UC-NRLF 
 
 B 3 ^SU 001 
 
BIBLIOTHECA BIBLICA: 
 
 SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 ON 
 
 SACRED LITERATURE; 
 
 WITH NOTICES, 
 Biosrapjbifal, Crttical, antf 23ftIio5vapl)(caX. 
 
 By WILLIAM ORME, 
 
 AUTHOR OF MEMOIRS OF JOHN OWEN, D.D. 
 
 Scire ubi aliquid posses invenirc, magna pars eruditionis est. 
 
 EDINBURGH : 
 
 PRINTED FOR ADAM BLACK, NORTEI BRIDGE ; 
 
 AND 
 
 LONGMAN, IIURST, REES, ORME, BROWN AND GREEN, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 3f.DCrC.XXIV 
 
 
IBEW THEOLOGfCAfS 
 
 i ^^i i uv -i — 
 
 PBINTED BY A. BALFOUR AND CO. 
 
Bsva 
 
 0,7 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 f HE following work is designed to furnish the 
 means of easy reference to the most useful books 
 in the important department of biblical literature. 
 Under this head are included, Polyglots, and editions 
 of the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures; Concordances, 
 Lexicons, and Introductions to the Bible ; works re- 
 lating to its geography, chronology, and antiquities ; 
 translations and commentaries ; books which treat 
 of the principles of sacred criticism, hermeneutics, 
 and philology ; and numerous productions of a mis- 
 cellaneous nature, which furnish illustrations of the 
 sacred writings. Of the importance of such a 
 work, there can be but one opinion among theolo- 
 gians ; but the difficulties which belong to its suc- 
 cessful accomplishment are very considerable. 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 The biographical notices, which stand at the 
 head of each article, seldom extend farther than to 
 the name and profession of the author, his age and 
 country. They will in most cases enable the read- 
 er to form some idea of his religious sentiments 
 and circumstances, and of what may be expected 
 from his writings. Short as they are, it has fre- 
 quently been found more difficult to supply them 
 than to furnish the longer account of the works 
 which follow. Books often survive, when the his- 
 tory and even the names of their authors are ir- 
 recoverably lost. 
 
 As the Bibliotheca is necessarily and avowedly 
 but a selection, it may be proper to mention the 
 principles on which it has been made. The list of 
 editions of the original Scriptures is comparatively 
 limited ; and it would have been omitted entirely, 
 but that the work would have been incomplete 
 without it. It is therefore confined to the princi- 
 pal critical editions. To have . attempted more, 
 would have required an inconvenient enlargement 
 of the plan, and led to the repetition of much that 
 has been already published, and is generally acces-^ 
 sible. 
 
 In the selection of foreign works, there will be 
 found many of the most valuable of the early conti- 
 nental critics and commentators, and a considera- 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 ble number of the more modern writers of Holland 
 and Germany. In general, the merits of the for- 
 mer class, and the sentiments which mark the latter, 
 are pointed out. It would have been easy to enlarge 
 this list, especially of the older authors ; but as uti- 
 lity, not curiosity or display, has been studied, many 
 books have been omitted which are now only to be 
 found in the cabinets of the curious, or reposing in 
 the public receptacles of the lumber of past ages. 
 Those who desire to follow out the inquiry, have 
 only to procure the Bibliotheca Theologica Se- 
 lecta of Walch, — a work full of valuable informa- 
 tion respecting books in every department of theo- 
 logy which had appeared previously to its publica- 
 tion in 1765. 
 
 In British works, the author has endeavoured to 
 make the list as complete as possible ; and it is ex- 
 pected that few works of real importance will be 
 found to be omitted. General theology, systematic, 
 practical, and polemical divinity, it must however 
 be observed, are not included in the plan. Many 
 more of the puritanical expositors could have been 
 inserted ; but there is so great a sameness in their 
 manner and sentiments, that what is said of those 
 who have been introduced will generally apply to 
 the whole class. Several of the leading theologi- 
 cal w^orks in English, though not bearing directly 
 
 1 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 on the exposition of the Bible, have been inserted, 
 on account of their importance ; and a few of the 
 standard works on ecclesiastical history are men- 
 tioned. Many books on the Socinian controversy 
 are also introduced, as that debate involves so much 
 that belongs to the criticism and interpretation of 
 the Scriptures. 
 
 As Scotland, notwithstanding its religious cha- 
 racter and advantages, has been thought not to 
 have produced many works of a biblical nature, 
 considerable pains have been taken to furnish an ac- 
 count of those productions, which in early or later 
 times have proceeded from the pen of Scotsmen. 
 For gratifying this partiality to his native coun- 
 try, the author hopes to be forgiven, though some 
 of the works mentioned should not be deemed of 
 great moment, and many of them be now scarcely 
 ever to be met with. He chiefly regrets, that, af- 
 ter all the research he has been able to bestow, 
 both his list and his notices will be found very 
 scanty and imperfect. 
 
 As many lists of books in theology and sacred li- 
 terature have been already published, it may be 
 thought that the present work is not required. The 
 author is, of course, of a different opinion ; and it 
 will be easy, he persuades himself, to convince the 
 reader, that whatever imperfections belong to his 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 performance, something of the kind was still a de- 
 sideratum in British literature. 
 
 One of the first works published in this country, 
 which treats partly of theological writers, is, A 
 Treatise of Religion and Learning, and of Religi- 
 ous and Learned Men. By Edward Leigh. Lond. 
 1656, fol. This work is divided into six books ; 
 in the last four of which the author gives a large 
 alphabetical catalogue of such persons " as were 
 famous for zeal in the true religion or in learning." 
 It contains brief notices of the writers of all ages 
 and classes ; the titles of some of their works, and 
 characters of many of them, mostly extracted from 
 other authors. Considerable labour must have been 
 bestowed on this treatise ; but it embraces too much, 
 and is consequently often incorrect, and generally 
 unsatisfactory. 
 
 Bishop Wilkins's Ecclesiastes, or, a Discourse 
 concerning the Gift of Preaching, as it falls imder 
 the rules of Art, — which was first published about 
 1640, — contains a very considerable list of writers 
 in theology, arranged under distinct heads. In gene- 
 ral, however, the bishop gives merely the names of 
 the authors ; he seldom gives the title of the works j 
 and scarcely ever expresses an opinion on the sub- 
 ject or merits of the productions. 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 In 1663 was published, A Catalogue of our Eng- 
 lish writers on the Scriptures. Lond. small 8vo. 
 This work goes over the books, chapters, and verses 
 of the Bible in their regular order, and mentions 
 the commentators or writers on each portion, the 
 size of the works, and the dates of their publication. 
 It was republished, with additions, in 1669. It ap- 
 pears to have been compiled with some diligence 
 and care ; and, as an index to what had been pub-- 
 lished till the period of its appearance, is not with- 
 out its use. 
 
 The work which, in its plan and object, most 
 nearly resembles the present, is a Latin production 
 of William Crow^e, who designates himself, Sudovol- 
 giensis, Ludimagister Croydoniensis. It is entitled, 
 Elenchus Scriptorum in Sacram Scripturam, tam 
 Graecorum quamLatinorum, etc. Lond. 1 672, 12mo. 
 This volume, which is now very scarce, furnishes, 
 first, a list of editions of the original Scriptures, and 
 of a number of the ancient and modern versions. 
 There is then an alphabetical list of writers on the 
 Scriptures, which generally mentions the country, 
 profession, and religion of the authors ; with the 
 time in which they flourished, the titles, dates, ex- 
 tent, and various editions of their works. It con- 
 tains a very large enumeration of works in little 
 room ; but the catalogue is foolishly arranged ac- 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 cording to the Christian names of the writers, 
 wliich renders it very inconvenient. Most of the 
 authors who are noticed are foreigners ; and it 
 rarely gives any other account of the book than 
 what is suppHed by the title. 
 
 In the third volume of the English translation of 
 Calmet's Dictionary to the Bible, published in 
 173% there is a very extensive Bibliotheca Sacra. 
 While this part of his work displays the great eru- 
 dition and research of the celebrated author, it dis- 
 covers strongly his partiality for Catholic writers. 
 With these and the older commentators, it is al- 
 most entirely occupied ; so that a great proportion 
 of tlie works mentioned are now utterly inacces- 
 sible to British scholars. 
 
 The Bibliotheca Britannica, by Dr. Watt, is a 
 work of no ordinary labour, and well calculated to 
 aid inquiry m every branch of knowledge. While 
 the author does justice to its general merits, truth 
 compels him to say, that he has found it frequent- 
 ly deficient and incorrect in the theological depart- 
 ment. This will not surprise those who consi- 
 der the nature of the undertaking ; it was too ex- 
 tensive to be accomplished successfully by any one 
 individual. Its expense, also, puts it beyond the 
 reach of the great body of scholars 5 and, contain- 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 ing nothing, in general, but a list of titles and edi- 
 tions, it can afford little aid to the juvenile student. 
 
 The lists published by the Bishops of LlandaflJ 
 Durham, and Lincoln ; by Dr. Hales of Trinity 
 College, Dublin, Dr. Williams of Rotherham, and 
 Mr. Home in his Introduction ; and the characters 
 of books by Dr. Doddridge and Bishop Marsh, in 
 their respective lectures, are well known, and all 
 possessed of a portion of merit. To all the works 
 enumerated the present Bibliotheca is occasionally 
 indebted ; and, as it contains few references, this 
 general acknowledgment of obligation is now made. 
 Wherever it was practicable, the original work it- 
 self has been examined, that a faithful report might 
 be given. In this way, many mistakes in former 
 lists have been silently corrected ; and many books 
 also have been omitted, which ought perhaps to 
 have found a place ; because they could not be per- 
 sonally examined, and no satisfactory account of 
 them could be obtained. - 
 
 From mistakes it is impossible that such a work 
 as this can be altogether free. Greater diligence, 
 more extensive information, and certain local ad- 
 vantages, would no doubt have rendered it more 
 worthy of the reader's acceptance. An unbiassed 
 judgment, at least, has been exercised ; and every 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 thing has been done which was in the author's 
 power, that the opinion expressed might be correct 
 as well as impartial. For minor mistakes, he must 
 throw himself on the candour of those who best 
 know the difficulties of such an enterprise ; and, 
 should the work live beyond the present edition, 
 whatever errors and omissions may be pointed out, 
 or which may occur to the author, will be readily 
 corrected and supplied. 
 
 At the end of the volume an arranged index is 
 inserted, by consulting which, the reader may easily 
 find the different writers who treat of particular 
 subjects, and the commentators on the several 
 books of Scripture. The author will now conclude 
 this preface, by warning those who may consult 
 the Bibliotheca against receiving implicitly various 
 theological sentiments, which are contained in many 
 of the works recommended in it. Let them, in 
 every case, " try the spirits, whether they be of 
 God, because many false prophets are gone out 
 into the world." Books are important and useful ; 
 but the teaching of the Divine Spirit is of far 
 greater moment, to the understanding of the sacred 
 word, than all the aids of science and literature. 
 
 Perth, 1st July, 1824. 
 
BIBLIOTHECA BIBLICA. 
 
 Abauzit, Firmin, a Swiss writer, horn at 
 U%es, 1679 ; died 1767. Reflections on the Eucha- 
 rist, on Idolatry, &c. with Paraphrases and Expla- 
 nations of sundry parts of Scripture. Translated 
 from the French, by E. Harwood, D.D. 8vo. 1770. 
 
 Dr. Harwood considered this work important. Its critical in- 
 formation, however, is not very profound ; and the opinions it 
 expresses on some theological subjects, abundantly free. In 
 this respect it suited well the views of the translator. Abauzit 
 was the friend of St. E\Temond, of Sir Isaac Newton, and Rous- 
 seau. He was the author of a work on the Apocalypse, in which 
 the authority of that book is disputed. It was translated into 
 English by Dr. Twells. Harwood translated another volume of 
 his also,* which he entitled ^^ Miscellanies on Historical, Theo- 
 logical, and Critical subjects ;" to which he prefixes a life of 
 the author. In this volume, also, there are dissertations on se- 
 veral passages of Scripture. It appeared in ITT'i- 
 
 Abend ANA, Jacob, a learned Spanish Rahhi, 
 President of the Jewish Synagogue at Amsterdam ^ 
 
 B 
 
2 ABEN EZRA— ABOAB. 
 
 and cifte7*wards at London ; died in 1685. — Dis- 
 courses of the Ecclesiastical and Civil Polity of the 
 Jews, 12mo. 1706. 
 
 This work treats of the Jewish Courts of Judicature — of their 
 laws concerning Tithes — of the institution of the Priesthood — 
 of their Liturgy — Schools — Feasts — Fasts — Coins — Weights 
 and Measures. It is a selection in English from the works of 
 Abendana^ by a translator whose name does not appear. The dis- 
 courses are, on the whole, sensible, and many of the remarks on 
 the Scriptures are more judicious than are usually to be found in 
 Rabbinical writings. The author published, besides other things, 
 a Spicilegium of explanations of select passages of Scripture, 
 folio, 1685. 
 
 Aben Ezra, Abraham, a learned Spanish 
 Rahhi, who fioimslied in the twelfth centurij. 
 
 He wrote Commentaries on a great part of the Old Testa- 
 ment, which were published in the Biblia Rabbinica of Bom- 
 berg at Venice, 1526, 4 vol. fol. ; and of Buxtorf, at Basle, 
 l6l8, 2 vol. fol. The only part of them translated into Latin, 
 is his Commentary on the Decalogue, by Munster, Basle, 1527. 
 His works are held in high reputation by the lovers of Jewish 
 learning. 
 
 Aboab, David, Professor and teacher of He- 
 brew, Chaldee, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, 
 — Remarks upon Dr. Sharp's Two Dissertations 
 concerning the Etymology and Scripture meaning 
 of the Hebrew words Elohim and Berith, 8vo. 
 1751. 
 
 This is a Hutchinsonian pamphlet, by a writer who appears 
 to have professed a leash of languages, and whose name would 
 indicate that he was of Jewish origin. He corrects some of Dr. 
 Sharp's mistakes ; but does not communicate any novel or im- 
 portant information on the topics discussed. 
 
ABRABANEL— ABRAM— ABRESCH, F. 3 
 
 Abrabanel, Isaac, a Jeivish Rahhi, and na- 
 five of Portugal^ who flourished in the fifteenth 
 centurij. 
 
 His works were all written in Hebrew, of which the follow- 
 ing are the chief; some of them have been translated into Latin: 
 Commentariiis in Pentateucham, fol. Hanover, 17 10. — In Pro- 
 phetas Priores, fol. Leipzig, I686. — In Hoseam, 4to. Lugd. 
 Bat. 16'86. — In Nahum, 4to. Helmst. 1703. — Proemium Com- 
 mentariorum in Leviticum, cum notis per L. C. de Veil, fol. 
 Lond. 1683. The works of Abrabanel are held in considerable 
 estimation among Rabbinical Commentators. 
 
 Abram, Nicholas, a learned French Jesuit; 
 horn 1589 ; died 1655. — Pharus Veteris Testa- 
 ment], etc. folio, Paris. 1648. 
 
 This is a learned and elaborate work, which is divided into 
 fifteen books of questions on the Old Testament. Eight of 
 ^hese books treat of subjects contained in Genesis. The first is 
 on the six days' work of creation ; the second on the situation 
 and the rivers of Paradise ; the third on the blessing of Noah ; 
 the fourth on the confusion of tongues ; the fifth on the first 
 institution of kingdoms ; the sixth on the kingdom of the Assy- 
 rians; the seventh on the patriarch Abraham ; the eighth on 
 Pharaoh ; the ninth on the sojourning of the children of 
 Israel in the wilderness ; the tenth on the chronology of the 
 Judges; the eleventh on the Babylonish captivities; the twelfth 
 on Darius the Mede ; the thirteenth on Judith ; the four- 
 teenth on the coming of tlie Messiah, and the seventy weeks of 
 Daniel ; and the last on the commencement and termination of 
 these seventy weeks. On all these topics the learned author has 
 bestowed great attention. 
 
 Abresch, Fred. Lewis, a distinguished critic 
 and classical scholar; horn at Hamburgh, 1699; 
 died 1782. — Animadversionum ad Aeschylum Libri 
 III ; acceduiit adnotationes ad quaedam loca N. T. 
 
4 ABRESCH, P.— ADAM. 
 
 2 torn. 8vo. Zwollae, 1763. — Dilucidationes Thu- 
 cydideae, quibus et passim N. T. loca iliustrantur, 
 8vo. Traj. 1755. 
 
 These works of Abrescli are almost entirely philological. As 
 critical illustrations of the New Testament, they do not rank 
 very high. Walch merely gives the title of the work on Thu- 
 cydides. Neither Michaelis, nor his translator Marshy, mentions 
 any of them, though they refer to a number of books in the 
 same class. Brunet, however, pronounces them works of re- 
 search. They are much more occupied with the classics than 
 with the New Testament ; and the Biblical Scholar will not 
 expect that either Eschylus or Thucydides should afford much aid 
 in interpreting the word of God. 
 
 Abresch, Peter, so7i of Frederic Lewis, arid 
 Ordinary Professor of Theology at Gottingen. — 
 Specimen Philologicum in Obadiae v. 1 — 8, 4to. 
 Utrecht, 1757. — Specimen Paraphrasis et Annot. in 
 Epistolam ad Hebraicos, 8vo. Lugd. Bat, 1786. — 
 Oratio de Hermeneutice Sacra, etc. 4to. 1774. 
 
 The works of the son, so far as the Scriptures are concerned, 
 are much more valuable than those of the father. He appears 
 to have been an excellent Hebrew, as well as Greek scholar^ 
 and well acquainted with the principles of biblical interpretation. 
 His specimen of annotations on the Epistle to the Hebrews, ex- 
 tends only to the first six chapters. Bishop Middleton, in his 
 work on the Greek Article, frequently quotes it with appro- 
 bation. The Paraphrase is very carefully drawn ujd, and the 
 critical notes frequently important. 
 
 Adam, Thomas, Rector of Wintringham ; born 
 at Leeds, 1701; died 1784. — A Paraphrase on the 
 first eleven chapters of St. Paul's Epistle to the Ro- 
 mans, 8vo. 1711. — Exposition of St. Matthew, 2 
 vol. 12mo. 1805. 
 
 ( 
 
ADAMI— ADDINGTON. 5 
 
 Tliese are not critical, but doctrinal and practical works.^ 
 The author was a very pious and useful man in his day ; and 
 possessed correct and excellent views of Christianity, as ap- 
 pears from these and his other works. His Private Thoughts 
 on Religion are exceedingly valuable. 
 
 ADA]\ri, Cornelius, a Dutch theologian and 
 viinister of Damni, ivho died early in the last cen- 
 tury. — Observationes Theologico-Philologicae, etc. 
 4to. Groning. I7IO0 
 
 The observations of this learned writer embrace many pas- 
 sages of Scripture, and illustrate them from the manners and 
 rites of various nations. The book of Esther, several places of 
 Matthew, and of the Acts of the Apostles — such as the Daily 
 Bread, the Magi, the City of Athens, its superstitions and cus- 
 toms, &:c. are illustrated in this manner. 
 
 — Exercitationes Exegeticae, etc. 4to. Groning. 1712. 
 
 These discourses of Adami relate to the oppression and in- 
 crease of the Israelites in Egypt — the Nativity and Learning 
 of Moses — the Conversion of Paul, and other great Sinners— 
 the Wicked Practices of the Romans, in illustration of Rom. 
 i. 18, 32; and to ten passages of the Acts. These works of 
 Adami, Walch says, deserve to occupy a chief place among writ- 
 ings of this sort, and display more than ordinary erudition, both 
 sacred and profane. 
 
 Addington, Stephen, a dissenting minister, 
 and tutor in London ; Jwrn 1729 ; died 1796. — 
 A Dissertation on the Religious Knowledge of the 
 Ancient Jews and Patriarchs ; containing an In- 
 quiry into the Evidence of their belief and expec- 
 tation of a Future State, 4to. 1757. 
 
 To this work, which was partly occasioned by Warburton's 
 Divine Legation, was annexed a prospectus of a '^ Greek and 
 English Concordance to the New Testament, upon a plan en- 
 tirely new ; with a specimen of the work, as^ it is now prepar- 
 
6 AINSWORTH— ALBERTI. 
 
 ing for the press." The Concordance, from want of encourage- 
 ment, or some other cause, was never published. The Disser- 
 tation contains some sensible reasoning and biblical illustration, 
 designed to establish the proposition announced in the title. 
 " The Life of St. Paul," 8vo. 1784-, by the same author, con- 
 tains some things worthy of consideration. 
 
 AiNS WORTH, Henry, a learned Brownist, ivho 
 died in Holland ahout 1623. — Annotations on the 
 Five Books of Moses, the Psalms, and the Song of 
 Solomon, best edit. fol. Lond. 1639- 
 
 This is a laborious and valuable work. It contains a literal 
 translation of all the books mentioned, as well as annotations on 
 them. The version is not of great value, being servilely literal : 
 but the commentary is always scriptural, and often very happy 
 in explaining one part of the sacred record by another. The 
 author's acquaintance with Jewish literature was extensive, 
 and his knowledge of the Bible profound. Few books may 
 be more useful in explaining the Old Testament ; and none, 
 for the theological sentiment, may be more safely trusted. 
 Speaking of Ainsworth's Psalms, Walch observes, '' Mon- 
 strant istae eruditionem non mediocrem ac merito laudan- 
 tur." It was translated into Dutch in I69O; and the sub- 
 stance of it is given in the Latin Synopsis of Poole, who pro- 
 nounces the following eulogium on the Annotations : ^' Et qui- 
 dem tanto acumine et judicio, tanta fide et peritia, exarata, ut 
 digna ausim pronuntiare qua3 in exteras linguas transfundan- 
 tur." 
 
 Albert I, John, Professor of Diimiity in the 
 University of Ley den, was horm in 1698. — Obser- 
 vationes Philologieae in sacros Novi Foederis libros, 
 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1725. — Periculum Criticum in quo 
 loca quaedam cum Veteris ac Novi Foederis illus- 
 trantur, vindicantur, emendantur, Svo. Lugd. Bat. 
 1727. 
 
 Both these works of Alberti are full of important and useful 
 
ALESS. 7 
 
 criticism. The object of them is to illustrate the style and 
 meaning of the writers of the New Testament by the profane 
 writers of Greece ; and though his zeal for the classical purity 
 of the sacred j)enmen sometimes carries him too far, he certain- 
 ly throws considerable light on many of the peculiar terms and 
 phrases which they employ. The second work mentioned above 
 is not confined to the Scriptures, but takes in some passages of 
 Hesychius and others. In it he often enters the lists with Pri- 
 caeus. 
 
 Besides these, Alberti published another work of some value. 
 This is entitled, " Glossarium Graecum in Sacros Novi Foederis 
 Libros," etc. 8vo. 1735. This ancient Glossary of the words of 
 the New Testament, was presented to Alberti by J. A. Fabri- 
 cius, who published it with a commentary, and some other cri- 
 tical pieces. 
 
 Aless, or Hales, Alexander, a learned 
 Scotchman, who resided long in Germany ; horyi at 
 Edinburgh, 1500 ; he was appointed Pi^ofessor of 
 Theology at Camhridge, about 15S5, whence he was 
 soon driven ; but occupied the same office, first at 
 Franlifort, and afterwards at Ltcip^ig, where he 
 died 1565. — Commentarius in Evangelium Joannis, 
 Basle, 8vo. 1553. — Disputationes in Epistolam ad 
 Romanos, cum Pliilippi Melanclithonis Praefatione, 
 8vo. Wittemberg, 1553. — Disputatio in utramqiie 
 Epistolam ad Timotheum, et ad Titum, 8vo. Leip- 
 zig, 1550. 
 
 On the merits of these works, as expositions of Scripture, I 
 can pronounce no opinion ; not having met with any of them. 
 The author was an excellent scholar ; greatly esteemed for a 
 time by Henry VI IL and Archbishop Parker. Thuanus also 
 speaks highly of him. A short, but interesting account of him, 
 is given by Dr. M'^Crie, Life of Knox, vol. i. Note L He was 
 beloved by Melanchthon, and praised by Camerarius. There is 
 a work on the Psalms also ascribed to him. It is marked as 
 published at Leipzig, in fol. 1596. 
 
8 ALEXANDER— ALLEN— ALLIX. 
 
 Alexander, John, an English dissenting ^ni- 
 nister of the Unitarian Faith. He was horn 1736; 
 and died on the ^^th December, 1765,— A Para- 
 phrase upon the fifteenth chapter of the first Epistle 
 to the Corinthians ; with Critical Notes and Obser- 
 vations, and a Preliminary Dissertation.- — A Com- 
 mentary, with Critical Remarks, upon the Sixth, 
 Seventh, and part of the Eighth chapters of the 
 Romans, and a Sermon on Eccles. ix. 10. 4to. 
 Lond. 1766. 
 
 This work contains a few good critical remarks; but the 
 theological creed of the writer occupies a most prominent place 
 throughout. The denial of the doctrine of the atonement^ 
 of a state of happiness of separate spirits^ and of the resur- 
 rection of the same body, (it will perhaps surprise the reader,) 
 is founded on the 1 5th chapter of the first epistle to the Corin- 
 thians. None of these important truths, however, could Mr, 
 Alexander find there ! 
 
 Allen, John, a learned dissenting layman, — 
 Modern Judaism, or a Brief Account of the Opi- 
 nions, Rites, and Ceremonies, of the Jews in mo- 
 dern times, 8vo. Lond. 1817- 
 
 This is the best work on modern Judaism in our language. 
 The various topics mentioned in the title are treated very judi- 
 ciously, and passages of Scripture are occasionally illustrated. 
 Mr. AUen is the author of an excellent translation of Calvin's 
 Institutes, in three vol. 8vo. and also of a translation of Outram 
 on Sacrifice. 
 
 Allix, Peter, D.D. a distinguished French 
 refugee, was horn in France, 1641 ; and died 
 1717, in Fngland, where he resided many years. 
 — Reflections upon the Books of the Holy Scrip- 
 ture, to Establish the Truth of the Christian Re- 
 ligion, 2 vol. 8vo. Lond. 1688. 
 
ALLIX. 9 
 
 These Reflections are not in the form of a continued commen- 
 tary on the Bible ; but take up what may be called the spirit of 
 it, under distinct heads, chiefly with a view, as the title ex- 
 presses it, to establish the divine origin of Christianity. Tliey 
 are often shrewd and original, and well deserve the careful per- 
 usal of the Christian advocate. Bishop Watson thought so 
 highly of them, that he republished them in the first volume of 
 his Theological Tracts. They were published in French about 
 the same time that they appeared in English. They were also 
 translated into German, and published at Nuremberg in 1702. 
 
 — The Judgment of the Ancient Jewish Church 
 against the Unitarians, 8vo. Lond. 1699. 
 
 This work, though without his name, is well known to be 
 the production of Dr. Allix. It afibrds much curious and inte- 
 resting information on those passages of the Old Testament, 
 which have been supposed to contain the doctrine of the Trinity. 
 He successfully shows, that if the ancient Jews were not strict- 
 ly Trinitarians, they were firm believers of a plurality in tlie 
 Godhead. Dr. Smith's opinion of it is, " that it is not remark- 
 able for accurate statement or judicious reasoning." This vo- 
 lume is now scarce, and brings a very high price. It was trans- 
 lated into German, and published at Berlin in 1 707. 
 
 — The Book of Psalms, with an abridgment of 
 each Psalm,, and rules for the interpretation of this 
 Sacred Book, 8vo. 1701. 
 
 This is a small anonymous work, and of no great value. It 
 is too brief to be satisfactory, either to the critic or the lover of 
 practical exposition. 
 
 — Diatriba de anno et Mense Natali Jesu Christi, 
 etc. 8vo. Lond. 1710. 
 
 In this Latin tract, Allix endeavours to show that the Messiah 
 was born, not in winter, but in the spring. He has also vari- 
 ous discussions respecting the census taken by Cyrenius — what 
 happened in Judea during the time of Herod — the slaughter of 
 the infants — the Magi, Szc. All these subjects, says Walch, 
 are treated in a manner worthy of the erudition of Allix. 
 
10 ALTER—ALTINGIUS— AMAMA. 
 
 Altek, Francis Charles, a distinguished 
 German scholar and critic ; borii 1749 ; died at 
 Vienna, 1804. — Novum Testamentum Graecum, ad 
 Codicem Vindobonensem Graece expressum ; Va- 
 rietatem Lectionis addidit F. C. Alter, 1786, 1787, 
 2! thick vol. 8vo. 
 
 The plan on which this critical edition is formed^ differs en- 
 tirely from that which was adopted by Mill^ Wetstein^ and 
 Griesbach. The text is printed separately, and the various 
 readings at the end. The text is that of the Codex Lambecii I. 
 in the imperial library at Vienna, which he terms in the title. 
 Codex Vindobonensis. But wherever he discovered manifest 
 errata, he corrected them from the edition of Robert Stephens, 
 1546 ; of which errata he has subjoined a list at the end of each 
 volume. " It is generally acknowledged," says Michaelis, " that 
 this edition has been executed with great care and diligence ; 
 and as it contains the readings of manuscripts, which had been 
 hitherto totally neglected, or very superficially examined, it is 
 a work with which no man engaged in sacred criticism can dis- 
 pense." 
 
 Altingius, James, a learned German divine ; 
 ho7ni 1618 ; died 1679. — Commentarius in Jere- 
 miam Prophetam, Amst. folio, 1688. — Commenta- 
 rius Theoretico-Practicus in Epistolam ad Romanos. 
 Opera Altingii, Amst. 5 tom. folio, 1687. 
 
 The works of Alting contain expositions of many parts 
 of Scripture besides the above. He is not perhaps one of the 
 most interesting of the Dutch Expositors ; but his sentiments 
 are generally correct ; his learning was extensive ; and he 
 spared no labour to promote the interests of learning and piety. 
 He was well acquainted with the Eastern languages and dialects, 
 of which his Grammar for eight of the Oriental tongues aflfords 
 a striking proof. 
 
 Amama, Sixtinus, Professor of Hebrew in the 
 University of Franeker ; died 1629. — Antibarbarus 
 
AMES. 11 
 
 Biblicus sex Libris, 4to. Franeker, 1628. Edit, 
 opt. 4to. 1656. 
 
 This learned work was originally designed to consist of two 
 parts, each containing three books. The author lived to publish 
 only the first part. The fourth book was added in the 2d edi- 
 tion after his death. It is rather a miscellaneous work. He 
 justly represents those as barbarians who despise the study of 
 the sacred languages. He defends the original texts against the 
 charge of corruption, and makes many just remarks on the Sep- 
 tuagint and the Latin Vulgate. On the latter he is very se- 
 vere, especially on the editions published by Sixtus V. and Cle- 
 ment Vni. It contains a kind of regular criticism on the Vul- 
 gate version of the Historical Books, the Psalms, and the writ- 
 ings of Solomon. In the book which was added after his death, 
 Isaiah and Jeremiah are comprehended in the same manner. 
 There are also some dissertations interspersed ; among the rest, 
 one on Prov. viii. 22, " The Lord possessed me in the beginning 
 of his ways," in which he defends Drusius against the charge 
 of Arianism. There is also a Tract in reply to Father Mersen- 
 nus. There are many things in this work deserving of atten- 
 tion, though it is now little known. It is praised by Dr. Owen, 
 Bishop Walton, and Walch. 
 
 Ames, William, D. D. a lemmed Independent, 
 some time Professor of Theology at Franeher, in 
 Holland, where he died in 1633. — An Analytical 
 Exposition of both the Epistles of the Apostle Pe- 
 ter, illustrated by doctrines out of every text, 4to. 
 Lond. 1641. 
 
 This is a translation from the Latin work of Ames, which 
 was published at Amsterdam in 1635. It is not a critical work, 
 but it gives a very accurate analysis of the two Epistles, and 
 deduces doctrinal observations from every part of them. The 
 theological writers of that age, and especially the Puritans, 
 were generally more remarkable for the accuracy of their logical 
 reasoning, than for their critical or philological speculations. 
 Mosheim acknowledges, that ^'^ the productions of Ames are not 
 
12 AMNER— AMYRALD— APTHORP. 
 
 void of meritj considering the times in which they were writ- 
 ten." 
 
 Amner, Richard, an English Unitarian dis- 
 senting minister; horn 1736; died 1803. — An Es- 
 say towards an Interpretation of the Prophecies of 
 Daniel, with occasional Remarks upon some of the 
 most celebrated* Commentaries on them, 8vo, Lond. 
 1776. 
 
 The leading design of this work is to establish the hypothesis 
 of Grotius in opposition to that of Mede and Newton— that the 
 prophecies of Daniel do not relate to the Messiah^ or to the 
 events of his reign. It is sometimes ingenious, but not suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Amyrald, Moses, ayi eminent French Protest- 
 ant divine; horn 1596; died 1645. — Paraphrasis 
 in Psalmos Davidis, una cum annotationibus, etc. 
 4to. Traj. ad Rhenum, 1769. 
 
 This is the best edition of a book of some value, by Professor 
 Cremer, who has corrected the work and added a preface by 
 himself. Amyrald was a Calvinist, and a little inclined to mys- 
 ticism. He wrote commentaries on John, and the Acts of the 
 Apostles, in French. Mosheim speaks of him as " a man of a 
 sound understanding and subtile genius, to whose writings even 
 such men as Placette and Pictet owed a considerable part of 
 their glory." His Discourse on the Divine Dreams mentioned 
 in Scripture, was translated into English, 18vo. I676. 
 
 Apthorp, East, D. D. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, hut an American hj hirth ; 
 horji 1732 ; died 1816. — Discourses on Prophecy, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 1786. 
 
 These discourses were read at the Warburtonian Lecture, at 
 which the celebrated Discourses of Bishop Hurd were also deli- 
 vered ; and are not un^^'orthy of the object which the learned 
 
ARIAS MONTANUS— ARNALD. 13 
 
 prelate had in view, in the estahlishment of that foundation. 
 The topics embraced by Dr. Apthorp are — the history of pro- 
 phecy — canons of interpretation — prophecies of the birth of 
 Christ — chronological characters of the JNIessiah — theological 
 characters of the Messiah — prophecies of the death of Christ — 
 of the kingdom of Christ — characters of Antichrist — the mystic 
 Tyre — and the origin and the progress of the Reformation. 
 These subjects are discussed with considerable ability and 
 originality, and abound with clear and satisfactory views of the 
 great doctrines of Christianity. 
 
 Apthorp was also the author of " Letters on the Prevalence 
 of Christianity before its civil establishment/' 8vo. 1778. Bi- 
 shop Watson says, " The author has enriched this work with 
 many learned remarks, and especially with a catalogue of civil 
 and ecclesiastical historians, which the reader will find to be 
 very useful." 
 
 Arias Montanus, Benedictus, a learned Spa- 
 nish ecclesiastic ; born 1527 ; died 159S. 
 
 He was the principal editor of the Antwerp Polyglot, published 
 at the expense of the King of Spain. He is best known as the 
 author of the interlined Latin version of the Old and New Test- 
 ament Scriptures, which first appeared as an appendix to the 
 above polyglot in 1572. Pagninus, indeed, was properly the 
 translator ; but Montanus corrected, improved, and adapted it 
 to the editions of the Scriptures which he published. It has 
 frequently been republished, and was adopted by Walton in the 
 London Polyglot. As a version, it is literal to the greatest 
 possible extent. Hence it is generally barbarous, often absurd, 
 and very frequently obscure. It may sometimes assist in the inter- 
 pretation of Hebrew and Greek words ; but, as a translation of 
 the Bible, it is utterly useless. Montanus ^vrote Latin Commen- 
 taries, which are not of great repute, on a number of the books 
 of Scripture. 
 
 Arnald, Richard, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, who died in 1756. — A Critical Com- 
 mentary on the Books of the Apocrypha, folio, 
 1748. 
 
14 ARNOLD—ARROWSMITH. 
 
 The Apocryphal books of the Old Testament^, though not 
 inspired, contain some useful historical information ; and the 
 Greek in which they are composed, being similar to that of the 
 Septuagint, is useful for illustrating the idiom of the New Tes- 
 tament. The commentary of Arnald, which was published at 
 first in separate parts, is the only English work on the sub- 
 ject. It is in general judicious, and affords considerable assist- 
 ance in understanding these books. It is frequently printed along 
 with Patrick, Lowth, and Whitby, and completes a series of 
 English commentaries on the genuine and spurious Scriptures. 
 
 Arnold, Nicholas, Professor of Theology 
 at Franelcer ; was hojm iu Poland, 1618; died 
 1680. — Lux in Tenebris. Seu Brevis et Succincta 
 Vindicatio simiil et Conciliatio Locorum Veteris et 
 Novi Testamenti, &c. 2 vol. 4to. Franeker, 1665, 
 2d edition. 
 
 This is one of the most pugnacious books ever written on the 
 Bible. It maintains a theological warfare with all sects and 
 parties through several thousand passages of Scripture. For 
 example, on Genesis i. 26, he begins with the Poiitificii, pro- 
 ceeds to the Sociniani, goes on to the Arininiani, and, after 
 mauling the Anabaptistae, returns again to the Socinians and 
 Catholics. Walch very justly says of him, '^ Pugnat Ar?ioldus 
 vehementer pro dogmatibiis Reformatoruin" There is a good 
 deal of learning and sound biblical interpretation in the work ; 
 but there is a great portion of useless controversy ; and sometimes 
 particular Scriptures are strained to support sentiments which 
 the Holy Spirit does not seem to have intended should be con- 
 veyed, at least in those passages. The method of interpreting 
 the Bible prosecuted by Arnold is altogether injudicious ; it is 
 not fitted to convince adversaries, and is calculated to induce a 
 violent controversial spirit among the friends of revelation. 
 
 AiiROWsMiTH, John, a Puritan minister, and 
 Master of Trinity College, Camhridge ; born 
 1602; died 1659. — Tactica Sacra, sive de Milite 
 
ASSEMBLY'S ANNOTATIONS. 15 
 
 Spirituali pugnante, vincente, et triumphante Dis- 
 sertatio, 4to. 1657. 
 
 This ^^'ork contains, along with a good deal of controversy, 
 some ingenious remarks on those passages of Scripture which 
 relate to the spiritual warfare. The author was a man of learn- 
 ing and genius, and maintained a highly respectable character 
 during the difficult times in which he lived. He wrote a work 
 on part of the Gospel of John, and some other things, which 
 rank high among the puritanical writings. Both are now scarce. 
 
 Assembly's Annotations. — Annotations upon 
 all the Books of the Old and New Testament, 
 2 vol. folio, 3d and best edition. London, 1657. 
 
 This work, though ascribed to the Westminster Assembly, 
 was not the production of that body, or of individuals appointed 
 by it ; but of persons to whom it was recommended by the 
 Parliament. Mr. Ley, sub-dean of Chester, did the Pentateuch. 
 Dr. Gouge had the two books of Kings and Chronicles, Ezra, 
 Nehemiah, and Esther, for his province. Mr. Meric Casaubon 
 did the Psalms, Mr. Francis Taylor the Proverbs, and Dr. 
 Reynolds Ecclesiastes. Mr. Smallwood, who was recommended 
 by Archbishop Usher, did Solomon's Song, and Gataker did 
 Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Lamentations. Ezekiel, Daniel, and the 
 small prophets, were, in the first edition, done by Mr. Pember- 
 ton, and, in the second, by Bishop Richardson. The notes on 
 the four Evangelists are Mr. Ley's, and those on St. Paul's 
 Epistles Dr. Featley's ; which latter are broken and imperfect, 
 as the author died without having revised them. Mr. Downame 
 and Mr. Reading were also employed on the work ; and proba- 
 bly the other parts of Scripture not mentioned here are to be 
 ascribed to them. There is not much critical matter in this 
 united effort ; but it is otherwise a respectable work. The 
 most learned part of the Annotations is that furnished by Gat- 
 aker. It is a mistake to suppose the writers were all Noncon- 
 formists ; the majority of them were at least inclined to Epis- 
 copacy, and not members of the Westminster Assembly. Mr. Job 
 Orton, who was a very tolerable judge of books, pronounces the 
 
16 ASTRUC— ALRIVILLE— BAILLIE. 
 
 Assembly's Annotations to be \'aluable, though rather long ; and 
 to contain many excellent criticisms. Dr. Zachary Grey, who 
 wrote notes on Hudibras, commented on Shakspeare, and 
 attacked Xeal's Puritans, speaks of it very disrespectfully. 
 
 AsTRUc, John, a French physician ; born in 
 1684 ; and died in 1766. — Conjectures sur les Me- 
 moires Originaux, dont il parol t que Moise s'est 
 servi pour composer le livre de la Genese. Brux- 
 elles, 1753, 12mo. 
 
 The design of this work is to show, that Moses composed the book 
 of Genesis from pre-existing documents, the number and characters 
 of which Astruc thinks he has ascertained. A sentiment of this 
 kind was first thrown out by Vitringa in his Ohsertatione.s Sacrae, 
 and was readily adopted by Eichhorn, Moeller, Rosenmiiller, and 
 other German critics. Rosenmiiller assures us, that the truth 
 of it had been so satisfactorily made out, " ut nullus dubitandi 
 locus sit relictus." Yet, as evidence of the uncertainty of the 
 whole speculation, while Astruc thinks he has discovered the traces 
 of twelve several documents, Eichhorn can only discover two. 
 It should first have been demonstrated that the art of wTitin*; 
 existed prior to the time of Moses. 
 
 AuRiviLLE, Char. Professor of Oriental Lan- 
 guages in the University of Upsal. — Disserta- 
 tiones ad Sacras Literas et Philologiam Orientalem 
 pertinentes, etc. Gottingen, 1790, Svo. 
 
 These Dissertations were published with a preface by Sir John 
 David iNIichaelis ; whose recommendation is sufficient to estab- 
 lish their value. 
 
 Baileie, Robert, Principal of the Univer- 
 sity of Glasgow, and one of the Commissioners 
 from the Scottish Church to the Westminster As- 
 semhly ; born in Glasgow 1599 ; died 1662. — Opus 
 Historicurn et Chronologicum, etc. folio, Amst. 
 1663. 
 
BARRETT— BAIIUINGTON. 17 
 
 Tliis is a learned and elaborate work, in which the author en- 
 deavours to srive a succinct and connected account of sacred and 
 profane history, from the creation to tlie age of Constantine. 
 He divides the Old Testament period into seven epochas, and 
 the New Testament into a number more. At the end of the 
 sections or epochas, he discusses a variety of chronological ques- 
 tions, in which he discovers liis learning and acuteness. He 
 was exceedingly averse that it should be a posthumous work ; 
 and yet his fears were realized ; for he died a short time before its 
 publication. He lived, however, to see some of tlie first sheets, 
 and was greatly pleased with " the line paper, and brave letter 
 and volume." Baillie \\'as the author of a number of other works, 
 chiefly of a controversial nature. His letters and journals, pub- 
 lished in 1 77»'>j at the recimimendation of Dr. Robertson and David 
 Hume, contain much valuable information respecting the civil 
 wars, and the proceedings of the Westminster Assembly. 
 
 Barrett, John, Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Duhlin. Evangelium secundum Mattliaeum, ex 
 Coclice Rescripto in Bibliotheca Collegii SSt. Trini- 
 tatis juxta Dublin. 1801, 4to. 
 
 This is a fac-simile of a fragment of a IMS. of the New Testa- 
 ment, the writing of which had been erased, to give place to 
 another work. It contains a considerable part of the Gospel of 
 Mattliew, with learned Prolegomena, and an Appendix contain- 
 ing a collation of the Codex Montfortianus. Dr. Barrett considers 
 it part of a MS. of the sixth century ; and thinks the erasure 
 and seccmd writing may have taken place about the thirteenth. 
 In the Prolegomena, he discusses, at considerable length, 
 and with nuich ability, the gospel genealo^j-y of our Lord. He 
 contends that Matthew records the genealogy of Joseph, and 
 Luke that of Mary. An elegant fac-simile of this work is given 
 in Mr. Home's Introduction : and an excellent critique on it 
 will be found in the third volume of the old series of the Eclec- 
 tic Review, pp. 193 and 586. 
 
 Barrington, John Shut e, Lord Barriugfon, 
 
 originally a disfienter, hut who afterwards con- 
 
 formed to the Church of England ; horn 1678; 
 
 c 
 
i8 BARRINGTON— BARUH. 
 
 died 1734. — Miscellanea Sacra; or, a New Method 
 of considering so much of the History of the 
 Apostles as is contained in Scripture ; in an Ab- 
 stract of their History, an Abstract of that Abstract, 
 and four Critical Essays. Lond. 17^5, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 1770, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work of Lord Barrington contains some very valuable in- 
 formation on subjects not usually discussed. The first essay is 
 on the teaching and witness of the Spirit^ and affords some in- 
 genious illustrations of the miraculous gifts of the primitive 
 churches. The second is on the distinction between Apostles, 
 Elders, and Brethren, in which the nature of the apostolic office 
 is particularly examined. The third is on the time when Paul 
 and Barnabas became, and were known to be. Apostles ; in which 
 he contends that Paul was not constituted an Apostle till his se- 
 cond visit to Jerusalem, mentioned Acts xxii. 17 — 21. The 
 last is on the Apostolical decree. Acts xv. 23 — 30. It is very 
 gratifying to find men of rank employed in studying the Bible^ 
 and devoting so much of their attention to it as these volumes 
 show Lord Barrington had done. It may be added, the work 
 was originally published anonymously. The second edition was 
 published by his son, the present Bishop of Durham, and con- 
 tains, besides the above essays, another " On the Several Dis- 
 pensations of God to Mankind, in the order in which they lie in 
 the Bible ; or a Short System of the Religion of Nature and 
 Scripture." Lord Barrington was inclined to Arianism. He 
 wrote, besides the above, several anonymous pamphlets, on sub- 
 jects relating to Dissenters, to whom, though he left them, he 
 always remained friendly. 
 
 Baruh, Raphael, a Hebrew Teacher. — Criti- 
 ea Sacra examined ; or an Attempt to show that a 
 new Method may be found to reconcile seemingly 
 glaring variations in Parallel Passages ; and that 
 such variations are no proofs of corruption. 1 775, 8vo. 
 
 This is a reply to the Critica Sacra of the learned Dr. Henry 
 Owen. Some of the difficulties in the Books of Chronicles, Mr. Ba- 
 
BATE. 19 
 
 ruli removes ; but unwisely pledges himself to undertake the task 
 of reconciling all the material variations in the collations of other 
 parts of Scripture. Dr. Owen replied to this examination in a 
 '' Supplement to the Critica Sacra," 1775, 8vo. In a contest be- 
 tween the dogmas of Rabbinism and the principles of enlightened 
 criticism, it cannot be doubtful on which side the victory lies. 
 
 Bate, Julius, a learned Hutchinsonian divine 
 of the Churcli of England ; horn 1711 ; died in 
 1771. — An Essay towards explaining the Third 
 Chapter of Genesis, and the Spiritual Sense of the 
 Law. 1641, 8vo. — The Philosophical Principles of 
 Moses asserted against the Misrepresentations of 
 David Jennings. 1744, 8vo. — Remarks upon Mr. 
 Warburton's Remarks, showing that the Ancients 
 knew there was a Future State ; and that the Jews 
 were not under an equal Providence. 1745, 8vo. — 
 The Faith of the Ancient Jews in the Law of 
 Moses, and the Evidence of the Types vindicated. 
 1747, 8vo. — The Use and Intent of Prophecy, and the 
 History of the Fall cleared. 1750, 8vo. — A Hebrew 
 Grammar, formed on the usage of Words by the In- 
 spired Writers. 1750, 8vo. — A Defence of John Hut- 
 chinson's Tenets in Philosophy and Divinity against 
 Berrington. 1751, 8vo. — The Scripture Meaning of 
 Aleim and Berith. 1751, 8vo. — Micah v. % and 
 Matth. ii. 6, reconciled ; with Remarks on Dr. 
 Hunt and Dr. Grey. 1749, 8vo. — The Blessing of 
 Judah by Jacob considered, and the Era of Daniel's 
 Weeks ascertained, in Two Dissertations. 1753, 
 8vo. — The Integrity of the Hebrew Text, and many 
 Passages of Scripture, vindicated against Kennicott. 
 1755, 8vo. — An Inquiry into the Occasional and 
 Standing Similitudes of the Lord God, in the Old 
 and New Testaments. 1756, 8vo. — Critica Hebraea, 
 
20 BATE. 
 
 or a Hebrew-English Dictionary, without points, 
 &c. the whole supplying the place of a Commentary 
 on the Words and more difficult Passages in the 
 Sacred Writings. 1767, 4to. — A New and Literal 
 Translation, from the original Hebrew, of the Pen- 
 tateuch of Moses, and of the Historical Books of 
 the Old Testament, to the end of the Second Book 
 of Kings, with Notes Critical and Explanatory. 
 1773, 4to. 
 
 These are not the whole, but the principal part of the works 
 of this rather voluminous writer. Next to Hutchinson himself, 
 Bate was the greatest defender of the peculiar tenets of the ex- 
 traordinary school to which they belonged. A life so long spent 
 in the examination of the Bible must have been most unprofit- 
 ably employed^ had no light been thrown^, by its exertions^ on 
 the sacred volume. Yet this learned man laboured a good deal 
 for vanity ; substituting the whims of philosophical speculation 
 in the place of the rational principles of interpretation ; and 
 building up a system of religious truth on a visionary founda- 
 tion. He appears to have been a most diligent scholar ; would 
 he had been as judicious as he was indefatigable ! He wrote 
 grammars, constructed lexicons, and nearly accomplished a trans- 
 lation of the Bible. He justly opposed Warburton, but as un- 
 justly attacked Kennicott. In defence of the tenets of his mas- 
 ter, he feared neither numbers nor learning, and frequently ex- 
 pressed himself with too much severity. His Essay on the 
 Third Chapter of Genesis is a reply to Warburton's third propo- 
 sition, which he certainly succeeds in overturning ; but there is 
 too much refinement of spiritualizing in his exposition. Several 
 of the tracts which follow belong to the same controversy. War- 
 burton, in the affected pride of intellectual superiority, calls 
 him '^one Bate," and reckoned him among the class of weak men 
 who were unworthy of his notice. 
 
 The " Critica Hebraea" has never come into circulation as a 
 Hebrew Dictionary ; though both it and the Essay on the Simi- 
 litudes are often quoted Avith approbation by Parkhurst. On 
 the translation of the Old Testament, the author laboured during 
 
BATE— BAXTER— BAYLE. 21 
 
 a great part of his life, and died before it was nearly completed. 
 What was finished appeared two years after his death. As a 
 translation, it greatly fails in perspicuity, smoothness, and gram- 
 matical accuracy. Many of the renderings are really amusing. 
 The Giants of Genesis vi. 4, are, according to him, '' apostates." 
 The window of the ark, chapter vi. l6, was to be '' finished in 
 an arm above." At the commencement of the deluge, " the air- 
 cracks were opened," and at the conclusion of it, " the air-cracks 
 were shut" ! The notes are full of the peculiarities of his sys- 
 tem, and discover no correct acquaintance with the principles of 
 philology or enlightened criticism. He sometimes, however, as 
 might be expected in so extensive a work, improves the render- 
 ing of a passage. Bate appears to have been a man of serious 
 piety, and deeply concerned for the honour of the word of God, 
 and of its peculiar doctrines. Along with his friend Mr. Spear- 
 man, he edited the works of Hutchinson, in twelve volumes 
 octavo, 17^9- 
 
 Baxteh, Richard, a celebrated Nonconform- 
 ist; horn 1615; died in 1691. — A Paraplirase on 
 the New Testament, with Notes Doctrinal and 
 Practical. 1685, 4to. 1695, 8 vo. 
 
 This work is rather of a practical than a critical nature. It 
 is designed not so much for the use of the learned, '' as of reli- 
 gious families in their daily reading of the Scriptures, and of the 
 poorer sort of scholars and ministers who want fuller helps." 
 To such, the work is fitted to be useful ; but even others will 
 find occasionally some very important suggestions, and the true 
 meaning of a difficult passage pointed out with no parade of 
 learning. Sometimes the author's love of controversy and his 
 peculiar sentiments respecting grace and redemption appear : 
 but there is little that can do any one injury, and much that is 
 calculated to do good to all. For some harmless political sen- 
 timents in a few of the notes, the excellent author was tried 
 before the infamous Jeffreys, fined severely^ and imprisoned for 
 two years. 
 
 Bayee, Peter, a celebrated French writer and 
 critic; twru 1647; died 1706. — A Philosophical 
 
22 BAYLEY—BEAUSOBRE. 
 
 Coninientaiy on these Words of the Gospel, Luke 
 xiv. 23, " Compel them to come in, that my house 
 may be full." In Four Parts. 1708, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a translation from the French of a very curious work 
 by Bayle. Like all the other productions of that able but dan- 
 gerous writer, it is composed in a very rambling style." The 
 object of it is not so much to illustrate the Bible, as to furnish a 
 philosophical defence of religious liberty. It contains all manner 
 of things relating to this very important subject ; although reli- 
 gious indifference, rather than religious liberty properly so called, 
 was the object of Bayle's devotion. When first printed in 
 French, it was pretended to be translated from the English, 
 as the author wished to disguise himself. It is a very shrewd 
 exposure of the folly and wickedness of persecution. 
 
 Bayley,Anselm,LL.D.aS'2^^-^^«?z of the Chapel 
 Royal, — The Old Testament, English and Hebrew ; 
 with Remarks Critical and Grammatical, on the He- 
 brew, and Corrections of the English. Lond. 1774, 
 4 vol, 8vo. 
 
 This is an edition of the Masoretic Hebrew text, and of the 
 common English translation on opposite pages. It contains 
 scarcely any information of importance of a critical nature ; as 
 the notes, which are placed under the English text, are very few 
 and short. At the end of each book, there is a summary of the 
 matters contained in it. The Hebrew pages are not equally 
 printed, some containing more and others fewer lines. The 
 work may afford some assistance in learning Hebrew. Dr. Bay- 
 ley wrote several grammatical works relating to the Hebrew lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Beausobre and L'Enfant, two Clergymen at 
 JSerlin, authors of a French translation of the New 
 Testament^ 1719, 1741 ; to which is prefixed what 
 hasfreqneyitly heen published in English, — An Intro- 
 duction to the Reading of the New Testament. 
 Cambridge, 1779, 8vo. 
 
BECK— BEDFORD—BELLAMY. 33 
 
 It was reprinted by Bishop Watson in his Collection of Theolo- 
 gical Tracts. His account of it renders any other commendation 
 unnecessary. " This is a work of extraordinary merit. The authors 
 have scarcely left any topic untouched on which the young stu- 
 dent in divinity may be supposed to want information." Beau- 
 sobre was a French Calvinist ; born in Switzerland l659 ; he be- 
 came minister to the French Refugees at Berlin^ where he died 
 in 1738. An English translation of this French version of St. 
 Matthew was published in 1727^ in 4to. and frequently since. 
 L'Enfant was born l66l ; died 1728. 
 
 Beck, Christian Dan. a German critic. — Mo- 
 nogrammata Hermeneutices Librorum Novi Foede- 
 ris. Lipsiae, 1803, 8vo. 
 
 Of this work I have seen only the first part^ which is devoted 
 chiefly to notices of the philological writers on the New Testa- 
 ment ; to the state of the MSS. of it, and to the principles on 
 which its language must be interpreted. It is a book of consi- 
 derable importance. 
 
 Bedford, Arthur, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England ; horn 1668; died 1745. — Scripture 
 Chronology demonstrated by Astronomical Calcu- 
 lations ; and also by the year of Jubilee, and the 
 Sabbatical Year among the Jews. 1730, fol. 
 
 This is a very elaborate work, and displays much learning and 
 research. The hypothesis which it espouses, hoAv^ever, which is 
 the correctness of the Hebrew numbers, has been set aside, and 
 the work altogether superseded, by the valuable publication of 
 Dr. Hales. 
 
 Bellamy, John, a member of the Church of 
 England. — The Holy Bible, newly translated from 
 the Original Hebrew ; with Notes Critical and Ex- 
 planatory. Lond. 1818, 1821, 4to. 
 
24 BELLAMY— BELSHAM. 
 
 Three parts only of this work have been published. Mr. Bel- 
 lamy is among the most arrogant of all translators, and his version 
 the most absurd of all translations. His work is a strange 
 hodge-podge of error, confidence, misrepresentation, and abuse of 
 learned and valuable writers in all the departments of biblical 
 literature. The plainest narratives in Scripture are rendered 
 absurd and unintelligible, so that the Eclectic Reviewers justly 
 conclude a very masterly critique on his work, by remarking, 
 that its appropriate title would be, " The Holy Bible perverted 
 from the original Hebrew, by John Bellamy." For the honour 
 of the Bible and our country, we hope its progress is at an end. 
 Mr. Whitaker, Professor Lee, and Mr. Hurwitz, besides the 
 Quarterly and Eclectic Reviews, have done the author more ho- 
 nour than he deserved by their several replies to his foolish but 
 mischievous performance. Mr. Bellamy is known as the author 
 of a singular production — ^^ Ophion ; or the Theology of the Ser- 
 pent," 1811 ; by way of reply to Dr. Adam Clarke's remarks on 
 that subject in his Commentary. From this pamphlet, it ap- 
 pears that the author's views of the doctrine of the Trinity are 
 as erroneous as his biblical criticism is incorrect. 
 
 Belsham, Thomas, a Sociniaji minister of Lon- 
 don. — The Epistles of Paul the Apostle translated ; 
 with an Exposition, and Notes. 1822, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the most elaborate performances on the Bible, 
 which for many years have issued from the Unitarian press. Mr. 
 Belsham has been long known as one of the chief leaders of that 
 party in England, and as one of the principal authors of the Im- 
 proved Version of the New Testament. The translation of the 
 Epistles of Paul is constructed on the visionary scheme of inter- 
 pretation adopted, and illustrated by Dr. Taylor of Norwich. The 
 tendency of the work is to subvert all those sentiments respecting 
 sin, which are calculated to aflfect the mind with pain, and those 
 views of the Deity and atonement of Christ which are fitted to 
 afford relief. Mr. Belsham uses great freedom with the readings 
 of the original text, and still greater with the principles of en- 
 lightened interpretation. He shows rather what the New Tes- 
 tament should be, in the opinion of a Socinian, than what it 
 
BENGELIUS. 25 
 
 really is. The work is full of erroneous doctrine, incorrect 
 learning, affected candour, and forced interpretation. 
 
 Bengelius, John Albert, a lemmed German 
 div'me, Abbot of Alph'spach ; was bo?m in JVirtem- 
 berg, 1687 ; died 1752. — Novum Testamentum 
 Graecum. Tubing. 1734, 1763, 4to. 
 
 Bengelius became a critic, per tentationerrij in consequence of 
 serious and anxious doubts. Wliile a student, finding so great a 
 number of various readings, which seemed to render his faith 
 uncertain, he fell into a kind of despondency. The consequence 
 was, he set himself to form a text of the New Testament for 
 himself. He was exceedingly scrupulous about the readings he 
 introduced, inserting none, except in the Apocalypse, which had 
 not previously been printed in some edition. " He made known 
 his design," says Michaelis, " by a Prodromus, printed at Tu- 
 bingen in 1725, which was followed nine years afterwards by the 
 Greek Testament itself. He prefixed to it his ' Introductio in 
 Crisin Novi Testamenti,' and subjoined to it his ' Apparatus 
 Criticus,' and ' Epilogus.' In his introduction, he treated of 
 the MSS., versions, and editions, adding, at the same time, very 
 rational critical rules ; and he executed the whole in so clear 
 and concise a manner, that the clergy in general, who had not 
 directed their attention to sacred criticism, began to think that 
 it was less dangerous than they had imagined. The writings of 
 Bengel, therefore, had more readers than those of most critics ; 
 and his readers have become, in general, his friends and dis- 
 ciples." An attack was made on this work and on that of Dr. 
 Mill by Professor Bode, in which he endeavours to show that both 
 Mill and Bengel depended on the Latin versions of the Oriental 
 translations in the Polyglots, for the various readings of those 
 versions ; and that consequently they have frequently erred. 
 
 — Gnomon Novi Testamenti, in quo ex Nativa 
 Verborum Vi, Simplicitas, Profunditas, Concinnitas, 
 Salubritas Sensuum Coelestium indicatur. Tubing. 
 1742, 4to. Uhn. 1703. 
 
26 BENGELIUS. 
 
 A third edition of the Gnomon, with the author's life, and addi- 
 tional notes, as well as marginal annotations by his son, was publish- 
 ed at Tubingen in 1773, 2 vol. 4to. This work is necessary to com- 
 plete the author's edition of the New Testament, as it affords a con- 
 tinued commentary on it. Bengel appears to have been an emi- 
 nently pious man, of the same school with Franck. The title of the 
 Gnomon, as given at large, shows the design of it ; in which it 
 differs greatly from the generality of works issued during the last 
 century from the German press. I cannot say, however, that the 
 judgment of Bengel is always to be admired. He never offends 
 against piety ; but he very frequently misses the true sense of the 
 inspired writers ; and has thrown less light on them than might 
 have been exj^ected from his learning, application, and religious 
 attainments. His logical divisions of the books and sections are 
 generally good, but rather too minute. 
 
 — Bengelius's Introduction to his Exposition of 
 the Apocalypse ; with his Preface to that work, and 
 the greatest part of the conclusion of it ; and also 
 his Marginal Notes on the Text, which are a Sum- 
 mary of the whole Exposition. Translated from 
 the High Dutch by John Robertson, M. D. Lond. 
 1757, 8vo. 
 
 The German original, of which the above translation is an ex- 
 tract, was published at Stutgard in 1740. The full title is, " An 
 Exposition of the Revelation of St. John, or rather of Jesus 
 Christ, translated from the original text, revised, opened by means 
 of the prophetical numbers, and offered to the consideration of 
 all that regard the work and the word of the Lord, and desire to 
 be rightly prepared for those occurrences that are near at hand." 
 This work is held in considerable estimation by some who have 
 devoted much attention to the prophecies. Bengel fixes the 
 end of the forty-two months and of the number of the beast 
 on the 21st of May, 1810; and the destruction of the beast on 
 June 18, 1836. He was the author of various other perform- 
 ances ; but the above are the most valuable of his publications. 
 
 1 
 
BENJOIN—BENNET— BENSON. 07 
 
 Benjoin, George, a clergyman of the Church 
 of E7igland. — Jonah, a faithful translation from 
 the original ; with Philological and Explanatory 
 Notes. To which is prefixed a Preliminary Dis- 
 course, proving the Genuineness, the Authenticity, 
 and the Integrity of the present text. 1796, 4to. 
 
 This is not a work of great value, as the reader will believe, 
 when he is told that the author attempts " to convince the 
 world that the present original text is in its primary perfection." 
 The attempt and the translation are equally a faihire for any 
 important purpose. 
 
 Bennet, Giloug^, fb?'inerly a dissenti?ig mhiis- 
 ter at Carlisle ; now in the Church of Scotland at 
 Strathmiglo in Fife. — Olam Haneshemoth ; or a 
 View of the Intermediate State. 1800, 8vo. 
 
 As Bishop Horsley was not very liberal of praise, it is enougli 
 to quote his opinion of this book, in which the author of this Bi- 
 bliotheca substantially unites. " It is a work of various erudi- 
 tion and deep research. And a reader must be very learned 
 who finds not much in it to instruct him ; very dull, if he is not 
 delighted with the ingenuity that is displayed even in those 
 parts in which he may see reason to doubt the solidity of the au- 
 thor's argument, and the truth of his interpretations ; and very 
 captious, if, in a variety of novel expositions, many of which he 
 may think inadmissible, he finds any thing to give him of- 
 fence." 
 
 Benson, Geouge, D. D. a Protestant dissenti?ig 
 minister of London ; born 1699 ; died in 1763. — A 
 Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles to the Thes- 
 salonians, Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and the Ca- 
 tholic Epistles of Peter, James, and John. 1752, 2 
 vol. 4to. Best edit. 
 
 This work is a continuation of Locke's attempt to illustrate 
 
28 BENSON— BENTLEY. 
 
 the Epistles, and, with Peirce's work, completes the design. 
 Benson possessed considerable learning, but no great portion of 
 genius. He was certainly inferior in taste and acumen to his 
 two coadjutors ; but still his labours are entitled to respect. 
 Some of his essays, inserted in the commentaries, contain im- 
 portant information on the points on which they treat. His 
 theological sentiments were Arian, verging to Socinian : on this 
 account all his writings require to be read with caution. " Ben- 
 son," says Doddridge, " illustrates the spirit of Paul sometimes 
 in an admirable manner, even beyond any former writer." His 
 Paraphrase on James was translated into Latin by J. D. Michae- 
 lis, and published with a preface by Baumgarten, at Halle, in 
 1747. The preface highly extols the labours of Locke, Peirce, 
 and Benson, and mentions with respect many others of the Bri- 
 tish commentators. To this Latin version Michaelis has added 
 many valuable notes of his own. 
 
 — The History of the First Planting of the Christ- 
 ian Religion, taken from the Acts of the Apostles 
 and their Epistles. 1735, 21 vol. 4to. Best edit. 
 1756, 8 thin vol. 4to. 
 
 This, though but a dull book, is full of important matter, and 
 is of great service in explaining many parts of the book of Acts. 
 It displays very considerable research, a great j^ortion of candour, 
 and an accurate acquaintance with the facts of the Jewish and 
 Roman history, which relate to the Christians during the first 
 age of Christianity. 
 
 — The History of the Life of Jesus Christ, taken 
 from the New Testament, &c. 1764, 4to. 
 
 In this work Dr. Benson discovers much attention to many 
 minute particulars in the history of Jesus, but the principles of 
 his creed prevented him from doing justice to his subject. The 
 work is divided into fifteen chapters, and is accompanied with 
 an appendix, containing seven dissertations. 
 
 Bentley, Richard, Regius Professor of Dim- 
 nity, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge ; a 
 
BENTLEY— BENZELIUS. 29 
 
 very eminent critic ; was horn 1661 ; died 1742. — 
 Remarks upon a Late Discourse of Free-Thinking, 
 in a Letter ioF.H. D.D.byPhileleutherusLipsiensis. 
 1713, 1717, 1731, 8vo. Best edit. Camb. 1743, 8vo. 
 
 This work of Beiitley, which consists of two partSj, was first 
 printed the same year with Collins's Discourse, to which it was 
 designed as a reply ; and it has frequently been reprinted. It 
 has been translated into several of the foreign languages, and 
 should be studied by every man who is desirous of forming just 
 notions of biblical criticism. His observations on the various 
 readings of the New Testament are especially worthy of atten- 
 tion. 
 
 — Proposals for Printing a new Edition of the 
 Greek Testament. 1721, 4 to. — An Inquiry into the 
 Authority of the Primitive Complutensian Edition 
 of the New Testament. 1722, 8vo. 
 
 Bentley was esteemed the glory of classical criticism while he 
 lived, and, according to Bishop Marsh, " was the most acute cri- 
 tic, not only of this nation, but of all Europe." His edition of 
 the New Testament was never published ; so that the Scrip- 
 tures have derived little benefit from his profound erudition and 
 acuteness. 
 
 Benzelius, Eric, a learned Swede, Archbishop 
 of TJpsal ; horn 1675 ; died 1743. — Sacrorum 
 Evangeliorum Versio Gothica ex Codice Argenteo 
 emendata atque suppleta, cum Interpretatione 
 Latina et Annotationibus E. Ben. etc. Oxon. 1750, 
 4to. 
 
 This splendid edition of the Gothic Gospels is very valuable. 
 It was edited by Edward Lye, who has prefixed to it a Gothic 
 Grammar ; besides adding many learned observations. The 
 Gothic version was made in the fourth century, by Ulphilas. 
 The MS. from which the above work was printed is written on 
 vellum in silver, with gold initials. It is supposed to have been 
 
so BERLIN— BERRIMAN. 
 
 executed in the sixth century^ and is preserved as a most pre- 
 cious document in the University of Upsal. It was first printed 
 along with the Anglo-Saxon in 1665. The edition by Benzelis 
 superior to this ; but has been excelled in its turn by that pub- 
 lished by Zahnat Weissenfels;, in 1805, 4to. This has Ihre's 
 Latin version in a parallel column ; besides an interlineary La- 
 tin version. There is also an excellent historical introduction, 
 critical notes at the foot of the page, and a glossary. 
 
 Berlin, N. M. a Swedish divine. — Psalmi, ex 
 recensione Textus Hebraei et Versionum Antiqiia- 
 rum Latiiie versi, notisque criticis et philologicis il- 
 lustrati. Upsal. 1805, 8vo. 
 
 '*^ This," says Mr. Home, " is one of the most useful Latin 
 versions of the Psalms that has appeared in modern times ; it is 
 faithfully executed, without being servilely literal. The notes, 
 though brief, are sufficiently explicit, and are designed to explain 
 obscure passages ; to elucidate by a short paraphrase, peculiar 
 expressions that could not be rendered in the text by a single 
 word ; to point out the principal various readings worthy of 
 note ; to state briefly those arguments for the renderings of par- 
 ticular words, concerning which interpreters are by no means 
 agreed, with references to philological works, in which those ar- 
 guments are more copiously discussed ; and to suggest probable 
 meanings to words of doubtful interpretation, which are submit- 
 ted to the reader's judgment." 
 
 Berriman, John, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England; horn 1688, died 1750. — A Critical Dis- 
 sertation upon 1 Tim. iii. 16 ; with an account of 
 above one hundred MSS. of Paul's Epistles, and rules 
 to distinguish the various readings, &c. 1741, 8vo. 
 
 This dissertation is the substance of a Lady Moyer Lecture. 
 It is a defence of the received reading ©go?, in opposition to oj, 
 the relative pronoun, which is the reading of the most ancient 
 MSS. and also of the chief of the ancient versions — the Syriac, 
 the Vulgate, the Coptic, the Sahidic, the Ethiopic, &c. Griesbach 
 has accordingly rejected ©gVj from the text. 
 
BERRINGTON— BERTRAM— BEVAN—BEZA. 31 
 
 Berrington, Simon, a Roman Catholic writer; 
 lolio died in 1758. — Dissertations on the Mosaical 
 Creation, Deluge, Building of Babel and Confusion 
 of Tongues. 1750, 8vo. 
 
 In these dissertations^ the author combats Infidels and Hutch- 
 insonians. La Pluche and Woodward, and Sir Isaac Newton, and 
 many others. He discovers a good deal of reading, and a great 
 respect for revelation; but advances many things that are ab- 
 surd in philosophy and weak in religion. 
 
 Bertram, Bon. Cornelius, one of the Mi- 
 nisters of Geneva^ and Professor of Hebrew there; 
 born in Poiton^ 1531 ; died 1594. — Lueubrationes 
 Franktallenses ; sive specimen expositionum in dif- 
 ficultiora utriusque Testamenti loca. Spirae, 1588. 
 Heidelberg. 1607. Cura Hackspan. Altorf. 1645. 
 
 They are also printed in the sixth vol. of the Critica Sacra, 
 Lond. 1660. The substance of them is given by Poole in the 
 Synopsis. Some of his critical remarks are good ; but the book 
 is now scarce. Bertram wrote also a work " De Rcpublica He- 
 hraeorujn," Gen. 1580; which was afterwards edited with notes 
 by Constantine FEmpereur. Lugd. Bat. l641. 
 
 Bevan, Joseph Gurney, a member of the So- 
 ciety of Friends. — The Life of the Apostle Paul, as 
 related in the Scriptures ; with Select Notes, Criti- 
 cal, Explanatory, and Relating to Persons and 
 Places. 1807, 8vo. 
 
 This work does credit to the talents and piety of the writer ; 
 and is interesting, .as affording some explanation of the theolo- 
 gical sentiments of the Quakers. 
 
 Beza, Theodore, one of the Geneva Reform- 
 ers, and among the most learned men of his age ; 
 born 1519 ; died 1605. — Novum Testamentuni, cu- 
 jus Graeco contextui respondent interpretationes 
 
32 BEZA. 
 
 duae : una, vetus : altera, Theodori Bezae, etc, 1565, 
 1576, 1582, 1589, 1598. The best edition of his 
 Annotations is that printed at Cambridge in 1642, 
 fol. 
 
 Beza claims attention and respect as an editor, a translator, 
 and a commentator. As an editor of the New Testament, his 
 advantages were considerable. He was both learned and acute : 
 he enjoyed the aid of all the editions formerly printed, of a num- 
 ber of MSS., and of a collection of various readings made by Hen- 
 ry Stephens. The editions published by himself differ consi- 
 derably from one another, and in about five hundred places from 
 the editions of Stephens. He altered many places arbitrarily, 
 or at least without sufficient reason ; often adopting the reading 
 of only one MS., or of the Syriac or Vulgate version, or his own 
 conjecture. Such is the substance of Griesbach's account of his 
 editorial labours. Michaelis asserts, without sufficient proof, 
 that he inserted in the text many of the marginal readings which 
 were favourable to his own opinions. As a translator, he seems 
 to be more justly accused of this impropriety. Dr. Campbell, in 
 his tenth Preliminary Dissertation, furnishes some proofs of this, 
 and remarks very strongly, that '^ It requires but a very little of 
 a critical eye to discover in him a constant effort to accommodate 
 the style of the sacred writers to that of his sect. Nay, what 
 he has done in this way, is done so openly, I might have said 
 avowedly, that it is astonishing it has not more discredited his 
 work." Some abatement must be made from this language, on 
 account of Campbell's Anti-Calvinistic prejudices. He allows, 
 after all, the merits of Beza as a scholar, and acknowledges, 
 that '^ in general, he is neither servilely literal, barbarous, and 
 unintelligible with Montanus ; nor does he appear ashamed of 
 the unadorned simplicity of the original with Castalio." Dr. 
 Doddridge's opinion of Beza is just the opposite of Campbell's, 
 and probably errs on the other side. " Beza," he says, " is un- 
 doubtedly the best critic on the Greek language of any commen- 
 tator we have. There is no translation that I know of equal to 
 his ; and his remarks on Erasmus and the vulgar Latin are 
 wrought up to the utmost degree of exactness." His annota- 
 
BIBLE. 3S 
 
 tions contain much valuable matter, both in a critical and theo- 
 logical view ; and, with Doddridge, I hesitate not to say, '^ they 
 are an invaluable treasure, and deserve to be read with the ut- 
 most attention." The testimony of the learned author of the 
 Synopsis is highly honourable to Beza : " Vir non Graeca tan- 
 tuni, sed et omnigena, literatura imbutus, quam etiam singulari 
 acumine et judicio ad interpretationem plurimorum locorum fe- 
 liciter adhibuit." Not less decided is the testimony of Ernesti : 
 ^^ Beza certainly had not his equal before Grotius ; and he set 
 the first example of the proper mode of using the Septuagint 
 and the Oriental languages to explain and illustrate the phraseo- 
 logy of the New Testament." Chamier and Rivet unite in their 
 commendations ; Bois, Walton, and Mill, speak rather disre- 
 spectfully. 
 
 Bible, English Translations of the. 
 
 In this article I shall notice the principal public versions of 
 tlie Scriptures in our own language, in the chronological order 
 of their publication. The object is not so much to give a history 
 of editions, as to notice the critical value of the several ver- 
 sions. 
 
 wiclif's bible. 1380. 
 
 The version of the Scriptures made into English by this 
 extraordinary man, was produced before, or about 1380. No part 
 of it was ever printed till 1731, when the Rev. John Lewis of 
 Margate, in Kent, ])ublished the New Testament in folio. Only 
 140 copies were printed, and the number of subscribers was up- 
 wards of 90, besides some subscribed for more than one copy. 
 Of this edition of the New Testament, a splendid reprint in 
 quarto was published in 1810, by the Rev. Henry Baber, of the 
 British Museum. It is entitled — 
 
 " The New Testament, translated from the Latin, in the year 
 1380, by John Wiclif, D.D. To which are prefixed. Memoirs 
 of the Life, Opinions, and Writings of Dr. Wiclif; and an His- 
 torical Account of the Saxon and English versions of the Scrip- 
 tures, previous to the Opening of the Fifteenth Century. Lon- 
 don, 1810." 
 
 D 
 
34 BIBLE. 
 
 The text of Mr. Lewis's edition, of which the above is an 
 accurate reprint, was taken from two manuscripts, one of which 
 was his own, and the other the property of Sir Edward Bering. 
 From the former, he transcribed for the press the Four Gospels ; 
 from the latter, the Epistles, the Dedis of the Apostles, and the 
 Apocalips. The transcript was collated by the learned Dr. 
 Waterland, Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge, with ten ma- 
 nuscrij)ts deposited in different libraries at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards compared by Mr. Lewis with specimens purposely 
 selected, of six of the most curious manuscripts in the University 
 of Oxford. The points most important to remark on Wiclif's 
 version are, — that it is the first translation of the New Testa- 
 ment' into English, of which we have satisfactory evidence ; (no 
 translation of the Old Testament by him being ever printed, al- 
 though MSS. of it exist both at Oxford and elsewhere ;) that it 
 was made, not from the Greek, of which Wiclif probably knew 
 nothing, but from the Latin Vulgate ; (at least it is so said, 
 though this is by no means established ;) that, accordingly, it as- 
 certains what were the readings of the Latin manuscripts at 
 that period, in some important passages ; and that, lastly, it af- 
 fords us an interesting specimen of the state of the English 
 language, and of the theology of the country at the time. 
 
 tyndale's new testament. 1526. 
 
 William Tyndale was the author of the first translation of 
 the New Testament subsequently to the Lutheran Reformation. 
 It was first printed abroad in 1526, in small octavo. Of this 
 edition the only copy known to be in existence is in the library 
 of the Baptist Academy at Bristol. It has no title. It origin- 
 ally belonged to Harley, Earl of Orford, who settled L.20 per 
 annum on a person of the name of IMurray, who procured it for 
 him. It was afterwards put into Osborne's Catalogue of Lord 
 Orford's Library at 15s. from which it was bought by Mr. Ames 
 in 1743. At the sale of his books, in 176O, it was purchased for 
 twenty guineas by Dr. GifFord, by whom it was bequeathed to 
 the Bristol Academy in 1776. A paper inserted in it by Mr. 
 Ames, ascertains that it is a copy of the first edition. No copy 
 of this edition appears to have been seen by Lewis. The se- 
 
BIBLE. 35 
 
 coiid genuine edition, though the sixth in number, a copy of which, 
 in the possession of Dr. Charles Stuart, I have examined, was 
 published in 1534, 12mo. with the following title — 
 
 '^ The Newe Testament diligently corrected and printed in 
 the year of our Lord M.CCCCC. et XXXIIIL in November, 
 printed at Antwerp, by Martin Emperour." 
 
 No doubt can be entertained that Tyndale understood Greek ; 
 though it is probable that his first translation was not made di- 
 rectly from the original text ; for in the preface to the above edi- 
 tion he speaks only of having " compared it unto the Greek." 
 Bishop Marsh thinks he was greatly indebted to Luther's Ger- 
 man version; as Tyndale passed some time with Luther at 
 Wittemberg, and the books which he selected for translation 
 into English were always those which Luther had already trans- 
 lated into German. This conclusion, the Bishop says, is farther 
 confirmed by the Germanisms which it contains, some of 
 which are still preserved in our authorized version. Tyndale's 
 version is excellent vernacular English, a good literal transla- 
 tion; and, in many places preferable in its renderings to the 
 version now in use. For " charity" he always gives " love," 
 for " church," " congregation." " It is astonishing," says Dr. 
 Geddes, " how little obsolete the language is, even at this day ; 
 and, in point of perspicuity, and noble simplicity, propriety of 
 idiom, and purity of style, no English version has yet surpassed it." 
 
 Besides the New Testament, Tyndale translated from the He- 
 brew, the five books of Moses, and the prophecy of Jonah ; the 
 former he printed in 1530, the latter in 1531 ; the entire Scrip- 
 tures in English were the joint labour of Tyndale and Bishop 
 Coverdale. This edition is commonly called 
 
 coverdale's bible. 1535. 
 
 It is probable that, besides the New Testament and the Pen- 
 tateuch, the whole of the historical books of the Old Testament 
 were translated by Tyndale — the rest were the work of Bishop Co- 
 verdale. The translation was approved by royal authority, the first 
 English Bible which obtained this honour. The remarks made 
 on the style and character of Tyndale's New Testament, are sub- 
 stantially applicable to this. 
 
36 BIBLE. 
 
 THE GENEVA BIBLE. 1557-1560. 
 
 Between the publication of Tyndale and Coverdale's Bible, va- 
 rious editions of the English Scriptures appeared, each corrected 
 and altered more or less from the former ; but this is the next 
 new version, which is of much critical value. The New Testa- 
 ment of it appeared first, at Geneva, in 1557^ and the whole Bible 
 in 1560. The translators were Bishop Coverdale, Anthony Gil- 
 by, William Whitingham, Christopher Goodman, Thomas Samp- 
 son, and Thomas Cole. It went through about fifty editions in 
 the course of thirty years. It is the first edition of the English 
 Scriptures in which the verses are distinguished by numeral 
 figures ; being the first that was printed after Robert Stephens 
 so distinguished them in his edition of the Greek and Latin New 
 Testament, 1551. The translators avow that they made their 
 version from the originals, though doubtless the former transla- 
 tion was the basis of the new work ; and on the title of the New 
 Testament they speak only of having " conferred it diligently 
 with the Greek." It is considerably more literal than the for- 
 mer translation ; a very free use is made of Italic supplements : 
 and on the whole, the improvement on the former is not so great 
 as might have been expected, 
 
 THE BISHOPS BIBLE. 1568. 
 
 This edition is so called, because the majority of the transla- 
 tors were bishops under the direction of Archbishop Parker. It 
 was not a new translation, but a revision of the former, or as it 
 was then called, Cranmer's Bible. It, as well as the Geneva 
 Bible, corrected the preceding chiefly in the way of more literal 
 rendering. The Greek version of the Old Testament seems to 
 have been followed sometimes rather than the Hebrew text. 
 Viewed as a whole, I consider it decidedly inferior to the Geneva 
 version, though occasionally its renderings are preferable. Most 
 of the editions of this version were published in folio ; and are 
 few compared with the editions of the Geneva translation. 
 
 KING James's TRANSLATION. 1611. 
 
 This important version was undertaken by the express orders, 
 and under the special directions of the king. 
 
 " Whatever were the motives which led to it, the design it- 
 
BIBLE. 37 
 
 self was laudable ; and the accomplishment was one of the best 
 things done by James I. In l6'04, forty-seven, or according to 
 others, fifty-four learned men, were appointed by his Majesty to 
 carry this undertaking into effect. They divided the work among 
 them, and certain rules were prescribed for their direction by 
 the king. Almost three years were employed on the transla- 
 tion, which was not fairly commenced till the spring of I607. 
 When the whole M'as finished, three copies of it were sent to Lon- 
 don ; one from Cambridge, another from Oxford, and a third 
 from Westminster. Two persons were chosen from each of the 
 joint companies which had met at these places to review and 
 polish it. They assembled daily in Stationer's Hall, London ; 
 where, in nine months, they completed the task ; receiving each 
 thirty shillings per week from the company of Stationers. Lastly, 
 Bils(m, bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Myles Smith, again re- 
 viewed the whole, prefixed arguments to the several books, and 
 Dr. Smith was ordered to write the Preface. 
 
 " In the year I6I 1, this great and long expected work was 
 published, with a prolix preface, and a dedication to the ' Dread 
 Sovereign,' under whose auspices, and by whose directions it was 
 executed. It was appointed to be read in churches, and has re- 
 mained to this day in great and deserved reputation. Like every 
 thing human, it is no doubt imperfect ; but as a translation of 
 the Bible, it has few rivals, and as a whole, no superior. It is 
 in general faithful, simple, and perspicuous. It has seized the 
 S2)irit, and copied the manner of the divine originals. It seldom 
 descends to meanness or vulgarity, but often rises to elegance and 
 sublimitv. It is level to the understanding of the cottager, and 
 fit to meet the eye of the critic, the poet, and the philosopher. 
 Its phraseology is familiar to us from our infancy ; it has had 
 the most extensive influence on the style of religious works of 
 every description, and has contributed much to fix the standard 
 of the English language itself. No work has ever been so gene- 
 rally read, or more universally admired ; and such is its complete 
 possession of the public mind, that no translation differing ma- 
 terially from it, can ever become acceptable in this country. It 
 is the source of our most pleasing associations, and most deh"ght- 
 ful hopes. It has been the companion of our princes and our 
 nobles, and prized by many of them as their most invaluable 
 
38 BIBLE. 
 
 treasure. It is the birthright of our numerous population, and 
 has proved the means of knowledge, holiness and joy to millions ; 
 and we trust it is destined for ages yet to come, to be the glory 
 of the rich and the inheritance of the poor ; the guide to the 
 way-worn pilgrim, and the messenger of peace to many a dying 
 sinner." 
 
 These remarks on the present established version, which were 
 submitted to the public several years ago, by the author,* he 
 feels not the slightest disposition to retract or modify. But jus- 
 tice requires that the following critical strictures on our transla- 
 tion should not be withheld. They are essential to a just esti- 
 mate of its value. 
 
 It is known, that it was not made from corrected or critical 
 texts of the originals, but from the Masoretic Hebrew text, and 
 from the common printed Greek text of the New Testament. 
 Consequently, whatever imperfections belonged to the originals 
 at the time, must be expected in the version. It is still more 
 literal than the English versions which preceded it. From a 
 well-meant, but injurious desire to render the Hebrew and Greek 
 into literal English, the translators have adopted many modes of 
 expression which are not agreeable to English idiom. Though we 
 are now familiar with these, they have in very few instances 
 been adopted into our classical language. A want of uniformity 
 is another fault with which it has been charged. This indeed 
 arose partly out of the magnitude of the work, and partly from 
 the number of persons employed upon it; though this is 
 an excuse which cannot be pleaded for them in every part. 
 The translators were embarrassed by the rules of their royal 
 master — rules which were dictated by his prejudices, and his 
 partiality for episcopacy, as much as by his learning. They 
 have made too great use of Italic supplements ; many of which 
 are entirely useless, and frequently mislead the reader. They 
 were perhaps slightly influenced by their theological principles ; 
 and, in some instances, have acted rather as controversialists 
 than philologists. These are some of the principal blemishes, 
 which have been imputed to our standard version of the Scrip- 
 
 * Sketch of the translation and circulation of the Scriptures by Thomson 
 and Orme. 1815, 8vo. 
 
BIBLE. 39 
 
 tures. That it is capable of improvement, will generally be ad- 
 mitted ; and that we are in possession of the means by which 
 that improvement could be made, is equally unquestionable. But 
 whether under present circumstances, it would be desirable that 
 those who alone could accomplish such a version, should under- 
 take it, cannot be discussed in the pages of this work. 
 
 The following list of particular editions of the English Scrip- 
 tures, or parts of them, from Tyndale's to King James's, with 
 occasional remarks, will supply any omissions of importance in 
 this article. I am indebted for it, chiefly to Lewis, Johnson, 
 Newcome, and Cotton. I deemed it more advisable to give the 
 principal texts first, and then to supply the minor editions, than 
 by mingling them together, divert the reader's attention from 
 the relative merits of the leading translations. 
 
 New Testament, translated by Wm. Tyndale. Antwerp, 12mo. 
 1526-27-28-30-34-35; 3d and last edition by the translator. 
 12mo 1536 
 
 Pentateuch, by ditto. Marlborow, in the land of Hesse. 12mo. 
 
 1530 
 
 Jonah, by ditto. . . . . . . 1531 
 
 The first Epistle to the Corinthians, Chap. VII. with an Expo- 
 sition. Marlborow. .... 1529 
 
 Isaiah, translated by George Joye. Strazburg, 12mo. 1531 
 
 The 1st Epistle of John expounded, with a Prologue, by 
 W.[iUiam] T.[yndale.] 18vo. . . . 1531 
 
 Tyndale's New Testament, altered by Joye. Antwerp, 12mo. 
 
 1534 
 
 Tyndale's Pentateuch, revised and corrected. 12mo. . 1534 
 
 Tyndale's New Testament, his own 2d edition, with a Preface 
 against Joye. Antwerp, 12mo. . . 1534 
 
 Tyndale's New Testament, a surreptitious edition of the above. 
 12mo. . . . .... 1534 
 
 Jeremy the Prophet, with the Song of Moses ; by G. Joye. 12mo. 
 
 1534 
 
 The Bible, translated by Myles Coverdale. No place or name, 
 fol 1535 
 
 The Bible, by Thomas Matthews ; a revision of Tyndale and Co- 
 verdale. fol. . . . . . 1537 
 
40 BIBLE. 
 
 The Prophete Jonas. 8vo. . . . 1537 
 
 The Five Books of Solomon ; printed at Southwark, by Nichol- 
 son. 12mo. ..... 1537 
 
 The Epistle of St. Jude, with an Exposition. Lond. by J. 
 Gowghe. 8vo. .... 1538 
 
 The Epistles of St. John^ with an Exposition. Southwark ; by 
 Nicholson. l6to. .... 1538 
 
 New Testament^, in Latin, by Erasmus ; and English^ by Mat- 
 thews ; (often reprinted.) Lond. 4to. . . 1538 
 
 The Pystles and Gospelles for every Sonday and Holydaye in 
 the year ; three editions at Paris and Rouen, and several 
 times reprinted. 8vo. .... 1 538 
 
 St. Matthew, chap. v. vi. vii. with an Exposition by Tyndale. 
 l6to. ..... 1538 
 
 The New Testament, in Latin (the Vulgate) and English ; by 
 John Holybushe, alias Coverdale. Southwark. Several times 
 reprinted. 4<to. .... 1538 
 
 The Bible, by Matthews ; a corrected edition of 1537- fol. 1538 
 
 The Bible, Cranmer's, commonly called the Great Bible. 
 Lond. Grafton and Whitchurch ; and frequently reprinted, 
 fol. ..... . 1539 
 
 It is of this edition that Lewis gives a copy of the beautifully 
 
 engraved title. 
 
 The Bible recognised by Richard Taverner ; and often reprint- 
 ed. Lond. fol. . . . . . 1539 
 
 The Epistles and Gospels, with Postills by divers learned men, 
 recognised and augmented by Richard Taverner ; often re- 
 printed. 4to. ..... 1540 
 
 The New Testament, translated from the Latin of Erasmus. 
 Lond. 4to. ..... 1540 
 
 The Bible oversene by Cuthbert, Bishop of Duresme ; and Ni- 
 cholas, Bishop of Rochester. Lond. fol. . . 1541 
 
 The Bible, Matthews', with some alterations from the edition of 
 1537- fol. .... . 1549 
 
 The Canticles, or Balades of Solomon, in English metre ; by W. 
 Baldwin. Lond. 4to. .... 1549 
 
 New Test. Lat. & Eng. The Lat. by Erasmus. 8vo. 1550 
 This edition is commonly ascribed to Sir John Cheke. Lewis 
 
 thinks the letters J. C. stand for John Cawood, the printer. 
 
BIBLE. 41 
 
 Numbers, chapter xxx. with an Exposition by John Bale. l6to. 
 London, by Jhone Daye. . . . 1550 
 
 The Piththy and moost Notable Sayinges of al Scripture, ga- 
 thered by Thos. Paynel. 12mo. . . . 1550 
 
 Epistle to the Romans, chap. xiii. with an Exposition by Bishop 
 Hooper. iGto. . . . . . 1551 
 
 The Bible, Matthews', with some variations, and an addition of 
 the 3d Book of the Maccabees, by Edmond Becke. fol. 1551 
 
 The Proverbs of Solomon, three Chapters of Ecclesiastes, the 
 Sixth Chapter of Sapientia, the Ninth Chapter of Ecclesiasti- 
 cus, and certain Psalms of David, drawn into Metre, by John 
 Hall. ..... about 1552 
 
 The first Fourteen Chapters of the Acts of the Apostles, trans- 
 lated into English Metre, by Christ. Tye, Doctor in Music ; 
 with Notes to sing, and also to play upon the Lute. 12mo. 
 
 1553 
 This is a great curiosity, as the first two verses will show. 
 
 In the former Treatyse to thee 
 
 Dere frend The o phi lus 
 1 have written the verite 
 
 Of the Lord Christ Jesus 
 
 "WHiiehe he to do and eke to teache 
 
 Began until the daye 
 In whiche the Sprite up him did feache 
 
 To dwell above for aye 
 
 The Fourth Chapter of St. John's Revelations expounded in 
 
 sundry readings ; by Bartholomew Trahcron. Ifito. 1557 
 
 The First Part of St. John's Gospel, expounded by do. l6to. 
 
 1557 
 The New Testament, translated and printed at Geneva, by 
 Conrad Badius.' 12mo. . . . 1557 
 
 This is the first edition of the celebrated Genevan translation 
 of the New. Testament. I have had the opportunity of consult- 
 ing a very beautiful copy of it in the possession of Dr. Stuart. 
 It is not quite the same with that which appeared along with 
 the Bible next noticed. 
 
42 BIBLE. 
 
 The Bible, translated and printed at Geneva ; by Rowland Hall. 
 4to. ...... 1560 
 
 This was very often reprinted, and was exceedingly populair 
 among the Puritans, but very obnoxious to the court party. It 
 is sometimes jocularly called the Breeches Bible, from the ren- 
 dering of Gen. iii. 7- 
 
 The Common Places of St. Paul's Epistles ; by Thomas Paniell. 
 12mo. ..... 1562 
 
 The Wailings of the Prophet Jeremiah, done into English verse ; 
 by J. Drant. 4.to. .... 1566 
 
 The Bishops Bible, sometimes called Parker's ; often reprinted, 
 fol. ..... . 1568 
 
 A copy of the third edition of this Bible, published in fol. 
 1574, is in my possession. It is in black letter, with the royal 
 arms stamped in gold on the binding. It is interleaved and 
 filled with innumerable notes, in a very good old hand. 
 The Four Gospels, Saxon and English. Lond. John Daye. 4to. 
 
 1571 
 
 The Revelation, with Fulke's Exposition ; translated by G. 
 
 GyfFard. 4to. . . . . .1573 
 
 Abdias (Obadiah) interpreted by T. gliomas] B. Qrasbridge.] 8vo. 
 
 1574 
 
 The Bible, Geneva version. Edinburgh, printed by Tho. Bas- 
 
 sendine. fol. ..... 1576 
 
 This is the first edition of the Scriptures printed in Scotland. 
 It is dedicated by the General Assembly to James VI. then a 
 youth. Mr. George Young, servant to my Lord Abbot of Dun- 
 fermline, corrected the proof sheets. Robert Pont, one of the 
 ministers of Edinburgh, composed the Kalendar. 
 The New Test, from the Latin of Theodore Beza ; by L. Tom- 
 son. Svo. ..... 1576 
 
 This is the first edition of Tomson's translation of Beza, 
 which was afterwards very frequently annexed to the Geneva 
 Old Testament. A very beautiful edition of it in 4to. 1599, is 
 now before me. In the centre (which is in the form of a heart) 
 of a beautifully engraved title page, the following description is 
 given : " The New Test, of our Lord Jesus Christ, translated 
 out of Greeke bv Theod. Beza : with briefe summaries and ex- 
 
BIBLE. 
 
 43 
 
 positions upon the hard places by the said Author, Joach. Camer. 
 
 P. Loesler. & Villerius. Englished by L. Tomson. Together 
 
 with the Annotations of Fr. Junius upon the Revelation of St. 
 
 John." 
 
 Genesis in Metre, by Wm. Hunnis. 4to. ^ . . 1578 
 
 Bible, Modern Versions of the. 
 
 Although the modern translations of the Scriptures are not of 
 much critical value, this work might be considered incomplete 
 without some notice of the principal versions which have appear- 
 ed in Europe since the Reformation. The following table ex- 
 hibits at one view the first edition of the Bible or the New Tes- 
 tament in the several European languages or dialects — the date 
 of its appearance — the name of the translator, and the place of 
 publication when known. I published it before in 1815. It was 
 transferred by Mr. Home into his Introduction, with some cor- 
 rections. It is now very consideraly amended, though still incom- 
 plete. If the reader wish to prosecute the literary history of 
 these versions, he will find much valuable information in the vo- 
 lumes of the Rev. James Townley. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 German 
 
 English 
 
 Italian 
 
 French 
 
 Swedish 
 
 Danish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Russian 
 
 Helvetian dialect . . 
 Lower Saxon dialect 
 
 Finnish 
 
 Camiolian 
 
 Basque ' . 
 
 Welsh. 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 Icelandic 
 
 Pomeranian dialect . 
 
 Polish 
 
 Bohemian 
 
 Hebrew 
 
 N.T. 
 1522 
 1526 
 
 1530 
 
 1534 
 1524 
 
 1556 
 
 1519 
 1524 
 1525 
 1548 
 1563 
 1571 
 1567 
 1574 
 
 1585 
 1506 
 1599 
 
 Bible, 
 1534 
 1535 
 
 1532 
 1535 
 1541 
 1550 
 1526 
 1569 
 
 1581 
 1529 
 1534 
 1642 
 1584 
 
 1588 
 1589 
 1584 
 1588 
 1596 
 1593 
 
 Translator. 
 Martin Luther . . 
 Tyndale and Cover- 
 dale 
 
 Anthony Brucioli . . 
 Robert Olivetan , . 
 
 Glaus Petri 
 
 Palladius and others 
 
 Cassiodorus de Rey- 
 na 
 
 CjTil and IMethodius 
 Leo de Judah . . . . 
 Joh. Bugenhagius . 
 
 Agricola 
 
 Truber and others 
 John de Licarrague 
 W. i\I organ .... 
 Gaspard Caroli . . 
 Thorlack 
 
 Several 
 
 Several 
 
 Elias Hutter . . . 
 
 Place of Printing. 
 Wittemberg 
 
 Uncertain 
 Venice 
 Neufchatel 
 Upsal, Sweden 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Frankfort, or Basil 
 
 Ostrog 
 
 Zurich 
 
 Lubeek 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Tubingen 
 
 Rocheile 
 
 London 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Holum, Iceland 
 
 Barth 
 
 Cralitz, Moravia 
 Nuremberg 
 
44 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 Translation. 
 Modern Greek . 
 Wallachian . . . 
 Lithuanian . . . 
 
 Turkish 
 
 Irish 
 
 liivonian .... 
 Esthonian ..... 
 Esthonian, dialect of 
 Dorpatian dialect 
 
 Grisons 
 
 Upper Lusatian . , 
 liapponic ..... 
 
 Manks , 
 
 Gaelic 
 
 „ . f Prot. 
 
 Portuguese | ^.^^^^^ 
 
 Greenlandish . . . 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Maltese 
 
 N.T. 
 
 1638 
 1648 
 
 1666 
 1602 
 
 1685 
 1686 
 1686 
 1727 
 1560 
 1706 
 1755 
 
 1767 
 
 1712 
 1781 
 1766 
 
 1820 
 
 Bihle. 
 
 1660 
 
 1685 
 
 1689 
 1689 
 
 1679 
 
 1728 
 
 1763 
 1802 
 
 1755 
 
 1783 
 
 1793-4 
 
 Translator. 
 
 Place of Printin 
 
 Maximus 
 
 Geneva 
 
 
 Belgrade 
 London 
 
 Chylinsky 
 
 William Seaman . . 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Dr. Daniel, Bp. Be- 
 
 
 dell 
 
 London 
 
 John Fischer . . . . 
 
 Riga 
 
 
 Riga 
 Riga 
 
 
 
 
 Schuol 
 
 Several 
 
 Bautzen 
 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Bishop Wilson . . 
 
 James Stuart, and 
 
 
 others 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 Ferreira d'Almeida . 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 Antonio Pereira . . 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Hans Egede 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Scio 
 
 Madrid 
 
 W. Jowett 
 
 Malta 
 
 Iren- 
 
 BlBLIOTHECA FUATRUM POLONORUM. 
 
 opoli, i. e. Amsterdam, 1656, 8 torn. fol. 
 
 This collection of Socinian writers contains the works^, chiefly 
 exegetical^ of some of the more celebrated leaders of that party, 
 on the New Testament ; Faustiis Socinus, John Crellius, Jonas 
 Slichtingius, and John Lewis Wolzogenius. To these are some- 
 times added in one volume^ the works of Przicovius and Bren- 
 nius. The Bishop of LandafF has introduced this Bibliotheca 
 into his list of books, along with his approbation of the opinion 
 of Harwood, that there is '' hardly a good criticism in all our 
 modern expositors, Mr. Locke, Dr. Clarke, Dr. Benson, Dr. 
 Taylor, Messrs. Pierce and Hallet, Dr. Sykes, but what is to be 
 found in the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum." All these learn- 
 ed writers, the reader will remember, were more or less allied to 
 the Fratres Poloni, as well as Dr. Harwood himself and Bishop 
 Watson ; so that the reason for the commendation will be read- 
 ily understood. Of all the writers in the collection I cannot 
 speak ; but I have long possessed that part of it which contains 
 the expositions of Crellius and Slichtingius, and which formerly 
 belonged to Dr. Campbell of Aberdeen. I have not observed 
 the coincidence between them and the English ^vriters mention- 
 
BIBLIOTHECA— BIEL. 45 
 
 ed by Harwood, though it is very likely to exist. There is not 
 much of profound criticism in them ; but the authors were evi- 
 dently learned men, and must have studied the Scrijitures with 
 a good deal of care. They discover less levity than most of the 
 modern Socinians ; and, when not commenting on any of the dis- 
 puted texts, may be consulted occasionally with safety and profit. 
 Though we would no more " proscribe its use" than Bishop 
 Watson, we would not go the length of recommending it, and 
 would hint to the theological student, that his money and time 
 may be better employed on some other works. 
 
 BiBLIOTHECA HiSTORICO-PiIILOLOGICO-ThEO- 
 
 LOGiCA. Brem. 1719-1727, 8 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The editors of this learned work were Theodore Hase and 
 Adolphus Lampe, the author of the well-known work on John. 
 It contains not merely a number of dissertations by themselves, 
 but many important papers, by some of the most learned of their 
 contemporaries ; such as Outrein, Deyling, Ileland, Vitringa, 
 Jun. Altman, Eisner, Ikenius, Mosheim, Heuman, Schelhorn, 
 Zorn, Lackemacher, &:c. &c. There is a great variety of sub- 
 jects discussed, some of them of greater, and others of less im- 
 portance ; discovering, as might also be expected, a diversity of 
 talent and research. But altogether this work contains much 
 important information relating to the Scriptures, and many phi- 
 lological illustrations of its phraseology. 
 
 BiEL, John Christian, a Lutheran divine of 
 Bnuiswick; horn 1687 ; died in 1745. — Novus The- 
 saurus Pliilologico-Criticus, sive Lexicon in LXX. 
 etc. Hag. Com. 1779, 1780, 3 torn. Post Biel et 
 alios congessit et eclidit Schleusner. Lipsiae, 1820, 
 1821, 5 torn. 8vo. 
 
 This is a very extensive, indeed clumsy lexicon or concordance. 
 It was first. edited from the MS. of the author by Mutzenbecher, 
 a minister at the Hague, in three volumes. Schleusner's edition 
 is in five thick volumes, to which, if you add the four volumes 
 of his own Lexicon on the New Testament, they form a most 
 
46 BINGHAM. 
 
 operose work for consultation. A very valuable work of less 
 than half the size might be formed out of them, which would 
 facilitate the progress of the biblical scholar^ instead of frighten- 
 ing him from the study. 
 
 Bingham, Joseph, a learned clergyman of the 
 church of England; horn 1668 ; died 1723. — Ori- 
 gines Ecclesiasticae; or the Antiquities of the Christ- 
 ian Church, in twenty-three books. 1710-1722, 
 10 vol. 8vo. 1726, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is an invaluable treasure of Christian antiquities, and 
 deserves the first place in works of this kind. The plan and the 
 execution do equal honour to the learning and industry of the au- 
 thor. He is, indeed, very strongly attached to Episcopacy, and 
 brings Christian antiquity too low ; ascribing nearly the same im- 
 portance to the opinions and practices of the fourth and fifth 
 centuries as to those of the first and second ; but as he commonly 
 quotes his authority, and very often the words of the original 
 writer, the reader can take or leave as he sees evidence. The 
 first book treats of the names and orders of men in the church ; 
 the second of the superior clergy ; the third of the inferior ; the 
 fourth of their elections and ordinations ; the fifth of their pri- 
 vileges and revenues ; the sixth of the laws respecting their em- 
 ployment and life ; the seventh of the ascetics ; the eighth of 
 the churches ; the ninth of the bishoprics ; the tenth of the ca- 
 techumens, and the first use of creeds ; the eleventh of baptism ; 
 the twelfth of confirmation ; the thirteenth of the worship of the 
 church in general i the fourteenth of the service of the catechu- 
 mens ; the fifteenth of the communion service ; the sixteenth of 
 the unity and discipline of the church ; the seventeenth of the 
 exercise of discipline among the clergy in the ancient church; 
 the eighteenth on the penitents ; the nineteenth on absolution ; 
 the twentieth on the festivals j the twenty-first on the fasts ; 
 the twenty-second on the marriage rites ; and the last on the 
 funeral rites. The folio edition of his works contains also a scho- 
 lastical history of lay baptism. The antiquities were translated 
 both into Dutch and Latin, soon after tliey appeared in English. 
 To the Latin edition in 10 vol. 4to. Halle, 1724-1729; a preface 
 
BIRCH— BISCOE. 47 
 
 is prefixed by the learned Budaeus. Walch bestows the highest 
 praise on the work^ which is doubtless more valuable than any 
 church history. 
 
 Birch, Andrew, Professor of Theology in the XJnu 
 versitij of Copenhagen. — Quatuor Evangelia Graece, 
 etc. I. e. The Four Evangelists in Greek, with the 
 various readings of MSS. in the libraries of the Va- 
 tican, of Barberini, of Florence, of Vienna, of the 
 Escurial, and of Copenhagen ; to which are added, 
 various readings of the Syriac versions of the An- 
 cients, of the Philoxenian, and of that of Jerusalem ; 
 edited by the command, and at the expense of the 
 King of Denmark. Copenhagen, 1788, 4to. 
 
 Dr. Birch travelled through Italy and Germany in the years 
 1781 and 1783, for the purpose of examining the MSS. of the 
 New Testament deposited in the great public libraries. In the 
 Vatican he examined 40 ; in the library of Barberini 10 ; in other 
 Roman libraries 17 ; in Florence and other parts of Italy 38 ; in 
 Vienna 12; and in Copenhagen 3. The Prolegomena contain 
 an account of these MSS. and particularly of the merits of the 
 celebrated Vatican MS. IMoldenhauer collated the MSS. in 
 the Escurial, and Adler communicated the readings of the Sy- 
 riac versions. The text is the 3d edition of Stephens, which was 
 also followed by Mill. The notes contain the principal various 
 readings. There are also fac-similes of the characters used in the 
 different i\ISS. It is a very valuable publication. Bircli pub- 
 lished afterwards collections of the various readings on the Acts, 
 the Epistles, and the Revelation, in 8vo. 1798-1800. 
 
 BiscoE, Richard, a divine of the Church of 
 England, who died in 1748. — The History of the 
 Acts of the Apostles confirmed from other Authors, 
 and considered as full evidence for the truth of 
 Christianity. 1742, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These volumes contain the substance of the author's Boyle Lec- 
 tures, and afford some valuable information on the topics of which 
 
48 BLACKMORE— BLACKWALL. 
 
 they treat. Dr. Lightfoot had before collected a great deal on 
 the same subject, but it is better digested in the work of Mr. 
 Biscoe. Dr. Doddridge bestows on it high commendation, as 
 ^' an elaborate and valuable work." It was translated into Ger- 
 man, and published in 4to. at Magdeburgh, 1751. 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard, M. D. a learned 
 physician, who died in 1729. — A Paraphrase on the 
 Book of Job ; as likewise on the Songs of Moses, 
 Deborah, David; four select Psalms, some chapters 
 of Isaiah, and the third of Habakkuk. 1700, fol. 
 1716, 12mo. 
 
 This is a metrical version of Job, and poetical translations of 
 the other passages ; which have some merit as poetry, but little 
 as versions of the original text. There are no notes, but a pre- 
 face of considerable length shows that Sir Richard respected the 
 Scriptures, and studied them with some attention. Both John- 
 son and Addison praise his Creation as a poem of some merit. 
 
 Blackwall, Anthony, a learned critic and 
 minister of the Church of England; bor7il674i; died 
 1763. — The Sacred Classics defended and illustrat- 
 ed ; or an Essay humbly offered towards proving 
 the purity, propriety, and true eloquence of the wri- 
 ters of the New Testament. 1727-1731, S vol. 8vo. 
 M edition, 1737, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this ingenious work, Mr. Blackwall endeavours to vindi- 
 cate the New Testament writers from barbarisms, false Greek, 
 and solecisms ; he points out the excellences of their style, and 
 their superiority, in several instances, to the best classics of 
 Greece and Rome ; he notices the improper divisions and false 
 renderings of various parts ; he has also a discussion on the va- 
 rious readings. It cannot be denied, that Blackwall has brought 
 a large portion of learning, and no small portion of genius, to this 
 work ; but every attentive reader must be sensible he often fails 
 in making out his point. His quotations are frequently not to 
 the purpose, and both the classics and the New Testament are 
 
BLAIR— BLAND. 49 
 
 strained to make out a correspondence. If some have gone too 
 far in their charges of barbarism against the sacred writers, he has 
 done, perhaps, as little service in endeavouring to show that they 
 are always fine writers. They do not lay claim to this honour them- 
 selves, and would not have thanked Mr. Blackwall for endea- 
 vouring to force it on them. Our author, however, has pointed 
 out many beautiful passages, and has succeeded sometimes in 
 defending them against charges of inaccuracy which have been 
 improperly laid. The work was translated into Latin by Chris- 
 topher WoUius, and published at Leipzig in 1 736, 4to. The 
 foreign edition is said by Harwood to be more valuable than the 
 original, as it contains considerable additions by the translator. 
 Dr. Doddridge says the work " gives many well chosen instan- 
 ces of passages in the classics, which may justify many of those 
 in Scripture that have been accounted solecisms. It illustrates 
 the beauty of many others, and contains good observations on the 
 divisions of chapters and verses, by which the sense of Scripture 
 is often obscured." Dr. Williams justly observes, that Blackwall's 
 plan is like " comparing the proclamations of a king with the elo- 
 quent speeches of an orator ; or an edifying popular hymn with 
 the artful and pompous ode of a poet laureat." 
 
 Blair, John, LL.D. a learned Scotchman, Pre^ 
 hendary of Westminster ; who died in 1782. — Lec- 
 tures on the Canon of the Scriptures ; comprehend- 
 ing a dissertation on the Septuagint version. 1785, 
 4to. 
 
 This is a posthumous work, the greater part of which is de- 
 voted to the LXX. It discovers considerable learning and re- 
 search ; and is one of the works that ought to be consulted in 
 the examination of the Septuagint. Blair was the author also 
 of useful Chronological Tables, which were published in folio in 
 1754, and with enlargements in I768. 
 
 • Bland, J. — Genesis translated, as it is stopped by 
 the Hebrew Accent Points, by J. Bland. Lond. 
 1746, 4to. 
 
 E 
 
50 BLAYNEY— BOCHART. 
 
 This work I know only as inserted in Cotton's List of various 
 editions of the Bible ; but in which he gives no account of it. 
 Bland also published, it appears, "^ The Song of Solomon in blank 
 verse ; also part of Psalm XLV. the Song of Moses, and David's 
 Lamentation over Saul, with notes." 1750, 8vo. 
 
 Blayney, Benjamin, a clergijman of the 
 Church of England^ Professo?' of Hebrew in the 
 University of Oxford I who died in 1801. — Jere- 
 miah and Lamentations ; a new translation, with 
 notes critical, philological, and explanatory. 1784, 
 4to. 1810, 8vo. 
 
 This work was intended as a continuation of Bishop Lowth's 
 Isaiah. It follows rather slowly, however, behind its eminent pre- 
 decessor. Blayney was not deficient in learning ; but he had not 
 that exquisite taste, and acute discernment of poetical beauty, for 
 which Lowth was distinguished. His work suffers rather in 
 comparison with the former, than from its own imperfections. 
 Blayney has arranged several parts of Jeremiah differently from 
 the printed Hebrew text ; and his notes, though sometimes 
 dull, show that he had studied his subject profoundly, and 
 with all the aids usually employed in critical investigation. 
 
 — Zechariah; a new translation, with notes criti- 
 cal, philological, and explanatory. 1797, 4to. 
 
 This work is of the same description with the former. The 
 most valuable of its notes are inserted in the edition of the minor 
 prophets by Newcome, published by Boothroydin 1809- 
 
 Besides these works. Dr. Blayney published, in 1790j an edi- 
 tion of the Hebrew- Samaritan Pentateuch, in Hebrew letters, 
 with various readings, Svo. He was also the author of a Dis- 
 sertation on Dan. ix. 20 — 27, 1775, 4to. and of some smaller 
 pamphlets and single sermons of a critical nature. 
 
 BocHAUT, Samuel, a Frerich Protestant Mini- 
 ster, and one of the most learned men of his time ; 
 horn 1599 ; died 1667. — Opera. Opt. edit. Lugd. 
 Bat. 1712, 3 vol. fol. 
 
BODE— BOGAN. 51 
 
 The works of Bochart contain a treasure of Scripture criti- 
 cism and illustration. His Hierozoicon treats of the animals of 
 Scripture ; and his Phaleg and Canaan of every thing relating to 
 sacred geography. The dispersion and division of the nations, 
 the building of Babel, the colonies and language of the Pheni- 
 cians, and many other curious subjects, are also treated at great 
 length, and ^\•ith great command of sacred and classical learning. 
 His works, however, contain a good deal of fancy and conjecture ; 
 and many of his etymologies, and conclusions from very doubtful 
 premises, have been implicitly adopted, instead of being examin- 
 ed by subsequent writers. Many of his books, enriched with 
 MS. notes, still remain at Caen in Normandy, where he mini- 
 stered and died. The Hierozoicon was republished at Leipzig in 
 1793- 1796, in S vol. 4to. by Rosenmiiller, with enlargements and 
 retrenchments. The latter diminish, while the former increase 
 the value of the work. 
 
 Bode, Christ. Aug. Professor of Oriental Lan- 
 giiages at Helmstaclt ; horn 1722; died 1*796. — 
 Pseudo-CriticaMillio-Beiigeliana, etc. Hallae, 1767, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The object of this work is to show, that the Oriental versions 
 in the Polyglots are often very incorrect ; and that Mill and 
 Bengel, in quoting them in support of various readings of the 
 original text, are often misled. '' It is a work," Michaelis says, 
 '^ with which no man can dispense, who would make a critical use 
 of Mill's Greek Testament, if he is unacquainted with Syriac 
 and Arabic." Bode was a distinguished Persic, Arabic, and Ethio- 
 pic scholar. He gave new Latin versions of several of the Gos- 
 pels from these ancient translations; and, in 1755, produced an 
 entire translation of the New Testament from the Ethiopic. 
 Brunswick, 2 vol. 4tp. 
 
 BoGAN, Zachary,« learned English ivr iter, and 
 fellow of Corjyns Christi College, Oxford; horn 
 1625; died 1650. — Homerus 'E/S^a/^wi;, sive Conipa- 
 ratio Homeri cum Scrii)toribus Sacris, quoad nor- 
 mam loquendi. Oxonii, 1658, 8vo. 
 
52 BOGUE— BOIS. 
 
 The design of this learned, and now rare philological work, is 
 to point out the similarity of many forms of expression in Ho- 
 mer to those which occur in Scripture. He shows also, in a dis- 
 sertation added to it, that Hesiod imitates Homer in the same 
 manner. It is one of the earliest works in which classical liter- 
 ature is made much use of, to illustrate the sacred writings. Be- 
 gan -wrote also a small practical work in English, '' A view of the 
 Threats and Punishments recorded in Scripture," which contains 
 remarks on many Hebrew phrases. 
 
 BoGUE, David, D.D. a iiatwe of Scotland ; now 
 minister of the Congregational Church at Gosport, 
 in Hampshire. — An Essay on the Divine Author- 
 ity of the New Testament. 1802, 8vo. 
 
 This work was originally composed at the request of the Di- 
 rectors of the London Missionary Society, with a view to its 
 being translated into French, and prefixed to an edition of the 
 French New Testament proposed to be circulated in France. It 
 has accordingly been translated both into French and Italian. 
 It is one of the best works for its size on the evidences of Christ- 
 ianity, and as an introduction to the New Testament. It em- 
 braces a great variety of topics, and condenses into little room 
 the most important views of the evidences, internal and exter- 
 nal, of the truth of the New Testament Scriptures, and of the 
 important principles and doctrines which they contain. The 
 sentiments are excellent, the language"perspicuous, and the reas- 
 oning cogent and convincing. 
 
 Bois, John, a learned Englishman, canon of the 
 Cathedral of Ely ; horn 1560; died 1643. — ^Vete- 
 ris Interpretis cum Beza aliisque recentioribus Col- 
 latio, etc. 1655, Svo. 
 
 This is now a very scarce book. The author possessed no or- 
 dinary portion of learning and critical acumen. Both biblical 
 and classical literature were at his command. Many of his stric- 
 tures on Beza are correct, and his defences of the Latin Vulgate 
 often ingenious and important. He was employed as one of the 
 
BONAR— BOOT. 53 
 
 translators of our received version ; and was encouraged in the 
 writing of his '^ Collatio" by Bishop Andrews. It did not ap- 
 pear till long after his death. A curious life of Bois by himself, is 
 published in Peck's Desiderata. At the end of the " Collatio" 
 the following singular sentence occurs : "TiXoq. ru 0g<w ^ol,x. April 
 9, 1625, 3. et 10. die, postquam ex vita hac migravit Britanniae 
 IMagnae Rex augustissimus Jacobus." Bois wrote notes on St. 
 Chrysostom, which Sir Henry Saville inserted in the 8th vo- 
 lume of his edition of his works ; pronouncing their author to be 
 *' ingeniosissimum et doctissimum." 
 
 BoNAR, John, one of the ministers of Perth ; 
 died I76I. — Observations on the Conduct and Cha- 
 racter of Judas Iscariot, in a letter to the Rev. J. P. 
 1751, 8vo. 
 
 This anonymous pamphlet displays very considerable acute - 
 ness, and is not unworthy to be placed by the side of Lord Lit- 
 tleton on the Conversion of St. Paul, and Shaw on the Advice 
 of Gamaliel, — tracts somewhat similar in their nature. It is 
 Mr. Bonar's object to support the truth of Christianity, from the 
 character and testimony of the grand traitor against his Lord, 
 and apostate from his truth. Mr. Bonar, who was a pious and 
 superior man, wrote also " An Analysis of the Moral and Religi- 
 ous Sentiments of Lord Kames and David Hume." 1755, 8vo. 
 
 Boot, Arnold, a Dutch physician; who died in 
 1650. — Animadversiones Sacrae ad textum Hebrai- 
 cum. Lond. 1644, 4to. Epistola de textus Hebraic! 
 certitudine contra Capellum. Paris. 1650, 4to. 
 
 In these productions the Dutch physician discovers a good deal 
 of learning, explains many obscure texts, and endeavours to over- 
 throw the statements of Morinus and Capellus on the subject of 
 the incorrectness of the Hebrew text, and other collateral topics. 
 His letter was addressed to Archbishop Usher. Capellus defended 
 his doctrines, and exposed the rashness of Boot, in an apologetical 
 letter addressed also to Usher. To this Boot rejoined in his 
 " Vindiciae Apologeticae pro Hebraica veritate, ' etc. Paris. 1 ^bS^ 
 
M BOOTHROYD— BOS. 
 
 4to. These productions are now little known or regarded ; but 
 Walch says^ the Animadversions of Boot explain many passages 
 learnedly and happily. 
 
 BooTHROYD, Ben. LL.D. a dissenting minister 
 at Huddersjield, in Yorkshire, — A new Family Bi- 
 ble, and improved version, from corrected texts of 
 the originals ; with notes critical and explanatory. 
 Pontefract, 1818, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 The author of this work is also editor of a valuable edition of 
 the Hebrew Scriptures^, noticed in its proper place. This trans- 
 latiouj now completed in three volumes;, is an important addi- 
 tion to our means of ascertaining the import of the Bible. Dr. 
 Boothroyd is a most respectable Hebrew scholar ; has an ex- 
 tensive acquaintance with the criticism of the Bible ; is equal- 
 ly removed from the love of novelty, and from foolish adhe- 
 rence to antiquity ; and has very happily blended critical dis- 
 quisition with practical instruction, and an invariable regard 
 to the spirit and design of revelation. It deserves the encou- 
 ragement of all the friends of religion. 
 
 Bos, Lambert, Professor of Greek in the Uni- 
 versity of Franelter ; horn 1670; died 1717. — 
 Ellipses Graecae, etc. 1700, 12mo. Cura Schoet- 
 genii, 1711 ; cura Leisneri, fifth, sixth, and seventh 
 editions ; cura Michaelis, 1765, 8vo.; cura Schaeferi, 
 Lipsiae, 1808, 8vo. Glasgow, 1813, 8vo. 
 
 The fact that this work has been edited by so many persons 
 of profound learning, is sufficient evidence of its value. The 
 original edition is but a small volume, which was gradually in- 
 creased by its author as long as he lived. Schotgen, Bernhold, 
 Leisner, Michaelis, and Schaefer, all added to it, and corrected 
 it in the editions which they aided or published. The latter 
 editions, therefore, are much more valuable than the early ones. 
 The work is not confined to the Scriptures, but illustrates many 
 
BOSTON. 55 
 
 passages of the profane writers of Greece ; and points out nu- 
 merous instances of the ellipsis which occur in the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 — AiATPiBAi, sive Exercitationes Philologicae, in 
 quibus Novi Foederis loca nonnulla e profanis max- 
 ime auctoribus Graecis illustrantur. Franequerae, 
 1700, 1713, 8vo. — Observationes Miscellaneae ad 
 Loca quaedam cum Novi Testamenti, etc. Ibid. 
 1707, «vo. 
 
 Both these works of Bos contain useful philological illustra- 
 tions of some passages in the New Testament. The latter em- 
 braces passages in the Greek classics also. There is added to it, 
 a specimen of animadversions on the Philologia Sacra of Vor- 
 stius, by the younger Vitringa ; in which the purity of the style 
 of the New Testament is defended against the charges of that 
 writer. All the writings of Bos are learned and valuable ; they 
 are often referred to by Wolfius, who gives the substance of his 
 criticisms in the Curae. 
 
 Bos also edited a valuable edition of the Septuagint, Frane- 
 ker, 1 709:. 4to. It is professedly formed on the Roman edition 
 of 1587 ; but according to Breitinger, it rather copies the Paris 
 edition of l628, and the text of Walton's Polyglot. The scho- 
 lia of the Roman edition, and various readings, accompany each 
 page of the text ; and the Prolegomena contain many just criti- 
 cal remarks on the preceding editions of the Septuagint. 
 
 Boston, Thomas, minister of Ettrtck, in Scot- 
 land ; horn 1676 ; died 1732. — Tractatus Stigmo- 
 logicus, etc. Amst. 1738, 4to. 
 
 Mr. Boston was. a considerable Hebrew scholar for the period in 
 which he lived, and supposed that he had made an important dis- 
 covery respecting the accentuation of the Hebrew Scriptures. He 
 laboured on this work for many years, but had not tlie felicity of 
 seeing it publislied. It was several times written with his own 
 hand in Englisli, and then translated by him into Latin, in order 
 to its being printed in Holland. He was encouraged by Sir Rich- 
 
56 BOWYER— BOYD. 
 
 ard Ellis and Dr. Waterland at home, and by Schultens, Gro- 
 novius, and J. H. Michaelis, abroad. After all, his scheme of 
 literal interpretation, and his doctrine of the divine origin of the 
 points, have contributed little to the better understanding of the 
 Bible. Some curious particulars respecting his works are given 
 in the author's Memoirs of himself, Edinb. 1813, 8vo. 
 
 BowYER, William, a learned English printer ; 
 horn in London, 1699 ; died 1777 '-—Cvitical Conjec- 
 tures and Observations on the New Testament, col- 
 lected from various Authors, as well in regard to 
 Words as Pointing, with the reason on which both 
 are founded. Fourth and best edition, 1812, 4to. 
 
 The first edition of this work was published along with a small 
 edition of the New Testament in 1 764 ; it was enlarged a little 
 in 1773, published in 1782 in 4to. and again in 1812. The wri- 
 ters from whom the selection is principally made, besides Bow- 
 yer himself, are Bishop Barrington, Mr. Markland, Professor 
 Schultz, Michaelis, Dr. Henry Owen, Dr. Woide, Dr. Gosset, 
 and Mr. Weston. As conjectures, the best that can be said of 
 them is, that they are often ingenious. The alterations in the 
 pointing are not properly conjectural, and therefore may be more 
 safely trusted. " In the Greek Testament," says Bishop Marsh, 
 " our means of correction from authority are so ample, that con- 
 jecture is unnecessary ; and, if unnecessary, it is injurious, espe- 
 cially in a work, where, if the words might be altered from con- 
 jecture, a door would be opened to every species of corruption." 
 
 Boyd, Robert, of Troclirig, a mhiister of the 
 Church of Scotland, and Professor of Theology in 
 the Universities of Saumur, Glasgoiv, and Edin- 
 hurgh; horn 1578; died 1627. — InEpistolam PauUi 
 Apostoli ad Ephesios Praelectiones supra CC. in 
 quibus praeter textus apostolici adcuratam analysin 
 et explicationem copiosam ac dilucidam, passim inter- 
 seruntur locorum communium, quaestionum et con- 
 
BOYLE— BRAIS. 57 
 
 troversiarum tractationes. Lond. 1652. Genev.1662, 
 fol. 
 
 An English translation of this work was made, if I mistake not, 
 by the author's son, and published in 4to. It is not strictly of an 
 expository nature. It enters largely into doctrinal, practical, and 
 controversial subjects. " His Prelections," says Dr. M^Crie, 
 contain some good critical remarks, as well as many eloquent 
 passages ; and it is to be regretted, that he should have render- 
 ed the work heavy and repulsive, by indulging, according to a 
 practice then common among the continental commentators, in 
 long digressions, for the sake of illustrating general doctrines, 
 and determining the controversies of the time." Life of Mel- 
 ville, vol. ii. p. 312, 313. I might have added to the notice of 
 Boyd, that he was first minister at Vertal in France, whence he 
 removed to Saumur ; while he was Principal of Glasgow College, 
 he was also minister of Govan, in the neighbourhood. He was 
 an excellent Greek scholar. 
 
 Boyle, the Hon. Robert, a distinguished 
 'philosopher and Christian ; bo?'nl627; died 1691. 
 — Considerations upon the Style of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. 1661, 8vo. In Latin, Ox on. 1665. 
 
 This work is entitled to attention, both on account of the 
 author, and of the manner in which he has treated the subject. 
 It discovers the solid learning and great acuteness of the philo- 
 sopher, blended with all that veneration for God, and love to his 
 revealed will, which so eminently characterized him as a Christian. 
 
 Beais, Stephen de, a learned French Protes- 
 tant minister of the last century^ Professor of Theo- 
 logy at Saumur. — Epistolae Paulli ad Romanos Ana- 
 lysis paraphrastica, cum notis. Salmurii, 1720. Lip- 
 siae, 1726, 4to. 
 
