The whole fquadron failed immediately 
 to the Downs, from whence Pennington fent a letter to the duke of Buck- 
 ingham, defiring to be exculed from that fervice. The duke, without ac- 
 quainting the king, or confulting the council, direfted lord Conway, then 
 fecretary of ftate, to write a letter to Pennington, commanding him to put 
 all the fliips into the hands of the French. 1 his, however, not taking ef- 
 feft, the duke procured the king's exprefs orders to the fame purpofe. Upon 
 this, the vice-admiral failed a fecond time to Dieppe, where, according to 
 his inftruftions, the merchant-fliips were delivered to the French. But Sir 
 Ferdinando Gorges, who commanded the king's fliip, broke through, and re- 
 turned to England : and all the officers and failors, belonging to the other 
 Ihips, notwithftanding great offers were made them, immediately deferted ; 
 not an individual amongft them, one gunner excepted, (who was foon after 
 killed before Rochelle) being found diiTolute enough to ferve againft their 
 diftrefled brethren the French Huguenots. This affair made a great noife, 
 and came at laft to form an article in an impeachment againft the duke of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 The duke had already been more than once attacked in parliament; and 
 in 1626, he was impeached of high trcafon by the earl of Briftol, againft 
 whom a charge of treafon was alio brought by tlie attorney-general. But 
 thirteen articles of impeachment were alio exhibited agr.inft Buckingham by 
 the houfe of commons. In tlicfe articles he was cliarged with engrolhng 
 the moft important offices of the ftate, the duties of which lie was unable 
 to perform ; and with having ncglefted to do his duty as lord high admiral, 
 particularly as to guarding the feas, and protefting the national navigation; 
 by which means tJie Britiffi feas had been fliamefuUy infeffed with pirates 
 and enemies, to the lofs of very many fliips, and alfo of many of his majef- 
 ty's fubjefts. It was alfo alledged againft him, that he had caufed a ihij) 
 and goods belonging to French merchants to be confifcated, under falfe pre- 
 tences,
 
 730 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 tences, unjuftly, ami contrary to the law of nations ; that he had extorted the 
 fum of ten thoufand pounds from the Eall-India Company ; that he had caufed 
 fhips to be delivered \ip to the French king, in order to ferve againfb the 
 Huguenots ; that he compelled perfons to purchafe titles of honour at exorbi- 
 tant rates ; that he had fold the office of mafler of rhe wards for fix thou- 
 fand pounds, and that of lord treafurer for twenty thoufand pounds ; and that 
 he had procured exorbitant grants from the crown. Notwithftanding this im- 
 peachment of Buckingham, he was never put under any confinement, which 
 was complained of as a grievance by the commons. And the members of 
 the univerfity of Cambridge, in order to recommend themfelve;. to the favour 
 of the court, were mean enough to eleti the duke, at this particular crifis, 
 for their chancellor; though he was confidered by a great part of the king- 
 dom, and that upon good grounds, as the chief caufe of fome of tlie greatefb 
 national evils. Buckingham drew up an anfwer to the articles of tlie com- 
 mons againll him, in which he abfolutely denied fome of the particulars with 
 which he w'as charged : but the affair was never brought to a proper deter- 
 mination ; for the king, in order to fcrecn his favourite, and put a flop to 
 any further proceedings againft him, dilTolved the parliament. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham had already precipitated the nation into a war 
 with Spain, chiefly from his animofiry againft the Spanifli minillry ; and which 
 he had yet taken no proper meafures for carrying on. But notwithftanding 
 this, while the war with Spain was ftill kept up, though in a manner no 
 way honourable or advantageous to the nation, by his means a new war was 
 precipitately entered into againft France ; for which no reafonable caufe could 
 ever be afTigned. It has been faid, that the king was hurried into this war, 
 entirely from a private motive of refentment in the duke of Buckingham; 
 who, when he was in France to bring over queen Henrietta, had the confi- 
 dence to make overtures of an amour to Anne of Auftria, the confort of 
 Lewis XIII. It is intimated by fome writers, that his amorous addrefTes 
 ■were not altogether difcouraged ; however, we are told, that when he was 
 about to fet out on a new embaffy to Paris, a mefTage was lent him from 
 the French monarch, tliat he muft not think of fuch a journey. Buckingham, 
 exafperatcd at this, fwore, "Tl'.at he would fee the queen, in fpite of all the 
 power of France ;" and, from that moment, he was determined to engage 
 England in a rupture with that kingdom. 
 
 In 1627, a fleet of an hundred fail, and an army of feven thoufand men, 
 were fitted out for the invafion of France, and both of them entrufted to the 
 command of the duke of Buckingham, though he was altogether unacquainted 
 both with land and fea fervice. He failed from Porlfmouth on the iyth of 
 June, and bent his courfe to tlie iile of Rhe, which was well garrifoned and 
 fortified. Having landed iiis men, though with fome lofs, he followed not 
 the blow, but allowed the French governor five days refpite, during which 
 the citadel of St. Martin was vidlualled and provided for a fiege ; and he 
 left behind him the imall fort of Piie, which could at firft have made no 
 manner of rcfiftance. Indeed, all Buckingham's military operations fhewed 
 great incapacity and inexperience. Though he had refolved to ftarve St. 
 Martin, he guarded the fea negligently, and allov/ed provifions and ammu- 
 nition to be thrown into it. And now defpairing to reduce it by famine, 
 he attacked it without having made any breach, and raHily threw away the 
 
 lives
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 731 
 
 lives of his foldiers. Having found, that a French armv had ftnlen over in fmall 
 divifions, and had landed at Prie, the fort which he had at firrt overlooked, he 
 began to think of a retreat -, but made it fo u.ifkilfuliy, that it was equivalent 
 to a total rout. He is fiid to have been the laft of the whole army who embarked i 
 and he returned to England, having loft two thirds of his land forcrs-, totally 
 difcredited both as an admiral and a general, and bringing no praife with him, 
 but that of perfonal courage. 
 
 Soon after the duke's return from this unfortunate expedition, a parliament was 
 aflcmbled, in which a remonftrance was drawn up by the commons, anu pielented 
 to the king, wherein they complained of many public {..ncvances, and declared 
 the excelTive power of the duke of Buckingham, and his abufe ot that power, 
 to be the caufe of thofe evils under which the nation laboured. But an event 
 foon happened, which rendered any farther complaints of his exorbitant power, 
 or bad conduft, unnecefTary. A large fleet and army were aflcmbled for the re- 
 lief of the Fre ch Pioceflants at Rochelle, who were now, by a clofe fie»e, re- 
 duced to the laft extremity. The duke of Buckingham cholc to command in 
 this expedition in perfon, and to that end went to Fortfmouth; where, on the 
 23d of Auguft, 1628, in the morning, he having been convtiTing with fome 
 French gentlemen and f veral general office: s, John Felton placed himlelf in an 
 entry, through which the duke was to pafs, who walking with Sir Thomas Fryer, 
 and inclining his ear to him in a pofture of attention, Felton with a knife flabbed 
 him on the left fide ; upon which the duke cried out, " The villain has killed 
 me," and immediately pulled out the knife himlelf, but never fpoke more, the 
 knife having pierced his heart. Sir Simonds D'Ewe% in his account of the aflaf* 
 fination of Buckingham, tells us, that " his duchefs and the countefs of Anglcfcy, 
 (the wife of Chriftopher Villiers, earl of Anglefey, his younger brother,) being 
 in an up' er room, and hearing a noife in the hall, into which they had carried 
 the duke, ran prefently into a gallery that looked down into it; and there behold- 
 ing the duke's blood gufh out abundantly from his breaft, nofe, and mouth, 
 (with which his fpeech, after his firft words, hjd been immediately flopped), 
 they broke in'.o pitiful outcries, and raifed great lamentation. He being car- 
 ried by his fcrvants unto the table that flood in the fame hall, and having 
 ftrucriiled with death near a quarter of an hour, at length gave up the ghofl: 
 abouften o'clock." The duke, at the time of his death, was juit turned of thirty- 
 fix years of age. His bowels were interred at Fortfmouth ; but his body was 
 brought to York-Houfe, whence it was conveyed to VVeflminfler-Abbcy, and 
 buried on the noith-fide of Henry the Vllih's chapel, where a magnificent 
 monument was ercfted to his memory. 
 
 John Felton, by whom the duke was killed, was of a reputable family in Suf- 
 folk, and had ferved under Buckingham in the chara<51er of a lieutenant of foot. 
 His captain being killed in the retreat at the ifle of Rhe, Felton, it is faid, had 
 folicited for the company ■, and being difappointed, he threw up his commiflion, 
 and retired in difcontent from the army. He afterwards rcfided for fomc time in 
 London, where he heard univerfal clamours againll Buckingham; and meeting 
 alfo with the remonftrance of the houfc of commons, in which the duke was re- 
 prefcnted as the caufe of the public giievances, and the great enemy of the nation, 
 he now began to conceive that he Ihould do an acceptable piece of lervice to his 
 country, if he killed fo iniquitous a minifler ; which, therefore, he foon after de- 
 termined to do. He cholc no other inflrument to do this with ihiii an ordinary 
 
 i Z knife,
 
 731 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 knife, which he bought of a cutler for a fhilling-, and thus provided, he repaired 
 to Portfmoi.uh, where he executed his purpnfe. The facl was comnutted fo U:d- 
 denly, that no man faw the blow, nor by whom it was given •, and the (.onfterna- 
 tion occafioned by it was fo great, that Fcltcn might eafily have got off. In the 
 hurry, a hat was taken up, in the infide of which was fcwed a paper, wherein fair 
 or five lines were v^rittcn of that remonftrai-ce of the commons, whi.h declared 
 Buckingham an enemy to the kingdom ; and underneath thefs lines was an ejacu- 
 lation. It was immediately concluded, that ihe perfon to whom this hat belonged, 
 muft be the man who had perpetrated the nurder-, and accordingly a gentleman 
 being obferved w. iking very penfively befor ■ the door without a hat, the word 
 was given, that " there was the villain that liad killed the duke j" and while the 
 multitude crowded to fee him, and every one was afking. " Which is he? Which 
 is he .>"' Fclton veiy compofedly anfwered, " I am he." 1 he moft furious ran 
 with their drawn fwords to kill him; while he, with the greatcfi: unconcern, ex- 
 pofed himfelf to the utmoft violence of their rage-, but others of a more mode- 
 rate temper defended him, and carried him into a private room, in order to ex- 
 amine him. Ihe chief thing aimed at was to find out his accomplices •, and, in 
 order to induce him to that difcovery, it was intimated to him, that the duke was 
 not yet dead. Upon which Felton fmiled, and laid, he knew well enough that 
 he had given him a blow that had determined all their hopes. He added, that no 
 perlbn was privy to his defign ; that what he had done was a matter of confcience, 
 for which he was ready and willing to fuff'er the fevereft penalties of the law ; and 
 that the motives ujjon which he had aded would appear, if his hat were found; 
 for that, believing he fhould perifh in the attempt, he had there taken care to write 
 them. He was afterwards conveyed to London, and being tried and found guilty 
 of t.he duke's murder, was hanged in chains. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham was diflinguilhed by the beauty of his perfon, and 
 the gracefulnefs of his air and manners. He was well verfed in all the arts of 
 a court : and, to thofe whom he favoured, was extremely alfable and obliging. He 
 was a warm and zealous friend, but a violent and open enemy. He poffcfled 
 great external accompl:(hments ; bat was dcl'titute of almolt every talent 
 requifito to form the great miniftcr. He \\ as rafli and imprudent, immoderately 
 profufc and expenfive, and head-ftrong in his pafllons; the gratification of which 
 leemed to be almoll his only aim. In his clodits and equipage he was inexpref- 
 fibly magnificent, the jewels he left behind him being elti'uatod at three hundred 
 thoufand pounds. He had great perfonal courage, and was a kind and generous 
 oiafter to his fervants and dependants. He had ifi'uc by his lady three fons and a 
 daughter. His eh'.eft fon died young, fo that he w-as fucceeded in his honours 
 and cflates by George, his fecond ion-, of whom we fliall now proceed to give 
 fomc account. 
 
 VILLIERS (George) duke of Buckingham, the celebrated author of the 
 Rehearfal, was the fon and heir of the preceding nobleman, by the haiy Cathe- 
 rine Manners, daughter of Francis earl of iiutland •, and was born at Wallingford- 
 houfe, within the liberty of Wellminller, on the 30th of January, 1627, about 
 a year and a half before the afTaflination of his father. After he iiad been edu- 
 cated under fcveral domeftic tutors, he was fent to Trinity-college, Cambridge, 
 with his brother lord Francis Villiers ; from whence they both repaired to king 
 Charles I. at Oxford, and engaged in the royal caufe. For this the parliament 
 feized on their elUces, but reftored ihem in confideration of their youth. Soon 
 
 after. 
 
 I
 
 V I L L T E R S. ^33 
 
 after, they fet out on their travels into France and Italy, and returned to Eng- 
 land in 1648, where they role in arms for the king and joined the earl of 
 Holland near Kingfton upon Thames. But the carl's forces being atracked 
 by the parliamentarians, they were inftantly defeated; and lord Frmcis Vill crs 
 was killed in the engagement. The young duke of Buckingham made his 
 efcape to the fea-fide, and from thence went to prince Charles, who was t!-,en 
 in the Downs; upon which his e(Vate was fcizsd by the pa-liament. He aftirr- 
 wards attended the prince into Scotland, and in 1651 behaved with great cou- 
 rage at the battle of Worcefter, where the royalifts were totally rouied. The 
 duke, however, found means to efcape from the field, and retire beyond fea. 
 Some time after, he entered as a volunteer into the French army, and fionalized 
 his valour at the fieges of Arras and Valenciennes, He was much in favour 
 with the exiled king Charles II. who created him knight of the carter. 
 
 During the ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell, he came privately into England, 
 and on the 19th of November, 1657, efpoufed Mary, the daughter and he.r- 
 efs of Thomas lord Fairfax, by w!.ofe intcrep; he recovered all, or the gre.ireft 
 part of his eftate, which, at the Relloration, arnounted to upwards of 20, 000 1. 
 per annum. After that great event he was made one of the lords of the 
 bed-chamber, one of the privy-council, lord-lieutenant of Yorkfliire, and at 
 length mafter of the horfe. Notwithftanding thefe promotions, he engaged 
 in defigns againfl: the government, and, in 1666, was accufed of treasonable 
 praftices j in confequence of which he was removed from his employments, 
 and a fcrjeant at arms was fent, by exprefs order from the king, to take him 
 into cuftody: but he defended his houfe for fome time by force againR the 
 ferjeant, and at lad made his efcape. Upon this, a proclamation was ilTued 
 for apprehending him, though without effcft. However, the next year he 
 f irrendered himfelf, and having made an humble fubmifllon to his majeflry, 
 wis re-admitted into favour, and reftored to his place in the council and the 
 bed-chamber. 
 
 His influence now increafed fo much at court, that he had a confiderable 
 fliare in the adminiftration of public affairs, aud was a leading member of 
 tlie cabinet council, diftinguiilTed by the appellation of the Cabal. In Auguft 
 1670, he was fent ambaflador to France, in order to break the famous triple alli- 
 ance, which had been the boafl of Sir William 1 emple. Mr. Wood tells us, 
 that the French king was fo well pleafed with his perfon and errand, that he enter- 
 tained him very magnificently for feveral days together, and gave him a fword and 
 belt, fetwith diamonds, tothe value of forty thoufand pilloles ; and a French writer, 
 Monf de Vervillc, aifurcs us, that " the molt ChrilHan king fliewed him a greater 
 refpeft than ever any foreign ambalTador was known to receive. As he knew h,;ji, 
 (continues the Frenchman) to be 101 hoimne de plaifir, he entertained him accoul: 
 ingly. Nothing could be fo welcome to the court of Verfiilles as the mef- 
 fage he came about ; for which reafon a regale was prepared for him, thai 
 might have befitted the magnificence of the Roman emperors, when Ron-,e 
 flourilhed in its utmofl: grandeur." But however honourable tiie dijke'i re- 
 ception might be in France, the defign of his ainbalfy y.as far from being 
 acceptable to the bulk of the people of England, who jufl-ly cnnfidered the 
 bufinefs he went about as inconfiltent with the interclt of the nation, though 
 it was agreeable to the private views of Charles ami his courtiers. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham, after his return to England, having a great 
 
 perlonal
 
 73+ 
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 perfonal animofity againft the duke of Ormond, was fuppofed to be con- 
 cerned in the attempt of the famous Thomas Blood againft the life of 
 tiiat nobleman. This fcheme was to have conveyed the duke of Ormond to 
 'I'yburn, and there to have hanged him ; with which intent he was taken out 
 of his coach in S . James's ftreer, and carried away by Blood and Ibme others 
 beyond Devonfhire-houfe, Piccadilly ; but then he was refcued. Blood after- 
 wards endeavoured to ftcal the crown out of the Tower, and actually got it 
 into his pofleirion j but was feized before he could convey it off. However, 
 though he acknowledged that he had been guilty of feveral other atrocious 
 crimes, r.e was not only pardoned, but had an eftate of five hundred pounds 
 a year given hnn in Ireland, and was even admitted into lome degree of in- 
 timacy with the king. The principal circumftance urged in fupport of this 
 charge brought againft the duke of Buckingham, that he was concerned in 
 the attempt upon Ormond, is the following anecdote related by Mr. Carte : 
 that there were reafons to think Buckingham the perfon who put Blood upon 
 the attempt againft the duke of Ormond (fays he) "cannot well be queftioned, 
 after the following relation, which I had from a gentleman (Robert Lelley 
 of Glaflough, in the county of Monaghan, Efq.) whofe veracity and memory 
 none that knew him will ever doubt, who received it from the mouth of 
 Dr. 'I'urner, biftiop of Ely. The earl of Offory (fon to the duke of Ormond) 
 came in one day, not long after the affair, and feeing the duke of Bucking- 
 ham ftanding by the king, his colour rofe, and he fpoke to this effeft. " My 
 lord, I know well, that you are at the bottom of this late attempt of Blood's 
 upon my father, and therefore 1 give you fair warning, if my father comes 
 to a violent end by fword or piftol, or the more fecret way of poifon, I ftiall 
 not be at a lofs to know the firft author of it ; I fhall conlider you as the 
 affaflin ; I fhall treat you as fuch, and wherever I meet you, I fhall piftol 
 you, though you ftood behind the king's chair; and I tell it you in his ma- 
 jefty's prefence, that you may be fure I lliall keep my word." 
 
 In 167 1, the duke was inftalled chancellor of the univerfity of Cambridge; 
 and the fame year his excellent comedy, intitled Tiic Rehearfal, was firft 
 brought upon the ftage. It was received with vaft applaufe, and obtained 
 a great chara-fter, which it has ever fince fupported ; for it is ftill frequently 
 exhibited upon our theatres, and a few years fince was adled forty nights in 
 one feafon to crowded audiences. The defign of this play was to ridicule 
 and expofe the then reigning tafte for plays in heroic rhyme, as alfo that 
 fondnefs of bomball and fuftian in the language, and noife, buftle, and ftiew 
 in the condudl of dramatic pieces, which then fo ftrongly prevailed, and 
 which the writers of that time found too greatly their advantage in not to en- 
 courage by their praftice, to the exclufion of nature and true poetry from the 
 ftage. In the charaiter of Bayes, under which Dryden is fatirized, the various 
 foibles of poets (whether good, bad, or indifferent,) are fo humoroufly blended, 
 as to form the inoft finilhcii picture of a poetical coxcomb. In fliort the Re- 
 hearfal has been efteemed by the beft judges a moft perfeft piece in its kind : 
 and lord Shafccft>ury fpeaks of it as a very ftandard in the way of ridicule. 
 However, Mr. Dryden, in revenge for the ridicule thrown on him in this piece, 
 expofed the duke of Buckingham under the name of Zimri in his Abfalom 
 and Achitophei j and the portrait is admirable, being allowed, fays Wood, by 
 
 all
 
 V I L L I E R S. 735 
 
 all who knew or ever heard of the duke, to have been drawn exaflly from 
 the life. It is as follows : 
 
 " Some of their chiefs were princes of the landj 
 
 " III the firft rank of thcfc did Zimri (land. 
 
 •' A man fo various,, that he feem'd to be 
 
 " Not one, but all mankind's epitome: 
 
 " Stiff in opinions, always in the wrong, 
 
 " Was every thing by fiarts, and nothing long : 
 
 " But in the courle of one revolving moon, 
 
 " Was chymift, fi.ller, ftattfman, and buffoon : 
 
 " Then all for women, painting, rhiming, drinking, 
 
 " Befides ten thouland freaks tiiat died in tliinking. 
 
 *' Bieft madman, who could every hour employ 
 
 " With fomtrthing new to wilh, or to enjoy' 
 
 " Railing and praifing were his ufual themes; 
 
 " And both (to fliew his judgment) in extremes: 
 
 " So over-violent, or over-civil, 
 
 That every man with him was God or Devil. 
 In fquandering wealth was his peculiar art : 
 Nothing went unrewarded, but dcfert. 
 Beggar'd by fools, whom ftiU he found too late-. 
 He had his jell, but tliey had his eftate. 
 " He laugh'd himfclf from court ; then fought relief 
 " ]]y forming parties, but cou'd ne'er be chief: 
 " For, fpitc of him, the weight of bufinefs fell 
 " On Abfalom and wife Achitophcl. 
 " Thus, wicked but in will, of means bereft, 
 " He left not faflion, but of that was left." 
 
 The duke was an advifer of the declaration of indulgence publiffied on the 
 15th of March, 1671, for fufpending the penal laws againll Diffenters ; and in 
 16-2, he was fcnt afecond time, together with the earls of Arlington and Halifax, 
 to the Frencli king then at Uueciit, to concert meafures fecrctly for carrying 
 on the fecond Dutcli war. But upon the meeting of the parliament the enfuing 
 year, a complaint was exhibited againft him in the houfe of commons, for 
 his Ihare in the maUadminiftrat'on of public aff.irs. He endeavoured to vindi- 
 cate himlelf be/ore that houfe, and in a long fpeech which he made there, at- 
 tributed mod: of the mealures complained of to the earl of Arlington. By 
 this defence he efcapcd all further prol"ecuti(.n. 
 
 After this the duke engaged in oppolnion to the court; and in Oftober, 1675, 
 he brought a bill into the houfe of lords for tolerati.ig the Dilfencers; and was 
 appointed one of the mmagers in a coaic:-iicr between the two houies upon 
 the point of the jurifd dion of the upper houfe. In order to check the heat 
 and animofities occafioncd by this difpute, h's majefly, in November this year, 
 prorogued the parliament till Feb. 1.5, 1677- which being upwards of a year, 
 the duke rrnde a fpeech on that day, to Ul:^7, that, in this prorogation, hi* 
 majeTiy had xccedcd the b unds ol the prerogative, and that tlic jiarliament 
 whjch was now affembled had no right to fit, but was in fact dilTolvcd, and 
 
 9 A thit
 
 73^ 
 
 V I L L I E R S. 
 
 that a new parliame.-t ought -by law to be called. As he perfifted to defend 
 this afllrtion, he w.is the next day co iimitccd to the lower by the hou:e of 
 lords ; but, upon a petition t » the king, he was dilcharged. In 1680, having 
 fold Walliniif ird-houfe, he purchaled a hoiife at Dowgatc, and refidcd there, 
 joining with the earl of Shatccfbury in his defigns againtl the adminillra- 
 ti'jn. 
 
 Of the dole of the duke's life, the following particulars are related by Mr. 
 Fairfax. " At the death of king Charles, he went into the country to his own 
 manor of Helnicfley, the feat of the earls of Rutland in Ycrkfl-iire. King Ch.irles 
 was his beft friend ; he loved him, and excui'ed his faults. He was not fo 
 well affured of his fucccflbr. In the country he palTed his time in hunting, 
 and entertiining his friends; which he d:d a fortnight before his death as plea- 
 fantly and hofpstably as ever he did in his life. He took cold one day after 
 fox-huniinof, by fitting on the cold ground, which cail him into an ague and 
 fever, of which he died, after three days ficknefs, at a tenant's houfe, Kir- 
 by-Moor-fide, a lordfhip of his own, near Hclmcfly, April 16, 1687, a;tat. 60. 
 " The day before his death he fent to his old fcrvant Mr. Brian Fairfax, to 
 defire him to provide him abed at his houle at B'fhop-hill in Yo.k; but the 
 next morning the fame man returned with the news that his life w>is dcfpaired 
 of. Mr. Fairfax went polt, but before he got to him he was fpeechlefs. The 
 carl of Arran, fon to duke Hamilton, was with him; who, hearing he was 
 fick, vifited him in his way to Scotland. When Mr. Fairfax came, the duke 
 knew him, looked earneftly at him, and held him by the hand, but could nctt 
 fpeak. Mr. Fairfax aflc?d a gentleman there prefent, a juftice of peace, and 
 a worthy difcrect man in the neighbourhood, what he had faid, or done, be- 
 fore he became fpeechlefs. He told me fome quellions had been alkcd him 
 about his cftate, to which he gave no anfwer. Then he was admonifhcd of the 
 dancer he was in, which he fcemed not to apprehend ; he was afkcd, if he 
 would have the minilter of tiie parifh fent for to pray with him, to which 
 he gave no anfwer-, which made another queftion be ailced, If he would have 
 a popifh prieft ? To which he anfwcred with great vehemence, " No, no !" 
 repeating the words, " He would have nothing to do with them." Then the 
 aforefaid gentleman, Mr. Gibfon, afkcd him again, if he would have the minif- 
 ter fent for; and he calmly anfwered, "Yes, pray fend for him." This was 
 in the morning, and he died that night. The minifler came, and did the office 
 required by the church ; the duke devoutly attended it, and received the facra- 
 menr, and an hour af.er became fpeechlefs; but appearing icnfiblc, we had the 
 prayers of the church repeated by his bed-fide, recommending him to the mercy 
 
 of God, through the merits of Jefus Chrill. 1 hus he died quietly in his bed, 
 
 the fate of few of his predeceflbrs in the title of Buckingham. His body was 
 embalmed and brought to Wertminfter-Abbey, and there laid in the vault with 
 his father and brothers, in Henry the Seventh's chapel." 
 
 The manner of the duke of Buckingham's death has been poetically defcribed 
 in the following lines by Mr. Pope : 
 
 " In the word inn's worfl room, with mat half-hunir, 
 " The floors of plaiftcr, and the walls of dung, 
 " On once a flock-bed, but repair'd with ffraw, 
 " With tape-ty'd curtains, never meant to draw^ 
 
 ♦! The
 
 737 
 
 V I L L I E R S, 
 
 " The George and Gar'er dangling from that bed, 
 
 " Where tawdry yellow Itrove with diny red. 
 
 "- Great Villiers lies — alas! how ch.ing'd from him, 
 
 •' That life of pleailire, and that foul of whim! 
 
 " Gallant and gay, in Cliveden's proud alcove, 
 
 " The bow'r of wanton Shrewlbury * and love ; 
 
 " Or juft as gay at council, in a ii.-g 
 
 " Of mimick'd ftatefmen, and their merry king. 
 
 *' No wit to flatter left of all his llore ! 
 
 " No fool to laugh at, which he valued more. 
 
 " There, viiStor of his health, of fortune, friends, 
 
 " And fame, this lord of ufelefs thoufanus ends." 
 
 Epiille to J.ord Bathurf}, ver. 299. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham pofTefTed abilities and accomplifhments which 
 might have commanded refpedf, independent of his high rank; but he juftly 
 forfeited the efteem of mankind by his follies and vices, by his utter wane of 
 principle, and his difregard of the mod important moral obligations. Bifliop 
 Burnet l.iys of him, that "he was a man of a noble prefencc; had a great 
 livelinefs of wit, and a peculiar faculty bf turning all things into ridicule with 
 bold figures and natural defcriptions.--He had no principles of religi.jn, virtue, 
 or frieiiddiip. Pleafure, frolic, or extravagant diverfion, was all that he hid 
 to heart. He was true to nothing, for he was not true to himl'elf. He had 
 no (leadinefs nor conduifb : he could keep no fecrct, nor execute any dcfign 
 without Ipoiling it. He cmUd never fix his thoughts, nor govern his ellate, 
 though then the greateft in England. He was bred about the k:ng [Charles 
 ll.Jand for many years had a great afcendant over him: but he fpoke of him 
 to all perlons with that contempt, that at lad he drew a lading difgrace upon 
 himfelf. And he at length ruined both body and mind, fortune and repu- 
 tation, equally. The madnefs of vice appeared in his perfon in very emi- 
 nent inftances ; fince at lad he became contemptible and poor, fickly, and 
 funk in his parts, as well as in all other refpefts ; fo that his converfation 
 was as much avoided as ever it had been courted. He found the king,, 
 when he returned from his travels, newly come to Paris, fent over by his 
 father when his affairs declined ; and finding him enough inclined to receive 
 ill impreflions, he, who was jud then got into all the impieties and vices 
 of the age, kt himfelf to corrupt his majedy, in which he was too fuccefs- 
 ful, being feconded in that wicked defign by the lord Percy. And, to complete 
 the matter, Hobbes was brought to the king, under the pretence ot in- 
 dru6ting him in mathematics ;.. and he laid before him his fchemts both with 
 relation to religion' and politics, which made deep and lading imprefTions on 
 the king's mind. So that the main blame of the king's ill principles and 
 bad morals was owing to the duke of Buckingham." 
 
 Mr. Walp )le obferves, that " when this extraordinary man, with the figure and 
 genius of Alcibiades, could equally charm the prcfbyterian Fairfax and the dillb- 
 lure Charles, when he alike ridiculcil that witty king and his folemn chancellor 
 Clarendon, when he plotted the ruin of his country with a cabal of bad minillcrs,, 
 
 * Tlic coiintefs of SlirewiKury, s woman abandoned to jrallantries. Tlie earl, licr hufband, 
 was killed in a duel by the duke of Buckingham ; iiudit Lm beenfaid, that, during the combat, fbe 
 held ihe duke's horfc in the habit of a page.-
 
 738 U S H E R. 
 
 or, equally vinprincipled, fiipported its caufe with bad patriots, one laments that 
 fuch parts fhoul^i have been devoid of every virtue. But when Alcibiade^ turns 
 chvniirt; when he is a real bubble and a v.fionary mifcr; wrhen anbti.n is but a 
 frolic ; when tiie word defigns are undertaken tor the molt toolifh ends ; contempc 
 extinguifhes all refle(5\ions on his charader. The portrait of this duke has been 
 drawn by four tnallerly hands. Burnet has hewn it out with his rough cliiflel i 
 count Hamilton touched it with that (light delicacy that finiflies, while it fetms 
 but a fl-:etch •, Dryden catched the living likenefs ; and Pope completed the htf- 
 torical reiemblance. Yet, though this lord was expofcd by two of the greatell 
 poets, he has expofcd one of them ten times more feverely. Z mri, in Drydm's 
 Abfalom and Achitophel, is an admirable portrait ; but Uayes, in the Rehearl'al, 
 an original creation. Dryden fatirized Buckingham, but ViUiers made Dryden 
 fatirize himfclf." 
 
 His grace wrote, befides the Rchearfal, i. Ihe Chances, a comedy : 2. The 
 Reftoration, a tmgi-comedy : 3. The Battle of Sedgemoor, a f.;rce : 4, A Hiort 
 Difcoune upon the Keafunablenefs of Men's having a Religion or Worfliip of God : 
 5. A Dcmonftration of the Deity: 6. Several Poems: 7. Several Speeches, and 
 other works. 
 
 USHER (James) archbifhop of Armagh, celebrated for his piety and other 
 virtues, as well as for his gieat abilities and profound erudition, was defcended 
 from a very ancient /amily, and born at Dublin on the 4th of January, 1580. 
 He dil'covered a Ikong pafiion for books from his infancy ; and the beginning of 
 his literary purfuits was attended, it is faid, with this remarkable circumllance, 
 that he was taught to read by two of his aunt% who had been blind from their 
 cradlts. In 1588 he was fcnt to a grammar-fchool in Dublin, which was kept by 
 two karnrd Scotchmen, viz. James Fullcrton and James Hamilton. They had 
 been lent over to Ireland to fecure a party for king James, in cafe of the death 
 ©f queen Elizabeth ; and, the better to cover their defign, opened a fchool. Mr. 
 Fullcrton was afterwards knighted, and of the bed-chamber to king James; and 
 Mr. Hamilton was created vifcount Clandebois. When Mr. Uflier had been five 
 years under thcie able mafterS, he was, in 1595, removed to Trinity-college, 
 Dublin, being one of the three firft fludents wi.o were aiimitted into that newlv- 
 eftabHli'd feminary. He made fo rapid a progrels in his liudies, that at tijhieen 
 years of age he was able to enter the lifts of dilfiu.ation with Henry Fitz-Symonds, 
 a learned lefuir, then a pnfoner in Dublin-caftl: ; who had Knt out a challenge, 
 defying the ablifl protcltant champion to dilputc with him about tnc i)oints in 
 controvcrfy between the Romilh and reformed churches. Uflier accepted the 
 challenge, and nccordmgly they met. The jefi.it dcfpifed him at firft, on account 
 of his youth; but, alter one or two conferences, he was lo rcnriblc of the acutc- 
 nefs of his wir, the ftrength of his arguments, and his ikill in difputation, that 
 he declined any farther conteft with him. 
 
 In 1600 Mr. Ufticr took the degree of mafter of arts; and in iroi was or- 
 dained both deacon and prieft by his uncle Henry Uflier, archbilhup of Ar- 
 magh. Not long after, he was appointed to preach conftantly bef ire the yreaj 
 officers of ftate, at Chrift-church in Dublin, on Sundays in the ^f irnoon; 
 when he made it his bufinefs to canvafs the chief points in difpute between 
 the papifts and the protcftants. In 1603 he was fent over to England with 
 Dr. Luke Chaioaer, in order to purchafe books for the uiuverfity of Dilb- 
 
 lin.
 
 USHER. 733 
 
 fin. In 1607 he commenced bachelor of divinity, and, in the fame year, was 
 promoted to the chanccllorfhip of St Patrick's, Dublin, and chofcn divinity- 
 profeflbr in that univerfity. He afterwards made it a conftant cuftom to come 
 over to England once in three years, fpending one month at Oxford, another 
 Et Cambridge, and the reft of the t-me at London. In 1610 he was unani- 
 moudy elefled provoft of Dublin-college ; but no intreaties could prevail on him 
 to accept the charge; for he was apprehenfive that the troubles attendiDg that 
 office would interrupt him in the profecuiion of his ftudies. In 1612 he took 
 his degree of doctor of divinity; and the next year, being at London, he pub- 
 kfhed a learned treatifc De Ecclefiartim Chnjlianarum ^acccjy.one et Statu. About 
 this lime lis cfpoufed Phoebe, the only daughter of Dr. Luke Chaloner, with 
 whom he received a confiderable fortune. In i6ao he was advanced by king 
 James to the bifliopric of Meath ; from whence, in 1625, he was tranflated to 
 the archiepifcopal fee of Armagh, to the univerfal fatisfaftion of the protertants 
 of Ireland, teftified by numbers of congratulatory letters on the occafion. In the 
 adminillration of his archbi(hopric he aded in a very exemplary manner, and cc- 
 deavoured to reform the clergy and officers of the ecclefiaftical courts. 
 
 In 1640 he came over to England with his family, with an intention foon 
 to return to Ireland, but was prevented by the rebellion which broke out there 
 in Oftdber 1641 ; and in that rebellion he was plundered of every thing, except 
 his library and fome furniture in his houfe at Drogheda. King Charles I. in con- 
 fideration of our primate's lofTes, now conferred on him the bifhopric of Carljfle, 
 to" be held in commendam ; the revenues of which were greatly leiiened by tiie ScotcK 
 and Englilh armies quartering upon it : and when all the lands belonging to the 
 bifhoprics in England were feized by the parliament, they voted him a penfion 
 of 400 1. per annum. He afterwards removed to Oxford; and, in 1643, was 
 nominated one of the aflembly of divines at Weitminller, but refufed to fit among 
 them, which, together with fome of his fermons at Oxford, giving offence to the 
 parliament, they ordered his library to be feized : but by the care of Dr. Featly, 
 one of the aflembly, it was fecured for our primate's ufe. The king's affairs de- 
 clining, and Oxford being threatened with a fiege, he left that city, and retired 
 to Cardiff in Wales, to the houfe of fir Timothy Tyrrel, who had married his 
 only daughter. He continued there above fix months in tranquillity, jand then 
 went to the caflle of St. Donate's, whither he was invited by the lady dowatrer 
 Stradling ; but in his journey thither was extremely ill uled by the people of the 
 mountains, who took away his books and pnpers. He w.is afterwards invited to 
 London by the countefs of Peterborough. In 1647 he was chofen preacher in 
 Lincoln's-Inn ; and during the treaty in the Idc 6f Wight, he was fent for by 
 the king, who conCulted him about the government of the ciuirch. The exe- 
 cution of his majcfty flruck him with great horror, and he kept the 30th of 
 January as a private fait as long as he lived. At length his great reputation hav- 
 \na induced the protedfor Cromwell to defire to fee him, his highnefs received 
 him with great civility, and made him leveral promifes. On the 20th of March, 
 1656, our primate was taken ill, and died the day following, at the countefs of 
 Peterborough's houfe at Ryegate in Surry, when Cromwell ordered him to be in- 
 terred with great magnificence in Weftminder-Abbey, and enjoined his executors 
 not to fell his valuable library without his confent. 
 
 This learned prelate pub lifhed many ufeful works, chiefly relating to hillory and 
 antiquities i among which are the following, viz. \, Britannicarum Eidcfiarum .In- 
 
 ^ ^ tiqtdt.itCi
 
 *jA(9 U S H E R. 
 
 tiquitates : 2. A Geographical and Hiftorical Difquificion touching the LefTcr Afia: 
 3. Diatriba de Roma>:<£ Ecclefta Symbolo Apoftolko vetere, &c. 4. Annals of the 
 Old and New Teftament, &c. &c. His correfpondence with men of learning 
 was very extenfive ; for we find among the number of his correfpondents, Sir 
 Henry Spelman, Thomas Gataker, William Camden, J' .hn Selden, William (Sorn- 
 ner, Sir Robert Cotton, Thomas Morton bifliop ot Litchfield and Coventry, 
 archbifliop Laud, Sir Simonds D' Ewes, John Greaves, Dr. Gerard Langbaine, 
 jofeph Hall bifliop of Norwich, Dr. Henry Hammond, Brian Duppa bifliop of 
 Salifbury, Samuel H;irrlib, Brian Walton bifliop of Chefler, Meric Cafaubon, 
 Ifaac VoIIius, John Buxtorf, Ludovicus de Dleu, Henry Valefius, Gerard John 
 VofTius, Frederic Spanheim, and Claudius Salmafius. 
 
