OUTLINEaOF THE HISTORY OF 
 AL PHILOLOGY 
 
 GUDEMAN 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 B 3 127 Lflb 
 
1 
 
 REESE LIBRARY [ 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 OF THi: ij 
 
 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. \ 
 
 P 
 I" 
 
OUTLINES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 BY 
 
 ALKRED QXJDEMAX 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 
 
 \Ry> 
 
 OF THE - , 
 
 Genera degustamtis, non bibliothecas excutimiis. — Quintilian 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 
 
 1894 
 
^:-V' 
 
 «•-% 
 
 (pT-o-ls 
 
 Copyright, 1S94 
 By ALFRED GUDEMAN 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 -KX- 
 
 The present edition, enlarged and revised throughout, 
 has been in particular augmented by the addition of the 
 lists of Latin Scholia and Grammatical Terms, as suggested 
 by my reviewers. 
 
 The favorable reception accorded to this survey cf the 
 history of classical philology possibly justifies the hope that 
 this new edition may facilitate the general introduction of 
 so important and interesting a subject into the classical 
 curriculum of the Universities of England and America. 
 
 A. G. 
 
 Philadelphia, Oct. 12, 1894. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 -•o«- 
 
 A. General Introduction. 
 
 I. <i>iX6Xo"YOs, -ypaiifiaTiKos, KpiriKos 
 
 II. Philology in Modern Times 
 III. Methods of Treatment 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 B. History of Classical Philology. 
 
 I. Greek Period. 
 
 1. Pre-Alexandrian ...... 
 
 2. Alexandrian ...... 
 
 3. The Stoics and the School of Pergamum 
 
 II. Graeco-Roman Period. 
 
 1. Post- Alexandrian ..... 
 
 List of Greek ScJiolia 
 
 Critical Sigiis ..... 
 
 Grammatical Terms (Greek and Latin) 
 
 2. Roman Period ..... 
 
 List of I^atin Scholia .... 
 
 III. Middle Ages. 
 
 T. Byzantian Period ..... 
 
 2. W. Europe ..... 
 
 List of Oldest MSS 
 
 IV. Revival of Learning in Italy. 
 
 (A) Greek Immigrants .... 
 
 (B) Italian Humanists .... 
 List of Editiones Principes 
 
 V. France 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 VI. T 
 
 HE Netherlands. 
 
 I. 
 
 First Period 
 
 2. 
 
 Second Period 
 
 3- 
 
 Third Period 
 
 4- 
 
 Fourth Period 
 
 VII. England .... 
 
 VIII. Germany. 
 
 (A) Ante -Wolfian Period 
 (K) The Ne7v School 
 
 1. Grammatico-critical School 
 
 2. Historico-antiquarian School 
 
 C. Index of Names . . . , 
 
 PAGE 
 
 56 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 70 
 
 75 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 La philologie cest la gcologie die vioide intellectuel. 
 
 " Benoist. 
 
 A. General Introduction. 
 
 I. a. ^ik6\o^o<^ — its original meaning and semasio- 
 logical development. 
 
 Pirst met with in Plato (e.g. Theaet., p. 146^; Laches, 
 p. 188 ; Rep., p. 582 ; Leges, p. 641 e). 0pp. to \x.i(yo- 
 koyo<;, l3pa)(y\oyo^. Equivalent to 7ro\vXoyo<;, <^tAdcro<^05. 
 ^tAoAoyta r= 7rai8e(,a ({xovctlkyJ). Cf. Plato, Phaed. 61 c? ; 
 Isoc. de Antld. 296 : evrpa-TreXtav kuI cfuXoXoytav ov fXLKpov 
 yjyovvrai (xvfx/SaXeaOaL fxepos, irpos tijv rwv Xoytov TratSet'av, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Alexa7idriaii Period : Equivalent to ^iXo\xa.Br]%, iroXvLaTiDp 
 (cf. P/ut. Alex., c. 8). In this sense first applied to 
 Eratosthenes^ and among the Romans to Ateius Capito. 
 Cf. Sueton. de gram., p. 108 R. " Philologi appellati- 
 onem assumpsisse videtur quia, sicut Eratosthenes qui 
 primus hoc cognomen sibi vindicavit, multiplici variaque 
 doctrina censebatur." 
 
 Roman Period: ^tAoAoyetv =: learned conversation. Cf. 
 Cic. ad fam. XVI 21 ; Plut. Cato Min. 6 ; Ps. Pint. Vit. 
 X Orat., p. 844 D. <^iX6Xoyoi opp. to ttoXltlkol — P/ut. 
 Lye. 42. Opp. to </)tAdcro</)o? — Vita Plotini, p. 116 : 
 ^lAdAoyos fxlv 6 Aoyytvo;. c^tAoVo^o? 8e fjLyjSa/JLOJS. Opp. tO 
 a7rat8evros — Sto/?. Floril. 428, 53. Philologus = vir stu- 
 diosus, doctus — Cie. ad Att. XIII 12, 3; P/i/t. de aud, 
 poet. 30 d. More closely allied to philologist in the 
 modern sense in Seneca, Ep. loS, 29, quoted below. 
 
2 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Tpa/jL/jLaTLK6<; {ypa/jL/jLarLKi], sc, Teyvrj) — its original 
 meaning and semasiological development. 
 
 Conversant with ypa/x/xara (^F/ato, Phil. 17 ; Crat., p. 341 ; 
 Arist. FoL VIII 3; Categ. 9). y/jaya/xarto-TT^s^: a 
 teacher of ypajj-fxara (F/a/o, Prot. 312 ; Legg. VII 812). 
 
 Alexandrian Feriod: Cle?n. Alex. Srpw/x. I. p. 309 : 'AttoA.- 
 AoScopos ('AvrdScopos ?) 6 Ku/xatos (Cf. Susemihl Alex. Lit. 
 
 II, p. 664) TTpCiTOS TOV KpLTLKOV tiG-qyrjdaTO TOVVOjXa Kol 
 
 ypaix}xaTiKo<i TrpoarjyopcvOy). "Hvlol St ^YjparocrOivy] rov Kv- 
 prjvoLOv cfiaalv eTretSr; €$eSu)Kev ovto^ (St^Xia hvo ypap/xaTLKO. 
 i-TTLypdif/a^. wvopdaOr} 8c ypa/x/xartKo's. ojs vvv (3d cent.) 
 ovopd^Ofxcv, TT/ooiTos Tlpa$L(f>(xvrj<; (c. 300 B.C.). Fpa/x/xartK?; 
 acc. to Dionysius TJwax : ^EfXTreipLa cos cVrt to TrAeto-roi/ 
 Twv irapa TroL-qToX^ re Kat cri-yypac^ercrt Aeyo/xevcov. iS/.V 
 subdivisions : 
 
 1. Avayvaxrts ivTpL(3r]<s Kara 7rpoau)Stav 
 
 2. E^T^yT^crts Kara ttoltjtlkovs rpoirov^ 
 
 3. FAwcro'cui/ Kat laToptwv 7rp6^€Lpo<i (XTroSocrts 
 
 4. Eru/xoXoytas cvpe<Ji<^ 
 
 
 fJiLKpu, 
 
 a. 
 
 0' 
 
 AvaXoyias eKAoytcr/ixos 
 
 areXe- 
 arepa. 
 
 y 
 
 6. Kptcrts TTOL-qpariov — o 8^ KotXXt- ) / , / 
 
 , ^ , ; = "^^ f^o.Kpa, evreXy^. 
 
 (TTOV (.(TTL 7raVT(x)V €V TTj T€^Vr] \ 
 
 Sex/. Emp. adv. Gramm. I 4 (according to Apollonios 
 Dyscolos ?) TpafXfxaTLKrj : I. re^^vi/cov; 2. icrroptKov; 
 3. tStat're/oov. a. i^rjyrjTLKov ; b. KpirtKov ; c. SiopOoiTLKov. 
 
 Romati Feriod: Sueton. de gramm,, p. 103 Rf. : " Appel- 
 latio grammaticorum Graeca consuetudine invaluit sed 
 initio litterati vocabantur. Cornelius quoque Nepos 
 libello quo distinguit litteratum ab erudito, litteratos 
 vulgo quidem appellari ait eos qui diligenter aliquid et 
 acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere, cete- 
 rum proprie sic appellandos poetarum interpretes qui a 
 Graecis grammatici nominentur." Cic. de orat. I 42, 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 5 
 
 187 : grammatica =r poetarum pertractio, historiarum 
 cognitio, verborum interpretatio, pronuntiandi quidem 
 sonus ; cp. also Orat. I 22 ; de div. In; Quint. I 2, 
 14 : si de loquendi ratione disserat (sc. grammaticus), 
 si quaestiones explicet, historias exponat, poemata 
 enarret. II i, 4 grammatice quam in Latinum trans- 
 ferentes litteraturam vocaverunt. 
 
 K/OiTi/Co'?. 
 
 Among the Greeks: First found in Ps. Plat. Axioch. 366 E: 
 OTTorav Se cis rrjv CTrraertav affitK-qraL ttoXX-Ovs ttowu? 8tav- 
 TXrjaav, TratSaycoyot kul ypafxixaTLaral kol 7rat8oT/3t/?at Tvpav 
 vovvTcq. aviofxivov 8e KpcT lko l, yeoiixerpaL. TaKTLKOt, ttoXv 
 irXriBo^ Seo-TTOTiov. KpiTiKo? as a synonym of ypap^fxa- 
 TtKos. TpafxixaTLKTJ sometimes made subordinate to 
 KpiTLKy. Cf. Se/io/. ad Dionys. Thr., p. 673, 19 : l-myk- 
 ypaTTTaL yap ro irapov o-vyypa/x/xa Kara fiev Ttvas Trepi ypa/x- 
 fjLaTLK^<;, Kara Be eT€pov<i Trepl KpiTiKrj<i T€;(v>/?. KpirLKrj 8e 
 Ae'yerai y] riyvr] Ik tov KaXXiaTOV /xipovi. Bckker^ Afiecd. 
 Gr., p. 1140 : TO TTpoTcpov KptTLKT] eXeycTO (sc. rj ypa/x/xa- 
 
 TLKY)) KOL ol TaVTY)V IXeTLOVTt^ KpLTLKoL DlO CJiryS. 53 I OV 
 
 p.6vov * Aptarapxo'S kol K/dcxtt^s kol ercpoL ttXclovs tw varepov 
 ypa/xixariKwy KXrjOevTiov, TrpoTcpov 8e KpiriKUiv. Sext. Evip. 
 adv. Gramm., § 248 : Tai^pto-Kos yovv 6 KparT^ros aKOva-rr]'^ 
 wcnrep ol aXXot KpiTLKOi, VTroTaaawv tq KpiTiKrj rrjv ypafifxa- 
 
 TLKtjv, etc. 
 Among- the Ro7nans: Cic. ad fam. IX 10, i (quoted by Suet., 
 p. in) : profert alter, opinor, duobus versiculis expen- 
 sum Niciae ; alter Aristarchus hos o^eXtCti. Ego tam- 
 quam criticiis antiquus iudicaturus sum, utrum sint rov 
 TTOcrjTOV an 7rapeix(3e^Xr)ixevoL. Hor. Ep. II i, 51 '■ Ut cri- 
 tici dicunt. Apparently not found elsewhere in Latin 
 (for in Quint. II 1,4 the reading is doubtful), granwia- 
 ticns being the word commonly used. For the distinc- 
 tion between the various termini, see the locus classicus 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 in Scjiec. Ep. io8, 29 : Cum Ciceronis librum de repu- 
 blica prendit hinc philologus aliquis, hinc gra7?i?HafitHS, 
 \\vs\Q, philosophiae deditus alius alio curam suam mittit. 
 Fhilosophiis admiratur contra iustitiam dici tarn multa 
 potuisse. Cum ad hanc eandem lectionem philologus 
 accessit, hoc subnotat : duos Romanos reges esse, 
 quorum alter patrem non habet. alter patrem : nam de 
 Servii matre dubitatur. Anci pater nullus, Xumae nepos 
 dicitur. Praeterea notat eum. quem nos dictatorem 
 dicimus et in historiis ita nominari legimus, apud anti- 
 ques magistrum populi vocatum. Hodieque id exstat 
 in auguralibus libris et testimonium est quod qui ab 
 illo nominetur, magister equitum est. Aeque notat 
 Romulum perisse soils defectione, provocationem ad 
 populum etiam a regibus fuisse ; id ita in pontificalibus 
 libris et alii putant et Fenestella. Eosdem libros cum 
 graitwiaticus explicuit primum verba expressa, reapse 
 dici a Cicerone id est re ipsa, in commentarium refert 
 nee minus sepse id est se ipse, deinde transit ad ea 
 quae consuetude saeculi mutavit tamquam ait Cicero . . 
 ' ab ipsa calce . . revocati ' hanc quam nunc in circo 
 cretam vocamus, calcem antiqui dicebant. Deinde En- 
 nianos colligit versus et in primis illos de African© 
 scriptos . . . Felicem deinde se putat quod invenerit 
 unde visum sit Vergilio dicere, ' quem super ingens 
 porta tonat caeli ' — Ennium, hoc ait, Homero subri- 
 puisse. Ennio Vergilium. esse enim apud Ciceronem in 
 his ipsis de republica libris hoc epigramma Enni. 
 