 A third edition appeared among the works of the author, edi- 
 ted by Venema, at Amst. 1735. This contains many additional 
 notes. There are two dissertations joined to the Analysis ; one 
 
58 BRAUNIUS— BREITINGER. 
 
 on the Second Sabbath after the First, the other, on Baptism 
 for the Dead. The work is entitled to attention, as affording 
 considerable light on many passages of the Epistle to the Ro- 
 mans, and on some other of Paul's Epistles. 
 
 Braunius, John, D.D. a German divine, Pro- 
 fessor of Theology and of the Hehrew language 
 in the university of Groningen ; born 1628 ; died 
 in 1709. — Selecta Sacra, libri quinque. Amstel. 
 1700, 4to. — De Vestitu Sacerdotum Hebraeorum. 
 Ibid. 1701, 21 vol. 4 to. — Commentarius in Epistolam 
 ad Hebraeos. Ibid. 1705, 4to. 
 
 All the works of Braun discover an extensive acquaintance 
 with the Scriptures, an accurate knowledge of Jewish rites and 
 customs, and great familiarity with Rabbinical learning. He 
 was a follower of the theology of Cocceius, and of the philosophy 
 of Des Cartes. His work on the clothing of the Jewish priests, is 
 a kind of commentary on the 28th and 29th chapters of Exodus. 
 His Sacred Selections embrace a variety of subjects : — on various 
 things relating to the Epistles ; on the Seventh Seal ; on the Holi- 
 ness of the High Priest ; on Weeping for Thamus, Ezek. ch.viii. 
 The fifth book is occupied with various dissertations. Walch 
 highly commends the work on the Hebrews, at the end of which 
 there is a dissertation on the eternal generation of the Son of God. 
 
 Breitinger, John James, a learned Swiss; 
 born at Zurich, in 1701 ; died 177Q. — Vetus Testa- 
 inentum ex Versione Septuaginta Interpretum, etc. 
 Tiguri, 1730-1732, 4 vol. 4to. 
 
 This valuable edition of the Septuagint, is a reprint of Grabe's 
 critical edition of the Alexandrine MS. with the various read- 
 ings of the Vatican MS. added by Breitinger at the foot of the 
 page. It is very beautiful and very correct ; and, according to 
 Michaelis, the best edition of the LXX, which had been pub- 
 lished to his time. It contains the dissertation by Grabe and 
 Lee on the antiquity of the Alexandrine MS. 
 
BREKELL—BREREWOOD— BRETT. 59 
 
 Brekell, John, a Unitatian riiinister in Liver- 
 pool, who died cd)out 1775. — An Essay on the He- 
 brew Tongue, to show that the Hebrew Bible might 
 be originally read by Vowel Letters without the 
 Vowel Points. 1758, 8vo. 
 
 There are some sensible observations in this small work, 
 which is A\Titten on the Anti-Masoretic system. The author was 
 a considerable scholar, and wrote some critical papers in the Theo- 
 logical Repository conducted by Dr. Priestley. He was also 
 the author of a volume of discourses, more distinguished for their 
 learning than their theology. 
 
 Brerewood, Edward, Pf^ofessor of Astronomy 
 in Gresham College; hor?il565; died 1613. — In- 
 quiries touching the Diversity of Languages and 
 Religions through the chief Parts of the World. 
 Lond. 1614, 1635, etc. 4to. 
 
 There is a good deal of learning in this small work, partly of a 
 biblical nature, and partly relating to church history. It was 
 translated into French in l640, by J. de la Montague. Brere- 
 wood was also the author of a work on the weights and coins of the 
 ancients ; which was republished by Walton in the Preliminary 
 Dissertations to the Polyglot. 
 
 Brett, Tho:mas, a learned clergtjman of the 
 Church of England; horn in Kent, 1667; died 
 1743. — A Letter, showing why our English Bibles 
 differ so much from the Septuagint, though both are 
 translated from the Hebrew original. 1743, Svo. 
 
 This letter was greatly enlarged, and published from the au- 
 thor's MS. after his death, in 17^)0, under the title of '' K. Dis- 
 sertation on the ancient Versions of the Bible ; showing why our 
 English translation differs so much from them, and the excellent 
 use that may be made of them towards attaining the true read- 
 ings of the Holy Scriptures in doubtful places." As an evidence 
 
60 BROUGHTON— .BROWN. 
 
 of the value of this Dissertation^ Bishop Watson republished it 
 in his collection of Theological Tracts ; and says^ in the intro- 
 duction to itj " It is an excellent dissertation, and cannot fail of 
 being very useful to such as have not leisure or opportunity to 
 consult Dr. Hody's book, De Bibliorum Textibus." Brett was 
 the author of many other theological and controversial works. 
 
 Brought ON, Hugh, a noted Hebrew and 
 Rabbinical scholar ; born 1549 ; died 1612. — The 
 Works of the great Albionean Divine, renowned 
 in many nations for rare skill in Salem's and Athens' 
 Tongues, and familiar acquaintance with all Rabbi- 
 nical learning. 1662, fol. 
 
 This collection of the works of Broughton was edited by the 
 celebrated Dr. Lightfoot, who prefixes a commendatory preface. 
 Broughton, with a considerable portion of quackery, and a large 
 portion of ill-nature, had certainly a respectable acquaintance 
 with biblical literature. His works are now, however, more 
 an object of curiosity than of respect. They contain, among 
 other things. Commentaries on Ecclesiastes, Exposition of 
 Daniel's visions, the Consent of Scripture, translations of Job 
 and Jeremiah, etc. etc. He was a keen defender of the Hebrew 
 verity ; and, it is alleged, was much displeased because he was 
 not employed as one of the translators of our present English 
 version of the Bible. 
 
 Brown, John, minister at Haddington^ and 
 many years Pf^ojessor of Divinity to the JBurgher 
 Secession Church in Scotland; born 1722 ; died 
 1787. — A Dictionary of the Holy Bible, on the plan 
 of Calmet, but principally adapted to common read- 
 ers ; containing an Historical Account of the Per- 
 sons ; a Geograi)hical and Historical Account of 
 the Places ; a Literal, Critical, and Systematical 
 Description of other Objects, whether natural, 
 artificial, civil, religious, or military ; and the ap- 
 
BROWN— BRYANT. 6l 
 
 plication of the appellative terms mentioned in the 
 Old and New Testament. 1769, 2 vol. 8vo. Often 
 since reprinted. 
 
 This is a useful rather than a profound work ; and has contri- 
 buted very considerably to disseminate religious information in 
 this country. As it was intended chiefly for common readers, 
 the author, though a man of learning, and very general informa- 
 tion, purposely avoided a display of learning. It is perhaps to 
 be regretted that it sometimes dwells on what is plain, and 
 passes over many things that are obscure ; a fault, however, 
 which is too common to dictionaries and commentaries, and 
 which belongs no less to its celebrated prototype Calmet than to 
 itself. The author, however, deserves well of the public for the 
 correctness of his sentiments, and the vein of piety which per- 
 vades his work. The book has been repeatedly pirated in a 
 shameless manner, and sentiments have been introduced into 
 it, under Mr. Brown's name, to A\^hich he was decidedly op- 
 posed. He published, besides many other works, a '^ Self- 
 Interpreting Bible," which is useful for its marginal references, 
 and its practical reflections. 
 
 Brown, John, a minister of the Church of Scot- 
 land, and afterwards of the Scotch Church, Rotter- 
 dam, where he died in 1679. — An Explanation of 
 the Epistle to the Romans. Edinb. 1769, 4to. 
 
 The author of this work was a Calvinist of the old school, a 
 man of learning, piety, and good sense. The work is heavy ; 
 but valuable chiefly as a doctrinal and practical exposition. 
 
 Bryant, Jacob, a very learned and ingenious 
 
 writer ; born at Plymouth 1715 ; died 1804.-^A 
 
 Treatise upon the Authenticity of the Scriptures, 
 
 and the Truth of the Christian Religion. 1792, 
 
 1793, 1810, 8vo. 
 
 This is a short, but useful and original view of the evidences 
 of Christianity, in which some of the chief difliculties in revela- 
 tion are noticed, and, on the whole, satisfactorily obviated. 
 
62 BRYANT. 
 
 — Observations upon the Plagues inflicted upon the 
 Egyptians. In which is shown the Peculiarity of 
 those Judgments, and their correspondence with 
 the Rites and Idolatries of that People. To which 
 is prefixed, a Prefatory Discourse concerning the 
 Grecian colonies from Egypt. 1794, 1810, 8vo. 
 
 The title sufficiently explains the design of this publication, 
 in which the great learning and ingenuity of the author appear 
 to much advantage. Had he been equally skilled in the Orien- 
 tal languages as in Greek, this, and some other of his works, 
 would have been more satisfactory. He was exceedingly par- 
 tial to etymological research. His limited knowledge of the 
 Hebrew and its kindred dialects, frequently appears in his 
 attempts at tracing the Greek primitives to their supposed ori- 
 ginals. None can read this book, however, without being gratified 
 with the learned research which it displays, and the light which 
 is thrown by it on the singular, and, in some respects, obscure 
 subjects to which it relates. 
 
 — Observations upon some Passages in Scripture, 
 which the Enemies to Religion have thought most 
 obnoxious, and attended with Difficulties not to be 
 surmounted. 1803, 4to. 
 
 The subjects of this -^^olume are, the difficulties in the history 
 of Balaam ; Samson, and his victory at Lehi ; observations upon 
 the passage in Joshua concerning the sun's standing still in 
 Gibeon ; and observations on the history of Jonah. On all 
 these topics the author's profound acquaintance with the idola- 
 tries and mythology of the heathen supplied him with many 
 curious and important illustrations. If he has not removed all 
 the difficulties, he has at least shown that they may be consi- 
 derably reduced. 
 
 Besides these works, Mr. Bryant wrote several other books, 
 which indirectly bear on the literature of the Bible. His sys- 
 tem or " Analysis of Ancient Mythology," first published in three 
 volumes quarto, in 1774-1776, and afterwards in six volumes 
 octavo, 1807, contains an immense mass of curious and learned 
 
BUCHANAN. 63 
 
 discussion, relating to the history and religions of all the ancient 
 nations. A treatise on '' The Disputed Testimony of Josephus 
 to Christ/' in which he vindicates that testimony, appeared in 
 1789. " The Sentiments of Philo-Judaeus concerning the 
 AOros, or Word of God ; together with large extracts from his 
 writings ; compared with the Scriptures on many other particu- 
 lar and essential doctrines of the Christian religion." 1797, 18vo. 
 The opinion of the British Critic on his " Observations on 
 some Passages of Scripture," is perhaps justly applicable to all 
 his "writings. '^ We have discovered in this work much learn- 
 ing, much ingenuity, and a uniform good intention ; but truth 
 compels us to add, that it disj^lays a defect in judgment, and a 
 too evident propensity to supj^ort a favourite hypothesis." A 
 seriousness and earnestness of inquiry after truth, and a deep 
 veneration for the revelation of heaven, run through all the 
 writings of Mr. Bryant ; but whether he understood the main 
 design of that revelation, is not very evident. The almost entire 
 absence of those views which constitute the life and soul of 
 Christianity, is painful, considering how much he wrote. It is 
 dangerous to allow the mind to be too much exercised about 
 curious questions, even of a religious nature. The plagues of 
 Egypt, and the victory of Sampson, and the miraculous circum- 
 stances in Jonah's history, deserve attention ; but are light as air 
 in comparison with Christ crucified, the power and wisdom of 
 God to salvation. 
 
 Buchanan, George, a celebrated Latin Poet 
 and Scottish Historian ; icas horn in Diimharton- 
 shire in Scotland, in Fel)ruary, 1 506 ; died at 
 Edinburgh, on the 5th Dec. 1582. — Paraplirasis 
 Psalmoruin Davidis Poetica. Paris. 1564, 8vo. 
 Often reprinted. 
 
 It is generally admitted that to Scotland belongs the honour 
 of having produced the finest Latin version of the book of 
 Psalms. At a time when literature was not generally culti- 
 vated among his countrymen, and when excellence in Latin 
 composition was far from common in Europe, Buchanan, then a 
 
64 BULKLEY. 
 
 prisoner in a foreign land, produced a work which has immortal- 
 ized his name;, and left scarcely any thing to be desired, as far as 
 the beauties of diction and imagery are concerned, in a transla- 
 tion of the sacred songs. It is not meant that he has always faith- 
 fully represented the meaning of the original. He had not, 
 perhaps, a sufficient stock of Hebrew knowledge to enable him to 
 do so. His studies and attainments were more of a classical 
 than of a biblical nature ; and his principal aim was to clothe 
 the sentiments of David in the elegant drapery of Horace and 
 Virgil. There are twenty- nine different kinds of measure in 
 the work, in all of which he shows how completely he was 
 master of the varied forms of Latin verse. In many of the 
 Psalms he has succeeded to admiration. The CIV. has 
 frequently been selected as one of the finest specimens of 
 sublime poetry. He has executed his task, says Mackenzie, 
 '*■ with such inimitable sweetness and elegancy, that this version 
 of the Psalms will be esteemed and admired as long as the world 
 endures, or men have any relish for poetry." It has passed 
 through innumerable editions, in almost every form of typogra- 
 phy. A very excellent Variorum edition was published at 
 Edinburgh by the Ruddimans, in 17^7^ in octavo. Besides the 
 notes to this edition, there is added, at the foot of the page, the 
 Ecphrasis of Alexander Julius. A translation of Buchanan's 
 Psalms into English verse was published by the Rev. J. Crad- 
 dock of Maryland, 1754, 8vo. 
 
 BuLKLEY, Charles, a dissenting minister of 
 the Unitarian faith ; born in London 1719 ; died 
 1797. — Notes on the Bible, published from the 
 author's manuscript. By Joshua Toulmin, D.D. 
 1802, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These notes are not so much of a philological as of an expla- 
 natory nature. They are filled Avith what the author considers 
 parallel passages in the Greek and Roman classics, in which the 
 same moral precepts and sentiments occur. Sometimes the co- 
 incidence appears to be striking ; at other times the correspond- 
 ence is far from marked. There is a great mass of quotation. 
 
BURDER— BURGES. 65 
 
 which would seem to answer no valuable purpose, unless to pro- 
 duce the belief, that a book nearly as good as the Bible might 
 be compiled from the writings of the poets and philosophers of 
 Greece and Rome. 
 
 BuRDER, Samuel, a Clergymcm of the Church 
 of England. — Oriental Customs ; or an Illustration 
 of the Sacred Scriptures, by an explanatory appli- 
 cation of the Customs and Manners of the Eastern 
 Nations. Lond. 1816, 2! vol. 8vo. 5th edit. 
 
 This work is chiefly a compilation from Harmer and others, 
 who had previously laboured in the same department. It con- 
 tains also many things not in Harmer, found in works of voy- 
 ages and travels which appeared subsequently to that laborious 
 and accurate compiler's publication ; but it leaves out much that 
 is valuable iu Harmer. Since the above publication, Mr. Bur- 
 der has produced another somewhat similar : 
 
 — Oriental Literature applied to the Illustration of 
 the Sacred Writings, especially with reference to 
 Antiquities, Traditions, and Manners, collected from 
 the most celebrated writers and travellers, both an- 
 cient and modern. Lond. 1822, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Had Mr. Burder been a profound Oriental scholar, this might 
 have been made a very interesting book. Had the high literary 
 attainments of Sir William Jones, sanctified by the grace of Christ, 
 been devoted to such an undertaking, what might not have been 
 the result ! But mere compilations of this nature, however 
 faithfully executed, cannot deeply interest the biblical scholar. 
 The real and most formidable difficulties of scriptural expression 
 and allusion are never met by them. 
 
 BuRGES, Sir James Bland, Bart. — Reasons 
 in Favour of a New Translation of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. Lond. 1819, 8vo. 
 
 This work, though designed as a defence of Mr. Bellamy's 
 
 F 
 
66 BURGESS— BURKITT. 
 
 strange performance, in reply to the Quarterly Review of that 
 work, is worth consulting, though the reader will not be likely 
 to adopt all the learned Baronet's reasons, or reasonings, in their 
 support. It was followed by an anonymous pamphlet of no great 
 value — " Reasons why a New Translation of the Bible should 
 not be published." 1819, 8vo. 
 
 Burgess, Thomas, Lord Bishop of St. JDavicVs, 
 — Initia Paulina, sive Introductio ad Lectionem 
 Pauli Epistolarum. Lond. 1804, ISmo. 
 
 This small work is chiefly a compilation, containing various 
 tracts, adapted to aid the critical student of Paul's Epistles. 
 There are in it, the Epistle to the Philippians, in Greek and 
 English, with brief notes, by Kuttner — the introduction of Theo- 
 phylact to the Epistles — that Father's interpretation of the 
 Epistle to the Philippians— the notes of Rosenmiiller on the 
 same Epistle — the observations of Kuttner on the idiom of the 
 New Testament. There are also extracts from Henry Stephens, 
 and Gataker, on the style of the New Testament. Bishop Bur- 
 gess deserves well of the Christian public, for the varied en- 
 couragements which he has presented to the cultivation of bibli- 
 cal literature. His '^ Hebrew Primer," and " Hebrew Elements," 
 are both calculated to facilitate an acquaintance with that im- 
 portant language. His " Tracts on the Doctrine of the Trinity," 
 by Stillingfleet, Bull, Wallis, Monboddo, and Horbery, are not 
 much of a biblical nature ; and it is doubtful how far the reason- 
 ings in some of them are likely to recommend that essential doc- 
 trine. 
 
 BuRKiTT, William, an English clergyma7i ; 
 horn 1650 ; died 1703. — Expository Notes, with 
 Practical Observations, on the New Testament of 
 our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ ; wherein the 
 Sacred Text is at large recited, the Sense Explain- 
 ed, &c. Lond. 1700, 1739, fol. 
 
 This is not a critical, or in any respect a profound work. 
 The author was evidently an Arminian in his doctrinal views ,- 
 
BURKIUS— BURNET. 67 
 
 but his sentiments^ says Dr. Doddridge, '' vary in different parts 
 of the work, as the authors from whom he took his materials 
 were orthodox or not." This is very faint praise. 
 
 BuRKius, Philip David, a learned and ortho- 
 dox German theologian of the last century. — Gno- 
 mon Psalmorum, in quo ex nativa vi Verborum, 
 Simplicitas, Profunditas, Concinnitas, Salubritas 
 Sensuum Coelestium indicatur. Stutgardiae, 1760, 
 2 vol. 4to. — Gnomon in Duodecim Prophetas Mi- 
 nores, etc. Heilbronnae, 1753, 4to. 
 
 These works were evidently \vritten in imitation of Bengel's 
 Gnomon to the New Testament ; as the whole of Bengel's title 
 is adopted, who also writes a recommendatory preface to the work 
 on the minor prophets. Our remarks on that work are equally 
 applicable to these. Burk, as well as Bengel, was a very pious 
 man ; but though much seriousness and evangelical sentiment 
 pervade these volumes, they are more technical, and stiff than 
 are desirable in works on the Scriptures. There is also not unfre- 
 quently, an attempt to bring more out of a word or expression 
 than it was designed to convey. If it be wrong to make the 
 Holy Spirit say less than he intended, it cannot be right to 
 make him say more. Burk designed to go over all the Old 
 Testament in the same manner ; but, I suppose, was prevented 
 by death. 
 
 Burnet, Thomas, LL.D. a native of Scotland ; 
 a learned and ingenious, hut heterodox clergyman 
 of the English Church; horn 1635 ; died 1715. — 
 The Sacred Theory of the Earth ; containing an 
 Account of the original of the Earth, and of all the 
 Changes which it hath already undergone, or is to 
 undergo, till the consummation of all things. The 
 two first books concerning the Deluge, and Paradise ; 
 the two last concerning the New Heavens and New 
 
68 BURNET. 
 
 Earth. First edition in Latin, Lond. 1681-1689, 
 2 vol. 4to. In English, ibid. 1684-1689, 2 vol. fol. 
 Sixth edit. 1726, 2 vol. 8vo. — De Statu Mortuorum 
 et Resurgentium Tractatus. Adjicitur Appendix 
 de Futura Judaeorum Restauratione. Ibid. 1728, 
 8vo. edit. 2da. — Of the State of the Dead, and of 
 those that are to rise. Translated from the Latin 
 of Dr. Burnet. With an Answer to all the He- 
 resies therein. By Mathias Earbery. Ibid. 1728, 
 2 parts, 8vo. — Archaeologiae Philosophiae ; or, the 
 Ancient Doctrine concerning the Originals of things. 
 Faithfully translated into English, with Remarks 
 thereon, by Mr. Foxton. Ibid. 1729, 8vo. — The 
 Faith and Duties of Christians ; a Treatise, in eight 
 chapters. Translated into English by Mr. Dennis. 
 Ibid. 1733, 8vo. 
 
 The author of the above works was one of the most elegant 
 scholars of his age, and must have been held in no ordinary esti- 
 mation for learning and talents^ when Addison, alluding to his 
 theory of the earth, thus addressed him : 
 
 O pectus ingens ! O animum gravem, 
 Mundi capacem ! Si bonus auguror, 
 
 Te, nostra quo tellus superbit, 
 
 Accipiet renovata civem. 
 
 His works were all written originally in Latin, in which 
 he excelled ; and perhaps, because he did not choose to dis- 
 close to all some of the peculiar sentiments which he held. His 
 sentiments were far from orthodox on many points. He consider- 
 ed the Mosaic account of the fall, a pious allegory, and original 
 sin, a fiction ; he doubted the resurrection of the same body, and 
 the eternity of future punishment. His theory of the earth was 
 opposed by Warren, Keil, Whiston, and others. I introduce his 
 works, because, apart from his mistakes, they contain some 
 things relating to the Scriptures worth reading ; while the reader 
 ought to be on his guard against their sophistry and scepticism. 
 
BURTON, GEO.^BURTON, WIL.— BUTLER. 69 
 
 Burton, George, a dergijman of the Church 
 of England. — An Essay on the Numbers of Da- 
 niel and St. John, determining the Birth of our 
 Saviour, and fixing the time for the Dissolution of 
 the Jews. Lond. 1766, 8vo. — A Sui)plement to the 
 Essay ; confirming the Numbers 2436, and 3430, 
 mentioned in the Essay, from two Numerical Pro- 
 phecies of Moses and our Saviour. Ibid. 1768, 
 Svo. 
 
 According to Mr. Burton's calculations, the conversion of the 
 Gentiles, and the Millennium, will commence in the year 2436 ; 
 the battle of Gog and Magog will begin in 3430, and the Millen- 
 nium terminate in 3436. It will shake the confidence of the 
 reader in our author's wisdom and calculations, when he is 
 informed that the numerical prophecy of Moses referred to, is 
 Lev. xxvi. 18 — 28, " / will jnmisk you seven tinies more for 
 your sins," etc. and that of our Saviour, Luke xvii. 4, " If thy 
 brother trespass against thee seven times in a day," etc. ! 
 
 Burton, William, a hooJeseller in London. — 
 Researches into the Phraseology, Manners, History, 
 and Religion of the Ancient Eastern Nations, as 
 illustrative of the Sacred Scriptures ; and into the 
 Accuracy of the English Translation of the Bible. 
 Lond. 2 vol. Svo. no date. 
 
 These Researches are mostly a compilation, which made its 
 appearance a few years ago, and which contains materials of 
 various value. There are a number of good criticisms, and 
 some of a trifling nature. The introduction contains remarks 
 on the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Talmud. 
 The work is very beautifully printed. 
 
 Butler, Charles, of Lincoln's Inn ; a learned 
 and industrious Roman Catholic layman. — Horae 
 Biblicae: an Historical and Literary Account of 
 
70 BUXTORF, JOHN, THE FATHER. 
 
 the Original Text, Early Versions, and Printed 
 Editions of the Old and New Testament. Lond. 
 1799, 8vo. Ibid. 1807, and 1812, 2 vol. Svo. 
 
 This elegant work was originally printed for private distribu- 
 tion, and is the production of the leisure hours of Mr. Butler. 
 It does great credit to his learning, research, candour, and good 
 sense. It supplies in a narrow compass a large portion of useful 
 information, on all the topics of which it treats, and directs to 
 the sources whence it is chiefly drawn. In an appendix, the 
 ingenious ^vriter gives a literary outline of the disputes on the 
 authenticity of 1 John v. 7 i iu which the evidence on both sides 
 is stated with great candour and accuracy. The fifth edition of 
 the Horae Biblicae is inserted in a collection of Mr. Butler's 
 " Philological and Biographical Works," 1817, 5 vol. Svo. 
 
 BuxTORF, John, f/ie fatlier ; a celebf^ated 
 Hehrew and Rcdthinical scholar ; born in West- 
 phalia 1564 ; died 1629. 
 
 The works of the elder Buxtorf are very numerous, and full 
 of Jewish prejudices, as well as Jewish learning. Those of 
 them which are still deserving of attention are the following : 
 
 — Synagoga Judaiea. Hanov. 1604, 1622, 8vo. 
 
 In this work, which is divided into fifty chapters, the rites 
 and ceremonies observed by the Jews are explained ; and, in 
 general, every thing relating to the forms and services of the 
 synagogue. 
 
 — Tiberias ; sive Commentarius Masoreticus, etc. 
 Basil. 1620, fol. 
 
 This work contains a learned exposition and defence of the 
 Masoretic doctrines ; and was most learnedly assailed in the 
 Arcanum Punctuationis of Capel. See Capellus. 
 
 — Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum. Basil. 1621, 
 Svo. 
 
BUXTOllF, JOHN, THE SON. 71 
 
 — Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum, et Rabbini- 
 cum, etc. Published by his son. Basil. 1640, fol. 
 
 This immense work is said to have been the result of thirty 
 years labour. It contains a world of Rabbinical knowledge. All 
 the Chaldaic, Talmudical, and Rabbinical words which occur in 
 the ^paraphrases of the Old Testament, in the Babylonish and 
 Jerusalem Targums, in the common or more private writings of 
 the Hebrew commentators, philosophers, theologians, cabbalists, 
 and lawyers, are fully explained. Numerous extracts, and 
 examples are given ; proverbs, ajiophthegms, opinions, rites, and 
 other things relating to sacred philology and antiquities, are 
 illustrated. All subsequent writers have been greatly indebt- 
 ed to this Lexicon of Buxtorf. For other works by him, see 
 the article Capellus, and Concordances. '' The world," 
 says Dean Prideaux, " is more beholden to Buxtorf for his 
 learned and judicious labours, than to any other that lived in his 
 time, and his name ought ever to be preserved with honour in 
 acknowledgment of it." 
 
 Buxtorf, John, iJie son of the preceding ; like- 
 wise Professor of Hehf^ew at Basil; horn 1593; 
 died 1664. — Anticritica contra Lud. Capellum. 
 Basil. 1653, 4to. See Capellus. — Dissertationes 
 Philologicae Septem de Lingua Hebraica, et aliis re- 
 bus. Basil. 1645. — Exercitationes ad Historiam 
 Arcae Foederis. Ibid. 1659. — Dissertationes Phi- 
 lologico-Theologicae, et Abarbanelis aliquot Disser- 
 tationes. Ibid. 1662, 4to. 
 
 The nature of these works is obvious from their titles. The 
 Dissertations on the Ark of the Covenant include an examina- 
 tion of the sacred fire, the Urim and Thummim, the manna, the 
 rock in the desert, and the brazen serpent. They all contain a 
 good deal of valuable philological matter, and discover exten- 
 sive acquaintance with Hebrew literature. 
 
72 BYNAEUS-BYTHNER. 
 
 Bynaeus, Anthony, a Dutch minister of the 
 seventeenth century. — De Calceis Hebraeorum, Li- 
 bri duo, cum tabulis aeneis elegantissimis. Amst. 
 1684, 12mo. Dordraci, 1715, 4to. 
 
 The work of this learned Dutchman on the shoes of the 
 Ancients^ shows how much labour and learning may be expend- 
 ed on a comparatively unimportant subject. He endeavours to 
 give a history of the clothing of the feet from the earliest 
 period; and shows that if shoes did not originate in Para- 
 dise^, they must have been used soon after. In the time of 
 Abraham they were commonly employed. He endeavours to 
 prove that the Hebrews always walked with their shoes on ; and 
 that^ consequently^ our Lord is often improperly represented by 
 the ancients barefooted. He inquires into the matter of which 
 they were formed, and proves that it was commonly leather. 
 Their colour, whether black, white, red, or scarlet, is next lear- 
 nedly discussed ; along with their form, trappings, or fastenings. 
 Various customs respecting the use of the shoe are then illus- 
 trated, together with remarks on those passages of Scripture in 
 which they are referred to. This is the most useful part of the 
 book. Bynaeus wrote other two works, on more interesting 
 topics j the one on the birth of Christ, and the other on his 
 death. 
 
 Bythner, Victor, a learned Pole, who resided 
 chieflij in England, where he died 1670. — Lyra 
 Prophetica Davidis Regis, sive Analysis Critico- 
 Practica Psalmorum. Lond. 1645, 1650, 1654, 
 1664, 1679, 4to. 
 
 This is an exceedingly useful book to a learner of the He- 
 brew language. The reputation in which it was held appears 
 from the numerous editions through which it passed. Bythner 
 availed himself of the aids of the Chaldee paraphrase and the 
 Septuagint in interpreting the Psalms. It is now scarce and 
 dear. 
 
CALAMY—CALLANDER. 73 
 
 Calamy, Edmund, D.D. a leading minister and 
 W7'iter amoJig the English Protestant Dissenters of 
 the Presbyterian denomination ; ivas horn April 5, 
 1671 ; died on the M of June, 1732. — The Inspira- 
 tion of the Holy Writings of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment considered, and improved in fourteen Sermons. 
 Lond. 1710, 8vo. — Thirteen Sermons concernin<r 
 the Doctrine of the Trinity, preached at the Mer- 
 chants' Lecture in Salter's Hall ; together with a 
 Vindication of that celebrated Text, 1 John v. 7, 
 from being spurious, etc. Lond. 1722, 8vo. 
 
 The Avritings of Dr. Calamy were very numerous, chiefly of 
 a controversial nature, and on subjects relating to the Dissen- 
 ters. The above are also partly controversial ; but they are on 
 subjects which belong to our plan. The discourses on the in- 
 spiration of the Scriptures are very able, and defend those views 
 of this important topic which are generally held by the orthodox 
 Dissenters. When the other discourses were delivered, the 
 Trinitarian controversy raged fiercely in England, and threaten- 
 ed to desolate the dissenting churches. It was not, however, 
 confined to them : the ablest writers in the church of England 
 were engaged in it at the same time. Dr. Calamy's book was de- 
 dicated to George I. who sent the author a jiresent of fifty pounds 
 as a mark of his favour. He received likewise the thanks of se- 
 veral dignitaries of the church for it. ]More light has been 
 thrown on the disputed passage in 1 John v. 7> since Calamy 
 wrote ; but his defence of it is tolerably good for the time. 
 
 Callander, John, l^so^.o/Craigforth, a learn- 
 ed Scotch gentleman. — An Essay towards a literal 
 Version of the New Testament, in the Epistle of 
 Paul directed to the Ephesians. Glasg. 1779. 
 
 This is a very curious specimen of literal rendering, in which 
 the order of the Greek words is rigidly followed, and the Eng- 
 
74 CALOVIUS— CALIXTUS. 
 
 lish idiom entirely abandoned, to the utter destruction of the 
 elegance and meaning of the original. For instance, he thus 
 renders chap. v. 31, " Because of this, shall leave a man, the 
 father of him, and the mother, and he shall be joined to the wife 
 of him, and they shall be even the two, into one flesh." The 
 curiosity of this work is, that the notes are in Greek ; a proof, 
 certainly, of Mr. Callander's learning, but not of his wisdom. 
 
 Calovius, Abraham, a learned Prussian divine, 
 professor of Theology at Wittemherg ; horn 1612; 
 died 1686. — Biblia Illustrata, etc. Franc, ad Moen. 
 1672-1676, 5 torn. fol. Dresdae, 1719, fol. 
 
 This learned and elaborate work, besides the immense infor- 
 mation which it contains on every biblical topic, furnishes a full 
 antidote to the Socinian glosses and perversions of Grotius. 
 It attacks also the Catholic commentators. The sentiments of 
 the author are evangelical ; and the work is highly extolled by 
 Walch, and other continental writers. Calovius was the author 
 of many other biblical works, which are not much known in 
 this country. Among these, are not less than seventeen volumes 
 of dissertations on biblical subjects. 
 
 Calixtus, George, a learned Lutheran divine; 
 who died in 1656. — Quatuor Evangelicorum Scrip- 
 torum Concordia et locorum, quae in iis occurrunt, 
 difficilium et dubiorum Explicatio. Halberstadii, 
 1624. Opt. edit. Helmstadii, 1663, 4to. 
 
 This harmony, of which the last edition published by Fred. 
 Ulric Calixtus, the son of the author, is the best, is brief, but 
 learned, and entitled to an honourable place among works of this 
 class. It was originally published, not by Calixtus himself, but 
 by an unknown person from his Lectures. Calixtus was the au- 
 thor of commentaries on several parts of Scripture : on Exodus ; 
 on the Acts of the Apostles ; on the Epistles to the Romans and 
 the Corinthians ; besides prelections on several of the propheti- 
 cal books. 
 
CALMET. 75 
 
 Calmet, Dom AuCtUSTin, a French Benedict 
 tine Monk ; horn 1672 ; died 1757. — A Historical, 
 Critical, Geographical, and Etymological Dictionary 
 of the Bible. Translated from the French. Lond. 
 1732, 3 vol. fol. 
 
 This, though the work of a Catholic, and frequently tinctured 
 with Catholic theology, is by far the most valuable dictionary to 
 the Bible which has been published. It was translated into se- 
 veral of the European languages soon after its publication, and 
 still maintains its precedency. A new edition, conducted by Mr. 
 Charles Taylor, lately deceased, began to be published in 1797j 
 in4<to. Together with the Fragments and numerous plates, it makes 
 in all four thick volumes, and is much more valuable to a Pro- 
 testant reader than the original work. It curtails its superfluities, 
 and enriches it with a vast portion of most valuable matter. The 
 Fragments, as they are called, contain illustrations of many dif- 
 ficult passages of Scripture. The ingenuity and diligence of the 
 compiler appear in every page ; and nothing but a complete in- 
 dex to the entire work, (which I believe is attached to the last 
 edition lately finished,) is necessary to render it one of the 
 most valuable books in our language. 
 
 Besides this large work, Calmet was the author of what he 
 calls a Commcntaire Liferale on the whole Bible, in 26 vol. 4to. 
 and 9 vol. fol. which Dr. A. Clarke pronounces " the best com- 
 ment ever published on the sacred writings, either by Catholics 
 or Protestants." It still remains in French. Of the Disserta- 
 tions belonging to tliis work, a portion has been published in 
 English under the following title : 
 
 — Antiquities Sacred and Profane ; or a Collec- 
 tion of critical Dissertations on the Old and New 
 Testament. Translated by N. Tindal. 1727, 4to. 
 
 These dissertations are on the Poetry and IMusic of the He- 
 brews ; their History and Chronology, and those of the neigh- 
 bouring Nations ; their Money and Coins ; and various religious 
 Rites and Ceremonies, &c. They are very curious, disphiy a 
 great deal of learning, and well deserve a careful perusal. 
 
76 CALVIN. 
 
 Calvin, John, a celebrated reformer ; was born 
 in Ficardij, in 1509 ; and died at Geneva, in 1564. 
 — Opera. Amst. 1671, 9 torn. foL 
 
 Calvin wrote commentaries, remarks, or prelections, on the greater 
 part of the Scriptures, which were first published in a variety of 
 forms separately, and afterwards collected together in his works. 
 These appeared first at Geneva in twelve volumes fol. in 1578 ; in 
 seven volumes folio at the same place in l6l7 ; and in nine vo- 
 lumes folio at Amsterdam, in I67I. This last, is the best edition 
 of the Opera of the reformer. The first eight volumes of this edi- 
 tion have each a fine profile of the reformer on the title page ; one 
 half of which look to the right, and the other half to the left. 
 In front of the title to vol. i. is a beautiful full length portrait 
 of him in his professional dress, reading his Institutes, and sur- 
 rounded with books. '' Calvin," says Mosheim, '' surpassed 
 almost all the doctors of the age in laborious application, con- 
 stancy of mind, force of eloquence, and extent of genius." He 
 might have added, that he surpassed most of them in learm?ig 
 also. His acquaintance with the Scriptures was extensive and 
 profound ; his knowledge of Hebrew was limited : but he was 
 well acquainted with Greek, and capable of expressing the finest 
 thoughts in the purest Latinity. His dogmata prejudice many 
 against his writings, who might derive profit from sitting at the 
 feet of the Genevese reformer. His peculiar sentiments, how- 
 ever, it ought to be remarked, are by no means forced into his 
 expository writings. He was too judicious to do this. He is sel- 
 dom a verbal critic ; yet Scaliger, who was by no means liberal 
 of praise, declares '' that no commentator had better hit the 
 sense of the prophets than Calvin." Mosheim, or rather his 
 translator, speaks of him as "^ shining with unrivalled lustre in 
 the learned list of sacred expositors." Walch praises his com- 
 mentaries for the judgment and erudition which they display ; 
 and Bishop Horsley assures us, that in the study of the Holy 
 Scriptures he was one of the commentators he most frequently 
 consulted. Calvin was unfriendly to the double sense of pro- 
 phecy ; and was not very cautious in expressing himself on se- 
 veral important points. Poole, though he speaks in the strong- 
 
CAMERARIUS— CAMERON. 77 
 
 est manner respecting the learning, acuteness, and solidity of 
 Calvin, makes little use of him in his Synopsis ; for which 
 he assigns satisfactory reasons in the preface to his first vo- 
 lume. 
 
 Camerarius, Joachim, professor of Greek in 
 the luii versify of Le'qmg ; horn 1500; died 1574. 
 — Notatio Figiirarum Serinonis in quatiior libris 
 Evaiigelioriim, etc. Lipsiae, 1572, 4to. Another 
 part with a similar title, on the Acts of the Apostles, 
 the Epistles, and the Book of Revelation. Ibid. 
 ^555 and 1572, 4to. 
 
 Both parts were published along with Beza's New Testament, 
 at Cambridge, in 1642. This work, though under a very modest 
 title, possesses considerable merit. It is almost entirely critical, 
 and displays a profound acquaintance Avith the Greek of the New 
 Testament. Michaelis speaks of it with respect ; and Poole calls 
 the author " Interpres acri judicio et eximia Graecae linguae pe- 
 ritia praeditus." Mr. Home speaks as if the above work were dis- 
 tinct from the commentaries annexed to Beza's Annotations ; 
 whereas they are quite the same, but differently described. 
 " Laying aside," says Mosheim, " all debated points of doctrine, 
 and religious controversy, Camerarius unfolds the sense of each 
 term, and the spirit of each phrase, by the rules of criticism, and 
 the genius of the ancient languages, in which he was a very un- 
 common proficient." 
 
 Cameron, John, a native of Glasgow, at the 
 university of which he teas educated, and where he 
 teas appointed professor of Greek in his twentieth 
 year. He resided chiefly in France, and taught 
 Greek and Theology with great success in Hour- 
 deaux and Saumur ; l)orn 1590; died 1625. — My- 
 rotheciuni Evangelicuni. Hoc est, Novi Testanienti 
 locaquaiii i)luriina ab eo, post aliorum laborcs, apte 
 et commode vel illustrata, vel explicata, vel vindi- 
 
78 CAMPBELL, ARCHIBALD. 
 
 cata. Genevae, 1632, 4to. — ^^Praelectiones in selec- 
 tiora quaedam loca Novi Testamenti, una cum Trac- 
 tatu de Ecclesia, et nonnullis miscellaneis opusculis. 
 Salmurii, 1626-1628, S vol. 4to. 
 
 These works of Cameron are very valuable, arid contain some 
 excellent criticism on the New Testament. The Myrothecium, 
 with which I am best acquainted, and which is not included in 
 his Prelections, discovers the extensive knowledge which the 
 author possessed of the Greek language, and particularly of the 
 idiom of the New Testament. The notes are generally short ; 
 but always acute and sensible. They were published, as above, first 
 with the Spicilegium of Lewis Capellus. They appeared again 
 in 1677:, with the Notes on the New Testament of Alexander 
 Morus. Both of these learned works are of a similar nature with 
 that of the learned Scotchman. The Myrothecium was repub- 
 lished in the Critici Sacri, and is often quoted by Poole in his 
 Synopsis. A more complete edition of the works of Cameron, 
 than the one mentioned above, though still omitting the Myro- 
 thecium, appeared at Geneva in 1642, in fol. under the title of, 
 " Joannis Cameronis Scoto-Britanni Theologi eximii rot 2<y^«- 
 f4.iyBC." It contains some miscellaneous tracts, several of which 
 first appeared in French. The editor of this edition is said to 
 have been the learned Frederic Spanheim. Bishop Hall pro- 
 nounced Cameron " the most learned man ever Scotland produ- 
 ced." Dr. M'^Crie calls him " a subtle theologian, who display- 
 ed much critical acumen in the interpretation of the Scriptures." 
 Dr. Pye Smith speaks of him in terms of high and deserved eu- 
 logy. " Greek," he says, " he spoke and wrote as if it were his 
 mother tongue." He was admired and applauded by Capellus, 
 Casaubon, and Father Simon. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, a BisJiop of the Scot- 
 tish nonjur'mg JE,piscopalians^ wJio died in the early 
 part of last centiiry. — Some Primitive Doctrines re- 
 vived ; or the Intermediate or Middle State of De- 
 parted Souls before the Day of Judgment plainly 
 
CAMPBELL^ GEORGE. 79 
 
 proved from the Holy Scriptures and concurrent 
 testimonies of the Fathers of the Church. Lond. 
 1713, 8vo. 
 
 The object of this work, which was published without the 
 author's name, is thus expressed in a sentence in the Preface : 
 '' That there is an intermediate or middle state for departed 
 souls to abide in betwixt death and the resurrection, far differ- 
 ent from what they are afterward to be in, when our blessed 
 Lord Jesus Christ shall appear at his second coming : That 
 there is no immediate judgment after death; and, as a conse- 
 quence of these, that prayer for the dead is lawful and useful." 
 Who will say, after reading this, that the doctrine of purgatory 
 is confined to the Church of Rome ? The Bishop goes over a 
 great number of passages of Scripture in which he supposes his 
 views are taught ; but it requires no great sagacity to perceive 
 that many of them are little to his purpose ; and that the con- 
 clusion, as drawn above by himself, ought not to be inferred 
 from any of them. All Christians believe in a middle state ; 
 but Bishop Campbell's views are so like popery, though he very 
 earnestly disavows it, that very few, it is presumed, out of 
 Rome, will be found to espouse them. This book does not seem 
 to have been known to Archdeacon Blackburne, who takes no 
 notice of it in his account of the controversy about the interme- 
 diate state. It is furnished with a long recommendatory pre- 
 face by the Rev. Dr. George Hickes, containing " his judgment 
 of the book, aad the subject thereof." I ought to observe, that 
 some of the observations on passages of Scripture, which is the 
 chief reason for my noticing the book, are ingenious, and not un- 
 worthy of attention. The author fortifies his opinions, not only 
 by referring to the Fathers, (the oracles which are appealed to 
 on all sides of all questions, and for all purposes,) but also by 
 quoting the suffrage of a number of leading men in the Church 
 of England. What signify human authorities in such questions } 
 
 Ca:mpbeel, George, D. D. Professor of Divi' 
 nity, and Principal of Marischal College, Aher- 
 deen ; born 1719 ; died in 1796. — The Four Gospels 
 
80 CAMPBELL, GEORGE. 
 
 translated from the Greek, with Preliminary Dis- 
 sertations, and Notes Critical and Explanatory. 
 Lond. 1789,2 voL4to. Aberd. 1803-1 804, and 1814, 
 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 It is impossible to bestow too high commendation on this valu- 
 able work. It is perhaps one of the best specimens of a transla- 
 tion of the Scriptures in any language. To accurate and exten- 
 sive learning. Dr. Campbell united great natural acuteness, and 
 deep philosophical penetration. He was superior to all sys- 
 tematic prejudices, and pursued truth with the greatest ar- 
 dour and impartiality. His Preliminary Dissertations are full 
 of invaluable instruction respecting the interpretation of the 
 Scriptures ; and his notes furnish many good specimens of criti- 
 cal research and philological precision. His sentiments on doc- 
 trinal subjects rarely appear ; in which respect^ the work is very 
 different from that of his contemporary Macknight, to whom he 
 was very far superior in acuteness, candour, and originality. 
 The spirit of Dr. Campbell's work, it is to be regretted, is suffi- 
 ciently cold. Though calculated to enlighten the understand- 
 ing, it is not much fitted to improve the heart. Some good re- 
 marks on Campbell's character as a critic occur in Ewing's Essay 
 on Baptism, lately published. 
 
 — Lectures on Ecclesiastical History. Lond. 1800, 
 and 1815, 2 voL 8vo. 
 
 This work is not less valuable in the' department to which it 
 belongs than the former. It discovers the same profound and 
 accurate research — the same independence and impartiality ; and 
 contains more of the philosophy of church history than any other 
 book in the English language. The origin, progress, decline, 
 and fall, of the Romish hierarchy are traced with great precision ; 
 and many of the facts and controversies of former times placed 
 in a new and interesting light. Considering the subject, it is a 
 more entertaining book than might have been expected. 
 
 — A Dissertation on Miracles, containing an Exa- 
 mination of the Principles advanced by David 
 Hmne. Edinb. 1763, 1766, 1812, 1823, 8vo. 
 
CANNE— CAPELLUS. 81 
 
 This, though not strictly a biblical work, is of too much im- 
 portance to be omitted in an account of Dr. Campbell's writings. 
 It contains a most masterly defence of the evidence arising from 
 miracles, of the nature of the testimony by which they are sup- 
 ported, and of the miracles of the gospel themselves. He com- 
 pletely unravelled the web, which the ingenious adversary of 
 Christianity had woven, for the purpose of entangling its friends ; 
 and did every thing but extort an acknowledgment from him, 
 that he was beaten with his own weapons. The chief objection, 
 perhaps, to Dr. Campbell's work, is that which has been alleged 
 against Bishop Watson's Apology for the Bible — that the author 
 is rather too complimentary to a man who discovered the most 
 determined hostility to the revelation of God. The Lectures on 
 Systematic Theology, and his work on the Philosophy of Rhe- 
 toric, contain much important criticism ; but are not included 
 properly in our plan. 
 
 Canne, John, a learned JBrownist, who flourish- 
 ed ahout 1650. — The Bible, with Marginal Notes, 
 shewing Scripture to be the best Interpreter of 
 Scripture. Amsterdam, 1644, 8vo. Often reprinted. 
 
 The marginal references of Canne are generally very judici- 
 ous and apposite. They still retain a considerable reputation, 
 though most of the latter editions, which pass under the name of 
 Canne's Bible, are full of errors, and crowded with references, 
 which do not belong to the original author. Canne wrote a num- 
 ber of controversial pieces, some of which are very curious, and 
 all of them exceedingly scarce. 
 
 Capellus, Lewis, a learned French Protest- 
 ant. Professor of Hebrew at Saumur, and one of 
 the most distinguished men of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury ; was horji 1585 ; died 1658. — Arcanum punc- 
 tationis Revelatum. Lugd. Bat. 1624, 4to. 
 
 This celebrated work, which first attacked the authority of the 
 Masoretic points, stated all the arguments against them so fully 
 
 G 
 
82 CAPELLUS. 
 
 and clearly, that it exhausted the subject at the first onset. The 
 MS. of it was first sent to the elder Buxtorf, who returned it, 
 requesting it might not be printed. It was then sent to Erpe- 
 nius. Professor of the Oriental Languages at Leyden, who print- 
 ed it with the author's permission. " Buxtorf," says Bishop 
 Marsh, " made no reply to it ; and as he died about five years 
 afterwards, he left it to be answered by his son, who was like- 
 wise Professor in the university of Basil. But many years 
 elapsed before the younger Buxtorf had prepared an answer to 
 Capellus. In the mean time, Johannes Morinus, one of the 
 Fathers of the Oratory at Paris, attacked the antiquity of the 
 Hebrew Letters in his " Exercilatiojies Ecclesiasticae," printed at 
 Paris in 1 63 1 . And as the antiquity of the letters appeared more 
 important, perhaps also more defensible, than the antiquity of 
 the points, the younger Buxtorf made his first essay in a defence 
 of the Hebrew letters, entitled " DissertatiG de literarum Hebrai- 
 cariim genuina Aiitiquitate." The precise year when this treatise 
 Wdi% Jirst published is not known ; but, in 1645, it received an 
 answer from Capellus in his "Diatribe de veris et antiquis Hehrae^ 
 orum Uteris," in which Capellus contended, as Morinus had al- 
 ready done, that the true and the ancient letters of the Hebrews 
 were no other than the Samaritan. In 1648, the younger Bux- 
 torf made his reply to Capellus on the subject of the points, in 
 a work entitled " Tractatus de punctorum vocalium et accentuum 
 i?i libris Veteris Testamenti Hebraicis origine, antiquitate, et au- 
 thoritate, opposittis Arcano punctationis revelato Ludovici Cap- 
 elli." To this work Capellus prepared an answer, entitled "Arcani 
 punctationis Findiciae." But he died before the publication of 
 it ; "^Snd his son, to whom it was left in manuscript, did not pub- 
 lish it till many years after the death of his opponent, Buxtorf." 
 Besides by Buxtorf, the Arcanum of Capel was attacked by vari- 
 ous others : by Wasmuth, in his " Findiciae sacrae Ebraeae 
 Scripturae," l664; by Opitius, and by Cooper, in his " Clavis 
 donius Mosaicae," London, l673. Many of the learned took the 
 side of Capel ; among the most celebrated of whom were Morinus, 
 Bishop Walton, and Isaac Vossius ; and most scholars are now 
 on the same side. 
 
CAPELLUS. 83 
 
 — Critica Sacra ; sive de variis, quae in sacris Ve- 
 teris Testamenti Libris occurrunt, Lectionibus, li- 
 bri sex, etc. Paris. 1650, fol. 
 
 This elaborate production, the work of thirty-six years of 
 the industrious author's life, Capellus could not get printed in 
 the Protestant states ; but at length, through the influence of 
 Morinus, and other Catholics, it was printed by royal licence at 
 Paris, under the care of his son. The integrity, or purity of the 
 Hebrew text was here assailed at great length, and with nearly 
 as great success, as he had formerly attacked the divine origin of 
 the points. He contended, that verbal mistakes had crept into 
 the Hebrew Scriptures, as into all ancient authors ; that the 
 printed editions were not always correct, and did not always 
 agree with each other ; and that the ancient versions might be 
 properly employed as one means of correcting the text. In six 
 books he establishes the existence of various readings, I. From 
 the juxta-position of different parts of the Old Testament ; H. 
 From a collation of the parallel passages of the Old and New 
 Testament ; HI. From collations of the Masora, the Samaritan, 
 and the most ancient printed editions of the Scriptures ; IV. 
 From a collation of the Septuagint with the Hebrew text ; V. 
 From a comparison of the Hebrew text with the Chaldee para- 
 phrase, the Greek versions of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theo- 
 dotion ; the Latin Vulgate, and the Rabbinical commentators. 
 In Book VI. he treats of the errors of transcribers, and of con- 
 jectural emendations of the text. He did not allege the various 
 readings of the Hebrew manuscripts, as these were then little 
 known. The Critica Sacra was opposed by several minor 
 writers; but the grand defence of the Hebrew verity appeared 
 from the pen of the younger Buxtorf, in his " Aniicritica,seit Fin- 
 diciae Veritalis Hebraicae, adversus Ludovici Capelli Criticam 
 quarn vocant Sacr'am, ejusque DefensiQuem," etc. Basil. 1653, 
 4to. This work contains all the arguments which could then be 
 urged in defence of the immaculate purity of the sacred text. 
 " If Buxtorf," says Bishop Marsh, '' had been contented \\'ith 
 pointing out the defects which really existed in the work of 
 Capellus, if he had been satisfied with showing that Capellus 
 
84 CAPELLUS. 
 
 was sometimes mistaken in the application of his principles, 
 if he had only claimed for the Masora what is really its due, 
 the victory would have been decidedly in his favour. But he 
 failed of success by attempting too much. Educated, like his 
 father, no less in the prejudices than in the learjiing of the Jew- 
 ish Rabbins, he adhered to those strict notions on the integrity 
 of the Hebrew text, which can never apply to a work of anti- 
 quity. And by refusing to admit what was indisputably true, 
 he contributed to establish at least the principles of Capellus, 
 by the very efforts which he made to confute them." The best 
 edition of the Critica Sacra is that published at Halle, in 1775- 
 1786, 3 vol. 8vo. It was edited by Vogel and Schanfenberg, 
 and contains also the defences published by Capel against Bux- 
 torf, Morinus, and others. 
 
 The controversy, once so interesting to the cause of sacred 
 literature, has long since been set to rest by the collations of 
 Kennicott and De Rossi. The many thousand various read- 
 ings collected by these laborious scholars, while they show that 
 the sacred writings have suffered, as all books that have passed 
 through human hands have done, and that it is foolish to con- 
 tend for perfection or miraculous preservation, in opposition to 
 the strongest evidence of the contrary, also discover that reve- 
 lation has sustained no essential or important injury ; that the 
 truth still remains unimpaired; and that their labours have 
 established rather than shaken it. 
 
 — Commentarii et Notae Criticae in Vetus Testa- 
 mentum, etc. Amst. 1689, fol. 
 
 This work, besides the critical notes of Lewis Capel on the 
 Old Testament, contains the observations of James Capel, his 
 brother, on the same books ; the Arcanum of Lewis, enlarged 
 and corrected, and the vindication of it, not before printed ; the 
 whole edited by his son James Capel. "^ IMany of the notes," 
 says Walch, " are learned and useful ; but he ^\'as a rash and 
 fearless critic, who brought forward things which were injurious 
 to the Scriptures, and ought therefore to be read with caution." 
 
 — Historia Apostolica illustrata ex Actis Apostolo- 
 riim, et Epistolis Paulinis, etc. Genevae, 1634, 4to. 
 
CAPPE. 85 
 
 This work compares the Acts and the epistles of Paul toge- 
 ther^ and endeavours to digest the history into regular order. 
 It was reprinted in the Critici Sacri, and also edited by Fabri- 
 cius at Leipzig, I69I. His Chronologia Sacra, published in 
 1645, was so highly esteemed by Walton, that he republished 
 it in the first part of the Apparatus to the Polyglot. Of his 
 Spicilegium some notice is taken under the article Cameron, 
 in this work. In short, Capel was one of the most illustrious 
 scholars of his time, whose writings led to a most important 
 change on the mode of investigating the sense of Scripture. 
 Most of his doctrines are now universally adopted ; and though 
 at first they were supposed to be so injurious to the Protestant 
 faith that universities and synods combined to put them down, 
 eventually they have triumphed over all opposition, and are now 
 considered safeguards of the principles they were falsely sup- 
 posed to injure. If it be honourable laudari a laudato, the 
 praises bestowed on Capel by such men as Grotius, Walton, 
 Vossius, and Kennicott, must stamp his character with immor- 
 tal renown. Speaking of his great work, the Critica Sacra, 
 Grotius says, '' In quo nescio magisne indefessam sedulitatem 
 mirari debeam, an judicium limatissimum." 
 
 Cappe, Newcome, a Unitarian ininister at 
 York ; was horn in Leeds in 1733 ; and died in 
 1800. — Critical Remarks on many Important Pas- 
 sages of Scripture ; together with Dissertations up- 
 on several subjects tending to illustrate the phrase- 
 ology and doctrine of the New Testament. York, 
 1802, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 To this work, is prefixed memoirs of the author's life by his 
 widow, a lady (since dead) of cultivated mind, and considerable 
 talents. That in so large a body of remarks on Scripture as these 
 volumes contain, something that is valuable should occur, is only 
 what might be expected from the talents of the writer. But 
 there is a great portion of very perverted ingenuity and strained 
 criticism. The reader will easily believe this, when I mention 
 that Mr. Cappe's remarks were too free even for the Monthly 
 
86 CARPZOVIUS, JO. BENEDICT. 
 
 Reviewers. As a specimen of his interpretation, he maintains 
 that '' the kingdom of Christ/' means " the extraordinary gifts 
 with which the Gospel was preached ;" that '' the last act of his 
 regal power was the putting down of the Jewish economy ;" and 
 that^ after this, " its interests were left to the common course of 
 human things." ! ! 
 
 Carpzovius, Jo. Benedict, Junior ; Professor 
 of Theologij at Hehnstadt. — Collegium Rabbinico- 
 Biblicum in Libellum Ruth, etc. Lipslae, 1703, 
 4to. 
 
 This work was partly left in manuscript by the uncle, and 
 completed and published as above by his nepheAV. It contains 
 the Hebrew text, the Targum, the great and little Masora, and 
 four Rabbinical commentaries, with Latin versions of them, and 
 learned and copious notes. It is fitted to afford important 
 assistance in acquiring a knowledge of the Rabbinical writers. 
 
 — Exercitationes in Pauli Epistolam ad Hebraeos, 
 ex Philone Alexandrine. Helmstadii, 1750, 8vo. 
 
 A principal object of this work is to show, that in many things 
 there is a great similarity between the writings and style of Philo, 
 and the sentiments and style of the Epistle to the Hebrews. He 
 is thought to have thrown considerable light on that epistle. The 
 same object is prosecuted in the following work, also of this 
 author : 
 
 — Stricturae in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ad- 
 spersi subinde sunt flores ex Philone, etc. Helm- 
 stadii, 1758, Svo. 
 
 Carpzovius, Jo. Gott. Professor of Hebrew 
 at Ijeip%ig, and Superintendent of IjuhecJe. — Intro- 
 ductio ad Libros Canonicos Veteris Testamenti 
 omnes, etc. Lipsiae, 1721, 21 vol. 4to. 2nd edit. 
 1741. 
 
CARPZOVIUS, J. G.— CARTWRIGHT, C 87 
 
 " Carpzov," says Bishop Marsh "■ was a man of profound 
 erudition and indefatigable industry. His work contains the 
 principal materials which had been afforded by his prede- 
 cessors, perspicuously arranged, and augmented by his own 
 . valuable observations. It is also employed in the confutation of 
 Hobbes, Spinosa, Toland, and other anti-scripturists." It con- 
 tains very learned disquisitions on every book of the Old Testa- 
 ment, and a catalogue of the most approved writers on each. 
 It is indeed a very valuable book. 
 
 — Critica Sacra Veteris Testamenti. Lipsiae, 17^8, 
 4to. 
 
 This learned work consists of three parts. The first is on the 
 original text of the Old Testament ; the second on the ancient 
 versions; and the third is a reply to a work of Whiston. Carp- 
 zov supports the purity and integrity of the Hebrew text ; but 
 the work is replete with information on the subject of Hebrew 
 criticism. Both Walch and Bishop Marsh very highly commend 
 the learning, judgment, and diligence displayed in this work. 
 
 — Apparatus Historico-Criticus Antiqiiitatum Sacri 
 Codicis, etc. Francof. 1748, 4to. 
 
 This is a prolix commentary, chiefly on the Moses and Aaron 
 of Godwyn ; and of the same nature with the work of Dr. 
 Jennings on the same text-book. 
 
 Cartwright, Christopher, a learned Eug- 
 I'hsh divine; horn 1602; died 16,58. — Mellificium 
 Hebraicum, sive observationes ex Hebraeorum Aii- 
 tiquioruni monumeiitis desumptae, etc. 
 
 This learned work has not, I believe, been published except 
 in the 8th vol. of the Critici Sacri. It applies successfully the 
 Rabbinical writings to the illustration of the Scriptures. In the 
 following works of his also, the learned author emplovs his 
 Rabbinical learning for the same purpose. 
 
 — Electa Targumico-Rabbinica ; sive adnotationes 
 in Genesin, ex triplici Targiim, etc. Lond. 1648, 
 12mo. — Idem in Exoduni. Ibid. 1653, ISmo. 
 
88 CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS— CARYL. 
 
 Both these learned works are scarce;, but deserve to rank high 
 among books of this class. The Targums referred to are those 
 of Onkelos, Jonathan, and the Jerusalem. Rabbi Solomon, 
 Aben Ezra, and other Jewish writers, are often quoted. The 
 Septuagint, and the versions of Aquila, Theodotion, and Sym- 
 machus, are also used. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a celebrated English 
 
 Puritan; was horn in 1535; died in 1603. — A 
 
 Confutation of the Rhemisli Translation, Glosses, 
 
 and Annotations on the New Testament. 1618, fol. 
 
 Printed somewhere abroad. — Commentaria Practica 
 
 in totam Historiam Evangelieam, ex quatuor Evan- 
 
 gelistis harmonice concinnatam. 1630, 4to. An 
 
 elegant edition of this work, from the Elzevir press, 
 
 was published at Amsterdam in 1647, 4to. — Com- 
 
 mentarii succincti et dilucidi in Proverbia Salomo- 
 
 nis. Amst. 1638, 4to. — Metaphrasis et Homiliae in 
 
 librum Salomonis qui inscribiturEcclesiastes. Amst. 
 
 1647, 4to. 
 
 All these learned works appear to have been published after 
 the author's death. The confutation of the English Roman Ca- 
 tholic version of the New Testament displays the writer's ex- 
 tensive acquaintance with the Scriptures, and the power of his 
 controversial talents. All the passages in dispute between Ca- 
 tholics and Protestants are largely discussed. The work on the 
 Proverbs was published with a preface by Polyander. The Har- 
 mony of the Gospels was, if I mistake not, translated into Eng- 
 lish about 1650. All the Latin works are of a practical nature. 
 An English Commentary on the Epistle to the Colossians is as- 
 cribed to him. He was also the author of some elaborate con- 
 troversial pieces on church government ; and indeed was the 
 leading man of his time among the Presbyterians. 
 
 Caryl, Joseph, a learned Nonconformist di- 
 vine ; born 1602 ; died 1673- — An Exposition with 
 
CASTALIO. 89 
 
 Practical Observations on the Book of Job. Lond 
 1651-1669, 12 vol. 4to. 1677, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 Tliis is the most ponderous of all the expositions which have 
 been published on this part of Scripture. The author was a 
 man of learning, pietV;, and indefatigable labour ; of all which, 
 though not of judiciousness, this work furnishes strong evidence. 
 It is impossible it can be useful, as no man can endure the fa- 
 tigue of toiling through it. Dr. Williams speaks of it as '' a 
 most elaborate^, learned, judicious^ and pious work, containing a 
 rich fund of critical and practical divinity." Walch's commen- 
 dation is also high, though he seems to have judged of it chiefly 
 by report. My respect for the author would induce me also to 
 bestow the highest eulogium, which Christian character and evan- 
 gelical sentiment can merit ; but while I do justice to the piety 
 and feelings of the writer, I cannot approve of a mode of treat- 
 ing the word of God, which partakes more of entombing than of 
 exhibiting it. 
 
 Cast ALIO, Sebastian, a learned Protestant, 
 and Professor of Greek at Basle ; born in 1515 ; 
 died 1563. — Biblia Sacra Latina Interprete, etc. 
 una cum ejusdem annotationibus. Basil. 1551, fol. 
 Ibid. 1573. Opt. edit. 
 
 Castalio began his translation in 15^2, and completed it in 
 about nine years. He dedicated it to Edward VI. of England. 
 His object was to give a version of the Bible in more classical 
 Latinity than had previously appeared ; for which he would 
 have deserved the commendation of every scholar, had he not 
 greatly overshot the mark. In attempting to make the inspired 
 WTiters fine, he has often made them ridiculous ; and his immo- 
 derate passion for. classical phraseology has betrayed him into 
 obscurities and even blunders, of which inferior interpreters are 
 in no danger. Huet, Buxtorf, Duport, and Episcopius, speak 
 very honourably of his work. It was attacked, however, both by 
 Catholics and Protestants, and particularly by Beza, who accus- 
 ed him of being inimical to certain Protestant doctrines held by 
 the Genevese church, and of the affectation of elei^ance. He 
 
90 CASTELL. 
 
 published a defence of himself and his work in 1562^, 12mo. His 
 character, as given by Dr. Campbell, deserves to be quoted. 
 *' Conversant in the learned languages, possessed of a good un- 
 derstanding, and no inconsiderable share of critical acuteness, 
 candid in his disposition, and not over confident of his own abi- 
 lities, or excessively tenacious of his own opinion, he was ever 
 ready to hearken, and when convinced, to submit to reason, whe- 
 ther presented by a friend or by a foe, whether in terms of amity 
 or of reproach and hatred. Though there are none (Arias and 
 Pagnin excepted) whose general manner of translating is more 
 to be disapproved, I know not any by which a student may be 
 more assisted in attaining the true sense of many places, very 
 obscure in most translations, than by Castalio's." Dr. Geddes 
 makes no hesitation to give it as his opinion, " that a more com- 
 plete, more impartial, or more faithful version, will not easily be 
 found." Castalio was also the author of a French translation of 
 the Scriptures, which appeared in 1555, and which is said to be 
 as barbarous French as the other is elegant Latin. 
 
 An edition of Castalio's New Testament, in 2 vol. 8vo. was 
 published at Copenhagen, in 1780, by Laurentius Sahl. This 
 editor has corrected and improved his author considerably, and 
 added many philological and exegetical notes. 
 
 Castell, Edmund, a profound Oriental Scho- 
 lar ; hoim in 1606; a7i(l died in 1685. — Lexicon 
 Heptaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacurn, 
 Sainaritanum, Aethiopicum, Arabicum, conjunctim ; 
 et Persicum separatim, etc. Lond. 1669? 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This immense work, embracino; all the Oriental lano-uages in 
 Walton's Polyglot, and designed to complete it, '' is," says Dr. 
 Clarke, " probably the greatest and most perfect work of the kind 
 ever performed by human industry and learning." He was as- 
 sisted in the Arabic part by Dr. Murray ; by Bishop Beveridge 
 in the Syriac ; by Golius in the Persic ; and by Dr. Lightfoot 
 generally. Castell laboured at this work and on the Polyglot 
 for seventeen years, and for the most part of that time sixteen, 
 or eighteen hours a-day ; during which time he maintained in 
 his own house, and at his own cost, seven Englishmen and seven 
 
CATCOTT. 91 
 
 foreigners, as writers, all of whom died before the work was fi- 
 nished. He expended L. 12,000 of his own fortune on it, and 
 borrowed L.1800 more. To enable him to pay the latter sum, 
 he was under the necessity of applying to Charles II. and to en- 
 treat him that a prison might not be the reward of his labours. 
 This produced a letter from the King to the Archbishops, Bi- 
 shops, Lords, etc. reconnnending the work ; and three years 
 after, a letter from the Archbishop of Canterbury, directed to 
 all the clergy, and another from twenty-nine English and 
 Irish Bishops to the same effect. All these letters produced only 
 the paltry sum of L.7OO. What number was printed is un- 
 known; but in 1673 a thousand copies remained unsold. At 
 his death, at least five hundred copies were still on hand. One 
 hundred he left to Compton, Bishop of London. The remainder 
 were placed by his executrix in a room, where they were expos- 
 ed to the ravages of rats ; by ^\'hich they were so destroyed, that 
 at her death scarcely one complete copy could be formed ; and 
 the whole were sold as a mass of waste paper for seven pounds. 
 Besides this loss, three hundred copies, as far as the work had pro- 
 ceeded, perished in the fire of London. In consequence of these 
 accidents, the Lexicons have become more valuable of late in pro- 
 portion than the Polyglot. Forty shillings per volume was the 
 subscription price : a copy is not now to be procured under eight 
 or ten guineas. The Syriac part of the Lexicon was edited and 
 improved by Michaelis at Gottingen, in 1788, in 2 vol. 4to. The 
 Hebrew part was republished at the same place with the addi- 
 tional notes of the same distinguished scholar in 1790, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Catcott, Alexander, a learned Hutchin- 
 sonian divhie, lecturer of St. John's, Bristol. — A 
 Treatise on the Deluge. Lend. 1762, I768, 8vo. 
 
 This work is framed on the principles of Hutchinson, and 
 contains what the author considers a full explanation of the 
 Scripture history of the flood ; remarks on the Bishop of Clog- 
 her's account of that event ; a collection of the principal heathen 
 accounts of it ; and natural proofs of it drawn from the state of 
 the terraqueous globe. It is an ingenious performance, and is now 
 in considerable request. Parkhurst speaks very respectfully of it 
 in his Hebrew Lexicon. Mr. Catcott was the author of several sin- 
 
92 CAVE— CAVERHILL. 
 
 gle sermons ; all of them strongly marked with the peculiarities 
 of his philosophico-theological system. He also wrote a Latin 
 work " On the True and Sacred Philosophy, as lately explained 
 by John Hutchinson, Esq." This has been lately translated, and 
 published with notes, etc. by A. Maxwell. Lond. 1821, 8vo. A 
 critique in a late Edinburgh Review pronounces Catcott " one of 
 the best of the school of Hutchinson," though he partook some- 
 what of the spirit, and '' entered into the visions of his precep- 
 tor." 
 
 Cave, William, D^D. a learned clergyman of 
 the Church of England; horn 1637; died A^\^. 
 — Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Litteraria, 
 a Christo nato usqvie ad seculum xiv. facili metho- 
 do digesta. Lond. 1688-1689, 2 vol. fol. Oxonii, 
 1740-1743, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 Dr. Cave was the author of a number of theologico-historical 
 works in English ; but they are all inferior to the above, which 
 is his capital performance. It discovers great reading, research, 
 and accuracy. It is brought down to the Reformation by Henry 
 Wharton. It contains much important information in compara- 
 tively little room. It is highly praised by Walch, and was re- 
 printed at Geneva in 1705 and 1720. It occasioned a controver- 
 sy with Le Clerc, which produced the correction of several mis- 
 takes in the first edition. On this account the latter editions 
 are the best. 
 
 Caverhill, John, M.D. F.R.S. Memherofthe 
 R(yyal College of Physicians, London, and belonging 
 to a Scotch seceding congregation there. — An Expla- 
 nation of the Seventy Weeks of Daniel, and of the se- 
 veral Sections of these Seventy Weeks : in which is 
 shown, that the dates of the historical events that 
 were to ascertain the various Eras of the prophecy 
 have been intentionally mistated in Josephus, to 
 prevent the application of the weeks to Christ as 
 
CAWTON. 93 
 
 the Messiah ; and that the credit given to these im- 
 positions has hitherto prevented the application. To 
 which is added, an Exposition of the Chronology of 
 the Jewish Judges ; with Tables illustrating both 
 subjects. Lond. 1777, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Caverhill has certainly studied the subject on which he 
 has written with great care, and brought a considerable portion 
 of learning to bear on it. The chronological dates of all the an- 
 cient writers are involved in great difficulties and confusion. 
 Whether these dates have sometimes been intentionally depraved, 
 or only altered by carelessness and accident, is variously viewed. 
 Independently of his hypothesis on this point. Dr. Caverhill's 
 essay is well worth reading. 
 
 Cawton, Thomas, son of an eminent Puritan 
 of the same name, and minister' of a dissenting con- 
 gregation in Westminster ; was born about 1637 ; 
 died 1677' — Disputatio de Versione Syriaca Vet. et 
 Novi Testamenti. Ultraj. 1657, 4to. — Dissertatio 
 de usu Linguae Hebraicae in Philosophia Theoretica. 
 Ibid. 1657, 4to. 
 
 Both these learned dissertations were produced while the author 
 was studying at Utrecht, where he distinguished himself by his 
 proficiency in the Oriental languages. That on the Syriac Scrip- 
 tures is more valuable, though not more curious than the one on 
 the Hebrew language. He discusses the Syriac versions both of 
 the Old and New Testaments. On the former, he endeavours 
 to show that tliere were anciently two Syriac translations, one 
 made from the Septuagint, and the other from the Hebrew text. 
 It was a copy of the latter which Usher obtained, and which is 
 printed in Walton's Polyglot. The author of it, he conceives, 
 cannot now be ascertained ; but the age of it, he considers to be 
 about the time of the Apostles, and its authority he ranks very 
 high. The Syriac version of the New Testament, he thinks, was 
 made about the second or third century. He gives a short account 
 of the editions of it published by Plantin, Hutter, Gutbirius, 
 and in the Polyglot ; and makes some observations on the Latin 
 
94 CELSIUS-^CENE. 
 
 translations of it by Tremellius and Boderianus. Leusden speaks 
 in the highest terms of the author's diligence, learning, and ex- 
 tensive acquaintance with the Hebrew and its cognate dialects, 
 Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic. It is gratifying to perceive, that 
 these branches of biblical literature are again reviving in both 
 parts of the island. 
 
 Celsius, Olaus, a Swedish divine ; minister of 
 XJpsal. — Hierobotanicon ; sive de Plantis Sacrae 
 Scripturae Dissertationes Breves. Upsaliae, 1745- 
 1747, 1750, 2 torn. 8vo. Amst. 1748, 2 vol. Svo. 
 
 A work on the plants of Scripture comes very appropriately from 
 the country of Linnaeus; and the production of Celsius is not 
 unworthy of his subject or his country. It is not, perhaps, a very 
 important subject ; but still it is one on which the lover of the 
 Bible will occasionally desire information. The Hebrew names 
 of plants are often not easily interpreted. Besides his botanical 
 knowledge, the author of this work avails himself of his acquaint- 
 ance with Arabic literature in conducting his investigations. The 
 Hierobotanicon, though less extensive, deserves to occupy a 
 place by the Hierozoicon of Bochart. Besides this, Celsius 
 wrote a dissertation on the melons of- Egypt, which were 
 so greatly desired by the Israelites. It appeared at Leyden in 
 1728, in Svo. He wrote also on the fates of the Hebrew lan- 
 guage, and a treatise on the titles of the Psalms. 
 
 Cene, Chakles Le, a French Protestant 
 minister; horn 1646 ; died 1703. — An Essay for a 
 New Translation of the Bible ; wherein is shown, 
 from Reason, and the Authority of the best Com- 
 mentators, Interpreters, and Critics, that there is 
 a Necessity for a New Translation. Lond. 1717, 
 
 1727, 8vo. 
 
 This is a translation from the French of Le Cene, by a per- 
 son who subscribes the Preface, and calls himself H. R. (Hugh 
 Ross,) but who has not the honesty to inform his readers that it 
 is a translation. The Essay contains a good deal of valuable infor- 
 
CHANDLER. 95 
 
 mation ; points out many erroneous renderings of passages of 
 Scripture, and suggests better meanings, and the means of cor- 
 recting the modern translations generally. Le Cene was the 
 author of a French translation of the Scriptures, which was 
 published by his son, at Amsterdam, in IT^l^, fol. Its circula- 
 tion was prohibited by the States of Groningen, on account of 
 its Socinianism. 
 
 Chandleh, Samuel, D.D. an eminent dissent- 
 ing ministei' of London ; was horn at Hungerford 
 in JBerkshire in the year 1693 ; died in JLo7idon on 
 the Sth of May, 1766. — A Paraphrase and Critical 
 Commentary on the Prophecy of Joel. Lond. 1735, 
 4 to. 
 
 This is only part of a design, which Dr. Chandler had formed 
 for expounding the prophetic books of the Old Testament. In 
 pursuance of it, he had gone over a considerable part of Isaiah ; 
 but before he had completed it, he met with a manuscript lexi- 
 con, and the lectures of the celebrated Schultens, professor of 
 Arabic in the University of Leyden, which recommended so 
 strongly the cultivation of the Arabic, in order to the right 
 understanding of the Hebrew language, that he determined to 
 study Hebrew afresh, and to postpone his commentary on the 
 prophets till he felt himself better qualified for the important 
 undertaking. In consequence of this delay, he never completed 
 his purpose ; no other work on the prophets, except that on 
 Joel, appearing from his pen. It is not on this performance that 
 the fome of Chandler rests. The criticism is not of a hiiih 
 order, and many important difficulties in Joel remain untouched. 
 The work is dedicated to the Hon. Arthur Onslow, Speaker of 
 the House of Commons, who was very friendly to the dissenters. 
 
 — A Critical History of the Life of David : in which 
 tlie principal events are ranged in order of time ; the 
 chief objections of Mr. Bayle and others against the 
 character of this prince, and the Scripture account 
 of him, and the occurrences of his reign, are exam- 
 
96 CHANDLER. 
 
 ined and refuted ; and the Psalms which refer to 
 him are explained. Lond. 1766, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The history of this important publication deserves to be 
 recorded. On the death of George II. Dr. Chandler published 
 a sermon^ in which he compared that prince to King David. 
 This produced a pamphlet;, in 1761, entitled, ^' The History of 
 the Man after God's own heart." In this vile production, David 
 is represented as an example of perfidy, lust, and cruelty ; fit 
 only to be ranked with such monsters as Nero and Caligula. 
 The author also pretends to be angry with Chandler for the 
 insult of which he had been guilty to the British monarch, in 
 comparing him with the Israelitish king. This attack led Dr. 
 Chandler to publish, next year, '' A Review of the History of 
 the man after God's own heart ; in which the falsehoods and 
 misrepresentations of the historian are exposed and corrected." 
 In this Review, the character of David is vindicated from many 
 of the aspersions and calumnies with which it had been loaded, 
 and a proper explanation is given of the evils with which it is 
 justly chargeable. Dr. Chandler, however, did not consider 
 this a sufficient answer : and hence he applied his learning and 
 talents with great diligence to the production of the larger 
 work, the title of which is inserted above, and which was nearly 
 finished at the press when he died. It is the most valuable of 
 all his productions, abounding with solid learning, accurate 
 research, and many important and original views. A great 
 number of the Psalms are explained with much more critical 
 acumen than appears in his work on Joel ; and the sixty- 
 eighth, in particular, is illustrated in an admirable manner. It 
 is very far superior to the work of Delany on the same sub- 
 ject, and well deserves the consideration both of the friends and 
 the enemies of revelation. 
 
 — A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. 
 Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians ; with Doctri- 
 nal and Practical Observations ; together with a 
 Critical and Practical Commentary on the two 
 Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians. Lond. 
 1777, 4to. 
 
CHAPPELOW. 97 
 
 Tiiis is a postluiinous work, but considerably superior as a 
 critical performance to that on Joel. It was published from the 
 author's manuscrijjt by the Rev. Nathaniel White, who thus ex- 
 presses liimself respecting it : " The distinguishing excellence 
 of Dr. Chandler's paraphrase seems to be, that the author ad- 
 heres most closely and constantly to the spirit of the original, 
 keeps the full idea of the inspired writer, and only that as far as 
 he could apprehend it before him, and never steps aside to pick 
 up any liints, however ornamental, which are not directly con- 
 veyed, or strongly implied, by the apostle ; so that not merely 
 in the text, but in the parapln-ase, we find ourselves reading St. 
 Paul himself, though in a language more accommodated to our 
 own conception, and with an illustration which true learning, 
 deep attention to the subject, and an uncommon critical sagacity, 
 enabled him to afford." 
 
 This eulogium is rather higher than the merits of the work 
 would justify. Dr. Chandler's sentiments were too incorrect 
 on some important subjects, to leave him caj)able of doing 
 full justice to Paul's Epistles. He was an Arian, the effects of 
 which appear in the unnatural coldness of his style on some of 
 those topics, which warmed and elevated the souls of holy men of 
 old, as well as in his perverted interpretation of various passages. 
 He was the author of many other theological performances. The 
 only thing of his, besides what I have noticed, of an exegetical 
 nature, is annexed to a sermon preached in 1749, before the So- 
 ciety for the Widows and Orphans of Dissenting Ministers. It 
 is a very judicious para])hrase on the eighth and ninth chapters 
 of the 2d Epistle to the Corinthians. 
 
 Chappeeow, Leonard, Professor of Arabic 
 in the vni versify of Cambridge ; born 1683; died 
 1768. — A Commentary on the Book of Job, in which 
 is inserted the Hebrew text and English transla- 
 tion ; with a Paraphrase from the third verse of the 
 third chapter, where it is supposed the metre be- 
 gins, to the seventli verse of jthe forty-second chap- 
 ter, where it ends. Cambridge, 1 752, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 II 
 
98 CHARNOCK. 
 
 Chappelow is a disciple of Scliultensj to whose learned work he 
 is indebted for much of his criticism. He thinks the book of 
 Job was originally composed in Arabic by Job himself, and af- 
 terwards translated into Hebrew, and digested into its present 
 form by one of that nation. The principal design of it, he conceives 
 to be " a vindication of the supreme power of God over every 
 part of the creation." His paraphrase is exceedingly diffuse ; 
 but the sentiments in general pretty much accord with the usual 
 interpretation of the text. While the school of Hutchinson im- 
 properly excludes the aid of the cognate dialects in the interpre- 
 tation of the Hebrew Scriptures, that of Schultens, Chappelow, 
 and Grey, is too partial to Arabic etymologies and illustrations ; 
 and no part of Scripture furnishes such scope for the exercise 
 of fancy and critical conjecture as the book of Job. Chappelow 
 edited the learned work of Spencer De Legibiis Hebraeorum, 
 Cantab. 1727j> 2 vol. fol. ; and contributed considerably to the 
 advancement of Oriental literature in England. 
 
 Chaunock, Stephen, a learned Noyiconformist, 
 wJio died in 1680. — The Works of the late learned 
 divine, Stephen Charnock, B.D. ; being several Dis- 
 courses upon various divine Subjects. Lond. 1684, 
 2 vol. fol. 1815, 9 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The works of Charnock were published after his death by 
 Mr. Veal and Mr. Adams. They embrace elaborate discourses 
 on the Existence and Attributes of God; on Divine Providence; 
 on Regeneration; on the Doctrine of Reconciliation; on the 
 Death and the Exaltation of Christ ; and various other impor- 
 tant subjects. None of the writings of Charnock are properly 
 exegetical, and yet they contain a considerable portion of scrip- 
 tural interpretation, mixed with the most important doctrinal 
 and practical views. His style is generally chaste and easy, re- 
 markably free of that verbosity and clumsiness which so general- 
 ly belonged to the Avriters of his class and period. I think Dod- 
 dridge scarcely does justice to Charnock, by representing his style 
 as incorrect, and his thoughts obscure and badly arranged. Mr. 
 Toplady, on the contrary, eulogizes his work on the attributes in 
 the strongest manner : " Perspicuity and depth ; metaphysical 
 
CHEMNITIUS— CHOHELETH. 99 
 
 sublimity and evangelical simplicity ; immense learning, bnt ir- 
 refragable reasoning, conspire to render that performance one of 
 the most inestima])le j)roductions, that ever did honour to the 
 sanctified judgment and genius of a human being." The octavo 
 edition of his works was edited by the Rev. Edward Parsons of 
 Leeds. 
 
 Chemnitius, Martin, a Lutheran divine of 
 Brunswick^ who died in 1586. — Harmonia Qua- 
 tuor Evang-elicoruin, &c. Francofurti, 1593, 4to. 
 Opt. edit. Hambiirgi, 1704, 3 vol. fol. 
 
 This is a most elaborate Harmony, in the composition of which 
 several persons were engaged. Chemnitz began it, Polycarp 
 Lyser continued it from the 52d chapter, and John Gerhard 
 carried it on from the 141st to the end. It has often appeared 
 under the respective names of tliese writers. The complete work 
 appeared first at Geneva in 1()28, fol. It contains, besides the 
 Harmony, an extensive and learned commentary on the Evange- 
 lists, which is held in high reputation on the Continent. 
 
 Choheleth, or the Royal Preacher, a Poem. 
 Lond. 1768, 4to. 
 
 This is a poetical translation of the whole book of Ecclesiastes, 
 by an anonymous writer. Tliere are first, some observations on 
 the design of Solomon in A\'riting this book, on the regularity of 
 its plan, and the elegance of its composition. The version then 
 follows, with occasional critical notes on some of the difficult pas- 
 sages. He has studied the meaning and scope of the inspired 
 writer very closely, and the poetical diction possesses consider- 
 able spirit and elegance. I quote a few lines from the conclusion 
 of Solomon's description of old age. 
 
 To its native dust 
 This earthly frame returns : the heavenly spark, 
 That.glow'd within, kindled by breath divine, 
 Instant returns to God. What phrenzy, then. 
 To let this world, wliich fleeteth like a shade. 
 Engage our cares, and no provision make 
 For that which ever lasts. 
 
100 CLAGETT—CLARIUS— CLARK, S. A.M. 
 
 Clagett, William, a dergijman of the Church 
 of England; horn 1646; died 1688. — A Para- 
 phrase and Notes upon the first eight chapters of 
 the Gospel of St. John. Lond. 1693, 8vo. 
 
 This Paraphrase appeared at the end of a volume of sermons 
 of Mr. Clagett, published by his brother, Nicholas Clagett. A few 
 divines of the church of England had formed a plan for paraphras- 
 ing the whole Bible, Avhich was never completed. Bishop Kidder 
 chose the Pentateuch, and published it. Mr. Clagett selected the 
 Gospel by John ; but only finished the first eight chapters. He 
 published his paraphrase on the sixth chapter himself, in l686; 
 one object of it being to show, that the Eucharist is not discours- 
 ed on in that chapter. Mr. Clagett wrote on various theological 
 subjects. Among other things, he attacked Dr. Owen's work on 
 the Spirit. His ^vritings are not of great value, and are now lit- 
 tle known. 
 
 Clartus, Isidore, a Benedictine Monk; was 
 horn near Brescia, in Italy, in 1495, and died in 
 1555. — Vulgata editio Veteris et Novi Testamenti, 
 adjectis ex eruditis Scriptoribus scholiis, etc. Vene- 
 tiis, 1542, 1557, 1564, fol. 
 
 In this work, Clarius corrects the Latin Vulgate in some thou- 
 sand places, and yet admits that he had not corrected all that 
 he might have done. His notes on the Old Testament are chief- 
 ly taken from the Annotations of Munster. He is one of the 
 most learned, solid, and useful of the Catholic interpreters ; and 
 for his freedoms with the Vulgate, had the first edition of his 
 work put into the Index Expurgatorius. His notes are printed 
 in the Critici Sacri, and by Poole in the Synopsis. 
 
 Clark, Samuel, A.M. a learned Noncoiformist 
 minister, who died in 1701. — The Old and New 
 Testaments, with Annotations and j^arallel Scrip- 
 tures. Lond. 1690, fol. 
 
 This work is recommended by Owen, Bates, Baxter, and 
 Howe. Except the parallel Scriptures, however, it does not ap- 
 
CLARKE, A. LL.D.— CLARKE, S. D.D. loi 
 
 pear to me to possess great value, or to contain much original 
 exposition. It is generally very judicious, and is recommend- 
 ed by the Bishop of Chester. 
 
 Clarke, Adam, LL. D. a learned Methodist 
 preacher. — The Holy Bible, carefully printed from 
 the most correct copies of the present authorized 
 translation, including the marginal readings and 
 parallel texts ; with a Commentary and critical 
 Notes. Lond. 1810, 4to. 
 
 Of this elaborate commentary, the whole of the New Testa- 
 ment, and all the historical books of the Old, have been publish- 
 ed. The rest is in the process of publication. From the extent, 
 and diversified nature of this work, it is rather difficult to cha- 
 racterize it in a few sentences. It displays much learning, and 
 vast reading. It dwells frequently on minute points of compa- 
 ratively small importance, and touches some other points very 
 lightly. It contains many valuable extracts from scarce and 
 expensive books, and, if not always judicious, is always serious 
 and practical. The doctrines of Arminius appear in it, but are 
 not offensively urged ; and those who cannot afford to purchase 
 many books, will find in the stores of Dr. Clarke's Commentary 
 valuable assistance for the understanding of the Bible. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, D.D. a celebrated clergyman 
 of the Church of England; horn 1675 ; died 1729— 
 AParaphrase on the Four Evangelists. Lond. 1702, 
 2 vol. 8vo. — AParai)hrase on the Acts of the Apostles, 
 and on all the Epistles ; by Thomas Pyle, M.A. 2d 
 edit. Ibid. 1725, 2 vol. 8vo. — A Paraphrase, with 
 Notes on the Revelation of St. John ; by the same. 
 Ibid. 1735, 8vo. 
 
 I class these works together, because they constitute a set on 
 the entire New Testament, and are written on the same plan. 
 Dr. Clarke was a superior scholar, and a man who studied the 
 Bible with attention ; though some of its grand doctrines were 
 not correctly understood by him. His continuator was not per- 
 
102 CLAYTON. ^ 
 
 haps quite equal to him ; but the work on the Revelation pos- 
 sesses considerable merit. Those who are partial to paraphrases 
 of the Bible, which the author of this work is not,, will find 
 Clarke and Pyle not inferior to the generality of paraphrasts. 
 The writings of Dr. Clarke on the Trinity contain a great deal 
 of discussion respecting the meaning of Scripture, and occasioned 
 a very extended controversy in England. He seems to have been 
 led into the sentiments which he adopted and defended, by his 
 metaphysical turn of mind, and by pursuing improperly the lan- 
 guage of human creeds respecting the generation of the Son 
 of God. The controversy tended greatly to spread Arianism 
 over the country. His whole works were published at London 
 in 1738, in 4 vol. fol. 
 
 Clayton, Robert, Bishop of Clogher ; born 
 in Dublin, 1695 ; died 1758. — The Chronology of 
 the Hebrew Bible Vindicated ; the facts compared 
 with other ancient histories, and the difficulties ex- 
 plained, from the Flood to the death of Moses ; to- 
 gether with some conjectures in relation to Egypt, 
 during that period of time. Lond. 1747, 4to. 
 
 The Bishop of Clogher was a very considerable Hebrew scho- 
 lar and chronologist. He defends the numbers of the Hebrew 
 text, and maintains the Usherian system of chronology with a 
 great variety of learning. It contains many observations which 
 deserve the attention of the learned reader. 
 
 ' — A Dissertation on Prophecy. Lond. 1749, 8vo. 
 — An Enquiry into the time of the coming of the 
 Messiah and the Restoration of the Jews ; in a Let- 
 ter to an eminent Jew. Ibid. 1751, 8vo. — An Im- 
 partial Enquiry into the time of the coming of the 
 Messiah, in a second Letter. Ibid. 1751, 8vo. 
 
 In the above works, the Bishop endeavours to show, from a 
 comparison of the Prophecies of Daniel and John, that the dis- 
 persion of the Jews will terminate, and the fall of the Papacy 
 take place about the year 2000. They relate, therefore, not to 
 
CLAYTON. 103 
 
 tlie first coming of the Messiah, but to his coming in the state of 
 exaltation and glory ; when, according to the Bishop, " the Jews 
 are to be restored to their own land ; and the Messiah shall 
 make a triumphant and a personal appearance on Mount Zion ; 
 at which time the Jews and Gentiles shall be united into one 
 people under Messiah, their shepherd and King ; and all people, 
 nations, and languages shall serve him." Whether the Bishop's 
 views on these topics shall be received or rejected, his learning 
 and ingenuity must be admired. 
 
 — A Vindication of the Histories of the Old and 
 New Testament, in answer to the Objections of the 
 late Lord Bolingbroke. Part I. Dublin, 1752, 8vo. 
 Part II. Ibid. 1754, 8 vo. Part III. Ibid. 1757, 8 vo. 
 
 In this vindication there are many things that are important, 
 and much that is pernicious. Many of Bolingbroke's objections 
 are triumphantly repelled ; and there is a great display of learn- 
 ed criticism and curious disquisition, not always regulated by a 
 sound judgment. In the last part, particularly, he uses great 
 freedoms with the nature of angels, with the Scripture account 
 of the fall, and of redemption, and with the doctrine of the 
 Trinity : some of these topics were also handled very loosely in 
 the following production : 
 
 — An Essay on Spirit, wherein the Doctrine of the 
 Trinity is considered in the light of reason and na- 
 ture, as well as in the light in which it Avas held 
 by the ancient Hebrews, compared also with the 
 doctrine of the Old and New Testament ; with an 
 Enquiry into the sentiments of the Primitive Fa- 
 thers, and the Doctrine of the Trinity as maintain- 
 ed by the Egyptians, Pythagoreans, and Platonists ; 
 together with some remarks on the Athanasian and 
 Nicene Creeds. Lond. 1751, 8vo. 
 
 This work, though generally ascribed to the Bishop, was only 
 an adoption of his. The real author was a young clergyman. 
 
104 LE CLERC. 
 
 belonging to his diocesC;, who wiis afraid of publishing it in his 
 own name. The Bishop, liking the sentiments and plan of the 
 essay, wrote the dedication, and published it in such a way as 
 led it to be generally believed that he was the writer. It pro- 
 duced an amazing controversy, and in the end proved very dis- 
 astrous to him. More than from twenty to thirty writers ap- 
 peared in the way of attack or defence. Among these, besides 
 anonymous writers, were Mr. Kirkby, Mr. Knowles, Mr. Wil- 
 liam Jones, Dr. Rudd, Dr. Scott, Dr. Randolph, Dr. M'^Donnel, 
 Archdeacon Blackburne, &c. &c. The object of the essay is to 
 establish the inferiority of the Son and the Holy Spirit to the 
 Father, and to overthrow the doctrines which stand intimately 
 connected with the doctrine of the Trinity. Much learning 
 and ingenuity were displayed on both sides. In the issue, the 
 Irish convocation determined to proceed against the Bishop, for 
 having openly impugned the faith of the church. As there was 
 every reason to expect that the prosecution would lead to a de- 
 position, the Bishop was thrown into such agitation of mind, 
 that it brought on a nervous fever, of which he died before the 
 process was commenced. He was the author of several other 
 publications besides the above. 
 
 Clerc, John Le, a celehixited critic and most 
 voluminous writer ; Professor ofHehrew arid belles 
 Lettres in the college of the Dutch Remonstrants 
 at A^nsterdam; was J)07m at Geneva in 1657, and 
 died in 1736. — Translatio Librorum Veteris Testa- 
 menti, cum ejusdem Paraphrasi perpetua, Commen- 
 tario Philologico, Dissertationibus Criticis, Tabii- 
 lisque Chronologicis et Geographicis. Amst. 1693, 
 1696, 1708, 1731, 4 vol. fol. 
 
 This work, as will appear from the above dates of the several 
 parts or volumes, appeared at distant intervals, and is neither 
 uniform in its plan, nor equal in its execution. The first a'o- 
 lume, published in l6'93 and l()96, contained the Pentateuch, 
 the translation and paraphrase of which are got up Avith consi- 
 
LE CLERC. 105 
 
 derable care, and the notes are numerous, and full of learned and 
 ingenious criticism. There are also several dissertations in it of 
 considerable length. The second contains the remaining historical 
 books of the Old Testament. On these there is no paraphrase, 
 and the notes are fe^v'er. The two last volumes, which contain 
 the Prophets and the- Hagiographa, are much inferior to the for- 
 mer ; the paraphrase does not extend to all the books, and less 
 pains altogether seem to have been taken. The learning of Le 
 Clerc was profound, his reading immense, his genius fertile ; 
 but few interpreters of Scripture require to be read with great- 
 er caution. There is a want of seriousness in his writing ; he 
 speculated fearlessly on the word of God ; and was both vain and 
 fanciful. Harwood extols him, and so does the Bishop of Lan- 
 daff — for reasons not difficult to be understood. He denies the 
 inspiration of the Scriptures, ascribes manyof the miracles which 
 they record to natural causes, and ex2)lains away the prophecies 
 relating to the INIessiah. The dissertations contained in the first 
 volume were translated into English by Brown, and published 
 under the following title : 
 
 — Twelve Dissertations out of Monsieur Le Clerc's 
 Genesis, concerning the Hebrew tongue ; the manner 
 of interpreting the Bible ; the author of the Penta- 
 teuch ; the temptation of Eve by the Serpent ; the 
 Flood ; the confusion of languages ; the origin of 
 circumcision ; the Divine appearances in the Old 
 Testament ; the subversion of Sodom ; the pillar of 
 salt ; the coming of Shiloh ; several obscure texts 
 in Genesis explained. To which is added a Dis- 
 sertation concerning the passage of the Red Sea, by 
 another hand. Lond. 1696, 8vo. 
 
 In this work the English reader will find a tolerably complete 
 view of the opinions of Le Clerc on some difficult points. Several 
 of these were taken up by Bishop Kidder, in his dissertation pre- 
 fixed to the IVntatcuch. Of Kidder's remarks, Le Clerc com- 
 plained ; and the Bishop, he informs us in the preface to Exo- 
 
106 LE CLERC, 
 
 dus, acknowledged to him he had been misled respecting his 
 viewS;, and promised that he would remedy the evil of which he 
 had been unconsciously guilty, in the Latin translation of his 
 notes. I do not suppose, however, that such a Latin work of 
 Kidder ever appeared. 
 
 — A Supplement to Dr. Hammond's Paraphrase, 
 and Annotations on the New Testament. In which 
 his interpretation of many important passages is 
 freely and impartially examined, and the sacred 
 text further explained by new remarks on every 
 chapter. Lond. 1699, 4to. 
 
 Le Clerc translated Hammond's Annotations into Latin, and 
 added observations of his own. This is an English version of 
 these additions ; with notes on the beginning of John's Gospel, 
 which are not in the Latin work. They are much of the same 
 character with Hammond's, with whom however he differs very 
 freely. The book is necessary to complete Hammond, and con- 
 tains many things worth reading. Whitby tells us, in his pre- 
 face to the New Testament, that he found so many things in the 
 animadversions on Hammond in favour of the Arians, that he 
 protracted his work till he had prepared an antidote to them. 
 In his Annotations, accordingly, we find Le Clerc's interpreta- 
 tions often disputed. 
 
 — Harmonia Evangelica, cui subjecta est Historia 
 Christi ex quatuor Evangeliis concinnata. Amst. 
 1699, fol. 
 
 An English translation of this work, poorly executed, appear- 
 ed in London, in 1700, 4to. In this Harmony, the Greek text 
 of the Evangelists, and a Latin translation, are arranged in 
 parallel columns according to chronological order, and beneath 
 there is a paraphrase, in which the difficulties, as they occur, are 
 attempted to be removed. There are also three dissertations ; 
 on the years of Christ's life ; on the principles of the harmony 
 adopted by the author ; and on the writers of the Gospels, 
 their object, and the time in which they wrote. The work 
 
LE CLERC. 107 
 
 possesses considerable value in the class of books to which it 
 belongs. 
 
 — Ars Critica, in qua ad studia Lingviarum Latinae, 
 Graecae, et Hebraicae, via munitur, etc. Arast. I696, 
 2 vol. 8vo. Lond. 1699, 2! vol. 8vo. Amst. 1712, 3 
 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this work there are many valuable observations on the art 
 of criticism, particularly on the origin and best means of cor- 
 recting the false readings, both of the profane and sacred writ- 
 ers ; and of ascertaining genuine and spurious ^vritings. There 
 is, at the same time, a great deal of speculation in the work ; 
 and his remarks on many passages of Scripture have been con- 
 sidered as designed to sap the foundation of some important 
 doctrines of Christianity. Against this charge, he endeavoured 
 to defend himself, in a letter prefixed to his translation of 
 Hammond's New Testament. The defence is by no means sa- 
 tisfactory. An edition of the Ars Critica, with the addition of 
 a number of critical letters by Le Clerc^ was published at Am- 
 sterdam, in 17^0, S vol. 12mo. 
 
 — Parrliasiana ; or Thoughts upon several subjects ; 
 as Criticism, History, Morality, and Politics. Lond. 
 1700, 8vo. 
 
 This is an English translation of a work WTitten by Le Clerc, 
 under tlie feigned name of Theodorus Parrhasi. I mention it 
 not so much on account of the essays themselves, as because 
 at the end tliere is a curious piece of criticism on his own works, 
 and on some of the publications of his adversaries. It displays 
 great versatility, and no less craftiness in evading the declaration 
 of his real sentiments on various subjects on which he had been 
 attacked. His controversy with Father Simon, I have noticed 
 in the account of the works of that acute writer. The Biblio- 
 thecas of Le Clerc were among the first specimens of periodical 
 criticism ; they promoted the interests of literature at the time, 
 and still possess considerable merit. He was also the autlior of 
 *' Five Letters concerning the Inspiration of the Scriptures." 
 Lond. 1690, 18vo. They were answered by the Rev. W. Lowth. 
 
108 CLUVERIUS— COCCEIUS. 
 
 Cluverius, John, a learned Lutheran divine, 
 minister of Ditlimar. He died in 1633. — Harmo- 
 nia Evangelistarum. Rostochii, 1628, 4to. Ham- 
 burgi, 1701, 8vo. 
 
 This Harmony is founded on the three passovers, and the se- 
 veral journies of Christ. It is a small^ and not very important 
 work of its kind. 
 
 CoccEius, John, a learned Dutchman^ profes- 
 sor of Hebrew in the miiversity of Ley den ; horn 
 in Bremen, 1603 ; died in 1669. — Opera. Amst. 
 8 vol. fol. 
 
 The works of Cocceius consist chiefly of commentaries on the 
 Scriptures ; on the greater number of the books of which, he 
 composed expositions, which were at first printed separately, 
 and afterwards collected together. He was a man of very ex- 
 tensive learning, great acquaintance with the Hebrew language, 
 and of unwearied industry and application. His judgment, 
 however, does not seem to have been altogether in correspond- 
 ence with his learning, and his other qualifications. Pursuing an 
 opposite direction to Grotius, and the disciples of his school, Coc- 
 ceius considered the literal sense of Scripture as entirely subor- 
 dinate to the mystical or spiritual. Every thing in the Old Tes- 
 tament, he regarded as typical of Christ, or his church. This is, 
 no doubt, the less hurtful of the two extremes ; yet when pur- 
 sued injudiciously, it is calculated to obscure rather than to 
 elucidate the Scriptures. The Commentaries of Cocceius, however, 
 contain many things which throw light on the Bible. Many of 
 the Dutch divines and others adopted his general views ; and 
 from them, in a great measure, arose the Pietists of Germany, who 
 did so much to revive the spirit of genuine Christianity, and to 
 promote the knowledge and influence of the sacred writings. 
 Cocceius was also author of a Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary, a 
 new edition of which was published in 1777^ with the following 
 title : 
 
 Lexicon et Commentarius Sermoiiis Hebraic! et 
 
 Cbaldaici, post Job. Cocceiiim, et J. H. Maiiim, edi- 
 dit Jo. Chr. Fred. Scbulz. Lipsiae, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
COCKBURN— COKE. 109 
 
 Tliis is on the whole a useful work, and much more correct, as 
 well aS better arranged, than the original editions of the author. 
 In it, the substance of many of his views of Scripture will be 
 found. 
 
 CocKBURN, Patbtck, a native of Scotland, and 
 a clergyman of the Church of England, who died 
 in 1749, in the Hist year of his age. — An Enquiry 
 into the truth and certainty of the Mosaic Deluge. 
 Lond. 1750, 8vo. 
 
 This, though a posthumous work, is one of the most valuable 
 treatises on the deluge that has been published. All the difH- 
 culties connected with that important subject are examined with 
 great candour and ability, and 'its certainty and universality 
 clearly established. The work is divided into two books, which 
 are again subdivided into chapters and sections. He examines 
 the schemes of a partial deluge proposed by Isaac Vossius, Coet- 
 logon, and Bishop Stillingfieet, and satisfactorily refutes them. 
 The length of the antediluvian year ; the longevity of the first 
 inhabitants of the world ; the period of its duration to the de- 
 luge ; the great increase of mankind ; the provision for their 
 support ; the time of building the ark ; its structure and dimen- 
 sions; and, in short, every topic of interest relating to the deluge, 
 is discussed in this work with ability and learning. The author 
 was husband to the celebrated Mrs. Catherine Cockburn, better 
 known than her husband, for her poetical and literary talents. 
 She was the correspondent of Locke, Warburton, Otway, and 
 other eminent men of that period. Her works were published 
 
 in 1751, in 2 vol. 8vo. A life of the authoress is prefixed by Dr. 
 Birch. 
 
 Coke, Thomas, LL.D. arespectahle minister of 
 
 the Wesley an Methodist connexion ; died 1814. — 
 
 A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments. 
 
 Lond. 1803, 6 vol. 4to. 
 
 This is a sensibly written work ; but neither critical nor very 
 profound. After the exposition, which is itself rather practical 
 than exegetical, there follows what he calls inferences, and last 
 of all rcjicciions. Every thing important in the work miglit have 
 
no COLERIDGE— COLINAEUS. 
 
 been put into half the size. His friend Dr. Adam Clarke's ac- 
 count of it is as follows : " It is in the main a reprint of the 
 work of Dr. Dodd, with several retrenchments, and some unim- 
 portant additions. Though the major part of the notes; and even 
 the di.ss('rt(itio7hs of Dr. Dodd, are here republished rvithmd the 
 author's- name ; yet all the marginal readings and parallel texts 
 are entirely omitted. Dr. Coke's edition is in general well print- 
 ed, and has had a very extensive sale. The original work of 
 Dodd was both scarce and dear, and therefore a new edition be- 
 came necessary ; and had the whole of the original work with 
 the marginal readings, parallel texts, &c. been preserved. Dr. 
 Coke's publication would have been much more useful." 
 
 Cor.EiiiDGE, John, a clergyman in Devonshire. 
 — Miscellaneous Dissertations, arising from the 17th 
 and 18th chapters of the Book of Judges. Lond. 
 1768, 8vo. 
 
 These dissertations contain a new translation of the above 
 chapters, with critical remarks on them and on a number of other 
 passages ; besides disquisitions on the Proseuchae ; on the Star 
 Gods ; on the conversive Vau ; and some other subjects. The 
 author appears to have been a man of learning and research. 
 
 Coi.iXAEUS, Simon, a celebrated printer at Pa- 
 ris. — Novum Testamentum Graecum. Paris. 1.534, 
 8vo. 
 
 This is a valuable and scarce edition of the New Testament. 
 Mill has entered into an elaborate detail concerning its critical 
 merits. The printer has been accused of partiality, for having 
 followed some unknown MSS. and for having adhered too close- 
 ly to the Latin Vulgate, and also for occasionally using conjectu- 
 ral emendation. From the first charge, Wetstein has completely 
 defended him ; and in respect to the third, which is preferred 
 by Beza, Michaelis observes, that Beza has taken the very same 
 liberty himself. " I have found," says Harwood, " this 2d 
 edition of the Greek Testament by Colinaeus, by far the best 
 and most correct. It is very valuable in many respects, as ex- 
 hibiting, in my opinion, the truest text of the sacred writers that 
 has ever been published." 
 
COLLYER, D.— COLLYER, W. ill 
 
 Coi^i.YER, David, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England. — The Sacred Interpreter ; or a Practical 
 Introduction towards a beneficial reading and tho- 
 rough understanding of the Holy Bible. Lond. 
 1746, 2 vol. 8vo. Oxford, 1815, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work is not so much known at present, as it appears to 
 have been when it was first published. It was then consider- 
 ably respected in England, and was also translated into German 
 in 1750. It contains among other things, a History of the four 
 ancient Monarchies ; a general View of the Jewish Church to 
 the taking of Jerusalem ; Remarks on the Pentateuch, the Pro- 
 phets, the Gospels, &c. showing the design of each book ; an exact 
 Chronology of the Scriptures ; a Dissertation on revealed Reli- 
 gion, and some account of those who have defended it ; an ex- 
 planation of difficult texts, &c. It is not a profound or critical 
 book ; but is a tolerable introduction to the Scriptures. It is in- 
 serted in Bishop Watson's list ; and is also recommended by 
 Bishop Marsh. 
 
 CoLLYER, Wii.i.iAM Bengo, D.D. « dissenting 
 minister in London. — Lectures on Scripture Facts. 
 Lond. 1807, 8vo. — On Scripture Prophecy. Ibid. 
 1809, 8vo. — On Scripture Miracles. Ibid. 1812, 
 8vo. — On Scripture Parables. Ibid. 1815, 8vo. — 
 On Scripture Doctrines. Ibid. 1818, 8vo. — On Scrip- 
 ture Duties. Ibid. 1820, 8vo. — On Scripture Com- 
 parisons. Ibid. 1822, 8vo. 
 
 These popular Lectures embrace a multitude of important 
 subjects, and afford strong proofs of the laborious diligence of 
 the well-known author. They do not contain much biblical cri- 
 ticism or interpretation ; which indeed would scarcely have suit- 
 ed the writer's plan and object. But they contain many inter- 
 esting views of the diversified topics which they discuss, and 
 constantly weave the leading principles of the evangelical sys- 
 tem into every subject. The style of composition in the latter 
 volumes is considerably chaster than in the former part of the 
 series. A greater portion of sound scriptural information miglit 
 
112 CONCORDANCES. 
 
 have been introduced ; and less of the parade of learning than 
 appears in some of the first volumes, would have rendered the 
 work more acceptable and useful. 
 
 CONCORDANCES TO THE SCRIPTURES. 
 
 This class of books is of great importance to the Inter- 
 preter of the word of God. While the Scriptures remained in 
 manuscript, or were not divided into sections and paragraphs, 
 indices of their words and phrases could neither be formed nor 
 used. As soon as any regular divisions began to be made, the 
 importance of concordances, or alphabetical indices, was felt, and 
 learned men devoted their labours to form them. The following 
 are the most important works of this description in Hebrew, 
 Greek, Latin, and English. 
 
 HEBREW CONCORDANCES. 
 
 The first Hebrew concordance was the work of Rabbi Mor- 
 decai Nathan, Avhich he began in 1438, and finished in 1448, af- 
 ter ten years hard labour by himself and some assistants. It was 
 printed at Venice in 1523, fol. by Dan. Bomberg. It is entirely 
 Hebrew, and entitled The light of' the Way. It was reprinted 
 somewhat more correctly at Basil, by Frobenius, in 1581, and 
 translated into Latin by Reuchlin in 1556 ; but both the Hebrew 
 and Latin editions are full of errors. These were mostly correct- 
 ed, and other deficiencies supplied by Marius de Calasio, a 
 Franciscan Friar, who published 
 
 — Concordantiae Sacrorum BiblioruinHebraicorum, 
 et Latinoriim. Romae, 16^1, 4 vol. fol. 
 
 This large and splendid work retains the Hebrew text, and 
 also the order and method of Nathan's Concordance. It contains 
 also Reuchlin's Latin Translation of Rabbi Nathan's Explana- 
 tion of the Hebrew Roots, with enlargements by Calasio ; the 
 Rabbinical, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic words derived from, or 
 agreeing with the Hebrew roots in signification ; a literal Ver- 
 sion of the Hebrew Text ; the diflferences between the Vulgate 
 and Septuagint are marked in the margin ; proper Names of 
 Persons, Places, etc. It is a very complete, but exceedingly hea- 
 vy work. Calasio died in l620. 
 
CONCORDANCES. 113 
 
 — Concordantiae Bibliorum Ebraicae, nova et artifi- 
 ciosa metliodo dispositae, etc. Basil. 1632, fol. 
 
 This concordance is the work of John Buxtorf, the father, but 
 was published by his son. The ground-work of it is the con- 
 cordance of Rabbi Nathan. It is much better arranged, more 
 correctly printed, the roots more distinctly ascertained, and the 
 meaning more accurately given. Buxtorf bestowed much labour 
 and attention on it; but as the references are made by Hebrew let- 
 ters, and refer to the Rabbinical divisions of the Old Testament, 
 unless he who consults it is very familiar with the Masoretic 
 system, it will not be of much use to him. It was abridged by 
 Christian Ravius, under the title of 
 
 — Fons ZioniSjSive Concordantiariim Hebraicarum 
 et Clialdaicarum Jo. Buxtorfii Epitome. Berolini, 
 1677, 8vo. 
 
 The concordance of Calasio was republished in London, under 
 the direction of William Romaine, in 1747-1749? 4 vol. fol. 
 It is more accurate than its prototype ; but it is a very prolix 
 work ; and as only a small edition was published, it is become 
 scarce. All the crowned heads in Europe, his Holiness not ex- 
 cepted, were subscribers to this work. 
 
 — The Hebrew Concordance, adapted to the Eng- 
 lish Bible, disposed after the manner of Buxtorf. 
 By John Taylor, D.D. Lond. 1754, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is by far the most complete and the most useful work of the 
 kind, especially to the English scholar. It was the fruit of many 
 years labour of the industrious author, and has left little more 
 to be done in this way. It was published under the patronage 
 of all the English and Irish Bishops. 
 
 — Concordantiae Particiilarum Ebraeo-Chaldaica- 
 rum, in quibus partium indeclinabilium, quae occur- 
 runt in fontibus, et hactenus non expositae sunt in 
 
 I 
 
114 CONCORDANCES. 
 
 Lexicis aut Concordantiis, natura et sensvmm va- 
 rietas ostenditur, etc. Hafiiiae, 1675, fol. 1679, 4to. 
 
 This concordance, the work of Christian Noldius^ professor of 
 Theology at Copenhagen, where he died in 1 683, supplied an 
 important desideratum. It contains the particles, or indeclin- 
 able words, omitted in former concordances. It investigates 
 their various significations ; points out the Greek particles which 
 correspond with the Hebrew and Chaldaic ones ; and explains 
 the meaning of many passages of Scripture, which depends on 
 the force and connective power of the indeclinable words. The 
 best edition of Noldius is that published at Jena, in 1734, 4to. un- 
 der the care of Tympius. It contains as an appendix a Lexicon to 
 the Hebrew Particles, by John Henry Michaelis, and Christ. 
 Koerber. It is an exceedingly valuable work, and has been of 
 great service to all who have since been employed on the critical 
 examination of the Bible. 
 
 GREEK CONCORDANCES TO THE SEPTUAGINT. 
 
 — Conradi Kircheri Concordantiae Veteris Testa- 
 menti Graecae Ebraeis vocibus respondentes, etc. 
 Francof. 1607, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 The author of this work was a Lutheran minister at Augs- 
 burg. It possesses considerable merit ; but, rather inconsistent- 
 ly for a Greek concordance, follows the order of the Hebrew 
 words, placing the corresponding Greek word after it ; in con- 
 sequence of which, it is more useful in consulting the Hebrew 
 than the Greek Scriptures. 
 
 — Abraham! Trommii Concordantiae Graecae Ver- 
 
 sionis vulgo dictae LXX. Interpretum^ cujus voces 
 
 secundum ordinem elementorum sermonis Graeci 
 
 digestae recensentur, contra atque in Opere Kirche- 
 
 riano factum fuerat. Amst. 1718, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 The author of this learned and most laborious work was mi- 
 nister of Groningen, and published the concordance in the 84th 
 
CONCORDANCES. 115 
 
 year of his age. He was born in 1633, and died in I719. It is 
 the most accurate and complete index to tlie Septuagint that has 
 been, or is ever likely to be, published. It follows, as is stated 
 in the title, the order of the Greek words ; of which it first gives 
 a Latin translation, and then the Hebrew word or words for 
 which the Greek term is used in the Seventy. Then the diffe- 
 rent places in which they occur in the Scriptures follow in the 
 order of the several books and chapters ; the whole branch of the 
 sentence to which they belong being inserted in the same man- 
 ner as in Cruden's English Concordance. When the word oc- 
 curs in any of the ancient Greek translators, Aquila, Symmachus, 
 Theodotion, the places where it is found are referred to at the 
 end of the quotations from the LXX. The words of the Apocry- 
 pha are placed at the close of each enumeration. There are two 
 indices at the end of the work, the one Hebrew and Chaldaic ; 
 by examining which, the Greek term used in the Seventy for 
 any Hebrew or Chaldee word is at once seen, with the Latin 
 version, and the place where it is found in the concordance ; so 
 that Tromm serves tolerably well for a Hebrew concordance. 
 The other index contains a Lexicon to the Hexapla of Origen, 
 and comprehends the Greek words in the Fragments of the 
 old Greek translators published by Montfaucon. 
 
 " I wish as earnestly," says Michaelis, " that this concordance 
 were in the hands of every theologian, as that Pasor, and other 
 works of that nature, were banished from the schools. By the 
 help of it, we may discover at one view not only the sense and 
 construction of a word in dispute, but likewise the Hebrew ex- 
 pression of which it is a translation, and thus easily determine 
 whether a phrase be a Hebraism or not. It is true, the work is 
 incomplete ; the Septuagint version of Daniel is totally want- 
 ing, being at that time unknown, and several words in the re- 
 maining books are omitted ; but these omissions are not so nu- 
 merous as might be expected in so many thousand words." 
 
 GREEK CONCORDANCES TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 — Xysti Betuleii Concordantiae Graecae Novi Testa- 
 iiienti. Basil. 1.546, fol. 
 
ilG CONCORDANCES. 
 
 This is the tirst Greek conconhince to the New Testament, 
 and is exceedingly rare. The author was a German Lutheran 
 divine, who was born in 1500, and died at Augsburg in 155-4. 
 His proper name was Birck. 
 
 — Coiicordaiitiae Graeco-Latinae Novi Testament i 
 ab Henrico Stepliano concinnatae. Gene v. 159 Is ^ol. 
 Ac cum supplemento, 1 ()()0. 2(la edi tio, auctior, 1 ()!24. 
 
 This work was projected, and partly executed by Robert Ste- 
 jdiens, and completed and published by his son Henry. It is, 
 however, so inaccurate, that Schmidt, the compiler of the next 
 concordance, could scarcely admit that it was the work of the 
 Stephenses. 
 
 — Erasmi Sclimidii Novi Testamenti Jesu Cliristi 
 Graeci, hoc est, originalis Linguae, Tai^^nov, etc. VI- 
 temb. 1638, fol. 
 
 This is a much more correct and valuable work than that of the 
 Stephenses. The author was a Lutheran divine, and professor of 
 the Greek language in the university of Wittemberg, ^^'here he 
 died in KioT- Another edition of this concordance, revised and 
 corrected, was published at Gotlia, in 1717;. with a preface 
 by E. S. Cyprian. Of this edition, a very beautiful reprint, 
 in 2 vol. 8vo. issued from the Glasgow university press in 
 1819. 
 
 — Lexicon Anglo-Graeco-Latinum Novi Testamenti, 
 etc. ; or an Alphabetical Concordance of all the Greek 
 Words contained in the New Testament, both Eng- 
 lish, Greek, and Latin, etc. by Andrew Symson. 
 Lond. 1658, fol. 
 
 This work partakes more of the nature of a lexicon than of a 
 concordance. According to the author's account, " By it any 
 ■Nvord may be rendered into Greek and Latin, English and Latin, 
 and Greek and English." Parkhurst says, '' it is a perform- 
 ance which, whilst it exhibits the prodigious labour of its author, 
 can give one no very high opinion of his genius or skiU in the 
 
CONCORDANCES. II7 
 
 art of instruction. If indeed the method and ingenuity of this 
 writer hud been jjroportionable to his industry, one miglit, I 
 think, ahnost affirm, that he would have rendered all future 
 Greek and English lexicons to the New Testament in a great 
 measure superfluous ; but by injudiciously making the English 
 translation the basis of his work, and by separating the etymo- 
 logical j)art of the Greek from the explanatory, he has rendered 
 his book in a manner useless to the young scholar, and in truth 
 hardly manageable by any but a person of uncommon applica- 
 tion." 
 
 — A Concordance to the Greek Testament, with the 
 English Version to each Word, the principal He- 
 brew Roots corresponding to the Greek Words of 
 the Septuagint, with short critical Notes and an 
 Index. By John Williams, LL.D. Lond. 1767, 4to. 
 
 This is a very useful and convenient work ; it is much more 
 portable tlian the larger concordances, and is sufficient for all 
 common purposes, as it is in general very accurate. 
 
 CONCORDANCES TO THK LATIN VULGATE. 
 
 The compiler of the first concordance to the Bible in any lan- 
 guage was Hugo de St. Caro, or Cardinal Hugo, a Dominican, 
 who died about 126'2. He had engaged in writing a commentary 
 on the Scriptures, and in order to facilitate this work, projected a 
 concordance, in which he is said to have employed nearly five 
 hundred of his brethren. From this work have been derived all 
 the concordances to the Scriptures in the original languages. It 
 was improved bv Conrad of Halberstadt, who flourished about 
 1290, and by .John of Segovia in the following century. The 
 first printed concordance to the Vulgate appeared under the fol- 
 lowing title : 
 
 — Concordantiae Bibliorum et Canonum. Bononiae, 
 Hugonis de Colonia, 1479, fol. 
 
 After the revision of the Latin V^ulgate by Sixtus V. a con- 
 cordance to it appeared, entitled : — 
 
118 CONCORDANCES. 
 
 — Concordantiae Sacr. Bibiionim Viilgatae e<litioiiis, 
 Hugone Cardinal! authore. etc. Opera et studio 
 Francisci Liicae Bnigensis. Antverpiae, l6i7. 
 Genevae, 1625. Parisiis,. 1683. 
 
 The greater number of the concordances to the Latin Vulgate 
 are reprints of this edition. The best is that printed ai Avign- 
 on^, in 1786, in t2 vol. fol. 
 
 CONCORDANCES TO THE ENGLISH BIBLE. 
 
 — The Concordance of the New Testament most 
 necessan' to be had in the hands of all soche as de- 
 sire the communication of any place contained in 
 the Xew Testament. Imprinted by Mr. Tliomas 
 Gybson. Cin?i privilegio regali. 
 
 This is the first concordance to any part of the English Scrip- 
 tures. It has no date^ but must have been published before 
 1540. It is probable from the epistle to the reader, that it was 
 the work of John Day, assisted by Gybson the printer. 
 
 — A Concordace. that is to saie, a worke. wherein. bv 
 the order of the letters of the A. B. C. ye male redely 
 finde any worde conteiofned in the whole Bible, so 
 often as it is there expressed or mentioned. By 
 Jhon Mar beck. Lond. 1550, fol. 
 
 This is the first EngKsh concordance to the entire Bible. The 
 account which the author gives of his undertaking, when sum- 
 moned before the Bishops and condemned bv them, is verv in- 
 teresting. '' ^^^len Thomas Mathews' Bible came first out in 
 print, I "«as much desirous to have one of them ; and being a 
 poor man, not able to buy one of them, determined ^vith mvself 
 to borrow one amongst my friends, and to write it forthe. And 
 when I had wTitten out the five books of Closes in fair crreat 
 paper, and was entered into the book of Joshua, mv friend. Mas- 
 ter Turner chanced to steal upon me unawares, and seeing me 
 
CONCORDANCES. 1 19 
 
 \'VTiting out the Bible^, asked me what I meant thereby ? And 
 when I had told him the cause : Tush ! quoth he, thou goest 
 about a vain and tedious hibour. But this were a profitable work 
 for thee, to set out a concordance in English. A concordance, 
 said I, what is that ? Then he told me, it was a book to find 
 out any word in the A\hole Bible by the letter, and that there was 
 such a one in Latin already. Then I told him I had no learning 
 to go about such a thing. Enough, quoth he, for that matter, for 
 it requireth not so much learning as diligence. And seeing thou 
 art so painful a man, and one that cannot be unoccupied, it weie 
 a good exercise for thee. He accordingly borrowed a Latin 
 concordance, and had gone through the letter L, when his papers 
 were seized. When he was set at liberty, as his papers were 
 not restored to him, he had his concordance to begin again, which, 
 when completed, he showed to a friend, ^^ho promised to assist 
 him in having it presented to the King, in order to have it pub- 
 lished by his authority ; but Henry VHL died before that could 
 be brought about. His friend, however, to whom he could not say 
 nay, requested a copy of it, which he accordingly transcribed for 
 him. \Mien Edward VL was settled on the throne, he renew- 
 ed his thoughts of publishing his work, and consulted Grafton the 
 printer concerning it ; ' who,' says he, in his introduction, ' see- 
 ing the volume so houge and great, saied the charges of imprint- 
 ing thereof would not only be importunate, but the bokes when 
 finished would bear so excessive a price, as few should be able to at- 
 tain unto them.' Wherefore by his advice, I yet once again anewe, 
 \vritte out the same in such sort, as the work now apperetli."( Town- 
 ley's Bib. Lit. vol. iii. p. 118.) The diligence and labours of such 
 a man deserve to be recorded. The work is necessarily imper- 
 fect, and refers to the chapters only, not to verses. Subsequently 
 to this, a number of concordances, or indices to the Bible, were 
 published under various titles, and possessing dilferent degrees 
 of merit. The chief of these are the following : 
 
 — Knight's Concordance Axiomatical. Lond. 1610, 
 fol. — Clement Cotton's Concordance. Ibid. 1618, 
 fol. — Newman's Large and Complete Concordance. 
 Ibid. 1643, fol. — Bernard's Thesaurus Biblicus. 
 Ibid. 1644, fol. — Robert Wilkins's Concordance. 
 
120 CONNOR. 
 
 Ibid. 1647, 4to. — Powell's New and useful Con- 
 cordance. Ibid. 1671, 8vo. — The Cambridge Con- 
 cordance. Camb. 1689, fol. — Butterworth's Con- 
 cordance. Lond. 1767, 8vo. 
 
 All these were superseded by the correct and invaluable work 
 of Alexander CrudeU;, entitled^ " A complete Concordance to the 
 Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament." 1 73?^ 4to. The 
 author published three editions during his own life^ and several 
 have been published since his death. The London edition of 
 1810 is the most correct. The work is uncommonly complete, 
 the definitions of leading words remarkably accurate, and the 
 references exceedingly correct. The work is in the hands of 
 every student, and requires no recommendation from me. An 
 edition in royal 8vo. very beautifully printed, has just issued 
 from the London press. 
 
 — A Concordance of Parallels collected from Bibles 
 and Commentaries, which have been published in 
 Hebrew, Latin, French, Spanish, and other Langua- 
 ges, with the Authorities of each. By the Rev. C. 
 Crutwell. Lond. 1790, 4to. 
 
 This is a work of immense labour, and for occasional consulta- 
 tion may be useful ; but the references are often so numerous 
 under a single verse, that it is scarcely possible to examine them 
 all, or to perceive the design of each. The margin of Scott's 
 Bible is in general far preferable. 
 
 Connor, Bernard, a learned Irish physician ; 
 horn 1666 ; died 1698. — Evangelium Medici, seu 
 medicina mystica de suspensis Naturae legibus, sive 
 de Miraculis reliquisque in Bibliis memoratis, quae 
 medicinae indagini subjici possunt. Lond. 1697, 
 8vo. Amst. 1699, 8vo. 
 
 This is a singular production, in which the author endeavours 
 to shoAv, that the miraculous cures performed by our Lord and 
 his apostles may be accounted for on natural principles. Dr. 
 
COOK— COOKE— COOPER, A. 121 
 
 Connor was a Catholic ; certainly not a rigid one. He was 
 sometime physician to the King of Poland, and the Electress of 
 Bavaria. He afterwards returned and practised in London. He 
 is said to have abjured Popery, but not the doctrines of his book, 
 before he died. De Bure represents it as very scarce and curious. 
 It contains sixteen short sections. He pretends not to deny the 
 miracles of Christianity ; but if all he maintains be admitted, 
 the gospel of the Physician, and that of the Apostles must be 
 very different. The book made a great noise at the time, 
 though the author professed to have a very harmless design in 
 the publication of it. 
 
 Cook, John, D.D. Professor of Divinity at St. 
 Andrews, — An Inquiry into the Books of the New 
 Testament. Edinb. 1821, 8vo. 
 
 This work contains the substance of a course of lectures ad- 
 dressed by Professor Cook to the divinity students at the uni- 
 versity. They are on a similar plan with the lectures of Dr. 
 Marsh, and do great credit to the learning, talents, and applica- 
 tion of their author. He treats of the elements of theology, of 
 the interpretation, the authenticity, the integrity of the text, 
 the purpose and style, and the divinity of the revelation of the 
 New Testament. On all these subjects the work deserves to be 
 consulted. 
 
 Cooke, William, Greel' Professor in the uni- 
 versity of C(tmhri(1<)x\ — The Revelations, translated 
 and explained throughout, with Keys, Illustrations, 
 Notes, and Comments, &c. Lond. 1789, 8vo. 
 