 Archbifliop Ullier was in his perfon tall and well-fliaped, and walked uprigiit to 
 the lall. His hair was brown, and his complexion fanguine ; and in his counte- 
 nance there was a mixi'ure of gravity and benignity. He had a graceful and com- 
 mandino- prefence, that excited the reverence of thole who faw him : yet Dr Parr 
 fays, that the air of his face was hard to hit, and that, though many pidlures 
 were taken of him, he never faw but one like him, which was done by Sir Peter 
 Lely. He was defervedly celebrated for his great parts and uncommon learning 
 throuohout all Europe. He was fincerely pious, and uniformly virtuous; hum- 
 ble, candid, and charirable-, and, in all the changes of his fortune, prcfervcd a 
 fteady equanimity. He was courteous and affable, and extremely obliging towards 
 all whom he converfed with. He very readily forgave any injuries which he re- 
 ceived from others; and had not the leafl: appearance of pride in any part of his 
 behaviour. He ufed little recreation : walking was what he took moft delight in ; 
 and he would fometimes relax himfelf with innocent and chearful converfation, 
 his difcourfe at fuch times being at once pleafing and inflirudive. As he took 
 care to employ his own time well, fo he was a conftant reprover of idlenefs in 
 others ; for he thought that all men, of what degree or quality foever, ought to 
 be engaged in fome ufeful employment. He thought it a great fliame for per- 
 fons of rank to be brought up to do little elfe but eat, and drink, and drefs 
 themfelvcs; doing nothing but devouring the fruits of other men's labours, and 
 being themfelves of no ui'e to fociety ; but fpending their time and eftates in lux- 
 urious treats, in trifling vifits, or in debauchery. This fafliionable clafs of people 
 he confidered as not only ruining themfelves, both with refpeft to this world and 
 to futurity, but alfo as a diflionour to their country. 
 
 He was a conftant and eloquent preacher : and befides his private devotion?, 
 he never omitted, when he kept houie, to have prayers four times a day publicly. 
 As he was himfelf of an even, compofcd, and chearful temper, ib, if he oblcr- 
 ved other religious perfons to be melancholy and dcjcftcd, he would reprelent to 
 them the impropriety of it ; faying that fuch behaviour brought an evil report 
 upon religion. And he would on fuch occafions obferve, that none had fo much 
 reafon to rejoice as real Chriflians, who fincerely endeavoured to regulate their 
 lives by the rules of piety and virtue. 
 
 The archbifhop left many manufcripts, fome of which were publiflied after 
 his death. And three hundred letters which paffed between him and his learned 
 correfpondents, were publiflied at London in 1686, together with an account of 
 his life, by Dr. Parr, who was his chaplain. 
 
 WAGER
 
 WAKE. 741 
 
 W. 
 
 WAGER (Sir Charles) a brave Englifli admiral, was born in the year 1666, 
 and entered young into the navy. He continued feveral years before he was ho- 
 noured with a command ; but his merit being too conlpicuous to be concealed, 
 he was at length advanced to the honours he lb well dekrved. In 1703 he com- 
 manded the Hampton-Court, under Sir Cloudefley Shovel, in the Mediterranean ; 
 and in 1704 lerved under Sir George Rooke in the memorable engagement off 
 Malaga, in which the French were defeated. In 1708 he commanded a fquadron 
 in the Weft Indies, v,here he intercepted the galleons which had rear fix millions 
 of pieces of eight on board. On the 24th of July following, he was appointed 
 rear-admiral of the blue, and continued td do every thing in his power to annoy 
 the enemy and protect our trade. On the 12th of November, 1709, he was 
 made rear-admiral of the red, in which ftation he continued till the accefhon of 
 king George I. when he was appointed vice-admiral of the red. In 171 7 he was 
 conftituted a commilTioner of the admiralty. In 1726 he was fent with a ilroni" 
 fquadron into the Bake, to afTift the Danes and Svveiles againll the czarina, when 
 that princefs was fo intimidated by the appearance of luch a formidable fleet, 
 that fhe laid afide all thoughts of attempting any thing to the prejudice of Den- 
 mark and Sweden.- The next year Sir Charles failed with fix fhips and two floops 
 to join admiral Hopfon, then at Gibraltar, and defeated the intentions of the Spa- 
 niards, who had formed a fcheme for retaking that fortrels, and had adually open- 
 ed trenches before it. In 173 1 he was promoted to tlie rank of admiral of the 
 blue, and with a ftrong fquadron convoyed Don Carlos into Italy, where he was 
 placed on the throne of Naples. 
 
 Upon the death of the lord vifcount Torrington, which happened in 1733, Sir 
 Charles Wager was appointed firft commiflloner of the admiralty, and a member 
 of the privy-council. In thefe ftations he exerted himfeif in the fervice of his 
 country, by maintaining the honour of the Britifli flag, and rewarding fuch officers 
 as difcharged their duty. He died on the 24th of May, 1743, m the feventy- 
 eighth year of his age. His remains were depofited in Wcftminitcr-abbey, where 
 an elegant monument is erefted to his memory. The principal figure is that of 
 Fame, holding a portrait of Sir Charles in relief, which is alfo lupported by an 
 infant Hercules. The enrichments are naval trophies, inftruments of war and 
 navigation, &c. On the bafe is reprefented, in baflb-relievo, the deftroying and 
 lakingthe Spanifli galleons in 170!^. 
 
 WAKE (Dr. William) archbifliop of Canterbury, was the fun of William 
 Wake, gent, of Blandford in tlie county of Dorkt, where he was born in 1657. 
 He (Uidied at Chrill-church college, Oxford ; and having taken his degrees in 
 arts he entered into holy-orders, and was chokn preacher to the fociety of Grays- 
 Inn, London. He attended the lord vifcount I'lellon, .imbaffador to the court 
 of France, in quality of chaplain ; and, upon his return to England, in the reign 
 of James II. diftinguifhed himfeif by writing feveral trafts againft popery. In 
 1689 he took the degree of dodor of divinity, was appointed deputy-ck-rk of 
 the clofct, and chaplain in ordinary to king William and queen Mary i and was 
 alfo iTiade canon of Chrift-church. He was afterwards, in 1694, collated to 
 the reftory of St. James's Weflminfter, and in 1701 was inftalicd dean of Ex. 
 eter. In 1705 he was made bifiiop of Lincoln, and, in January 1715-16, tranf- 
 lated to the archbifliopric of Canterbury, lie made a principal figure in that 
 
 great
 
 742 W A L L E H. 
 
 great fcene of controverfy, which opened itfelf with regard to the convocation, at 
 the clofe of the laft century •, of which we fhall only take notice fo far as he 
 was concerned, fomeching having been already faid upon it in our lite of Dr. 
 Francis Atterburgy, bifhop of Rochefter. Jn the year 1697, there was publifhed 
 an anonymous pamphlet, intitled, " A Letter to a Convocation-Man concerning 
 the RightSj I'ouers, and Privileges of that Body :" to which an anfwer was pub- 
 liflied the fame year by Dr. Wake, under this title, " The Authority of Chrillian 
 Princes over their ecclcfiaftical Synods aflerted, with particular refpcft to the Con- 
 vocations of the Clergy of the Realm and Church of England," 8vo: and this 
 being attacked, the dodfor vindicated himfelf in "An Appeal to all the true 
 Members of the Church of England, in behalf of the King's ecclefiaftical Supre- 
 macy, as by law ellabliflied ; by our Convocations approved-, and by our moft 
 eminent Biihops and Clergymen (fated and defended, againll both the Popilh 
 and Fanatical Oppofers of ir," 1698, 8vo. In the year 1700, the celebrated Dr. 
 Atterbury entered into this difpute with great vigour and refolution, and publifhed 
 an anfwer to Dr. Wake's book, entitled, "The Rights, Powers, and Privileges 
 of an Englilli Convocation, dated and defended." 8vo reprinted in 170 r, with 
 additions. The controverfy now grew warm, and feveral writers of confiderable 
 rote engaged in it. Burnet bifhop of Salifbury, and Kennet, afterwards bifliop 
 of Peterborough, wrote animadverfions upon Atterbury's work ; and Kennet's 
 piece againft it was a particular reply to it, written under the countenance of 
 Dr. Thomas Tenifon, then archbifhop of Canterbury. Hody, Gibfon, Hooper, 
 were concerned in this diipute: Hooper was on the fide of Atterbury, Hody .ind 
 Gibfon againft him. But the mofl confiderable and decifive anfwer to Atterbury, 
 was Dr. Wake's large work, entitled, " The flate of the Church and Clergy of 
 England in their Councils, Synods, Convocations, Conventions, and other Public 
 AfTemblies, hiftorically deduced from the Converfion of the Saxons to the prefent 
 Times," 1703, folio. This was going to the bottom of the fubjeft; the work 
 was efleemed not only a full and fufficient anfwer to Atterbury, but decifive with 
 regard to the controverfy in general. 
 
 Befides what l^r. Wake publifhed in the controverfy with the papifts, and in 
 that concerning the convocation, he was the author of fuveral other learned 
 pieces. He died at Lambeth on the 24th of January, 1736-7, in the eightieth 
 year of his age. 
 
 WALLER (Sir William) one of the generals of the parliament's army dur 
 ring the civil war, was the fon of fir Thomas Waller, conftablc of Dover-caftlc, 
 and ferved in the Netherlands in the fame camp with fir Ralph Hopton. He was 
 in the army of the confederate princes againft the emperor, and was at length one 
 of the mofi able and adlive of the parliament generals, when being for a confi- 
 derable time viflorious, he was called William the Conqueror. He was how- 
 ever defeated at the battle ofLanfdown near Bath, on the 5th of July, 1643, and 
 afterwards totally routed at Round way-Down near the Devizes, on the i3ih of 
 Julv, the fame year: hence the place was, with a little variation, called Runaway- 
 Down, and continues to be called fo to this day. Sir Arthur Hailerig's cuiraffi- 
 ers we^l-known by the name of Lobflers, were among the fugitives ; Cleveland 
 fays that they turned crabs and went backwards. 'Jhe conqueror's fame funk 
 confidcrably from this lime •, but he had afterwards the honour of defeating the 
 
 lord
 
 WALLER. y4j 
 
 lord Hopton, his former fellow-foldier, at Alresford. Sir William was author of 
 a book of Divine Meditations, which was publilhed after his deceafe, and died on 
 the 19th of September, 1669. Granger's Biographical Hijicry of England. 
 
 WALL-ER (Edmund) a celebrated Englifli poet, was the fon of Robert Wal- 
 ler, efq. and was born at Coleniill, in Hertfoidfliire, on the 3d of March, i6or.. 
 His father dying when he was very young, his mother fent him to Eton fchool, 
 whence lie was removed to King's college in Cambridge. At the ao-e of fixceen 
 or feventeen he was choltn a member of the third parliament of lung James I. 
 and ferved as burgefs for Agmoiidelh.m. In 1623 lie compofed a poem 0f> 
 prince Charles's danger of being caft a\\ .y in the road of St. Andero, and in 
 1628 a poem on his majefty's receiving the news of the duke of Buckingham's 
 death. Thefe poems recommended him to the favour of the court, and ren- 
 dered him dear to peifons of tlie bett taile. He became one of the famous club, 
 of which the lord Falkland, Mr. Chillingworth, and other perfons of eminence, 
 were members. At one of their meetings they heard a noife in the (Ireet, and 
 were told that a Ion of Ben Johnfon was arretted. They fent for him in, and 
 he proved to be Mr. George Morley, afterwards bilhop of Winchefter. Mr, 
 Waller was fo well pleafed with him, that he paid the debt, which was no Icfs 
 than lool. on condition of his living with him at Beaconsficld, which he did 
 eight or ten years together; and from him Mr. Waller ufed to fay that he 
 learned a tafte of the ancient poets, and got what he had of their manner; but 
 it is evident from his poems written before this incident, that he had early acquir- 
 ed that excellent fpirit. 
 
 It is uncertain at what time our author was married, but it is fuppofed that 
 his firCt wife Anne, the daughter of Edward Banks, efq. was dead before he 
 conceived a pafTion for thf lady Dorothy Sidney, daughter to the earl of Lei- 
 cedcr, whom he celebrates wiih the moll pleafing dcdtcacy under the name of 
 SacharilTa. He was elcclcd burgefs fur Agmondediam in the parliament which 
 met in April 1640, in which he oppofed the court wiih great eloquence, as he 
 did likewife in the beginning of the long parliament, iw January 1642-3, he 
 was one of the commilTioners appointed by tiie parliament to prefent their pro- 
 pofitions for peace to his majelly at Oxford; and, the fame year, he was deeply 
 engaged in the dcfign for reducing the city of London and the ToATr to the 
 fervice of the king, tor which he was in.priloned, and lined io,ooal. after 
 which he travelled into France, where he continued feveral years. Upon his 
 return to England he fubmitt-d to the ruling powers, and became particularly 
 intimate with Oliver Cromwell, upon whom he wrote a tine panegyric in 1654, 
 and, in 1658, a poem on his death. However, a: the Relloration, he was treated 
 with crreat civility by Chaijjs 11. who always made him one of <lie party in his 
 diverlions at the duke of Buckingham's, and other places. He wrote a jianegy- 
 ric ujion his mnjelly's return, which, however, was thought to fall much Ihort of 
 that which he had before written on Oliver Cromwell : tiic king one day allced 
 him in r.-dllery, " How is it. Waller, that you wrote a better encomium on Crom- 
 well than on me?" "May it pleale your majelly (anfwercd he) we poets gene- 
 rally fucceed bcft in fiction.'' fde fat in feveral parlia.nents after the Reilora- 
 tion, and continued in the full vigour of his genius to the end of his life, h»s 
 natural vivacity bearing him up, and making his company agreeable to the laft. 
 He died of a dropfy on the 21ft of O(5lobef, 1687, and was interred in the 
 
 C church-
 
 744 W A L L I S. 
 
 church-yard of BeaconjfielJ. Mr. Waller has been honoured as the great refiner of 
 Englifh poetry. He reftored to numbers the delicacy tht-y had loft, and joined to 
 mellillucnt cadence the charms of fcnfe. The bell edition of his works, confid- 
 ing of poems, fpccches, letters, ike. is that publilhcd in 1730, 4to. with notes, 
 by Mr. Elijah Fenton. 
 
 WALLIS (Dr, John) one of the mofl learned mathe:naticians of the fcven- 
 tcenth century, was the Ion of iV.r, John Wallis, a clergyman, and was born 
 at Afliford in Kent, the 2?d of November, 1616. Having leirncvl ihi Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew tongues, and the rudiments ot logic, mufic, and the French lan- 
 guage, at Felfled-fchool in EfTcx, he w.is fent by his mother to Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, whence he removed to Q^ieen's college in the lame univerfiiy, of 
 which he was chol'en fellow. In 1640 he received holy orders, and became 
 chaplain to fir Richard Darley, and afterwards to the lady Vcre, widow of Ho- 
 race lord Vere. While he lived in this family, he difcovered the art of dccy- 
 phering ; and it is faid, that the cledor of Brandenburgh, for whom he explained 
 feveral letters written in cypher, fent him, in 1693, a gold chain and medal. In 
 1644 he was chofen one of the fecretaries to the aflc'mbly of divines at Wefl- 
 mmtkr, and was then miniller of St. Gabriel, Fenchurch-llreet, which he foon 
 quitted for the living of St. Martin, Ironmonger-lane. In 1649 Mr. Wallis was 
 appointed, by the parliamentary vifitors, Savilian profelFor of geometry at Ox- 
 ford ; and, in 1654, took the degree of doftor of divinity. In 1657 he digefted 
 the fubftance of his ledtures into a regular work, and publifiied it under the ti- 
 tle of Mathefis Univerfalis. Upon the Red oration he met with great refpedt -, the 
 king himfclf entertained a favourable opinion of him, and the lord chancellor 
 Clarendon, and fir Edward Nicholas fccretary of ftate, were his friends j he was, 
 therefore, admitted one of the king's chaplains in ordinary, and confirmed in 
 his two places of Savilian profcfior, and keeper of the archives at Oxford, 
 which he had enjoyed for fome time before. In i65i he was one of the di- 
 vines who were impowered to review the Book of Common Prayer-, and after- 
 wards complied with the terms of the z^ of uniformity, contmuing a fteady 
 conformilt to the church of England till his death. He was one of the firll 
 members of the Royal Society, with which he kept a conftant correfpondcnce by 
 letters and papers, many of which are publifiied in the Philofophical Tranfac- 
 tions. In 1697 the curators of the univerfity prcfs at Oxford thought it for tlie 
 honour of the univerfity to coUcft the works of the doiftor, which had been print- 
 ed feparately, fome in Latin, fome in Englifh, and to publifh them all together 
 in the Latin tongue. I'hey were accordingly publifhed at Oxford in 1699, in 
 three volumes folio, and dedicated to king William. Dr. Wallis died on the 
 28th of Ocfober, 1703, in the eighty-feventh year of his age, and was interred 
 in the choir of St. Mary's church in Oxford, where a monument was eredted to 
 his memory. He wrote feveral pieces againfl; Mr. Hobbes, feveral treatifes on 
 divinity, and other works. Mr. Lewis obferves, that "Dr. Wallis was happy 
 in the enjoyinent of a vigorous conllitution of body and of mind, which was very 
 ftrong, lerene, and calm, and not foon ruffled or difcompofed ; and though, whilft 
 he lived, he was looked upon by the molt rigid and zealous party-men in the 
 univerfity with a jealous eye, and fufpefled as not thoroughly well afi^edted to the 
 monarchy and church of England, he was yet very much honoured and eftcem- 
 ed by others of a better temper and judgment, and of more knowledge and 
 
 larger
 
 W A L P O J. E. ;^j 
 
 larger thoughts. By thefe, both at home and abroad, he was reckoned the glory 
 and ornament of his country, and of the univerfity in particular." 
 
 Mr. Granger, fpeaking of Dr. Wallis, fays, that "he made his way in the 
 mathematics by the force of a genius which feemed to be defigned by nature 
 for this branch of fcience, and that was equal to every thincr to which it was 
 applied. He was not content with treading in the footlleps of other mathemati- 
 cians, but in fcveral inftances went beyond them; and is by Mr. Glanvill ranked 
 with Vieta and IJes Cartes, who aie of the firft clafs of difcoverers in mathe- 
 matical knowled<^e. He invented the method for meafuring all kinds of curves, 
 and was thought to have gone nearer than any other man towards fquarin'" the" 
 circle, whicii he has demonftrated to be impolfible. He greatly improved deci- 
 mal arithmetic, and was the firft that reduced a fradion, by a continued divifion, 
 to an infinite feries •, which fcries was afterwards employed by lord Brouncker in 
 fquaring the hyperbola. He was the inventor of the modern art of dccypher- 
 ing, which he praftiled in the time of the civil war. The writers of the pa- 
 pers which he undertook to explain, were allonifhed when they faw them de- 
 cyphered, and fairly owned that there was great truth, if not infallibility, in 
 his art. He was probably the fini that invented a method of teaching deaf 
 and dumb perfons to fpeak, and to underftand a language *. He compofed 
 an Englifh grammar, in which are many things entirely his own, and which (hew 
 at once the grammarian and thephilofopher." 
 
 WALPOLE (Sir Robert) a man of extraordinary talents, afterwards earl 
 of Orford, was born at Houghton, in Norfolk, on the 6th of September, 1674, 
 and educated on the foundation at Eton-fchool. From thence he was clec^ecl 
 to King's-coUege in Cambridge; but fucceeding to the family eftate, upon the 
 death of his elder brother, he refigned his fellowfliip. In the year 1700 he was 
 chofen borgefs for Lynn in Norfolk, which borough he reprefented in feveral 
 fucceeding parliaments. In 1705 he was nominated one of the council to prince 
 George of Denmark, lord high admiral of England; in 1707 was appointed fe- 
 cretary at war, and, in 1709, treafurer of the navy. Upon the trial of Dr. 
 Sacheverel, in the beginning of the year 17 10, he was chofen one of the ma- 
 nao-ers for the houfe of commons to make good the articles of impeachment 
 againft him. However, on the change of the minillry in that year, he was re- 
 moved from all his pofts, and held no place during the remainder of queen Anne's 
 feign. In 171 1 he was voted by the houfe of commons guilty of a high breach 
 of truft, and of notorious corruption in his office of fccrctaiy at war; and was 
 not only expelled the houfr, but committed to the Tower. Upon a candid re- 
 view of this affair, there does not appear fufficient proof to jultify the fevcrity 
 ufed towards him ; and perhaps his attachment to the Whig party, and his great 
 influence in the houfe, owing to his popular eloquence, were the true caufcs 
 of his cenfure and imprifonment, as they had been before of his advancement. 
 All the Whigs, on this occafion, confidered Mr. Walpole as a kind of martyr 
 in their caufe. The borough of Lynn re-elefted him, and, though the houfe 
 declared the eleftion void, perfifted in their choice. In the next parliament he 
 
 * See the Philofophical Tranfa(5tions, under the year 1670. Mr. Wood attributes this inven- 
 tion to Dr, Holder; which is, with good reafon, contradiiled by Mr. Warton, in his life ol' Dr. 
 Bathuilt. 
 
 diflinguifhcd
 
 740 
 
 W A L P O L E. 
 
 diftinguirtied himfclf in the defence of liberty, by vindicating Mr. Richard Steele 
 in the debate relating to his publifhiiig the Crifis. The fchifm bill foon after 
 gave him a fine opportunity of exerting his eloquence, and of appearing as a cham- 
 pion of civil and religious liberty. 
 
 On the death of queen Anne, in 17 14, a revolution of politics took place, 
 an J the Whig party prevailed both at court and in the fcnate. In a few days af- 
 ter the arrival of king George 1. Mr. Walpolc was made receiver and paymafler- 
 general of all the guards, garrifons, and land forces in Great-Britain, paymafter 
 of the royal holpital of Chelfea, and was likcwife Iworn a privy-counftllor. Ke 
 was the next year elefted chairman of the ftcret committee appointed to inquire 
 into the conduft of thofe minifters who had concluded the peace with France-, 
 and the vigour he exerted upon this occafion was foon rewarded by the extraor- 
 dinary promotions of firll commifiioner of the treafury, and chancellor and un- 
 der-treafurer of the exchequer. Two years after it appeared that the intercfi: of 
 Mr. fecretary Stanhope began to outweigh that of Mr. Walpole, whf fe power 
 was vifibly on the decline. King George had purcliafcd of the king of Denmark 
 the duchies of Bremen and Verden, which his Danifh majefty had gained by con- 
 quefl; from Charles XII. of Sweden; who, enraged to fee his dominions pub- 
 licly fet to fale, conceived a refentment againft the purchafer, and refolved t(» 
 gratify his revenge on the eleftorate of Hanover. Upon this, Mr. Stanhope de- 
 livered to the houfe of commons a mciTage from the king, demanding an ex- 
 traordinary fupply, th-it his majefly might be tiie better enabled to fccurc his 
 dominions againft the danger wirii which they were threatened from Sweden. 
 This occafioned a warm debate, in which Mr. Walpole kept a profound filence. 
 The country party infilled that fuch a proceeding was contrary to the atft of 
 fettlement. They infinuatcd, that the peace of the empire was only a pretence, 
 aird that the fecurity of the new acquifuions was the real objcft ot this unpre- 
 cedented fupply ; and they took occafion to obicrve too, that his majeily's own 
 minifters feemed to be divided. But Mr. Walpole thought proper on this fur- 
 mi fe to fpeak in favour of the fupply, which was carried by a majority of four 
 voices. A few days afterwards he refigned all his places into the hands of the 
 king, and, on the day of his refignation, brought in the famous finking-fund 
 bill. In the courfe of the debates ujjon this bill, a warm concert arofe between 
 Mr. Walpole and Mr. Stanhope, in which the former, on iome fevere relledions 
 thrown upon him, lolt his ufual lerenity of temper, and replied with great warmth 
 and impetuofity. The acrimony on both fides produced unbecoming exprelfions, 
 the betraying of private converfation, and the revealing a piece of icciet hillory, 
 viz. the I'ca.idalous pradlice of felling places and reverfions. A member faid on 
 the occafion, "I am lorry to fee two fuch great men fall foul of one another : 
 however, in my opinion, we muft ftill look on them as patriots and fathers of 
 their country ; and fince they have by mifchance difcovered their nakednefs, we 
 ought, according to the cuftom of the Eaft, to cover it, by turning our backs 
 upon them." 
 
 In the next felTion of parliament Mr. Walpole oppofed the minillry in every 
 thing; and upon a motion in the houfe for continuing the army, he made a 
 lone fpcech, and difplayed all his eloquence in fhcwing the danger of a 
 ftanding army in afree country. Early in they ear 1720, the rigour 
 of the patriot began to foften, and he was again appointed paymafter 
 of the forces ; and it was not long before he acquired full miniftcrial power, 
 
 being
 
 W A L S H. '■^; 
 
 being made firft commiflloner of the treafury, and chancrllor of the exchequer. 
 When the king v.'cnt abroad in 1723, Mr. Walpole was nominated one of the 
 lords jufticcs for the adminiftration of affairs, and was fworn folc fecictary of flate 
 during the abfence of the lords Townfhend and Carieier, who accompanied the 
 king in his journey. About the fame time he received another mark of the royal 
 ■ favour V his eldelt fon, then on his travels, being created a peer, by the title of 
 baron Walpole of Walpole in Norfolk. In 1725 he v/as crealcd knight of the Bath, 
 and the following year was inltallcd knight of the moll noble order oi the Garter. It 
 would be inconfillent with the nature of this work to give an account of the meafures 
 of his adminillration, during the losg time he remained prime-miniller. It is 
 fufficient to fay, that his endeavouring to obtain an ;idt fur a general cxcife, and 
 leveral other of his meafures, were, in the highell degree, u.ipopular; but witii 
 refpe(5l to moft of his proceedings, it is difTiculc to difccrn the- iruih, ihrough 
 the exaggerations and milVeprefcntations of party. He has been called the fa- 
 ther of corruption -, and though he is faid to have boafted ih.t he knew cverv 
 man's price, yet in the bi-ginning of the year 1742 the oppofition prcvailrd, and 
 he was n'j longer able to carry a majority in ihe houfe of commons. He there- 
 fore refigncd all his employments, and was foon after created carl of Orford, 
 when the king granted him a penfion of 4000 1. per annum, in confideration of 
 his long and faithful fervces. The remainder of his life he fpent in tranquil 
 retirement, and died in March 1745, in the feventy-firll year of his age. lie 
 wrote the following pamphlets, viz. i. 1 he Sovereign's Anfwcr to the Glou- 
 celferQiire Addrels. By the Sovereign was nwant Charles duke of Somerfet, who 
 was fo nick-named by the Whigs. 2. An Anfwer to the Rcprel'entation of the 
 Houfe of Lords on the State of the Navy. 3; The Debts of the Nation (fated 
 and confulcred. 4. The Thirty-five Millions accounted for. 5. A Letter from 
 a foreign Minifter in England to Monfieur Petkum. 6. Four Letters to a Friend 
 in Scotland upon Sachcverel's Trial. 7. A fliort Hillory of the Parliament. 
 £. 'I he South-Sea Scheme confidered. 9. A Pamphlet againft the Peerage Bill. 
 10. The Keport of the Secret Committee, on the 9t'li of June, 1715. 
 
 It ought not to be omitted, that whatever objeiftions have been made to the 
 minifterial condufl of Sir Robert Walpole, yet in his private chaiaSer he is 
 univerfally allowed to have been polTcircd of the molt amiable and benevolent 
 qualities. That he was a tender parent, a kind mailer, a munificent patron, a 
 firm friend, and an agreeable companion, are points that have been . fcldom dif- 
 puted. Mr. Pope, who profeflcd himfclf no friend to courts and courtiers, has 
 paid him a handlome compliment on the laft ot thefe heads : in anfwer to his 
 friend, who perfuades him to go and fee Sir Robert, he lays, 
 
 *' Seen him I have, but in his happier hour 
 " Of focial pleafure, ill-exchang'd for power-, 
 " Seen him, uncumbcr'd t\ith the venal tribe, 
 " Smile without art, and win without a bribe." 
 
 WALSH fWii-LiAM) an Knglifii critic and poet, was the fon of Jofepli 
 Walfh, of Abbcrley in Worcedcrlliire, Ll'q. In i6;8 he w.is entered a gentle- 
 man-commoner of Wadham-college, CJxi'ord, but K-|'t the univtrfity without 
 takin" a de<>ree. lie then retired to his native c unty, und lome time afr;.;- cane 
 to London. In lOyi he publifli-d, with a preface written by his friend Mr. 
 
 y I) Dryden,
 
 748 W A L S I NT G H A M 
 
 Dryden, a Dialogue concerning Women, being a Defence of the Sex ; and the 
 year following, Letters and Poems, amorous and gallant, in 8vo. Thefe were 
 reprinced in 1740, in the Works of the Minor Poets, with other performances 
 of Mr. Waldi -, among which is an effuy on pallor.d poetry, with a fhort de- 
 fence of Virgil ai^aiiifl: fame reflections of Monfieur Fonicnelie. 1 hat critic had 
 cenfured Virgil for writing palloiv.ls in too courtly a llilc. which, he fa\s, is 
 not proper for the Doric Muli:: but Mr. Walfli has oppufed to this, that the 
 fliepherds in Virgil's time were held in greater eftcem, and were perfons of a 
 niuch fuperior figure to what they are now. Mr. Walfli's other pieces chiefly 
 confift of elegies, epitaphs, odes, and fongs. In the reign of queen Anne he 
 was made gentleman of the horfe. Mr. Dryden, in the poftfcript to his iranf- 
 lation of Virgil, has afiertcd Mr. Wallh to have been the beft critic then living j 
 and Mr. Pope, to whom our author was a director as well as a friend, has 
 ■written thus of him, in thi; Eflny on Criticlfm : 
 
 " Yet fome there were among the founder few, 
 
 " Of thofe v/ho Icfs prefum'd, and better knew, 
 
 *' Who durft aflert the jufter ancient caufe, 
 
 " And here rcftor'd wit's fundamental laws. 
 
 " Such late was Walsh, the Mufe's judge and friend, 
 
 " Who juftly knew 10 blame or to commend j 
 
 " To failings mild, bat ze ilojs for defert ; 
 
 " The cleared head, and the fincerell heart. 
 
 " This humble praife, lamented Ihade ! receive, 
 
 " This praile at leaft a grateful Mule may give: 
 
 " The Mufe, whofe early voice you taught to fing, 
 
 " Prefcrib'd her heights, and prun'd her tender wing; 
 
 " Her guide now loit — " 
 
 e"- 
 
 Mr. Walfli died in the year 1708, when he was about forty-eight years qf 
 age. 
 
 WALSINGHAM (Sir Framcis) one of the greatefl fl:atefmen that ever this- 
 ifland produced, flour Tned in the reign of queen Elizabeth, and was born of a 
 good family at Chiflehurft in Kent. He fpent fome time at King's-c llcge in 
 Cambridge, and then, to complete his education, travelled into foreign couitrirs, 
 of the language and polity of which he acquired a perfeft knowledge. Theie 
 qualifications Toon recommended him to the notice of the great lord Burleigh, 
 under whofe diredtiun he was emphjyrd in the moft important aff"jirs of flate. He 
 refided as ambafl^ador in PVance, during the civil wars in that kingdom. In the 
 year 1570 he was lent thither a fecond time in thef'.me capacity. His negociations 
 and difpatches during that ambafly, were coUcdted by Sir Dudley Diogcs, 
 knight, and publilhed at London in 1655, folio, witii this title ; " The Com- 
 plete Ambaflador ; or f wo Treaties of the inti ndcd Marriage of Q^ieen Eiizj- 
 bcth,. of glorious Memory, comprifed in Letters of Negociation of Sir Francis 
 "Walfingham, her Refi.ient in France. Together with the -Anfwers of the lord 
 Burleieh, the Eul of LticeOer, Sir Thomas Smith, ami otheis. Wherein, as 
 in a clear mirrour, may be fecn tlie faces of the two courts of England and 
 
 France,
 
 WALTON. 
 
 749 
 
 France as they then flood •, with many remarkable paflages of ftate, not at all mentioned 
 in any Hiftory." Thele papers manifeft our great ft-itefraan's t-xqiiifue abili- 
 ties, and his fitnefs for the trufl that was n. poled in h,m. In 157 j he was ap- 
 pointed one ot her majedy's principal llcrctarics of llatf, was knijihtrd, and 
 fworn a privy-counfcUor -, and tiom this time forwards he was univerlally confi- 
 dercd as one of the wilcil minilters of the wife queen Elizabeth. He now de- 
 voted himfelf entirely to the fcrvice of his country and his queen, and, by his 
 vigilance and addrefs, preferved her crown and life from frequent attempts and 
 confpiracies. " I'o him (fays Dr. Lloyd) men's faces fpoke as well as their 
 tongues, and their countenances were indexes of their hearts. He would fo bcfec 
 men with queftions, and draw them on, that they difcovered themfclvcs whether 
 they anfwered or were filcnt. He maintained fifty-three agents and eighteen I'pies 
 in foreign courts -, and, for two pilloles and under, had all the private papers in 
 Europe." In 1578 he was fent on an ambafiy to the Netherlands, in i:;8i into 
 France, and in i 583 into Scotland. He was afterwards one of the commifTioncrs 
 for the trial of Alary queen of Scotland. 
 
 In the year 1587, when the king of Spain made fuch amazing preparations, 
 Walfingham uied his utmofl endeavours to difcover the frcret of their dcftina- 
 tion ; and accordingly procured intelligence from JMadrid, that the king had in- 
 formed his council of his having difpatched an exprcfs to Rome, with a letter 
 written v/ith his own hand to the pope, acquainting him with the true dcfiijn of 
 his preparations, and begging liis blcflmg upon them; which for fome rcafons he 
 could not difclofe till the return of the courier. 'I'he fecret bcin^ thus lodtjed 
 with the pope, Walfingham, by means of a Venetian prielV, whom he retai.cd 
 at Rome as a fpy, procured a copy of the original letter, which was ftolen out of 
 the pope's cabinet by a gentleman ot the bed-chamber, who took the key out of 
 his holinefs's pocket while he flept. After this, our fecrctary, by his dexterous 
 m.magement, caufcd the bills of the Spaniards to be proteHed at Genoa, which 
 fliould has e fupplied them with money for carrying on their extraordinary prepa- 
 rations ; and by this means he happily retarded this formidable invafion for a whole 
 year. 
 
 i .very attempt to promote the trade and navigation of England was encourag- 
 ed by our wife ftatefman : Hakluyt and Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in particular, 
 enjoyed his patronage and afliflance. He founded a divinity ledure at Oxford, 
 the reader of whicli was to difcourfe upon the fundamental points of religion, 
 and the text of the holy fcriptures, in order that the contioverfies arifing from 
 thence might be more particularly difcuflcd. He alfo provided a library for King's- 
 coUcge in Cambridge. Bcfides his ether employircnts, he was ciiancellor of the 
 duchy of Lancafter, recorder of the borough of Colchellcr, and knight of the Gar- 
 ter: yet he died fo poor, that, on account of his debts, he was burieil privately 
 by niL-ht m St. Paul's cathedral, without any manner of funeral folemnity. His 
 death happened on the 6th of April, 1590. He left an only daughter, who was 
 famous for having three hufbands of the greatell diltinftioii ; firll, Sir Philip Sid- 
 ney j fecondly, Robert Devereux, earl of Efllx ; and lallly, Kichard Bourk, earl 
 of Cianricarde and St. Albans. 
 
 WALTON (Brian) bilhopof CheRer, and the learned editor of the Poly- 
 glot Bible, was born at Cleveland, in the North Kiding of YorkHiire, in 1600, 
 and educated at Cambridge. He afterwards kept a fchool in Suffolk, whence he 
 
 '■ removed
 
 750 WARD. 
 
 removed to London, where he became redlor of Sr. Martin's Organ. In 1635 he 
 was made rector of Sandon in Eflex, and was admitted to the church of St. Gi^es 
 in the Fields, London. He commenced do^lor of divinity in 1639; at which 
 time he was prebendary of St. Paul's cathedral, and chaplain in ordinary to his ma- 
 jeRy. During the controverfy between the clergy and inhabitants of London 
 concerning the tyches of renr, he was very induftrious and artive in behalf of the 
 former, and made fo exadf and learned a collciftion of the cuftoms, prclcrijitions, 
 laws, orders, proclamations, and compofitions, for many hundred years together, 
 relating to tiiat fubject, that the judge declared, " That there could be no deal- 
 ing with the London minilters, if Mr. Walton pleaded tor them." Upon the 
 breaking out of the civil wars, he was fent for by the houfe of commons, fcqucf- 
 tereii from his livings of St. Martin's Orgar and Sandon, plundered, and forced 
 to fly, and was ocherwife ill treated. He then betook himlclf tor refuge to Ox- 
 ford, where he was incorporated doiflor of divinity, and v/here he formrd the no- 
 ble defign of the Polyglot Bible, wliich was puolifhed ..: i ,ondon in 1637, in fix 
 volumes tolio. After the ReRoration, he had the honour to prefent this great work 
 to king Charles II. who made him one of his chaplains in ordinary, and foon 
 ;ti'ter promoted him to the bilhopric of Cheller. In September, 16 )i, he went 
 to take poffeirion of liis fee, Vtherc he was received by fuch a concourlc of sentry, 
 clergy, and militia, both of the dty a.-d coumry, and with fuch acclamations of 
 thoufands of the people, as had never been known upon any fimilar occafion : but 
 returning to London, he died thereon the 29th of .November, 1661, and w.is in- 
 terred in St. Paul's cathedral, where a monument was er.dtr ■ 10 his memory, 
 lie alio publidied IvtroduSIio ad Letlionem Linguanim OrienlaKum, in oiStavo, 
 1655. 
 