 Cf. /. Classen, De grammaticae Graecae primordiis ; Bonn, 1S29. 
 Lobeck, PhrjTiichus, pp. 392 ff. K. Lehrs, De vocabulis (^cXoXoyos, 
 ypa/xnaTLKOs, KpiriKOs (Appendix to Herodiani Scripta Tria, Berlin, 
 1857). Grdfeiihan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, I, 'i^'^^d ff. Ill, 4ff. 
 Steinthal, Gesch. d. Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griech. u. Rom. 
 IP, 14 ff. Suscjnihl, Gesch. der Alexand. Literat. I, 327 (see 
 below). 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY, 5 
 
 II. Philology ix Modern Times : 
 
 Its Yarious definitions, subdiYisions and its scope. 
 
 In a narrower sense — Grammar, Lexicology, Textual 
 Criticism, Hermeneutics, aesthetic or literary criticism 
 (' Higher Criticism '). 
 
 In a under sense, it includes the studY of ancient life 
 in all its various, political, social and intellectual phases, 
 as handed down to us in the literary, epigraphic and 
 monumental documents of Greece and Rome. 
 
 Fr. Ast, Grundriss der PhiloL i8oS ; G. Berjihardy, Grundlinien 
 z. Encycl. der Philol. 1832 ; Fr. ffaase, Ersch. u. Gruber Encycl. 
 Ill Sect. 23 pp. 374-422 ; Fr. Ritschl, Opusc. V i ff . ; H. Reichardt, 
 Die Gliederung der Philologie 1846; C. ffirzel, Grundziige zu 
 einer Gesch. der PhiloL 187 2-, pp. 41 ; Aitg. Boeckh, Encyclop. und 
 MethodoL 1S86. 
 
 III. Methods of Treatment. 
 
 1. The Synchronistic or Annalistic Method. 
 
 a. History of a single period. E.g. the Alexandrian, the 
 Renaissance. 
 
 h. Philological history of a j"?>z^/^rt'///'//^r. E.g. Homeric 
 criticism ; Aristotle, history of his works (Shute). 
 
 c. History of an individual scholar and his influence 
 (Biography and Bibliography). E.g. Monk.,\AiQ. of 
 Bentley ; O. Ribbeck, Ritschl, ' Ein Beitrag zur 
 Gesch. der class. Philologie '; D. Ruhnke?i.,YXog\M\\\ 
 Hemsterhusii ; Wytfenbach, Vita Ruhnkenii ; M. 
 Pattison, Casaubon. 
 
 2. The Eidographic Method. 
 
 a. e.g. The science of Greek Grammar (Bernhardy, 
 
 Steinthal). 
 
 b. e.g. The history of Hermeneutics and Textual Crit- 
 
 icism ( Blass), Epigraphy (Larfeld, Hiibner, Momm- 
 sen). 
 
6 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 3. The Ethnographic or Geographic Method. 
 
 a. History of a particular school^ e.g. at Alexandria or 
 
 in Pergamum (Parthey, Wegener). 
 
 b. Fhilological history of a single fiation, e.g. the Germans 
 
 (Bursian), the Dutch (L. Miiller). 
 
 B. History of Classical Philology. 
 
 General bibliography : I. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, ed. 
 Harles ; 12 vols., 1809. Id., Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti; 2 vols., 
 1774. E. Hillnier, Bibliographie der classischen Alterthumswis- 
 senschaft ; Berlin, 1889-. Urlichs, in I. Miiller's Handbuch, I i-, 
 pp. 1-145. 
 
 I. The Greek Period (5 cent.-i46 b.c). 
 
 Bibliography : Grdfeiihan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, 4 vols.; 
 Bonn, 1843-50. Lersch, Sprachphilosophie der Alten, 1841. Stein- 
 thal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen u. 
 Romern, 2 vols. ; Berlin, iSqi^. E. Egger, Essai sur I'Histoire de 
 la Critique chez les Grecs ; Paris, 1886^, pp. 570. 
 
 I. The Pre-Alexandrian Period, 5. cent.-32 2 (f Aris- 
 totle). 
 a. The alleged recensioji of Homer by Peisistratiis. 
 
 Cf. Wilamowitz, Homer. Untersuch., p. 235 ff. Flach, Peisistratus 
 u. seine literarische Thatigkeit ; Tubingen, 18S5. Also Ritschl, 
 Opusc. I, 31-60. I23ff. 160-67. 196 ff. 
 
 /'. The Sophists. 
 
 Cf. W. O. Eriedel, De sophistarum studiis Homericis, Diss. 
 
 Hallens. I, 1873, PP- i-7 ff- Grdfenhan, I, 124-41. L. Spetigel, 
 
 Ivvayioyi] rexvCiv, 1828. Westermann, Griech. Beredsamkeit, 1832. 
 
 Blass, Griech. Beredsamkeit, Vol. I. Cope, Aristotle's Rhetoric, 
 
 Vol. I, Introduction. 
 
 a. Gorgias of Leontini (arrived at Athens 427 B.C.). 
 Ilept ovo/xarwv Cfv^eVea)? — icroKooXa Trdptaa ofj-otore- 
 XevTa. Oral instruction. A treatise on rhetoric 
 falsely attributed to him by Dionysius, Diogenes, 
 Laertius and Quintilian. Cf. the literature cited 
 above. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. / 
 
 /8. Protagoras of Abdera (j 411 b.c). 
 
 Ile/ot SpOoeTreta's — P. the first to distinguish gram- 
 matical moods and genders. Cp. Aristoph. Clouds, 
 vv. 659 ff. 
 
 Cf. Classen, 1. c, p. 28; Lersch, 1. c, pp. 18 ff.; Spengel, pp. 52 ff., 
 and the citations given above. 
 
 y. Frodicus of Ceos (older contemporary of Socrates). 
 Founder of synonymies. 
 
 Cf. Spengel, 1. c, pp. 46 ff. ; Lersch, pp. 1 5 ff. ; IVelcker, Rh. Mus. 
 I. 1-39. 563-643 ( =^'^- Schr. II, 393-541)- 
 
 c. Literary Criticism in Attic Comedy. ;^£t>v 
 Cp. Egger, 1. c, pp. 37-89. (^ <V^;- ^^O;^^^/^^ 
 
 d. Plato (427-347) as a philologist, o q^^<^ ^ 
 (i) Grammar (ovofxa, prj/xa). ^^'^fO/j.. ^^ 
 
 (2) Etymology (esp. in the Cratylus). 
 
 (3) Exegesis (Poem of Simonides in the Protagoras). 
 
 (4) Aesthetic or Literary Criticism (esp. in the Re- 
 public) . 
 
 Cf. Steinthal I-, 41-152 (on the Cratylus). 
 
 e. The official copy of the three dramatists. 
 
 Cf. O. Korn, De publico Aesch., Soph., Eurip., fabularum ex- 
 emplari Lycurgo auctore confecto, Bonn, 1863; lViia?nowitz, 
 Hermes, XIV, 151 ; Eurip. Heracl. I, 130. 
 
 f. Aristotle of Stagira, 384-322. 
 
 £)io Chrysost. LI 1 1, p. 353 (294 R.) : ^ApLaT0TeX7]<;, d(/)' 
 ov <f>a<JL T7]V KpLTiKiqv TC Kol ypaixfJLaTLKTjV dp^rjv ka^elv. 
 
 (i) Edition of Homer (^ oltto tov vdpOrjKO'i ; cf. Plut. 
 Alex. 8 : Strabo, XIII 594; Schol. Iliad. XXI 252; 
 Schol. Theocr. I 34 — lipof^X-rjixara (?)). 
 
 (2) Grammar, style, rhetoric (Poet. c. 24 ff. : Rhet., 
 bk. III). 
 
 (3) Aesthetic criticism (Poetics, Ticpl ttoltjtijjv). 
 
 (4) AiSao-KaAtat, C. I. G. I. 349 sqq. ; C. I. A. II, 
 971-77. 
 
8 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. Ra7tke, Vita Aristophanis (in Thiersch, Plutus, 1S30), pp. 
 83 if.; Richter, Arist. Wasps, Introd. ; U. Kohler, Mittheil. d. 
 Athen. Instit. Ill (187S), ii2f., 229 ff. 
 
 (5) Peplos — Cf. A. We?idling, De peplo A., Strassb. 
 Diss. 1891. 
 
 g. The Peripatetic School. 
 
 a. Heracleides Poiiticus, pupil of Plato and Aristotle. 
 
 Cf. Grdfenkaft, 11, 63 ; Cnger, Rh. Mus. XXXVIII, 4S1 ff. ; 
 Z. Cokii, Comment. Reiffersch., Breslau, 18S4. 
 
 /?. Theophnistus of Eresos, 372-287/6. 
 
 (1) Ilept Kco/u,a>8t'as (Athen. 261 c/). 
 
 (2) Ile/ot Ae^ecos (Dionys. Hal. de Lys. c. 14). 
 
 Cf. H. Usener, De Dionysii Hal. imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889. 
 Rabe, De Th. libris liepl Xe^fws, Bonn, 1S90. 
 
 (3) Ilept jx^Tpwv, Trepl croXotKLcrfxiov, probably parts of 
 (2). Cf. the catalogue of his writings given by 
 Diog. Laert. (from Hermippos) V 42-50. 
 
 y. Aristoxe7ius 6 fiovaLKos, of Tare7itu77i. 
 
 ITcpt TpaywSoTTOtcov (esp. on Soph.), Trept rpaytK^s 
 op)(^rj(rioi<i, ^vfifjiLKTa viro/JivijixaTa, rrepl fxovatKrj^, Trepl 
 lxcXo7roua<; — Blol (philosophers and tragedians). 
 Cf. IV. L. Mah?ie, Diatribe de A., 1793, pp. 220. 
 
 8. Dicaea?'chus, 347-287. 
 
 Y TTOU €Cr€.i<i rCiV l^VpiTriSoV KoI ^0<f>OKX€OV<i fXvBiiiV 
 
 (hypothesis to Eur. Medea still extant). 
 
 Ilcpt fxovo-LKwv dyoji'cov (Schol. Arist. Ran. 1335 ; 
 
 Vesp. 1290). 
 