 A very useless and trifling performance ; and noticed here 
 merely to prevent the reader's being taken in, as the author once 
 was by ordering it. 
 
 Cooper, Alexander, a minister of the Church 
 of Scotland, at Traquair. — An Essay upon the 
 Chronology of the World, from the Creation to the 
 Birth of Christ : in which the whole chain of time 
 in that period is made up and established upon 
 
122 COOPER, J.— COOPER, O. 
 
 Scripture proofs. With a particular explication of 
 Daniel's Seventy Weeks. Edinb. 1722, 8vo. 
 
 In this volume, the author endeavours to show that the length 
 of the Scripture year is much the same with the Julian ; and 
 maintains that the numbers in the Hebrew text are correct, in 
 opposition to the numbers of the Septuagint, Samaritan, and 
 every other system of chronology. He divides the whole into 
 eight periods, or intervals : some of these he despatches very 
 briefly, scarcely noticing the difficulties which attach to his hy- 
 pothesis ; on others of them he dwells longer, particularly on the 
 last, or the period which embraces the seventy weeks of Daniel. 
 It is not a book which will satisfy a person who is acquainted 
 with the present state of chronological and biblical science ; but 
 it affords evidence that the author studied the ScrijDtures and the 
 history of the world very closely ; and was desirous of promoting 
 the honour of the sacred volume. 
 
 Cooper, Zo^y^yy^, alecwned Nonconfo7'mist ; was 
 horn in 1635 ; and died hi 1699. — Domus Mosaicae 
 Clavis, sive Legis Sepimentum. Lond. 1673, 12mo. 
 
 This is a curious Latin work, written in defence of the Ma- 
 soretic doctrines and punctuation ; in which Elias Levita, Ca- 
 pellus, Walton, Morinus, Gordon, surnamed Huntly, are all at- 
 tacked ; and the Buxtorfs, Owen, Glassius, and the rest of the 
 same school, are defended. Cooper was a pious and learned 
 man ; but on this subject had more zeal than knowledge. 
 
 Cooper, Oliver St. John, a clergyman of the 
 Church of England. — Four hundred Texts of Scrip- 
 ture, with their corresponding Passages, explained 
 to the understanding of the common People. Lond. 
 1791, 8vo. 
 
 This small, but useful work is arranged under the following 
 heads : Texts — which appear contradictory — not to be under- 
 stood literally — improperly translated — better translated other- 
 wise — requiring ex2)lanation — wrested or perverted — the para- 
 bles. It contains multum in parvo. 
 
COPE— CORNELIUS— COSIN. 123 
 
 Cope, Alan, a learned English Catholic, Canon 
 
 of the Vatican Church ; died in exile at Rome ahout 
 
 1580. — Historiae Evangelicae Unitas ; sen singu- 
 
 laria vitae domini nostri Jesii Christi, eo ordine, 
 
 quo gesta sunt, recensita et ex ipsis quatuor evan- 
 
 gelistarum verbis eontexta. Lovanii, 1572. Duaci, 
 
 1603, 4to. 
 
 This is a kind of Harmony of the Gospels^ or rather a digest 
 of the life of Clirist^ in the words of the Evangelists. The work 
 is but brief ; and is noticed here chiefly because the author was 
 an Englishman. Crow speaks of him as " eximii ingenii vir." 
 
 Cornelius a Lapide, a learned French Je- 
 suit ; horn at Liege 1566 ; died 1637. — Commen- 
 tarii in Sacram Scripturam. Antverp. 1681, 10 vol. 
 fol. 
 
 This is a most voluminous work, which De Bure says, many 
 learned critics regard as a chef-d'oeuvre of erudition. It contains 
 a great mass of learning, mixed up with legends, fables, and 
 many things that are weak and foolish. It does not include Job 
 or the book of Psalms. The most valuable part of it is said by 
 Walcli to be the Commentary on the Pentateuch, and the Epis- 
 tles of Paul. 
 
 CosiN, John, Bishop ofJDurham ; horn at Nor- 
 wich, 1594 ; died 1672. — A Scholastical History of 
 the Canon of the Holy Scripture ; or the certain and 
 indubitate books thereof, as they are received in 
 the Church of England. Lond. 1672, 4to. 
 
 This work contains a pretty satisfactory induction of the 
 evidence for the authenticity of the Scri2)tures ; and of the dif- 
 ferent degrees of authority or respect which the church has attach- 
 ed to the apocryphal books. It has long been completely super- 
 seded by the more extensive and accurate works of Jones, Lard- 
 ner, and Michaelis; ])ut is still deserving of respect for the ser- 
 vice which it rendered at the time. Cosin wrote many other 
 ^\■orks, mostly on the Popish and Nonconforming controversies. 
 
124 COSTARD. 
 
 Costard, George, a clei^gyman of the Church 
 of England; horn 1710; died 17 S2. — Critical Ob- 
 servations on some Psalms. Lond. 1733, 8vo. — 
 Some Observations tending to illustrate the Book 
 of Job ; and in particular the words, I know that my 
 Redeemer liveih. Ibid. 1747, 8vo. — A farther ac- 
 count of the rise and progress of Astronomy among 
 the Ancients, in three Letters to Martin Folkes, 
 Esq. Ibid. 1748, 8vo. — Two Dissertations : I. Con- 
 taining an Inquiry into the meaning of the word 
 Kesitah, mentioned in Job xlii. 11 ; II. On the 
 signification of the word Hermes. Oxford, 1752, 
 8vo — Dissertationes II. Critico-Sacrae, quarum pri- 
 ma explicatur Ezek. xiii. 18 ; altera vero, 2 Heg. x. 
 22. Ibid. 1752, 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Costard possessed a very considerable portion both of 
 oriental and classical learning. On account of the former, he 
 was often facetiously called Rabbi Costard. He was a disciple^, 
 but a moderate one, of the Hutchinsonian school; and more 
 profoundly versed in astronomical chronology than most men of 
 his time. His observations on the book of Job are ingenious, 
 but not all correct. He was of opinion, that it was not older 
 than the time of the Babylonish captivity ; and considered it a 
 piece of exalted and regular eastern poetry, of the dramatic 
 kind. He annexed to the end of it, a paraphrastic translation in 
 English verse of the third chapter of Habakkuk. In his letters 
 to Martin Folkes, there is a curious inquiry concerning the con- 
 stellations mentioned in the book of Job. In his dissertation on 
 the word Kesitah, which some have mistakenly supposed signi- 
 fies a lamb, he has many ingenious remarks on the origin of 
 coined or stamped money. He thinks the Kesitah was a coin of 
 some sort, but not stamped, or of Hebrew origin ; but some Ca- 
 naanitish piece. He published also an edition, with corrections, 
 of Dr. Hyde's learned work, Dc Religione Persarum. Oxon. 
 1760, 4to. And, in a correspondence with Jacob Bryant, he en- 
 
COTTON— COWARD. 125 
 
 deavoured to show that the Goshen of Moses was the Delta of the 
 Greeks ; in which Mr. Bryant did not agree with him. Cost- 
 ard seems to have been a very learned and ingenious man, in 
 whom the power of fancy and the love of conjecture were more 
 marked than a sound and well-regulated judgment. He had 
 studied some parts of Scripture with much attention ; perhaps 
 to the neglect of other things of weightier moment. 
 
 Cotton, Henry, D. C. L. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England. — A List of Editions of the 
 Bible and Parts thereof in English, from the year 
 MDV. to MDCCCXX. With an Appendix, con- 
 taining specimens of Translations and Bibliographi- 
 cal Descriptions. Oxford, 1821, 8vo. 
 
 This list has been drawn up with great care, and is very com- 
 plete. ■ The author has availed himself of the previous labours 
 of Lewis, Ducarel, (or rather Tutet) and Gifford, Crutwell and 
 Newcome. There are a few notes annexed to the list, entirely 
 bibliographical. The list of various editions of the Psalms in 
 prose and metre, contains many curious articles. But the most 
 valuable part of the publication is the Appendix, in which Mr. 
 Cotton gives specimens of all the early translations of the Scrip- 
 tures into English ; besides accurate descriptions of the several 
 scarce editions. He seems to think, that he has discovered in 
 the library of St. Paul's Cathedral, a second copy of the first edi- 
 tion of Tyndale's New Testament ; of which that in the Baptist 
 JMuseum in Bristol was long considered the only one in exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Coward, William, M.D. a learned, hut scepti- 
 cal physician; horn 1656 ; died 1725. — Second 
 Thoughts concerning Human Soul ; demonstrating 
 the notion of Human Soul, as believed to be a spiri- 
 tual and immaterial Substance united to Human 
 Body, to be an invention of the Heathens, and not 
 consonant to the Principles of Philosophy, Reason, 
 or Religion. Lond. 1702, 1704, 8vo. 
 
126 COWPER— -CRADOCK. 
 
 This work was published under the fictitious name of Estibius 
 Psychalethes, and excited so much attention and dislike, that it 
 was burnt by the order of Parliament. It is an elaborate defence 
 of the doctrine of materialism ; and is mentioned in this place, 
 because of the quantity of critical disquisition on passages of 
 Scripture which it contains. It was answered by Mr. John 
 Turner, in his Vindication of the separate Existence of the Soul ; 
 to which Coward replied, and Turner rejoined. 
 
 CowPER, William, minister of Perth, and af- 
 terwards Bishop of Gallowaij, and Dean of the 
 Chapel Royal, Ediiihnrgh ; horn 1566 ; died 1^1^. 
 —Works. Lond. 1623, 1629, 1726, fol. 
 
 The works of Bishop Cowper contain, among other things, a 
 kind of exposition of the 119th Psalm, which he calls The holy 
 Alphabet of Zion's Scholars; an Exposition of the 51st Psalm, 
 and a Commentary on the Revelations, which was not published 
 till after the author's death. The volume contains also a num- 
 ber of sermons. Dr. M'^Crie's character of these is very high, 
 and will also apply to the expositions, which were mostly de- 
 livered in public. " They are superior to perhaps any sermons 
 of that age. A vein of practical piety runs through all his evan- 
 gelical instructions ; the style is remarkable for ease and fluency; 
 and the illustrations are often striking and happy." 
 
 Cradock, Samuel; a learned Nonconformist 
 divine, ivho died in 1706. — The Harmony of the 
 four Evangelists. Lond. 1668, fol. — The Aposto- 
 lical History ; also a Narration of the Times and 
 Occasions of the Apostolical Epistles, together with 
 a brief Paraphrase on them. Ibid. 1672, fol.— The 
 Old Testament History Methodized. Ibid. 1683, fol. 
 — A brief Exposition of the Revelation. Ibid. 1692. 
 
 Of Cradock's works Dr. Doddridge says, " They are very va- 
 luable ; and I think I never on the whole read any one author 
 that assisted me more in what relates to the New Testament." 
 The testimony of Job Orton is to the same effect. 
 
CRAMER— CRANFIELD—CRITICI SACRI. 127 
 
 Grainier, Daniel, a Lutheran clergyman of 
 Stethi, in Pomerania. — Scliola Prophetica, &c. 
 Hamburgi, 1606, 8vo. — Isagoge ad Libros Prophe- 
 ticos. Vitemb. 1606, 8vo. — De Regno Jesu Christi. 
 Stetini, 8vo. — In Tituni Uponmemata. Vitemb. 
 1607, 8vo. 
 
 The prophetic school of Cramer contains an exposition of forty- 
 important prophecies respecting the Messiah. The great object 
 of it is to demonstrate the IMessiahship of Jesus. His introduc- 
 tion to the prophetic books is said to be useful ; and the work on 
 the kingdom of Christ contains, among other things, an analysis 
 of the second Psalm. He wrote many things in German, besides 
 the above in Latin. 
 
 Cranfield, Thomas, B.A. a clei'gijman of the 
 Irish Church. — An Harmony of the Gospels, from 
 the Resurrection to the Ascension of our Lord Jesus 
 Ghrist ; in which the English Narrations of the four 
 Evangelists are orderly exhibited in appropriate co- 
 lumns. Observations are subjoined, tending to in- 
 vestigate the true evangelical sense, reconcile seem- 
 ing discrepancies, and defend the order of the facts 
 laid down in the Harmony. Dublin, 1795, fol. 
 
 This elaborate title-page sufficiently explains the nature of 
 the work. It originated in an academical exercise, undertaken 
 in consequence of a tlieological subject appointed by Dean 
 Graves, then a Fellow of Trinity College. It was published, 
 with a recommendation by Drs. Graves and Barrett, who give it 
 as their opinion, that '^^ it contains much accurate research, and 
 much useful information." The testimony of two scholars of 
 such eminence is entitled to the greatest deference and respect. 
 
 Critici Sacri ; sive clarissimorum virorum in 
 sacrosancta utriusque Foederis Bihlia doctissimae 
 Adnotationes atque Tractatus theologico-philologici. 
 
128 CRITICI SACRI. 
 
 The first edition of this immense work was printed in London 
 by Bee, in I66O, in nine volumes folio. It was designed to be 
 a companion to Walton's Polyglot, published shortly before. 
 The editors were Bishop Pearson, John Pearson, Anthony Scat- 
 tergood, and Francis Gouldman. It was reprinted at Frank- 
 fort under the care of Gurtler, in l6'95, in seven volumes. In 
 1698, it appeared at Amsterdam in nine volumes; and a sup- 
 plement of two volumes more was published in 17OO and 
 1701. 
 
 This collection contains on all, or most of the books of the Old 
 Testament, the entire annotations of Munster, Vatabalus, Cas- 
 talio, Clarius, Drusius, and Grotius ; brief annotations of Fa- 
 gius on the Chaldaic Paraphrase of the Pentateuch, and his larger 
 exposition of the first four chapters of Genesis ; the commenta- 
 ries of Masius on Joshua ; the annotations of Codurcus on Job ; 
 of Pricaeus on the Psalms ; and of Bayne on the Proverbs ; the 
 commentary of Forerius on Isaiah ; that of Lively on Hosea, 
 Joel, Amos, Obadiah, and Jonah ; of Badwell on the Apocry- 
 pha ; and Hoeschel on Ecclesiastes, &c. 
 
 On the New Testament, it contains the collations of Valla, 
 with the animadversions of Revius ; the annotations of Erasmus, 
 Vatabalus, Castalio, Clarius, Zegerus, and Grotius : on particular 
 places, and subjects of the New Testament, Munster, Drusius, 
 Scaliger, Casaubon, Cameron, Lud. Capellus, Jac. Capellus, Gu- 
 altperius, Schultetus, and Pricaeus. There are also a num- 
 ber of philological tracts and dissertations; such as, John Gregory's 
 Notes and Observations ; Fagius's Comparison of the principal 
 Translations of the Old Testament ; Cartwright's Mellijicium 
 Ebraicum ; Drusius on the Mandrakes ; Jos. Scaliger and Ama- 
 ma on Tythes ; Lud. Capellus on the Vow of Jephthah and Cor- 
 ban ; Pithoeus Tie Latinis Biblioru7n Interpretationibus ; Hosti- 
 us De fabrica Arcae Nffae ; Rittershusius De Jure Asylorum ; 
 AUatius T>e Engastrymutho ; Montanus on Jewish Antiquities ; 
 Bertram and Cunaeus on the Hebrew Republic ; Waser on the 
 ancient Coins and Measures of the Hebrews, Chaldeans, and Sy- 
 rians ; and many others of a similar description. 
 
 That this collection contains much that is valuable must be 
 obvious j it also contains a great deal of a different description. 
 
CROSS— CROXALL. 129 
 
 The sentiments and opinions recorded in it are of a very discord- 
 ant nature on many points ; and the discussions are mostly 
 critical or philological ; or on points of comparatively small im- 
 portance. Father Simon, after criticising some of the leading 
 writers, says very justly of the Critici Sacri, there are many re- 
 petitions in it, many things that might have been left out, and 
 many things that might have been inserted. The opinion of 
 Walch is substantially the same. It is convenient to have the 
 labours of so many distinguished scholars brought together ; yet 
 even then the labour of consulting them is very great. This labour, 
 however, is much reduced by the Synopsis of Poole. A second 
 supplement to the Critici Sacri was published in 1732, entitled 
 Thesaurus Novus Theologico-Philologicus, etc. Amst. 2 vol. fol. 
 The supplements, it is said, are not of very great importance. 
 
 Cross, Walter, an English dissenting mini- 
 ster, IV ho died in 1701. — The Taghmical Art: or 
 the Art of expounding Scripture by the Points, 
 usually called accents. Lond. 1698, 8vo. 
 
 This curious book is written with great abundance of confi- 
 dence, and vast lack of intelligence. In various respects, it 
 resembles Boston's Stigmatology. The whole system is base- 
 less, visionary, and useless. The latter part of the work contains 
 illustrations of the application of the doctrine, some of them 
 curious enough. The rhetorical rules for the use of the learner 
 are in verse ; of \\'hich take the following specimen : 
 
 SUhik tlie sentence and the verse doth end ; 
 Ainnch in two divides, and so attends ; 
 Segplta three will have, or not appear ; 
 Mercmah in verse doth to them both come near ; 
 Inferior game lieh. geraschate doth play, 
 Because as vicar he comes in the way. ! ! 
 
 Croxall, Samuel, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, who died in 1752. — Scripture Poli- 
 tics : being a view of the original constitution and 
 subsequent revolutions in the government, religious 
 
 K 
 
ISO CRUDEN. 
 
 and civil, of that people, out of whom the Saviour 
 of the world was to arise, as it is contained in the 
 Bible. Lond. 1735, 8vo. 
 
 This is intended by way of an introduction to tlie Old Testa- 
 ment, and is not a book of much importance. It contains obser- 
 vations on the Mosaic law ; on the Holy land ; on the origin of 
 the people of Israel ; on their religious rites and ceremonies ; 
 on their military afFairs^, and some other topics. Mr. Croxall 
 follows Sigonius in his method, and in some other things. He 
 very properly maintains that '' the whole scope of the sacred wri- 
 tings appears to be the salvation of mankind through Jesus Christ;" 
 but does not prosecute this view of them very successfully. 
 
 Cruden, Alexander, a native of Aberdeen ; 
 horn 1701 ; died 1770. — A Complete Concordance 
 to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment : or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the 
 Bible. Lond. 1737, 4to. 
 
 Though the work of Cruden is noticed under the article Con- 
 cordances in this Bibliotheca, the valuable service which the au- 
 thor has rendered to the student of the Bible entitles him to a 
 distinct memorial. Previously to the appearance of this work, 
 all the concordances to the English Scriptures were very in- 
 accurate and incomplete. Cruden laboured hard, and success- 
 fully, to supply the great desideratum ; and since his time no 
 work has yet superseded it. The late Mr. Scott appears to have 
 done a good deal towards a new concordance, and remarks, 
 (Life, by his Son, p. 490,) that " the errors and deficiencies in 
 Cruden are tenfold more than are generally suspected." This is 
 a strong assertion, which, with all deference to the authority 
 of Mr. Scott, I should conceive it would be difficult to make 
 good. His son, however, makes a very important intimation, 
 ^' that a topical index to his father's Commentary, upon a plan 
 approved by himself, is in a course of preparation, and that the 
 whole mass of his father's papers pertaining to the Concordance 
 is in the hands of the person best qualified to turn them to account. 
 
CUDWORTH. 131 
 
 if that should be judged practicable and expedient." It is not 
 unlikely that Cruden, corrected and improved, will still retain his 
 place in English literature. The unfortunate, but excellent au- 
 thor long laboured under the heaviest of human maladies — men- 
 tal alienation. While capable of conducting himself with pro- 
 priety, he was a member of the Independent Church in London, 
 under Doctor Guyse. He was found dead on his knees, on the 
 1st of November, 1770. 
 
 CuDwoRTH, Ralph, D. D. a celebrated JEtig- 
 lish clivhie ; horn 1617 ; died 1688. — The True In- 
 tellectual System of the Universe ; the first part ; 
 wherein all the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism 
 is confuted, and its impossibility demonstrated. 
 Lond. 1678, fol. Ibid. 1743, 2 vol. 4to. with Life, 
 by Birch. 
 
 This is not properly a biblical work ; but, as connected with 
 the most important subject of religion, and as an immense maga- 
 zine of learning and research, it would be wrong to omit it here. 
 It contains the greatest mass of learning and argument that ever 
 was brought to bear on atheism. A thousand folio pages, full 
 of learned quotations, and references to all heathen and sacred 
 antiquity, demonstrate the fertility and laborious diligence of 
 the author. And whoever wishes to know all that can be said re- 
 specting liberty and necessity, fate and free will, eternal reason 
 and justice, and arbitrary omnipotence, has only to digest the 
 Intellectual System. The work, unfortunately, is very repulsive 
 in its style, and also perhaps somewhat in its subject. It abounds 
 with Greek and Latin quotations, and is full of digressions and 
 redundancies, besides being generally rugged and inharmonious 
 in its language. It is only (notwithstanding its size) a small 
 part of the plan which the learned author had projected, and a 
 great part of the material of which he left. A very excellent 
 abridgment of the work was published by the Rev. Thomas Wise, 
 in 170(), Lond. 2 vol. 8vo. On the other hand, a Latin transla- 
 tion of the complete work, by John Lawrence Mosheim, appeared 
 
132 CULBERTSON— CUMBERLAND. 
 
 at Jena, in 1733, in 2 vol. folio, and at Leyden in 1773, 2 vol. 
 4to. It is illustrated with Notes and Dissertations, by the trans- 
 lator. Dr. Cudworth was greatly attached to the study of Plato, 
 and in several respects appears to have been misled by the Pla- 
 tonic Philosophy. It is important for Christian divines to re- 
 member the Apostle's language about " a false and deceitful phi- 
 losophy." Dr. Cudworth left a great quantity of biblical and 
 theological papers, (now in the British Museum,) some of which 
 entitle him to a place among writers in biblical literature, as 
 will appear by a reference to our article on Dodd's Bible. Bishop 
 Burnet says of him, " He was a great man in all parts of learn- 
 ing, divine and human ; an honour to Emanuel College, where 
 he was educated, to Christ's College, where he afterwards pre- 
 sided, to the whole university of Cambridge, which he adorned ; 
 and to the church and age in which he lived." 
 
 CuLBERTSON, ROBERT, CI minister of the Seces- 
 sion Church, Leith ; died 1823.— Lectures, with 
 Practical Observations and Reflections, on the Pro- 
 phecies of John, &c. Edinb. 1818, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This expository work begins with the fourth chapter, and pro- 
 ceeds to the end of the book of Revelation. It is rather tedious, 
 but always sensible. There are seventy-eight Lectures in all, be- 
 sides a Dissertation at the end of the second volume, on the 
 Origin and Termination of the Antichristian Apostacy. The 
 author thinks that the battle of Armageddon commenced in 1815, 
 and that it will issue in the total subversion of every kind of 
 power with which the popes pretend to be invested. Like many 
 other interpreters of the Revelation, Mr. Culbertson dwells too 
 much on the secular affairs of the world, and regards popery too 
 exclusively, as the subject of John's prophecies. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard, bishop of Peterho- 
 rough ; born 1632 ; died 1718. — An Essay to- 
 wards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures and 
 Weights, comprehending their Monies by the help of 
 ancient Standards, compared with ours of England ; 
 
CUMBERLAND. 13S 
 
 useful also to state many of those of the Greeks, 
 Romans, and Eastern Nations. Lond. 1686, 8vo. 
 
 This work was originally designed to be connected with a 
 series of brief annotations on the whole Bible^, to be furnished 
 by divines of the Church of England, of which Bishop Kidder 
 published a specimen on the Pentateuch. The design, however, 
 miscarried. The discourse on Jewish weights and measures dis- 
 covers great sagacity, learning, and research. The subject is 
 attended with many difficulties, which the Bishop of Peter- 
 borough combats, perhaps as successfully as could reasonably be 
 expected. The work was attacked by Bernard in a Latin work 
 on the same subject, published two years after ; but it is highly 
 spoken of by Le Clerc. 
 
 — Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History, translated 
 from the First Book of Eusebius de Preparatione 
 Evangelica, etc. Lond. 1720, 8vo. 
 
 This is a curious and learned work, on which the Bishop 
 bestowed much labour. Besides the translation of Sanchoniatho, 
 from Eusebius, there is a continuation from Eratosthenes, and 
 many illustrations of -a historical and chronological nature, which 
 tend to establish the Scripture history and chronology. Perhaps 
 there are more learning and labour thrown away on these frag- 
 ments, than their importance deserves. 
 
 — Origines Gentium Antiquissimae. Or Attempts 
 for discovering the times of the first planting of 
 nations. In several tracts. Lond. 1724, 8vo. 
 
 This, as well as the former, was a posthumous publication ; 
 but it is of more importance, and discovers great learning and 
 reading. It contains a discourse on Genesis xxxvi. concerning 
 the settlement of Esau's family from Mount Seir to El-paran, 
 the ancient seat of the Horites, and of the government of that 
 land before, and after their settlement ; a discourse on Dent. ii. 
 23, on the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, and the Caphto- 
 rims, which destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead ; notes on 
 
134 CUNAEUS— CUNINGHAME. 
 
 the synchronisms of Canaan and Egypt ; on the possibility of a 
 sufficient increase of men from the three sons of Noah, to a 
 number large enough to found all the nations mentioned in the 
 oldest credible histories, and that in the times assigned to their 
 foundations, agreeably to the Hebrew accounts ; an appendix 
 to this chapter, containing various dissertations ; proofs from 
 Scripture and from heathens of the Assyrian empire before 
 Nabonassar ; a discourse endeavouring to connect the Greek and 
 Roman antiquities with those of the oldest eastern monarchies 
 in Asia and Egypt, and consequently with the dispersion from 
 Babel ; on the laws observed by the patriarchs, as well before as 
 after the flood, down to the solemn settlement of the law of Moses. 
 It will be perceived from this statement, that many curious and 
 obscure ^particulars are embraced in this work. They are very 
 similar to some of the investigations of Michaelis and Bochart, 
 and are pursued with similar ingenuity and diligence. 
 
 CuNAEUS, Peter, Professor of Law in the 
 university of Ley den ; horn in 1586 ; died 1638. 
 — De Republica Hebraeorum Libri III. Lugd. 
 Bat. 1617, 8vo. Amst. 1666, 12mo. 
 
 This work was republished in 1 703, in 4to. by Nicholai, with 
 large notes. It was translated into English by C. B. in 1653, 
 12mo. It was also translated into Dutch and French. It forms 
 the first part of Basnage's work on Jewish antiquities, which 
 appeared at Amsterdam in 1713, in 2 vol. 8vo. The continen- 
 tal professors were accustomed to lecture on the work of 
 Cunaeus ; but every thing valuable in it is now to be found 
 in Lewis, Jennings, and other English writers on Jewish af- 
 fairs. 
 
 CuNiNGHAME, William, Esq. of Lainshaw, 
 in Ayrshire. — Remarks upon David Levi's Disser- 
 tations on the Prophecies relative to the Messiah. 
 Lond, 1810, 8vo. — A Dissertation on the Seals and 
 Trumpets of the Apocalypse, and the Prophetical Pe- 
 riod of 1260 days. Ibid. 1817, 8vo. 2nd edit.— The 
 Apostacy of the Church of Rome, and the Iden- 
 
CURCELLAEUS— DAILLE. 135 
 
 tity of the Papal Power with the Man of Sin, and 
 Son of Perdition, etc. Ibid. 1818, 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Cuninghame deserves well of every friend to revelation 
 for his zeal and perseverance in defending its evidences and * 
 illustrating its subjects. The proj)hecies have occupied a con- 
 siderable portion of his attention ; and few works which have 
 lately appeared on the Apocalypse have higher claims to the 
 character of research and ingenuity. Many of his remarks on 
 the seals and trumpets are original and well sup2)orted. That 
 some of his calculations are incorrect, the event has already 
 shown ; but much that remains is valuable, and unaffected by 
 any mistakes respecting the commencement, or the termination 
 of the 1260 days. 
 
 CuKCELi.AEUS, STEPHEN, CI learned criticy honi 
 at Geneva, 1586 ; became Professor of Theologij at 
 Amsterdam in the place of jRpiscojnus ; and died in 
 1675. — Novum Testamentuni Graece, studio et la- 
 bore Steph. Curcellaei, etc. Amst. 1658, 1675, 1685, 
 1699, 12mo. 
 
 These are very beautiful and correct editions of the Greek 
 Testament. The text follows that of the Elzevirs ; but the 
 punctuation, parallel passages, and various readings, have been 
 censured by some critics. It contains the greatest collection of 
 various readings that was published before Walton's Poly- 
 glot. We owe much to Curcellaeus, says Wetstein, " for hav- 
 ing been the first who excited a spirit of critical inquiry con- 
 cerning the New Testament, which kind of pursuit was after- 
 wards improved upon by Fell, and brought to perfection by 
 Mill." 
 
 Daiele, John, a learned French protestant mi^ 
 nister ; horn 1594; died 1670. — De Usu Patrum, 
 &c. Genevae, 1656, 4to. 
 
 This learned and important work appeared first in French in 
 1632, and was translated into English under the title of "■ A 
 
136 DALRYMPLE. 
 
 Treatise concerning the right use of the Fathers, in the Decision 
 of the Controversies that are at this day in Religion/' Lond. 1651, 
 4to. The great object of this work, in which the author com- 
 pletely succeeds, is to establish the supreme and exclusive autho- 
 rity of the Scriptures, and to show the uselessness and folly of 
 appealing to the Fathers for the determining of modern contro- 
 versies. He at the same time assigned to them their proper place, 
 as writers and authorities. Warburton characterizes it as a work 
 of '' uncommon learning and strength of argument ; which 
 brought the Fathers from the bench to the table ; and which 
 may be truly said to be the storehouse, from whence all who have 
 since written popularly on the character of the Fathers have de- 
 rived their materials." Daille was the author of many other 
 learned works both in French and Latin. His discourses on the 
 Colossians were translated into English, and published in 1672, 
 with a preface by Dr. Owen. It is necessary to remark, that 
 the English translation of both these works is very badly exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, one of 
 the judges of the Court of Session ; was born in 
 Edinburgh, 1726 ; died 1792. — Remains of Christ- 
 ian Antiquity, with explanatory Notes. Edinb.1776- 
 1780, 3 vol. 12mo. — Lactantius de Justitia. Ibid. 
 1777, 12mo. — Octavius : a Dialogue, by Marcus 
 Minutius Felix. Ibid. 1781, 12mo. — Of the Manner 
 in which the Persecutors died. A Treatise by L. 
 C. F. Lactantius. Ibid. 1782, 12mo. — Disquisitions 
 concerning the Antiqviities of the Christian Church. 
 Glasgow, 1783, 12mo. — An Inquiry into the se- 
 condary Causes which Mr. Gibbon has assigned for 
 the rapid Progress of Christianity . Edinb. 1786, 4to. 
 1808, 12mo.— The Address of Q. Sept. TertuUian, 
 to Scapula Tertullus, Proconsul of Africa, with a 
 Translation. Ibid. 1790, 12mo. 
 
DANNHAUERUS— DATHE. 137 
 
 These works, by Lord Hailes, are among the most elegant 
 specimens of translation, and discover a profound acquaintance 
 with the most minute circumstances of early Christian antiquity. 
 They furnish occasionally some happy illustrations of Scripture, 
 and discover great acuteness, as well as great learning. Some of 
 the documents, printed and translated, are exceedingly interest- 
 ing and curious; and the illustrative notes of them are admirable 
 displays of the highest qualities of intellect and disposition. 
 Lord Hailes was one of the most formidable antagonists of Gib- 
 bon. His Inquiry into the secondary Causes is a most trium- 
 phant exposure of the sophistry and misrepresentations of that 
 artful writer. The preceding works are now become scarce ; 
 but I know not a higher treat which can be enjoyed by u culti- 
 vated and curious mind than that which they afford. '^ They 
 would have been admired," says Dr. Erskine, " in days when 
 the knowledge of sacred criticism was less rare, and when the 
 value of it was more justly estimated." I trust this reproach 
 will speedily be wiped away. The Remains of Christian Anti- 
 quity reposed in bales at the bookseller's for many years. Copies 
 of them are now eagerly bought. 
 
 Dannhauerus, Jo. Conrad, a learned Ger- 
 man theologian of the seventeenth centmnj ; died in 
 1651. — Hermeneutica Sacra ; sive methodus expo- 
 nendarum sacrarum litterarum. Argentorati, 1654, 
 8vo. — Idea Boni Interpretis et malitiosi Calummia- 
 toris. Ibid. 1630, 1680, 8vo. 
 
 In these works, there are many important observations on the 
 principles and proper method of interpreting the Scriptures. 
 Danhauer had correct views of Scripture truth, as well as pro- 
 per sentiments respecting the mode of eliciting and stating it. 
 He -svrote on a variety of biblical subjects besides the above ; and 
 is one of the old German school, whose writings may be perused 
 Avith safety and profit. 
 
 Dathe, Jo. Aug. Professor of oriental langua- 
 ges in the tcniversity of Leipzig ; born 1731 ; died 
 
138 DAUBUZ. 
 
 1791. — Libri Veteris Testamenti ex recensione Tex- 
 tus Hebraei et versionum antiquarum Latine versi, 
 notisque philologicis et criticis illustrati. Hallae, 
 1773-1789, 6 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the best Latin versions of the Old Testament 
 made in modern times. Its author was profoundly versant in 
 the oriental tongues^ and in the criticism of the Bible ; and de- 
 voted many years to this important translation. He was evi- 
 dently inclined to the pernicious doctrines of the modern Ger- 
 man school ; but they are not so offensively obtruded in this, as 
 in some other works. Dathe never acts the paraphrast, nor is he a 
 literal translator ; but he always studies to give the genuine sense 
 of the Hebrew Avriters in correct Latinity, and often succeeds to 
 admiration. His notes are not numerous, seldom very long, and 
 are almost entirely philological. The Scholia of Rosenmiiller, 
 who was a great admirer of him, may be considered as notes on 
 the text of Dathe. After his death, Rosenmiiller edited a col- 
 lection of his Opuscula ad crisi7i et interpretationem Veteris Te- 
 stamenti spectantia. Lipsiae, 1795, 8vo. This work is necessary 
 to complete the translation. Dathe edited the improved edition 
 of Glassius's Philologia Sacra, Lips. 1773, 2 vol. 8vo. ; and also an 
 edition of Walton's Prolegomena at the same place, 1111, 8vo. 
 
 Daubuz, Charles, a French protestaiit divine ; 
 was horn about 1670; retired to England on the 
 revocation of the edict of Nant%, where he died 
 vicar of Brotherton^ in Yorkshire, in 1740. — A per- 
 petual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John ; 
 with a Preliminary Discourse concerning the Prin- 
 ciples upon which the said Revelation is to be un- 
 derstood. New modelled, abridged, and rendered 
 plain to the meanest capacity, by Peter Lancaster. 
 Lond. 1730, 4to. 
 
 The original work by Daubuz himself, entitled, " The Reve- 
 lations literally translated from the Greek," was published in Lou- 
 
DAVENANT— DAVID. 189 
 
 don in 1720, folio; but this is the most useful edition, as the 
 arrangement and language of the work are greatly improved. The 
 symbolical Dictionary, in which the symbols used in the book of 
 Revelation are explained by their use among eastern nations, 
 and in other parts of Scripture, is of great imjiortance for under- 
 standing the prophecies in general. After tliis, follows the inter- 
 pretation of the book, according to the ascertained meaning of 
 these symbols. It is one of the most important works on the 
 Revelation ; and has been of great service to subsequent writ- 
 ers on that obscure book. 
 
 Dayenant, John, Bishop of Sallshury ; died 
 in 1641. — Expositio Epistolae D. Paiilli ad Colos- 
 senses. Cantab. 1628, 1630, 1639, fol. Amstel. 
 1646, 4to. Groning. 1655, 4to. 
 
 This exposition is the substance of Lectures read by the au- 
 thor, while Lady Margaret professor at Cambridge. The merit 
 of it is, in some measure, evident from the number of editions 
 through which it passed in a few years. The Bishop pays con- 
 siderable attention to find out the literal sense, as well as to il- 
 lustrate the doctrinal and practical meaning of the epistle. Walch 
 commends it ; and the learned author of the Synopsis speaks of 
 Davenant as an interpreter far above his praise. The Bishop 
 was a Calvinist, and a commissioner from the English church to 
 the synod of Dort, where he was treated with great respect. 
 His royal master, James, used him in a very different manner, 
 for meddling \\\\\\ the predestinarian controversy in a sermon in 
 his jiresence. 
 
 David, Holy, and his old English Translators 
 
 cleared, &c. Lond. I7O6, 8vo. 
 
 This is a curious book, but of no great value. It contains a 
 kind of historical account of the translators and translation of 
 the Psalms, according to the great Bible, and a general de- 
 fence of this old translation against all cavils and objections. It 
 displays little judgment, and a want of correct information on 
 some of the points on which it treats. I know not who was 
 the author. 
 
140 DAWSON, A.— DAWSON, T— DELANY. 
 
 Dawson, Abraham, a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, rector of Ringjield in Sus- 
 sex. — A New English Translation, from the origi- 
 nal Hebrew of the three first Chapters of Genesis, 
 with marginal Illustrations, and Notes critical and 
 explanatory. Lond. 1763, 4to. — The fourth and fifth 
 chapters of Genesis translated. Ibid. 1772, 4to. — The 
 sixth and eleven following chapters translated. Ibid. 
 1786, 4to. 
 
 Dr. Geddes compliments the author of the above works, with 
 the quaint title of "honest Abraham Dawson." He was certainly 
 tinctured a little with the Doctor's liberality, or rather scepticism 
 on some points. He denies the prophetical nature of Noah's pro- 
 phecy, and the reference to the Messiah in the blessing of Abra- 
 ham ; and seems to think, that the Mosaic account of various 
 early occurrences is little better than a piece of ancient mytholo- 
 gy. In some passages, he improves upon the common transla- 
 tion; but on the whole, his works add nothing of great import- 
 ance to our biblical apparatus. The monthly reviewers pronoun- 
 ced him an infidel, the reason of which Dr. Geddes pretended 
 not to be able to conceive. 
 
 Dawson, Thomas, D.D. Fellow of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. — Dissertations on the follow- 
 ing Subjects, &c. Lond. 1727, 8vo. 
 
 These dissertations are on Samuel's appearance at Endor, the 
 reality of which the author defends ; on Pilate's Wife's Dream ; 
 on the Appearance of Moses and Elias ; on Peter's Deliverance 
 by an Angel ; on Abraham's reply to Dives. It is not a book 
 of much importance. 
 
 Delany, Patrick, D.D. a clergyman of the 
 established Church of Ireland ; born 1686; died 
 1768. — Revelation examined with Candour ; or a 
 fair Enquiry into the sense and use of the several 
 
DELANY. 141 
 
 Revelations expressly declared, or sufficiently im- 
 plied, to be given to Mankind, from the Creation, as 
 they are found in the Bible. Lond. 1732, 2 vol. 
 8vo. 1763, vol. 3d. 
 
 In this work, which appeared without his name, Dr. Delany 
 discovers a very considerable portion of learning, research, and 
 acuteness. It contains many things not to be found in the ordi- 
 nary chiss of commentators ; some things that are fanciful ; and 
 some things not in unison with general received oj)inions. Vo- 
 lume I. contains dissertations on the forbidden Fruit ; on the 
 Knowledge of the Brute World conveyed to Adam ; on the 
 Knowledge of Marriage given to him ; on his skill in Language ; 
 on the Revehitions wliich immediately followed the Fall ; on 
 some difficidties and objections which lie against the Mosaic ac- 
 count of the Fall ; on some farther Difficulties relating to the 
 same Subject ; on Sacrifices ; on the Corruption of Mankind 
 which occasioned the Deluge ; on the natural Causes of the De- 
 luge ; on the Ends which Divine Wisdom answered by it ; Ob- 
 jections to the Mosaic account of it ; on the concurrence of all 
 Antiquity with that account ; on other Testimonies relating to 
 it ; on some difficulties relating to Noah's Ark. 
 
 In the second volume, there are eight dissertations ; on the 
 grant of Animal Food made to Noah after the Flood ; on the 
 Apostolic Decree about eating Blood ; (in these essays, he con- 
 tends for the absolute unlawfulness of eating blood ; that it was 
 prohibited from the beginning ; and that the apostolic decree 
 positively and permanently forbids it ;) on the building of Ba- 
 bel ; on the Predictions relating to Ishmael ; on Circumcision ; 
 on the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah ; on the command 
 given to Abraham to sacrifice his Son ; a Recapitulation of the 
 preceding Dissertation. 
 
 The third volume appeared at the distance of thirty years 
 from the two preceding, and is less interesting. It contains es- 
 says or dissertations on the following subjects : an attempt to 
 show that the World was blessed with divine Revelations from 
 the beginning ; on the natural advantages of the Sabbath ; on 
 
142 DELANY. 
 
 the Blessings derived to the World through Abraham ; God's 
 blessing to Abraham continued to Isaac ; an Attempt to show, 
 that Socrates was a kind of Prophet to the Gentiles, and that 
 divine Inspiration was not confined to the Jews ; the same bless- 
 ings continued to Jacob;, whose Character and Conduct are ex- 
 amined and defended ; a short Account of the great Principles 
 by which God governs the Animal World in the ordinary course; 
 an Introduction to the History of Joseph, and his Character ; on 
 many magnificent Egyptian Buildings of great Antiquity, now 
 in Ruins, ascribed to Joseph ; on the Lake Moeris and Joseph's 
 Canal ; on his favour to the Egyptian Priesthood ; a farther Ac- 
 count of Joseph's Canal and Character; on Inspiration by Dreams; 
 an answer to the charge, that Joseph enslaved the Egyptians. 
 
 The reader will perceive, that these three volumes embrace 
 many curious, and some interesting subjects of discussion. The 
 author is very discursive in his remarks, frequently departs 
 from the beaten tract, and does not study to be very consist- 
 ent with orthodoxy. His imagination is not always under the 
 direction of his judgment ; but the work will fully repay the 
 labour of a diligent perusal. 
 
 — An Historical Account of the Life and Reign of 
 David, King of Israel : interspersed with various 
 Conjectures, Digressions, and Disquisitions. In 
 which, among other things, Mr. Bayle's criticisms 
 upon the Conduct and Character of that Prince are 
 fully considered. Lond. 1741-1742, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work was also published anonymously, and has passed 
 through several editions. It is divided into three books, con- 
 taining seventy-four chapters. In these, the author examines 
 critically almost every thing of importance, good and bad, which 
 belongs to the character of David. He manifests a very laud- 
 able zeal to defend him ; and perhaps carries the defence in some 
 particulars a little too far. It is not a work of so much variety 
 and information as the former ; but it discovers both learning 
 and genius above mediocrity. Unfortunately for its reputation, 
 a similar life of David by Dr. Chandler provokes comparison ; 
 
DELGADO. 14.^ 
 
 and every one who has read the two performances, will liave no 
 hesitation in preferring the work of Chandler to that of Delany. 
 It is more valuable, both as a book of Scripture criticism, and of 
 general information. 
 
 — Eighteen Discourses and Dissertations upon vari- 
 ous very important and interesting Subjects. Lond. 
 1766, 8vo. 
 
 I notice this volume, which was the last publication of Dela- 
 ny, and the only work of importance to which he prefixed his 
 name, chiefly on account of the two dissertations at the end. 
 One of them is on the disputed passage, 1 John v. 7, in which the 
 Doctor endeavours to prove its genuineness, from the testimony 
 of two witnesses, from the nature and genius of the work, from 
 the necessary connexion of the several verses of the text, and 
 from the character of the writer. This essay is seldom referred 
 to now, in the celebrated controversy concerning the testimony 
 of the heavenly witnesses. The writers, on both sides of the con- 
 troversy, seem to attach little importance to the kind of reason- 
 ing which it employs on such a subject. The other dissertation 
 considers the objections to the account of the Evangelists and 
 Apostles being inspired by the Holy Ghost with the gift of 
 languages. This is more judicious and satisfactory than the for- 
 mer. Delany wrote many other theological and political pieces ; 
 but these are all which are entitled to a place in this work. He 
 was a man of ability and learning ; disjiosed occasionally to use 
 his fancy, and to reason confidently on doubtful or dis2iuted pre- 
 mises. There is also a great lack of evangelical sentiment in his 
 M'ri tings. 
 
 Deegado, Isaac, a Jewish teacher of the He- 
 hreiv language. — A new Translation of the Penta- 
 teuch. Lond, 1789, 4to. 
 
 The object <ff this work is to correct the present translation, 
 whenever it deviates from the genuine sense of the Hebrew ex- 
 pressions, where it renders obscure the meaning of the text, or 
 when it occasions a seeming contradiction. IMr. Delgado mo- 
 
144 DERHAM— DESVOEUX. 
 
 destly tells us, that his work is highly useful, and had never before 
 been attempted. He has, no doubt, corrected some mistransla- 
 tions in our version ; but the work altogether is not equal to its 
 pretensions, and both the translation and the notes discover the 
 influence of Jewish prejudices. Geddes calls him ^^ a learned 
 London Jew, who has given some good observations on the Pen- 
 tateuch." 
 
 Derham, William, D.D. a distinguished phi- 
 losopher and divine; horn 1657; died 1735. — 
 Physico-Theology : or, a Demonstration of the 
 Being and Attributes of God, from his works of 
 Creation. Lond. 1713, 8 vo.— -Astro-Theology : or, 
 a Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of 
 God, from a Survey of the Heavens. Lond. 1714, 
 8vo. 
 
 These works, though not strictly biblical, are justly entitled 
 to a place among books of this class, considering how often the 
 works of God are referred to in the Scriptures, and the import- 
 ance of a proper knowledge of these works, to the judicious 
 interpretation of many parts of the sacred oracles. Few men 
 have had more accurate and extensive acquaintance with nature, 
 in its grandest and minutest features, than Dr. Derham. He 
 was equally at home when travelling among the stars, and when 
 sojourning among the insects that flit in the breeze. " The 
 beasts of the earth, the fowls of the air, the fishes of the sea, 
 and the creeping thing that creepeth on the earth, as well 
 as the tree yielding seed, and every green herb," were well 
 known to this laborious inquirer ; who, in all the operations of 
 nature, delighted to trace the hand of nature's God. The work 
 on Physico-Theology is the substance of the author's Boyle Lec- 
 tures ; the numerous notes and curious observations being after- 
 wards added. Both these works have been very often reprinted. 
 
 Desvoeux, a. V. chaplain to a regiment of 
 Carabineers. — A Philosophical and Critical Essay 
 on Ecclesiastes ; wherein the author's design is 
 
DESVOEUX. 145 
 
 stated ; his doctrine vindicated ; his method ex- 
 plained, in an analytical paraphrase annexed to a 
 new version of the text from the Hebrew, etc. 
 Lond. 1760, 4to. 
 
 This is one of the most curious works on any part of the Old 
 Testament. The author was a considerable Hebrew scholar 
 and philologist, and evidently bestowed vast pains on this pro- 
 duction. He is, however, too fond of philosophical reasonings, 
 and fiir-fetched interpretations ; and not unfrequently forces 
 meanings on the words of Solomon, of which it is probable the 
 royal writer never thought. Still, it well deserves the consider- 
 ation of those who wish to examine the design and meaning 
 of this difficult portion of Scripture. There is first a long dis- 
 sertation on the design of the book, and the doctrine contain- 
 ed in it ; then the book itself, arranged in three columns ; 
 the first containing the common English version ; the second 
 the author's new translation ; and the third an analytical para- 
 phrase. Then follow his philological and critical observations, 
 divided into three books. In the first, containing twenty-three 
 chapters, the various readings are examined, and the genuine 
 ones made out from the circumstances of every passage, without 
 partiality, either to the Masoretic text, or to any of the ancient in- 
 terpreters. In the second book he examines the most remarkable 
 turns, phrases, figures, and tropes, which occur in the Ecclesias- 
 tes, and explains the passages to which they belong. The third 
 book contains an alphabetical list of the Hebrew words explained 
 in the two former, and remarks on such difficult words, phrases, 
 and passages as had not before been examined. The critical 
 opinions of the author are not always correct, and some of his 
 theological views are also liable to objection ; but he deserves 
 well of all the lovers of sacred literature for the pains which he 
 has taken to elucidate one of the darkest parts of Scripture. 
 He appears to have been a foreigner, (though I know not of what 
 country,) as he tells us he was twenty-four years of age before 
 he could speak, a word of English. The work appeared in Ger- 
 man at Halle, 1 7^ i, ^-to. 
 
 1. 
 
146 DEYLING. 
 
 Deylingius, Solomon, a Lutheran clergyman^ 
 first at Islehen in Saxomj, and afterwards Super- 
 intendent of Leipzig, and Professor of Dwinity in 
 the university of that city. — Observationes Sacrae 
 et Miscellaneae, etc. Lipsiae, 1735-1748, 5 vol. 
 4to. 
 
 A particular account of the multifarious contents of this volu- 
 minous and learned work would occupy more room than can 
 with propriety be appropriated to it here. Even a syllabus of 
 its contents would fill many pages. It contains two hundred 
 and thirty-one dissertations, some of them of considerable 
 length, on difficult passages of Scripture, on various theological 
 and critical subjects, and on some points relating to church his- 
 tory. It proposes to solve doubts, reconcile contradictions, an- 
 swer objections, and, in short, to vindicate the word and ways of 
 God. The erroneous sentiments of Grotius, Spinosa, Hobbes, Si- 
 mon, Huet, Le Clerc, Hardt, and others, are very frequently attack- 
 ed and refuted. The author was far from being unfit for such an 
 undertaking. His learning was extensive, his sentiments ortho- 
 dox, and his diligence worthy of a German divine. He is an admir- 
 able specimen of the minuteness and prolixity for which this class 
 of theological writers is distinguished. He tells us every thing 
 which ^^ critics now alive, or long since dead," have written on the 
 point in hand; exposes their mistakes, and replies to them 
 with great form and show of argument and learning. Thus the 
 Observationes enable a writer, if he be so disposed, with 
 very little labour, to display a great deal more literature than 
 he possesses. The cheapness of paper, and of the labour of the 
 press on the continent, and the ready access to innumerable books 
 in the vast libraries of Germany, encourage a prolixity in treating 
 even trifles, which dare not be attempted in this country. The 
 volumes of Deyling are, however, worth consulting ; and, from 
 the extensive indices which accompany them, the power of con- 
 sulting them is greatly facilitated. The first volumes have gone 
 through several editions, and on the continent the work is held 
 
DICK— DICKINSON. 147 
 
 in greater estimation than most books in the same class of theo- 
 logical science. 
 
 Dick, John, D. D. a dissenting preshyterian 
 minister in Glasgow. — An Essay on the Inspiration 
 of the Scriptures. Edinb. 1800, 12mo. 1804, Svo. 
 — Lectures on some passages of the Acts of the 
 Apostles. Glasg. 1805-1808, 2 vol. 8vo. 1822, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Dick contends for the plenary inspiration of the words, 
 as well as the thonghts of the sacred writers, and supports this 
 view of the subject with ability. It is altogether the best essay 
 in the language on the subject of inspiration. His Lectures on 
 the Acts of the Apostles are well written, though not critical, 
 and furnish respectable specimens of pulpit exposition. 
 
 Dickinson, Edmund, a distinguished English 
 physician; horn 1624; died 1707. — Delphi Phoe- 
 nicizantes, sive Tractatus in quo Graecos, quicquid 
 apud Delphos celebre erat, e Josuae historia scrip- 
 tisque sacris effinxisse ostenditur, etc. Oxonii, 1655, 
 Svo. Francof. 1670, 8vo. 
 
 In this learned and curious tract, the author endeavours to 
 prove, that the Greeks borrowed the story of the Pythian Apollo, 
 and all that rendered the oracle at Delphi famous, from the 
 Holy Scriptures, and particularly from the book of Joshua. He 
 discovers a very considerable acquaintance with the Hebrew, 
 Arabic, and Greek languages, and a profound knowledge of an- 
 tiquity. He is commended by Carpzov as a writer deserving 
 to be consulted on the book of Joshua ; on various parts of which 
 he throws some light. There is also added to the treatise, a 
 Dissertation on the coming of Noah into Italy, and the names 
 by which he was known among the heathen. There is another 
 on the origin of the Druids. Prefixed to the work is a letter 
 addressed to Dickinson, by Zachary Bogan, a man of very con- 
 siderable philological attainments, which is full of learned ex- 
 tracts in support of the opinions contained in the tracts. While 
 
148 DICKSON. 
 
 this work has obtained a very considerable reputation both at home 
 and abroad, (having been repeatedly printed on the continent,) 
 it is a curious fact, that it was not the production of Dr. Dick- 
 inson, but of Henry Jacob, a learned puritan, and the author 
 of several works somewhat similar in their nature. The story 
 of this literary theft, told by Anthony Wood, is worth extract- 
 ing. 
 
 '' Before I go any farther, the reader is to understand, that 
 this our author, Jacob, being ejected in l648, from Merton Col- 
 lege, and so consequently from his chamber, wherein he had left 
 a trunk full of books, as well written as printed, left Oxon. 
 And taking no care, or appointing any friend for its security, 
 his chamber door, before an year was expired, was broke open 
 for a new comer, who finding the trunk there, did let it remain 
 in its place for a time. At length, when no man inquired after 
 it, as the then possessor thereof pretended, he secured it for his 
 own use, broke it open, and therein discovered a choice trea- 
 sure of books : one of them being a manuscript, and fit for the 
 press, he disguised and altered it with another style; and at 
 length after he had learned Hebrew, and the Oriental languages 
 to blind the world, and had conversed openly with those most 
 excellent in them, as Pococke and Bogan, and any Grecian or 
 Jew who came accidentally to the University, he published it 
 under this title, ' Delphi Phoenicizantes,' " &c. (Athense Oxon. 
 vol. ii. p. 90.) Thus far Wood, whose account, I believe, is 
 entitled to credit. Dickinson was the author of several other 
 performances, which deserve not to be mentioned in connexion 
 with the Bible, the author having been guilty of such a piece 
 of knavery. Henry Jacob, the real author of the above work, 
 after struggling with poverty and many evils, died at Canterbury 
 in the year 1652, in the 44th year of his age. 
 
 Dickson, David, Professor of Divifiity, succes- 
 sively in the universities of Glasgow and Edin- 
 hurgJi ; horn 1583 ; died 1662. — A brief Expla- 
 nation of the Psalms. Lond. 1645-1654, 3 vol. 
 12mo. — A brief Exposition of the Gospel accord- 
 
DE DIEU. uy 
 
 iiig to Matthew. Ibid. 1651, 12mo. — A short Ex- 
 planation of the Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews. 
 Aberd. 1635, 12mo. — Expositio analytica Omni- 
 um Epistolarum. Glasg. 1645, 4to. — An Exposi- 
 tion of all the Epistles. Lond. 1659, fol. 
 
 " Mr. Dickson," says Gillies, (Hist. Col. i. 2Q6,) '^ was con- 
 cerned in, and I am ready to think, one principal mover of that 
 concert among several worthy ministers of the Scots church, 
 for publishing short, plain, and practical expositions upon the 
 whole Bible. I cannot recover all their names ; but I know 
 Mr. Robert Douglas, Mr. Rutherford, Mr. Robert Blair, Mr. G. 
 Hutcheson, IMr. James Ferguson, Mr. Alexander Nisbet, jNIr. 
 James Durham, Mr. John Smith, had particular books allotted 
 to them." The plan was never completed, nor did all the above 
 individuals perform their task. Mr. Dickson seems very dili- 
 gently to have applied to his portion, and has left a very good 
 specimen of what he was capable of doing according to the pro- 
 posed scheme. The work on the Psalms was published in three 
 separate volumes, each containing fifty Psalms. The exposi- 
 tion, though brief, is not so short as to be unsatisfactory. Scarce- 
 ly any thing of a critical nature occurs in it ; but there is much 
 piety, sound judgment, and correct interpretation. The small 
 work on the Hebrews is not so satisfactory as that on the Psalms. 
 It was the earliest effort of the author as an expositor, and de- 
 signed to induce others of his brethren to publisli some short 
 commentaries on the Scriptures. None of the puritanical expo- 
 sitors of the period during which Mr. Dickson lived, is supe- 
 rior to him ; and in distinctness of method and language, and 
 point and condensation of sentiment, he is equal to any of them. 
 Poole represents his expositions as brief, but perspicuous, inge- 
 nious and judicious. He was the author of several other theo- 
 logical works ; Therapeutica Sacra, a work on cases of con- 
 science, and Truth's victory over Error, which have been long 
 popular in Scotland. 
 
 DiEU, Lewis de, a learned jwofesfauf minister^ 
 and profound oriental scholar^ Professor in the 
 
150 DIMOCK— DIODATI. 
 
 Walloon College at Ley den ; born in 1590 ; died in 
 1642. — Critica Sacra; sive Animadversiones inloca 
 quaedam difficiliora Veteris et Novi Testament!, etc. 
 Amst. 1693, fol. 
 
 The greater part of this learned work had been printed before 
 in detached parts, which were first collected together in this 
 edition. The author had the honour of first editing the Syriac 
 version of the Apocalypse with a Latin translation in I627. He 
 was profoundly skilled in the Arabic, Syriac, Persic, and Ethio- 
 pic languages. He deserves to be ranked, according to Walch 
 and Calmet, among the most learned and skilful interpreters of 
 the word of God. I possess a very beautiful edition of the 
 Life of Christ, in Persic, by Xavier, with a Latin translation by 
 De Dieu, and some valuable animadversions at the end. 
 
 DiMOCK, Henry, a clergijma^i of the Church of 
 England. — Critical and Explanatory Notes on Ge- 
 nesis, Exodus, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, 
 and the minor Prophets ; together with some Dis- 
 sertations on several difficult passages of Scripture, 
 and Observations on the worship of the Serpent, 
 &c. Lond. 1804, 4to. 
 
 These notes are almost entirely critical ; and indeed chiefly 
 occupied with the various readings of Hebrew MSS. and the an- 
 cient versions. They may prove very useful in the event of a 
 new critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, as Mr. Dimock has 
 evidently bestowed a good deal of labour on the collection. The 
 Dissertations on Jeremiah xviii. 14, Amos v. 26, and Mark xi. 
 13, and his miscellaneous remarks on the worship of the serpent 
 contain some ingenious criticisms. The work, on the whole, 
 does credit to the learning of the author, and aflfords some aid in 
 interpreting the Bible. 
 
 DiODATi, John, an Italian divine of the re- 
 formed Church; horn 1576; died 1638. — Annota- 
 
DITTOxN— DOBROWSKY— DODD. 151 
 
 tions upon the Holy Bible, translated from the 
 Italian. Lond. 1643, 4to. 1651, fol. 
 
 The notes of Diodtiti are seldom critical, but generally sound 
 and judicious. Considerable use was made of them in the work 
 called the Assembly's Annotations ; so tliat the possessor of these 
 need not seek after Diodati. 
 
 DiTTON, Humphrey, a respectahle mathemati- 
 cian ; horn at SaUshury, 1675; died 1715. — ^A 
 Discourse concerning the Resurrection of Jesus 
 Christ. Lond. 1712, 8vo. 3d edit. ibid. 1722, 8vo. 
 
 This is a very respectable book, in which Ditton argues the ne- 
 cessity of inquiring into the truth ; states the nature of moral 
 evidence ; and alleges, with much force, the proofs of the fact 
 of the Saviour's resurrection. In an Appendix, he examines 
 whether consciousness and thought can be the result of mere 
 matter and motion ; and offers some reflections on the nature of 
 God, of human souls, and on the universe in general. As a 
 proof of the estimation in A\'hicli the work was held, it was 
 translated into several of the continental languages. It is also 
 mentioned with great respect by Bishop Watson. Tindal, Col- 
 lins, and some others, opposed the work ; to whom Ditton had 
 begun an answer : but his friends, on revising it after his death, 
 found it too imperfect for publication. 
 
 DoBROwsKY, Joseph, a learned Polish writer. 
 — De Antiquis Hebraeoruni Characteribus Disserta- 
 tio. Pragae, 1783, 8vo. 
 
 This learned treatise goes fully into the inquiry concerning 
 the antiquity of the present square Hebrew letters ; and shows, 
 satisfactorily, that the Samaritan was the original Jewish alpha- 
 bet. According to Bishop Marsh, it is the latest and most use- 
 ful work on this subject. 
 
 DoDD, William, LL. D. an unfortunate Eng- 
 lish clergyman; horn in 1719; died in 1778. — A 
 
152 DODD. 
 
 Commentary on the Books of the Old and New 
 Testament. Lond. 1770, 3 vol. fol. 
 
 This is mostly a compilation, the chief value of which consists 
 in notes furnished from the original papers of John Locke, Dr. 
 Waterland, Lord Clarendon, Gilbert West, and some others. 
 Great use is also made of some of the printed and long-establish- 
 ed commentaries on Scripture, such as Calmet, Houbigant, and 
 Doddridge. Dr. Adam Clarke says, rather hyperbolically, 
 that it is on the whole by far the best comment that has yet 
 appeared in the Ejiglish language. It is a curious fact, that 
 the notes which are ascribed to Locke do not belong to him, 
 but to Dr. Cudworth. The Doctor left his papers to the care of 
 his daughter, Lady Masham. After her death. Lord Masham 
 sold a number of volumes of ancient learning, which had been 
 bequeathed to the family by Mr. Locke, together with the MSS. 
 of Dr. Cudworth, to Davis, a bookseller in Piccadilly, who ap- 
 pears to have thought that they were all Mr. Locke's. About 
 the same time, he got possession of some MS. notes by Dr. 
 Waterland. To turn the whole to the best account, he employ- 
 ed Dr. Dodd to compile a Bible from them. When the Bible 
 was completed, he carried the MSS. down to his country resi- 
 dence at Barnes, in Surrey, where they were thrown into a gar- 
 ret, and lay for many years. About the year 1777j, a gentleman, 
 who had a great veneration for the name of Mr. Locke, went to 
 see these MSS. and being assured by Davis that they were the 
 compositions of the philosopher, purchased the whole for forty 
 guineas. The purchaser discovering, in the course of the inves- 
 tigation of the papers, that they were not Mr. Locke's, but Dr. 
 Cudworth's, returned them ; but at the same time recommended 
 them to the curators of the British Museum, by whom they 
 were purchased, and they are now safely deposited in that noble 
 repository. Such is the account given by Dr. Kippis in the Biog. 
 Britannica, of the fate of the Cudworth MSS. Dr. Dodd's 
 Bible, when complete, contains a Dissertation on the Pentateuch, 
 prefixed to the first volume, and another on the inspiration of 
 the New Testament, in the third. 
 
DODDRIDGE. 153 
 
 Doddridge, Philip, D. D. an eminent dissent- 
 ing minister and tutor ^ ivho died 1751. — The Family 
 Expositor ; or a Paraphrase and Version of the 
 New Testament ; with Critical Notes, and a prac- 
 tical improvement of each section. Lond. 1739- 
 1756, 4 vol. 4to. besides various other editions in 
 4to. and 8vo. 
 
 Of a book so well known^ and so generally esteemed, as the 
 Family Expositor, it is scarcely necessary to speak. It is ad- 
 mirably adapted to the object which the author had chiefly in 
 view ; and no book can be read in a Christian family with more 
 advantage. The piety of Doddridge was elevated and sincere ; 
 his learning above mediocrity ; his diligence most exemplarv ; 
 and his taste elegant and liighly improved. Tlie translation fre- 
 quently corrects the received version ; but the paraphrase is often 
 too diffuse, and in the notes he sometimes discovers an anxiety to 
 press a fine thought into the meaning of the sacred writer. His 
 Harmony, which must have cost him great labour, is often unsa- 
 tisfactory, has too many transpositions, and is not so judicious in 
 the arrangement as Macknight's. " In reading the New Testa- 
 ment," says the Bishop of Durham, " I recommend Doddridge's 
 Family Expositor as an impartial interpreter and faithful moni- 
 tor. Other expositions and commentaries might be mentioned, 
 greatly to the honour of their respective authors, for their several 
 excellencies ; such as, elegance of exposition, acuteness of illus- 
 tration, and copiousness of erudition ; but I know of no ex])osi- 
 tor who unites so many advantages, whether you regard tlie fide- 
 lity of his version, the fulness and perspicuity of his composition, 
 the utility of his general and historical information, the impar- 
 tiality of his doctrinal comments, or lastly, the piety and pastoral 
 earnestness of his moral and religious applications. He has 
 made, as he professes to have done, ample use of the commenta- 
 tors that preceded him ; and, in the explanation of grammatical 
 difficulties, he has profited much more from the j)hilological wri- 
 ters on the Greek Testament than could almost have ])een ex- 
 pected in so multifarious an undertaking as the Family Exposi- 
 
154 DODSON— DODWELL. 
 
 tor." The other works of Doddridge, and his character, are 
 well known. 
 
 DoDSON, Michael, an English lawtjer ; born in 
 Wiltshire, 1732 ; died 1799. — A New Translation 
 of Isaiah, with Notes supplementary to those of Dr. 
 Lowth ; and containing remarks on many parts of 
 his Translation and Notes, by a Layman. Lond. 
 1790, 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Dodson possessed a respectable acquaintance with biblical 
 literature ; and thought he discovered numerous and very con- 
 siderable mistakes and defects in Bishop Lowth's version. These 
 he endeavours to correct and supply chiefly by following the 
 Septuagint. He does occasionally catch the Bishop tripping; 
 but his censures on the orthodox renderings of some important 
 expressions savour more of the school of Socinus, than of the 
 sound principles of criticism. Lowth was defended immediately, 
 in a very able and spirited pamphlet, entitled Short JRemarks on 
 a New Translation of Isaiah. By John Sturges, LL.D. This 
 was followed by A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Sturges. By Michael 
 Dodson. A good deal of acuteness and candour are displayed 
 in the pamphlets on both sides. 
 
 DoDWELL, Henry, a nonjuring dergijman ; 
 horn in Dublin, 1641 ; died 1711. — An Epistolary 
 Discourse, proving, from the Scriptures and first 
 Fathers, that the Soul is a principle naturally mor- 
 tal ; but immortalized actually by the pleasure of 
 God to punishment, or to reward, by its union with 
 the divine baptismal spirit. Wherein is proved, that 
 none have the power of giving this immortalizing 
 spirit, since the Apostles, but only the Bishops. 
 Lond. 1706, 8vo. 
 
 If the judgment of Dodwell, and his freedom from supersti- 
 tion, had at all corresponded with his learning and industry, he 
 
DOEDERLEIN. 155 
 
 might have produced something highly honourable to himself, and 
 useful to the world. But such was the influence of his high episco- 
 pal prejudices, that he adopted, and calmly defended, some of the 
 most extravagant paradoxes that ever were attempted to be propa- 
 gated in the world. Of these, the one stated in the title of the 
 epistolary discourse is deserving of the first place. Its absurdity 
 is so evident, that only the character of Dodwell, and the seri- 
 ousness and labour with which he defended it, could persuade us 
 to think that he believed it himself. The work is very curious, 
 as a specimen of the torture to which a corrupted creed or system 
 is capable of putting the Scriptures. It contains some singular re- 
 marks on the scriptural distinction between soul and spirit, which 
 is the foundation of his whole hypothesis. It is a remarkable fact 
 that Joseph Hallett, a man of a very opjiosite creed from Dodwell, 
 held a similar sentiment, that all who were not circumcised un- 
 der the law, and who are not baptized under the gospel, are con- 
 denmed to annihilation, or to suiFer eternal sleep. Extravagant 
 as Dodwell's sentiments were, they met both with supporters 
 and opposers. Among the latter, the most distinguished was 
 Dr. Samuel Clarke, whose answer, in a letter to Mr. Dodwell, 
 went through a number of editions. It was also refuted by Mr. 
 Edmund Chishull, Mr. John Norris, and Mr. Thomas Mills, af- 
 terwards Bishop of Waterford and Lismore. 
 
 DoEDERLEiN, Jo. Chuist. Professor of Divi- 
 nity in the university of Jena ; horn 1746; died 
 1792. — Esaias ex Receiisioiie Textus Hebraei, ad 
 fidem quorumdam codiciim MSS. et versioniiin aiiti- 
 qiiariiin. Latine vertit notasque varii argmnenti 
 subjecit Jo. Christ. Doed. Altorfi, 1775, 8vo. 3d 
 edit. Norimb. 1789. — Scholia in Libros Veteris Te- 
 stamenti Poeticos, Jobum, Psaliiios et Tres Saloini- 
 nis. Halae, 1779, 4to. 
 
 Professor Doederlein, in these works, follows the princii)les of 
 Dathe, in his translation of the Old Testament. In Iiis notes, 
 he investigates the meaning of the words, and the object of 
 the prophet. They discover profound and elegant learning, and 
 
156 DOUGHTY— DOYLY— DRUMMOND. 
 
 great power both of judgment and genius. Such is the eulogi- 
 um pronounced on his Isaiah by the younger Rosenmiiller. 
 
 Doughty, John, D. D. an English theologian ; 
 Canon of Westminster ; ivas horn in 1598 ; died in 
 1672. — Analecta Sacra, sive Excursus Philologici 
 breves super diversis S. Scripturae locis. Lond. 1658, 
 8vo. 
 
 This work of the learned Doughty has been often printed 
 on the continent. In I693, it was published at Amsterdam in 
 the same volume with the Latin edition of Sir Norton Knatch- 
 buU's Animadversions. Doughty endeavours to illustrate vari- 
 ous parts of the Old and New Testament by the manners and 
 customs of the ancient Gentiles. He was well acquainted with 
 them ; but is more successful in elucidating the Old than the 
 New Covenant Scriptures. 
 
 D'Oyly, Robert, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, — Four Dissertations : Of God's per- 
 mitting the Fall of Adam ; of the extraordinary As- 
 sistances vouchsafed to the first Publishers of the 
 Gospel ; of prophetical Revelation ; of the Resurrec- 
 tion of the same body. Lond. 1728, 8vo. 
 
 This is a book which contains some original and curious dis- 
 quisitions, but not always in accordance with received opinions. 
 The discussions are conducted in a manner somewhat similar to 
 those of Delany. 
 
 Drummond, THE Right hon. Sir William, 
 a Scotish haronet. — Oedipus Judaicus. Lond. 1814, 
 8vo. 
 
 This is without doubt one of the strangest books that has ap- 
 peared in modern times. I know not, indeed, whether I ought 
 to introduce it, as it was printed, but not published ; intended, 
 according to the author, not for " the mob, but for the learned 
 theist." Still, as the book has come abroad, it may not be the 
 
DRUMMOND. 1.57 
 
 less greedily sought after, because it is of difficult access ; and 
 as it presents a great display of oriental learning, and professes 
 to interpret the Bible, I shall be excused for noticing it. After 
 a preface, and some other preliminary matter, in which Sir 
 William uses language as low and unhallowed about the God of 
 Israel as any ^here occurs in the writings of Payne, and which 
 brought down on that indiv^idual the vengeance of the govern- 
 ment, follow six Dissertations ; on the xlixth chapter of Genesis ; 
 on the xivth chapter of Genesis ; on the Tabernacle and Temple ; 
 on the Book of Joshua ; a sketch of a commentary on the Book 
 of Judges ; and on the Paschal Lamb. The learned baronet 
 gravely maintains that the whole Old Testament is allegorical ; 
 and that a great, if not the leading object of it, is to teach a cor- 
 rect system of astronomy. Jacob's prophecies respecting the fates 
 of his sons, according to him, are illustrations of the twelve signs 
 of the zodiac. The battle of the kings, in Gen. xiv. are allegorical 
 representations of the contentions about the changes in the calen- 
 dar. The tabernacle and temple, he maintains, were types of the 
 universe, but never the dwelling-places of God. All its devices 
 and ornaments were of an astronomical nature. The Red Sea, or 
 im-suph, signified, not a receptacle of waters, but the co?wave 
 vault of heaven. The passover was instituted as a memorial of 
 the transit of the equinoctial sun from the sign of the bull to that 
 of the ram or lamb ! 
 
 Such are some of the sublime discoveries respecting the design 
 of revelation niade by Sir W. Drummond. He must be an 
 Oedipus indeed, who can find them in the Scriptures. Nobody 
 can imagine that the author believes them himself. Tlie most 
 charitable construction that can be put upon them is, that much 
 learning has made the author mad ; or that he has been making 
 a philosophical exjoeriment to discover how many mad people are 
 in the country. An answer was published, by the Rev. George 
 D'Oyly, in Letters to Sir W. Drummond, 1813, 8vo. To 
 these letters Sir W. condescended to reply. He is the author 
 of several learned works, besides the above, among which is An 
 Essay on a Punic Inscription, 4to. which includes a variety of 
 biblical criticism. 
 
158 DRUSIUS— DUNCAN— DU PIN. 
 
 Drusius, John, a learned Dutch divine ; Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew at Ley den and Franeher ; horn 
 1550 ; died 1616. — Commentarius in voces He- 
 braicas Novi Testamenti. Franek. 1616, 4 to. — 
 Animadversionum libri duo. Lugd. Bat. 1585, 
 4to. — Adnotationes in totum Jesu Christi Testa- 
 mentum. Franek. 1612, 4to. — Commentarii in 
 plerosque libros Veteris Testamenti. Published 
 at different times, and in various forms. — Pro- 
 verbiorum Sacrorum classes duae. Franek. 1590, 
 4to. — Parallela Sacra, seu comparatio locorum Vet. 
 Test, cum iis, quae in Novo citantur. Ibid, 1588, 
 4to. Libri decem Annotationum in totum Jesu 
 Christi Testamentum. Amst. 1632, 4to. 
 
 This learned writer was the author of many critical works 
 on the Scriptures ; the chief of which are marked above. The 
 character of all these works stands very high among the 
 continental critics. The greater part of them were republished 
 in the Critici Sacri, and are incorporated in the Synopsis of 
 Poole. The treatise on Sacred Proverbs was republished along 
 with Walton's Prolegomena, by Heidegger, in 1673. 
 
 Duncan, Robert, a minister of the Church of 
 Scotland, who died young. — An Exposition of the 
 Epistle to the Hebrews. Edinb. 1731, 8vo. 
 
 This volume was published after the death of the author, who 
 appears to have been a man of very respectable talents. It may 
 be considered, however, rather as an abridgment of Owen on the 
 Hebrews, than as an original work. It is not, indeed, a pro- 
 fessed abridgment ; but it everywhere shows the use that the 
 author had made of that elaborate and valuable work. 
 
 Du Pin, Lewis Ellies, a learned French 
 writer. Doctor of the Sorhonne, and Professor of 
 
DU PIN. 1,59 
 
 JDivinity at Paris ; born 1657 ; died 1719. — A New 
 History of Ecclesiastical Writers ; containing an 
 account of the authors of the several books of the 
 Old and New Testament ; of the lives and writings 
 of the primitive Fathers ; an abridgement and ca- 
 talogue of their works ; their various editions, and 
 censures determining the genuine and spvirious. 
 Together with a judgment upon their style and 
 doctrine. Also, a Compendious History of the 
 Councils ; with Chronological Tables of the whole. 
 Translated from the French. Dublin, 1722-1724, 
 3 vol. fol. 
 
 This is the best edition in English of an exceedingly valuable 
 book. It is scarcely possible to estimate the labour which it 
 must have cost. Some title pages promise more than the works 
 to which they are prefixed perform. This is not the case with 
 the Bibliotheque of Du Pin. Its ample title is very faithfully 
 and ally supported. Besides being an excellent, and, on the 
 whole, an impartial church history, it is literally a library of the 
 ecclesiastical and theological writers of antiquity ; containing 
 almost every thing of importance concerning the authors ; what 
 they really wrote, and what has been falsely ascribed to them ; 
 the best editions of their works, and ample details of the sub- 
 jects which they embrace, M^ith judicious criticism on their man- 
 ner of treating them. In a Preliminary Dissertation, he gives 
 a brief but correct account of the several writers of tlie Old 
 Testament, and of the canonical books which compose it ; a his- 
 tory of the Hebrew Text, and of the Septuagint, and the other 
 Greek versions of the Old Testament ; notices of some authors 
 whose works have a relation to the Old Testament, such as Jo- 
 sephus, Philo, Justus, Aristeas, Sec. An account of the writers 
 of the New Testament, and the writings which compose it, con- 
 cludes these Prolegomena. The work itself is brought down 
 only to the sixteenth century. He published in Frencli an ac- 
 count of the \vTiters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
 
160 DURELL. 
 
 who separated from the Church of Rome ; but this has not ap- 
 peared in English. His Bibliothequ© was attacked, with great 
 acrimony by Father Simon, a writer fully equal to Du Pin in 
 learning and acuteness, but far inferior to him in personal cha- 
 racter. The liberality of his opinions was greatly beyond that 
 of the church to which he belonged ; the weight of wdiose ven- 
 geance he was in danger of feeling. The English translation of 
 this great work appears to have been a joint undertaking, in 
 which Dr. W. Wotton performed a principal part. He had the 
 last revision, and wrote the prefaces and dedication. Du Pin 
 wrote many other works, some of which were on the Scriptures. 
 The only other production of his that ought to be mentioned here 
 is, A Complete Method of studying Divinity, or a regular Course 
 of Theological Studies digested into a New Method. Trans- 
 lated from the French. Lond. 1720, 8vo. This work is divided 
 into twenty-eight chapters, in which are discussed a great va- 
 riety of important topics relating to theology. At the end there 
 is a great number of questions on the subjects of the preceding 
 chapters, with a reference to the best authors in which the sub- 
 jects are more fully treated. It is a respectable and candid 
 work, considered as the production of a Catholic ; and the au- 
 thors to whom he refers are indiscriminately Catholics and Pro- 
 testants. 
 
 DuRELL, David, D. D. Principal of Hertford 
 College : a native of Jersey ; Itorn 1728 ; died 
 1775. — The Hebrew Text of the ParallelProphecies 
 of Jacob and Moses, relating to the twelve tribes ; 
 with a translation and notes, and the various lec- 
 tions of near forty MSS. &c. To which are added, 
 the Samaritan Arabic version of those passages, and 
 part of another Arabic version, neither of which 
 have been before printed ; a Map of the Land of 
 Promise ; an Appendix, containing four Disserta- 
 tions on points connected with the subject of these 
 prophecies. Oxford, 1764, 4to. — Critical Remarks 
 
DURHAM. l6l 
 
 on tlie Book of Job, Proverbs, Psalms, Ecclesiastes, 
 and Canticles. Ibid. 1772, 4to. 
 
 Many of the observations in these volumes are of considerable 
 value. Dr. Durell was a bold critic, and dealt freely, and 
 sometimes successfully, in emendations of the text, and in new 
 arrangements of the words and letters. He contends for the mo- 
 dern origin of the book of Job, thinks that the Song of Solomon 
 is an epithalamium on the marriage of Solomon with Pharaoh's 
 daughter, considers the imprecative Psalms merely as the work- 
 ings of the natural passions of the writers, and is an advocate for 
 a new translation of the Scriptures. His works deserve a place 
 in every critical library. 
 
 Durham, James, a Scotish divine ; horn 1622 ; 
 died 1658. — An Exposition of the Book of Job. 
 Glasg. 1659, 12nio. — An Exposition of the Song of 
 Solomon. Lond. 1669, 4to. — A Commentary on the 
 Book of Revelation. Amst. 1660, 4to. Edinb. 1680. 
 
 The expository works of Durham are highly respectable, not 
 for their display of learning or critical knowledge ; but for their 
 good sense, enlightened piety, and practical acquaintance tvith 
 the Scriptures. The small work on Job, which I insert on the 
 authority of Watt's Bibliotheca, was a part of the plan by some 
 Scotish ministers for explaining the Scriptures, repeatedly no- 
 ticed in this work. His exjiosition of the Song has long been a fa- 
 vourite ^v'ork with those persons who enter fully into the mysti- 
 cal design of the sacred writer, and ajiprove of its entire appli- 
 cation to Christ and the church. His Commentary on the Re- 
 velation afforded more opportunity for displaying the varied in- 
 formation of the writer. He shortly interprets the text, endea- 
 vours to point out the application of the distinct prophecies, and 
 supports his views, by historical references. He also occasion- 
 ally indulges in conjecture respecting the future. It is the sub- 
 stance of many lectures delivered in public, and is therefore 
 somewhat diffuse, but contains much valuable practical instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 M 
 
162 DWIGHT. 
 
 DwiGHT, Timothy, a distinguished American 
 divine of the congi^egational order ; horn at North- 
 ampton in Massachusetts, JSlay \^th, 1752 ; became 
 Principal of Yale College in 1795 ; and died in 
 1815. — Theology Explained and Defended, in a 
 series of Sermons. Middletown, Connecticut, print- 
 ed. Lond. reprinted, 1822, 5 vol. 8vo. besides se- 
 veral editions in other places. 
 
 No production of the trans-atlantic press has met with so 
 favourable a reception in this country ;, and experienced so ex- 
 tensive a circulation as this work of President Dwight. Nor is 
 its popularity likely to be ephemeral. It bears the impress of 
 a most powerful mind^ and will pass down to posterity both in 
 the old and the new worlds as the work of one of the master 
 spirits of the Christian church. As a system, the arrangement 
 is liable to very powerful objections. It is too artificial, and 
 dwells too long on some points, while others are very slightly 
 touched, or entirely omitted. As pulpit discourses, the reason- 
 ings are often rather intricate and metaphysical. On a few 
 doctrinal peints also, Dwight differed from most of his brethren 
 of the same school of theology with himself. In every other re- 
 spect, the work is entitled to no ordinary portion of praise. It 
 is more original than most systems of theology ; and in the qua- 
 lities of bold and manly eloquence, lucid and powerful reason- 
 ing, with great richness of imagination and felicity of language, 
 there are few works belonging to the present age of the same 
 extent, which will bear to be compared with it. It is matter of 
 regret that it does not contain a larger portion of scriptural ex- 
 position ; as what it does contain is in general very judicious, 
 and the numerous allusions to Scripture facts and phrases show 
 how familiar the word of God was to the mind of Dr. Dwight. 
 Above all, the tone of spiritual feeling and fervid piety which 
 pervade the discourses, with the correct and luminous views 
 of Christian doctrine and practice with which they abound, are, 
 under the divine blessing, powerfully calculated to subserve the 
 
EDWARDS, JOHN. 163 
 
 great ends of the ministry of the Gospel, to make men wise un- 
 to salvation by faith, which is in Christ Jesus. 
 
 Edwards, John, D.D. a voluminous writer- of 
 the Church of England; horn 1637; died 1716. 
 — An Enquiry into several Remarkable Passages 
 of the Old and New Testament, which contain 
 some difficulty in them. Two Parts. Lond. 1694, 
 8vo. — A Discourse concerning the Authority, Style, 
 and Perfection of the Books of the Old and New 
 Testament, with a continued illustration of seve- 
 ral difficult texts of Scripture throughout the whole 
 work. Ibid. 1693-1696, 3 vol. 8vo.— Exercitations 
 critical, philosophical, historical, theological, on se- 
 veral important places in the writings of the Old 
 and l>^ew Testament. Ibid. 1702, 8vo. 
 
 These are hut a selection of the writings of Edwards ; though 
 they contain all that properly enter into our plan. It is impos- 
 sible to peruse any of them without being pleased with the ear- 
 nestness with which the writer devoted himself to the interpre- 
 tation of the Scriptures. He was a man of j^iety and considerable 
 learning, and by no means destitute of acuteness. A very great 
 number of difficult passages are examined in the above works, 
 and he must be no ordinary scholar who does not find instruction 
 in them. If we cannot adopt all his criticisms, and sometimes 
 think he creates rather than removes a difficulty, still much 
 remains for A\'hich every lover of the Bible will feel himself in- 
 debted to Edwards. I cannot help thinking that it is a proof 
 that biblical learning is not yet in the state it should be in this 
 country, that the above volumes are so little regarded as often to 
 be obtained for a mere trifle. Edwards was a very voluminous 
 writer, and left behind him nearly as much in manuscript as he 
 had before printed. His body of divinity, or what he calls Theo- 
 logia Reformata, or the Substance and Body of the Christian 
 Religion, was published by himself, Lond. 17<'^^'^> 2 vol. folio; 
 
164 EDWARDS, JONATHAN. 
 
 and ten years after liis death a third volume appeared. It is 
 worth remarking^ that, though a decided Episcopalian, he was 
 the son of the noted Thomas Edwards, the author of " Gan- 
 grena," the most violent Presbyterian of the violent period in 
 which he lived. Notwithstanding the multitude of books he 
 wrote, it is said he never possessed a library of his own. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, an eminent American 
 divine, President of the College of New Jersey ; 
 horn 1703 ; died 1758.— Works. Edited by the late 
 Dr. Williams of Rotherham. Lond. 1817? 8 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 Jonathan Edwards, as a philosopher, as well as a divine, had 
 few equals, and no superior among his contemporaries. His 
 works will live as long as powerful reasoning, genuine religion, 
 and the science of the human mind continue to be objects of re- 
 spect. Dr. Erskine, an excellent judge of men and books, pa- 
 tronized both the author and his writings, by first introducing 
 several of them to the British public ; and declared, that he 
 did not think our age had produced a divine of equal judgment 
 or genius. The History of the Work of Redemption shows 
 the author's intimate acquaintance with the plan of Heaven, and 
 how well he could illustrate its progressive development. The 
 Treatise on Religious Affections discovers his profound ac- 
 quaintance with the nature of genuine religion, and with all the 
 deceitful workings of the human heart. The Inquiry into the 
 Freedom of the Human Will displays the talents of the author 
 as a metaphysician, and his accurate knowledge of the Arminian 
 and Calvinistic controversy. His Defence of the Christian 
 Doctrine of Original Sin, designed partly as an answer to a 
 work on that subject, by Dr. John Taylor of Norwich, discovers 
 the same high qualities which belong to his former works, with 
 a greater portion of excellent critical interpretation of the Scrip- 
 tures. His style, it is to be regretted, repel many from the ex- 
 amination of his writings ; but a little perseverance and atten- 
 tion will render it familiar to a diligent student, and the effect of 
 his close and convincing reasoning will prove eminently beneficial 
 
EDWARDS, THOMAS. l65 
 
 to the understanding. " As a scholar/' said Dr. Erskine, " his 
 intellectual furniture exceeded what is common, under the dis- 
 advantages we labour in this remote corner of the world. He 
 very early discovered a genius above the ordinary size ; which 
 gradually ripened and expanded by daily exertion and applica- 
 tion. He Avas remarkable for the penetration and extent of his 
 understanding, for his powers of criticism and accurate distinc- 
 tion, quickness of thought, solidity of judgment, and force of 
 reasoning. By nature, he was formed for a logician, and a 
 metaphysician ; but by speculation, observation and converse, 
 greatly improved. He had a good insight into the whole circle 
 of liberal arts and sciences ; possessed a very valuable stock of 
 classical learning, philosophy, mathematics, history, and chro- 
 nology." 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, D.D. Felloiv of Clare- 
 Hall, Camh ridge; was horn 1729; died 1785. — 
 A New English Translation of the Psalms, from 
 the original Hebrew, reduced to metre by the late 
 Bishop Hare ; with notes critical and explanatory; 
 illustrations of many passages drawn from the 
 Classics ; and a Preliminary Dissertation, in which 
 the truth and certainty of that learned Prelate's 
 happy discovery is stated and proved. Lond. 1755, 
 8vo. — Prolegomena in Libros Veteris Testamenti 
 Poeticos ; sive Dissertatio, in qua Viri eruditissimi 
 Francisci Harii, nuper Episcopi Cicestriensis, 
 de Antiqua Hebraeorum Poesi Hypothesin ratione 
 et veritate niti, fuse ostenditur, atque ad objecta 
 quaedam respondetur. Subjicitur metricae Louthia- 
 nae Confutatio. Cantab. 1762, 8vo. 
 
 These works contain a defence and illustration of Bishop 
 Hare's principles of Hebrew metre, which have had few advo- 
 cates since the publication of Lowth's Lectures on the Hebrew 
 Poetry, and his Isaiah. The translation of the Psalms affords 
 
166 EICHHORN. 
 
 occasional assistance for understanding them, and contains va- 
 rious emendations of the Hebrew text, suggested by the metre. 
 The Latin Prolegomena, which defend Hare and attack Lowth, 
 are sometimes ingenious, but seldom satisfactory. Dr. Edwards 
 was evidently a man of learning and talents. He thus trans- 
 lates the 3d and 6th verses of Psalm ex. ^'^ A voluntary multi- 
 tude of people will be with thee upon the holy mountains, in 
 the day of thy armament; thy young converts will be as nu- 
 merous as the drops of the morning dew." — '^ He will execute 
 judgment among the heathen; he will fill them with dead 
 bodies; he will crush the heads of his enemies in great num- 
 bers against the earth." 
 
 — The Doctrine of irresistible Grace proved to have 
 no foundation in the writings of the New Testa- 
 ment. Camb. 1759, 8vo. 
 
 I mention this work, not on account of its theology, which is 
 incorrect, but of its criticism, which is sometimes valuable; as it 
 goes over a great number of passages in the New Testament 
 critically, and places some of them in new and advantageous 
 lights. 
 
 EiCHHOiiN, John, God. Professor of Divinity 
 in the university of Gottingen; was horn in 1752. — 
 Einleitung ins Alte Testament, etc. An Introduc- 
 tion to the Old Testament. Leipzig, 1787-1795, 
 4 vol. Svo. 
 
 Professor Eichhorn is the Geddes of modern Germany; and 
 has performed for the Old Testament what Michaelis, whom he 
 succeeded, did for the New. Possessing the erudition and dili- 
 gence of his celebrated predecessor, and all the bold free-think- 
 ing of the Catholic heresiarch, his work introduces the Old 
 Testament by demolishing its authority, denying its inspiration, 
 and calling in question the antiquity of its chief historical docu- 
 ments. Repeated intimations have been made of intended trans- 
 lations of this work into English ; but none has yet made its 
 appearance. Many of the author's opinions would meet with few 
 
 ( 
 
ELLIS— ELSLEV. 167 
 
 supporters in this country, except among those who arrogate 
 the title of rational divines. A notice of the work is inserted 
 here, on account of its celebrity in Germany. The numerous 
 writings of Eichhorn have done much to injure the cause of 
 biblical truth in that country. 
 
 Ellis, Sir RicHxVRD, Baronet, a learned Eng- 
 lish dissenter, who died in 1742. — Fortuita Sacra : 
 quibiis siibjicitiir Commentarius de Cymbalis. Ro- 
 ter. 1727, 8vo. 
 
 This learned work was published without the author's name, 
 but is ascertained to have been Sir Richard's production^, from 
 the dedicatory preface by Gronovius to the edition of Aelian's 
 Var. Hist, published at Amsterdam in 1731. It contains illus- 
 trations of twenty-four passages of Scripture, which incidentally 
 occurred to the author, and which discover very considerable 
 critical talents, and great acquaintance with the languages of 
 the Bible. Among these are dissertations on the Battologia, 
 Matthew vi. 7 ; on the Herodians ; on the Unknown God of 
 the Athenians, and on baptism for the dead, 1 Cor. xv. 29. 
 The worthy baronet was a decided Christian, the friend and 
 correspondent of Boston of Etterick ; in the appendix to whose 
 Memoirs, several letters that passed between them will be found. 
 The essay on the cymbals of the ancients discovers very con- 
 siderable classical attainments. Suicer's Thesaurus, published 
 at Amsterdam in 1728, is dedicated to him, and contains a high 
 character of his learning. 
 
 Elsley, J. a clergyman of the Church of Eng- 
 land, Vicar of Burenstone. — Annotations on the 
 Four Gospels, and the Acts of the Apostles ; com- 
 piled and abridged for the use of Students. Lond. 
 1821, 3 vol. 8vo. 3d edit. — Annotations on the 
 Epistles ; being a Continuation of Mr. Elsley's An- 
 notations on the Gospels and the Acts, and princi- 
 pally designed for the use of Candidates for Holy 
 
168 ELSNER. 
 
 Orders. By the Rev. James Slade, A. M. Lond. 
 1816, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Elsley first published two volumes on the Gospels, with- 
 out his name, in 1 799- He added Annotations on the Acts, in 
 the next edition, in ] 812 ; and the work has been carried through 
 the Epistles, on the same plan, and with the same design, by 
 Mr. Slade. As a compilation, it is a very respectable work, and 
 fitted to be useful to the junior students of the New Testament, 
 or those who cannot purchase many critical books. The authors 
 chiefly quoted are, Beza, Beausobre, Calmet, Le Clerc, Du Pin, 
 Doddridge, Bowyer, Dr. Henry Owen, Gilpin, Erasmus, Vata- 
 balus. Father Simon, Macknight, Grotius, Lightfoot, and 
 Whitby. The notes are almost entirely critical and philological. 
 Besides the Annotations, there is an Introduction of consider- 
 able length, containing some account of the authors who have 
 written on the geography and history of Palestine, of the state of 
 the Greek text of the New Testament, and of the best critical 
 editions of it, and various other matters. 
 
 Elsneh, Jacob, a Prussian critic and iheolo- 
 gian ; horn 1692; died 1750. — Observationes Sa- 
 crae in Novi Foederis Libros, quibus plura illorum 
 Librorum loca ex Auctoribus potissimum Graecis et 
 Antiquitate exponuntur et illustrantur. Traj. ad 
 Rhen. 17^0-1728, 2 vol. 8vo. — Commentarius in 
 Evangelia Mathaei et Marci. Zwollae et Traj. ad 
 Rhen. 1767-1773, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 The Observations of Eisner explain and illustrate many dif- 
 ficult passages of the New Testament, by quotations from the 
 Greek writers. With these he seems to have had an extensive 
 and very accurate acquaintance. Harwood calls it one of the 
 very best books of sacred criticism. Ernesti pronounces Eisner 
 the very best of the classical critics on the New Testament, 
 and yet intimates his doubts whether he has ten remarks of any 
 consequence. Michaelis questions the justice of this sentence. 
 The Observations are entirely of a grammatical nature, and sel- 
 
ELZEVIRS— EiMLYN. I69 
 
 dom enter deeply into the examination of the scope or design of 
 the passage. 
 
 With the character of the work on IMatthew and Mark I 
 am not acquainted ; but any work of Eisner^, so far as philolo- 
 gy is concerned, must be valuable. 
 
 Elzevirs, a family of celebrated Dutch prin- 
 ters, wJio flourished from about 1595 to 1680. — 
 Novum Testamentiim Graecum. Lugd. Bat. 1624, 
 1633, 1641, 121110. Amst. 1656, 1662, 1670, 1678, 
 12mo. 
 
 These are the principal editions of the Greek New Testament 
 printed by this distinguished family ; but of which the editors re- 
 main entirely unknown. Thejirst edition of l6"!24j besides being 
 very beautifully printed, deserves attention, says Bishop Marsh, 
 " because the Greek text, which had fluctuated in the preceding 
 editions, acquired in this a consistency, and seemed, during 
 upwards of a century, to be exposed to no further alterations. 
 It has acquired the title of Editio Recepla ; and the expres- 
 sion Textus ab omnibus receptus, of which the editors boast 
 in their preface, has been really prophetic ; but that it deserves 
 not the title of Textus Receptus, is evident from the critical 
 edition of Griesbach." For the critical value of 'the Elzevir 
 editions, the reader may consult Griesbach's Prolegomena, sect. 
 1—4. 
 
 Emlyn, Thomas, a learned disseiiting minister 
 of Dublin, ivhere he suffered shamefully on account 
 of his sentiments as an Arian; born 1663; died 
 1743. — A full Inquiry into the original authority 
 of that text, 1 John v. 7, " There are three that 
 bear record in heaven," etc. Containing an account 
 of Dr. Mill's evidences from antiquity, for and 
 against its being genuine. With an examination of 
 his judgment thereupon. Lond. 1715, 8vo. 
 
 This pamphlet was addressed to the two houses of convocation 
 then sitting, which the author gravely entreats to get the passage 
 
170 ERASMUS. 
 
 expunged from the received version. It contains,, notwithstand- 
 ing the folly of this proposition^ an accurate statement of the 
 argument for and against the disputed text^ as far as it was 
 then known. To this pamphlet Mr. Martin, minister of the 
 French church at Utrecht, published a dissertation in reply, 
 which led Emlyn to publish 
 
 — An Answer to Mr. Martyn's Critical Disserta- 
 tion on 1 John v. 7 : shewing the insufficiency of 
 his proofs, and the errors of his suppositions ; by 
 which he attempts to establish the authority of 
 that text from supposed MSS. Lond. 1718, 8vo. 
 
 This is an acute and able t^act, in which the author discovers 
 a great acquaintance with the writings of the Fathers, as well 
 as with the criticism of the New Testament. Mr. Martyn, 
 however, published an examination of the answer to his Dis- 
 sertation, which brought out Emlyn again in 
 
 — A Reply to Mr. Martyn's Examination of the 
 Answer to his Dissertation. Lond. 17^0, Svo. 
 
 All these, and a number of other tracts by Emlyn, relating 
 chiefly to the Arian controversy, were published in 1746, in 
 2 vol. Svo. by his son; who also wrote a life of his father, which 
 is prefixed to this collection of his works. 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius, horn in Rotterdam, 1467; 
 died in 1536. — Novum Instrumentu omne Graece 
 et Latine, diligenter ab Erasmo Roterodamo re- 
 cognitum et emendatum, etc. Basil. 1516, fol. 
 
 This is the first edition of the entire NeAv Testament in the ori- 
 o-inal language that was printed and jDublished separately. The 
 New Testament had been printed in the Complutensian Polyglot 
 in 1514, but it was not published till 1522. '' Natural abilities, 
 profound learning, a readiness in detecting errors," says Bishop 
 Marsh, '^ with every qualification that is requisite to produce 
 critical sagacity, Erasmus possessed in the very highest degree : 
 and perhaps there never existed a more able editor of the New 
 
ERASMUS. 171 
 
 Testament." He executed the first edition in five months, bein"- 
 obliged by the bookseller to prepare a sheet every day. He pub- 
 lished during his life other four editions, in 1519^ 1522, 1527, 
 and 1535, all printed at Basil by Frobenius. In the first and se- 
 cond editions, the disputed passage in 1 John v. T, is omitted. 
 He introduced it into the other three on the authority of one 
 manuscript. The first edition is the scarcest, the fifth the most 
 accurate. All of them are now rare and valuable. The edi- 
 tions which have been printed from the text of Erasmus do not 
 ah^'ays follow it very scrupulously. 
 
 His translation is better Latin than the Vulgate, and more 
 conformable to the Greek text. He retains, however, more of 
 the old ecclesiastical words and phrases than the Protestant trans- 
 lators. Walch says his annotations, with a few exceptions, are 
 excellent, and discover not only the erudition of the author, but 
 his ijreat knowledije of the art of criticism, and show that he was 
 not so rude a theologian as many suppose. Ernesti remarks, 
 that they prepared the way, and laid the foundation for all who 
 have since excelled in interpreting the Scriptures, though, he 
 alleges, Erasmus often errs, chiefiy through his ignorance of He- 
 brew. A host of adversaries appeared against his translation and 
 notes ; among whom were Edward Ley an Englishman, \\\\o dis- 
 covered much more learning than most of his brethren then pos- 
 sessed ; Peter Sutor, Jacob Lopes Stunica, Sapaniard, and Nata- 
 lis Beda. Erasmus stoutly defended himself, and the controversy 
 'was favourable to the progress both of religion and literature at 
 the time. 
 
 It is to be feared, that the fame of Erasmus rests more upon his 
 literary acquirements and labours, than upon the decision or j)ro- 
 priety of his religious character. In 154f), the clergy of England 
 were enjoined to procure the New Testament in Latin and Eng- 
 lish, with the paraphrase of Erasmus on it, for their better in- 
 struction in the sense and knowledge of the Scriptures ; and in 
 1550, it was ordered to be set up in all the churches that the 
 ])eople might have the opportunity of reading it. It ^^'as pub- 
 lished in black letter, with this title. The Paraphrases of Eras- 
 mus upon the New Testament, containyng the Power Evange- 
 lists with the Acts of the Apostles eftsones conferred with the 
 Latin. 1551, 2 vol. fol. 
 
172 ERNESTI. 
 
 Ernesti, Joannes Augustus, Professor of Di- 
 vinity at Leipzig; horn in 1707; died 1781. — In- 
 stitutio Interpretis Novi Testament!. Opt. edit. 
 Lips. 1809, 12mo. 
 
 This is one of the very best works we have on the principles 
 of biblical interj^retation. The first edition was published in 
 1761 j but the best edition is the above^ published by Professor 
 Ammon of Erlangen. Ernesti was a very elegant biblical scho- 
 lar^ who devoted many years and a highly cultivated mind to 
 the pursuits of sacred literature. His Institutio contains 
 prolegomena^ and three parts ; the first of which is divided 
 into what he calls the contemjjlaiive, or concerning the meaning, 
 kinds, and uses of words ; and the preceptive, or rules for as- 
 certaining and defining their meaning : the second treats on the 
 making and judging of versions and commentaries : and the 
 third on the nature and proper use of the critical apparatus for 
 interpreting the New Testament. The last occupies the great- 
 er part of the volume, and is the most important of the whole. 
 '' If the reader/' says Dr. Magee, " should be desirous of seeing 
 the style of the New Testament fully and satisfactorily handled, 
 I refer him to Ernesti." An English translation of this import- 
 ant work, accompanied with notes, was published last year in 
 America by Professor Stuart of Andover. 
 
 — Lectiones Academicae in Hebraeos. Lipsiae, 
 8vo. 
 
 Of this work Mr« Home says, " These Academic Lectures of 
 Ernesti were delivered by that eminent scholar and divine while 
 he was professor of Divinity at Leipsic. They have been re-edited 
 from his corrected copy, with various important additions, by 
 Professor Dindorf, who now fills the Hebrew chair at Leipsic. 
 These are included between brackets, with the initial letter D. 
 On some of the earlier chapters there are also some marginal 
 observations of an anonymous pupil of Ernesti's, which are dis- 
 tinctly marked. Altogether this may be pronounced the most 
 complete critical commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews 
 that is extant." While the views of Ernesti are generally cor- 
 
ERSKINE, JOHN. 173 
 
 rect, and his dissertations, where they occur, useful and import- 
 ant, the notes of Professor Dindorf require to be read with 
 caution, owing to his incorrect views of the person of Christ. 
 
 — Opuscula Philologica Critica. Liigcl. Bat. 1764, 
 8vo. Lipsiae, 1792, 8vo. — Opuscula Theologica. 
 Ibid. 1773, 1792, 8vo. 
 
 These Opuscula contain many learned and interesting dis- 
 quisitions on critical, philological, and theological subjects. Er- 
 nesti was by no means so imbued with the irreligious sentiments 
 and spirit of modern Germany as many of his contemporaries. 
 This cannot be said of Ammon, the editor of some of his works, 
 who is exceedingly free in his religious opinions. All the works 
 of a man '' whom few will dispute," says Dr. Pye Smith, " to 
 have been the most erudite and elegant scholar of modern Ger- 
 many," must deserve to be consulted by the biblical scholar. 
 The substance of Ernesti's philological observations on the New 
 Testament, with his princi2)les of interpretation, is collected 
 in an important volume, by Kuttner, entitled Upomncmata in 
 Novum Tcstamcntum, Lipsiae, 1780, 8vo. The entire New 
 Testament is illustrated, chiefly by excerpts ffom Ernesti. 
 
 Erskine, JoHisi, D.D. one of the ministefs of 
 Edinhurgh; horn 1721; f//^f/ 1803.— Theological 
 Dissertations. Edinb. 1765, 12mo. — Sketches and 
 Hints of Church History and Theological Contro- 
 versy, chiefly translated or abridged from modern 
 foreign writers. Ibid. 1818, 2 vol. 12mo, 2d edit. 
 
 These are the chief publications, exclusively of two volumes of 
 sermons, of a clergyman who was an honour to religion and to 
 his country for many years. The Theological Dissertations are 
 on the following subjects : the nature of the Sinai covenant ; 
 the character and privileges of the apostolic churches, with an 
 examination of Dr. Taylor's Key to the Epistles ; the nature of 
 saving faith ; the law of nature sufficiently promulgated to the 
 heathen ; an attempt to promote the frequent dispensing of the 
 Lord's supper. Whether tlie reader shall Hgree or disagree with 
 
174. ERSKINE, THOMAS. 
 
 Dr. Erskine in all the views of Scripture truth which these Dis- 
 sertations contain, it is impossible but he must admire the 
 shrewd sense which they display, and their familiar and exten- 
 sive acquaintance with the Bible. Dr. Erskine was a kind of 
 Warburtonian respecting the Jewish dispensation, but he very 
 ably exposes the foolish and unscriptural views of Dr. Taylor. 
 He held the views of Sandeman on the subject of faith, but he 
 expresses himself more guardedly than that writer, and objects 
 to some of the accompaniments of his sentiments. 
 
 The Sketches of Church History discover the author's ex- 
 tensive acquaintance with the modern Dutch and German wri- 
 ters, and furnish many curious extracts from books that are 
 little known in this country. These are the more interesting, 
 when it is known that the author studied Dutch and German 
 without the aid of a teacher, after he was sixty years of age. 
 Had he been a little more particular in his account of many of 
 the books and their authors, it would have added considerably 
 to the value of his own work. 
 
 Erskine, Thomas, of Linlethcm, a member of 
 the Scotish bar. — Remarks on the Internal Evi- 
 dence of Revealed Religion. Edinb. 1820. 7th edit. 
 1824, 12mo. — An Essay on Faith. Edinb. 1822, 
 12mo. 
 
 These small but interesting and beautifully written volumes 
 discover a mind of no ordinary acuteness and intelligence, deep- 
 ly impressed with the importance of religion, and most intimately 
 acquainted with it. The argument from the internal evidence 
 of religion, in support of its truth and suitableness, is very 
 powerfully supported, though the author uses the phrase natural 
 religion rather ambiguously. Many of the illustrations are ex- 
 ceedingly striking and appropriate, and the general views of 
 Christianity are calculated to be highly beneficial. The Essay 
 on Faith is written in an easier style of argument, and contains 
 more of scriptural statement and explanation. Both works are 
 much fitted to be useful. I hope I shall be forgiven by the au- 
 thor, if this should meet his eye, for expressing my earnest de- 
 
ESTIUS— EUSEBIUS. 175 
 
 sire;, in \\'liich I know I am joined by many, that lie would 
 soon favour the world with his intended critical work on the 
 whole, or part of the Epistle to the Romans. Those A\ho know 
 Mr. Erskine's talents^ and his acquaintance with Greek and 
 biblical literature, are able to estimate the value of such a work 
 from his pen. 
 
 EsTirs, GuiL. a native of Holla ml ; Professoi- 
 of Dirt /f iff/, and Chancellor of the Catholic College 
 ofDonay; horn in 1542; died in 1613. — In omnes 
 Paulli et Alioriiin Apostoloriim Epistolas Commen- 
 tarius. Duaci, 1614-1616, fol. Edit. opt. Rothom. 
 1709, 2 vol. fol. — Annotatioiies in Praecipua diffici- 
 liora Sacrae Scripturae I.oca. Antverpiae, 1621. 
 Paris. 1685, fol. 
 
 Estius is one of the most respectable of the Catholic exposi- 
 tors. He discovers learning, judgment, and industry. He en- 
 deavours in general to find out the literal meaning of the Scrip- 
 tures, and frequently illustrates it very happily. Dr. Macknight, 
 it is said, was very partial to the Commentaries of Estius. His 
 work on the more difficult passages of Scripture, which, as 
 well as his Exposition of the Epistles, has passed through many 
 editions, is not the production of Estius himself, but adversaria 
 collected by him. They are, as might be supposed therefore, of 
 various value. Both works are commended by Walch. 
 
 EusEBius, Pamphylius, a celebrated Greek 
 writer and ecclesiastical historian, Bishop of An- 
 tioch ; died aJ)out 340. — Historia Ecclesiastica, Gr. 
 et Lat. Paris, apud Rob. Stephan. 1544, fol. Can- 
 tab. 1720, 3 vol. fol. — Praeparatio Evangelica, Gr. 
 et Lat. Paris. 1544, fol. — Demonstratio Evange- 
 lica, Gr. et Lat. Paris. 1545, fol. Opt. edit. Ro- 
 thom. 1628, fol. 
 
 These are the principal works of this celebrated author, who 
 has been called the father of ecclesiastical historv. His History 
 
176 EUSEBIUS. 
 
 of the Church is the chief source of our iuformation respecting 
 the first three centuries of Christianity ; but it cannot always 
 be depended on. He was sometimes misled by his credulity, 
 and at other times ensnared by his desire to please the Emperor 
 Constantine, from whom he experienced very flattering atten- 
 tions. Still it is a very valuable book. The first Latin trans- 
 lation of it was printed so early as 1470. The Histories of So- 
 crates and Evagrius are frequently printed along with Eusebius, 
 the whole containing the history of the church for the first six 
 hundred years. A poor translation of these writers into English 
 was made by Meredith Hanmer, and published in London, 1577- 
 The sixth edition, revised, corrected, and enlarged, appeared in 
 1663, fol. The best English translation is the following : The 
 History of the Church, as written in Greek by Eusebius, So- 
 crates, and Evagrius ; also the four books of the Life of Constan- 
 tine, Constantine's Oration to the Convention of the Saints, and 
 Eusebius's Speech in praise of Constantine. Translated from 
 the edition of H. Valesius, with a translation also of Valesius's 
 notes, and his account of the lives and writings of those histori- 
 ans. Lond. 1683, 1709, fol. An abridgment of Eusebius and 
 the others was also published in English, by Parker. Lond. 
 1729, 4to. 
 
 The other works of Eusebius are also important; but no transla- 
 tion of either of them has appeared in English. The Evangeli- 
 cal Preparation contains fifteen books, in which he attacks pa- 
 ganism, and endeavours to defend the truth of Christianity, and 
 the divine origin of its sacred books. The Evangelical De- 
 monstration originally consisted of twenty books, of Avhich only 
 the first ten have been preserved. In this work, he chiefly com- 
 bats the Jews ; endeavouring, from the Old Testament Scrip- 
 tures, to demonstrate the Messiahship of Jesus, and the truth of 
 Christianity. '' This work," says Dr. Harwood, " is a treasure of 
 knowledge and good sense, and contains all the arguments in 
 favour of the credibility and divine authority of the Christian 
 religion that have been advanced by Chandler, Leland, Benson, 
 Butler, Brown, and other modern advocates of Christianity 
 against the Deists." Eusebius wrote some things on the Scriptures, 
 which have been preserved ; but they are not of great value. 
 
EWING. 177 
 
 He appears to have been an Arian_, though this has been de- 
 nied by some. 
 
 EwiNG, Greville, a dissenting minister of 
 the Independent denomination in Glasgow. — A 
 Greek Graininar, and Greek and English Scrip- 
 ture Lexicon ; containing all the words which occur 
 in the Septuagint and Apocrypha, as well as in the 
 New Testament. Glasg. 1812, 8vo. 2d edit. 
 
 This waS;, till lately, the only Lexicon for the entire Greek 
 Scriptures, which had been published in Greek and English. 
 The definitions are very correct, the connexion of the words 
 accurately traced, and on some important terms there are criti- 
 cal disquisitions, which do equal credit to the learning and judg- 
 ment of the author. It is both more convenient for consultation, 
 and more comprehensive than Parkhurst's. The Grammar also 
 is very excellent. A third and enlarged edition has been pre- 
 pared for the press. It is intended to comprehend, besides the 
 Scriptures, the ordinary classical writers in Greek. 
 
 — Essays addressed to Jews, on the Authority, the 
 Scope, and the Consummation of the Law and the 
 Prophets. Lond. 1809-1810, 2 vol. 12mo.— An At- 
 tempt towards a Statement of the Doctrine of Scrip- 
 ture on some disputed points respecting the Consti- 
 tution, Government, Worship, and Discipline of the 
 Church of Christ. Glasg. 1807, 12mo.— An Essay 
 on Baptism, being an Inquiry into the Meaning, 
 Form, and Extent of the Administration of that Or- 
 dinance. Ibid. 1823, 1824, 12mo. 
 
 I hope it Avill not.be supposed that tlie partiality of personal 
 friendship, or the influence of religious connexion has produced 
 the insertion of some of the above works. I consider all of them 
 important, independently of the leading objects which they em- 
 brace. Tlie Essays addressed to Jews were written at the 
 
 N 
 
178 FABER. 
 
 request of the Directors of the London Missionary Society. 
 They display, particularly, a very accurate acquaintance with 
 the Old Testament Scriptures, and place many passages in a 
 new and often interesting light. At the same time, there seems 
 evidence in the work, that it was a task imposed rather than 
 chosen; as it is not ^vritten with so much ease and neatness 
 as some others of the author's works. The Attempt, and the 
 Essay on Baptism, I mention, not to pronounce an opinion on 
 the controversies which they embrace ; but to invite the reader's 
 attention to many important and useful criticisms on the Scrip- 
 tures. The last essay contains a greater portion both of biblical 
 and classical illustration of the meaning of the terms relating to 
 baptism, than any book which has appeared for a long time. 
 The second edition, just published, is considerably enlarged. 
 The publication is likely to produce a lengthened discussion of 
 the important controversy. Whether Mr. Ewing's views shall 
 be adopted or rejected, his learning and ingenuity, and the spi- 
 rit in which they are maintained will command respect. 
 
 Faber, George Stanley, Rector of Liong New- 
 ton. — Horae Mosaicae : or a Dissertation on the Cre- 
 dibility and Theology of the Pentateuch. Lond. 
 1801, S vol. 8vo. Ibid. 1818, 2d edition, largely al- 
 tered and augmented, 21 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The substance of this able work was delivered at the Bamp- 
 ton lecture in 1801. The leading object of it is to establish the 
 authenticity of the Pentateuch, by pointing out the coincidence 
 of its facts and statements with the remains of profane antiqui- 
 ty, and their connexion with Christianity. For the prosecution 
 of this undertaking, the author was peculiarly qualified. Few 
 men of the present age possess so extensive an acquaintance with 
 the mythology, the traditions, and the spirit of ancient paganism ; 
 while there is a seriousness in the tone of his discussions, which 
 takes off the carnalizing tendency of his speculations. Whe- 
 ther the Horae Mosaicae be considered as a work on the evidences 
 of Christianity, or as furnishing illustrations of various parts of 
 the word of God, its claims are equally deserving of regard from 
 the Christian student. 
 
FABER. 179 
 
 — A Dissertation on the Mysteries of the Cabiri ; or 
 the great Gods of Phenicia, Sainothrace, Egypt, 
 Troas, Greece, Italy, and Crete ; being an attempt 
 to deduce the several Orgies of Isis, Ceres, Mithras, 
 Bacchus, Rhea, Adonis, and Hecate, from an union 
 of the Rites commemorative of the Deluge with the 
 adoration of the Host of Heaven. Lond. 1803, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work, though not so strictly in our department as the for- 
 mer, is yet closely connected with it. It establishes the justice 
 of the remark made on the author's profound acquaintance with 
 antiquity. In this respect it is second only to the Ancient 
 Mythology of Bryant, from which it differs on several important 
 points ; on which, however, Mr. Bryant himself changed his 
 mind after the publication of his great work. There are many 
 things learned and curious, and many things also fanciful in the 
 Mysteries of the Cabiri. 
 
 — A Treatise on the Genius and Object of the Pa- 
 triarchal, the Levitical, and the Christian Dispen- 
 sations. Lond. 1823, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is the last production of Mr. Faber's pen, and partakes 
 strongly of all the characteristics of his writing ; — strong mascu- 
 line sense, extensive classical erudition, and a hearty love of hy- 
 pothesis. There is a great deal said in these volumes that 7uu.st 
 be true, much that inaij be true, though not proved to be so, and 
 many things that we believe not to be true. He combats Bishop 
 Warburton very successfully. His idea that the six days work 
 of creation extended to thirty-six thousand years ; his notion 
 that the angels who kept not their first estate, (mentioned in 
 2d Peter and Jude,) were human prophets, or ajDostate ministers, 
 children of Seth, who rebelled against Noah ; and his hypothesis 
 respecting the character of Job, and the design of the book, are 
 altogetlier extravagant; and, however ingeniously supported, wild 
 speculations on the plain meaning of the Bible. In many other 
 respects, the work is valuable, and abounds with scriptural sen- 
 
180 FABRICIUS— FABRICY. 
 
 timents. Besides these works^ Mr. Faber is the author of an 
 elaborate performance on the Origin of Pagan Idolatry, Lond. 
 1816, 3 vol. 4to. and of several works of considerable extent on 
 the prophecies. 
 
 Fabricius, John Albert, Professor of JElo- 
 quence at Hamhm^gh ; and an eminent cfitic and 
 bibliographer ; born at Leipzig,, 1667 ; died 17 S6, — 
 Codex Pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, &c. 
 Hamb. 1713, 8vo. 1723, 2 vol. 8 vo.— Codex Apo- 
 cryphus Novi Testamenti, coUectus, castigatus, testi- 
 moniisque, censuris et animadversionibus illustra- 
 tus. Ibid. 1703, 1709, 2 vol. 8vo.— Observationes 
 Selectae in varia loca Novi Testamenti. Ibid. 1703, 
 12mo. 
 
 The first two of these works by Fabricius have long enjoyed 
 a high reputation, though they have been very much superseded 
 in this country by the labours of Jones and Lardner. They 
 contain a collection of the apocryphal books of the Old and New 
 Covenants, in Greek and Latin, with observations on their cha- 
 racter, and the nature of the evidence which distinguishes them 
 from the genuine writings of inspired men. The Select Obser- 
 vations are not the production of Fabricius, but a collection 
 edited by him. It contains the notes of Alex. Morus, Lauren- 
 tius Ramiresius, and Petrus Possinus. Some of the notes and 
 illustrations of these learned writers are very useful and import- 
 ant. These are but a small part of the labours of this indefa- 
 tigable scholar, whose bibliographical and antiquarian researches 
 have thrown light on almost every department of knowledge. His 
 Lux Evangelii toti orbi exoriens, Hamb. 1731, 4to. is another 
 work held in great estimation. It is a history of the propaga- 
 tion of the gospel in the world, both in ancient and modern 
 times. 
 
 Fabric Y, Gabriel, a French dominican ; born 
 1726 ; died 1800.— Des Titres Priraitifs de la Re- 
 
FARMER. 181 
 
 velation ; on Considerations snr la purite et I'in- 
 tegrite dnTexte Original des livres saints de FAncien 
 Testament. Rome, 1772, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This learned work was published during the time Kennicott 
 Avas making his collations ; and was designed to show the advan- 
 tage wliich religion and literature might derive from the edition 
 of tlie Hebrew Bible to be published by Kennicott ; wliich Fa- 
 bricy supposed was to contain not merely the various readings of 
 Hebrew IMSS. but also the readings derived from the Greek, 
 Latin, and oriental versions. He is, on the whole, a friend to 
 the Masoretic system, but endeavours to avoid the extremes 
 into wliich its advocates have gone. " It is," says IMr. Butler, 
 " a work replete with learning. It inclines to the old opinions ; 
 the author shows himself a zealous and able advocate for them ; 
 and, in every part of the work, studiously endeavours to excite 
 tlie warmest sentiments of religious respect for the sacred writ- 
 ings, and every topic of literature connected with them." Bishop 
 IMarsh's testimony is not less decided in favour of this valuable 
 production. 
 
 Farimer, Hugh, a learned dissenthig minister of 
 London ; born 1714 ; died 1787. — An Inquiry into 
 the Nature and Design of Christ's temptation in the 
 Wilderness. Lond. 1761, 8vo. 3d edit. 1776.— 
 A Dissertation on Miracles ; designed to shew that 
 they are arguments of a divine interposition, and 
 absolute proofs of the mission and doctrine of a 
 prophet. Ibid. 1771, 8vo. — An Essay on the De- 
 moniacs of the New Testament. Ibid. 1775, 8vo. 
 — Letters to the Rev. Dr. Worthington, in answer 
 to his late pu])lication entitled An impartial Enquiry 
 into the Case of the Gospel Demoniacs. Ibid. 1778, 
 8vo. — The ireneral Prevalence of the Worship of 
 Human Sj)irits in the ancient heathen nations as- 
 
182 FARMER. 
 
 serted and proved. Ibid. 1783, 8vo — Memoirs of 
 the Life and Writings of Mr. Farmer, to which is 
 added an Extract from his Essay on the Case of 
 Balaam. Ibid. 1804, 8vo. 
 
 The works of Farmer are among the most ingenious and learned 
 theological productions of the last century. They contain many 
 things worthy of consideration ; but at the same time they re- 
 quire to be read with caution. They form a closely connected, 
 and powerfully reasoned system, the leading principle of which 
 is, that God has never delegated a miraculous power or authority 
 except to agents divinely commissioned. Hence wicked spi- 
 rits possess no power to injure men, or to support falsehood 
 by miraculous acts. Our Lord's temptation, according to Far- 
 mer, was a divine vision ; the demoniacs of the gospel were 
 merely persons strongly affected by certain diseases. The won- 
 derful deeds of the Egyptian Magi, and others, were only tricks ; 
 and the many thousand gods who made up the elegant mytholo- 
 gy of Greece and Rome were the spirits of departed heroes. 
 The chief opponents of Farmer were Worthington and Fell, 
 who were both men of learning, but not equal to Farmer in acute- 
 ness and command of temper. The controversy is one of consi- 
 derable interest and in;iportance ; and, independently of the chief 
 points at issue, the writings of Farmer furnish many important 
 and original views of Scripture. Some of his leading sentiments 
 were not peculiar to himself, or brought forward for the first 
 time by him. Werenfels, a Dutch divine, advanced something 
 of the same nature on the subject of miracles ; and a work of Le 
 Moine, a French protestant, though it does not contain precisely 
 the same views, is yet closely allied to them. Other English 
 \vriters also had previously avowed the same sentiments with 
 Farmer on demonology ; but by none of them is the same ability, 
 research, and learning, displayed in support of these opinions. I 
 ought to include in my list the following pamphlet, also by Far- 
 mer : 
 
 — An Examination of the late Mr. Le Moine's Trea- 
 tise on Miracles. Lond. 1772, 8vo. 
 
FEATLEY. 183 
 
 In this pamphlet Farmer points out the difference between Le 
 Moine and himself. 
 
 Featley, Daniee, D. D. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, ivho died in 1645. — Clavis 
 Mystica ; a Key opening divers difficult and Mys- 
 terious Texts of Holy Scripture. Lond. 1636, 
 fol. 
 
 This work contains seventy sermons, which, according to the 
 author, were ^' preached at solemn and most celebrious assem- 
 blies, upon sjiecial occasions, in England and France." It is a 
 singular exhibition of the kind of eloquence and instruction 
 which was in vogue during the period in which the author lived. 
 Featley was bv no means destitute of learning and imagination ; 
 but his puns, quaint conceits, numerous distinctions and divi- 
 sions, display the lamentable want of taste and good sense which 
 prevailed. A number of the texts which he handles are difficult, 
 and some of them plain enough. He is occasionally very inge- 
 nious and original in his remarks on passages ; but he is also 
 often ridiculous. The opening sentence of the first sermon, 
 entitled The Bruised Reed, preached at Lambeth, before his 
 Grace, and the rest of his Majestie's Commissioners in Causes 
 Ecclesiastical, deserves to be quoted as a specimen. " Most 
 Reverend, &c. I would not presume to sound a bruised reed, or 
 winde a crack't pipe in this place, destinated and appointed for 
 the silver trumpets of Sion ; nor blow my smoaking flaxe here, 
 where the clearest lights of the sanctuary usually shine, if the 
 texte of Scripture, even now read in your ears, encouraged me 
 not thereunto." Daniel Featley was a redoubtable champion of 
 the church against all the sects and parties of that much-agitated 
 period. A specimen of his powers and spirit in this way ap- 
 peared in a ridiiculous book, published by him. The Dippers 
 Dipt, which gives an account of a public dispute in which he 
 was engaged on the subject of baptism. His Life and Death, a 
 curious little volume, was published in l660, by his nephew, 
 who subscribes himself, John Fairclough, vulgo Featley. 
 
184 FELL, BISHOP— FELL, J. 
 
 Fell, John, BisJioj) of Oxford ; horn 1625 ; 
 died 1686. — Novi Testamenti Libri Omnes Graece, 
 &c. Oxon. 1675, 8vo. 
 
 This edition of the New Testament was undertaken chiefly 
 in consequence of the objections brought against the various 
 readings in Walton's Polyglot. It is the first separate edition of 
 the New Testament with various readings from MSS. and an- 
 cient versions ; and was reprinted at Frankfort in 1697;. 8vo. at 
 Leipzig in 1702, 8vo. and at Oxford in 1703, in fol. It was pos- 
 sessed of great value at the time ; but has long since been su- 
 perseded, though Michaelis speaks of it as an indispensable 
 work to any man engaged in sacred criticism. The text is 
 formed on that of the Elzevirs and Stephens. It is printed in 
 double columns, and the various readings from the editions of 
 Stephens, Valesius, Curcellaeus, and a great number of Eng- 
 lish, French, and Italian MSS. are inserted below. 
 
 — A Paraphrase and Annotations upon all St. Paul's 
 Epistles, done by several eminent men at Oxford, 
 corrected and improved by Bishop Fell. Lond. 
 1702, 8vo. 
 
 This work, of which the above is the third edition, does not 
 appear to me to be of much value ; but Doddridge says, " Most 
 of Fell's notes are worthy of remark. The collection of parallel 
 Scriptures is judicious, and the translation in some places alter- 
 ed for the better." 
 
 Fell, John, tutor of the dissenthig academij at 
 Homerton, near London ; born 1735 ; died 1797. — 
 Demoniacs : an Inquiry into the Heathen and Scrip- 
 ture Doctrine of Demons ; in which the hypothesis 
 of Mr. Farmer and others on the subject are par- 
 ticularly considered. Lond. 1779, 8vo. — The Ido- 
 latry of Greece and Rome distinguished from other 
 
FEN WICK. 18a 
 
 heathen Nations, in a Letter to the Rev. Hujrh 
 Farmer. Ibid. 1785, 8vo. 
 
 In these works, Mr. Fell defends the opposite system to that 
 of Farmer, which is generally received. Farmer's views of de- 
 monology had been previously brought forward by Joseph Mede, 
 Lardner, Dr. Mead, and Sykes. Fell's reply, both on this subject 
 and on that of the ancient idolatry, is able, and acknowledged by 
 Dr. Kippis, who was friendly to the sentiments of Farmer, to 
 contain many thiniz;s which would have been found deservinir of 
 consideration and reply ; but the temper in which he has writ- 
 ten has been justly censured. 
 
 Fen WICK, George, a Hiifchbisoniau dimne of 
 the Church of England. — Thoughts on the Hebrew 
 titles of the Psalms, and on some of those in the 
 Septuagint, endeavouring to discover the meaning, 
 and to point out the use of them. Lond. 1749, 
 Svo. — The Psalter in its original form ; or the Book 
 of Psalms reduced to lines, in an easy and familiar 
 style, and a kind of blank verse of unequal mea- 
 sures ; answering, for the most part, to the original 
 lines : with Arguments pointing out the general de- 
 sign of each Psalm, and Notes accounting for some 
 passages in the Translation ; opening and explain- 
 ing, also, in some places, the prophetical views. Ibid. 
 1759, 8vo. 
 
 The work on the Hebrew titles is a curious and rather inter- 
 esting production, and the only treatise on the subject, I sup- 
 pose, in our language. The object is to show that Christ or his 
 church is the burden of all the Psalms ; and that this is indi- 
 cated by the titles of many of them. It is often, no doubt, both 
 fanciful and hypothetical, and largely imbued with the theology 
 of his master ; but the book contains both learning and piety, 
 and will reward a perusal. 
 