 WARD (Seth) an EngliHi prelate, famous for his fkill in mathematics and 
 allronomy, was the fori of an attorney, and was born at Buntingfurd. m I lert- 
 fordfliire, in 1617 or 1618. He was inftrufted in grammar-learninji, at the free- 
 Icliool ot iiis nat.ve place, and thence, in 1632, removed to Sidney -colit-ge 
 in Cambrivlge. Here he applied himfeU" with great vigour to hi.s liuJics, 
 and particularly to mathematics-, took the degrees in arts, and was cholen fellow 
 of his college. In the time of the civil wais, ne was ejc£led from his fello^Ihip 
 for refufing the covenant, and joined with feveral others in writing a treatife againil 
 ir. Being now ol>lijied to Iravc Cambridge, he refided for fame time with Mr. 
 William Ouyhtied *' at Aidbury in Surry, with whom he had cuhivjttd an ac- 
 quaintance, and who a/Tilicd liim in his mathematic.1l (tudics. I 1 1649 he was 
 appointed Savilian profelTorof altronomy at Oxford, and difciiarged the duties oi 
 
 * "William OunuxRED, Veclor of Aidbury in Surry, was gener!illy reputed tliegreateft niatlie- 
 ni3tici.:n of his aj^e and country. He was by no means deficient in the pnrfuit of fncli liudies 
 as m re inimcdialciy related to hi*; i)rofe(fion ; but fccms tc iiave been carried to the niaiheinatics 
 by an irrdiCible torcc <:fgenii:s. He invented feveral nfeful inlirume-nts, and compofed many ex- 
 cellent pieces on mail c.ratical fiibjecis. Bnt his inaltcr-piece is his Clniis Afntlemalna, ^liirli 
 lie drew up fur his pny.il the Iprd William Howard, Ion c.f Thomas e irl of Arundel. This 
 work is ihoLigrl-.t to be fo pcrfe<fl .-.s (carcc to admit of improvciieiit ; .-iiid w liai ferves inl'tcid of 
 every other encomium, tlie general pl.in of it has been adiipied by Sir Ffax Ntmon. lie was 
 t.ie liiil I'nar gave a turn for mathematical fliulies to il;e tmiverfity of Cambridj^c; and h\i, Clazis 
 vas inir.odiiGcd by Serb WaiJ, who Icdnrcd his pupils in it. He ibnietinics amulltl himlclf with 
 archery ; but his very (:i:dy leems to have had a gind e/tect .upon his health; as the maiheniarics 
 were n«;t only recreation to inm, but Rpicnrilm. Tevijis fprigllly and ai^live at above ciirhty 
 rears of age j and, if we may I-.c!i,?\e Mr. Collier, died in an ecft.ify of joy upon hearing o! the 
 .i.caoi-atioii of Charles U. in (he year 1660.'' Ciiwgtrs BJpgrap/^cal Hifiary of England. 
 
 that
 
 W A R H A M. . 751 
 
 that office with great applaufe. He now took the engagement, or oath to be 
 faithful to the commonwealth, as then eftablifhed without a king or houle oHords. 
 In 1654 he took the degree of doftor of divinity; and in 16-9 was defied pre'- 
 fident of Trinity-college in Oxford ; but was obhged, at the Rcftoration, tQ quic 
 this preferment. He was made amends, however, by being prefer. ted in 1660 to 
 the reftory of St. Lawrence Jewry-, he was alio, the lame year, inKalled in the 
 precentorfhip of the church of Kxeter. In 1661 he became a fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and dean of Exeter j and the year fullowing was advanced to the epif- 
 copal fee of that church. In 1667 he was tranflated to tiic bifliopric of Salif- 
 bury, and in 1671 was made chancellor of the order of the Garter, whicii honour 
 he procured to be annexed to the fee of Salilbury, after it had been held by 
 laymen above an hundred and thirty years. 
 
 Bilhop Ward had the .misfortune to outlive his fenfes fcvcral years : he lived to 
 the Revolution, but without knowing any thing of tin; matte-; and dying at 
 Knightfbridge, near London, on the 6th of January, 1 68 8-9, he was interred 
 in the cathedral of Salifbury, where his nephew IMr. Seth Ward ereded a mo- 
 nument over his grave. He publifhed feveral books of divinity ; but the greateft 
 part of his wori<s aie on mathematical fubje^f;. Bilhop Hurnet flyles him "in 
 many refpeds one of the gieatcft men of his age." He was a clofc reafoner, 
 and an admirable fpeaker, having, in the houfe of lords, bren efteemed equal, 
 at leaft, to the earl of Shaftelbury. He was polite, hofpitabie and generousi and, 
 in 1683, founded an hofpital or college at Salifbury, for the reception and main- 
 tenance of ten women, the widows of clergymen of that diocele. He afterwards 
 ercffted a fumptuous a!ms-houfe at Buniingford, the place of his nativity, for four 
 old men and four old women, who, from a (late of affluence, were reduced by 
 misfortune"; to poverty. He was alio a benefadtor to the univerfity of Cambridge, 
 as well as to the Royal Society; and gave a confiderable fum of money towards 
 making the Avon navigable__from Saliibury to Chrilt-church in Hampfliire, 
 
 WARHAM (William) archbifhop of Canterbury, and lord high chancellor 
 of England, was defcended of a good family in Hampfhire, and bom at Okely 
 in that county. He was firft educated at Winchefter- I'chool, and afterwards ac 
 New-college, Oxford; where he was admitted fellow in 1475, and commenced 
 dnftor of laws. In 148S he left the college, and ibout that time became an ad- 
 vocate in the court of arches, and foun after was made principal of the civil 
 law fchool in Oxford. In 1493 he was feiit by king FJenry VII. in conjunction 
 with Sir Edward Poynings, on an ambalTy to Philip duke o." Burgundy, to per- 
 fuade him to deliver up Ferkin W'arbeck, who had aiiVimed the title of Richard 
 duke of York, fecond fon of king Edward IV. and was fupported in this iiiipof- 
 ture by Margaret, dutchefs dov/ager of Burgundy. In the management of this 
 negociation. Dr. Warham behaved fo much to the king's I'atisfaftion, that on the 
 2d. of November, the fame year, he was collated to the chantorfliip of the ca- 
 thedral of Wells, and on the i3tl"i of February following was appointed marter 
 of the rolls. But this was only a ^ep to greater honours; for on the nth of 
 AugufV, 1502, he was made keeper of the great fcal of England, and, on the ifl: 
 of January following, lord high chancellor. In the beginning of the year i^vg 
 he was advanced to the fee of London, and in March 1504 tranflated to diat 
 of Canterbury. He was likewife, in May 1506, unanimoufly cleftcd chancellor 
 of the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 9 E Duringl
 
 752 W A R H A M, 
 
 During the reign of king Henry VII. he was in the highefl degree of favour 
 with that prince: but after the accefTion of Henry VIII. to the crown, Wolft-y, 
 who was then only almoner to the king, and dean oi Lincoln, ingratiated himfelf 
 with his majcfty in filch a manner, th-t he abfolutely fupplanted the archbilhopv 
 who atlalt, on the iid of December, 15 15, rcfigned tiie great fcal, which was 
 immediately committed to Wolfey. The haughtincfs of this new favourite, who 
 was now archbifliop of York, rendered it difficult for our prelate to fupport the 
 dignity of his own itation •, for Wolf^'y, who fcized every occafion of mortfying 
 him, refuled an eflabliflied mark of homage due to the archbilhopric of Canter- 
 bury from that of York,, which was, that the crofs of the latter fliuuld not be ad- 
 vanced in the fame province, or in the fame place, with the crofs of Canterbury. 
 Yet Wolfey, in defiance of this ancient cuft<im, had ordered his crofs to be ad- 
 vanced and carried before him, not only within the precindts of the archbidiopric 
 of Canterbury, but even in the prefencc of Warham. Upon which that primate 
 expoftulating .vich,him concerning the indignity, Wolfey projefted how he might 
 for the future have a right to do it, without incurring any imputation of afting 
 conrary to rule. And though his being cardinal did not give him the contefted 
 right, he knew that he might afiume it with a better grace, if he was inverted with 
 the charafter of legate a latere, which he therefore folicited and obtained. Under 
 this commiflion he fet up a new court, called the legate's court, by means of 
 which he drew all manner of jurifdidtion throughout England into his own hands. 
 He alfo crcfted a court at Whitehall for matters tcftamentary ; which was thought 
 a confiderable infringement upon the privileges of the archbifliop of Canterbury. 
 The primate therefore, finding his authority fuperfeded in fo enormous a degree, 
 wrote two letters, by way of remonrtrance, to the cardinal ; in one of which he 
 reprefents, that fuch a courfe of proceedings would in effeft reduce him to the 
 mere fhadow of an archbifljop. But finding no redrefs by this, or any other me- 
 thod of complaint to the cardinal, he at laft thought himfelf obliged to lay the 
 ftatc of the cafe before the king, who dircftcd him, in his name, to go to the 
 cardinal, and, if he had done any thing amifs, to admonilli him of it. 'I his 
 admonition only tended to CKa.'perate the cardinal againft him, and had in otiier 
 refpetfts fo little efFcft, that the king himfelf found it neceffary to difcourfe with 
 Wolfey upon the fubjciff, after fuch a manner as made a better and more lafting 
 ipiprellion on him. 
 
 In 1532, archbifhop Warham, together with many others, was impofcd upon 
 by tbe pretended vifions of Elizabeth Barton, the Maid of Kent ; which has fub- 
 jefted him to the imputation of fuperftitious credulity. But before a complete dif- 
 covery was made of this impollure, our primate died at Canterbury, on the 23d 
 of Auguft, 1532. He was buried on the north fide of Becket's tomb in the ca- 
 thedral of Canterbury, where a handfome monument was ereded for him, which 
 was afterwards def jced in the civil wars. Bifliop Burnet obferves of Warham, 
 that he was a great canoniif, and an able ftatefnian, and not fo entirely devotccl 
 10 the learning of the fchools, as others were; but fit up and encouraged a mor« 
 generous way of knowledge ; 3nd yet was a perfecutof of thofe whom he thought 
 heretics. In another place Burnet fays, that Warham *' had all along concurred 
 in the king's proceedings, (relative to his divorce and fupremacy) and had pro- 
 moted them in convocation; yet fix months before, his death, he made a protcfta- 
 tion of a fingular nature at Lambeth, and fo fecretly, that mention is only made 
 of three notaries, and four witnefles prcfent. It is to this effe^ : That; what fta-
 
 WARREN. 
 
 75J- 
 
 tutes foever had pafTed, or w?re to pafs, in this prefent parliament, to the preju- 
 dice ot the pope, or the apollolic lee, or th.u derogated from, or Ic.Tcned the ccclcfi- 
 • allical authority, or the liberties of his fee of Canterbury, he did not confent to them ; 
 but did ciifown anddilTent from them. I leave it tothe reader to conrider (adds the 
 bifhop) what coultruclion can be made upon this ^whether it was, in the decline of 
 his life, put on him by his confefTor, about the time of l.ent, as a penance for what 
 he had done; or if he tnud be looked on as a deceitful man, that, while he fctmed 
 openly to concur in thofe things, protcfted againft them fecreily, &c." 
 
 This eminent prelate was a great encourager ot learning, ar.d of learned men. 
 He purchafed the curiaus Greek books, which were brouijht hither by the pielates 
 and otiier dignitaries of the Greek church, after the taking of Conllantinople; and 
 afterwards prelented them to New-college. His houk and table were ever' open 
 to men ot letters, njtivesas well as tbreicrners. Dean Colet was among the num- 
 berot his intimate friends. But the memory of archbifhop Warham (ieferves par- 
 ticular rcfpecfi:, on account of his being the warm friend and generous patron of 
 Erafmus, wliofe name is juftly dear to the republic of letters. 
 
 Archbifliop Warham had, as Dr. Jortin cxprcflcs it, " the honour and the glory 
 to live and die pour." Though he had piflld through the iiighell and moll 
 wealthy offices both in church and ftate, yet fuch was his generufity, and fo little 
 did he regard his own private advantage, that he lek no more th-m was fufficienc 
 to pay his debts and funeral charg.s. It is faid that, svhen he was near his end, he 
 called upon his fteward to know wha: money he had in his hands ; who telling him that 
 he had but thirry pounds, he chcarfully anfwered, "iS«//Ji;m//« ^^C^/aw, i.e. That 
 was enough to laft him to Heaven." Erafmus dedicated his edition or St. Jcromtoour 
 prelate; and, in other partsof his works beftows upon him the iugheil e.icomi.imi He 
 calls him his only Vlaecenas, and fays that his gencrofity and liberality extended not to 
 himonly, but tuallmenof letters, Hefpeaksalfo with great refpcdt of his learning and 
 abilities. "How happy, (Riy he) how fen ile, how read ;''ishis wit ! With what ability 
 and readinef, does be manage the moft arduous affairs . How extenfive is his learning ! - 
 And yet what uncommon kindnefs and courtei'y does he (hew to all ! In this he is 
 truly royal; for he fufFers no one to depart from hmi forrowtuliy. How great is 
 his liberality ! And with what readinefs and chcarfulnefs does he perform generous 
 aflions ! Laftly, notwiihllanding his elevated ftation, fo far is he removed from 
 any ihing like pride, that he alone fe#ms ignorant of his high rank and dignity. 
 No man is more faithful, nor more Heady, in his adherence to his friends, la 
 (hort, he is, in every refpeft, a truly noble and praileworthy primate," 
 
 WARREN'(Sir Peter) an admiral, diftinguifhed by his- virtue, learning, 
 and undaunted courage, was defcended from an ancient family in Ireland, and re- 
 ceived a luitable education to qualify him for a command in the royal navy, in 
 which he llrved many years Wv\\ great reputation ; but the tranfaiflion which 
 placed his naval abilities in their full light, was the taking of Louilburgh, the ca- 
 pital of the ifland of Cape-Breton, in the year i745» when he was appointed 
 commodore of the Britilh fquadron fent on that fcrvice. He joined the fleet of 
 tranfports ftom l;olton in Canfo-bay, on the 25th of April, having under his 
 command theSuperbof fixty, and the Launccllon and hlihanrof forty guns; 
 he was afterwards joined by fevetal other men of war fent from England, and 
 made himfelf mailer of Louilburgh on the 17th of June. The French, cxalpc- 
 ratcd at this lofs, were conltancly on ihe watch tg retake ii, and in 1747 littcd 
 
 out
 
 754 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 out a powerfii: fleet for that purpofe, and at the fame time another fquadron tor 
 profccuce their fuccefs in the Eaft-lndies. Thcfe fquadrons failed at the fame 
 time ; but the views of the French were rendered abortive by the brave admiral 
 Anfon, and Mr. Warren, now rear-admiral, who wiili a large fl-et of fhips fell 
 in with the French, defeated the wliolc fleet, and took the greateft part of the 
 men of war. For this jiallant action admiral Anfon was created a peer of Great 
 Britain, and rear-a'^miral Warren invefi^ed with the order of the Bath. '1 his was 
 the lall fervice fir Peter rendered to his country as a commander in the Britilh 
 navy ; for a pe.ice being concluded in the fucceeuing year, the fleet was laid up in 
 the feveral harbours. 
 
 He was now eleifted one of the reprefentatives in parliament for WeRminfter ; 
 and iri the midll of l>is popularity he paid a vifit to Ireland, his native country, 
 where h'e died of an inflammatory fever, on the 2f)th of July, 1752, finccrely la- 
 tnented by all ranks of people •, and an elegant .nonumcnt of white marble was 
 eicfted to his memory in Weflminllcr-abbey. Clofc to the wall, is a large flag 
 hanging to the flag-ftcff", and fpreading in very natural folds behind the whole mo- 
 nument j before it is a fine figure of Hercules placing fir Peter's bud on its pe- 
 deltalj and, on the other fide. Victory, with a laurel wieath in lier hand, is 
 feated gazing on the bufV, with a look ot melancholy mixed with admiration: be- 
 hind her a cornucopia pours out fruit, corn, &ic. and by it is a cannon, an an- 
 chor, and otJ-.er decorations. 
 
 WARWICK (Richard Nevil, earl of) one of the greateft men of the fif- 
 teenth century, was the fon of Richard Nevil earl of Salifbury, and was born in 
 the b'-ginning of the reign of king Henry VI. He very early diilinguifhed 
 himfelf by his valour and perfonal accomplifhments. He married Anne, daugh- 
 ter of Richard Beauchamp carl of Warwick, in whofe ri-ht he m 1449 fuccecded 
 to all the great eftates of thf Warwick family, and obtained the title of earl of 
 Warwick. His lordlhip h^tj-*^' principal Ihare m moft of the public tranfadtions 
 of the times in which he lived ; we therefore refer the reader to general hiftory 
 for a particular account of the actions in which he was engaged. He was firmly 
 attached to the inteieft of Richard duke of York -, and when that nobleman af- 
 ferted his pretenfions to the crown of Entland, Warwick gave him all the affift- 
 ance in his power. In 1455 he was appointed governor of Calais, and wa? alfo 
 tonftituted lord high admiral of England. Upon the death of the duke ot York, 
 he fupported the claim of Edward earl of March, tldeft fon of that nobleman -, 
 who, chiefly by means of the carl of Warw:ck, was proclaimed king on the 5th 
 of Match, 1461. I he year following, Warwick, as a rrcompcnre tor his impor- 
 tant fcrvices, was made keeper of the narrow kas, great chamberlain of England, 
 conftable of Dover-caftle, and promoted to feveral other high polls ; the king alfo 
 gave him fome crown lands, and eftates forfeited by the adherents of the houfe 
 of Lancafter. In 14^4 he was fr^nt ambaflador to the French court, to treat of 
 a marriage between king Edward and the lady Bona of Savoy, fiftcr to the queen 
 of France. While the earl was abfent on this enibafly, the king fuddenly became 
 cnampured of Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Wideville, and even efpou fed 
 that young lady, although the earl of Warwick had fettled all the articles f)f the 
 marriage-contraft between him and the princefs Bona. Warwick was extremely 
 incenlcd at this precipitate match, which he confidercd as the greateft inlult that 
 could be offered to his honour j but he thought proper to diflTemble 'his refent- 
 
 ment
 
 WATT S. 755 
 
 ni^nt for a time. At length, however, finding that the new queen's relations be- 
 gan to engrofs all places of puwer and profit, and that his own influence at court 
 was confidtrrably diminiilied, he formed the defign of depofing king Edward, and 
 reftoring Henry VI. to the throne of which he had been deprived. He accord- 
 ingly raifed an army, and took the king prifoner, whom he confined in Mddlc- 
 ham-calile in Yorkfhire ; from whence he efcaped, and returned to London. The 
 carl of Warwick now retired into France, to concert new meafures-, and having 
 received a fmall fupply of money and troops from the French king, he embarked 
 for England, and landed fafely at Dartmouth in September 1470. Immediately 
 after his arrival, he was joined by fuch numbers of his countrymen, that in a t'cvr 
 days he found himfelfat the head of fixty thoufand iiT-n. He forthwith caulcd 
 Henry VI. to be proclaimed k:ng, and marched in purfuit of Edward; Who in 
 this emergency embarked on board a fliip in the harbour of Lynn, and took re- 
 fuge in Holland. Warwick then relcafed king Henry from the Tower, and rc- 
 inltated him on the thron>'. He was now appointed lord high admiral, and en- 
 trufted with the adminiftration of public affairs. In the mean time Edward, ha- 
 ving received fuccours from his brother-in-law the duke of Burgundv, landed at Ra- 
 venfpur in Yorkshire, in Marcli 1471, and proceeded towards the city of Lon- 
 don, which he entered amidft the acclamations of the people ; and king Henry,. 
 after a fix months phantom of foverei;jnty, was again fent to the Tower. On the 
 14th of April following, a defpcratc battle was fought between the armies of 
 king Edward and the earl of Warwick at Barner, when the earl's forces were to- 
 tally routed, and he himfelf, after having performed every thing that could be ex- 
 pedled from the moft confumniate general and the molt undaunted hero, was llain,- 
 together with his brother the marquis of Montague. 
 
 Such was the end of the famous Richard Nevil, earl of Warwick, who appearl 
 to have been the greatcft man of his time, and, in fortune, power, and influence, 
 was the moft confiderable fubjed that ever appeared in Fngland. " He was (lays 
 Mr. Hume) the greateft, as well as the lait, of thole mighcy barons, who for- 
 merly overawed the crown, and rendered the people incajiable of any regular 
 fyftem of civil government." He was Ibmetimes called the King-Maker, becaufe 
 he placed Edward IV. upon the throne, and afterwards, dethroning tliat prince, 
 reltored FIcnry VI. It is obfervcd by Rapin, th it " fi .ce the beginning of the 
 quarrel between the houfes of Lancalter and York, the earl of Warwick had 
 made in England fo great a figure, as no rubie(^t had ever done the like before 
 him. In a word, he had made and unmade kings juft as he pleafed. 'ihis (add* 
 the hiftorian) is the molt glorious thing that could be laid of a private man, if 
 true glory confided in cxcefs of power." Indeed, it muft be acknowledged, that 
 Little can be faid in defence of the earl of Warwick's moral charader. For it 
 appears evidently, that he facrificed every thing to his ambition ; and that, to 
 gratify his own paflions and private rcfentments, he made no Icruple of involving 
 his country in all the horrors and calamities of civil war. 
 
 WATTS (Dr. Isaac) an eminent difllnting minifter, and ingenious writer, 
 ■was born at Southampton, on the i7tiiof July, 1674, of parents who were emi- 
 nent for religion, and were great fufferers in the perfecution of tlie protcitant dif- 
 fenters, in the reign of king Charles H, The uncommon genius of this their Ion 
 early appeared ; for he began to learn Latin at four years of age, in the know- 
 ledge of which, as well as pf the Greek language, he made a rapid projjrcls, tin- 
 
 9 P ' ' dcr
 
 ^6 WATTS. 
 
 der the care of the reverend Mr. Pinhorne, a clergyman of the e(labli(Tied church; 
 to whom the do£\or has infcribed an ingenious Latin ode in his Hora Lyrica. 
 He was early taken nocce of for the fprightlinefs and vivacity of his wit; and iii 
 the year 1690 was fent up to London for academical education, where he was 
 placed under the tuition of the reverend Mr. Thomas Rowe. It is reported of 
 him. that while he nfided in this acidcmy, his behaviour was not only fu inoffcn- 
 five, that his tutor declared, he never once gave him occafion for reproof; but 
 fo exemplary, that he often propofed him as a pattern to his other pupils for their 
 imitation. In 1693 he joined in communion with the church of which his worthy 
 tutor W.1S paftor. Wnen he had finiHicd his lludies at the acjdeniy, he returned 
 to hii father's houfe, where he fpent two years in readmg, meditation, and prayer, 
 in order to his being further qualitied for that great work, to which he was de- 
 termined to devote his lite, and of the impoicance of which he had a deep fenfi 
 upon his mind. In 1696 he was invited by Sir John Hartopp, baronet, to re- 
 fide in his family at Sio'ce-Newinr^ton, as tutor to h;s fon ; where he continued 
 four years, and where his behaviour gained him kich cftecm and rcfpeft, as laid 
 the foundation of that intimate friendlhip, which lubfillcd between him and his 
 pupil to the day of his death. 
 
 He began to preach on his birth-day, in 1698, and was the fame year chofca 
 affiilant to Dr. Ifaac Chauncy, at the meeting-houfe near Duke's-Hace. But his 
 public labours, which met with general acceptance, were foon aJier interr4.ipted 
 by a threatening illnefs f jr five months, which was thought to be occafioned by 
 the fervcRU- of his zeal in preaching the gofpel of Chrill. In March 170 1-2 he 
 fucceeded Dr. Chauncy in tht; paftorai office ; but he was not long after fcized 
 with a dangerous illnefs, which confined him tor fome time, and from which he 
 recovered by flow degrees. Upon this, his congregation found it neceflarv to pro- 
 vide him with a ftated alTiftant; and accordingly the reverend Mr. Samuel Price 
 was chofen to that lervice, in July 1703. But notwirhltanding his niinifterial 
 labours were by this means eafed, his health remained very flu6tuat'ng and tender 
 for fome years. However, as it iacrcafeJ, he renewed his diligence in fulfilling 
 his miniftry ; and delighted and editied his flock with his fermons in public, and 
 with his entertaining and iniirudtive converfation in the vilits which lie made to 
 their families. It was in this il-alon of his more confirmed hc.\lch, that he formed 
 a focietv of the younger members of his church, for prayer and religious con- 
 ference ; to whom be delivered the fubftance of that excellent book, which he af- 
 terwards publiflied under the title of A Guide to Prayer. Now he went on, with- 
 out any confiderablc interruption in his work, and with great fuccefs and prof- 
 perity to his church, till the year 1712, when, in the month of September, he 
 was vifited with a violent ie.vtr, which broke his conftitution, and left tuch weak- 
 refs upon his nerves, as continued with him, in fome m-alu^e, to his dying day. 
 Upon this occafion, prayers were continually offered up tor his fafery by his con- 
 grcL'ation ; fcveral days of prayer were kept on his account, in which many of 
 his brithrcn^in the minift:ry afiiiled, and prayed earnertly for the continuance of 
 fo valuable a life ; and Heaven was gracioufly pleafed to anfwer their prayers, by 
 adding to his lite more than thirty-fix years ; molt of them years ot tecbk- hcahb, 
 yet of eminent advantage to his church, and to the world. It was not till Ufto- 
 ber 1716, that he was able to return to his public min;ftry^ In the me;n time 
 kis ailUlant Mr. Price was at his requcfl: chofen by the congregation to be joint 
 
 pallor
 
 WAYNFLEET. 
 
 757 
 
 paftor with him. Though this long interval of ficknefs was, on fome account*, 
 a very melancholy feafon, yet a kind providence made it the happieft «ra of his 
 lite, as it was the occafion of intioducing him into the family of Sir I homas 
 Abney, who, on a principle of the moft generous friendlhip and compaflion, took 
 him, in a very languifhing (late of health, into his huule-, where, from that mo- 
 ment to the day of his death, he was abundantly lupplied with whatever coulJ 
 adminifter to the convenience and fatisfadfion of his life: but he ftill continued 
 to preach to his congregation, and during that time conftantly devoted a fifth 
 part of his income to charitable ui'^s. In the year 1728, the univcrfitics of Edin- 
 burgh and Aberdeen in Scotland, without his knowledge, conferred on him the 
 degree of dodor of divinity. 
 
 At length, atter a life fpent in the fcrvice of God and mankind, this pious 
 and worthy man died on the 25th of November, 1748, in the fcveniy-fifth year 
 of his age. His numerous writings have rendered his name famous among peo- 
 ple of every denomination, both in th's and other countries ; and they have been 
 tranflated into fcveral languages. His Lyric Poems, his Pfalms and Hymns, and 
 his Divine Songs for Children, are kifficient proofs of his poetical talents, and 
 have pafTed through a great number of editions. His Logic and Philolophy 
 have been much admired. He alfo wrote works upon various other fubjccts and 
 printed ieveral volumes of his fermons. He was univerfally beloved for the 
 miidnefs and benevolence of his difpofuion, and the fweetnefs of his m?.nners. 
 Atter his death, his works were collected and publifhcd in fix volumes 4.10, 
 1753- 
 
 WAYXFLEET (William) bifhop of Winchetler, and lord high-chancellor 
 of England, in the rei^n of king Henry VI. was the fu.i of Richard Patten, 
 and was born at Waynfler t in IJncolnfhire, from whence he took his name. He 
 received the firlt part of his education at a fchool in his own county, and com- 
 plc:cd his fludies at Oxford, where he applied himfelf to the itudy of divinity, 
 polite literature, and philofophy. His firll preferment was the place of fchool- 
 marter of Wmchelter college, which having enjoyed twelve years, he was made 
 provoft of Eton college; and, in 1447, was advanced to the billiopric of Win- 
 cheiler, in which (lat:on his abilities, integrity, and prudence, gave him a very 
 confiderable weight in his majelly's councils. In Odobcr, 1436, he was appointed 
 lord hich chancellor of l;.ngland, in the room of Thomas Bourchier, archbifliop of 
 Canterbury, but, on the 7th of July, 1460, being with ihe king at Northampton, 
 a few days before the fatal battle near that town, wiierein his majelly's army was 
 defeated, he refigned the office of chancellor. Notwiriiftanding his attachment 
 to Henry VI. upon Edward the Fourth's elfablilTinu-nt on the throne, he was 
 treated by that prince with great lenity. He was eminent for his piety, his ami- 
 able and obliging temper, and his unbounded charity to the poor; nor was his 
 love of learning, and his zeal for the promotion of it, Icfs confpicuius -, for he 
 made, at a valt expence, a very noble colleftion of bo''ks in the ancient lan- 
 guages, and alfo founded Magdalen college in Oxford, wh;ch, for building and 
 reve'nucs, can be paralleled by few coilegLS in Europe, the endowment nki.ig iii 
 one prefidcnt, foity fellows, thirty demies, a divinity-ledurer. a fchoolmaiter and 
 ufher, four chaplains, an organill, eight clerks, and fixteen choriftcrs. He held 
 the fee of Winchclter thirty-nine years, and died on the nth of Augull, i486 
 
 aUw
 
 758 W E N T W O R T IT, 
 
 after having feen, to his great joy, the houfe of Lancafter rcftored in the per- 
 fon of Henry VII. 
 
 WENTWORTH (Sir Thomas) the unfortunate earl of Strafford, was the 
 fon of Sir William WencAorch, of Wentworth in Yorkfhirc, baronet ; and was 
 born at London on the 13th of April, 1593. He Ipent fomc years in Si. John's 
 college, Cambridge, where he applied to hi^ ftudics with great diligence, and 
 made a confiderabie progrefs in learning. On his quitting the univerfity, he 
 travelled abroad for furtlicr accomplillimcnts. In the year 1614, by his father's 
 death, he became ponefled of the family eftate, and was appointed cuilos ro- 
 tulorum for the county of York. He reprefcnted this county in parliament 
 feveral times, particularly in the new parliament called on the accefTion of 
 Charles I. in which he ftcadily oppoled the meafures of the court. His elo- 
 quence o^ave him fuch great fway in the houfe, that he was made fherifl' of 
 Yorkfhirc in order to difable him from fitting initj and, in 1627, he was im- 
 prifoned by the lords of the council, for refufing to contribute to the royal loan. 
 In the fuccceding parliament he exerted himfclf with great vigour, infiiling 
 upon the petition of rights, and obtaining a relblution of the houfe, that the 
 redrefs of grievances, and the granting of fupplics, fliould go together. 
 But at the end of the feffion, the kmg found means to draw him ofl' from the 
 popular party. He was now made prefident of the council in the north, and 
 raifed to the dignity of a peer, by the title of vifcount Wentworth, of Went- 
 worth-Wood-lioufe ; he was alfo fworn of the privy-council. He was at Hril 
 afhamed of his apoitacy ; but at length defired an interview with Pym, to per- 
 fuade him to continue his affociate, and to juftify his conduft. Mr. Pym faid 
 to him, " You have left us, but I will not leave you whilll your head is on 
 your fhoulders." About this time he contraded an intimate friendlhip with arch- 
 bilhop Laud, and became an aftive fecond in all the arbitrary meafures of 
 that prelate. 
 
 During his prefidentfhip in the north he exercifcd his power with great fe- 
 verity, and, in fome cafes, even with childifh infolence, particularly in commit- 
 ^ino- to prifon the fon of lord Falconberg, for not having pulled off his hat 
 to him, though he pleaded that he was talking to lord Fuirfa.x, and that his 
 face was turned another way. His behaviour, however, recouimendcd him to 
 his royal marter ; and in 1631 he was appointed deputy of Ireland, where, by 
 Jhis wife condudi and regulations, he emancipated the crown from a debt of 
 more than loo.oool. bought off all the incumbrances on the revenue, and made 
 an improvement of 40,000!. in the yearly income. He provided too for the 
 opulency of the clergy; and brought the church of Ireland to a conformity 
 with that of England. But, during his government, there were many exertions 
 of dcfpotifm, and he fliewed a fondncfs for being puntlilioufly treated with all 
 the formalities of ftate. He reprimanded the earl of Kildare, the firft peer of 
 Ireland, for oppofing his propofitions to the parliament, and afterwards obliged 
 him, without any legal procefs, to fubmit jiis title to an eftate to his decifion, 
 ind imprifoned him a whole year on this bufinefs. But his fentence of death 
 againft lord Mountnorris, lies the heavieft on his memory of any part of his 
 adminiftration. Wentworth had given Mountnorris's kiniman a blow for having 
 accidentally hurt his foot, which being mentioned before Mountnorris at the 
 rfjhancellor's, he oblerved, that the gentleman had a brother who would not have 
 
 taken
 
 W E N T W O R T H. ^759 
 
 taken fuch an affront. He was, for thofe words, hurried before a court martial, 
 and in the fpace of two hours condemned to fuffcr death. The king gave him 
 his life; but he was obliged to acknowledge thejuftice of his fentence, impri- 
 foned for three years, deprived of his eltate, and all his employments both civil 
 and military. However his majefly was lb pleafed with Wentv.orth's adminif- 
 tration, that he not only railed him to the dignity of lord-licutcnant of Ireland, 
 but, on the 12th of January, 1639, created him baron of Raby, and earl of 
 Strafford: he was likewile inftalled knight of the garter. The fame rcafons 
 which procured him the king's favour, railed againithim the utmolt refentmenr 
 of the people. On the opening of the long parliament, in 1640, Mr. Pym, 
 his implacable enemy, aftcr_ having harangued the houfe with all the force of 
 his eloquence on the grievances of the nation, concluded with accufing the earl 
 of Strafford as the greateft enemy to the liberties of his country, and the greatelt 
 promoter of tyranny, that any age had ever produced. Upon this a motion 
 was made that the earl jliould be impeached of high treafon. Accordingly, 
 on the nth of November, Mr, Pym appearing at the bar of the houfe of lords, 
 impeached him in the name of all the commons of England, and defired that 
 he might be fequeftered from all councils, and put into fafe cuftody ; and the 
 lords immediately complied with the requcft. His impeachment confifted of 
 twenty-eight articles, regarding his conduct as prefident of the council of York, 
 as governor of Ireland, and as prime-miniiler in England. 
 
 His trial lafted eighteen days, during which he defended himfelf with fuch 
 eloquence and addrel's, that the commons, doubting whether the lords would 
 give judgment againfl: him, paffed a bill for attainting him of high treafon. 
 The bill was flopped for fome time in the houfe of lords, and the king tried 
 every method he could think of to appcJe the refentment of the commons, 
 and fave his faithful fervant. But the populace, armed with clubs and fwords, 
 furrounded his palace; crying out, "juftice, jullice," and threatening deftruc- 
 tion to all the royal family unlefs his majefty would confent to StralFord's death. 
 The earl underllanding the dillrefs the king was in, generoufly wrote to him, 
 not to hazard the fafeiy of his family and the peace of the kingdom for his 
 fake, but pais the bill ; adding, ihat liis confent would abun'i.unl); acquit' his 
 majefty in the eye of heaven, and that he fliould refign his iife with all the 
 cheaiiulnefs imaginable, as an acknov\ledgment of the f.:v->urs he iiad received 
 from his Ibvercign. After pailing t\\ o days and nigi)ts in the urmofl perplexity, 
 tiie king, with extreme reluCLance, ligncd a commiffion !or pufTng the bill. 
 The earl was accordingly belicaded on Tower-hill, the 12th of May, 1641, in 
 the forty-nijfth year of his age, and died witii furj)rifing refolution and mag- 
 nanimity. After the Rcfloration, the bill of attainder was reverled, as a fta?n 
 to the juflice of the nation. In 1739 the earl of Strafford's letters were pub- 
 liflied in two volumes folio. 
 
 Lord Clarendon, fpeaking of the earl of Strafford, gives him the following 
 charader : " He was (fays he) a man of too high and feveic a deportment, 
 and too great a contemner of ceremony, to have many friends at court, and 
 therefore could not but have enemies enough. He wai a perfon of great parts, 
 and extraordinary endowments of nature, not unadorned with fome addition 
 of art and learning, though that again was more iinproyed and illuftrafd by 
 the other ; for he had a readinefs of conception, and fharpnels of cxpreffion, 
 which made his learning thought more than in truth it was. Ilii arlt inclina- 
 
 9 G . ^^^
 
 7fa WHARTON. 
 
 tions and addrtfTes to the court wei-e only to eflablifli his greatnefs in the country', 
 ■where he apprehended fome afls of power from the lord Savilfe, who had been 
 his rival always there, and of late had ftrengthencd himfelf by being made a 
 privy-counfellor and officer at court: but his firft attempts were fo profperous, 
 that he contented not himlelf with being fecure from that lord's power in the 
 country, but rcfted not till he had bereaved his adverfaiy of all powemnd place 
 in court, and fo fent him down a- molt abject, difconfolace old man, to his 
 country, where \\e "was to have the fuperintendency over him too, by getting 
 hirnfelf, at this time, made lord prefident pf the nordi. Thefe fucceffes, ap- 
 plied to a nature too elate and haughty d'f itfeli", and a quicker progrcfs into 
 the grcatell employments and trull then ufual, made him more tranfported 
 vith difdain of other men, and more contemning the forms of bufinefs, than 
 haply he would, if he had met with fome interruptions in the beginning, and 
 had paiTed in a more leifurely gradation to the office of a fbatcfman. He was 
 a man of great obfcrvation, and a piercing judgm.ent, both in things and per- 
 fons ; but his too good fkill in perfons made him judge the worfe of things, 
 for it Vr^as his misfortune to be in a time v/hen very few wife men were equally 
 employed with him, and fcarce any but the lord Coventry (whofe trult was 
 more confined) wliofe faculties and abilities Mere equal to his : fo that upon 
 the matter he relied wholly upon himfelf; and difcerning many defefts in moft 
 men, he too much neglefted what they faid or did. Of all his pafTions his 
 pride was the moit predominant, which a moderate exercife of ill fortune might 
 h^e correfled and reformed ; and which was, by the hand of heaven, flrangely 
 punifhed, bv bringing his deftruftion upon him by two things which he molt 
 defpifed, the people, and Sir Harry \'ane. In a word, the epitaph which Plu- 
 'tarch records that Sylla wrote for himlelf, may not be unfitly applied to him : 
 *'That no man ever did exceed him, cither in doing good to his friends, or 
 in doing mifchief to his enemies ;" for his ads of both kinds were moft noto- 
 rious." 
 
 WHARTON (Thomas) marquis of Wharton, an eminent flatefman, was 
 the eldeft fon of Philip lord Wharton, and was born about the year 1640. He 
 fat in parliament during the reigns of Charles II. and James II. when he di^- 
 tinguilhed hinifelf by his oppofition to the court j and, in 1688, he joined the 
 prince of Orange at Exeter, foon after his landing at Torbay. Upon the ad- 
 vancement of king Wiliiam and queen Mary to the throne, Mr. Wharton was ap- 
 pointed comptroller of the houfhold, and fworn of the privy council. On the 
 death of his father, he fucceeded to the title of lord Wharton ; and, in 1697, was 
 ■made chief juitice in eyre on this fide the Trent, and lord-lieutenant of Oxford-fhire. 
 