 Cf. K Osaiin. Beitr. zur griech. u. rom. I.itteraturgesch. II, 
 1839, pp. I ff. ; Patdy, R. E. II, 996ff. ; M. Fu/ir, Dicaearchi quae 
 supersunt etc., 1841 ; Fabrichis, Bibl. Or. Ill, 486-491. 
 
 //. Praxiphanes of Rhodes or Mytilene, floruit c. 300. 
 ' Ilpajros ypa/jLfxaTLKoi;^ ; vid. Clem. Alex, cited above. 
 
 Teacher of Aratus and Callimachus. 
 Works : Hcpl Troivyrojv. Trepl lcrropLa<^. Trepl — oiv^/xaroov. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 9 
 
 Cf. L. Preller, De Praxiphane (Ausgewahlte Aufsatze, Berlin, 
 1S64); Stisemihl, I, 144 ff. ; Wilanioiuitz, Hermes, XII, 326ff.; Eur, 
 Heracl. I, 16 Anm. 25 ; R. Hirzel, Hermes, XIII, 46ff. ; R. Scholl, 
 ibid. pp. 446 f. 
 
 /. Antigonos of Carystos, born c. 295. 
 (i) Lives of C07itemp07-ary philosophers. 
 (2) Lives of Greek sculptors and pai?iters. 
 
 Cf. Wilaniowitz, Antigonos von Carystos (Philol. Unters. IV, 
 356) ; Stisefuihl, I, 468-75. 519-23. II, 675. 
 
 2. The Alexandrian Period, 322 (or 305)-i43 (tAris- 
 tarchus). 
 
 Chief work : F. Suseviihl, Gesch. d. griech. Literal, in der 
 Alexand. Zeit, 2 vols., 1892, pp. 907. 771. 
 
 General characteristics of the period. The great Library and 
 Museum. Cf. Conat, pp. 1-50 ; Snsemihl, I, 335 ff.; Parthey, 
 Das Alexandrin. Museum, Berlin, 1838 ; Ritschl, Opusc. I, 1-70. 
 123-72. 197-237 ; Bernhardy, Gesch. d. griech. Literat. I'*, 509- 
 43 II, 699 ff. ; JVi7amo7vitz, Eur. HtYa.c\., I, 121 if.; Renaii, E., 
 Melanges d'histoire dans I'antiquite, Paris, 1878 (Les grammai- 
 riens grecs pp. 389-410. 427-440). 
 
 a. Philetas of Cos, 339-289/5. 
 
 AraKTa (^AraKTOc yXwaaai, rAcoco-at). The first at- 
 tempt at a Homeric lexicon. Cf. Aristarchiis, ITpos 
 ^tXyjTav. 
 
 On Philetas as a poet, vide Coiiat, La Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 
 1882, pp. 68 ff. ; Stisemihl, I, I74ff. 
 
 b. Zejiodotus of Ephesus, c. 325-c. 260. 
 
 Pupil of Philetas. Fi?'st librarian of Alexandria, 
 (i) Collection of the works of the epic and lyric poets. 
 Cf. Schol. Plautinum ; Ritschl, Opusc. 1. c. 
 
 (2) rXcocro-at 'OfxrjpiKaL (Schol. Od. 3, 444; Schol. 
 
 Apoll. Rhod. II 1005). 
 
 (3) A t op ^ CO crt? (or 6k8(oo-is) 'Ofxypov, the first scien- 
 tific edition of the Iliad and the Odvssev. Published 
 shortly before 274 B.C. 
 
lO OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 On his critical method, cf. F. A. Wolf, Proleg. c. 43 ; Sengebiisch, 
 Diss. Horn. I, 21 ff.; Di'aitzer, De Zenodoti studiis Homericis, 
 Gottingen, 184S ; Romer, Ueber die Homerrecension des Zenodot 
 (Munchner Acad. I, CI. XVII, 639-722 (1S85) ; Suseviihl, I, 327- 
 35 ; Piisch, Quaest. Zenod. (Diss. Hall. XI, 1 19-216). 
 
 I. Alexa7ider Aetolus^ floruit c. 285 b.c. 
 
 Collection of the Greek tragic poets in the Alexand. 
 Library. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl, 1. c, pp. 2-4. 199 f. On his poetry : Meineke, Anal. 
 Alex. pp. 215 ff. ; Susemihl, I, 187-90 ; Conat, pp. 105 ff. 
 
 d. Lycophro?i of Chains, c. 285 B.C. 
 
 (i) Collection of the co7nic poets in the Alexand. 
 
 Library. 
 Cf. Ritschl, 1. c. 
 (2) Tlept Koj/xwSi'a? in at least 9 books. The oldest 
 
 work of its kind. 
 Cf. K. Strecker, De Lycophrone Euphronio Eratosthene comi- 
 corum interpretibus, Greifswald, 1S84 (with collection of frag- 
 ments) ; Susemihl, I, 274. 426. 
 
 e. Callimachus of Cyrene, c. 310-c. 240. 
 
 .S.?^^;/^ librarian of Alexandria. Meya /3i/3Atov, /^eya kxkov. 
 Chief work : TTiVaKe? rtov Iv Trdar] TraiSei'a StaAa/j.- 
 ll/dvTwv Kal wv (Tvviy paxj/av, I20 books. On the 
 
 classification and contents of this catalogue : 
 
 Cf. O. -5'(r//;/^/^^r, Callimachea, II, 297-322; Wachsmiith, Philol. 
 XVI, 653 ff. ; Grdfeiiha7i, 11, 182 ff. ; Susefuihl, I, T^yj f. On the 
 Ho7neric studies of C, cf. F. von Ian, De C. Homeri interprete, 
 Strassb. Diss. 1893, PP- ii°- — O^ C. as a poet, cf. Couat, pp. iir- 
 284 ; Susemihl, I, 'i^\']—']y 
 
 f Eratosthenes of Cyrene, c. 276-196. 
 
 'O 0tAo'Aoyo5, the first to assume that name. Cf. 
 SuetoJi. p. 108 R. Third librarian of Alexandria. 
 One of the most versatile and learned scholars of 
 all times. (6 7rivraOXo<i. Brjra, cf. Siiidas s. V. 'Epa- 
 ToaOevrj^. ) 
 
 (i) T eojy pa(f)LKd. 3 books. The first scientific treat- 
 ment of the subject. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGV. I I 
 
 Cf. Berger, Gesch. der wissenschaftl. Urdkunde bei den Griech. 
 Ill, 57-112, Lpz. 1S91. 
 
 (2) Ilept ^(^povoy pa<f>t<i)v. 
 
 Cf. D/e/s, Rh. Mus. XXXI, i ff.; A'/esc^, Hermes, XXIII, 92 ff. 
 
 (3) OXv/xttlovIkul. 
 
 Cf. Bern/iardy, Eratosthenica, pp. 247 ff. 
 
 (4) Hepl TYj'^ ap-^aia^ Kco/xa)8tas, in at least 12 
 
 books. "A philological masterpiece." 
 a. Strecker, 1. c; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXI, 597 f. XXIV, 44 ; 
 Bernhardy, 1. c, pp. 203-37, and Susemihl, I, 409-2S. 
 
 g. Aristophanes of Byzaritium, c. 257-c. 180. 
 
 Librarian, successor of Eratosthenes or ApoUonius 
 
 Rhodius. The greatest philologist of antiquity. 
 (i) Ifivention (J) of accents, pimctuation (ace. to Arca- 
 dius, p. 186 if.). 
 
 Cf. Xaiick, pp. 12 ff. ; Wilajnciuitz, 1. c, pp. 1 27 f. ; Siisemihl, I, 
 432. 901 ; Uscner ap. eundem, II, 672. 
 
 (2) K/otriK-a crrjfjLc'La. On the symbols themselves 
 see below. 
 
 Cf. Xauck, pp. 15-1S. 
 
 (3) Editions with critical signs to — 
 
 a. Homer (Atd/o^coo-t? 'O/xr/pov). Cf. Wolf, Proleg. 
 c. 44 ; Nanck, 1. c. pp. 25-58. Close of the Odys- 
 sey, XXIII, 296. On his method of criticism, 
 see Wila7nountz below. 
 
 /S. Hesiod, Theogony (cf. Schol. Theog. 68). 
 
 y. Alcaeiis, A?iacreon, Pindar and perhaps Simotiides 
 (Dionys. de comp. verb. 26). 
 
 8. Euripides (Scho\. Or. 714. 1287 ; Hipp. 172). 
 Cf. A^auck, p. 62 f. 
 
 e. Aristop/i a?ies (^c\\o\. Av. 1342 ; Thesm. 162.917; 
 Ran. 152 f. ; Xub. 958). 
 Cf. Naicck, pp. iS. 63-66. 
 
 t,. Menander (?). Cf. his saying : " Z 'MivavSpe kuI 
 /Sle. irorepo^; dp ijxujv Torepov S-TrefjiLfXTijcraTO .* 
 
12 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (4) 'YTTo^ccreis to Soph. Eur. Arist. and perhaps Aesch. 
 (probably prefixed to his editions). Contents : Ar- 
 gument of the play, its sources, didascalia, aesthetic 
 judgment. The following extant fragments of vtto- 
 Oi(T€L<; are probably ultimately based upon those of 
 Aristophanes : 
 
 Aeschylus : Persae, Sept. adv. Theb., Again., 
 Eumen., Prom. 
 
 Sophocles: Oed. Col, Philoct., Ant. Oed. Rex 
 (metrical) [Aiax]. 
 
 Euripides : Hecuba, Orest., Phoen., ]\ledea, Hyp- 
 
 pol., Alcesf., Androm., Troad. {_Rhesos\ Ion, Iphig. 
 
 Taur., Bacch., Heracleid., Helena, Hercul. Fur., 
 
 Cyclops (none extant to Suppl, Iph. Aul, Electra). 
 
 Aristophanes : Acharn. I, H (metrical) ; Equit. I, 
 
 H, HI (met.) ; Nub. I, H, HI, IV (met.), V, VI, 
 
 VII <VIII, IX, X> ; Vesp. I, II (met.); Pax, I, II, 
 
 HI, IV (met.); Aves, I, II, III, IV (met.): Lysist. 
 
 I, II (met.); Ranae, I, II (met.), <III, IV> ; Eccl. 
 
 I, II (met.); Plut. I, II, HI, IV, [V], VI (met.). 
 
 Cf. F. U\ Schueidezuin, De hypothesibus tragoed. Graec. Aris- 
 toph. Byz. vindicandis (Abh. der Gott. Gesell. der Wiss., Vol. IV, 
 1853-55); Naiick, 1. c, pp. 255 ff. ; Trendelenburg, Grammat. Graec. 
 de arte trag. iudiciorum reliquiae, Bonn, 1867. 
 
 (5) ITapaAXr/Xot MevavSpov re Kat a<^ mv c/<Aei/^ev. 
 
 (6) Ilcpt Trpoo-wTTOJv (perhaps the ultimate source of 
 
 Pollux, IV 133-54)- 
 Cf. Nazuk, pp. 275 ff. ; Rohde, De I. P. . . fontibus, Lpz. 1870. 
 
 (7) Uapot/xtat (fxeTpLKal and a/xerpot) in 6 books. 
 Cf. .Yanck, pp. 235-42 ; Lattsch, Philol. Ill, 566. 
 
 (8) Ilept dvaAoyt'as. 
 N'auck, pp. 264 ff. 
 
 (9) Ilept ttJs d;)(vvp,€vr7? (jKVTdA.77?, a treatise on 
 a passage in Archilochus (fragm. 89, 2). 
 