 Fenwick's design in the second is the same as in the former 
 work ; and the remarks made on the one are equally applicable 
 
186 FERGUSON, J.— FERGUSON, R. 
 
 to the other. The general object is good ; but he is not always 
 successful in his attempts to promote it. There is added a plain 
 translation of the last words of David, with a few notes. 
 
 Ferguson, James, minister of Kilwinning^ in 
 Scotland ; died almut 1670. — A brief Exposition of 
 the Epistles of Paul to the Philippians and Colossi- 
 ans. Lond. 1656, small 8vo. — A brief Exposition of 
 the Epistles of Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians. 
 Edinb. 1659, small 8vo. — A brief Exposition of the 
 First and Second Epistles of Paul to the Thessalo- 
 nians. Glasg. 1674, 8vo. 
 
 These short expositions are uncommonly sensible, and display 
 very considerable capacity for explaining the Bible. They are 
 part of the plan of expounding the Scriptures which was formed 
 by Dickson, Hutcheson, and Ferguson, and in which they all 
 performed a part, though it was never completed. They give 
 a favourable view of the state of public instruction during a 
 much-misrepresented part of Scotish history. Their authors, 
 if not profound critics, or men of elegant taste, were by no means 
 deficient in learning and good sense. They were able minis- 
 ters of the New Testament, and well qualified for rightly di- 
 viding the word of truth. 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, a native of Scotland^ and a 
 minister among the Nonconformists in England; 
 died in 1714. — The Interest of Reason in Religion ; 
 with the Import and Use of Scripture Metaphors ; 
 and the nature of the vmion between Christ and 
 Believers. Lond. 1675, 8vo. 
 
 This volume is part of a controversy in which the author and 
 some others were engaged with Dr. Sherlock ; who was consi- 
 dered to have published some sentiments nearly allied to Socini- 
 anism. Ferguson's work contains some judicious remarks on the 
 use of reason in religion, and also on the metaphorical language 
 of Scripture. The whole, however, is too much connected with 
 the temporary controversy to be read now with interest. He 
 
FINDLAY— FISCHER. 187 
 
 refers very properly to Glassius, Flacius, Illyricus, and Alste- 
 dius, for more extended and critical views of the different kinds 
 of figures and tropes employed in the Bible. 
 
 FiNDLAY, Robert, D.D. Professor of Divinity 
 in the nniversitt/ of Glasgow; horn 1721; died 
 1814. — Vindication of the Sacred Books, and of Jo- 
 sei)hus, from various Misrepresentations and Cavils 
 of Voltaire. Glasg. 1770, 8vo. — The Divine Inspi- 
 ration of the Scriptures of the Old Testament as- 
 serted by St. Paul, 2 Tim. iii. 16 ; and Dr. Geddes's 
 Reasons against the Tenor of his Words examined. 
 Lond. 1804, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Findlay is a learned but not an interesting writer. The 
 above are his principal works, and contain much solid critical 
 disquisition. The reply to Dr. Geddes is a most satisfactory 
 one ; and both vindicates the common reading of 2 Tim. iii. l6", 
 and supports the generally received views of inspiration. Be- 
 sides the above. Dr. Findlay was the author of several anony- 
 mous performances of some value. Among these are A Letter 
 to Dr. Jebb about the unlawfulness of religious Addresses to 
 Jesus, 1778, 8vo. and Remarks on Mr. Lindsey's Dissertation 
 on praying to Christ, 1781, 8vo. These tracts contain impor- 
 tant observations on some passages of Scripture in that depart- 
 ment of the Socinian controversy. He also wrote Two Let- 
 ters to Dr. Kennicott, vindicating the Jews from the charge 
 of corrupting Dent, xxvii. 4. Lond. 17t)2, 8vo. They were 
 signed Philalethes. 
 
 Fischer, J. F. a learned German ivriter, — Pro- 
 lusiones de Versionibus Graecis Librorum Veteris 
 Testamenti. Lipsiae, 1772, 8vo. — Prolusiones de 
 Vitiis Lexicorum Novi Testamenti. Ibid. 1791, 8vo. 
 
 The learned author of these works was the editor of the 5th 
 and best edition of the Claves of Stockius, for the Old and New 
 Testaments. Lips. 17.'>2, 8vo. The above publications discover 
 
188 FITZGERALD—FLACIUS. 
 
 great acquaintance with sacred philology. The second in particu- 
 lar is very valuable^ for enabling a critical scholar to form a correct 
 judgment of the various lexicons for the New Testament which 
 had been previously published. In pointing out and illustrat- 
 ing their faults^, he does not indulge in a captious or censorious 
 spirit, but endeavours to throw farther light on the difficult words 
 and phraseology of the New Testament. The writings of Fischer 
 are often referred to by Michaelis, Marsh, and Ernesti. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Gerald, Fellow of Tr'mitij Col- 
 lege, Dublin, and Professor of Divinity in the iini- 
 versify. — An Essay on the Originality and Perma- 
 nency of the Biblical Hebrew, &c. Dub. 1796, 8vo. 
 
 The object of Dr. Fitzgerald, in this volume, is to prove the 
 divine origin of the Hebrew language, and that its letters have 
 undergone no change : both these positions are brought to bear on 
 the question, whether language can be the vehicle of divine com- 
 munication } There are considerable learning and acuteness dis- 
 covered in this tract ; but several of its positions will not be as- 
 sented to by scholars ; and the conclusion for which the author 
 contends is by no means dependent on his premises. 
 
 Flacius, Matthias, surnamed Illyricus, to 
 denote the country of his nativity ; one of the most 
 learned of the protestant reformers ; ho?m 1520 ; 
 died at Frankfort, 1575. — Clavis Scripturae Sacrae ; 
 seu de sermone Sacrarum Litterarum. Basil. 1567? 
 fol. Edit. opt. Jenae, 1574, fol. 
 
 This learned and elaborate work is divided into two parts. In 
 the first, the words and forms of expression used in the Scrip- 
 tures are arranged in alphabetical order, and explained after the 
 manner of a dictionary. The second contains a variety of tracts 
 on subjects relating to sacred literature : on the means of ac- 
 quiring a knowledge of the sacred writings ; on the opinions and 
 rules of the Fathers on this subject ; on the different parts of 
 speech ; on the figures and metaphors of Scripture ; and on the 
 
FLEMING— FLETCHER. 189 
 
 peculiarities of its style. Considering the period when this work 
 was published^ it affords a striking proof of the industry, learn- 
 ing, and knowledge of the Scriptures, which distinguished the 
 author. It is praised by Walch and Mosheini ; and even Father 
 Simon honours it with a portion of his approbation. Flacius was 
 the author of many other works, chiefly of a controversial nature. 
 He was the principal A\Titer among the Magdeburg Centuri- 
 ators. 
 
 Fle^hxg, Robert, a dissenting minister ; horn 
 in Scotland about 1660 ; died in London, 1716. — 
 Christology. A Discourse concerning Christ : being 
 a new essay towards a farther revival and re-intro- 
 duction of Primitive Scriptural Divinity. Lond. 
 1705-1708, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work is now rather uncommon. The author did not 
 complete his plan, which is much to be regretted ; as he pos- 
 sessed a po^\'erful and very original mind. Many ingenious 
 tlioughts occur in the Christology, and many passages of Scripture 
 are placed in a new light : and though the reader may not al- 
 ways agree A^-itli him, he cannot fail to be pleased with his inde- 
 pendence of thinking. I ought to remark, however, that Mr. 
 Fleming's leading sentiments are strictly orthodox, though he 
 does not follow the beaten tract of orthodoxy. An abridgment 
 of this work in one volume Svo. was publislied at Edinburgh in 
 179o. 
 
 Fletcher, Joseph, A.M. a dissenting minister, 
 formerly of Blachhurn, now of London. — ^Lectures 
 on the Principles and Institutions of the Roman Ca- 
 tholic Religion : with an Appendix, containing his- 
 torical and critical Illustrations. Lond. 1817, 8vo. 
 
 As a few of the okler works connected with popery are no- 
 ticed in this Bibliotheca, chiefly on account of the important 
 ])()iiits rehiting .to the Scriptures, wliich the popish controversy 
 involves, I shall i)erhaps be excused for noticing this production 
 of Mr. Fletcher. It is the best work on the subject that has 
 
190 FLEURY— FLOYER. 
 
 lately appeared. It is exceedingly well written, condenses into 
 a narrow compass a large portion of valuable information, and 
 while it instructs by its scriptural reasonings, it edifies by its 
 warm and enlightened piety. It is firm, moderate, and candid. 
 The lectures are nine, and embrace the following topics : The 
 authority of the church ; oral tradition ; papal supremacy; tran- 
 substantiation, and the sacrifice of the mass ; the sacraments of 
 the church of Rome ; the invocation of saints, and the use of 
 images ; purgatory and the doctrine of merit ; the Roman Ca- 
 tholic hierarchy ; the genius and tendency of the papal religion. 
 
 Fleury, Claude, a French ecclesiastic ; born 
 1640 ; died 1723. — The Manners of the ancient Is- 
 raelites, containing an Account of their peculiar 
 Customs, Ceremonies, Laws, Polity, Religion, Sects, 
 Arts, Trades, &c. Lond. 1809, 8vo. 3d edit. 
 
 This is a very elegant and accurate little work, which was first 
 translated into English in 1756 by Ellis Farneworth. For the 
 above edition, and two former ones, with considerable additions, 
 the public are indebted to Dr. Adam Clarke. It is, however, 
 better adapted to young persons than to the more profound scho- 
 lar. 
 
 Floyer, Sir John, M. D. a learned English 
 physician ; horn about 1649 ; died 1734. — The Si- 
 bylline Oracles translated from the best Greek co- 
 pies, and compared with the sacred Prophecies, espe- 
 cially with Daniel and the Revelations, and with 
 so much history as plainly shews that many of the 
 Sibyl's Predictions are exactly fulfilled. With An- 
 swers to the Objections made against them. Lond. 
 1713, small 8vo. 
 
 This is the best English translation of the Sibylline Oracles, 
 and is curious not only as a version of these singular productions, 
 but as it furnishes a tolerably accurate account of the controver- 
 
FORBES, D— FORBES, P. 19I 
 
 sy respecting their truth and authenticity, of which Sir John 
 appears to have been a firm believer. He was evidently a man 
 of considerable learning and research, who paid a good deal of 
 attention also to the Bible. His comparison between the oracles 
 of heaven, however, and these pious frauds, (for no better, after 
 all that has been said, can they be considered,) was not much 
 calculated to serve the cause of revelation. Whiston, who loved 
 every thing that was marvellous, published a Vindication of the 
 Sibylline Oracles, with the genuine Oracles themselves; and 
 Bishop Horsley, a much greater man, though scarcely less fond 
 of paradox, takes the same side. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan, Lord President of the Court 
 of Session; was horn at Cullodenin 1685; died 1^7 ^1. 
 — Thoughts on Religion, Natural and Revealed; 
 with a Letter to a Bishop, concerning some import- 
 ant Discoveries in Philosophy and Religion. Lond. 
 1735, 4to. Often rejirinted. 
 
 President Forbes was a considerable Hebrew scholar, of the 
 school of Hutchinson. The system of that singular writer ap- 
 pears to greater advantage in this small volume, than in any of 
 his own works, or those of his other followers. It was translated 
 into French by the celebrated Father Houbigant ; which is no 
 small proof of the estimation in which it has been held. 
 
 Forbes, Patrick, of Corse, Bishop of Aber- 
 deen; horn 1564; died 1635. — A Commentary upon 
 the Revelation of St. John. Lond. 1613, 4to. 
 
 This work was translated into Latin by his son John Forbes, 
 and, with additional notes, was published at Amsterdam, l646, 
 4to. To this is added another work by the father, A De- 
 fence of the Calling of the Reformed Ministers ; on the Ori- 
 gin of the Roman Apostacy, and the Antiquity of the Re- 
 formed Churches. The Commentary is brief, but discovers 
 some learning, and attention to the meaning of the Apocalypse. 
 
192 FORSTER. 
 
 The author was one of the most respectable of the Scotish divines 
 who embraced episcopacy. The son of Bishop Forbes is better 
 known than his father. His works have been repeatedly printed 
 on the continent. The best part of them is the Instructiones 
 Historico-Theologicae. The best edition of the Opera was pub- 
 lished by Henry Wetstein, at Amsterdam, in 1702-1703, 2 vol. 
 fol. Dr. John Forbes died in 1648. 
 
 FoRSTER, John, a German divine, Professor of 
 Hebrew in the university of Wiitemherg ; horn in 
 1495 \ died 1556. — Dictionarium Hebraicum No- 
 vum, non ex Rabbinorum Commentis, nee nostra- 
 tium Doctorum stiilta imitatione descriptum, sed 
 ex ipsis thesauri s Sacrorum Bibliorum, et eorun- 
 dem accurata locorum collatione depromptum, cum 
 phrasibus Scripturae Veteris et Novi Testament! 
 diligenter annotatis. Basil. 1557? fol. 
 
 This Hebrew Dictionary contains more than 900 folio pages. 
 On the back of the title, which^ like most Hebrew works^ is at 
 the right hand of the book^ is a wooden cut, representing the 
 viva imago of the reverend author in his academical robes ; the 
 fur of which and his immense beard seem as if combined to- 
 gether. Then follows a long preface on learning the Hebrew 
 language, containing a kind of grammar. Next comes the Dic- 
 tionary itself. The roots are printed on the margin, and all 
 numbered, to the amount of 1758. The various branches from 
 the roots are, in like manner, arranged on the margin. The ex- 
 planations of words are often very extensive, and contain nu- 
 merous illustrations of their meaning from the Scriptures. At 
 the beginning of every letter he introduces a verse, or phrase, 
 from the Scriptures in Hebrew. The author was determin- 
 ed, if possible, to throw off the yoke of the Rabbins from 
 the Christian church, which he considered as intolerable as that 
 of Rome. He expresses his astonishment at the manner in 
 \\'hich the reformed doctors generally deferred to the authority 
 
FOX—FRANCIS. lys 
 
 of Jewish commentators, in their interpretations of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures. He justly represents them as men in whom there 
 was no light, no knowledge of God, no spirit, no correct or so- 
 lid acquaintance with any art or science, not even with the He- 
 brew tongue itself. Rejecting, therefore, the Babylonish con- 
 fusion they had introduced into the sacred language, he endea- 
 vours to establish his work on the solid basis of Moses and the 
 Prophets alone. He deserves to be remembered for his enlight- 
 ened views, and energetic exertions to drive these Vandals from 
 the holy ground, which they so long profaned rather than culti- 
 vated. Forster was a disciple of Reuchlin, or Capnio, assisted 
 Luther in his translation of the Scriptures, and was the intimate 
 friend of Melanchthon. His work is highly commended by Glas- 
 sius, and was much used by Kircher in his Greek Concordance, 
 and also by Castell in the compilation of his Heptaglot Lexicon. 
 Father Simon speaks of it in his usual cynical style, representing 
 it as undertaken to favour the prejudices of Luther, and as a 
 work above the author's capacity and learning. He acknow- 
 ledges, however, that it was very much esteemed by many. 
 
 Fox, Francis, a clergyman of the Church of 
 
 England, who died in 1738. — The New Testament 
 
 explained ; with References, marginal Readings, and 
 
 Notes. Lond. 1722, 1742, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this work, the references are all given, in words at full 
 length, under the text ; so that the parallel texts may be all 
 seen at one view. These texts were taken from the marginal 
 references that were then annexed to the large Bibles ; to which 
 a number were added by Mr. Fox himself. It contains also a few 
 notes on some dithcult passages. He gives Usher's Chronology, 
 and some other things, which render the work, on the whole, 
 very useful. I think I have observed a new edition of it, or a 
 work of precisely the same nature, proposed lately. 
 
 Francis, Anne, Mrs. a learned and ingenious 
 lady. — A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solo- 
 mon, from the Original Hebrew ; with a prelimi- 
 nary Disconrse, and Notes historical, critical, and 
 explanatory. Lond. 1781, 4to. 
 
 o 
 
194 FRANCKE— FRANZIUS. 
 
 Though Mrs. Francis confines herself to the literal sense of 
 the poem, which she considers to be a celebration " of that holy 
 wedded love, which allowably glows in the chastest bosoms/' she 
 believes that this '' is only a veil to shadow that divine and ten- 
 der regard which subsists between the Redeemer and the souls 
 of men." The versification is smooth and lively. The plan of 
 the poem is constructed on the principles of Harmer's Outline, 
 to whom, and to Parkhurst, she is indebted for many of her 
 notes and illustrations. 
 
 Francke, Aug. Her. an excellent German theo- 
 logian; horn 1663; died 17^7. — Manuductio ad 
 Lectionem Scripturae Sacrae. Hallae, 1693, 12mo. 
 Translated into English by William Jacques, un- 
 der the title of A Guide to the Reading and Study 
 of the Holy Scriptures. Lond. 1815, 8vo. 
 
 This is a most valuable little work. The good sense and 
 rich vein of piety which run through it, together with the rules 
 which it lays down for reading and interpreting the Scriptures, 
 are calculated to render it exceedingly useful. On some points 
 the peculiarities of Pietism appear j and some of the distinctions 
 are rather refined. Francke was the author of many other 
 works. 
 
 Franzius, Wolfgang, a learned divine of Wit- 
 temherg, where he was Professor of Divinity ; horn 
 1564 ; died 1628. — Tractatus Theologicus novus 
 et perspicuus de interpretatione Scripturarum ma- 
 xime legitima. Vittemb. 1619, 1634, 1644, 1668, 
 1693, 1708, 4to. 
 
 This is a work of immense labour and learning, little inferior 
 to the invaluable production of Glassius. It contains much im- 
 portant instruction on the importance of the knowledge of the 
 original languages of the Scriptures ; on the manner of reading 
 them ; and on the principles of interpreting them. His rules 
 are farther explained and confirmed, in one hundred and fifty- 
 two interesting illustrations of difficult passages. Like most of 
 
FRASER, A.— FRASER, J. 195 
 
 the early performances of the German school, it is laboured and 
 massy ; but it will amply repay the trouble of consultation. It 
 was first printed in Ifil.Q ; but the best edition is that of 1708. 
 
 FRxVSER, Alexander, a minister of the Church 
 of Scotland, in Ross-shire. — A Key to the Prophe- 
 cies of the Old and New Testament, which are not 
 yet accomplished. Edinb. 1795, 8vo. 
 
 This is a work of some merit. It contains rules for the ar- 
 rangement of the unfulfilled prophecies — observations on their 
 dates — and a general view of the events foretold in them. In 
 the statement and discussion of these subjects, the author dis- 
 covers a great portion of good sense and moderation. Some 
 light is thrown on Scripture phraseology ; but whether all the 
 rules and calculations will hold good, time only can show. Mr. 
 Fraser Mas also the author of the following work on Isaiah, which 
 discovers much sound sense and scriptural knowledge, and a talent 
 for critical exposition, which, it is to be regretted, the author did 
 not exercise to a greater extent : A Commentary on the Pro- 
 phecy of Isaiah ; being a Paraphrase, with Notes, shewing the 
 literal meaning of the Prophecy. Edinb. 1800, 8vo. 
 
 Fraser, James, a minister of the Church of Scot- 
 land ; horn in 1700; died 1769. — A Critical Ex- 
 plication and Paraphrase of the Sixth and Seventh 
 Chapters of the Epistle to the Romans, and the 
 four first Verses of the Eighth Chapter. Edinb. 
 1774, 12mo. 
 
 This valuable work was edited by Dr. Erskine of Edinburgh, 
 who prefixed to it a short account of the author and his father. 
 It is one of the ablest expositions of this difficult portion of 
 Scripture we possess ; and exposes, with great ability, the mis- 
 takes of Grotius, Hammond, Locke, Whitby, Taylor, Alexander, 
 and others. The doctrinal views of the author will not be re- 
 lished by those who are violently opposed to Calvinism ; but 
 tlie critical interpretations on which they are founded, it will be 
 difficult to overthrow. 
 
196 FREY— FRY. 
 
 Frey, J. S. C. F. a Jew, who p7'ofessed to he 
 converted to Christianity ; now in America. — A 
 Hebrew, Latin, and English Dictionary, containing 
 all the Hebrew and Chaldee words used in the Old 
 Testament, including the proper names arranged 
 under one Alphabet, the Derivates referred to their 
 respective Roots, and the significations in Latin and 
 English, according to the best authorities ; with co- 
 pious Vocabularies, Latin and Hebrew, and English 
 and Hebrew. Lond. 1815, 21 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a work of greater pretension than merit. The author, 
 at least in regard to Hebrew learning, appears to have conti- 
 nued a Jew. He is a devoted disciple of the Rabbins, whom 
 he seems to have considered the only authorities in Hebrew li- 
 terature. Little appears in his writings of any acquaintance 
 with the modern oriental scholars, either of the continent or 
 Great Britain. As a large vocabulary, the book may be of some 
 use to a learner ; but it has added nothing to our stock of He- 
 brew knowledge as a dictionary. It was originally published at 
 £4, l6s. ; it is now reduced to £l, 10. Mr. Frey also edited 
 an edition of Vanderhooght's Hebrew Bible, published in Lon- 
 don in 1812, which is by no means correct. 
 
 Fry, John, a clergyman of the Church of Eng- 
 land, — Lyra Davidis ; or a New Translation and 
 Exposition of the Psalms ; grounded on the prin- 
 ciples adopted in the posthumous works of the late 
 Bishop Horsley ; viz. that these sacred Oracles 
 have for the most part an immediate reference to 
 Christ, and to the events of his first and second Ad- 
 vent, Lond. 1819, 8vo. 
 
 The title of this work, which I have quoted at large, sufli- 
 ciently explains its nature and design. The love of system, or 
 hypothesis, is carried in it to the utmost length. Mr. Fry is a 
 Hutchinsonian, or Horsleyan, to the very core.. The Psalms 
 
FULKE— FULLER, A. 197 
 
 are not translated, but travestied. The opinion, or system of 
 the translator, rather than a version of the Psalms, is constantly 
 obtruded on us. The utmost violence is often done to the mean- 
 ing of words, to the construction of sentences, and to the design 
 of the inspired writer, in order to support a useless and unground- 
 ed hypothesis. The book contains learning, and is also ortho- 
 dox ; but is on the whole an indifferent performance. Mr. Fry 
 is the author of several other works. 
 
 FuLKE, William, a Purifan divine ; hornahout 
 the heginning of the iQth century ; died 15%^. — The 
 text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, trans- 
 lated out of the vulgar Latin by the Papists of the 
 traiterous seminarie at Rheims. Whereunto is add- 
 ed the translation out of the original Greek com- 
 monly used in the Church of England ; with a 
 confutation of all such arguments, glosses, and an- 
 notations as contain manifest impietie, heresy, trea- 
 son, and slander, etc. Lond. 1617, fol. best edit. 
 
 This work may be said to imbody the whole popish contro- 
 versy respecting the Scrij)tures. And as it gives in parallel 
 columns the Rhemish translation of the Vulgate, and the Bishops 
 Translation, it enables the reader to make an easy comparison 
 of their respective merits. At the end of the volume is an ela- 
 borate defence of the English translations of the Scriptures 
 against Gregory Martin, which contains much curious and learn- 
 ed information. Fulke was a very able man, and his work is 
 entitled to a place in every critical library. Mr. Butler, though 
 a Catholic, very candidly recommends it as very curious and 
 deserving of attention. 
 
 Fuller, Andrew, a Baptist minister at Ket- 
 telling, in Northamptonshire; horn in 1754; and 
 died in 1815. — Expository Discourses on the Book 
 of Genesis, interspersed with Practical Reflections. 
 Lond. 1806, 2 vol. 8vo. — Expository Discourses on 
 the Apocalypse, interspersed with Practical Reflec- 
 
198 FULLER, X. 
 
 tions. Ibid. 1815, 8vo. — The Harmony of Scrip- 
 ture ; or an attempt to reconcile various passages 
 apparently contradictory. Ibid. 1817, 8vo. 
 
 A biographer of Fuller has justly remarked of him, that he 
 thought with Owen, and ^^Tote with the pointed pen of Bax- 
 ter. His discourses are not critical, (for he was mostly a self- 
 taught man,) but they are shrewd, instructive, and touching. 
 He seizes the principal points of the passage, and often illus- 
 trates them very happily. His Genesis is superior to the Apo- 
 calvpse j for the exposition of which, he had neither sufficient 
 reading nor leisure. The Harmony contains some judicious ob- 
 servations on fifty-five passages, ^^Titten originally for the use of 
 a private friend. 
 
 Fuller, Nicholas, a crt?^o?^ of Salishunj Cathe- 
 dral, and one of the best scriptural critics of his 
 time I horn 1557; died in 1622. — Miscellaneorum 
 Theologicorum, quibus non modo Scripturae Divi- 
 nae, sed et aliorum Classicorum Auctorum plurima 
 monumenta explicantur atque illustrantur, Libri 
 sex. 
 
 The first three books of this learned work were published at 
 Heidelberg in l6l2. The whole appeared, first in 4to. at Ley- 
 den, in lf)22. The best edition is that published at Strasburg 
 in l650, 8vo. The author was one of the best oriental scholars 
 of his time. The six books of the Miscellanea include a consi- 
 derable number of curious and important discussions. They 
 were republished in the seventh volume of Bee's Critici Sacri ; 
 and the substance of those which relate to the Bible are to be 
 found dispersed through Poole's Synopsis. After the publication 
 of the first three books, Drusius accused him of being a plagia- 
 rist. F];pm this charge he successfully defended himself, in an 
 Appendix Apologetica to the editions of l622 and 1650. The 
 book ought to have a place in every critical library. Fuller 
 made a Latin translation of the heads of Rabbi Nathan's Hebrew 
 Concordance, which still remains in MS. in the Bodleian Li- 
 brary. 
 
FULLER, T— GALE. 199 
 
 Fuller, Thomas, D.D. Rector of Waltham, in 
 Essex, wheix he died in 1661. — A Pisgah Sight of 
 Palestine, and the confines thereof; with the His- 
 tory of the Old and New Testament acted thereon. 
 Lond. 1650, fol. 
 
 This is one of the most curious books ever written on the 
 Scriptures. The author was distinguished for his learning ; and 
 not more remarkable for wit and quaintness, than for the felicity 
 with which he clothed fine thoughts in beautiful language. Un- 
 fortunately he could not resist joking even on the most sacred 
 subjects. The View of Palestine is not a mere geographical 
 work ; it contains many things relating to Jewish antiquities, 
 and to the manners and customs of the people, and incidentally 
 illustrates a number of passages of Scripture. Take, for an ex- 
 ample of his singular manner : '^' Remarkable is that passage of 
 the apostle. Acts xvii. 26, ' And hath made of one blood all na- 
 tions of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath 
 determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their 
 habitation.' Wherein we may see Divinity, the Queen, waited 
 on by three of her principal ladies of honour, namely, skill in — 
 \. Genealogies, concerning the persons of men and their pedi- 
 grees — of one blood all nations. 2. Chronology, iii the exact 
 computation of — the times afore appointed. 3. Geography , mea- 
 suring out the limits of several nations — and the bounds of their 
 habitation." The work is accompanied with a number of maps 
 and plans. Fuller was the author of many works ; among the 
 rest, of a Church History of Britain, Lond. l655, folio, and 
 a Commentary on the Book of Ruth, Lond. 1654, 12mo. 
 
 Gale, Theophilus, a lecn^ned Nonconformist ; 
 horn 1628 ; died 1678— The Court of the Gentiles; 
 or, a Discourse touching the Original of Human Li- 
 terature, both Philologic and Philosophic, from the 
 Scriptures and Jewish Church, etc. In five parts. 
 Parts I. and 11. Oxon, and III. IV. and V. Lond. 
 1669-1678, 4to. 
 
^00 GARDEN— GARNETT. 
 
 This learned and elaborate work;, after falling for a time into 
 obscurity, is now in great repute. The leading object of it is, 
 to trace all human learning, philosophy, and religion, to the an- 
 cient Scriptures and the Jewish church. Gale certainly carries 
 his ideas too far ; but he must be very prejudiced or stupid who 
 does not see that the substance of his aro:ument is made out. 
 The style of the work is clumsy and verbose, the numerous 
 quotations render it irksome to read, and the reasonings are, in 
 some places, obscure and very metaphysical ; but it is a work of 
 real merit and learning, and will repay a careful examination to 
 those who are partial to the kind of subjects which it discusses. 
 The fifth part is very scarce, and is seldom to be got with the 
 other four. " Our countryman Gale,'" says Warburton, '^ is for 
 deriving all arts and sciences, without exception, from the Jews. 
 Who would not think the man was bantering us, had he not 
 given so sad a proof of his being in earnest, as the writing three 
 bulky volumes in support of these wonderful discoveries ?" 
 
 Garden, C. D.D. a clergymcin of the Church of 
 England. — An improved Version attempted of the 
 Book of Job ; with a preliminary Dissertation, and 
 Notes critical, historical, and explanatory. Lond. 
 1796, 8vo. 
 
 I have given the title of this work, but am not able to com- 
 municate particular information respecting it. It is not, I have 
 reason to think, a book of any importance. 
 
 Garnett, John, Bishop ofClogher; horn 1706; 
 died\^%l, — A Dissertation on the Book of Job, its 
 Nature, Argument, Age, and Author ; wherein the 
 celebrated text, chap. xix. 25, " I know that my Re- 
 deemer liveth," etc. is occasionally considered and 
 discussed. To which are added Four Sermons. 
 Lond. 1749, 4to. 
 
 Dr. Garnett contends that the book of Job is an allegorical 
 drama, designed to represent the fall and restoration of a cap- 
 tive Jew, and with a view to recommend the virtue of patience. 
 
GATAKER— GEDDES. ^01 
 
 The author he supposes to have been Ezekiel, and the period of 
 its production subsequent to the Babylonish captivity. His hy- 
 pothesis is nearly allied to that of Warburton, but differently 
 supported ; and the Dissertation, though well written and in- 
 geniously reasoned, only adds another illustration of his own re- 
 mark, " that the book of Job has proved the disgrace of the 
 translators, the reproach of commentators^ and the plague of pa- 
 raphrasts." 
 
 Gataker, Thomas, one of the most learned 
 of the Nonconformist ministers ; ho7m in 1574 ; died 
 1654. — Opera Critica, edeiite Herinanno Witsio. 
 Traj. ad Rhen. 1698, fol. 
 
 The critical works of Gataker, collected in this edition, con- 
 tain much important matter. The most valuable pieces are his 
 Dissertado dc S/i/h Xovi lustrumenti, first published at London 
 in iG^-S, -ito. and his Adversaria Miscellanea, lG51, completed 
 by his son in 1659- Gataker vindicates the purity of the Greek 
 of the New Testament writers from Hebraisms and barbarisms 
 against Pfochenius ; and illustrates many of its difficult words 
 and idioms. He was a profound Greek scholar, and applied his 
 knowledge very successfully to the illustration of the Scriptures, 
 and also of the classics ; though his ideas of the correctness and 
 elegance of the style of the New Testament were carried to an 
 extreme. Some of his English writings, as his Essay on the 
 Nature and Use of Lots, are also worth reading. The testimony 
 of two foreign writers to the merits of this learned Puritan de- 
 serve to be quoted. Morhof speaks of him as " Vir stupendae 
 lectionis magnique judicii." Paul Colomesius thus eulogizes 
 him : '' E criticis omnibus qui hoc saeculo ad politiorum litera- 
 rum illustrationem aliquid scripsere, vix ac ne vix quidem ul- 
 lus invenietur, qui in authoribus diligenter ac accurate tractan- 
 dis Thomae Gatakero palmam praeripiat." 
 
 Geddes, Alexander, LL.D. a Roman Catho- 
 lic clergyman, who died in 1801. — Prospectus of a 
 New Translation of the Holy Bible, etc. Glasg. 
 
202 GEDDES. 
 
 1786, 4to. — A Letter to the Right Rev. the Lord 
 Bishop of London, containing Queries, Doubts, and 
 Difficulties relative to a Vernacular Version of the 
 Holy Scriptures ; being an Appendix to the Pro- 
 spectus. Lond. 1787, 4to. — The Holy Bible, or 
 the Books accounted Sacred by Jews and Cristians, 
 otherwise called the Books of the Old and New 
 Covenants, faithfully translated from corrected 
 Texts of the Originals ; with various Readings, 
 explanatory Notes, and critical Remarks. Ibid. 
 1792-1797, 2 vol. 4to. — Critical Remarks on the 
 Hebrew Scriptures, corresponding with a new 
 Translation of the Bible. Ibid. 1800, 4to. — A new 
 Translation of the Book of Psalms, from the origi- 
 nal Hebrew ; with various Readings and Notes. 
 Ibid. 1807, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Geddes was a profound and general scholar^ more exten- 
 sively read in biblical literature than most men of his age, and 
 possessed of a masculine but rather eccentric mind. His prospec- 
 tus created a strong sensation on Bishop Lowth and most of the 
 learned biblicists of that period ; but his translation by no means 
 fulfilled the high expectations which had been previously form- 
 ed. No lack of learning, but rather a superfluity of it;, appears 
 in the New Translation and Critical Remarks ; but there is of- 
 ten a want of taste, and a still greater want of piety. He uses 
 too much freedom with the original texts, and is fond of novel 
 and far-fetched interpretations. In his notes, he every now and 
 then shocks, not the prejudices of the ignorant and weak only, 
 but the best feelings and piety of the most enlightened Christ- 
 ians. His philological observations are often excellent ; and it 
 cannot be denied that he has greatly improved many rugged 
 and difficult passages. It is a book, on the whole, calculated to 
 injure, certainly, rather than to benefit the cause of truth ; but 
 a mind capable of resisting the evils of its scepticism and levity 
 
GELL. 203 
 
 may profit from many of the criticisms. Geddes did not live to 
 complete his design. The work extends no farther than to the 
 end of the Chronicles. The book of Psalms was left imperfect, 
 and published after his death ; and the volume of Remarks only 
 comprehends the Pentateuch. It is in these remarks that the 
 sentiments of the translator are most offensively stated. , All 
 the freedom of the modern continental critics is used with the 
 sacred writings, without the veil of a foreign language interposed 
 to conceal its unsightliness. In Dr. Mason Good's Life of Ged- 
 des, some valuable criticism on his writings occurs, as well as 
 other interesting information to the biblical student. 
 
 Gei.l, Robert, D.D. a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, and minister of St. Mary Alderma- 
 ry, London ; died in 1665. — An Essay toward the 
 Amendment of the last English Translation of the 
 Bible : or, A Proof, by many instances, that the 
 last Translation of the Bible into English may be 
 improved. Lond. 1659, fol. — Remains : or several 
 Select Scriptures of the New Testament opened and 
 explained ; wherein Jesus Christ, as yesterday, to- 
 day, and the same for ever, is illustrated. Ibid. 
 1676, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 These are very curious books, consisting of a number of dis- 
 courses on particular passages, full of allegorical and cabalis- 
 tical illustrations, along with some ingenious and solid criti- 
 cisms. Dr. Gell was an Arminian, and is spoken of by Mr. 
 Baxter as " one of the sect-makers" of the time. He calls his 
 first work, though a considerable folio, " a skeleton of mere cri- 
 ticisms, clothed with moral explications and applications, need- 
 ful to the use of edifying." He seems to have had no high opi- 
 nion of the translators of our received version, but a very high 
 respect for the worshipful and " learned societie of astrologers," 
 before whom he preached a singular sermon in l650. From 
 such an author, works of a curious and eccentric nature, rather 
 than useful, were to be expected. 
 
204 GEORGIUS— GERARD. 
 
 Georgius, Christ. Sigis. a learned critic of 
 Wittemherg. — Vindiciarum N. T. ab Hebraismis, 
 libri tres. Francof. 1732, 4to. — Hiero-Criticus N. T. 
 sive de Stylo N. T. libri tres. Wittemb. 1733, 4to. — 
 Pars II. sive Controversiarum de Latinismis N. T. 
 libri tres. Ibid. 1733, 4to. 
 
 These works are all important in the department of critical 
 learning to which they belong. Georgius was a very zealous 
 defender of the purity of the Greek style of the New Testa- 
 ment. He enters the lists with Gataker, Vorstius^ Olearius, 
 Salmasius, Pasor, Leusden^ and various others, who maintained 
 that its idiom abounds with Hebraisms, Latinisms, etc. No- 
 thing could satisfy him but the establishment of its Attic pu- 
 rity. In this it will not be believed that he has always succeed- 
 ed ; but, in the course of his extended discussions, he has ex- 
 plained and illustrated many obscure phrases and difficult pas- 
 sages. 
 
 Gerard, Gilbert, D. D. Professor of Divinity 
 in the university of Aberdeen ; died in 1815. — 
 Institutes of Biblical Criticism, or heads of a course 
 of Lectures on that subject read in the university 
 and King's College, Aberdeen. Edinb. 1808, 8vo. 
 2d edit. 
 
 The greater part of the first edition of this work was, I be- 
 lieve, lost at sea ; so that there has been properly but one edition. 
 " Of general and elementary treatises, there is none, says Bishop 
 Marsh, which is more to be recommended, either for perspicuity 
 or correctness, than the Institutes of Biblical Criticism, by Dr. 
 Gerard." No one can deny the merit of accurate learning and 
 judicious arrangement to this work ; but it certainly is one of 
 the driest and most uninteresting books ever written on the 
 Bible. It is quite a skeleton, destitute alike of flesh and spirit. 
 Being the heads only of a course of I^ectures, this was perhaps 
 unavoidable ; though some have supposed that the author was 
 
GIFFORD— GILL. 205 
 
 inclined to Socinianism, and that this partly accounts for the 
 cold character of the work. 
 
 GiFFORD, Mr. 
 — A Dissertation on the Song of Solomon, with the 
 original text divided according to the metre, (upon 
 Bishop Hare's hypothesis,) and a poetical version. 
 Lond. 1751, 8vo. 
 
 This is an anonymous work, ascribed to Mr. Gifford, by Dr. 
 Kippis. The writer considers the poem as a pastoral, composed 
 by Solomon for the amusement of his lighter hours, shortly after 
 his nuptials with Pharaoh's daughter. He thinks it was com- 
 posed in the gaiety of youth, and before God bestowed upon him 
 that divine wisdom for which he was afterwards so remarkable. 
 This idea is unfavourable to its inspiration. The version is in 
 rhyme, and somewhat elegant. 
 
 Gill, John, D. D. a baptist minister ; borii 
 1697 ; died 1771. — An Exposition of the Old and 
 New Testaments, in which the sense of the sacred 
 text is given ; doctrinal and practical truths are set 
 in a plain and easy light ; difficult passages explain- 
 ed ; seeming contradictions reconciled ; and what- 
 ever is material in the various readings and the 
 several oriental versions, is observed. Lond, 17-18, 
 9 vol. fol. 1809, 10 vol. 4to. 
 
 Had Dr. Gill fulfilled the promise of his title page, no other 
 commentary on the Bible could have been required. But he 
 moves through his exposition like a man in lead, and overwhelms 
 the inspired writers with dull lucubrations and rabbinical lum- 
 ber. He is an uUra-Calvinist in his doctrinal sentiments ; and 
 often spiritualizes the text to absurdity. If the reader be in- 
 clined for u trial of his strength and patience, he may procure 
 the burden of Dr. Gill. He was, after all, a man of undoubted 
 learning, and of prodigious labour. He published, besides other 
 things, most of which were of a controversial nature,— 
 
206* GILLESPIE— GILLIES. 
 
 — A Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the 
 Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel Points, and Ac- 
 cents. Lond. 1766, 8vo. 
 
 This is also a laboured exposition and defence of the doctrines 
 of the jNIasorets. 
 
 Gillespie, George, one of the ministers of 
 Edinhiirgh, and a commissioner fi^om the Church 
 of Scotland to the Westminster Assembly ; died 
 in 1648. — A Treatise of Miscellany Questions. 
 Edinb. 1649, 4to. 
 
 This is a practical and controversial book^ but contains a con- 
 siderable portion of learned discussion respecting the meaning of 
 the Scriptures. The author was a man of very considerable ta- 
 lents, who supported the character of his country, and the cause 
 of presbytery, with great ability and zeal, during the stormy 
 period of the civil wars. 
 
 Gillies, John, D. D. one of the ministe?'s of 
 Glasgow; horn 1712 ; died 1 796.— The New Tes- 
 tament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ ; 
 with Devotional Reflections. Lond. 1810, 2 vol. 
 8vo. 2d edit. 
 
 The first edition of this work was published at different times, 
 long before the second. It wanted the text of the New Testa- 
 ment, which rendered it very inconvenient. The second edition 
 was edited by the late Dr. Nichol of London, who prefixed a 
 short memoir of the author. The work corresponds most faith- 
 fully with its title, and seems to reflect in every page the piety 
 and high devotional spirit of the author. Such a book may be 
 a very important companion to many of the drv and more criti- 
 cal volumes recommended in this Bibliotheca. His Historical 
 Collections relating to Remarkable Periods of the success of 
 the Gospel, published at Glasgow in 17.'J4', in 2 vol. 8vo. -with 
 the Supplement, in 17^1^ l!2mo. is a very interesting book, and 
 
GISBORNE— GLAS. 207 
 
 well deserving of attention from the lover of Christianity, and 
 of church history. A second supplement was published by Dr. 
 Erskine, in 1796. 
 
 GiSBORNE, Thomas, a highly f^espectahle writer 
 and clergyman of the Church of England. — A Fa- 
 miliar Exposition and Application of the Epistle of 
 St. Paul to the Colossians, in a course of Eight 
 Sermons ; including an examination of the general 
 nature and use of the Epistles of the New Testa- 
 ment. Lond. 1816, 12mo. 
 
 This, as appears from the title, is not a critical or elaborate 
 work ; but a practical exposition of an important epistle. It 
 imbodies an evangelical spirit, and affords some excellent illus- 
 trations both of the doctrine and general influence of the gospel. 
 Plain and familiar, it is never mean ; accommodated to the 
 minds of the illiterate, it is never offensive to the most refined 
 taste. It successfully combats some prevailing mistakes re- 
 specting the epistolary part of the New Testament. The moral 
 writings of Mr. Gisborne are well known, and have been long 
 highly prized. 
 
 Glas, John, founder of a religious sect in 
 Scotland, which is still designated hy his name ; 
 born 1698; died 1773— Works. Edinb. 1762, 
 4 vol. 8vo. Perth, 1782, 5 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These works arc chiefly controversial ; but they contain fre- 
 quent critical discussions of the meaning of Scripture which are 
 worthv of attention. His tract. The Testimony of the King 
 of Martyrs, though its leading argument may be disputed by 
 many, contains some beautiful illustrations of the Bible ; and 
 the volume of Notes on Scripture texts shows that he possessed 
 no inconsiderable portion of learning and critical sagacity. 
 Glas's works also contain, M'hat I do not know is to be found 
 elsewhere, an English translation of the Discourse of Celsus, 
 
208 GLASSIUS. 
 
 as far as it can be gathered out of Origen's eight books against 
 him^ with notes on that discourse by the translator. 
 
 Glassius, Solomon, a Lutheran divine of gi^eat 
 
 learning ; Prq/essor of Divinity in the university 
 
 of Jena ; horn 1593; died in 1656. — Philologia 
 
 Sacra, qua totius sacrosanctae Veteris et Novi Tes- 
 
 tameiiti Scripturae turn stylus et litteratura, turn 
 
 sensus etgenuinae interpretationis ratio et doctrina 
 
 libris quinque expend! tur ac traditur, Jenae, 1623, 
 
 4to. 
 
 The best quarto edition of this inestimable work is that of 1 713, 
 published at Frankfort. It is divided into five books^, which seve- 
 rally treat of sacred criticism^ (or the state of the Hebrew text,) 
 grammar, interpretation, and rhetoric. In these, Glassius discusses, 
 with profound learning, and great critical acumen, every thing re- 
 lating to the state of the original texts of Scripture, the gramma- 
 tical principles of the Hebrew language, the modes and figures of 
 speech peculiar to the Scriptures, and the great principles of bi- 
 blical interpretation. Mosheim pronounces it " an inestimable 
 and immortal work ;" and to the present day it has not been 
 superseded by any thing more calculated to explain and eluci- 
 date the Bible. In 1776, it was partly republished at Leipzig, 
 differently arranged and modelled by Dathe, and completed in 
 1795 by Bauer. This edition is entitled Philologia Sacra his 
 tempoi'ibus accommodata, 3 vol. 8vo. In this edition, the history 
 and present state of the sacred text are treated at great length, the 
 mistakes of Glassius on this subject are corrected, and a much more 
 luminous and satisfactorv view of biblical criticism is given. There 
 are many improvements, also, in the other books; and many things 
 are left out and brought in which are not improvements. The sen- 
 timents of Glassius were strictly orthodox, those of Dathe very 
 different. The author's own edition, therefore, must be con- 
 sulted for his religious views ; while the improved one of Dathe 
 and of Bauer will be found more suited to the present state of bi- 
 blical literature. Harwood informs us that the greater part of 
 
GODWYN. ^^09 
 
 Cilassius M'as translated into English by Dr. Taylor of Norwich, 
 but what became of the MS. he knew not. Buddeus, in his pre- 
 face to the edition of 1 74:3, expresses the sentiments of the learn- 
 ed concerning this work in the following strong terms : " Con- 
 sentiunt in eo omnes, huncce ex eorum genere librum esse qui 
 sacrarum literarum cultoribus non tantum utiles, sed prorsus ne- 
 cessarii sint, ex quo nemo cavere queat, qui ad scripturae sacrae 
 lectionem et interpretationem solide et accurate instituendam 
 animum adjungit." 
 
 — Opuscula. Liigd. Bat. 1700, 4to. 
 
 This edition of the Opuscula of Glassius, edited by Crenius, 
 includes what he calls the Mosaic Christology, Davidic Christo- 
 logv, the names applied to the Messiah by the Prophets, and an 
 explication of Isaiah Ixiii. and John xvii. It is partly an exe- 
 getical and partly a critical work, containing a great deal of 
 learning and piety ; but not of so much importance as the for- 
 mer. The Meditationes Sacrae oji the Epistles, Gospels, and 
 Feasts of the whole year, published at Jena, l636, 12mo. are 
 of a practical nature ; but still discover the learning as well as 
 the piety of Glassius. 
 
 GoDWYN, Thomas, D. D. a learned English 
 clergyman ; born in 1587 ; died 1643. — Moses and 
 Aaron : Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites used by the 
 ancient Hebrews, observed and at large opened 
 for the ckaring of many obscure texts through- 
 out the whole Scripture. Lond. 1614, 4to. 
 
 As an evidence of the popularity of this work, the first edition 
 appeared in l6l4, and the eighth edition, noA\' before me, in 
 1662. It was also translated into Latin by Reiz, and published 
 with his notes in 1()79- It was edited in 16'9'1, by the celebrated 
 Witsius, who added two dissertations, one on the theocracy of 
 Israel, and another on the Rechabites. Hottinger })ublished 
 it with considerable additions and improvements, in 17 10. 
 It appeared in Dutch in l6'29- Carpzov's Apparatus of Hebrew 
 Antiquities is a learned commentary on it ; and Jennings's work 
 on Jewish Antiquities is of the same nature. It is, on the 
 
 P 
 
210 GOOD. 
 
 whole, a valuable and accurate work. There is often bound up 
 with it a work on Roman Antiquities, by the same writer, and 
 another on Grecian Antiquities, by Francis Rous, the four last 
 chapters of which were written by the learned Zachary Bogan. 
 The whole form a useful and not expensive body of antiquities. 
 
 Good, John Mason, M. D. a phijsician in Lon- 
 don, and author of several learned works. — Song 
 of Songs, or Sacred Idyls. Translated from the 
 Hebrew, with Notes, critical and explanatory. 
 Lond. 1803, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Good considers the Song of Solomon neither a continued 
 epithalamium nor a regular drama ; but a collection of idyls on 
 a common subject, — the loves of the Hebrew monarch and his 
 fair bride. Into the mystical design of the poem, (though, with 
 Lowth and Harmer, he believed it to have one,) he enters little ; 
 so that the spirituality of the Bible nowhere appears in the ver- 
 sion or the notes. Admitting his hypothesis to be correct, and 
 considering the Song of Songs merely as an oriental collection of 
 love songs. Dr. Good's version cannot be denied the praise of 
 elegance and general accuracy. He first gives a kind of literal 
 prose translation, and then, on the opposite page, a metrical ver- 
 sion. The notes follow at the end, and display a great profusion 
 of ancient and modern learning. As far as religion is concern- 
 ed, however, the reader may as well consult the odes of Horace, 
 or the pastorals of Virgil. 
 
 — The Book of Job literally translated from the 
 Hebrew, and restored to its natural arrangement : 
 with Notes, critical and illustrative ; and an Intro- 
 ductory Dissertation on its sense, scope, language, 
 author, and object. Lond. 1812, 8vo. 
 
 This is a much more valuable work than the former. There 
 is more of religion, and less of what is calculated to carnalize it. 
 The author mentions, in his introductory dissertation, that, " in 
 endeavouring to obtain the meaning of every disputed passage, 
 he had minutely examined the text and comment of most of the 
 interpreters of most of the languages of Europe." This is say- 
 
GOODWIN, J.— GOODWIN, T. 211 
 
 ing a great deal ; but the notes to the book of Job fully support 
 the declaration. No work of criticism in the language affords 
 such a display of acquaintance with ancient and modern lan- 
 guages. The doctrines defended in the work are much more ortho- 
 dox than the public were prepared to expect from the biographer 
 and admirer of Dr. Geddes. Dr. Good is a firm believer in the 
 antiquity of the book, contends that Moses was the writer of it, 
 and that it contains the great principles of the patriarchal faith. 
 The introductory dissertation is ingenious and valuable, the 
 distribution of the several parts of the book judicious, and the 
 notes learned and discursive, though not always accurate. An 
 able though severe critique on the work appeared in the Eclectic 
 Review for February I8I6. With this critique Dr. Good inti- 
 mated his dissatisfaction, which led to a rejoinder in the Decem- 
 ber Number for 18 16, in which many of the mistakes of his work 
 were pointed out. Notwithstanding these, his Translation is 
 the most valuable work on Job in the English language, and must 
 materially assist any individual in the interpretation of that diffi- 
 cult book. 
 
 Goodwin, John, a celebrated Nonconformist 
 and controversial writer ; horn 1593 ; died 1665. 
 — The Divine Authority of the Scriptures assert- 
 ed, etc. Lond. 1648, 4to. 
 
 This work, now scarce, though the production of a man who 
 has got a bad name as a sectary and a republican, is possessed of 
 very considerable merit. It contains more originality, and inge- 
 nious biblical interpretation, than most books of the period 
 known to me ; and throughout it breathes a spirit of the purest 
 piety towards God, and of good will towards men. The Life of 
 Goodwin, by Mr. Jackson, lately published, contains many cu- 
 rious particulars about the author and his times. 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas, D. D. a learned Noiicon- 
 formist ; horn I6OO ; died 1679. — Works. Lond. 
 1681-1704, 5 vol. fol. 
 
 These works, besides many discourses, include an exposition 
 of part of the Epistle to the Ephesians, part of the book of Re- 
 
212 GORDON, J. H— GORDON, J. L. 
 
 velation, and some other portions of Scripture ; but, from their 
 extent and prolixity, they are not likely now to be much con- 
 sulted. Dr. Goodwin was a learned man, said to be rather high 
 in his Calvinistic sentiments, (though I have not observed much 
 of this,) but excelled in expounding the Scriptures. He delight- 
 ed to search into abstruse and difficult texts. The least particle 
 of speech came under his notice, and in numerous instances he 
 has made it appear how much depends upon the connecting par- 
 ticles in Scripture, which are generally overlooked. 
 
 Gordon, James, siirnamed Huntlaeus, from 
 his connexion with the noble family of Gordon ; 
 a learned Scotish Jesuit ; born 154^3 \ died 1620. — 
 Controversiarum Fidei Epitome, etc. 1612-1620, 
 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work is entitled to a place here, were it only because it 
 partly led to the publication of the Philologia Sacra of Glassius. 
 In one of the tracts which it contains, De Verbo Dei, he attacks 
 with great vigour and acuteness the present Hebrew text, and 
 extols exceedingly the Latin Vulgate. Dr. Geddes speaks of his 
 style as clear and concise, and his argum^ents as generally con- 
 clusive. He endeavours to establish the charge of corrupting 
 the Hebrew Scriptures against the Jews ; and, at all events, 
 that they had suffered from the carelessness of copyists, and 
 other causes, as all other ancient books had done. Glassius is 
 very angry with him on both these grounds, and accuses him of 
 great audacity, and even blasphemy. The weakest part of the 
 Philologia Sacra is that on the integrity and purity of the He- 
 brew text. Hence this tract has been entirely remodelled in 
 the new edition by Dathe. The learned Jesuit's inference, for 
 which he very keenly contends, that the original text ought to 
 be corrected by the Vulgate, is foolish, and savours of the 
 school to which he belonged. 
 
 Gordon, James, Lesmoraeus, another learn- 
 ed Scotish Jesuit, so denominated to distinguish him 
 from the foi^mer, and to point out his relationship 
 to the family of' Lesmore ; Rector of the Colleges 
 
GRABE— GRAVES. 21.1 
 
 of Toulouse and Bourdeaux, and confeHsor to 
 Louis XIII. ; was born in 1553 ; died 1641. — 
 Commentaria in Sacra Biblia ad sensum litteralem 
 et explicationem temporum, et locorum omnium, 
 quae in sacris litteris habent obscuritatem. Paris. 
 1636, 3 vol. fol. 
 
 . These volumes, according to Walch, contain many things 
 which may be read with profit. He is the author, also, of Opus 
 Chronologicum, l6l4, fol. It is not, I believe, a work of great 
 value. 
 
 Grabe, John Ernest, D. D. a learned Prus- 
 sian ; born 1666 ; became a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, and Professor of oriental 
 languages at Oxford ; and died in 1711. — An Essay 
 upon two Arabick MSS. of the Bodleian Library, ^ 
 and that ancient book called the Doctrine of the 
 Apostles, said to be extant in them. Oxon, 1711, 8vo. 
 
 This tract by Grabe is intended as an answer to some 
 of Whiston's whimsical speculations. It is full of Arabic 
 learning, and is worthy of the pen of its distinguished author. 
 Dr. Gral)e was the author of several other publications, chiefly 
 connected with the Fathers ; but his most important work was 
 the editing of an edition of the LXX. from the Alexandrine MS. 
 preserved in the British Museum. He only lived to carry two 
 volumes (the first and the last) of this splendid work tlirough 
 the press. The third was edited by Francis Lee, a learned 
 English physician, who died in I719:> before the work was com- 
 pleted. It was printed in four volumes folio, and eight volumes 
 8vo. The first appeared in 1707 ; the last in 1720. There are 
 useful Prolegomena belonging to the work. Grabe intended to 
 add large notes, but was prevented by death. It was reprinted 
 by Breitinger, at Zurich, in 1730, 4 vol. 4to. 
 
 Graves, Richard, D.D. Fellow of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin. — Lectures on the four last Books of 
 
214 GRAY, A. 
 
 the Pentateuch, designed to show the Divine Origin 
 of the Jewish Religion, chiefly from Internal Evi- 
 dence. Lond. 1807, 1815, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a work of learning and merit. Dr. Graves examines 
 very minutely the authenticity and truth of the Mosaic history, 
 and the theological and moral principles of the Jewish law ; and 
 replies, at great length, to the most plausible objections. With 
 Dr. Geddes, in particular, he maintains a very determined con- 
 flict, and exposes, very successfully, the infidel reasonings of that 
 arrogant writer. He also frequently combats Le Clerc and 
 Warburton. Dr. Graves's Essay on the Character of the Apos- 
 tles and Evangelists, designed to prove that they were not En- 
 thusiasts, 1798;, 8vo. is a book which deserves to be consulted. 
 
 Gray, Andrew, D.D. a minister of the Church 
 of Scotland^ at Ahernethy, hi Ffeshire ; died in 
 1779. — A Delineation of the Parables of our Bless- 
 ed Saviour. To which is prefixed, A Dissertation 
 on Parables and Allegorical Writings in general. 
 Edinb. 1777, 1814, 8vo. 
 
 This a very sensible work on the Parables. It is free from 
 that fanciful and licentious mode of treating the allegorical parts 
 of Scripture, in which many writers, with a show of piety, have 
 most improperly indulged. Dr. Gray generally endeavours to 
 ascertain the moral or leading truth contained in each parable ; 
 to the illustration of which he directs his chief attention. 
 This, though it affords less scope to genius and imagination, is 
 surely far better than trying to say all manner of things on the 
 minute circumstances, or the drapery in which the truth is 
 clothed. From the days of Origen to the present time, the doc- 
 trine and meaning of the Bible have been sadly perverted and 
 abused by a tribe of injudicious mystery-hunters and allegor- 
 izers. The chief fault of the preliminary Dissertation is its 
 brevity. It ought to have been much more extended, and to 
 have embraced many more topics. It is valuable, however, as 
 far as it goes. 
 
GRAY, R.~GREEN. 215 
 
 Gray, Robert, a clergijmcm of the Church of 
 JEnglcmd. — A Key to the Old Testament and Apo- 
 crypha : or, An Account of their several Books, 
 their Contents and Authors, and of the Time iu 
 which they were respectively written. Lond. 1790, 
 8vo. 5th edit. ibid. 1805, 8vo. 
 
 This is a very convenient and useful book, combining a large 
 portion of valuable information and discriminative learning. It 
 was designed as a companion to Percy's Key to the New Testa- 
 ment, but is much fuller than that work. Both are likely to 
 be superseded by the more extensive work of Mr. Hartwell 
 Home. 
 
 — The Connexion between the Sacred Writings 
 and the Literature of Jewish and Heathen Authors, 
 particularly that of the Classical Ages, illustrated 
 principally Avith a View to Evidence in confirmation 
 of the Truth of Revealed Religion. Lond. 1819, 
 2! vol. 8vo. 2d edit. 
 
 This is a work of a much higher order than the former, dis- 
 covering profound and elegant learning, and considerable talents 
 for elucidating the minute and obscure allusions both of sa- 
 cred and profane literature. Much had been done before, but 
 Dr. Grav has shown that the field is by no means exhausted ; 
 and that it may still afford both flowers and fruit to those who 
 are willing to cultivate it. More might even have been made 
 of the knowledge which is accumulated in these volumes, both 
 for the confirmation and support of revelation. 
 
 Greex, William, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England.— A New Translation of the Psalms 
 from the Hebrew original, with Notes critical and 
 explanatory : to which is added, A Dissertation on 
 the last prophetic Words of Noah. Lond. 1763, 
 8vo. — Poetical Parts of the Old Testament, newly 
 
216 GREENWAY. 
 
 translated from the Hebrew. With Notes critical 
 and explanatory. Ibid. 1781, 4to. 
 
 Many of the Psalms are considerably improved in this ver- 
 sion^ but^ as a whole, it is inferior to the next work of the au- 
 thor. The poetical parts translated are, the Blessing of Noah, 
 Gen. ix. — of Isaac, Gen. xxvii. — of Jacob, Gen. xlix. — and of 
 Moses, Deut. xxxiii. — the Songs of Moses, Exod. xv. and Deut. 
 xxxii. — of Deborah, Judges v. — of Isaiah, chap. v. — of the Jews, 
 Isaiah xxvi. — the Song of Solomon — the Parables of Balaam— of 
 the Jews, Isaiah xiv. — and of the Nations, Hab. ii. — the Thanks- 
 givings of Hannah, 1 Sam. ii. — of Hezekiah, Isa. xxxviii. — and 
 of Jonah, chap. ii. — the Lamentations of David, 2 Sam. ii. — 
 and of Jeremiah — the last words of David, 2 Sam. xxiii — and 
 the Prayer of Habakkuk, chap. iii. These translations are, in 
 general, very accurate and elegant specimens of biblical inter- 
 pretation. The notes are not numerous or extensive, but dis- 
 cover much good taste and sound criticism. The work was 
 translated into German by J. F. Roos. Gessae, 1784. — Green 
 also published a Translation of Isaiah Iii. and liii. with Notes, 
 in 1776 ; and some minor pieces at former periods. My copy of 
 his Poetical Parts of the Old Testament was originally the pro- 
 perty of Archbishop Newcome, and contains a few notes on the 
 margin in his Grace's handwriting. 
 
 Greenway, Stephen, a clergyman of the 
 Church of England; horn 1713 ; died 1789. — Ec- 
 clesiastes, in three Parts. A New Translation, with 
 a Paraphrase, etc. Lond. 1787, 8vo. 
 
 This volume was published at three separate intervals. The last 
 part appeared in 1787. The author was no great Hebrew scholar, and 
 a great adversary to conjectural criticism ; but the Avork deserves 
 to be consulted, both on Ecclesiastes, and on a considerable num- 
 ber of other passages of Scripture on which the M^riter offers re- 
 marks. He speaks respectfully of Lowth and Kennicott, but is 
 very much displeased with Father Houbigant. The book is 
 scarcely ever to be met with complete. The first part was pub- 
 lished at a penny, and the second at threepence ; in consequence 
 of which they speedily disappeared. 
 
GREENHILL— GREGORY— GREY. 21? 
 
 Greenhill, William, a dissenting minister 
 at Stepney, London, and a member of the West- 
 minster Assembly, icho died aboid 1667. — An Ex- 
 position upon the twenty-nine first Chapters of the 
 Prophecy of Ezekiel. Lond. 1641-1658, 4 vol. 4to. 
 
 This elaborate work was originally delivered in lectures to 
 the author's congregation^ and was published at different times. 
 Like all the productions of the Puritans, it is evangelical, and 
 stored with the knowledge of the Scriptures ; but, like the most 
 of them, it is distinguished by its sound doctrinal and practical 
 views, rather than by the elegance of the composition, or the cri- 
 tical acumen of the reasonings and illustrations. 
 
 Gregory, John, of Christ Chnrch, Oxford ; 
 horn in 1607 ; died in 1646. — Works : in two Parts. 
 The first containing Notes and Observations upon 
 several Passages in Scripture ; the second, his Post- 
 huma, being divers learned Tracts upon various 
 Subjects. Lond. 1671, 4to. 
 
 This volume contains things learned, curious, and fanciful. 
 The author possessed a considerable portion of learning, but was 
 very eccentric in his flights. Some of the notes are important, 
 and contain a good deal of rabbinical lore. The Dissertation, 
 and plates, on the Boy-bishop, and the Monk-fish, are curious, 
 and exhibit some of the follies of former times. His discussions 
 on the Song of the Bow, the Golden Mice, the Silver Shrines, 
 and Cain's Thau, or mark, show how much erudition mav be need- 
 lesslv ex])ended on very trifling subjects. The book is still worth 
 having, but at no great expense. 
 
 Grey, Dr. Richaiu), a clergyman of the Church 
 oj England; born 1694 ; died 1771.- — Liber Jobi 
 in Versiculos Metrice divisus, cum Versione Latina 
 Alb^rti Schultens, Notisque. Lond. 1742, 8vo. — 
 7'helast AVords of David, divided according to the 
 
218 GRIESBACH. 
 
 Metre, with Notes critical and explanatory. Ibid. 
 1749, 4to. — An Answer to Mr. Warburton's Re- 
 marks, so far as they concern a late Edition of the 
 Book of Job. Ibid. 1744, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Grey was a disciple of Schultens and Hare. In his Job, 
 he adopts the translation of the former, and the metrical ar- 
 rangement of the latter, and defends his views of the book 
 against Warburton, in the letter of remarks. His translation 
 of the last words of David, 2 Sam. xxiii. is ingenious and ele- 
 gant, and was intended as a specimen of a translation of the poet- 
 ical passages of the Old Testament ; but which, I believe, was 
 never published. The Harian system is too artificial to render 
 much service to the Hebrew Scriptures, or to secure many fol- 
 lowers. 
 
 Griesbach, John James, D. D. a distinguished 
 critic, and editoi^ of the New Testament ; teas horn in 
 1644 ; was Professor of JDivinity at Jena, in Sax- 
 ony, for thirty -six years, where he died in 1812. 
 — Novum Testamentum Graece. Textum ad fidem 
 Codicum Versionum et Patrum recensuit et Lecti- 
 onis varietatem adjecit J. J. Griesbach. 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 In 1774, Griesbach published a Synopsis or Harmony of the 
 first three Gospels, with an amended Text, and a Selection of va- 
 rious Readings — an amended Text of John and the Acts of the 
 Apostles, with a Selection of Readings ; and, in the following 
 year, the Epistles and Apocalypse in the same manner. This 
 may be considered the first edition of Griesbach's important 
 work. It is, however, far inferior to the second edition, the 
 first volume of which appeared at Halle and London in I796, 
 and the second in I8O6. Part of the exjjense of this edition 
 was defrayed by the late Duke of Grafton. A third edition -was 
 printed very beautifully in London in I8O9, and another in 
 1818. This is universally allowed to be the best critical ed^ion 
 of the New Testament that has ever been published. Irstead 
 *)f describing more minutely a work which is now so easiy pro- 
 
GRIESBACH. 219 
 
 cured, and so generally possessed by scholars, I think it of more 
 importance to quote Bishop Marsh's opinion of Griesbach and 
 his work. 
 
 " That Griesbach has fulfilled the duties which he owed the 
 public — that his diligence was unremitted — that his caution was 
 extreme — that his erudition was profound — and that his judg- 
 ment was directed by a sole regard to the evidence before him, 
 will, in general, be allowed by those who have studied his edi- 
 tion, and are able to appreciate its merits. That his decisions 
 are always correct — that, in all cases, the evidence is so nicely 
 weighed as to produce unerring results— that weariness of mind 
 under painful investigation, has in no instance occasioned an 
 important oversight— that prejudice, or partiality, has wo where 
 influenced his general regard for critical justice, would be affir- 
 mations which can hardly apply to any editor, however great or 
 good. But if at any time he has erred, he has, at the same 
 time, enabled those who are competent judges to decide for 
 themselves, by stating the contending evidence with clearness 
 and precision. Emendations founded on conjecture, however 
 ingenious, he has introduced not in a single instance : they are 
 all founded on quoted authority. Our attention is even solicited 
 and directed to that authority, the adopted readings being al- 
 ways printed in smaller characters than the rest of the text ; and 
 with reference to the rejected readings, which are printed in 
 the inner margin in the same letters with the text, while both 
 of them refer to the respective evidence, which is j^roduced be- 
 low. If readings are added where none existed before, or are 
 withdrawn without substitution, the changes are marked with 
 equal clearness, and are equally supported by critical authority. 
 When the evidence is not sufHciently decisive to warrant an al- 
 teration in the text, the readings worthy of notice are placed in the 
 inner margin, with different marks expressive of their different 
 claims." — " The edition thus minutely described, is the most im- 
 portant which has been hitherto published; nor is it probable that, 
 during the lives even of the youngest of my hearers, any other 
 critical edition should supersede it. From the exertions which 
 have been already made, it is not likely that new materials of 
 much importance should be brought to light ; and even if there 
 
220 GROTIUS. 
 
 should, it is still less likely that another' such editor should be 
 found to arrange and digest them." (Lectures, part ii. sect. 8.) 
 The most^ or rather the only hypothetical^, part of Griesbach's 
 work is his system of recensions, or classification of the Greek 
 MSS. Against this some formidable objections have been pub- 
 lished by Dr. Lawrence, in his Remarks upon the Systematical 
 Classification of Manuscripts adoj)tedby Griesbach, and by Nolan 
 in his Enquiry into the Integrity of the Greek Vulgate. Vide 
 Lawrence and Nolan. Dr. Griesbach published several other 
 critical works, which all possess great value. The following are 
 necessary to complete his edition of the New Testament : 
 
 — Ciirae in Historiam Textus Graeci Epistolarum 
 Paulinarum. Jenae, 1777, 4to. — Symbolae Criticae 
 ad supplendas et corrigeridas variarum N. T. Lec- 
 tionum Collectiones. Halae, 1785, 2! vol. 12mo. 
 — Commentarius Criticus in Textum Graecum N. T. 
 Jenae, 1798, 1811, 8vo. 
 
 Grotius, Hugo, the most distinguished scholar 
 of the seventeenth centiiry ; was born at JDelft, in 
 Holland, 1583 ; died in 1645. — Annotationes ad 
 Vetus et Novum Testamentum, etc. 
 
 The annotations on the Old Testament first appeared at Paris 
 in 1644, in 3 vol. fol. ; and those on the New Testament at the 
 same place, in 1641, l646, and l650, in 3 more. They are all in- 
 cluded in his works, published at Amsterdam, in 1679 and 1^98, 
 fol. and at Basil, in 1722. An abridgment of them was pub- 
 lished by Samuel Moody. Lond. 1727, 2 vol. 4to. They are 
 also contained in the Critici Sacri ; and Poole has given the an- 
 notations on the New Testament verbatim in his Synopsis. The 
 notes on the New Testam^ent were begun when Grotius was a 
 prisoner, finished when he lived in private, and published when 
 he was an ambassador. The Dutch booksellers prefixed his 
 head, with a high eulogium on him, which oflfended him so 
 much, that he tore it out of all his own copies. On a work so long 
 and so justly celebrated, it is scarcely necessary for me to say 
 
GUILD. 221 
 
 any thing. The annotations abound with displays of elegant 
 learning and acute criticism. The stores of classical erudition, 
 which were at the command of Grotius, are liberally poured forth 
 to enrich his expositions of the sacred text. He is a rigid ad- 
 herent to the literal sense throughout, objects to the double de- 
 sign of prophecy, is rather hostile to the application of Old 
 Testament revelation to the Messiah, and attaches too little im- 
 portance (to speak moderately) to the peculiar doctrines of 
 Christianity. A judicious use of his Scholia may be attended 
 with profit, but too much attachment to them may endanger 
 both the doctrinal sentiments and the spiritual feelings of his 
 admirer. Grotius, says Michaelis, was always too much the 
 man of learning, and too little the man of reflection. Professor 
 Gaussen used to remark to his students, that no commentators 
 deserved to be preferred to Erasmus and Grotius ; but he also 
 added, '' whoever makes use of their Avritings, let him know 
 incidere super ig?ics suppositos cificre doloso ;" that he treads on 
 fires overspread with faithless ashes. 
 
 Guild, William, D. D. a minister of the Scot- 
 ish Episcopal Church, Principal and Sector of 
 King's College, Aberdeen ; was homi in 1586 ; and 
 died in 1659. — Moses Unveiled, or those figures 
 which served unto the pattern and shadow of hea- 
 venly things briefly explained. To which is added, 
 the Harmony of all the Prophets, etc. Lond. 1619, 
 8vo. and often reprinted. — The Throne of David, 
 or an Exposition of the Second Book of Sanuiel. 
 Oxford, 1659, 4to. — Love's Intercourse between the 
 Lamb and his Bride, Christ and his Church, in a 
 clear Explication and Application of the Song of 
 Solomon. Lond. 1658, 8vo. — An Explication of 
 the Book of Revelations. Aberdeen, 1656, l6to. 
 
 Besides these works. Dr. Guild wrote a numl)cr of controver- 
 sial pieces. He was one of the most respecta])le of the Scotish 
 ministers who embraced episcopacy, to which the generality of 
 
222 GUYSE— HAAK. 
 
 his countrymen were so much opposed. His Moses Unveiled is 
 a short explanation of all the typical persons, places, and things, 
 which occur in the Old Testament ; the congruity and the 
 disparity" between which and their antitypes, he states very mi- 
 nutely. It is divided into fifty-five sections, and is not remark- 
 able for its depth and judiciousness. The Harmony of the Pro- 
 phets is a selection of the principal passages in the Old Testa- 
 ment which bear testimony to the character and undertaking of 
 Christ. His expository works are now scarce. That on Second 
 Samuel, which I have not seen, is said to have been edited by 
 Dr. John Owen. 
 
 GuYSE, John, D. D. cm English Independent 
 minister ; born 1680 ; died 1761. — The Practical 
 Expositor ; or an Exposition of the New Testa- 
 ment, with occasional Notes, and serious recollec- 
 tions at the end of each chapter. Lond. 1739-1752, 
 3 vol. 4to. and in several editions 6 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Guyse was a man of some learning, but of no great genius. 
 His Expositor is a heavy work. In the paraphrase, various and 
 often discordant senses are brought together. The notes do not 
 throw much light on the text. It is far inferior to the similar 
 work of his friend and contemporary, Dr. Doddridge. Messrs. 
 Bogue and Bennett, however, say, " It displays sound judgment, 
 an intimate acquaintance with the original, considerable critical 
 acumen, with much seriousness and zeal for truth." 
 
 Haak, Theodore, F. R. S. a native of the Pa- 
 latinate ; born 1^05 \ died 1690. — The Dutch An- 
 notations upon the whole Bible, or all the Holy 
 Canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment, together with and according to their own 
 translation of all the text ; as both the one and the 
 other were ordered and appointed by the Synod of 
 Dort, 1618, and published by authority, 1637. Now 
 faithfullv communicated to the use of Great Britain 
 
HACKSPAN— HALDANE. 223 
 
 in English. By Theodore Haak, Esq. Lond. 1657, 
 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This work is dedicated to Cromwell. It contains also an ac- 
 count of the Dutch version made by order of the Synod of Dort. 
 It was recommended, along with Diodati, by parliament, to the 
 authors of the Assembly's Annotations ; and is very similar in 
 its plan and character to that work. 
 
 Hackspax, Theodore, a Lut/ierrm divine of 
 Altdorf who died in 1663. — Dissertationum Philo- 
 logicarum et Theologicarum Sylloge. Altorf. 1663, 
 4to. — Notae in varia et difficilia Scripturae loca. 
 Ibid. 1664, 3 vol. 12mo. — Miscellanea Sacra libris 
 duobus. Ibid. 1660, 8vo. 
 
 These various "\vritings of Hackspan are all valuable, but espe- 
 cially his Notes on difficult passages. They are divided into 
 three parts^ and conclude with the Gospel of John. The au- 
 thor was an excellent Hebrew and oriental scholar. He defends 
 the truth in many places against the Socinians, and charges the 
 Jews with having wilfully corrupted several jiassages of the Old 
 Testament. This charge has been advanced by Kennicott and 
 several other learned men, but never satisfactorily substantiated. 
 The works of Hackspan are highly praised by Walch, Buddeus, 
 and Zeltner ; but they have long been scarce. 
 
 Haedane, Robert, Esq. a Scotish gentleman, 
 icell known for his efforts in spreading the GospeL 
 — The Evidence and Authority of Divine Revela- 
 tion : being a View of the Testimony of the Law 
 and the Prophets to the Messiah, with the subse- 
 quent Testimonies. Edinb. 1816, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a very excellent book on the necessity, the evidences, 
 and the subject of revelation. It is distinguished from most 
 works of the kind by the excellent views of Christianity which 
 it contains, and the decided manner in which it addresses 
 
224 HALES, J.— HALES, W. 
 
 men concerning the salvation of the gospel, and the infinite im- 
 portance of attending to their eternal interests. Its chief defect 
 is the omission of references, when quoting the testimony of 
 friends and enemies in support of the truth of the gospel. 
 
 Hales, John, of Eton, commonly called the 
 ever-memorahle ; horn 1584; died 1656. — Works. 
 Now first collected together. Glasg. 1765, 3 vol. 
 small 8vo. 
 
 This fine edition of the works of this celebrated writer was 
 published by Lord Hailes. The value of his writings is attest- 
 ed by Lord Clarendon, Lord Say and Seal, Bishop Pearson, Dr. 
 Heylin, Andrew Marvel, Anthony A. Wood, Bishop Stilling- 
 fleet, and Bishop Hoadley. They are of a very miscellaneous 
 nature, including paraphrases of portions of Scripture, essays on 
 scriptural subjects, letters, and sermons. Their merits are un- 
 equal. The best seem to be his discourse on schism, that on the 
 abuse of hard places of Scripture, and his letters to Sir Dudley 
 Carleton, from the Synod of Dort, in which he gives a good ac- 
 count of that far-famed convention. He was evidently a man 
 suDerior to many of the prejudices of his age ; but, if the read- 
 er's expectations are raised very greatly by his high-sounding 
 title, and the testimonies referred to, he will probably be dis- 
 appointed even by his Golden Remains. 
 
 Hales, William, D. D. Fellow of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, and Professor of oriental languages 
 in the university, — A New Analysis of Chronology, 
 in which an attempt is made to explain the History 
 and Antiquities of the primitive nations of the 
 world, and the prophecies relating to them, on 
 principles tending to remove the imperfection and 
 discordance of preceding systems. Lond. 1809- 
 1814, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 This is perhaps the most valuable chronological work that has 
 ever been published. Possessed of the caution of Newton, and 
 
HALL. 225 
 
 tlie learning of Usher, Dr. Hales proceeds on better data than 
 either of these distinguished chronologists ; and pours a flood of 
 light on some of the darkest and most difficult points in sacred 
 and profane history. The first volume contains an explanation 
 of the new system of chronology adopted by the author, together 
 with the elements of technical chronology, and the elements of 
 sacred geography, which are ' illustrated M'ith six engravings. 
 Volume second contains a chronological history of the Old Tes- 
 tament, the Apocrypha, and the New Testament, and of the 
 whole range of prophecy. His translations are all made di- 
 rectly from the original Scriptures. In the third volume, 
 there is a chronological history of the Assyrians, Babylonians, 
 Medes, Persians, Lydians, and Egyptians, etc. adjusted 
 throughout to sacred chronology. Dr. Hales adopts the larg- 
 er computation of the antediluvian and j)atriarchal times con- 
 tained in the Samaritan and the Septuagint, and restores and 
 defends the genuine numbers of Josephus. The quantity of 
 biblical criticism and interpretation interspersed through the 
 work is extraordinary, and does very great honour to the learn- 
 ing, research, and judgment of the author. Dr. Adam Clarke, 
 who makes a very liberal use of the work in his Commentary, 
 bestows on it the highest commendation. 
 
 Hall, Joseph, BisJioj) of A^orwich ; was born 
 in 1574, and died in 1656. — Contemplations on 
 the Principal Passages of the Holy Story. Lond. 
 1612-1615, 3 vol. 8vo. and in various editions of 
 his Works ; the last of which was edited bv Dr. Pratt, 
 and published at London in 1806, in 10 vol. 8vo. 
 
 There is a great variety of sentiment, and great richness of 
 thought and expression, in these Contemjdations. The histori- 
 cal passages are often very happily illustrated ; and a pure and 
 elevated devotion, combined with a fine imagination, pervades 
 the whole. Doddridge speaks of them as " incomparably valu- 
 able, for language, criticism, and devotion." The first and last 
 terms are justly applied, but not the middle one ; as there is 
 very little criticism, in the proper meaning of the term, in any 
 of the works of Hall. 
 
226 HALLETT. 
 
 — A Plain and Familiar Explication, by way of 
 Paraphrase, of all the Hard Texts of the whole 
 Divine Scripture. Lond. 1633, fol. 2 vol. 8vo. which 
 constitute the 3d and 4th of Pratt's edition. 
 
 This paraphrase includes many texts which are not hard ; and 
 on many hard texts it throws little light. Occasionally a critical 
 remark occurs, and frequently the point and energy of a particu- 
 lar sentiment is happily noticed ; but the reader who repairs to 
 these volumes for the solution of many difficulties in the lan- 
 guage or doctrine of the Bible, will certainly be disappointed. He 
 who undertakes too much must always fail to afford satisfaction. 
 An explication of all the hard texts in the Bible was too vast an 
 undertaking, even for Bishop Hall, though his learning was 
 greater than that of most of the men of his age, and his indus- 
 try not inferior to any. 
 
 Hallett, Joseph, Jun. a dissenting miiiister 
 at Exeter; horn 1692; died in 1744. — A Free 
 and Impartial Study of the Holy Scriptures recom- 
 mended, in Notes on Peculiar Texts, with Dis- 
 courses and Observations, etc. Lond. 1729-1736, 
 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These volumes were published at considerable intervals, and 
 are now difficult to be procured complete. They contain a va- 
 ried mass of curious and important discussion on passages of 
 Scripture, or scriptural subjects. Among the latter are, essays 
 on the quotations from the Old Testament in the Apocrypha ; 
 the Septuagint ; Christians not bound by any authority of the 
 law of Moses in the ten commandments ; the doxology at the 
 end of the Lord's prayer ; the immortality and immateriality of 
 the soul j list of errors in the present Hebrew copies of the Old 
 Testament ; the Saviour's miracles, in reply to Woolston ; the 
 meaning of the word God; the nature of sacrifice, particularly 
 that of Christ ; the origin of evil ; the Lord's day ; the agapae, 
 or love feasts ; circumcision and baptism ; schism and heresy ; 
 the restoration of the Jews, etc. 
 
HALYBURTON. 22? 
 
 Whether the reader shall agree or differ with Hallett in many 
 of the views which are stated and defended in these volumes, he 
 will not deny their author the praise of deep learning, patient 
 research, and originality of mind. Hallett was an Arian, and 
 suffered considerably on account of his sentiments. His Arian- 
 isnij however, is not much obtruded in these volumes ; though 
 it doubtless influences his reasonings on several points. With 
 attention to this caution, the student of the Bible may find the 
 works of Hallett of very considerable importance. He was also 
 the author of a work in Latin, now very little known, 
 
 — Index Librorum MSS. Graecorum et Versionum 
 Antiqiiariiin Novi Foederis ; quos viri eruditissimi 
 J. Millius et L. Kusteriis cum tertia editione Ste- 
 phanica coiituleriint. 1728. 
 
 This index irives an account of the ao;e and character of the 
 MSS. used by Mill and Kuster, which they had omitted to give 
 in such a form as to admit of easy reference. Hallett published, 
 besides the above, a few pamphlets on the deistical controversy. 
 
 Halyburton, ThojNEas, a mrij pious minister 
 of the Church of Scotland, Professor of Divinity at 
 St. Andrews ; Jwrn near Perth, 1674 ; died 1712. 
 — Natural Religion insufficient ; and Revealed ne- 
 cessary to Man's Happiness in his present state, 
 etc. Edinb. 1714, 4to. 
 
 This is a work of importance in the deistical controversy. It 
 contains a very able examination of the writings of Lord Her- 
 bert, and demolishes to the ground the strongholds of the ene- 
 mies of Revelation. The author's views of the doctrines of the 
 Bible were very excellent ; and, making a little allowance for 
 the style, his \\ork is- one of the best books we have on the sub- 
 ject. The above volume includes a Latin inaugural oration, 
 delivered in St. Andrews in 1710, in which Halyburton exa- 
 mines a sceptical production of the celebrated Dr. Pitcairn. 
 There is also an essay on the nature and ground of faith, in 
 
228 HAMILTON— HAMMOND. 
 
 which the author makes some remarks on the sentiments of 
 Locke on this subject^ as expressed in some passages of his work 
 on the Human Understanding. There is, lastly, an inquiry on 
 the subject of regeneration and justification. 
 
 Hamilton, George, a clergyman of the Church 
 of Ireland. — A General Introduction to the Study 
 of the Hebrew Scriptures ; with a Critical History 
 of the Greek and Latin versions of the Samaritan 
 Pentateuch, and of the Chaldee Paraphrases. Dub. 
 1813, 8vo. — Codex Criticus of the Hebrew Bible, 
 wherein Vander Hooght's text is corrected from 
 the Hebrew MSS. collated by Kennicott and De 
 Rossi, and from the ancient versions ; being an 
 attempt to form a standard text of the Old Testa- 
 ment. Lond. 1821, 8vo. 
 
 Both these works do great credit to the learning and applica- 
 tion of Mr. Flamilton. The first contains much important and 
 original information^ in a very condensed and perspicuous state. 
 The second will partially supply the place of Kennicott and De 
 Rossi, as the most valuable of the various readings in these ex- 
 tensive works are given. It has also prepared the way for a 
 most important desideratum in biblical literature, a corrected 
 text of the Hebrew Scriptures. Mr. Hamilton's leanings are 
 uniformly of the cautious kind. Conjectural criticism he alto- 
 gether discards ; and though he may not perhaps give satisfac- 
 tion to every critical reader, he has furnished an excellent spe- 
 cimen of a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, which "will be 
 thankfully accepted by scholars. 
 
 Hammond, Henry, D. D. a learned divine of 
 the Church of England^ who died in 1660. — A 
 Paraphrase and Annotations upon all the Books of 
 the New Testament ; briefly explaining all the dif- 
 ficult places thereof. Lond. 165.^, 1671, fol. 1702, 
 fol. best edit. 
 
HARDY. i^29 
 
 Hammond was a man of very considerable learning and piety, 
 alloyed with a portion of superstition. He often succeeds in il- 
 lustrating the force and meaning of the Greek words and phrases 
 of the New Testament. His stock of classical and rabbinical 
 information was very respectable, and furnished him with some 
 valuable illustrations. He was a moderate Arminian in doctrinal 
 sentiment ; a great stickler for the divine origin of episcopacy ; 
 and held some peculiar notions about the Gnostics, to whom he 
 supjDoses there are many more allusions in the New Testament 
 than any one else is likely to find. Le Clerc translated this 
 work into Latin, and added a supplement of his own, correcting 
 some of Hammond's mistakes, which was published in English, 
 Lond. 1699^ 4to. A defence of Hammond against the rude and 
 unjust reflections of Le Clerc ^\'as published in 1699^ to which 
 Le Clerc replied. 
 
 — Paraphrases and Annotations upon the Book of 
 Psahns. Lond. 1659, 1683, fol. 
 
 The substance of the remarks on the New Testament is ap- 
 plicable to the Annotations on the Psalms. There is a great 
 deal of very dry criticism, which does not interest the reader 
 much in the subject of these sacred compositions. Hence this 
 work is less known and respected than the former. Yet Walch 
 says of it, " that the notes are most learned, and embrace many 
 things which are omitted by others, on which account Hammond 
 is to be reckoned among the best interpreters of the Psalms." 
 Bishop Lowth says, " I think his plan of interpretation is the 
 right one ; he endeavours first to give the literal sense, and 
 thence deduces the mystical." All Hammond's works were 
 published in Lond. 1 674-16*84, 4 vol. fol. 
 
 Hakdy, Samuel, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England; horn 1720 ; died 1793.— A New Trans- 
 lation of St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, with ex- 
 planatory Notes. Lond. 1783, 8vo. — Novum Tes- 
 tamentum Graecum ; cum Scholiis Theologicis et 
 Philologicis, etc. Lond. 1820, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
230 HARE— HARLEY—HARMER, 
 
 The alterations of the common translation in the version of 
 the Hebrews are not very numerous, yet they are sometimes ra- 
 ther free. The notes are short, and the doctrine orthodox. 
 
 The edition of the New Testament is designed expressly for 
 the use of the junior students of that important book. The 
 notes, which are printed at the foot of the page, are all very 
 short. They are mostly selected from the ancient and modern 
 critical writers. Hardy does not assign them to their respective 
 authors, and the doctrines which they contain are not always 
 very correct. 
 
 Hare, Francis, Bishop of ChicJiester ; died in 
 1740. — Psalmorum Liber in Versiculos Metrice di- 
 visus, etc. Lond. 1736, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work does more honour to the genius and industry of the 
 author than to his judgment. That the Psalms are poetical is 
 very obvious, but that they are constructed on similar principles 
 with Greek and Latin verse, the learned bishop has failed to 
 prove. The true pronunciation of Hebrew is irrecoverably lost, 
 and the discussions of Meiboniius, Gomarus, and Le Clerc, have 
 thrown little light on it. The hypothesis of Hare met with 
 an able antagonist in Bishop Lowth, and a defender in Dr. Ed- 
 wards. 
 
 Harley, Sir Edward, brother to the Earl of 
 Oxford. — An Essay for composing a Harmony be- 
 tween tbe Psalms and other Parts of Scripture, but 
 especially the New Testament. Lond. 1732, 8vo. 
 2d edit. 
 
 This is a book of piety rather than of learning. It was pub- 
 lished without the author's name. It was followed by The Har- 
 mony of the Four Gospels, etc. Ibid. 1733, 8vo. Both works 
 are creditable to the author's acquaintance with the Scriptures. 
 
 Harmer, Thomas, a dissentiiig minister in 
 Svj^olli; horn in 1715; died in 1788.— The Out- 
 lines of a New Commentary on Solomon's Song, 
 
HARMER. 231 
 
 drawn by the Help of Instructions from the East. 
 Lond. 1768, 8vo. 
 
 This is an uncommonly ingenious work, to whicli all subse- 
 quent interpreters of the Song have been much indebted. Har- 
 mer does not consider it as an epithalamium properly, but as re- 
 lating to a royal marriage, that of Solomon to the daughter of 
 Pharaoli ; and this event as designedly symbolical of the rejec- 
 tion of the Jews and the calling of the Gentiles. This idea he 
 supports with great ingenuity, and certainly throws much light 
 on various parts of this beautiful but difficult portion of Scrip- 
 ture. In Remark XI. he seems to intimate that it is not the 
 production of Solomon ; but in a MS. note at the end of that 
 remark, by the author himself, in a copy in my possession, he 
 says, " After all, I am, upon recollection, inclined to pay that 
 regard to ancient tradition, as to suppose Solomon himself was 
 the writer of this Song. In truth, if, after his death, it was ac- 
 knowledged to be of a more divine nature than any of his Songs, 
 1 Kings iv. 32, by one whose character as a prophet of God was 
 not disputed, its being a sacred book must be as firmly esta- 
 blished, at least as if written by a prophet in the lifetime of his 
 prince. And if it be an inspired song, it is undoubtedly to be 
 understood in a sense worthy of the prophetic spirit." 
 
 — Observations on Various Passages of Scripture, 
 placing them in a new Light, and ascertaining the 
 meaning of several, not determinable by the Methods 
 commonly made use of by the Learned. Fourth 
 edition. A\'ith a new arrangement, many import- 
 ant additions, and innumerable corrections ; by 
 Adam Clarke, LL.D. Lond. 1808, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this work, the ingenious and industrious author makes an 
 extensive application of the same kind of knowledge which he 
 had employed to illustrate the Song of Solomon. The first edi- 
 tion, in 17^i4, was in a single volume octavo; the next, in 1777> 
 was in two volumes octavo ; to which tMO more were added in 
 1787- A translation of the first edition was made into German, 
 bv John Ernest Faber, and published with notes and additions 
 
232 HARRIS— HARWOOD. 
 
 of his own;, and of Professor Seybold, in 1772 and 1775, in two vo- 
 lumes octavo. A third volume appeared in German in 1776. This 
 fact shows the estimation of the work abroad, which all classes of 
 persons at home have agreed to commend. Although the diffi- 
 culties which it contributes to remove are not generally of the 
 most formidable kind, it is desirable that they should be ex- 
 plained ; and as many persons may be led to read such a work, 
 who will not be induced to examine one of a more decidedly 
 theological cast, some benefit to revelation must result from it. 
 There are also difficulties which the ordinary critical aids cannot 
 enable us to remove, on which the volumes of Harmer frequent- 
 ly throw considerable light. The worthy author, perhaps, at- 
 tached too much importance to his field of labour, and occasion- 
 ally carries some of his illustrations too far ; but for this due 
 allowance will be made by every liberal mind. It would have 
 been well had he mixed religious reflections more frequently 
 with his observations. This would have rendered them more 
 beneficial, and counteracted so far the earthly tendency of the 
 work. Any book on the Bible, which does not distinctly recog- 
 nise its spiritual character and design, must to a certain extent 
 injure it. This remark, though made here, is not more appli- 
 cable to the volumes of Harmer than to many productions no- 
 ticed with approbation in this work. 
 
 Harris, S. D. D. Professor of modern history 
 in the university of Cambridge. — A Commentary 
 on the fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah. Loncl. 1739, 4to. 
 
 This is a curious and learned book, which is commended by 
 Dr. Doddridge. There are three dissertations in it : on an 
 advocate ; on generation ; and, on the ancient method of pro- 
 pounding important points, by way of question. There is also 
 an appendix of eighty-nine queries, on ancient religious tradi- 
 tions and practices. 
 
 Harwood, Eda^'^ard, D.D. an Arian dissenting 
 ininister ; horn 1729; died 1794!. — The New Tes- 
 tament, collated with the most approved MSS. with 
 select Notes in English, critical and explanatory, 
 etc. Lond. 1776, 2 vol. 12mo. 
 
HARWOOD. 2S3 
 
 This may be considered a critical edition of the Greek Testa- 
 ment on a small scale. The Codex Bezae, and the Clermont MS. 
 are the principal authorities followed. Both Michaelis and 
 Marsh speak of this edition in terms of commendation. The 
 appendix to vol.. ii. contains a useful list of editions of the New 
 Testament, and of critics and commentators on it. 
 
 — A New Introduction to the Study and Know- 
 ledge of the New Testament. Lond. 1767-1771, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this Introduction, many of the topics usually treated in 
 such books are discussed with considerable ability. On the doc- 
 trines of the New Testament, and the life of Christ, of which 
 the doctor treats, he is very delicient and heterodox. But on 
 the facts of the New Testament history, the customs and man- 
 ners referred to, and the style and manner of the writers, there 
 are many ingenious observations. Bishop Marsh says, " As 
 these dissertations display great erudition, and contain much in- 
 formation illustrative of the New Testament, they are certainly 
 to be recommended to the theological student." Dr. Harwood 
 promised a third volume, which never appeared. 
 
 — A Liberal Translation of the New Testament ; be- 
 ing an attempt to translate the Sacred Writings, with 
 the same freedom, spirit, and elegance, with which 
 other English translations have been lately execut- 
 ed : the design and scoj^e of each author being 
 strictly and impartially explored ; the true signifi- 
 cation and force of the original critically observed, 
 and as much as possible transfused into our lan- 
 guage ; and the whole elucidated and explained upon 
 a new and rational ])lan ; with select notes, critical 
 and explanatory. Lond. 1767, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The preceding work was designed to introduce this new 
 and liberal version. The extended title page which has been 
 given, leaves little necessity for enlarging on the nature or plan 
 
234 HAWEIS— HAYES. 
 
 of the work. As a translation, it is verbose, affected, and, in 
 fact, more the New Testament of Dr. Harwood than of the 
 apostles. It must be injudicious and improper to use the same 
 freedoms with a revelation from God, as with a mere human 
 production. The opportunity which liberal translation affords 
 for introducing the sentiments of the translator is very great, 
 and has been most extensively embraced by Harwood, who has 
 Arianized the whole New Testament. Those, however, who 
 are capable of judging for themselves respecting the meaning of 
 the original text, will find sometimes a very good English ren- 
 dering:: of it. Harwood was the author of several other works. 
 
 Haweis, Thomas, Rector of AMwinMe ; born 
 1732 ; diecnS20. — A Translation of the ISlew Tes- 
 tament from the original Greek. Lond. 1795, 8vo. 
 
 This work contains some good renderings, and others which 
 are not only mistaken, but ludicrous. No notes are attached to 
 it, which renders it impossible to know the translator's reasons 
 for many of his deviations. The motives of Dr. Haweis in under- 
 taking this work were good, and his sentiments correct ; but his 
 qualifications for translating the New Testament were not equal 
 to the task, and his work has not attracted any attention. His 
 Evangelical Commentary on the Bible, in two volumes folio, is 
 not a work of much value. He is also the author of a Church 
 History, in three volumes octavo. 
 
 Hayes, Charles, Esq. of Gray' s Inn; died in 
 1760, in tJie eighty- second year of his age. — A Vin- 
 dication of the History of the Septuagint from the 
 Misrepresentations of the learned Scaliger, Du Pin, 
 Dr. Hody, Prideaux, and others. Lond. 1736, 8vo. 
 ^-A Critical Examination of the Holy Gospels ac- 
 cording to St. Matthew and St. Luke, with regard 
 to the history of the birth and infancy of Christ. 
 Ibid. 1788, 8vo. — A Dissertation on the Chronology 
 of the Septuagint ; with an Appendix on the Chal- 
 dean and Egyptian Antiquities. Ibid. 1741, 8vo. 
 
HEATH— HEBREW BIBLES. i>35 
 
 These learned and ingenious performances were all published 
 anonymously, and some of them have been, by mistake, ascribed 
 to Sir Richard Ellis. They discover a very profound acquaint- 
 ance with chronology, and a great veneration for the Scriptures. 
 
 Heath, Thomas, a learned gentleman of JExe- 
 ter. — An Essay towards a new English Version of 
 the Book of Job, from the original Hebrew ; with 
 a Commentary, and some Account of his Life. 
 Lond. 1756, 4to. 
 
 This is one of the numerous productions caused or occasioned 
 by the Warburtonian controversy. The author believes that 
 Job was a real person, who lived at an early age of the ^\'orld ; 
 but that the poem was written at a much later period, and by 
 a person utterly unacquainted with the doctrines of a future 
 state, and the resurrection of the body. The version is in prose; 
 and the notes discover considerable acquaintance with sacred 
 criticism, and with the numerous writers on this difficult book. 
 He also changes the order of some passages in the latter part of 
 the poem. It is, on the whole^, a respectable performance^ 
 though the hypothesis resjiecting its age and author^, and some 
 of the sentiments, will not be generally adopted. 
 
 Hebrew Bibles. 
 
 In this article I shall give some account of a iaw of the rare^ 
 critical, and valuable editions of the Hebrew Bible. To notice 
 all, or even a great number of them, Mould neither be compa- 
 tible with the limits, nor correspond with the design, of this 
 work. If the reader desire more extended information on the 
 subject, he may consult Le Long, Bib. Sac. vol. i. p. 96 — 124, 
 edit. 1709; Walch, Bib. Theol. vol. iv. p. 4— 13; Kennicott's 
 English Dissertation on the State of the Hebrew Text, and his 
 Diss. Gen. appended to vol. ii. of his Bible. Notices of other 
 critical editions of the Hebrew Bible will be found in this work, 
 under the nam^s of their respective editors. 
 
 . — Biblia Hebraica cum punctis. Soncini, 1488, fol. 
 
 This is generally considered the first printed edition of the 
 whole Hebrew Scri]>tures. Prior to this, the Psalms had been 
 
'236 HEBREW BIBLES. 
 
 printed in 1477, the Pentateuch in 1482, the Prophets in I486, 
 and the Hagiographa at Naples, in 1487- According toKennicott, 
 this Hagiographa is only part of an edition of the whole Scrip- 
 tures printed that year. The only copy of it in existence is in 
 the library of Eton College. The edition is supposed to have been 
 burnt by the Jews, because it is not strictly masoretical. Of 
 the edition of 1488, copies are to be found in the Barberini Li- 
 brary at Rome, the Laurentian Library at Florence, and the 
 library of Exeter College, Oxford. It was edited by Abraham, 
 the son of Rabbi Chaim, and completed in the eleventh month 
 of the year 248, according to the lesser computation, corre- 
 sponding with the year of Christ 1488. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraea. Brixiae, 1494, 8vo. 
 
 This is the edition used by Luther in making his German 
 translation. The Reformer's own copy is deposited in the Royal 
 Library at Berlin, and was collated by Professor Schulze for 
 Dr. Kennicott. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraea nuda, (vel sine punctis.) Pisae, 
 1494, foL et 4to. 
 
 This is the first edition of the Hebrew Bible without points, 
 and is represented as very correct. Other unpointed editions 
 appeared in 1573, l6lO, l631, iGsg, I694, 1702, etc. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica Rabbinica. Venetiis, 1526, 4 vol. 
 foL 
 
 This is sometimes called Bomberg's Bible, from the name of 
 the printer, and sometimes Rabbi Ben Chaim's edition, because 
 he was the editor. It contains the Chaldaic paraphrases, and the 
 chief commentaries of the Rabbins on the text. It is the basis 
 of all the masoretic editions. Rabbi Jacob Ben Chaim prefixed 
 a long preface to this edition in Rabbinical Hebrew, a Latin 
 translation of which Kennicott has inserted in his dissertation 
 on the Hebrew Text, (p. 229 — 244,) from a MS. in the Bod- 
 leian Library. It is very curious. The Bomberg editions, of 
 which there are five, are all printed without any division of 
 chapters or verses, which renders them inconvenient. They 
 
HEBREW BIBLES. 237 
 
 contain, however, the Rabbinical comments of Aben Ezra, Jar- 
 chi, Kimchi, Levi Ben Gershom, Abrabanel, and Abenmelech. 
 
 — Biblia Ebraea. Hamburg. 1587, fol. 
 
 This edition, edited by Hutter, and printed by Jacob Lucius, 
 is curious, as all the servile letters are printed with a hollow 
 type, by which they appear white, and are thus distinguished 
 from the radicals, which are all black. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraea Accuratissima, etc. Amst. 1667, 
 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is the third edition of Joseph Athias, a Jewish printer, 
 all of which were edited by the celebrated Leusden. '' This su- 
 premely masoretic edition," says Kennicott, " appeared to their 
 High Mightinesses the States General, so particularly meritorious, 
 that Athias, the typographer, was presented with a chain of gold, 
 and a gold medal pendant. But was it not an act of superabun- 
 dant goodness, thus to reward a Jew for an edition, in which John 
 Leusden (though a Christian) confesses, that he permitted the 
 Latin contents, here added in the margin^, to explain away some 
 of the prophecies relating to the Messiah !" Diss. p. 481. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraea. Berolini, 1699, 4to. 
 
 To this edition there is prefixed a learned and valuable pre- 
 face by the editor, Daniel Ernest Jablonski, in which he first 
 lays a regular foundation for the reformation of the printed He- 
 brew text, by pointing out the fact of the various readings, and 
 recommending an accurate examination of the MSS. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica. Anist. 1705, 8vo. 
 
 This is the celebrated edition of Vander Hooght, famed for 
 the accuracy of its text, and the beauty of its typography ; and 
 yet Dr. Geddes remarks, that it has many more errors than the 
 earliest printed editions. Kennicott states, that the variations 
 between it and the first edition of 1488 amount to 12,000. 
 It is, however, the text from which Houbigant and Kennicott 
 printed their splendid editions. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica, ex aliquot MSS. et conipluribus 
 irnpressis codicibus ; item Masora tam edita quam 
 
238 HEBREW BIBLES. 
 
 manuscripta, aliisque Hebraeorum criticis diligen- 
 ter recensita. Halae, 1720, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The editor of this critical edition was John Henry Michaelis. 
 It is the first Hebrew Bible which contains any various readings 
 collected by a Christian editor. The notes on the Hagiographa^ 
 intended for this edition^ were printed separately, in 3 vol. 4to. 
 at Halle, in 1720. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica sine punctis, Oxonii, 1750, 
 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 This edition, as far as I can ascertain, is the first Hebrew 
 Bible, excepting that in the Polyglot, printed in England. It 
 is without points, and does credit to the taste and attention of 
 its editor, Nathaniel Forster. He was a learned clergyman of 
 the Church of England, who was born in 1717, and died in 1757* 
 
 — Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum, cum variis lec- 
 tionibus. Ecliclit Ben. Kennicott. Oxonii, 1776- 
 1780, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is, beyond all comparison, the most splendid edition of 
 the Hebrew Scriptures ever published. It was patronized by 
 most of the crowned heads of Europe. Above £9000 was sub- 
 scribed to procure the collation of MSS. It occupied its learn- 
 ed editor in preparation or actual labour more than thirty years. 
 More than six hundred MSS. and editions were collated for it, 
 in all parts of Europe. The text is that of Vander Hooght, 
 without the points. The Samaritan Pentateuch, where it differs 
 from the Hebrew text, is printed in parallel columns in the 
 Hebrew character. The various readings are almost innumer- 
 able, and occupy in general the largest half of every page. The 
 Dissertatio Generalis, annexed to the second volum.e, is invalu- 
 able for the information which it contains respecting the state of 
 the original text, and the sound principles of criticism which it 
 exhibits. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica, cum variis lectionibus, etc. Lip- 
 siae, 1793, 2 vol. Svo. 
 
HEIDEGGER. 239 
 
 niis Bible was edited by Doederlein and Meisner. It con- 
 tains a selection of the chief various readings in the collections 
 of Kennicott and De Rossi ; and may, therefore, partly supply 
 the place of these expensive works. The text is after Reinec- 
 cius. The same edition appeared with a new title page at Halle, 
 in 1819, with a preface by Dr. Knappe. 
 
 — Biblia Hebraica, or the Hebrew Scriptures of 
 the Old Testament, without Points, after the Text 
 of Kennicott ; with the chief various Readings, se- 
 lected from his Collation of the Hebrew Manuscripts, 
 from that of De Rossi, and from the ancient Ver- 
 sions ; accompanied with English Notes, critical, 
 l)hilological, and explanatory, etc. By B. Booth- 
 royd. Pontefract, 1810-1816, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 This work does very great honour to its editor, printer, and au- 
 thor. The text is very distinctly printed. The notes are not 
 often original, as the author professes to give only a selection 
 from the works of the best biblical scholars ; but they are gene- 
 rally very judicious and appropriate. It is probably the most 
 useful Hebrew Bible that has been published for common use. 
 Though not always quite accurate, it is sufficiently so for gene- 
 ral purposes, and as it contains much matter that is dispersed 
 through voluminous and expensive works, it is adapted to a Avid- 
 er circulation. When shall we see a corrected text of the He- 
 brew Bible .'' The honour of producing such a work is reserved 
 for some future Wetstein or Griesbach. 
 
 Heidegger, John Henry, a Siciss theologian; 
 born 1633 ; r//W/1698. — De Historia Sacra Patriar- 
 charum Exercitationes Selectae. Amst. 1667, 2 vol. 
 4to. 
 
 This learned and elaborate A^ork contains forty-seven disserta- 
 tions on the most difficult and interesting points of patriarchal 
 history. They are examined with great care and minuteness, 
 and must have cost the author vast labour ; but few will now 
 undergo the toil of plodding through his laborious researches. I 
 
240 HEINSIUS— HENRY. 
 
 give the following additional titles of Heidegger's works: — Enchi- 
 ridion Biblicum. Amst. 1688, 12mo. — Labores Exegetici. Ti- 
 guri, 1700, 4to. 
 
 Heinsius, Daniel, a Dutch Calvinist, Prqfes^ 
 sor of histoi^y in the university of Leijden ; died 
 in 1655. — Exercitationes ad Novum Testamentum, 
 et Aristarchus Sacer. Lugd. Bat. 1639, fol. Can- 
 tab. 1640, 4to. 
 
 The Exercitations are distributed into twenty books, besides 
 the Prolegomena. They examine and explain many passages of 
 the New Testament. The Aristarchus contains dissertations on 
 Nonnus's paraphrase of John's Gospel, in which he compares his 
 explanations with the words of the evangelist. Heinsius does 
 not hold a first place among commentators. Some of his views 
 were opposed by Grotius, Salmasius, and Croius. 
 
 Henry, Matthew, an excellent dissenting mi- 
 nister at Chester and London ; horn 1662 ; died 
 1714. — An Exposition of the Old and ^ew Testa- 
 ment. Lond. 1710, fol. and often since reprinted 
 in fol. and 4to. 
 
 The author died when he had brought his work to the end of 
 the Acts of the Apostles. The Epistles and Revelation were 
 finished by several of the Englibh dissenting ministers. The 
 following iS:, I believe^ an accurate list of the continuators : The 
 Rev. John Evans^ Romans; Simon Brown, 1st Corinthians; 
 Daniel Mayo, 2d Corinthians, and 1st and 2d Thessalonians ; 
 Joshua Bayes, Galatians ; Samuel Rosewell, Ephesians ; William 
 Harris, Philippians and Colossians; Ben. And. Atkinson, 1st 
 and 2d Timothy ; Jeremiah Smith, Titus and Philemon ; Wil- 
 liam Tong, Hebrews and Revelation ; Samuel Wright, James ; 
 Zechariah Merril, 1st Peter; Joseph Hill, 2d Peter; John Rey- 
 nolds, the three Epistles of John ; John Billingsley, Jude. Mr. 
 Henry's work has long enjoyed a high and deserved reputation. 
 The work is distinguished, not for the depth of its learning, or 
 
HEPBURN— HODGES. 211 
 
 the origiiiJility of its views ; but for the sound practical piety, and 
 large measure of good sense, which it discovers. The author 
 was well acquainted with the character and the ways of God, 
 and profoundly versant in the science of human nature ; so that, 
 from his own experience, he very often instructs and edifies his 
 readers. He often leaves difficulties unremoved, and even un- 
 noticed ; and there is a peculiar quaintness in the turn of many 
 of his remarks, which renders his work somewhat repulsive to 
 persons of fastidious taste ; but few books of such extent on the 
 Bible contain so much writing to the purpose, or are so well fitted 
 t-o promote the generiil good of men. The continuators are not 
 all equal to the original ; which is easily accounted for, as they 
 accommt>dated themselves to the manner of their predecessor, in 
 which no man could excel but himself. 
 
 Hepburn, James Bonaventura, a Scotchmcm, 
 celebrated for his oriental attainments ; horn in 
 Haddingtonshire, 1573 ; became a convert from 
 Protestantism to Poperij ; and died at Venice about 
 1620. — A Hebre\y and Clialdaic Dictionary, and an 
 Arabic Grammar. Rome, 1591, 4to. 
 
 I insert this work, without knowing its Latin title, as the pro- 
 duction of a countryman, who made a distinguished figure in He- 
 brew learning for the time at which he lived. He enjoyed the 
 confidence of Pope Paul V. who gave him the keeping of all the 
 oriental books and MSS. in the Vatican Library- 
 
 Hodges, Walter, D. D. Provost of Oriel Col- 
 lege, Oxford I a Hntchinsonian divine, — Elihii ; or 
 an Enquiry into the principal Scope and Design of 
 the Book of Job. Lond. 1750, 4to. 1756, 12mo. 
 third edition. 
 
 The chief design of this curious work is to show that Elihu is 
 the son of God ; a discovery ^A'hich the author imagines throws 
 great light on the whole book, and solves all the controversies 
 which have been agitated respecting its doctrines. This, with 
 the Hntchinsonian reveries which pervade it, will give the reader 
 
 R 
 
242 HODGSON. 
 
 some idea of what he may expect from Elihu. The obser- 
 vations of Warburton on Job's commentators^ in which he intro- 
 duces HodgeS;, though more profane than became a churchman, 
 deserve to be quoted, as somewhat characteristic of the several 
 writers : " Poor Job ! it was his eternal fate to be persecuted by 
 his friends. His three comforters j)assed sentence of condem- 
 nation on him, and he has been executing in effigie ever since. 
 He was first bound to the stake by a long catena of Greek Fa- 
 thers ; then tortured by Pineda ; then strangled by Caryl ; and 
 afterwards cut up by Wesley, and anatomized by Garnett. 
 Pray don't reckon me among his hangmen. I only acted the 
 tender part of his wife, and was for making short work with 
 him. But he was ordained, I think, by a fate like that of Pro- 
 metheus, to lie still upon his dunghill, and have his brains suck- 
 ed out by owls. One Hodges, a head of Oxford, now threatens 
 us with a new auto dafe." (Warburton's Letters to Hurd, p. 22.) 
 
 Hodgson, Bernard, LL.D. Trmcipal of Hert- 
 ford College. — Solomon's Song. Translated from 
 the Hebrew. Oxford, 1785, 4to. 
 
 This is one of the numerous versions of this book which are 
 entirely confined to the literal sense, and the illustration of its 
 poetical beauties. The learned Doctor considers it an epithala- 
 mium ; the name of the bride's mother he discovers in chap. viii. 
 2, to have been Talmadni ; and the chariots of Amminidab he 
 renders " the chariots of my loyal people." I do not know that 
 much service is rendered to the Bible by illustrations from Ana- 
 creon. 
 
 — The Proverbs of Solomon. Translated from the 
 Hebrew, with Notes. Oxford, 1788, 4to. — Eccle- 
 siastes. A New Translation from the original He- 
 brew. Ibid. 1791, 4to. 
 
 The sacred books on which Dr. Hodgson has exerted his criti- 
 cal powers present many difficulties. The remoteness of their 
 allusions, the singularity of some of the sentiments, the abrupt- 
 ness of the transitions, and the peculiar point and axiomatical 
 brevity of the phraseology, render it no easy task to explain the 
 writings of the royal teacher. The translations of the learn- 
 
HODV— HOFFMANN— HOG. 243 
 
 ed Principal throw light on many passages. He seldom deviates 
 unnecessarily from the common version ; and, where he does, he 
 generally assigns satisfactory reasons. The notes are neither 
 long nor numerous, and are almost wholly philological. The vo- 
 lumes are worthy of a place in the series of English versions of 
 the Scriptures. 
 
 HoDY, HuMPHiiEY, D. D. (Ill English clergy- 
 VKOi, Professor of Greek in Oxford ; born 1669 ; 
 died 1706. — Contra Historiam Aristeae de LXX. 
 Interpretibus Dissertatio, etc. Oxon. 1685, 8vo. 
 — De Bibliorum Textibus Originalibus, Versioni- 
 bus Graecis et Latina Vvilgata, libri quatuor. Ibid. 
 1705, fol. 
 
 The dissertation against the history of Aristeas was written 
 in opposition to Isaac Vossius, and completely succeeds in de- 
 stroying the credit of the lying fable of the Jew, respecting the 
 Septuagint. Bishop Marsh calls the second performance the 
 classical work on the Septuagint. It examines with great accu- 
 racy, and discusses with much learning and ability, every ques- 
 tion relating to the age, the authors, the character, and progress 
 of that celebrated version. All subsequent writers have been 
 greatly indebted to this work of Hody. 
 
 Hoffmann, Imanuel, Professor of Greek in 
 the university of Tubingen ; born 1710 ; died 1782. 
 — Demonstratio Evangelica, etc. Tub. n. d. 3 vol. 
 4to. 
 
 The o])ject of this work is to compare the passages quoted 
 from the Old Testament, with the quotations in the New. It is 
 something of the same nature with the work of Randolph, but 
 much more extensive. It is full of learning, and in general 
 very judicious. Hoffmann was the author of a number of philolo- 
 gical and critical dissertations on the Scriptures, besides this 
 work, which was edited by Professor Hegelmaier. 
 
 Hog, William, r/ Scotchman. — Paraphrasis in 
 .lobum Poetica. Loud. 1682, 12mo. 
 
244 HOLDEN, G.~HOLDEN, L. 
 
 This is a small poetical version of tlie Book of Job, without 
 note or comment. The author discovers some talent for Latin 
 versification, which several of his countrymen then cultivated. 
 His work is hailed by a trio of contemporary bards, Ramsay, 
 Davis, and Munro. Prefixed is a rude engraving of the patri- 
 arch, covered with sores, sitting on the dunghill, and surround- 
 ed by his wife and friends, in the attitude of addressing him. 
 
 HoLDEN, George, M. A. a clergymaii of the 
 
 Church of England. — An Attempt towards an 
 
 Improved Translation of the Proverbs of Solomon, 
 
 from the original Hebrew, with Notes, critical and 
 
 explanatory, etc. Lond. 1819, 8vo. — An Attempt 
 
 to illustrate the Book of Ecclesiastes. Ibid. 1822, 
 
 8vo. 
 
 These two works are among the ablest pieces of biblical il- 
 lustration with which we have lately been furnished. The au- 
 thor is evidently an excellent Hebrew scholar. He does not 
 unnecessarily deviate from the common translation ; and always 
 when he does so assigns satisfactory reasons for his departure. 
 His theological views seem generally correct, and his attention 
 to the scope and design of the inspired writers most praise- 
 worthy. He applies the eighth chapter of the Proverbs to the 
 second person in the Godhead. Many able writers doubt the 
 propriety of this, except as an accommodation. 
 
 HoEDEN, Lawrence, a Unitarian disseiiting 
 minister at Maldon^ in Essex; born 1710; died 
 1778. — A Paraphrase, with Notes, on the Books of 
 Job, Psalms, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes. Lond. 
 1763, 4 vol. 8vo. Ditto on Isaiah, 1776, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the worst specimens in the English language of 
 paraphrastic interpretation. The author was not destitute of 
 learning, but very destitute in that faculty of rendering it intel- 
 ligible and interesting, \A'hich is so important to an interpreter of 
 the word of God. He uses so many words, that he both weakens 
 the sentiment of the original text and renders it remarkably ob- 
 
HOLLOWAY—HOMBERGK— HOMES. ^45 
 
 scure. The plainest passages are diluted and darkened, till it is 
 often impossible to tell from the paraphrase what is tlie text 
 which it professes to explain. The book may often be got for a 
 triHe, but is of little use. 
 
 HoLLOWAY, Benjamin, LL. B. a clergyman 
 of the Church of England. — Letter and Spirit ; or, 
 Annotations upon the Holy Scriptures, according to 
 both. Lond. 1753, 8vo. 
 
 This work is Hutchinsonianism and Origenism in perfection. 
 The whole volume is occupied with the book of Genesis, every 
 word of which it spiritualizes to absurdity. It is needless to 
 wonder at the Fathers or the Mystics, when such elaborate pro- 
 ductions as this and the Divine Originals, 1751, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 by the same author, have appeared in our own time. 
 
 HoMBERGK, John Fuederic, a learned lawyer 
 of Marpnrg, Hesse. — Parerga Sacra, seu Observa- 
 tiones quaedam ad Nov, Test. Traj. ad Rhen. 
 1712, 4to. 
 
 Hombergk's manner of writing, says Calmet, is not ill suited 
 to the title of his work, Parerga. He seems to throw out his 
 thoughts at random. They are, however, well digested, and 
 very subtle ; such as could proceed only from great application 
 to the study of the sacred text, and great knowledge of the 
 Greek authors. 
 
 Homes, Nathanael, D. D. a Nonconformist, 
 and fifth-monarchy man. — The Resurrection Re- 
 vealed ; or the dawning of the Day Star about to 
 rise and radiate a visible incomparable glory upon 
 the universal church on earth for a thousand years, 
 etc. Lond. 1654, fol. 
 
 This is far from being a contemptible book, though the author 
 ranked among the visionaries of his time. It has the imprima- 
 tur of Caryl, and a commendatory preface of Peter Sterry. The 
 learning of the author was evidently extensive, and his know- 
 
246 HOPKINS— HORNE, G. 
 
 ledge of the Scriptures, particularly of the prophecies, very con- 
 siderable. A great deal of discussion respecting the meaning of 
 many difficult passages occurs in the book, which will sometimes, 
 perhaps, amuse, but may very often instruct the reader. He is 
 far from being so carnal in his views as his leading sentiment 
 would prepare us to expect. 
 
 Hopkins, William, Vicar of Bolney ; a Socin- 
 ian clergyman ; horn 1706 ; died 1786. — Exodus, 
 a corrected translation, with Notes, critical and ex- 
 planatory. Lond. 1784, 4to. 
 
 The chief value of this translation is, that it gives all the ad- 
 ditions and variations of the Samaritan and Septuagint. The 
 author's heterodoxy is offensively avowed, both in the preface and 
 notes. He wrote many other things, chiefly political and con- 
 troversial. 
 
 HoRNE, George, Bishop of Norwich ; horn 
 1730 ; died 1792. — A Commentary on the Book of 
 Psalms ; in which their literal or historical sense, as 
 they relate to king David, and the people of Israel, 
 is illustrated ; and their application to Messiah, to 
 the church, and to individuals as members thereof, 
 is pointed out, Oxford, 1776, 2 vol. 4to. Often 
 since reprinted in 8vo. and 12mo. 
 
 Bishop Home was a Hutchinsonian, and wrote several tracts 
 relating to that system. His Commentary on the Psalms is his 
 capital performance, and by which he will be known so long as 
 piety and elegant learning are loved in England. It is altogether 
 a beautiful work. The preface is a masterpiece of composition 
 and good sense. The exposition implies more learning and re- 
 search than it displays ; and the views of Christian doctrine con- 
 tained in it are generally very correct. Perhaps he carries his 
 applications to the Messiah and his church occasionally rather 
 far ; but this is less hurtful than the opposite extreme, which 
 has more generally been adopted. 
 
HORNK. T. H. 047 
 
 I have seen a curious anonymous |)am])]ilot, wliich. I l)i'liove, 
 was Avrittou by Bishop Ilorno, tliouixli not. iU-kiioM ItHleoil. Spi- 
 cilogiuni Sluicktorilianuni, IT.Vt. Svo. It is an attack on Sluick- 
 ford's Discourse on the Creation and Fall of Man, and on part of 
 Bisliop (larnett's Dissertation on .lob. Some of Hishop Home's 
 discourses, also, are inp;enious ; but they contain more Ilntchin- 
 sonianism, and less of evani^elical sentiment, than mis:;ht have 
 been expected. I lis whole works, with his life, were published 
 in Loudon, 17<).">, 6 vol. vSvo. 
 
 IIoRNK, TrioiMAS Hartwei.l, a c/eri^ipnan of 
 the CJnur/i of Eno'laud. — An Iiitnuhu'tion to llie 
 Critical Study niul Kiiowledor of the Holy Scrip- 
 tiires. Loiul. 18^23, 4 vol. Svo. ith ami best edi- 
 tion. 
 
 Tlie rajiid circulation of four lari>e impressions of this exten- 
 sive work in the course of a few Ncais, is strong; evidence of its 
 value, and of the estimation in \\ liich it is lu^ld. The ])lan of 
 the work is considerably altered since the ])nblication of 
 the first edition. It is now, on the wlude, exceedingly well 
 arranged, and contains a larger body of information than 
 any introductory ^\•ork to the Scriptures in the English lan- 
 guage. Its merit consists chicHy in its being a verv full and accu- 
 rate comj)ilation fnnn many scarce foreign and British works in 
 every department of biblical literature. The second and fourth 
 volumes, which contain Scripture criticism, and an analysis of 
 all the books in the Bible, are the most valuable. The first vo- 
 lume, on its inspiration and authority, is too bulky ami minute 
 for an introductory work, and the third volume, which treats of 
 sacred geography and anti(piities, contains a great deal which is 
 in the hands of every reader. The rules of Scripture interpre- 
 tation are far too numerous, and the distinctions are sometimes 
 calculated to perj)lex rather than guide. The faults of the work, 
 however^ are trifling, when compared with its merits. The in- 
 formation which it contains is varied and important, and its nu- 
 merous enjjraviuijs and fac-similes are exceedini2;lv accurate and 
 beautiful. The list of books which is inserted in the appendix 
 
248 HORAE ROMANAE— HORSLEY. 
 
 to volume second is tolerably extensive, and the notices are ge- 
 nerally correct and important. This, as might be expected, is 
 not the case with them all. To that list I have been sometimes 
 indebted, which I know Mr. Home will readily excuse. 
 
 HoRAE RoMANAE, or an attempt to elucidate 
 St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans by an original 
 Translation, explanatory Notes, and new Divisions. 
 By Clericus. Lond. 1823, 8vo. 
 
 This small work improves several parts of the important 
 epistles which it translates. The notes do not contain much 
 criticism, but are sometimes worthy of attention. The writer's 
 sentiments appear to be orthodox on the grand doctrines of 
 Christianity. 
 
 HoRSLEY, Samuel, Bishop of St. Asaph's; 
 horn 1733 ; died 1806. — Hosea, translated from 
 the Hebrew ; with Notes, explanatory and critical. 
 Lond. 1801, 4to. Ibid. 1804, 4to. second edition, 
 corrected and enlarged. 
 
 This is one of the ablest pieces of criticism on a portion of 
 Scripture in the English language. The preface is admirably 
 written, and contains the soundest principles of biblical inter- 
 pretation, as well as excellent views of the particular book to 
 which it is prefixed. The version is nervous, and often charac- 
 teristic of the translator's mind, as well as of the prophet's style. 
 The critical notes display great knowledge of Hebrew, though 
 occasionally they discover that Horsley was partial to novelty 
 and paradox, and in some degree influenced by his Hutchinson- 
 ian predilections. Few books are more worthy of the attention 
 of the biblical scholar. 
 
 —The Book of Psalms, translated from the Hebrew ; 
 with Notes, explanatory and critical. Lond. 1815, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a posthumous work, and far inferior in merit and i^n- 
 portance to the former. Not above half the Psalms are transf- 
 
HOTTINGER. 04^ 
 
 lated. On the greater number there are no notes, and these for 
 the most part are short and imperfect. Most of the Psahns tlie 
 Bishop applies to the Messiah, in which he merely follows the 
 doctrines of Hutchinson. As Horsley never wrote what did not 
 deserve to be read, even his fragments and hints are calculated 
 to be of service to the student of the Bible ; though such a work 
 as this on the Psalms would never have been published by the 
 learned prelate himself. 
 
 — Biblical Criticism on the First Foiirteeu Histori- 
 cal Books of the Old Testament, and also on the 
 First Nine Prophetical Books. Lond. 1820, 4 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 These volumes include, besides what are specified in the title, 
 Hosea, a Dissertation on Isaiah xviii. and one on the first three 
 chapters of Genesis, which had been published in the Bishop's 
 lifetime, and a few other pieces of criticism. The remarks made 
 on the Psalms are quite as applicable to all that is in these vo- 
 lumes. As a critic, Horsley was learned, but dogmatic. Stern, 
 bold, clear, and brilliant, often eloquent, sometimes argumen- 
 tative, always original, he was too often led, by his disdain of 
 what is common, into hazardous sj)eculations and hasty conclu- 
 sions, and not unfrequently into confident assertions of dubious 
 and paradoxical points. His tracts in controversy with Dr. 
 Priestley, which have been several times reprinted, and his Dis- 
 courses, are also worthy of attention. Had the piety of Horsley 
 been as evident and decided as his talents, his works would 
 have afforded more pleasure to a Christian mind. 
 
 HoTTiNGER, John Henry, an eminent Swiss 
 orientalist; Professor of Hebrew at Heidelberg; 
 was horn in 1620 ; and drowned on his way to Ley- 
 den 1667. — Exercitationes Anti-Morinianae de Pen- 
 tateucho Samaritano. Tiguri, 1644, 4to. — Tliesau- 
 rus Philologiciis, sen Clavis Scripturae, etc. Ibid. 
 1649, 16.59, 1696, 4to. 
 
250 HOUBIGANT. 
 
 These are but small, though important parts of the nume- 
 rous works of Hottinger, all of which are valuable for the quan- 
 tity of oriental learning, and the valuable information on biblical 
 topics, with which they abound. In his Exercitations, he de- 
 fends the Hebrew text against the charges of corruption prefer- 
 red by Morinus, and endeavours to disprove his allegations re- 
 specting the value of the Samaritan. His Philological Thesau- 
 rus contains a great deal of discussion about Judaism, Samaritan- 
 ism, Christianity, Mahomedanism, and Paganism ; about theolo- 
 gy and theologians ; about the word of God, written and tradi- 
 tional ; about the various MSS. and copies of the Scriptures ; the 
 integrity of the Hebrew text, and various things relating to it ; 
 about the Targums, the Chaldaic paraphrases, the Syriac, Ara- 
 bic, Persic, Greek, and Latin versions ; about the Masora and 
 Kabbala, etc. etc. The side which he took in Hebrew literature 
 is evident from some things in the above enumeration. Father 
 Simon acknowledges his learning, but accuses him of too great 
 haste in the composition of his works ; which must have been 
 the case, considering their number, and that he died in his 47th 
 year. Calmet says, his reputation was so great, that, notwith- 
 standing his being a Calvinist, the 'learned wrote to him from all 
 parts to consult him. 
 
 HouBiGANT, Charles Francis, a learned 
 Frenchman^ and pr'iest of the Oratory ; horn in 
 1686; died in 1783. — Biblia Hebraica, cum Notis 
 criticis, et Versione Latina, ad Notas criticas facta, 
 etc. Paris. 1753, 4 vol. fol. 
 