 Upon the accefiion of queen Anne to the throne, his lordfliip was rcm.ovcd 
 from his employments; and, in December 1702, was one of the managers for 
 the lords in the conference with the houfe of commons relating to the bill 
 ugainft occafional conformity, which he oppofed upon all occafions With great 
 vigour and addi-efs. In April 1705 he attendetl the queen at Cambridge, and, 
 among other noble perfons, was admitted to the degree of doftor of laws. In 
 the latter end of that year his lordlhip, who was attached to the Whig party, 
 opened the debate in the houfe of lords for a regency in cafe of the queen's 
 «kmife, who Ihould be empowered to aft in the name of the fucceflbr rill he 
 Ihould fend over orders i and this motion being fupported by all the Whig lords, 
 
 a biU
 
 WHARTON. 7t5» 
 
 ■a 1)111 -was oraered tobe brought into the houfe for that purpofe. In 1706 he 
 was appointed one of die commiffioners for the union with Scotland, and the 
 fame year was created earl of Wharton. In November 1708, lie was appointed 
 lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he exerted hiinfelf in producing unanimity 
 among the proteftants of all denominations, that they niiglit be able to defend 
 themfelves agaiufl: their enemies of the church of Rome ; and his lordfliip's 
 •conduft was fuch in that great poll, that the houfe of peers of that kingdom, 
 in their addrefs to the queen, returned their tijanks to her majefty for fending 
 a pcrfbn of fuch wifdom and experience to be their chief governor. However, 
 ■in Odlober 17 10, upon the change of tlie miniftry, he delivered up his com- 
 miflion of lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which v/as given to the duke of Ormond ; 
 •and he was foon after fcv<erely reproached in the Examiner, and other political 
 "papers, on account of his adminiih;ition in that kingdom, and no writer at- 
 -tacked him with greater afperity than dean Swift, who endeavoured to expofe 
 him under _ the charafter of Verres, though that divine had, not long before, 
 folicited very earneftly to be admitted his lordlhip's chaplain. The earl oppo- 
 sed with great vigour the meafures of the court during the four laft years of 
 the queen's reigfi,; and particularly the fchifm bill. In September 1714, foon 
 after the arrival of George I. in England, his lordfhip was made keeper of 
 the privy-feal ; and, in the beginning of January following, created marquis 
 df Wharton: buthe did 'notl long enjoy thefe diftindlions, for he died at his 
 houfe in Dover-ftreet on the 12th of April, 1715, rn the feventy-fixth year of 
 his age. Dr. Smollett ftyles him "a. nobleman poflefled of happy talents for 
 .the cabinet, the fenate, and the common fcenes of life; talents, which .a Ijfe 
 of pleafure and libcrcinifm did not prevent him from employing with furprifirig 
 vigour and application." 
 
 .0 n- 
 
 «■ WHARTON (Philip) duke of Wharton, fon of the former, a nobleman of the 
 moll whimfical, extravagant, and inconfiftent turn of mind, was educated by his fa- 
 
 '^ther'sexprefsorderathome. Heearly married a young lady, the daughter of major- 
 general Holm'°s, which difappointcd his father's viev.-s of difpofing of him in 
 fuch a marriage as would have been a confidcrable addition to the fortune and 
 grandeur of his illuilrious family ; yet that am.iable lady deler\'ed infinitely 
 more felicity than fhe met with by this alliance. After the death of his father, 
 being free from paternal rellraints, he plunged into ihofe exceffes which ren- 
 
 ' dered him, as Pope exprefi'es it, 
 
 " A tyrant to the wife his heart approv'd, 
 
 ** A'T-ebel to the verv king he lov'd." 
 
 - I '■■'' ■ 
 
 "■■'Inthe beg-inning of the year 1716, the young marquis began his •travel'; ; 
 
 ^and, -as he was dcligned tobe intruded in the itridefl Whig principles, 'Ge- 
 
 ' nevi 'was thought a proper place for his refidence. He lirft paiVed through Hol- 
 land, and vifited feveral courts of Germany; and being arrived at Genev.n, 
 conceived fuch a difguft againft his governor, that he left him and fct out port 
 for LyoTis, where he wrote a letter to the chevalier dt St. Gebrgf,"who thi'ii 
 rcfided at Avignon, to whom he i)refcnted a -vfery fineHionfe, \Vhich tlie cherj- 
 licr no fooner received than he fent a man of quality to Jiim, who took hitij 
 
 " jpHvately to his courts where he was -cntcitaint-d with -the grr.ittfft marks ol 
 
 fftccn:,
 
 ,j6c W H A Rci T. O N. 
 
 cileem, and had the title of duke of NDrtliumberland conferred upon him. He 
 remained there, however, but*one day, 'and then returned to Lyons, froin whence 
 he let out for Paris. During his Hay in that metropolis, his winning addret 
 and abilities gained him the cfteem and adoiiration of all the Britifh fubjedli 
 of rank who were there. 
 
 About the latter ciid of December 1716, he arrived in England, whence he 
 foon after repaired to Ireland,, where, though under age, he was allowed to 
 takc'his feat in the houfc of peers, and imnicdiatdy diftinguiflied hinjlelf, not- 
 witliltandin^ his former conduct, a^ a violent partifan for the miniltiy ; in con- 
 icquence of which zeal the king created him a duke. He no fooner came of 
 :tge than he wis introduced into tlie Englilh houfe of lords with the fame blaze 
 of reputation. In a little time he oppoled the court, and appeared one of the 
 . moit vigorous in defence of the bilhoi^ of Rochefler-, and loon after printed 
 his thoughts twice a week in -a paper calied the True Briton, fevcral thoufands 
 of which were difperfed weekly. 1 
 
 The duke's boundlefs profulion had, by this time, fo burthcned his eftatc, 
 that by a decree of Chancery it was veiled in the hands of truftees for the 
 payment of his debts, but not without allowing him a provifion of 1200I. 
 per annum for his fubfiftance. This not being fufficiAt to fupport his title 
 with fuitable dignity at home, he went abroad, and flione to great advantage 
 with rclpeft to his perfonal charader at the imperial court, from thence he 
 maiie a tour to Spain, where the Englifli niinifter was fo alarmed a: his arrival, 
 as to fend two exprefies from Madrid to London, upon the apprehcnfion that 
 his grace was received there in the character of an au^baflador ; upon which 
 the duke received a fummons under the privy-feal.to return home ; but, inll:ea,d 
 of obeying it, he endeavoured to inflame the Spanifli court againft that of Great 
 Britain, for exercifing an aft of power, as he called it, within the juni"di(flion of 
 his catholic majelly. He then afbed openly in tlie fervice of the pretender, 
 and was received at his court with the greateft marl'LS of favour. 
 
 While his grace was thus employed, his negleclcd dutchefs died in England 
 on the 14th of April, 1726, without illue ; and loon after the duke became vio- 
 lently enamoured of M. Oberne, one of the maids of honour to the queen of 
 Spain, whofe fortune chiefly .conftli:ed in her perfonal accomplifhments. All 
 his friends, and particularly the- queen of Spain, oppofed the match; but he 
 falling into a lingering fevetj occaficjied by his difappointment, the queen 
 gave lier confent, and they were married. Lie then ipent Tome time at Rome, 
 where he accepted of a blue garter, ailumed the title of duke of Northum.ber- 
 land, and for a while enjoyed the confidence oi the pretender. But not al- 
 ways keeping within the bounds of Italian gravity, it became, necellary for him 
 to remove from Rome, wl:fcn, going by fea to Barcelona, he v/rote a letter to 
 the king of Spain, acquainting him that he would aflift at the ficgc of Gibral- 
 tar as a volunteer. The king thanked him for the honour, and accepted his 
 fervice; but the duke foon growing wear)' of this, fent a refpedlful letter to 
 the chevalier dc St. George, exprcfiing a defire to vifit his court, but tlie clie- 
 valier advifed him to draw near to England. The duke feemed refolved to 
 follow this advice, and letting out with his iluchcfs, arrived at Paris in May 
 1721, whence lie proceeded to Rouen, where he lookup his refidonce, ^nd w_.>is 
 fo lar from making any concenion to the government of England, that he 4id 
 not give himfelf the lead trouble about his ellate, or any cthcr^ concern there; 
 
 -though.
 
 W H I C H C O T E. 763 
 
 though, on 'his arrival at tioiien, he had only about 600 1. in his poflirflion, and 
 a bill of ■ indiftmcnt was preferred againft him in England for high trcalbn. Soon 
 after the'chevalicr lent him 2000!. which he fquandered a^ay in a courfc of ex-; 
 travagance, when, to fave the tliatges of travelling liy land; he went from Or- 
 leans to Na<itz, by water, and ftaid there till he obtained a remittance from Paris, 
 which was fquandered almoft as foon as received. At Nantz he was joined by 
 his r:iggcd fervants, and from thence took fhipping with them for Bilboa, when 
 t^<e queen of Spain took the-dutchefs to attend her perfon. About the beoin^ 
 fling of the year \^^t, the duke, who cornmandcd a regiment, was at Lerida, 
 bat declined fo fafl: in his healtli, that he could not move without afTiltance, 
 yet, when free from pain, did not lofe his gaiety. Me, however, received bcntfic 
 from fonie mineral wacers in Catalonia, but foon relapfed at a fmall village, whero 
 he was utterly ckflitute of all the necelTarics of life, till fome charitable father? 
 of a BernarHine convent removed him to th?ir houfe, and gave him all the relief 
 in their power. ■ Under their hofpicable roof he languiQicd a week, and then died^ 
 without one friend or acquaintance to clofe his eyes; and his funeral was perr 
 formed in the fame manner in which the fathers inter thofe of their own fra? 
 ternirv. 
 
 Thus died Philip duke of Wharton, "who, like Buckingham and Rochefter 
 (fays the ingenious Mr. Walpole) comforted all the grave and dull, by throw- 
 ing away the brigthelV profufiOn of parts on witty fooleries, debaucheries, and 
 Icrape', which may mix graces 'with a great character, but never can compofe 
 one. If ]ulius Caslar had only rioted with Catjlme, he had tSever been emperor of 
 the world. Indeed, the duke of Wharton was not made for conquefts ; he was 
 not equally formed for a roilnd-houfe and Phar'fa'lia, In one of his ballads h« 
 bantered his own want of heroifm. It was in a long he made on being leized by the 
 guard, in Sr. James's park, for finging the Jacobite air, " The king fhall have 
 his own again." 
 
 D 
 
 " The duke he drew out hnlf his fword, 
 *' the guard drew out the reft." 
 
 " With attachment to no party, though with talents to govern any p.irty, this 
 lively man changed the free air of WeftminQer for the gloom of the Elcurial, 
 the profpcft of king George's garter for the Pretender's; and with indifference 
 to all religion, the frolic lord who had writ the ballad on the archbdhop of 
 Canterbury, died in the habit of a capuchm. It is difficult to give an account 
 of the works of fo mercurial a man, whofe library was a tavern, and women of 
 pleafure his mufes. A thoufand failles of his imagination may have been loft. 
 There are only two volumes in oftavo, called his Life and Writings. Thefc 
 contain nothing of the latter but feventy-tour numbers of the True Briton, and 
 his fpeech in favour of the birtiop of Kocheiler. His other works arc the bal- 
 lads above-mentioned, the Drinking-Match at Eden-hall, in imitation of the 
 Chevy-Chace, printed in a mifcellany called Whartuniana ; and a parody of a fong 
 fung at the Opera-houfc by Mrs. Tofts. His lordfliip alfo began a play on the 
 ftory of the Queen of Scots." 
 
 WHICHCOTE (Dr. Benj.vmin) a learned divine, was born at Whichcotc- 
 hall in ShropQiire, the iith of March, 1609, and was educated at Emanuel 
 
 9 H college.
 
 764 W H 1 S T O N. 
 
 college, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards chofen fellow. Having taken 
 orders, he every Sunday in the afternoon, for almoft twenty years together, 
 preached in Trinity church Cambridge, to great numbers of fcholars, who were 
 his conftant and attenNve auditors ; and in thofe wild and unfcttled times, he con- 
 tributed more to the forming th^ rtudents of that univcrficy to a fober fenfe of 
 religion, than any man of that age. In 1644 he was made provoft of King's- 
 college, which place he loft at the Reftoradon. In 1658 he wrote a copy of La- 
 tin verfcs upon the death of Oliver Cromwell. On his leaving Cambridge he 
 went to London, and in 1662 was chofen niin'fter of Black-friars church, where 
 he continued till the fire of London in 1666, and then retired to a living which 
 he had at Milton near Cambridge, where he preached conftantly, relieved the 
 poor, had their children taught to read at his own charge, and made up differ- 
 ences among his neighbours. At length in 1668, he was prefented to the rec- 
 tory of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, and during the rebuilding of that church, 
 preached before the lord-mayor and aldermen at Guildhall chapel, for about 
 levtn years. When his church w^as finiflied, he preached there twice a week, 
 and obtained the general love and elleem of his parifliioners. Going to Cambridge 
 a little before Ealtcr, in the year 1083, he was taken ill, and died there in May, 
 the fame year. Dr. Tillotfon, who preached his funeral fermon, oblerves, that 
 his whole life was a feries of the moft exemplary piety and devotion, and that he 
 was remarkable for his univerlal charity and goodnefs -, his converf2tion was kind 
 and affable, he was Qow to declare his judgment, modeft in delivering it, and ne- 
 ver pafTionate, nor peremptory. Mr. Baxter numbers him with the " beft and 
 ablell of the conformifts ;" and another author fpeaks of Chillingworih, Cud- 
 worth, and Whichcote, as " men of manly thought, generous minds, and incom- 
 parable learning." The tirft volume of Dr. Whichcote's Sermons was publifhed, 
 with a preface, by Anthony earl of Shaftelbury, author of the Charafteriilics; 
 the three next by Dr. ]ohn Jeffery, archdeacon of Norwich ; and the laft by Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke. He was a confiderable benefactor to the univerfity of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 "VVHISTON (William) a pious Englilh divine, of uncommon parts and 
 learning, but of a very fingular charafter, was born on the gih of December, 
 1667, at Norton in Leiceflerlliire, of which parifli Jofiah Whifton, his father, 
 was redlor. He ftudied at Clare-hall in Cambridge, and having become mailer 
 of arts, and fellow of the college, fet up for a tutor; when fuch was his repu- 
 tation for probity and learning, that archbilhop Tillotfon fcnc him his nephew 
 for a pupil. In 1694 he was appointed chaplain to Dr. More, then bifhop of. 
 ■Norwich, and foon after publifhed his New Theory of the Earth, by which 
 he obtained a great reputation. In 1698 bifliop More gave him the living of 
 Lowefloft cum KefTingland, in Suffolk. He now preached tivice evpry..,Sunday». 
 and, at If aft during all the fummcr-feafon, read a catechetical lecflure in the even- 
 ing, chiefly for the inflrudion of adults. While he. poiTelTed this living, the pa- 
 riih-ofRcers once applied to him for his hand to a licence, in order to fet up a 
 new ale-houfV; to whom he anfwered, " That if they would bring him a paper 
 to fign, for the pulling an ale-houfe down, he would certainly fign it,, but. would 
 never fign one for fctting an ale-houfe up." 
 
 In the beginning of the prefent century, he was named by fir Ifaac Newton as 
 his deputy in the Lucafian profeiTorfhip of mathematics, ^nd was afterwards chofen 
 
 his
 
 •W H I S T O N. 765 
 
 his fuccefTor in that office ; upon which he rcfigned his livins and went to Cam- 
 bridge. In 1702 he publifhed his Shore View of the Chronology of the Old 
 Teftament, and of the Harmony of the Four Evangelifts ; and, in 1706, his Kf- 
 fay on the Revelation of St. John. In 1707 he preached eight fcrmons upon 
 the accomplifliment of Scripture-Prophefies, at the lediire founded by the honour- 
 able JVIr. Boyle, which he printed the following year, with an appendix ; and thefc 
 were followed by his Eflay on the Apoftolical Conftitutions, wliich he offered to 
 the vice-chancellor for his licence to be printed at Cambridge, but this was rcfu- 
 fcd. His zeal in fupporting his heterodox notions with rcfpcdt to the doftrineof 
 the Trinity, now alarmed his friends, who reprefented the dangers he would bring 
 upon himfclf and family by pcrfifting in his Arian principles : but all they could 
 fay availed nothing; lb that, in 1710, he was deprived of his profeflorfliip, and 
 banifhcd from the univerfity of Cambridge. At the conclufion of the fame year, 
 he publidud his Hiltorical Preface, fhewing the feveral fteps and reafons of h's 
 departing from the commonly received notions of thelrinity; and, in 1711, his 
 Primitive ChrilHani.y Revived, in four volumes oftavo. He now fell under the 
 lafli of the convocation ; and of their proceedings againfl: him, as well as thofe 
 of the ur.ivcrfuy, he publifhed dillinft accounts, in two apjirnd xes to his Hif- 
 to.rical t^reface, when it was prefixed to his Primitive Chriftianity Revived. 
 
 On his expulfion from Cambridge, he fettled in London, where he had con- 
 ferences with Dr. Clarke, Mr. Benjamin Hoadly, afterwards billiop of Winchcf- 
 ter, and other learned men, who endeavouied to moderate his zeal, which, how- 
 ever, he would not fuffer to be corrupted, as he imagined it would be, with the 
 lead mixture of prudence, or worldly wifdom. In 1712, when prince Eugene 
 of Savoy was in England, Mr. Whilton imagining lie had proved, in his ElVay 
 on the Revelation of .*5t. John, that fome of the prophcfics therein had been ful- 
 filled by that general's vidoiy over the Turks in 1697, and by the fuccecding 
 peace, he printed a fhort dedication in Latin, and fixing it to the cover of a copy 
 of that EflTay, prefentcd it to the prince, who is faid to have replied, that he 
 did not knowhe had the honour of having been known to St. John. However, 
 in return, he fcnt Mr. Whifton a jirefent of fifteen guineas. 
 
 In 1715, anci the two following years, a focicty for promoting primitive Chrif- 
 tianiry met weekly at Mr. Whifton's houfe in Crofs-ltreet, Hatton-garden, to 
 which Chrillians of all' perfuafions were equally admitted. In the year 17 19 he 
 publifhed a fatirical piece, entitled, a Letter of Thanks to Dr. Robinfm, bifliop 
 of London, for his late Letter to his Clergy againlt the Ufe of new Forms of 
 Doxologv v and this ironical letter fo difpleafed T)r. Sacheverel, that he attempted 
 to fhut him out of St. Andrews, Holborn, v;hich was then his parifh-church. 
 In 17 2 1 a fubfcription was, made for the fupport of his- family, which amounted 
 10470!. For, though he drew profits from reading anronoiirical and philolophi- 
 cal lectures, and alfo from his own publication", which were very numerous, yet 
 thefe of themfelves would have been very infufficierit; nor, when joined with the 
 benevolence and charity of thofe who loved' and eOcemed him for his learning, 
 integrity, and piety, did they prevent his being frequently in great dillrel's. He 
 continued long a member of the church of England, and regularly frequented 
 its fervice, though he difapproved of many things in it: but at \a([ he went over 
 to the Baptills, and attended Dr. Fofler'.s meeting at Pinner's-I lall, Broad-ltreet. 
 But ftill regardlefs of the appearance of fingubriiy in religious concerns, he con- 
 ftantly repeated aloud the Lord's prayer after the minifter, and received the facr.i- 
 
 mcnc
 
 765 W H I T ^ {i 3 A i>. 
 
 ment upon his knees. This .copfcien£i,ou$ *q(^ worthy mm died-affei^ » Wffllo'Sl 
 illnefs, onthe2zdof A^gi^, j 752, aged eighty-four. j ■ ;!-n«J 
 
 Btrfides the books already mentioned, he.pijbliflicd, i. Tacquet'S(,51uclid, wi^h' 
 feleft I heorerps of Archimpd^s, in Latin: 2. PralcSliQiies /ilireuomua; 3. ,i?r^: 
 U5i'.ones ?h\fico-Mathematic<£: 14, The f;-imitive New Teibmeot, inEngliih:: 
 5. An Lflay tcvards reltoring tJoe tfue Text of the Old Tcftdment,: •(>. Aa 
 Englilla tranOation of the Works of F^aviusjofephus, fropi the origjjjal Greek;/ 
 7. The Sacred Hillory of thp Qld and New Tcftaoiento "from the Creation Oif. t4j€' 
 World, till the Days of ConlUntine.fhe Great, vedui.ed into Apnals^ %<, .yii^i 
 moirs of his own Life and Writings: 9. The Liter.il Acconnpliflimrnt of i>cr»pin 
 ture ProphefK'S : 10. Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Samuel Clarke: 11. Thc- 
 Primitive Eucharirt: revived: ,12. Athanafiin Forgeries, I^mpoiitioBb, and iater-t 
 polacions : 13. A Colled ion pf authentic Records belonging ro the Old and NeW' . 
 Teftament : 14. A Volume of Sermon^ ^nd £flays on lievcral Subjects) and* 
 other wor^i^. 
 
 WHITEHEAD (Paiul) Elq. a late ingenious \yriter, was the youngeft fyn of 
 Mr. Edmund Whitehead, and was born in Caltle-yaid, Holb.)rn, on St. Paul's, 
 day, 1710; from which circumitjace he w,as baptized by the name of Paul. His- 
 father veiy early difcovered a quick genius and promifing taients in his Ion, and 
 put him under the tuition of a learned and worthy clergyman, at Hitchen in 
 Henfordfhire, where he received his claflical knowledge. He was at firll: intended 
 for bufinefs, and for that purpofe was placed with a mercer in the city of i^on- 
 don. He afterwards retired to tlie Temple, where he ftudied the law with great 
 diligence. It WiS thence he firlt threw out his political fquibs, and publicly ap- 
 peared as an author, though the bond-debt in which he was eng.igcd to Mr. Fleet- 
 wood's creditors confined him along tirpe in the F.ect prifon. The firil whim- 
 fical circumflance, which drew the e^es of the world upon hira, was his intro- 
 duction of the mock proceffion of free mafonryi and fo powerful was the laugh 
 and fatire againll that fecret fociety, that the anniverfary parade was laid afMe from 
 that period. 
 
 In the contefted eleiflion for Weftminfter, in 1751, between lord Trentham 
 and Sir George Vandeput, Mr. Whitehead engaged on the part of Sir George, 
 and exerted himfelf with great zeal in fypport of his interefl, by perfonaliy head- 
 ing great mobs, and writing longs and paragraphs for the occafion : but here the 
 argumenium baculinum was fo prevalent, that profecutions teemed from the fountain 
 of law ; and the honourable Alexander Murray fell under the fevered rigour of 
 perfecution and imi)rifonmcnt ; whofe cafe Mr. Whitehead ftated in a pamphlet to 
 the world in a very malterly manner. 
 
 The firft pieces of Mr. Whitehead that drew him any fame, were the State 
 Dunces, a fatire, and another called Manners : the former appeared in the year 
 1733, and was infcribed to Mr. Pope; the latter was publiflied in 173S. The 
 reputation which thefe poems procured him, was the means afterwards of pro- 
 ducing another of the fame kind, under the title of Honour, not inferior in the 
 fpirit of poetry and patriot virtue. Where Mr. Whitehead failed in genius, he 
 xofe in judgment ; but a manly expreflion, and an eafy-flowing flream of poefy, 
 marked his dcfccnt from the fountain of Helicon; nor was he without true hu- 
 mour, as his Gymnaliad will prove, which was written in ridicule of a brutirti 
 cuftom of boxing, of which the late illuftrious duke of Cumberland was a greaq 
 
 cncou-
 
 W H I T E H E A, D. ,(5^ 
 
 cncoiirager. This poem was printed al^out the year 1748, and addrefied, in a 
 burlelque manner, " to the mort puiflant and invincible Mr. John Broughton," 
 ■who was the champion of the athletic race. Thus he defcribes him, when enter- 
 ing on a battle with Stephenfon : 
 
 " Now Neptune's ofFspring, dreadfully ferene, 
 
 " Of fize gigantic, and tremendous mien, 
 
 " Steps forth, and 'midlt the fated lifts appears •, 
 
 " Kev'rend his form, but yet not worn with years'. 
 
 " To him none equal, in his youthful day, 
 
 " With feather'd oar to fl<im the liquid way; 
 
 " Or through thole ftreights whofe waters Ihin the ear, 
 
 " The loaded lighter's bulky weight to fleer. 
 
 " Soon as the ring their ancient warrior vicw'd, 
 
 " Joy fiU'd their hearts, and thund'ripg fhouts enfu'd ; 
 
 " Loud as when o'er Thamefis' gentle flood, 
 
 " Superior with the Triton youths lie ro\''d ; 
 
 " While far a-head his winged wherry flew, 
 
 " Touch'd the glad fliore, and claim'd tltt bdd^e'n's due." 
 
 Gymnasiad, Book II. 
 
 After this period Mr. Wliitehead little concerned himfclf with the fame of wri- 
 ting; nor have we any material compofuion of his extant, after his Epiftle to 
 Dr. Thompfon. He am u fed himfelf with a few light fongs, epigrams, and other 
 poetical bagatelles ; and if he finiflied any other work of a more voluminous na- 
 ture, it was deftroyed in the general conflagration three days before his death, 
 which he fpent entirely in burning his papers. In 1751, when his royal hi^h- 
 nefs Frederick prince of Wales died, with whofe partifani our author had always 
 fided, he was made eafy in his circumftances by the friendfliip and munificence of 
 his generous patron lord Le Dcfpcncer; and from his villa on Twickenham-heath 
 he ilTucd his lipiftle to Dr. Thompfon, who was his intimate friend and com- 
 panion. To' this hermitage of his. Mufe his particular friends rcfortcd, whom he 
 always entertained with a jjeculiar, jocole vein of humour, and fhowed fuch a 
 conviviality of foul, that all were gay and fdHve with him. He was many years 
 a favourite member of the original Beef-fleak Club, confilling of all fuch, in 
 whatever rank of life, as were celebrated for their wit .Tnd pleafantry. Mr. 
 Whitehead bore the excruciating pains of a tedious difeafe wiih a manly refianation, 
 and at length, on the 3Cth of December, 1774, laid down a life which had been 
 honourably paflrd in the variegated courfe of fixty-four years. By his will he 
 bequeathed his heart to his patron, in the following words : " I give to the right 
 honourable lord Le Defpencer my heart aforefaid, together with 50I. to be laid 
 out in the purchafe of a marble urn, in which I defiie it may be dcpofued, and 
 placed, if his lordfliip pleafcs, in fome corner of his Maulbleum, as a memorial 
 of it's warm attachment to the noble founder." On the 13th of Auguft, 1775, 
 lord Le Defpencer fulfilled the laft requeft of his friend, by dcpofiiing, in a 
 maufoleum erefted for that pur^ofe, in his garden at High-Wycomb in Hucking- 
 hamfhire, the heart of an honclt man. I'he inlcription upon the urn was as 
 follows : 
 
 9 I *' Paul
 
 jS9 W H r T E L O C K E. 
 
 ** Paul "Whitehead, Efq. 
 
 " of Twickenham, 
 " Obiic Dec. 30, 1774. 
 *' Unhallow'd hands, this urn forbear ! 
 " No gems cr orient fpoil 
 
 " Lie h^e conceal'd but, what's more rare, 
 
 " A heait that knew no guile !" 
 
 Of the many elegiac verfes offered to the memory of Mr. Whitehead, the fol- 
 lowing are not the moft unworthy of our notice : 
 
 " Within this urn lies Whitehead's heart 
 " Ah, ruthlefs Death ! why didll thou part 
 
 " Such a body fuch a mind ? 
 
 '> Surely, Death, it was unkind } 
 
 " Could not fo much virtue fave 
 
 " Such a poet from the grave ? 
 
 " But when no trace remains of heart or limb, 
 
 ** His works fhall be a monument to him." 
 
 Mr. Whitehead left no ifTue by his wife Anne Dyer, the daughter of Sir 
 Swinnerton Dyer, bart. of Spains-Hull in Eftex, to whom he was married in the 
 
 year 1735. Life cf Paul IVhitebead, Efq, by Captain Edward Thomfon, prefixed 
 
 t<y an- Edition of his IVorks in one volume 4I0, 1777. 
 
 WHITELOCKE (Bllstrode) Efq. eminent as a lawyer, politician, and hifto- 
 rian, was the fonof Sir James Whitelocke, knight, one of the judges of the court of 
 Common-l-'leas ; and was born at London on the 6th of Auguft, 1605. After having 
 been educated in grammar-learning at Merchant-Taylors fchool, he was fcnt in 
 1620 to St. John's college, Oxford, of which Dr. Lau.i, afterwards archbifhop 
 of Canterbury, was then prefident. He left the univerfity before he had taken 
 a degree, and went to the Middle-Temple, where he acquired great fkill in the 
 law, as well as in other ftudies. At the commencemv-nt of the long parliament, 
 he was chol'en burgefs for Marlow in the county of Bucks ; and was chairman of 
 the committee appointed to draw up the charge againft the earl of Strafford, and 
 one of the managers againft him at his trial. In 1642 he wis made one of the 
 deputy-lieutenants of Suckinghamfhire ; and in 1643 was named ore of the com-, 
 miflioners to treat of peace with the king at Oxford, and one of the lay-gentle- 
 men to fit among the afTcmbly of divines. In 1645 he was appointed one of the 
 commifTioners of the admiralty, as alio one of the parliament's comniflioners at 
 the treaty of Uxbridge. The next year he was lent for to Oxford by general 
 Fairfax, who was then befieging that city j and being admitted a member of his 
 council of war, he often, out of the particular regard he had for the univerfity, 
 cjcprefTed great unwillingneis to have any damage done to it, and urged that ho- 
 nourable terms might be offered to the garrifon there. In Oftober 1648 he was 
 chofcn attorney of the duchy of Lancafter. He foon after retired into the country, 
 that he might have no concern in the king's trial and condemnation. In Febru- 
 ary 1648-9, after the death of Charles I. he was made one of the commifTioners 
 
 of
 
 W H I T G I F T. 
 
 769 
 
 of tlie new great feal of the commonwealth, and likewife one of the counci! of 
 ftate. In June following he was eleded high Iteward of the city of Oxford^ 
 and in July was conftituted keeper of the king's library and medals. In Novem- 
 ber 1653 he was fent ambalTador to Sweden, where he was particularly honoured 
 by queen Chriftina. He returned from thence in the fuccccding year ; and in 
 1657 was dignified by the procedor Cromwell with the title of lord Whitelocke; 
 In 1659 he was apj^oint'ed prefident of the council of flate, one of the comnittee 
 of fafecy, and keeper of the great feal. In the latter end of the fame year he 
 retired into the country, for fear of being fent to the Tower by Ibnie powerful 
 members of the rump parliament, then newly reftorcd ; and at his departure left 
 the great feal in the hands of his wife, who. delivered it to Lenthall the fpcaker. 
 From this period to the time of his death, Mr. Whitelocke lived in retir'cnunt, 
 chiefly at Chilton in Wiltlhirej where he died on the 28th of January, 
 1675-6. 
 
 in 1682 was publifhed his famous work, entitled, " Meirsorials of the Englifli 
 Affairs, or an Hiftorical Account of what pafled from the beginning of the Racn 
 of King Charles the Firft to King Charles the Second's happy Reftoration ; 
 containing the public Tranfadions civil and military, together with the private 
 Confultations and Secrets of the Cabinet." in folio. .He alfo wrote "Memorials 
 of the Englifh Affairs, from the fuppofed Expedition of Brute to this Ifland, to 
 the end of the Reign of King James the Firft," publifned in 1709, folio. 
 
 " Bulflrode Whitelocke (fays Mr. Granger), who was equally eminent for ca- 
 pacity and integrity, deferves a diftinguifhed place among the writers of Englidi 
 hiftory. Fle had a great fhare in thole tranl'atftions of which he has given us an 
 account; and is, in point of impartiality, at leaf! equal, if not fupcrior, to lord 
 Clarendon himfelf. He was a man of a clear and cool head, yet zealous in the 
 caufe which he efpoufed ; but he was very rarely, mifled by his affcdions, and 
 was never known to be tranfported to bigotry.^His knowledge in the laws was 
 very extenfive; his judgment, his experience, his dexterity and addrefs in the ma- 
 nagement of affairs, were no lefs extraordinary. He was a leading member of 
 the houie of commons, and a principal co.mmiiTioner in the treaties of Oxford 
 and Uxbridge. His candour v/as con'picuous in the wanneft debates ; and[though 
 he flill adhered to the fide that was uppermoft, it appears, to have been more 
 owing to his moderation than the flexibility of his pynciplcs." 
 
 WHITGIFT (John) archbifliop of Canterbury, was dcfcended of an ancient 
 family in Yorkfliire ; and was born at Great Grimfby in i.-incoinfliire, in 1530. 
 The early part of his education was managed by his uncle Robert Whitgift, who 
 was an abbot ; and who ufcd to fay, th<it " the Rcmiih religion, he was fure, coukl 
 not continue long ; becauie (faid he) I have read the whole Scriptures over and 
 over, and could never find therein, that it was fjundcd by God." He was af- 
 terwards fent to St. Anthony's fchool in London, and was lodged with an aunt 
 in St. Paul's Church- Yard, Imbibing when very young, a relifli for the doiftiines 
 of the reformation, he comlantly retufed to go to mals ^ upon wliich his aunt 
 rcfolved to entertain him no longer under her roof, imputing all her lofll-s and 
 misfortunes to her harbouring foch an heretic ; and at parting told him, that " Ihe 
 thought at ffrft fhe had received a faint into her houfc, but now flie perceived he 
 was a devil'' He efcaped the plague, while he was here, in a manner next to 
 ' ■■ mi-
 
 ..W_ H L X, G h E ,T. 
 
 77^? 
 
 '. V 
 
 .mV'^culous :, he was bed-fellow witl^^notherfchooKboy, ,who died of it*,, and 
 
 by' mlftakc, 'being thirfl-y, , drank of his "virlijel 'thil^lcln^ U was beer', yet po harm 
 befell lum,from this circfuhiftlince. In i^A^- he' was fent' td Qocen's-coljege in 
 Cambridge, and fobri after removed' tb Fembroke-Hdll, where John Bradford, 
 xHe martyr, was his tutor. Fie took tbe'degrfJe^ in arts in 1554 and 1557, having 
 been chofen fellow of Peter-Houfe Vi 15^5 i, and in 1560 entered into holy orders. 
 His great parts art'd learning recommended him to the notice of Cox bifliop of 
 Ely, who made him his chaplain, and gaVe him the reftory of Fcvcrflum in Cara- 
 bridgeihire. In 1563 he commenced bachtlor of divinity-, and the fame year, 
 was chofen lady Margaret's divinity-profefibr at Cambridge. 
 
 About the year 1565, lie was brought up to court to preach before queen 
 Elizabeth, to whom h^ gave fo mitch fatisfaftion, that flic immediately caufcd 
 him to be fworn her cha'plairi. In 1567 he was elected hiafter of Pembroke-Hall 
 in Cambridge ; and," afcobt three months after, was' made by the queen mailer of 
 Trinity-College in that univerfity. Tlie fame year. he. was appointed to keep tiic 
 commencement-a<5l for^his degree of dodtor of divinity j and his thefis on this 
 occafun was, Piipa eft ilk Antichriftus^ i. e. The Pope is Antichrill. He was alfo 
 about the fame time made regius profefTor of divinity. In 151/1 he was eledlcd 
 vice-chancellor of the univcrfity of Cambridge. The ^eairjollowing he began 
 to wage openly that war with the puritan's, which lafted to the end of his life, 
 'by pubfifhing " An Anf^ver to a certain Libel, entitled An Admonition to 
 the rarliament." This Admonition contained two parts, and' was written du- 
 rin"- the difputes concerning the ccclelTaOical habits and ceremonies. It totally 
 condemned the church of England, and the miniftry of it ; , and alferted, that 
 we had 'neither a right miniftry of Gx d, nor a right government of the 
 church ; and bitterly jnveighed againft the book for ordering minifters and 
 deacons, which was Ifiled in it the pontifical. To Whitgift's anfwer 'Mr. 'I'ho- 
 mas Cartwright publifhed a reply; which occafioned Whitgift to write a defence 
 in 1573, to \vh ch Cartwright publifhed a fecond reply. 
 
 Dr. NVhitgift's labours in defence of the eflabliflied church, and his 2eal 
 againll the -puritans, were the means of his being promoted to the deanery 
 of. Lincoln; and in 1576 he was maJe bifhop of Worcefter. The queen had 
 her eye upon him to prefer him to the highelt ecclefiallical honour, tome time 
 before her "intentions tc>o'k place; and (lie was inclmed, as was lad, to put 
 him into archbifliop Grind.ul's room licfore that prelate's death. It is certain 
 that Grindal was defuous of refigning, and equally dcfirous that W'hitgift 
 fliould fuccced him; but Whitgitt could not be pcrfuaded to comply witli 
 this, and in prefence of tlie queen begged her ])ardon for not accepting the 
 archbifliopric on any condition whatever, during the life of the other. Grin- 
 dal however dying in 1583, Whitgift was chofen his fuccefibr in the fee of 
 Canterbury; and in this poll he aftcd with great vigour, efpecially againll the 
 puritans; upon which account he was reviled in the moll: fcurrilous terms in 
 a piece called Martin Mar-Prelate, and in other' pamphlets publiflied by fome 
 of that party. He died on the 29th of February, 1603-4, and was interred 
 inthcparifh church of Croydon, where a monument was eredled to his me- 
 mory. 
 
 Stow, in his Annals, tells us, that " he was a man born for the benefit 
 of his country, and the good of the church; wherein he ruled with fuch nio- 
 
 deration.
 
 W I C K H A M. 
 
 11 i 
 
 deratioh, as to dorttinue all his life in his prince's favour :" and Fuller*, In hii 
 Church Hillory, ftiles him " the woithiell man that ever the EngliHi hierarchy" 
 did enjoy." He erefted an hofpital, free-fchool, and chapel, arCroydon. It 
 fhotild be obfefved here, to the honour of this illuftrious prelate, that he was 
 " the great reftorer of order and difcipline in the univerfity of Cambridge, 
 when deeply wounded, and almoft funk;" and that, for his fake, the falary of 
 the lady Margaret's profeflbrfliip was raifed from twenty marks to rvvcn:y pounds.' 
 It is alfo wonhy of remark, that the great Sir Francis Bacon ftudied under \\\m, 
 when he w'as at Trinity-College. 
 