 Naiick, pp. 273 ff. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 13 
 
 (lo) Ae^'ets — ITept rwv VTroTrrevo/xcVaJV fxr] dprjdOat toU 
 
 TraXatots, Trept oi'o^acrtas rjXiKLWv. Trept avyycvLKCjv ovo- 
 
 ^druiv — 'AttlkoL Xe^et5, AaKwvtKat yXuxTcraL. The 
 
 first scientific work on lexicography. About loo 
 
 fragments preserved. 
 
 Cf. .Vauc^, 1. c, pp. 69-190 ; Rh. Mus. VI, 322-51; Fresenius, 
 
 De Xe'^ewi' Aristophanearum et Suetoniarum excerptis Byzantinis, 
 
 Wiesbaden, 1875 ; L. Cohn, Jahrb. f. Philol. Suppl. XIT, 283-374- 
 
 (11) npo9 TTivaKa? KaXXt/xaxov. Of this supple- 
 ment to the great catalogue of Callimachus, the 
 extant distribution of the Platonic Dialogues into 
 trilogies {Diog. Laert. Ill 61 f.) formed probably 
 
 a part. 
 
 (12) Kavoves or lists of 'best authors.' Cf. Qiiint. 
 X 1, 54 : "ApoUonius in ordinem a grammaticis 
 datum non venit quia Aristarchus atque Aristo- 
 phanes neminem sui temporis in ordinem redege- 
 runt" ; vid. also X i, 59 and I 4, 3- 
 
 For extant ancient lists cf. Usener, Dionysii Halic. librorum de 
 imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889, pp. i3off. On the probable 
 character, contents and origin of these canones, cf. Ranke, \ ita 
 Aristoph., pp. I04ff.; Steffen, De canone qui dicitur Aristophanis 
 et Aristarchi, Lpz. 1876; Brzoska.V,^ canone decern oratorum,. 
 Breslau, 1883 ; P. Hartmann, De canone decern oratorum, Got- 
 tingen, 1891, and Susemihl, I, 445- 4^4 H, 674 f. 694-97- 
 
 On Aristophanes of Byzayithwi m general cf. A. Naiuk, Aristo- 
 phanis Byzantii Fragmenta, Halle, 184S, pp- 33S ; -^'^^^^'^^^^ ^ 
 428-48 : Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracles, I, 137-53- / D'>^ ^^" / -\ 
 
 h. Aristarchus of Satnot/irace, 21-] /^-i^^/^^ ■^>^ ''•^ 
 
 'Op-r/ptKOS, 6 KpLTLK6<;. irdvv apL(TTO<; ypafXfxaTCKoq (Schol. 
 Hom. B. 316) 6 avyp (Herodianus in Schol. B. 153) 
 p.avTts (Athen. XIV 634). Hor. A. P. 450 fiet Aris- 
 tarchus Cic. ad Att. I 14. 3 meis orationibus, quarum 
 tu Aristarchus es. ad fam. IX 10, i. Soo utto/xw/- 
 /xara. Difference betw. v7rop.vy]p.ara. and o-vyypa/x- 
 
14 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 fxara. The latter more highly esteemed than the 
 former. Cf. Didy7mis (Schol. B iii) : el yap to, 
 crvyypa/x/xara rwy vTrofxvrjiJidTOiv Trporarro/xev. 
 (i) Edition of Homer. Two editions. Cf. Lekrs, p. 
 23 ; Liidwig, 1, 17 ff. Cp. Schol. K 397 : Ammo- 
 nius, the successor of Aristarchus, the author of a 
 treatise "Ilept tov /xtj yeyovevai irXeiova^ (sc. roov hvo) 
 iKS6cr€L<; Trj<s Kpicrrapytiov Siop^cocreo)?." 
 
 (2) Svyy/oa/X/aara — Yicpl 'iXtctSos koI 'OSvcrcretu? 
 (Schol. I 349), 11/305 ^iXrjTOLv (Schol. A 524, Bin), 
 IIpo? Kco/xavoV (Schol. A 97, B 798, n 1 10), IIpos TO 
 HeVcoj/os TrapdSo^ov (Schol J\I 435 and Suse77iihl^ II, 
 149 f.), rCept TOV vavo-TaO/xov with a map or hidypaixjxit 
 (K 53, M 258, O 449, ^ 166, 807). 
 
 On his critical method cf. Wolf, Proleg., pp. 226 ff. ; Le/ws, De 
 Aristarchi stucliis Homericis, Konigsberg, 18822 (1833I) ; Senge- 
 btisch. Diss. Horn. I, 24 ff.; Ludwig, Aristarch's Homerische Text- 
 kritik nach den Fragmenten des Didymus, 2 vols., Lpz. 1885 ; 
 Wilamcnvitz, Homer. Unters., pp. 3S3ff.; Eurip. Heracles, I, 154; 
 Siiseviihl, I, 451-63 ; Jt-'l>l>, Homer, Boston, 1888, pp. 92 ff. 
 
 (3) 'YTTOfxvyjfjiaTa 'commentaries' and iKS6a-eL<; 
 ' editions ' with ' critical signs ' to — 
 
 a. Hcsiod. 
 
 Cf. Flach, Jahrb. f. Phil. 109 (1874), pp. 8i5ff.; 115 (1877), 
 pp. 433 ff . ; IVaeschke, De Aristarchi studiis Hesiodiis (Acta Sem. 
 Lips. 1874) ; Schbma7i)i, Opusc. II, 510 ff. Ill, 47 ff. 
 
 /5. Commentary to Archilochus {Clefn. Stro?n. I 
 326 D). 
 
 y. Edition of Alcaeus (Ilephaesf., p. 136) and per- 
 haps of Afiacreon, certainly a commentary on this 
 poet (yAthen. XV 671 f., i^rjyovfxevos). 
 
 8. Pindar (edition and commentary). 
 
 Feine, De Aristarcho Pindari interprete (Diss. lenen. II, 253- 
 327) ; Horn, De Aristarchi studiis Pindaricis, Greifswald, 1883 ; 
 Susemi/il, I, 460 ff.; Lehrs, Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1S73. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 1 5 
 
 c. Commentary to Aeschylus, at all events to the 
 AvKovpyos (Schol. T/ieocr.X 18). To Io?i, at least 
 to the 'OfjicfxiXr) {Athen. XIV 634^). 
 ^. Commentaries to Sophocles. 
 Cf. J/. Sclunidt, Didymi fragmenta, Lpz. 1S54, p. 262. 
 
 77. Commentary to Aristophanes. 
 O. Gerhard. De Aristarcho Aristophanis interprete, Bonn, 1850; 
 Schneider, De Aristophanis schoL font., pp. 86 f. 
 
 (4) A.'s contributions to g?^a7?imar. The first to dis- 
 tinguish eight parts of speech. Cf. Quint. I 4, 20 ; 
 Schdman?i, Redetheile, p. 12 ; Steinthal, 1. c. 
 
 Plato — ^i. ovo/xa and 2. p^/xa ; cf. Classen, 1. c, 
 pp. 43-52. 
 
 Aristotle (and Theodectes) — i. wo/Aa, 2. pTjixa, 
 3. apOpov 'article,' 4. awheapio^ 'conjunction,' ibid., 
 p. 55 ff. According to Dionysius, De comp. verb. 
 2 ( = Qui?it. I 4), the article was not as yet recog- 
 nized by these as a separate part of speech, but 
 see Classen, p. 59 f. 
 
 Stoics (Chrysippus) — i. ovo/xa, 2. Trpoa-qyopCa 
 'appellatio,' 'proper names,' 3. p^/xa, 4. crwSeo-yaos, 
 
 5. apOpov 'article and pronoun,' 6. p^ea-orrj^ (-n-avSe- 
 KT-q^) ' adverb ' added by Antipater. 
 
 Aristarchus — i. ovo/xa, 2. p^/xa, 3. dvT(Dvvp.La 'pro- 
 noun,' 4. i7rLppr)p.a 'adverb,' 5. p^cToxy 'participle,' 
 
 6. apOpov, 7. o-t)i/8eo-/xo9, 8. irpoOtcn'i 'preposition.' ^ 
 Cf. Classen; Lersch ; Steinthal, vol. II; Schofnann, 11. cc; 
 
 A\ Schmidt, Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839 ; Th. Rumpel, 
 Casuslehre, Halle, 1845, PP- 1-70 ; Ribbach, De A. arte gramma- 
 tica, Xiirnberg, 1S83. 
 
 1 The ancients, accustomed to see in Homer the fountain of all wisdom, 
 supposed these eight parts of speech to have been well known to him, 
 citing in proof of this the following lines : 
 
 Iliad, I 185: a\)Th% Icov KXiairjude rb crbv yepas 6(pp ev eldys. 
 
 Iliad, XXII 59 : wpos de /xe top d^aT-qvov en cppoveovT eX^rjcrov. 
 
l6 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (5; Analogia (Aristarchus and his schoolj vs. Ano- 
 malia (Crates and the Stoics). 
 
 Cf. Lersch ; Steiiithal, I, 357-74 II> 7I-I59- 
 
 /. Hermippos 6 Ka/\At/xa;)(eio9, of Smyrna, 
 
 Bi'ot TTCpl Tuiv iv iraiheia XafJul/dvTwv. 
 Of this voluminous work : -ept rtuv vofioOeroiv, [irepl 
 hovXoiv. ? ] 77epl tCjv €7r-a aocfiojv. —epl Ylvuayopov, —ept 
 'Apt(7rore/\ov9. —ept Fopyt'or. —ept IcroKparoib. -epi 
 'IcroKparov? p,aOqTO)v. Trepl iv^oEwv dvSpcov larpcoi'. Trept 
 ixdyoyv. Trepl tCjv 0.776 <fiL\oao(f>ta<; eh Tvpa\i'LOaq Kai 
 Swao-reta? fxcOecTT-qKoroiv — generally cited as sepa- 
 rate books, formed only so many subdivisions. One 
 of the chief sources of Diogejies Laerfius, and of 
 FlutarcJis Lycurgus, Solon. Demosthenes, and 
 indirectlv. throusfh the medium of Caecilius, of 
 Fseudo-Flutarch. Vitae X oratorum. Cf. Suse7?iihl, 
 
 I. 49^-95- 
 /'. Apollodorus of Athens (pupil of Aristarchus), fior. c. 
 
 i:;o. " 'A-0/\A.o8ojpa) Trept Tracrav IcTTopLav dvbpl detvo) 
 
 (Fs. HeracL Alleg. Homer. 7). 
 
 (i) XpovtKa in comic trimeters, from the fall of 
 Troy, (ii84)-i44 B.C. 2d. edition, to about 119 
 (death of Boethos the Academic mentioned). The 
 inexhaustible storehouse of chronological informa- 
 tion throughout antiquity. Calculation of the aK/xvy. 
 
 Cf. Diets, Rh. Mus. XXXI (1S76), 1-34 : also G. F. Unger, 
 Philol., XL (1SS2), 602-51. 
 
 (2) Ilept roi T'ccuj' KaraXo'yoi'. 12 books. An ex- 
 haustive commentary to the Homeric Catalogue of 
 the Ships. 
 
 Cf. Xiese, Apollodor's Commentar zum Schiftscataloge als 
 Quelle Strabo's, Rhein. Mus. XXXII (1S77), 267-307. 
 
 (3) Ilept loxjipovoq . 4 books. 
 
 (4) On Epicha}'7nus. 10 books. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 1/ 
 
 (5) Ilept TOiv 'A07]vy](TLV kraip^v. . 
 
 (6) Ilept €TV/xoXoyto)v. 
 
 (7) ncpt Oc^v, 24 books. A work of stupendous 
 erudition, freely and extensively pirated by later 
 writers. 
 