 This splendid and valuable critical edition and translation of 
 the Scriptures can be enjoyed but by a small number of persons, 
 as only three hundred copies of it were printed. The expense 
 was defrayed by the Fathers of the Oratory, who spared no cost 
 to render it worthy of their establishment. Though the work 
 itself is scarcely to be procured, every thing valuable in it was 
 afterwards published in a less expensive manner. The Prolego- 
 mena, and notes on the Hebrew Bible, were published at Frank- 
 fort in 1777;. in 2 vol. 4to. ; and the translation by itself appear- 
 
HOWE. 251 
 
 ed at Paris, in 1753, in 8 vol. 8vo. Houbigant was a very daring 
 critic, bold in conjectural criticism, and free in his remarks on 
 Scripture. The translation is in tolerable Latin, and often im- 
 proves on the Vulgate ; and yet it preserves, in a considerable 
 degree, the style of venerable antiquity which belongs to the 
 Bible. Houbigant is often referred to by Kennicott, Lowth, 
 Newcome, Geddes, and other distinguished critics of modern 
 times. Bishop Watson says, " He anticipated, in some measure, 
 the labours of Kennicott. The Latin version, from its conformi- 
 ty to the idiom of the Hebrew language, is esteemed inelegant ; 
 but it may not, on that account, be less useful." The Pope sent 
 Houbigant two gold medals as a testimony of his approbation of 
 the work. This said a great deal for the liberality of his Holi- 
 ness, considering the freedom with which the father speaks of 
 the Vulgate. 
 
 Howe, John, A. M. an eminent Nonconformist 
 minister ; horn 1630 ; died in 1705. — Works, with 
 Life, by Calamy. Lond. 1724, 2 vol. foL — Works, 
 with Life, by the Rev. John Hunt. Lond. 1810- 
 1822, 8 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Every reader of theology is acquainted with the character and 
 merits of Howe's writings. Possessed of the learning of Cud- 
 worth, the evangelical piety of Owen, and the fervour of Bax- 
 ter, with a mind of larger dimensions than what belonged ta 
 any of these distinguished individuals, every thing which fell 
 from his pen is worthy of immortality. He delights while he 
 instructs, and impresses while he enlightens. His Living 
 Temple, the Blessedness of the Righteous, Of Delighting in 
 God, the Redeemer's Tears, are among the finest productions 
 of uninspired genius, and must be read with high gratification by 
 every Christian. His style is occasionally rugged and inharmo- 
 nious, but the sentiment will richly repay the trifling annoyance 
 of its harsh and involved structure. The octavo edition, by Mr. 
 Hunt, is much fuller than the folio one by Calamy, as it contains 
 a number of pieces never before published. It is to be regretted 
 that a more complete life of Howe could not be given. 
 
252 HUET— HUNT. 
 
 HuET, Pet. Dan. a learned Frenchman ^ IBisJiop 
 of Avranches ; was horn at Caen in 1630; died 
 1721. — De Interpretatioiie Libri duo : quorum prior 
 est de Optimo Genere Interpretandi ; alter de Claris 
 Interpretibus. Parisiis, I66I, 4to. — Demonstratio 
 Evangelica. Ibid. I69O, fol. 3d and best edition. 
 
 These are the principal works of one of the most learned and 
 industrious scholars of his day. The first. On the principles of 
 interpretation or translation, is carried on in the form of a dia- 
 logue ; in which the interlocutors discuss the laws of translation 
 in general, and the particular rules to be observed in translating 
 writings of different classes. In the second book of it, the advan- 
 tages and disadvantages which have accrued to literature from the 
 practice of translating are considered ; a concise account is given 
 of eminent translators, of which those of the Scriptures occupy 
 the first place. There is then notices of the Arabic, Hebrew, 
 Syriac, and Greek translations, and various other important 
 matters. It is an elegant and valuable work, which ought to be 
 studied by every translator of the Scriptures. 
 
 His Evangelical Demonstration is a work on the evidences of 
 Christianity, in which he maintains that its truth may be proved 
 by that kind of demonstration which is not less certain than geo- 
 metrical demonstrations. It is learned, elaborate, and ingeni- 
 ous, but frequently fanciful and injudicious. His title is bor- 
 rowed from the celebrated work of Eusebius, to which it bears 
 some resemblance. 
 
 Hunt, Thomas, D. D. Laudian Professor of 
 Arabic^ Regius Professor of Hebrew, and canon 
 of Christ Church, Oxford; horn I696 ; died 1774s. 
 — Observations on Several Passages in the Book of 
 Proverbs, with two Sermons. Oxford, 1775, 4to. 
 
 These observations embrace only twenty-six passages of the 
 book of Proverbs, which discover the oriental learning and sound 
 judgment of Dr. Hunt. Part of this work was printed before 
 his death, and the revSt was edited by Dr. Kennicott. The emen- 
 
HURD— IIURDIS. 253 
 
 datioiis of the translation proposed in this volume are generally 
 important, and throw much light on some passages which are 
 attended with considerable ditHculty. Dr. Hunt was also the 
 author of two Latin dissertations ; one on the utility, elegance, 
 and antiquity of the Arabic ; the other on the use of the ori- 
 ental dialects, especially of the Arabic, in the interpretation of 
 the Hebrew Scriptures. His ideas on this subject are carried 
 sufficiently far. 
 
 HuRD, Richard, BisJiop of Worcester; horn 
 1720; died 1808. — An Introduction to the Study 
 of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church, 
 etc. Lond. 1772, 8vo. 
 
 The discourses, which form this introduction, were delivered 
 at the Warburtonian lecture, and have enjoyed an extensive re- 
 putation. Dr. Hurd was a correct, rather than a vigorous writer ; 
 the opposite in these respects, as well as in the milder virtues, 
 to his contemporary and correspondent Warburton. He con- 
 tends for the double sense of many of the projjhecies. On this 
 subject, and on various other principles essential to the right in- 
 terpretation of the prophetic Scriptures, his work well deserves 
 to be consulted. The whole works of Bishop Hurd were pub- 
 lished in London in 1811, 8 vol. 8vo. 
 
 HuRDis, Ja.aies, Fellow of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, and Professor of Poetry; horn 1763; 
 died 1801. — Select Critical Remarks upon the Eng- 
 lisli version of the First Ten Chapters of Genesis. 
 Lond. 1793, 8vo. — A Short Critical Disquisition 
 upon the True Meaning of the word t3^3>jn, found 
 in Genesis i. 21. Ibid. 1790, 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Hurdis contends that the above word, wherever it occurs, 
 signifies the crocodile, and makes some ingenious remarks on the 
 various passages in which it is to be found. His observations 
 on the beginning of Genesis are very judicious. He was also 
 the author of Twelve Dissertations on the Nature and Occasion 
 of Psalm and Prophecy, 1800, 8vo. 
 
^54 HUTCHESON— HUTCHINSON. 
 
 HuTCHESON, George, one of the ministers of 
 Edinburgh, — A brief Exposition on the Twelve 
 Small Prophets. Lond. 1655, 12mo. 1657, fol. 
 — An Exposition of the Gospel of Jesus Christ 
 according to John. Ibid. 1657, fol. — An Exposi- 
 tion upon Job, being the Sum of Three Hundred 
 and Sixteen Lectures. Ibid. 1669? fol. — Forty-five 
 Sermons upon the. cxxxth Psalm. Edinb. 1691, 
 8vo. 
 
 Hutcheson was one of the association of Scotish ministers for 
 publishing short expositions on the Scriptures ; and produced 
 the first two articles mentioned above as his part of the plan. 
 Dr. Edmund Calamy^ who writes a preface to both these works, 
 calls Hutcheson^ by way of compliment, another David Dickson. 
 He is not quite so brief as some others of the class, as the works 
 on the minor Prophets, and John, make a considerable folio vo- 
 lume. They are very excellent pieces of composition, as doc- 
 trinal and practical works, in which department all the writers 
 of this class excelled. 
 
 Hutchinson, John, a learned and singular 
 writer ; horn 1674 ; died 1737. — Philosophical and 
 Theological Works. Lond. 1748, 12 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The works of Hutchinson are entitled to notice, as their au- 
 thor was the founder of a school of philosophy and theology to 
 which some of the most celebrated men of the last century be- 
 longed. However absurd many of its speculations seem to be, 
 there must be a plausibility in the leading principles of a system 
 which engaged the attention and support of such men as Presi- 
 dent Forbes, Bishop Home, Mr. Parkhurst, and Bishop Horsley. 
 The leading idea of Hutchinson is, that the Hebrew Scriptures 
 contain the elements of all rational philosophy, as well as of ge- 
 nuine religion. That philosophy he opposes to the Newtonian ; 
 and hence he wrote his J\Ioses Principia, or a commentary on the 
 Mosaic account of the creation and the deluge. His Moses sine 
 Principio contains an account of the fall, and of other subjects con- 
 
HUTCHINSON. 255 
 
 nected with it. His work on the confusion of tongues is very in- 
 genious ; in which he attempts to prove that it was not a diversity 
 of language, but of religion, which took place at Babel. His 
 Trinity of the Gentiles gives a view of ancient mythology and 
 idolatry, considered chiefly as a corruption of the true religion. 
 In the Covenant of the Cherubim, he gives a view of the per- 
 fection of the Hebrew Scriptures, and of the Covenant of the 
 Divine Three for the redemption of man. Hutchinson is an 
 obscure, and at the same time, a most dogmatical and abu- 
 sive writer. It is often exceedingly diflicult to ascertain his 
 meaning, and still more diflicult to acquiesce in it when ascer- 
 tained. That he and his scholars have contributed consider- 
 ably to the interpretation of the Bible, it would be wrong to de- 
 ny. They have done a good deal, at the same time, to injure 
 and clog the science of criticism. Their favourite position, that 
 the Scriptures teach philosophy as well as theology — their regard- 
 ing Hebrew etymologies as the guide to knowledge — their views 
 of covenant engagements among the persons of the Trinity— 
 their general belief in the purity of the Hebrew text, and oppo- 
 sition to the aids of the ancient versions and oriental dialects, 
 are indefensible ; and discover a greater love of hypothesis than 
 is consistent in those who desire only to know, that they may 
 follow, the truth. I do not mean these remarks to apply to all 
 the persons who adopted some of Hutchinson's principles. To 
 the writers mentioned in this article they will apply but to a 
 very limited extent. 
 
 The uniform edition of Mr. Hutchinson's works, in 12 vol. 
 8vo. was edited by Julius Bate and Robert Spearman, Esq. both 
 most ardent admirers and devoted disciples of Hutchinson. 
 There was also published, in a 12mo. vol. 1755, An Abstract 
 from the Works of John Hutchinson, Esq. ; being a Summary of 
 his Discoveries in Philosophy and Divinity. I know not by 
 whom this abstract was furnished, if not by the editors of his 
 works. It supplies a very condensed view of the multifarious 
 subjects discussed by Hutchinson, and may be used either as a 
 substitute for his works, or as a key to them. The Edinburgh 
 Reviewers speak of Hutchinson as " possessed of some ability, 
 the founder of a sort of school, and who seems to have inspired 
 
256 JABLONSKI, D. E.— JABLONSKI, P. E. 
 
 his pupils with considerable enthusiasm." They at the same 
 time speak justly of his " insolence to Newton/' and of his 
 " disgusting arrogance on almost every subject." 
 
 Jablonski, Dak. Ernest, a learned Pole^ 
 IBisJiop of the Bohemian and Moravian brethren ; 
 also head chaplain and ecclesiastical counsellor to 
 theJdng of Prussia ; born at Dant%ig, 1660 ; died 
 1741. — Biblia Hebraica. Berolini, 1699, 8vo. 
 
 This is a very excellent edition of the Hebrew Scriptures. 
 The text is after that of Athias, published in 16'67; but the 
 editor corrected it by the editions of Bomberg, Arias Montanus, 
 Buxtorf, Hutter, Manasseh Ben Israel^ and others. He also ex- 
 amined some manuscript copies. His preface is learned and im- 
 portantj and strongly urges the necessity of correcting the printed 
 Hebrew text by a careful examination of MSS. A smaller edi- 
 tion of the Hebrew Bible, by the same editor^ appeared at Ber- 
 lin in 1711. He was the author of several Latin works relating 
 to the ScrijDtures, besides translating into Latin Bentley's Ser- 
 mons at the Boyle Lecture. 
 
 Jablonski, Paul Eiinest, son of the preceding, 
 and Professor of Divinity at Franlfort; born 
 1693 ; died 1757. — Pantheon Aegyptiorum, sive 
 (le Diis eorum Commentarius, cum prolegomenis de 
 Religione et Theologia Aegyptiorum. Francof. 
 1 750-1 752, 3 vol. 8vo. — Opuscula, quibus Lingua et 
 Antiquitas Aegyptiorum, difficiiia Librorum Sacro- 
 rum loca et Historiae Ecclesiasticae capita iliustran- 
 tur. Edidit J. G. Te Water. Lugd. Bat. 1804, 4 
 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Egyptian mythology and antiquities are an exhaustless source 
 of conjecture;, disputation^, and mystery. Their gods, their hie- 
 roglyphics, their monuments, their language, have occupied in- 
 numerable heads, and called forth the exertions of innumerable 
 
JACKSON, A— JACKSON, J.— JAHN. 257 
 
 pens. The connexion between these and many things relating 
 to the Scriptures is obvious ; and few have treated them with 
 greater ingenuity, learning, and impartiality, than the younger 
 Jablonski, in the above-mentioned works. 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, a venerable Xoncoiiformist 
 divine, icho presented a Bihie to Charles II. on his 
 first entering the city of London after the Restora- 
 Hon; horn 1593; died in 1666. — Annotations on 
 the Historical Part of the Old Testament, etc. — 
 Camb. 1643-1646, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 These annotations are not prolix, or critical ; but they are in 
 general very much to the purpose. Considering the period in 
 which the author lived,'they are tolerably well written ; and, as 
 works on the historical parts of the Old Testament are not very- 
 numerous, Mr. Jackson's help ought not to be despised. The 
 author left Annotations upon Isaiah, which were published by 
 his son, Lond. l6"82, 4to. 
 
 Jackson, John, an English clergyman ; horn 
 1686; died 1763. — Chronological Antiquities; or 
 the Antiquities and Chronology of the most ancient 
 kingdoms, from the creation of the world, for the 
 sj^ace of five thousand years. Lond. 1752, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 This is a work which partly belongs to our class, and partly to 
 literature and history in general. Great labour has been be- 
 stowed on it, as the nature of the subject required, and the very 
 extent of the performance shows. It was translated into Ger- 
 man, and appeared at Erlangen, 1756, 3 vol. 4to. The author 
 %\Tote a number of theological works besides the above. He dis- 
 tinguished himself in the deistical controversy with INIorgan, and 
 also in the Warburfonian and Middletonian debates. He was a 
 disciple of Dr. Samuel Clarke on the subject of the Trinitv. His 
 work on chronology is recommended by Bishop Watson. 
 
 Jahx, Johannes, a Roman Catholic clergyman ; 
 Professor of dogmatic theology and hildical an- 
 
 s 
 
258 JAMES THE SIXTH. 
 
 tiquities in the university of Vienna. — Archaeologia 
 Biblica in compendium redacta. Viennae, 1805, 
 8vo. — Enchiridion Hermeneuticae Generalis Tabu- 
 larum Veteris et Novi Foederis. Ibid. 1812, 8vo. 
 — Appendix Hermeneuticae sen Exercitationes Exe- 
 geticae. Ibid. 1813, 2 fasciculi. 
 
 These works of the learned Catholic professor are full of im- 
 portant and various learning. His Compendium of Biblical An- 
 tiquities is exceedingly well arranged^ and comprehends;, in nar- 
 row compass^, every thing of importance in that department. He 
 divides them into three classes^ domestic, civil, and sacred. 
 There is, at the end, a conspectus of the whole, comprising a se- 
 ries of questions, and referring to the preceding parts of the work 
 for answers. His Enchiridion discovers an extensive and enlight- 
 ened acquaintance with the principles of biblical criticism and 
 interpretation. And the two fasciculi, published by way of ap- 
 pendix, contain some important expositions of the prophecies re- 
 lating to the Messiah. 
 
 James the Sixth of Scotland, and First of 
 England, a theologian and a jmet ; was born in the 
 Castle of Edin1)nrgh, on the l^th of Jime, 1566; 
 died 071 the 9.1th of March, 1625.— The Works of 
 the Most High and Mighty Prince, James, by the 
 Grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France, and 
 Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. Published by 
 James Bishop of Winton, etc. Lond. 1616, fol. — 
 Supplement to ditto. Ibid. 1620c ' 
 
 As the number of kings who have written on the Bible is so 
 very small, it would be MTong to deny the mighty Prince James 
 a place in this volume. The works of King James then, besides 
 various other things, include a Paraphrase upon the Revelation 
 of the Apostle St. John ; ane fruitful Meditation, containing ane 
 plaine and facile Exposition of the xxth chap, of the Revelation ; 
 in forme of ane Sermon; ane IVIeditation upon the 26th, 27th, 
 
JAMESON— JAMIESON. 259 
 
 and 28th verses of the xvth chap, of the first buke of the Chro- 
 nicles of the Kings. Some of these works appeared also in French, 
 and were all translated into Latin by Bishop INIontague. His 
 Majesty was exceedingly proud of his polemical talents and his 
 learning. Nor were they altogether despicable. But they 
 were sadly spoiled by the flattery of his courtiers, and his own 
 overbearing disposition. His character as a man unfortunately 
 adds no weight to his sentiments as an expositor ; and his works 
 would long ago have been forgotten, had they not been the pro- 
 duction of a royal author. I ought not to omit his IMajesty's 
 poetical translation of the Psalms of David ; a poor production 
 from a scholar of Buchanan. 
 
 Jameson, William, lecturer on histoi^y in the 
 university of Glasgow. He teas, I /lave under- 
 stood, blind from his infancy. — Spicilegia Antiquita- 
 tuin Egypti atqiie ei Vicinariim Gentium. Glasg. 
 1720, 8vo. 
 
 This work contains occasional illustrations of the Scriptures, 
 and discovers considerable acquaintance with ancient literature, 
 and with the geography of Palestine and Egypt. Had it been 
 published on the continent, it would probably have procured for 
 the author the titles of doctissimus et eruditissimus, etc. 
 
 Jamieson. 
 — A Critical and Practical Exposition of the Pen- 
 tateuch ; with Notes theological, moral, philosophi- 
 cal, critical, and historical. To which are suhjoined, 
 two Dissertations ; one on the Mosaic History of 
 the Creation, the other on the Destruction of the 
 Seven Nations of Canaan. Lond. 1748, fol. 
 
 This work has no name prefixed to it, but is usually ascribed 
 to that mentioned at the top of this article. It is in a great 
 measure a compilation from various authors. Some of the notes 
 are good ; but otliers are trifling. The work has never enjoyed 
 much reputation. 
 
260 JAMIESON— JARCHI— JASPIS. 
 
 Jamieson, John, D. D. a minister of the Seces- 
 
 sion Church in Scotland. — A Vindication of the 
 
 Doctrine of Scripture, and of the primitive Faith 
 
 concerning the Deity of Christ. Lond. 1794, 2 vol. 
 
 8vo. 
 
 These volumes^, though written with less tact, and enjoying a 
 smaller portion of celebrity than the well-known tracts of Hor- 
 sley on the same controversy^, contain a large mass of valuable 
 matter relating both to the meaning of Scripture and the testi- 
 mony of Christian antiquity. I am inclined to think, the inqui- 
 rer will find more satisfaction in Dr. Jamieson than in Bishop 
 Horsley. 
 
 — The use of Sacred History ; especially as illustrat- 
 ing and confirming the great Doctrines of Revela- 
 tion. Lond. 1802, 21 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work, though displaying less learning, is very important, 
 and calculated to be very useful. The dissertations on the au- 
 thenticity and inspiration of the books of Moses are very excel- 
 lent ; and the views of the nature, design, and spiritual im- 
 port of Old Testament history, are generally correct. The doc- 
 trine of types is perhaps carried too far occasionally ; but the 
 Doctor's good sense never fails to appear. 
 
 Jarchi, Solomon Ben Isaac, or Rashi, a 
 learned Jewish Rahhi ; horn in France, 1104 ; died 
 1180. 
 
 He wrote learned commentaries on the Old Testament ; of 
 which the completest edition in Latin was published by Fred. 
 Breithaupt, with notes, in 3 vol. Gothae, 1710, 1713, 4to. 
 
 Jaspis, God. Sigismund, evening preacher to 
 the university of Leipdg. — Versio Latina Epistola- 
 rumNoviTestamenti Perpetua Annotatione illustra- 
 ta. Lips. 1793-1797. 2d edit. 1821, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work is highly connnended by the learned and accom- 
 plished Professor Tittmann, which is sufficient to secure attention 
 
JEBB— JENKIN. 26l 
 
 to it from the biblical scliolixr. The second edition contains the 
 Book of Revelation, which was not in the first. 
 
 Jebb, John, noiv Bishop of Clonfert. — Sacred 
 Literature ; comprising a review of the Principles 
 of Composition, laid down by the late Bishop Lowtli 
 in his Praelections and Isaiah : and an application 
 of the principles so reviewed to the illustration of 
 the New Testament, etc. Lond. 1820, 8vo. 
 
 In this learned and elegant work, the author controverts some 
 of Lowth's views of Hebrew poetry, and ajiplies others of them 
 to the interpretation of many passages in the New Testament. 
 He shows that the Hebrew parallelism is to be found in many 
 of the prose parts of Scripture as well as in the poetical. This no 
 more proves the prose to be poetry, than the triplets of Johnson, 
 and the musical sentences of Gibbon, prove that these learned 
 writers wrote in numbers. Independently of the hypothesis 
 adopted by Bishop Jebb, however, his "work furnishes many im- 
 portant and beautiful illustrations of Scripture. It sometimes 
 rectifies or establishes the received text ; it removes grammati- 
 cal difficulties, disentangles intricacies of construction, throws 
 considerable light on some obscure passages, and explains several 
 less obvious proprieties of expression. No book of criticism has 
 lately appeared more worthy of attention from the biblical scho- 
 lar, or more calculated to recommend the study of the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 Jenkin, Robert, D.D. LiCidij Margaret Profes- 
 sor of Diri/ii/f/, and Master of St. John's College, 
 CamJ)r}(lge ; horn 1656; died 1727. — The Reason- 
 ableness and Certainty of the Christian Religion. 
 Lond. 1708, 2 vol. 8vo. Fifth edit, corrected, ibid. 
 1721, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Jenkin's work is now less known and attended to than it 
 deserves. It contains a very considerable portion of correct and 
 useful information, and shows that the author was a man both 
 of learning and research. On the antiquity, the inspiration, tlie 
 
262 JENNINGS— JENYNS. 
 
 style, the canon, the various readings, the chronology, the obscu- 
 rity, etc. of the Scrij)tures, his leasonings and statements are well 
 deserving of attention. The arrangement of the work is perhaps 
 objectionable, and in all the doctrinal views of Jenkin I profess 
 not to agree ; but the book as a whole possesses considerable 
 merit. 
 
 Jennings, David, D. D. a respectable dissent- 
 ing tiitor ; horn 1691; died 1762. — Jewish Anti- 
 quities ; or a course of Lectures on the three first 
 books of Godwin's Moses and Aaron. To which is 
 annexed, a dissertation on the Hebrew language. 
 Lond. 1766, 2 vol. 8vo. Perth, 1808, 8vo. 
 
 Of the merits of Godwyn's work we have spoken under that 
 article. Dr. Jennings is a very judicious commentator. The 
 lectures were read to his students, and were pviblished after his 
 decease by Dr. Furneaux. They are much fuller of course than 
 Godwyn, and occasionally differ a little from him. Some of the 
 notes of Hottinger and Witsius are given by the editor. Under 
 the three heads of Jewish persons, places, and times, most things 
 relating to the sacred antiquities of the Old Testament are in- 
 troduced. In the essay on the Hebrew language. Dr. Jennings 
 appears to have been, on the whole, a disciple of Capellus, and 
 gives up the doctrines of the Masorets. 
 
 Jenyns, Soame, Esq. M. P. and one of the Lords 
 Co7nmissioners for Trade and Plantations ; born 
 1704 ; died 1787. — The Works of Soame Jenyns, 
 including several Pieces never before published. 2d 
 edit. Lond. 1792, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 I mention the works of Jenyns chiefly on account of two pieces, 
 which are now more easily to be met with in this collection than 
 separate. These are, the View of the internal Evidences of the 
 Christian Religion, and short and cursory Observations on several 
 passages in the New Testament. The first is a work of very 
 considerable shrewdness and originality, in which many striking 
 views of Christianity are adduced in support of its heavenly ori- 
 
JESSEY—JOHNSTON, A. 26.^ 
 
 gin. The second contains illustrations of a number of passages. 
 It is less interesting than the former ; but still shows that the 
 writer thought for himself on religious subjects. It is deeply to 
 be regretted that the mind of Jenyns was so imperfectly imbued 
 with the evangelical spirit and doctrine of the gospel. He was 
 fond of paradox, and fearless in speculation ; a writer of poetry, 
 not remarkable for its chasteness, and, I fear, a lover of the 
 pomps and vanities of this world. 
 
 Jessey, Henry, a Baptist Nonconformist mi- 
 nistcr ; born 1601; died in 1663. — An English- 
 Greek Lexicon ; containing the derivations and va- 
 rious significations of all the words in the New 
 Testament. Lond. 1661, 8vo. 
 
 This Lexicon, though designated by Jessey 's name, does not 
 appear to have been composed by him. He recommends it, 
 along with some others, in the title page and in the preface, 
 and annexes to it an alphabetical table. It is one of the lirst 
 lexicons to the. New Testament in English, and must have been 
 very useful at the time it A\'as published, though now supersed- 
 ed by larger and more accurate works. 
 
 Johnston, Arthur, M. D. a distinguished La- 
 tin jwet ; horn near Aberdeen^ 1587; died 1641. — 
 Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis Poetica, et Canti- 
 corum Evangelicormn. Aberdeen, 1637, 12mo. 
 Often reprinted. 
 
 This is a very beautiful Latin version of the Psalms, which 
 occasioned a good deal of controversy respecting the comparative 
 merits of Buchanan and Johnston. A high eulogium is pro- 
 nounced upon liim by Morliof: '' Arturus Jonstonus, in 
 Psalmorum Versione, quemadmodum et in operibus ceteris, 
 ubique purus et tersus est, ut ego quidem nihil in illo desiderare 
 possim." Jtjhnston was the editor of the Deliciac Po'etarum 
 Scotorum, l637, 2 vol. 12mo. It contains some pieces of his 
 own, and many beautiful effusions by a number of his distin- 
 guished countrvmen. He was the author also of a Translation 
 
264 JOHNSTON, B— JONES, JER.—JONES, J. 
 
 of Solomon's Song, into Latin elegiac verse. Lond. 1633, 8vo. 
 It is frequently annexed to his Psalms. 
 
 Johnston, Bryce, D. D. a mhiisfei' of the 
 Church of Scotland ; born 1747; died 1805. — A 
 Commentary on the Revelation of St. John. Edinb. 
 1794, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This exposition is distinguished by the good sense and intelli- 
 gence of its author. It is a popular rather than a critical book. 
 He considers the last chapters to be descriptive of the millennial 
 glory of the church, not of its heavenly state. The Popedom, 
 and the secular affairs of the church, occupy rather too prominent 
 a place in the commentary. 
 
 Jones, Jeremiah, a dissenting minister iyi Gloii- 
 cestershii^e I horn 1693 ; died 1724f. — A Vindication 
 of the former part of St. Matthew's Gospel from Mr. 
 Whiston's charge of dislocation. Lond. 1719, 8vo. — A 
 new and full Method of settling the canonical autho- 
 rity of the New Testament. Ibid. 1726, S vol. 8vo. 
 
 Both these works, particularly the last, are very valuable. 
 Jones examines all the eminent testimonies resjiecting the canon 
 of the New Testament. He collects all the apocryphal books 
 which have been thought canonical, and gives an English trans- 
 lation of them, and refutes their pretensions in a very able man- 
 ner. It is acknowledged by all parties to be a book of authority. 
 His examination of Whiston's hypothesis was republished at 
 the Clarendon press in 1803. 
 
 Jones, John, a Unitarian writer. — Illustrations 
 of the Four Gospels, founded on circumstances pe- 
 culiar to our Lord and the Evangelists. Lond. 
 1808, 8vo. 
 
 Though the reader will often differ from Mr. Jones in the 
 theological opinions expressed in this work, he will frequently 
 admire the ingenuity which it displays, and regret that so much 
 
JONES, J. 265 
 
 talent and learning are so ill directed. IMr. Jones wrote several 
 other works, ^^'hicll require to be mentioned here : 
 
 — The Epistle to the Romans Analyzed, from a de- 
 velopement of those circumstances hy which it was 
 occasioned. Lond. 1801, 8vo. — Ecclesiastical Re- 
 searches ; or Philo and Josephus proved to be histori- 
 ans and apologists of Christ, of his followers, and of 
 his Gospel. Ibid. 1812, 8 vo.— Sequel to the Re- 
 searches ; in which the origin of the introductory 
 chapters in ]\Iatthew and Luke are brought to light 
 from Josephus, etc. Ibid. 1813, 8vo. — A New Ver- 
 sion of the first three chapters of Genesis. 1819, 8vo. 
 
 This last work is said to be by Essenus. It is accompanied 
 by dissertations on the fall of man, the principle of evil, and 
 the plagues of Egypt ; besides strictures on Bellamy's transla- 
 tion ; whom he partly opposes and partly vindicates. It disco- 
 vers the genius, and also the distressing perversity, of the learn- 
 ed writer. He is also the author of 
 
 — A Greek and English Lexicon ; intended, not 
 only for the use of learners in private, and in the pub- 
 lic schools, but also for those who, after the usual 
 periods of education, seek to acquire a more accurate 
 and extensive acquaintance with the language and 
 literature of ancient Greece. Lond. 1823, 8vo. 
 
 This is a very valuable addition to the means of acquiring a 
 knowledge of Greek, not only of the classic writers, but of the 
 Scriptures. It contains all the words of the New Testament, 
 and of the Septuagint. It affords a better view of the connexion 
 between Greek and the oriental languages than the general- 
 ity of lexicons, and contains, occasionally, some good and inge- 
 nious explanations of passages of Scripture. It is a work of 
 verv great labour, and discovers an cntliu;siastic attachment to 
 Greek learniny;. As it brinies it within the reach of the mere 
 English scholar, it deserves encouragement from all the lovers of 
 
'266 JONES, W.~JOSEPHUS. 
 
 profane and sacred literature. It is perhaps not altogether free 
 of the bias of the author's theological creed. The above is not 
 a complete enumeration of Mr. Jones's works ; and he promises 
 to produce several others. 
 
 Jones, William, a clergijmim of the Church 
 of England ; born 1726; died ISOO. — Lectures on 
 the Figurative Language of the Holy Scriptures, 
 etc. Lond. 1787, 8vo. Ibid. 1830, 5th edit. 
 
 From the circulation of this work it may be inferred that it 
 enjoys a considerable reputation. The author was imbued with 
 the theology of Hutchinson ; but, though learned and ingenious, 
 he certainly carries his mode of interpreting the Old Testament 
 figures and symbols too far. His rules are either ambiguous or 
 indefinite ; and, according to his principles, a lively imagination 
 may make any thing out of the plainest parts of Scripture. 
 More satisfaction will be found in a single section of Glassius 
 than in the whole of Mr. Jones's volume. His whole works 
 were collected and published in London in 1801, 12 vol. 8vo. 
 They contain many things learned, ingenious, and fanciful. 
 
 JosEPHUS, Flavius, the celebrated Jewish His- 
 torian ; who died about A.D. 93. — Opera ab Arnol- 
 do Arlenio. Basil. 1544, fol. 
 
 This is the first edition of the works of the celebrated Jew in 
 the original Greek, which Harwood pronounces one of the no- 
 blest and most venerable old books he ever saw. It was publish- 
 ed in Greek and Latin by Gelenius in l6ll, and by Ittigius 
 in 1691. The best editions in Greek and Latin are that publish- 
 ed by Hudson, at Oxford, in 1720, 2 vol. fol. and that by Ober- 
 thur, at Leipzig, in 1782-1785, 3 vol. 8vo. It was first trans- 
 lated into English by Thomas Lodge; and, from l602 to I67O, 
 seven editions of this traUvslation were 23ublished. It was also 
 translated by Sir Roger L'Estrange in 1 702, and several editions 
 of his version have been published. But the best English trans- 
 lation is that by Whiston, which first appeared in fol. in 17^7^ 
 and has often since been reprinted. A new English version, by 
 a clergyman of the Church of England, has just been announced. 
 
JUNIUS, SENIOR. 267 
 
 If well executed, it will prove a very acceptable work, as all the 
 existing translations stand considerably in need of amendment. 
 
 Xhe Jewish Wars of Josephus are much more interesting 
 than his Jewish Antiquities : the former supplies important in- 
 formation nowhere else to be found, but the latter is full of fa- 
 bles, except where it closely adheres to the Scriptures. The 
 language of Josephus, being not only about the same age with 
 the New Testament, but in style and structure very similar to 
 it, much advantage may be derived from it in the interpretation 
 of the New Testament. " Otius and Krebs," says Michaelis, 
 " men of real learning, have set a very laudable example, in se- 
 lecting passages from Josephus with a view of illustrating the 
 New Testament ; yet, what is very extraordinary, this author is 
 in general neglected, though he really furnishes the very best 
 commentary on the Gospels and the Acts. I am persuaded, 
 that, if the works of Josephus were made the subject of public 
 lectures in our universities, the theological student would reap 
 much greater benefit than from all the lectures on polemical di- 
 vinity, of which the greater part of the clergy can make little 
 use."* 
 
 Junius, Fkancis, a (list'inguished scholar, and 
 Professor of Div'niifi/ at Ley den ; horn 1545 ; died 
 1602. — Sacrorum Parallelorum libri tres. Lond, 
 1588, 1591, 8vo. 3(1 edit. 
 
 This is one of the earliest and most accurate of the works which 
 discuss the subject of the quotations made from the Old Testa- 
 ment in the New. The first book examines the passages which 
 occur in the Evangelists and the Acts ; the second those which 
 are to be found in the thirteen epistles of Paul ; and the third 
 contains a commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. The 
 work discovers the very extensive learning of the author, and 
 his accurate acquaintance with the Scriptures. Junius Avas joint 
 translator of the Old Testament into Latin with Tremellius, and 
 is well known from the work which goes under their joint names. 
 An English translation of a work of his on the Apocalyjise ap- 
 peared at London in 1592, 4to. He was a very pious as well as a 
 learned man. 
 
268 JUNIUS, JUNIOR— JURIEU. 
 
 Junius, Francis, the son of the preceding ; a7i 
 eminent Gothic scholar; born at Heidelberg in 
 1589 ; died at Windsor 1677. — Evangelia Gothice 
 et Anglo-Saxonice, 4to. n. d. 
 
 This is a very beautiful edition of the four Gospels, in Gothic 
 and Anglo-Saxon, in parallel columns. At the end there are 
 critical observations, first on the Gothic and then on the Anglo- 
 Saxon, by Thomas Marshall. Junius was the author of several 
 other works connected with Gothic and Anglo-Saxon literature. 
 Marshall, also, was a considerable scholar. He was born in 
 Leicestershire, in l621, became Dean of Gloucester in l681, 
 and died in l685. The above edition of the Gothic and Anglo- 
 Saxon Gospels, though without date, was, I believe, printed at 
 Dort in 1665. It was afterwards reprinted in Roman characters, 
 as a kind of Polyglot, accompanied with the Icelandic, the 
 Swedish, and the Latin Vulgate, at Stockholm, in I671. 
 
 JuRiEU, Peter, minister of the French church 
 at Rotterdam, and celebrated for his opposition to 
 Bayle ; borii 1637 ; died 1713. — A Critical History 
 of the Doctrines and Worships (both good and evil) 
 of the Church, from Adam to our Saviour. Lond. 
 1705, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work is translated from the original French of the au- 
 thor, by J. C. It contains Jewish and Pagan antiquities ; expla- 
 nations of the rites of the true religion, and of the idolatries and 
 corruptions of the false, and numerous illustrations of the facts 
 and opinions recorded in Hebrew, Grecian, and Latin literature. 
 It is altogether a very curious book. 
 
 — The Accomplishment of the Scripture Prophecies, 
 or the approaching deliverance of the church. Lond. 
 1687, 2! parts, 8vo. — Continuation of the Accom- 
 plishment. Ibid. 1688, 8vo. 
 
 This work is an extended attack on the papacy, and goes over 
 the greater part of the prophecies of Daniel, Paul, and John, 
 
KEACH—KEIL. 269 
 
 which refer to that subject. Unfortunately for the sagacity of 
 Monsieur Jurieu, he predicted tliat tlie overthrow of Anti-Chris- 
 tianism would take place between 171O and 1715. 
 
 Keach, Benjamin, a Baptist minister who suf- 
 f creel consider ahly for his j^riticiples ; born 1640 ; 
 (tied 1704. — TPonoAoriA, or a Key to open Scrip- 
 ture Metaphors. Lond. 1682, 1779, 2 vol. fol.— 
 Gospel Mysteries Revealed ; or an Exposition of all 
 the Parables, and many express Similitudes contain- 
 ed in the Four Evangelists. Ibid. 1704, fol. 1815, 
 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The author of these elaborate works was a man of considerable 
 note among his brethren. Though in a great measure self- 
 taught, he was a poet, a controversialist, and an expositor. The 
 learning displayed in some of his works was supplied by others, 
 which, however, he ingenuously acknowledged. It may easily 
 be supposed that, without some portion of learning and culti- 
 vated taste, the author was not likely to do justice to the meta- 
 phors and parables of Scripture. Both require to be treated 
 with great care and judgment ; otherwise the finest portions of 
 the word of God may be rendered ridiculous. That ]\Ir. Keach 
 possessed a very familiar acquaintance with the Bible is obvious. 
 The above works, however, are far from judicious. He frequent- 
 ly fails in distinguishing things that diifer ; and often confounds 
 together the things ^vhicll ought to be distinguished. He carries 
 his illustrations too far, — the common fault of metaphor hunters 
 and parable preachers. His works may be useful, but they are 
 liable to be very much abused. If the reader is partial to this 
 kind of interpretation, he would do well to consult the Rheto- 
 rica Sacra of Glassius, in the improved edition by Dathe. 
 
 Keil, D. CaR; Aug. Professor of dogmatic theo- 
 logy in the university of Leipxig. — Elementa Her- 
 meneutices Novi Testamenti. Lips. 1811, 8vo. 
 
 This is a Latin translation from the German original by Em- 
 merling. I do not think it a work of great value ; though, as being 
 
270 KENNICOTT. 
 
 strictly Elements^ it is both brief and perspicuous. Professor 
 Emmerling is a man of talents^, and considerable critical informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Kennicott, Benjamin, D. D. a dergyman of 
 the Church of England, and a celebrated Hebrew 
 scholar; bom 1718 ; died 1783. — Two Disserta- 
 tions ; the first on the Tree of Life in Paradise, with 
 some observations on the creation of man ; the se- 
 cond on the oblations of Cain and Abel. Second 
 edit. Oxford, 1747, 8vo. — The state of the printed 
 Hebrew Text considered ; a dissertation in two 
 parts. Part the first compares 1 Chron. xi. with 
 S Sam. V. and xxiii. ; and part the second contains 
 observations on seventy Hebrew MSS. etc. Ibid. 
 
 1753, 8vo. — The state of the printed Hebrew Text 
 considered. Dissertation the second ; wherein the 
 Samaritan copy of the Pentateuch is vindicated ; the 
 printed copies of the Chaldee paraphrase are proved 
 to be corrupted ; the sentiments of the Jews on the 
 Hebrew text are ascertained. An account is given 
 of all the Hebrew MSS. now known ; and also a 
 particular catalogue of 110 Hebrew MSS. in Ox- 
 ford, Cambridge, and the British Museum. Ibid. 
 
 1754, 8vo. — Remarks on select Passages in the 
 Old Testament, to which are added eight Sermons. 
 Lond. 1787, 8vo. 
 
 Besides tliese and his celebrated edition of the Hebrew Bible, 
 noticed in another part of this work. Dr. Kennicott was the au- 
 thor of some smaller performances, mostly of a critical nature. 
 His Dissertatio Generalis was republished by itself at Bruns- 
 Avick, in 1 IbS, by Professor Bruns, who assisted him in his col- 
 lations. The English works, of which I have given the titles at 
 length, are all important and useful. The object of the first is to 
 show^ that the tree of life was not an individual tree, but a species 
 
KEK. 271 
 
 of trees which grew in Paradise, which he seems to make out 
 satisfactorily. His design in the second is to prove that Cain's 
 oblation was only a bread or thank offering ; while Abel's was 
 both that and a sacrifice, or peace offering. His dissertations on 
 the state of the Hebrew text throw a good deal of light on va- 
 rious parts of it, and also completely prove his main position, the 
 corruptions which have got into it. He is probably mistaken in 
 his defence of the Samaritan reading of Deut. xxvii. 4, and in 
 some others of his views in that controversy. His remarks on the 
 Old Testament contain many useful hints. Kennicott was a 
 learned and most diligent scholar ; but his fume must rest chiefly 
 on his labours as a collector of Hebrew MSS. He does not now 
 rank in the first line of Hebrew or oriental scholars ; and many of 
 his criticisms in the above works have been disputed by writers 
 of distinction. But the eulogium pronounced on Kennicott and 
 his edition of the Hebrew Bible, by the learned Dr. Henry 
 Owen, deserves to be quoted. " It is a work," he says, '' which 
 contains, with all its imputed defects, a vast treasure of Hebrew 
 learning ; which judiciously applied, will contribute more to rec- 
 tify and restore the Hebrew text than all the methods hitherto 
 practised. I regard my friend's memory with reverence ; and 
 posterity, whatever the present generation may think, will doubt- 
 less revere it too, and doubtless do it justice." His great under- 
 taking, while in progress, was attacked by the Abbe * * *, pro- 
 fessor in the university of * * *, in two Letters in French. 
 The real author was Dumay, an unprincipled Jew, who pretend- 
 ed to be converted to Christianity. They were translated into 
 English by W. Stephen, Esq. treasurer to Queen Anne's Bounty. 
 Lond. 1773, 8vo. 
 
 Ker, Jo tin, of DumhJane, Professor of Greek 
 in King's College, Aberdeen ; and affernards Pro- 
 fessor of Humanity in EdinhiirgJf ; died 1741. — 
 Cantici Salomonis Paraplirasis Geiiiina, Notis criticis 
 et philologicis illustrata. Ediiib. 1727, 12mo. 
 
 This is a very l)eautiful little work. It is dedicated, in a poe- 
 tical epistle, to the !i\Iarquis of Bowmont, sun to tlie Duke of 
 Roxburgh, the head of the family of Ker. There is then a long 
 
272 KEUCHENIUS—KHELL—KIDDER. 
 
 preface^, giving some account of the opinions entertained of the 
 Song, of the attempts which had been made to translate and 
 explain it, and of the origin of Mr. Ker's translation. Then 
 follow the two versions ; the first a kind of irregular verse ; the 
 second in sapphic numbers. The notes, which are partly philo- 
 logical, and partly explanatory, are inserted at the foot of the 
 page of both versions. The poem is dramatically divided and 
 arranged. I am surprised that Dr. Mason Good, in his elegant 
 version of the Song, takes no notice of the work of the ingenious 
 Scotchman ; though he speaks of a number of others, both British 
 and foreign. Nor is it mentioned by Williams, who gives an ac- 
 count of a great number of writers on the Song. 
 
 Keuchenius, Pethus, a learned Dutch tlieolo- 
 gian ; ho?ml654f; died 1691- — Adnotata in Omnes 
 N. T. Libros. Amst. 1687, 4to. The best edition, 
 with a. preface by Alberti, Lugd. Bat. 1755, 8vo. 
 
 This work is excellent as a philological commentary on the New 
 Testament. Great use is made of the Septuagint and the Chal- 
 dee paraphrast, in ascertaining the meaning of the words of the 
 sacred writers. Dr. Smith speaks of Keuchen as ^^a critic in the 
 first rank for learning, judgment, and mental independence." 
 Alberti also, in the preface to the edition of 1755, pronounces a 
 high eulogium on him. 
 
 Khell, Joseph, Professor of Divi7i'dy and in- 
 terpreter of Scripture in the university of Vienna. 
 — Ecloge Observationum in Novi Testamenti Li- 
 bros. Decas I. et II. Viennae, 1756-1757, 8vo. 
 
 These twenty illustrations of Scripture discover considerable 
 learning and freedom of discussion, especially for a Catholic 
 professor. 
 
 Kidder, Rtchaud, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 
 who died inl^\2. — A Commentary on the Five Books 
 of Moses ; with a dissertation concerning the author 
 or writer of the said books, and a general argument 
 to each. Lond. 1694, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
KING, EDWARD. 
 
 7 '' 
 
 Kidder's notes are short, and, though in general correct, of no 
 great value. They were intended chiefly for families and un- 
 learned persons, and therefore no display of learning appears, 
 though the Bishop was well fitted to Avrite on the most profound 
 and critical subjects. The dissertation on the writer of the 
 Pentateuch, and the introductions to each of the books, are un- 
 commonly good, and embrace almost every topic of importance 
 relating to their respective subjects. 
 
 — A Demonstration of the Messias : in which the 
 trutli of the Christian religion is proved against all 
 the enemies thereof ; but especially the Jews. Lond. 
 1715, 3 vol. 8vo. 1726, fol. 
 
 This very able work, which was partly delivered at the Boyle 
 Lecture, is divided into three parts. The first part is chiefly a 
 statement of various particulars respecting the Messiah ; the se- 
 cond is chiefly a defence of Christianity against Jewish objec- 
 tions ; and the third an exposure of Judaism, and of the futility 
 of Jewish reasonings. The whole work discovers more than or- 
 dinary acquaintance with the Scriptures, and with every thing 
 relating to the Jewish controversy ; and abounds with judicious 
 criticism on numerous important and diflicult passages. An air 
 of seriousness and earnestness pervades the whole, which greatly 
 enhances the value of the work. Though controversial, it is 
 calm, practical, and consolatory. It is calculated to win the 
 enemy, and to enlighten the friend of Christianity. 
 
 — Critical Remarks on some difficult Passages of 
 Scripture. Lond. 1725, 8vo. 
 
 The Remarks are communicated in a letter to Sir Peter King, 
 and discover the same solid learning and good sense which dis- 
 tinguish the larger works of the Bishop. Many of the observa- 
 tions relate to Castalio's translation of the Scriptures, the defects 
 of which the Bishop points out. 
 
 King, Edward, F.R.S. A.S. — Morsels of Criti- 
 cism : tending to illustrate some few passages in 
 
 T 
 
274 KING, SIR PETER. 
 
 the Holy Scriptures upon philosophical principles, 
 and an enlarged view of things. Lond. 1788, 4to. 
 
 A second and supplemental part of this work was published in 
 1800, in 4"to. and at the same time the whole was republished, 
 in 3 vol. 8vo. That Mr. King was, according to his own account, 
 " a very sincere and disinterested layman," there is every reason 
 to believe. That he was also very learned and ingenious, well 
 acquainted with Greek, and versant in modern science and phi- 
 losophy, these volumes abundantly demonstrate. That he has 
 rendered any important service to revelation in his Morsels is 
 another question. They embrace a considerable variety of topics, 
 and these are treated in a very original as well as critical and 
 philosophical manner. They are on such subjects as, the mean- 
 ing of the word, heaven ; the Septuagint translation of the first 
 chapter of Genesis ; on the future coming of our Lord ,• on the 
 word il^v^ri ; the light of the sun ; the creation of the stars ; the 
 word eitav ; the sabbatical era, etc. etc. etc. Mr. King's object 
 was, doubtless, very different from that of Sir William Drum- 
 mond, in his Oedipus Judaicus ; but the kind of reasoning which 
 pervades both works is nearly the same. It is impossible to be- 
 lieve that the inspired writers contemplated such things as the 
 author frequently presses into his interpretations of their words 
 and phrases. His criticisms are, in general, little more than 
 philosophical dreams or romances ; in which, while we occasion- 
 ally admire the beauty of the vision, or the splendour of the 
 imagery, we wonder that the author should have believed his 
 aerial fabrics had any foundation in the word of God. It was 
 not in vain that the apostle warned Christians against being led 
 away " by a vain and deceitful philosophy." 
 
 King, Sir Peter, Lord Oakham, a learned 
 lawyer, and some time Lord Chancellor oj^ Eng- 
 land ; horn 1669; and died 1733. — An Enquiry 
 into the Constitution, Discipline, Unity, and Wor- 
 ship, of the Primitive Church, that flourished with- 
 in the first three hundred years after Christ. Lond. 
 
KIPLING. 275 
 
 1691, 8vo. — The History of the Apostles' Creed; 
 with critical observations on its several articles. 
 Ibid. 1702, 8vo. 
 
 Both these works were published anonymously, and contain a 
 large portion of valuable and accurate learning. The original 
 autliorities were always consulted and quoted, and great candour 
 and impartiality are invariably displayed. Mr. Locke was Lord 
 King's uncle, and left him the half of his library ; and he evi- 
 dently inherited a large portion of the penetration and liberality 
 of mind, as well as the books, of the philosopher. Few works 
 are more worthy of being consulted on various points of early 
 ecclesiastical history than these. 
 
 Kipling, Thomas, D. D. Dean of Peter- 
 borough. — Codex Theodori Bezae Cantabrigiensis ; 
 Evangelia et Apostolorum Acta Coniplectens, 
 Quadratis Literis Graeco-Latinis. Cantab. 1793, 
 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is a splendid fixc-simile of the Codex Bezae, which was 
 given by that reformer to the University of Cambridge. It is in 
 Greek and Latin, and contains only the Gospels and the book 
 of Acts. The MS. is very ancient, but its readings are not 
 considered of great value. The fac-simile is uncommonly well 
 executed, and a preface is prefixed by the editor which does 
 credit to his judgment and learning. A good account of 
 the MS. and also a specimen of the printed work, will be found 
 in Home's Introduction, vol. ii. p. 89, 93. The preface of Dr. 
 Kipling was attacked in a pamphlet by Dr. Edwards, in 1793, 
 A\hich displays more personal spleen than it detects errors, 
 though a few of these, in the fac-simile, and in Dr. Kipling's 
 Latinity, are pointed out. Professor Porson spoke of Dr. Kip- 
 ling as the fittest person in the world for this work : "^ He has," 
 he adds, " from his earliest youth, applied himself diligently to 
 all sorts of critical learning, but most diligently to sacred criti- 
 cism ; and, from a long acquaintance with MSS. aided by natu- 
 ral sagacity, is become such an adept in Greek phraseology, as 
 few know, and few would believe." 
 
276 KNAPPE— KNATCHBULL—KOECHER. 
 
 Knappe, George Christ. Professor of Divi- 
 nity at Halle, — Scripta Varii Argumenti Maximam 
 Partem Exegetici. Halae, 1805, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This valuable work contains fourteen dissertations, which, 
 says Niemeyer, '^ for solid learning, lucid and forcible reasoning, 
 and purity of diction, place their author in the first rank of 
 biblical critics." Among the biblical subjects are treatises on 
 Christ sitting at the right hand of God — on the Holy Spirit and 
 Christ as Comforters — on the different modes of teaching faith 
 and works, by Christ, Paul, and James — on the connexion be- 
 tween the resurrection of Christ and the resurrection of the 
 dead — and on various difficult passages of Scripture. 
 
 Knatchbule, Sir Norton, a learned English 
 Baronet, who died in 1684, in the eighty-third year 
 of his age. — Annotations upon some difficult Texts 
 in all the Books of the New Testament. Camh. 
 1693, 8vo. 
 
 This learned work first appeared in Latin in l659j, and was 
 twice reprinted. The English translation, which is more com- 
 plete than the Latin work, is by the author himself. Dr. Camp- 
 bell calls him, " a learned man, but a hardy critic." The work 
 is entirely original, being the fruit of the Baronet's own devoted 
 examination of the Greek Testament. He deals rather freely 
 in conjecture, and uses a good deal of liberty with the construc- 
 tion and punctuation ; but he has rendered very considerable 
 service to sacred literature, and his work well deserves to be care- 
 fully studied by all who would understand the sacred volume. 
 
 KoECHER, John Christopher. — Analecta Phi- 
 lologica et Exegetica in Quatuor Evangelia. Al- 
 tenburgi, 1766, 4to. 
 
 This is a continuation of Wolf's Curae. It supplies some of 
 the desiderata of that work, and brings down the account of the 
 sentiments of the modern writers on the Gospels to the period 
 of its publication. The admirers of Wolf will be pleased with 
 this continuation. 
 
KOOLHAAS—KOPPE. 277 
 
 Koolhaas, William, a Dutch divine of the 
 last century. — Observationes Philologico-Exegeti- 
 cae in qiiinqiie Mosis libros, aliosque libros histo- 
 ricos Veteris Testameiiti. Amst. 1751, 8vo. 
 
 In this volume there is a considerable number of valuable 
 expository and critical remarks on passages of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures. The author seems to have been well acquainted 
 with the Hebrew language, and pays particular attention to the 
 moods and tenses of the Hebrew verbs ; in the rendering of 
 which great diversity prevails among translators. The faculty 
 of Utrecht testify, that the work contains nothing contrary to 
 the doctrines of the reformed church, and that it illustrates the 
 meaning of the sacred text. The author, in his preface, speaks 
 of Grammatico-Sacrae Dissertationes, published some time be- 
 fore, wliich 1 have not seen. 
 
 KoppE, John Ben. Professor of Divinity in 
 
 the university of Gottirigen; died ahout 1784. 
 
 Novum Testamentum Graece, perpetiia Annota- 
 tione illustratum. 1791-1816, 9 vol. 8vo. 
 
 My account of this work, though somewhat extended, is taken 
 from a very excellent article in the Christian Monitor for October, 
 1822. Its length will be excused by its judiciousness, especially 
 as it includes notices of several continental critics besides Koppe. 
 That critic, who was "■ a man of very extensive and accurate 
 learning, published a plan of a new edition of the New Testa- 
 ment, Avith a corrected text, short critical notes, and somewhat 
 more extended philological ones, in the year 1778; and at the 
 same time gave a specimen, in the Epistles of Paul to the Gala- 
 tians, Ephesians, and Thessalonians, which was to form the sixth 
 volume of the projected work. He lived only to add another vo- 
 lume, inscribed the fourth, on the Epistle to the Romans, which 
 appeared in 1783. Since that period, at very irregular inter- 
 vals, the Acts of the Ajwstles, in two parts, forming the third 
 volume ; the Epistles to the Philippians, Colossians, Timothy, 
 Titus, and Philemon, in two parts, forming the seventh volume ; 
 the Epistle to the Hebrews, in one part, forming the eighth vo- 
 
278 KOPPE. 
 
 lume ; and the Apocalypse, in two parts, forming the tenth vo- 
 lume, have been published by Heinrichs ; and the Epistle of 
 James, and the Epistles of Peter, have been published by Pott : 
 so that, to complete the work, there are still wanting three vo- 
 lumes, two for the four Evangelists, one for the Epistle to the 
 Corinthians, and the third part of the ninth volume, to conclude 
 the Epistles of John and Jude. It is understood that Pott has 
 pledged himself to edite the Epistles to the Corinthians, as well 
 as to complete the catholic Epistles ; and that the Gospels also 
 are undertaken by persons whom Heinrichs declares to be every 
 way fit for the task. 
 
 " The 7j/«w of the work appears to us excellent. There is, 
 first of all, at the head of the page, a corrected text, agreeing 
 for the most part with Griesbach, divided into paragraphs ac- 
 cording to the sense, while the ordinary notation of chapters and 
 verses is given in the margin. Then there are brief notes, 
 strictly critical, assigning the reasons for the variations from the 
 textus receptus ; and then, at the bottom of the page, there are 
 notes of a philological nature, considerably extensive. These 
 notes are precisely of the kind that are to be found in the best 
 editions of the classics. Their sole object is to enable the reader, 
 distinctly and accurately, to apprehend the meaning of the ori- 
 ginal writers. To illustrate a phrase of doubtful meaning, first 
 of all are brought forward the passages where the writer uses 
 the same, or a similar mode of expression ; then the other New 
 Testament writers are appealed to ; then the Greek translators 
 of the Old Testament are called in ; then the apocryphal Avriters, 
 Josephus and Philo ; and, last of all, the classical authors are 
 referred to. All doctrinal discussions are carefully avoided. 
 To each book are prefixed prolegomena, in which questions re- 
 lating to their authors, their authenticity, ete. are discussed ; 
 and to each book are subjoined short dissertations, or Excursus, 
 on particular passages of extraordinary obscurity, or on phrases 
 of frequent occurrence, or which are used in a particular sense 
 by the inspired writers. 
 
 '^ As to the execution of the plan, we must speak in somewhat 
 more measured terms. Koppe's two volumes appear to us by 
 much the best of the series. He appears to us a remarkably 
 cautious critic, and judicious interpreter. We cannot extend 
 
KREBS— KUINOEL. 279 
 
 tlie same praise to Amnion, the editor of his second edition of 
 the work on the Romans, who, though obviously profoundly 
 learned, is as obviously very rash as a critic, and very unsound 
 as a commentator. His notes, however, are not numerous, and 
 they are carefully distinguished from Koppe's. Heinrichs and 
 Pott are, in their theological sentiments, considerably farther 
 from the truth than Koppe, though, from the plan of the work, 
 these appear but incidentally. 
 
 " Though the Epistles to the Corinthians have not yet ap- 
 peared in the Koppian edition. Annotations on both Epistles, 
 after the manner of Koppe, have been published ; on the first by 
 Krause, and on the second by Leun. Neither of these, perhaps, 
 particularly the last, is equal in merit to the works noticed. 
 Krause's work is, however, very respectable, and contains more 
 of the information necessary to the right interpretation of its 
 subject than can easily be found in the same compass." 
 
 Krebs, Johannes Tobias, a Germcm critic 
 and theologian ; born I7I8 ; died 17821. — Observa- 
 tiones in Novum Testamentum e Flavio Josepho. 
 Lips. 1755, 8vo. 
 
 Speaking of Krebs and Carpzov, Michaelis says, " They have 
 both contributed largely to biblical criticism, and both frequent- 
 ly agree with Wetstein in the result of their critical inquiries, 
 though they had not the opportunity of consulting each other." 
 Krebs also published a very excellent and concise lexicon to the 
 New Testament, Lips. 176-5, 8vo. 
 
 KuixoEL, D. C. J. a living German theologian. 
 Professor of Divinity at Leipzig. — Commentarius 
 in Libros Novi Testamenti Historicos. Lipsiae, 
 1807-1818, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work comprehends the four Evangelists and the Acts of 
 the Apostles. It is one of the best of the modern philological 
 works on the New Testament which has issued from the Ger- 
 man press. The orthodoxy of Professor Kuinoel, however, is 
 not very marked, nor are his interpretations always to be relied 
 
280 KUSTER— KYPKE— LAKEMACHER. 
 
 on. But he has furnished abst>racts from the ablest refutations 
 of the infidel theology of Germany, which may be of consider- 
 able use in counteracting its progress in his own country. His 
 Observationes ad Novum Testamentum ex libris Apocryphis, 
 1 794, 8vo. deserve to be consulted. 
 
 KusTER, LuDOLPH, a learned German critic 
 and theologian I horn in Westphalia 1670; died 
 1716. — Novum Testamentum Graecum, etc. Amst. 
 1710, fol. Lips. 1723, fol. 
 
 This edition of the New Testament, by Kuster, is a reprint 
 of Mill's, enriched with the various readings of twelve additional 
 MSS. nine of which were Parisian, and the three remaining 
 belonged to Carpzov, Seidel, and Boerner. It also incorpo- 
 rates in their proper places the readings which Mill was obli- 
 ged to insert in an Appendix. It is not so correct, however, as 
 Mill's, and those which have the date of 1723 differ only in the 
 title page. 
 
 Kypke, George David, a learned German di- 
 vine; horn 1724; died 1779- — Observationes Sa- 
 crae in Novi Foederis Libros. Vratislav. 1755, 
 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 These observations are executed on a similar plan, but more 
 extensive than that of Raphel. They were published soon af- 
 ter Wetstein's New Testament, but the author had not seen it 
 before the publication of his own remarks ; yet he and Wetstein 
 often harmonize in their criticisms. " Of all the expositions of 
 the New Testament conducted on principles like these," says 
 Michaelis, " I know of none that are superior, or indeed equal, 
 to those of Kypke. They are written without pedantry, or an 
 affectation of learning, and contain all that is important without 
 being encumbered with extraneous matter." 
 
 Lakemacher, John Gothofred, Professor of 
 Greeh, and of the oriental languages atHelmstadt ; 
 horn 1695 ; died 1736. — Observationes Philolo- 
 gicae, etc. Helmstad. 1730, 2 vol. 12mo. 
 
LAMPE. 281 
 
 These two volumes are divided into six parts, each of which 
 contains severiil dissertations. Among these the following sub- 
 jects are discussed at considerable length : The time when the 
 sect of the Pliarisees arose ; on Jacob seeing the face of Esau as 
 the face of God ; Paul's thorn in the flesh ; on the gate of the 
 temple called Beautiful ; on the daily sacrifice of the high- 
 priest, Heb. vii. 27 ; on the tenderness which is vulgarly ascrib- 
 ed to tlie eyes of Leah ; on the Cherethites and Pelethites ; on 
 the tongues distributed among the Apostles, Acts ii. 3 ; Elymas 
 the sorcerer ; on the light shining in a dark place, 2 Peter i. 19- 
 21 ; on Paul fighting with beasts, 1 Cor. xv. 32 ; the veiling of 
 the head in sacred places borrowed by the Jews from the Ro- 
 mans, 1 Cor. xi. 4 ; the abominable and reprobate to every 
 good work. Tit. i. 1(); on the lifting up of Moses's hands dur- 
 ing the battle with the Amalekites, Exod. xvii. 8 ; on Gad and 
 Meni, or Hecate and Mana, formerly worshipped by the Jews, 
 Isaiah Ixv. 1 1 ; on the prophet Hosea being commanded to marry 
 a harlot ; on his purchasing his wife for a certain price, Hosea 
 iii. 1-4 ; certain difficult places in the third chapter of Ruth ; 
 on the kingdom of God being manifested at Jerusalem, Luke 
 xix. 11; on Ejihraim watching with God, Hosea ix. 8 ; on the 
 Israelites being expelled from the house of God, Hosea ix. 15 ; 
 on the surname Iscariot ; the mark of being the traitor, Matth. 
 XX vi. 23 ; the reward of the traitor ; the death of the traitor ; 
 the situation of Goshen ; on the young men who sacrificed, 
 Exod. xxiv. 5 ; on Paul's vow. Acts xxi. 24. 
 
 It is evident that the learned Professor's talents are not, in 
 this work, devoted to the most important subjects ; but, if the 
 reader wish to see how much erudition may be ex^iended on 
 Leah's sore eyes, and Paul's thorn, and Judas's death, lie will 
 not be disappointed in consulting Lakemacher. 
 
 LA:\rPE, Fred. Adolph. Professor of Divinity 
 at Bremen ; where he died in 1729. — Commeiita- 
 riiis, Aiialytico-Exegeticus, tarn literalis quam realis, 
 Evaiigelii seciiiidum Johannem. Amst. 1724-1726, 
 3 vol. 4to. Basil. 1725-1727.— Pliilologico-Theo- 
 logicaruni turn earuiri quae ad ulterioreia Evaiigelii 
 
282 LAMY. 
 
 Johannis illustrationem pertinent, turn reliquiarum 
 varii generis et eruditionis multifariae Syntagma. 
 1737, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Lampe's Commentary on John is both extensive and valuable. 
 The sentiments of the author were sound, and his knowledge of 
 his subject very extensive. The words and phrases of the Evan- 
 gelist are accurately analyzed, and the order, scope, and design, 
 very closely investigated. Walch justly pronounces it an excel- 
 lent work ; full of extensive and varied erudition, and deserving 
 of the first place among the expositors of John. Learned pro- 
 legomena are prefixed to it, in which every thing relating to the 
 life and writings of John is diligently collected. The work was 
 translated into German in 1729, with the addition of new moral 
 annotations. The two volumes of dissertations, mentioned above, 
 and which were published, after the death of Lampe, with a 
 preface by Gerdes, professor of divinity at Groningen, are neces- 
 sary to complete the work on John. Besides other things, they 
 contain elaborate dissertations on the eternity of future punish- 
 ment, (which were translated into English by Joseph Robertson 
 of Edinburgh, 1796, 12mo. ;) on the Holy Spirit; on the inspi- 
 ration of the sacred writers ; on the title of the gospel by 
 John ; on Jacob's ladder ; on the bosom of the Father ; on the 
 regeneration by water and the Spirit ; on the Logos ; on the 
 production of true faith, and various others. They are re- 
 plete with learning and information, but unnecessarily minute 
 and tedious. Human life is too short for the never-ending de- 
 tails and illustrations of German divines. 
 
 Lamy, Bernard, a learned priest of the Ora- 
 tory ; horn in 1640 ; and died in 1715. — Apparatus 
 Biblicus ; or an Introduction to the Holy Scriptures. 
 Lond. 1723, 4to. 1728, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work was first published in Latin, and went through 
 several editions at Leyden and Amsterdam before it was pub- 
 lished in French, in the state in which it was translated into 
 English by Bundy, and published in 1723, 4to.; and in 1728, in 
 2 vol. 8vo. Lamy, in this Introduction, treats of the origin. 
 
LAMY. 283 
 
 history, and antiquities of the Jews ; of the canon, authors, ori- 
 ginal texts, versions, editions, and interpretations of the Scrip- 
 tures ; of the false gods, animals, precious stones, diseases, and 
 public sports, mentioned in the Bible. It contains also an ex- 
 planation of some of the proper names which occur in Scripture, 
 and a new method of reading the Scriptures. It is illustrated 
 by thirty-two engravings. Though it is neither a profound nor 
 a very accurate introduction to the Bible, it is a good popular 
 book, and will supply important information in the absence of 
 more learned performances. The plan is obviously defective ; 
 various topics are omitted which ought to have been inserted, 
 and other things have found a place which are of small import- 
 ance. The part on Jewish antiquities is the best. Both Dr. 
 Watson and Bishop Marsh speak well of the work. The Eng- 
 lish translation is a considerable imj^rovement on the French 
 editions, as Bundy has inserted many passages from the learned 
 work of the author, next mentioned. 
 
 — De Tabernaculo Foederis, Sancta Civitate Jerusa- 
 lem, et de Templo ejus. Paris. 1720, fol. 
 
 This work has never been translated into English ; but, from 
 the extracts in the English version of the Apparatus, it seems 
 to be a very learned production. 
 
 — Harmonia ; sive Concordia Quatuor Evangelista- 
 rum. Paris. 1689, 12mo. — Commentarius in Har- 
 moniam. Ibid. 1699, 4to. 
 
 There are two parts in this work : The former contains the 
 Harmony, and Commentary on it ; the latter, a Chronological 
 and Geographical Apparatus to it. Many learned discussions oc- 
 cur in this work : such as, on the Genealogy of Christ ; on the 
 word Aoyoj ; on the form of the Books used in the Synagogues, 
 etc. In the Harmony, Lamy follows the order of Matthew and 
 John, as persons who heard the discourses and saw the actions 
 which they record ; but pays less attention to the narratives of 
 Mark and LuT^e, as they were not personally acquainted with 
 tlie facts. Jolin tlie Baptist, he thinks, was twice cast into pri- 
 son ; Christ did not eat the paschal lamb in the last supper ; and 
 
284 LANGIUS—LANIGAN— LARDNER. 
 
 the two Maries, and the one called the sinner, were the same 
 person. These, and some other sentiments, occasioned a consi- 
 derable controversy in France with the author. 
 
 Langius, D. Joach. a learned Pietist, and Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity in the university of Halle. — 
 Commentatio Historico-Hermeneutica in Vita et 
 Epistolis Apostoli Pauli, etc. Halae, 1718, 4to. 
 
 This is an exceedingly valuable book, and affords very consi- 
 derable assistance for the understanding of the New Testament. 
 Lanff was the author of a number of valuable and useful works. 
 
 Lanig AN, John, an Irishman by birth ; Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity in the tinive?'sity qfPavia. — Insti- 
 tutionum Biblicarum Pars prima. Pa viae, 1794, 
 8vo. 
 
 This is a very respectable work from the pen of a Catholic 
 Professor. His plan was to occupy three parts, — the history of 
 the sacred books ; biblical antiquities ; and hermeneutics. Only 
 the first part has been published. The rest, it is said, has been 
 suppressed, in consequence of the freedom of the author's opi- 
 nions. The nine chapters into Avhicli this volume is distributed, 
 contain much valuable matter relating to the circumstances and 
 literature of the Hebrews, and the authority of their sacred books. 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel, D. D. an eminent dis- 
 senting minister, of the Unitarian profession; 
 born 1684 ; died 1768. — Works, with Life, by 
 Dr. Kippis. Loncl. 1788, 11 vol. 8vo. Ibid. 1815, 
 6 vol. 4to. 
 
 The services which Dr. Lardner rendered to the cause of 
 Christianity are well known and very considerable. His exten- 
 sive and accurate investigations into the credibility of the gospel 
 history have left scarcely any thing more to be done or desired. 
 Subsequent writers on the evidences of Christianity have gene- 
 rally availed themselves of Lardner's collection of testimonies, 
 deeming it useless to verify his quotations, or add to their num- 
 
LAURENCE. 285 
 
 ber. His sentiments on the doctrinal part of Christianity did 
 not injure his reasonings as an historian, but they probably in- 
 fluenced his selection of quotations from the early Cliristian 
 writers. The History of the Writers of the New Testament 
 Bishop Watson republished, in the second volume of his Tracts. 
 The first part of the Credibility was translated into Latin by the 
 celebrated Wolfius. It was also translated into Dutch and Ger- 
 man. Walcli eulogizes it as "insigne opus." The last volume 
 of his collected works contains his tracts ; the vindication of 
 three of the miracles of Christ ; on the Logos ; the two epistles 
 ascribed to Clement ; on the Mosaic account of the fall ; on Dr. 
 Ward's dissertations ; on Macknight's Harmony, and some minor 
 pieces. They discover his usual research and accuracy, and show 
 how far he departed from the orthodox belief. 
 
 Laurence, Richard, LL. D. Regius Professor 
 of Hebrew in the university of Oxford ; now Arch- 
 bishop of Cashel. — On Singularity and Excess in 
 Philological Speculations, a Sermon. Oxf. 1807. — A 
 Dissertation on the Logos of St. John, comprehend- 
 ing the substance of Sermons preached before the 
 university of Oxford. Ibid. 1808, 8 vo. — Critical Re- 
 marks on detached Passages of the New Testament, 
 particularly the Revelation of St. John. By the 
 late French Lawrence, LL. D. M. P. Ibid. 1810, 
 8vo. — Critical Reflections upon some Important 
 Misrepresentations contained in the Unitarian Yi^v- 
 sion of the New Testament. Ibid. 1811, 8vo. — 
 Remarks upon the Systematical Classification of Ma- 
 nuscripts adopted by Griesbach in his edition of 
 the Greek Testament. Ibid. 1814, 8vo. — Ascensio 
 Isaiae Vatis, opusculum pseudipigraphum, nniltis' 
 abhinc seculis, ut videtur, deperditum, nunc autem 
 apud Ethiopas compertum, et cum versione Latina 
 Anglicanaque publici juris factum. Ibid. 1819, 8vo. 
 
28(5 LAURENCE— LAW. 
 
 — -Remarks on the Critical Principles adopted by 
 writers who have at various periods recommended 
 a New Translation of the Bible. Ibid. 1820, 8vo. 
 — Reply to Professor Samuel Lee's Strictures on 
 the above. Ibid. 1821, 8vo. — Primi Ezrae Libri, 
 qui apud Vulgatam appellatur quartus, versio 
 Ethiopica ; nunc primo in medium prolata, et 
 Latine Angliceque reddita. Ibid. 1820, 8vo. — The 
 Book of Enoch the Prophet ; an apocryphal pro- 
 duction, supposed to have been lost for ages, but 
 discovered at the close of the last century in Abys- 
 sinia, now first translated from an Ethiopic MS. 
 in the Bodleian Library. Ibid. 1821, 8vo. 
 
 All these productions discover great learning and critical acute- 
 ness. The reflections on the Unitarian version are severe and 
 pointed, but generally correct and well supported. His remarks 
 on Griesbach's classification certainly shake the foundation of 
 that learned critic's fabric of recensions, though they do not ma- 
 terially affect the text or various readings which he has furnish- 
 ed. They are also occasionally un candid and severe. A very 
 able critique on this pamphlet will be found in the Eclectic Re- 
 view, New Ser. vol. iv. p. 1 and 1 73. The translations from the 
 Ethiopic of the two apocryphal books are exceedingly curious, 
 and bring to light two very interesting documents. 
 
 Law, Edmund, Bishop of Carlisle ; died in 
 1787. — Considerations on the Theory of Religion, 
 in three parts. Lond. 1784, 8vo. 7th edit. 
 
 This is a clever, but not an orthodox book, and is mentioned 
 here chiefly on account of the appendix, which contains an in- 
 quiry into the use of the word soul in Scripture, and the state of 
 the dead there described ; the object of which is, to deny an in- 
 termediate state, and to establish the doctrine of materialism. 
 It was attacked by Messrs. Goddard and Steffe, and defended 
 by Archdeacon Blackburne and Mr. Pickard. The controversy 
 was carried on with considerable vigour during the middle of 
 
LAWSON— LEIGH. 287 
 
 last century, and tended to advance the progress of Socinianisni, 
 both in the church and among the dissenters. 
 
 Lawson, George, D.D. Professor of Diviniiy 
 to the Associate JBurgher Synod; horn ^'w 1749 ; 
 died in 1820. — Lectures on the Book of Ruth. 1805, 
 12ino. — Lectures on the Book of Esther. Edinb. 
 1809, 12mo. — Lectures on the History of Josepli. 
 Ibid. 1812, 2 vol. 12nio. — Exposition of the Book of 
 Proverbs. Ibid. 1812, 2 vol. 12mo. 
 
 These works of the late worthy professor, were chiefly intend- 
 ed for the instruction of Christians in the ordinary walks of life. 
 They are pious and sensible, full of sound doctrine, and salutary 
 admonition and instruction. There is rarely any thing of a cri- 
 tical nature to be found in them, which indeed was not the writ- 
 er's object ; but they everywhere discover a minute acquaint- 
 ance with the Bible and the human heart, and a deep concern 
 to profit the reader. The style is plain, and the illustrations ge- 
 nerally very brief. 
 
 Leigh, Sir Edward, a learned layman^ mem- 
 
 her of the Long Parliament, and of the Westminster 
 
 Assem])ly ; horn 1602; died 1671- — Annotations on 
 
 all the Books of the New Testament, philological 
 
 and theological, etc. Lond. 1650, fol. 
 
 These notes are generally short, but verj'- judicious. As an 
 evidence of the estimation in which they have been lield, they 
 were translated into Latin by Arnold, and published at Leipzig 
 in 1732. 
 
 — Critica Sacra ; or Observations on all the primi- 
 tive Hebrew words of the Old Testament. Lond. 
 1650, fol. — Critica Sacra ; or philological and theo- 
 logical Observations on all the Greek words of tlie 
 New Testament. Ibid. 1650, fol. 
 
 Both these works do great credit to the learning and diligence 
 of the worthy baronet. Few men of his time probal)lv possessed 
 
288 LEIGHTON. 
 
 a larger or more accurate acquaintance witli the original languages 
 of Scripture. As lexicons they are imperfect ; but they may be 
 frequently consulted with advantage. Parkhurst refers to them 
 with respect ; and on the continent they have been often reprint- 
 ed. The Observationes in Novum Testamentum Wolfburgii, 
 1717, were intended as a supplement to Leigh's Critica on the 
 New Testament. The original work, with the English parts 
 translated into Latin, was edited by Henry Middock. Amster- 
 dam, 1678 and 1696, fol. It was also translated into French by 
 Wolzogue, 1703, 4to. Leigh was the author of various other 
 works on theology, which are not unworthy of the attention of a 
 student of the word of God. 
 
 Leighton, Robert, D. D. ArcJibisJw}^ of Glas^ 
 gow ; the .son of a Scotchman^ hut horn in Lo7idon 
 in 1613 ; died 1684. — The whole works of Robert 
 Leighton, D. D. with a Memoir of the Author by 
 George Jerment, D. D. Lond. 1820, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is by far the best edition of the valuable works of Leigh- 
 ton, and the only one that can be said to have undergone a com- 
 plete revision. None of them was published by himself; and 
 the former editors either printed carelessly from the MS. or found 
 the task of correction too difficult and laborious. Doddridge, 
 who edited his exjiository works in 1748, from the first printed 
 edition, pronounced them the most faulty pieces of printing that 
 had issued from the press ; but even his diligence and love for the 
 author failed to make his works suffl^ciently correct. The author 
 of this Bibliotheca knows, that the last editor was peculiarly well 
 qualified for the task, and is happy to bear testimony to his suc- 
 cess. Leighton now appears in a dress worthy of his talents 
 and eminent piety. Perhaps there is no expository work in the 
 English language equal altogether to the exposition of Peter. 
 It is rich in evangelical sentiment and exalted devotion. The 
 meaning is seldom missed, and often admirably illustrated. There 
 is, learning without its parade, theology divested of systematic 
 stiffness, and eloquence in a beautiful fiow of unaffected language 
 and appropriate imagery. To say more would be unbecoming, 
 and less could not be said with justice. 
 
LEO— LESS— LEUSDEN. 289 
 
 Leo de Judah, one of the ministers of Zurich ; 
 where he died in 1542. — Biblia. Lutetiae, 1545, 4to. 
 
 This version of the Scriptures into Latin is commonly called 
 the Tigurine, or Zurich Bible. The principal translator was 
 Leo de Judah. He was assisted by Tlieod. Bibliander and Con. 
 Pellican in the Old Testament, and by Peter Cholin, and Ralph 
 Gautier in the New. It is printed in parallel columns with the 
 Vulgate, and accompanied with short notes in the margin and 
 at the bottom of the page. 
 
 Less, Godfrey, Professor of Divinity in the 
 university of Gottingen. — The Authenticity, uncor- 
 rupted Preservation, and Credibility of the New Tes- 
 tament ; translated from the German, by Roger 
 Kingdon. Lond. 1804, 8vo, 
 
 Less originally doubted the truth of Christianity himself, and 
 this work contains a view of tlie evidence which satisfied his 
 mind. It is less prolix than the work of Lardner ; but contains 
 some testimonies omitted by him, and reasons on the whole in a 
 very luminous manner. The translator quotes the opinion of the 
 original work given by Michaelis and Marsh ; and justly ob- 
 serves, ^'^ That which has obtained the praise of Michaelis, and 
 the recommendation of Marsh, needs no further panegyric." 
 
 Leusden, John, Professor of Hebrew at Ut- 
 recht; was horn in 1624 ; and died in 16*99. — Cla- 
 vis Hebraica Veteris Testamenti, etc. Ultraj. 1682, 
 4to. 3d edit. 
 
 In this work, Leusden analyzes all the more difficult words in 
 the Old Testament, so that it forms a grammatical commentary 
 on the entire Hebrew Bible. It is better, however, for the student 
 to be well acquainted with the principles of the language, than to 
 depend too much on such a book as this, though it may occasion- 
 ally afford valuable assistance. 
 
 — Philologus Hebraeus. Ultraj. 1695, 3d edit. 
 4to. — Philologus Hebraeo-Graecus. Ibid. 1685, 
 
 u 
 
290 LEWIS, JOHN. 
 
 2d edit. — Philologus Hebraeo-Mixtus. Ibid. 1699, 
 
 3d edit. 
 
 In these works the learned author treats of a great variety of 
 subjects relating to the books and languages of the Old and New 
 Testament. The versions which have been made of the sacred 
 books at different times — the various readings of manuscripts 
 and printed editions — the style and manner of the writers, are 
 all the subject of examination. They, indeed, constitute very 
 valuable introductions to the knowledge of the original Scrip- 
 tures, and not the less valuable because they are not so prolix as 
 many of the productions of Dutch pens. These three philolo- 
 gical works were frequently printed after the author's death. 
 Leusden, besides these works, edited editions of the Hebrew 
 Bible, and the Greek Testament, which are generally esteemed 
 on account of their correctness. He also edited the works of 
 Bochart, in 3 vol. folio, and died while editing the Syriac New 
 Testament, completed by Schaaf in 1708. He wrote also seve- 
 ral other works of a philological and critical nature. Of his va- 
 rious biblical works to the year l685, he gives some account in 
 the Preface to his Philologus Hebraeo-Graecus. He was an 
 eminent scholar, and better acquainted with rabbinical and orien- 
 tal literature than most of the men of his age. " Leusdenii 
 merita," says Pritius, ^' in artem philologicam notiora sunt, 
 quam ut mea commemoratione et laude indigeant : quis enim 
 ejusdem philologum Ebraeo-Graecum nescit.^*" 
 
 Lewis, John, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England; horn 1675 ; died 1746. — A Complete 
 History of the several Translations of the Bible into 
 English. Lond. 1739, 1818, 8vo. 
 
 This work gives an account of all the English translations of 
 the Scriptures, both in manuscript, and which had been printed 
 to the time of its appearance. It is a dull but important book, 
 as it affords a chronological view of the progress of the word of 
 God in our native country, with biographical notices of many of 
 the translators. Lewis published the first edition of Wiclif 's 
 New Testament, to which the above work was first prefixed. 
 
LEWIS, T— LEYDEKER— LIGHTFOOT. 291 
 
 Lond. 1731, fol. He was the author of various other works, 
 historical and controversial. The third edition of the History, 
 published in 1818, contains some additions from Newcome, and 
 a continuation by another hand. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, A. M. — Origines Hebraeae : 
 The Antiquities of the Hebrew Republic. Lond. 
 1724, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In this elaborate work, a full examination will be found of the 
 civil and ecclesiastical government of the Hebrews ; their places 
 of worship and religious ceremonies ; their idolatries and munici- 
 pal laws ; their private manners ; and the state of learning and 
 the arts among them, etc. Besides examining many of the rab- 
 binical writings, the author diligently explored the works of 
 Bertram, Sigonius, Cunaeus, Buxtorf, Outram, Lightfoot, 
 Schickard, Menochius, Leusden, Hospinian, Reland, etc. etc. 
 It is by far the most complete work in our language in this de- 
 partment, and is recommended by the Bishop of LandafF as '' a 
 laborious compilation from the most distinguished writers, whe- 
 ther Jews or Christians." 
 
 Leydeker, Melchior, a learned Dutch di- 
 vme. Professor of JDivmifij at Utrecht; horn 1652 ; 
 died 1721. — De Republica Hebraeorum Libri XII. 
 Anist. 1704-1710, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This immense work treats at large of the origin of the He- 
 brew nation, and its state in Egypt ; of the miraculous provi- 
 dence in its establishment ; of the theocracy ; of the country and 
 cities which it occupied ; of its political government, and 2)ublic 
 and private religious polity ; of its various fates during the go- 
 vernment of judges and kings, and especially of its state when 
 divided into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and during the 
 Assyrian and Babylonish captivities ; of its restoration by Cyrus, 
 and condition till the time of Alexander the Great. It is a 
 very Dutch performance. . 
 
 LiGiiTFOOT, John, D.D. a distinguished He- 
 I)rew scholar; /wrn in Staffordshire in 1602; died 
 1675. — The Works of the reverend and learned 
 
292 LIGHTFOOT. 
 
 John Lightfoot, D.D. late Master of St. Katherine 
 Hall, in Cambridge, and Prebend of Ely. Revised 
 and corrected by George Bright, D.D. Lond. 1684, 
 2 vol. fol. Ibid. 1823, 12 vol. 8vo. — Some Genuine 
 Remains of the late John Lightfoot, D.D. Ibid. 
 1700, 8vo. 
 
 The works of Dr. Lightfoot have been long and extensively 
 known among theologians, especially those attached to rabbinical 
 literature. He was more profoundly skilled in this department 
 than any Englishman of his day ; and, from his collections, most 
 of those who have since treated of it have borrowed largely. The 
 two folio volumes of his works contain a harmony of the Old 
 Testament, and another of the New ; four parts of a harmony of 
 the four Evangelists ; observations upon Genesis ; a handful 
 of gleanings out of the book of Exodus ; a commentary upon 
 the Acts of the Apostles ; the temple service, as in the days of 
 our Saviour ; miscellanies ; and the temple described as it stood in 
 the days of our Saviour. In the second volume, are the Horae 
 Hebraicae et Talmudicae, or Hebrew and Talmudical exercita- 
 tions upon the Four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, some chap- 
 ters of the Epistle to the Romans, and on the first epistle 
 to the Corinthians. The rest of the volume is occupied with 
 sermons. The second volume is edited by the well-known 
 Strype, who furnished the life of Lightfoot, prefixed to the 
 work. Strype also edited the octavo volume of his Remains, 
 to which is prefixed some additional particulars respecting 
 his life and times, of rather a curious description. That vo- 
 lume contains three tracts ; rules for a student of the Scriptures ; 
 meditations on some abstruse points of divinity, and explanations 
 of some difficult passages of Scripture; and an exposition of 
 two articles of the creed. Besides these, I am in possession of a 
 curious controversial tract by Lightfoot, under the name of his 
 brother Peter, " A Battell Avith a Wasp's nest." Lond. l649, 4to. 
 
 The harmonies of Scripture contained in the works of Light- 
 foot are the result of great labour and learning ; that on the 
 Four Gospels was never completed. The observations on passages 
 of Scripture discover the author's minute attention to the Bible; 
 though they are not all so important or correct as might have 
 
LIVELY— LOCKE. 293 
 
 been expected. The Talmudlcal exercitations partake largely 
 of the unsatisfactoriness, and even silliness, of rabbinical learn- 
 ing, to which Lightfoot attached more importance than he 
 ought, for assistance in interpreting the New Testament. If 
 any man could have made a good use of the works of ancient and 
 modern rabbins, for illustrating the Bible, Lightfoot certainly 
 was the man. But even in his hands the material is very un- 
 productive ; and though we are grateful to him for the collections 
 ■which he has made, we can scarcely help regretting that so 
 much labour has been expended to so little purpose. All that 
 is really \'aluable in them might be put into a small compen- 
 dium. The works of Lightfoot were translated into Latin, 
 and ])ublished at Rotterdam, in 2 vol. fol. l6S6. A third volume 
 was j)ublislied by Leusden, at Utrecht, in 1 GOO. His Chorogra- 
 phical Observations are part of the Prolegomena to Walton's 
 Polyglot, to which, as well as to Castel's Lexicon, he afforded 
 various and important assistance. Poole speaks of his works as 
 " singulari doctrinA conscripta." A new edition of his works is 
 now passing through the press, edited by the Rev. Mr. Pitman. 
 It is designed to be completed in twelve volumes octavo. 
 
 Lively, Edward, Professor of Hebrew and 
 Divinity in the university of Cambridge ; died in 
 160.5. — Adnotationes in Hoseam, Joelem, Amos, 
 Abdiam, et Jonam. Lond. 1587, 8vo. 
 
 These short annotations were republished in the Critici Sacri, 
 and are highly extolled by Poole, in the preface to the third volume 
 of the Synopsis. Simon sneers in his usual way, at the atten- 
 tion which Lively pays to the literal meaning. He has not, 
 however, overlooked the spiritual design of the prophecies. 
 Lively was appointed one of the translators of our present Eng- 
 lish version. 
 
 Locke, John, a celebrated j^^iilosojyJier, who 
 died in 1704. — A Paraphrase and Notes on the 
 Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, Corinthians, 
 Romans, and Ephesians. To which is prefixed, an 
 Essay for the Understanding of St. Paul's Epistles, 
 by consulting St. Paul himself. Lond. 1733, 4to. 
 
294 LE LONG. 
 
 Locke, like his great contemporary Newton, amidst the ardour 
 of pliilosophical pursuit, did not forget the study of the Scrip- 
 tures. He loved and venerated the word of God, and probably 
 thought himself no less honoured by his commentary on the 
 Epistles, than by his treatise. Of the Human Understanding. 
 What is true of the latter, however, is no less true of the former 
 work. It contains much important truth, and some very consi- 
 derable errors. Locke read St. Paul with great attention, and 
 yet missed his meaning on some leading subjects. His ideas of 
 the person of Christ, of the doctrine of justification by faith, 
 and the character and privileges of the Christian church, are 
 grossly erroneous. But, apart from his theological errors, his 
 work possesses very considerable merit. He set the example, in 
 English, of a style of criticising the New Testament which was 
 afterwards followed by Pierce and Benson ; who, in a series of 
 similar works, completed the epistolary part of the New Cove- 
 nant. Of these works some account will be found under their re- 
 spective names. The work of Locke was translated into German 
 by Hoffmann, and published in two volumes quarto, 1 7^3. 
 
 Long, James le, a learned French hihUogra^ 
 pJier, and one of the fathers of the Oratory ; horn 
 1665 ; died in consequence of excessive application^ 
 1721. — Bibliotlieca Sacra sen syllabus omnium fer- 
 me Sacrae Scripturae editionum ac versionum, etc. 
 Paris. 1709, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In the same year it was republished at Leipzig and Antwerp, 
 with additions, by C. F. Boerner, professor of humanity in the 
 university of Leipzig. In 1723, it was published in two volumes 
 folio, at Paris; and in 1778, it began to be published at Halle 
 by Dr. Andrew Masch, superintendent of Stargard. He com- 
 pleted his undertaking under great discouragements, in 1790* 
 The whole of this edition is contained in six 4to. parts or volumes. 
 It contains an account of all the editions of the Hebrew Bible, 
 of the Greek New Testament, of the ancient versions, and of 
 the modern Latin versions, which had been previously publish- 
 ed. It is far more complete in these departments than the ori- 
 ginal work ; but it does not give any account of the original MSS. 
 
 i 
 
LOOKUP— LOWMAN. ^95 
 
 or of the translations of the Scriptures into the modern languages, 
 which Le Long gives in his own editions. The various editions 
 contain much curious information relating to the editions of the 
 Scriptures, and are invaluable acquisitions to the biblical scholar. 
 
 LooKur, John, Esq. a HutcJi'msoiiicm writer, — 
 Berasheth, or the First Book of Moses, called Gene- 
 sis ; translated from the original. Lond. 1740, 8vo. 
 
 This is a curious specimen of Hutchinsonian theology, in which 
 Elohim is always translated " the Gods ;" heaven, "the names/' 
 etc. There are, notwithstanding its general uncouthness, a few 
 good renderings. Lookup was the author also of a work in Svo. 
 on the Erroneous Translations in the vulgar Versions of the 
 Scriptures, 1739- Geddes says, " He seems to have studied 
 with attention the genius of the original, and in some places has 
 well expressed its meaning." His sentiments on the doctrine of 
 the Trinity were not correct. 
 
 LowMAX, Moses, an English disseyiting mini- 
 ster ; horn 1679; died 1752. — A Paraphrase and 
 Notes on the Revelation of St. John. Lond. 1745, 
 4to. 2d edit. 
 
 This is a respectable work of the same class with Locke, Ben- 
 son, and Pierce, to whose doctrinal sentiments the author was 
 inclined. The notes are few, and not very profound. 
 
 — Three Tracts : on the appearances of God under 
 
 the old Testament ; the Schechinah ; the Logos. 
 
 Lond. 1756, Svo. 
 
 This work was published after the learned author's death by 
 Drs. Chandler, Lardner, and Mr. Saundercock. It contains a 
 good deal of learning and research on the peculiar topics of which 
 it treats. It is rather difficult to ascertain the precise views of 
 Mr. Lowman on the connexion between these appearances and 
 the person and character of Christ. He seems on the whole to 
 diverge from the Scripture doctrine on that subject. Lo\\anan 
 was the author of several otlier works of importance and research: 
 A Rational of the Ritual of the Hebrew Worship, Lond. 1 7*i8, Svo. 
 
296' LOWTH, ROBERT. 
 
 and a Dissertation on the Civil Government of the Hebrews, 
 ibid. 1 7^5, 8vo. Lowman had a great knowledge of Jewish affairs. 
 
 LowTH, Robert, Sishop of London; died in 
 1787. — Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the He- 
 brews. Lond. 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work was published in Latin, in 1753, by the Bishop. 
 It was translated into English by G. Gregory, 1787? 2 vol. 
 Svo. It was republished at Gottingen by Michaelis, in 1758, 
 who added notes of his own. The best of these were trans- 
 lated, and incorporated into Gregory's work, besides notes by 
 himself and Henley ; so that the version is really more valuable 
 than the original. It is an elegant and interesting book, though 
 somewhat calculated to lead the mind to admire the poetical 
 beauties of Scripture rather than their spiritual tendency and 
 design. It is not distinguished so much for its philological cri- 
 ticisms, as for the felicity of its illustrations. 
 
 — Isaiah. A new translation ; with a preliminary 
 Dissertation, and Notes critical, philological, and 
 explanatory. Lond. 1778, 4to. Ibid. 1807, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Isaiah was an admirable subject for the pen of Bishop Lowth. 
 He was himself a poet, and deeply versant in the poetry of the 
 Hebrews, as appears from his former work, as well as in the po- 
 etical "writers of Greece and Rome. No former translator has ex- 
 pressed the meaning and spirit of the evangelical prophet so fe- 
 licitously as Lowth. In the preliminary dissertation, he discuss- 
 es the nature of Hebrew metre, mentions the rules he prescribed 
 to himself in translating, and states his views of the original text, 
 and of the other subsidiary means resorted to for interpreting 
 the prophet. The notes for the most part relate to the beauties 
 of Isaiah's diction, and his poetical imagery. Lowth is per- 
 haps too partial to conjectural criticism ; and the version is too 
 highly wrought for common use ; but it is a valuable specimen 
 of sacred criticism, and indispensable to the interpretation of Is- 
 aiah. It was scarcely published in English when it appeared in 
 German, from the pen of Koppe, professor of divinity in the uni- 
 versity of Gottingen. The 1st volume appeared in 1779, the 2d 
 and 3d in 178O, and the 4th in 178I. In this translation there 
 
LOWTH, WILLIAM— LYTTELTON. 297 
 
 are notes and disquisitions by the translator liimself, which Ro- 
 senmiiller, to whom I am indebted for this notice^, says are wor- 
 thy of being combined with those of Lowth. 
 
 LowTH, William, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England, and father ofBhhop Lowth ; horn 1661; 
 died in 1732. — A Coinmentaiy upon the larger and 
 lesser Prophets ; being a continuation of Bishop 
 Patrick. Lond. 1739, fol. and various editions in 
 fol. and 4to. 
 
 Lowth is one of the most judicious commentators on the pro- 
 phets. He never prophesies himself, adheres strictly to the li- 
 teral meaning of the inspired writer, and is yet generally evan- 
 gelical in his interpretations. There is not much appearance of 
 criticism ; but the original text, and other critical aids, were 
 doubtless closely studied by the respectable author. It is often 
 quoted by Scott, and along with Patrick and Whitby, (A\'ith 
 whom he is associated, though a writer of more spirituality than 
 either,) is pronounced by Bishop Watson the best commentary 
 in the English language. 
 
 — Directions for the profitable reading of the Holy 
 Scriptures, together with some observations for the 
 confirming their divine Authority, and illustrating 
 the difficulties thereof. Lond. 1708, 1821, 12mo. 
 
 This is a very excellent little treatise, and calculated to assist 
 very beneficially in the reading of the word of God. Even those 
 whose acquaintance with the Scriptures is extensive, may derive 
 some useful hints from it. 
 
 Lyttelton, George, Lord, a nohleman of con- 
 siderahle eminence for his literary talents and pro- 
 ductions ; horn 1709 ; died 1779 — Observations on 
 the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul, in a 
 Letter to Gilbert West, Esq. Lond. 1747, 8vo. 
 Often reprinted. 
 
ogg MACABAEUS— MACCULLOCH. 
 
 The object of this tract is to show, that the conversion of Paul 
 was of itself a demonstration sufficient to prove the truth of 
 Christianity. He successfully shows, that Paul was not an zm- 
 postor, nor an enthusiast, and that he could not have been deceiv- 
 ed himself. From all which, his Lordship infers the certainty 
 of his conversion and call to the apostleship, and consequently 
 the divine origin of the Gospel. It is a well-reasoned and acute 
 pamphlet, and discovers considerable acquaintance with the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 Macabaeus, or M'^Bee, orMACALPiNE, John, 
 D. D. a learned Scotchman, who, enibi^acing the Re- 
 formation, fled to England in 15321 ; afterwards 
 retired to Denmark, and was made Professor of 
 Divinity in Copenhagen, where he died 1557. — 
 Enarratio in Deuteronomium Doctoris Joh. Mac- 
 chabei Alpinatus. Lond. 1563, 8vo. . 
 
 My notice of Macalpine, or Macabaeus, is taken from M^^Crie's 
 Life of Knox ; but the above title is copied from Bishop Wil- 
 kins's list. It would seem that Dr. M'Crie was not aware of the 
 existence of this work. He refers to Annot. in Matthaeum of 
 his, but is uncertain whether they were in MS. or printed. The 
 last word of the title I have quoted shows the descent of the 
 writer, and corroborates Dr. M'^Crie's account of him. 
 
 Macculloch, Robert, D.D. a minister of the 
 Church of Scotland, at Dairsie, in Fifeshire. — Lec- 
 tures on the Prophecies of Isaiah. Lond. 1791- 
 1805, 4 vol. Bvo. 
 
 These large volumes are proofs of Dr. Macculloch's laborious 
 diligence in the discharge of the duties of his office. Popular 
 lectures on such a book as the Prophecies of Isaiah, are not per- 
 haps the most satisfactory books to those who desire to be criti- 
 cally satisfied respecting the meaning of the Scriptures. Many 
 things must be omitted or assumed in addresses or expositions 
 to a promiscuous audience, which are necessary for the satisfac- 
 tion of a learned inquirer. How far Dr. Macculloch is qualified 
 
MACE— MACKNIGHT. 299 
 
 for producing a work of such a description, it is needless to in- 
 quire ; as this was not his object in the present undertakiuf. 
 He has made a liberal use of Vitringa : of whose learned work, 
 indeed, these Lectures may be considered a tolerable abridg- 
 ment, or epitome in English. He has also occasionally referred 
 to Lowth. But there is little evidence of such an acquaintance 
 with the Hebrew language, and other critical aids as are 
 essential to the correct interpretation of this sublime but diffi- 
 cult book. The Doctor is very evangelical in his sentiments. 
 
 Mace, Williaini, a Preshijtericm dissenting mi- 
 nister of the Arian persuasion. — The New Testa- 
 ment ill Greek and English, containing the original 
 text, corrected from the authority of the most au- 
 thentic MSS. ; and a new version formed agree- 
 ably to the illustrations of the most learned commen- 
 tators and critics, etc. Lond. 1729, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The text and translation of this edition both use very unwar- 
 rantable liberties with the original. The author appears to have 
 been influenced by his theological opinions, both as an editor 
 and a translator, and was altogether unfit for such a work, from 
 sentiment, feeling, and taste. Dr. Doddridge frequently refers 
 to his translation and notes with disapprobation. It is a beau- 
 tifully printed book. Even Dr. Geddes pronounces it a ridicu- 
 lous and profane work ; and a very extended and valuable re- 
 view of it Avas published by Dr. Twells : — A critical examination 
 of the late text and version of the New Testament. Lond. 1732, 
 2 vol. 8vo. Mace's work was published without a name ; but 
 it was dedicated to Lord King. Wolfius was so much pleased 
 with Dr. Twells's vindication of the authority of the Apocalypse, 
 that he translated and inserted it in the Prolegomena to that 
 book. See Curae, torn. v. p. 387- 
 
 Macknight, James, D.D. a minister of the 
 Church of Scotland, icho died in 1800. — A Har- 
 mony of the Four Gospels, in which the natural 
 order of each is preserved. With a paraphrase 
 
300 MACKNIGHT. 
 
 and notes. Lond. 1756, 1763, 4to. Edinb, 1804, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is the most valuahle work of its kind in the English 
 language. Less violence is done to the text of the Evangelists, 
 than by most harmonies ; and the evangelical narratives, by be- 
 ing minutely compared, often very happily illustrate one an- 
 other. Many of the discourses and miracles, which are usually 
 considered as the same, though differing in some circumstances, 
 according as they are described by the several writers, Mac- 
 knight considers as really different. In a number of instances, 
 however, the similarity is so great, that he fails to produce con- 
 viction that the facts were different. His preliminary observa- 
 tions contain useful information ; his notes are seldom profound; 
 and the paraphrase occasionally contains sentiments, which do 
 not accord with the doctrine of the Evangelists. A Latin trans- 
 lation of the Harmony was published at Bremen in 1772. Dr. 
 Lardner addressed a letter to Macknight, containing some ob- 
 servations on the Harmony. In the introduction to it he very 
 gravely says, *' If my thoughts are somewhat different from 
 yours, I do not know that you have any good reason to be of- 
 fended." It occurs in the last volume of Lardner's works. 
 
 — A New Literal Translation, from the original 
 Greek, of all the Apostolical Epistles ; with a Com- 
 mentary, and Notes, philological, critical, explana- 
 tory, and practical. To which is added, A History 
 of the Life of the Apostle Paul. Lond. 1795, 
 4 vol. 4to. Ibid. 1806, 6 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the most useful, and of the most dangerous 
 books on the New Testament ; which has thrown considerable 
 light on the Epistles, and, at the same time, has propagated most 
 pernicious views of their leading doctrines. With the exception 
 of the divinity and atonement of Christ, scarcely any other doc- 
 trine is properly stated by this learned writer. His views of 
 justification are subversive of the grace of Christ, and affect all 
 his reasonings, and many of his criticisms on the Epistles. His 
 doctrinal system, if it deserves this appellation, is quite peculiar 
 
MACLAURIN. ' 301 
 
 to himself. If it be called Arminian, it is certainly the clum- 
 siest Arminiaiiism in the language. It wants the merit of cor- 
 rectness and consistency, and yet is constantly obtruded on the 
 reader's attention. 
 
 As a critical work, it is entitled to rank high. The Prefaces 
 to the Epistles, and the view and illustration of the facts and 
 arguments, prefixed to the several chapters, are generally admi- 
 rable. Great attention is uniformly paid to the scope and de- 
 sign of the inspired writer. What he calls the Commentary, is, 
 in fact, a paraphrase, which commonly engrosses the words of 
 the text, and is seldom so diffuse and tautological as the srene- 
 rality of jiaraphrases. His notes discover very considerable ac- 
 quaintance with sacred criticism ; and, had they contained less 
 of his erroneous theology, would have been very valuable. The 
 translation is too literal to be always correct, and is frequently 
 not good English ; too much latitude of meaning is given to the 
 Greek particles and prepositions ; and too many sujiplements are 
 sometimes employed. A well-informed Christian may be mate- 
 rially assisted by Macknight ; but an imperfectly enlightened 
 one will either be sadly perplexed by his discussions, or led to 
 ado2)t the most injurious mistakes. Parkhurst speaks of it as a 
 " luminous and valuable work ;'' and the British Critic repre- 
 sents it as '^ a work of theological labour not often paralleled, 
 and an ample storehouse of observations, to exercise not only the 
 student but the adept in divinity." 
 
 Maclauiiin, J OYi^, one of the ministers ofGlas- 
 goic, and hrother of Colin 3Iaclaurin, the celebrat- 
 ed mathematician; horn in Argyleshire, 1693; 
 died 1754. — An Essay on the Prophecies relating 
 to the Messiah, etc. Edinb. 1778, 8vo. 
 
 This work, of a most powerful and accomplished mind, affords 
 much assistance for understanding the numerous predictions of 
 the Old Testament relative to the Messiah and his times. There 
 are subjoined to it three sermons, and an important inquiry into 
 happiness. His sermon on the cross of Christ and smaller essays 
 have long been kuown and deservedly celebrated. Of tliese a 
 very neat edition in 2 vol. 12mo. was published at Edinburgh in 
 
302 MACLEAN— MACQUEEN. 
 
 1818. They contain very admirable views of divine truth;, and 
 will richly reward an attentive perusal. Many years ago Dr. 
 Erskine advertised, with a view to recover some unpublished 
 MSS. of Maclaurin's, which he had read in early life, but which 
 had long disappeared. I know not that they have yet been reco- 
 vered. They were on the following topics : the diflference between 
 enthusiasm and piety ; the Scripture doctrine of continued for- 
 giveness ; the New Testament miracles ; on the mystics ; on in- 
 fant baptism, etc. etc. 
 
 Maclean, Aiiciii^Ai.i),Jh?mder of the Baptist 
 churches in Scotland; Jjorn 1732; died\%\^. — A 
 Paraphrase and Commentary on the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews. Edinb. 1811-1817, 2! vol. ISmo. Lond. 
 
 1819, 2 voL 8vo. 
 
 My opinion of this work may be given in an extract from a 
 review of it, furnished by me for a London periodical work 
 in July 18 19. " We are acquainted with no expository work 
 in our language, which, within so small a compass, contains so 
 much valuable matter, and truly scriptural illustration. It is 
 not a work of imagination, but of judgment. It does not deal in 
 conjectures or random interpretations; but in solid judicious in- 
 vestigation. It discovers no fondness for novelty, nor any silly 
 attachment to the suffrage of antiquity. It is uniformly calm, 
 serious, and scriptural. The illustrations of the divinity, the 
 sacrifice, the priesthood, and the covenant of our Lord Jesus 
 Christ, are most excellent, though on some points he differs from 
 expositors of established reputation. Some of the subjects on 
 which he rather dissents from very generally received opinions, 
 are taken up in an appendix to the second volume. It contains 
 an essay on the double sense of prophecy ; one on the admini- 
 stration of angels previous to Christ's resurrection and exaltation, 
 and another on the exercise of his priestly ofhce in heaven." 
 
 Macqueen, Dan D D. one of the ministers of 
 Edinhurgh, where he died in 1778. — Observations 
 on Daniel's Prophecy of the Seventy Weeks. Edinb. 
 1748, 8vo. 
 
MACRAE— MADAN. 303 
 
 This is an able anonymous tract by a man of learning and ta- 
 lents. It was intended as a reply to a pamphlet on the same 
 subject in which the prophecy of Daniel was applied wholly to 
 the Jews. Dr. Macqueen was the author of Letters on Hume's 
 History of England, which have been often referred to with high 
 approbation. 
 
 Macrae, David, a licentiate preacher in the 
 Scotish Estahlished Churchy who died a Jew ijears 
 ago. — A revised Translation and Interpretation of 
 the Sacred Scriptures, after the eastern manner, etc. 
 Lond. 1799, 8vo. Glasg. 1815, 4to. 
 
 This is a curious rather than a valuable book. The author's 
 zeal for a new translation was greater than his capacity and his 
 learning. His interpretation is mixed up with his version, and 
 both together sometimes make a very curious medley. The 
 following specimen will illustrate his manner, and show 
 how short work he makes with the difficulties of Scripture. 
 Judges V. SC— 10 : " And she said to him. My father, do to me 
 according as thou hast vowed to the Eternal, since he has taken 
 vengeance of thine enemies the Ammonites, only allow me two 
 months to walk on the mountains with my companions, bewailing 
 my perpetual celibacy, in being devoted to the service of the ta- 
 bernacle, to do female work therein. And he said. Go as thou 
 hast said ; and she went. And at the end of two months she 
 returned to her father, and he devoted her as he had vowed. 
 And it was the custom of the daughters of Israel to converse 
 Avith Jephthah's daughter four days yearly." 
 
 Madan,Martix,D.D. a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, Chaplain to the Lock Hospital; horn 
 1726 ; died 1790. — Thelyphthora ; or a Treatise on 
 Female Ruin. 2d edition, improved, 1781, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 I notice this book, not on account of its subject, or as ap- 
 proving the views of the writer, but on account of the quantity 
 of discussion respecting the meaning of many parts of Scripture 
 which is to be found in it. The author was a learned and able 
 man, and well read in the Scriptures ; but took up a very un- 
 
304 MAGDEBURG CENTURIATORS. 
 
 suitable subject, especially for a Christian minister. The con- 
 troversy which his book occasioned lasted long, and was carried 
 on with great keenness. Among those who distinguished them- 
 selves in it were Sir Richard Hill, Dr. Haweis, and the Rev. 
 James Penn. 
 
 Magdeburg Centuriators. — Ecclesiastica 
 Historia, integram Ecclesiae Christi ideam, quantum 
 ad locum, propagationem, tranquillitatem, doctri- 
 nam, haereses, ceremonias, gubernationem, schis- 
 mata, synodos, personas, miracula, martyria, reli- 
 giones extra ecclesiam et statum imperii politicum 
 adtinet, secundum singulas centurias perspicuo or- 
 dine complectens, singular! diligentia et fide ex ve- 
 tustissimis et optimis historicis, patribus, et aliis 
 scriptoribus congesta, per aliquot studiosos et pios 
 viros in urbe Magdeburgica. 
 
 This important work began to be published in 1559 in folio, 
 and was completed as far as it went in 1574. It was also re- 
 published in 1624 at Basil ; but this edition is said not to be so 
 valuable as the first. It is called the Centiu^iators, because the 
 authors go over the subject by centuries, and devote a volume 
 to each century ; and because the first volumes were compiled 
 at Magdeburg, though the work was published at Basil, Magde- 
 burg is generally added to the description. It consists of thir- 
 teen volumes, and consequently breaks ofi* at the end of the 
 thirteenth century. The chief author or compiler was Matthew 
 Flacius, commonly called Illyricus, professor of divinity at Jena. 
 He was assisted by Nicholas Gallus, John Wigandus, and Mat- 
 thew Judex, ministers of Magdeburg, and by a number of other 
 learned men, both lay and clerical. 
 
 Each century is divided into sixteen chapters ; the Jirst ex- 
 hibits a tabular view of the whole century ; the second details 
 the progressive enlargement of the church ; the third treats of 
 its persecutions or tranquillity, and of the punishment of its 
 persecutors ; the Jotirfh exhibits the doctrine of the church ; the 
 ^/th the errors and heresies that sprung up ; the sixth its rites 
 
MAGEE, WILLIAM. 305 
 
 and ceremonies ; tlie seventh its government, in which are includ- 
 ed, accounts of libraries, schools, power of magistrates, discipline, 
 popes ; the eighth gives an account of the schisms which took 
 place ; the Jiinth of the councils which were held ; the tenth 
 contains lives of bishops and doctors ; the eleventh of heretics ; 
 the twelfth of martyrs ; the thirteenth treats of miracles and pro- 
 digies ; the fourteenth of the state of the Jews ; the Jifteenih 
 of the state of religion without the church ; and the sixteenth 
 discusses the political changes in the empire. 
 
 Such is a general view of a production, which Mosheim, no 
 inadequate or prejudiced judge, pronounces '' that immortal 
 work, which restored to the light of evidence and truth, the 
 facts relating to the rise and progress of the Christian church, 
 which had l)een covered with thick darkness, and corrupted by 
 innumerable fables." It displays incredible industry, great 
 fideliiv, and general accuracy of arrangement, Vvdth great per- 
 spicuity of statement. These excellences, says Walch, have 
 secured for the Centuriators the highest estimation among all 
 who value history from its truth. 
 
 Magee, William, D. D. Arclib'isliop of Dublin. 
 — Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural 
 Doctrines of Atonement and Sacrifice, etc. Lond. 
 1812, 2 vol. 8vo. best edition, with an appendix. 
 Ibid. 1817, 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the ablest critical and polemical works of modern 
 times. Archbishop iMagee is truly a malleus hereticorum. He 
 is an excellent scholar, an acute reasoner, and is possessed of a 
 most extensive acquaintance with the wide field of argument 
 to which his volumes are devoted. The plan of the work is ob- 
 jectionable. There are two discourses, an extended series of 
 elaborate notes, with postscripts, appendices, and notes upon the 
 ai)pendices. There is also a spirit of stern severity occasionally 
 discovered, which is calculated to repel rather than conciliate an 
 adversary. But the profound biblical information, on a variety of 
 topics, which the archbishop brings forward, must endear his name 
 to all the lovers of Christianity. On one or two points connect- 
 ed with the design of the atonemejit of Christ, a degree of ob- 
 
 X 
 
306 MALCOLM— MANNE. 
 
 scurity hangs over the language of the work, which a close at- 
 tention to Rom. iii. 25,9.6 would remove. 
 
 Malcolm, John, minister of Perth ; formerlij 
 one of the Regents, and afterwards Principal of 
 St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews ; died at Perth, 
 1634. — -Commentarius in Apostolorum Acta, etc. 
 Middelburg. 1615, 4to. 
 
 This is a respectable work, by a learned and pious minister of 
 Perth, which is now scarcely known. It consists of 477 pages, and 
 contains an analysis of the different parts of the Acts, with il- 
 lustrations of the narrative, and practical observations throughr- 
 out. At the beginning are several poetical addresses to the au- 
 thor ; and, among the rest, the following lines, by the well- 
 known Andrew Melville : 
 
 Fide, vigil quam te tu matutinus agendo es, 
 
 Perdius et pernox dux gregis inter eves. 
 Voce doces vivus, seriptis post fata docebis : 
 
 Mortuus et vives, et gregis alter eris. 
 Inter et auricomas fulgebis Stella coronas : 
 
 Mane novo aeterna Stella serena die. 
 
 Manne, Nicholas, Master of the Charter 
 House, — Critical Notes on some Passages of Scrip- 
 ture, comparing them with the most ancient ver- 
 sions, and restoring them to their original reading, 
 or true sense. Lond. 1747, 8vo. 
 
 The modest author of these notes goes over the books of 
 Scripture in their regular order ; amending the reading, and 
 correcting the translation of a considerable number of obscure 
 and difficult passages. The book is now scarce, but is very well 
 deserving of being consulted. There was a reply to it publish- 
 ed shortly after its appearance : — Objections to the Critical Notes 
 on some Passages of Scripture. By E. Langford. Lond. 1747:» 
 8vo. Mr. Manne was also the author of a Latin Dissertation on 
 The True Years of the Birth and Death of Christ. Lond. 1738, 
 8vo. Lie was evidentlv a man of considerable learning. 
 
MARLE— MARSH. S07 
 
 Marle, Van, H. W. a Dutch critic and divine, 
 — Spicilegium postMessem si ve Observationes sacrae 
 in Veteris et Novi Testamenti Libros. Davent. 1742, 
 8vo. — Florilegiiiiii Observationum sacrarum in Li- 
 bros Novi Testamenti Dogmaticos, sive Epistolas 
 Apostolicas. Lugd. Bat. 1758, Svo. 
 
 These works are entirely philological, and contain numerous 
 extracts from the classical writers, to illustrate the phraseology 
 of the New Testament. Van Marie is very similar to Palairet, 
 but follows slowly after Raphelius and Eisner. 
 
 Marsh, Herbert, D. D. Bishop of Peterho- 
 7'ough. — Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis, etc. 
 Leipzig, 1795, Svo. 
 
 These letters belong to the controversy respecting the hea- 
 venly witnesses, 1 John v. 1 , and contain a learned and master- 
 ly review of Tra\as's vindication of the passage, and a satisfac- 
 tory demonstration that it is an interpolation. There is much 
 curious and minute criticism in the volume, which has long been 
 scarce. 
 
 — A Course of Lectures, containing a description 
 and systematic arrangement of the several branches 
 of divinity ; accompanied with an account, both of 
 the principal authors, and of the progress which has 
 been made at different periods, in theological learn- 
 ing. Camb. 1810, 8vo. The seventh part was 
 published in 1823. 
 
 The course which this important work embraces is not yet 
 completed. On every thing relating to biblical criticism, inter- 
 pretation, and the history of theology, the learned author is quite 
 at home. These lectures are exceedingly valuable, and have 
 furnished many of the remarks on books which are inserted in 
 this Bibliotheca; It would be indecorous in me to pronounce on 
 the literary or theological qualifications of the translator of 
 Michaelis, whose numerous writings arc well known to every 
 scholar. 
 
308 MARSHAM— MARTIN. 
 
 Marsham, Sir John, a learned hut sceptical 
 English baronet; died 1672. — Chronicus Canon. 
 Aegyptiacus, Hebraicus, GraecuSj etc. Lond. 1672, 
 fol. Lips. 1676, 4to. Franek. 1696, 4to. 
 
 There is a vast deal of curious learning in this work, with 
 very little method or arrangement. The tendency of it is to de- 
 stroy confidence in the Scripture chronology, and to induce the 
 belief that all the Jewish rites and ceremonies were of Egyptian 
 origin. Witsius, who replied to it, allows it to be a work of 
 value, discovering much reading and thought, and calculated to 
 aid the inquirer in pursuing the obscure and perplexing labyrinths 
 of antiquity. 
 
 Martin, David, minister of the Protestant 
 Church at Utrecht; horn 1639 ; died 1731.— A Cri- 
 tical Dissertation upon the seventh verse of the 
 fifth chapter of St. John's First Epistle. Trans- 
 lated from the French. Lond. 1719? 8vo. — An 
 Examination of Mr, Emlyn's Answer to the Dis- 
 sertation. Ibid. 1719? 8vo. 
 
 These two tracts contain a considerable portion of information 
 on the controversy respecting the heavenly witnesses, for whose 
 testimony, in 1 John v. 'J, the author very earnestly but unsuc- 
 cessfully contends. His statements are frequently incorrect, and 
 his reasonings consequently inconclusive. The substance of his 
 pamphlets was republished in 1 809, by Mr. Pharez, in a critique 
 on an article in the Eclectic Review ; to which a very able answer 
 was returned, in an article inserted in vol. vi. pp. 62 and 155. 
 
 — A Second Dissertation, by Mr. Martin, in Defence 
 of the Testimony given to our Saviour by Josephus. 
 Lond. 1719, 8vo. 
 
 We must applaud the zeal, though we cannot always approve 
 the wisdom of this worthy defender of Christianity. The testi- 
 mony of Josephus to Christ he has defended with considerable 
 learning and acuteness. The same view of the testimony of the 
 
MATHER— MATTHAL 309 
 
 learned Jew has been given by Daubuz, Whiston, Huet, Lard- 
 ner, Bryant^, Dr. Jones, and Mr. Hartwell Home. Mr. Martin 
 was the author of a French translation of the Bible, with short 
 notes, which enjoys a respectable character. It appeared at Am- 
 sterdam in 1707, in 2 vol. fol. 
 
 Mather, Samuel, an English dissenting mi- 
 nister at Witney. — A Vindication of the Holy Bi- 
 ble, wherein the Arguments for, and Objections 
 against, the Divine original Purity and Integrity of 
 the Scriptures are proposed and considered. Lond. 
 1723, 8vo. 
 
 There is a large portion of very useful information in this 
 work, which is divided into six books, and these again into 
 many chapters. Mather had a respectable acquaintance with 
 the literature of the Bible. In Hebrew, he is of the old school, 
 and defends the Masorets and Buxtorfs with a good deal of 
 keenness. 
 
 Matthai, Christian Frederic, Professor of 
 G?'eek, for merljj at Moscow, afterwards at Wittem- 
 herg. — Novum Testamentum, Graece et Latine : 
 Textum denuo recensuit, varias Lectiones numquam 
 antea vulgatas collegit, scholia Graeca addidit, ani- 
 niadversiones criticas adjecit, etc. Rigae, 1782-1788, 
 12 vol. 8vo. 180^-1804, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This edition of the (ireek Testament was formed from MSS. 
 found by Professor Matthai in the Moscow libraries. Michaelis 
 says, " He has made his collection of various readings with great 
 labour and diligence ; he found in his MSS. a confirmation of 
 many readings, which I sliould have hardly expected, because 
 they are MSS. of a different kind, and of a different country 
 from those wliich he used : nay, even those of the western edi- 
 tion, of which he speaks with the utmost contempt, he lias cor- 
 roborated by the evidence of his Moscow MSS. This edition is 
 absohitely necessarv for every man who is engaged in the criticism 
 of the Greek Testament." Notwithstanding this testimony. 
 
310 MEAD— MEDE. 
 
 Michaelis declares that he considered Matthai, ^^hen he began 
 his work, " at least an age behind the rest of Germany in the 
 knowledge of sacred criticism." 
 
 Mead, Richard, an eminent physician, and son 
 of an English No7iconformist minister ; born 1673 ; 
 died 1754. — Medica Sacra; or a commentary on 
 the diseases mentioned in holy Scripture. Lond. 
 1755, 8vo. 
 
 This is a translation from the Latin original of Mead by Dr. 
 Stark, under the author's own eye. It contains many things 
 worthy of attention on the diseases of Scripture, and is the only 
 work in the English language on this subject. Dr. Mead con- 
 tends that the demoniacal possessions were a species of disease. 
 
 Mede, Joseph, Felloiv of Christ's College, 
 Cambridge ; born inl5S6 ; died in 1638. — Works. 
 Lond. 1672, fol. 
 
 Mede was one of the most learned and laborious men of a 
 learned and laborious age. His works, which were first publish- 
 ed in detached parts, and after his death collected into one folio 
 volume, contain much elaborate exposition, and a great x^ariety 
 of learned and ingenious criticism. There are, first, fifty-three 
 discourses, most of them critical expositions of so many passages 
 of Scripture. The second book contains several treatises on 
 miscellaneous subjects. The third book embraces his apocalyptic 
 key ; an exposition of 2 Peter, chap. iii. ; the apostacy of the 
 latter times ; Daniel's weeks, and some other things. All sub- 
 sequent writers have either been indebted to Mede's Key, or 
 have found it necessary to combat his views. The fourth and 
 fifth books contain letters and miscellanies. An English trans- 
 lation of the Clavis was published in l6"43, 4to. The tenth of 
 Bishop Kurd's discourses is chiefly occupied with an examina- 
 tion of itj in which he describes its author as a '^ sublime genius, 
 who arose in the beginning of the last century, and surprised the 
 learned world with that great desideratum, a key to the Revela- 
 tions." Mede regards the seven epistles to the Asiatic churches 
 as prophetical. The great object of the key is to point out the 
 
 i 
 
MEIBOMIUS. Sll 
 
 order of the several prophecies, and what he calls the synchron- 
 isms of the several series of predictions and events. In both, he 
 is certainly very successful. He was a millenarian, or a believer 
 in the first resurrection, and in the personal reign of Christ 1000 
 years before the general resurrection. The labours of Mede, 
 through the popish tendency of the court, met with a very poor 
 reward. " His notions about bowing to the altar," he tells Dr. 
 Twisse, " would have made another man a dean, or a prebend, or 
 something else. But the point of the Popes being antichrist, as 
 a dead fly, marred the savour of that ointment." 
 
 Meibomius, Marcus, a Dutch clivine, who died 
 in 1710. — Davidis Psalmi duodecim et totidem 
 Sacrae ScrijDturae Veteris Testamenti Integra capita, 
 quae novi speci minis loco biblicarum suarum emen- 
 dationiini et interpretationum prisco Ebraeo metro 
 restitiiit et cum tribus interpretationibus adparere 
 voluit Marcus Meibomius, qui et multiplices suas in 
 plurima sacri codicis Ebraei loca observationes et 
 notas interspersit. Amst. 1698, fol. 
 
 Meibomius appears to have been a kind of literary-theological 
 quack. He supposed that he had discovered the long-lost se- 
 cret of Hebrew versification ; and that, through his means, bi/ 
 divine destiny, two great discoveries were about to break forth on 
 the world ; namely, the science of Hebrew metre, and a more 
 perfect knowledge of the Hebrew tongue, than had been possess- 
 ed by the Alexandrine translators, and by the whole body of in- 
 terpreters since their time. His secret, however, he determined 
 not to discover without an ample pecuniary recompense ; and 
 meeting neither patron nor purchaser at home, he passed over 
 from Belgium to England, in fruitless quest of applause and 
 money. His reasonable proposals were, that when six thousand 
 subscribers (his own words are "sex millia curiosorum hominum") 
 should give in their names and subscriptions at five j)ounds ster- 
 ling for eacli copy, he ^\'ould go to press. He foru'arded addresses 
 on the subject to the different sovereigns of Europe ; and pub- 
 lished specimens of liis work ; the first in I678, the last (noticed 
 
312 MELVILLE. 
 
 above) in I698 ; but tbe mass of his important secret he carried 
 to the grave. Posterity may contentedly endure the deprivation ; 
 the absurdity of his specimens^ we are told by competent wit- 
 nesses, was equalled only by their arrogance, and by the re- 
 proaches which he dared to fling upon the sacred text. He was 
 severely chastised by J. H. Maius, B. H. Gebhardi, and J. J. 
 Zentgravius. Such is Bishop Jebb's account of this curious 
 work. (Sac. Lit. p. 11.) It is supported by the statements of 
 Walch. If the reader wish to examine the writers on Hebrew 
 poetry or versification, he will find an excellent guide to them in 
 Jebb's valuable work on Sacred Literature, from page 9 to 14. 
 
 Melville, Andrew, a distinguished minister 
 of the Church of Scotland ; horn 1546; died in 
 exile at Sedan, 16^2. — Carmen Mosis, ex Deut- 
 eron. Cap. XXXII. quod ipse moriens Israeli tradi- 
 dit ediscendum et cantandum perpetuo, latina pa- 
 raphrasi illustratum. Cui addita sunt nonnulla 
 Epigrammata, et Jobi Cap. III. latino carmine 
 redditum. Basil. 1574, 8vo. 
 
 ^^ The Carmen Mosis," says Dr. M'^Crie, " is unquestionably 
 the finest poem in the collection, or, perhaps, of any that Mel- 
 ville wrote. It is worthy of the scholar of Buchanan, and de- 
 serves a place among the productions of those modern writers 
 who have attained great excellence in Latin poetry. The au- 
 thor did not propose to transfuse the peculiar beauties of the 
 original into his paraphrase. The difl'erent genius of the two 
 species of poetry rendered this impracticable. Its merits must 
 therefore be estimated according to the principles of Latin, and 
 not of Hebrew poetry. The language is classically pure, and 
 at the same time not unsuited to the sacredness of the theme ; 
 the versification is correct and smooth; and the imagery is manag- 
 ed with boldness and delicacy." 
 
 This work, I may add, is inserted in the selection of Latin 
 poetry by Scotchmen, published under the direction of Arthur 
 Johnston — Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum, torn. ii. MelviUe -was 
 the author of some other poetical versions of Scripture ; among 
 
 I 
 
MERRICK— MEUSCHEN. 313 
 
 which is a metrical paraphrase of the whole Epistle to the He- 
 brewsj which still remains in MS. in the British Museum. 
 
 Merrick, James, Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Oxford; horn in 1718; and died in 1769. — The 
 Psalms, translated or paraphrased in English verse. 
 Reading, 1765, 4to. 1766, 12nio. — Annotations on 
 the Psalms. Ibid. 1768, 4to. — Annotations, Criti- 
 cal and Grammatical, on the Gospel according to 
 John. Ibid. 1764, 8vo. 
 