 WICKHAM, or WvKEHAM, (William) bifhop of Winchefter, founder qf 
 New-Colleg6 in Oxford, and alfo of Wincheltc;r College, was born at the vil- 
 
 _ lageof Wickham, in Hampfhire, in 1314. He fcudicd at a fchool in Wincheilerj 
 but it is not certain, that lie was ever a fcudent at either of the univerilcies. 
 His patron, Nicholas Uvedale, being made governor of the province of South- 
 ampton, appointed him his counfcllor and fccretary, and he could not have 
 made choice of a fitter perfon for tliat employment: for fcarce any man 
 in that age either wrote or fpoke more politely than Wickham : for this reafon, 
 Edington, bifliop of Winchelltr, and lord high treafurer of England, made 
 him his fccretary three years after, and at length recommended him to king 
 Edward III. That prince took him into his fervice ; and as Wickham under- 
 ftood geometry and architedture, he was appointed furveyor of the royal build- 
 ings. It was by his advice and perfuafion, that the Iving was induced to pull 
 down great part of Windfor caflle, and to rebuild it in the magnificent man- 
 ner in which it now appears ; and the execution of this great work was com- 
 mitted entirely to him. He iiad likew'ife the fole dircftion of the building of 
 Queenborough caflle. Thcfe employments he executed in fuch a manner, as 
 to gain a confiderable place in his matter's favour and atieftions : but his ene- 
 mies giving a malicious turn to an infcription which he liad j)ut on the palace 
 of Windfor, expoled him for a fliort time to the king's difpleafure. The words 
 of tlie infcription are, "This made Wickham," which have an ambiguous 
 meaning, fignifying either This was made by Wickham, or I'his advanced the 
 fortune of Wickham. Thole who wilhed him ill inierpreted then in the for- 
 
 'mer fcnfe, and hinted to the king, that he infblently afcribed all the glory of 
 it to himielf. His majefly, being liighly exafperated, reproached Wickham ; 
 but was appeafed, and even laughed, after hearing his anfwer; he replying, 
 
 *' Dr. Thomas Fuller, an enifnent hillorian .md divine, was born at Aldwinclc in North- 
 amptonfhire, in 1608, and received iii'^ education in the univerfity nf Cambridge. His fi.ft 
 flaiion in the churcjj was that of miiiilur of St. B:-i'.n€t's parilh in Cambridge ; whence he rofe 
 fiicceliiveiy to he a piebendary in the cathedral of ^alifbiiry , ied<.r of Hmad-Windf 'r in Dorfct- 
 fliire, and Itiftnrer of tlie Savoy in London : but adhering to khw Charles 1. on tlie breaking out 
 <if the civil war, he was deprived by the jjarlianitnt of all his preferments. He continued 
 liowever, durinw the troubles tliat cnfued, to exercife his t;dents as a prt:!Cher, being appointed 
 chaplain to lord Hopton, one of the conimanderb in the royal ainij. About the year 1648 lie 
 was j/refcnttd to the re<5tory of W'ahhani-Abbcy in Kflex ; auJ upon the Kedoration, he re- 
 covered his prebend of Salisbury, was tJ eatj/d doctor of divinity, and made chaplain in ordniary 
 to his maic-fty. He died on the i6th of Augnlf, 1661. His Hidory of the H. ly War, his 
 Holy and Profane State, his Church Hiftory of Britain. Iiis Pifgah Sight of I'alcftine, his jlid 
 Rcdi'vi'viis, and iiis Hili'ry of the Worthies of Kngiand, are the moll confiderable of his woiks. 
 Of thcle, the Chun I IMIoryis the mod erroneous ; the I'ifgah-Si^hc the moft cxaiil ; and hi* 
 Hiftory of the Worthif. the njoft cniuiuble. . , 
 
 9 K '^ • kh
 
 772 W 1 C K L I F F. 
 
 with a finlle, that his accufers muft either be extremely malicious, or extremely 
 i^norant of the rules of grammar, fince the true meaning of the infcription 
 was, " I am the creature of this palace; to it I owe the favour indulged mc 
 by my fovereign^^ who has raifed me from a low condition to an exalted foi- 
 tune." 
 
 From this time, the king was continually heaping on him preferments botli 
 ccclefiaftical and civil, and Wickham ran through a long lift of promotions in 
 the church, from his being made reftor of Pulham in Norfolk, in 1357, which 
 was his firll, to his being raifed to the fee of Winchefter, in 1366 ; his advance- 
 ment in the ftate all the while keeping pace with thefe preferments. Thus, in 
 IJ59, he was conftituced chief warden and furvcyor of the king's caftles at 
 ■(S'indfor, Leeds, Dover, and Hadlam ; in 1363, warden and jufticiary of the 
 king's forefts on tliis fide the Trent; in 1364, keeper of the privy-feal ; and, 
 t%vo years after, fecrctary to- the king. Soon after his advancement to the fee 
 of Winchefter, he wfe appointed lord high chancellor, and prefident of the 
 council. That he might at once dil'charge the feveral duties of his employ- 
 ments, both ecclefiaftical and civil, he endeavoured, on the one hand, to regu- 
 latCvhis own life according to the ftridleft maxims, and to promote to benefices 
 Only fuch parifli-priefts as were able to give due inftruftions to their parifliioners, 
 and at the fame time led exemplary lives; and, on tlie other hand, he endea- 
 voured to the utmoft of his power to have juftice impartially adminiftered. In 
 137 I he refigned t!ie great ieal. 
 
 At lengtli John of Gaunt, duke of Lancafter, fet every engine at work to 
 ruin Wickham, and procured articles of impeachment to be brought againft 
 him ; whereupon our prelate was condemned to lolc all the temporalities of his 
 biflionric, without being allowed time for putting the papers in order that were 
 neccflar)' for his defence. But king Edward, lufpefting the injuftice of the fen- 
 tence, and that the duke of Lancafter was concerned in fonie plot, reftcred to 
 Wickham all that the duke had divefted him of, and died a few days after, in 
 1377. Richard IL who fucceeded hina, being but eleven years of age, t-he 
 duke of Lancafter, then prefident of the council^^ revived the accufations agaiaft 
 the bifhop of Winchefter ; but that prelate refuted them with fuch flrength of 
 aro-iiment, that he was fully cleared. He at length founded two noble col- 
 leo^es, one at Oxford, and the other at Winchefter; and while he was cxertings 
 his utmoft endeavours to improve thofe magnificent foundations, he was called 
 to court, in 1389, and, almoft in Ipite of himfelf, made lord high chancellor, 
 which poft he refigned in 1391. This able flatefman, and munificent prelate, 
 died at South-Waltham, the 27,th of September, 1404, aged eighty years; and 
 was interred in the cathedral of Winchefter. 
 
 W^ICKLIFF (John) the celebrated Englifh reformer, or more properly 
 the father of the Reformation, was born in the north of Encland, about the 
 year 1324. His parents, who defigned him for the church, fent him to Queen's- 
 coUcge in Oxford, then juft founded. He did not, however, in^that new-tfta- 
 hlifhed houfe, meet wiih the advantages for ftudy which he expelled, and there- 
 fore removed to Merton-college. His application to his ftudits wa's very great : 
 he is faid to have committed to memory the moft abftrule parts of the works 
 of Arillotle. His attentiv)n appears to have been chiefly engaged by the logic 
 of that philofophcr; in wliich he was fo convcrfant, that he became a moft 
 
 fubtle
 
 W 1 C K LI F F. 
 
 //J 
 
 fabtle difputant, and reigned iri the fchools unrivalled. He then proceeded to 
 his theological ftudies, and made himfrlf mailer of all the niceties and fiibtle 
 diftinftions of fchool-divinicy. His fuperior penetration, however, foon enabled 
 him to dilcover the unprofitablcnefs of thefe ftudies. He chofc, therefore, a 
 more fimple and rational method of enquiring after trinb ; he took the plain text 
 of fcripture into his hands, uncorrupted by commentators and fcholaftic divines, 
 and endeavoured to difcovcr the truefenfe of the ficred writings, w ithout regard- 
 ing, or implicitly allcnting to, any prevailing or eftabbflied fyftem. By 
 this method of inveftigating truth,,he attained that noble freedom of thought, 
 .by which his writings were afterwards I'd much diftinguifhcd ; and which pro- 
 cured him among his cotemporaries the title of the Evangelic. Doctor. To 
 thefe ftudies he added that of the civil and e^non law, and is faid to have been 
 well acquainted with the municipal laws of his country. As he continued 
 thus to extend his knov/ledge, he increafed alfo in reputation ; and was refpeftcd 
 not only, as -an- able fcholar, but as a mai\ of piety and virtue. 
 
 Wicklift drew upon himfclf the public attention in a more particular man- 
 ner, by his deffnce of the univerfuy againft the mendicant friars. Thefe reli- 
 gious, who firft fettled in Oxfurd in 1230, had made thenifeJves very troubie- 
 iome to the univerfity, by fetting up a different intered, aiming at a diftind ju- 
 riidivfiion, and fomenting fcuus between the fcholars and their luperiois, and in 
 many other refpcdts; fo that the univerfuy were obliged to curb them by fevere 
 ftatutes. By thefe means the foundation of an endlel's quarrel was bid between 
 them. The friars appealed to the pope, and the fcholars to the civil power-, 
 and fometimcs one parcy prevailed, and fometimss tSe other ; fo tint the caule 
 became lo ,(Tcncral, that an oppofuion to the friars was confi:'icrcd as the tt{\ of 
 a ftutlent's attachment to the univerfuy. Whilfl: thi'^gs were in this fituacion, 
 the friars had imbibed a notion, which they z^raloufly propagat-'d, that Chrill was 
 a common be^igar, that his difciples were alfo beggars, and that begging, by 
 their example, was an i'lftitution of the gofpel. WickiilF, who had long defpi- 
 fed thefe friars, on account of their uielefs and lazv lives, con fid-red this as a^ 
 opportuniry of expofing them. He therefore drew up and publilhed a •■' 
 againlt able beggary ; in which he pointed out the difference bet v ten '": P.. 
 ly of Chrili and that of the friars, and ftie^ed the obligations v. hid" ""^ ^^ ''^" 
 
 lay under,, to labour in fome way or other for the good ot-'*' 'f. ^" , . , 
 
 J u r • u ■ c J r 1 r r » *• ^ ., -^no wallowe.l m hiX- 
 
 pjovcd the rriars to be an inramous and ulelels Ut 01 men.- ... 
 
 1 r i: r ' \ ■ u- t. i" L •. . .uit thev wcTc a dilKrace, 
 
 ury, and were fo far from beino; obircts of chanty, r.*^"- . ' , » . ' 
 
 1 . 1- u u r ^-.^r,, rtiis pi' ce nude a oreat im- 
 
 not only to religion, but even to human iociety. * ^^ , , . ^- •,. 
 
 rr LI- i- .u 1 A i;i.«iorife mcreafcd his reputation with 
 
 preffion on the generality of the people, and iij^^-viit. iii>.i f 
 
 men of fenle and learning. r 1 \xt \ \ a-. ^ ^c ,u^\r 
 
 ,,-, ■ r . u- ■ u ^ tr> confider Wick ifi- as one of their 
 
 1 he univerfuv, from this time, be«^ ^^ L<jmi.i<.i ,■ 1 1 1 j ..„..; 
 
 ,1 ■ J • , ,nre of the reputation which he had acqui- 
 
 prmcipal champions; and in conlegi^nce 01 uic itpui i 
 
 * , / ,- ' ,' ,- , fo the marterOiin of Hahol-college, an.l about 
 
 red, he was ioon after preferred <-0 tnc niauc m i .■ i ^ , i,„..,..,,- 
 
 1 , u , ^-yrdi-n of Cantcrbuiv-ha . He did not, however, 
 
 the year 1265 was cholen »varai.n 01 v.,uuLi.'ui;r 1 ■> ■ ,r 
 
 1 • \- \ n. A- ■,v innpai-r- for he foon tound himlelf involved in dit- 
 
 long enioy this laft digo'^y in peace, ror nc luuu i^^ .^^i,u^ 
 
 c I • ■ f X- of ir He was fcarec y eftablillied in it, when arrhbi- 
 
 ficuUies, in confequcpce of it. l^e was lear ciy j 1 ■ ,1' r*.*. nf Tan- 
 
 ftiopIQip, the founder of the hall, died, and was fucceeded in tl e fee ofr Can 
 ^.bur by Langham biH.op of Ely, a prelate who had 1 pent his life m a cloif- 
 ter. The^monlfs who had been ceded from Cinterbury-hall, ^''"^^ .-'-"^^S^J 
 Ibis opportunity, aad made immediate application co tho new ^'^'^bifl^^^not
 
 774 
 
 W I C K L I F F. 
 
 doubting his good-will to their order. Langliam readily efpoiifud their c*ufe, 
 eje(fted WicklifF, anti the feculars his companions, and firqueftcrcd their revehiits. 
 So manifeft a piece of injulUce railed a gt-neral outcry; ani Wickliff's frii.ndJ 
 advifird him to appeal vo the pope. His holinefs appointed a cardinal to hear 
 the caiife, who decided ic in favour of the motiks, and cftdrred thic Wickli-ff 
 and his aflfociates fa aild leave the college. 
 
 It has been infinu.atcd, by the enemies of Wicklifi", tfiat his chief rflotivd for 
 oppofing popery, was his relcncmefit againft the court of Rome, for dete>minjnv 
 his fuir, relative to the wardenfhip of Canterbury-hall, againJt him. 1 his infi- 
 nuation will, however, appear to be totally void of foundation, if it be con{v- 
 ckred, that h's book in which he difalbwed the pope's right f) the tribute-m<;ne^ 
 from England, was prior to the determination of his fuir, IndtcJ, his appearing 
 fo openly ag linft the papal lee, at the time when his caufe was depending at Rome, 
 is the (trongelt evidence of his integrity. 
 
 Wickliff iVill continued to refidc at Oxford ; and his friends, about this time, 
 procured him a benefice there. And the divinity-profefTif's Chair falling vacant 
 foon after, he took a doclor's degree, and was elcded iiltb it. 'i'his fituation 
 appears to have been very agreeable to Wickl'fF, as it afforded him an opportu- 
 nity of throwing fjme light, as he imagined, upon fome important fubjefls of 
 religion. He was now fully convinced, by a long courfe of reafoning, that 
 the Rornifli religion was full of errors. He wi'.s firft led into this train of 
 thinking by the loofe and immoral lives of the monadic clergy ; and was confirmed 
 in it by his rcfearches into antiquity, it was, however, a bold uiiderrdking, and 
 which required the utmolt caution, to oppofe errors of fuch long (landing j 
 whicli had been fo deeply rooted, and fo widely fpread. He refolvet', for a be- 
 ginning, to nnke an attack on the monaftic clrrgv, whom he inveighed againft in 
 his public lectuies with yreat feverity. He reprelented them as a fct of men, 
 who prOielTcd indeed to live like faints, but who had fo far degenerated froiti 
 their original inftitution, that they were become a fcandal to their founders. Men 
 might well cry out, he faid, againft the decay of religion; but he could ftiew 
 
 .'' "^ from whence this decay proceeded. Whilft the preachers of reli^iion never 
 jnculc 
 
 miracles-. 
 
 proceeded, 
 d religious duties, but entertained thej pc. -pie with idle florics, and lying 
 
 their hearers i^. 
 
 hilft they never infcrced the neciflity of a good life, but taught 
 
 'lut their truft in a bit of fealed parchment, and the prayers, of 
 
 nypocrites it was .-.ooOible, he faid, but religion muft decay. Such treache 
 
 rous friends did more 
 
 a regard for religion was n. 
 
 "irt than open enemies. Wickliff further obferved, th.it 
 
 in view, he faid, but the advai.^. 
 
 to be expeifled from fuch men. They had nothin 
 , , ^''''"ement of their own ord^r. In every age they 
 
 had made it their pradice to inven.,nd multiply fuch new opinions and dcdrines, 
 as iuired their avaricious views: nay, .^y had, in a manner, fet afide Chriftia- 
 nity, by binding men wth their traditions ".n piefcrence to the rule of C hrift •, 
 who It might well be fuppofed, left nothing uG-ful out of his fcheme. In this 
 fenfiblennd fpinted manner, did Dr. Wickliff open r^e ryes of men to a number 
 ot abufes which were before concealed in the darknels of ianorance and fuper- 
 itition. Hitherto, however, he had not avo^vedly queftioncd" any eftublilhed doc- 
 trine of the church, contenting himfelf with only attempting to loo^-n the pre- 
 judices of the vulgar- But he now began to think of attacking fome ^f the fun- 
 damcntals ot popery. He proceeded in this defign with his ufual caution • 
 he thought itfufficient at firll to lead his advcrfaries into logical and metaphyfical 
 
 difputes.
 
 W I C K L I F F. 775 
 
 difputes, in order to acciiftoni them to bear contradiftion, and to hear novtltic<:. 
 In the feminaries of learning at that time, fcarce any ilii.-.g pafTrd but learned 
 arguments on the form of things, on the increafe of time, on Ijuce, fubftance, 
 and identity. In difputations of this kind, he artfully intermixed new opinions 
 in divinity, in order co found the minds of his hearers. And at lengih finding 
 that he had a confiderable party in the fchools, and was liftened to with attention, 
 he ventured to be more explicit, and by degrees to open himfclf at large. He 
 began with Ihewing the little regard which ought to be p.iid to the writings of 
 the fathers after tlxc tenth century. At that time, he laid, an a^e of darknefs 
 and error commenced; and doctrines and opinions then cook their rife, among 
 which the honeft enquirer after trutii could never fatisfy himfelf The errors in 
 matters of opinion which had crept into religion w^'re the firlt fubjcct of his 
 enquiry; many of \vhich be traced out from their earlic;! origin, and with greac 
 acu.encis and accurtcy pointed out the progrels they had made, as they dcfcendcd 
 -through the .;ges of fupcrfiicion. lie next proceeded to the ulurpations of the 
 court of Rome, which was a favourite topic with him, and on which he was very 
 copious and warm. He infifted on theic, and other fiaiilar iubj^-'tfls, with a 
 ihcngth of reafon far fuperior to the learning of thofc times, and with great free- 
 dom and fpirit, 'Ihis vigorous attack upon the church of Rome, occafioned 
 the clergy to raife a violent chmour againft^him; and the archbilhop of Canter- 
 bury determined to profccute him with the uta:oft rigour. The church had, 
 however, flept in its errors thro' fo many ages, in confcqucnce of the extreme ig- 
 norance that had been long fpread over every part of Europe, that it was not pre- 
 pared for .in attack; hercly being now a new crime. Nevcrthelcfs, they fcarched 
 records, and examined precedents; and at length, with fome difficulty. Dr. Wick- 
 liit was deprived and filcnced. It was a very fortunate circumilance for our re- 
 former, tliat there was in England, at this time, no law in force for the burning 
 of heretics. 
 
 We find him in his ledtures afterwards inveighing againfl the church of Rome 
 with more warmth than before. The exemption of the clergy from the jurif- 
 didion of the civil power, indulgencies, and liie ufe of lanftuaries, were among 
 the topics of his inveftive ; and there are very few of the corrupt principles or 
 pratTtices of the Romilh church, which his penetration had not dikovered at that 
 early p.-riod : and though his reafonings wanted that accuracy and (Irength which 
 may be found in the writings of later times, yet when we confider the darknefs 
 and ignorance of the age in which he lived, and the little appearances there were 
 of any thing like real learning, even in the public fchools, we have much m.re 
 reafon to be amazed at that force of genius which carried him fo far, than to 
 wonder that he did not go farther. The pope himfelf was frequently the fubjea 
 of his invtftive; and on his infallibility, ufurpations, pride, avarice, and t)ranny, 
 he declaimed with peculiar warmth. The epithet of Antichrirt, which the pope 
 has had fo frequently bellowed upon h''m in later ages, is thought by iome to have been 
 firll givenhim by Ur. Wickliff. He would frequently inveigh againlt the luxury and 
 pomp of biiliops ; and woula afk the people, when they faw tlieir prelates riding 
 abroad, attended with fourfcore horfemcn in filvcr trappings, whether they per- 
 ceived any rcfemblance between fuchfplendor, and the fim|)licityof primitive bilhops i' 
 It does not certainly appear where thcfe Icdtures were re id ; but moll proba.ily at 
 Oxford, where he appears by this time to have recovered his former ilation, and 
 where he had yet a conUdcrablc party in his favour. 
 
 r*
 
 776 
 
 W I C K L I F F. 
 
 Dr. WicklifF was frequently at court, where he continued to be in great favour 
 with the duke of Lincafter, who had taken him under his proteftion. Itwascx- 
 pefted by many, that fome confidcrable ecclefiaftical preferment was intended for 
 hinv, but no offer of this fort appears, whether he himfelf deciir.ed it, or that 
 the duke thought an elevated flation would only expofe him the more to the ma- 
 lice of his enemies. The duke, however, took care to place him in a ftate of 
 independence, by beftowing upon hini the redtory of Lutterworth in Leicefter- 
 fhirej whither he immediately repaired. He was fcarce fettled in his parifli', 
 when his enemies, taking advantage of his retirement, commenced a frelh and 
 vigorous profecution againll him. Simon Sudbury, archbifhop of Canterbury, 
 and William Courtney, bilhop of London, were at the head of this. The pri- 
 mate, Sudbury, was a man of great moderation for the times he lived in, and ap- 
 pears to have been brought into this profecution againfl: Wickliff contrary to 
 liis inclinations-, for indeed he contributed nothing towards it but the fandion of 
 his name. But Courtney was a fiery bigot, and full of zeal againft herefy ; he 
 therefore took the management of it upon himfelf, and cited Dr. Wickliff to ap- 
 pear before him on a fixed day, at St. Paul's in London. This fummons was a 
 very unexpeifted one to our reformer, who probably imagined that in the fhade of 
 retirement and obfcuricy he fhould have been Weltered fro;n the malice of his 
 enemies. He repaired immediately to the duke of Lancafter, to confult with 
 him on the affair-, and that prince did what he could to avert the profecution, 
 but found himfelf unable to oppofe a force, which was compofed of almoft the 
 whole body of the clergy. He refolved, hov/ever, to countenance Wickliff in 
 the moft open and honourable manner-, and therefore the duke in pcrfor, ac- 
 companied by lord Percy, earl-marlhal of England, who appears to have been a 
 profelyte to the opinions of Wickliff, attended him to his trial. Wiicn they were 
 come to St. Paul's, they found the court fitting, and a great multitude aflembled, 
 throu^rh which the earl-marlhal made ufc of his authority to gain an entrance. 
 A confidsrablc d:llurbance was railed in the church, by the arrival of fucli per- 
 fonat^es and their attendants ; and th; bilhop of London, who was chagrinecj to 
 fee Ur. Wickliff io attended, peevilhiy told the c-arl-marlhal, that it he had known 
 before what a difturbince he would have made, he fiiould have been flopped at 
 the door. 'I'he lord Percy then defired Wickliff to fit down, faying, that he had 
 need of a fear, for he had many things to fay. To this the: bilhop replied, "It 
 is unreafonable that a clergyman, cited before his ordinary, Ihould fit during his 
 anfwer : he fhall Hand." " My lord Percy is in tl.e right, (faid the duke of Lan- 
 cafter) and for you, my lord bifhop, who are grown fo proud and arrogant, I 
 •will take care to humble your pride; and not only yours, but that of all the 
 prelates in England. Thou depcndeft upon the credit of thy relations ; but far 
 from being able to help thee, they fhall have enough to do t> I'upporc themlelves." 
 The bilhop replied, " I place no confidence either in my relations, or in any man 
 elfe, but in God himfelf, in whom I ought to trufr, and who will give me bold- 
 ncfs to fpcak the truth." Whether the bifhop added any thing to this, which 
 more particularly irritated the duke oi Lancafter, is not quite clear-, however, 
 the dukf, who was greatly provoked, turned to lord Percy, and faid to him in a 
 half-JvlTifper, that rather than take fuch ulage from the bilhop, he would pull him 
 by the hair of his head out ot the church. Thcle words were caught up by 
 fome who ftood near ; and being fpread among the croud, threw the whole affem- 
 bly into a ferment. The contufion arol'e to fuch a height, that all bufincfs was at 
 
 an
 
 W I C K L I F F. 
 
 777 
 
 an end ; and a flop was put, for the prefent, to all further proceedings againft 
 Wickliff. 
 
 Some time after, pope Gregory XI. being alarmed at the progrcfs of Wicklifi's 
 dodrincs, wrote to the linglilh bifhops, to caufe him to be appicliended, nnd at 
 the fame time fent them nineteen propofitions advanced by our reformer, >- 'lich 
 he condemned as heretical and erronenis. Upon this, WicklifF was fummoned 
 to a lynod in Lambrth chapel, where he cndc.'<voured to explain away fume of the 
 opinions which he had advanced. "When the aflembly were in the midft of tlicir 
 deliberations, the people both v/ithin and without doors grew very tumultuous and 
 cried aloud, that thc-y would fuffer no violence to be offered to Wickliff. At this 
 very junfture Sir Lewis Clifford, a man of fome diflindtion. .-ntered the chapel, 
 and, in an authoritative manner, forbade the bifhops to pf \.ed to any definitive 
 fentence, and then retired. This is faid to have intimidateii the prelates, who, 
 though ihey knew not from whence this order came, took it f(>r granted that Clif- 
 fordxlurft not have afted thus of his own head. Jhc perplexity of tlie bifliop* 
 was aUo heightened by the tumult at the door, which continued to increafe-, fo 
 that at length they diffolved the affembly, having forbid 'U'ickliff to preach anjr 
 more thofc dotftrines which had been objcdled to him. But to this prohibi- 
 tion he paid very little regard; for we are informed, that he wer>t about bare-foot- 
 ed, in a long frize gown, preaching every where occafionally to the people, and 
 without any referve in his own pariih. 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1378, Dr. Wickliff was feized with a violent 
 dlftemper, which it was apprehended might prove taial to him. C^n this occafion, 
 it is faid, he was waited upon by a very extraordinary deputation from the mendi- 
 cant friars, whom he had formerly attacked with lb much feverity ; who fent four 
 of their order, accompanied by four of the u;ol'i: eminent citizens of Oxford, to 
 attend him ; and having gained admittance to his btU-chambcr, they acquainted 
 him, that hearing he lay at the point of death, they were come, in the name of 
 their order, to remind him of the many injuries which he had done them; and 
 hoped, for his loul's lake, that he would do them all the juflicenow in his power, 
 by retra(5ling, in the prcle ice of thofe refpev^Kable per ons, the many fcvcrc and 
 unjull thing<i he had laid of them. Wickliff, furprifcd at this (blemn mcffage, 
 railed himfclf in his bcJ, and with a ftern countenance cried out, " I fliall not die, 
 but live to declare the evil deeds of the friars." At this the friars were driven 
 away in confufion, (truck with the fternnefs of his manner, and the unexpeiflcd 
 force of his expreffion. 
 
 Dr. Wickliff did recover from his indifpofition ; and foon after began a work 
 v/hich he had long intended, the tranflation of the fcripturcs into Englilli -, for 
 he hatl ever confidcred the locking up the Bible from the jicople as one of the 
 principal errors of popery, and of the moft dangerous tendency. But before his 
 tranflation appeared, he publidied a traft, in which he fliev^ed the ncccITity 
 of freeing the fcripturcs from the bondage they lay under, with great force of 
 argument. The Bible, he affirmed, contained the whole of (iod's will. Chrift's 
 law, he faid, was fufficient to guide his church, and every Chrilfian might there 
 attain knowledge fufficient to make him acceptable to God : and as to com- 
 ments, he faid, a good life was the bell guide to the knowledge of fcrijjture ; 
 or, in his own language, '• He that kcepcth righteoufncfs, hath the true under- 
 ftanding of holy writ." When he apprehended thefc arguments to befufficicntly 
 
 digellcd,
 
 7-8 W I C K L I F F. 
 
 digefled, his trandaclon made its public appearance, much to the fatisfacflion of 
 all judicious men. 
 
 The publication of this work had not the leaft tendency to re-eftablifii Wick- 
 lifF in the good opinion of his ecclefiadical brethren : on the contrary, an uni- 
 verfal clamour was immediately railed againll it. And afc<T much cunlukation 
 among the bifliops, and heads of the clergy, a bill was brought into parliament 
 to fupprefs WicklifF's Bible ; and the advocates for it fet forth the alarming prof- 
 pe£l: of herefy, which this verfion of the fcriptures opened, and the ruin of all 
 religion which mult inevitably enlue. The arguments, however, which were urged 
 by Wickliff and his friends, in defence of the utility of an Englifh verfion of the 
 fcriptures. wc-re fo ftrong, that the bill was thrown out by a great majority. 
 
 Before the clamour, that was railed againft Wickliff on account of the publi- 
 cation of his Bible, was in any degree file-need, he ventured to go a itep furtlier, 
 by attacking the favourite dcdlrine of the Koinilli church, tranfublbntiation, 
 which he did with great fpitit and f.tedoni •, being, after a thorough examination, 
 convinced that it had no fcriptural foundation. In his leftures before the uni- 
 verlity of Oxford, in 1381, wliich he appears ilill to have continued every fum- 
 mer as divini^y-profcflcr, he undertook to confute this error, and to explain the 
 real defign of tho Lord's Supper. He endeavoured chiefly to prove, that the fub- 
 ftance of the bread and wine in the Lord's fupper, remained the fame after confe- 
 cration -, and that the bcdy- and blood of Chnft were not fubftantialjy in them, 
 but only figuratively. He ofi^cred to defend thefe conclufions publicly in the 
 fchools ; but the religious, who had now gained ground in the univerfity, would 
 not fuffer any queftion (j{ this kinJ to be debated •, for they were un\\iHing to I'ub- 
 mit fo important a doflrine as that of tranlubilaiuiation, and which they could 
 fo well defend by the authority of the church, to the hazardous teft of reafon and 
 examination. Dr. Wickliff, however, v/ithout further ceremony, publillied a 
 confutation of that doClrine, in a profeffed treatife upon the fubjeft. 
 
 Dr. Barton was at this time vice-chancellor of Oxford, a great enemy to herefy, 
 and no friend to Wickliff, of v/hom he always fpoke with great bitternefs. He 
 therefore laid hold of this opportunity of pcrlccuting him with much pleafure. 
 He called together the heads of the univerfity, and finding he could influence a 
 majority, obtained a decree by which the dodlrine of Wickliff was condemned as 
 heretical, and himfelf and his followers threatened, if they ptrfilled in their errors, 
 with imprifonment and excommunication. Wickliff was extremely mortified to 
 find himfelf thus treated at Cxford •, which, till this t me, had been his fanc- 
 tunry. tlowever, he relblved to fly for protedion to his generous friend the 
 duke of Lancafterj and, in hopes of his interelf, to appeal to the king from the 
 vice-chancellor's fentcnce. But even this refource failed him ; for his appeal met 
 with no countenance : the duke, who found his credit declining, and probably 
 fuppofed his attachment to Wickliff might be one of the caufes, did now, for 
 the firll; time, dcfert him ; and when Wickliff preffcd this prince with religious 
 motives, to induce him to inierelt himfelf on his behalf, he anfwercd him coolly, 
 that of thefe things the church was the moft proper judge, and that the beft ad- 
 vice he coul.l give him, was to quit thefe novelties, and fubmit quietly to his-or- 
 dinary. Wickliff, thus cxpofed to the pcrfecutions of his advcifaries, had no 
 ether remedy but to meet the dorm with all the fortitude he was maftcr of. It 
 was a circumftance very unfavourable to our reformer, that Courtney, who had 
 
 been
 
 X 
 
 W I C K L I F F. 775 
 
 been his moft adlive en(rmy, when bifhop of London, was now promoted to the 
 fee of Canterbury, in the room of archbifliop Sudbury. Courtney very much ap- 
 proved what the vice-chancellor had done, and rcfolved to go on vigoroufly with 
 the profecution. Dr. Wickliff being cited before the new archbiiliop, rcfufcd to 
 appear; alledging, that as he was a member of the univerfuy, and held an office 
 in it, he was exempt from epifcopal jurifdiclion. With this plea the primite was 
 obliged to reil fatisfied. But though he could not proceed againlt the perfon of 
 Wickliff, he rcfolved to proceed againll his opinions; and accordingly, when the 
 court met on the day appointed, a large colledlion of article?, extracted from his 
 books and fermons, was produced, 'i he aflembly entered warmly into the bufi- 
 hefs; and, after examining all the articles, came to a determination, that feme of 
 them were erroneous, and fome plainly heretical. This determination, which was 
 afterwards publifhed, was anfwered by Wickhff"; who fliewed how much his ene- 
 mies had in feveral points mifreprcfcntcd him, and defended his tenets with fuch a 
 fpirit of truth and freedom, that he gained many over to his party. 
 
 The archbifliop took frefh offence at this audacity, as he called it, of Wick- 
 liff"; and being determined, if pofTible, to crufli him, preferred a bill in parlia- 
 ment to enable fneriff"?, upon proper information from bifliops, to proceed as far 
 as imprifonmcnt againft the preachers of herefy. This bill pafled the lords, but 
 was thrown out by the commons, who were by no means ciilpofed to increafe the 
 power of the clergy. The archbiffiop thus baulked, applied to king Richard II. 
 ibr his licence for the fame purpofe, which he imagined might ferve inftead of an 
 aft of parliament. His majeHy thought proper to agree to the primate's requeff, 
 and immediately ordered letters patent to be made out, which granted the full 
 powers that he required. Thefe unlimited powers were very dilagreeable to the 
 whole nation ; and therefore, when the parliament met, heavy complaints came 
 from every county to their reprefentatives, fetting forth how much the people 
 thought themfelves aggrieved by them. The commons intcrefted themfclves in 
 this aff^air, with that warmth which became Engliffimen, and freemen, on fuch an 
 occafion. " Thefe new powers (it was faid) were dangerous encroachments. — It 
 the liberties of the people were thus put into the hands of the clergy, the nation 
 
 became fubjeft to a new kind of defpotifm. Herefy was an unlimited word, and 
 
 might bear as wide a conflrudion as a bifhop might chufe to give it: nor could 
 it be doubted, but it would often be made to f%nify whatever the pride or ava- 
 rice of the clergy might think expedient." Filled uith thefe fentiments, the com- 
 mons petitioned the king againft the licence which he had granted ; and Richard, 
 agreeable to the unlleadinefs of his charadlcr, now revoked that licence to oblige 
 the laity, wliich he had before grante.i to oblige the clergy. 
 
 Thus was the zeal of the archbifliop baffled a fecond time; but in another 
 point he had better fuccefs ; for he obtained letters from the king to the vice- 
 chancellor and prodlors of the univerfuy of Oxford, requiring them to make di- 
 lii'cnt fearch in their colleges and halls for all who maintained heretical opinions, 
 and who had in their poflefTjon the books of Joui Wickliff. Delinquents of this 
 kind were ordered to be expelled the univerfuy ; and the flierifF and mayor of 
 Oxford were commanded to aflift the academical magidrates m the cxccuiK.n of 
 this order. The primate himfclf alfo wrote to the vice-chancellor, to enjoin him 
 to piiblifh in St. IVlary's church the king's letter, and alfu thofc articles of the 
 dodrine of Wickliff" which had been condemned. It docs not appear, that VVick- 
 lifi' was, after thefe proceedings, brought to any public cxammaiion. He pro- 
 
 ^ M bablf
 
 ^8o W I D V I L L E. 
 
 bably^ retired from the ftorm ; for it is certain that at this time he quitted the 
 profclTor's chair, and took his final leave of the univerfity ofOxf)rd. Thus the 
 unwearied perfccution of the bigotted primate did fo far prevail, as to oblige 
 WicklifF to retreat from the univerfity to his living of Lutterworth; where this 
 o-reat reformer was, not long after, (truck with the palfy, of which he died in 
 December 1384. 
 
 Such was the life of John WicklifF; who, for his fuperior penetration, the 
 iuftnefs of his fcntimcnts, and the undaunted fpirit with which he engaged in 
 tlie cauie of religious liberty, was an honour to his country.' He appears to have 
 been a man of exemplary piety, andunblemifhed morals; and notwithftandingthe 
 number and vigilance of his enemies, none of them have prefumed to tax him 
 with any immoralities. But though in his private life he appears to liave been 
 very refpectable, yet it is his public character which principally entitles him to 
 our attention and regard. In an age of darknefs and fuperllition, he let in fuch 
 a radiance of light, that all the arts of the Romidi church, and all the terrors 
 of perfccution, could never totally obfcure it. And the propagation of his opi- 
 nions had certainly the happiell efi'eft in promoting that reformation, which 
 afterwards delivered this kingdom from ignorance, fuperftition, and ecclcfiafti- 
 cal tyranny. By every true proteftant, therefore, the memory of Wicklitf will ever 
 be lield in the highefh honour. He wrote many pieces for the ellablifhment 
 of his doctrines, both in Latin and Englifn ; but few of them have been 
 printed. 
 
 WicklifF, after his death, fuffered many anathemas ; kings, popes, and coun- 
 cils held in various places, repeated their condemnations. King Richard II. 
 caufed his writings to be thrown into the fire, and Henry V. who,though a brave 
 prince, was a cruel bigot, exterminated the reft of the Wickliffites, fevcral 
 of whom he caufed to be burnt at the ftake : but a gentleman of Bohemia, 
 who Itudied in thj univerfity of Oxford, having carried WicklifPs books into 
 his own country, gave birth to the fect of the Huifites; therefore, the council 
 of Conltancc afiemhied in the year 1414, before tliey proceeded againft the per- 
 fons of John Hufs and Jerome of Prague, not only condemned the doctrines 
 of Wickliff, and forbade the reading of his books, but declared that he had 
 , died a notorious and obftinate heretic, and ordered that his bones fiKjuld be dug 
 up, and thrown out of holy ground. It was not without reafon that the' church 
 of Rome acted with fuch vigour againft thefe reformers, v.ho in reality began 
 what Luther and Calvin, a century after, continued with better fuccefs-. 
 
 WIDVILLE (Anthony) earl Rivers, lord Scalrs an! Newfells, lord of the 
 ifle of Wight; and, as Caxcon exnrcIT-.'s it, " detcnfeur and directeur of the caules 
 apoftolique for our holy tader the pope in this royaume of tngland, and uncle 
 and governor to my lord prince of Wak-s." Me w.is the fon of Sir Hichard 
 W'idville (afterwards created earl Rivers) by Jaquelina of Luxemburgh, duchefs 
 dowager of Bedford, and brother of lady Elizabeth Grey, who captivated Ed- 
 ward IV. The credit of his fifler, the countenance and example of his prince, the 
 boifteroufncfs of the times, notliing foftencd, (lays Mr. Walpolc) nothing rough- 
 ened the mind of this amiable lord, who was as gallant as his luxurious brorhcr- 
 iti-law, without his weaknefles, and as brave as the heroes of eitlier Role, without 
 their favagenels ; lUidious in the intervals of bufinefs, and devout alter the man- 
 ner of thofe whimfical times, when men challenged others whom they never faw, 
 
 and
 
 WILD. 
 