 Cf. Micenzel, De Apollodori -Kepi deCiv libris, Bonn, 1S83 ; and 
 on A. in general cf. Susemihl, II, 33-44- 
 
 /. The first Manual of Mythology, written between 100- 
 50 B.C., the source of Diodonis, Hyginus, Pseudo-Apol- 
 lodori Bibliotheca, Procliis. 
 
 Cf. Bethe, Quaestiones Diodoreae mythographae, Gottingen, 
 1887, and Hermes, XXVI (1891), 593-634 ; Susemihl, II. 45-5-- 
 m. Ammonius, pupil and successor of Aristarchus. ^ 
 (i) Hept Tov fxr] yeyovivat TrXeiova? (sc. tCjv hvo) CKSocreis 
 T^s 'Apto-rapxetov Stop^cio-ecos. See above under 
 
 Aristarchus. 
 
 (2) Uepl Twv VTTO nXarovos /xerevr/vey/xeVwv e^' 'O/x^pov. 
 
 (3) IIpo? 'AOrjvoKXea o-vyypa/x/xa. 
 
 (4) Commentary to Pindar. 
 
 (5) K(op.a)8oi'/x£VOi. 
 
 (6) Ilept ToJv 'A^r/vr/o-iv eratptStov. 
 
 (7) Ilept Trpoo-cpStas or Ilepl 'ArrtK^s 7rpoo-cu8tas. 
 
 Cf. ^/««, De Aristarchi discipulis, Jena, 1883 ; A. Koemer, Die 
 Werkeder Aristarcheer im Cod. Yen. A, Munch. Acad. II, 241 ff. 
 {1875); La Roche, Horn. Textkritik, pp. 68-78; Susemihl, II, 
 
 153-155- 
 
 ;/. Dionysiiis Thrax of Alexandria, born c. 166 B.C. 
 (i) Te'xvr; ypa/x/xartKr;, the first attempt of its kind 
 and the standard work on the subject for more 
 than 1500 years. 
 Cf. Uhligs edition, with exhaustive Prolegomena, Lpz. 1883. 
 For a list oi grammatical terms, see below. 
 
 Of the numerous commentators of the rix^r}, 
 Choeroboscus (6. cent.), Stephafws (7. cent.), Hclio- 
 
1 8 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 dorus, MelampHs^ Moschopulos are the most note- 
 worthy. 
 
 Cf. Hoersckelmajtti, De Dionysii Thracis interpretibus veteribus 
 I, Lpz. 1874, and especially Hilgard, Heidelberg Gymn. Progr. 
 Lpz. iSSo. 
 
 (2) Commentaries to the Iliad and Odyssey (28 frag.). 
 Following Aristarchus, D. regarded Homer as an 
 
 Athenian. 
 
 (3) Commentaries to Hcsiod's Works and Da vs. 
 
 (4) IIpo? ^pdr-qra. 
 
 (5) Ilept TTOCrOTT^TCOV. 
 
 (6) A work on Rhetoric. 
 
 (7) MeAerat. 
 
 Qi. Mor. Schmidt, Philol. VII, 360-82 VIII, 234-53. 510-20; 
 Susemihl, II, 168-75. 6S7 f. 
 
 0. DiDYMus Chalcexteros of Alexandria, c. 65 b.c- 
 
 C. 10 A.D. 
 
 Said to have written 3500-4000 books. A??i7/i. 
 Marccll. XXII 16, 16 Xa\KevT€po<; multiplicis scien- 
 tiae copia memorabilis. Quint. I 8, 19, Didymo, quo 
 nemo plura scripsit, accidisse compertum est, ut cum 
 historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, ipsius 
 proferretur liber qui eam continebat. Athen. IV 139 : 
 KokCi 8e Tovrov S.'qjjL7jTpL0<; 6 TpoL^yvLO<; (BifSXioXaOav 
 Ota TO 7rkrjOo<i wv iKSeSojKe o-i'yypa/x/xaroji/ • iaTL yap 
 rpL(T')(iXLa TTpos rot? 7revTaKoaLOL<i. Macrob. Sat. V 18, 9 ; 
 grammaticorum facile eruditissimus. 22, 10 : gram- 
 maticorum omnium . . . instructissimus. Masterly 
 discussion and estimate of D.'s work by Wi/amowifz, 
 Eur. Heracl. I, 157-68. 
 
 (I) Lexicographical. 
 
 (1) ■^te.cjiOopvla Ae^ts. 
 
 (2) ATTopovfjiev'fj Ac^t?, 7 books. 
 
 (3) T poTTLKr] Ae^t9. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 1 9 
 
 (4) Kco/xtK^ X€^9. ) The chief source of the lexicograph- 
 . . rJ^ ^ \ 'i i ical erudition of the ancients pre- 
 
 ^^^ '^ ' ' -' served in lexica, schoha, Athenaeus, 
 
 Hesychius, Photius, etc. 
 (6) Lexicon to Hippocrates (?). 
 (II) Didymus as editor of texts and as commentator. 
 (i) Ilept Tr]s 'A/Dto-rapx*'^ ^^^P^^^^^^* (Text and 
 commentary to the Homeric poems.) See above. 
 
 (2) Commentary to Hesiod ; cf. Sdwiidt, pp. 299 f. 
 
 (3) C. to Findar; id., pp. 214-40. 
 
 (4) C. to the Epinikia of Bacchylides. 
 
 (5) C. to Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (in part). 
 The extant %ntae are in all essential details Didy- 
 mean. Prejudicial and partial criticism of Soph, 
 to the disparagement of Euripides. Cf. A. Roemer 
 
 (cited below). 
 
 (6) C. to Ion and perhaps to Achaeos ; cf. Schmidt, 
 
 PP- 301-5- 
 
 (7) C. to Cratifms and Eiipolis ; Schmidt, pp. 307-9- 
 
 (8) C. to Aristophanes ; Schmidt, pp. 246-61 ; Schnei- 
 der, De fontibus A. schoL, pp. 59-^3- [Aristo- 
 phanes of Byz. — Didymus— Symmachus — extant 
 
 scholia.] 
 
 (9) C. to Menander and to Phrynichus (Kronos) ; 
 
 Sclwiidt, pp. 306 ff. 
 
 (10) Editions and Commentaries to Antiphon, Isaeiis, 
 Hypereides, Aeschiiies and De77iosthenes — Schmidt, 
 pp. 310-19 — Isocrates (?), Deinarchiis (?). 
 
 (i i) Edition of Thucydides. The extant life by Mar- 
 cellinus (esp. § 1-45) was almost entirely taken from 
 Didymus' introduction. Cf. Suseinihl, II, 203 f., 
 
 note 314. 
 (12) 'PTyropiKa v7ro[jLvrifi.ara, in at least 10 books ; 
 Schmidt, p. 321. Exegetical parerga to the Attic 
 orators. 
 
20 " OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (13) Tlepl Tov SeKaret'O-ut ; ScJwiidt, pp. 317 f. 
 
 (III) Gra77i7natical works : 
 
 (i) Ilepi Tra^coi/ (on inliectionsj ; ScJwiidt^ pp. 343 ft. 
 
 (2) Ilept 6p0oypa(f>ia<i. 
 
 (3) Tie.pl TTJs irapa 'Pco/xat'ot? dvaAoyi'a?. Doubtful, 
 
 (IV) Historical^ ajitiquariaji^ literary treatises : 
 (i) aevrj laTopta ; cf. Schinidt, pp. 356-63. 
 
 (2) De viorte Ae7ieae ; 1 r <- 
 
 . ,, ^ -7^^ - CI. Sc/i77iidt, 
 
 (3) JJe p atria Ho 77ie7't ; V 
 
 (4) 6^;/ A7iac7'eo7i a7id Sappho ; 1 PP- o 4 • 
 Cf. Se7ieca, Ep. 88, 37 : quatuor milia librorum 
 
 Didymus grammaticus scripsit ... in his libris de 
 patria Homeri quaeritur, in his de Aeneae morte 
 (matre, MSS.) vera, in his libidinosior Anacreon an 
 ebriosior vixerit, in his an Sappho publica fuerit. 
 
 (5) Ile/oi TTOLrjTwv; Se/i77iidt, pp. ;^S6-g6. 
 
 (6) IIpo? "lijjva (?) avT€ir)yrj(T£i<;. (A long extract 
 on the musical instruments used in lyric poetry 
 preserved by Athe7i. XIV 634 ^.) Perhaps a part 
 
 of (5)-^ 
 
 (7) Tie. pi Twv a^ovoiv Tiiiv %6Xi)ivo<i dvTLypa<f>7] 
 irpos AaKXrjTLa^rjv {^Pliit. Sol. l). 
 
 (8) Agai7ist Cice7V^s de Jiepublica, 6 hooks. Ci. A772)?i. 
 Marcell. XXII 16, 16, and Suidas s. v. TpayKvAAo?. 
 
 (9) Ilept TrapoL/JLLdv. 
 
 (10) O71 the city of Kabassos and on Attic de77ies 
 (doubtful). Perhaps portions of his commen- 
 taries to the Iliad (13, 363) or to the comic poets 
 or to the Attic orators. 
 
 Cf. Mor. Schmidt, Didymi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini 
 fragmenta, I.pz. 1854; Ludwig, 1. c. ; Siisemihl, II, 195-210. 688 f. 
 
 p. T7ypho7i of AIexa7id7'ia, son of Ammonius. 
 
 A specialist on Greek grammar. A confused list 
 of his numerous, works is given by Suidas, the titles 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 21 
 
 of Others are cited by Apollonius Dyscolos, Hero- 
 dianus. Athenaeus. 
 
 (i) Uepl TrXeovaa/xov, irepl fxerptov, irepi rpoTrwv, Trepl 
 a^rj/xariov. 
 
 (2) On the dialects of Greece, on the dialect of 
 Homer and the lyric poets. 
 
 (^3) Ilept ^AttlktJ'^ 7r/30cru)Sta'?, Trept oro/xacricuv, Trepl opBo- 
 ypacf)ia<; Koi rtov iv avTrj ^rjTOVfxivoJV ( = its problems), 
 Trept 'EAXr/i/KT/xoi' (on idiomatic speech), Trept dpx^ta^ 
 avayv(U(Tea)s (on Style). 
 
 ("4) Ilept TrvevjxdTwv, Trept r^s iv p-ovocrvWd/SoLS dvaXoyia<;, 
 Trept tt}? iv Kkiaccnv (declensions) dvaAoyi'a?. Trept 
 apBpcDv, Trepl avTO)Vvp,iO)v (pronouns), Trept Trp ocr ojTrcov 
 (persons), Trept p.eTOxri<5 (participle), Trept ■npoOia-ewv 
 (prepositions), Trept o-w8ecrp.aJi', Trept i7rLpprjp.dT(i)v (ad- 
 verbs), Trept prj/JLaTojv iyKXiTLKuyv (moods), Trept prjp.d.- 
 roiv dvaXoyia<; l3apvT0V(DV, Trept ovo/xarojv avyKpiTLKwv 
 (comparison of adjectives), Trept iraOuiv Ae'^ewv (in- 
 flections). 
 
 (5) ^vT(jiv laropla, Trept ^(jjwv. 
 
 Cf. A. V. Velseft, Tryphonis grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta, 
 Berlin, 1S54 ; Stisemihl, II, 210-13. 6S9. 
 
 q. Theon of AlexaJidria, i. cent. a.d. 
 
 "The Didymus of the Alexandrian poets." 
 (i) Commentaries to Lycop/rro?i, Theocritus, Callim- 
 achus' Atrta, Apollonius Rhodius^ Nicafidros. 
 
 (2) Commentary to the Odyssey and perhaps to 
 Pindar. 
 
 (3) Ae£t<i Koip.tKf]. 
 
 (4) Ae'^ts TpaytKy (doubtful, but probable). 
 