 Merrick's version of the Psalms is undoubtedly the most poeti- 
 cal translation of these sacred poems in the English lano^uao-e. 
 It is too poetical for ordinary public worship ; but is highly gra- 
 tifying, for private use, to persons of cultivated taste. Not- 
 withstanding the high poetical dress with which the Hebrew 
 odes are clothed^, the author, as evidently appears from the an- 
 notations which he afterwards published, studied the sense very 
 closely. These annotations contain a great deal of elegant cri- 
 ticism, though perhaps too large a portion of classical illustra- 
 tion. More attention is manifested in pointing out the elegance 
 of the sacred poet, than in exhibiting the spiritual grandeur of 
 his subject. Bishop I^owth supplied the author with many re- 
 marks, which, together with those of a learned anonymous friend, 
 supposed to be Archbishop Seeker, are inserted under their re- 
 spective characters. In an Appendix, several learned and in- 
 genious dissertations are inserted. These were mostly supplied 
 by the anonymous writer, the author, and Kennicott. The small 
 work on John extends only as far as the end of the third cliap- 
 ter, and, as well as the work on the Psalms, is now scarce. It 
 also abounds with classical illustrations, and was designed for 
 the use of young persons as an introduction to the study of the 
 New Testament. Merrick was also the author of a Dissertation 
 on Proverbs ix. 1, 6; which I have not seen. 
 
 Meuschex, John Gerhard, a German divine ; 
 horn 1680 ; died in 1743. — Novum Testamentum 
 ex Talmiide et antiquitatibus Ebraeorum illustra- 
 tiim. Lips. 1736, 4to. 
 
314 MICHAELIS, C. B— MICHAELIS, J. D. 
 
 Besides Meuschen s own productions, which are the smallest 
 part, this work contains various dissertations by Danzius, Rhen- 
 ferdus, and Scheidius, some of them printed formerly. The 
 subject of Jewish proselyte baptism is treated at considerable 
 length, though the views of the author have been disputed by 
 subsequent writers. Many other subjects, which belong to the 
 Christian dispensation, are illustrated with considerable learning 
 and genius, from the ancient rites of the Mosaic economy, or 
 the doctrines of the modern Jews. The work is in high reputa- 
 tion with those who attach importance to the kind of writing 
 which it contains. 
 
 MiCHAELis, Christ. Ben. Professor of He- 
 brew at Halle, in Saxony. — Notae Uberiores in 
 Hagiographa. Halae, 1735-1751, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 This is not exclusively the production of C. B. Michaelis. 
 J. H. Michaelis wrote the notes on the first book of Chronicles, 
 the Psalms, Job, and the Song of Solomon. Rambach, Professor 
 of Divinity at Giessen, wrote those on the second book of 
 Chronicles, Ruth, Esther, Nehemiah, and Ecclesiastes ; and C. 
 Ben. Michaelis furnished those on the Proverbs, the Lamenta- 
 tion of Jeremiah, and Daniel. This collection of notes is almost 
 entirely of a philological nature, and of unequal merit ; and, as 
 some of the portions of Scripture on which they are written are 
 not very fruitful, they are frequently uninteresting. C. B. is 
 also the author of a scarce and valuable Latin tract, on the va- 
 rious readings of the New Testament, on which his son, John 
 David, built his admirable chapter on that subject, and which 
 renders the work of the father unnecessary. It was published 
 at Halle in 1749. His son ranks it as the best of his father's 
 productions. The third place he assigns to his Notae Uberiores 
 on the Proverbs. 
 
 Michaelis, John David, the son of Christ. 
 
 Ben. and the most distinguished of this celebrated 
 
 family ; horn at Halle in 1717 ; and died at Got- 
 
 tingen, where he was Professor of Philosophy , in 
 
MICHAELIS. J. D. 515 
 
 1791. — Introduction to the New Testament, trans- 
 lated from the fourth edition of the German, and 
 considerably augmented with notes, explanatory and 
 supplemental. By Herbert Marsh. Camb. 1793- 
 1801, 6 vol. 8vo. * 
 
 Of the learning and research displayed in this valuable work, 
 both by its author and by the accomplished translator, it is im- 
 possible to speak in too strong terms. On the canonical autho- 
 rity, the criticism, the ancient versions, and the interpretation of 
 the New Testament, no book supplies so much important in- 
 struction. The theological opinions of Michaelis, however, are 
 by no means to be trusted. He was deeply tinctured with the 
 modern theology and philosophy of Germany. He respected 
 the books of the sacred penmen, but not the contents of them as 
 he ought. There is abundance of learning, but little appearance 
 of piety or seriousness in his writings. He intimates or starts 
 doubts on many important points, to which he affords no effectu- 
 al reply. His translator has frequently endeavoured to correct 
 him ; but still the book is better adapted to an established 
 Christian than to an inquirer or young student. These views 
 partly led to a pamphlet of Remarks on Michaelis's Introduc- 
 tion, by way of caution to Students of Divinity, which was 
 ascribed to Dr. Randolph, Bishop of Oxford. Dr. Marsh re- 
 plied somewhat indignantly, in a letter to the anonymous author. 
 The remarker justly objects to Michaelis's views of inspiration, 
 and endeavours to show that Marsh's hypothesis of the origin 
 and composition of the first three Gospels is neither well found- 
 ed nor consistent with itself. This, I suppose, is the opinion 
 now generally entertained. Dr. INIarsh's notes extend only to 
 the first part of the work. 
 
 — Commentaries on the Laws of Moses, translated 
 from the German, by Alexander Smith, D. D. Lond. 
 1814, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The title of this work, which is alleged to have been the chef 
 d'oeuvre of Michaelis, conveys but an imperfect idea of its na- 
 ture. As it is, however, easily to be procured, it is scarcely ne- 
 
316* MICHAELIS, J. G, 
 
 cessary to describe it minutely. Perhaps the best title of it 
 would have been an imitation of the celebrated work of Mon- 
 tesquieu,— The Spirit of the Mosaic Laws. It contains theo- 
 logy ; but theology of a philosophical or political nature. It 
 discovers great compass of knowledge and power of thinking, 
 and throws considerable light on the wisdom and design of 
 many of the peculiar laws of Moses. But I do not consider it a 
 book fitted to do service to religion. There is a levity, a secu- 
 larity, and a grossness in it, which are calculated to do infinite 
 mischief. Some parts of it are rather like the sportings of a 
 debauched anatomist, than the grave discussions of a philosophi- 
 cal Professor on the laws of God. Yet such is the state of 
 Germany, that Michaelis could deliver, in the vernacular lan- 
 guage, from the professorial chair, what Dr. Smith durst not 
 print in English. 
 
 Besides these, Michaelis was the author of many other works 
 in German and Latin. Among the most important in the lat- 
 ter language are his Spicilegium Geographiae Hebraeorum ex- 
 terae post Bochartum, in two parts, I769-I78O, 4to. and his 
 Supplementa ad Lexica Hebraica, in six parts, 1784-1792, 4to. 
 His works on the Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic languages, are all 
 very valuable. There was also published in England, by him, 
 
 — Epistolae de LXX. Hebdomatibus Danielis, etc. 
 
 Lond. 1773, 8vo. 
 
 These letters were addressed to Sir John Pringle, and contain 
 some ingenious but rather singular views of the celebrated pro- 
 phecy of Daniel. 
 
 Michaelis, John George, a connexion of the 
 same family ; Professor of Divinity at Halle, — 
 Observationes Sacrae. Ultraj. 1728, 12mo. Amst. 
 1752. 
 
 These dissertations are on the heart and brain of victims of- 
 fered in sacrifice ; on cutting on account of the dead ; on the 
 conduct of Elisha to the children of Bethel ; on the dog as a 
 prophetic symbol ; on the cloven tongues of fire ; on the shew- 
 bread, and on one or two other subjects. They are not of great 
 importance, and the volume has long been scarce. 
 
MICHAELIS, J. H.— MIDDLETON, CON. S17 
 
 MiCHAELis, John Henry, another learned 
 theologian of the same family ; born in 1668; died 
 1738. — Biblia Hebraica ex aliquot MSS. et complii- 
 ribus impressis codicibus, etc. Halae, 1720, 2 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 This is a very excellent edition of the Hebrew Bible. It 
 contains the first collection of various readings by a Christian 
 editor of the Hebrew Scriptures. There are also prolegomena 
 and short marginal notes by the editor. Almost all the celebrated 
 men of this name were, on the whole, attached to orthodox senti- 
 ments ; and discovered a seriousness of disposition throughout 
 their critical pursuits. This remark, however, will not apply to 
 Sir John David, with whom the name of Michaelis is now almost 
 exclusively associated. 
 
 MiDDLETON, CoNYERS, D. D. a Celebrated di- 
 vine of the Church of England ; born I680 ; died 
 1750. — A Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers 
 which are supposed to have subsisted in the Christ- 
 ian Church, from the earliest ages through several 
 successive centuries, by which it is shewn, that we 
 have no sufficient reason to believe, upon the autho- 
 rity of the primitive Fathers, that any such powers 
 were continued to the Church after the days of the 
 Apostles. Lond. 1749, 4to. 
 
 This work produced one of the most extraordinary controver- 
 sies which Mas agitated in England during the last century. 
 Middleton's attacks on the Fathers were supposed to be levelled 
 indirectly against Christianity itself, and to be subversive of its 
 truth. He was repulsed without mercy or justice ; and there is 
 some reason to fear, that, if the controversy did not find Iiim an 
 infidel, it left him one. In 1747^ he published an Introductory 
 Discourse to a larger work, concerning the miraculous powers. 
 This was immediately attacked by Dr. Stebbing, in Observa- 
 tions on a Book entitled. An Introductory Discourse, and by 
 
318 MIDDLETON, T. F. 
 
 Dr. Chapman, in the Jesuit Cabal farther opened. Both these 
 publications were anonymous. Dr. Middleton replied to them, 
 in Remarks on two Pamphlets lately published. Then appear- 
 ed his Free Inquiry. This was replied to by Dr. Parker, in 
 The Expediency of the Miraculous Powers of the Christian Fa- 
 thers ; by Dr. Church, in A Vindication of the Miraculous Pow- 
 ers which subsisted in the fifst three centuries of the Christian 
 Church j by Dr. Brooke, in An Examination of Dr. Middleton's 
 Free Inquiry ; by Dr. Church, a second time, in An Appeal to 
 the Serious and Unprejudiced ; by Dr. Dodwell, in A Free An- 
 swer to Dr. Middleton's Free Inquiry ; and by Mr. Jackson, in 
 Remarks on Dr. Middleton's Free Inquiry. Various other 
 writers were also engaged in the controversy. Middleton left a 
 reply which was published after his death. It was entitled, A 
 Vindication of the Free Inquiry from the Objections of Dr. 
 Dodwell and Dr. Church. The Doctor was defended by Mr. 
 Yates and Mr. Toll. The discussion is worthy of attention ; for, 
 though the combatants on both sides carried matters too far, 
 considerable information may be collected from them, on the 
 character and testimony of the Fathers, the nature of miracles, 
 and of the evidence which is necessary to authenticate them, 
 and on other points closely connected with the Christian reve- 
 lation. 
 
 Middleton, T. F. JSishop of Calcutta; died 
 1822. — The Doctrine of the Greek Article applied 
 to the Criticism and Illustration of the New Testa- 
 ment. Lond. 1808, 8vo. 
 
 This is a book of profound learning, and most masterly criti- 
 cism. The first part of it is occupied with an inquiry into the 
 nature and uses of the Greek article, and the second contains the 
 application of the views previously established to the interpreta- 
 tion of many passages in the New Testament. The extensive 
 philological attainments of the learned writer are made most 
 happily to bear on a number of difficult texts, and especially on 
 some in which the doctrine of the divinity of Christ is cpntain- 
 ed. This path of criticism was first opened by the excellent 
 Granville Sharp ; but none has prosecuted it with so much abi- 
 
MILL— MILTON. 319 
 
 Hty and industry as Dr. Middleton. The Eclectic reviewer of 
 this work thus concludes a very able article : " We regard 
 Dr. Middleton's second part as a more original, and a more ser- 
 viceable accession to the treasures of biblical philology than the 
 confessedly meritorious labours of Bos, Eisner, and Raphelius." 
 
 Mill, John, a clergijman of the Church of 
 England ; a celebrated Gi'eeh scholar, and editor 
 of the N^ew Testament; horn 1645; died 1707. — 
 Novum Testamentum Graecum cum Lectionibus 
 variaiitibus MSS. etc. Oxon. 1707, fol. 
 
 The various readings of this critical edition are reckoned about 
 30,000. The learned editor spent nearly thirty years on the 
 work, and died within fourteen days after it was completed. The 
 text is that of Robert Stephens's edition, 1550. The ancient 
 versions and Fathers, as well as IMSS. were ransacked by Mill 
 for various readings. The prolegomena and notes are very va- 
 luable ; but he leaves, in general, to future critics, the applica- 
 tion of the materials which he provided for the amendment of 
 the text. Dr. Whitby attacked the work in his Examen Millii ; 
 but Michaelis, Marsh, Harwood, and indeed every critical scho- 
 lar, speak strongly of its merits. 
 
 The following are the principal objections to Mill, most of 
 which admit of a sufficient answer, or a very satisfactory apolo- 
 gy. He is jDainfully accurate in regard to trifles, and readings 
 that are evidently mere errata. He pays too much attention to 
 the V ulgate version. His opinions in the prolegomena, and in 
 the various readings under the text, of particular INI SS. are often 
 incomplete and erroneous. In his extracts from the oriental ver- 
 sions, he lias recourse to the Latin translations of them in Wal- 
 ton's Polyglot. He frequently gives an opinion where it is 
 superfluous, and decides positively in cases where neither of the 
 readings has a manifest superiority of evidence. 
 
 INIiLTON, John, the celebrated author of Para- 
 dise Lost ; born in London, 1608 ; died in 1674. — 
 Prose Works, M'ith Life by Tolaiid. Aiiist. 1698, 
 3 vol. fol. — Tlio same, with Life by Birch. Lond. 
 
320 MINTERT. 
 
 1738, 21 vol. fol. — The same, with Life by Dr. Sym- 
 mons. Lond. 1806, 7 vol. 8vo. 
 
 That the author of Paradise Lost was well acquainted with 
 the Scriptures, is abundantly evident from that immortal pro- 
 duction of his muse. His prose writings still farther illustrate 
 this fact. Those of them relating to the Scriptures^, which have 
 been published, are chiefly of a controversial nature. The chief 
 of these are. The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce ; Tetrachor- 
 don, or, Expositions upon the four chief places in Scripture 
 which treat of marriage or nullities in marriage ; Colasterion, 
 or a reply to a nameless answer against the Doctrine and Disci- 
 pline of Divorce ; the Judgment of Martin Bucer concerning 
 divorce ; of Reformation touching Church Discipline in Eng- 
 land ; the Reasons of Church Government. Few readers will 
 agree with the poet in the positions found in the former class of 
 these writings, and many will difl^er from him in the latter. All, 
 however, will acknowledge the power of his writing, and the 
 poetical ardour with which he pursues every topic. It is to be 
 hoped that the work lately discovered in MS. De Cultu Dei, will 
 speedily appear. It will probably contain less controversy, and 
 more of that serious and softened piety, which, it would be gra- 
 tifying to find, distinguished the latter days of the afilicted and 
 noble-minded bard. As the advocate of the rights of conscience, 
 and the ever-intrepid defender of his country's wrongs, notwith- 
 standing his faults, he is entitled to notice in every work relating 
 to the liberties, the learning, or the religion of England. 
 
 MiNTERT, Peter, a lecnmed Dutch theologian, 
 who died about the heginning of the last century. — 
 Lexicon Graeco-Latinum in Novum Testamentum 
 Jesu Christi, etc. Francof. 1728, 4to. 
 
 This is a valuable lexicon to the New Testament, and was 
 more appealed to than any other, previously to the publication 
 of Schleusner. The above edition is prefaced by Pritius. The 
 references to the Hebrew Scriptures and the Septuagint are ex- 
 ceedingly numerous. It supplies the place of a concordance, as 
 well as of a lexicon. 
 
MONTFAUCON— MORINUS. 3^21 
 
 MoNTFAUCON, BERNARD DE, ci French Be- 
 ned'ictine Monk; horn 1655; died 1741. — Hex- 
 aploruin Origenis quae supersunt, multis partibus 
 auctiora, quam a Flaminio Nobili et Joanne Dru- 
 sio edita fuerint. Paris. 1713, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is a splendid and most elaborate work. It contains all 
 the remains of Origen's celebrated Hexapla, with a great appa- 
 ratus of learning to explain and illustrate it. There is a large 
 j)reliminary discourse, numerous critical notes, a Hebrew lexicon, 
 a Greek Lexicon, and every thing, in short, which is necevssary 
 to enable the reader to understand the fragments of which it is 
 the collection. Professor Bahrdt published an improved and 
 much more convenient edition of this learned work, in 2 vol. Svo. 
 at Leipzig, in 1769-1770. 
 
 MoRixus, John, a French priest of the Oratory , 
 iiho died in 1659. — Exercitationes Ecclesiasticae et 
 Biblicae. Paris. 1633, 4to. ; and with great im- 
 provements, in 1669, fol. 
 
 The object of these Exercitations is to show, that the He- 
 brew Bible and Greek Testament have descended to posterity 
 in a very imperfect state ; not that the Jews had wilfidly cor- 
 rupted the sacred writings, but that they had transcribed them 
 so negligently as to have lost, in ^very numerous instances, the 
 original and genuine text. To establish this position, Morinus 
 appeals to the diiferences between the Hebrew and the Samari- 
 tan texts in the Pentateuch, and to the differences between the 
 Hebrew and the Septuagint in the other parts of the Bible. 
 He prefers both the Samaritan and the Septuagint to the He- 
 brew text, and carries his anti-Masoretic zeal much too far. 
 He was attacked by Simon de JMuis, in his Assertio Veritatis 
 Hebraicae, 1534, and in his Castigatio Animadversionum ^lorini, 
 1639. IMorinus and Capellus were the great antagonists of 
 the Hebrew verity, and of the other ]\Iasoretic doctrines, and 
 were opposed by the Buxtorfs, and their disciples. IMorinus, 
 however, is very silly and extravagant, when he ^^'ould refer ua 
 fer the correction of the sacred text to the Latin Vulgate. 
 
 Y 
 
322 MORUS, A.— MORUS, S. F. N.—MOSHEIM. 
 
 MoRUS, Alexander, a French Calvinist mi- 
 nister of Scotish extraction; horn 1616 ; died 1670. 
 — Notae ill Novum Foedus, etc. Lond. 1661, fol. 
 Paris. 1668, 8vo. 
 
 These Notes were also printed along with the Myrotheciimi of 
 Cameron in 1677- They were again reprinted at Hamburgh in 
 1703^ along with Ramiresii de Prado PentecontarchuSj and Pos- 
 sini Spicilegium Evangelicum. Both these latter works are 
 valuable. The notes of Morus^ which are almost wholly philo- 
 logical^ are full of learning. He was well acquainted with He- 
 brew and Greek literature^ and paid great attention to the 
 meaning of words. The author is well known from his quarrel 
 with Milton. 
 
 MoRUS, Sam. Fred. Nath. a learned German 
 dimne^ Pi^qfessor of Divinity in the university of 
 Leipzig. — Acroases Academicae super Hermeneuti- 
 ca Novi Testamenti. Lips. 1797-1802, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is an exceedingly valuable b^ok^ edited by Professor 
 Eichstadt of Jena. It treats on all the usual principles of bibli- 
 cal interpretation applicable to the New Testament with great 
 accuracy and learning. It is invaluable as a companion to Er- 
 nesti. Dr. Smith speaks of Professor Morus as '^' eminently 
 learned and judicious." Besides this important work, the learned 
 author wrote, under different titles, philological and critical ex- 
 positions of most of the books of the New Testament, which are 
 all highly deserving of attention from those who are attached 
 to the sound principles of biblical learning. 
 
 MosHEiM, John Lawrence, Chancellor of the 
 university of Gottingen; horn in 1695 ; died 1755. 
 — An Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern, 
 from the Birth of Christ to the beginning of the 
 Eighteenth Century. Translated from the Latin, 
 by Archibald Maclaine, D.D. Lond. 1764, 2 vol. 4to. 
 Often reprinted.— Commentaries on the Affairs of the 
 
MUDGE— MULLER. S2.S 
 
 Christians before the Time of Coiistantine the Great, 
 or an Enlarged View of the Ecclesiastical History of 
 the first three Centuries. Translated from the La- 
 tin, by Robert Studley Vidal. Lond. 1813, 2 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 These are the two most celebrated works of Mosheim, which 
 have long been known to every student. The first gives a 
 very luminous and correct history of the corruptions of the church, 
 rather than of the church itself. The second supplies some 
 very important particulars, which he could not treat at length 
 in his general history, and contains some good morsels of biblical 
 interpretation. Both works are well translated. The former 
 has notes by the translator, but not the latter. Both are indis- 
 pensable in the department of church history. Mr. Vidal 
 has used less freedom with his original than Dr. Maclaine, who 
 has given his own sentiments in the text sometimes instead of 
 Mosheim's ; and, in liis notes, has occasionally contradicted him 
 rather unceremoniously. The critical works of Mosheim are 
 entitled to an honourable place among works of this class :— 
 Cogitationes in Novi Testamenti locos selectiores, Hannover. 
 1 726, 8vo. and Observationes Sacrae et Historico-criticae, Amst. 
 1721, 8vo. Both these works are well deserving of being consult- 
 ed, for the varied learning and information which they contain. 
 
 MuDGE, Zechariah, CI clergyman of the Church 
 of England, Prehendary of Exeter. — An Essay 
 towards a new English Version of the Book of 
 Psalms. Lond. 171^4, 4to. 
 
 Mudge was a learned and elegant scholar. His Hebrew cri« 
 ticisms, however, are not always sound, though his versions of 
 particular psalms are frequently elegant and happy. He pub- 
 lished before this work, A Specimen of a New Translation of 
 the Book of Psalms, 1733, 4to. 
 
 MuLLER, Christian, a Dutch divine of the last 
 century. — Satura Observationum Philologicarum, 
 maxiniani partem Sacrarnm. Lugd. Bat. 1752, 8vo. 
 
324 MURRAY— NAPIER. 
 
 This Dutch dish contains ingredients of various sorts. The 
 derivation of the word Nilus, passages in the evangelists and 
 the Old Testament, Nisroch the god of the Assyrians, etc. etc. 
 are all served up together, with a considerable seasoning of learn- 
 ing, and the usual quantity of Dutch phlegm. 
 
 Murray, George, a minister of the Church of 
 Scotland at North JBerivick ; died 1822. — Sermons 
 and Treatises. Edinb. 1823, 8vo. 
 
 This volume has just been published. The treatises are. On 
 the State of Judea and the neighbouring Countries at the Com- 
 mencement of the Christian Era ; On the Chronology of the Life 
 of Christ ; and. On the Period of the Publication of the Gospels. 
 They appear to have been intended to form part of a consider- 
 able work projected by the author, but which he did not live to 
 complete — on the Historical Evidences of Christianity. What 
 he has published discovers very considerable learning, research, 
 and originality. 
 
 Napier, John, Baron of Merchiston^ in Scot- 
 land ; the inventor of the logarithms ; horn in 1550 ; 
 died in 1617. — A Plain Discovery of the whole 
 Revelation of St. John ; set down in two treatises ; 
 the one searching and proving the true interpreta- 
 tion thereof; the other applying the same para- 
 phrasticallie and historicallie to the text. Edinb. 
 3 593, 4to. Lond. 1611, etc. 4to. 
 
 This curious work appears to have produced a great sensation 
 when it was first published. This was not owing to the philo- 
 sophical celebrity of the author ; as the work in which his dis- 
 covery of the logarithms was first announced did not appear till 
 l6l4. It was translated into French, and published at Rochelle, 
 in l603 and l607^ and at Geneva in 1642 ; into Dutch, and 
 published at Middleburg in l607; into German, and publish- 
 ed at Leipzig in l6ll ; Frankfort in l6l5, 1627, etc. He pur- 
 posed to publish it in Latin himself; but did not accomplish it. 
 His account of the origin of the work is curious : '^ In my ten- 
 
KARES, EDWARD. 325 
 
 der years and barneage in St. Andrews at the schools^ having on 
 the one pairt contracted a loving familiarity with a certain gentle- 
 man, a papist ; and^ on the other pairt, being attentive to the 
 sermons of that worthy man of God, Maister Christopher Good- 
 man, teaching upon the Apocalyps, I was so moved in admira- 
 tion, against the blindness of papists, that could not most evi- 
 dently see their seven-hilled citie Rome pointed out there so 
 lively by St. John, as the mother of all spiritual whoredome, 
 that not only bursted I out in continual reasoning against my 
 said fiimiliar, but also from thenceforth I determined with my- 
 self, by the assistance of God's Spirit, to employ my study and 
 diligence to search out the remanent mysteries of that holy 
 booke." Among the mysteries which the learned Baron thought 
 he discovered is, that the latter day would fall in the year 
 1688, or at any rate between that and I7OO ! Though it is 
 very evident from this that Napier was no prophet, considering 
 the period at which he wrote, the work is highly respectable, 
 and discovers considerable learning, and profound research into 
 the meaning, as well as great reverence for the word of God. 
 
 Nares, Edavard, D. D. Rector of B icicle ncleii, 
 Kent ; and Regius Professo?^ of 3Ioclern History 
 in the university of Oxford. — Remarks 011 the Ver- 
 sion of the New Testament edited by the Unita- 
 rians, etc. Lond. 1810, 1814, 8vo. 
 
 The " improved version" of the Socinians, as it has been osten- 
 tatiously and not truly designated, has called forth various ani- 
 madversions. The work of Dr. Nares is a very able and valu- 
 able discussion of its merits. The author possesses all the learn- 
 ing and critical acumen which are necessary in such an under- 
 taking. He goes over the subject of the various readings of the 
 New Testament, of which Unitarians often make an unwarrant- 
 able use, and shows how very few of them affect any point of vital 
 importance. He also exposes their mis-renderings of many pas- 
 sages. The second edition of the work is considerably enlarged, 
 by the republication of a letter to the Rev. Francis Stone, in re- 
 ply to his \ isitation Sermon, which contained such an avowal 
 of Socinianism as led to his deprivation of orders. 
 
326 NARES, R— NEWCOME. 
 
 Nares, Robert, A. M. a dergijman of the 
 Church of England, — The Veracity of the Evan- 
 gelists Demonstrated, by a comparative view of 
 their histories. Lond. 1816, 8vo. 
 
 In this work^ the author endeavours to show, from the state- 
 ments of the evangelists, that the character of Jesus could not have 
 been invented, and that all the marks of veracity appear in the 
 statements and manner of the sacred historians. The character 
 and ministry of John the Baptist ; the birth, infancy, baptism, 
 and public ministry of Jesus ; the calling of the apostles, and 
 his miracles, parables, and prophecies form the subject of distinct 
 sections. Though not profound^ it is in general an accurate and 
 well-^vritten production, and not undeserving of consultation on 
 the points above mentioned. 
 
 Newcome, William, Archhishop of Armagh, 
 and Primate of Ireland ; died in 1800. — An Har- 
 mony of the Gospels, in which the original text is 
 disposed after Le Clerc's general manner, with 
 such various readings at the foot of the page, as 
 have received Wetstein's sanction in his folio edi- 
 tion of the Greek Testament. Observations are 
 subjoined, tending to settle the time and place of 
 every transaction, to establish the series of facts, and 
 to reconcile seeming inconsistencies. Dublin, 1778, 
 large folio. 
 
 Bishop Watson says^ " many other Harmonies of the Gospels 
 have been published, but none preferable to this." It was pub- 
 lished in English in 1802, 8vo. and throws much light on many 
 passages in the evangelists. In the exercise of a very amiable 
 candour. Dr. Newcome published, in 1791^ " A Review of the 
 chief difficulties in the Gospel History, relating to our Lord's 
 resurrection ; intended to retract some errors contained in the 
 author's Greek Harmony, and to show that Dr. Benson's hypo- 
 thesis is unsatisfactory." This pamphlet is, of course, necessary 
 to complete the Harmony. 
 
NEWCOME. 327 
 
 — The Duration of our Lord's Ministry particular- 
 ly considered ; in reply to a letter from Dr. Priest- 
 ley on that subject, prefixed to his English Har- 
 mony of the Evangelists. Dublin, 1780, 12mo. 
 
 Dr. Priestley maintained^ that Christ's ministry lasted little 
 more than a year : the object of this tract is to show, that it 
 lasted between three and four. It contains many shrewd and ju- 
 dicious observations on various parts of the Gospel history. A 
 reply, by Newcome, to a second letter from Dr. Priestley ap- 
 peared the following year. 
 
 — Observations on our Lord's conduct as a divine 
 Instructor, and on the excellence of his moral cha- 
 racter. Lond. 1782, 4to. 1820, 8vo. 
 
 This work, though not critical or expository, contains many 
 things worthy of attention, though I do not accord in all its 
 views. 
 
 — An Attempt towards an Improved Version, a 
 Metrical Arrangement, and an Explanation of the 
 Twelve Minor Prophets. Lond. 1785, 4to. Ponte- 
 fract, 1809, 8vo. 
 
 The edition last mentioned contains also a comparison of the 
 chief various renderings of Dr. Horsley on Hosea, aud Dr. 
 Blayney on Jeremiah. The work is a continuation of Loivth and 
 Blayney's translations of the prophets. The task was fully more 
 difficult than that of the two former writers, as the minor jjro- 
 phets are often uncommonly obscure. It was not to be expected 
 that this obscurity should be entirely removed ; but the learned 
 prelate has done much towards it. His version is always dis- 
 tinct ; his notes are chiefly verbal, but contain many classical 
 allusions. The last edition, from its imbodying the notes of 
 Blayney and Horsley, is most valuable ; and is also the cheapest. 
 
 — An Attempt towards an Improved Version, a 
 Metrical Arrangement, and an Explanation of the 
 Prophet Ezekiel. Dublin, 1788. 4to. 
 
.H28 NEWCOME. 
 
 The observations on the former work are equally applicable 
 to this. It is a monument of the learning and diligence of the 
 bishop. The preface is very valuable, and deserves to be read 
 along with Lowth's preliminary dissertation to Isaiah. '^ In- 
 stead of lavishing most explanation on what is most intelligible/' 
 says the Monthly Review, '' and betraying the pride of erudition 
 where erudition is least necessary, he successfully employs his 
 solid judgment and effectual learning in the elucidation of a 
 writer, who has been called the Aeschylus of Hebrew poetry." 
 As it has not been reprinted, the price has become quite extra- 
 vagant : in the last London catalogue in which I observe it, it 
 is charged L.l, 18s. 
 
 —An Historical View of the English biblical 
 translations ; the expediency of revising, by autho- 
 rity, our present translation ; and the means of exe- 
 cuting such a revision. Dublin, 179^? 8vo. 
 
 This is an important work on the subject of which it treats. 
 It contains an extensive collection of the opinions of the learned 
 on the importance and expediency of revising the common trans- 
 lation, and also some excellent rules for the conduct of transla- 
 tors. At the end there is a valuable list of the English trans- 
 lations of the Scriptures down to 1790. 
 
 — ^An Attempt toward revising our English Trans- 
 lation of the Greek Scriptures, or the New Covenant 
 of Jesus Christ ; and toward illustrating the sense 
 by philological and explanatory Notes. Dublin, 
 1796, 2 vol. large 8vo. 
 
 What the learned prelate modestly calls an attempt is a very 
 valuable accession to the means of interpreting the Scriptures. 
 The alterations on the phraseology of the established version 
 are only where the sense evidently requires them. It is not so 
 literal as Macknight, or so liberal as Campbell. It contains 
 more of the antique than the latter, and is less uncouth than 
 the former. The notes are for the most part short, but generally 
 judicious and useful. The character of this work has been ma- 
 
NEWTON, Sill ISAAC. 
 
 329 
 
 terially injured by tlie so called '' Improved Version" of the 
 Unitarians, pretending to be placed on the basis of Archbishop 
 Newcome's ; by which it is basely insinuated that the primate 
 was a Socinian. Nothing can be more fiilse. The work is 
 strictly orthodox on all the great points relating to the divinity 
 and atonement of Christ. The critical labours of Newcome are 
 all very respectable, and do credit both to his feelings as a 
 Cliristian, and his understanding as a scholar. They are all de- 
 serving of a place in every good theological library. 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, f/ie most celebrated philo- 
 sopher of ancient or modefm times; was horn at 
 Woolstrope, in Lincolnshire, in 1642; and died in 
 1727. — Observations upon the Prophecies of Da- 
 niel, and the Apocalypse of St. John. Lond. 1733, 
 4to. 
 
 This work contains fourteen sections on Daniel, and three on 
 the Apocalypse. Out of mathematics, Newton was an ordinary 
 man. These observations, however, show that he studied the 
 Bible with attention, was well acquainted with its phraseology, 
 and had a high veneration for its authority. Sir Isaac's acquaint- 
 ance with ancient history, as appears from his work on chrono- 
 logy, was very respectable, and he avails himself of it in explain- 
 ing parts of these mystical books. It reflects no discredit on his 
 talents or sagacity to say that his fame depends on his philosophi- 
 cal discoveries, not on his expositions of prophecy. Dr. Zachary 
 Grey wrote an Examination of the Fourteenth Chapter of Sir 
 Isaac's Observations on Daniel, 17-'i6*, 8vo. The Observations 
 themselves were translated into German by Sudemann, and pub- 
 lished at Amsterdam in 1 737- Sir Isaac was also the author of 
 
 — Two Letters to Mr. Le Clerc, on tlie reading of 
 the Greek Text, 1 Jolm v. 7, and on 1 Timothy 
 iii. 16. Lond. 1754, 8vo. 
 
 These letters contain a considerable display of learning, in 
 o})position to tlie received readings of these important texts. 
 
330 NEWTON, T— NISBET. 
 
 The letters were published from Le Clerc's MSS. in the Library 
 of the Remonstrants, in Holland. They are also given at full 
 length in the edition of Sir Isaac's works by Bishop Horsley. 
 
 Neavton, Thomas, D. D. Bishop of Bristol; 
 born in 1703 ; died 1782. — Dissertations on the 
 Prophecies which have remarkably been fulfilled, 
 and at this time are fulfilling in the world. Lond. 
 1754-1758, 3 vol. 8vo. Often reprinted.-^The 
 Works of Thomas Newton, D. D. with some Ac- 
 count of his Life, and Anecdotes of several of his 
 friends. Lond. 1782, 3 vol. 4to. 1787, 6 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The Bishop's work on the prophecies is well known^ and has 
 been much esteemed. He may be more safely trusted on the 
 prophecies of the Old Testament than on those of the New. In 
 the interpretation of the latter^ he is far too much influenced by 
 secular views. On the Revelation^ he is altogether unsatisfac- 
 tory. His works contain thirty dissertations on some parts of 
 the Old Testament^ and sixty chiefly on some parts of the New. 
 These are seldom profound or original, though they contain oc- 
 casionally some correct views of Scripture ; but they also show 
 that^ on several important points, the Bishop was not a believer 
 in the doctrines of his own church. 
 
 NisBET, Alexander, minister of Irvine in Scot- 
 land; died about 1658. — An Exposition, with Prac- 
 tical Observations upon the Book of Ecclesiastes. 
 Edinb. 1694, 4to. — A Brief Exposition of the First 
 and Second Epistles General of Peter. Ibid. 1658, 
 8vo. 
 
 These expositions are part of the plan formed by some of the 
 Scotish ministers of the seventeenth century^ for publishing short 
 explanations of the whole Scriptures^ the fruits of which have 
 been already repeatedly noticed. Nisbet aj)pears to have been 
 one of the most judicious of the class. The work on Ecclesiastes 
 
NOESSELT— NOLAN. 331 
 
 is larger than that on the two epistles of Peter ; but both abound 
 with correct and wholesome expositions of the divine oracles. The 
 Ecclesiastes was published long after the author's death, and ap- 
 pears to have been delayed on account of some assertions on 
 chap. viii. 4, respecting submission to the supreme powers. 
 These durst not be risked at the time, though in themselves 
 both just and harmless. It is rather singular that Dickson, 
 Hutcheson, and Nisbet should all have been ministers at Irvine. 
 Pat. Warner, afterwards minister of the same parish, notices 
 this in an introductory epistle to Ecclesiastes, and also speaks of 
 several other respectable ministers who had laboured in the same 
 place. 
 
 NoESSELT, J. Professor of Diet nit ij at Halle. — 
 Opusciila ad Interpretationein Sacrarum Scriptura- 
 rum et ad Historiam Ecclesiasticam. Halae, 1785- 
 1813, 4 vol. 8vo. — Exercitationes ad Sacrarum 
 Scripturariim Interpretationem. Ibid. 1803, 8vo. 
 
 The greater part of both these works is devoted to the illus- 
 tration of difficult texts of the New Testament, in which the 
 author greatly excels. In the former work, great attention is 
 paid to the Epistle to the Hebrews. The latter contains ten 
 college dissertations on scriptural subjects. Noesselt's senti- 
 ments on some doctrinal subjects are rather free. 
 
 Nolan, FiiEDERiCK, a clergyman of the Church 
 (f England. — An Inquiry into the Integrity of the 
 Greek \\ilgate, or received Text of tlie New Testa- 
 ment, in which the Greek MSS. are newly classed, 
 the integrity of the authorised text vindicated, and 
 the various readings traced to their origin. Lond. 
 1815, 8vo. 
 
 This work was written in opposition to Griesbach*s system of 
 classification ; and, with the production of Dr. Lawrence, has 
 done a good deal to shake the fabric which tliat celebrated 
 schcdar had so long laboured to rear. The Inquiry discovers 
 
332 NOVUM TESTAMENTUM GRAECUM. 
 
 great application, learning, and discrimination. It furnishes 
 much curious and important information respecting the Greek 
 MSS. the ancient versions, particularly the old Italic, and the 
 state of the received text. I may add, however, that its reason- 
 ings do not so much affect the text or readings which Griesbach 
 has adopted as the processes of argument from which they have 
 been derived. 
 
 Novum Testamentum Guaecum. 
 
 The following table, copied from Dibdin's Introduction to the 
 Classics, shows the standard text editions of the Greek Testa- 
 ment, with the principal editions that are founded upon them : 
 
 THE complutensian. 1514<. 
 
 Plcmtin. 8vo. Gr. 1564-73-74-90-91-1601-12. 
 fol. Gr. et Lat. 1572. 8vo. 1574-83. fol. 1584. 
 
 ekasmus's. 1516-19-22-27-35. 
 
 Aldus, fol. Gr. 151S.—Gerbelii. 4to. Gr. 1521.— 
 CejjJialaeus. 8vo. Gr. 1524. — Bebelius. 8vo. 1524. 
 Gr. 1531-35. — Colinaeus. 8vo. Gr. 1534i.—Plat^ 
 teri 8vo. Gr. 1538-40-43. 
 
 IIOBERT STEPHENS'S. 1546-49-50. 
 
 Oporinus. 12mo. Gr. 1552 — WecheL fol. Gr. 1597. 
 12mo. 1600. fol. 1601. 12mo. IQ^^.—Inip. Nico- 
 lai JDulcis. fol. Gr. l6H7.—JEdit Regia. fol. Gr. 
 lio^^,— Crispin, 12mo. Gr. 1553-63-1604. 12mo. 
 Gr. et Lat. 1612-22. — Froschoveri. 8vo. Gr. 
 1559-66. — Brijlinger. 8vo. Gr. 1563. — Voegelli. 
 8vo. Gr. 1564!.—ngnonii. 12mo. Gr. 1584-87- 
 1613-15.— BeT^ae. fol. Gr. et Lat. 1565-82-89- 
 98-1642.— i>//////. fol. Gr. 1707.— Kiisteri. fol. 
 Gr. 1710-23. 
 
ORTON. 33r> 
 
 THE ELZEVIRS'. 1624-33, etc. 
 
 BoecJeri. 8vo. Gr. l64>5.—Ci/rcellaei. 8vo. Gr. 1(558 
 -75-S5-99.—FeI/i. 8vo. Gr. 1675,—KomgiHs. 
 8vo. Gr. 1697-1702.— Gregorii. fol. Gr. 1703— 
 G. n. T. 31. D. 8vo. Gr. 1711-S5. — JJ^efsfeuiL 
 fol. Gr. 1751. 
 
 The editions of Bengel, Griesbach, Alter, Bowyer, Harwood, 
 are texts formed from collections of MSS. and printed codices, 
 and not founded on any of the above editions. 
 
 Under the names of the principal editors, the reader will find 
 in this work every thing of importance respecting their editions 
 of the New Testament. Those who wisli a detailed discussion 
 on their respective and various merits, must apply to the works 
 of Le Long, Walch, Michaelis, Dibdin, or the more accessible 
 volumes of Mr. Hartwell Home, where much valuable informa- 
 tion respecting them is condensed into comparatively little room. 
 For common purposes, any of the good editions will answer suf- 
 ficiently. For the critical interpretation of the New Testament, 
 Griesbach is instar ouuiium. " All the modern editions," says 
 that learned writer, " follow that of the Elzevirs ; it was taken 
 from the editions of Beza, and the third of Stephens. Beza also 
 copied the third of Ste2:)hens, except in some places, where he 
 arbitrarily, and almost without authority, difl^ered from it. The 
 third of Stephens closely follows the fifth of Erasmus, a very 
 few places in the Apocalypse excepted, in which he prefers the 
 Complutensian to Erasmus ; but Erasmus was obliged to form 
 the text as he could, from a few manuscripts, and those of mo- 
 dern date, destitute of all other aid except an interpolated edi- 
 tion of the Vulgate, and a few inaccurate editions of the Fathers." 
 — Greisbach's Prolegojnena, sect. i. 
 
 Orton, Job, an English dissenting minister ; 
 horn 1717; died 1783.— A short and plain Exposi- 
 tion of the Old Testament ; with Devotional and 
 Practical Reflections. Lond. 1788-1791, 1802, 6 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
534 OSTERVALD— OTT— OUTRAM. 
 
 This work was designed for a companion to Doddridge's Ex- 
 position of the New Testament ; but falls far short of its pre- 
 decessor. As the author was inclined to Arianism, various pas- 
 sages derive a colour from that system, and altogether there is 
 a want of reference to the great doctrines of Christianity through- 
 out the work. 
 
 OSTERVALD, JOHN FREDERICK, CI Sw'lSS di- 
 
 vine; horn 1663; died 1747. — La Sainte Bible, 
 
 avec les Argumens et Reflexions. Neufchatel, 17S0, 
 
 4to. 
 
 The Arguments and Reflections were translated into English 
 by Chamberlayne. Lond. 1749. 3 vol. 8vo. There are many 
 useful things in them, though it is by no means a profound work, 
 and the sentiments are occasionally incorrect. It is now entire- 
 ly superseded by Home's Introduction, which contains a very 
 full and accurate analysis. 
 
 Ott, or Ottius, John Baptist, a learned Ger- 
 
 man divine, Professor of Hebrew at Zurich ; horn 
 
 in 1661. — Spicilegium sive Excerpta ex Flavio 
 
 Josepho ad Novi Testamenti Illustrationem. Lugd. 
 
 Bat. 1741, 8vo. 
 
 In this work, the author makes excellent use of Josephus in 
 illustrating the New Testament. Michaelis speaks of his la- 
 bours along with those of Krebs very respectfully. At the end 
 of the volume Ott mentions a number of articles, which the 
 Jewish historian, under improper influence, has passed over. 
 
 OuTRAM, William, a prehendary of West- 
 minster ; horn 1625 ; died 1679. — De Sacrificiis 
 duo Libri. Lond. 1677, 4to. 
 
 Of this learned work a translation was published by Mr. Allen. 
 Lond. 1817, 8vo. The first book or dissertation treats on all 
 the sacrifices of the Jews, with remarks on some of those of the 
 heathen ; the second is on the sacrifice of Christ. Some of the 
 best discussions on the subject of sacrifice is to be found in this 
 
OWEN, H. 335 
 
 ^vor^i. ; and in no work is the typical relation of the ancient sa- 
 crifices to the nature and design of the death of Christ more satis- 
 iiictorily explained. The English translation is respectably exe- 
 cuted, and has made the work accessible to all. 
 
 Owen, Henry, D.D. F.R.S. rector of St. Olave, 
 London ; icas horn in 1715 ; and died in 1795. — 
 The Intent and Propriety of the Scripture Miracles 
 Considered and Explained. Lond. 1755, 8vo. — 
 Observations on the Four Gospels, tending chiefly 
 to ascertain the times of their publications ; and to 
 illustrate the form and manner of their composition. 
 Ibid. 1764, Svo.-^ — An Inquiry into the present state 
 of the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament. 
 1769, 8vo. — Critica Sacra; or a Short Introduction 
 to Hebrew Criticism. Anonymous. Ibid. 1774, 8vo. 
 — A Supplement to the Critica Sacra ; in which the 
 principles of that Treatise are fully confirmed, and 
 the objections of Mr. Raphael Baruh are clearly an- 
 swered. Ibid. 1775, 8vo. — Critical Disquisitions ; 
 containing some Remarks, 1. On Masius's edition 
 of the Book of Joshua ; and, 2. On Origen's cele- 
 brated Hexapla. Ibid. 1784, 8vo. — A Brief Ac- 
 count, Historical and Critical, of the Septuagint 
 
 Version of the Old Testament. Ibid. 1787, 8vo. 
 
 The Modes of Quotation used by the evangelical 
 writers Explained and Vindicated. Ibid. 1789, 4to. 
 
 Owen was an elegant and acute scholar, well acquainted with 
 biblical literature, and especially with the Septuagint. Bishop 
 Marsh says Lis brief account of it should be read by every man 
 who wishes to be acquainted with the history of the Septuagint. 
 Indeed all the publications above enumerated will amply repay 
 a careful perusal. He was one of the great promoters of the col- 
 
336 OWEN, J— PALAIRET. 
 
 lation of the Greek MSS. of the LXX. which was undertaken, 
 though not completed, by his friend Dr. Holmes. The work 
 on the Modes of Quotation is valuable, though it does not give 
 all the passages cited from the Old in the New Testament. Mr. 
 Home has made considerable use of it in his valuable chapter 
 on this subject. 
 
 Owen, John, D. D. a learned Nonconfomnist ; 
 horn 1616; died 1683. — An Exposition of the 
 Epistle to the Hebrews. Lond. 1668-1684, 4 vol. 
 fol. Edinb. 1812, 7 vol. 8vo. 2d edition. Abridged 
 by Dr. Williams. Lond. 1790, 1815, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is the most valuable exposition of the Epistle to the He- 
 brews ever published. The preliminary exercitations which oc- 
 cupy the first two volumes of the octavo edition, supply an im- 
 mense mass of learned information on all the important points 
 of the Jewish controversy. The exposition itself, though prolix, 
 is not tiresome, and judiciously combines criticism, exposition, 
 and practical instruction. This is the only expository work of 
 any extent published by Owen ; but several of his other writ- 
 ings well deserve a careful perusal for the light they throw on 
 the Scriptures ; such as his Vindiciae Evangelicae ; his work on 
 the 130th Psalm, and his work on the Spirit. For extended 
 notices of all his writings, I beg to refer the reader to Memoirs 
 of the Life, Writings, and Religious Connexions of John Owen, 
 D. D. Lond. 1820. 
 
 Palairet, Elias, ininisfer of the French Pro- 
 testant Church at Tournay in Flanders. — Obser- 
 vationes Philologico-Criticae in Sacros Novi Foede- 
 ris Libros. Lugd. Bat. 1752, 8vo. 
 
 This work belongs to the same class with Eisner and Raphe! . 
 It appears recommended by Alberti, Schultens, Bern, de Moor, 
 and other members of the theological faculty at Leyden ; but 
 it is not equal to the classical illustrations of the more celebrat- 
 ed A^Titers referred to. The observations are generally short. 
 
PALEY— PAPPELBAUM. :i37 
 
 contain a great display of erudition to explain many things which 
 little require it, and find many more evidences of purity of 
 style in the New Testament than the 'VAriters of it themselves 
 would have been disposed to contend for. Here and there a 
 useful observation occurs. He printed at London, in 1755, a 
 Specimen of Philological and Critical Observations on the New 
 Testament, in which he jiroposed to publish by subscription,, 
 a work of the same nature in four or five volumes on the whole 
 New Testament. It is probable the encouragement was too 
 small to induce him to proceed, as the work never appeared. 
 On the title-page of this tract he describes himself as ^' Pastor 
 Eccles. Ano-licano-Gallicae Grenovicensis." 
 
 Paley, Wileiam, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; 
 a cUsthiguib'/ied writer; horn 1743; died 1804. — 
 Horae Paiilinae. Loud. 1790, 8vo. 
 
 Of the Evidences of Christianity it is unnecessary to speak, 
 and the Moral and Natural Philosophy of Paley do not belong to 
 our plan. The Horae Paulinae is more a biblical work than the 
 others, and is truly original in its subject, in its construction, and 
 in its details. In it he traces a new species of internal evidence 
 for the authenticity of Paul's Epistles, by observing the un- 
 designed and less obvious coincidence of allusions and expres- 
 sions, with the narrative in the Acts of the Apostles. In his 
 statement of the value of this species of argument, he is clear 
 and judicious. In pointing out the several passages which fur- 
 nish the proof, he shows a most intimate acquaintance with 
 I'aul's writings. He is singularly ingenious in hitting on a 
 casual argument, where a common mind would have overlooked 
 it. He makes his deduction just as far as that instance bears 
 him out, and no farther ; and, on proper occasions, he presses 
 his reasonings with convincing force. 
 
 Pappelbaum, Geo. Gott. a clergyman of the 
 
 Lutheran Church at Berlin, — Codicis Mariiiscripti 
 
 Novi Testamenti Raviaiii in Bibliotheca Regia Be- 
 
 rolinensi publica asservati Examen, etc. Beroliii. 
 
 1776, 8vo. 
 
 z 
 
338 PAREUS— PARKER. 
 
 This publication was occasioned by the controversy respecting 
 the three heavenly witnesses^ John v. 7- The Ravian MS. 
 preserved at Berlin had been referred to as containing the dis- 
 puted clause. Pappelbaum has put an end to this part of the 
 controversy, by proving beyond a doubt that the Ravian MS. 
 is a mere copy of the Greek text in the Complutensian Bible. 
 The Examen contains addenda to Wetstein's collations, and a 
 letter sent to Archdeacon Travis, but not formerly published. 
 
 Pa REUS, David, a German dlv'me ; hoi^n in Si- 
 lesia, 1548 ; diedl622. — Commentarius in Genesin. 
 Francofurti, 1609, 4to. — In Hoseam. Heidelbergae, 
 1605. — Notae breviores in Proplietiam Joelis, Hag- 
 gaei et Amosi capita tria priora. Oxonii, 1631, 4to. — 
 Commentarius in Matthaeum. Ibid. 1631, 4to. — 
 Commentarii in Epistolas ad Romanes, priorem ad 
 Corinthios, ad Galatas, Ebraeos, Jacobi, et in Apoca- 
 lypsin. Heidelbergae, 1618, 4to. — Adversaria Sacra : 
 sen notae breviores in reliquos sacros libros. Franco- 
 furti, 1674, fol. 
 
 The expository works of Parens are very numerous, and were 
 long highly esteemed on the continent. They were all collect- 
 ed together and published several times in folio at Geneva and 
 Frankfort. He was a decided Calvinist ; and by some senti- 
 ments thrown out in the Epistle to the Romans, on the subject 
 of kingly authority, he so enraged James I. that he ordered the 
 work to be burned by the hangman. What a mercy the author 
 was not in the hands of his Majesty. 
 
 Parker, Samuel, a learned 7ionjiiro7\ and son 
 of Bishop Parker; horn 1680; died 1730. — Bib- 
 liotheca Biblica ; being a Commentary upon all the 
 Books of the Old and New Testament, gathered out 
 of the genuine writings of Fathers and ecclesiasti- 
 cal historians, and Acts of Councils, down to the year 
 of our Lord 451. Comprehending the proper, alle- 
 
PARKHURST. 3S9 
 
 gorical or mystic, and moral import of the text, as 
 delivered in the writings and monuments aforesaid. 
 To which are added. Introductory Discourses on the 
 Authors and Authenticity of the Books, the time of 
 their being written, etc. etc. Oxford, 1720-1735, 
 6 vol. 4to. 
 
 This extensive and curious work, which was published anoiiy- 
 mouslv:, proceeded only to the end of Deuteronomy. It contains 
 mucli that is useless and uninteresting. But those who wish to 
 know the opinions and expository talents of the Fathers, and 
 who have not the means of consulting their own writings, will 
 find in it numerous specimens both of their wisdom and their 
 folly. Besides the Commentary, there are numerous dissertations 
 distributed through the work, most of which liave been ascribed 
 to Dr. Thomas Haywood : many of these are on the most curious 
 and uncommon subjects. There is a vast display of learning, 
 and altogether the Bibliotheca must have cost its author or au- 
 thors great labour. 
 
 As no particular notice is taken of the Fathers in this work, I 
 take this opportunity of recommending to those who wish to 
 know about them, Du Pin's History of Ecclesiastical Writers, 
 Cave's Historia Literaria, Walch's Patristica, the works of Lard- 
 ner, and Dr. Adam Clarke's Succession of Sacred Literature. 
 Any account ^^hich could have been given of them in this 
 work, would have been very meagre and uninteresting. Be- 
 sides, they are in general inaccessible to biblical scholars; a pri- 
 vation which is less to be regretted, as no doubt can be enter- 
 tained of the justice of Bishop Watson's remark, that they are 
 far inferior to the moderns as interpreters of Scripture. 
 
 Parkhurst, John, M. A. a dergijmmi of the 
 Church of England, and a distinguished Hebrew 
 scholar; was horn in 1728, and died in 1797. — 
 A Hebrew and English Lexicon, without points. 
 Lond. 1762, 4to. Ibid, fifth edition, 1807, 8vo.— 
 A Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testa- 
 
340 PARR. 
 
 ment. Ibid. 1769, 4to. Ibid. 1804, 8vo. fourth edi- 
 tion. 
 
 The services of no writer of the last century have been of so 
 much importance to the English biblical student as those of Mr. 
 Parkhurst. Plis Lexicons are an invaluable treasure of sacred 
 criticism and sound learning. They discover a profound know- 
 ledge of the Bible^ and of the most distinguished writers on it ; 
 particularly the philological, both ancient and modern. And 
 they are not less marked by the tone of piety and correctness 
 of Christian sentiment which pervade them^ than by their learn- 
 ing and accuracy. Parkhurst was of the school of Hutchinson, 
 and Capellus. With the former, he considered the Hebrew 
 Scriptures the fountain of philosophy and science^ and defended 
 his views of the covenant in Trinity, and of the Trinity of na- 
 ture. With the latter, while he rejected the doctrines of the 
 Masorets, he availed himself of the aids of the ancient versions, 
 and every other legitimate means of criticism to help him in dis- 
 covering the mind of God in the Scriptures. As lexicons, they 
 are unsuitable for a mere learner of the languages, as the atten- 
 tion is too much taken off from the simple meaning of the term, 
 to illustrative digressions and quotations. His Hebrew work, 
 especially, is too strongly marked by his Hutchinsonian peculi- 
 arities. But with all their defects or imperfections, (faults to 
 which lexicons are peculiarly liable,) they will seldom be con- 
 sulted on a. difficult word or phrase altogether in vain. The 
 author always endeavours to interest the inquirer in the doc- 
 trines and heavenly tendency of the Bible ; and he has made 
 not a few capable of reading the original Scriptures, who must 
 have remained ignorant of them, in consequence of the know- 
 ledge of Latin which is necessary for the consultation of the 
 greater part of biblical lexicons. 
 
 Parr, Elnathan, a learned Puritan minister 
 at Palgrave in Suffolk. — The Works of that faith- 
 ful and painful preacher, Elnathan Parr, Bachelor 
 in Divinity. The fourth edition, corrected and en- 
 larged by the author's own hand. Lond. 1651, fol. 
 
PATON—PATRICK. 34i 
 
 These works contain a commentary on the Romans of consi- 
 derable extent; and a treatise, which he calls the Grounds of 
 Divinity, a kind of theological catechism. Dr. Williams just- 
 ly characterizes the exposition of the Romans, as equally remark- 
 able for soundness of sentiment, f^imiliarity of illustration, and 
 want of taste in style and composition. 
 
 Paton, Ja:mks, D.D. minister, of Craig, near 
 Montrose. — An Attempt to shew that the Know- 
 ledge of God has in all ages been derived from Re- 
 velation or Tradition, not from Nature. Glasg. 
 1773, 8vo. 
 
 This book has been by mistake sometimes ascribed to Dr. 
 Findlay of Glasgow. It is very learned and ingenious, and 
 seems very satisfactorily to establish the point contended for. 
 The subject of natural religion has occasioned many disputes, 
 which would have been greatly shortened had the scriptural 
 views of Dr. Paton been more generally adopted. 
 
 Patrick, Simon, BisJioj) of Ely ; horn in 1626 ; 
 died in 1707- — A Commentary on the Historical and 
 Poetical Books of the Old Testament. Lond. 9 vol. 
 4to. 3 vol. fol. ; various editions ; of which the folio 
 are to be preferred. 
 
 Patrick is one of the most sensible and useful commentators 
 on the Old Testament. He had a competent measure of learn- 
 ing for the undertaking, of ^\ hich he never makes any ostenta- 
 tious display. The elder Lowth completed the work on the Old 
 Testament, and the whole set, with Whitby on the New Testa- 
 ment, makes six volumes folio. Neither Patrick nor Lowth has 
 so much Arminianism as Whitby, though they all belong to the 
 same theological school. Whitby was superior to both in acute- 
 ness and research ; but if the reader do not find in tliem the 
 same talent, he will be exposed to less injurv from sj)ecious 
 and sopliistical reasonings against some imjjortant doctrines of 
 Christianity. Patrick wrote several works besides his Com- 
 mentarv. 
 
342 PAUL— PAXTON— PEARCE. 
 
 " Paul, the Apostle, the Epistles of, trans- 
 lated from the Greek, and arranged in the order in 
 which they were probably written. Part First. 
 With Explanatory Notes. Edinb. 1819, 8vo. 
 
 Of this anonymous work, only the first part has been publish- 
 ed; which contains the Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, 
 Corinthians, and Romans. The alterations of the common trans- 
 lation are not very numerous. Some of the notes, though in 
 general short, are very excellent, and the tendency of the whole 
 is good. 
 
 Paxton, George, a miiiister of the Secession 
 Church in Scotland, — Illustrations of the Holy 
 Scriptures. Lond. 1819, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These illustrations are drawn from the geography of the east ; 
 from the natural history of the east ; and from the customs of 
 ancient and modern nations. They contain a large accumulation 
 of various and useful knowledge on the different topics on which 
 they treat. The work deserves to be placed by the side of Har- 
 nier ; and will, though imperfectly, supply the place of Bochart, to 
 whose learned works, it is alleged, Mr. Paxton has not made all 
 the acknowledgments which the benefit his volumes have derived 
 from them demanded. A second edition of the work is just an- 
 nounced for publication. 
 
 Peaece, Zachary, Bishop of Rochester ; horri 
 in 1690 ; died in 1774. — A Commentary, with 
 Notes, on the Four Evangelists, and the Acts of the 
 Apostles ; together with a New Translation of St. 
 Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, with a Pa- 
 raphrase and Notes. To which are added, other 
 Theological Pieces. Lond. 1777, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Bishop Pearce was an elegant scholar, and devoted much at- 
 tention both to the classical writers of Greece and Rome, and 
 to the New Testament. Of his acquaintance with the former, 
 ample evidence is afforded in his editions of Longinus De Sublimi- 
 
PEARSON— PEIRCE. S4.'3 
 
 tate, and of Cicero De Oratore, and De Officils. The work, quoted 
 above, contains many useful observations on the style and senti- 
 ments of the inspired writers. The notes are generally short ; 
 and, though occasionallv injudicious, throw considerable light on 
 the text. His theological sentiments are not very marked ; but 
 on all important points, I suppose they were correct. From 
 some quotations made by Dr. Smith, in the second volume of 
 his Scripture Testimony, it would appear, that among the con- 
 tinental A\riters, the literary reputation of Pearce does not stand 
 very high. Their opinion, however, relates to his classical la- 
 bours, not to his work on the Scriptures, in which he was pro- 
 bably more at home. There is a life of Bishop Pearce, by the 
 Rev. John Derby, prefixed to the Commentary. It was partly 
 MTitten by the bishop himself, and completed by Mr. Derby. 
 At the end of vol. ii. is the fifth edition of the Miracles of Jesus 
 Vindicated ; a work in reply to Woolston. There are also two 
 letters to Dr. Waterland, on the Eucharist ; and two Latin let- 
 ters addressed to Professor F. V. at Amsterdam. In tlie first 
 of these, he discusses Bentley's proposed critical edition of the 
 New Testament. In the second, he proposes a number of cor- 
 rections of the text of the New Testament. Both these letters 
 are deserving of attention. 
 
 Pearson, John, BisJioj) of Chester ; horn 1612 ; 
 
 died 1686. — An Exposition of the Creed. Lond. 
 
 1659, 4to. Ibid. 1824, 8vo. 
 
 This is a work of great learning and merit. It contains a 
 system of theology, a good deal of controversy, and a large por- 
 tion of biblical exposition. On the last account, it is entitled to 
 a place in this work, and will repay an attentive perusal. To 
 the edition of the LXX. printed by Field at Cambridge, 1665, 
 there is a learned Preface of nineteen pages prefixed, by Bishop 
 Pearson, which deserves the attention of the biblical scholar. 
 
 Peirce, Jainies, a dissenting minister at Exeter, 
 tvho died in 1726, in the fifty-third year of his age. 
 — A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of Paul 
 to the Colossians, Pliilippians, and Hebrews, after 
 
344 - PELLICAK. 
 
 the manner of Mr. Locke. To wliicli are annexed, 
 several critical Dissertations on particular texts of 
 Scripture. With a paraphrase and notes on the 
 three last chapters of the Hebrews, left unfinished 
 by Mr. Peirce ; and an Essay to discover the author 
 of the Epistle, and language in which it was writ- 
 ten. By Joseph Hallett. Lond. 1733, 4to. best edit. 
 
 Peirce is by far the ablest of the continiiators of Locke on the 
 Epistles. Like that great man, he was unfortunately an Arian ; 
 but, except on particular passages, his mistaken opinions do not 
 appear. He rather seeks to conceal than to expose his theologi- 
 cal creed. Very few men, perhaps, have studied the Scriptures 
 with so much care and ability as Peirce. He seldom overlooks 
 a difficulty ; and when he examines it, he generally succeeds in 
 removing it. On the quotations made from the Old Testament 
 he is particularly excellent. His learning was profound, his 
 judgment mature, and his application indefatigable. Had his 
 views of the character of Christ been correct, he would have 
 left scarcely any thing to be desired, on those parts of Scripture 
 on which he wrote. 
 
 His work on the Hebrews, with Hallett's additions and preface, 
 was translated into Latin by Michaelis, and published at Halle 
 in 1747. To this, as to his translation of Benson on James, 
 Michaelis added many of his own notes. He speaks in the 
 highest terms of admiration of the profound learning and acute 
 discernment of Peirce. Hallett's preface was also translated 
 into Latin by the learned Wolf, and is published at the end of 
 his fourth volume of the Curae. Peirce wrote a number of 
 thino-s relating to the dissenters, and to the Arian controversy. 
 
 Pellican, Conrad, a learned German divine ; 
 horn 1478 ; died 1556. — Commentarius in Libros 
 Veteris ac Novi Testamenti. Tiguri, 1532-1540, 
 7 vol. fol. 
 
 Pellican wrote on all the books of Scripture except the pro- 
 phecies of Jonah, Zechariah, and the Apocalypse. Walch speaks 
 
PEMBLE— PENN. .S45 
 
 of him as the first among the Protestants who undertook an ex- 
 position of all the sacred books, and who wrote usefully on them. 
 He often corrects the Latin Vulgate, and throws light on many 
 obscure places. His works, however, are now very rarely to be 
 met with, except in old public libraries. 
 
 Pemble, William, a Puritan minister ; Fel- 
 low of 3Iagdalen College, Oxford; horn 1591; 
 died 1623. — The Works of that late learned mini- 
 ster of God's holy word, Mr. William Pemble ; con- 
 taining sundry treatises and expositions, before ex- 
 tant in several tracts, and now gathered into one 
 entire volume. Lond. 1635, fol. 3d edit. 
 
 In this volume, there is a treatise on grace and faith ; one on 
 justification ; another on the providence of God ; an analytical 
 exposition of the book of Ecclesiastes ; an explanation of some 
 obscure passages of Scripture ; an exposition of the first nine 
 chapters of Zechariah, and some other pieces. It is unneces- 
 sary to mention the doctrinal system of Pemble, — Calvinism of 
 the old school. He is by no means a tedious writer. He ap- 
 pears to have been a good Hebrew scholar, and employs his 
 learning very advantageously, particularly in expounding the 
 book of Zechariah. 
 
 Penn, James, A. B. Under- Grammar Master 
 of Christ Cliurck Hospital; afterwards Vicar of 
 Clavering, in Essex. — \"arious Tracts, etc. Lond. 
 1756, 8vo. 
 
 These tracts contain remarks on Mr. Hutchinson and his fol- 
 lowers ; an essay on the insufficiency of human reason ; critical 
 observations on some of the angelic appearances ; Saul and the 
 witch of Endor ; on the remarkable words of Nebuchadnezzar, 
 Dan. iii. 2'), and some other things. Mr. Penn discovers some 
 reading and thinking in these essays. There is not, however, 
 much of valuable interpretation of the Scriptures ; and far too 
 large a portion of a controversial spirit. 
 
346 PERCY. 
 
 Percy, Thomas, D. D. Bishop of Dromore ; 
 horn 1728 ; died in 1811. — The Song of Solomon, 
 newly translated from the original Hebrew ; with 
 a commentary and annotations. Lond. 1764, 
 12mo. 
 
 This work was published anonymously, but came to be known 
 as the production of Dr. Percy. It. is very elegant^ and is on the 
 plan which was afterwards much followed, of considering the 
 Song of Songs chiefly as a celebration of the earthly loves of So- 
 lomon. Viewing it thus, the Bishop is perhaps as happy as most 
 of his successors of the same school. If the views of these 
 critics be correct, the wisdom of God, in placing such a produc- 
 tion in the sacred volume, remains to be shown. An anonymous 
 pamphlet, occasioned by the Bishop's work, was published at 
 Edinburgh in 1775, under the title of — The Song of Solomon 
 Paraphrased : with an introduction, containing some remarks on 
 a late new translation of this sacred poem ; also a commentary 
 and notes, critical and practical. 8vo. This work contains some 
 very just reflections, both on the poem, and on Dr. Percy's ver- 
 sion. It combines a literal application of the Song to Solomon 
 and his bride, with an ultimate application to the spiritual af- 
 fection which obtains between Christ and his people. 
 
 Besides the works on Solomon's Song mentioned in this Biblio- 
 theca under the names of their respective authors, the reader 
 may consult an Essay on the Song, by the learned and eccentric 
 William Whiston, inserted in his Essay towards restoring the 
 true Text of the Old Testament. In the Fragments to Calmet's 
 Dictionary, also, there is an ingenious attempt to arrange the 
 Song of Solomon, and to illustrate it by means of engravings. 
 There is also, in the appendix to the fifteenth volume of the 
 Critical Review, 1795, a literal English version of a Dutch 
 translation of the Song, by J. C. Doederlein, with a few notes. 
 
 — A Key to the New Testament ; giving an account 
 of the several books, their contents, their authors, 
 and of the times, places, and occasions, on which 
 they were written. Lond. 12!mo. various editions. 
 
PERKINS—PETERS. 347 
 
 This is a very accurate little work, and calculated to be of 
 considerable use to those who want either leisure or means for 
 the examination of the larger and more exjoensive works on the 
 subject. 
 
 Perkins, Willia^ni, a distinguished Puritan^ 
 tvho died in 1602. — The Works of that famous and 
 worthy minister of Christ, in the university of 
 Cambridge, Mr. William Perkins. Lond. 1608- 
 1610, 3 vol. fol. 
 
 The A\'orks of Perkins are distinguished for their piety, learn- 
 ing, extensive knowledge of the Scriptures, and strong Calvi- 
 nistic argumentation. They contain a number of controversial 
 and doctrinal treatises, and an elaborate commentary on the first 
 five chapters of the Epistle to the Galatians, which is completed 
 by Rodolfc Cudivorthe, B. D. The works of Perkins were 
 highly esteemed by Job Orton, though far from being a thorough 
 Calvinist himself. 
 
 Peters, Charles, A. M. a dergijman of the 
 Church of England. — A Critical Dissertation on the 
 Book of Job ; wherein the account given of that 
 book by the author of the Divine Legation of Moses 
 demonstrated, is particularly considered ; the anti- 
 quity of the book vindicated, the grand text (chap. 
 xix. 25,) explained ; and a future state shewn to 
 have been the popular l)elief of the ancient Hebrews. 
 Lond. 1751, 4to. 
 
 This work, as appears from the title, and the author's preface, 
 was occasioned chiefiy by Warburton's Legation. It is not, 
 however, a regular reply to that work, nor indeed is it principal- 
 ly devoted t<t it. It contains a large portion of critical learning, 
 and throws much liglit on all the subjects whicli it investigates. 
 The learned author contends that Job himself was the writer of 
 the book ; a position in whicli he will now perhaps have few 
 followers. Besides illustrating the poem, many passages of the 
 
348 PFEIFFER A— PFEIFFER, J. E.— PHILALETHES. 
 
 Hebrew Scriptures are critically examined and explained ; and 
 the views of a future state which were entertained by the Jews 
 fully inquired into. It is altogether a valuable book. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Augustus, D.D. sometime Professor 
 of Divinity i?i the university of Leipzig, afterwards 
 Superintendent of Liiheck ; Jjorn 1640 ; died 1698. 
 — Opera Omnia quae extant Philologica. Ultraj. 
 1704, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 The Philological Works of Professor Pfeiffer contain four hun- 
 dred remarks on difficult passages, or what he calls Dubia vex- 
 ata Scripturae. Many of these are good. He first gives Se7i- 
 tentiae fariantes, then the Decisio, and last of all the Pro- 
 batio. There are ten larger dissertations on difficult subjects ; 
 a treatise on hermeneuticS;, and one on sacred criticism, both 
 of which are useful ; a treatise on Hebrew accentuation, and 
 one on Jewish and jNIohammedan theology, and another on select 
 Hebrew antiquities. There are also some other less important 
 discussions. Pfeiffer does not deserve to rank in the first class 
 of biblical writers; yet his works discover both research and 
 acuteness ; and as they do not fetch a high price, they will be 
 found not unworthy a place in a theological library. Walch 
 speaks respectfully of his writings. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Joach. Ehrex, D. D. Professor of 
 Divinity at Halle. — Institutiones Hermeneuticae 
 Sacrae veterum atque recentiorum et propria quae- 
 dam praecepta complexa, etc. Erlangae, 1771, 8vo. 
 
 This thick volume of more than eight hundred pages, discusses 
 in fifteen chapters the numerous topics, and all the important 
 principles of biblical interpretation. It belongs to the modern 
 school of continental criticism, as some of the sentiments which 
 it expresses are very free and unguarded. 
 
 Philalethes, an anonymoiis author. — The 
 Epistles of St. Paul to the Colossians, to the Thes- 
 salonians, to Timothy, and to Titus, and the Ge- 
 
PHILLIPS— .FILKINGTON. 349 
 
 iieral Epistle of St. James : a New Version from 
 the Greek, and chiefly from the text of Griesbach. 
 Loncl. 1819, 12mo. 
 
 Considerable attention has evidently been devoted to this 
 version. In many places the common translation is much im- 
 proved. The idioms of both languages have been carefully at- 
 tended to ; thougli some ^^'ill perhaps think too much freedom 
 has been used with the sacred text. 
 
 Phillips, John, of Kingshj, in Cheshire. — The 
 Greek of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Thessaloni- 
 ans explained. Lond. 1751, 4to. 
 
 This work contains the Greek text^ but no translation. The 
 notes are verv considerable. They are philological^ critical, and 
 theological. It was designed as a specimen of a work on all the 
 epistleS;, but which was never completed. It is exceedingly 
 scarce. 
 
 PiLKiXGTON, Mattheav, LL. B. Prehenclury 
 of Liclifield, — Remarks upon several Passages of 
 Scripture ; rectifying some errors in the printed 
 Hebrew text ; pointing out several mistakes in the 
 versions, and shewing the benefit and expediency 
 of a more correct and intelligible translation of the 
 Bible. Camb. 1759, 8vo. 
 
 These remarks contain a considerable portion of valuable mat- 
 ter. The author was a man of good sense and good information 
 on the subjects on which he Avrote. The work is divided into 
 thirty-four sections, in each of ^^■hich some principle of criticism 
 is established, some corruption or mistake exposed, or some pas- 
 sage of Scripture explained. Most of his positions are satisfac- 
 torily made out ; but his object is as unlikely to be attained as 
 ever. The book has now become scarce. Pilkington was the 
 author of a work on the Gospels of some value, entitled. The 
 Evangelical History and Harmony. 11^1, fob He composed 
 
350 PIRIE. 
 
 also what he calls A Rational Concordance, or an Index to the 
 Bible. Notting. 1749, 4to. 
 
 PiRiE, Alexander, a Scotish dissenting mi- 
 nister of the congregational denomination ; died 
 at Newhurgh^ in Fife, in 1804. — The Miscella- 
 neous and Posthumous Works of the Rev. Alex- 
 ander Pirie, minister of the Gospel, Newburgh, 
 Fife. Edinb. 1805-1806, 6 vol. 12mo.— A Disser- 
 tation on the Hebrew Roots, intended to point out 
 their extensive influence on all known languages. 
 Ibid. 1807, 12mo. 
 
 The author of these works was deficient neither in learning 
 nor genius. Both were^, however^ superior to his judgment. He 
 evidently looked into the Bible with the desire to find things 
 new and strange ; and what he discovered he was fond to tell. 
 The subjects on which he treats are very various ; some of them 
 he had discussed in separate treatises or pamphlets, long before 
 they were collected together into these volumes. They also con- 
 tain a number of original pieces. The first volume treats al- 
 most exclusively of matters relating to the Jews ; their present 
 state ; their restoration ; their conversion ; the battle of Arma- 
 geddon ; the day of judgment ; the millennium. On all these 
 topics there are many fanciful and visionary speculations. In 
 volume second, there are some rather curious, and well-written 
 essays on the primitive condition of man. Volume third con- 
 tains, among other matters, a number of observations on difti- 
 cult passages, some of which deserve attention. The fourth 
 volume is chiefly occupied with an essay on creation week and 
 its symbolical intention, in which the author often indulges his 
 fancy. The fifth volume contains controversial dissertations of 
 considerable ability on baptism, and the Sinai covenant. In 
 the last volume are several lectures, and one or two things on 
 the Socinian controversy. The separate dissertation marked 
 above is curious, and afix)rds no proof 
 
 That Hebrew roots are always found 
 To flourish most in barren ground. 
 
PISCATOR— PITCAIRN. 351 
 
 The mind of Pirie was too fertile ; and though the reader will 
 often be amused by his etymologies and analogies, he will as of- 
 ten be dissatisfied, and regret that his industry and talents were 
 so much employed about trifles or things of a fanciful nature. 
 He was capable of producing something more useful and per- 
 manent than any of his works are likely to be. Pirie wrote, be- 
 sides the above, a number of controversial pamphlets, which re- 
 late to his religious changes. He was originally an Antiburgher, 
 then joined the Relief, and finally became an Independent. He 
 did not, I believe, fully agree with any religious community. 
 
 PiscATOR, John, a German divine, Professot- 
 of Divinity at Herhorn ; born 1546 ; died 1626. — 
 Commentarius in Omnes Libros Veteris et Novi 
 Testamenti. Herbornae, 1601, et seq. 24 vol. 8vo. 
 Ibid. 1638-1646, 5 vol. fol. 
 
 These exegetical works of Piscator were at first published in 
 single volumes or parts, in octavo, during a long course of years ; 
 and when completed in this manner, were collected and publish- 
 ed in folio, as noticed above. He first gives the argument or 
 scope and design of the book. He then goes over each chapter 
 seriatim ; furnishing first a translation, then a logical analysis of 
 it, then a few notes of a critical nature, and finally some obser- 
 vations of a practical and spiritual nature. They are very re- 
 spectable works, considering the time at which they were writ- 
 ten. Piscator also executed a German translation of the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 PiTCAiRN, Alexander, a Scotish minister, 
 who appears to have laboured in Holland. — Har- 
 monia Evangelica Apostoloruin Pauli et Jacobi in 
 doctrina de Jnstificatione, etc. Rotterodami, 1685, 
 8vo. 
 
 In this work, which is of a controversial nature, the author 
 opposes Socinians, Papists, Arminians, in general ; and Curcel- 
 laeus, Morus, Bull, Sherlock, and Baxter, in particular. There 
 is a good deal of learning and acuteness displayed in the book ; 
 
352 POCOCK— POLYGLOTS. 
 
 and the doctrinal views of Pitcairn are those which are usually 
 held by Calvinists. 
 
 PococK, Edward, D. D. Professor of Hebrew 
 and Arahick in the university of Oxford; horn 
 1604; died 1691— The Theological Works of the 
 learned Dr. Pocock ; containing his Porta Mosis, 
 and English Commentaries on Hosea, Joel, Micah, 
 and Malachi. To which is prefixed, an account of 
 his Life and Writings. Lond. 1740, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 Dr. Pocock was one of the linest oriental scholars^ and cer- 
 tainly the first Arabic scholar of his age. His residence at 
 Aleppo and Constantinople was most diligently employed in the 
 cultivation of eastern literature, till he spoke and wrote Arabic 
 like a native. It also enabled him to procure some valuable 
 Arabic MSS. which greatly assisted his future studies, and en- 
 abled him to afford important aid to the London Polyglot. The 
 Porta Mosis is an Arabic work by the celebrated Jew, Rabbi 
 Maimonides, containing certain dissertations of his on various 
 parts of the Misnah or Talmudic text, which open the way to 
 almost the whole Jewish system. To the text, which is given in 
 Hebrew letters, and the Latin translation, a large body of curious 
 miscellaneous notes are added by Pocock himself. They contain 
 illustrations of many passages of Scripture from the ancient ver- 
 sions, and from commentaries of Jews written in Arabic, or in 
 rabbinical Hebrew. The Commentaries on the four prophets are 
 in English, and, though they contain much learning and piety, 
 are exceedingly prolix and heavy ; particularly that on Hosea, 
 which occupies the entire second volume, of more than 700 folio 
 pages. No part of the Bible is illustrated by such a variety 
 and extent of oriental learning. The Life of Pocock, by Twells, 
 which is prefixed, contains much important information about 
 the literary pursuits of the professor, and the interesting literary 
 objects which were prosecuted during the period in which he 
 lived. 
 
 Polyglots. — Bibles in many languages, of 
 which the following are the principal. They are 
 
POLYGLOT BIBLES. 353 
 
 generally denominated from the places where they 
 were printed. 
 
 — BiBLiA Saciia Polyglotta, complectentia 
 Vetus Testamentum, Hebraico, Graeco et Latino 
 idiomate ; Novum Testamentum Graecum et La- 
 tinum, et Vocabularium Hebraicum et Chaldaicum 
 Veteris Testamenti, cum Grammatica Hebraica, 
 necnon Dictionario Graeco : studio, opera, et im- 
 pensis Cardinalis Francisci Ximenez de Cisneros. 
 Compluti, 1514-1517, 6 vol. fol. 
 
 This great and valuable work was begun and carried through 
 the press at the expense of Cardinal Ximenes, wliom it is said 
 to have cost about 50,000 ducats. It was begun in 1502, and 
 finished in 1517^ but not published till 1522; the church of 
 Rome being doubtful for a considerable time whether the work 
 ought to be allowed to come abroad. It is curious that even 
 Ximenes himself seems to have had no great inclination to en- 
 courage sacred literature ; for when it was proposed to translate 
 the Bible into Spanish to convert the Saracens, he opposed it, 
 as he thought men might become Christians without reading 
 the Bible. The Complutensian Polyglot contains in the first 
 four volumes the Hebrew, Vulgate, and Greek texts of the Old 
 Testament, in parallel columns ; and the Chaldee paraphrase 
 at the bottom of the page, with a Latin translation. The Latin 
 Vulgate is placed between the Hebrew and Greek, which the 
 Cardinal in his prologue ridiculously and impiously compares 
 to Christ crucified between two thieves ! The fifth volume 
 contains the Greek New Testament and the Vulgate Latin 
 version. The last contains a Hebrew and Chaldaic vocabu- 
 lary, and some tracts of an introductory and grammatical na- 
 ture. This is among the scarcest of the large Polyglots ; only 
 six hundred copies having been thrown off. It is now valued 
 chiefly because it contains the first printed edition of the New 
 Testament in Greek. 
 
 2 A 
 
354 POLYGLOT BIBLES. 
 
 ■ — BiBLiA Sacha Polyglotta, Philippi II. His- 
 paniarum Regis jiissu edita ac impressa ; cura 
 Benedict! Ariae Montani. Antverp. 1569-1572, 
 8 vol. fol. 
 
 This is sometimes called the Royal Polyglot^, because it was 
 published at the expense of Philip IL of Spain. Five hundred 
 copies were printed, many of which were lost in the ship -which 
 carried them to Spain. The work was edited by Arias Mon- 
 tanuSj and printed by Piantin, who had the merit of projecting 
 it. Besides all that Avas in the Complutensian, this Polyglot 
 contains a part of the Chaldee paraphrase of the Old Testa- 
 ment omitted by Ximenes, and a literal Latin translation by 
 Pagninus improved by Arias Montanus. There is also a Syriac 
 version of the New Testament, not in the former, with a Latin 
 translation of it by Boderianus. The last two volumes are oc- 
 cupied with grammars, lexicons, indices, and various treatises. 
 It is exceedingly rare and expensive. The biblical apparatus 
 of this work is considerably greater than, that of the former, but 
 far inferior to those which followed. 
 
 — BiBLiA Sacra Polyglotta, studio Guy Mi- 
 chaelis le Jay. Parisiis, apud Antonium Vitray, 
 1628-1645, 10 vol. folio maximo. Forma atlan- 
 tica. 
 
 The Parisian Polyglot of Le Jay, the highly meritorious in- 
 dividual at whose expense chiefly it was published, besides 
 what was contained in the former Polyglots, contains the Sama- 
 ritan Pentateuch, and a Samaritan version of it first printed ; 
 an Arabic translation of the whole Scriptures, and a Syriac 
 translation of the Old Testament. There are also Latin trans- 
 lations of all the oriental versions. It is the most sumptuously 
 printed of all the Polyglots, and ruined its disinterested patron. 
 The volumes are of an immense size, and the text and versions 
 cannot be examined without consulting two of them together. 
 Some Dutch booksellers during the pontificate of Alexander VII. 
 endeavoured to pass it off under his auspices. They prefixed a 
 new dedication, and printed another title-page : — Biblia Alex- 
 
POLYGLOT BIBLES. 355 
 
 andrina Septaglotta, auspiciis S. D. Alexandri VIL anno sessi- 
 onis ejus xii. feliciter inchoata. MDCLXVL 
 
 — BiBLiA Sacra Polyglotta, complectentia 
 Textiis originales, Hebraic. Chaldaic. et Graec. Pen- 
 tateuchum Samaritanuni, et Versiones antiquas. 
 Cum apparatu, appendicibus, annotationibus, etc. 
 studio et opera Briani Waltoni. Lond. 1657, 
 6 vol. fol. 
 
 This most valuable and convenient work is greatly superior 
 to all its predecessors. Besides all the languages in which the 
 Scriptures had been published in the former Polyglots, it con- 
 tains the Psalms, Splomon's Song, and the New Testament in 
 Ethiopic, and the four gospels in Persic. The Chaldee para- 
 phrase also is more complete than in any former publication. Wal- 
 ton was assisted in his laborious undertaking by a number of the 
 most learned men of the age, of whom his biographer, Mr. Todd, 
 lias lately furnished some account. Prefixed to the first volume 
 is a valuable apparatus of dissertations and tables, furnished by 
 Walton, Capellus, Brerewood, and Lightfoot. The sixth vo- 
 lume is entirely occupied with appendices, various readings, lists, 
 and other critical matters. The invaluable Lexicon of Castell 
 generally accompanies the Bible, and makes up eight volumes 
 massy folio ; being to this day the richest collection of the sacred 
 writings in existence. 
 
 The following more particular description of the London Po- 
 lyglot, from the Bibliographical Dictionary of Dr. Adam Clarke, 
 who has paid great attention to the subject, will, I doubt not, be 
 acceptable to the reader. The words inclosed within brackets 
 are additions by myself. 
 
 " The^r.9^ volume, besides very learned and useful ProIegO' 
 mcua, [[including various maps, plans, and other engravings,] 
 contains the Pentateuch. Ever^' sheet exhibits at one view, 1st, 
 the Hebrew text, with Montanus's Latin version [^interlined]] 
 very correctly printed ; 2. The same verses in the Vulgate La- 
 tin [^the edition of Clement VIIL;] .3. The Greek version of the 
 Septuagint, according to the Vatican MS. [printed at Rome in 
 
356 POLYGLOT BIBLES. 
 
 1587]] with a literal Latin translation by Flaminius Nobilis, and 
 the various readings of the Alexandrine MS. added at the bottom 
 of the column ; 4. The Syriac version, with a collateral Latin 
 translation; 5. The Targum, or Chaldee paraphrase of Onkelos, 
 with a Latin translation ; 6. The Hebraeo- Samaritan text;, 
 which is nearly the same with the unpointed Hebrew, only the 
 character is different ; and the Samaritan version, which differs 
 vastly from the other as to language, though the sense is pretty 
 nearly the same ; and therefore one Latin translation, [[with a 
 few notes added at the bottom of the column,^ serves for both ; 
 7- The Arabic version, with a collateral Latin translation, which 
 in general agrees pretty much with the Septuagint. 
 
 "^ The seco7id volume contains all the historical books, from 
 Joshua to Esther, in the same languages as above, the Samaritan 
 excepted, which goes no farther than the Pentateuch, and the 
 Targum on the books of Chronicles, which was not found till 
 after the Polyglot was in the press, but has been since publish- 
 ed separately by Mr. David Wilkins, at Amsterdam, in 4to. 
 with a good Latin version. Without this work, the Polyglot 
 may be considered as incomplete. This Targum was composed 
 by Rab. Joseph, surnamed the blind, ruler of an academy in 
 Syria, who flourished in the fourth century. The MS. from 
 which this work was printed was found by Dr. Clarke, in the 
 university of Cambridge. Wilkins' s edition is very scarce. 
 
 " The third volume comprehends all the poetic and prophetic 
 books, from Job to Malachi, in the same languages as before, 
 only that there is an Ethiopic version of the Book of Psalms, 
 [[and of the Song of Solomon] which is so near akin to the Sep- 
 tuagint, that the same Latin translation serves for both, with 
 only a few exceptions, which are noted in the margin. 
 
 " The fourth contains all the apocryphal books in Greek, 
 Latin, Syriac, and Arabic, with a twofold Hebrew text of the 
 book of Tobit ; the first from P. Fagius, the second from 
 Seb. Munster. After the Apocrypha, there is a threefold Tar- 
 gum of the Pentateuch ; the first is in Chaldee, and is ascribed 
 to Jonathan Ben Uzziel ; the second is in Chaldee also ; it takes 
 in only select parts of the law, and is commonly called the Je- 
 rusalem Targum ,• the third is in Persic, the work of one Jacob 
 Tawees, or Toosee, and seems to be a pretty literal version of the 
 
POLYGLOT BIBLES. 357 
 
 Hebrew text. Each of these has a collateral Latin translation. 
 The two iirst, though they contain many fables, are exceedingly 
 useful, because they explain many words and customs, the 
 meaning of which is to be found no where else ; and the latter 
 will be found very useful to a student in the Persian language, 
 though it contains many obsolete phrases, and the language is 
 by no means in the pure Shirazian dialect. 
 
 " The Jiflh volume includes all the books of the New Testa- 
 ment. The various languages are here exhibited, as in the 
 others. The Greek text stands at the head, with Montanus's 
 interlineary Latin translation ; the Syriac text next ; the Persic 
 third ; the Vulgate fourth ; the Arabic fifth ; and the Ethiopic 
 sixth. Each of the oriental versions has a collateral Latin trans- 
 lation. The Persic version [which Dr. Clarke is convinced was 
 the work of a Catholic Christian] only takes in the four Gos- 
 pels ; and for this the Pars Altera, or Persian Dictionary, in 
 Cast ell's Lexicon, was peculiarly calculated. 
 
 '' The sixth volume is made up of various readings, and criti- 
 cal remarks on all the preceding versions, and concludes with 
 an explanation of all the proper names, both Hebrew and Greek, 
 in the Old and New Testaments. The characters used for the 
 several oriental versions are clear and good ; the Hebrew is ra- 
 ther the worst. The simple reading of a text, in the several 
 versions, often throws more light on the meaning of the sacred 
 writer than the best commentators which can be met with." For 
 Castell's Lexicon, see Castell. 
 
 It appears that Dr. Samuel Clarke had prepared a seventh 
 volume, containing some important additions ; but which was 
 never published, and what became of his materials is unknown. 
 Dibdin says this volume is in the Bodleian Library. In ad- 
 dition to this article, the reader will do well to consult Todd's 
 Life of Bishop Walton, which, though too much of a party book, 
 contains some curious. and interesting information about the Po- 
 lyglot, and also respecting the state and progress of oriental lite- 
 rature in Great Britain. The critical remarks of Father Simon 
 on the Prolegomena to Walton's Polyglot, which occupy the last 
 four chapters of the third book of his work on the Old Testa- 
 ment, deserve to l)e read with care. That celebrated man pro- 
 posed a polyglot on a less expensive plan, which has been sub- 
 
358 • PONT— POOLE. 
 
 stantially carried into effect in the very beautiful quarto Polyglot 
 lately published by Bagster. The chief defect of this last work 
 is the smallness of its type. The Polyglots of Hutter^ Reinecci- 
 uSj Vatablusj and Wolder^ are now rarely to be met with, and 
 are seldom sought after, except by collectors, and are all inferior 
 in usefulness to those above enumerated. Those who are curious 
 in bibliographical research will lind much to gratify them respect- 
 ing the Polyglots in Dr. Clarke's Dictionary, and in the last edi- 
 tion of Dibdin's Introduction to the Classics. 
 
 Pont, Robert, miyiister of St. CutJiberfs^ 
 Edinburgh ; horn 1527 ; died 1608. — A New 
 Treatise of the Right Reckoning of Yeares and 
 Ages of the World, and Men's Lives, and of the 
 last decaying age thereof, this 1600 yeare of Christ, 
 (erroniouslie called a yeare of jubilee) which is 
 from the creation the 5548 yeare. Containing 
 sundry singularities worthy of observation concern- 
 ing courses of times, and revolutions of the heaven, 
 and reformations of kalendars, and prognostica- 
 tions, etc. Edinb. 1599, 4to. — De Sabbaticorum 
 Annorum periodis Chronologia a Mundi exordio ad 
 nostra usque secula et porro. 1619, 4to. 
 
 Copies of both these works are in the Advocates Library, 
 Edinburgh. Their author had evidently studied both sacred 
 and profane chronology with great attention. He appears to 
 have been a man of very considerable learning and industry. 
 The two works mentioned above are quite distinct from each 
 other. Dr. MCrie, in his Life of Melville (vol. ii. p. 315) after 
 Charters, speaks of the work De Sahhatis, as distinct from that 
 De Sabbaticorum., etc. whereas they are only different parts 
 of the title of the same work. Pont was son-in-law to John 
 Knox. 
 
 Poole, Matthew, an eminent Nonconformist 
 divine; horn 16^4; died at Amsterdam, 1679- — 
 
POOLE. 359 
 
 Synopsis Criticoriim aliorumque Sacrae Scripturae 
 Iiiterpretuin. Lond. 1669-1676, 5 vol. fol. 
 
 Several editions of this great work were also published on the 
 continent; at Frankfort, in lf)79 ; at Utrecht, in 1680", under 
 the care of Leusden ; at Frankfort, but very incorrectly, with u 
 preface by JMaius, in I69I; and at the same place again, in 
 1712, with a preface by Pritius. 
 
 The object of the Synopsis is to condense, combine, and exhi- 
 bit at one view, the interpretations of Scripture dispersed 
 through the Critici Sacri, previously published by Bee. The au- 
 thor has done this very successfully. He has omitted much that is 
 useless in that work, abridged many prolix discussions, and add- 
 ed many other writers to those contained in the Sacred Critics. 
 He generally quotes all the important ancient and modern trans- 
 lations ; tliough tlie oriental versions in the Polyglot he only 
 quotes through the medium of their translations. He has add- 
 ed, also, the works of Cornelius a Lapide, Tostatus, Francis 
 Junius, Piscator, Jo. Buxtorf, Bochart, Er. Schmidt, Gerhard, 
 Glassius, Geierus, Beza, Lightfoot, Hammond^ and other Eng- 
 lish writers. It is much more convenient than the Critici Sacri, 
 and contains, in a most accessible form, the views of not less 
 than one hundred and ^fifty writers on the Scriptures. It conse- 
 quently serves instead of many ])ooks, now difficult to be obtain- 
 ed. The reader will occasionally be perplexed by the multijjli- 
 city and variety of interpretations ; but he will seldom consult 
 it in vain, or often find it hard to make up his mind as to the 
 view he should adopt. I can also say, from a long acquaintance 
 with it, that a vast deal of what is important in the ^\'(»rks of 
 modern critics will be found in the learned volumes of the Sy- 
 nopsis. In his prefaces, the author gives an account of the se- 
 veral ^\Titers whose works he introduces, with characters of 
 them A\hich deserve to be consulted with attention. 
 
 — Aiiiiotatioiis upon the Holy Bible, wherein the 
 sacred text is inserted, and various readings annex- 
 ed ; together with the parallel Scriptures : the more 
 difficult terms are explained ; seeming contradictions 
 
360 PORSON. 
 
 reconciled ; doubts resolved, and the whole text 
 opened. Lond. 1683-1685, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This work was not completed by the learned author, who died 
 when he had got as far as the 58th chapter of Isaiah. His Non- 
 conformist brethren finished the Annotations. The 59th and 
 60th chapters of Isaiah were done by Mr. Jackson of Moulsey. 
 On the rest of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Lamentations, Dr. Collins 
 furnished the annotations. Ezekiel and the minor prophets 
 were supplied by Mr. Hurst ; Daniel by Mr. Cooper ; the four 
 Gospels by Dr. Collins ; the Acts by Mr. Vinke ; the Romans 
 by Mr. Mayo ; the Epistles to the Corinthians and the Galatians 
 by Dr. Collins ; the Ephesians by Mr. Veal ; the Philippians 
 and Colossians by Mr. Adams ; the Epistles to the Thessalonians 
 by Mr. Barker ; those to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon by Dr. 
 Collins ; the Hebrews by Mr. Obadiah Hughes ; the Epistles 
 of James, Peter, and Jude, by Mr. Veal ; the Epistles of John 
 by Mr. Howe ; and the Book of Revelation by Dr. Collins. 
 These, as may be supposed, are of various merits, though all are 
 of a useful and practical nature. Poole's own part is scarcely 
 equal to what might have been expected from the author of the 
 Synopsis. There is not much criticism in it, which perhaps he 
 thought sufficiently supplied in the Latin work. The various 
 readings noticed in the title are the various readings, not of MSS. 
 but different renderings of the original words. A German trans- 
 lation of this work was undertaken by Augustus Titellius, and 
 a first part of it published ; but it was never completed. 
 
 PoiisoN, RiCHAUD, Professor of Greek i7i the 
 imiversity of Cambridge ; horn 1759; died 1808. 
 — Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis, in Answer 
 to his Defence of the Three Heavenly AVitnesses. 
 Lond. 1790, 8vo. 
 
 These letters on the disputed text, 1 John v. 7, 8, were ori- 
 ginally published in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1789, I79O. 
 They are twelve in number, and discover the profound learning, 
 prodigious acuteness, and elegant wit, for which Porson was dis- 
 tinguished above all his contemporaries. A degree of levity. 
 
PORTEUS— POTTER. 36l 
 
 however, and a scowling contempt for his opponent, pervade 
 them ; which are very unsuitable in such a controversy. A va- 
 luable preface of thirty-five pages introduces the subject, and 
 contains some admirable remarks on Gibbon. The spirit of the 
 letters is unchristian ; but they are admirable specimens of learn- 
 ed and acute argumentation. Had the moral and religious cha- 
 racter of Porson been equal to his learning and talents, he would 
 have rendered more important services to theology and criticism, 
 than he has done by these letters, or by his notes on Greek plays. 
 
 PoiiTEUS, Beilby, Bishoj} of London ; horn at 
 York, 1731 ; died 1809. — Lectures on the Gospel 
 of St. Matthew. Loud. 1801, S vol. 8vo. 1807, 
 ninth edition. 
 
 These discourses are not strictly expository ; nor do they enter 
 very deeply into the doctrinal part of Christianity. They dis- 
 cover a very amiable temper of mind, and a strong desire to do 
 good, and on many topics deserve to be consulted. But it is 
 very singular that the Bishop should not have entered more fully 
 into the doctrine of the atonement, when professedly expounding 
 the sufferings of Christ. That he was a believer in it, no doubt 
 can be entertained ; but how to account for his silence respect- 
 ing it, I know not. The Apostle determined, in all his mini- 
 strations, to know only Christ, and him crucified ; how a Chris- 
 tian Bishop, professing to follow his example, could deliver and 
 publish two volumes of ex2)osition, from which it is scarcely pos- 
 sible to extract a complete view of the salvation of the gospel, 
 must be left to others to explain. 
 
 Potter, John, Archbishop of Canterhnry ; 
 horn 1674 ; died 1747. — Archaeologia Graeca : or 
 the Antiquities of Greece. Lond. 1697-1699, 
 2 vol. 8vo. Often since rejjrinted. 
 
 i'lie numerous allusions in the New Testament to tlie man- 
 ners and customs of Greece, show the importance of an acquaint- 
 ance with them. Archl)ishop Potter's work affords every infor- 
 mation on tliese topics, and is illustrated b\ numerous engrav- 
 ings. 
 
862 PRICE— PRIDEAUX— PRIESTLEY. 
 
 Price, or Pricaeus, John, an Englishman, 
 who at Jlf^st belonged to the Church of England, 
 hnt died in the faith of Rome, 1676. — Commentarii 
 in Varios Novi Testament! Libros, etc. His acces- 
 serunt adnotationes in Psalmoriim librum. Lonclini, 
 1660, fol. 
 
 The works on tlie Psalms and the books of the New Testa- 
 ment^ had been published separately before. They also appear- 
 ed in the Critici Sacri. The notes are brief, but learned and 
 judicious. Dr. Harwood says^ "^this is a book of great charac- 
 ter abroad ; it contains many valuable observations, particularly 
 illustrating the modes of diction which occur in the sacred 
 classics, from profane writers." 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey, D. D. Dean of Nor- 
 wich ; horn 1648 ; died 1724. — The Old and New 
 Testaments connected ; in the History of the Jews, 
 and neighbouring nations, from the declensions of 
 the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, to the time of 
 Christ. Lond. 1716-1718, 2 vol. fol. Ibid. 1808, 
 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Of a work which has long been in the hands of every student, 
 and which, in 1808, had gone through sixteen editions, it cannot 
 be necessary to speak at length. It contains a large mass of 
 erudition and accurate information on every topic of Jewish his- 
 tory and antiquities ; and, on all the links which connected that 
 peculiar people with the surrounding nations. It is indispen- 
 sable to the biblical, and interesting to the general scholar. A 
 critical examination of it was published by Le Clerc, which 
 was translated into English in 1722. From this it appears that 
 the work was translated into French and Dutch. Le Clerc's 
 exceptions are not of great importance. 
 
 Priestley, Joseph, LL. D. a very celehrated 
 Unitarian writer ; horn near Leeds, in 1733 ; died 
 in America, in 1804. — A Harmony of the Evange- 
 
PRITIUS. 363 
 
 lists in English ; with critical dissertations, an oc- 
 casional paraphrase, and notes for the use of the un- 
 learned. Lond. 1780, 4to. 
 
 This may be considered an English translation of the Greek 
 Harmony, which Priestley published three years before. It con- 
 tains the same preface and dissertations ; but has a paraphrase 
 and notes wliicli were wanting in the former. The greatest 2)e- 
 culiarity in this Harmony is the reducing of our Lord's ministry 
 to little more than a year ; on which subject the author and Arch- 
 bishop Ne^^Tome had a correspondence. The notes are not all 
 by Dr. Priestley ; some of them are supplied by Mr. Turner of 
 Wakefield, and others by Dr. Jebb. They were all of the same 
 mind on doctrinal subjects ; and wherever any topic of import- 
 ance occurs, Socinianism, of course, is avowed. Not a few of the 
 notes, however, are valuable, and worthy of consideration. 
 
 — Notes on all the Books of Scripture, for the use 
 of the pulpit and of private families. Northampton, 
 North America, 1803, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Many of these notes relate to the geography, chronology, and 
 natural history of the Bible, on which subjects Dr. Priestley 
 was very much at home. On these points, therefore, it may be 
 safely and profitably consulted. On the devotional jiarts of 
 Scripture, the notes are dry and meagre ; and, on the doctrinal 
 parts, the author never loses sight of the peculiarities of his 
 creed. Priestley's Index to the Bible, in which tlie various 
 subjects which occur in it are alphabetically arranged, 1805, 
 12mo. is a useful and very accurate book. 
 
 Pritius, D. J. Geoiigius, a Lufhera?i clergy- 
 man at Franltfort on the Maine ; who died in the 
 early part of the last century, — Introductio in Lec- 
 tionem Novi Testamenti, in qua, quae ad rem cri- 
 ticam, historiam, chronologiam, geograpliiam, va- 
 rias antiquitates, tam sacras quam profanas, perti- 
 
364 PURVER— PURVES. 
 
 nent, breviter et perspicue exponuntur. Lipsiae, 
 1764, 8vo. opt. edit. 
 
 The first edition of this important work was published by 
 Pritt in 1704. It was republished by him in 1722;, and 1724, with 
 additions by Kapp. On the death of the author, a much en- 
 larged edition was published by Hofmann of Leipzig, which was 
 still farther improved in the edition of 1764. Perhaps no book 
 of the same size contains so much important and accurate in- 
 formation on what relates to the interpretation of the New Tes- 
 tament as this work of Pritt and Hofmann. It is full, but not 
 tedious ; systematic, but not stiff or formal. Bishop Marsh says, 
 " it deserves to be purchased by every student in divinity ;" 
 and Bishop Watson declares, that '' he had never met with any 
 book superior to this as an introduction to the New Testament." 
 
 PuRVER, Anthony, a Quaker; horn in 1702; 
 died in 1777. — A New and Literal Translation of 
 all the Books of the Old and New Testament ; with 
 Notes, critical and explanatory. Lond. 1764, 21 vol. 
 fol. 
 
 The author of this singular work was originally a shoemaker, 
 and taught himself Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, in order that he 
 might understand the Bible. The translation is the fruit of his 
 learning and labours, and was sumptuously printed at the ex- 
 pense of Dr. Fothergill. Unfortunately it is calculated to be of 
 little use. It is often ungrammatical, and as frequently unin- 
 telligible. The notes are very similar to the text ; and what is 
 worse, full of pride and ill-nature. Notwithstanding these 
 prominent and pervading defects, Purver sometimes gives a 
 better rendering than occurs in our version ; and those who are 
 curious in translations of the Bible, will not fail to add the 
 Quaker's version to their stock. Dr. Geddes says very justly 
 of it, " It is a crude, incondite, and unshapely pile, without or- 
 der, symmetry, or taste." 
 
 PuRVES, James, a schoolmaster in Edifdmrgh ; 
 where he died some years ago. — Observations on 
 
PYLE— UAMBACH. s(i5 
 
 Prophetic Times and Similitudes, as they relate to 
 the church and the world ; making a compendious 
 explanation of the Book of Revelation. Edinh. 
 1789, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is an ingenious work of a man little known ; but who 
 wrote many things relating to the Scriptures. It contains more 
 of genuine Christianity than many of the books which have been 
 written on this obscure portion of the word of God. 
 
 Pyle, Thomas, Prehendary of Sarum ; horn 
 1674 ; died 1756. — A Paraphrase ; with short and 
 useful Notes on the Historical Books of the Old 
 Testament. Lond. 1725, 4 vol. Svo. — The same 
 on the Acts and Epistles of the New Testament. 
 Ibid. 1725, 2 vol. Svo. second edition. — The same 
 on the Book of Revelation. Ibid. 1735, Svo. 
 
 The work on the Old Testament is a kind of abridgment of 
 Patrick, and is considered by Doddridge inferior to Pyle's work 
 on the Epistles. The latter was designed as a continuation of 
 Clarke's work on the Gospels. The volume on the book of Reve- 
 lation is written with more care than the former,, and contains 
 many good things. 
 
 Raimbach, Jo. James, Professor oj Divinity 
 in the university of Giessen, and Assistant-Super- 
 intendent in the consistory there : he died in 1742 
 or 1743. — Institutiones Hermeneuticae Sacrae, etc. 
 Jenae, 1752, Svo. 
 
 This is the best edition of a very valuable book, with a pre- 
 face by the learned Dr. Francis Buddeus, who recommends it 
 most warmly. The work is divided into four books, besides tlie 
 Prolegomena, in which the author goes over very minutely all 
 the usual topics of biblical interpretation. In the establislied 
 German method, he illustrates many passages, and refers t(» 
 many writers. The following works of Rambach are also worthy 
 
^66 RANDOLPH— RAPHELIUS. 
 
 of attention. — Exercitationes Hermeneuticae. Bremae, 1741, 
 8vo. This is intended as another part of his Institutes. — Intro- 
 ductio Historico-Theol. in Epist. ad Romanes. Halae, 1730, 
 8vo. To this work is annexed Luther's Preface to the Epistle 
 to the Romans, with notes by Rambach. — Commentatio de Sen- 
 sus Mystici Criteriis, etc. Jenae, 1731, 8vo. The author ap- 
 pears to have been a Pietist, whose religious character entitles 
 him to confidence, and whose learning demands the highest re- 
 spect. There is an English translation of a very excellent de- 
 votional and practical work of his — Meditations and Contempla- 
 tions on the Suffering of Christ. Lond. 1763, 2 vol. Svo. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas, D. D. Archdeacoii of Ox- 
 Jbrd, and Margaret Professor of Divinity ; horn 
 in 1701 ; died 1783, — The Prophecies and other 
 Texts cited in the New Testament, compared with 
 the Hebrew Original, and with the Septuagint Ver- 
 sion. To which are added Notes. Oxford, 1782, 4to. 
 
 This very valuable tract is now become exceedingly scarce. 
 It presents at one view the Hebrew text, the quotation in the 
 Greek New Testament, and the Septuagint version of it. The 
 comparison can of course be made at once, and the agreement 
 or discrepancy easily discovered. There are also a few useful 
 notes. The substance of it is given in Home's Introduction. 
 
 Kaphelius, George, a German divine ; Super- 
 intendent of Lunenburg; horn in 1673, and died 
 in 1740. — Annotationes in Sacram Scripturam ; His- 
 toricae in Vetus, Philologicae in Novum Testamen- 
 tum, ex Xenophonte, Polybio, Arriano, et Herodoto 
 coUectae ; ante quidem seorsim editae, nunc in unum 
 corpus redactae, atque ad ordinem locorum Sacri Co- 
 dicis magno cum lectorum emolumento adcommo- 
 datae. Lugd. Bat. 1747, 2 voL Svo. opt. edit. 
 
 This work contains historical illustrations of some passages in 
 the Old Testament, and philological explanations of many pas- 
 
RAVANEL. 367 
 
 sages in the New, chieHy taken from Xenoplion, Polybius, Ar- 
 rian, and Herodotus. Of its character, it is sufficient to quote 
 the testimony of Michaelis : " Raphel affords an 'excellent ex- 
 ample to those who would make collections from the pure Greek 
 writers with a view of illustrating the New Testament ; and the 
 remarks which he has drawn from Xenophon, Polybius, Arrian, 
 and Herodotus, are classical in their kind." He is often quoted 
 by Wolf, and referred to by Parkhurst ; and the substance of 
 many of his illustrations is given in the notes to Wetstein's 
 Greek Testament. Ernesti, however, seems to have considered 
 many of the quotations made from classical writers to explain 
 the New Testament by Raphel and others, as of very little im- 
 portance. It is certain the phrases quoted are often dissimilar 
 in some important points ; and it should never be forgotten, 
 that as the Greeks were totally destitute of many of the ideas 
 peculiar to Christianity, the classical writers must consequently 
 afford little aid in explaining the most difficult words and idioms 
 of the New Testament. 
 
 The above, which is the best edition of the Annotations, is 
 edited by the son of the author, who writes a preface and a Life 
 of his father. Annexed to vol. ii. are some additional philologi- 
 cal annotations collected from Eusebius. There are also the 
 Greek Homilies of Chrysostom on the Epistle to Philemon ; 
 with a Latin translation and a few notes. The whole collection 
 forms an excellent and valuable work on the Scriptures. 
 
 Ravanel, Peter, a French Protestant minister 
 at Uzez; where he died a1)oiit 1680. — Bibliotheca 
 Sacra, seu Thesaurus Scripturae Canonicae amplis- 
 simus. Gen. 1650, 2 voL fol. Ibid. 1660, 3 voL fol. 
 Supplement to do. Ibid. 1663, foL 
 
 The subjects of this work are arranged in alphabetical order. 
 It is a dictionary of every thing relating to the theology, na- 
 tural history, morality, rites and ceremonies, etc. of the Scrip- 
 tures ; in short, a kind of Protestant Calmet. The work, how- 
 ever, is far inferior to that of Calmet. It is heavy, teclinical, 
 and full of redundancies. The plainest subjects are loaded with 
 explanations, and encumbered with logical definitiims and dis- 
 
368 RAY— REEVES. 
 
 tinctions. It is at the same time a book which discovers vast 
 reading, and a most minute attention to the Scriptures. It is 
 also, I believe, one of the first works of the kind published by a 
 Protestant. 
 
 Ray, John, a celebrated natural philosopher ; 
 a dissenter hy religious profession ; born in Essex 
 in 1628 ; died in 1705. — The Wisdom of God Ma- 
 nifested in the Works of Creation. Lond. 1691, 8vo. 
 and often reprinted. — Three Physico-Theological 
 Discoures concerning the Primitive Chaos and Crea- 
 tion, the General Deluge, and the Dissolution of the 
 World. Ibid. 1693, 8vo. — A Persuasive to a Holy 
 Life, from the happiness which attends it both in 
 this world, and in the world to come. Lond. ITOO, 
 1719, 8vo. 
 
 The writings of Ray are well known to all who study the 
 works of nature. He was one of the first botanists and ornitho- 
 logists of the age, and published many things relating to these 
 interesting sciences. The first work mentioned above has gone 
 through many editions, and, as well as the works of Derham, 
 furnished Paley with many of the illustrations in his Natural 
 Theology. The second work is more closely connected with 
 the Scriptures, and though, like every other hypothesis relating 
 to the creation and destruction of the world, it presents many 
 doubtful points, those who have examined such writers as Bur- 
 net and Whiston, will be gratified with the work of Ray. His 
 Persuasive to a Holy Life, I have added, to show that Ray ne- 
 ver merged the Christian in the philosopher ; and that he found 
 the highest wisdom to consist in the cordial reception of the re- 
 vealed will of God, and in unfeigned subjection to it. 
 
 Reeves, William, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England; born 1668; died 17^6. — The Apolo- 
 gies of the Christian Fathers, etc. Lond. 1709, 1716, 
 2 vol. Svo. 
 
REICHARD— REID. 369 
 
 This work contains an English transhition of the Apologies of 
 Justin Martyr, TertuUian, and Minutius Felix ; with the Com- 
 monitory of Vincentius Lirinensis, concerning the primitive 
 rule of faith. There are also a number of notes by the trans- 
 lator, and a long prefatory dissertation on the right use of the 
 Fathers. The translation of these interesting documents of pri- 
 mitive antiquity is generally perspicuous and faithful. The 
 notes contain a good deal of learning, and frequently illustrate 
 the meaning where it is obscure. The preliminary dissertation 
 may be considered an answer to the valuable work of Daille on 
 the same subject. Mr. Reeves contends for an authority and 
 usefulness to the Fathers, to which they are by no means en- 
 titled, and which, happily, they have long ceased to enjoy. 
 
 Reichard, Hen. God. A. M. a learned Ger- 
 man divine. — Sacri Novi Testamenti Libri omnes 
 veteri Latinitate donati. Lips. 1799? 8vo. — De 
 adornanda Novi Testamenti versione vere Latina 
 Tractatus Grammatico-Theologicus. Ibid, 1796, 
 8vo. 
 
 Both these works discover great learning, and extensive ac- 
 quaintance with the principles of biblical interpretation, and 
 with the difficulties attending the translating of the Scriptures. 
 The translation is free rather than close, and is not accompanied 
 with notes. 
 
 Reid, John, M. D. a member of the faculty of 
 2)hysicians and surgeons, Glasgow. — The Book of 
 Psalms, without points ; corrected from the edition 
 of \^ander Hooght ; with a Key, Grammar, Literal 
 English Version, and Lexicon, upon an improved 
 plan. Glasg. 1821, 8vo. 
 
 This work is chiefly designed by Dr. Reid to assist in the ac- 
 quisition of the Hebrew language. The Hebrew text is very 
 beautifully and accurately printed, and does credit to the uni- 
 versity press of Glasgow. The English version is very literal, 
 and is printed on the opposite page. The peculiar mode of 
 
 2 B 
 
370 REISKE— RELAND. 
 
 pointing adopted by the author, along with the extreme close- 
 ness of the translation, must tend, I fear, to perplex a learner, 
 rather than to aid him in many instances. The Lexicon com- 
 prehends all the words in the Hebrew Bible ; but as the words 
 under each letter form but one paragraph, instead of being pro- 
 perly divided, it is too troublesome for consultation. 
 
 Reiske, John James, Professor of Arabic in 
 the university of Leip%ig ; horn 1717; died 1774. 
 — Conjecturae in Jobum et Proverbia Salomonis. 
 Lips. 1779, 8vo. 
 
 Reiske was an Arabic scholar of the school of Schultens. The 
 above edition of his learned notes and conjectures was published 
 after his death, by his widow. There is added to it an oration 
 on the study of Arabic. As conjectures, they possess no other 
 authority than what may appear to be involved in their plausibi- 
 lity or probable accordance with truth. The best thing that can 
 be said of many of them is, that they are ingenious ; some are 
 unnecessary, and others are trifling. The Bible is not a suitable 
 field for conjecture, which ought only to be resorted to when alL 
 other means fail. 
 
 Re LAND, Hadrian, Professor of oriental lan- 
 guages and ecclesiastical history at Utrecht ; horn 
 in 1676; died in 1718. — Palestina ex Monumentis 
 veteribus illustrata, etc. Traj. ad Rhen. 1714, 4to. 
 Norimb. 1716, 4to. 
 
 This is one of the most elaborate and valuable works on bibli- 
 cal geography that has ever been published. It is divided into 
 three books. The first treats of the names, situation, boundaries, 
 divisions, rivers, mountains, and plains of Palestine ; the second 
 of the distances of the principal places ; and the third of the 
 cities and villages. Almost every thing in sacred and profane 
 history relating to his subject is brought forward by this labori- 
 ous writer. The work is illustrated with some excellent maps, 
 tables, and engravings of coins. It is reprinted in the sixth vo- 
 lume of Ugolino's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum. 
 
REUCHLIN. 371 
 
 — ^Analecta Rabbinica. Traj. Batav. 1723, ISImo. 
 — Dissertationes Miscellaneae. Ibid. 1706-1708, 
 3 vol. 12mo. 
 
 Both these small but learned works contain a great deal of 
 curious learning, on a vast variety of subjects. In the latter, the 
 author examines the situation of Paradise ; the Red Sea ; Mount 
 Gerizzim ; Ophir ; the gods of the Cabiri ; the ancient lan- 
 guage of India ; the Samaritans ; the remains of the ancient 
 Persic language ; and various other things. 
 
 — AntiqiiitatesSacrae Veterum Hebraeorum breviter 
 delineatae. Traj. Bat. 1708, 1717, 12mo. At Leip- 
 zig, with a preface by Buddeus, in 1713 ; and still 
 farther enlarged by Vogel, and published at Halle in 
 1769. 
 
 This elegant compendium of sacred antiquities is divided into 
 four books, in which the author discusses briefly j but accurately, 
 sacred phices, 2)ersons, things, and times. Under these heads, 
 he introduces almost every thing of importance in this depart- 
 ment. The work is highly recommended by Walch, and is ad- 
 mirably fitted for a text-book to a theological lecturer. Reland 
 ^vrote many works besides the above. 
 
 Reuchltn, John, otherwise Capnio, the first 
 pt'omoter of Hebrew learning among Christians ; 
 was horn in Phorca, a town of Baden, in 1454 ; 
 died in 1522. — In Septem Psalmos Poenitentiales 
 Hebraicos Interpretatio de verbo ad verbuni, et 
 super eisdeni comnientarioli sui ad discendum lin- 
 guani Hebraicam ex rudinientis. Tubingae, 1512, 
 12nio. 
 
 This small work, of which I happen to possess a copy, is de- 
 serving of notice, as the first portion of the Hebrew Scriptures 
 printed by a Christian. Reuchlin was a most zeah>us promoter 
 of Hebrew literature. Shortly before this, he published the 
 
372 RELSCH— RHENFERDUS. 
 
 first printed grammar of that language ; and the present work 
 is chiefly designed to assist in learning it. The version is quite 
 literal, and the commentary entirely grammatical. In the pre- 
 face, he speaks of the incredible labour which his rndiments had 
 cost him, and of the great tronble and expense of the printing. 
 Rosenmiiller, in his Historia Interpretation is Librornm Sacro- 
 Tum, bears hononrable testimony to the merits of Renchlin, who, 
 he says, "rendered the same service to the Old Testament that 
 Erasmus did to the New." The Hebrew Grammar was publish- 
 ed in 1.506. It has no title or description in front, but merely a 
 direction how to use the book. 
 
 Reusch, John William, a German divine of 
 WoJfersfadt. — Syrus Interpres cum foDte Novi 
 Testamenti Graeco collatus. Lips. 1 743, 1 2mo. 
 
 This comparison of the .Syriac version with the Greek text, is 
 of essential importance to all who endeavour to acquire an en- 
 lightened acquaintance with the Syriac translation. It goes over 
 the whole of the New Testament. 
 
 Rhenferdus, Jacobus, a learned Dutch 
 ivrit£r, and Professor of orienUd languages in the 
 unitersity of Franeker ; horn 16.54; died 1712. 
 — Syntagma Dissertationum Philologico-Theologi- 
 canim de stylo Novi Testamenti, etc. Leovardiae, 
 1702, 4to. 
 
 TTiis important collection contains tracts respecting the style 
 of the New Testament, by Olearius, Boeder, Pfochenius, 
 Cocceius, Bebelius, Solanns, Cheitomaeus, Hottinger, Leusden, 
 Vorstius, Kesler, Jungius. There are at the end also two disser- 
 tations by Rhenferd himself, who collected the tracts, and \*Tote 
 a preface to the whole. It is a convenient book, as it brings U>- 
 gether so many scarce and learned treatises on an important 
 subject. Rhenferd was the author of many other works, full of 
 oriental and rabbinical learning ; in which it has been said that 
 his great object was to say nothing that had been said l^efore. 
 The reader will believe this, when he is told that one of them 
 gravely discusses the baptism of Adam. 
 
I\u\-Ai TON. KorvKKr. (/ uuiiistrr of' (fw iliurch 
 of Scotlduil : nuts l>oru in 1()!>1 ; ilitut I7(>i>. Tlu' 
 \>'orks nl' (lu« late Kt'M^nMul Kolnul KuimIIiui. un 
 iiisttM- t>f tlio (u>s[U'l at lloblvirk. Kdiiib. 1771. :> 
 \o\. ^\o. 
 
 llij^h I liuvili I't' l"lllnlm^^^ll. 1"»m> \\\c\\. |hm li;»ps. lun <« |H>.HSOSM»tl 
 ;» slnMlijov o\- \\\o\c ovi;{in:»l miiul lh:iu luri:ilti>u Ihs \\ luKs 
 oiMidnii oss:»\ s on hiin\in» iiutmr . o\\ sovimmI ot tlu> (Kutvuirs ot 
 vt'\ ol:»ti»in ; :» liivitist' «mi tlu' iiiMiiM:»l y\.\\\ M \c\c\.\\\o\\ . on i\\c 
 ("lirist i;m liU' ; Aud tu>tos :uiil o1>s*m \ :il ions »>n tlu- I justlc (otlio 
 I «:vhitiuns. In :»ll (1\(' sontinionts o\j>voss«>il \\\ (luvso 0}iS!U>« :»iul 
 lonimoiUiU'ios. I ilo nt»t Mgvoo . l>ut. in iho \\iitin^Nor l\ii'C:»l(«Mi 
 tluMi' is t;vo:U ilo|>(li oi ("l»iisti:»n :>nil n»rt:»|>ln sir:»l :u-n(iMu>ss. 
 :\n tuii;in:»l niotlo «>1 tliinKin:>, :uul i'\jm ossion. :>titl no ovilin:u\ 
 UOtJtKUUtUni't' with tlu* \\ OVil :intl \\ :n s oi ( m»i1 V\\c l:ltO luM 
 
 John Ni'wton o( l.on»K>n nso»l lo t'\prt'ss (ho most ujujiuililit**! 
 :»ihnir:>t ioti oi \\\cc:\\io\\'s Axorks " I think \i l»»k:(st inj.^ \\ ovo 
 hnxhil. lio s:i\ s »n owe oi his K^tois, " Sititkunl unr.hl hoist »»( 
 Ah. lii<\':»l(«>n. ni>t h'ss \\\:\\\ oi lluuu'. lu>horlson. :uul Hhlil". 
 llo \\ us ivrtuinlv a \\\.\\\ oi a .str»>n'',. t«M\»j>vohons\\ o niunl . :Mnl 
 it not :M» olog:u»t . ho was :i n\:»stojl\ \\vitov. His n»ot:»ph\ sios 
 :in'. I tl\ink. :» i^^Mul luvstMU to s\\o«'i> .»^^:l\ thi' (ino sunn 0<>hut*h. 
 si"optii':»l n\ot:»|>h\ sios. which ;»1 juosont avo too n\nih in liishion 
 in hoth kiujjilonis." l\ii*rult«in wroto sovorul oontroviM'ni;*! piooos 
 w liirh lilt' not ini'huK'tl in tho thrt>o vohtintvs ol his works. As 
 tlioN :Ui> Mnonynions. th«>nt;h tht>N do \\o\ iM\ttM- into u\\ phm. I 
 insiMl llu'ir titU's ; A SohiM l'.ntjn\r\ \\\io tho };von]nks ot t ho 
 prosont DitloriMUVs in tho ( hniih ot" Soothunh I7^»'^» I'iMm*. 
 An liiijniiN it»tt» tho spirit :»ntl tomU'niN ot" lotttMs «<n Thoron 
 uul Asj>:».sit>. otv. lilinlt. 1 70< . r.'nio 
 
 IxU'UAK nsoN, John. !). 1). ///.v//(Y) «»/' .7/'</</^'/; . 
 (/i('(i /fi I ().'> I . -Clioiri' ( >l)S(M\ at ions ami Mxplaiia- 
 tiinis u[)im the ( >hl 'l\'staiiuMit. rontaiiiinj; in tluin 
 many riMnarkabK' niattiMs. titlur not taktMi iiotit'o of. 
 or inistakiMi l»\ most ; whirh avc adililituials to tin' 
 
374 RICHARDSON, J.— RIDLEY. 
 
 large annotations made by some of the Assembly of 
 Divines : to which are added, some fvirther and 
 larger observations upon the whole Book of Genesis. 
 Lond. 1655, fol. 
 
 This is a title-page of considerable promise. The work, how- 
 ever, it will be observed, was posthumous. The Bishop was a 
 very respectable man ; well acquainted with the Scriptures, and 
 with sacred chronology. He furnished the remarks on Ezekiel, 
 Daniel, and the lesser prophets, which were published in the 
 second edition of the Assembly's Annotations. His employment 
 on that work seems to have extended his attention to the rest of 
 the Old Testament. Archbishop Usher published his Harmony 
 of the Four Gospels in his Chronological Annals ; and calls him 
 '' that learned man, and much exercised in the studies of the 
 Holy Scriptures." 
 
 Richardson, John, B. D. Fellow of Emanuel 
 College, Cambridge, — The Canon of the New Tes- 
 tament vindicated ; in answer to the objections of 
 J. T. in his Amyntor. Lond. 1701, 8vo. 2d edit. 
 
 Toland,' the infidel, published a life of Milton in 1699; to 
 which he afterwards annexed Amyntor, or a defence of Milton's 
 Life. In this work, among other things, he introduces a cata- 
 logue of books attributed, in the primitive times, to Jesus Christ, 
 his apostles, and other eminent persons ; with several important 
 remarks relating to the canon of Scripture. Toland's avowed 
 object was, to defend himself against a charge of Mr. Offspring 
 Blackball, who declared, in a sermon before the House of Com- 
 mons, that he was opposed to the authority of the books of the 
 New Testament. His real object evidently is, to establish the 
 justice of this charge, by undermining the authority of the sacred 
 books. Mr. Richardson takes up his objections, to the number 
 of ten, and answers them all in a very judicious and satisfactory 
 manner. It was one of the best books in English on the subject, 
 before the appearance of Lardner's invaluable works. 
 
 Ridley, Glocester, D. D. a learned clergy- 
 man of the Church of England ; horn hi 1702; 
 
ROBERTS, F.—ROBERTS, P. 375 
 
 died i?i 1774. — De Syriacarum Novi Foederis Ver- 
 
 sioniim indole atqueiisuDissertatio, etc. Lond. 1761, 
 
 4to. 
 
 This learned dissertation of a very accomplished scholar exa- 
 mines the Syriac hxnguage and its dialects ; the purity, use, and 
 simplicity of the simple Syriac version ; compares it with the 
 \vritings of the ancient Syrian Fathers ; inquires whether it is 
 more ancient than the Latin, and compares it with the Latin. 
 It then investigates the character and value of the Philoxenian 
 Syriac, and gives a particular account of two MSS. of this 
 version. 
 
 Roberts, Francis, a Puritan minister ; horn 
 1609 ; died 1675.— Clavis Bibliorum. The Key of 
 the Bible, unlocking the Richest Treasure of the 
 Holy Scriptures. Edinb. 1649, 12mo. 
 
 This is a small work, but of considerable value. In an intro- 
 ductory chapter, or advertisement, as he calls it, some very ex- 
 cellent rides are laid down for the right understanding of the 
 Holy Scriptures. He then goes over the books of the Old and 
 New Testament in their order, and treats of each respectively 
 under the heads of name, time, penman, occasion, scope, and 
 principal parts. It thus furnishes, in very small compass, a 
 complete analysis of the whole Bible. I think it is the same 
 work which the author published, enlarged, Lond. 1675, fol. 
 He also \vT0iQ The Mysterie and Marrow of the Bible. Lond. 
 1()57, fol. It is a kind of system of divinity. 
 
 Roberts, Peter, A. M. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England. — A Harmony of the Epistles 
 of the Holy Apostles ; to which is added, a Sum- 
 mary of the Entire. Camb. 1800, 4to. 
 