 781 
 
 and went barefoot to vifit fhrines in countries of which they bad fcarce a map. 
 He dUunguiflied himfclf bo-h as a warrior and a ftatefman. The Lanciftriaii 
 party making an infurrccftion in Northumbciland, he attended the king int thofe 
 parts, and was a chief commander at thr fiege of Alnwick caftk ; foon^aftcr which 
 he was created knight of the Garter. In the tenth of the fame reign, he defeated 
 the adherents of the duke of Clarence and the earl of Warwick in a naval (kir- 
 mifh near Southampton, and prevented their feizing a great (hip called the Tri- 
 nity, On the change of the fcene, he attended king Edwar"! IV. into Holland, 
 and returning with him, hid a great flure in his viftories, -.nd was conrtitutcd 
 governor of Calais, and captain-general of all the king's r'>rccs by fea and land. 
 He had before been fent ambaflador to negociat<; a marriage between tlie k'n^'s 
 fifter and the duke of Burgundy ; and, in the fame chara*il:er, conckuicd a treaty 
 between king Edv/ard and the duke of Britanny. When the king's el.ieft fon was 
 created prince of Wales, he was appointed his governor, and had a grant of the 
 ofBce of chief butler of England. He was even on the point of attaining the 
 high honour of efpoufing the Scottifli piinctfs, filler of king J.-imes III. the bi- 
 fhop of kochefter and fir Edward Widviile being dilpatchcd into Scotland to 
 perfc(51 that marriage. 
 
 A remarkable event of his life was the vi(5tory he gained in a tournament over 
 Anthony coun: de la Roche, called the BalVard of Burgundy, natural fon of Phi- 
 lip the Good. This encounter was performed in a folcmn and moft macmificenC 
 tilt he'd for that purpofe in Smithfieki. The prize was a collar of gold, with 
 a rich fi'jwer of fouvenance enanT--lied, and wis fdilcncd above the e'.rl's knee by 
 fome of the queen's ladies, on the Wedncfday after the feafl of the Reiurredtion. 
 The Baftard, attended by four hundred lords, knights, Iquires, and heralds, 
 landed at Gravefcnd, and was met at Blacl^wall by the hird high conftable with 
 feven barges, and a galley full of attendants, richly covered with gold and arra5. 
 In Fiecc-ftreet the champions folemnly m;c in the king's prcfence, and the palaces 
 of the bilhops of S dilbury and Ely were appointed for their lodging, as St. 
 Paul's cathedral was for holding a chapter for the folution of certain doubts upon 
 the articles of combar. The pavillions, trappings, &c. prepared for the lids, 
 were extremely fumptuous ; yet the queen could not but think it well bellowed 
 in obtaining the fatisfadion of beholding her bother viftorious in fo fhirdy an 
 encounter. The fpikc in the front of lord Scales's horle hiving run into the 
 noftrils of the Ballard's horfe, he reared up and threw his rider. The generous 
 conqueror difdained the advant.ige, and would hive renewed the cornb.;: ; but 
 the Ballard refufcd to fight any more on horfeback. The next day they fought 
 on foot, when Widviile again prevailing, and the fport grovving v/arni, the 
 kino- gave the fignal to part them. After the death of his brother-in-law king 
 Edward, this brave and nccompliflicd nobleman was behc-.ided at l*ontefra(ft by 
 order of Richard duke ot Glouceller, on the 13th of June, 148J. Mr. ff^til- 
 pole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors. 
 
 Lord Rivers was the greateft rcllorer and patron of learning among the no- 
 bility of his age. He tranflated feveral books from the French, and jirefcnttd 
 to king Edward IV. " the Dides and Sayings of the Philofoiijiers," which is 
 faiil to have been the fecond or third book printed in England by Caxton our 
 iirll printer, and is dated November 18, 1477. 
 
 WILD (Henry) a taylor, who, from an extraordinary love of (Indy, became 
 
 a pro-
 
 782 WILD. 
 
 a profeflbr of languages. He was born in tlie city of Norwich, where he was 
 educated at a grarnmar-fchool till he was almofl: qualified for the univerfity ; 
 but his friends, wanting fortune and intercfl: to maintain him there, bound him 
 apprentice to a taylor, with whom he fcrvcd fcven years, and afterwards worked 
 feven years more as a journeyman. Aliout the end of tlie laft feven years, 
 he was feized with a fever and ague, which continued witli him two or three 
 years, and at lafl: reduced him fo low, as to difable him from working at his trade. 
 In this fituation he amufed himfelf with fome old books of controvei fial divi- 
 nity, wherein he found great llrefs laid on the Hebrew original of feveral texts 
 of fcripturc ; and though he had almoil loft the L'arning he had obtained at 
 Ichoo!, his ftrong defirc of knowledge excited him to attempt to make himfelf 
 mailer of tliat language. He was at firlt obliged to make ufe of an Englifli 
 Hebrew grammar and lexicon, but by degrees recovered the knowledge of the 
 Latin tongue, which he had learned at fchool. On the recovery of his health, 
 he divided his time between the bufinefs of his profcflion and his lludies, which 
 laft emj)loycd the greaceil part of his nights. Thus fclf-taught, and aHlfted 
 only by his own great genius, he, by dint of continual application, added to 
 the knowledge of the Hebrew, that of all or moft of the oriental languages, 
 but ftill laboured in obfcurity, till at length he was accidentally difcovered. 
 The late worthy Dr. Prideau>r, dean of Norwich, being offered fome Arabic 
 manufcripts in parchment, by a bookfeller of that city, thinking, perhaps, that 
 the price demanded for them was too great, declined buying^ them; but foon 
 after, Mr. Wild Iiearing of them, purchafed them, and the dean, on calling at 
 the fliop and enquiring for the manufcripts, was informed of their being fold. 
 Chagrined at this difappointment, he afked of the bookfeller the name and pro- 
 fefhon of the perfon who had bought them ; and being told he was a taylor, 
 he bad him initantly to run and fetch them, if they were not cut in pieces to 
 make meafurcs : but he was foon relieved from his fears by Mr. Wild's appear- 
 ance \\ith tliC manufcripts, though, on the dean's enquiring whether he would 
 pzn with them, he anfwered in the negative. The dean then hailily aflced what 
 he did with them : he replied, that he read them. He was defired to read them, 
 which he did. He was then bid to render a paflage or two into Englilh, wliich 
 he readily performed with great exailnefs. Amazed at this, the dean, partly at 
 his own expcncc, and partly by a fubfcription raifed among perfons whofe in- 
 clinations led them to this kind of knowledge, fent him to Oxford ; where, 
 though he was never a member of the univerfity, he was by the dean's interell ad- 
 mitted into the Bodleian library, and employed for fome years in tranflating, 
 or making extrafts out of oriental manufcrijits, and thus bid adieu to his needle. 
 At Oxford lie was known by the name of the Arabian Taylor. He conilantly at- 
 tended the library all the hours it was open, and, when it v/as fnut, employed 
 mofl of his leifure time in teaching the oriental languages to young gentlemen, 
 at the pitiful price of half a guinea a language, except for the Arabic, for which 
 he had a guinea, and his fubfcriptions for teaching amounted to no more than 
 20 or 30I. a year. Unhappily for him, the branch of learning in which he 
 excelled, was cultivated by few ; and the reverend Mr. Gagnier, a Frenchman 
 fkilled in the oriental tongues, was in poflenion of all the favours the univerfi- 
 ty could beflow in this way, being recommended by the heads of colleges to 
 iiiflruft young gentlemen, and employed by the profellors of thofe languages to 
 read public leftures in their abfencc. 
 
 Mr, Wild's
 
 W I L K I N S. 
 
 783 
 
 Mr. Wild's peribrt was thin and meagre, and his ftatiire moderately tall. He 
 had an extraordinary memory, and as his pupils frequently invited him to Ipcnd 
 an evening with them, he would often entertain them with long and curious 
 dfetails out of the Roman, Greek, and Arabic hiftorics. His morals were good; 
 he was addiiSted to no vice, but was fober, temperate, modefl, and diffident of 
 himfelf, without the leaft tindlure of vanity. About the year 1720 he removed to 
 London, where he fpent the remainder of his life under the patronage of Dr. 
 Mead. In 1734, a fhort time after his death, was publiflied his Trandation 
 from the Arabic of Mahomet's Journey to Heaven, which is the only piece of 
 his that was ever printed. 
 
 WILKINS (John) bifliop of Chefter, a mod ingenious and learned prelate, 
 was the fon of Mr. Walter Wilkins, citizen and goldfrnith of Oxford ; and was 
 born in 1614, at a viil.ige near Daventry in Norihamptonfliire, in the houfe of 
 his grandfather Mr. John Dot), the famous decalogift. He was placed at a pri- 
 vate fchool in Oxford, where he made fo rapid a progrefs in grammar-learnincr, 
 that, at thirteen years of age, he was thought fufficientiy qualified for academical 
 lludies, being admitted of New-Inn in that univerfity, in Eafter term, 1627. 
 Thence he removed to Magdalen-hall, where he took the degrees in arts. Ha- 
 ving entered into holy orders, he became chaplain, firft to William lord Say, then 
 to George lord Berkeley, and afterwards to Charles count palatine of the Rhine 
 during the refidcnce of that prince in England. In 1638 he commenced author 
 by^publifhing an ingenious piece, entitled, "The Dilcovery of a new World- 
 or a Difcourfe tending to prove, that it is probable there may be another habita- 
 ble World in the Moon -, with a Difcourfe concerning the Pofllbiliiy of a Paflage 
 thither." Two years after, in 1640, appeared his " Difcourfe concerning a new 
 Planet, tending to prove, that it is probable our Earth is one of tlie Planets j" 
 and this was followed the next year by a third piece, under the tiilc of " Mer- 
 cury, or the fecret and fwift Meflenger ; fhewing how a Man may, with Privacy 
 and Speed, communicate his Thoughts to a Friend at any Ditlance." 
 
 During the civil v/ar, our author adhered to the parliament, and took the fo- 
 lemn league and covenant. In 1648 he was appointed warden of Wadham-Collcge, 
 Oxford, in the room of Mr. John Pitt, who had been cjeded bv the parliamen- 
 tary vifitors. The fame year he publiflird his " Math-matical Magic ; or the 
 Wonders that may be performed by Mechanical Geometry." In December 1649 
 he was created dodor of divinity, and about that time took the engasement. In 
 }6"6 he efpoufed Robin;;, widow of Dr. Peter French, and filler 10 Oliver Crom- 
 well, then lord pr.-Jtedor of England ; and, notwithllanding this ntarriage was con- 
 trary to the llatutes of Wadham-college, which prohibit the wanlcn from marry- 
 ing, yet Dr. Wilkins did not fcruple to retain the wardenfliip, by virtue of a 
 difpenlation granted by the prote<ftor. After the death of Ohver, he was pre- 
 ferred by Richard Cromwell to the maftcrfliip of Trinity-colkgc in Cambridge v 
 but was ejcfted from thence at the Rclloration. However, foon after that great 
 event, he was chofen preacher to the honourable focicty of Gray's-Inn, London-, 
 and in 1662 was prefented to the rectory of St. Lawrence Jewry, vacant by the 
 promotion of Dr. Scth Ward to the bifliopric of Exeter. Upon the eflablilh- 
 ment of the Royal Society in 1663, he was appointed one of their council, and 
 proved one of their molt eminent and ufeful members. He was afterwards made 
 dean of Rippon, and in i6fc8 was advanced to the fee of Chcllcr. He died 
 
 9 N a«
 
 7^4 W I L. K I N S. 
 
 at London on the 19th of November, 1672, and was interred in the church 
 of St. Lawrence Jewry ; his funeral fermon being preached by Dr. William 
 Lloyd, fuccefTively bifliop of St. Afaph, Litchfield, and Worcefter, who, al- 
 though Wilkins had been abufed and vilified perhaps beyond any man of 
 his time, has not fcrupled to fay every thing that was good of him. Mr. 
 Wood alfo, howfoever different his complexion and principles were from thofe 
 of Dr. Wilkins, has been candid enough to give him the following chara6ler : 
 " He was (lays that biographer) a perfon endowed with rare gifts; he was a 
 notable theologift and preacher, a curious critic in feveral matters, an excel- 
 lent mathematician and cxpcrimentift, and one as well vcrfed in mechanifms 
 and new philofopliy, of which he was a great promoter, as any man of his 
 time. He alfo highly advanced the lludy and perfeiSling of aftronom.y, both 
 at Oxford while he was warden of W.idham-coliege, and at London while he 
 was fellow of the Royal Society; and I cannot fay, that there was any thing- 
 deficient in him, but a conftant mind and fettled principles." 
 
 BiHiop Vv^ilkins had two principles in his nature, which rendered him very 
 obnoxious to the churchmen, from whofe leaders the prejudices againft him 
 principally flowed : firft, he avowed moderation, and was kindly affecled to- 
 wards the difienters, for a comprehenfion of whom he openly and earneftly 
 contended ; fecondly, he thought it right and reafonable to fubmit to the 
 powers in being, be thofe powers who they would, or let them be efcablifhed 
 how they would. And this maicing him as ready to fwear allegiance to 
 Charles II. after he was rertored to the crown, as to the ufurpers while they 
 prevailed, he was charged with being various and unflcady in his principles, 
 ^vith having no principles at all, and, in lliort, was branded with many other 
 imputations. Neverthelefs, the greateft and beft qualities are afcribed to him 
 by feveral eminent and worthy perfop';. Dr. Burnet in particular, in his Life 
 of Sir Matthew Hale, declares of our bilhop, that he was a man of as great 
 a mind, as true a judgement, as eminent virtues, and of as good a foul, as 
 any he ever knew, and in his Hillory of his own Time, he fays, that though 
 Wilkins " married Cromwell's lifter, yet he made no oilier ufe of that alli- 
 ance, but to do good offices, and to cover the univtrfuy of Oxford from the 
 fournefs of Owen and Goodwin. At Cambridge he joined with thofe, who 
 ftudied to propagate better thoughts, to take men off from being in parties, 
 or from narrow notions, from fuperllitious conceits, and a fiercenefs about 
 opinions. He was alfo a great obferver and promoter of experimental philo- 
 fophy, which was then a new thing, and much looked after. He was na- 
 turally ambitious, bur was the wifcft clergyman I ever knew. He was a lover 
 of mankind, and had a delight in doing good." 
 
 " Dr. Wilkins, a man of a penetrating genius and enlarged underflanding, 
 (fays Mr. Granger) lcc:ns to have been born for the impiovemcnt of every 
 kind of knowledge to which he applied himfelf. He was a very able natu- 
 ralift and mathematician, and an excellent divine. He oifdaincd to tread in 
 the beaten track of philofophy, as his forefiithers had done; but ftruck into 
 the new road pointed out by the great lord Bacon. Confiderable difcoveries 
 were made by him and the ingenious perfons who aflembled at h'ts lodgings 
 in Oxford, before the incorporation of the Royal Society ; which was prin- 
 cipally contrived by Theodore Haak, Mr. Hartlib, and himfelf. His books 
 on prayer and preaching, and efpecially his Principles and Duties of Natural 
 
 Religion
 
 WILLIS 785 
 
 Hcligion, fliew how able a divine he was. His Effay towards a real Charafter 
 and a Philofophical Language, is a mafter-piecc of invention, yet has been 
 laughed at topedier with his chimeras : but. even thefe fhew themfelves to be 
 the chimeras of a man of genius. He projefted the impra(Cticable art of fly- 
 ing, when the nature of the air was but imperfeftly known. This excellent 
 perfon, whofe charafter was truly exemplary, as v/ell as extraordinary, died 
 much lamented, the 19th of November 1672." 
 
 WILLIS (Dr. Thomas) a very eminent anatomift, philofopher, and phyfi- 
 cian, was born at Great Bedwin in Wiltfhire the 27th of January, i6ii, and 
 ftudied at Chriil-church college, Oxford. When that city was garrifoned for 
 the king, he, among other kholars, bore arms for his majefty, and devoted 
 his leifure hours to the ftudy of phvfic. The garrifon of Oxford at lentrtli 
 furrcndering to the parliament, he applied himfelf to the practice of his pro- 
 fefiTion, and foon bee une fiimous for hii Ikiil, anil lucccfs. He fettled in a 
 houfe over-againlt Merton -college, and appropriated a room in it as an ora- 
 tory for divine fervice according to the church of England, \\hiciier mofl: of 
 the loyalifts in Oxford daily reforted. In 1660 he was choien Sedleian pro- 
 feflbr of natural philofophy, and honoured with the degree of doifVor of phyfic. 
 In 1664 he difrovcrcd t4ie famous medicinal fpring at Aftrop, near Brackley, 
 in Northamptonlliire; for, oblerving iiis horlc drink plentifully of it, he made 
 feveral experiments upon that water. He was one of tiie firlt members of the 
 Royal Society, ard foon rendered his name illuftrious by his excellent writings. 
 In 1666, after the fire of London, he removed to Weiiminller, and took a 
 houfe in St. Martin's' Lane. He role early in the morning, that he might be 
 prefent at divine fervice, whicli he feldom failed of attending before he vifited 
 his patients; and, for this purpofe, he caufed prayers to be read in St. Mar- 
 tin's church, at fix in the morning in fummcr, and at fevcn in the winter. 
 His pfadtice was as great as that of any of tlie pliyficians liis cotemporaries ; 
 and it was aiways his cuftom to dedicate a part of his profits to charitable 
 ufes : in the latter years of his life, he beflov.'cd all his Sunday fees on the 
 poor, though thefe amcunted to more than thofc of any other day of the week. 
 He was' fellow of the College of Phyficians, and refufed the honour of knight- 
 hood. He v/as i xaft and refjular in all his hours; and though his table was 
 the refort of moft of the great men in London, yet he was remarkable for 
 his plainnefs, and Irs being a nun of little difcourle, complaifance> or fociety. 
 He was jutlly celebrated for his deep infight and haj^py refearches into natural 
 and experimental philoluphy, anatomy, and chemiltry ; for his extraordinary 
 fuccefs in his pradice, and for the elegance and purity of his Latin flyle. 
 This great and good man died on the iith of November, 1675, and was 
 interred in 'Weftminftcr-abbey. He wrote, i.A plain and eafy method for 
 preferving thofe that arc well from the Infedion of the Plague, and for curing 
 fuch as are infected: 2. Several Latin works, which were collcded and printed 
 at Amfterdam, in 1682, in two voUnnes, quarto. This colleftion contains 
 three dilTertations, one on fermentation, another on fevers, and a third on 
 urine; the anatomy of the brain, with a defcription of the nerves and their 
 ufe; a treatife on the reafon of mufcular motion; another on the difcafes of 
 the brain, and of the nervous kind, in which he treats of convulfivc and fcor- 
 butic difordersi a treatife on hyftcric and hypochondriac difcafes, with a dif- 
 
 fcrtation
 
 .;8S W I L M O T. 
 
 forfation c>i> the inflaiDmation of the blood; another on the fouls of l>n.ite», 
 and a rational pharn^acy. Thefe feveral works, which are much cfltcmcd, 
 have been tranflated into Engliih by S. Pordage, efq. 
 
 WILLIS (Browne,) LL. D. giandfon to the above-named phyfician, was 
 eminent tor his knowledge in antiquities, and was one of the revivers and 
 moft induftrious members of the Society of Amiquaries. He publiflied, 
 I. Notitia Parlidmentaria; or an Hiftory of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs, 
 in England and Wales, with Lifts of all the Knights, Citizens, and Burgeflls, 
 in two volumes 8vo : 2. Sui-veys of the Cathedrals of England, three volumes 
 4to : 3. The Hiftory and Antiquities of Buckingham, &c. 4to : and other 
 ufeful works. He prefcnted to the univcrfity of Oxford his fine cabinet of 
 Engliih coins, which he had been upwards of forty years in colleding, and 
 which was efteemed the moft complete collcdlion in England. His death 
 happened in 1760, in the leventy-eighth year of his age. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY (Francis) Efq. the famous naturalift, was defcended from 
 two ancient families, and was the only Ion of fir Francis Willoughby, knight. 
 He was fond of ftudy from his childhood, and held idlenefs in abhorrence, 
 being fo great an oeconomift with regard to his time, as not willingly to lofe 
 or mifapply the kail part of it ; by which means he attained great fkili in all 
 branches of learning, and particularly in the mathematics : but obferving that 
 the hiftory of animals was in a great meafure negleifted by his countrymen, 
 he chiefly applied himfelf to that province, and for this purpofe carefully read 
 over what had been written on that fubjeft by others. He then travelled fe- 
 veral times over his native country, and afterwards into France, Spain, Italy, 
 Germany, and the Low Countries, accompanied by his ingenious friend Mr. 
 John Ray. It is remarkable, that, notwithftanding the advantages of birth, 
 fortune, and parts, he was as humble as any man of the meaneft fortune; was 
 fober, temperate, and chaftc, fcrupuloufly juft, fo true to his word and pro- 
 mife, that a man might venture his eftate and life upon it; fo faithful and 
 conftant to his friend, as never to dtfert him when fortune frowned upon him ; 
 and eminently pious, patient, and fubmilTive to the divine will. Such is the 
 charafter given of him by Mr. Ray, whofe integrity and veracity none will 
 doubt. This ingenious and learned gentleman died, unlverfally lamented, on 
 the 3d of July, 1672, when he was but thirty-feven years of age. He wrote, 
 1. Ornithclogit£ Libri tres, folio, which was afterwards tranflated into Engliih, 
 with an Appendix by Mr. Ray: 2. HiJicrLe Pifcium LiLri (.uscuor-, folio: 3. A 
 Letter containing Oblervations about that kind of Wafps called Ichneumones, 
 inferted in the Philoluphical Tranfaftions : 4 A Letter on the hatching a kind 
 of Bee lodged in old Willows, in the Philofophical Tranfaftions : 5. Letters, 
 added to Philofuphica] Letters between Mr. Ray and feveral of his learned 
 correfpondents, publiftied, in odavo, by William Derham, the celebrated 
 author of the Piiyfico-Theology, Chrifto-Thcology, &:c. Mr. Willoughby was 
 fome time a member of the Royal Society, to which he was a great or- 
 nament. 
 
 WILMOT (John) earl of Rochefter, was the fon of Henry lord Wilmot 
 (created earl of Rochefter in 1652) who engaged with great zeal in the fervice 
 
 of
 
 ■W I L rJt O" T. 787 
 
 of king Charles I. during the civil war; and who was the chief manager of 
 the efcape of Charles II. after the battle of Worcefter, The fubjcdb of our 
 prefent confideration was born at Ditchley, near Woodftock, in Oxfordfliirc, 
 in April 1648 ; and was inftru<Sted in grammar and clalTical literature in the 
 free-fchool at Burford, where he obtained an acute reliili of the beauties of 
 the Latin tongue. In 1659 he was admitted of Wadham-college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of mafter of arts. He afterwards travelled into 
 France and July, and, at his return, appeared to great advantage at the court 
 of Charles II. His perfon was graceful and well-proportioned; he was 
 mailer of the moft refined breeding, and poficflcd a very obliging and eafy 
 manner. He had a vaft vivacity of thought, and a happy flow of expreflTion, 
 fo that all who converfed with him entertained the highcft opinion of his un- 
 derftanding ; and indeed it is no wonder he was fo much careflcd at a court 
 which abounded with men of wit, countenanced by a merry prince, who re- 
 lillied nothing lo mucii as brilliant converfation. Meanwhile he was made 
 one of the gentlemen of the king's bed-chamber, and comptroller of Wood- 
 ftock-Park. 
 
 In 1665, on the breaking out of the Dutch war, lord Rochefter went to 
 fea, and was in the Revenge, commanded by Sir Thomas Tiddiman, when 
 the attack was made on the port of Bergen in Norway, the Dutch fhips hav- 
 ing got into that port. " It was (lays Dr. Burnet) as delperate an attempt 
 as ever was made ; and, during the whole adion, the earl of Rocheiter fhewcd 
 as brave and refolute a courage as poflible. A perfon of honour told me he 
 heard the lord ClifTord, who was in the fame fliip, often magnify his courage 
 at that time very highly; nor did the rigour of the feai'on, the harJnefs of 
 the voyage, and the extreme danger he had been in, deter him from running 
 the like the very next occafion ; for the fummer following lie went to fea 
 again, without communicating his defign to his neareft relations. He v/ent 
 aboard the fhip commanded b/ Sir F.dward Spragge, the day before the great 
 fea-fight of til it year; in which almofc all the volunteers that went in that fhip 
 were killed. Duiing the aftion. Sir Edward Spragge, not being fatisfied with 
 rhe behaviour of one of the captains, could not eafily find a perfon that would 
 undertake to venture through fo much danger to carry hjs command to the 
 captain ; when this lord offered himfelf to the fervice, and went in a little 
 boat, through all the ihot, and delivered his meflage, and returned back to 
 Sir Edward; which was much commended by all who faw it." 
 
 Thei'e are the only inftances of valour which can be produced in favour of 
 lord Rochefter, whofe courage was afterwards impeached, and very juRly; for, 
 in many private broils, he difcovered a timid, pufillanimous' fpirit, very un- 
 fuitable to thofe noble inftances of the contrary which have juft been men- 
 tioned. The author of his life, prefixed to his works, accounts for tliis, upon 
 th^^eneral obfervation of that d'fparity between a man and himfelf upon 
 #1P?ent occafions. " Let it fuffice (fays he) to oblervt-, tliat we differ not 
 from one another more than we do from ourlclves at different times." But 
 we imagine another, and a ftronger, reafon may be giveo, for the cowardice 
 which Rochefter difcovered in private broils, particularly in the affair between 
 him and tlie earl of IVlulgrave, in which he behaved very meanly. The 
 courage which lord Rochefter Ihewed in a naval engagement, was in the early 
 part of his life, before he had been immcrfcd in thofc labyrinths of excels 
 
 9 O IMlli
 
 -88 W I L M O T. 
 
 and luxury into which lie afterwards funk. It is a true obfervation that guilt 
 makes cowards ; a man who is continually fubjedled to the reproaches of 
 confcience, who is afraid to examine his heart left it fhould appear too hor- 
 rible, cannot have much courage; for, while he is confcious of fo many 
 errors to be repented of, of fo many vices that he has committed, he naturally 
 flarts at danger, and flies from it as his greateil enemy. It is true, courage 
 is fometimes conflitutional ; and there have been inllances of men, guilty of 
 every enormity, who have difcovered a large fliare of it ; but thefe have been 
 wretches who have overcome all fenfc of honour, been loft to every confi- 
 deration of virtue, and whofe courage is like that of the lion of the defart, 
 a kind of ferocious impulfe unconnected with reafon. Lord Rochefter had 
 certainly never overcome the reproaches of his confcience, whofe alarming 
 voice at lall ftruck terror into his heart, and chilled die nre of his fpirits. 
 
 Since his travels and naval expeditions, he feemed to have contrafted a habit 
 ef temperance; in which had he been fo happy as to perfevere, he muft have 
 efcaped rliac fatal rock, on which he afterwards fplit, upon his return to court, 
 where love and pleafure kept their perpetual rounds, under the countenance 
 of a prince whom nature had fitted for all the enjoyments of the moft luxu- 
 rious defires. In times fo diflblute as thefe, it is no wonder if a man of 
 fo warm a conftitution as Rochefter could not refift the too flattering temp- 
 tations, which were heightened by the participation of the court in general. 
 The uncommon charms of Rochefter's converfation induced all men to court 
 him as a companion, though they often paid dear for their curiofity, by being 
 made the fubjed of his lampoons, if they happened to have any lingularities 
 in their temper, by the expofing of which he could humour his propenfity 
 to fcandal. His pleafunt extravagancies loon became the fubject of general 
 converfation ; by which his vanity was at once flattered, and his turn for fatire 
 rendered more keen, by the fucccfs it met with. 
 
 Rochefter had undoubtedly a true talent for fatire, and he fpared neither 
 friends nor foes, but let it loofe on all without difcriminaiion. Majcfty itfelf 
 was not fecure from it ; he more than once lampooned the king, whole weak- 
 nefs and attachment to fome of his miftrefies he endeavoured to cure by fc- 
 veral means; that is, cither by winning them from him, or by feverely lam- 
 pooning them and him on various occafions; which the king, who was a 
 man of wit and pleafure as well as his lordfhip, took for the natural failies 
 of his c^enius, meant rather as the amufements of his fancy than as the efix)rts 
 of malice. At length, however, the king baniftied him die court for a fatire 
 made diredly on him. This fatire, which confifts of twenty-eight ftanzas, is 
 entitled, The Reftoration, orTheHiitory of the Infipids ; and contains the keeneft 
 refledlions againft the political condu£l and private charadter of that prince. 
 
 About this time, the duke of Buckingham was under difgrace for things 
 of another kind; and, being difengaged from any particular attachment in 
 town, he and lord Rochefter refolved, like Don Quixote of old, to fet tfut 
 in queft of adventures ; and they met with fome that will appear entertaining 
 to our readers, which we ftiall give upon tlie authority of the writer of Ro- 
 chefter's life, prefixed to his works. Among other adventures, the following 
 was one. There happened to be an inn on the Newmarket road to be lett; 
 they difo^uifed themfelves in habits fuitable to the characters they were to 
 alTuaie, and jointly took this inn, in which each in his turn officiated as 
 
 mafter .
 
 W I L M O T. 789 
 
 mafter: but they foon made this fubfervient to purpofes of another nature. 
 They carefully obferved the pretty women in the country ; and, to gain op- 
 portunities of reducing them, they invited their neighbours, who had either 
 wives or daughters, to frequent feafts; where the men were plied hard with 
 good liquor, and the women fufficiently warmed to make but as little refifl:- 
 ance as would be agreeable to their inclinations. Thus they were able to 
 deflower many a virgin, and alienate the afFeftions of many a wife by this 
 fcratagem ; and it is difficult to fay, whether it is poffible for two men to live 
 to a worfe purpofe. It is natural to imagine tliat this kind of life could not 
 be of long duration. Feafi:s fo frequently given, and that without any thing 
 to pay, nuift give a flrong fufpicion that the inn-keepers would foon break ; 
 or, that they were of fuch fortune and circumftances as did not well fuit the 
 poll they were in. This their lordfliips were fenfible of, but not much con- 
 cerned about it, fince they were feldom found long to continue in the fame 
 fort of adventures, variety being the life of their enjoyments. 
 
 There was an old mifer in the neighbourhood, who, notwithRanding his 
 age, was in pofleffion of a handfome young wife. Her huiband watched her 
 v.'ith the flunc afiiduity he did his money, and never trufted her out of his 
 fight but under the prote6lion of an old maiden filler. Our noble inn-keepers 
 had no manner of doubt of his accepting a treat, as many had done, for he 
 loved good living with all his heart when it coft him nothing; and, except 
 upon thefe occafions, he was the moft temperate and abftemious man alive : 
 but, when they could never prevail with him to bring his wife, notwithftanding 
 they urged the prefence of fo many good wives in the neighbourhood to keep 
 her company, all their ftudy was then how to deceive the old filler at home. 
 It was agreed that lord Rocheiler fhoulJ be drelled in woman's cloaths, and, 
 while the hufband was feafling at the inn with the duke of Buckingham, 
 fhould make trial of his fl<ill with the old v/oman at home. He had learned 
 that flic liad no averfion to the bottle when llie could come fecretly and con- 
 veniently at it. Equipped like a country lafs, and furniibed with a bottle of 
 fpirituous liquors, he marched to the old mifer's houfe. It was with difficulty 
 he found means to f])eak with the old woman, but he at lall obtained that 
 favour ; when, perfed in all the cant of thofe people, he began with telling 
 the occafion of his coming, in hopes flie would invite him to come in, but 
 all in vain; he was admitted no farther than the porch, with the houfe-door 
 a-jar. At lall, finding no other way, he fell upon this expedient : he pre- 
 tended to be taken fuddcnly ill, and tumbled upon the threiliold. Tliis noife 
 brings the mifer's wife to them, who, with much trouble, perfuades her keeper 
 to help the pretended female into tlie houfe, in regard to the"de-corum of her 
 fex and the unhappy condition flie was in. The door hud not been long 
 fhut before our iinpoltor, by degrees, recovered, and, being fet on a chair, 
 canted a very religious tirankfgiving to the good gentkwoiuan for her kind- 
 nefs, and obferved how deplorable it was to be fubjeft to fuch fits, which 
 often took her in the llreer, and expofed her to many accidents; but every 
 now and then took a fip of the bottle, and recommended it to ihe old bene- 
 faftrefs, who was fure to drink a hearty dram. His lordffiip iv'-d another 
 bottle in his pocket qualified with opium, which would fooner accomphfl. his 
 defire, by giving the woman a fomniferous dole, which drinking with greedi- 
 nefs, flie foon fell faft aficep. Rocheiler having To far luccccded, aiid being 
 
 fired
 
 70* 
 
 W I L M O T. 
 
 fired with tlw prefence of the young wife, for whom he had formed this ex- 
 travagant fchem€, his defires became impetuous, which produced a change of 
 colour, and made the artlcfs creature imagine the fit was returning. My lord 
 then alked it flie would be fo charitable as to let him lie down on the bed. 
 The good-natured young woman fhcwed him the way -, when, he being laid down, 
 and ihe ftaying with him at his requeft, he put her in mind of her condition, 
 afking about her hufband, whom flie painted in his true colours, as a lurly, 
 jealous old tyrant. The rural innocent, imagining fhe had only a woman with 
 her, was lels referved in her behaviour and expreffions on that account, and 
 his lordlhip foon tound that a tale ot love would not be unplcaiing to her. 
 Being now no longer able to curb his appetite, which was wound up beyond 
 che power of reftraint, he declared his lex to her, and, without much Itruggling, 
 accomplilhcd his Dcfign. He now became as happy as indulgence could make him ; 
 and, when the firit tranfports were over, he contrived theelcapeofthis young ailul- 
 trefs from the prifon of her keeper. She hearkened to his propofals with plealure, 
 and, before the old gentlewoman was awake, fhe robbed her hufband of an 
 hundred and fifty pieces, and marched off with lord Rochefter to the inn about 
 midnight. They were to pafs over three or four fields before they could reach 
 it J and, ingoing over the lail, they very nearly efcaped falling into the enemy's 
 hands; but the voice of the hufband difcovering who iie was, our adventurers 
 ftruck down the field out of the path ; and, for the greater ftcurity, lay down 
 in the grafs. The place, the occafion, and the perfon that was lo near, put 
 his lordfhip in mind of renewing his pleafure, almoft in fight of the hufband. 
 The fair was no longer coy, and eafily yielded to his defires. He, in fliort, 
 carried the girl home, and then proftituted her to the duke's pleafure, after he 
 had b«en cloyed hicnfelf. The old man going home, and finding his fifter 
 afleep, his wife fid, and his money gone, v/as throAvn into a Hate of madnefs, 
 and ibon hanged himfelf. The news was quickly fpr.-nd about the neighbour- 
 hood, and rcach;rd the inn, where both lovers now adviled the young wotnan to 
 go to London ; with which flie complied, and, in idl probability, followed 
 there the trade of proftitution for a fubfiftance. The king, Ibcn after this infa- 
 mous adventure, coming that way, found them both in their pofts at the inn, 
 took them again into favour, and fufi'crcd them to go with him to Ncw- 
 tnarket. 
 
 This exploit of lord Rocheftcr is not at all improbable when his charafler is 
 confidered; his treacliciy in the affair of tlie mifer's wife is very like him; and 
 furely it was one of the greateft afts of bafenefs of which he was ever guilty: 
 he artfully feduced her, while her unfufpcfting hufband was entertained by the 
 duke of Buckingham; he contrived a robbery, and produced the d'l-aih of the 
 injured hufband. This complicated crime was one of thofe heavy charges on 
 his mind when he lay on his death-bed, under the dreadful r.Iarms of liis confci- 
 ence. His lordfhip's amours at court m?,de a great nolle in the world of gal- 
 lantry, efpecially that which he had with Mrs. Roberts, miftrefs to the king, 
 >whom fhe abandoned for the pofTcflion of Rocheltcu's heart, which fhe found 
 it v/as not in her power long to hold. The earl, who was loon cloyeil with the 
 poffeffion of any one woman, though the faireft in the world, foon forlook her: 
 tTie lady, after the firft tranfports of her paffion fubfided, grew as indiffeient, 
 and confidered upon the proper means of retrieving the king's -ffcftions. 
 
 Lord RochelJer's frolics in the charafter of a piountebank are well known ; 
 
 and
 
 W I L M O T. 75, 
 
 and the fpeech which he made upon his firft turning itinerant doctor, has been of- 
 ten printed ; there is in it a true fpiritof fatire, and a keenneh that is very much in 
 the charafter of his lordfhip, who had certainly an original turn for inveclive and 
 fatirical compofition. That Rocheller was envious, and jealous of the reputation 
 of other men of eminencL-, appears evidently from his behaviour to Dryden, which 
 could proceed from no other principle; as his malice towards him had never dif- 
 covered itfelf till the tragedies of that great poet met with fuch general applaufe, 
 and his poems were univerfally efteemcd. Such was tiie inveteracy he fliewed to 
 Mr. Dryden, that he fet up John Crown, an obfcure man, in oppofition to him, and 
 recommended him to the kin<> to compole a mafque for the court, which was the 
 province of Dryden, who was then poet-laureat : but, when Crown's Conqueft of 
 Jerufalem met with as great fuccels as fome of Drydcn's plays, his lordfhip, in the 
 fameenvious fpirit, withdrew his favour from Crown. His malice to Dryden was 
 ftill further difcovered in his hiring ruffians to cudgel him for a fatire he was fup- 
 pofed to be the author of; which \\as at once maliciou?, cowardly rnd cruel. 
 
 We have now furveyed thofe fcenes of lord Rocheller's life, in whicli he appears 
 to little advantage. It is with infinite pleafure we can take a view of the brighter 
 fide of his character; to do which we muft attend him to his death-beti. Kochefter 
 lived a profligate, but died a penitent. He lived in defiance of ail pri-iciples of vir- 
 tue and morality ; but, when he felt the cold hand of death upon him, he refle(5led 
 on his folly, and found that the portion of iniquity is fure to be, at laft, only pain and 
 anguifh. Dr. Burnet, bifhop ot Sarum, has given us fome account of lord Ro- 
 chelicr, particularly of his behaviour on the approach of his diflblution. That 
 divine had, in Odlober' 1679, vifited the ead, upon an 'n'-imation tliat fuch a vific 
 would be very agreeable to his lordlbip, who was then flowly recovering from a 
 violent difeafe. Rocherter opened to the doftor all his thoughts both of religion 
 and morality, and reprelented to him a full view of Iiis paft life; upon wjiich Bur- 
 net frequently waited on him, and tiiey canvaffed, at various times, the principles 
 of natural and revealed religion, wiiich the dodtor endeavoured to enlarge upon and 
 explain in a manner fuitablc to the condition of a dying penitent. His lordfhip ex- 
 preilt-d much c ntrition for his having fo often violated the laws of the one, con- 
 trary to his better knowledge, and having fpurned the authority of thecther in the 
 pride of wr.ncnn fophiltry. He declared, that he vas perfectly convinced of the 
 tru h of the Chriftian religion; thnt he confideied it as the inftitution of Heaven, 
 and r,s affording the moft natural idea of the Supreme Being, as well as the moft 
 forcible motives to virtue, of any faith profefTed among men. " He was not only 
 fat)bfied (fay Burnet) of the truth of our iioly reli;i.ion, merely as a matter of fpccu- 
 lation, but was perfuaded, likewife, of the power of inward grace ; of which he gave 
 me this I'iange accf unt : He faid, Mr. I'aribns, in oider to his ccnvidion, read to 
 him the fitty-thiid ch.ipter of the prophecies of Ifaiah, and compared that with the 
 hiftory of our Saviour's pafllon ; that h-c might there lee a prophecy concerning it, 
 writ.i n many a;.^ s bcfoie it was done ; which the Jews that blafphcmed Jefus Chrilt 
 Hill kept in ther hands as a book divinely infpirtd. He faid, as he heard it read, 
 he felt an ii-ward force upon him, which did lo enlighten his nvnd and convince 
 hiiii, that he could refill it no longer; for the words had an authority which did 
 (hoot like r.-ys or beams into his mind; fu that he was not oi.ly convinced by the 
 reafonings he had about it, which fatisfied his unuerftanding ; but by a jiowcr, 
 whicli did fo effedually ct-nftrain him, that he ever after firmly believed in his 
 Saviour, as if he had fcen him in the clouds." 
 