 Cf. Giese, De Theone grammatico eiusque reliquiis. Miinster, 
 Diss., 1867 ; Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I, 156 ; Stisemihl, II, 216 ff. 
 
 The Stoics as Philologiaxs. 
 Allegorical exegesis of Homer. Contributions to the 
 Science and Terminology of Grammar. 
 
22 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. Grdfenhan, 1. c, I, 440 ff. 505 £f. II, 23. Ill, 236 ; R. Schmidt, 
 De Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839 ; Steinthal, 1. c. ; Strieker, 
 De Stoicorum studiis rhetoricis, Bresl. Abh. I 2 (18S6). 
 a. Chrysippos of Soli, c. 280-c. 206. 
 
 \\ rote e.g. Trept r?}? Kara ra.^ Xi^ti'i avoi jxa\ia<i (the 
 first occurrence of the term), Adyot Traph. ras crvvq- 
 aetas. Kara rrjq avvr}OeLa<;, Trepl Trj<; avvrjOeta^, Trepl irivrc 
 TTTcocrea)!', Trepl ofxovota? {Afhoi. VI 267) Trept kviK^iv 
 Kai 77\r}0vvTLKU)v (.Kc^opwv, Trcpl r^s prjTopLKTJ^. —ept 
 
 T(l)V (TTOL^CLMV TOV XoyOV KUi tQ)V XeyOfxivOiV, TTCOS Set 
 
 ru)v TTOL-qixdcroiv d/coveiv (source of Plutarch's treatise 
 of the same title). 
 Cf. Arotiis, XpOa-L-mros ypa/xfxaTLKOs, Diss. lena 1SS5. For a full 
 list of his works, see Laert. Diog. VII 190 ff. 
 
 b. Crates of Mallos (flor. 168 B.C.) and the School of 
 Perga77ium. 
 
 A follower of the Stoics. Passionate opponent of 
 Aristarchus and his school {Suidas s. v. 'AptVrapxo? : 
 Kai Kpc.TtjTL Tw ypafx/xaTLK(£ -Xelara ^L-q/uLLXkycraTo). 
 Bibaculus ap. Suefon. de gramm. no. En iecur Cra- 
 
 tetis. Advocate of dv(op.aAt'a vs. dvaXoym. 
 Cf. the bibliography under Aristarchus and below. 
 Introduced philological studies into Rome ; cf. Siteton.^ 
 1. c, p. 100. 
 
 ( 1 ) Home?'. 
 
 a. AL6pO(i)aL<; (Atop^cortKCL), critical edition, probably 
 
 with the Life of Homer. 
 /'. 'Oix-qpLKa. allegorical commentar}-. 
 C. Hepc lAtdoo? KOL OSt'O-cretas (y—o/JLvyfiaTo. or crvy- 
 ypd/Mfxara ?J. 
 Cf. A\ J/aass, Aratea pp. 167-203. 
 
 (2) Commentarv to Hesiod. Works and Da vs. 
 
 (3) C. to ^//^v^/V/ifj- (Schol. Orest. 1226. 16S6 ; Phoen. 
 208 Rhesus, 5. 52S f. ). 
 
 Cf. IVilamowitz, Anal. Eurip., p. 157. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 2$ 
 
 (4) C. to Aristophanes (Schol. Equit. 631, 793, 693; 
 Vesp. 352. 8S4 Ran, 294;. 
 
 Cf. Cojisbriic/i, Zu den Tractaten irepl K(x}/xu>8ias in Comment, in 
 honor. Studemundi, Strassburg, 18S9 ; StisemiV//, II, 11, note 54. 
 
 (5) Hepl 'AttiktJs SiaAeKTov, in at least 5 books. 
 
 Cf. in general, Jregeuej; De aula Attalica, 1S36 (antiquated) ; 
 IVacksmuth, De Cratete Mallota, Lpz. 1S60, with fragments; id., 
 Philol. XVI, 166; Rhein. Mus. XLVI, 552-56; Lubbert, Rhein. 
 Mus. XI, 42S-43; Siiseinihl, II, ivf. 4-12. 703; A. Cojize, Berl. 
 Acad. Sitzungsber. 1S84, pp. 1259 ff. 
 
 c. Demetrius Afagnes (contemporary of Cicero), 
 (l") Ilept (Tvv<ji)VVfxi}iv TToAeajF. 
 (2) Ileptrcovo'vvcovujacovTrotT^TcuvTeKat avyypa- 
 
 <j>€wv. Chapter on Deijiarchus preserved by Dionys. 
 
 Halic. de Deinarch. One of the chief sources of 
 
 Diogenes Laertins. 
 
 Cf. Nietzsche, Rhein. Mus. XXIII, 632-53 XXIV, iSi-228 ; 
 Schetirlee?-, De D. M., Leiden, 1S5S; Maass, Philol. Unters. Ill 
 (1880), 23-47; Susemi/il, I, 507 f. 
 
 II. The Graeco-Roman Period. 
 I. The Post-Alexandrian Period. 
 
 a. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (tior. end of i. cent. B.C.). 
 (i) Epistula ad Ammaeum I. 
 
 (2) De compositione verborum. 
 
 (3) De oratoribus antiquis(Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, 
 Demosth.), De Dinarcho. 
 
 (4) Epistula ad Pompeium. 
 
 (5) Ile/ai //,t/x7/(Tea>9 y . 
 
 (6) De Thucydide. 
 
 (7) Ad Ammaeum II. 
 
 (8) [Ars rhetorica.] 
 
 Cf. Fr. Blass, De D. H. scriptis rhetoricis, Bonn, 1863; Rosslei-, 
 De D. H. scriptis rhetor., Lpz. 1873 ; ^- ^ '•5"<?«^'') L)- H. de imita- 
 tione reliquiae, Bonn, 1SS9; E. Egger, 1. c, pp. 396-406. G. 
 Amnion, De D. H. rhet. fontibus, Munich Diss. 18S9, pp. no. 
 
24 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Caecilius CaladtJius (Friend of Dionysius). 
 (ij Ilept rov yo.po.Krr]pQ% rwv ScKa prjTopwv- 
 
 Chief source of I^s. Fliit. Vitae X orat. On the 
 canon of the ten orators, see under AristopJumes. 
 
 (2) Ccmparison between Demosth. and Aesch.. 
 Demosth. and Cicero. 
 
 (3) Ilept Tj)//ovs (cf. Ps. Longinus, Ilcpt v\\iov<i i). 
 
 (4) E/<AoyA/ Ae'ceoji' Kara (JTOiyCiov ( Ka.X\Lppr]fxocrvvrf). 
 
 (5) TexT'-^ prjToptKy. 
 
 (6) Ilept (T)^rjjJidTwv. 
 
 On Dionysius and Caecilius, the most noteworthy represen- 
 tatives of literary criticism in antiquity, cf. /^. Blass, Gesch. der 
 griech. Beredsamkeit von Alexander bis auf Augustus, Berlin, 
 1865, pp. 169-221. R. Weise, Quaest. Caecil. Berlin 1888, pp. 52. 
 
 c. \iow(Tiov 7) Xoyyivov Ilept vxpov^ (composed in the 
 I cent. A.D. ). Aesthetic and Literary Criticism. 
 
 Cf. Buchenaii, De scriptore libri Ilept uii-ofs, Marb. 1S49; ^^d^teiis, 
 De libello ITepi u-^ovs, Bonn, 1877 ; Egger. 1. c, pp. 426-39 ; Coble7itz, 
 De libelli Ilepi xr^ovs auctore. Strassb. Diss. 1S88 pp. 76; Fk. Cac- 
 cialanza, in Riv. di Filologia XVIII (1889), 2-"] 2,- 
 
 d. Apolloxios Dyscolos, 6 rexvt/cd? {2 cent. A.D.). 
 
 Founder of scientific syntax. '• StWa^ts dvayKat- 
 OTOLTT] —po<; iEijyrjaiv tCjv TroL'tjixdriDV.' '* ^laximus 
 auctor artis grammaticae " Prisciafi. 
 (i) 'Oi'D/xartKov (declension). ^ 
 
 (2) 'Py^/xartKoV (Conjugation). 
 
 (3) Ilept dvrcui'vp,ia? ) y l^^pf] '''o^' Xoyov, 
 
 (4) Ilept iTripprjfJLaTwv ', extant | 
 
 (5) Ilept crvi'Seo-p-oji' ) j 
 
 (6) Ilept avvrdEeojs. 4 bks., extant. 
 
 Cf. Gf'dfenhan. III. 109 ff.; Z. Langc. Das System der Syntax 
 des A.D., Gottingen, 1852 ; E. Egger, A.D., Essai sur I'histoire 
 des theories grammaticales dans I'antiquite. Paris, 1854, pp. 354 ; 
 Steinthal, II. 220-345. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 25 
 
 '. Aelius Herodianus (son of A. D.). 
 The greatest grammarian of antiquity, 
 (l) Ka^oAtKT; Trpoo-coSta, in 2 1 books. 
 a. Bks. I-19 — 7r/30cra)8tat, rovot. 
 [i. Bk. 20 — xpo^ot ('quantity'), 
 y. Bk. 2 1 — On accents, enclitics, diastole, syna- 
 loephe. Excerpts preserved by Theodosius and 
 Ar cadi us. 
 
 (2) nept op6'oypa(^i'tt9, Trept Tra^^v, Trcpl ovo/xarwv, TTcpt 
 KXto-ews ovo/xarojv, Trept pr^/xarcov, Trcpt (rrC^yt^v ('con- 
 jugations '), Trept (SapfSaptaixov, Trept ^ovoo-vUa/?a)V. 
 Originals all lost ; contents known through ex- 
 cerpts in later grammarians. 
 
 (3) Hepl tiov-npov^ Xe^^eco? (on peculiar, anomalous 
 grammatical forms). Extant. 
 
 Cf Aug. Len/z, Herodiani technici reliquiae, 2 vols., Lpz. 1S70 
 (ccxxviii-f 564, vii+ 1264, with indexes) ; Le/irs, Herodiani scripta 
 tria, Konigsberg, 1848; Paul}', ^. ^. HI, 1236-40; £. B./^er, 
 Jahrb. f. Philol. 118 (1871), 505-32- 603-29. Quaest. Herodianae, 
 Bonn, 1866. 
 /. Epitomators, Lexicographers. 
 
 a. //^^^, king of Mauretania, "dTravrcov to-TopiKwraro? 
 ^ao-iAeW," /'////.Sertor.c.Q. Authorof the (9£aTptK^ 
 [o-T op ta, one of the sources of Pollux. 
 Cf. /^oMe, De Pollucis fontibus, Lpz. 1870 ; Bc7/>/>, Lpz. Stud. 
 VIII, iioff. 
 
 (3. Paviphihis, Hept yXooo-o-wv r/rot Xe^ecov (Aa/xwv). 
 
 95 t)ks. 
 
 Epitomized by F^-r//;//^-f and hyDiogenianus in 5 bks. 
 
 Cf. Weber, Philol. Suppl. HI, 467 ff- 
 
 y. Herennios Philon of Byblos (61-141 a.d.). 
 (i) nept KTrJo-eo)? Kai eKXoy^s ^ifSXciov, 12 bks. 
 (2) nept TToXewv Ka6 ov? kKaarrj alr^v Ivho- 
 ^ov, 7>cyKcv, in3obks. A famous compilation 
 
26 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 most extensively used by later grammarians, 
 esp. Hesychius and Stephanus Byzantius. 
 Cf. Daub, Jahrb. f. Phil. Suppl. XI 437 ff. 
 