 This is rather a singular work, the object of which is ^' to 
 dispose the ideas of the apostles in their own language, so as to 
 form a system." There is first a collation, or arrangement in 
 parallel columns, under four heads, the prefatory, doctrinal, 
 practical, and conclusive matter of the epistles ; then " a sum- 
 
376 ROBERTS, W. H—ROBERTSON, J. 
 
 mary of the doctrine compiled from the preceding harmony." 
 In the last place are the nofes, which discover considerable learn- 
 ing and research. The plan of the author will probably find 
 few admirers, as the inspired writers will be best understood 
 when allowed to speak according to their own arrangement of 
 their thoughts. Mr. Roberts seems to lean to the Arminian 
 side of doctrine in his sentiments ; but he is candid and serious, 
 and the work, on the whole, is calculated to do good. " He 
 deserves," says the British Critic, " the highest commendation 
 for his zeal and diligence in thus illustrating the epistles, and 
 for the attention and acuteness manifested in digesting their 
 various contents." In 1818, Mr. Roberts published a Manu- 
 al of Prophecy, Lond. 8vo. which contains a short comparative 
 view of the prophecies contained in Scripture, and of the 
 events by which they were fulfilled. It also professes to offer 
 some new observations on a few difiicult passages in Isaiah and 
 Daniel. 
 
 Roberts, W. H. D. D. Provost of Eton College. 
 — Corrections of Various Passages in the English 
 Version of the Old Testament, upon the authority 
 of ancient manuscripts and ancient versions. Pub- 
 lished by his son. Lond. 1794, 8vo. 
 
 The leading object of Dr. Roberts in this publication, seems 
 to have been that of lessening the number of Italic supplements 
 which occur in our version. They are frequently unnecessary, 
 where the sense is complete without them ; and where they are re- 
 quired to give meaning to the original text, it is absurd to consi- 
 der them as supplements. Dr. Campbell of Aberdeen first be- 
 gan to exercise his critical powers by striking them out, and try- 
 ing how the text would read independently of them. The reader 
 will generally be pleased with the learning, ingenuity, and can- 
 dour of Dr. Roberts. 
 
 Robertson, James, D. D. Professor of oriental 
 languages in the university of Edinburgh. — Clavis 
 Pentateuchi, etc. 1770, 8vo. 
 
ROBERTSON, W.— ROLLOCK- 377 
 
 This key to the Pentateuch contains ah analysis of the He- 
 brew words in it, in the order of the chapters and verses, with a 
 Latin and English version of them ; and notes, critical and phi- 
 lological, in Latin. It is a useful book for a learner ; and even 
 to the more advanced scholar, the remarks of Dr. Robertson 
 will frequently be of service. His knowledge of Arabic and of 
 Jewish antiquities was considerable ; though he was a thorough 
 disciple of the IMasorets, whose views he defends against Ca- 
 pellus, Walton, Masclef, Hutchinson, and others. He ^vrote 
 one or two other things relating to Hebrew literature. 
 
 Robertson, William, A. M. a Scotsmariy dis- 
 tlnguislied for his knowledge of the TJehrew lan- 
 guage, which he long taught in London, — Novum 
 Testamentum Hebraice, etc. Lond. 1661, small 8vo. 
 
 This Hebrew translation of the New Testament was publish- 
 ed from the version of Hutter ; which Robertson revised, cor- 
 rected, and purified in many places. Hutter's version was made 
 very hastily, and stood much in need of amendment. Robert- 
 son's edition is very scarce, as a great part of it was destroyed 
 by the fire of London. 
 
 — Thesaurus Linguae Sanctae seu Concordantiale 
 Lexicon, Hebraeo-Latino-Biblicum, una cum Con- 
 cordantiis Hebraicis, etc. Lond. 1680, 4to. 
 
 The nature of this work is sufficiently indicated by the title. 
 It is designed to answer both for a Lexicon and a Concordance 
 to the Hebrew Scriptures. It is not complete enough for a 
 Concordance, and too cumbrous for a convenient Lexicon. He 
 was the author of several Hebrew grammatical works, and seems 
 to have been a very zealous rabbinical scholar. 
 
 RoLLOCK, Robert, a minister of the Church of 
 Scotland, and first Principal of the universitij of 
 EdinJjurgh ; horn 1555 ; died 1598. — Commen- 
 tarius in selectos aliquot Psalmos Davidis. Gen. 
 1599, 1610, 12mo.— In Danielem. Edinb. 1591, 4to. 
 
378 ROOS. 
 
 Andreap. 1594, 8vo. Gen. 1598, Svo.— In Joan. 
 Gen. 1595, 1600, Svo. — In Epist. ad Romanos. 
 Edinb. 1594, Svo. Gen. 1596, Svo. — In utr. ad Co- 
 rinthios. Herborn. 1600, Svo. Jenae, 1602, Svo. 
 
 I give these titles merely as specimens of the expository works 
 of Rollock^ which extended to many others of the books of Scrip- 
 ture. Rollock's writings appear to have enjoyed considerable 
 reputation^, as they were frequently reprinted. They are sel- 
 dom prolix, always sensible and pious. Considering that the 
 author died in his forty-third year, it is surprising that he should 
 have done so much and written so well. Beza and other foreign 
 divines warmly commended his commentaries. According to Dr. 
 M'^Crie, ^^ they are not distinguished for critical learning, (al- 
 though they contain occasional remarks on the original,) nor do 
 they discover deep research ; but they are perspicuous, succinct, 
 and judicious." Some of his expositions appeared in English, 
 as his Lectures on the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, l603, 
 4to. ; An Exposition of some select Psalms of David, translated 
 by C. L. Edinb. I6OO, Svo. ; A Harmony of the Four Evan- 
 gelists, with a Commentary on the Gospel of St. John, Gen. 
 1 599, Svo. He was the author of other theological works both 
 in Latin and English. 
 
 Roos, Magnus Frederick, Superintendent of 
 Lustnau in Saxony ; was born in 1727 ; and died 
 in 1S03. — ^An Exposition of such of the Prophecies 
 of Daniel, as receive their accomplishment under the 
 New Testament ; together with a Comparison be- 
 tween them and the Apocalypse, as explained by 
 the late Dr. Bengelius. Translated from the Ger- 
 man by Ebenezer Henderson. Edinb. 1811, Svo. 
 
 The author of this work was evidently a devout and well-in- 
 formed man. It is not, however, a very interesting book. The 
 details are too minute, and some of the views not likely to be re- 
 ceived. Towards the conclusion, however, he says very beau- 
 tifully, " By the study of the prophetic word, the heart is wean- 
 
ROSENMULLER, SEN. AND JUN.— ROSS. 379 
 
 ed from the world, placed upon celestial objects, and prepared 
 for entering on the enjoyment of pure, uninterrupted and eter- 
 nal bliss." 
 
 RosENMULLERi, E. F. C. — Scliolia in Vetus Tes- 
 tameiitum. Lips. 1795-1821, 18 vol. 8vo. 
 
 RosENMULLERi, J. G. — Scholia in Novum Tes- 
 tamentum. Norimberg. 1801—1808, 5 vol. 8vo. 
 
 I class these works together, as they are the productions of 
 the father and the son, are substantially of the same description, 
 and constitute a complete series of notes on the Scrij^tures. The 
 father was the author of the Scholia on the New Testament ; 
 and, on the whole, was considerably more orthodox than his son ; 
 though, in oriental learning, the son appears to have been the 
 father's superior. Both works are rather of the nature of compi- 
 lations than originals, and contain the views of many of the more 
 modern continental ^vriters on the Scriptures. The authors are 
 not, however, servile compilers, as their own judgments were al- 
 ways exercised in making the selection. They certainly bring for- 
 ward much valuable matter, both philological and exegetical ; but, 
 on account of the freedom of their doctrinal sentiments, especi- 
 ally on the Old Testament, they require to be read with caution. 
 On the continent, their characters as critics stand very high ; and 
 the Scholia have gone through several editions. As they do not 
 commonly supply the text of the Bible, the Latin translation of 
 Dathe may be considered as the version with which the Scholia 
 most frequently agree. Dr. Middleton often refers to the work 
 of the father with approbation. His remark, however, is not 
 altogether correct, that, " in the explanations which he offers, he 
 has, in general, no other merit or demerit than that of the selec- 
 tion." 
 
 Ross, Alexa:s^der, D. D. a minister of Aher- 
 deen; horn 1590; died 1654. — An Exposition on 
 the Fourteen First Chapters of Genesis, by way of 
 Question and Answer. By Abrahame Rosse of 
 
380 ROSSI, J. B. DE. 
 
 Aberdeen, preacher at St. Marie's, near South 
 Hampton, and one of his Majes tie's Chaplains. 
 Lond. 162:6, 12mo. 
 
 It is very singular that the author of this work is called 
 Ahrahame on the title-page, while he subscribes it twice in the 
 work itself, Alexander. There is no doubt that he is the Alex- 
 ander Ross celebrated by Hudibras, who wrote the account of all 
 religions, and a number of other things. The small work men- 
 tioned above, which is now exceedingly scarce, is, on the whole, 
 very judicious ; and, as a catechism, was fitted to impart infor- 
 mation on that part of the word of God of which it treats. 
 
 Rossi, J. B. de. Professor of Hebrew at Pm^ma. 
 — Historia Critica de Hebraicae Typographiae ori- 
 gine ac Primitiis, sen antiquis ac rarissimis Hebrai- 
 corum Librorum editionibus saeculi XV. Parmae, 
 1776, 4to. — De ignotis nonnullis antiquissimis He- 
 braicae Textus Editionibus, ac critico earum usu. 
 Erlangae, 1782, 4to. — Variae Lectiones Veteris 
 Testament!, ex immensa MSS. editorumque codi- 
 cum congerie exhausta, et ad Samaritanum Textum, 
 ad vetustissimas versiones, ad accuratiores Sacrae 
 Criticae fontes ac leges examinatae. Parmae, 1784- 
 1787, 4 vol. 4to. A Supplement to this work was 
 published in 1799, entitled Scholia Critica in Vetus 
 Testamentum. Parmae, 4to. 
 
 M. de Rossi Avas the friend of Kennicott, and an ardent co- 
 operator with him in the great and difficult work of collating 
 Hebrew MSS. The first work quoted above is an important 
 companion to the Dissertatio Generalis of Kennicott. The se- 
 cond, besides other curious matter, contains a historico-critical 
 appendix to Masch's edition of Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra. 
 The third contains the various readings of 731 Hebrew MSS. 
 and 310 editions, some of which were unknown, and others very 
 little known. Only a small part of these codices had been col- 
 
ROW— RUSSELL. 381 
 
 lated by Dr. Kennicott. The introduction to this volume 
 contains much important information on the rules and principles 
 of sacred criticism. The whole number of MSS. collated in part 
 or entirely by Kennicott and De Rossi is 1346; and of editions 
 352 ; making a grand total of I698 ; containing various readings 
 to the amount, probably, of several hundred thousand ; and yet 
 not one doctrine or precept of revelation is affected by them. 
 
 Row, John, a Tninister of the Church of Scot- 
 land, successively master of the grammar school of 
 Perth, which was then the most floufishing iri the 
 kingdom, minister of Aberdeen, and Principal of 
 King's College there. — Hebraeae Linguae Institu- 
 tiones. 1634, 12mo. — Xilias Hebraica, sen Voca- 
 bularium continens praecipuas radices Linguae He- 
 braeae, etc. Glasg. 1644, 12mo. 
 
 These are among the first works in Hebrew literature pub- 
 lished in Scotland. Row's Hebrew Institutes, or Grammar, ap- 
 peared while he was in Perth. It was combined with the Vo- 
 cabulary in the second edition. The grandfather of the Princi- 
 pal, one of the Scotish reformers, first introduced the knowledge 
 of Hebrew into Scotland, and in this family it seems greatly to 
 have fiourished. He was deprived of his oflice of Principal by 
 the episcopal government of Charles II. in I66I, and died some 
 time after, above seventy years of age. 
 
 Russell, David, an Independent dissenting mi- 
 nister in Dundee. — Letters, chiefly Practical and 
 Consolatory ; designed to illustrate the nature and 
 tendency of the gospel. Edinb. 1822, 1823, 2 vol. 
 12ino. — An Essay on the Salvation of all dying 
 in Infancy ; including Hints on the Adaniic and 
 Christian Dispensations. Ibid, 1823, 12nio. 
 
 The nature of that religion which is acceptable to Clod lias 
 seldom been better stated, than in the thirty letters which the 
 two volumes of Mr. Russell include. His views of the doctrines 
 of Scripture arc very admirable ; his acqiuiintance with the Bible 
 
382 RUTHERFORTH. 
 
 very extensive and accurate ; and every thing is made to bear so 
 happily on the forming and maturing of the character for eternal 
 life, that the reader of this notice will neglect his own interests 
 if he do not procure and study them. The Essay contains much 
 more than the Letters^, of theological argument, on a confessedly 
 important and difficult subject. If the premises of the author, 
 respecting the Adamic covenant, be admitted, (and I do not per- 
 ceive how they can be refuted,) his conclusions necessarily follow. 
 I regret that, in consequence of a deficiency in the arrangement 
 of the work, the strength and conclusiveness of the reasonings 
 are somewhat injured ; but am sure that an attentive examina- 
 tion of the treatise will be amply repaid. Some of the author's 
 views, both in the Letters and the Essay, are original ; but they 
 are always stated with great modesty, and with an ardent desire 
 to benefit the reader. 
 
 RuTHERFORTH, Thomas, D. D. ArcJideacon of 
 Essex, and King's Professor of Divinity in Cam- 
 bridge ; born 17121 ; died 1771. — A Letter to the 
 Rev. Mr. Kennicott, in which his Defence of the 
 Samaritan Pentateuch is examined, and his Second 
 Dissertation, on the State of the printed Hebrew 
 text of the Old Testament, is shewn to be in many- 
 instances injudicious and inaccurate. Camb. 1761, 
 8vo. — A Second Letter to the Rev. Dr. Kennicott, 
 in which his Defence of his Second Dissertation is 
 examined. Ibid. 1762, 8vo. 
 
 Dr. Rutherforth, in these letters, proves himself to have been 
 a learned and acute, but at the same time a captious disputant. 
 That, in prosecuting his extensive and difficult researches into 
 the state of the Hebrew MSS. and editions. Dr. Kennicott should 
 have fallen into some mistakes, is only what might have been 
 expected. In the detection of them, no candid adversary would 
 triumph. Dr. Rutherforth, however, follows his steps, with the 
 evident determination to allow no blunder to pass unnoticed ; 
 and wherever he discovers him tripping, seems to feel a malicious 
 
SAA— SALMASIUS. 383 
 
 pleasure, not in supporting him, but in pushing him down. Still 
 the Letters deserve to be read along with Kennicott's Disserta- 
 tions, as they justly correct some of the inaccuracies which occur 
 in these learned performances. Dr. Rutherforth was the author 
 of several other theological productions, and of some pamphlets 
 in the controversies produced by Dr. Middleton and Archdeacon 
 Blackburne. 
 
 Saa, Emanuel de, a learned Portuguese Jesuit; 
 horn 1530 ; died 1596.— Scholia in IV. Evangelia. 
 Antverp. 1596, 4to. — Notationes in totam Sacram 
 Scripturam, etc. Ibid. 1598, 4to. 
 
 These notes are brief, but learned and judicious. They were 
 several times reprinted; besides appearing in 1524, with the 
 Scholia of Mariana; and in 1543, in the great Bible of De la 
 Haye. 
 
 Salmasius, or Saumaise, Claudius, a learned 
 French writer ; horn 15SS ; died 165S, — Hellenis- 
 tica, Commentarius, controversiam de Lingua Hel- 
 lenistica decidens, et plenissime pertractens origi- 
 nem et dialectos Graecae linguae. Lugd. Bat. 1643, 
 8vo. — Funus Linguae Hellenisticae ; sive Confutatio 
 Exercitationis de Hellenistica et Lingua Hellenis- 
 tica. Ibid. 1643, Svo. — Ossilegium Linguae Hellenis- 
 ticae ; sive Appendix ad Confutationem Exercitati- 
 onis, etc. Ibid. 1643, Svo. 
 
 These works contain a full view of the controversy respect- 
 ing the Hellenistic Greek, which Salmasius contended against 
 Heinsius was merely a dialect peculiar to the synagogue. Scho- 
 lars are now generally agreed respecting the dialect of the New 
 Testament ; and much of the learned dust raised by the con- 
 troversies respecting it, has long since blown away. Salmasius 
 was a very \iolent \\Titer, who dealt in hard words as often as 
 in powerful arguments. His numerous works are rapidly hasten- 
 ing into oblivion. He will long be remembered by the castiga- 
 
384 SAURIN— SCARLETT. 
 
 tions which he received from Milton, who was quite a match for 
 him in words, and more than a match in arguments. 
 
 Saurin, James, minister' of the French Protes- 
 tant church at the Hague ; borri at Nismes in 1677 ; 
 died 1730. — Historical, Theological, Critical, and 
 Moral Dissertations on the most memorable events 
 of the Old and New Testament. Translated by 
 John Chamberlayne. Lond. 1720, 8vo. 172.3, fol. 
 
 The original work in French consisted of six volumes folio, or 
 eleven volumes octavo. Only the first three volumes were 
 finished by Saurin, the rest were produced after his death by 
 different writers. The work was undertaken at the desire of a 
 Dutch merchant, who expended an immense sum on the engrav- 
 ings which adorn it. Not more than one volume appeared in 
 English. The Dissertations contain many ingenious thoughts, 
 and display very considerable research. The eloquence of Sau- 
 rin, however, was superior to the extent of his knowledge, and 
 the accuracy of his biblical information. 
 
 Scarlett, Nathaniel, a bookseller in London. 
 — A Translation of the New Testament from the 
 original Greek ; with Notes. Lond. 1798, 8vo. 
 
 This is neither a literal nor a free version of the New Testa- 
 ment. A good deal of attention has been paid to the idiomati- 
 cal proprieties of our own language, and in many instances it 
 succeeds in giving a better turn to the Greek word or phrase. 
 The work, however, is deformed with the perpetual prefixing 
 of the speaker or writer to their respective subjects ; much iu 
 the same way with the dramatis personae of a play. The author 
 (or authors, for he was ^'assisted by men of piety and literature,") 
 was a Universalist, and his opposition to everlasting punishment 
 has carried him to the absurdity of always using the word aion 
 or aeonian for everlasting. Hence we have aeonian life, aeonian 
 punishment, aeoniati perdition, etc. Let him who is profited by 
 such jargon rejoice. 
 
SCATTERGOOD— SCHAAF— SCHARBAU. 385 
 
 ScATTERGOOD, ANTHONY, D. D. a clergyman 
 of the Church of England ; Rector of IVinwick and 
 Yelverton, Northamptonshire. He was living, ac- 
 cording to Anthony Woody in 1681, aged 70 years 
 or more. — Annotationes in Vetus Testamentuin, et 
 in Epistolam ad Ephesios. Incerto auctore. Cantab. 
 1653, 8vo. 
 
 Scattergood was merely the editor of these notes, which, in 
 the preface, he says he found in the library of Dr. John Wil- 
 liams, archbishop of York. He does not, however, say that they 
 were the production of the archbishop. They are generally very 
 short, but judicious and useful. They were reprinted in the 
 Critici Sacri, and the substance of them will be found also in 
 Poll Synopsis. Scattergood says of them, " Breves utique sunt, 
 nee obscurae, utiles simul et dulces, piae non minus quam eru- 
 ditae." Scattergood published an edition of the received Eng- 
 lish version of the Bible at Cambridge, in 1678, with the addition 
 of many parallel texts, which are still reprinted in the margin 
 of the large Bibles. 
 
 ScHAAF, Charles, a learned German ; born 
 164)6 ; died in 1729. — Lexicon Syriacum Concor- 
 dantiale Novi Testamenti. Lugd. Bat. 1708, 4to. 
 
 This Syriac Lexicon to the New Testament was published at 
 the same time with the very accurate edition of the Syriac Tes- 
 tament, edited by Leusden and Schaaf. Michaelis pronounces 
 the New Testament " the very best edition that had been pub- 
 lished." " The very excellent Lexicon," he adds, " which is 
 annexed to it, will ever retain its value, being, as far as regards 
 the New Testament, extremely accurate and complete, and sup- 
 .plying in some measure the place of a concordance." Schaaf 
 also published in 1686, what he calls Opus Ara?naeu?n, a Chaldaic 
 and Syriac Grammar, with selections from the Targums, and a 
 Chaldaic Lexicon. 
 
 ScHARBAU, Henry, a Lutheran minister ofLn- 
 heck. — Observationes Sacrae,etc. Lubecae, 1731, 4to. 
 
 2 c 
 
S86 SCHEUCHZER— SCHIMMELPENNINCK. 
 
 This work contains several ingenious dissertations; on the curse 
 of the earth ; on Moses being slow of speech ; on Paul's desire 
 to visit Jerusalem at Pentecost ; on the crowing of the cock 
 at Peter's denial of Christ, and some others of the same sort. 
 They abound in learning and in German minuteness. Scharbau 
 wrote several other works. 
 
 ScHEUCHZER, JoHN James, CI learned Swiss 
 
 physician ; born in 1672; Professor of mathema- 
 
 tics a7id natural 'plulosophij at Zurich^ where he 
 
 died in 1733. — Physica Sacra, hoc est, Historia Na- 
 
 turalis Bibliae, etc. Augsburg. 1731-1735, 4 vol. 
 
 fol. 
 
 This is a most elaborate work on the natural history of the 
 Bible. It contains 750 engravings by the best artists. It was 
 published in German at the same time in which it appeared in 
 Latin ; and was also published in French at Amsterdam, 1 732- 
 1738, 4 vol. fol. The work is sometimes done up in six, and 
 even in eight volumes. 
 
 Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne, a litef^ary 
 lady residing in jBristoL — Biblical Fragments. Lond. 
 18S1-1822, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 So few ladies have been critical students of the Bible, though 
 many of them have eminently adorned its doctrines, that it is 
 singularly gratifying to meet with one who possesses a very re- 
 spectable portion of biblical learning. The first volume of this 
 work is very properly and politely dedicated to the British ladies ; 
 to whom also she prefixes an introductory address, in which she 
 recommends to those of her own sex, who have opportunity and 
 talents for it, the cultivation of biblical literature. The con- 
 tents of the volumes are very miscellaneous. I'hey discover a 
 considerable knowledge of the Hebrew language, evidently de- 
 rived in a great measure from Hutchinsonian resources. She 
 also acknowledges her obligations to the French Port Royal 
 writers, of whose labours she speaks in the strongest terms. She 
 is rather partial to allegorizing, and discovers sjiiritual meanings. 
 
SCHLEUSNER. 387 
 
 where perhaps notliing of this nature is intended ; hut justice 
 requires that it should be said that IMrs. Schimmelpenninck in- 
 variably endeavours to promote the great end of revelation — the 
 practical intluence of the character of God upon the hearts of 
 the children of men. Though the interpretations are not al- 
 ways correct, the volumes are worthy of consultation. Mrs. 
 Schimmelpenninck is the author of various other Avorks not of a 
 biblical nature. 
 
 SCHLEUSNER, JOH. FrIEDER. D. D. CI cHsthl- 
 
 gidshed German critic and divine. — Novum Lexi- 
 con Graeco-Latinum in Novum Testamentum : con- 
 gessit et variis Observationibus Philologicis illus- 
 travit, etc. Lips. 1792, 2 vol. 8vo. Ibid. 1819, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 4th edit. Edinb. 1814, Glasg. 1817, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The British editions are more elegant than the foreign ones, 
 and contain a translation of the German words ; but Schleusner, 
 in his Qi\\\\ last edition, expresses himself in great displeasure at 
 the reprints in this country. Of this Lexicon it will be sufficient 
 to transcribe the account which has been given by Dr. Marsh in 
 his notes on Michaelis. ^' This work contains a treasure of 
 knowledge, \\\\\i which no student in theology can dispense ; it 
 unites the most valuable observations, which Lightfoot, Schoett- 
 gen, and Meuschen have made from the works of Hebrew 
 and rabbinical writers ; those which Carpzov and Krebs have 
 made from Philo and Josephus ; those A\'hich Raphel, Bos, Al- 
 berti, Eisner, Kypke, Palairet, and MUnthe have made from 
 the Greek classics ; together with an immense number, which 
 the author's own profound erudition supplied. The different 
 senses of the words are investigated with the utmost philologi- 
 cal precision ; they are illustrated by the principal passages of 
 the Greek Testament j and the whole is arranged in the most 
 perspicuous manner." 
 
 With these strong recommendations, I think it right to con- 
 nect the very judicious advice of Bishop Jebl). '■'■ I would earnest- 
 ly exhort those biblical students, who may happen to use (as, nnth 
 propc}' caution all advanced students will find it their advantage 
 
388 SCHMIDT— SCHNURRER. 
 
 to use) the Lexicons of Spohn and Schleusner for the New Tes- 
 tament, and those of Schleusner and Bretschneider for the Sep- 
 tuagint and Apocrypha, to be particularly on their guard against 
 alleged identity of meaning, in words whose ordinary acceptation 
 is any thing but synonymous. In such cases, let the cited pas- 
 sages be carefully examined ; and I venture to affirm, that, in- 
 stead of synonyme, there will almost universally be found an 
 important variation of meaning between the related members : 
 commonly a progress in the sense; but always such a variation 
 as will quite supersede the necessity of resorting to an unusual^ 
 much less an imprecedented acceptation of the terms employed. 
 I had selected many examples of erroneous, and, as I think, dan- 
 gerous interpretation, from Schleusner and Bretschneider ; but 
 a necessary attention to brevity in this work has determined me 
 to suppress them." Sacred Literature, p. 51. 
 
 Schmidt, Erasmus, a learned German dwine 
 and critic; Professor of Greek at Tf^ittemberg ; born 
 1560 ; died 1637. — Versio Novi Testament! nova 
 ad Graecam veritatem emendata, et Notae ac Ani- 
 madversiones in idem. Norimb. 1658, fol. 
 
 This is a posthumous work of the learned author, of which I 
 have given but a part of the title. It contains the Greek text, 
 the Latin Vulgate, and a new Latin version of the New Tes- 
 tament. The version is Beza's, but so altered, improved and 
 corrected, that it may be called a new work. At the end also 
 is a learned dissertation on the Sibyls and Sibylline books. 
 Schmidt was a man of eminent piety, a distinguished Greek 
 scholar, and well known from his Concordance to the Greek New 
 Testament. The notes and animadversions are philological, cri- 
 tical, and polemical. They are sometimes valuable, but not al- 
 ways correct. 
 
 ScHNURRER, C. F. Professor of oriental lan- 
 guages, and Chancellor of the university of Tiibin- 
 gen. — Dissertationes Philologico-Criticae. Gothae, 
 1790, 8vo. 
 
SCHOETTGEN— SCHOTT. 389 
 
 These dissertations are fifteen in number ; on the difficulty of 
 determining the age of the Hebrew MSS. ; on the Song of De- 
 borah ; on a Polyglot Arabic Pentateuch ; on particular passages 
 in J oh, Isaiah, the Psalms, etc. etc. Schnurrer is more correct 
 in his sentiments than many of his brethren. He is a very con- 
 siderable oriental scholar, of which the above work affords ample 
 proof. The learned Professor is also author of several other 
 works, besides a Bibliotheca Arabica, which contains an account 
 of all printed books relating to the Arabic language and litera- 
 ture. Halae, 1811, 8vo. 
 
 ScHOETTGEN, CHRISTIAN, bom hi 1682 ; died 
 about 1751. — Horae Ebraicae et Talmiidicae in 
 universuin Novum Testamentum, etc. Dresdae et 
 Lipsiae, 1733, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 In this work, the learned author follows the example of his 
 great predecessor in this walk of theology. Dr. Lightfoot. He 
 goes over the same books, which he had illustrated, but superfi- 
 cially, and supplies what was wanting on the epistles and the 
 Revelation. In the opinion of Walch, Schoettgen is superior to 
 Lightfoot. He pronounces his work to be one of great erudi- 
 tion, industry, and use. Several dissertations are supplied by a 
 Gabriel Gooddeck. Schoettgen published another work some- 
 Avhat similar. The Ancient and Orthodox Doctrine of the Jews 
 respecting the Messiah illustrated from the Tahnuds. It was 
 published in 4to. Leipzig, 17i2. He was also the author of 
 
 — Noviuii Lexicon Graeco-Latinuni in Novum Tes- 
 tamentum. Lipsiae, 1746, 8vo. 
 
 Thi.-s Lexicon was enlarged and corrected by Krebs, in 1 765 ; 
 and still farther enlarged by Spohn, who published it at Leip- 
 zig in 1790. This was considered the best lexicon to the New 
 Testament previously to the publication of Schleusner's ; and is 
 still a work of merit. Schleusner very often quotes Schoettgen 
 in his own lexicon. 
 
 SciiOTT, Hen. Aug. Professor of Div'niity at 
 Jena; and Winzkr, Fred. Jul. Professor of 
 
390 SCHOTTUS— SCHULTENS. 
 
 Divinity at Leipzig. — Libri sacri Antiqui Foede- 
 ris ex Sermone Hebraeo in Latinum translati, etc. 
 Altonae, 1816, 8vo. 
 
 Of this joint work I have seen only the first vohmie^ which 
 contains the Pentateuch. The translation is respectably execut- 
 ed. The notes are neither numerous nor long, and entirely phi- 
 lological. 
 
 ScHOTTUS, Andrew, a Dutch Jesuit; horn in 
 1552 ; died 1636. — Adagialia Sacra Novi Testa- 
 menti, etc. Antwerp. 1629, 4to. Oxon. 1655, 12mo. 
 
 This work on the Sacred Proverbs possesses considerable 
 merit, and is often referred to. Casaubon pronounced the au- 
 thor to be a man of deep erudition. 
 
 Sc HUE TENS, Albert, a celebrated oriental 
 scholar ; Professor of oriental languages at Ley- 
 den ; was horn in 1680, and died in 1750. — Ori- 
 gines Hebraeae, sive Hebraeae Linguae antiquissi- 
 ma Natura et Indoles, ex Arabiae penetralibus revo- 
 cata. Franequerae, 1724, 1738, 4to. Liigd. Bat. 1760, 
 4to.— Liber Jobi, cum Nova Versione et Commen- 
 tario perpetuo. Ibid. 1737, 2 vol. 4to. — Proverbia | 
 Salominis : Versionein integram, ad Hebraeam fon- 
 tem expressit, atque Commentarium adjecit, etc. I 
 Ibid. 1748, 8vo. j 
 
 These works exhibit the system of Schultens, whom Michaelis 
 pronounces to have been the greatest master of oriental learning 
 in his age, and also his application of it. He maintains that the 
 true nature of the Hebrew language, and the meaning of many 
 of its words and idioms, are to be found chiefly in the Arabic. 
 With the latter language, he was profoundly acquainted ; and 
 he has made good use of its immense treasures to illustrate 
 the Scriptures, particularly the book of Job and the Proverbs. 
 Different opinions are entertained of the correctness of his views, 
 and also of his success in applying them ; but it is noAv general- 
 
SCHWARTZ— SCOTT, DAN. 391 
 
 ly admitted, that he carries his notions of the advantao-e of 
 Arabic learning to the interpretation of the Scriptures too far. 
 " That Schultens," says Parkhurst, " has from the Arabic hap- 
 pily and satisflictorily illustrated some very obscure and difficult 
 words of the Hebrew text, must, I think, be acknowledged by 
 every impartial inquirer after truth. But it seems equally evi- 
 dent, on the other hand, that this great man carried his regard 
 to the Alcoranish Arabic much too far ; and that, being conti- 
 nually conversant with the florid and highly figurative, not to 
 say bombast, style of the Arabian writers, he has resolved some 
 strictly just, proper, or philosophical expressions of the Hebrew 
 Bible into tropes and figures, and has often called in his favou- 
 rite Arabic to explain (or shall I say perplex ?) the meaning of 
 the Hebrew where its aid was by no means wanted." 
 
 Schwartz, John Conrad, Doctor and Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity at Leipxig, in the beginning of 
 last century. — Commentarii Critici et Philologici 
 Linguae Graecae Novi Foederis Diviiii. Lips. 
 1736, 4to. 
 
 This is a very accurate and valuable lexicon, from which 
 Schleusner must have greatly profited in his learned labours. 
 Schwartz does not deal so much in dissertation as Schleusner ; 
 and, when he does, it is frequently thrown to the foot of the 
 page, ^\'hich is less distracting than wlien it is incorporated Avith 
 tlie definitions of words. He gives also the parts of the verbs 
 and nouns, somewhat after the manner of Schrevelius, M-hich 
 renders the book useful to learners. His explanations of terms 
 are commonly very good, and his illustrations of Scripture fre- 
 quently happy and pertinent. 
 
 ScoTT, Daniel, LL. D. a learned dissenter of 
 the I^aptist denomination, who resided chiefly at 
 Colchester, where he died in 1759. — A New Version 
 of St. Matthew's Gospel : with select Notes, where- 
 in the version is vindicated, and the sense and pu- 
 rity of several words and expressions in the origi- 
 
392 SCOTT, J— SCOTT, T. 
 
 iial Greek are settled and illustrated from authors 
 of established credit. Lond. 1741, 4 to. 
 
 The scholar who compiled the Appendix to Stephens's Thesau- 
 rus must, as far as learning is concerned, have been able to trans- 
 late any part of the sacred books. The work on Matthew con- 
 tains also a review of Dr. Mill's notes on that evangelist, in 
 which Dr. Scott corrects his errors, and supplies his omissions. 
 He wrote, also. An Essay towards a Demonstration of the Scrip- 
 ture Trinity, anonymous, 1724, 3d edit. From this work it ap- 
 pears that Dr. Scott was an Arian. Doddridge calls him '' the 
 learned, ingenious, candid, and accurate." 
 
 Scott, John, D. D. a clergyman of the Church 
 of England. — Notes and Observations upon the 
 three first Chapters of Genesis. Lond. 1753, 8vo. 
 
 This work is Hutchinsonian to the very core. It is equally 
 metaphorical, obscure, and absurd with the wildest speculations 
 of the founder of the system. The garden of Eden, according to 
 Dr. Scott, represented man's body, the trees his senses, the river 
 that watered it his spirit. The tree of life signified spiritual 
 faith ; and the tree of knowledge of good and evil, deceiving and 
 destructive faith ! Satis. 
 
 Scott, Thomas, a learned Afian dissenting 
 minister at Ipswich. — The Book of Job, in English 
 verse ; translated from the original Hebrew : with 
 remarks, historical, critical, and explanatory. 1771, 
 4to. 1773, 8vo. 
 
 This is an elegant work, displaying no ordinary measure of 
 acquaintance with Hebrew literature, and a poetical taste consi- 
 derably above mediocrity. A metrical version is not favourable 
 to very accurate translation ; yet Mr. Scott often succeeds very 
 happily in conveying the meaning and spirit of the original. 
 The notes are not in general long, but they are always sensible, 
 and generally accurate. Scarcely any thing of a doctrinal na- 
 ture occurs in them. Mr. Scott was the author of some critical 
 papers in Priestley's Theological Repository. 
 
SCOTT, T. 39s 
 
 Scott, Thomas, a highly respectable clergy- 
 man of the Church of England ; Hector of Aston 
 Sandford, Bucks; born 1747; died 1821 — The 
 Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testa- 
 ments ; with original notes, practical observations, 
 and copious marginal references. London, 1822, 
 6 vol. 4to. 
 
 On a work so well known, and so generally esteemed as Scott's 
 Commentary on the Bible, it cannot be necessary for me to say 
 much in the way of commendation. The author was a man of a 
 very vigorous and independent mind, riclily stored with evange- 
 lical truth, capable of indefatigable application ; and who ac- 
 comj)lished, through many difficulties, one of the most extensive 
 undertakings of modern times. The first edition, which began 
 to be publislied in 1788, and was completed in 1792, consisted 
 of five thousand copies ; the second in 1805, completed in I8O9, 
 of two thousand; the third in 1810, of the same number; the 
 fourth in 1812, of three thousand; the last, mentioned above, is 
 stereotyped. Between the first and later editions of this work, 
 there are great differences. The first edition was hastily com- 
 posed, and had no marginal references. More leisure was after- 
 wards enjoyed for the revising, indeed the recomposing of the 
 work, which became, in the hands of the author, almost a new 
 creation. The Commentary, as a wliole, is distinguished for 
 many important qualities, and is not likely to be soon super- 
 seded. A rich vein of evangelical piety and sentiment ])ervade 
 it ; the sterling good sense, independence of thinking, and 
 Christian candour which characterized the author, are every- 
 where displayed ; and there is an invariable combination of 
 pointed practical instruction with doctrinal illustration. If the 
 reader apply to it for the solution of minute critical difficulties, 
 or the removal of obscurities which attach to many of the terms 
 and phrases of Scripture, he will often be disappointed. The 
 scope of a difficult })aragra})h is often substantially given, when 
 the minor difficulties are neglected. Indeed, no man who writes 
 a commentary on the Bible can be expected to do justice to all its 
 parts ; or to study the innumerable allusions, idioms, and other 
 
394 SCULTET— SELDEN. 
 
 peculiarities, which belong to so extensive and so varied a com- 
 position as the Scriptures. If the reader wish a view of the 
 difficulties of theological authorshij);, he would do well to consult 
 Mr. Scott's Life, by his son, where the discouragements and 
 vexations which attended the publication of his Commentary- 
 are very interestingly detailed. If he should belong to the 
 Christian ministry, that life will present higher claims to his 
 attentive consideration. 
 
 ScuLTET, Abraham, Professor of Divinity at 
 Heidelberg; horn in Silesia, 1565; died 1624^. — 
 Exercitationes Evangelicae. Amst. 16214, 4to. 
 
 These Exercitations illustrate successfully some obscure pas- 
 sages in the Evangelists. The author wrote several treatises on 
 other books of Scripture. Calmet says, '' he had read antiquity 
 very much, was a good critic, an excellent preacher, an honest 
 man, and a lover of peace." 
 
 Selden, John, a celebrated English lawyer and 
 antiquary ; was horn in 1584 ; and died in 1654. — 
 The History of Tithes ; that is, the practice of 
 payment of them ; the positive laws made for them ; 
 and the opmions touching the right of them. 1618, 
 4to. 
 
 This learned work gave great offence, because the author ques- 
 tioned the divine right of tithes, and put them on a different 
 footing. The work contains a great deal of curious learning, 
 both of a scriptural and historical nature ; and, though often 
 attacked, and the author compelled to make an apology for 
 writing it, has never been answered. His doctrines on the sub- 
 ject are now, I believe, very generally received. 
 
 — Uxor Ebraica, seu de nuptiis et divortiis ex jure 
 civili, id est, divino et talmudico, Hebraeorum, 
 libri tres. Lond. 1646, 4to. Francof. 1695, 4to. 
 
 This learned work treats of the Jewish laws respecting mar- 
 riage and divorce in three books. It contains every thing curi- 
 
SEMLER. 395 
 
 ous and useful^, and foolish to be found in the Jewish writers on 
 these subjects ; and to which all subsequent authors who have 
 discussed them have been indebted. 
 
 — De Successionibus in Bona defunct! ad leges 
 Hebraeorum liber singularis : in pontificatum libri 
 duo. Francof. 1673, 4to. 
 
 These treatises also display great research and discrimination, 
 in which Selden was greatly aided by his profound legal know- 
 ledge. In the latter;, there is a curious table of the various bodi- 
 ly defects which the Jews considered excluded the subject from 
 the priesthood. Two are mentioned as belonging to the ear, 
 three to the eyelids, eight to the eye, three to the nose, six to 
 the mouth, twelve i?i vasis semiuariis, six to the hands and feet, 
 four to the skin, etc. etc. So much for Jewish triiiing. 
 
 The works of Selden, on the Gods of Syria, on the Law of Na- 
 ture and Nations, according to the Hebrew system, on the Sanhe- 
 drim, and the Civil Year of the Jews, are all full of the most pro- 
 found erudition. All these treatises were published separately 
 at first, and most of them frequently afterwards, and were, Avith 
 many other productions of his pen, collected into his works pub- 
 lished by Dr. Wilkins, at London, in 1726, in six volumes folio. 
 His Life, by Dr. Aikin, contains much information about his 
 writings. Calmet's account of Selden is, " he was a man of very 
 great learning, extremely well versed in the Jewish laws and 
 antiquities ; the oriental languages were familiar to him ; and 
 the works which he has published upon the Greek antiquities 
 demonstrate that his knowledge was as eminent in this wav as 
 in the antiquities of Scripture : but he is a negligent, obscure, 
 and perplexed writer. He often leaves the matter in hand, and 
 falls into digressions ; and there is very little order or method 
 in his works." 
 
 Semler, John Sal. Professor of Divinity at 
 Halle, icJiere he died in 1791. — Apparatus ad 
 liberaleni \"eteris Testament! Interpretationem. 
 Halae, 1773, 8vo. — Idem in Novum Testamentum. 
 Halae, 1767- Paraphrasis Epistolac ad Romanos, 
 
396 SEMLER. 
 
 cum notis. 1769, 8vo. — On 1st and 2cl Corin- 
 thians. 1770-1 776. — On the Gospel of John. 1771. 
 — On Galatians. 1779- — On James. 1781. On 1st 
 and 2d Peter, and Jude. 1783-1784.— On the Re- 
 velations. 1785. — On 1st John. 1792. 
 
 Professor Semler was one of the most celebrated of the Ger- 
 man critics and philologists of the last century. He was regard- 
 ed as the leader of the new or liberal school of that country from 
 which many learned but mischievous works have proceeded. As 
 a specimen of his liberal opinions^ I may mention^ that he rejects 
 the Song of Solomon^ Ruth, Chronicles, Ezra, Esther, Nehemiah ; 
 objects considerably to Daniel ; doubts as to the Books of Joshua, 
 Judges, Samuel, and Kings ; and leaves nothing inviolate ex- 
 cept the writings of Moses, the Psalms, and the Prophets ; and 
 objects to various passages in them as not inspired. His opinions 
 on doctrinal subjects seem to have been as free as those on criti- 
 cal questions. How far, therefore, the following eulogium of 
 Dr. Marsh ought to be admitted, I am at a loss to say : '" The 
 original genius" (he had just before called him the immortal 
 Semler) " of this great critic and divine, permitted him in no 
 case to be a blind follower of the opinion of others ; he ascended 
 constantly to the source itself ; examined with his own eyes ; 
 and made more discoveries in sacred criticism and ecclesiastical 
 history than the envy of his contemporaries has been willing to 
 admit." Notes on Michaelis, vol. ii. p. 639- 
 
 Morus also bestows very unqualified praise on Semler in his 
 Her. Sac. ; and Noesselt prefixes to his Paraphrase on the 1st 
 Epistle of John, an account of Semler, in which he eulogizes 
 him in the strongest terms, and defends him against what he 
 conceives to have been the calumnies of his adversaries. The 
 tendency of his numerous writings seems to be universal scepti- 
 cism in regard to the most essential doctrines and facts of Re- 
 velation. The same remark is more or less applicable to the 
 works of Bahrdt of Halle, Damm of Berlin, Jerusalem, Loeffler, 
 superintendent of Gotha, Cramer, Rupert, Pott, Teller, Pro- 
 fessor Paulus of Jena, Amnion of Erlangen, Eichhorn of Got- 
 tingen, and some others mentioned in this work. Happily their 
 
SEPTUAGINT. 3[)7 
 
 writings are either in German or in a great measure confined to 
 Germany, where they have produced the most baneful etiocts. 
 It is not my object to extend their notoriety, but to guard the 
 biblical inquirer against ordering books from the continent, the 
 tendency of which is to perplex and ensnare, rather than to in- 
 struct. 
 
 Septuagint. — The Greek version of the Old 
 Testament is commonly called the LXX. or the 
 Septuagint. The principal editions of this import- 
 ant version are the following : 
 
 — The Compliitensian, 1517. 
 
 This was the Polyglot, and from the text of it editions were 
 afterwards published in the Antwerp Polyglot, 1572 ; in the 
 Triglot of Commeline, at Middleburg in 1586'; by Wolter in 
 1596*, at Hamburgh ; by Hutter, at Nuremberg in 1599 ; inid in 
 the Paris Polyglot, l645. 
 
 — The Aldine or Venetian, 1518. 
 
 This edition was from the celebrated press of Aldus, and in 
 regard to its publication was prior to the Complutensian; the text 
 is also much more correct. From this text other editions were 
 printed; at Strasburg by Cephalaeus, in 1526; Basle, 1545, 
 1550, and 1582 ; and Frankfort, 1597- 
 
 — The Roman or Vatican, 1587. 
 
 Published from the celebrated Vatican MS. by order of Six- 
 tus V. It has received the commendations of all learned men, 
 from Morinus to ^fasch. Editions of it were printed in l628, 
 at Paris; at London in l653, and in the Polygot, 1657 ; Cam- 
 bridge, 1665 ; Amsterdam, l683; Leipzig, 1697; Franeker, 
 1709, by Bos; Amsterdam, 1725, by Mill; Leipzig, 1730, and 
 1757 ; Halle, 17-59; Oxford, 1805, and 1817. 
 
 — The Alexandrine. 
 
 First published from the MS. of that name in the British 
 Museum, by Grabe and Lee, 1707-1720, 4 vol. fol. and 8 vol. 
 
398 SEPTUAGINT. 
 
 8vo. It was republished by Breitinger in 4 vol. 4to. at Zurich 
 in 1 730-1733. This is the best edition of the Septuagint. 
 
 — Holmes's. 
 
 This splendid edition is not yet completed. The book of 
 Genesis was published in 1798, and the Pentateuch was com- 
 pleted in 1804. Dr. Holmes died in 1805^ after having pub- 
 lished the book of Daniel. Since then, the work has been com- 
 mitted to the Rev. J. Parsons, who has finished the second vo- 
 lume, and is now in progress with the last. About <£7000 were 
 subscribed to assist in procuring the collation of MSS. in every 
 part of Europe ; and fourteen years were spent in this prepara- 
 tory process. To the Pentateuch is prefixed a valuable preface, 
 giving a full account of the nature of the undertaking. When 
 finished, it will be the most perfect work of its kind^ and leave 
 nothing to be desired but the formation of a critical text from 
 the treasure of its collected readings. An extended account of 
 this edition is given in volume second of the first series of the 
 Eclectic Review. 
 
 If the reader wish to examine into the history and import- 
 ance of this version, in addition to the works of Walch and Le 
 Long, which treat of the editions^ he may consult Walton's Pro- 
 legomena, cap. ix. ; Hody's Dissertatio contra Historiam Aristeae 
 de LXX. Interpretibus j Prideaux's Connexion, Part II. b. i. 
 and Bauer, Tract. III. : also Hamilton's Introduction to the 
 Hebrew Scriptures, chap. vi. ; Ewing's Greek Grammar, sect. 
 xi. ; A Letter shewing why our English Bibles difi'er so much 
 from the Septuagint, etc. by Dr. Thomas Brett, 1 743, 8vo. ; (re- 
 published in the third volume of Watson's Theological Tracts ;) 
 and, Owen's Inquiry into the present state of the Septuagint. 
 
 The book, says Michaelis, most necessary to be read and un- 
 derstood by every man who studies the New Testament, is, 
 without doubt the Septuagint, which alone has been of more 
 service than all the passages from the profane authors collected 
 together. It should be read in the public schools by those who 
 are destined for the church, should form the subject of a course 
 of lectures at the university, and be the constant companion of 
 an expositor of the New Testament. 
 
SHARP. 399 
 
 Shaup, Granviixe, a disfinguished layman 
 of the Church of England ; horn 1734; died in 
 1813. — Remarks on a printed paper, lately handed 
 abont, entitled, a Catalogne of the sacred Vessels 
 restored by Cyrus, and of the chief Jews, who re- 
 turned at first from tlie Captivity ; together with 
 the names of the returning families, and the num- 
 ber of the persons at that time in each family ; dis- 
 posed in such a manner, as to show most clearly the 
 great corruption of proper names and numbers in the 
 present text of the Old Testament. Lond. 1765, 8vo. 
 — Remarks on several very important Prophecies, in 
 five parts. Ibid. 1768, 8 vo. — Remarks on the Use of 
 the definitive Article in the Greek Text of the New 
 Testament ; containing many new proofs of the 
 divinity of Christ. Ibid. 1803, 12mo. — A Disser- 
 tation on the supreme and Divine Dignity of the 
 Messiah, as an appendix to the preceding article. 
 Ibid. 1806, 12mo. — Three tracts on the Syntax and 
 Pronunciation of the Hebrew Tongue. Ibid. 1804, 
 12mo. — An Inquiry whether the description of Ba- 
 bylon contained in the 18th chapter of the Revela- 
 tions, agrees perfectly with Rome as a city, etc. 
 Ibid. 1805, 12mo. — The Case of Saul, showing that 
 his disorder was a real spiritual possession, etc. 
 Ibid. 1807, 12mo. 
 
 All these works of Sharp contain much important and curious 
 matter. Their author possessed genius as well as learning, and 
 both were devoted to the noblest purposes. In all his senti- 
 ments, few readers, perhaps, will concur ; but all must admire the 
 modesty and ingenuity of the author. The first of the above-men- 
 tioned tracts was anonymous, and exposes some mistakes of Dr- 
 Kennicott. The Remarks on the Prophecies contain some va- 
 
400 SHARP, P.—SHARPE, T. 
 
 liiable observations on Isaiah vii. 13, 16;, and some other passages. 
 The work on the Greek article furnishes an important view of 
 that difficult subject, and led to the more elaborate treatises of 
 Middleton and Wordsworth. The tracts on Hebrew Syntax con- 
 tain a valuable dissertation on the power of the conversive vau 
 in Hebrew, for which the author is entitled to the thanks of every 
 Hebrew scholar. The other productions of his pen are learned 
 and curious, but not equally important with those now mention- 
 ed. Very few men have been honoured to do more for the cause 
 of God and humanity than Granville Sharp. His labours as a 
 philanthropist can never be forgotten ; his exertions as a Christ- 
 ian scholar also entitle him to everlasting remembrance. 
 
 Sharp, Patrick, a minister of the Church of 
 Scotland ; Professor of Divinity, and Principal of 
 the university of Glasgow. — Doctrinae Christianae 
 brevis Explicatio. Edinb. 1599, 8vo. 
 
 This is an explication of the first three chapters of Genesis, 
 the Apostles' Creed, institution of the Lord's Supper, Decalogue 
 and Lord's Prayer. It is the only work left by Principal Sharp, 
 and does not afford^ says Dr. M'^Crie, a proof of those literary 
 acquirements which it is known he possessed. Sharp was the 
 teacher of John Cameron, of whose critical writings some ac- 
 count will be found under that article. 
 
 Sharp, Thomas, D.D. Archdeacon of Nortliunu 
 herland; horn 1693; died 1758. — Works. Lond. 
 1763, 6 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The principal publications of a biblical nature by Dr. Sharp, 
 included in these volumes, are. Two Dissertations concerning 
 the etymology and Scripture meaning of the Hebrew words 
 Elohim and Berith ; Review of the two Dissertations ; Defence 
 of the Review ; Discourses on the Antiquity of the Hebrew 
 Tongue and Character ; Hutchinson's Exposition of the Cheru- 
 bim, and his hypothesis concerning them examined. Sharp was 
 a man of learning and talents, and one of the most determined 
 antagonists of Hutchinsonianism. He was a good Hebrew scho- 
 lar, as the above works evince. Julius Bate replied to the Re- 
 
SHARPE, G— SHARPE, J.— SHAW. 401 
 
 view and Defence of the Dissertations^, but not satisfactorily. 
 Dr. HoUoway and Mr. Aboab also appeared as his antagonists. 
 
 Sharpe, Gregory, LL. D. an English divine ; 
 born 1713 ; died 1771. — An Argiiinent in Defence 
 of Christianity, taken from the concessions of its 
 most ancient adversaries. Lond. 1755, 8vo. — A 
 Second Argument in Defence of Christianity, taken 
 from the ancient prophecies. Ibid. 1762, 8vo. 
 
 Both these works are written with considerable ability. The 
 second in particular contains a large portion of valuable scrip- 
 tural illustration. The character and functions of the ancient 
 prophetS;, the arrangement of their writings, and the fulfilment 
 of some of their most eminent predictions are examined with 
 much care and ingenuity. 
 
 Sharpe, John, D. D. a learned Scotsman ; Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity in the College of Die. — Sympho- 
 nia Prophetarum et Apostolorum, etc. Genevae, 
 ,1625,1639, 1653, 1670, 4to. 
 
 In this Harmony of the Prophets and Apostles^ the learned 
 author endeavours to show the order of time in which they were 
 composed, to reconcile passages apparently contradictory, and to 
 'settle various chronological and other subjects pertaining to the 
 Old Testament. It is a work of some value. Sharjje was also 
 the author of a Cursus Theologicus, or System of Divinity, and 
 of a Latin A\ork on Justification, in which he disj^utes that sub- 
 ject with the Catholics. His Symphonia is strongly recommended 
 by Lewis Crocius, in his Instructio da Ratione Studii T/nv/ogicL 
 
 Shaw, Duncan, D. D. a minister of the Church 
 of Scotland, at Aherdeen. — A Dissertation on the 
 Conduct of the Jewish Sanhedrim, and tlie advice 
 offered hy Gamaliel in the famous trial of the apos- 
 tles. Acts V. 17-41 : considered as an argument for 
 the truth of Christianity. Anonymous. Edinb. 1769, 
 
 2 D 
 
402 SHERLOCK. 
 
 8vo. — The History and Philosophy of Judaism. 
 Ibid. 1788, 8vo. — The Centurion, or the Declaration 
 made by the Roman Centurion in favour of Jesus, 
 at the foot of the Cross, considered as an argument 
 for the dignity of our Lord's character, and the truth 
 of his religion. Ibid. 1793, 8vo. 
 
 The first of these works has sometimes by mistake been as- 
 cribed to Riccaltoun of Hobkirk. It is very well reasoned^ and 
 deserves to be ranked with Lyttelton on the conversion of Paul, 
 and Bonar on the conduct of Judas Iscariot. The History and 
 Philosophy of Judaism is a defence of the Mosaic system against 
 some of the charges and insinuations of David Hume. It bears 
 some resemblance to the commentaries of Michaelis ; to which, 
 however, it is very inferior, both in research and argument. The 
 last work is a large book on a small subject, which the author 
 labours unsuccessfully to render interesting and convincing. 
 Shaw is rather a prosing writer. Some of liis subjects are im- 
 portant, but in his hands they seldom appear to much advan- 
 tage. 
 
 Sherlock, Thomas, D. D. Bishop of London ; 
 horn 1678 ; died 1761. — The Trial of the Witnesses 
 of the Resurrection of Jesus. Lond. 1729, 8vo. 
 Ibid. 1807, 8vo. 16th edition. 
 
 Though Bishop Sherlock wrote many controversial and prac- 
 tical pieces, and a work of some importance, on the Use and In- 
 tent of Prophecy, which involved him in a dispute with Dr. Mid- 
 dleton, none of his writings acquired so much celebrity as this 
 small performance. There is an air of lightness about it, which 
 is perhaps unfavourable to the solemn importance of the subject ; 
 but this very lightness, and the mode in which the argument is 
 carried on, produce an interest and an effect which do not al- 
 ways result from more laboured efforts. A Sequel to the Trial 
 was also published by the Bishop, but is now seldom found 
 along with the other. 
 
SHUCKFORD-SIEVWRIGHT— SIMON, J. 403 
 
 Shuckford, Samuel, D. D. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England; died in 1754. — The Sacred 
 and Profane History of the World connected, to the 
 dissohition of the Assyrian empire ; and to the de- 
 clension of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel ; in- 
 cluding a dissertation on the creation and fall of 
 man. Lond. 1728, 21 vol. 8vo. Ibid. 1808, 4 vol. 
 8vo. best edition. 
 
 This work has long been a standard book in its class. It was 
 designed to complete the work of Prideaux, which begins where 
 that of Shuckford ends. It is not, however, equal in talent or 
 interest to Prideaux, and the reader will find it necessary to exa- 
 mine Dr. Shuckford's opinions with care ; especially in his Dis- 
 sertation on the Creation and Fall of Man. The work was 
 translated into French, and appeared at Leyden in 1738, in two 
 vol. 8vo. and at Paris, in 1 752, 3 vol. 1 2mo. 
 
 SiEVAViiiGHT, Norman, a minister of the Scotish 
 episcopal Church. — The Hebrew Text considered ; 
 being observations on the novelty and self-inconsist- 
 ency of the Masoretic scheme of pointing the sa- 
 cred Hebrew Scriptures, etc. Edinb. 1764, 8vo. 
 
 This is a sensibly written tract on the Anti-Masoretic and 
 Hutchinsonian principles; to both of which the author was 
 strongly attached. Some of his renderings of ])assages discover 
 more of the influence of hypothesis than of sound critical discern- 
 ment. 
 
 Simon, John, a learned German divine ; horn 
 in 1698 ; died 1768. — Biblia Hebraica, etc. Halae, 
 1752, 8vo. — Onomasticum Veteris et Novi Testa- 
 ments Ibid. 1741-1762, 2 vol. 4to. — Lexicon 
 Manuale Hebraico-Chaldaicum Latinitate donatum 
 a J. G. Eichhorn. Ibid. 1793, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
404 SIMON, RICHARD. 
 
 The Hebrew Bible edited by Simon is very accurately print- 
 ed. He has added to it an analysis and explanation of the Ma- 
 soretic readings Keri and Kethib. There is likewise annexed, a 
 compendious dictionary of all the Hebrew and Chaldaic words 
 in the Old Testament. It is a useful edition to a learner of the 
 language. The Onomastica are learned philological treatises on 
 the proper names which occur in the Old and New Testaments, 
 and the apocryphal books. He endeavours to explain them, to 
 trace their etymologies, and their varied applications. They are 
 the most learned and accurate works which have been published 
 on this subject. His Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary, as pub- 
 lished by Eichhorn, is a very excellent and much approved work. 
 
 Simon, Richard, a priest of tJie Oratory at 
 Paris, and one of the most learned critics of his 
 time ; born in 1638 ; and died in 1712!. — A Critical 
 History of the Old Testament, in three books. 
 Translated from the French. Lond. 1682, 4to. 
 
 The nature of Father Simon's work is not very correctly de- 
 scribed in the elaborate English title of his learned production. 
 The first part of it contains a critical history of the Hebrew- 
 text, from the time of Moses to our own times. The second 
 discusses the merits of the several versions of the Old Tes- 
 tament made in early or in later ages ; and the third is de- 
 voted to the exposition of the principles of biblical interpre- 
 tation. To this part is added, a list of the principal editions of 
 the Hebrew Scriptures, and of the ancient versions ; and a ca- 
 talogue of the writers (mostly Jewish) referred to in the Critical 
 History. Simon was a man of profound learning and great 
 acuteness ; liberal in his mode of thinking, and yet professedly 
 devoted to all the dogmata of popery. He is equally free in his 
 strictures on the divine original, on the protestant translations, 
 and on the Latin Vulgate ; so that it has been doubted whether 
 he ought to be classed among freethinkers or fanatics. His 
 learning and shrewdness would place him among the former, 
 while his superstitious devotedness to the authority of the 
 Church, whether real or pretended, entitles him to a place among 
 the latter. This work produced so strong an impression, and 
 
SIMON, RICHARD. m"» 
 
 led to so extended u controversy, that tlie reader will perhaps 
 excuse a sllglit departure from the plan of this work to gi\'e liim 
 some account of it. 
 
 The Critical History of the Old Testament was first puldished 
 in French at Paris, in 1()78 ; but, for various reasons, this edition 
 was soon after suppressed by the authority of Chancellor Tellier. 
 However, in 1680, it appeared at Amsterdam under a twofold 
 title ; some copies being entitled, A Critical History of the Old 
 Testament, and others, A History of the Religion of the Jews. 
 By this means, and by the omission of some things in the first 
 edition, the work was more easily got into France. Simon had 
 originally written the work in Latin, and intended the French 
 translation merely as a compendium and specimen of what he 
 intended to publish at greater length in that language. A Latin 
 translation, however, appeared at Amsterdam in 1681 ; whether 
 at his suggestion, or under his direction, is doubtful. It also 
 has a double title. In the one it is designated, A Critical His- 
 tory of the Old Testament, by Natalis Albertus Verseus ; in 
 the other, after the preface by the supposed translator, Verseus, 
 whose name it bears, it is called, A History of the Religion of 
 the Jews, by 7?. Moses Levi. This is very like one of the tricks 
 of Simon, by which he contrived to involve the whole controversy 
 in dust. This Latin edition was published several times ; at Am- 
 sterdam in l685 ; at Franeker in I698 ; and at Irenopolis (Am- 
 sterdam) in 1700. The French edition was also republished at 
 Rotterdam in l685 ; and it was wretchedly translated into Eng- 
 lish in 168^2. 
 
 Artillery of every caliber was soon pointed against the reve- 
 rend Father, who proved a very tough and resolute defender. 
 Charles Maria de Veil, a learned convert from Judaism, first at- 
 tacked the Critical History in a letter to the Hon. Robert 
 Boyle, dated the 14th May, I678. The object of this epistle was 
 to show the fallacy of Simon's leading argument — that tliere is 
 nothing clear or certain in Christianity unless you adhere to the 
 authority of tradition. To this letter, Simon replied in the same 
 year, under the name of De Lisle. It was ans^^'ered by De 
 Veil in a Letter to Maimbourg, in l685. A Letter to a Friend, 
 in French, appeared in l679> hy Ezekiel Spanheim ; though 
 some supposed it was his brotlier Frederic mIio \vrote the 
 
406 SIMON, RICHARD. 
 
 t 
 
 epistle. The object of it is to show that Simon, under the pre- 
 tence of supporting the traditions of the church, and maintain- 
 ing the uncertainty of ascertaining the truth or meaning of 
 Scripture otherwise, designed to undermine the authority of 
 Christianity altogether. This adversary Simon endeavoured to 
 repel the same year, in French, in an Answer to Mr. Spanheim, 
 or A Letter from a Divine of the Faculty of Paris to his Friend, 
 giving an account of the Critical History of the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Simon, in the Critical History, had made some strictures on 
 the work of Isaac Vossius, De Septuaginta Interpretibus. This 
 led Vossius to publish, in 1680, an answer to the objections of 
 the late Critici Sacri. Simon defended himself against him by 
 publishing anonymously in Latin, Critical Enquiries into the 
 various Editions of the Bible, printed in divers places and 
 at several times ; together with animadversions upon a small 
 treatise of Isaac Vossius, concerning the Sibylline Oracles, and 
 an Answer to the Objections of the late Critici Sacri. This 
 work was translated -into English in 1684, and contains some 
 curious and important information. These Animadversions ap- 
 peared also in Latin next year at Edinburgh, in 4to. under the 
 title of Simonis Opuscula Critica adversus Vossium. Vossius 
 replied in a work entitled, Responsio ad iteratas Simonis Ob- 
 jectiones, to which Simon replied under the assumed name of 
 Jerome le Camus^ a Parisian divine. This work was also 
 published at Edinburgh, in l685. Vossius published a final re- 
 joinder to the third objections of Simon. 
 
 Besides these, there appeared against Simon, The Sentiments 
 of some Divines of Holland, on the Critical History. Amst. 
 1685. This work was generally ascribed to Le Clerc. It both 
 attacks and defends Simon. To this work the wary Father 
 published, in 1686, An Answer to the Sentiments of the Di- 
 vines of Holland, by the Prior Boleville. An answer to this, in 
 defence of the Dutch divines, was published that same year. 
 Simon again published, in answer to this, and on the inspiration 
 of the sacred books, under the same designation of Boleville. 
 On this work Ezekiel Spanheim, Frassenius, and Du Pin, pub- 
 lished strictures. 
 
 Peter Ambrun published, or was supposed to have published. 
 
SIMON, RICHARD. 407 
 
 An Examination of the Method of the French Clergv- I'liis is 
 by some considered altogether a fictitious work, which Simon 
 himself feigned to have been written against him, in order that he 
 might have a pretence to publish another defence of his critical 
 history ; which he accordingly did under the title of, An Answer 
 to Father Ambrun. Roterodami, 1685, 4to. 
 
 IMichael le Vassor published, in l6'88, a French Paraphrase 
 on the Gospel of Matthew, intimating on the title, that it was 
 accompanied with Animadversions on the Critical History of 
 Mr. Simon. Though these were not added to the work, they 
 led Father Simon to publish, in l6'89, An Apology for the author 
 of the Critical History. 
 
 Besides by all these, Simon was attacked by Paul Colomesius, 
 Matthew Honcamp, John Ben. Carpzov, Heideger, Witsius, 
 Meyer, Salden, Basnage, Mains, Loescher, and I know not how 
 many others. The controversy is a very curious one, and was 
 carried on, as the reader must perceive, with great cunning, as 
 well as perseverance on the part of the learned and subtile 
 priest. He produced, in 1689 and l6yO, 
 
 — A Critical History of the Text and Versions of 
 the New Testament. Translated from the French. 
 Lond. 1689-1692, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 This work is translated into English in the same imperfect 
 and barbarous manner as the former. Though it still contains 
 many free and many doubtful sentiments, it is by no means so 
 objectionable as that on the Old Testament, and is well deserving 
 of a repeated and careful perusal by the biblical scholar. It dis- 
 covers great knowledge of his subject, and a prodigious quick- 
 sightedness into the errors of others, which are as freely and 
 plainly exposed. A third part of this work. The History of the 
 Principal Commentators on the New Testament, appeared in 
 I693 ; and in 1 695, New Dissertations on the Text and Versions 
 of the New Testament were given to the 2)ublic. Neither of 
 these, as far as I know, has been translated into English. The 
 admirable strictures of Dr. Campbell on the critical principles of 
 Pere Simon, in his third Preliminary Dissertation, I beg leave to 
 recommend, along with the perusal of the Father's works. Camp- 
 bell pronounces him " a very eminent critic, and })robably the 
 
408 SIMON, RICHARD. 
 
 greatest oriental scholar of his age ;" and he justly remarks, that 
 " the Critical History has been observed to produce two contrary 
 effects on readers of opposite characters. Of the weak and timid, 
 it often makes implicit believers ; of the intelligent and daring, 
 it makes^/)-ee thinhersJ" Bishop Marsh, speaking of the Critical 
 History, says, '^ I venture to assert, it contains very valuable 
 information in regard to the criticism both of the Hebrew Bible 
 and of the Greek Testament." 
 
 — The Critical History of the Religions and Cus- 
 toms of the Eastern Nations. Done into English by 
 A. Lovell, A. M. Lond. 1685, 8vo.— The History 
 of the Origin and Progress of Ecclesiastical Reve- 
 nues. Ibid. 1685, 8vo. 
 
 Of both these works, I possess the English translation, which 
 is in small octavo. The account of the Greek and Armenian 
 churches discovers the learning and research of the author ; 
 though it is tinctured, as might be expected, by his Romish pre- 
 judices. The other work is said to have been directed against 
 a Benedictine Society, and was first published under the assum- 
 ed name of Jerome Acosta. It is also entitled to attention in 
 every investigation of ecclesiastical history. The author is by 
 no means uncandid in his account of the way in which the church 
 acquired much of her wealth, or of the use which she made of 
 it. It is not equal in the extent of its information, but is very 
 much of the same nature, with Father Paul's History of Eccle- 
 siastical Benefices and Revenues ; a work which does great 
 honour to the talents and character of its amiable author. If to 
 these be added Bishop Burnet's History of the Rights of Princes 
 in the disposing of Ecclesiastical Benefices and Church Lands, 
 1682, 8vo. the reader will have a tolerably fair and full view of 
 an important branch of the history of the corruptions of Christ- 
 ianity. 
 
 — Novum Testamentum ex Vulgata Latina editione 
 Gallice redditum a Richardo Simon ; cum litteralibus 
 et criticis observationibus in loca difficiliora. Tre- 
 voltii, 1702 ; Rothomagi, 1703, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
SIMSON, ARCHIBALD. 409 
 
 This French transhition from the Latin Vulgate was stronijly 
 disapproved of by Cardinal Noailles, who prohibited its circula- 
 tion in the diocese of Paris. Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, also 
 attacked it. The author defended himself as usual, in a remon- 
 strance, addressed to the Cardinal. A good character of the 
 version, however, is given by the writers of the Works of the 
 Learned, published at Leipzig in 1 704, as quoted by Le Long. 
 Simon often corrects the Vulgate by the Greek text, and intro- 
 duces the various readings of MSS. and Fathers. An English 
 translation of this version was published by W. Webster, in 
 1730, 4to. In this version. Father Simon commits the same 
 faults, if they be faults, of which he had so pointedly accused 
 others ; departing from the Vulgate, using freedoms with the 
 original text, and sporting novel and contradictory opinions. This 
 translation, Campbell says, is a good one ; but it will not bear 
 to be tried by his own rules and maxims. ^Vfany other works 
 proceeded from his pen, which do not fall under my plan to 
 notice. This extended article will be excused, if the extraordi- 
 nary character of this man be considered, that he produced a 
 zeal for biblical literature in his own church, and a greater ge- 
 neral impression respecting its importance, than any man of the 
 age in which he lived. The critical merits of Simon are very 
 ably discussed by Dr. Campbell. Prel. Diss. xi. part 1. 
 
 SiMSON, Archibald, minister of Dalkeith, and 
 one of a learned family of ministers of the Church 
 of Scothmd, which flourished in the end of the six- 
 teenth and heginning of the seventeenth centuries ; 
 died 1 6.31 . — Hieroglypliica Animaliuin Terrestrium, 
 Volatiliuin, etc. quae in Scripturis Sacris inveniun- 
 tur, et plurimoriim alionim, cum eorum sigiiifica- 
 tionibus. Edinb. 1622-1624, 4 parts, 4to. 
 
 The object of this work is to illustrate the various subjects of 
 natural history mentioned in the Scriptures. It treats of the 
 animals, fo^\■ls, fishes, reptiles, insects, etc. The author was 
 evidently not a Bochart, nor is his work another Hierozoicon ; 
 but it contains some curious learning, and no small portion of 
 
410 SIMSON, ARCHIBALD. 
 
 fancy. He tells us every thing, true and fabulous, that he could 
 collect about the subject ; and moralizes on every thing as he 
 goes along. The following translation of his article on the Pe- 
 lican will give a tolerable idea of this curious work. The piety 
 of some of the reflections will be more admired than their wis- 
 dom. 
 
 Of the Pelican, Isaiah xxxiv. 
 
 '' The pelican (^rgX/xitvo?) is an Egyptian bird, found chiefly in 
 the deserts of the river Nile. There are two kinds of it, the 
 one flying in the air, the other inhabiting the water. These 
 birds are said to kill their young with their bill, and to lament 
 them, while they lie dead in the nest, for three days ; after which, 
 it is said, the mother wounds herself deeply, and pours out the 
 blood upon her young ; when they, being sprinkled with it, 
 straightway revive. 
 
 The following account, which I have obtained from the most 
 ancient and approved authors, gives me more satisfaction. Je- 
 rome, in his Epistles, afiirms that the pelican^ when its young 
 have been destroyed by the poison of the serpent, restores them 
 to life by its own blood. Mor. The pelican is here a figure of 
 Jesus Christ, who saves through his blood those whom Satan 
 hath destroyed by the poison of sin ; as those who were bitten 
 by the fiery serpents were healed by looking to the brazen ser- 
 pent in the wilderness. 
 
 The bird being thus weakened by loss of blood, is nourish- 
 ed by its young, of which those that have been grateful are re- 
 warded by it on its recovery. Those again whom it discovers 
 to have been otherwise are thrust out of the nest. Mor. Chil- 
 dren who are disobedient to their parents deserve to be disinhe- 
 rited. To the first class of persons, (the grateful) Christ shall 
 say, I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat ; but, to the others. 
 Depart from me ye cursed, for I was an hungered, and ye gave 
 me no meat. 
 
 The gier-eagle feeds on worms ; the pelican and the swan on 
 fishes ; the ibis on serpents. Mor. Not many, but almost all, 
 passing by the things of heaven, pursue earthly objects; and, ne- 
 glecting the culture of divine pursuits, seek after worldly grati- 
 fications, on which they feed : whether it be on worms with the 
 
SIMSON, PATRICK. 411 
 
 avaricious ; or on fishes, which afford little nourishment, with 
 those who pursue folly and vanity ; or on serpents^ with the spite- 
 fulj who feast upon the poisons of malice. 
 
 The pelican, a mean bird, lays her eggs upon the ground, 
 while the eagle builds her nest in the highest rocks. Mor. Ah ! 
 how foolish are those who neglect the things above, and to the 
 great loss of them and theirs, involve themselves in worldly spe- 
 culations. 
 
 Though it be a mean bird, yet hath it such courage, that when 
 the nest in which its young lie, is set fire to by the shepherds, 
 it advances boldly, despises the vehemence of the flames, though 
 the heat penetrate through its members ; and retreats not from 
 its station nor is the least terrified, though almost wholly con- 
 sumed ; while the lion, the bravest of animals, at the sight of a 
 small torch, is put into great consternation. Mor. Christ is as- 
 suredly that pelican, who to save us, threw himself into the fur- 
 nace of the divine indignation, that we might be delivered from 
 wrath. The Egyptian priests represent the pelican on the top 
 of a cross ; an image of Christ hanging on that cross. 
 r Lauretus Monachus, in his collection of Allegories, tells us, 
 that the pelican lives upon poisonous substances. Mor. Here- 
 by is the sinner prefigured, who, in the desert of this world, 
 captivated by its allurements, takes delight in the poisons of 
 vice. 
 
 The pelican loves solitude. Mor. So good men avoid ostenta- 
 tion, and the ear of the multitude, and in retirement hold con- 
 verse with God. Elias fled to the desert, as did John the Bap- 
 tist, David, and other holy men. Vide Hebr. xi. 
 
 It holds by the head such birds as it makes its prey. Mor. 
 Thus Christ attacks the head, not the tail of the serpent, that 
 he may bruise it ; because in it is the life of the devil. The seed 
 of the woman shall bruise the head of the serpetit." 
 
 Mr. Simson was also the author of an English Commentary 
 on the Second Epistle of Peter, which was published at London 
 in 1632, 4to. 
 
 Si^rsON, Patrick, viinister of Stirling, brother 
 of the lyreceding ; died 1618. — The History of the 
 Church since the days of our Saviour Jesus Christ 
 
412 SIMSON, W.— SMART— SMITH, E. 
 
 until this present age. Lond. 16S4, fol. 1634, 
 
 third edition. 
 
 " The works of Patrick Simson/' says Dr. M^Crie, " contain 
 a succinct History of the Christian Churchy written in a style 
 which, though not correct, is spirited, and breathes a classical 
 air." He wrote several other works besides his History of the 
 Church ; all of which are now scarce, and are regarded chiefly 
 as objects of curiosity. 
 
 SiiNisoN, William, minister of Dimhai^ton, in 
 Scotland ; another brother of the fiame family. — De 
 Accentibus Hebraicis breves et perspicuae Regulae. 
 Lond. 1617, ISnio. 
 
 This work is curious, as the first j>roduction on Hebrew li- 
 terature which appeared in Scotland. The subject of Hebrew 
 accents is not a common one, which shows that the author must 
 have made considerable progress in oriental learning. See an 
 extract from him under the article Weemse, John. 
 
 Smart, Christopher, A. M. Fellow of Pem- 
 hrohe Hall, Cambridge ; born 1722 ; died 1771. — 
 A Translation of the Psalms of David attempted in 
 the Spirit of Christianity, and adapted to Divine 
 Service. Lond. 1765, 4to. 
 
 That Mr. Smart was a considerable scholar, is evident from 
 his prose translation of Horace. Several of his poetical pieces also 
 show that he had cultivated the muses with some success. His 
 version of the Psalms is very unequal. Some of them are, on the 
 whole, happily rendered. In others, '^ Sternhold himself is out- 
 Sternholded." Besides the above work, he turned into verse, 
 some of it very doggerel, The Parables of our Lord and Saviour 
 Jesus Christ. Lond. 1768, 8vo. 
 
 Smith, Elizabeth, an amiable and accom- 
 plished lady; born 1776; diedl%OQ, — The Book 
 of Job ; translated from the Hebrew. With a pre- 
 
SMITH, JOHN. U3 
 
 face and annotations by the Rev. F. Randolph, D. D. 
 Lond. 1810, 8vo. 
 
 This is a good English version of Job, produced chiefly by the 
 aid of Parkhurst's Lexicon ; in which almost all the peculiar 
 renderings of Miss Smith's version will be found. Her own 
 notes are few, and chiefly verbal ; those of her editor are of no 
 great value. Both he and Dr. INIagee speak too strongly of the 
 merits of the work ; though it is certainly a great proof both of 
 the diligence and talents of its author. 
 
 Smith, John, M. D. memher of the Royal CoU 
 lege of Physicians, London; horn ahout 1630; 
 died in 1679.— The Portrait of Old Age. Wherein 
 is contained, a sacred anatomy, both of soul and 
 body, and a perfect account of the infirmities of 
 age incident to them both. Being a paraplirase 
 upon the six former verses of the xiith chapter of 
 Ecclesiastes. Lond. 1666, Svo. 3d edit. Ibid. 1752, 
 12mo. 
 
 This is a very curious critico-anatomical book. Dr. Smith 
 was both a considerable biblical scholar, and well acquainted Avith 
 his own profession. In interpreting the diflferent parts of tlie 
 above passage of Ecclesiastes, and applying them to the human 
 body^ he endeavours to show that Solomon was profoundly ver- 
 sant in all the discoveries of anatomy, and that even the circu- 
 lation of the blood was not unknown to him. The folloM-inir 
 passage on this subject deserves to be extracted. After explain- 
 ing the Harveian theory of the circulation, he thus proceeds : 
 " This is the true doctrine of the excellency and motion of the 
 blood, and of the use of the heart, and the parts appertaining 
 thereunto ; all whicli were perfectly known to Solomon, as will 
 abundantly a2')pear anon, in the explication of the symptoms we 
 are now about. Yet it pleased the Lord that tliis knowledge 
 should, with the possessor of it, sink into dust and darkness, 
 where it lay buried for 2500 years, at the least, till it was re- 
 stored thencefrom l)v the wisdom and industry of that incom- 
 
414 SMITH, J. P.—SMITH, T. 
 
 parable, and for-ever-to-be-renowned Dr. William Harvey, the 
 greatest honour of our nation, and of all societies of which he 
 was a member." Matthew Poole, in whose house Dr.* Smith 
 died, speaks in the highest terms of his learning, and of the 
 value of his work, the substance of which he introduces into the 
 Synopsis. 
 
 Smith, John Pye, D. D. theological tutor of 
 the dissenting academy at Homerton. — The Scrip- 
 ture Testimony to the Messiah : An Inquiry with 
 a view to a satisfactory determination of the doc- 
 trine taught in the Holy Scriptures concerning the 
 person of Christ. Lond. 1818-1821, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the most important works that has been pub- 
 lished in England for many years. The extensive acquaintance 
 with ancient and modern writers which it discovers, the depth 
 and accuracy of the learning which it displays, the amiable 
 spirit, combined with the powerful argument, by which it is per- 
 vaded, place it in the very first rank of critical and polemical 
 performances. The second volume is considerably superior to 
 the first ; but both contain a treasure of Christian instruction, 
 with which no Christian minister ought to dispense. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, D. D. a learned clergyman of 
 
 the Church of England ; horn 1638; died 1^10, — 
 
 Diatriba de Chaldaicis Paraphrastis, eorumque ver- 
 
 sionibus, ex utroque Talmude, ac Scriptis Rabbino- 
 
 rum, concinnata. Oxon. 1662, 8vo. — Miscellanea. 
 
 Lond. 1692, 12mo. 
 
 Dr. Smith was an excellent oriental scholar. He resided a 
 considerable time at Constantinople, as chaplain to the English 
 ambassador, which afforded a valuable opportunity of improving 
 his acquaintance with the eastern languages. The fruits of this 
 residence appeared in the accounts of the Greek Church, and of 
 the Seven Churches of Asia, which he published. The Latin 
 Miscellanea, mentioned above, contain an answer to Simon on 
 the subject of transubstantiation ; a dissertation on 1 John v. 1, 
 
SNODGRASS— SPANHEIM. 41.5 
 
 in which he endeavours to maintain tlie integrity and authenti- 
 city of the reading of the received text ; a defence of that dis- 
 sertation ; and a commentary on the Second Epistle of Peter. 
 Dr. Smith was the author of many other works, theological and 
 antiquarian. 
 
 Snodgrass, John, D.D. one of the ministers of 
 Paisley. — A Commentary, with Notes, on part of 
 the Book of the Revelation of John. Paisley, 1799, 
 8vo. 
 
 This commentary embraces chapter i. iv.-xvi. and chap. xx. 
 7-15, together with three dissertations ; one on the four beasts ; 
 another on the four and twenty elders ; and a third on the num- 
 ber of the beast. Dr. Snodgrass was a man who thought for 
 himself, whose views were evangelical, and whose expositions 
 of the prophecies are characterized by sobriety as well as inde- 
 pendence of tliinking. The dissertations are ingenious, if not 
 satisfactory. 
 
 Spanheim, FiiEDERic, senior. Professor of 
 Divinity at Geneva and Leydeii ; was I)orn in 1600 ; 
 and died in 1649. — Dubia Evangelica, in tres partes 
 distributa. Genevae, 1639, 1658, 1700, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Spanheim the elder -was a man of profound learning, and the 
 founder of a learned and distinguished family. This work is 
 both an exegetical performance, in which the true meaning is 
 attempted to be given of many passages in tlie Gospel of 
 Matthew, and a polemical defence of the orthodox views of 
 many doctrinal and disputed points, against infidels. Pagans, 
 Jews, Samosatenians, Anabaptists, Catholics, and all other sects. 
 The doctrines of Geneva occupy, as might be expected, a pro- 
 minent place. Very many important discussions are to be found 
 in the volumes, and some of less moment. None of them is 
 dismissed briefly or carelessly. Philosophy, history, and antiqui- 
 ties are all brought to bear on the argument, and made liand- 
 maids to theology. He digresses occasionally, and labours as 
 much in stating the difficulty as in removing it ; but those who 
 
416 SPEARMAN— SPENCER. 
 
 have patience to travel through his elaborate reasonings will never 
 be altogether disappointed. 
 
 Spearman, Robeut, Esq. of Oldacres, in No?-- \ 
 tliimiberland ; an ingenious Hutchinsonian tvriter, 
 — An Enquiry after Philosophy and Theology, tend- 
 ing to shew when and whence mankind came at the 
 knowledge of these two important points. Edinb. j 
 1756, 8vo. — Letters to a Friend concerning the 
 Septuagint Translation, and the Heathen Mytholo- 
 gy. Ibid. 1759, 8vo. 
 
 Both these works contain a respectable portion of genius and 
 learning, but are strongly tinctured with the principles and 
 spirit of the school to which the author belonged. Spearman's 
 opinion of the Septuagint was low and incorrect ; but he has 
 some sensible remarks on the quotations from it in the New 
 Testament. He considers all the mythology of the heathen to 
 have been originally derived from revelation. His philosophy, 
 like that of his master, is opposed to the Newtonian, and has 
 now very few admirers. Parkhurst frequently refers to him 
 with respect. Spearman assisted Julius Bate in editing the 
 works of Hutchinson, in 12 vol. 8vo. ; to which he published, 
 by way of supplement, an Index, with plates, in 1 765, 8vo. I 
 think he also wrote a Life of Hutchinson. 
 
 Spencer, John, D.D. master of Corpus Christi 
 College, Cambridge; horn 1630; died 1695. — De 
 Legibus Hebraeorum Ritualibus et earum rationi- 
 bus libri tres. Cantab. 1685, fol. Ibid. 1727, fol. 
 opt. edit, edited by Professor Chappelow. 
 
 In this work, Spencer treats very largely of the origin of sa- 
 crifices ; of purifications ; of new moons ; of the ark and the 
 cherubim ; of the temple ; of the Urim and Thummim ; of the 
 scape goat ; of circumcision ; of clean and unclean meats ; of 
 idolatry ; and of the Jewish theocracy. To an edition of the 
 work published at Tubingen by Professor Pfaff, there is prefixed. 
 
SQUIRE. 417 
 
 a Dissertation on the life of Spencer, on the merits and demerits 
 of the hook, and on the authors who wrote against it. It is a 
 very learned, hut a very dangerous work ; the great object of 
 which is to show that the Hebrew ritual was almost entirely 
 borrowed from the Egyptians, and accommodated to the taste 
 and j^rejudices which the Jews had acquired among that people. 
 The same hyjiothesis had been stated by Maimonides, a philoso- 
 phizing Jew, in his More Nevochim, and was greedily laid hold 
 of by Sir John Marsham, in his Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus. 
 A masterly refutation of the work of Spencer was furnished by 
 Witsius, in his Aegyptiaca ; and Shuckford, in his Connections, 
 supplies also many arguments on the same side. Warburton 
 partly espoused the system of Spencer, and replied to Witsius, 
 for which he is very proj^erly censured by Dr. Magee, in his 
 work on the atonement. Socinians and infidels have made very 
 liberal use of the work and arguments of Spencer. 
 
 Squire, Samuel, D. D. Bishop of St. Davids ; 
 horn 1714^ ; died 1766. — The Ancient History of 
 the Hebrews Vindicated ; or, Remarks on the third 
 volume of the Moral Philosopher. Camb. 1741, 
 8vo. — Two Essays ; the former a Defence of the 
 Ancient Greek Chronology ; to which is annexed, a 
 New Chronological Synopsis ; the latter an Inquiry 
 into the Origin of the Greek Language. Ibid. 1741, 
 8vo. 
 
 These works, particularly the Essays, contain some very in- 
 teresting and learned discussion. Bishop Squire maintains the 
 credit of the ancient Greek chronology in opposition to Sir Isaac 
 Newton and others. His Chronological Synopsis is chiefly ex- 
 tracted from the Parian Marbles, Eusebius, Usher, Petavius, 
 Newton, and Marshall. On the origin of the Greek lancfuaire 
 he ascends to the remotest antiquity, and endeavours, \\'\t\\ con- 
 siderable success, to show its oriental nativity, or Hebrew pa- 
 rentage. His argument is ably supported, and well deserving 
 of attention. Dr. Hodges, the Hutchinsonian, published some 
 remarks on part of these essays in an anonymous pamphlet, — 
 
 2 E 
 
418 STACKHOUSE— STANHOPE. 
 
 Reflections upon two Essays^ published by Mr. Squire. Lond. 
 1743, 8vo. 
 
 St AC KHOUSE, Thomas, A. M. cm English clergy- 
 'man; horn 1680; died 17 52. — A History of the Holy 
 Bible, from the beginning of the world to the esta- 
 blishment of Christianity ; with answers to infidel 
 objections, dissertations on the most remarkable 
 passages, and most important doctrines, and a con- 
 nection of the profane with the sacred writings. 
 Lond. 1755, 2 vol. fol. Ibid. 1767, 6 vol. 8vo. Ibid. 
 1817, 3 vol. 4to. edited by Bishop Gleig. 
 
 This elaborate work was more esteemed on its first publica- 
 tion than afterwards ; though the additional notes and disserta- 
 tions of Dr. Gleig have rather revived its reputation. The his- 
 tory is not written in an interesting manner ; it is minute on 
 trifling, and brief on important points. The infidel objection is 
 often strongly stated, and weakly answered. The criticisms on 
 passages of Scripture are seldom original or profound. Patrick, 
 Poole, Le Clerc, Heidegger, and Parker's Bibliotheca supply the 
 greater part of the notes. The theological sentiments are neither 
 correct nor consistent ; and as a view of the connexion between 
 sacred and profane history, it is decidedly inferior to Shuckford 
 and Prideaux. Gleig's edition is certainly more valuable than 
 the former ones ; but several of the above remarks are applicable 
 to his additions, as well as, to the original work. 
 
 Stanhope, Geoege, D.D. Deanof Canterhurij ; 
 horn in 1660 ; died in 17^8. — A Paraphrase and 
 Comment upon the Epistles and Gospels. Lond. 
 1705, 4 vol. 8vo. several times reprinted. 
 
 Dean Stanhope enjoyed considerable reputation for learning 
 and piety, and was the author of several original works, as well 
 as the translator of Thomas a Kempis, the Meditations of St. 
 Augustine, and Epictetus. The above performance, on the 
 Epistles and Gospels of the Church, is a work of devotion rather 
 than of learning and criticism. In the former respect it would 
 
STEHELIN— STEPHENS. 419 
 
 have been more useful had the learned dean studied Paul more 
 than Kempis, and infused the doctrine of the cross of Christ 
 with greater freedom into his practical and spiritual exhortations. 
 
 Stehelin, John Peteu, F. R. S. a learned 
 German clergyman, resident in England. — The 
 Traditions of the Jews, or the Doctrines and Ex- 
 positions contained in the Tahnud and other rabbi- 
 nical writings. Translated from the High-Dutch. 
 Lond. 1743, 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 From the preface to this work, it appears that the original, 
 of which it is a translation, was the production of Dr. Eisen- 
 menger, professor of oriental languages in the university of Heid- 
 elberg. It was published in German at Konigsberg, in \1\\, 
 2 vol. 4to. under the title of Judaism Discovered. It does not 
 appear that Stehelin was the translator of the work ; but he is 
 the WTiter of a long preface to it. There is also an appendix on 
 the religious customs and ceremonies of the Jews from the Latin 
 of Buxtorf. The whole work is certainly very curious, and very 
 melancholy. More convincing proofs and illustrations of the 
 l)lindness which hath happened to Israel are nowhere to be 
 found. Their traditions are a mass of absurdity and supersti- 
 tion, not exceeded by any thing in popery or paganism. The 
 book is scarce. John Andrew Eisenmenger, the original author, 
 was born at Manheim in l654; and died at Heidelberg in 1704. 
 
 Stephens, Robert, a celebrated printer, and 
 head of the distinguished family of printers of that 
 name; horn at Paris, 1503; removed to Geneva on 
 account of his reformed pt^'inciples in 1552, where 
 he died 1559. — Novum Testamentum Graece. Paris. 
 1546, 1549, 12mo. 1550, fol. 
 
 The edition of 1550 is the critical edition of Robert Stephens, 
 which has long excited the admiration of the curious for its 
 splendour, and of the learned for its accuracy. It contains various 
 readings in the margin from sixteen MSS. including the Com- 
 plutensian edition ; from which it differs in about thirteen hundred 
 
420 STILLINGFLEET. 
 
 places. The discussions respecting the MSS. employed in it have 
 been very extensive^ for which Griesbach's Prolegomena may be 
 consulted^ and the opinions of its critical merits are somewhat dis- 
 cordant. It is now considered chiefly as a reprint of the sixth 
 edition of Erasmus. Bentley says of it^ '' although the text 
 stands as if an apostle had been the compositor, its errors are 
 numerous." 
 
 The editions of 1546;, 1549;, are called the O Mirl/icam, from 
 the first words of the preface, referring to Francis I. They were 
 compiled chiefly from the Complutensian edition, and from MSS. 
 collected by Stephens and his son Henry. The edition of 1549 
 diflPers from the first in sixty-seven places. They are uncom- 
 monly beautiful specimens of typography. Stephens's edition 
 of the New Testament, Geneva, 1551, 12mo. is the first Greek 
 Testament divided into verses. His son Henry says this di- 
 vision was made by his father, when on a journey from Paris to 
 Lyons, inter equitandum, on horseback, or during the intervals of 
 rest on the journey. What a pity he did not take more time ! 
 The editions printed from the Stephanie text are very numerous. 
 The critical value of it is largely discussed by Griesbach. Proleg. 
 pp. 27-40. 
 
 STILLINGFLEET, EdWARD, D. D. BisJlop of 
 
 Worcester; born 16S5 ; died 1699- — Origines Sa- 
 crae ; or, a Rational Account of the Christian Faith, 
 as to the truth and divine authority of the Scrip- 
 tures, and the matters therein contained. Lond. 
 1662, 4to. and often reprinted. 
 
 This is a very learned and valuable work, in which the author 
 ably vindicates the authenticity and sacred authority of the 
 Scriptures, and the divine nature of the truths which they con- 
 tain. Bishop Stillingfleet was a very voluminous writer. His 
 principal publications besides the above are, Irenicum, in which 
 he endeavoured to make peace between the church and the dis- 
 senters ; a Rational Account of the Grounds of the Protestant 
 Religion, in which the main points of the popish controversy are 
 taken up ; a Discourse on the true reason of the Sufl'erings of 
 
STOCK, C— STOCK, J— STONARD. 421 
 
 Christ, in which he engages tlie Socinians ; and, Origines Bri- 
 tannicae, or the Antiquities of the British Churches, in which 
 he traces the early introduction of Christianity into Britain, and 
 its progress, to the conversion of the Saxons. His whole works 
 were published in London in 1710, () vol. fol. 
 
 Stock, Christian, a learned German ; Profes- 
 sor of Divinity at Jena ; born 1672 ; died 1733. 
 — Clavis Linguae Saiictae Veteris et Novi Testa- 
 menti. Ciira Fischeri. hips. 1753, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is the best edition of two very valuable Lexicons for the 
 Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. Tliey comprehend the sub- 
 stance of the most celebrated Lexicons which had been previ- 
 ously published for the Old and New Testaments. Stock was 
 a punctist, but a man of liberal sentiments and extensive learn- 
 ing. 
 
 Stock, Joseph, D. D. Bishop of KillaUa. — The 
 Book of the Prophet Isaiah, in Hebrew and Eng- 
 lish ; with notes, critical and explanatory. Lond. 
 1803, 4to. — The Book of Job, metrically arranged 
 according to the Masora, and newly translated into 
 English, etc. Bath, 1805, 4to. 
 
 Dr. Stock contends for a metrical arrangement of the Hebrew 
 prose, as well as of the Hebrew poetical writings. In his Isaiah he 
 often alters the renderings of Lowth, but seldom improves them. 
 Some of the notes, however, contain critical and j)hilological 
 matter worthy of consideration. His translation of Job was the 
 work of six weeks ! jMagee describes it as ^' executed with a 
 haste that nothing can excuse, abounding with errors both of 
 reasoning and interpretation, presuming upon slight and fancied 
 theories to new-mould the original text, and an entire congeries 
 of precipitances, mistakes, and mutilations." An extended and 
 judicious critique on this translation is to be found in tlic second 
 volume of the archbishop's valuable work on the atonement. 
 
 Stonard, John, D. D. Hector of Aldingham, 
 Lancashire. — A Commentary on the Vision of Ze- 
 
422 STORE— STRANG. 
 
 chariah the Prophet ; with a corrected translation, 
 and critical notes. Lond. 1824, 8vo. 
 
 I mention this work without being able to give any account of 
 itj as it has just issued from the press. Zechariah is an interest- 
 ing prophet, but he presents many difficulties to the critical ex- 
 positor. 
 
 Storr, Gott. Christ. Professor of Divinity 
 in tlie university of Tiihingen ; horn at Stutgardt, 
 1746 ; died 1805. — Opuscula Acad, ad Interpreta- 
 tionem Librorum Sacrorum pertinentia, etc. 3 vol. 
 8vo. Tubingen. 1796, 1803. — Comment, de Con- 
 sensu Epistolarum ad Hebr. et Gal. Ibid. 1792, 
 4to. — Notitiae Historicae Epistolarum Paulli ad 
 Corinthios Interpretationi servientes. 1788, 4to. 
 
 These are but a selection of the numerous works of Professor 
 Storr, who was one of the few theologians in Germany during 
 the last century, who combined evangelical sentiments and a 
 devotional spirit with sound learning and elegant criticism. His 
 inaugural dissertation on the operation of the Holy Spirit in 
 our minds, which is now before me, discovered at an early period 
 his extensive acquaintance with the doctrine of Scripture, and 
 his experience of its power on his own mind. All his works may 
 be consulted with safety and profit. Professor Storr has done 
 much to give a better direction to the German school of criti- 
 cism. The strength of his mind and the superiority of his bi- 
 blical learning have given him an influence, which is likely to 
 render his writings eminently serviceable to the cause of Christ- 
 ianity. 
 
 Strang, John, D. D. Principal of the university 
 if Glasgow, who died in 1654. — De Interpretatione 
 et Perfectione Scripturae. Roter. 1663, 4to. 
 
 Though this work is the production of a countryman, I have 
 not been able to procure a sight of it. It was published after 
 the writer's death, with an account of him prefixed to it, with 
 
STREET— STRIGELIUS. 423 
 
 the initials of Principal Baillie's name. Dr. Strang was the 
 author of another work, which I have met with,, of a metaphy- 
 sical nature ; De Voluntaie el Acl'mnihus Dei circa Pcccnlum. 
 Amst. 1()()3, 4to. The dedication, preface, and poems, prefixed 
 to this last volume, were written by the celebrated Alexander 
 Morus. The learned productions of Scotchmen, about this pe- 
 riod, were almost all published in Holland ; and, from their 
 great scarcity in this country, I suppose few copies came back to 
 Britain. None of Strang's publications is mentioned in Watt's 
 liibliotheca. Some notice of them occurs in Dr. Irving's Dis- 
 sertation on the Literary History of Scotland, p. 145. 
 
 Street, Stephen, a dergijman of the Church 
 of England. — A New Literal Version of the Book 
 of Psalms ; with a preface and notes. Lond. 1790, 
 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 A close literal version of the Book of Psalms may exhibit 
 something of the meaning, but must be destructive of the spirit 
 and beauty of these inimitable compositions. With the princi- 
 ples of translation ^Ir. Street was tolerably acquainted ; but of 
 the cognate Hebrew dialects he was almost entirely ignorant. 
 INIany of the psalms appear to much more advantage in this, 
 than in the common version. The meaning of particular words 
 is examined with great care, the force of the connecting particles 
 duly attended to, and the scope of the psalm closely followed. 
 The first volume contains the translation, and the second the 
 notes. 
 
 Strigelius, Victorinus, a learned German ; 
 Professor of Divinity at Heidelberg ; horn 1524 ; 
 died 1569. — Hyj^omnemata in omnes libros Novi 
 Testanienti, etc. Lips. 1665, 21 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Strigelius wrote notes or observations on many of the books 
 of the Old Testament ; but this work on the New is considered 
 his best. Dr. Harwood says ^' this is another of the most va- 
 luable books of sacred criticism. The observations are neat, the 
 Latinity pure, and the critical judgment of V. Strigelius excel- 
 
424 STUKELEY— SUICER. 
 
 lent." Ernesti also greatly praises StrigeliuS;, as inferior only to 
 Erasmus in Greek learning, but greatly his superior in Hebrew. 
 Of this I have now before me an excellent specimen in a trans- 
 lation, with notes, of Isaiah, — Conciones Ezaiae Prophetae ad 
 Hebraicam veritatem recognitae, etc. Lips. 1565, 12mo. At 
 the end there is a very useful index to the book which he had 
 translated. Mr. Home is mistaken in saying that Strigelius 
 wrote notes on all the books of Scripture, with the exception of 
 Isaiah. Part of a work of his on the Psalms was early translat- 
 ed into English, under the quaint title of. The Harmony of 
 King David's Harp, by Robinson. It appeared in three seve- 
 ral portions, 1582-93-6. 
 
 Stukeley, William, M. D. a celehrated anti- 
 quary^ and clergyman of the est ahli shed church ; 
 hor?t 16S7 ; died 1765, — Palaeograi^hia Sclera; or. 
 Discourses on the Monuments of Antiquity that re- 
 late to Sacred History. No. I. Lond. 1736, 4to. 
 
 This learned work was not prosecuted by the author beyond 
 the first number, which he dedicated to Sir Richard Ellis, Bart. 
 Dr. Stukeley endeavours to show how heathen mythology is de- 
 rived from sacred history, and that the Bacchus of the poets is 
 no other than the Jehovah of Scripture. His own account of it 
 in a letter to a friend is worth quoting. " In the progress of 
 this work, one of my views is an attempt to recover the faces or 
 resemblances of many great personages in antiquity, mentioned 
 in the Scriptures. If novelty will please, I need not fear of suc- 
 cess ; but it will not appear so strange a matter as it seems at 
 first sight, when we have once ascertained the real persons cha- 
 racterized by the heathen gods and demi-gods." On this prin- 
 ciple. Dr. Stukeley applies the 3 9th ode of the second book of 
 Horace to the Messiah. 
 
 SuicER, JoH. Caspar, Professor of sacred lite- 
 rature at Zurich; horn in Switzerland in 1619; died 
 1684. — Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, e Patribus Grae- 
 cis, etc. Amst. 1682, 2 vol. fol. Opt. edit. ibid. 
 1728, 2 vol. fol. 
 
SURENHUSIUS— SYKES. 425 
 
 This is a most valuable book. It illustrates, in the order of 
 the alphabet, the phrases, rites, doctrines, heresies, etc. used or 
 referred to by the ancient writers, Greek fixthers, and ecclesias- 
 tical historians, together with avast number of words and expres- 
 sions, mostly omitted by lexicographers. It was the labour of many 
 years to the learned and indefatigable author, and affords most 
 important aid in ascertaining the meaning of many things con- 
 tained in Scripture, as well as in the writings of antiquity. Eve- 
 ry page of it displays the profound learning and research of the 
 author, whose work has been a rich store-house of information 
 and reference to all subsequent critical writers. The second edi- 
 tion, published in 1728, is very considerably enlarged and im- 
 proved, particularly by a supplement and additions, by John 
 Henry Suicer. AN^ilch pronounces it a work of great labour and 
 great utility. Suicer was the author, besides other works, of 
 Observationes Sacrae. Tigur. 16*65, 4to. t 
 
 SuRENHUSius, Gui.iELMUS, Pro/essor of He- 
 hrew and Greelt at Amsterdam, and a learned 
 rahhinical ivriter of the last century, — niiy^^n ^so 
 sive BIBA02 KATAAAAFHS, ill quo secuiidiim veteriim 
 theologorum Hebraeoriim formulas allegandi, et 
 niodos interpretandi, conciliantur loca ex Vetere in 
 Novum Testamentiim allegata. Amst. 1713, 4to. 
 
 This is a work of great labour and learning, and full of im- 
 portant information on the modes and principles of the quota- 
 tions from the Old Testament which occur in the New. All 
 the passages are carefully examined, and many more are occa- 
 sionally illustrated. No man possessed a greater acquaintance 
 with rabbinical learning than Professor Surenluisius, as appears 
 from his edition of the INIisnah, with a Latin translation, in six 
 volumes folio, published at Amsterdam in 1698-1703. The work 
 on the quotations sho\\'s that he could turn it to good account. 
 
 Sykes, Arthur Ashley, D. D. an Arian der- 
 gyman of the Church of England; horn 1684; 
 
426 SYMONDS— TALBOT. 
 
 died 1756. — A Paraphrase and Notes upon the 
 Epistle to the Hebrews. Lond. 1755, 4to. 
 
 An exposition of the Ej)istle to the Hebrews^, which explodes 
 and opposes the doctrines of the deity and atonement of Christ, 
 must be a very unsatisfactory^, or, if learned, a very dangerous 
 performance. There are indications both of learning and inge- 
 nuity in this work ; but poor Dr. Sykes wrote under the influ- 
 ence of a very perverse blindness to the glory of the Gos- 
 pel. He was the author of many other publications, of which 
 the following contain some things deserving of attention. — An 
 Essay on the Nature, Design, and Origin of Sacrifices, 1 748, 
 8vo. — The Scripture Doctrine of the Redemption of Man by 
 Jesus Christ, 1755, 8vo. — A Brief Discourse concerning the 
 Credibility of Miracles, 1742, Svo. — An Essay on the Truth of 
 the Christian Religion, 1725, Svo. 
 
 Symonds, John, LL.D. Professor of modern 
 history in the university of Cambridge ; died in 1807. 
 —Observations upon the Expediency of revising the 
 present English Version of the Four Gospels and 
 Acts of the Ai)ostles. Camb. 1789, 4to. — The same 
 on the Epistles. Ibid. 1794, 4to. 
 
 These works of Dr. Symonds are both very valuable, and dis- 
 cover an intimate acquaintance with the original Scriptures, and 
 with the most correct principles of translation. Many mis- 
 takes in our common version are pointed out, and easy, and of- 
 ten important corrections suggested. The volumes deserve to 
 be consulted by all future translators and expositors of the Bible. 
 
 Talbot, Matthew. — An Analysis of the Holy 
 Bible ; containing the whole of the Old and New 
 Testaments, collected and arranged systematically. 
 Leeds, 1808, 4to. 
 
 This work I have not seen, but Dr. Williams says it is a cu- 
 rious and useful publication ; and Mr. Home quotes the British 
 Critic, which characterizes it as '^ a book of good arrangement 
 
TARNOVIUS— TAYLOR. 427 
 
 and convenient reference, and calculated to augment, by very 
 easy application, our stores of sacred knowledge." It is divided 
 into thirty books, which are subdivided into 285 chapters, and 
 4144? sections. 
 
 Tarnoyius, Paul, Professor of Divinity at 
 jRostock. — Libri Qiiatuor Exercitationum Biblica- 
 rum. Kostocliii, 1619, 1624, 1627, 4to. — Commen- 
 tarius in Joliannis Evangelium. Ibid. 1629, 4to. 
 
 These are valuable works, by a man of piety, learning, and 
 enlarged acquaintance with the Scriptures. The work on Jolin 
 is not so elaborate as that of Lampe on the same book, but 
 scarcely less valuable. The Exercitations contain critical re- 
 marks and illustrations of many difficult passages in the Old and 
 New Testaments, and a Dissertation on the Perseverance of the 
 Saints. 
 
 Taylor, John, D. D. tutor of Dimiity in the 
 dissenting academy at Warrijigton ; horn 1694 ; 
 died 1761. — A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epis- 
 tle to the Romans ; to which is prefixed, a Key to 
 the Apostolic Writings, or an Essay to explain the 
 Gospel scheme, etc. Lond. 1745, 4to. 
 
 This work made considerable noise when it was first publish- 
 ed, and is still held in estimation by those who are attached to 
 Socinian or Arian sentiments. It would be wrong to deny that 
 it contains marks both of learning and genius, and that several 
 things in it are worthy of attention. But its complete perver- 
 sion of scriptural doctrine on the most important topics, and the 
 latitude of its principles of interpretation, render it a very dan- 
 gerous book. Dr. Doddridge said very justly of it, that Dr. 
 Taylor had broke his key in Paul's epistles. Certainly if his 
 hypothesis be correct, the New Testament is a very labyrinth, 
 which this Arian professor has still farther confounded, instead 
 of enabling us to thread. The book has gone through several 
 editions. The Key Bishop Watson has placed among his tracts. 
 
m TELLER, L. R—TELLER, W— THOMSON, A. 
 
 Taylor is the author of several other performances, besides his 
 Hebrew Concordance. 
 
 Teller, L. Rom. Professor of JDivinitij in the 
 university of Leipzig. — Dissertationum sacrarum 
 ad Caussas Hermeneuticas spectantium Decas. 
 Lips. 1740, 4to. 
 
 These Dissertations are on — The mark which God put up- 
 on Cain — the phrase. Thou shalt not turn aside to the right 
 hand or to the left — He who hath ears to hear, let him hear — 
 the Perfection of the New Covenant — the Definition given of 
 Faith, Heb. xi. 1.— and various other subjects, which are treated 
 in a very Christian and sensible manner. 
 
 Teller, William Ab. Professor of Divinity 
 at Helmstadt, in JBrunswick, and afterwards chief 
 of the consistory at Perlin ; born 1734 ; died 1804. 
 — Notae Criticae et Exegeticae in Genes, xlix. Deut. 
 xxxiii. Exod. xv. Jud. v. Cum Var. Lect. Interpre- 
 tatione multorum aliorum locornm V. T. Halae, 
 1766, 8vo. — Opuscula Varii Argumenti. Fran- 
 cof. 1780, 8vo. 
 
 Teller was one of the German Liberals, or Socinians ; and 
 published several works, the tendency of which is to explode all 
 the distinguishing doctrines of revelation. The above, though 
 almost entirely critical, display the same hostile feeling. He 
 discovers Shiloh in the 49th of Genesis to be a place, and that 
 it contains no prophecy of the Messiah. This interpretation 
 greatly delighted Dr. Priestley, and is quoted as very ingenious 
 by Dr. Geddes. 
 
 Thomson, Andrew, D. D. nmiister of St. 
 George's, Edinhurgh. — Lectures, Expository and 
 Practical, on select Portions of Scripture. Edinb. 
 1816, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
THOMSON, C— THOMSON, R. 429 
 
 These Lectures, or Expositions, are twenty-five in number. 
 The passages selected are all in the Gospels and the Acts of the 
 Apostles. They contain little or nothing of a critical nature ; 
 which was not indeed the author's intention _; but they abound 
 with sound and striking views of Christianity ; of the op])ositi(>n 
 of men to its evangelical truths ; and of its important practical 
 influence on those who receive it. They may be considered as 
 sermons on large texts, rather than elucidations of diflicult pas- 
 sages ; as such, tliey do credit to the talents of the author, and 
 are worthy of attention . 
 
 Thoinison, Charles, late secretary to the Con- 
 gress of the United States, — The Old Covenant, 
 commonly called the Old Testament, translated from 
 the Septuagint. The New Covenant, translated 
 from the Greek. Philadelphia, 1808, 4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This transatlantic work is creditable to America, and to the 
 learned author. It is the only English version of the Septua- 
 gint, and is therefore worthy of attention, as well as for the fide- 
 lity with which it is executed. The New Testament contains 
 many improved renderings and arrangements. The notes are 
 in general neither long nor profound. Mr. Thomson is also the 
 author of another work of some importance ; — A Synopsis of the 
 Four Evangelists ; or, a regular history of the concejition, birth, 
 doctrine, miracles, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus 
 Christ, in the words of the Evangelists. Philadelphia, 1815, 8vo. 
 
 Thomson, Robert, a gentleman connected with 
 the law in JEdinhurgh. — Diatessaron ; or tlie Gos- 
 pel History, from the text of the Four Evangelists, 
 in a connected series ; with notes, critical and ex- 
 planatory. Edinb. 1808, 8vo. 
 
 This is not a work of much value. The text is mostly taken 
 fpom Dr. Campbell's Translation of the Gospels. The Harmony 
 is not greatly different from some others, and the notes are nei- 
 ther numerous nor original. 
 
430 THOMSON, W.— TIL. 
 
 Thomson, William, A. M. minister of Ochil- 
 tree, in Ayrshire, — The New Testament, translat- 
 ed from the Greek ; and the Four Gospels arrang- 
 ed in Harmony, where the Parts of each are in- 
 troduced according to the natural Order of the Nar- 
 rative, and the exact Order of Time. With some 
 preliminary observations, and notes critical and ex- 
 planatory. Kilmarnock, 1816, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Mr. Thomson is entitled to respect for his attempt to trans- 
 late the. New Testament, whatever opinion may be formed of 
 his success. If a profound acquaintance with classical and bib- 
 lical Greeks solidity of judgment, great nicety of taste, and 
 acuteness of discernment, together with a command of pure and 
 easy phraseology in our native tongue, be essential to a good 
 translation of the Bible, this work will not stand the test. The 
 author's attainments, in all these respects, were very moderate. 
 The version is '^' studiously made as literal as possible." The 
 English idiom is continually sacrificed to the Greek ; so that 
 grammatical propriety is often violated, and the desire to render 
 the translation very faithful and very clear, has often made it 
 obscure and incorrect. He never departs from the received text 
 in a single instance ; so that, for him. Mill and Wetstein and 
 Griesbach have all laboured in vain. The preliminary obser- 
 vations contain some feeble criticism on Dr. Campbell's Disser- 
 tations. The notes to the work are numerous, and sometimes 
 long ; but they rarely discover much ability. The piety of the 
 author, and his attachment to the leading doctrines of the Gos- 
 pel, are very apparent ; and, with all its defects, some of the 
 renderings are good, and many remarks occur which are worthy 
 of attention. 
 
 Til, Sal. Van, a learned Dutchman; Professor 
 of Divinity in the university of Ley den. — Commen- 
 taria Analytica in varios Libros Propheticos, etc. 
 Lugd. Bat. 1744, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
TILLOCH. 431 
 
 Tliis work contains an Illustration of the Song of Moses, 
 Dent, xxxii. ; the Prophecy of Habakkuk ; the Book of Mala- 
 chi ; with Dissertations on the Beginning of the Gospel ; on the 
 Ministry of John the Baptist ; on his Imprisonments ; on the 
 second Sabbath after the first ; on the Site of the Terrestrial 
 Paradise ; on the Year, Month, and Day of the Birth of Christ ; 
 and on some other subjects. These are but a small part of the 
 voluminous writings of Van Til, which are all very learned, but 
 very heavy. The Dissertation on the situation of Paradise con- 
 tains some very valuable information respecting the geography 
 of Mesopotamia, where, he maintains, the garden of Eden was 
 placed. 
 
 TiLLOCH, Alexandeh, LL.D. editor of the 
 London PJiilosopli'ical Journal. — Dissertations In- 
 troductory to the Study and right understanding of 
 the Language, Structure, and Contents of the Apo- 
 calypse. Lond. 1823, 8vo. 
 
 This work contains seven Dissertations on the following sub- 
 jects :— On the Opinions delivered by Ecclesiastical Writers, 
 respecting the Date of the Apocalypse ; on the Evidence fur- 
 nished by the Epistles, respecting the time when it was writ- 
 ten; on its Language and Structure; on various Names by 
 which the Creator of the Universe is designated in the Scrip- 
 tures, and the proper mode of translating them ; on the Hebrew 
 name Jehovah, and the Greek expression KYPIOS O 0EOS, 
 commonly rendered the Lord God ; on certain combinations of 
 O 0EO2, the Omnipotent ; on certain combinations of nouns 
 of personal description, which are found in the Apocalypse. In 
 these Dissertations, the reader will find a large portion of very 
 curious and ingenious disquisition. Dr. Tilloch labours to show, 
 though I think unsuccessfully, that the Apocalypse was one of the 
 earliest written books of the New Testament, and that most of 
 the Epistles contain allusions to it. On the Hebrew and Greek 
 names of God, and some of their combinations, and on the style 
 of the Apocalypse, he is very happy in many of his remarks and 
 illustrations. The work is deserving of a candid examination, 
 and it would be gratifying were the author to publish the larger 
 
432 TITMANN— TODD. 
 
 work on the Revelation^, which he mentions in the advertise- 
 ment. I believe I am Avarranted in ascribing the following per- 
 formance to the same pen : Dissertations on the Opening of the 
 Sealed Book, illustrating the Prophetic Signs used in Daniel 
 and the Revelations. Printed from the Papers signed Biblicus, 
 published in the London Star. Arbroath^, 1819^ 8vo. 
 
 TiTMANN, Charles, a leafmed German divine ; 
 superintendent of the diocese of Dresden ; still or 
 lately limng. — Meletemata Sacra, sive Commenta- 
 rius Exegetico-Critico-Dogmaticus in Evangelium 
 Joamiis. Lips. 1816, 8vo. 
 
 This work is an exception to the general run of modern Ger- 
 man commentaries, the sentiments of it being very scriptural, 
 and the feeling which pervades it serious and devout. The cri- 
 ticism is accurate and profound, and blended with much valua- 
 ble argument on the most important points of the Christian 
 faith. It is among the most exquisite pieces of an expository 
 nature that have ever been published on the Scriptures. Tit- 
 mann is also advantageously known on the continent, as the au- 
 thor of a volume of Theological Tracts, chiefly critical, in which 
 some difficult passages of Scripture, and some important points 
 of theology, are discussed with great ability. It was published 
 in Svo. at Leipzig in 1803, under the title of, Opuscula Theolo- 
 gica. It contains a Commentary on the first four chapters of 
 John's Gospel ; an Essay on the meaning of the word Priest in 
 the Epistle to the Hebrews ; and another on the Comparison of 
 Christ with Angels in that Epistle. It discusses also the views 
 of James respecting faith and works ; the terms employed in 
 the New Testament relating to the economy of salvation ; the 
 work of the Spirit ; the work of Christ ; the resurrection of the 
 dead by Christ ; the injuries which Christianity has sustained 
 from ignorance of the original languages of the Scriptures. 
 
 Todd, Henry John, A. M. chaplain in ordi- 
 nary to his Majesty, etc. — A Vindication of our 
 Authorized Translation, and Translators of the 
 Bible ; and of preceding English Versions, autho- 
 
TOINARD. 433 
 
 ritatively recommended to the Notice of those 
 Translators. Lond. 1819, 8vo. — Memoirs of the 
 Life and Writings of the Right Reverend Brian 
 Walton, D. D. Lord Bishop of Chester, Editor 
 of the London Polyglot Bible. Lond. 1821, 2 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 The former of these works was occasioned by Mr. Bellamy's 
 Translation, and Sir J. B. Burges's Defence of it. Mr. Todd 
 occasionally carries his deference to the authorized version, and 
 its authoritative recommendation, rather far ; but his work con- 
 tains some valuable information, and a good deal of research. 
 The same remark is applicable to his Memoirs of Bishop Wal- 
 ton. It comprehends notices of Walton's coadjutors in his great 
 work ; of the cultivation of oriental learning in this country, 
 during his time ; and of the translators of the authorized Eno-- 
 lish version of the Bible. The second volume is entirely occu- 
 pied with Walton's Considerator Considered, or the Vindication 
 of the Polyglot against the attack of Dr. John Owen. 
 
 ToiNARD, Nicholas, a learned Frenchman; 
 horn 1627 ; died 1706 — Harmonia Graeco-Latina. 
 Paris. 1707, fol. 
 
 This Harmony of the Evangelists was originally written only 
 for private use. A part of it was printed before the author's 
 death, and distributed among his friends, whom he requested to 
 publish it after his death. It includes the Greek text of the 
 Evangelists, with an abstract of their narrative in Latin. It is 
 a work of much labour, and discovers great attention to the mi- 
 nute circumstances which tend to illustrate and reconcile the 
 writers of the Gospels. Charles Caton de Court wrote the 
 notes, and INI. Fleuri, Canon of Chartres, furnished part of the 
 Prolegomena. It is recommended by Bishop IMarsh, as calcu- 
 lated to be of great service to those who wish to examine the 
 verbal agreement of the Evangelists. 
 
 2 F 
 
434 TOMLINSON—TORSHEL— TOWERS. 
 
 ToMLiNSON, Robert, Esq. a HutcMnsonian 
 writer. — An Attempt to rescue the Holy Scrip- 
 tures from the Ridicule they incur with the incon- 
 siderate, occasioned by incorrect translations, etc. 
 Lond. 1803, 8vo. 
 
 This is a well-meaning, but not a judicious book. The au- 
 thor is a Hutchinsonian, who loads his pages with the authorities 
 of Bate, Catcott, Romaine, Jones, and others of the same school. 
 He gives new translations of a great number of passages, some 
 of which are good, though not new, and others are far from im- 
 provements of the authorized version. In the notes his piety- 
 appears more conspicuous than his taste or judgment j for they 
 are often exceedingly confused and unsatisfactory. 
 
 ToRSHEL, Samuel, a dergijman of the Church 
 of England^ and a 'preceptor to the children of 
 Charles I. — An Exercitation upon the Prophecy of 
 Malachi. Lond. 1641, fol. — A Design about dis- 
 posing the Bible into an Harmony ; or an Essay 
 concerning the transposing the Order of Books 
 and Chapters of the Holy Scriptures, for the reduc- 
 ing of all into a continued History. Lond. 1647, 
 4to. 
 
 The first of the above works is prefixed to a Commentary on 
 the Prophecy of Malachi, by Richard Stock. Stock and Tor- 
 shel appear to have united their efforts to produce a joint work 
 on the last of the prophets. It is recommended by Bishop Wil- 
 kins ; but Dr. Williams says, the matter of it is better than the 
 manner. The Harmony of the Scriptures, which he proposed 
 to publish, never appeared. His plan seems to have been a 
 very judicious one ; but the state of the times, I suppose, ren- 
 dered his application to parliament for its patronage ineffectual. 
 
 ToAVERS, Joseph Lomas, son of JDr. Towers, a 
 celebrated political winter, — Illustrations of Pro- 
 phecy. 1796, 2 vol. 8vo. , 
 
 ! 
 
TOWNLEY. 435 
 
 These volumes appeared without the name of author, printer, 
 or place of publication. They are on good authority now as- 
 cribed to Mr. Towers. They contain explanations of many 
 predictions which occur in Isaiah, Daniel, the Evangelists, and 
 the Revelation. In these predictions the French Revolution is 
 supposed to be foretold, together with its favourable influence on 
 the interests of mankind. There are also many things respect- 
 ing the overthrow of papal power, and of ecclesiastical tyranny ; 
 the downfal of civil despotism, and the subsequent meliora- 
 tion of the world. There is a great deal of freedom and 
 boldness in the work, and too large a portion of political feeling 
 to leave the author capable of doing justice to the prophetic tes- 
 timony. It was written during a period of alarm and excite- 
 ment, and is said to have so impressed Mr. Pitt that he did every 
 thing in his poAver to suppress the publication. The studious 
 concealment of all the names connected with the work, affords 
 strong evidence that the author did not consider it safe to ac- 
 knowledge it. 
 
 TowNLEY, James, a 7'espectable minister among 
 the Wesleycm Methodists. — Illustrations of Bib- 
 lical Literature, exhibiting the History and Fate of 
 the Sacred Writings, from the earliest Period to 
 the present Century ; including Biographical No- 
 tices of Translators, and other eminent Biblical 
 Scholars. Lond. 1821, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 In 1813, the author published a small volume of Biblical 
 Anecdotes, which may be regarded as the germ of his larger 
 work, which must have been the labour of many years. It is 
 impossible, without examining the work, to form any idea of the 
 extensive and varied information which it contains. As a lite- 
 rary history of the Bible, it gives a luminous and comprehensive 
 view of its progress through all ages and countries ; it supplies 
 short but accurate notices of the persons who were employed in 
 translating and circulating it ; and details the difficulties which 
 impeded its progress, and the triumphs which it accomplished. 
 Both as a bibliographical and a biographical work, connected 
 
4^36 TOWNSEND, G— TOWNSEND, JOS. 
 
 with the Scriptures, it is most valuable. As far as I have been 
 able to collate it with the authorities, its accuracy may ge- 
 nerally be depended on. It does not enable the reader to form 
 an estimate of the value or merits of the respective versions ; 
 which in so extensive an inquiry was perhaj^s impossible. It is 
 also deficient in the account of the modern, and, what may be 
 called, private versions of the Scriptures in English. The Illus- 
 trations of Biblical Literature entitle Mr. Townley to the warm- 
 est thanks of all the lovers of the word of God. 
 
 TowNSEND, George, A. M. a clergyman of 
 the ChmxJi of England. — The Old Testament, ar- 
 ranged in Historical and Chronological Order, (on 
 the Basis of Lightfoot's Chronicle,) in such man- 
 ner, that the Books, Chapters, Psalms, Prophecies, 
 etc. may be read as one connected History, in the 
 very Words of the authorised Translation. Lond. 
 1821, 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 There are few harmonies of the Old Testament, compared 
 with those which have been published of the New. The labour 
 and difficulty of such an attempt are very great, arising both 
 from the extent of the matter, and the impossibility of ascertain- 
 ing many dates with any thing even approaching to accuracy. Of 
 the importance of such an undertaking, different opinions will 
 be entertained. Dr. Lightfoot's work, which Mr. Townsend 
 has made the basis of his plan, displays his well-known learn- 
 ing and research. It is by no means, however, an attractive 
 part of his works. Mr. Townsend divides his arrangement into 
 eight periods, which are again subdivided into chapters and sec- 
 tions. There is also an introduction, and a number of useful 
 notes and indexes. The work has been compiled with great care, 
 and will frequently assist the reader in understanding the con- 
 nexion of the Old Testament. 
 
 Townsend, Joseph, A. M. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England ; Rector of Pewsey, Wilts, — 
 The Character of Moses established for veracity as 
 
TOWNSON. 437 
 
 an Historian, recording events from the Creation to 
 the Deluge. Lond. 1813, vol. i. Bath, 1815, vol. 
 ii. 4to. 
 
 In this elaborate work, Mr. Townsend proposes to elucidate 
 the character of IMoses as an historian, by considering the Penta- 
 teuch as containing the history of mankind in the early ages 
 of the world ; a code of laws designed for one particular people, 
 chosen and cherished as worshippers of the great Creator, and 
 guardians of the oracles of truth ; prophecies relating to this 
 chosen race, from their entrance into Egypt to their final expul- 
 sion from the Land of Promise. In the discussion of these to- 
 pics, he has entered deeply into mythological and mineralogical 
 details. His first chapter is on the genuineness of the Pentateuch, 
 and he has some additional remarks in his second chapter, prov- 
 ing the credibility of the Mosaic history from internal evidence. 
 Then follows his examination of the creation, the septenary di- 
 vision of time, the state of innocence and the fall, sacrifices, 
 tithes, and the deluge. These subjects occupy the first volume ; 
 the second is almost entirely filled with philological discus- 
 sions on the afiinities of languages, in support of the veracity 
 of Moses in recording events subsequent to the deluge. The 
 author is evidently a very considerable scholar, and profoundly 
 acquainted ^^dth natural history ; but many of his views and rea- 
 sonings have only a remote bearing on the truth, the authority, or 
 the meaning of Scripture. 
 
 Town SON, Thomas, D. D. a clergyman of the 
 Church of England ; horn 1715; died 1792. — 
 The Works of the Rev. Thomas Townson, D. D. to 
 which is prefixed an Account of the Author. By 
 Ralph Churton. Lond. 1810, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 The most valuable part of Townson's works are his Discour- 
 ses on the Four Gospels, which were published by themselves in 
 1778 and 1788. They contain some ingenious and original 
 views. They were characterized by Bishop Lowth on their 
 first appearance as " a capital performance, which sets every 
 
438 TRAPP, JOHN— TRAPP, JOSEPH. 
 
 part of the subject it treats of in a more clear and convincing 
 light than it ever appeared in before." His Discourse on the 
 Evangelical History, from the Interment to the Ascension, is 
 worth consulting. 
 
 Trap?, John, a Puritan minister^ and Vicar of 
 Weston upon Avon, who died in 1669. — Commen- 
 taries upon the Books of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment. Lond. 1646-1656, fol. and 4<to. 
 
 These commentaries were not printed in a uniform edition, 
 nor have they all the same title. The author was a man of some 
 vigour of mind, but his language is often exceedingly quaint and 
 uncouth. His works are now rarely to be met with. I am not 
 sure that they include every part of the Old and New Testaments. 
 I know that they embrace the Pentateuch, the poetical books of 
 the Old Testament, the minor prophets, and the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Trapp, Joseph, D. D. grandson of the preced- 
 ing; a clergyman of the Church of England ; hor7i 
 1679 ; died 1747. — Explanatory Notes upon the 
 Four Gospels, in a new method, for the use of all, 
 but especially the unlearned English Reader. In 
 two Parts ; to which are prefixed three Discour- 
 ses. Lond. 1747-1748, 8vo. 
 
 The new method pursued in this work is the noticing and ex- 
 plaining only of difficult passages in the Evangelists. The author 
 frequently corrects the translation, endeavours to remove appa- 
 rent contradictions, and to clear up obscurities. In these re- 
 spects the work is calculated to be useful, though much more 
 might have been done. The three discourses prefixed, explain 
 some illustrious prophecies of the Old and New Testament, par- 
 ticularly those of the former, which are interpreted in the lat- 
 ter ; with remarks on the peculiar genius, turn, and cast of the 
 prophecies in general. Dr. Trapp was the writer of a great 
 number of pamphlets and discourses on miscellaneous subjects. 
 