 9 P The 
 
 a 
 
 t
 
 -ji W I L M O T. 
 
 The bifhop gives an indance of the great alteration of his lordfhlp's temper and 
 difpofitions, from what they were formerly, in his ficknefs. '= Whenever he hap- 
 pened to be out of order, either by pain or ficknefs, his temper became quite un- 
 governable, and his paflions fo fierce that his fervants were afraid to approach him ; 
 bur, in his laft ficknefs, he was all humility, patience and refignation. Once he 
 was a little oftendcd with the delay of a fervant, who he thought made not haile 
 enough with fomcwhat he called for, and faid, in a little heat, ' that damn'd fellow.' 
 *' Soon after (fays thedotStor) I told him that I was glad to find his ftile fo reform- 
 ed, and that he had fo entirely overcome that ill habit of f-vearing, only that word 
 of calling any damned, which had returned upon him, was not decent i his anfwer 
 was, ' Oh! that language of fiends, which was fofamil.ar tome, hangs yet about 
 me; fure none has deferved more to be damned than I have done !' And, after he 
 had humbly asked God pardon for it, he dcfired me to call the perfon to him that 
 he might ask him forgivenefs; but I told him that was needlefs, for he had faid it 
 of one whodid not hear it, and fo could not be oftcn.'ed by it. In this difpofition 
 of mind (continues the bifhop) he remained all the while I was «ith him, tour days 
 together. He was then brought fo low, that all hope of recovery was gone ; much 
 purulent matter came from him with his urine, which he p.jnid always with pain, 
 but one day with inexpreffibie torment; yet he bore it decently, without brcakmg 
 out into repinings, or impatient complaints. Nature being at bfl: quite exhaufted, 
 and all the floods of liie gone, he died, without a groan, on the 26th of July, ^68o, 
 in the thirrv-third year of his age. A day or two before his death he lay very filcnr, 
 and feemed extremely devout in his contemplations. He was frequently obfcrved 
 to raile his eyes to Heaven, and fend forth ejaculations to the Searcher of hearts, 
 who law his penitence, and who, he hoped, would forgive him." 
 
 Thus died lord Rochefter, an amazing inflance of the goodnefs of God, who per- 
 mitted him to enjoy time, and inclined his heart to penitence. As by his life he was 
 fuffered to fct an example of the moif abandoned profligacy to the world ; I'o, by his 
 death, he was a very lively demonftration of the fruitlcfl'^iefs of vicious courfes, nnd 
 may be propofcd as an example to all thofe who are captivated with the charms of 
 guilty pleafure. 
 
 His poems have been often printed, and are too well known, Mr. Walpole fays, 
 that " they have m'.ich more obfcenity than wit, more wit than poetry, more pot- 
 try than politcnrfs." His poem on Nothing, and his fatire againll Man, are a 
 fufficient proof of his abilities : but it mufl: be acknowledged, that the greatclt pare 
 of his works are trivial or detcftable. He has had a multitude of readers : fo have 
 all other writeis, who have foothed, or i<l\:n in with, the prevailing paffDns and 
 corruptions of mankind. Mr. Granger obferves, that lord Rochclfer " held the 
 firfl; rank of the men of wit and pleafure of his .nge, and wdl ever be remembered 
 for the extreme licentioufnefs of hismarners and his writings. He had an elegant 
 perfon, aneafy addrefs, and aquicknefs of underftanding and invention almoft pecu- 
 liar to himfclf; and, what may now perhaps feem almoft improbable, he had natural 
 modcfly. fie enteied, with bkilhes in his face, into the fafliionable vices of Charles 
 the Second's reign; but he well knew that even thefe vices would recomniend him, 
 and only be confidered as fo many graces added to his characfter. His firong and 
 lively parts quick'y enabled him to go far beyond other men in his irregularities; 
 and he foon became one of the moft daring profligates of the age. He was in a 
 continual ftate of intoxication for fevcral years together; and the king, who ad- 
 mired his fallies of wit and humour, was more delighted with his company when he 
 
 was
 
 WILSON. ;93 
 
 was drunk, than with any other man's when he was fober. He was ever en^aoed 
 in fome amour or other, and frequently with women of the lowcft order, and the 
 vileft prortitutes of the town. He would fometimes, upon thofe occaQons, appear 
 as a beggar, or a porter -, and he as well knew how to afTume the chara^er as the 
 drefs of cither. After he had run the giddy round of his pleafures, his eyes were 
 open to convidlion, and he became the Chriftian and the penitent. His repentance 
 began with remorfe and horror, but ended With hope andconfolation." 
 
 WILSON (Thomas) a moft piou?, benevolent, and learned hifhop of the Ifle of 
 Man, was born on the -oth of December, 1663, at Burton in Wirral, near Chefter, 
 and (hidied at the univcrfity of Dublin. After having taken orders, he attended the 
 lord Strange, fon and heir to the earl of Derby, as his tutor, during three years ; at 
 the expiration of which time, his pupil dying in Italy, he returned home; but his 
 behaviour was fo much approved by the cail, his late pupil's fatlier, thiit his lord- 
 Ihip prefented him to the bifhopric of Sodor and Man, upon which he received the 
 degree of doclorof laws. Sun after his conl'ecration he repaired to the ifland, where 
 he diligently applied himfclf to the duties of his fundlion. He carefully I'uperin- 
 tended the leveral fchools in the ifland, and caufcd the Whole Duty of Man, and 
 fomc ufeful treatifes of his own, to be tranflated into the Manks language. Not 
 confining his fpiritual regards to his diocefe, he ercdted and endowed a Ichool at the 
 place of his nativity; carneftly promoted the propagation of the Gofpel in forcion 
 parti; and wrote an excellent piece on tlie duties of a Communicant, for the in- 
 llruu^ion and edification of the converted Indians. H: was a ihining example of the 
 virtues of focial life, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his hofpitality and liifFufive cha- 
 rity. His fervants aflembled in his domellic chapel every moniintj, where he con- 
 ftantly read prayers to th:m at fix o'clock in the lurnmer, and at fcven in the winter. 
 He regarded the temporal concerns of the iflanders with a truly paternal care. The 
 induftrious poor he afillled with his purfe. He imported t!ie choiccft grain of all 
 forts, for feed, and procured the' molt proper hoifes, oxen, flierp, and other cattle, 
 out of England, to improve the breed of them in the licrlj territory allotted for his 
 refidence. He not only attended the people as the pliyfician of their fouls, but ap- 
 plied himfclf to the fludy of medicine, that he might be fcrviceable in that capa- 
 city, and bring health and comfort to thofe that Itood in need of fui h afTiftancc : 
 infomuch that, in 1744, he had laid out in ihcfe and other cjiarities upwards of 
 I0,oool. (lerling. With fudi piety and benevolence, fuch human'^ty, aflability, and 
 other amiable qualities, it is no wonder he greatly endeared himft-lr to his flock, who 
 endeavoured upon all cccafions to fhew their reverence and siF df'on.'te regard to- 
 wards liim. Yet in the midlt of ihefc ads of beneficence, he fuflVrid the moll: cruel 
 treatment from the governor of Man, with whom he had a oifputc, from the year 
 1713 to 1723, about feme matters of right, which the bifliop could not confcien- 
 tioufly give up i whereupon that governor at length ilrctchcd forth the hand of 
 power, and committed this worthy prelate to the gloomy prifon of Cafllc-Rufliin, 
 where he remained many weeks, till the aft'.iir was determined by king George Land 
 his council, in the bifliop's favour. '1 he people were fo affe^kd with this treat- 
 ment of their patron and benefa<51or, that thry came from all parts of the ifland to 
 the town, at lead once a week, and knreling down before the walls of the caflle, 
 expreffed their concern with tears and lamentations, and alio attended their pious 
 pallor's prayers and bleiTings, which he uttered from a grated loop-hole. This ex- 
 cellent bilhop acquired the efteem offcveral eminent perfonagts in this nation, par- 
 
 ticularlv
 
 754 WOLFE. 
 
 ticularly of queen Caroline, who, on feeing him come into her prefence-chamber^ 
 when feveral bifhops were with her, faid, " Here, my lords, comes a bifhop whofc 
 errand is not to apply for a tranflation, nor would he part with his fpoul'c [his 
 diocefe] becaufe fhc is poor."' This exemplary divine lived to the ninety-fecond 
 year of his age, and the fifty eighth of his confccration : and expired in the begin- 
 ning of March, 1755. 
 
 He was father of the prefent Dr. Thomas Wilfon, reflor of St. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, who dillinguifhcd himlelf in the year 1777 by ercding in that church 
 an elegant llatue of white marble, in honour of the celebrated Mrs. Macaulay ; 
 •which, however, on account of the clamour raifed againft it, he ibon after caufcd 
 to be taken down. This gentleman alfo, in 1776, prefcnted to the fame church 
 a men; beautiful altar-piece, reprefenting tiie death of St. Stephen, painted at 
 his expence by the ingenious Mr. Weil, hiftorical painter to his majcfty. 
 
 "WOLFE (Major-general James) was the fon of lieutenant-general Edward 
 Wolfe, and was born at Wetlcrham in the county of Kent, where he was bip- 
 tized on the nth cf January, 1726. He feemed to have been formed by na- 
 ture for military greatnefs ; his memory was retentive, his judgment deep, and 
 his comprehenfion amazingly quick and clear : his conftitutional courage was very 
 great, and he pofTcfied that ftrength, fteadinefs, and aiftivity of mind, which no 
 difficulties could obllruift, nor dangers deter. With an unufual livelinefs of tem- 
 per, he was not fuLjecl to pafiion ; with the grcaieft independance of fpirit, he 
 was free from pride. Generous aimoft to jirofufion, he contemned every little 
 art for the acquifition of wealth, v/hile he lea^ched after proper objects for his 
 charity and beneficence : the deferving fok:icr never went unrewarded, and even 
 the needy inferior officer frequently experienced his bounty. He w^s conflant 
 and ftcady in his attachments; mcnly and unreferved, yet gentle, kind, and con- 
 ciliating, in his manners. He enjoyed a large fliare of the fricndfhip and good- 
 V'ill of mankind : and, to crown the whole, fincerity and candour, a true ftnfe 
 of honour, juftice, and public liberty, feemed the inherent principles of his na- 
 ture, and the uniform rule of h-s condudt. 
 
 He betook himfclf, when very young, to the profeffion of arms; and with 
 fuch talents, joined to the nioft unwearied affiduity, it ii no wonder he was 
 foon fingled out as a rifing military genius. At the battle of Lafi^eldt, in the 
 year 1747, he exerted hirnfclf in fo mafterly a manner, that he obtained the 
 hi; 'heft encomiums from the great officer tlien at the head of the army. Du- 
 ring the wl ole war, he went on without interruption, forming the military 
 charader; was prefent in every engagement, and never paficd undidinguifhed. 
 Even alter the peace, he cultivated the arts of war, and introduced the utmoft 
 regularity and exaftnefs of difcipline into his corps. He was afterwards at 
 the attack of Rochefort, in 1757, and at the taking of Louifbourg in 1758, from 
 whence he was fcarcely returned, when he v. as appointed to command the im- 
 portant expedition againft Quebec, the capital of Canada. Here his abilities 
 fhone out in their brighteft luftre : in fpite of many unforefeen difficulties, 
 from the nature of the fituation, from the enemy's great fuperiority of nun m 
 bers, the ftrength of the place itfelf, and his own bad ftate of health, he per- 
 fevered with indefatigable diligence, praftifing every ftratagem of war to effcA 
 his purpofe; at laft, he formed and executed that great, that dangerous, yet 
 neceflary plan, which drew out the French to their defeat, and muft give him 
 
 the
 
 WOLF E. 7^^ 
 
 the title of conqueror of Canada. An account of this engagement, and of 
 the confequent reduftion of. Quebec, may not improperly be introduced. 
 
 The fleet and army employed in this expedition arrived at the ifle of Orleans, 
 a few leagues from Qiiebec, in June 1759, without the lead accident, notwith- 
 ftanding the ill accounts which had been given of the dangerous navigation of 
 the river St. Lawrence. As foon as generaf Wolfe had fccured the weft point of 
 the ifle of Orleans, and alfo Peine Levi, he eredtcd batteries there of cannon 
 and mortars, which fired continually upon the town of Quebec. Admiral Saun- 
 ders, who commanded the fleet, was flationed below, in the north channel of the 
 ifland •, and admiral Holmes was pofted above the town, in order to diftrafl the 
 enemy's attention, and to prevent any attempts againft the batteries that played 
 upon the town. As there appeared no probability of annoying the enemy above 
 the city, it was agreed to convey tlie troops farther down in the boats, and land 
 them during the night within a league of Cape Diamond, in hopes of afccnding 
 the heights of Abraham, which rife abruptly with a fteep afcent from the banks 
 of the river, that they might take poflclTion of the ground on the back of the 
 city, where the fortifications were but indifferent : but great were the dangers 
 and difficulties attending this enterprife : the Ilream was rapid; the fhore fliel- 
 ving-j the banks of the river lined with ceniincls; the landing-place fo narrow, 
 as tu be eafily miffed in the dark; and the ground fo difficult, as hardly to iae 
 furmounted in the day-time, even if no oppofition had been made. Had the 
 enemy received the leaft intimation from a fpy or delerter, or even fufpedled the 
 defisn ; had the embarkation been difcovered in confcqucnce of the rapidity of 
 the river or the fteepnefs of the north fhore, near which they were obliged to 
 row ; had only one centinel been clarmed, or the landing-place much miftaken ; 
 the heights of Abraham mult have been inftantly fccurcd by fuch a force 
 as would have rendered the undertaking abortive; confufion would have 
 neceffarily enfucd in the dark; and that confufion woul 1 naturally have 
 produced a panic, whicli might have proved fatal to the greatcft part 
 of the detachment. This did not efcape the penetration of the intrepid 
 "Wolfe, who executed the plan in perfon, thougli he was at that very time 
 afflifted with a dyfentery and fever. Having prepared for this dangerous en- 
 terprife, admiral Holmes moved with his fquadron about three leagues abov» 
 the intended landing place, in order to deceive the enemy, and amufe M. de 
 Bougainville, whom iVIontcalm, the French commander, had det.iched with 
 1500 men to watch the motions of that fquadron j but r.dmiral Holmes was 
 direftcd to fall down the river in the night, and protctl the landing of the 
 forces. At one o'clock in the morning of the 12th of .September, the firft 
 difembarkation, confilting of four complete regiments, the light infantry com- 
 manded by colonel Howe, a detachment of Highlanders and the American 
 grenadiers, was made in fiat-bottomed boats, under the comm.and of the bri- 
 gadiers Monckton and Murray, though general Wolfe accompanied them in 
 perfon, and was one of tiie firll that landed. They fell down with the tide, 
 rowing dole to the north fide, in order to find the place of difembarkation ; 
 but by the darknefs of the night and the rapidity of the flrcam, they over- 
 ihot the mark, and landed, without the leaft knowledge of the enemy, a 
 little below the place intended. The troops Avere no fooner on lliore, than 
 the boats were inftantly fent back for a fecond body, which was under the 
 diredion of brigadier Townlhend. In ihe mean tune colonel Howe, with 
 the light infantry and Highlanders, aftcnded the woody precipice with ad- 
 
 n Q_ mirabk
 
 7o<f WOLF E. 
 
 mirable courage and afllvity ; although a narrow path, which {lanted up the hill 
 from the landing-place, had been rendered impaflable by crofs-ditches, and the hill 
 ■was, in every other part, lo fteep and dangerous, that the foldiers were obliged to 
 pull themfclves up by the roots and boughs of trees. In their way they diflodged 
 a captain's guard that defended a paffage, by which alone the rell of the troops 
 could reach the fumrnit. The whole army ihi-n mounted without moleftation, and 
 the general dre\7 up the troops in order of battle as f aft as they arrived. 
 
 M. de Montcalm no fooner heard that the Englifh had gained the heights of 
 Abraham, than he determined to liazard a battle-, and foon coUefting his whole 
 force, marched towards the Englilh. Mean while general Wolfe, perceiving the 
 French advance, formed his own line; the right was commanded by brigadier 
 Monckton, and the left by brigadier Murray ; while colonel Howe, who had juft 
 letunied with his light infantry from taking a four-gun battery, was polled in the 
 rear of the left. Montcalm advancing in fuch a manner as fhewed that his inten- 
 tion was to flank the left of the Englilh, brigadier Townfhend was fent with Am- 
 herft's regiment, which he formed fo as to prefent a double front to the enemy, and 
 was afterwards reinforced by two battalions. The referve confifted of one regiment 
 drawn up in eight fubdivifions, with large intervals. The enemy's right was com- 
 pofed of half the troops of the colony, and a body of Canadians and Indians: their 
 center confifted of a column of two other regular battalions ; and on their left were 
 ported one battalion, and the remainder of the colony troops : the buflies in their 
 front were lined with 1500 of their belt markfmen, who kept up an irregular gal- 
 ling fire. The difpofition of both armies w.is judicious, and the engagement on 
 both fides began with great fpirit. The Englifh were exhorted to referve their fire; 
 and they bore that of the enemy's light troops in front with the utmoft patience and 
 good order, waiting for the main body of tlie enemy, which advanced faft upon them. 
 At the dillance of forty yards our troops gave their fire, which took place in its 
 full extent, and made a terrible havoc among the French. General Wolfe ftood 
 in the warmeft part of the attack, at the head of Brag's regiment and the Louis- 
 bourg grenadiers, conlpicuous in the very front of the line, where he was aimed at 
 by the enemy's marki'men, and at lart received a fliot in his'wrift •, but wrapping a 
 handkerchief about the wound, he continued to give his orders v,ithout the Icalt 
 emotion. Soon after, he received anoth-r ball in his belly, of which he took no 
 notice, and exerted himfclf as before-, when he received a third in his breaft, and 
 fell at the moment when victory was crowing all his labours with luccefs •, for, at 
 that inftant, every regiment of the Britifli army feemed to exert themfclves in a 
 peculiar manner. Brigadier-general Monckton fell immediately after the gallant 
 Wolfe, and both were conveyed out of the lines. The command now devolved on 
 brigadier-general Towiifliend, who fliewed the utmoft bravery and condudf. The 
 grenadiers with their bayonets, the Highlanders with their broad fwords, and the 
 reft of the forces with a fteady and continued fire, drove the enemy in great dif- 
 Order from every poft, and compleated their defeat. During the whole engage- 
 ment, colonel Howe, with his light infantry, covered the left wing in fuch * man- 
 ner, as entirely to fruftrate the attempts of the enemy's Indians and Canadians up- 
 on that fl ink. The victory feemed completely decided, when a new enemy ap- 
 peared, which threatened to bring on a frefh engagement, and to put all again to 
 the hazard. M. de Bougainville, whom the feigned movements of the Britifh 
 troops had drawn up the river, turned back on difcovering their real defign, and 
 now appeared on the rear of the army with a body of two ihoufand men. But the 
 
 main
 
 W O L S E Y. 757 
 
 main body of the French was by this time fo broken and difperfed, that general 
 Townfhend was able to eftablifli his rear, and to turn fuch an oppofition on that 
 fide, that the enemy retired after a very feeble attempt. 
 
 In this decifive aftion, the Englidi loft about 500 men-, but, on the fide of the 
 enemy, at Icaft 1500 were flain, among whom was M. de Montcalm. The lofs of 
 the brave general Wolfe was, indeed, almoft irreparable. He had fuffered himfelf, 
 unwillingly, to be carried behind the ranks; and as he lay ftruggling with the 
 anguifh and weaknefs occafioned by three grievous wounds, he feemed only foli- 
 citous about the fortune of the battle. He begged one who attended him to fup- 
 port him that he might view the field ; but finding that the approach of death had 
 rendered his fight dim and confufed, he defired an officer, who Hood by him, to 
 give him an account of what he faw. The officer anfwered, that the enemy feemed 
 broken. A few minutes after, he repeated his queftion -, when being told, that the 
 enemy were totally routed, and fled on all fides, '• Then," faid he, " I am fatisfied," 
 and almoft inftantly expired. Thus died this valiant commander on the 13th of 
 September, 1759, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. On the 18th of September, 
 five days after the battle, the enemy feeing that the communication between the 
 town and the army was cut off, and that the Englifh fleet and troops were prepar- 
 ing for a vigorous fiege, furrendered Quebec upon very honourable and advanta- 
 geous terms. The artillery and warlike ftores of the place were delivered up ; and 
 a garrifon of 5000 men, under brigadier general Murray, was put into the town, 
 with plenty of provifions and ammunition for the winter. The conquerors took 
 care of the fick and wounded, and the fleet foon after tailed for England, where the 
 news of this decifive victory, with the conqueft of the capital of Canada, was re- 
 ceived with extraordinary marks of joy by all ranks of people ; at the fame time 
 that the death of the heroic general VVolfe fpread an univerial concern throughout 
 the nation. 
 
 The body of general Wolfe was brought to Portfmouth, and from thence car- 
 ried with great tuneral pomp to Greenwich, where it was depofitcd in the bury- 
 ing place belonging to his family. A magnificent monument has been fince ercdted 
 to his memory in Weftminfter-abbey. 
 
 WOLSEY (Thomas) a man, who, by the force of uncommon abilities, and a hap- 
 py concurrence of circumftances, railed himfelf from a low condition to tlie highcft 
 oifiices both in church and iiiate, was born at Ipfwich in SuHblk, in March 147 i. 
 The common tradition is, that he was the fon of a butcher. His father obfcrving 
 in iiim an uncommon aptnefs to learn, fent him to the grammar-fchool of his native 
 place, whence he was removed to the univerlity ot Oxford. Here he made a pro- 
 grefs, which is altogether aftoniftiing. His fervant Cavcnd;fli allures us, that a very 
 few months after his being entered at Magdalen college, and lb early as his fifteenth 
 year, Woifey was made a bachelor of arts-, in confequcnce of which he was called 
 the boy-bachelor : He was afterwards admitted to a tellowlliip in the lame college; 
 and was at Icogth appointed mafter of Magdalen fchool, where the fons of the mar- 
 quis of Dorfet were among his pupils. This was a circumftancc extremely fortu- 
 nate for our new preceptor •, for the marquis, fending tor his Ions, on the iuccccd- 
 ing Chriftmas, 10 pafs the holidays at his country feat, invircd the m.ftcr along 
 with them •, and was fo highly [)leafcd with Wolley's convcrfation, and found the 
 young gentlemen fo much improved for the fiiort time they had been under his 
 care, that he determined to reward fuch merit and diligence with Ibme dilluiguidaed 
 
 mark
 
 ■9^ 
 
 \V O L S E Y, 
 
 mark of his approbation: and the refitory of Lymington, a benefice in his 
 lordfhip's gift, falling vacant in J 500, he bellowed it on WoUey ; which was 
 his firft ecclefiallical preferment. He had not rcfided long on tjiis benefice, 
 before Sir Amias Pawlet, a juftice of the peace, fet him in the ftocks for 
 being drunk, as it is faid, and making a dillurbancc at a fair in the neigh- 
 bourhood; but the knight had afterwards reafon to repent of this affront. Upon the 
 death of his patron, the marquis of Dorlet, Wolley procured himfelf to be 
 admitted, in the flation of chaplain, into the family of Dr. Dean, archbifhop 
 of Canterbury : but that prelate dying loon after, he offered his lervice to Sir 
 John Nephant, governor of Calais, who immediately appointed him one of 
 his domellic chaplains. Sir John was an old man, in want of IcHfie perfon 
 able to relieve him from the heavy load of government; and being (as we 
 may fuppofe) previoufly acquainted with his chaplain's abilities, he made no 
 fcruple of committing every thing to his care and management. Wolfey ^vas 
 by no means unequal to the great truil repofcd in him ; he difcharged the 
 office of governor with extraordinary fkill and fidelity ; and upon Sir John's 
 being, at his own requeft, called home, he recommended Wolfey in a parti- 
 cular manner to king Henry VII. and, as a reward of his faithful fervices, 
 had the fatisfaction of feeing him inroUed among the number of royal 
 chaplains. 
 
 Wolley now infinuated himfelf into the favour of Dr. Richard Fox, bifliop 
 of Winchefter, and of fir Thomas Lovel, chancellor of the exchequer ; who 
 recommended him to the king as a proper perfon to be employed in negociating 
 the intended marriage between his majefty and Margaret of Savoy. He was 
 accordingly difpatched to the emperor Maximilian, the lady's lather, then at 
 Bruffels, and returned from his embaffy with fuch expedition, that the king 
 feeing him, imagined he had not been gone. Having reported the fuccefs 
 of his negociation, he was rev/ardcd with the deanery of Lincoln, in February 
 1508. Upon the accelTion of Henry V'lII. in 1509, the bifliop of Wincheiler 
 obferving that his influence at court declined apace, and that the earl of Surry 
 ftood too much between him and tlie throne, introduced Wolfey to the young 
 king, hoping that he might rival that nobleman in his iniinuating arts, and 
 vet be content to aft in the cabinet a part fubordinate to the perfon who 
 had promoted him. But here the bifhop was wretchedly miftaken in his po- 
 licy ; for, in a little time, Wolily gained lb much on Henry's good graces, 
 that he not only fupplanted Surry in his favour, but Fox in his trull and con- 
 fidence. The youthful charafter of Henry VIII. is Wfrll known, which was 
 as remarkable for gaii ty and diffipaiicn, as his maturer years were for cruelty 
 and injuflice ; and it kerns to have been upon this balls, that Wolfey began 
 to build his fortune; for being admitted to all the royal paities of pleafure, 
 he was ever the moft facetious in company, and appeared Itudious to promote 
 by a thoufand devices that mirth and feftivity, which were lb fuitable to his 
 mafter's age and inclination. In 15 13 he attended the king in his expedition 
 to France, who committed to him the direftion of the fupplies and provifions 
 for the army ; and the Englilh troops having taken Tournay, his majefty con- 
 ferred the bifhopric of that city upon Wolfey. On his return to England, in 
 J 04, he was promoted to the fee of Lincoln; and the fame year, upon the 
 death of cardinal Bambridc;^! was tranflated to the archbifhopric of York. 
 He now flione forth in all the eclat of royal favour; and while he fecretly 
 
 directed
 
 W O L S E Y. 
 
 roo 
 
 dil-eded all public meafiires, he ftill pretended an implicit fubmifTion to the 
 king's will ; by that means concealing from his fovereign, whofc imperious tem- 
 per would otherwife have ill brooked a diredlor, the ablblute po.ver he was 
 gaining over him. And Henry, who was in nothing more violent than in his 
 attachments while they lafted, thought he could never fufficiently reward a man 
 fo entirely devoted to his pleafurc and fervice. In confequence of this, Wolfey 
 held at one time fuch a multitude of preferments, as no churchman befides him- 
 felf was ever endowed with; he was even fuffcred to unite with the fee of York 
 the bilhoprics of Durham and \v'incheller, and alfo the rich abbey of St. Albans; 
 till pope Leo X. obferving the daily progrefs he made in the king's favour, and 
 that in faifl he governed the nation, became delirous of engaging fo powerful a 
 minifter in the intereft of the apollolic ftate, and, to complete his exaltation at 
 once, created him in 1515 a cardinal of the holy Roman empire, under the title 
 of St. Cecilia, beyond the river Tiber. The grandeur which Wolfey afTumed 
 upon this new acquifition of dignity, is hardly to be parallelled; the fj)lendor of 
 his equipage, and coftlinefs of his apparel, exceeds all delcription. He caufcd 
 his cardinal's hat to be borne aloft before him by a perlbn of rank; and, when 
 he came to the king's chapel, would permit it to be laid on no place but the 
 altar. A priefi:, the tallelt and moft comely he could find, carried before him 
 a pillar of filver, on the top of which was placed a crofs : but not content with 
 this parade, to which he thought himfclf entitled as cardinal, he provided ano- 
 ther pried of equal ftature and beauty, who marched along, bearing ereft the 
 crofs of York, even in the diocefe of Canterbury ; contrary to the antient rule and 
 agreement between thole rival metropolitans. Warlum, chancellor, and arch- 
 biihop of Canterbury, having frequently remonftrated againfl: this affront to no 
 purpofe, chofe rather to retire from public employment than wage an unequal 
 conteft v.ith the haughty cardinal. He therefore refigned his office of chancel- 
 lor, and the feals were immediately intruded to Wolfey. 
 
 The cardinal, while he was only almoner to the king, had rendered himfelf 
 extremely unpopular, by his fentences in the liar-chamber, a moll arbitrary and 
 unconllitutional court, where he prefided, and determined every thing as his 
 maftcr would have it, without any refped to the juflice of the caufe. But now 
 that he was lord high chancellor of F.ngland, he made full amends, by difcharg- 
 ino- that great office with as penetrating a judgment, and as enlarged a know- 
 ledoe of law and equity, as any of his predeceffors : yet, even then, he was not 
 free from the cenfure of mal-adminilhation in other matters. 
 
 Cardinal Campeggio had been fcnt as a legate into h'ngland, in order to pro- 
 cure atythe from the clergy, for enabling the pope to oppofe the progrefs of the 
 Turks; a danger which was real and formidable to all Chriflendom, but had 
 been fo often made ufe of to ferve the intercfled purj^ofes of the court of Rome, 
 that if had loft all influence on the minds of the people: the clergy refufed to 
 comply with Leo's demand; Campeggio was recalled ; and the king defired of 
 the pope, that Wolfey, who had been joined in this comnuffion, might alone be 
 invelled with the legatine power. This additional honour was no looner ob- 
 tained, than Wolfey made a great difplay of pomp and magniticencc. On fo- 
 lemn fellivals he was not contented without celebrating mafs after the manner 
 of the pope himfelf: he had not only biffiops and abbots to ferve him, but even 
 engaged the firft nobility to give him water and a towel ; and Warham the pri- 
 mate having wrgte him a letter, wherein he fubfcribed himlclf " Your loving 
 
 5 R brother/'
 
 8oo W O L S E Y. 
 
 brother," Wolfey complained of his prefumption, in challenging fuch an equa- 
 lity : Warham, however, being told of the offence he had given, made light of 
 it, faying, " Know ye not that this man is drunk with too much power." But 
 Wolfey carried the matter much farther than vain pomp and oftentation. He 
 erefted a newcourc of judicature, called the legatine court; in which, if credit 
 may be given to lord Herbert, he exercifed a moft odious and tyrannical jurif- 
 diftion. He appointed one Allen judge of this bench, a man of fcandalous 
 life, whom he himfclf, as chancellor, had condemned for perjury. This wretch 
 committed all forts of rapine and extortion ; for, making an enquiry into the 
 life of every body, no offence efcaped cenfure and punifhment, unlefs privately 
 bought off; in which people found two advantages ; one, that it cofl leis ; the 
 other, that it exempted them from fhame. Thus as the rules of confcience are 
 in many cafes of greater extent than thofe of lav/, he found means of fearching 
 into their fccret corners ; befides, under this colour, he arrogated a power to 
 call in queftion the executors of wills, and the like. He fummoned alfo all re- 
 ligious perfons (of what degree foever) before him ; who, carting themlelves 
 at his feet, were gricvoufly rerbuked, and threatened with expulfion, till they had 
 compounded: befides, all fpiritual livings that fell were conferred on the car- 
 dinal's creatures. No one dared to carry to the king any complaint againft thefe 
 ufurpations of Wolfey, till archbifhop Warham ventured to do it. Henry pro- 
 felTed his ignorance of the whole matter ; " A man (faid he) is not fo blind any 
 where as in his own houfe : but do you go to Wolfey, and cell him, if any thing 
 be amifs, that he amend it." A reproof of this kind was not likely to be re- 
 garded, and indeed it only fcrved to augment Wolfey's enmity to Warham, wiiom 
 he had never loved fince the dilpute about ereding his crolTcs : however, one 
 John London having prolecuted our legate's judge in a court of law, and con- 
 victed him of malverfation and iniquity, the clamour at laft reached the king's 
 ears, who rebuked the cardinal fo (harply, that from that time he became, if not 
 better, more circumfpeftthan before. 
 
 Wolfey was now building himielf a very magnificent palace at Hampton- 
 Court, whither he fometimcs retired as well to obferve the progrefs of the work, 
 as to procure a fhort recefs from the fatigues of bulinefs ; which at that time 
 muft have been very great, confidering that, over and above what immediately 
 related to his archbifhopric, his legatine character, and his jjoft of chancellor, he 
 had all the affairs 'of the nation on his hands; yet the public tranquility was fo 
 well eftablilhed, that eafc and plenty bleft the land, in a manner unknown for many 
 preceding reigns. This happy dilpofition at home, led Henry, in the year 1520, 
 to give way to the folicitations ofPrancis I. king of France; and he confented 
 to an inters'iew with that monarch, which was to be between Guines and Ardres; 
 the kings, by mutual confent, committing the regulation of the ceremonial to 
 the cardinal's abilities, which he fo eminently dilplayed upon that memorable 
 occafion, as to acquire the applaufe, and receive the congratulation of molt of 
 the ftates of Europe. The republic of Venice, in particular, addrelTed him in 
 a letter, in which they felicitated him on the fortunate conduct of an event that 
 required the moft confu.umate piudence; the pope too gave him very ftrong 
 teftimonics of his approbation., gratiting him a yearly penfion of 2000 ducats, 
 and conftituting him aaniiniftiacor (;f the bifhopric of Badajox. It muft be ac- 
 knowledged, that, i" iring che vhole courfc of Wolfey's adminiftration, his fricnd- 
 Ihip was courted by the proudcA pnncesj nay, even the haughty Spaniard con- 
 
 defcended
 
 W O L S E Y. 80, 
 
 defcended to write him a very refpeftful epirtle, intreating him to favour that 
 crown by the acceptance of 3000 livres per annum ; the grant was dated ac 
 Ghent, June 8, 1517, and the catholic king ftiled him in it, " our mofl: dear 
 and fpecial friend." By thefe fubfidies from foreign courts, and the unlimited 
 munificence of his own fovereign, who was continually loading him with fpiri- 
 tual and temporal monopolies, Wolfey's income is laid to have fallen little 
 fhort of the revenues of the crown of England. 
 
 Upon the death of pope Leo X. in 1521, he thought of nothing lefs thaa 
 being poflefled of St. Peter's chair; and immediately dilpatched a fecretary 
 with proper inftruftions to Rome; at the fame time writing to the emperor 
 Charles V. and the king of France, to afTure them, that if he was clcdted 
 fupreme pontiff, they fhould meet with fuch friendly and equitable trratment 
 as they could expeft from no other quarter. The former of thefe princes was 
 indeed bound by promife to afTift "Wolfey in procuring the papacy ; which he 
 had repeatedly given him, during a fliort vifu he made to the F.nglifli court, 
 juft before Henry's paflage into France : but ere the cardinals meflengcr arrived 
 at Rome, the eledlion was over, and Adrian, bifhop of Tortofa, who had been 
 the emperor's tutor, was cholen pope. "Wolfey was doubtlefs chagrined at the 
 behaviour of Charles V. who had openly violated his word witU him ; yet 
 fmothering his refentment for the prefent, when the emperor made another 
 vifit to England, the cardinal very readily accepted his excufes ; ami on Adrian's 
 death, which happened in iS^j, he applied again for Charles's intereft, which 
 v/as pofitively engaged to him for the next vacancy : but though this applica- 
 tion was backed by a recommendatory letter in Henry the Eigiith's own hand, 
 and Wolfey, knowing the power of gold in the conclave, had taken care to 
 •work fufficiently with that engine; yet his hopes of the pontificate were a 
 fccf nd time rendered abortive. 
 
 The cardinal's palace at Hampton-court was completely finifhcd, and ele- 
 gantly furniihed, by the year 152H. His majefty was greatly taken both with 
 the fituation and beauty of the edifice : upon this Wolfey made him a prefent 
 of it ; and the king, highly pleafed with the gift, gave him in return his royat 
 pa' ace at Richmond. 
 