 8. Hephaestio?i (older contemporary of Athenaeuc). 
 
 Athen. XV p. 673 e : • Aa/?a)v Se izap ifjiov 6 iraaLV 
 kXotttjv ovciSi^ojv lcicf)aLaTi(jL>v iStOLOTTOirjaaTO r^vAvcrtv.' 
 Chief work : Ilept fxerpwv. 48 bks. (lost). His 
 own epitome, ^Eyx^tpcSiov irepl fx^Tpwv, in i bk. (cf. 
 Long'ui. Proleg. ad Hephaest. p. 88, 21) became 
 the standard school-book throughout later antiquity 
 and the Middle Ages. 
 Cf. IVestphal, Metrik der Griechen, Vol. I, introduction. 
 
 €. Athenaeus of Naucratis (close of 2. cent. a.d.). 
 
 On the sources of the Aet7rvocro<^icrTat (in 15 bks.) 
 cf. K. Bapp^ Leipz. Studien VIII, 85-160, F. Ru- 
 dolph, Philologus Suppl. Vol. VI i, pp. 109-163. 
 
 ^. Aeliiis Dio7iysms and Pausanias, 'ArriKtcrTai'. 
 
 Cf. Rindjleisch, TJe P. et D. lexicis rhetoricis, Konigsberg, 1866. 
 H. Heyden, Quaest. de Ael. D. et P. Atticistis, Etym. Magn. fonti- 
 bus in Leipz. Stud. VIII 2 (1SS6), pp. 173-264; Ael. D. et P. At- 
 ticistis fragm. coll. E. Schwabe, Leipz. 1S90 pp. 28 2 (Prolegom. 
 1-80). 
 
 ■t], Valerius Ha7pocration (2. cent.). 
 
 Ae^ets Tcov 8e/ca prjr opojv. 
 
 Based upon very valuable sources now lost. Cf. Boysen, De 
 Harpocratiae fontibus, Kiel, 1S76. 
 
 B. Julius Pollux (IIoXvSevKT;?) of Naucratis. 
 'Ovofxaa-TLKov in 10 bks. Cf. Rohde, 1. c. 
 
 t. Cassius Loiiginus (1270-275). 
 
 ^^LJSXioOrjKrj e/xi/'v^os kol TrepLTraTOVV ^ovcretov,' Eu- 
 napios. ' <l»tA.dA.oyo9 /xev 6 Aoyytvo?, ^tXocro<^os 3e 
 /xr/Sa/xojs,' Porphyrins. Pupil of Plotinus, teacher 
 of Porphyrins. 6 KpiriKos (Suidas s. v. <^p6vT(Dv). 
 (i) ^iXoXoyoL 6/xtXt'at, in at least 21 bks.; fragm. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 2/ 
 
 (2) 'ATTtKOJv Ae^ewv €K8do-£ts- | ^ 
 
 (3) 'ATTopTJ/xara 'O/xrypiKa, Upo^XrjfiaTa 'O/xTJpov V g^ 
 
 (4) Rhetoric (acjiopfxal X6yov) discovered by Ruhn- 
 ken amid the Rhetoric of Apsines. 
 
 Cf. ^Fa/s, Rhet. Graec. IX p. xxiii ff. 
 
 ' (5) [Uepl vi//oi;s] falsely ascribed to Longinus ; cf. 
 
 above. 
 Cf. £>. RnJmken, De vita et scriptis Longini, 1776; E. Egger, 
 pp. 475-84- 
 
 List of the Most Important, Extant Scholia. 
 
 Cf. E. Hiibner, Encyclopaedie, pp. 37-40^; Wilamowitz, Eur. 
 Her. I, 173-210. 
 
 1 . Ho7ner. 
 
 Subscriptio in the cod. Ven. A : IlapaKetTat ra 'Apt o-to- 
 viKOv crrjfxe'ia koI ^lSvixov Tvepl 'Apio-rapx^^ov Stop- 
 ^(oo-eoos, Ttva 8e Kat CK T^s 'lAtaS^S Trpoo-coSias 'Hpw- 
 Stavov Kat €K Twv NtKctvopos Trept cTTiy/xr')?. " Vier- 
 manner Scholien," cf. above. 
 
 Cf. Liidivig, 1. c, Friedliinder, Aristonicus, 1853; id., Nicanor, 
 1850; Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. I, 440-56 (index auctorum). 
 
 2. Aristophanes. 
 
 Subscriptio to the Clouds and Wasps : KCKwAto-rat U tov 
 'HXtoSwpoi;, TrapayeypaTTTat U tov ^aeivov koX %v p.- 
 p^d^ov Kat aXA-cov rtvcov. 
 
 Cf. O. Schneider, De Veterum in Arist. scholiorum fontibus, 
 1S3S ; Wilaviozvitz, Eur. Her. I, 179-84 I ^- Meiners, Quaest. ad 
 scholia A. hist, pertinentes, in Diss. Hallens. XI, 217-403 ; Fabri- 
 chis, II, 392-404 (index auctorum). 
 
 3. Apollonius Rhodms. 
 
 Subscriptio in the Cod. Mediceus : XlapaKeirat ra crxdA-ta 
 Ik r^v AovKiWov Tappatov Kat ^ocfiOKXeov^ Kat 
 ©e'wvos. 
 
28 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. IVeicheri, Apollon. Rhod. pp. 400 ff. ; Berjihardy, Griech. 
 Literat. II i, pp. 370 ff. ; Susemihl, I, 662 II, 46. 686; Fah-icius 
 IV, 279-86 (index auctorum). 
 
 4. Fi7idar. 
 
 Cf. K. Lehrs, Die Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1863 ; Fabricius II, 81-4. 
 
 5. Aeschylus. 
 
 J. Richter, De Aesch. Soph. Eur. interpretibus Graecis, Berlin, 
 1S39. 
 
 6. Sophocles. 
 
 Berjihardy, 1. c. II 2, pp. 37S ff. 
 
 7. Euripides. 
 
 Bernkardy, 1. c. II 2, pp. 498 ff. 
 
 8. Theoc?'itos ; Nicandros ; A rat us ; Calli??mchus' Hymns. 
 
 9. Lycophroii. (/. Tzetzes^ 
 
 10. Plato. 
 
 L. Cohn, J. J. vSuppl. XIII, 773. Th. Mettauer, De Platonis 
 scholiorum fontibus, Zurich, 1880 (pp. 122). 
 
 11. Aristotle. Commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias, 
 Simplicius, Philoponus. 
 
 1 2 . De7?iosthejies. 
 
 Critical Signs (Xyixda, notae). 
 
 Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetonii Reliquiae, pp. 137-44. 
 
 "O/SeXos ( — ). — 'tt/oo? to. voOa Kal aOeTOVfxeva.' Legendary 
 origin of name, 1. c. p. 138. 
 
 AittA^ aTrept'crr tKT09, KaOapd (!^)- — ^TrapaKetrat : i. Trpo? 
 TYjv a7ra$ clprjfxevrjv Xi^iv 2. irpo^ rrjv Tov TroLrjrov avvyjOeLav 
 (inconsistency) 3. Trpo? tov<; Xcyovras, fxr] elvat tov avTOv 
 TTOL-qrov 'lAtaSa koX 'OSvcro-etav (yoipi^ovTe.'i) 4. Trpos ra? rdv 
 iraXaiiiiv laTopia^; 5. Trpos Ta5 rcov ve'cov ev8o;(as 6. Trpos rr/v 
 'AxTtKr/v crwra^tv 7. Trpos rr/v iroXvcTTjfxov Xectv.' ' Usus est 
 ea in multis Aristarchus, nunc ea quae praeter consuetu- 
 dinem tarn vitae nostrae quam ipsius poetae apud eum 
 invenirentur adnotans, nunc proprias ipsius figuras, inter- 
 dum ea in quibus copiosus est, rursus quae semel apud 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 2g 
 
 eum ponerentur. Similiter in nostris auctoribus Probus: 
 ' Primus Leogoras Syracusanus apposuit Homericis versi- 
 bus ad separationem Olympi a caelo.' 
 
 SoTctovs Koi Kparr/Tos koL awrov 'ApLdTapxov kol ras Stop^w- 
 cets ai'Tov. 
 'Ao-T€,otcrKOS Ka^' eavTOV (•><:•). — 'irpo^ Tovs avTOxx; o-Tt'xov? 
 oi Ketvrat cv aAAots p^ipcaiv rrj^ TrotT/crews, Kat op^cus c^ovres 
 (pepovraL, (rrjixatvMV otl ovtol kol aXkaxov dp-qvrai. * Aristo- 
 phanes apponebat illis locis quibus sensus deesset, Aris- 
 tarchus autem ad eos [versus] qui hoc puta loco [recte] 
 positi erant, cum aliis scilicet non recte ponerentur, item 
 Probus et antiqui nostri.' Cf. however schol. 771. 
 
 'Ao-repto-KO? /act' o^cXov {^ — ). — 'tvOa elal fiev to. lir-q 
 rov TTOtrjTOv ov KaXdq 8c KCivTai, aXX ev akXo). ' Propria est 
 nota Aristarchi, utebatur autem ea in his versibus qui 
 non suo loco positi sunt, item Probus et antiqui nostri.' 
 Cf. e.g. A 195. 
 
 'AvTtcrty/xa (5). — ' Trpos rovs ivrjXXay fxevov<; roirovq Kat fxrj 
 <rrm'8ovTa?.' ' Ponebatur ad eos versus quorum ordo per- 
 mutandus erat.' 
 
 ' A vTtVty/xa wtpLea-T ly fxevov (O*)- — ' orav Svo wcrt Stavotat 
 TO avTo (TrjiJiaLvovcraL(TavroXoyeT), rov noLrjTOv yeypa(/)0T09 dfKpo- 
 T€pas, OTTWS Tr]V erepav e'Ar/rat.' crty/xa — Aristoph.=orTtyp.7; — 
 Aristarch. Cf. B 192. 
 
 KepavvLOV (~f) — Rare. — ' SrjXoZ ttoAXoi? ^T/rr^cretg Trpos rati 
 TrpocipT^/xeVai?.' ' Ponitur quotiens multi versus improban- 
 tur ne per singulos obelentur.' 
 
 X (in scholia to tragedians). 
 
 Anciejit authorities: Aristonicus (see above), Diogenianos (.?) 
 Trepi Twv kv Toh /3t/3Xtots avfJ-eiuv (Suid.), Biog. Laert. Ill 65, Sueto- 
 nius = Isidorus, Origg. I, 21 ff., de notis scripturarum. See below. 
 Anecd. Romatt. ed. Osann, Anecd. Venetum, ed. Villoison, Auecd. 
 Paris, ed. Cramer (all collected in Reifferscheid 1. c). 
 
30 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Modern treatises : Griifenhan II, 92 f.; Sengebiisch, Horn. Diss. 
 I, 22 ff. ; A^aicck, Aristoph. Byzant. pp. 17 ff.; Lttdzvig, I, 20 £f. ; 
 Susemihl, I, 432 ff. ; H. Schrader, De notatione critica a veteribus 
 grammaticis in poetis scaenicis adhibita, Bonn, 1S63 ; and A. 
 Roemer, Die Notation der Alexand. Philol. bei d. griech. Dramat. 
 in Bayr. Acad. CI. I Vol. XIX; pt. Ill, 1-52 (1892). 
 
 Principal Grammatical Terms. 
 
 GREEK. 
 
 I. "Ovofia (Xoun). 
 
 1. Fei/os : appeva BrjXea, aKcvrj (ovBercpov — Stoics). Cf. 
 Arisi. Rhet. Ill 5 IIpcoTayopa? to. yivr] ruJv ovofxaTUiV Sujpet 
 Soph. Elench. 14. Alexandrian scholars added kolvov 
 
 (6 17 /5oi)s), eTTLKOLVOV (6 aeT6<i^. 
 