TRAVIS— TURRETIN. 439 
 
 Travis, George, A.M. Archdeacon of Chester, 
 — Letters to Edward Gibbon, Esq. in Defence of 
 the Authenticity of the 7th verse of the 5th chapter 
 of the 1st Epistle of John. Lond. 1784, 4to. Ibid. 
 1794, 3d edit. 8vo. 
 
 ^' The three witnesses/' says Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, 
 " have been established in onr Greek Testaments by the pru- 
 dence of Erasmus; the honest bigotry of the Complutensian 
 editors ; the typographical fraud or error of Robert Stephens in 
 placing the crotchet; and the deliberate falsehood or strange 
 misapprehension of Theodore Beza." This curious but charac- 
 teristic sentence jiroduced the letters of Travis, and led to some 
 most important critical discussions. The first three were print- 
 ed in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1 782 ; the other two were 
 added when the whole were published separately. The author 
 vindicates the characters of the editors of the New Testament 
 from corrupt motives, but fails to establish the authority of the 
 disputed text. The controversy was prosecuted with profound 
 learning by Porson and JMarsh. The former first attacked the 
 archdeacon through the same magazine in which his letters ori- 
 ginally appeared, and then published an octavo volume. It con- 
 tains twelve letters, which will remain a perpetual monument of 
 the erudition, acumen, and wit of the celebrated but unfortun- 
 ate Porson. Travis replied indirectly, by the republication of his 
 letters in 179^; and, in the following year. Dr. JMarsh publish- 
 ed a series of letters to him on the same side with Porson. 
 These volumes may be considered as exhausting the controversy, 
 and leave little doubt in the mind of the biblical scholar of the 
 spuriousness of the disputed text. Porson's opinion of Travis's 
 work is extravagantly severe : '' For intrepidity of assertion, dis- 
 ingenuousness of quotation, and defectiveness of conclusion, it 
 has no equal, stands aloof beyond all parallel, as far as my read- 
 ing extends, either in ancient or modern times." 
 
 TuRRETiN, John Alphonsus, a minister of Ge- 
 neva^ and one of a celebrated famihj of the clergy of 
 that Church; born 1671 ; died 1733.— In Pauli ad 
 
440 TWELLS. 
 
 Romanos Epistolae Capita Priores xi. Praelectio- 
 nes Criticae, Theologicae, etc. Lausan. 1741, 4to. 
 
 These prelections were translated from the French into La- 
 tin, and published after the author's death, on account of their 
 superior excellence. They are preceded by some learned prole- 
 gomena on various matters necessary to the right understanding 
 of this important epistle. The following works by Turretin are 
 also important : — Commentarius Theoretico-Practicus in Episto- 
 las ad Thessaloni censes. Basil. 1739.^ 8vo. De Sacrae Scrip- 
 turae Interpretatione Tractatus Bipartitus. Francof. 1776, 
 8vo. This last work was edited and enlarged by Teller. Al- 
 phonsus Turretin was one of the first of the Geneva clergy who 
 diverged widely from the faith, and laid the foundation of the 
 Socinianism and infidelity which have long prevailed in that 
 quarter. 
 
 TwELLs, Leonard, D. D. Rector- of St, Mat- 
 thew's, Friday Street, London ; who died in 1742. 
 - — A Critical Examination of the late New Text 
 and Version of the New Testament, in Greek and 
 English. Lond. 1731-1732, 2 vol. 8vo.— A Vin- 
 dication of the Gospel of St. Matthew. Ibid. 1732, 
 8vo. — Answer to the Inquiry into the Meaning of 
 the Demoniacs in the New Testament. Ibid. 1737, 
 8vo. — Answer to the further Inquiry. Ibid. 1738, 
 8vo- 
 
 The New Testament, examined by Dr. Twells, was publish- 
 ed anonymously by Dr. Mace, who used very unwarrantable free- 
 doms with the Greek text, and in translating it. It is very ably 
 examined, and many of its criticisms justly exposed in this work. 
 Itis divided into three parts. The Vindication of the Apocalypse 
 was translated into Latin by Wolfius, and is inserted in volume 
 fifth of the Curae Philologicae. The Vindication of Matthew, I 
 have not seen. On the subject of the Demoniacs, he holds the 
 generally received doctrine, in opposition to the views of Mede, 
 
TYCHSEN— UNITARIAN VERSION. 441 
 
 Sykes, Lardner;, and Farmer. The Inquiry to which he replied 
 was written by Dr. Sykes. In opposition to him. Dr. Twells 
 endeavours to prove that the demons spoken of in Scripture 
 were fallen angels, and that the demoniacs were persons really 
 possessed. He examines the passages in the Old Testament, 
 which Dr. Sykes had quoted in support of his hypothesis, also 
 the testimony of Josephus and Justin Martyr ; brings forward 
 in support of his own views the testimony of Tatian and Ter- 
 tullian, and reasons at considerable length on the passages in the 
 New Testament which treat on the subject. Various persons 
 about this time engaged in the demoniacal controversy. Amont^ 
 these were Mr. Whiston, Dr. Church, Dr. Gregory Sharpe, Mr. 
 Pegge, and Dr. Mead. It was afterwards revived by Mr. Hugh 
 Farmer. 
 
 Tychsen, Olaus Gerard, Professor ofjMlo- 
 sophy and oriental literature in the united uni- 
 versities of JButzoiv and RostocJc. — Tentainen de 
 Variis Codicum Hebraeoruni Veteris Testamenti 
 MSS. Generibus. Rostochii, 1772, 8vo. 
 
 This is a work of considerable research on the various classes, 
 ages, and authorities of Hebrew IMSS. The author is one of the 
 few modern oriental scholars, who have remained attached to 
 the school of Buxtorf, and defended the integrity of the existing 
 Hebrew text. His sentiments on the topics which this contro- 
 versy involves were confuted by Professor Hassencamp. 
 
 Unitarian Version of the New Testament, — 
 The New Testament, in an Improved Version, upon 
 the Basis of Archbishop Newcome's New Transla- 
 tion ; with a corrected Text, and notes critical 
 and explanatory. Published by a Society for pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge, and the practice of 
 virtue by the distribution of Books. Lond. 1808, 8vo. 
 
 Of this improved version, Mr. Belsham has generally been un- 
 derstood to be the editor. The admirers of Socinian theology 
 
442 USHER. 
 
 and criticism, will perhaps consider it an improvement ; but this 
 oj)inion will be entertained by few others. It manglea and mis- 
 represents the original text, perverts the meaning of its most 
 important terms, and explains away all that is valuable in the 
 doctrinal system of Christianity. Several able writers have fully 
 examined the merits of this work. Among these are Drs. 
 Nares, Laurence, and Magee, Mr. Rennell, and the British and 
 Eclectic Reviews. After the freedoms used with the inspired 
 writers, it is useless to be surprised at the use made of Arch- 
 bishop Newcome's name on the title-page. A small edition of 
 the work, without the critical notes, was published the same 
 year. 
 
 Usher, James, D. D. ArchhisJiop of Armagh ; 
 born in Dublin, 1580 ; diedin Lo7idon, 1655. — The 
 Annals of the World ; from the origin of time to the 
 beginning of Vespasian's reign : containing the His- 
 tory of the Old and New Testament, etc. Lond. 
 1658, fol. 
 
 This is a work of great labour and research, which has been 
 followed by the greater part of modern chronologers, though the 
 system of Dr. Hales is perhaps more correct. Usher adopts the 
 numbers of the present Hebrew text, and does nothing to ob- 
 viate the difficulties which belong to that enumeration. It con- 
 tains a regular series of Scripture history, and also a harmony of 
 the Gospels. The best edition of his Latin Annals is that pub- 
 lished at Geneva in 1722, fol. The Chronology of Usher is that 
 which is placed in the margin of our English Bibles. 
 
 — De LXX. Interpretum Versione Syntagma. Lond. 
 1655, 4to. 
 
 " Usher," says Bishop Marsh, '' was the first who instituted 
 a systematic inquiry into the Septuagint version. His 
 work is divided into nine chapters, and relates to the origin 
 of the version, according to the account of Aristeas ; to the 
 time when, and the place where it was written ; to the altera- 
 
VALCKENAER— VALPY. 443 
 
 tions which were gradually made in the text ; to the corrections 
 of Origen ; to the modern editions, and other subjects with 
 which these are immediately connected. This is a work of great 
 merit ; it displays much original inquiry, and may be regarded 
 as the ground- work of later publications on the Septuagint." 
 
 — Historia Dogmatica Controversiae de Scripturis 
 et Sacris Vernaculis, etc. Lond. I69O, 4to. 
 
 This learned work was edited by Henry Wharton, and 
 displays, as much as any of the other writings of Usher, his very 
 extensive erudition. Its great object is to show that it was the 
 ancient and universal practice of Christians to read the holy 
 Scriptures in their vernacular tongues. It consists of numerous 
 extracts from ecclesiastical writers of all ages and countries. 
 There are two dissertations in it, the one on the writings of the 
 Pseudo-Dionysius, the other on the epistle to the Laodiceans. 
 These are but a small part of the numerous and valuable writ- 
 ings of Usher. 
 
 Valckenaer, Lud. Casp. a learned Dutch cri- 
 tic of the last ceiitm^y. — Selecta e Scholiis C. Valck- 
 enarii in Libros quosdam Novi Testamenti. Editore 
 Discipulo E. Van Wassenberg. Amst. 1815-1817, 
 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work contains many valuable philological notes by a very 
 accomplished Greek scholar ; and selected con a more by a much 
 attached disciple. Bishop Jebb sj^eaks of the notes of Valcken- 
 aer as learned, and of the author as far superior to Wakefield as 
 a scholar. To the second volume, the editor, Wassenberg, 
 has prefixed a dissertation resj^ecting the trajections often neces- 
 sary in the New Testament. The dissertation is learned, but 
 exceedingly dogmatical. He has another dissertation also, De 
 Glossis Novi Testamenti. 
 
 Valpy, Edward, B.D. a clergyman at Koi'wich. 
 — Novum Testamentum, cum Notis Theologicis et 
 Philologicis. Lond. 1816, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
444 VANSITTART— VAUTROLLIER. 
 
 This is a respectable edition of the Greek New Testament, 
 with a considerable quantity of useful annotation. The philo- 
 logical notes are better than the theological, and are chiefly taken 
 from Grotius, Raphel, Eisner, Palairet, Kypke, and Rosen- 
 miiller. It therefore partly supplies the place of these writers, 
 or Wetstein. The text is for the most part that of Griesbach. 
 
 Vansittart, William, Vicar of White Wal- 
 tJiam, Berks. — A New Translation of the 49th 
 Psalm : with remarks, critical and philological, on 
 Leviathan, Job 41st. Lond. 1810, 8vo. 
 
 This translation was contained in a sermon preached before 
 the university of Oxford. The psalm is a very diflicult one, 
 which Mr. Vansittart has evidently examined with great critical 
 attention. His translation very much improves the common 
 one. The same remarks apply to the 41st chapter of Job, where 
 he contends that the crocodile is intended. The ingenious au- 
 thor has just published another critical dissertation,, — Cain and 
 Lamech ; or the comparative numbers of seven and seventy 
 times seven, illustrative of the 15th, the 23d, and the 24th 
 verses of the 4th chapter of Genesis. Lond. 1824, 8vo. 
 
 Vautrollier, Thomas, a French printer ^ 
 who resided some time in Scotland, hut chiefly in 
 Lo7idon during the reign of Elizabeth ; and died in 
 158S. — Novum Testamentum ad editionem H. Ste- 
 phani impressum, et nunc cum ultima doctissimi 
 Theodori Bezae editione diligenter collatum, etc. 
 Lond. 1587, l6to. 
 
 This is the first edition of the New Testament in Greek print- 
 ed in England. It is, therefore, a great typographical curiosi- 
 ty. It is formed according to the title upon the editions of H. 
 Stephens and Beza. An address from Stephens to the reader 
 follows the preface ; and there are remarks in Latin, and paral- 
 lel passages in the margin. 
 
 Veil, Charles Marie de, a learned convert 
 from Judaism to Christianity ; ivas hoim in Lou- 
 
VEIL, C. M.— VEIL, L. C. 445 
 
 vain; died in England about the heginning of the last 
 century. — Explicatio literalis Evaiig. sec. Matth. et 
 Marc. Lond. 1672, 8vo. 2d edit. 1678.— Explicatio 
 literalis Cantici Canticonim, ex fontibus ipsis Scrip- 
 toruin, etc. Ibid. 1679- — Explicatio literalis xii. 
 Minor. Proph. Ibid. 1680, 8vo. — Explicatio litera- 
 lis Ecclesiasticae. Ibid. 1681. — Explicatio literalis 
 Actorum Apostolorum. Ibid. 1684. — A literal Ex- 
 planation of the Acts of the Holy Apostles ; writ- 
 ten in Latin by C. M. de Veil, D. D. now translat- 
 ed into English, out of a copy carefully reviewed 
 and corrected by the author. Ibid. 1685, 8vo. 
 
 All these expository works of this learned and excellent man 
 have long been scarce ; but they possess considerable value. 
 He was well acquainted with Hebrew and rabbinical learning, 
 and possessed an acute and elegant mind. His work on the 
 minor prophets, especially, is very valuable. The work on the 
 Acts, of which the English translation is by himself, and very 
 inferior to the elegance of the Latin original, contains also much 
 useful instruction. Though a literal interpreter, he is not a cold 
 one, or ever indifferent to the great doctrines of the Gospel. 
 His history is very singular. From a .Tew he became a Ro- 
 man Catholic ; popery he abjured for the Church of England ; 
 and the latter he left before he died, and joined the Baptists, 
 among whom he preached till he died. His first edition of the 
 work on iNIatthew and Mark was published when a Catholic ; 
 the second after he became a Protestant ; in the preface to 
 which, he gives an account of his change of sentiment. The 
 work on the Acts was written after he had become Baptist, and 
 contains his sentiments on that subject at considerable length. 
 
 Veil, Lewis Compeigne de, hrother of the 
 former. — Maimonides de Sacrificiis, etc. Lond. 
 1683, 4to. 
 
 This is a Latin version of the work on Sacrifices, by the cele- 
 brated Rabbi Maimonides. It is a book of some importance ai 
 
446 VELTHUSEN— VENEMA— VICCARS. 
 
 a rabbinical performance^, but is not of great moment to the un- 
 derstanding of the word of God. 
 
 Velthusen, John Caspar, German chaplain 
 to George III. aiid minister of the German congre- 
 gation in London, — Exercitationes Criticae in Jobi 
 cap. xix. 23-29. Lond. 1772, 12mo. 
 
 These dissertations were chiefly designed to establish the doc- 
 trine of a future resurrection from the passage examined, of 
 which he gives a new Latin version. The author was well ac- 
 quainted with Hebrew literature, and discusses various ques- 
 tions relative to the book of Job, and the meaning of particular 
 passages in it, with considerable acuteness and piety. Velthu- 
 sen was the author of two other small critical pamphlets in Eng- 
 lish. He also united with Kiiinoel and Rupert in editing Com- 
 mentationes Theologicae, which appeared at Leipzig in six vo- 
 lumes 8vo. from 1794 to 1799- This collection contains many 
 valuable tracts. 
 
 Venema, Hermann, a learned Dutch theolo- 
 gian. — Commentarii ad Psalmos. Leovard. 1762- 
 1767, 6 vol. 4to. — Ad Librum Jeremiae. Ibid. 1765, 
 2 vol. 4to. — Lectiones Academicae ad Ezekielem, 
 edente Verschuir. Ibid. 1790, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Venema is an orthodox writer of the Dutch school. His work 
 on the Psalms is considered valuable by those who can bear its 
 prolixity. Dr. Adam Clarke says of it what David did of Go- 
 liah's sword, " there is none like it." Besides the above, Vene- 
 ma wrote on Daniel, IMalachi, and many other subjects. I have 
 seen a collection of his works in twenty-five thick volumes 4to. 
 
 ViccARs, John, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England, who flourished about 1640. — Decapla in 
 Psalmos, sive Commentarius ex decern linguis, etc. 
 Lond. 1639, fol. 
 
 The ten languages which are referred to in this Decapla are 
 the Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic, Rabbinical, Greek, La- 
 
VITRINGA. 447 
 
 tin, Italian, Spanish, and French. There are also specimens 
 from the Coptic and Persic. A. Wood, says " the book doth 
 plainly demonstrate that he was a most admirable linguist, and 
 the best for the oriental languages in his time." Mr. Todd also 
 speaks of it as a most curious as well as learned work. The 
 opinion of Walch, however, I conceive to be nearer the truth. 
 " It is not a book of great moment, or of great use on the Psalms. 
 The author had a greater knowledge of languages than judg- 
 ment in the use of them." He has been often confounded with 
 John Vicars, a violent Presbyterian, famed by the intemper- 
 ance of some of his writings, and celebrated by Hudibras. They 
 were quite different persons, though much less is known of the 
 author of the Decapla than of the other. 
 
 ViTRiNGA, Campegius, one of the most learned 
 a)id elaborate Dutch theologians ; Professor ofDivU 
 nity and ecclesiastical history in the university of 
 Franeher ; horn 1659 ; died 1722. — Commentarius 
 in librum Prophetiarum Isaiae, quo sensus orationis 
 sedulo invest] gatur ; in veras virorum interpre- 
 tandorum hypotheses inquiritur, et ex iisdem facta 
 interpretatio antiquae historiae monumentis con- 
 firmatur at que illustratur, cum prolegomenis, etc. 
 Leovardiae, 1714-1720, 2 vol. fol. Edit. Opt. 
 1724. — Observationum Sacrarum libri sex, in qui- 
 bus de rebus varii argumenti, et utilissimae investi- 
 gationis, critice ac theologice disseritur ; sacro- 
 rum imprimis librorum loca multa obscuriora nova 
 vel clariore luce perfunduntur. Franequerae, 1700. 
 Amst. 1727, 2 vol. 4to. — Archisynagogus Observa- 
 tionibus no vis illustratus, etc. Ibid. 1685, 4to. — 
 De Synagoga Vetere, libri tres. Ibid. 1696, 
 2 vol. 4to. — Commentarius ad Canticum IMosis, 
 Deut. xxxii. Harlingae, 1734, 4to. — Commenta- 
 rius ad Librum Prophetiarum Zachariae. Leovar- 
 
 1 
 
448 VITRINGA. 
 
 diae, 1734, 4to. — Anacrisis Apocalypseos Joannis 
 Apostoli, qua in veras interpretandae ejus hypothe- 
 ses diligenter inquiritur, et ex iisdem interpretatio 
 facta certis historiarum monumentis confirmatur, 
 atque illustratur, etc. Franequerae, 1705. Amst. 
 1719, 4to. 
 
 These are only part of the theological writings of this labo- 
 rious scholar ; and yet they would seem sufficient to have occu- 
 pied the life of an ordinary man. Devoted to theology from his 
 infancy, and enjoying every possible advantage from education 
 and circumstances; being professor of Hebrew, and afterwards 
 of divinity and ecclesiastical history in the university of Fra- 
 neker ; his whole life was spent in the examination and illus- 
 tration of the sacred writings. I have mentioned the principal 
 of his exegetical and critical works, which were published in La- 
 tin, not in the order of their publication, but in which it may be 
 most convenient to notice them. 
 
 His chief performance is the Commentary on Isaiah, which 
 has long maintained a high and deserved celebrity. It contains 
 a critical investigation of the import of the original words, an 
 explanation of the doctrines, and a full examination of the ac- 
 complishment of the prophecies of Isaiah. The history and cir- 
 cumstances of the neighbouring nations, the Babylonians, Sy- 
 rians, Moabites, Egyptians, Arabians, etc. are introduced to il- 
 lustrate the prophet or confirm the view given of the fulfilment 
 of his predictions. In Prolegomena at the beginning he treats of 
 the author, the era, the subject, the style, the authority, the 
 scope and use of the book, and the order in which it is placed 
 among the sacred writings. Walch assigns him the first place 
 among the interpreters of Isaiah. To this Avork, he says, he 
 brought all the aids of philology, criticism, and history ; and his 
 commentary exhibits prodigious erudition, extraordinary strength 
 of judgment, and very great industry and correctness. He fol- 
 lows partly the plan of Cocceius, in regard to the mystical sense, 
 but never neglects the literal. The testimony of the younger 
 Rosenmiiller, who was of a very diflferent school from Vitringa 
 and Walch, is, notwithstanding, highly honourable. " Vitringa 
 
VITRINGA. 449 
 
 left all the interpreters of Isaiah who had preceded him, far be- 
 hind him." Bishop Lo\vth speaks respectfully of it, and Bishop 
 Watson introduces it into his list of books. The work, however, 
 is exceedingly prolix, containing more than I7OO double columned 
 folio pages. It is also far too systematic and minute in its arrange- 
 ments and divisions ; but those who have time and perseverance 
 to toil through it will require to read very little else on the pro- 
 phecies of Isaiah. 
 
 The Observationes have been frequently reprinted, and contain 
 an immense mass of miscellaneous and learned dissertation on 
 difficult passages of Scripture, and on questions of sacred criti- 
 cism, theology, and antiquities. Even a list of the subjects 
 would occupy more room than can be spared in this work ; but 
 they are all treated with great learning, and often with consi- 
 derable originality. Some of the sentiments, however, are not 
 strictly correct, and perhaps prepared the way for the greater 
 aberrations of the modern German theologians. Walch com- 
 mends the Observationes as specimens of exquisite erudition. 
 
 The Archisynagogus and De Synagoga Fefere, are full of rab- 
 binical learning, and treat of every thing relating to the rulers, 
 elders, servants, services, origin, structure, etc. of the syna- 
 gogues. The author also endeavours to show, that the form of 
 government and service in the ancient synagogue, was the plat- 
 form on which the rule and ministrations of the Christian church 
 were constructed. There is a great deal of research and inge- 
 nuity displayed in these volumes ; there are also much conjec- 
 ture and hypothesis. 
 
 The Commentaries on the Song of Moses, and the Prophecies 
 of Zechariah, were posthumous, and published by Professor Ve- 
 nema. The latter is incomplete, A^itringa having died without 
 finishing it. It goes no farther than the sixth verse of the 
 fourth chapter. 
 
 What he calls his Anacrisis of the Apocalypse, is an analysis 
 and exposition of thfe book of Revelation on the same plan with 
 his work on Isaiah. It contains also a defence of the Protestant 
 scheme of interpreting and applying various parts of it to Rome, 
 in opposition to the attempt of Bossuet to explain them different- 
 ly. Walch praises the accuracy of his method, his solid and 
 learned exposition of words and things, the modesty of his judg- 
 
 2 G 
 
450 VITRINGA, JUNIOR. 
 
 ment concerning other interpreters^ and his moderate definitions 
 of those things which are obscure or still future. 
 
 Vitringa was certainly a greats and, there is every reason to 
 believe, also a good man. His v/ork on the spiritual life, of 
 which I have a French translation, affords a favourable view of 
 his piety and attachment to the great doctrines of the Gospel. 
 Several of his learned works have been translated into German, 
 but none of them has appeared in English. Their extent has 
 probably deterred from the attempt. There is another per- 
 formance of Vitringa, which I have not observed generally 
 mentioned along with his works : — Exercitationes in difficiliora 
 loca prioris Epistolae Pauli ad Corinthios. Franequerae, 1784- 
 1789;. 4to. There are twenty-two of these disputations ; like all 
 the other works of Vitringa,^ they are very learned and very ela- 
 borate. His Doctrina Christianae Religionis, per Aphorismos 
 summatim descripta, does not properly belong to our plan. 
 The original work is small, but the sixth edition, edited by his 
 nephew, Martin Vitringa, and published at Arnheim and Ley- 
 den, I76I-I776, is very voluminous. My copy of it, which 
 consists of six volumes 4to. is incomplete. It is an extensive 
 system of divinity, the notes to which contain references to au- 
 thors innumerable. 
 
 Vitringa, Campegius, the son of the former, 
 and the heir of his virtues and learning; horn 
 1693; died 1^ SI. — Dissertationes Sacrae ; in qui- 
 bus de Rebus varii Argument i critice et theologice 
 disputatur, multisque Scripturae locis nova vel 
 clarior lux adspergitur. Franequerae, 1731, 4to. 
 
 These dissertations were edited by Venema, and are worthy 
 of the son of Vitringa. They contain various essays, both cri- 
 tical and theological ; such as, on the dislocation of Jacob's 
 thigh ; on the Old Serpent, Gen. ii. ; on the feast of taber- 
 nacles ; on the title of the Epistle to the Ephesians ; on the 
 nature of sin, and on the spirit and letter of religion. He seems 
 to have been a man of great promise, but was early removed to 
 flourish in a better country. 
 
VORSTIUS—VOSSIUS— VULGATE. 451 
 
 VoRSTius, John, a German divine ; died 1676. 
 — Pliilologia Sacra de Ebraismis Novi Testamenti, 
 etc. Lugd. Bat. 1658, 4to. With a 2d Part, Anist. 
 1665, 4to. Francof. 1705, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 A main object of this work is to show that the Greek of the 
 New Testament abounds with Hebrew idioms, which render it 
 rugged and obscure. The younger Vitringa published animad- 
 versions on this work, in which he points out the extreme to 
 which Vorstius carried his views. Many phrases he considered 
 Hebraisms, which have been proved to be good Greek. On the 
 other hand, a very unnecessary zeal has been disjilayed by many 
 ■writers to prove that the apostles were elegant Greek scholars. 
 
 Vossius, Isaac, a learned JDidcli critic ; horn 
 1618 ; died 1688. — Dissertationes de Septuagiiita 
 Interpretibiis, eor unique Trail slatione et Chroiiolo- 
 gia. Hag. Com. 1661, 4to. 
 
 In these dissertations Vossius defends the character and chro- 
 nology of the Septuagint against the objections which had been 
 uro;ed asfainst them. He was a warm and indiscriminate admi- 
 rer of that ancient version. In an appendix of Castigatioiies, he 
 attacks Horn and some other writers on the age of the world, 
 and was very smartly answered by Dr. Humphrey Hody in his 
 work, Contra Historiam Aristeae. Oxon. 1685, 8vo. 
 
 Vulgate. 
 
 Of this celebrated version of the Scriptures, the earliest edi- 
 tion is supposed to have been printed by Faust about the year 
 1450. A copy of it, in fine preservation, is to l)e found in the 
 Advocates Library. The edition of 1462 is thought by many 
 to be the first ; it was printed by Faust and Schoeffer at 
 Mentz. The subsequent editions of it have been so numerous, 
 that it would be folly to attempt enumerating even a selection 
 of them. For. common purposes, few of the printed etlitions will 
 be found inadequate. Sixtus V. published one at Rome in 
 three vol. fol. 1530 ; in the bull prefixed to which, he excommu- 
 
452 VULGATE. 
 
 nicates all who. in reprinting the work, should make any altera- 
 tion in the text I It wa.s so incorrect, howeverj that his succes- 
 sor, Gregory XIV. entirely suppressed it : and Clement \'III. 
 who succeeded Gregory, published a corrected edition. The 
 diiferences between these two editions amount to some thou- 
 sands ; the chief of which were noticed and judiciously com- 
 mented on by James in his BeUum Papale. The edition usual- 
 ly printed is that of Clement VIII. 
 
 In a critical view, the Vulgate is of great importance, on 
 account of its anriquity. '' It assists in ascertaining the read- 
 ings of the Hebrew and Greek MSS. about the time in which 
 it was made. It may reasonably be pranomiced, upon the 
 whole, a good aud faithful version. That it is unequal in 
 the style, in respect both of purity and perspicuity, is • :- 
 
 dent; nay, to such a degree, as plainly to evince that it -_-. „.t 
 aQ issued from the same pen. Considered in gross, we have rea- 
 son to think it greatly inferior to Jerome's translation, as made 
 by himself. Its language, barbarous as it often is, has its use in 
 assisting us to understand more perfectly the Latin ecdesiasti-' 
 cal writers of the early ages." On the history and importance 
 of the Vulgate, the reader may consalt Campbell's 10th Prel. 
 Diss, part S ; and his 11th Diss, part 1. Simon's Crit. Hist, of 
 the Old Test, book ii. chap. 11 — 14. Marsh's Michaelis, vol. ii. 
 part 1, sections 21 — 30. Hamilton's Introduction to the He- 
 brew Scriptures, chap. vii. The following is a translarion of the 
 decree of the council of Trent, respecting the authenticity of the 
 Vulgate. " The holy council taking into their consideration that 
 the church of God would receive no small advantage, if, of the 
 several Latin editions at this day to be seen, it were known 
 which ought to be admitted as authentic ; it orders, declares, and 
 determines that the ancient and common edition which has been 
 approved by the church by long use for so many ages, ought to 
 be held as authentic ; that it ought to be received as authentic 
 in the public lessons, disputations, preaching and theological ex- 
 plications, and will not allow that any shall be so bold as to re- 
 ject it on any pretence whatever." The reasoning of Calmet 
 and other Catholics on this decision, seems tolerably fair, — that 
 the council does not intend to compare the \'ulgate with the ori- 
 
WAGENSEIL. 4>53 
 
 ginals;, for tliat was not the question, but with the other Latin 
 versions then circulated. 
 
 Various English versions of the Vulgate have made their 
 appearance. They are all exceedingly literal, and strongly 
 tinctured with the dogmas of popery. A translation of the 
 New Testament, in one vol. 4to. was first published at Rheims 
 in 1582, and was followed by the Old Testament at Douay in 
 I6O9-I6IO, 2 vol. 4to. The authors of this version were Cardinal 
 Allen, Dr. Stappleton, Dr. Bristow, and Dr. Gregory Martin. 
 Dr. Fulke reprinted the New Testament in 1.589, along with 
 the Bishops Bible in parallel columns. The notes are extensive 
 and valuable. Even Mr. Butler, who is a Catholic, calls it "^ a 
 curious performance, which very much deserves the attention of 
 those who study the subjects in controversy between Roman Ca- 
 tholics and Protestants, particularly sucli as turn on scriptural 
 interpretation." Dr. Cornelius Nary published a translation of 
 the New Testament in 8vo. in 1719 J so did Dr. Wetham, Pre- 
 sident of the English College of Douay, in 2 vol. 8vo. 1730. 
 The notes are meagre and unsatisfactory. He foolishly at- 
 tempts to prove that the Vulgate is more correct than the Greek 
 text ! Dr. Challoner, vicar apostolic, published the whole Bible 
 of the Rhemish and Douay version, in 1749-^750, in 5 vol. 8vo. 
 This is a little improved. Webster published a translation of Fa- 
 ther Simon's French version of the Vulgate in 1730, in 2 vol. 4to. 
 A slcreoli/ped edition of the Rhemish New Testament, published 
 at Dublin in 1820, now lies before me. It professes to have 
 been newly revised and corrected according to the Clementine edi- 
 tion of the Scrij)tures, and has the imprimatur of Dr. Troy, the 
 Catholic archbishop. It has no notes, and retains all the mis- 
 translations, and obscure technical phraseology of the original 
 edition. Another English edition has just issued from the press 
 of Bagster. It is very neatly printed in 8vo. uniformly with the 
 polyglot works published by Mr. Bagster. There are a few pa- 
 rallel passages and notes ; and an historical index prefixed. 
 
 WaCtENseii>, John Christopher, Professor 
 of the oriental hniguages at Altorf; horn 1 633 ; 
 died in 1706. — Liber Sota ; sen tie uxore adulteiii 
 
454 WAIT— WAKE, ARCHBISHOP. 
 
 suspecta, etc. Altorf. 1674, 4to. — Tela Ignea Sata- 
 nae, etc. Ibid. 1681, 4to. 
 
 These works contain a great deal of curious Jewish learning. 
 The latter is a collection and confutation of the most violent 
 of the rabbinical writings and calumnies against Christianity. 
 The book is often referred to in controversies with the Jews. 
 
 Wait, Dan. Guildford, of St John's College, 
 Camhridge. — A comparison of certain traditions 
 in the Thalmud, Targumin, and Rabbinical Writ- 
 ers, with circumstances that occurred in the life of 
 our Saviour. Camb. 1814, 8vo. 
 
 This work was originally delivered in four lectures in Advent. 
 They are very learned and curious ; full of rabbinical informa- 
 tion ; but must have been exceedingly uninteresting as pulpit 
 instructions. 
 
 Wake, William, D. D. ArchhisJiop of Canter- 
 bury ; horn in Dorsetshire, 1657 ; died 1737. — The 
 Genuine Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers, trans- 
 lated into English ; with a Preliminary Discourse. 
 Lond. 1693, 8vo. Ibid. 4th edit. 1737, 8vo. 
 
 This volume contains translations of the epistles of Clement, 
 of Polycarp, and of Ignatius ; a relation of the martyrdom of Ig- 
 natius ; the Epistle of the Church of Smyrna concerning the mar- 
 tyrdom of Polycarp, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Shepherd of 
 Hernias, and the remains of St. Clemxent's second Epistle to the 
 Corinthians. All these documents are exceedingly interesting ; 
 and, with the exception of the Shepherd of Hennas, discover 
 evidences of the earliest Christian antiquity. A good deal of 
 the phraseology, particularly of the Epistles of Clement, is re- 
 markably like the language of the New Testament. The trans- 
 lation seems to be faithfully executed. In the preliminary dis- 
 course, the archbishop enters largely into the question of the 
 authenticity and integrity of the documents, and contends 
 strongly that they are all of primitive and apostolical antiquity. 
 
WAKE, W.— WAKEFIELD. 4:55 
 
 Wake, William, a clergymaji of the Church 
 of England. — A new and literal Version of the 
 Psalms into modern language, according to the 
 Liturgy translation, etc. Lond. 1793, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work will not afford the reader much satisfaction. A 
 free translation of a translation is likely to be far enough from 
 the original text. The notes are not valuable. 
 
 Wakefield, Gilbert, a celehrated unitarian 
 writer ; horm 1756 ; died 1801. — Silva Critica : sive 
 in Auctores sacros profanosque Commentarius Phi- 
 lologus. Lond. 1789-1795, 8vo. five parts. 
 
 The Silva Critica contains a considerable portion of ingenious 
 and elegant criticism on numerous passages in the Greek and 
 Roman classics, as well as in the New Testament. • The prin- 
 cipal design of the remarks is to elucidate verbal obscurities,, to 
 correct supposed errors, or to point out latent beauties. General 
 criticisms on the works of the ancients, and observations on the 
 Scriptures, merely theological, seldom occur. Some of the 
 emendations are too conjectural, and discover the natural bold- 
 ness of the author ; but his criticisms often afford a clear and 
 happy solution of difficulties which have hitherto proved insu- 
 perable. The complete work is now become scarce. 
 
 — A Translation of the New Testament, with im- 
 provements. Lond. 1795, 2 vol. 8vo. 2d edition. 
 
 Wakefield published a new translation of the First Epistle to 
 the Thessalonians, in 178L Then he published a new transla- 
 tion of Matthew, with notes, in 1782 ; next, a new translation 
 of those parts only of the New Testament which are wrongly 
 translated in our common version, in 1789; and, lastly, his new 
 translation of the whole New Testament, in 1792, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 He was a good classical and English scholar; but a daring critic, 
 and a man of a most impetuous mind. His translation general- 
 ly preserves the vernacular idiom of the language ; but is never 
 to be depended on where the peculiar doctrines of Christianity 
 are concerned. Dr. Laurence's opinion of him is very correct : 
 
456 WALL— WALTON. 
 
 " A writer certainly of classical taste and of elegant attain- 
 ments, but by no means ranking high on the list of biblical cri- 
 tics ; whose translation of the New Testament is deeply tinc- 
 tured by his creed, and whose professed attachment to truth and 
 candour was too often biassed by prejudice, and disgraced by 
 sarcasm." 
 
 Wall, William, D. D. a clergijman of the 
 Church of England ; horn 1646 ; died 1728. — Cri- 
 tical Notes on the Old and New Testament. Lond. 
 1730-1734, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a valuable work, which explains many difficult ex- 
 pressions. The Hebrew text is corrected in many places from 
 the ancient versions, especially the LXX. with which the au- 
 thor was well acquainted. The notes are generally short and 
 critical, but very apposite. He was not a Hebrew scholar, but 
 assumed that our English translation gives a correct version of 
 the original. This is not always the case. Dr. Wall distin- 
 guished himself in the controversy respecting infant baptism ; 
 of which he wrote an elaborate historical defence, which was an- 
 swered by Gale. Both the works of these learned writers on 
 this subject are worthy of examination, on account of the learn- 
 ing and knowledge of ecclesiastical history which they contain. 
 
 Walton, Brian, D. D. editor of the London 
 Polyglot, and Bishop of Chester ; horn 1600 ; died 
 1661. — Introductio ad Lectionem Linguarum Ori- 
 entalium. Lond. 1655, 12mo. — Dissertatio de Lin- 
 guis Orientalibus. Daventriae, 1658, 12mo. 
 
 Both these small works contain a good deal of learning, and 
 may be considered as belonging to the Polyglot. Along with 
 the last, he printed, — Syntagma de Graeca et Latina Bibliorum 
 interpretatione, by John Wower. He was also the author of 
 The Considerator Considered, in reply to Dr. Owen ; l659, 8vo. 
 This has been republished by Mr. Todd, along with his Life of 
 Walton. The Prolegomena to the Polyglot, of which he fur- 
 nished the greater part, have been published separately in fol. 
 
WARBURTON. 457 
 
 at Zurich, by Heidegger; and in 8vo. at Leipzig in 1777, by- 
 Professor Datlie. They contain a mass of most valuable informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Warburton, William, D. D. Bishoj) of Glou- 
 cester; hor)il6^%\ died 1779' — The divine Legation 
 of Moses, demonstrated on the principles of a reli- 
 gious Deist, from the omission of the doctrine of a 
 future state of rewards and punishments : in Nine 
 Books. Lond. 1738-1741, 3 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This work, in which it has been said, learning appears in her 
 natural character, supplying such arms to genius as only genius 
 could wield, was enlarged and altered in all the subsequent edi- 
 tions published during the author's life ; but was never completed. 
 It is deserving of attention, both on account of the learning and 
 acuteness which it discovers ; and also because it led to one of 
 the most extended controversies of the last century. It occa- 
 sioned the publication of a multitude of books, many of which 
 are noticed in this work, and elicited much interesting illustra- 
 tion of the meaning of the Bible. Warburton's love of paradox 
 is well known. His levity, dogmatism, and surliness, have often 
 been exposed. His love of notoriety, and of the marvellous, was 
 certainly stronger than his attachment to truth. While his ta- 
 lents will always be admired, his character will never be re- 
 spected. His services to theological science are of a very doubt- 
 ful nature ; and, connected with religion, they have been decid- 
 edly injurious. Parts of his system are true, and important, and 
 well supported ; but his main principle is a fallacy, unfounded 
 in itself, and incapable of demonstrating the divine legation of 
 Moses, were it even true. Had he maintained and illustrated 
 the Jewish theocracy on proper principles ; had he perceived its 
 bearings on the Christian economy, and acted consistently with 
 its spiritual prerogatives, he could not have written his Alli- 
 ance, nor would he ever have been Bishop of Gloucester. Tlie 
 ablest recent view of the Warburtonian controversy will be found 
 in the Quarterly Review, vol. ii. p. 401. Its literary liistory is 
 given by D* Israeli, in his Quarrels of Authors. Warburton's 
 
458 WARD— WARDEN. 
 
 whole works were published by Bishop Hurd^ at Londoii;, in 1788, 
 ill seven volumes 4to. 
 
 Ward, John, LL. D. a preshyterian dissenter, 
 
 and Professor of Hhetoric in Gresham College ; 
 
 horn 1679; died 1758. — Dissertations on several 
 
 Passages of Scripture. Lond. 1761-1774, 2 vol. 
 
 8vo. 
 
 These Dissertations are on a number of curious, and some of 
 them interesting, subjects. Professor Ward must have studied 
 the Scriptures with very considerable attention ; and he every- 
 where discovers the greatest veneration for the authority and 
 the doctrines of revelation. Dr. Lardner publislied, in 176*2, a 
 pamphlet of Remarks on his Dissertations, which is reprinted 
 in the last volume of his works. In this production, Lard- 
 ner, while he sometimes differs from Ward, and at other times 
 enlarges on his remarks, speaks very strongly of the author's 
 '' intimate acquaintance with antiquity," and of "' the many cu- 
 rious criticisms and just observations" in his works. 
 
 Warden, John, one of the ministers of Perth, 
 and afterwards of Edinburgh. — A System of Re- 
 vealed Religion, digested under proper heads, and 
 composed in the express words of Scripture ; con- 
 taining all that the sacred records reveal with re- 
 spect to Doctrine and Duty. Edinb. 1769, 4to. 
 Lond. 1819, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a kind of common-place book, in which the author has 
 arranged, under distinct heads, the doctrinal and practical con- 
 tents of the Bible. As it is all expressed in the words of the 
 Scriptures, its complete orthodoxy is necessarily secured. There 
 are a few notes at the bottom of the pages, and occasionally a 
 remark at the end of a chapter. The work discovers considerable 
 judgment, and may afford some assistance to the young student 
 or inquirer. It is recommended by Dr. Robertson, and several 
 other clergymen of the Scotish church. 
 
WARDLAW. 459 
 
 Wardlaw, Ralph, D. D. a congregational 
 minister in Glasgow, — Discourses on the Princi- 
 pal Points of the Socinian Controversy. Glasg. 
 1814, 8vo. — A Vindication of Unitarianism, in re- 
 ply to Mr. Wardlaw's Discourses, by James Yates. 
 Ibid. 1815, 8vo. — Unitarianism Incapable of Vindi- 
 cation ; a reply to the Rev. James Yates's Vindica- 
 tion, by Ralph Wardlaw. Ibid. 1816, 8vo. 
 
 In these volumes, the reader will iind some of the ablest dis- 
 cussion on the subjects of the unitarian controversy which has 
 appeared for many years. They are not mentioned here, how- 
 ever, as polemical works, but as containing many valuable criti- 
 cisms and expository remarks. In the two volumes by Dr. 
 Wardlaw, every passage of Scripture of importance relating to 
 the deity and atonement of Christ, is brought forward, illustrat- 
 ed ^^'ith great clearness, and defended with great calmness and 
 ability. The other side has not been weakly defended by Mr. 
 Yates. On which side the truth lies, the author of this work 
 entertains no doubt. 
 
 — Lectures on the Book of Ecclesiastes. Glasg. 
 1821, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is a very elegant and valuable commentary on an ex- 
 ceedingly difficult portion of Scripture. As lectures addressed 
 to a popular audience, they necessarily abound in doctrinal and 
 practical illustration, and contain little matter of a critical na- 
 ture. That Dr. Wardlaw has solved all the difficulties of Eccle- 
 siastes, it would be unreasonable to expect ; but he has done 
 much to remove many of them, and has shown that they are less 
 formidable than is generally supposed^ Few men could have in- 
 troduced the great topics of Christianity into such a work so ad- 
 mirably as Dr. Wardlaw has done. What, in the hands of others, 
 has generally been a dry field of mere moral exhortation, and 
 common-place maxims of life and manners, under his culture is 
 enriched with evangelical truths, and blooms with the fruits of 
 Christian piety and love. 
 
460 WATERLAND— .WATSON. 
 
 Waterland, Daniel, D.D. a learned English 
 clergyman ; master of Magdalene College^ Cam-- 
 bridge; hornlQSS\ died 17^0, — Scripture Vindi- 
 cated ; in answer to a book entitled, Christianity as 
 old as the Creation. In four parts. 1730, 1734, 8vo. 
 
 This is an important work^ which contains many very excel- 
 lent observations and criticisms on numerous passages of the Old 
 Testament. Dr. Waterland distinguished himself in the trini- 
 tarian controversy. The above work, however^ which is now 
 scarce, is of much more importance. It was attacked by Dr. 
 Middleton in an anonymous Letter to Dr. Waterland, 1731, 8vo. 
 This produced Remarks on a Letter to Dr. W. by Philobiblicus 
 Cantabrigiensis, 1731, 8vo. This was followed by Celsus Tri- 
 umphatus, or Moses Vindicated, in answer to the Letter to Dr. 
 Waterland, by Edward Underbill, 1732, 8vo. Dr. Zachary 
 Pearce also produced a Reply to the Letter to Dr. Waterland, 
 1732, Svo. Middleton published A Defence of his Letter, 1732, 
 8vo. ; to which Pearce produced A Reply, 1732. This led to 
 Some Remarks, 1732, by Dr. Middleton; and was followed by 
 Reflections on the Letter and its Defence, 1732. The contro- 
 versy is very curious, and was carried on with great vigour by 
 the distinguished persons who engaged in it. The scepticism 
 and subtilty of Middleton are strikingly displayed on the one 
 side, and very ably met and exposed on the other. 
 
 Watson, Richard, D.D. Bishop of L,landaff; 
 horn in 1737 ; died 1819. — A Collection of Theolo- 
 gical Tracts, in Six Volumes. Lond. 1791, 8vo. 21d 
 edit. 
 
 These Tracts, with a few exceptions, are of a very liberal 
 character, as theological productions. Those of them which pro- 
 perly belong to our plan are noticed under the names of their 
 respective authors. The list of books at the end, though badly 
 arranged, contains many valuable publications, with a ioiw scanty 
 notices of their character. The Apologies for Christianity and 
 the Bible are well known, and the best of the Bishop's writings. 
 His auto-biography affords a singular display of great talents^ 
 
WEDDERBURN— WEEMSE. 461 
 
 high independence, and disappointed pride. Bishop Watson 
 would not allow that he was a Socinian himself; but neither 
 would he admit that a Socinian was not a Christian. So, thoush 
 he did not write Socinian books, he republished those of others, 
 and recommended, in his list, the most celebrated of the Fratres 
 Poloni. It is necessary to put the inquirer on his guard in re- 
 ference to the Bishop's reprints and recommendations. 
 
 Wedderbuun, Alexander, aScotish writer of 
 the seventeenth centurij. — Radii Augustiniani ; sive 
 Praecipuae S. Patris Augustini in Sacrae Scripturae 
 locos Annotationes, ex omnibus ipsius operibus col- 
 lectae, et juxta SS. librorum, capitum, et versuum 
 ordinem digestae. Sylvae Ducis, 1652, 12mo. 
 
 The nature of this small work is sufficiently evident from the 
 title, which I have inserted at length . The extracts are mostly 
 of a moral or practical nature, and appear to have been collected 
 with considerable labour. As the volume is exceedingly scarce, 
 the only copy I have seen being in the Advocates Library, it is 
 rather an object of curiosity than otherwise of importance. 
 
 Weemse, John, of Lathocker, in Scotland; Pre- 
 hendary of Durham^ and minister of JDunse ; died 
 in 1636. — The Christian Synagogue ; wherein is 
 contained the diverse Reading, the right Pointing, 
 Translation, and Collation of Scripture with Scrip- 
 ture. Lond. 1623, 4to. — Exercitations Divine ; 
 containing diverse Questions and Solutions for the 
 right understanding of the Scriptures. Ibid. 1632, 
 4to. — An Exposition of the Laws of Moses, Moral, 
 Ceremonial, and Judicial. Ibid. 1632, 3 vol. 4to. 
 
 These are the principal works of a man who possessed very 
 considerable learning and information. He was well acquainted 
 with the original Scriptures, with Jewish manners and antiqui- 
 ties, and with the best mode of interpreting the Bible. The 
 style is quaint, but always intelligible. Prefixed to the Christ- 
 ian Synagogue is an address by William Symson, minister of 
 
46'2 WELLS. 
 
 Diinbarton, and author of a work on the Hebrew accents^ in 
 which he says^, '^' The author, besides the most approved of the 
 Greek and Latin writers, hath well read, with deliberation also, 
 the ancient customs of the Jews in their own Rabbines, and hath 
 mentioned so many of them, as gives no small light for the un- 
 derstanding of the text, and likewise hath had conference upon 
 the same things with the most approved scholars of the king- 
 dom." The work is divided into three books. The first treats 
 of the means, '' both inward and outward, for ascertaining the 
 meaning of the Scriptures." The second '^ unfolds the true 
 sense of the Scripture itself, and the way of gathering doctrines 
 from any text." The third " teaches the true manner of con- 
 firming, illustrating, and applying the doctrines collected from 
 the Scriptures." His Divine Exercitations are nineteen in num- 
 ber ; mostly on the integrity, the style, and the excellency of the 
 Scriptures. The works on the Laws of Moses contain many 
 things that are useful and curious, together with a good deal of 
 fancy and rabbinical trifling. The writings of Weemse, though 
 now greatly superseded, are not unworthy of being remembered. 
 
 Wells, Edward, D. D. a clergi/man of the 
 Church of England^ who died hi 1727. — Sacred 
 Geography of the Old and New Testament. Lond. 
 1711, 4 vol. 8vo. Edited and improved by the edi- 
 tor of Calmet's Dictionary and Fragments. Lond. 
 1804, 4to. 
 
 This is a very useful work on the places mentioned in Scrip- 
 ture. It is recommended by Dr. Henry Owen ; and was trans- 
 lated into German by Panzer, and published at Nuremberg, 
 with numerous additions, in I764. 
 
 — Paraphrase on the Old and New Testament. 
 Lond. 1709-1724, 7 voL 4to. 
 
 This work was not regularly published, and is seldom to be 
 found complete. The New Testament contains the Greek text 
 amended, with occasional alterations of our version^ and a few 
 notes. It is not a work of great importance or reputation. 
 
WEMYSS— WERENFELS—WESLEY, J. 463 
 
 though it contains some things that may be useful. A full ana- 
 lysis of its contents is given by IMr. Home. 
 
 Wemyss, Thomas, a litei^ary gentleman belong- 
 ing to Scotland, noic residing in York. — Biblical 
 Gleanings. 1816, 8vo. 
 
 This work contains a large collection of passages of Scripture, 
 that have been generally considered to be mistranslated in the 
 common English version, with proposed corrections. It notices 
 also the important various readings, and various other things cal- 
 culated to throw light on the Scriptures. It is a very valuable 
 compilation, and would have been still more useful had the au- 
 thor preserved a more regular arrangement of the passages, and 
 given a reference to the authorities on which the corrections are 
 founded. A person who possesses few critical helps will, how- 
 ever, find this a book of importance. 
 
 Werenfels, Samuel, a Swiss divine ; Profes- 
 sor of Divinity in the university of JBasil ; horn 
 1657 ; died 1740. — Opuscula Theologica, Philoso- 
 phica, et Philologica. Basil. 1718, 4to. Lausannae, 
 1739, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 Werenfels was a laborious and a learned man. His treatises 
 on the miracles of Scripture, and on the Logomachies of the 
 learned, several others of his dissertations, and his philologi- 
 cal remarks on passages of Scripture contained in his works, are 
 all deserving of an attentive perusal. He was a man who 
 thought for himself, and at the same time knew how to reve- 
 rence the doctrines and authority of the word of God. 
 
 Wesley, John, the founder of the Methodists ; 
 born 1703 ; died 1791.— Notes on the Old and New 
 Testament. Lond. 1764, 4 vol. 4to. 
 
 '' The Notes on the Old Testament," says Dr. Clarke, '' are 
 allowed on all hands to be meagre and unsatisfactory. Those 
 on the New, which have gone through several editions, are of 
 a widely different description : though short, they are always 
 
464 WESLEY, SAM.^WEST. 
 
 judicious, accurate, spiritual, terse, and impressive ; and possess 
 the happy and rare property of leading the reader to God and 
 his own heart." Many parts of the translation of the New Tes- 
 tament are altered, and considerably improved. A 12mo. edi- 
 tion of the improved translation, with an analysis of the several 
 books and chapters, was published in 1790. 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, Rector of Epworth^ andju- 
 
 ther of John Wesley ; horn 1662; diedl7S5, — Dis- 
 
 sertationes et Conjecturae in Librum Jobi. Lond. 
 
 1736, fol. 
 
 For this work the author issued proposals in 1729; but he 
 did not live to see it published. It was finished at the press by 
 his son Samuel. It is chiefly curious for the portrait of the pa- 
 triarch with which it is adorned. This is not an original idea. 
 Hog, a Scotish poetical paraphrast on the book, had before fur- 
 nished an engraving of Job : Hog, however, represents him 
 in his distress, Wesley in his honour. The author possessed 
 considerable learning, and some poetical talent ; but neither 
 his conjectures nor his illustrations throw much light on this 
 ancient poem. 
 
 West, Gilbeut, Esq. LL. D. an excellent scho- 
 lar ; died 1755. — Observations on the History and 
 Evidences of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Lond. 
 1749, 8vo. Printed along with Lord Lyttelton on 
 the Conversion of St. Paul, and the Trial of the 
 Witnesses of the Resurrection. Ibid. 1807, 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the acutest and best reasoned works which 
 have appeared in English on the resurrection of Christ. The 
 difl^erent accounts of the Evangelists are accurately examined 
 and compared together j and the apparent discrepances in their 
 testimony reconciled, or shown to strengthen the general body 
 of evidence. There are likewise some very excellent remarks 
 of a critical nature on some of the terms and phrases employed 
 by the Evangelists. In a dissertation, by the same author, on 
 the Olympic games, some of the allusions in the New Testament 
 to these ancient sports are very happily illustrated. 
 
WESTON— WETSTEIN. 4()5 
 
 Weston, Stephen, B. D. Rector of Mamhead, 
 — An Attempt to translate and explain the difficult 
 passages in the Song of Deborah, etc. Lond. 1788, 
 4to. — Conjectures, with some Comments and Illus- 
 trations of various Passages in the New Testa- 
 ment, particularly the Gospel of St. Matthew. Ibid. 
 1795, 4to. 
 
 Mr. Weston brought to the translation of Deborah's Song a 
 respectable portion of learning, and a keen appetite for critical 
 conjecture. The difficulties of the passages are very considerable ; 
 and if he has frequently failed, it has been where success and 
 satisfaction are perhaps not to be attained. Mr. Weston is 
 known as one of those who furnished some of the notes in Bow- 
 yer's Conjectures on the New Testament. He is a very consi- 
 derable oriental scholar, and has published several works re- 
 lating to Persic and Chinese literature. 
 
 Wetstein, John James, a learned Lutheran 
 divine; horn at Basil, 1693; died 1754. — Novum 
 Testamentum Graecum editionis receptae, cum lec- 
 tionibus variantibus codicum MSS. editionum alia- 
 rum, versionum et patrum, necnon commentario 
 pleniore ex Scriptoribus veteribus, Hebraeis, Graecis, 
 et Latinis, historiam, et vim verborum illustrante. 
 Amst. 1751-1752, 2 vol. fol. 
 
 This is the most elaborate and valuable of all the critical edi- 
 tions of the New Testament. The text is that of the common 
 Elzevir edition ; the various readings and illustrative quotations 
 form an immense body of critical information. '' Wetstein's 
 merits as a critic,'.' says Dr. Marsh, '' undoubtedly surpass the 
 merits of his predecessors : he alone contributed more to ad- 
 vance the criticism of the Greek Testament than all ^ho had 
 gone before him : and this task he performed, not only without 
 support, either public or private, but during a series of severe 
 trials, under which a mind of less energy than Wetstein's would 
 
 2 H 
 
466 WHISTON. 
 
 infallibly have sunk. In shorty he gave a new turn to the criti- 
 cism of the Greek Testament, and laid the foundation on which 
 later editors have built." Wetstein was inclined to Socinianism 
 in his theological opinions, which appears occasionally in his phi- 
 lological and illustrative remarks ; in which almost every form of 
 expression used by the New Testament writers is explained. 
 Dr. Marsh defends Wetstein against various strictures of Mi- 
 chaelis. The prolegomena were published by themselves at 
 Amsterdam, in 4to. in 1730. The labour of this invaluable work 
 may be estimated by the simple fact, that it contains about a 
 million of quotations. 
 
 Whiston, William, a learned hut eccentric 
 clergyman of the Church of England, who was ex- 
 pelled from his professorship of mathematics at 
 Cambridge on account of his Arianism ; horn 1667 ; 
 died 1752. — Primitive Christianity revived. Lond. 
 1711,4 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These volumes contain the Epistles of Ignatius, and the 
 Apostolical Constitutions in Greek and English, which are 
 valuable ancient documents, though Whiston reasons very foolish- 
 ly on them. 
 
 — An Essay towards restoring the True Text of 
 the Old Testament. Lond. 17^2, 8vo. 
 
 This essay contains many things worthy of consideration ; and 
 the appendix furnishes an English version of all the passages in 
 the Samaritan Pentateuch in which it differs from the Hebrew. 
 
 — The Primitive New Testament, in four parts. 
 Lond. 1745, 8vo. 
 
 This is a book of importance. It contains a literal translation 
 of the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, according to the Codex 
 Bezae, which differs very considerably from the common MSS. 
 of the New Testament ; the Epistles of Paul, according to the 
 Clermont MS. ; and the Catholic Epistles, according to the 
 Alexandrian MS. as collated by Dr. Mill. 
 
WHITAKER— WHITBY. 46? 
 
 — ^An Essay on the Revelation of St. John, so far 
 as concerns the past and present times. Lond. 
 1744, 4to. 2d edit. 
 
 This book partakes largely of the wildness, as well as of the 
 learning of Whiston, and is now of little importance. The Me- 
 moirs of this singular man, published by himself, contain some 
 curious information respecting his times^ and afford a view of 
 great honesty and disinterestedness, combined with an extraor- 
 dinary degree of superstition and love of the marvellous. 
 
 Whitaker, E. W. a clei^gijman of the Church 
 of England, — A Commentary on the Revelation of 
 St. John, accompanied with historical testimony of 
 its accomplishment to the present day. Lond. 
 1802, 8vo. 
 
 The attention of the writer of this work is too exclusively 
 fixed on the papacy, and the secular affairs of the earth. He 
 concludes by declaring his belief, that the coming of the Lord 
 Jesus Christ to reward every man according to his worksj, is at 
 hand, and takes heaven and earth to witness that he had given 
 warning ! It is a poor production ; but the author often compels 
 Gibbon to bear witness to the fulfilment of Scripture prophecy. 
 
 Whitby, Daniel, D.D. a clergtjman of the 
 Church of England ; was horn in 1638; died in 
 1 725. — A Paraphrase and Commentary on the New 
 Testament. Lond. 1703, 1709, 2 vol. fol. and of- 
 ten reprinted in folio and qnarto. 
 
 Few men have brought a greater portion of natural acuteness, 
 and a larger measure of appropriate learning to the interpreta- 
 tion of the Scriptures, than Whitby. His knowledge of the Bi- 
 ble itself was extensive, and his acquaintance with the ^\Titings 
 of the Fathers, and of modern interpreters, profound. On a dif- 
 ficult text or expression, the reader will seldom consult him in 
 vain ; and, if proper allowance is made for his theological pre- 
 possessions, few commentators will be found more useful. Three 
 
468 WHITE. 
 
 things Whitby never loses sight of, Popery, Calvinism, and So- 
 cinianism. Of all these, he is in this work the most determined 
 opponent. To the two former he continued opposed during life ; 
 but to Socinianism, as appears from his Lasf Thoughts, he be- 
 came reconciled before he died. The chief objection to the com- 
 mentary is the quantity of controversy which it contains. The 
 learned writer evidently studied the Bible rather as a controver- 
 sialist than a critic or a Christian, which makes his fatal tergi- 
 versation less matter of surprise. 
 
 — Examen variantium Lectionum Johannis Mil- 
 lii. Lond. 1710, foL and also annexed to the folio 
 edition of his New Testament, 1727. 
 
 This work was occasioned by the publication of Mill's edition 
 of the New Testament, with 30,000 various readings. " In this 
 Examen," says Bishop Marsh, " the author argues as if every 
 printed word were precisely the same as it was originally writ- 
 ten ; he asserts that, in all places, the reading of the common 
 text may be defended, in lis oinnibiis lectiojiem textus defeiidi 
 posse. And this palpably false position, set forth in the title- 
 page itself, he made the basis of a severe and bitter criticism on 
 a work which he was unable to appreciate." 
 
 White, Joseph, D. D. Professor of Arabic, and 
 afterwards of Hehrew in the university of Oxford ; 
 born 1746; died 1814. — Sacrorum Evangeliorum 
 Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana, ex Codd. MSS. Rid- 
 leianis, in Bibl. Coll. Nov. Oxon. repositis, nunc 
 primum edita ; cum Interpretatione, et Annota- 
 tionibus. Oxon. 1778, 2 vol. 4to. 
 
 This is an accurate edition and version of the Syriac transla- 
 tion of the Gospels, supposed to have been made in the sixth 
 century by Philoxenus bishop of Hieropolis. It is much inferior 
 to the Peshito, or the ancient literal Syriac version ; but still 
 possesses value both to the critic and the interpreter of the New 
 Testament. An able critique on it will be found in Marsh's Mi- 
 chaelis, vol. ii. part i. chap. vii. sec. 11. Professor White pub- 
 
WILLET. 469 
 
 lished the Acts of the Apostles, and the Catholic epistles of the 
 same version in 1799> and the Epistles of Paul in 1804, both in 
 4to. and accompanied by a Latin translation. 
 
 — Novum Testamentum Graece, etc. Oxon. 1798, 
 2 vol. 8vo. » 
 
 In this edition of the Greek Testament, Professor White re- 
 prints the received text, but exhibits very distinctly all those 
 variations which Griesbach considers of equal or superior au- 
 thority to it. He also marks the readings, which ought, in 
 Griesbach's opinion, to be removed from the text. It is a use- 
 ful edition. In 1799^ the same learned writer published his 
 Diatessaron, or Harmony of the Gospels, which is much esteem- 
 ed. To all these ought to be added his Criseos Griesbachianae 
 in Novum Testamentum Synopsis. Lond. 1811, 8vo. 
 
 WiLLET, Andrew, 07ie of the most learned of 
 the imritan ministers ; horn in 1562; died in 1621. 
 — Hexapla ; that is, a Sixfold Commentary on the 
 Books of Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus. Lond. 
 1622-1632, 3 vol. fol. — An Exposition upon the 
 First and Second Books of Samuel. Ibid. 1614, fol. 
 — Hexapla ; that is, a Sixfold Commentary on the 
 Prophecies of Daniel. Ibid. 1610, fol. — Hexapla ; 
 that is, a Sixfold Commentary upon the most di- 
 vine Epistle of Paul to the Romans. Ibid. 1611, fol. 
 
 All these works of Willet, though somewhat tedious, contain 
 valuable matter. He possessed a very considerable acquaintance 
 with the Scriptures, and with the languages in which they were 
 written. The work on Daniel is considered as the most valuable. 
 Dr. Williams speaks respectfully of them all ; but in none of 
 them, he says, does he discover more skill and judgment than 
 in that on Daniel. He died while employed in illustrating 
 Leviticus.- It was " perused and finished by Peter Smith." 
 Willet was an exceedingly laborious man, who wrote very large- 
 ly on the popish controversy. His Synopsis Papismi, a folio 
 volume of thirteen himdred pages; in which it is alleged he re- 
 
470 WILLIAMS, J WILLIAMS, T. 
 
 futes Jifteen hundred errors, went through five editions. He 
 wrote besides many other controversial books. 
 
 Williams, John, LL.D. a dissenting minister^ 
 and keeper of Dr. Williams's Library ^ London, — 
 A Free Inquiry into the Authenticity of the first 
 and second chapters of St. Matthew's Gospel. Lond. 
 1771, 1789, 8vo. 
 
 This work was published anonymously, but its author was 
 Dr. Williams, who had previously published a better book ; a 
 Greek and English Concordance to the New Testament. The 
 above pamphlet is an attack upon the first two chapters of Mat- 
 thew, of which the editors of the Unitarian version have very 
 greedily laid hold. An able examination of the Inquiry will be 
 found in the second volume of Magee on the Atonement. There 
 were also several anonymous replies to it when it first appeared. 
 One of these was by Charles Bulkley, though himself a Soci- 
 nian. 
 
 Williams, Thomas, a learned dissenting lay- 
 man. — The Song of Songs, which is by Solomon. 
 A new Translation ; with a commentary and notes. 
 Lond. 1801, 8vo. 
 
 This is a respectably executed literal version of the Song of 
 Solomon, in which the mystical sense is maintained throughout. 
 The Song is divided into seven parts, corresponding with the 
 seven days which the Jewish marriages lasted ; and these parts 
 are distributed among several speakers. There are two disser- 
 tations prefixed ; one on the origin of language, and the other 
 on the authority and design of the Song. There is also an 
 account of nearly forty writers on it. The number might have 
 been considerably increased, and still it is doubtful whether 
 the Song is yet well understood. Some of Mr. Williams's ren- 
 derings are good ; but his evangelical applications will appear 
 to many more doubtful. The truths themselves which are stat- 
 ed are unquestionable ; but that they are contained in the me- 
 taphorical expressions of the Song, is not so obvious. 
 
WILLIS— WILSON. 471 
 
 Willis, John, a clergyman of the Church of 
 England. — The Actions of the Apostles ; translated 
 from the original Greek. Lond. 1789, 8vo. 
 
 This is the only separate version of the book of Acts in the 
 English language^ and by no means supersedes the necessity of 
 another. The author appears to have been a respectable Greek 
 scholar^ but deficient in some other qualifications not less neces- 
 sary to a translator of the Scriptures. Some of his renderings 
 are good, others are fanciful^, and others not sufficiently justified. 
 The notes are added, under the designation of proofs and illus- 
 trations. From his translation of 1 Tim. iii. l6", the reader may 
 try to form his own opinion of Mr. Willis's sentiments and me- 
 rits : " For without controversy great is the incomprehensibility 
 of the right adoration, which has been displayed visible in a 
 body ; innocent in soul j revealed to prophets ; proclaimed 
 among nations ; believed upon earth ; exalted to glory." P. 210. 
 Is this translation .^ 
 
 Wilson, Andrew, M.D. son of Gabriel Wilson, 
 minister of Maxton, in the south of Scotland. He 
 practised as a physician in Newcastle and London, 
 and died at Bath ahout 1780. — The Creation the 
 ground-work of Revelation, and Revelation the 
 Language of Nature. Edinb. 1750, 8vo. — Short Ob- 
 servations on the Principles and moving Powers 
 assumed by the present System of Philosophy. 1764, 
 8vo. — Human Nature surveyed by Philosophy and 
 Revelation. 1758, 8vo. — Reflections upon some of 
 the Subjects in dispute, between the Author of the 
 Divine Legation of Moses and a late Professor in 
 the University of Oxford. 8vo. n. d. — An Explica- 
 tion and Vindication of the first Section of the short 
 Observations. 1764, 8vo. 
 
 To none of these curious productions was the name of tlie au- 
 thor affixed. He was a decided Hutchinsonian^ and a man of 
 
472 WINTLE— WITSIUS. 
 
 very considerable genius. He endeavours to demonstrate in the 
 first article^, that the Hebrew language is founded upon natural 
 ideas, and that the Hebrew writings transfer them to spiritual 
 pbjects. In the next he opposes the Newtonian philosophy ; 
 and in his Reflections he expresses himself freely respecting both 
 Warburton and Lowth. All the pamphlets contain remarks on 
 the Scriptures, and are now very scarce. 
 
 WiNTLE, Thomas, B. D. a clergijmmi of the 
 Church of England, and Fellow of Pembroke Col- 
 lege; horn 1737 ; died 1814. — Daniel, an improved 
 Version attempted ; with a preliminary Disserta- 
 tion, and notes, critical, historical, and explanatory. 
 Oxf. 1792, 4to. 
 
 This work is the last of those learned and valuable perfor- 
 mances on the prophets, which were begun by Bishop Lowth, 
 and carried on by Blayney, Newcome, and Wintle. Very con- 
 siderable labour has been bestowed on Daniel : and the author, be- 
 sides his own research, has availed himself of the manuscript col- 
 lections of Seeker, and the notes of several other learned oriental 
 scholars. It would be too much to say, that all the difficulties 
 of this important, and, in some places, very obscure book, are re- 
 moved ; but very considerable light is thrown on many parts of 
 it, and it is worthy of being ranked with the rest of the learned 
 works, the series of which it completed. Besides this, Mr. 
 Wintle was the author of a Dissertation on the Vision contain- 
 ed in the second chapter of Zechariah, 1797? 8vo. and of eight 
 Bampton Lectures on the Christian Redemption. 
 
 WiTSius, Herman, a learned Dutch theologian; 
 horn 1636 ; died 1708. — Miscellanea Sacra. Traj. 
 ad Rhen. 1692, 4to. — Aegyptiaca. Amst. 1696, 4to. 
 
 Both these books, which are but a portion of the works of 
 this learned and laborious man, contain a number of disserta- 
 tions on important scriptural subjects, which are treated very 
 judiciously. The former contains dissertations on the prophets, 
 and prophecy ; on the mysteries of the I,evitical tabernacle ; a 
 
WOIDE. 473 
 
 comparison of the priesthood of Aaron and Christ ; Daniel's 
 four beasts ; the worship of Moloch ; the present and future 
 age ; the apocalyptic epistles. The object of the Aegyptiaca 
 is to show, in opposition to Spencer and Marsham, that the 
 sacred rites of the Israelites were not borrowed from the 
 Egyptians. It is the best work on this subject that has yet 
 been produced. His work on the Covenants has long been 
 known in an English translation ; and recently, a very respect- 
 able translation of his Dissertations on the Creed, with notes 
 critical and explanatory, has appeared, by the Rev. Donald 
 Eraser, minister of Kennoway. Edinb. 1823, 2 vol. 8vo. 
 
 WoiDE, Charles Godehey, D. D. librarian 
 to the British 3Iuseum ; a native of Poland ; died 
 1790. — Novum Testamentum Graecum, e codice 
 MS. Alexaiidrino descriptum. Lond. 1786, fol. 
 
 This is a splendid and accurate fac-simile of the celebrated 
 Alexandrian MS. of the New Testament. It occupies 260 
 pages, besides the preface, which gives an account of the MS. 
 and the list of various readings at the end. Dr. Woide was a 
 distinguished Coptic or Egyptian scholar, and produced several 
 works connected with the ancient language of that country. 
 The preface and the various readings of this splendid work were 
 republished by Professor Spohn, in ] 79^^ under the title of 
 Notitia Codicis Alexaiidrini, cum variis ejus lecfionibus omnibus, 
 Lipsiae, Svo. This volume contains some valuable additional 
 notes by Spohn. He disputes the antiquity ascribed to the 
 Alexandrian MS. by Woide, and in some other particulars dif- 
 fers from that industrious scholar. 
 
 — Fragmenta Novi Testamenti, e Versione Aegyp- 
 tiaca Dialecti Thebaidicae, Saliidicae, seu superioris 
 Aegypti. Oxon. 1799, fol. 
 
 This work was completed by Dr. Ford, Woide having died 
 when the volume was advanced only to the end of Luke. The 
 fragments, of which there is a Latin translation, are a valuable 
 addition to our biblical apparatus. Some of them are supposed 
 to be nearly as old as the second century. To the work is pre- 
 
474 WOLFIUS. 
 
 fixed an elaborate and learned dissertation by Dr. Woide^ and 
 there are many useful notes by Dr. Ford. 
 
 WoLFius, John Christopheii, a JLutheran 
 clergyman at Hamhtirg ; horn 1683; died 1739. 
 — Curae Philologicae et Criticae in Novum Testa- 
 inentum, etc. Basil. 1741, 5 vol. 4to. 
 
 The various objects of this extensive work are^, a defence, 
 when necessary, of the integrity of the Greek text ; philologi- 
 cal illustrations of its words and idioms; an enumeration of 
 various interpretations ; and an examination of them^, in which 
 they are either defended or opposed. The Curae may be consi- 
 dered a valuable index to the writings of the more recent conti- 
 nental divines and philologists on the New Testament ; but the 
 numerous references in it to many works which it is quite im- 
 possible to procure in this country, render it somewhat tanta- 
 lizing. It is not, however, a book of mere reference ; it often 
 quotes at length the sentiments of authors that are not else- 
 where to be had. Unlike the Synopsis of Poole, W^olfius fre- 
 quently enters at length into the subject himself, and enables 
 the reader to form his own judgment, amidst the jarring opinions 
 of critics and commentators. It is right to notice, that he does 
 not interfere with the critics who form the basis of the Synop- 
 sis, but confines himself chietly to those who wrote subsequently 
 to them. He commonly defends the received Greek text, and 
 on aU doctrinal subjects, is a friend to orthodoxy. The work 
 bears a high character on the continent, and is less consulted in 
 this country than, considering its importance, it deserves. 
 
 " John Christopher Wolf," says Bishop Marsh, in his notes 
 on Michaelis, " made it a part of his principal object, in his 
 well-known Curae Criticae Philologicae, to treat of the various 
 readings of the Greek Testament, and to confute those which 
 deviate without reason from the common text. But this very 
 learned writer seems to have carried the matter too far, though, 
 in other respects, he has given us a most excellent and valuable 
 work ; for he has sometimes no other argument to oppose to a 
 reading supported by the authority of numerous Greek manu- 
 scripts, than that the apostle has, in other places, used the ex- 
 pression or construction which he defends ; but it is more rea- 
 
WOLFIUS. 475 
 
 sonable to suppose that one passage had been corrupted from the 
 other. In the latter part of the Curae^ he takes particular pains 
 to confute Bengelius ; but the truth seems to be„ in most cases, 
 on the side of that eminent critic. In short, he was determined 
 to vindicate the readings of the common editions of the Greek 
 Testament whenever he had the least to oiFer in their defence." 
 Vol. ii. p. 428. 
 
 As Wolf is the last writer that is noticed in this work, who 
 illustrates tlie phraseolog}-^ of the New Testament by references 
 to the Greek classical ^vriters, before concluding this article, I 
 think it right to quote the testimony of two very competent 
 judges, respecting the value of this mode of biblical interpreta- 
 tion. Referring to Alberti, Bos, Eisner, Ellis, Raphel, and 
 Wolf, Dr. Doddridge says, " Books which I cannot but recom- 
 mend to my young friends, as proper, not only to ascertain the 
 sense of a variety of words and phrases which occur in the apos- 
 tolic writings, but also to form them to the most useful method 
 of studying the Greek classics; those great masters of good sense, 
 elegant expression, just lively painting, and masculine eloquence, 
 to the neglect of which I cannot but attribute that enervate, disso- 
 lute, and puerile manner of writing, which is growing so much 
 on the present age, and will probably consign so many of its 
 productions to speedy oblivion." Expos, vol. i. pref. p. xi. 
 
 The other passage I shall take the liberty to extract from 
 Bishop Jebb's learned and elegant work on sacred literature. 
 ^' After having read, with much attention, and, I hope, with 
 some profit, Mosheim's able dissertation against the practice of 
 extensively illustrating Scripture from the classic writers, I am 
 by no means a convert to his way of thinking. To examine the 
 nicer variations both of thought and expression, when the same 
 subject is discussed by writers of different ages and countries, 
 or even of the same age and country, is a valuable exercise of 
 mind : it aids philosophical discrimination. But, where sacred 
 Scripture is concerned, the habit of such examination serves a 
 higher purpose. It enables us to see, that, on the greatest moral 
 questions, God left not himself without witness among the sages, 
 and the men of letters in the Gentile world ; and to ascertain, 
 how far those luminaries are obscured, and how far they reflect 
 any unpolluted beams, proceeding originally from the Father 
 
476 WOODHOUSE— WORSELEY. 
 
 and fountain of all spiritual light. It enables us^ also, to esta- 
 blish, that, in native energy of thought, in lucid clearness of con- 
 ception, and in the sublimities and beauties of language and ex- 
 pression, the writers of the New Testament are equal, and fre- 
 quently superior, to the noblest writers of classical antiquity." 
 P. 306. 
 
 WooDHOUSE, John Chappel, D. D. Archdeacon 
 of Salop. — The Apocalypse, or Revelation of St. 
 John translated ; with notes, critical and explana- 
 tory. Lond. 1806, 8vo. 
 
 This is one of the very best books on the Revelation. It con- 
 tains in parallel columns the Greek text of Griesbach, the com- 
 mon version, and the author's own translation. The notes dis*- 
 cover a respectable acquaintance with criticism, and with the 
 language and meaning of the Scriptures. No prophetical hypo- 
 thesis is adopted. The figures and symbols are explained by a 
 constant reference to their use in other parts of Scripture ; so 
 that it may be considered as a perpetual commentary ; the im- 
 portance of which will be unaffected by any interpretation of 
 the prophecies of the book. The author very properly refers 
 many things to the spiritual state of the church, which by other 
 writers are applied to secular events. In a preliminary disser- 
 tation, the genuineness of the book is ably vindicated from the 
 objections of Michaelis. 
 
 Bishop Hurd says, " This is the best book of the kind I have 
 seen. It owes its superiority to two things ; the author's un- 
 derstanding, for the most part, the apocalyptic symbols in a 
 spiritual, not a literal sense ; 2dly, to the care he has taken 
 to fix the precise import of those symbols from the use made of 
 them by the prophetical, and other writers of the Old and New 
 Testament." 
 
 WoRSELEY, John, a dissenter, and master of a 
 respectable hoarding school at Hertford. — The 
 New Testament, or New Covenant of our Lord 
 and Saviour Jesus Christ, Translated from the 
 Greek according to the present idiom of the Eng- 
 
WORTHINGTON. 477 
 
 lisli tongue. With notes and references, etc. Lond. 
 1770, 8vo. 
 
 Every translation of the Scriptures contains more or less of 
 what is calculated to throw light on the Bible. The version of 
 Worsley does not rank among the best of our modern transla- 
 tions of the New Testament ; but it is worth consulting. There 
 is little criticism of any kind in it ; and the notes are all very 
 short. Some of the alterations appear to be unnecessary, and 
 others are injudicious. The author's doctrinal sentiments seem 
 to have been correct, so that no improper freedoms are used 
 with the Scriptures. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, WiLLiAM, D.D. (i clergyman 
 cyf the Church of England ; born 170S; died 177S. 
 — An Essay on the Scheme and Conduct, Proce- 
 dure, and Extent of Man's Redemption, designed 
 for the honour and illustration of Christianity. 
 Lond. 1743, 8vo. — The Historical Sense of the 
 Mosaic Account of the Fall proved and vindicated. 
 Ibid. 1751, 8vo. — The Use, Value, and Improve- 
 ment of Various Readings shewn and illustrated. 
 Oxon. 1764, Svo. — The Evidences of Christianity 
 deduced from Facts, and the Testimony of Sense, 
 throughout all ages of the Church to the present 
 time. Lond. 1769? 2 vol. Svo. — The Scripture 
 Theory of the Earth, throughout all its Revolu- 
 tions, and all the Periods of its Existence, from the 
 Creation to the final Renovation of all things. Ibid. 
 1773, Svo. — An Impartial Inquiry into the Use of 
 the Gospel Demoniacks ; with an Appendix, con- 
 sisting of an Essay on Scripture Demonology. Ibid. 
 1777, Svo. — A Further Inquiry into the Case of 
 the Gospel Demoniacks, occasioned by Mr. Farmer's 
 Letters on the subject. Ibid. 1779, Svo. 
 
478 WOTTON. 
 
 The author of these works was a man of very considerable 
 learning and independence of mind. The nature of them is 
 tolerably evident from their respective titles. Annexed to the 
 Essay on Redemption is a Dissertation on the Design and Ar- 
 gument of the book of Job. The work on the Mosaic account 
 of the Fall, is opposed to those attempts which had been made 
 to allegorize it, and thus to get rid of it entirely. The Discourse 
 on the Various Readings was the substance of a sermon preach- 
 ed before the University of Oxford, and contains some judi- 
 cious observations. His Theory of the Earth is a sort of con- 
 tinuation of his Essay on Redemption, and a farther illustration 
 of the principles on which it was written. The work on the 
 Evidences is designed to show that they are not of a decaying, 
 but of a growing nature. The pamphlets on the Demoniacs 
 were both written in opposition to Farmer. More correct ideas 
 of some important points of Christianity would have been of 
 great use to Dr. Worthington in some of his discussions ; but 
 all the above works are worthy of attention. 
 
 WoTTON, William, D.D. a divine of the Church 
 of England; horn 1666 ; died 1726. — Miscellaneous 
 Discourses relating to the Traditions and Usages 
 of the Scribes and Pharisees in our blessed Saviour 
 Jesus Christ's time. Lond. 1718, 2! vol. 8vo. 
 
 The first of these curious volumes contains discourses on the 
 nature and use of the Misnah, a table of the contents of the 
 Misnah ; on the recital of the Shema, and on the use of Phy- 
 lacteries, and schedules of gates and door posts ; and texts re- 
 lating to the religious observance of one day in seven. The 
 second volume contains Shabbath and Eruvin, two Misnaic 
 works, with a translation and annotations. Those who wish to 
 enter deeply into the Je^vish controversy will find Dr. Wotton*s 
 work of considerable service. He had a very extensive acquaint- 
 ance with rabbinical literature, which certainly presents no very 
 great attractions to any cultivated or religious mind. The re- 
 mark made on the work of Stehelin is equally applicable to this. 
 Dr. Wotton also left a Discourse concerning the confusion of 
 
WROE—WYNNE— ZEGER. 479 
 
 languages at Babel, proving it to be miraculous, in opposition 
 to Le Clerc ; which was edited by the learned Bowyer the 
 printer. Lond. 1730, 8vo. 
 
 Wroe, Caleb, a dissenting minister at dies- 
 hunt, Hertfordshire, who died in 1728. — Four 
 Letters to a Friend ; by a Country Minister. Lond. 
 
 1725, 8vo. — Remarks on the various Interpreta- 
 tions of the more sure word of Prophecy. Ibid. 
 
 1726, Svo. 
 
 To neither of these publications did Mr. Wroe attach his 
 name. I have ascertained, however, that they were MTitten by 
 him. The letters contain among other things remarks on the 
 Scripture sense of the word heresy, which, he justly observes, 
 signifies " the choice which men make of their party, opinion, 
 and practice ; and, therefore, heresies are good or bad according 
 as men's choice is right or ■vvrong." Wroe was the author of one 
 or two sermons also, which contain judicious observations on the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Wynne, Richard, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England; horn 1718 ; died 1799— The New 
 Testament carefully collated with the Greek ; and 
 corrected, divided, and pointed according to the 
 various subjects treated by the inspired writers ; 
 and illustrated with notes. Lond. 1764, 2! vol. Svo. 
 
 The chief value of this work is in the improved division of 
 the contents of the New Testament ; in which the author chiefly 
 follows Bengelius. The translation is mostly Doddridge's, and 
 so are many of the notes ; and yet the author scarcely acknow- 
 ledges the extent of his obligations to that excellent writer. 
 
 Zeger, Tacitus Nicholas, a Minorite friar, 
 and native of Flanders; died in 1559. — Scholia 
 in Omnes Novi Testamenti Libros. Coloniae, 1553, 
 
^80 ZEGER. 
 
 8vo. They were reprinted at Cologne in 1555, 
 along with his Restitiitor Locorum Depravatorum 
 Novi Testamenti. 
 
 He is one of the authors who appear in the Critici Sacri, and 
 the Synopsis of Poole. He was a good Greek scholar, and a 
 tolerable critic. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 Clark, William, a Scotsman of some poetical 
 talents. — The Grand Tryal : or Poetical Exercita- 
 tioiis upon the Book of Job. Edinb. 1685, fol. 
 
 This work contains no notes or exposition ; but Is, on the whole, 
 a very respectably executed poetical version of Job. The com- 
 mon English translation is given on the margin ; and the para- 
 phrastic poetical version of it, which is exceedingly liberal, in 
 the text. It is dedicated to the Earl of Perth, then Lord Chan- 
 cellor of Scotland. 
 
 CocKBURN, Patrick, Professor of the oriental 
 languages at Paris, and afterwards at St, Andrews; 
 and the first reformed minister of Haddington, 
 ivhere he died in 1559. — Oratio de Utilitate et Ex- 
 cellentia Verbi Dei. Paris. 1551, 8vo. — De Vul- 
 gari Sacrae Scripturae Phrasi, libri duo, etc. Ibid. 
 1552, 1558, 8vo. — In Dominicam Orationem Pia 
 Meditatio, etc. Andreanop. 1555, 8vo. 
 
 These are among the scarcest works in Scotish literature : the 
 only copies of them which I have seen are in the Advocates 
 Library. His Oration is dedicated to Hamilton, Archbishop 
 of St. Andrews, and shows the progress of the author's mind 
 towards the principles of the Reformation. His two books De 
 Vulgari, etc. contain a dissertation on the sin against the Holy 
 Ghost, and illustrations of some obscure passages. The second 
 edition contains an appendix which is not in the first. The 
 
 2 I 
 
482 ADDENDA. 
 
 small work on the Lord's Prayer was printed at St. Andrews 
 by John Scott^ and shows the piety, as the others had shown 
 the learning of Cockburn. 
 
 Ferme, Charles, A. M. bo7m and educated at 
 Edinhm^gh, where he was elected a regent m 1589 : 
 he was afterwards minister of Fraserhurgh^ and 
 died about 16210, under fifty years of age. — Analy- 
 sis Logica in Epistolam Apostoli Pauli ad Romanos. 
 Edinb. 1651, 12mo. 
 
 This is a small but very excellent work, in which the argu- 
 ment and meaning of the epistle are very accurately unfold- 
 ed. The author was a pupil of RoUock, and ranked among 
 his own disciples Calderwood, Scot, who became minister of Glas- 
 gow, and Craig who was professor of divinity at Saumur. The 
 work has a preface by Principal Adamson, containing a short 
 account of the author ; but in which no mention is made of the 
 year of his birth or death. 
 
 Johnson, John, a nonjuring clergyman ; born 
 1662 ; died 17^5. — Holy David and his Old English 
 Translators cleared, etc. Lond. 1706, 8vo. 
 
 This article the reader will find inserted under the title of 
 David, Holy. The name of the author had somehow escaped 
 me when the article was written. He appears to have been a 
 respectable man, and was the author of several controversial 
 works. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 POLYGLOTS. 
 Compluteiisiau 353 
 Antwerp . 354 
 
 Paris . . ib. 
 London. . . 355 
 Various . . 358 
 
 HEBREW BIBLES. 
 Bayley, Anselm 22 
 
 Houbigant C. F. 250 
 Jablonski D. E. 256 
 Michaelis, J. H. 317 
 Simon, John 403 
 
 Various edit. 235-239 
 
 GREEK NEW TES- 
 TAMENTS. 
 
 Alter, Francis 10 
 
 Bengelius, J. A. 25 
 Birch, Andrew 47 
 
 Colinaeus, Simon 1 10 
 Curcellaeus, Steph. 135 
 Elzevirs . 169 
 
 Erasmus, Des. . 170 
 Fell, John . 184 
 Griesbach, John J. 218 
 Hardy, Samuel 229 
 Ilarwood, Edward 232 
 Kipling, Thomas 275 
 Kopi)e, J. B. . 277 
 Kuster, Lud. ". 280 
 IVIace, William 299 
 Matthiii, C. Fr. 309 
 Mill, John . 319 
 Stephens, Rob. 419 
 Various edit. .332, 333 
 
 Vautrollier, Thos. 444 
 Wetstein, J. J. 465 
 Woide, C. G. 473 
 
 CONCORDANCES. 
 
 FOR THE HEBREW 
 BIBLE. 
 
 Buxtorf . 113 
 
 Calasio . 112 
 
 Noldius . 114 
 
 Rabbi Nathan 112 
 
 Ravius . 113 
 Romaine . ib. 
 
 Taylor . ib. 
 
 FOR THE SEPTUA- 
 GINT. 
 
 Kircher . 1 14 
 
 Trommius ib. 
 
 FOR THE GREEK NEW 
 TESTAMENT. 
 
 Betuleius ; 115 
 
 Stephens . 116 
 
 Schmidt . ib. 
 
 Symson . ib. 
 
 Williams • 117 
 
 FOR THE VULGATE. 
 Hugo . 117 
 
 Lucas, Francis 118 
 
 FOR THE ENGLISH 
 BIBLE. 
 
 Bernard . 119 
 
 Butterworth 120 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Cruden 
 
 Crutwell 
 
 Day 
 
 Knight 
 
 Marbeck 
 
 Newman 
 
 Powell 
 
 Wilkins 
 
 120 
 119 
 130 
 120 
 118 
 119 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 119 
 
 LEXICONS. 
 HEBREW. 
 
 Bate, Julius . 20 
 
 Buxtorf, John 70 
 
 Castell, Edmund 90 
 
 Cocceius, John 108 
 
 Forster, John 192 
 
 Frey, J. S. C. F. 196 
 
 Hepburn, J. B. 241 
 
 Leigh, Sir Ed. 287 
 
 Michaelis, J. D. 316 
 
 Parkhurst, John 339 
 
 Robertson, Will. 377 
 
 Simon, John 403 
 
 Stock, Christ. 421 
 
 GREEK. 
 
 To the Septuagint. 
 
 Biel, J. C. . 45 
 
 Emng, Greville 177 
 
 To the New Testament. 
 
 Ewing, Greville 
 Jessey, Henry 
 
 177 
 
 263 
 
484 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Jones, John . 265 
 
 Leigh, Sir Ed. 287 
 
 Mintert, Peter 320 
 
 Parkhurst, John 339 
 
 Schleusner, J. F. 387 
 Schoettgen, Christ. 389 
 
 Schwartz, J. C. 391 
 
 Stock, Christ. 421 
 
 Suicer, Joh. Cas. 424 
 
 ANCIENT VERSIONS. 
 SEPTUAGINT. 
 
 Breitingcr, .7. J. 58 
 Various edit. 397, 398 
 
 VULGATE, 
 
 Various editions and 
 translat. of 451-453 
 
 SYRIAC. 
 
 Schaaf, Charles 
 White, Joseph 
 
 COPTIC. 
 
 Woide, C. G. 
 
 385 
 
 468 
 
 473 
 
 GOTHIC. 
 
 Benzelius, Eric 29 
 
 Junius, Francis 268 
 
 MODERN VERSIONS 
 
 in the various lan- 
 guages of Europe 43 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 Arias Montanus 13 
 
 Beza, Theod. 32 
 
 Castalio, Seb. 89 
 
 Clarius, Isidore 100 
 
 Clerc, John le 104 
 
 Dathe, J. Aug. 137 
 
 Erasmus, Des. 170 
 
 Houbigant, C. F. 250 
 
 LeodeJudah 289 
 
 Reichard, H. G. 369 
 
 Schmidt, Erasmus 388 
 
 Schott, H. Aug. 389 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 The whole Bible, or Old 
 
 Testament. 
 Bate, Julius 19 
 
 Bellamy, John 23 
 
 Boothroyd, Ben. 54 
 Coverdale, John 35 
 Geneva • 36 
 
 Geddes, Alex. 201 
 
 James, King 36 
 
 Macrae, David 303 
 
 Purver. Anth. 364 
 
 The Bishops 36 
 
 Thomson, Charles 429 
 Various . 39-43 
 Wiclif, John 33 
 
 New Testament. 
 
 Belsham, Thomas 24 
 Geneva . 36 
 
 Harwood, Edward 232 
 Haweis, Thomas 234 
 Mace, William 299 
 Newcome, William 328 
 Scarlett, Nath. 384 
 Simon, Richai-d 408 
 Thomson, William 430 
 Tyndale, John 34 
 
 Unitarian version 441 
 Wakefield, Gilbert 455 
 \^"iclif, John 33 
 
 Worsley, John 476 
 Wynne, Iiichard 479 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 WORKS. 
 
 TO THE WHOLE 
 SCRIPTURES. 
 
 Collyer, David 111 
 Francke, Aug. Her. 194 
 Gray, Robert 215 
 
 Home, Thomas H. 247 
 Lamy, Bernard 282 
 
 TO THE OLD TESTA- 
 MENT. 
 
 Carpzovius, J. G. 86 
 Eichhorn, J. G. 166 
 Hamilton, George 228 
 
 TO THE NEW. 
 
 Beausobre and Len- 
 
 fant . 22 
 
 Burgess, Thomas G6 
 Harwood, Edward 233 
 Percy, Thomas 346 
 Pritius, D. J. G. 363 
 
 DICTIONARIES OP 
 THE BIBLE. 
 Brown, John 60 
 
 Calmet, D. A. 75 
 
 Flacius, Matt. 188 
 
 Ravanel, Peter 367 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Bailhe, Robert 16 
 
 Bedford, Arthur 23 
 
 Blair, John . 49 
 
 Capellus, licwis 85 
 
 Caverhill, John 92 
 
 Clayton, Robert 102 
 
 Cooper, Alex. 121 
 
 Hal3s, William 224 
 
 .Tackson, John 257 
 Marsham, Sir John 308 
 
 Pont, Robert 358 
 
 Usher, James 442 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bochart, Sam. 50 
 
 Fuller, Thomas 199 
 Michaelis, J. D. 316 
 Reland, Hadrian 370 
 Wells, Edward 462 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Scheuchzer, J. J. 386 
 Simson, Arch. 409 
 
 JEWISH ANTIQUI- 
 TIES. 
 
 Allen, John . 8 
 
 AlHx, Peter . 9 
 
 Buxtorf, John 70 
 
 Bynaeus, Anth. 72 
 
 Calmet, D. A. 75 
 
 Carpzovius, J. B. 86 
 
 Carpzovius, J. G. '87 
 
 Cunaeus, Peter 134 
 
 Fleury, Claude 190 
 
 Godwyn, Thomas 209 
 
 Jahn, Johannes 257 
 
 Jennings, David 262 
 
 Josephus, Flavins 266 
 
 Jurieu, Peter 268 
 
 Lamy, Bern. . 283 
 
 Lewis, Thomas 291 
 
 Leydecker, Melch. ib. 
 
 Lightfoot, John 292 
 
 liowman, Moses 295 
 
INDEX. 
 
 485 
 
 Prideaux, Humph. 362 
 
 Keland, Hadrian 371 
 
 Seidell, John . 391 
 
 Shuckford, Sam. 103 
 
 Spencer, John IK) 
 
 Stehelin, John P. 419 
 
 Veil, L. C. de 4l.-> 
 
 Vitringa, Camp. 4 IT 
 
 Wagenseil, J. C. 433 
 
 Wait, Dan. G. 454 
 
 Weemse, John 461 
 
 Wotton, M'ilHam 478 
 
 CHRISTIAN ANTI- 
 QUITIES AND EC- 
 CLESIASTICAL HIS- 
 TORY. 
 Bingham, Joseph 46 
 Campbell, George 80 
 Cave, William 92 
 
 Dalrvmple, Sir D. 136 
 Du Pin, L. E. 159 
 
 Erskine, John 173 
 
 Eusebius, Pamph. 175 
 King, Lord 274 
 
 Magdeburg Cent. 304 
 JMosheim, John L. 322 
 Reeves, W'illiam 368 
 Simon, Kicliard 4(^8 
 Simsoii, Pat. 411 
 
 Wake, William 454 
 Whiston, AViUiam 466 
 
 COMMENTARIES 
 
 OX THE WHOLE OR 
 GKEATER PART OF 
 THE BIBLE. 
 
 Arnold, Nich. 14 
 Assembly's Annota- 
 tions ... 15 
 Boothrovd, Ben. 54 
 Calmet.'D. A. 75 
 Calovius, Ab. . 74 
 Calvin, John . 76 
 Canne, John . 81 
 Clarke, Adam 101 
 Clarke, Sam. . 10 1 
 Cocceius, John 108 
 Coke, Tliomas 109 
 Cornelius a Lapide 123 
 Critici Sacri . 127 
 Diodati, John 150 
 Dodd, William 151 
 
 Drusius, John 158 
 
 Gill, John . . 205 
 
 Gordon, James L. 212 
 
 (irotius, Hugo 220 
 
 Haak, Theodore 222 
 
 Henry, Matthew 210 
 
 PeUican, Con. 344 
 
 Piscator, John 351 
 Poole, Matthew,Sy- 
 
 nopsis . . . 3j8 
 
 Annotations 359 
 
 Priestley, Joseph 362 
 
 Purver, Anth. 36 i 
 
 Saa, Emanuel de 383 
 
 Saurin, James . 384 
 
 Scott, Thomas 393 
 
 Trapp, John . 438 
 
 Wall, William 456 
 
 WeUs, Edward 402 
 
 \^'jsley, John 463 
 
 OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 Capellus, Lewis 84 
 
 Cradock, 126 
 
 Jackson, Arthur 257 
 Lightfoot, John 291 
 Orton, Job . . 333 
 Patrick, Simon 341 
 Pyle, Thomas 365 
 
 Richardson,' John 373 
 KosenmUller,E.F.C.379 
 Scattergood, Anth. 385 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 Baxter, Richard 21 
 
 Bengelius, J. A. 25 
 
 Beza, Theod. . 31 
 Bibliotheca Fratrum 
 
 Polonorum . 44 
 
 Burkitt, William 66 
 Cart Wright, Thomas 88 
 
 Clerc, John le 106 
 
 Doddridge, Philip 153 
 
 Erasmus, Des. . 171 
 
 Fox, Francij . 193 
 
 Fulke, WiUiam 197 
 
 Gillies, John . 206 
 
 Guyse, John . 222 
 
 Hammond, Henry 228 
 
 Jaspis, God. Sig. 260 
 
 Leigh, Sir Ed. 287 
 
 3Icuschen, J. G. 313 
 Ostervald, John F. 334 
 
 Parens, David 338 
 
 Price, John . . 362 
 
 Rosenmiiller, J. G. 379 
 Schmidt, Eras. . .388 
 Schoettgen, Christ. 389 
 Stanhope, George 418 
 Strigehus, Vict. 423 
 Whitby, Dan. . 467 
 
 Pentateuch. 
 Ainsworth, Henry 6 
 
 Delgado, Isaac 143 
 
 Graves, Richard 213 
 Jamieson . . ' 259 
 
 Kidder, Richard 272 
 
 JNlichaehs, J. D. 314 
 
 Parker, Samuel 338 
 
 Robertson, James 376 
 
 Genesis. 
 
 
 Bland, J. . . 
 
 49 
 
 Cartwright, Ch. 
 
 87 
 
 Dawson, Ab. . 
 
 140 
 
 Fuller, Andrew 
 
 197 
 
 Hollo way, Ben. 
 
 245 
 
 Hurdis, James 
 
 253 
 
 Lookup, John 
 
 295 
 
 Parens, David 
 
 338 
 
 Ross, Alexander 
 
 379 
 
 Scott, John . . 
 
 392 
 
 Willet, And. 
 
 469 
 
 Exodus. 
 
 
 Calixtus, George 
 
 74 
 
 Cartwright, Ch. 
 
 87 
 
 Hopkins, William 
 
 246 
 
 Willet, And. . 
 
 469 
 
 LevilicHs. 
 
 
 ^^iUet, And. . 
 
 469 
 
 Deuteronomy. 
 Macabaeus, J. . 298 
 
 Ruth. 
 
 Carpzovius, J. B. 86 
 
 Fuller, Thomas 199 
 
 Lawson, George 287 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 GuiM, William 221 
 AVillet, Andrew 469 
 
 The Chronicles. 
 MichaeUs, C. B. 314 
 
486 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Nehemuih. 
 
 Michaelis, C. B. 314 
 
 Esther. 
 
 Lawson, George 287 
 
 Michaelis, C. B. 314 
 
 Job. 
 
 Blackniore, Sir Rich. 48 
 
 Broughton, Hugh 60 
 
 Caryl, Joseph . 88 
 
 Chappelow, Leon. 97 
 
 Clark, William . 481 
 
 Costard, George 124 
 
 Durham, James 161 
 
 Garden, C. . 200 
 
 Garnett, John . ib. 
 
 Good, John M. 210 
 
 Grey, Richard 217 
 
 Heath, Thomas 235 
 
 Hodges, Walter 241 
 
 Hog, William . 243 
 
 Holden, Lawrence 244 
 Hutcheson, George 254 
 
 Peters, Charles . 347 
 
 Reiske, J. J. . 370 
 
 Schultens, Alb. 390 
 
 Scott, Thomas 392 
 
 Smith, Eliz. . 412 
 
 Stock, Joseph 421 
 
 Velthusen, J. C. 446 
 
 Wesley, Sam. . 464 
 
 Psalms. 
 
 Ainsworth, Henry 6 
 
 AUix, Peter . 9 
 
 Amyrald, Moses 12 
 
 Berlin, N. M. . 30 
 
 Buchanan, George 63 
 
 Burkius, P. D. 67 
 
 Bythner, Victor 72 
 
 Cowper, William 126 
 
 Dickson, David 148 
 
 Edwards, Thomas 165 
 
 Fen-wick, George 185 
 
 Fry, John . 196 
 
 Green, William 215 
 
 Hammond, Henry 229 
 
 Hare, Francis 230 
 
 Holden, Lawrence 244 
 
 Home, George 246 
 
 Johnson, John 482 
 
 Johnston, Arthur 263 
 
 Merrick, James 313 
 
 Mudge, Zech. 323 
 
 Reid, John . 369 
 
 RoUock, Robert 377 
 
 Smart, Christopher 412 
 
 Street, Stephen 42.3 
 
 Strigelius, Vict. ib. 
 
 Venema, Her. 446 
 
 Viccars, John ib. 
 
 Wake, Wilham 455 
 
 Proverbs. 
 Cartwright, Thomas 88 
 
 Hodgson, Bernard 242 
 
 Holden, George 244 
 
 Holden, Lawrence ib. 
 
 Hunt, Thomas 252 
 
 Lawson, George 287 
 
 Reiske, J. J. . 370 
 
 Schultens, Alb. 390 
 
 Ecclesiastes. 
 Broughton, Hugh 60 
 Cartwright, Thomas 88 
 Choheleth . 99 
 
 Desvoeux, A. V. 144 
 Greenway, Stephen 216 
 Hodgson, Bernard 242 
 Holden, George 244 
 Holden, Lawrence ib. 
 Nisbet, Alexander 330 
 Pemble, William 345 
 Smith, John . 413 
 Veil, C. M. de 444 
 Wardlaw, Ralph 459 
 
 Solomon's Song. 
 Ainsworth, Henry 6 
 Doederlein, J. C. 346 
 Durham, James 161 
 Francis, Anne 193 
 
 GifFord, Mr. . 205 
 Good, John M. 210 
 Guild, WiUiam 221 
 Harmer, Thomas 230 
 Hodgson, Bernard 242 
 Johnston, Arthur 263 
 Ker, John . 271 
 Percy, Thomas 346 
 Veil, C. M. de 444 
 
 Williams, Thomas 470 
 
 All the Prophets. 
 Lowth, William 297 
 Michaelis, C. B. 314 
 
 Isaiah . 
 
 Dodson, Michael 154 
 
 Doederlein, J. C. 155 
 
 Holden, Lawrence 244 
 
 Lowth, Robert 296 
 Macculloch, Robert 298 
 
 Strigelius, Vict. 423 
 
 Vitringa, Camp. 447 
 
 Jeremiah. 
 
 Altingius, James 10 
 
 Blayney, Ben. . 50 
 
 Broughton, Hugh 60 
 
 Venema, Her. 446 
 
 E^ekiel. 
 Greenhill, WiUiam 217 
 Newcome, William 327 
 Venema, Her. . 446 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 Amner, Richard 12 
 
 Broughton, Hugh 60 
 
 Caverhill, John 92 
 
 Macqueen, Daniel 302 
 
 Michaelis, J. D. 316 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac 329 
 
 Rollock, Robert 377 
 
 Willet, Andrew 469 
 
 Wintle, Thomas 472 
 
 All the Minor Prophets. 
 Hutcheson, George 254 
 Newcome, William 327 
 
 Veil, C. M. de 
 
 444 
 
 Hosea. 
 
 Horsley, Samuel 248 
 
 Lively, Edward 293 
 
 Pareus, David . 338 
 
 Pococke, Edward 352 
 
 Joel. 
 
 Chandler, Samuel 95 
 
 Lively, Edward 293 
 
 Pareus, David 338 
 
 Pococke, Edward 352 
 
 Amos. 
 Lively, Edward 
 Pareus, David 
 
 293 
 338 
 
 Ohadiah. 
 Abresch, Peter 4 
 
INDEX, 
 
 487 
 
 Lively, Edward 293 
 
 Jonah. 
 Benjoin, George 27 
 Lively, Edward 293 
 
 Micah. 
 Pococke, Edward 352 
 
 Hdbakkuk. 
 Til, Sal. van 430 
 
 Haggai. 
 Pareus, David 
 
 338 
 
 Zechariah. 
 
 Blayney, Ben. . 50 
 
 Pemble, WilHam 345 
 
 Stonard, John 421 
 
 Vitringa, Camp. 447 
 
 Malachi. 
 
 Pococke, Edward 352 
 
 Til, Sal. van . 430 
 
 Torshel, Samuel 434 
 
 Apocrypha. 
 
 Arnald, Richard 13 
 
 On the Four Evangelists. 
 
 Clarke, Samnel 101 
 
 Elsley, J. . 167 
 
 Jones, John 264 
 
 Pearce, Zach. 342 
 
 Schultet, Abr. 394 
 
 Spanheim, Fred. 415 
 Thomson, Andrew 428 
 
 Townson, Thomas 437 
 
 Trapp, Joseph 438 
 
 Mattheto. 
 
 Adam, Thomas 4 
 
 Barrett, John . 17 
 
 Dickson, David 148 
 
 Eisner, Jacob . 168 
 
 Porteus, Beilby 361 
 
 Scott, Daniel • 391 
 
 Veil, C. M. de 444 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Eisner, Jacob . 168 
 
 Veil, C. M. de 444 
 
 John. 
 
 Alcss, Alexander 7 
 
 Clagett, William 100 
 Hutcheson, George 254 
 
 Lampe, F. A. 281 
 
 Merrick, James 313 
 
 Rollock, Robert 377 
 
 Semler, J. S. . 395 
 
 Tarnovius, Paul 427 
 
 Titraann, Charles 432 
 
 Acts. 
 
 Benson, George 28 
 
 Biscoe, Richard 47 
 
 Calixtus, George 74 
 
 Capellus, Lewis 84 
 
 Cradock, Samuel 126 
 
 Dick, John . 147 
 
 Elsley, J. . 167 
 
 Lightfoot, John 292 
 
 Malcolm, John 306 
 
 Pearce, Zach. 342 
 
 Pyle, Thomas . 101 
 
 Pyle, Thomas 365 
 Thomson, Andrew 428 
 
 Veil, C. M. de 444 
 
 Willis, John . 471 
 
 On the Epistles. 
 
 Anonymous . 342 
 
 Dickson, David 149 
 
 Estius, Guil. . 175 
 
 FeU, John . 184 
 
 Macknight, James 300 
 Pyle, Thomas 101,365 
 
 Slade, James . 168 
 
 Romans. 
 
 Adam, Thomas 4 
 
 Aless, Alexander 7 
 
 Alexander, John 8 
 
 Altingius, James 10 
 
 Brais, Stephen de 57 
 
 Brown, John . 61 
 
 Calixtus, George 74 
 
 Carpzovius, J. B. 86 
 
 Ferme, Charles 482 
 
 Eraser, James 195 
 
 Horae Romanae 248 
 
 Jones, John . 265 
 
 Ijocke, John . 293 
 
 Parr, Elnatli. . 340 
 
 Rambach, J. T. 365 
 
 Rollock, Robert 377 
 
 Semler, J. S. . 395 
 
 Taylor, John 427 
 
 Turretin, J. A. 439 
 
 >Villet, Andrew 469 
 
 Corinthians. 
 
 Alexander, John 8 
 
 Locke, John . 293 
 
 Pearce, Zachaiy 342 
 
 Rollock, Robert 377 
 
 Semler, J. S. . 395 
 
 Storr, G. C. . 422 
 
 Galatians. 
 
 Chandler, Samuel 96 
 
 Ferguson, James 186 
 
 Locke, John . 293 
 
 Perkins, WilUam 347 
 Riccaltoun, Robert 373 
 
 Semler, J. S. 395 
 
 Storr, G. C. 
 
 422 
 
 Ephesiaiis. 
 
 Boyd, Robert 5Q 
 
 Callander, John 73 
 
 Chandler, Samuel 96 
 
 Ferguson, James 186 
 
 Locke, John . 293 
 
 Scattergood, Anth. 385 
 
 Philippians. 
 
 Ferguson, James 186 
 
 Pearce, James 343 
 
 Colossians. 
 
 Daille, John . 135 
 
 Davenant, John 139 
 
 Ferguson, James 186 
 
 Gisborne, Thomas 207 
 
 Peirce, James . 343 
 
 Philalethes . 348 
 
 Thcssalonians. 
 
 Benson, (ieorge 27 
 
 Chandler, Samuel 96 
 
 Ferguson, James 186 
 
 Philalethes . 348 
 
 Phillips, John 349 
 
 Turretin, J. A. 439 
 
 Tiinothrj. 
 
 Alcss, Alexander 7 
 
 Benson, George 27 
 
 Philalethes . 348 
 
 Titus. 
 
 Aless, Alexander 7 
 
 Benson, George 27 
 
488 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cramer, Daniel 127 
 Philalethes . 348 
 
 Philemon. 
 Benson, George 
 
 27 
 
 Hehrews. 
 
 Abresch, Peter 4 
 
 Braunius, John 58 
 
 Carpzovius, J. B. 86 
 
 Dickson, David 148 
 
 Duncan, Robert 158 
 
 Ernesti, J. A. 172 
 
 Hardy, Samuel 229 
 Maclean, Archibald 302 
 
 Owen, John . 336 
 
 Pearce, James 343 
 
 Storr, G. C. . 422 
 
 Sykes, Arthur A. 425 
 
 James. 
 
 Benson, George 27 
 
 Philalethes , 348 
 
 Semler, J. Sal. . 395 
 
 Peter. 
 
 Ames, William 11 
 
 Benson, George 27 
 
 Leighton, Robert 288 
 
 Nisbet, Alexander 330 
 
 Semler, J. Sal. 395 
 
 Simson, Ai-chibald 409 
 
 Smith, Thomas 414 
 
 The Epistles of John. 
 
 Benson, George 27 
 
 Semler, J. Sal. 395 
 
 Jude. 
 Semlei', J. Sal. 
 
 395 
 
 Revelation. 
 
 Bengelius, J. A. 26 
 
 Cooke, WiUiam 121 
 
 Cradock, Samuel 126 
 
 Culbertson, Robert 132 
 
 Daubuz, Charles 138 
 
 Durham, James 161 
 
 Forbes, Patrick 191 
 
 Fuller, Andrew 197 
 
 Guild, Wilham 221 
 
 James, King . 258 
 
 Johnstone, Bryce 264 
 
 Junius, Francis 267 
 
 Lowman, Moses 295 
 
 Mede, Joseph 310 
 
 Napier, John 324 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac 329 
 Purves, James 364 
 
 Pyle, Thomas 365 
 
 Semler, J. Sal. 395 
 
 Snodgrass, John 415 
 Tilloch, Alexander 431 
 Vitringa, Camp. 447 
 Whiston, William 467 
 Whitaker, E. AV. ib. 
 Woodhouse, J. C. 476 
 
 HARMONIES OF THE 
 BIBLE. 
 
 Lightfoot, John 291 
 Sharpe, John . 401 
 Talbot, Matthew 426 
 Torshell, Samuel 434 
 Townsend, Geoi-ge 436 
 
 HARMONIES OF THE 
 FOUR GOSPELS. 
 
 Calixtus, Ccorge 71- 
 Cartwright, Thomas 88 
 Chemnitius, Mart. ' 99 
 Clerc, John le 1C6 
 
 Cope, Alan . 123 
 Cradock, Samuel 126 
 Cranfield, Thomas 127 
 Lamy, Bern. . 283 
 Lightfoot, John 291 
 Macknight, James 299 
 Newcome, William 326 
 Pilkington, Matt. 349 
 Priestley, Joseph 362 
 Thomson, Robert 429 
 Thomson, M^illiam 430 
 Toinard, Nich. . 433 
 Usher, James . 442 
 
 HARMONIES OF THE 
 
 EPISTLES. 
 Roberts, Peter 375 
 
 WRITERS ON THE 
 EVIDENCES OF RE- 
 VELATION. 
 
 Allix, Peter 
 Bogue, David 
 Bryant, Jacob 
 
 8 
 52 
 61 
 
 Clayton, Robert 102 
 
 Cosin, John 123 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir D. 136 
 
 Haldane, Robert 223 
 
 Halyburton, Tho. 227 
 
 Huet, Pet. Dan. 252 
 
 Jenkin, Robert 261 
 
 Jenyns, Soame 262 
 
 Jones, Jeremiah 264 
 
 Kidder, Richard 273 
 
 Lardner, Nath. 284 
 
 Less, Godfrey 289 
 
 Lyttelton, Lord 297 
 
 Mather, Samuel 309 
 
 Nares, Robert 326 
 
 Paley, William 337 
 
 Richardson, John 374 
 
 Sharpe, Greg. 401 
 
 Shaw, Duncan ib. 
 
 Sherlock, Thomas 402 
 
 Stilhngfleet, Ben. 420 
 
 Townsend, Joseph 436 
 
 Waterland, Dan. 460 
 
 West, Gilbert 464 
 Worthington, "Will. 47T 
 
 ON THE PROPHE- 
 CIES. 
 
 Apthorp, East 12 
 
 Clayton, Robert 102 
 
 Cramer, Daniel 127 
 
 Cuninghame, Will. 13 1 
 
 Floyer, Sir John 190 
 
 Fraser, Alex. 195 
 
 Hurd, Richard 253 
 
 Jvirieu, Peter 268 
 
 Maclaurin, John 301 
 
 Newton, Thomas 330 
 
 Roos, Mag. Fred. 378 
 
 Towers, Jos. L. 434 
 
 RABBINICAL WRIT- 
 ERS. 
 
 Abendana, Jacob 1 
 Aben Ezra . 2 
 
 Abrabanel, Isaac 3 
 
 Jarchi, Sol. Ben Is. 260 
 
 BIBLICAL INTER- 
 PRETATION AND 
 CRITICISiM. 
 
 Beck, Chris. Dan. 23 
 
INDEX. 
 
 -m 
 
 Beutley, Richard 28 
 
 Bern man, John 30 
 
 Bode, C. A. . 61 
 
 Boot, Arnold 53 
 
 Brett, Thomas 59 
 
 Burges, Sir J. B. 65 
 
 Butler, Charles 69 
 
 Biixtorf, John 70 
 Buxtorf, J. (the son) 7 1 
 
 Campbell, George 79 
 
 Capelhis, Lewis 81 
 
 Carpzovius, J. G. 87 
 
 Cawton, Thomas 93 
 
 Cene, Char, le 94 
 
 Clerc, John le 107 
 
 Cockburn, Patrick 481 
 
 Cook, John . 121 
 
 Cooper, Joseph 122 
 Dannhanerus, J. C. 137 
 
 Dathe, J. Aug. 138 
 
 Dobrowsky, Jos. 151 
 
 Edwards, Thomas 165 
 
 Emhni, Thomas 169 
 
 Ernesti, J. A. 172 
 
 Flacius, Matt. 188 
 
 Franzius, Wolf. 194 
 
 Geddes, Alexander 201 
 
 Georg-ius, C. S. 20 1 
 
 Gerard, Gilbert ib. 
 
 Glassitis, Sol. 208 
 
 Griesbach, John J. 220 
 
 Hamilton, George 228 
 
 Hottinger, J. H. 249 
 
 Huet, Pet. Dan. 252 
 
 Jahn, Johannes 2*57 
 
 Jebb, John . 261 
 
 Jimius, Francis 267 
 
 Keach, Ben. 269 
 
 Keil, D. C. A. ib. 
 
 Kennicott, Ben. 270 
 
 Knappe, G. C. 276 
 
 Langius, D. J. 284 
 
 Lanigan, John ib. 
 
 Laurence, Rich. 285 
 
 Long, James le 294 
 
 Lowth, Robert 296 
 
 Marsh, Herbert • 307 
 
 Martin, David 308 
 
 Meibomius, M. 311 
 
 Michaelis, J. D. 315 
 
 Middleton, J. F. 318 
 Montfaucon, B. de 321 
 
 Morinus, John 321 
 
 Morus, S. Fred. N. 322 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac 329 
 
 Noesselt, J. . 331 
 
 Nolan, Fred. ib, 
 
 Owen, Henry 335 
 Pappelbaum,Geo.G. 337 
 
 Pearce, Zach. 342 
 
 Pearson, John 343 
 
 Pfeiffer, Ang. 348 
 
 Pfeiffer, J. E. ib. 
 
 Porson, Richard 360 
 
 Rainbach, John J. 365 
 
 Reicliard, II. G. 369 
 
 Iveid, John ib. 
 
 Reusch, J. W. 372 
 
 Ridley, Glocester 374 
 
 Roberts, Francis 375 
 
 Rossi, J. B. de 380 
 
 Rutherforth, Tho. 382 
 
 Salmasius, Claud. 383 
 
 Semler, John S. 395 
 
 Simon, John 403 
 
 Simon, Richard 404 
 
 Smith, Thomas 414 
 
 Storr, Got. C. 422 
 
 Strong, John ib. 
 
 Sui'enhusius, Gul. 425 
 
 Teller, L. Rom. 428 
 
 Teller, W. A. ib. 
 
 Travis, George 439 
 
 Turretin, J. A. ib, 
 
 Tychsen, O. G. 441 
 
 Fshor, James 442 
 
 Vossius, Isaac 451 
 
 Wecmse, John 461 
 
 Whiston, WiUiam 466 
 
 Whitby, Dan. 468 
 
 Williams, John 470 
 
 PHILOLOGICAL 
 WRITERS. 
 
 Abresch, F. L. 3 
 
 Abresch, Peter 4 
 
 Adami, Corn. 5 
 
 Alberti, John . 6 
 
 Auriville, Char. 16 
 
 Bertram, B. C. 31 
 Bib.Hist.Phil. Theo.45 
 
 Blackwall, Anth. 48 
 
 Bogan, Zach. 51 
 
 Bois, John . 52 
 
 Bos, Landjert 54 
 
 Bo^\'^'er, "William 56 
 
 Brekell, John 59 
 
 Bulkeley, Char. 64 
 Buxtorf, J. (the son) 71 
 
 C^amorarius, Joach. 77 
 
 Cameron, John ib. 
 
 Campbell, George 79 
 
 Capellus, Lewis 84 
 
 Cappe, Newcome 85 
 Cartwright, Christ. 87 
 
 Cawton, Thomas 93 
 
 Coleridge, John 110 
 
 Costard, George 1 24 
 
 Deylingius, Sal. 146 
 
 Dieu, Lewis de 149 
 
 Dimock, Henry 150 
 
 Doederlein, J. C. 155 
 
 Doughty, John 156 
 
 Drusius, John 1,58 
 
 Durell, David 160 
 
 Edwards, John 163 
 
 Edwards, Thomas 166 
 
 Ellis, Sir Richard 167 
 
 Eisner, Jacob 168 
 
 Estius Guil. . 175 
 
 Gataker, Thomas 201 
 
 Hackspan, Theod. 223 
 
 Heinsius, Daniel 240 
 
 Hombergk, J. F. 245 
 
 Horsley, Samuel 249 
 Hottinger, John N. 249 
 
 Hurdis, James 253 
 
 Jablonski, D. E. 256 
 
 Keuchenius, Peter 272 
 
 Khell, Joseph ib. 
 
 King, Edward 273 
 
 Knatchbull, Sir N. 276 
 
 Koecher, J. C. ib. 
 
 Koolhaas, Wil. 277 
 
 Koppe, J. B. ib. 
 
 Krel)s, J. T. 279 
 
 Kuinoel, D. C. J. ib. 
 
 K)T:)ke, G. D. 280 
 
 Lakemacher, J. G. ib. 
 
 Leusden, John 289 
 
 Manne, Nicholas 306 
 
 INIarle, H. W. van 307 
 
 Morns, Alex. 322 
 
 Morus, S. F. N. ib. 
 Mosheim, John L. 'ib. 
 
 Muller, Christ. 323 
 
 Ott, John Bap. 334 
 
 Palairet, Elias 336 
 
 Pilkington, Matt. 349 
 
 Randolph, Thomas 366 
 
 Raphelius, (ieorge ib. 
 
 Reuchlin, John 371 
 Rhenferdus, James 372 
 
 Roberts, W. IT. 376 
 
490 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Robertson, James 376 
 
 Row, John . 381 
 
 Schnurrer, C. F. 388 
 
 Schottus, And. 390 
 
 Schultens, Alb. ib. 
 
 Sharp, Granville 399 
 
 Sharp, Thomas 400 
 
 Sievwright, Nor. 403 
 
 Simson, William 412 
 
 Tarnovius, Paul 427 
 
 Teller, W. A. 428 
 
 Twells, Leon. 440 
 
 Valckenaer, L. C. 443 
 
 Valpy, Edward ib. 
 
 Vansittart, Will. 444 
 
 Vorstius, John 451 
 Wakefield, Gilbert 455 
 
 Walton, Brian 456 
 
 Wemyss, Thomas 463 
 
 Werenfels, Sam. ib. 
 
 Weston, Stephen 465 
 
 Wolfius, John C. 474^ 
 
 Zeger, T. N. 479 
 
 SOCINIAN CONTRO- 
 VERSY. 
 
 Allix, Peter . 9 
 
 Calamy, Edmund 73 
 
 Jamieson, John 260 
 
 Laurence, Rich. 285 
 
 Magee, William 305 
 
 Nares, Edward 325 
 
 Smith, J. P. 414 
 
 Wardlaw, Ralph 459 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 WRITERS. 
 
 Abauzit, Firmin 1 
 
 Aboab, David . 2 
 
 Abram, Nicholas 3 
 
 Addington, Steph. 5 
 
 Allix, Peter . 9 
 
 Amama, Sixtinus 10 
 
 Arrowsmith, John 14 
 
 Astruc, John . 16 
 Barrington, J. Shute 1 7 
 
 Baruh, Raphael 18 
 
 Bate, Julius . 19 
 
 Bayle, Peter . 21 
 
 Bennet, George 27 
 
 Benson, George 28 
 
 Bentley, Richard 29 
 
 Berrington, Simon 31 
 
 Be van, J. G. . ib. 
 
 Blair, John . 49 
 
 Bochart, Samuel 50 
 
 Bonar, John . 53 
 
 Boston, Thomas 55 
 
 Boyle, Robert . 57 
 
 Braunius, John 58 
 Brerewood, Edward 59 
 
 Broughton, Hugh 60 
 
 Bryant, Jacob 61 
 
 Burder, Samuel 65 
 
 Burnet, Thomas 67 
 
 Burton, George 69 
 
 Burton, William ib. 
 
 Butler, Charles ib. 
 
 Calamy, Edmund 73 
 
 Campbell, Arch. 78 
 
 Campbell, George 80 
 
 Catcott, Alex. 91 
 
 Celsius, Olaus . 94 
 
 Chandler, Sam. . 95 
 
 Charnock, Steph. 98 
 
 Clayton, Robert 102 
 
 Clerc, John le 105 
 
 Cockburn, Pat. 109 
 
 CoUyer, W. B. Ill 
 
 Connor, Bern. 120 
 Cooper, O. St. John 122 
 
 Costard, George 124 
 
 Cotton, Henry 125 
 
 Coward, William ib. 
 
 Cowper, William 126 
 
 Cross, Walter 129 
 
 Croxall, Sam. ib. 
 
 Cud worth, Ralph 131 
 Cumberland, Rich. 132 
 
 Daille, John . 135 
 
 Dawson, Thomas 140 
 
 Delany, Pat. . ib. 
 
 Derham, William 144 
 
 Deyhngius, Sal. 146 
 
 Dick, John . 147 
 Dickinson, Edmund ib. 
 
 Ditton, Humph. 151 
 
 Dodwell, Henry 154 
 
 D'Oyly, Robert 156 
 Drummond, Sir W. ib. 
 
 D wight, Tim. 162 
 
 Edwards, John 163 
 Edwards, Jonathan 164 
 
 Erskine, John 173 
 
 Erskine, Thomas 174 
 
 Ewing, Greville 177 
 Faber, G. S. 178,179 
 Farmer, Hugh 181, 182 
 
 Featlev, Dan. 183 
 
 Fell, John , 184 
 
 Fenwick, George 185 
 
 Ferguson, Robert 186 
 
 Findlay, Robert 187 
 
 Fischer, J. F. ib. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Ger. 188 
 
 Fleming, Robert 189 
 
 Fletcher, Joseph ib. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan 191 
 
 Fuller, Andrew 197 
 
 Fuller, Nicholas 198 
 
 Gale, Theoph. 199 
 
 Gataker, Thomas 201 
 
 Gell, Robert 203 
 
 Gillespie, George 206 
 
 Glas, John . 207 
 
 Godwin, John 211 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas ib. 
 
 Gordon, James H. 212 
 
 Grabe, John E. 213 
 
 Gray, Andrew 214 
 
 Gray, Robert 215 
 
 Green, William 216 
 
 Gregory, John 217 
 
 Grey, Richard ib. 
 
 Guild, William 221 
 
 Hales, John 224 
 
 Hall, Joseph 225 
 
 Hallett, Joseph 226 
 Harley, Sir Edward 230 
 
 Harmer, Thomas 231 
 
 Harris, S. . 232 
 
 Hayes, Charles 234 
 Heidegger, John H. 239 
 
 Hody, Humphrey 243 
 
 Hoffman, Im. . ib. 
 
 Hollo way, Ben. 245 
 
 Homes, Nath. ib. 
 
 Horsley, Samuel 249 
 
 Howe, John 251 
 Hutchinson, John 254 
 
 Jablonski, D. E. 256 
 
 James, King 258 
 Jameson, William 259 
 
 Jamieson, John 260 
 
 Jenyns, Soame 262 
 
 Jones, William 266 
 
 Kidder, Richard 272 
 
 King, Lord 274 
 
 Laurence, Rich. 285 
 
 Law, Edmund 286 
 
 LcAvis, John 290 
 
 Lowth, William 297 
 
 Madan, Martin 303 
 
 Mead, Richard 310 
 
INDEX. 
 
 491 
 
 Mede, Joseph 310 
 
 Melville, And. 312 
 
 Michaelis, J. G. 316 
 
 Middleton, Con. 317 
 
 Milton, John 319 
 
 Murray, George 324 
 Newcome, William 327 
 
 Outram, William 334 
 
 Owen, Henry 335 
 
 Paton, James 341 
 
 Paxton, George 342 
 
 Penn, James 345 
 
 Pirie, Alex. . 350 
 
 Pitcairn, Alex. 351 
 
 Pocock, Edward 352 
 
 Potter, John 361 
 
 Ray, John . 308 
 Riccaltoun, Rob. 373 
 Russell, David 381 
 Scharbau, Henry 385 
 Schimmelpenninck, 
 
 Mary Anne 386 
 
 Sharp, Granville 399 
 Sharp, Patrick 
 Sharp, Thomas 
 Spearman, Rob. 
 Squire, Samuel 
 Stackhouse, Thos. 418 
 Stukely, William 424 
 Sykes, Arth. A. 
 Til, Sal. van 
 Titmaun, Char. 
 
 400 
 
 ib. 
 
 416 
 
 417 
 
 425 
 430 
 432 
 
 Todd, Henry J. 432 
 
 Tomlinson, Rob. 434 
 
 Townley, James 435 
 
 Twells, Leon. 440 
 
 Vitringa, Camp. 447 
 
 Vitringa, C. jun. 450 
 
 Warburton, Will. 457 
 
 Ward, John . 458 
 
 Warden, John ib. 
 
 Watson, Richard 460 
 Wedderburn, Alex. 46 1 
 
 Wilson, Andrew 471 
 
 Witsius, Herman 472 
 
 Worthington, W. 477 
 
 Wroe, Caleb 479 
 
 FINIS. 
 
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