 Qjjecn Catherine was now become extremely difagreeable to king Henry; 
 and his paflTion for Anne Bolcyn, who had lately made her appearance at the 
 EngHfh couic, was greatly augmented; To that flu»5ti;ating between the thoughts 
 of a iniftrefs and a wife, Henry was fo entangled, that, rather than be difap- 
 pointed ot the one, he refolved to rid himfclf of the other. Wolfey found it 
 was in vain to endeavour to put this notion out of his head ; he therefore, 
 with the king's permilTion, by his own legatine authority, iflucd writs to fum- 
 mon all :he bifliops, with the mofl: learned men of both univerfities, to con- 
 fult on his majeily's cafe; but thefe counfcllors thi/iking the point too nice for 
 them to -letermine, in the end the pope was applied to, who fent cardinal 
 Campeggio into England, that he might, in conjunftion with Wolfey, fit in 
 judgment, and decide whether Henry's marriage with Catherine was lawful or 
 not. But firfl:, the king called an afTembly of all the great men in the kingdom, 
 both fpiritual and temporal, befides others of inferior degree, and made them 
 a fpeeih, in which he endfi/oured to account for and excufe the proceedings 
 he was going up^ii, laying great fl;refs upon confcicnce, and the dreadful 
 horrors of mind he had fii tilled ever fince the bilhop of Tarbcs had quef- 
 
 tioncd
 
 3o2 w o L s E y: 
 
 tioned the princefs Mary's legitimacy, which made him fear that a marriage with 
 his brother's widow was by divine law prohibited : however, he faid, he i'ubmitted 
 every thing to the wiidom of the pope's legates, who were authorifed by his ho- 
 linefs to decide this important caufc ; and the meafures h- had already determined 
 to take being thus artfully prepared, the Icgatine court was opened on the 2 ill of 
 June, 1529. The queen, who was prefent, protefted againft the legates, as incom- 
 petent judges-, fhe appealed to the king for her conjugal fidelity-, went out of 
 court, and would never return to it again. The legates went on according to the 
 h>rms of law, though the queen appealed from ihcm to the pope, and excepted 
 both to the place, to the judges, and her lawyers. After the trial had been pro- 
 tradled by various delays, his holinefs evoked the caufe to Rome-, but king Henry 
 would by no means fubmit to this method of decifion. iVIany attempts were made 
 to bring the queen to an eafy compliance with his majeHy's pleal'ure, but in vain : 
 hence it followed, that the public were divided in their opinions ; and while the 
 abettors of. the divorce imputed all the difficulties laid in its way to tiie artifice 
 of Wolfey, the partiians on the other fide vvere as unanimous in condemning him, 
 for prompting his mailer to fo iniquitous a piece of violence : but of this 
 iaft charge the cardinal fully cleared himfelf", by calling on Henry, in open 
 court, to bear witncfs to his innocence; when the king declared he had al- 
 ■ways adviftd him againit it, which indeed he might do vsith a fafe confcience; 
 and for that rcafon he fufpeded Wolley of being a fecret mover in the pro- 
 tradlion of the caufe; for which he confign.;d him to deftruflion. In 
 Oftober following the cardinal was deprived of the great feal, and baniflied 
 from court -, and all his goods, which were exceeding valuable, were feizcd for 
 the king's ule. On this leverfe of his fortune, thufe who had paid him the molt 
 abjeft fubmifiion during his profperity, now defertcd him. He himfelf was 
 greatly dejedted ; and the fam.e turn ot mind v\hich tendered him vainly elated 
 ■with his grandeur, made him feel, with redoubled i^nguifh, the ftroke of adverfity. 
 His enemies foon after preferred an impeachment ot hish treilon againlt him in 
 fcrty-four articles, which palTed in the houfe ot lords; but when the bill was car- 
 ried down to the commons, Thomas Cromwell (afterwards earl of tfiex), who 
 had been the cardinal's domeftic, defended him with fuch ftrength of argument, 
 that no z£t of treafon could be proved againft him ; and the proiecution was drop- 
 ped. Wolfey man ifefled very little lortitudc under his misfortunes; he became 
 abjeft and difconiblate, and at length fickcned in confcquence ot the mortifications 
 he had received. Recovt-ring from his diftemptr, he was commanded to repair 
 to his diocel'e of York, and took up his refidcnce at Cawood, where he performed 
 many charitable and popular afts ; but he was not permitted to remain long un- 
 molefted in his retreat. In the beginning of November, 1530, he was arrelled 
 for high treafon by the e/.rl of Nor;humberl.ind, and committed to the cuflody 
 of Sir William Kingllon, lieutenant ot the towi-r, who had orders to bring him to 
 London, where he was to take his trial. The cardinal, from the agitation of his 
 mind, co-operating with the fatigues of his journey, was feized at Sheffield with 
 a diforder which turned to a dyfentery, and with fome difficulty reached Leiceller- 
 abbey. Here the abbot and monks received him with great reverence and refpect; 
 but he told them, that he was come to lay his bones among them, and was imme- 
 diately put to bed, whence he never rofe. A fhort time before he expired, he thus 
 addrefled himlelf to Sir William Kingfton : " I pray you have me heartily recom- 
 mended to his royal mnjclly, and beleech him, on my behalf, to call to his re- 
 membrance
 
 W L S E Y. J05 
 
 membrance all matters that have pafTed between us from the beginning, efpe- 
 cially with regard to his bunncls with the queen; and then will he know in 
 his confcience, whether I have offended him. He is a prince of a moll royal 
 carriage, and hath a princely heart; and rather than he will mils or want any 
 part of his will, he will endanger the one half of his kingdom. I do aflure 
 you, that I have often kneeled before iiim, fomctimcs three hours together, to 
 perluade him from his will and appetite, but could not prevail. Had I but 
 ferved God as diligently as 1 have ferved the king, he would not have given 
 me over in my grey hairs : but this is the jufl: re.vard that I mull receive for 
 my indulgent pains and ftudy, not regarding my fervice to God, but only to 
 my prince. Tiierefore, let me advife you, if you be one of the privy-coun- 
 cil, as by your wifdom you are fit, take care what you put into the king's 
 head; for you can never puc it out again." Adding, after a fevere warning 
 againll the Lutherans, " Mr. Kingfton, farev/ell ; 1 wifii all things may have 
 good fuccefs; my time drav/eth on faft." Having uttered thefe words, his 
 fpeech failed him ; and, in a little time, he expired, on the aSth of 
 November, 1530, in tlic 60th year of his age. After his death he was laid 
 in an oaken coffin, with his face uncovered, that every one might be permit- 
 ted to view him; and early in the morning on St. Andrew's day, he wa* 
 buried in one of the abbey ciiapcls. 
 
 Wolfey, as to his perfon, was ftrongly made, tall, big-boned, and of a. 
 majeftic prefcnce ; his face was comely, but phyfiognomifts pretend to fay, it 
 was (lamped with the legible indications of pride. His character has been 
 maliciouliy attacked by foi.ie, and as weakly defended by others; yet undoubt- 
 edly the known violence of Henry the Eighth's temper may alleviate much 
 of the blame which fome of his favourite's meafures have undergone : and 
 when we confider, that the fiibfequent part of that monarch's reign was much 
 more unfortunate and criminal, than that which was diredled by the cardinal's 
 counfels, we fnall be inclined to fufpefl thofe hiftorians of partiality, who have 
 endeavoured to load his memory with fuch virulent reproaches. 
 
 Notwithftanding hiftorians are in many circumflances extremely divided in 
 the accounts tiiey give of cardinal Wolfey, there i^ one point concerning him 
 in which they all agree, and mention it as the highell eulogium on his cha- 
 raili-i ; namely, thAi, during his zenith of glory, whoever was dillinguifhcd by 
 any arc or fcience paid court to him, and none paid court in vain. Hrafmus^ 
 though he was by no means an admirer of Wolfey, pays him great compli- 
 ments on his generous encouragement of learning; and both univerfities, in- 
 feveral fpeeches and addiefles, publicly acknowledged the inellimable favours 
 which they had received from his bounty. In Oxford particularly, among 
 other branches of erudition which he planted there, he eflablilhed the firit 
 Greek profeflbrfnip ; but not liiinking that a fuiTicient mark of his ellcem, he 
 determined to build a college there as a lalling monument of his zeal and 
 gratitude towards the feminary irt which he had received his education ; and 
 having obtained the royal alVent to commence his projedlcd foundation, the 
 firft ftone of that magnificent llrudure, then called Cardinal, but now Chrill- 
 church college, was laid, with a fuperfcription in honour of the founder; the 
 cardinal at the fame time founding a grammar- fchool at Ipfwich, the place of 
 his nativity, to qualify young fcholars for admittance into his college. 
 
 5 S WOOD
 
 ^ WOOD. 
 
 WOOD (Amtmokv) a well-known biographer and antiquarian, was the 
 fon of Thomas Wood, bachelor of arts and of tht civil lavp-, and was born 
 at Oxford on the 17th of December, 1632. He ftudicd at Merton-college, 
 where he took the degrees in arts. Being naturally of a ftudioiis and con- 
 templative turn of mind, he devoted himfelf entirely to the purfuics of litera- 
 ture. In 1660 he began to coUedt materials for his Hifioria Cs? yintiquitates 
 Univerfitatis Oxonienfis, which was printed in 1674, in two volumes folio. This 
 work was written by the author in Englifh, but traiillated into Latin, before 
 it was publilhed, by Mr. Wafe and Mr. Peers, under the infpedtion of Dr. 
 Fell, dean of Chrift-church. In 1691 appeared his Atbe;:^ OxonietifeSy or aft 
 cxaft Hiftory of all the writers and bifliops who have had their education in 
 the univerfity of Oxford, from the year 1500 to 1690, in two volumes folio; 
 which v/as greatly enlarged in the fecond edition. Some time after the pub- 
 lication of this ufeful work, our author was profecuted by the univerfity, on 
 account of fome refledions he had thrown upon the great lord-chancellor 
 Clarendon. The iflue of the procefs was a hard judgment given againft the 
 ■defendant, which was put into the Gazette in thefe words : " Oxford, 
 July 31, 1693. On the 29th inftant, Anthony Wood was condemned in 
 the vice-chancellofs .court of the univerfity of Oxford, for having written 
 and publllhcd, in the iecond volume of his book entitled Athena Oxo- 
 TtienJeSy divers infamous libels againft the right honourable Edward late 
 «arl of Clarendon, lord high chancellor of England, and chancellor of the 
 faid univerfity; and was therefore baniftied the faid univerfity, until fuch time 
 as he fhall fubfcribe fuch a public recantation as the judge of the court fliaU 
 approve of, and give fecurity not to oifend in the like nature for the future : 
 and his faid book was therefore alfo decreed to be burnt before the public 
 theatre ; and on this day it was burnt accordingly, and public programmas of 
 his cxpulfion are already affixed in the three ufual places." Mr. Wood was 
 likewife animadverted upon by binnop Burnet, in a letter which that prelate 
 wrote to the bifliop of Litchfield and Coventry; upon which, in 1693, he 
 publifhed a vindication of himfelf, which was reprinted before the fecond edi- 
 tion of his Athertte Oxonienjes. In this he declares, " that he did never in heat 
 and forwardnefs meddle with .1 fubjeft, to which he was not prepared by edu- 
 cation and a due method of ftudies; that he never wrote to oblige a rifing 
 party, or to infinuate into the difpofers of preferment; but has been content 
 with his ftation, and aimed at no end but truth : that he never took up with 
 the tranfcript of records, where the original might be confuked, nor made 
 «fe of others eyes, when his own could ferve : that he never wrote in port with 
 ■his body and his thoughts in a hurry, but in a fixed abode, and with a deli- 
 berate pen : that he never concealed an ungrateful truth, nor flouriflied over a 
 weak place; but in fincerity of meaning and exprefTion has thought an hifto- 
 rian Ihould be a man of confcience : that he has never had a patron to oblige 
 or forget, but has been a free and independent writer: and in a word, that 
 he confelles there may be miftakes in modern things and perfons, when he 
 could have no evidence but from die information of living friends, or per^ 
 haps enemies ; but he is confident, that where records are cited, and where 
 authentic evidence could poffibly be had, there he has been punctual and 
 exad." Mr, Wood died at Oxford of a fupprefHoo of urine, the 29th of No- 
 vember, 1695. 
 
 WREN
 
 WREN. to^ 
 
 WREN (Sir Christopher) an excellent archlte(ft and mathematician, wai 
 defcendcd from an ancient family of that name, feated at Binchefter in the bi- 
 Ihopric of Durham. He was nephew of Dr. Matthew Wren bifhop of Ely, and 
 fon of Dr. Chriftopher Wren dean of Windfor, and was born at Knoyle in Wilt- 
 fhire, on the 20th ofOftober, 1632. While very young, he difcovcred a fur- 
 prifing genius for the mathematics. At about fourteen ycirs of age, he was ad- 
 mitted a gentleman-commoner of Wadham-college, Oxford ; and the advances 
 he made there in mathematical knowledge, before he was fjxteen, were, as wc 
 learn from the following teftimony of a moil able judge, viz. Mr. Ouohtred, very 
 extraordinary and even aftonifliing : " Chriftophorus Wren, Collcgii Wadhamenfis 
 Commenlalis gcnerofus, admirando prorfus ingenio juvenis qui, nondum fexdecim 
 annos natus, Aftronomiam, Gnomonicam, Staticam, Mechanicam, pracclaris in- 
 <rcntis auxit, ab eoque tempore continvio augere pergit: et revera is eft, a quo 
 magna poffum, neque fruftra, propcdiem expeftare." He took the degree of 
 bachelor of arcs in March 16-0, and that of maftcr in December 1653; having 
 been chofen fellow of All-Souls college in November. Soon after, he became 
 one of that ingenious and learned fociety, which then met at Oxford for the im- 
 provement of natural and experimental philofophy. In Augufl: 1657, he was 
 choit-n profcffor of aftronomy in Grefham-coUege; and his Icfturcs, which were 
 much frequented, tended greatly to the promotion of real knowledge. In 1658 
 he read a defcription of the body and different phafes of the planet Saturn, which 
 fubjcdt he propofed to purfue-, and the fame year he communicated fomc demon- 
 ftrations concerning Cycloids to Dr. Wallis, which were afterwards publilhcd by 
 the do<51or at the end of his treatife upon that fubje(5l. About that time alfo, he 
 folved the problem propoled by the famous MonGeur Pafcal, under the feigned 
 name ot John de Montfort, to all the Englilh mathematicians; and returned ano- 
 ther to the mathematicians of France, formerly propofed by Kepler, of which 
 #hey never gave any falution. After having continued above three years at 
 Grefham-college, he was, on the 5th of February, 1660-1, chofen Savilian prO' 
 fefibr of aftronomy in Oxford, in the room of Dr. Seth Ward. In September 
 following he was created doftor of civil law : and how far he had then anfwercd, 
 or rather exceeded, the expectations of Mr. Oughired, the excellent character 
 given of him by Dr. Barrow, in an oration which he delivered at Grcrham-coUcgc 
 in the year 1662, fufficiently fliewf. 
 
 Among his other accomplilhments, he had by this time acquired fo great a skill 
 in architedure, that he was fent for from Oxford, by or^'tr of king Charles II. CO 
 aflifl Sir John Denham, furveyor- general of his majcrty's works. In May i66j, 
 he was elected fellow of the RoyaJ Society ; being one of thole, who were firft ap- 
 pointed by the council, after the grant of their charter. Dr. Wren did great 
 honour to this illuftiious body by many curious and uleful difcoveries in allro- 
 nomy, natural philofophy, and other fciences, related in Dr. Sprat's hiftory of the 
 Royal Society. Among other of his produiStions there enumerated, is a lunar 
 globe, reprefenting not only the fpots and various decrees of whitcncfs upon the 
 furface, and the hills, eminences, and cavities, but alfo, when turned to the light, 
 fhewing all the mcnflrual phafes, with the manifold appearances that happen from 
 the (hadows of the mountains and valleys. I his lunar globe was formed, not 
 merely at the requcll of the Royal Society, but likewife by the command of king 
 Charles II. whole pleafure for the profccuting and perfcding of it was fignificd 
 by a letter, under ihc joint hands of Sir Robert Moray and Sir Paul Ncile, dated 
 
 from
 
 !o(5 WREN. 
 
 from Whitehall the 17th of May, i66r, and direfted to Dr. Wren, Savilian pro« 
 ftffor of aftronomy at Oxford. His majefty received the globe with fatisfadion, 
 and ordered ic to be placed among the curiofities of his cabinet. 
 
 In the year 1665, Dr. Wren went over to France, where he not only furvcyed 
 all the buildings of note in Paris, and made excurfions to other places, but took 
 particular notice of what was moll: remarkable in every branch of mechanics, and 
 contraded an acquaintance with the principal virtuofi. Upon his return home, 
 he was appointed one of the commifTioners for the reparation of St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral ; as appears from Mr. Evelyn's dedication to him of the Account of Ar- 
 chitefts and A re hi ted u re, printed m 1706, where that ingenious philofopher fays, 
 *' I have named St. Paul's and truly not without admiration, as oft as I recall to 
 mind, as 1 frequently do, the fad and deplorable condition it was in, when, after 
 it had been made a ftable of horfcs and a den of thieves, you with other gentlemen 
 and myielf were by the lace king Charles named to furvey the dilapidations, and 
 to make a report to his majtrfty, in order to a fpeedy reparation. You will not, I 
 am fure, forget the ftruggle we had with fome, who were for patching it up any 
 how, fo the Iteeple might Ifar.d, inllead of new building-, when, to put an end to 
 the conteft, five diys after, that dreadful conflagration happened, out of whofe 
 aflies this phoenix is rifen, and was by providence defigned for you." Within a 
 few days after the fire of London, which began the 2d of September, 1666, he 
 drew a plan for rebuilding the city ; of which Mr. Oldenburg, the fccretary of 
 the Royal Society, gave an account to Mr, Boyle, in a letter dated the 18th of 
 that month: " Dr. Wren (fays he) has drawn a model for a new city, and pre- 
 fented it to the king, who produced it himfelf before his council, and manifefted 
 much approbation of it. I was yefterday morning with the doftor, and faw the 
 model, which methinks does fowell provide forfecurity, convenienry, and beauty,' 
 that I can fee nothing wan;ing as to thefe three main articles; but whether it 
 has confulted with the populoufnefs of a great city, and whether reafons of ftate 
 would have that confulted with, is a quasre with me," &c. 
 
 Upon the death of Sir John Denham, in 1668, Dr. Wren was made furveyor- 
 general of his majefty's works. The theatre at Oxford will remain a laRing mo- 
 nument of his great abilities as an archiceft-, which curious work was finifhed by 
 him in 1669. Eut the conflagration of the city of London gave him many other 
 opportunities of employing his genius in that way; when, bcfuies the works of 
 the crown, which continued under his care, the cathedral of St. Paul, the paro- 
 chial churches, and other public ftruflures which had been dcftroyed by that 
 dreadful calamity, were rebuilt from his defigns, and under his direiflion. The 
 variety of buflncls, in which he was by this means engaged, requiring his con- 
 ftant attendance and concern, he refigned his Savilim profeflbrfliip in 1673; and 
 the year following he received from the king the honour of knighthood. He 
 was one of the commifTioners, who, at the motion of Sir Jonas Moore, furveyor- 
 generalof the ordnance, had been appointed by his majcfly to find a proper place 
 for creeling a royal obfcrvatory ; and he propofed Greenwich, which was approv- 
 ed of. Onthe lothof Augull, 1675, ihefoundationof the building was laid ; which, 
 when finiflied under the condudt of Sir Jonas, with the advice and afliftance of Sir 
 Chrillopher Wren, was furnifhed with the bed inftruments for aftronomical ob- 
 fcrvations ; and the celebrated Mr. Flamftead was conftituted his majefty's firft 
 profeflTor there. 
 
 About this time Sir Chrifl;ophcr cfpoufed the daughter of Sir Thomas Cog- 
 
 hilji
 
 W REN. 807 
 
 hill of Blechington in Oxfordfliire, by whom he had one fon of his own name; 
 and fhe dying loon after, he married a daughter of William lord Fitz-wiliiam] 
 baron of Liffbrd in Ireland, by whom he had a fon and daughter. In i68o 
 he was chofen prefident of the Royal Society; was afterwards appointed architect 
 and commiirioner of Chelfea-college ; and, in 1684, comptroller of the works 
 in the caftle of Windfor. He was twice member of parliament; firlt for 
 Plympton in Devonrtiire, and then for Melcomb-Regis in Dorfctfhire. In 
 17 18 he was removed from the oihce of furveyor- general. He died at a very 
 advanced age, on the 25th of February, 1723; and was interred with great 
 folcmnity in St. Paul's cathedral, in the vault under the fouth wing of the 
 choir. Upon a flat ftone, covering the fingle vault which contains his body, 
 is a plain Englifli infcription ; and upon tiic fide of a pillar is another infcrip- 
 tion in diefe terms : 
 
 Subtus conditur, 
 Hujus EcclefL-e et Urbis conditor, 
 
 Christophorus Wren : 
 Qui vixit annos ultra nonaginta, 
 
 Non fibi, fed bono publico. 
 
 Leclor, fi monumcncum requiris, 
 
 Circumfpice. 
 
 Obiit 25 Feb. anno 1723, :ctat. 91. 
 
 As to his perfon, he was low of flature, and thin ; but by temperance and 
 fkilful management, for he was not unacquainted with anatomv and phyfic, 
 he enjoyed a good Hate of health to a very unufual length of life. Fie was 
 modelt, devout, ftriiftly virtuous, and very communicative of what he knew. 
 Befides his peculiar eminence as an architeft, his learning and knowledo-e were 
 very extenfive in all the arts and fciences, and efpccially in the mathematics. 
 IMr. Robert Hooke, who was intimately acquainted with him, and very able 
 to make a juft eilimate of his abilities, has comprifed his charafter in thefe 
 few but comprehenfive words : " I muft alhrm (fays he) that, fince the time 
 of Archimedes, there fcarce ever has met in one man, in fo great a perfccflion, 
 fuch a mechanical hand, and fo philofophical a mind." And a greater man 
 than Hooke, even the illullrious and immortal Newton, whofe fignet ftamps 
 an indelible charadlcr, fpeaks thus of him, with other eminent men : "Chrilt- 
 ophorus Wrennus Eques Auratus, Johannes Wallifius S. T. D. et D. Chrif- 
 tianus Augcnius, hujus a;tatis Geometrarum facile principes." Mr. Evelyn, 
 in the dedication before referred to, tells him, that he infcribed his book with 
 his name, partly through "an ambition of publicly declaring the great elleem" 
 I have ever had (fays he) of your virtues and accomplifliments, not only in 
 the art of building, but :hroiigh all the learned cycle of the mofl ufcful 
 knowledge and abitrufcr fciences, as well as of the moft polite and Ihiningj 
 all which is fo juRIy to be allowed you, that you need no panegyric, or 
 other hiilorv to eternize them, than the grcateft city of the univerfe, which 
 you have rebuilt and beautilied, and are flill improving: witnefs the churches, 
 the royal courts, {lately halls, palaces, and other public llrudures; befide 
 what you have built of great and magnificent in both the univerfities, at 
 Chelfea, and in the country, and are now advancing of the royal marine hof. 
 
 9 T pita!
 
 8o8 VV Y C H E R L E Y. 
 
 pical at Grcciuvich ; all of them fo many trophies of your fkill and induftry, 
 ami canducled with that fuccefs, that if the whole art of building were lolt, 
 ir might be recovered and found again in St. Paul's, the hiftorical pillar, and 
 thofc otlier monuments of your happy talent and extraordinary genius." 
 
 Among the ma'iy public edifices ere(fted by Sir Chriltophcr Wren in the 
 city at' L jndon, the church of St. Stephen Walbrook, that of St. Mary-le- 
 Bow, the Monument, and the cathedral of St. Paul, have more particularly 
 drawn the attention of foreign connoifleurs. "The church of Walbrook, (fays 
 a certain writer) lb little known among us, is famous all over Europe, and is 
 jullly reputed the mailer-piece of the celebrated Sir Chriflophcr Wren. Perhaps 
 Italy itfelf can produce no modern building that can vie with this in taftc or 
 proportion. There is not a beauty, which the plan would admit of, that is not 
 to be found herein its greateft pcrfetStion -, and foreigners very ju'.tly call our 
 judgment in queftion, for uaderiT;an;ling its graces no better, and allowing it no 
 higher a .degree of fame." 
 
 This great man, who did the highell honour to his country, tranflated into Latin 
 Mr. Ou^ihtred's treatife on geometrical dialling, and wrote feveral pieces on ma- 
 thematical and other fubjeds, fome of which v.-ere publilhed in the Philofophical 
 'i'ranfaftjons. 
 
 WYCHERLEY (Wili-i.-wi) an ingenious comic writer, was the fon of Da- 
 niel Wvchtrly, of Clcve in Shroprtiire, el'q. and wai burn about the year 164c. 
 At the age of fifteen he was fent to rL-fule in France, and upon his return trj 
 England a little before the Relloration, became a gentleman-commoner of (^leen's 
 college, Oxford •, but left that univerfity witliout being matriculated. He after- 
 wards entered into the Middle Temple -, but foon quitted tiie dry ftudy of the 
 law, and engai^cd in purfuits mare agreeable to his own genius, as well as to the 
 tafte of the age. Upon writmg his firlt play, entitled Love in a Wood, he 
 became acquainted with feveral ut' the celebrated wits, both of the court and 
 city. He had an intrigue with the duciiels of Cleveland, one of king Charles 
 the Second's millrcffes, and though the duke of Buckingliam confidered him as 
 his rival, yet th.it nobleman was lb pleafed with him on being introduced into 
 his company, as to forget his refentment, and being maftcr of the horfe to the 
 Idnp, and colonel of a regiment, loon after made him one of his equerries, and 
 captain-lieutenant of his own regiment, Mr, Wycherley was alio in fuch favour 
 with kirtg Charles, that, on his happening to fall fick, his majelty did him the 
 honour to vifit him, when finding his fever abated, but his body extremely 
 ■weakened, he commanded him, as foon as he was able, to go to the fouth of 
 France for the recovery of his healtii, and aflured him, that he would order him 
 500). to defray his cxpenccs, Mr. Wycherley accordingly went to Montpellier, 
 .and returned to England in the latter end of the following fpring, entirely rello- 
 red to his former vigour, both of mind and body. The king received him 
 with the utmoft marks of favour, and, fhortly alter his arrival, told him, that 
 he had a Ion, whom he was relolved to educate like the fon of a king, and that 
 he could not make choice of any man more proper to be his governor than Mr. 
 Wycherley; that for that fervicc he fliould have 1500I. a-year paid him, and 
 that, v^hcn his ofSce was expired, he would fet him above the malice of the 
 world and lo-tune. Immediately after thele gracious offers, Mr, Wycherley went 
 dowr. to Tunbridge, where he contra(fted an acquaintance with the countefs of 
 
 Drogheda,
 
 Y O R K E. 809 
 
 Drogheda, a rich and beautiful young widow, and on their return to town married 
 her, without acquainting the king; which brought him into difgrace with hs 
 majefty. The countefs fettled her whole fortune upon him ; but his title being 
 difputed after her death, he was fo reduced by the expences of the law, and other 
 incumbrances, as to be unable to fatisfy the impatience of his creditors, who threw 
 him into prifun ; and the bookfcUer who printed liis Plain Dealer, by which lie got 
 almoft as much money as the author gained reputation, was fo ungrateful as to 
 refufe to lend him 20I. in his extreme neceflity. In this confinement he languifhe.l 
 feven years : but at length king James II. going to fee his comedy of the I'lain 
 Dealer, was fo charmed with it, that he gave immediate orders lor the payment of 
 his debts, and even granted him a penfion of 200I. per annum. But tliat prince's 
 bountiful intentions were in a great meafure defeated by Mr. Wycherley's mo- 
 defty, he being afliamed to give the earl of Mulgrave, whom the king had fent to 
 demand it, a full account of his debts. He laboured under thefe difficulties till 
 his father's death, who left him 600I. a-yearj but this eftate was under uneafy 
 limitations, he being only a tenant for life, and not being allowed to railc any 
 money for the payment of his debts. Yet as he had a power to make a join- 
 ture, he married, in his old age, a young gentlewoman of 1500I. fortune, and 
 died eleven days after tiie celebration of his nuptials, in December, 17 15. 
 His gaiety and humour continued with him till the liiV, and a little before his 
 death he fent for his bride to come to him, and then told her with great folemnity, 
 that he had one requeft to make, which he defired fhe would not refufe him, 
 fince it (hould be his laft. The lady promifed that flie would not; upon which he 
 defired fhe would never marry an old man again. Befides his four comedies, he 
 publiflied a volume of poems in folio, which met with no great approbation from 
 the public : in 1728 his Pofthumous Works in profe and verfe were publiihed by 
 Mr. Theobald. He was intimate with Mr. Pope, Mr. Gay, and the otlier great 
 poets of his time ; and lord Lanfdowne obfcrves, tliat as pointed and feveic as 
 he was in his writings, he had all the foftnefs of the tendered dilpofuion, and 
 was oentle and inoffcn five to every man. " His Plain Dealer, and his Country 
 Wife^ (f^'ys Mr. Granger) are efUemed tlie belt of his productions. If he had 
 compofed nothing but his poems he would have been one of the mod negleftcd 
 writers in the Englifli language. Mr. Pope very generoufly undertook to cor- 
 redtthem; but Mr. Wycherley's vanity was too great to fubmit to fuch caltiga- 
 tions as were necefiary to do honour to his reputation." 
 
 Y. 
 
 YORKE (Philip) earl of Hardwicke, lord high chancellor of England, was the 
 fon of an attorney at Dover, where he was born on the i ll of December, 1690. 
 After havmg acquired a good ftock of clafTical learning, he fludicd the law in the 
 Middle-Temple ; and bcmg called to the bar in 1714. 'le foo/i rofe to great emi- 
 nence in liis profcfTion, and was engaged in an extcnfive courfe of praftice. In 
 1718 he fat in the houfe of commons as member for Lewes in 5i:fiex, and in tht 
 two futceeding parliaments leprefcnted the borough of Seaford, In March 1720, 
 before he had attained the age of thirty years, he was promoted to the office of 
 folicitor-general; and the trial of Mr. Layer for high treaf.)n, in November 172-, 
 gave him an opportunity of Ihcwing his abilities in that poll; his rcj)ly. in which 
 he fummed up the evidence, and anfwcred all the topics of the prifonci'b dcfcnrc\ 
 
 bcinif
 
 8io y O R K E. 
 
 being admired as one of the bed perfcrmances of that kind extant In 1724, hav- 
 in<T received the ho:iour of knighthood, he was appointed attorney-general ; in the 
 executionof which important office, he was remarkable for his candour and lenitf. 
 - Nine years after, viz. in 1733, he was made lord chit-f juftice of the King's-Bencli, 
 and was likewife eleded a peer, by the title of baron of Hardwicke in the county 
 of Glouceftcr, and called to tlie cabinet council. Upon the deceafe of lord Talbor, 
 in 1737, he was conftituted lord high chancellor of CJreat-Britain. With what 
 integrity and abilities his iordfliip prclided in the court of chancery, during the 
 fpaceof almoft twenty years, appears from this remarkable circumllance, that only 
 three of his decrees were appealed from, and even thole were afterwards confirmed 
 by tlie houfe of lords. After he had executed that high employment about feveii- 
 teen years, and had twice been called to excrcile the office of lord high fteward 
 on the trials of peers concerr^cd in the rebellion, he was in April 1^4 advanced 
 to the rank of an earl of Great-Britain, with the titles of vilcount Royllon and; 
 earl of Hardwicke. His refignation of the great feal, in November 1756, gave 
 an univerfal concern to the nation, however divided at that time in other relpedts. 
 But he flill continued to ferve his country in the council, in tlie Iioufe of lords, 
 and upon every occafion, where the courfe of public bufincfs required ic, with the 
 fame afiiduity as when he filled one of the highert ports in the kingdom. He al- 
 ways felt and expreifed the trueft affiftion and reverence for the laws and con- 
 flitution of his country •, and this rendered him as tender of the juft prerogatives 
 invefted in the crown for the benefit of the whole, as watchful to prevent the lead 
 incroachment upon the liberty of the fubjedf. The part which he afted in plan- 
 ning, introducing, and fupporting the bill for abolifliing the heritable jurifdiilions 
 in Scotland, and the fliare which he took, beyond what his department required 
 of him, in framing and promoting other bills relating to that country, arofe from 
 his zeal for the I'rotcftant fuccefTion, his concern for the general happinefs and 
 improvement of the kingdom, and for the prefervation of this equal and limited 
 monarciiy; which were the ruling principles of his public conduft through life. 
 And thefe, and other bills which mis^ht be mentioned, were drong proofs of his 
 talents as a legiflator. In judicature, his firnincfs and dignity were evidently de- 
 rived from his confummate knowledge and talents; and themildnefs and humanity 
 with which he tempered it, from the bed heart. He w<;s wonderfully happy in 
 his manner of debating caufes upon the bench. His extraordinary dil'patch of the 
 bufinefs of the court of chancery, increafed as it was in his time beyond what had 
 been known in any former, was an advantage to the fuitor, inferior only to that 
 arifing from the acknowledged eqtiity, perlpicuity, and precifion of his decrees. 
 The manner in which he prefided in the houfe of lords added order and dignity 
 to that aflembly, and expedition to the bufinefs tranfafted there. His talents as 
 a fpeaker in the fenate, as well as on the bench, were univerf.lly admired : he fpoke 
 v.'ii.h a natural and manly eloquence, without falfe ornaments or pcrfonal invedive i 
 and, when he argued, his rcafons were ru()ported and ftrengthened by the mod ap- 
 pofite cafes and examples which the fubjedf would allow. With thcfe talents for 
 public fpeaking, the integrity of his charafter gave a ludre to his eloquence, 
 which thole who oppof-rd him felt in the debate, and which operated mod power- 
 fully on the minds uf thofe who heard him with a view to information and con- 
 vidtion. 
 
 Convinced of the great principles of religion, and deady in the pradlice of the 
 duties of it, he maintained a reputation of virtue that added dignity to the dations 
 
 which
 
 V O U N G. S 
 
 1 1 
 
 which he filled, and authority to the laws which he adminiftered. The amiable- 
 nefs of his manners, and his engaging addrefs, rendered him as much belovrd 
 by thofe who had accefs to him, as he was admired for his greater talents by 
 the whole nation. His habitual maflery of his pafilons gave Irm a firinncfs and 
 tranquillity of mind, unabated by the fatigues and anxieties of bufinefs, from the 
 daily circle of which he rofe to the enjoyment of the convcrfarion of h's family 
 and friends, with the fpirits of a perlon entirely vacnnc and difcngagcd. 1 ill 
 the latter end of his feventy-third year he preferved the apprar.»nce and vivacity 
 of youth in his countenance, in which the charafters of cianity r.nd amiablcnels 
 were remarkably united : and he fujiponed the dilordcr which proved fatal to 
 him, of many months continuance, and of the moit deprcllirg kind, with an un- 
 common refignation, and even chearfulnefs, eijoying the llrrntth and quickncfs 
 of his underflanding till the dole of lite. He died in the fc«vnty-fourth year 
 of his age, March the 6th, 1764. 
 
 YOUNG (Dr. Edward) a celebrated poet, was the ordy fon of Dr. Edward 
 Young, an eminent, learned, and judicious divine, who was i'e.in of Sarum, and 
 reftor of Upham in Hampfhire. Our poet was born ai U|.h.im in 1684, and 
 educated at Winchefter-fchool. In 1703 he was entered ct New-college, Ox- 
 ford, but removed before the expiration of the year to Corpus-Lhrilii. In 170^ 
 he was put into a law fellowlhip at Ali-louls College, where he took the degrees 
 of bachelor and doctor in the civil law. His tragedy of Bufiris was adtcd at the 
 theatre-royal in Drury-lane in 1719; and this was foUosved by two other trage- 
 dies, the Revenge and the Brothers, the former of which is a molt excellent pro- 
 duftion. He afterwards publilhed an elegant poem on the Laft Day, and ano- 
 ther called the Force of Keligion, or Vanquiflied Love. 'Ihcll- poems met with 
 fuch fuccefs as to procure the author the particular regard of feveral of the nobi- 
 lity. 
 
 The turn of his mind leading him to divinity, he quitted the law, whicli he 
 had never praftifed, and taking orders, was appointed ciiaplam in ordinary to 
 king George II. in April 1728. About this time He pubhlhed his Vindication 
 of Providence, and, ibon after, his Hflimate of Life, which have gone tiuough 
 feveral editions, and are thought by many to be the beft o( his prole performan- 
 ces. In 1730 he was prefented by his college to the rcCtoty of Welwyn in 
 Hertfordlhire, reputed worth 300I. befides the lordlhip of the manor annexed to 
 it. He was married, in 1731, to lady Betty Lee, widow of colonel Lee, and 
 daughter to the earl of Litchfield •, who brought him a fon not long alter their 
 marriage. Though always in high efleem with m.ny of the firfl lank, he nevfr 
 rofe to great preferment. He was a favourite ^tt the la:e prince of Wales, his 
 prefent majefty's father, and for fome years before his death w.is ;. prttiy conllant 
 attendant at court -, but upon the prince's deccafe all his hopes of further ad- 
 vancement in the church w<"rc at an end; and towartis the Utter part of his lift 
 his very defire of it Icemed to be laid afidc : however, in 1761, he was appointed 
 clerk of the clofet to the princels dowager of Wales. 
 
 In the year 1741, he had the unhappinefs to lolc his wife and both her chil- 
 dren, which fhe had by her firft hufliand. They all died within a fliort time of 
 each other. That he felt greatly for their lofs, as well as for that of his lady, 
 may eafily be perceived by his fine poem of the Night Thoughts, cccafioncd 
 by it. This was a fpecies of poetry peculiarly his own, and in wliich he lus 
 
 f) U been
 
 ?u 
 
 Y O U N Q. 
 
 been unrivalled by all who have attempted to copy him. His applaufe here vtas 
 defervedlv great. I'he unliappy bard, "whole griefs in melting numbers flow, 
 and melancholy joys diftufe around," has been fung by the profane as well as. 
 pious. They were written, as before obferved, under the recent prcflurc of his 
 furrow for the lofs of his wife, and his daughter and fon-in-lawj they arc ad- 
 drefled to Lorenzo, a man of pleafurc and the world, and who, ic is generally 
 fuppofed (and very probably) was his ov/n fon, then labouring iindcr his father's 
 difpleafure. His fon-in-law is laid to be charaifterized by Piiilander, and his 
 daughter was certainly the perfon he fpeaks of under the appellation of NarcilTa. 
 
 Dr. Young wrote his Conjedturrs on (.riginal Compofuion when he was turned 
 of eighty: and the Rcfignation, a potm, was publiflied a ibort rime berore his 
 death. He died at Welwyn, on the 12th of April, 1765, and was buried, ac- 
 cording to his ewn dcfire, under the altar of that church, by the fide of his 
 wife. As a Chrillian and divine, he might be faid to be an example of prime- 
 val piety; he gave a remarkable inftarce of this one Sunuay, when preaching 
 in his turn at St. James's •, for though lie ft; ove to gain the attention of his au- 
 dience, when he found he could not prevail, his pity for their folly got the 
 better of all decorum-, he fat back in the pulpit and burft into a flood of tears. 
 
 His turn of mind was naturally folemn -, and he ufualiy, when at home in 
 the country, Ipcnt many hours in a day, walking among the tombs in his own 
 church-yard. His converfation, as well as his writings, had all a reference to a 
 future life. Yet, notwithftanding this gloominefs of temper, he was fond of 
 innocent fports and amufements : he inftituted an afTcmbly and a bowling-green 
 in his parifh, and often promoted the mirth of the company in perfon. His 
 wit was ever poignant, and always levelled at thole who fhcwed any contempt 
 for decency and religion. His epigram fpoken extempore upon Voltaire is well 
 known: Voltaire happening to ridicule Milton's allegorical perfonages of Death 
 and Sin, Dr. Young thus addrefled himi 
 
 ** Thou art fo witty, profligate and thin, 
 
 *' Thou feem'ft a Milton with his Death and Sin." 
 
 He publiJhed a collecftion of fuch of his works as he thought the beft in 1761, 
 in four volumes duodecimo, and another was publifhed fiiice. Among thefe, 
 his Satires intitled the Love of Fame, or the Univcrfal Haflion, are by nioft 
 confidered as his principal performance next to the Night Thoug \ts. They v.ere 
 written in e.irly life; and if fmoochnefs of ftile, brillir,ncy ot' wit, and fi npli- 
 city of fubjeft, can enfure applaufe, our author may demand it on this pccafion. 
 
 F I N I S.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 DEC 2 1951 . 
 
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