 2. Ap lO fjio^ : evtK09, 7rXr]0vvTLK6<i, and Sv'lko^ (added by 
 Zenodotus ?). 
 
 3. KXtVets (declension). 
 
 <7. ovofxacTTLK't], cvOela. opOy 
 
 Ik yeviKrj, also TraTpiKi] and KTi-jTLKi] (possessive) 
 
 d. aLTLaTLKy], also iiTLcrTaXTLKyj 
 
 e. K\r)TLKy, also TrpocrayopevTLKy] 
 Ilrcocrets TrAaytat, VTrriat (oblique cases). '^ 
 
 These terms were still unknown to Aristotle, for in 
 Anal. Prior. I, 36 he declines a masc, fern, and 
 neuter noun in full. 
 
 II. 'PfiHia (Verb). 
 
 1. ^Sv^tiytat (conjugation). In Dionysius Thrax still 
 divided according to accent. 
 
 2. Ata^ecrets (Voices). 
 
 Arist. Categ. 4 Soph. Elench. 4 : Troietv, Tracrxetv {Ivkp- 
 yeta, Traces). 
 
 Stoics : opOov Inactive), v-ktiov (passive), ovSerepov (intran- 
 sitive middle- >, iJi€(T7] (middle). 
 
 Dionysius TJirax : ivipyaa, TrdOos, p.ca-oTr]';. 
 
 q 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 a> 
 IP 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 3 1 
 
 Later : ivepyrjTiKrj, TraOrjTLKt], fjLCcr6Tr]<; (which latter, how- 
 ever, also includes the 2d. pe}'fecf). 
 
 3. EyKAtcrei? (Moods), TrTcocret? p-q^artKaC {Dionys. de 
 comp. verb. 6). 
 
 Protagoras : IvroXi] (imperative), e^x^Aiy (optative), a-no- 
 /c/Dio-t? (indicative), ipo)Tr]<TL<; (subjunctive) — IlvOix€V€<s 
 Xoyov. 
 
 Dionysius Thrax : a. opcarLKr] (indie, so called because 
 all definitions, opoi, were in this mood) /;. irpoa-ra- 
 riKYj (imperative) c. cvktlki] (optative) d. vTroTaKTLKrj 
 (subjunctive) e. dTrapc/x-^aro? (infinitive). 
 
 4. XpovoL (Tenses). 
 
 Cf. Plat. Soph. 262 C. Trepl roJv ovtwv y yiyvofxevoiv y 
 yeyovoTtDv rj /xeAAoVrtoi/. (This double present was not 
 accepted by later grammarians). An'st. Top. II 4 
 TO /xev yap rov 7rape\r]\v$6ro<; ^povov lari, to Se kol tov 
 TtapovTO^ KUL TOV /xtAAovTOS. Stoi'cs / evccTraJTa, irapmyrq- 
 KOTa, fxeXXovTa. 
 
 Dionysius : yjiovoi Se Tpd'i : cvecrrco?, TrapeXyXvOix)^, fjLeXXoiv. 
 TOVTOiv 6 7rapeXr}XvOio<i e^u Sta^opa? Ti(T(rapa<i : TrapaTUK- 
 TiKov (imperfect), TrapaKct/xevov (re'Aeto?, perfect), VTrocrw- 
 tcXlkov (vTrepreAeto?, pluperfect), doptcTTOv. 
 
 5. IIpocrcoTra (Persons) : TrpaJrov, BevTcpov, TpiTOv. 
 
 Cf. Lersch, Sprachphilos. II, 170-222 ; Steinthal, Gesch. der 
 Sprachwiss. 11, 209-306. On the terminology of the parts of 
 speech, see above under Aristarchus. 
 
 ROMAN. 
 
 The Latin terminology of grammar, so far as it is inde- 
 pendent of the Greek, seems to have been chiefly due to 
 Varro and Nigidius Figulns, but their nomenclature was not 
 accepted by later scholars, translations from the Greek 
 being preferred. 
 
32 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 I. Women (Substantivum). 
 
 1. Genus : virile, midiebre, co7?wiiine, projniscuiwi. The 
 terms ' ??iascie/ifiu7?i ' and '■ feinijwumi ' cannot now be 
 traced back farther than to Caesellius Vi?idex (2d. cent. 
 A.D. Cf. Gell. N. A, VI (VII), 2), though they doubt- 
 less arose much earlier. 
 
 2. NuMERUS : si?2gularis species, multitudinis species {J\j?'rd), 
 pliu-atii'us {e.g. Gel/. I 16, XIX 2>), pluralis {e.g. Qieijit. 
 
 1 5. 16). 
 
 3. Casus: 
 
 a. rectus, 7iominativiis. 
 
 b. casus interrogandi {Kigidius), patricus {Varro), pa- 
 ternus, possessivus, genetivics. 
 
 c. casus dandi {Nigidiiis, Varrd), dativus. 
 
 d. casus accusandei (Vaf?'o), accusativus — a false 
 translation of oXtkxtiki] = causativus, which is also 
 occasionally found. 
 
 e. casus vocandei ( Varrd), salutatorius, vocativus. 
 
 f. Sextus or Latinus c^lsms {Varrd), ablafiz' us — prob- 
 ably introduced by Caesar in his De Analogia. Casus 
 recti and obliqiii. (See above.) 
 
 II. Verbum. 
 
 1. CoNiUGATio, ordo. 'Y\i^foHr conjugations seem to be 
 post-Varronian. 
 
 2. Genera, adfectus, signiticatio : activinn, passiviDu, neii- 
 ira, co77imunis, dep07ie?is. 
 
 3. Modi, qualitates. status, inclinatio : a. fijiitus, i7idicati- 
 vus b. i77ipe7'ativHS c. optativiis d. subiii7icti%'us e. i7i- 
 
 fi7iitus, i7ifi}iitivus. 
 
 4. Tempora : praese7is, p7-aete7'it 11771, futurimi, praeteritum 
 imperfectum, praet. perfectum, plusquamperfectum. 
 
 5. Personae. As above. 
 
 Cf. Losch op. cit. pp. 223-256: L. Jeep, Zur Gesch. von d. 
 Redetheilen bei den Alten. pp. 124-259. 
 
of classical philology. 33 
 
 2. Roman Period. 
 
 Bibliography : Stietonhis, de grammat. et rhetor. ; JK H. D. 
 Siiringar, Historia Critica scholiastarum Latinorum, 3 vols., 
 Leyden, 1S35 5 Grafeiihan, II, 261 ff. IV ; Teiiffel-ScJnuabe, Rom. 
 Literat. 2 vols. iSqq-^ (T. S.> % ^\ : H. N'ettleship, Journ. of Phil. 
 XV, 189 ff. 
 
 a. L. Acciiis, 170-c. 86. 
 
 Didascalica (cf. Aristotle's AcSao-KaAtai). A history 
 of Greek and Roman poetry, with special reference to 
 the drama. Orthographical reforms. Written chiefly 
 in Sotadean verse. 
 
 Cf. T. S. § 134, 7, and 94, 2, O. Ribbeck, Rom. Dichtkunst, I, 
 267; G. Hermann, Opusc. VIII, 390 ff.; Lachinann, Kl. Schr. II, 
 67 ff.; Afadvig, Opusc. Acad. 70 ff., Fr. Ritschl, Opusc. IV, 142 ff. 
 
 b. L. Aelius Praeconmus Stilo, flor. c. 100 B.C. 
 Th&Jirst Roman philologian, teacher of Cicero and 
 
 Varro. Cic. Brut. 205 : eruditissimus et Graecis 
 litteris et Latinis antiquitatisque nostrae et in 
 inventis rebus et in actis scriptorumque veterum 
 litterate peritus, quam scientiam Varro noster ac- 
 ceptam ab illo. Varro ap. Gel/, N. A., I 18, 2 : 
 litteris ornatissimus memoria nostra, id. X 21, 2 
 doctissimus eorum temporum. 
 
 (i) Commentaries to Carmina Salioruin, cf. Siiringar 
 I, 26 f. 
 
 (2) Interpretation of the XII Tables. Suringar 1, 39 ff. 
 
 (3) Edition of Plautus with critical signs. 
 
 Gell. N. A., Ill 3, 12 : L. Aelius XXV (comoe- 
 dias) eius (Plauti) esse solas existimavit ; Quint. 
 X I, 99, ''Licet Varro Musas, Aeli Stilonis sen- 
 V tentia, Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, 
 si Latine loqui vellent." Cf. Ritschl, Parerga 
 91 ff. 126 f. 238. 366. 
 
 (4) Contributions to etymology and grammar. 
 
34 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. T. ^. § 148, I. F. Mentz, De L. Aelio Stilone, Diss. lenens, 
 IV I. 
 
 c. M, Tulliiis Cicero^ 106-43. 
 
 (i) Literary or aesthetic criticism. 
 
 Cf. Ch. Causeret, Sur la langue de la rhetorique et de la critique 
 litteraire en Cic, Paris, 1887 ; /. Kubik, De Cic. poetarum lat. stu- 
 diis, Diss. Vindob. I, 237 ff. 
 
 (2) Edition (.^) of Lucretius. 
 
 Cf. Ahuiro, Lucretius, vol. II, 2 ff. ; T. S. % 203, 2. 
 
 d. C. Julius Caesa?% 100-44. 
 
 De analogia (Suet. Caes. c. 56). 
 
 Cf. F. Schlitte, De C. lulio Caesare grammatico, Halle, 1865. 
 
 e. M. Terentius Varro Reatinus, 116-27. 
 
 'Vir Romanorum eruditissimus ' {Quint. X i, 95). 
 ' Vir doctissimus undicumque Varro, qui tarn multa 
 legit ut aliquid ei scribere vacasse miremur, tam 
 multa scripsit (620 bks.) quam vix quemquam 
 legere potuisse credamus'(^//^//i-//>/., Civ. Dei. 6, 2). 
 Rlut. Rom. 12 avopa P(u/xai'(joi/ iv laTopia ^t^AtaKw- 
 rarov. Esp. Cic. Acad. post, i, 9. 
 Cf. Ritschl, Die Schriftstellerei des Varro in Opusc. Ill, 419- 
 
 505, Parerga, pp. 70 ff.; G. Boissier, M. T. Varron, sa vie et ses 
 
 ouvrages, Paris, 1861, pp. 337. T. S. § 166 f. 
 
 (i) Afitiquitatum libri XLI. 
 
 (2) Annalium libri III — De vita populi Romani (cp. 
 Dicaearchos Btos 'EAXaSos) ; De gente populi Ro- 
 mani, in 4 bks. (43 B.C.) ; de familiis Troianis : 
 Aetia (cp. AtVia of Callimachus) ; rerum urbana- 
 rum libri III ; Tribuum liber. 
 
 (3) De bibliothecis libri III : de proprietate scripto- 
 rum ; de poetis ; de poematis : de lectionibus ; de 
 compositione saturarum ; de originibus scaenicis ; 
 de scaenicis actionibus ; de actis scaenicis (Dida- 
 scalica); de personis (masks); de descriptionibus ; 
 quaestio7ies Flautinae ; de cojnoediis Fhiuti?iis. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 3S 
 
 (4) Disciplinarum libri IX (Artes liberales : i. gram- 
 matica ; 2. dialectica ; 3. rhetorica ; 4. geometria ; 
 5. arithmetica ; 6. astrologia ; 7. musica ; 8. me- 
 dicina ; 9. architectura). 
 
 (5) De Lingua Latina, XXV Ibb. (V-X extant). 
 
 V-XXV, dedicated to Cicero, hence published 
 before 43 B.C. Co7itents : Bk. I (introd.), bk. II- 
 VII (etymology), VIII-XVI (inflection, analogy 
 and anomaly), XVII-XXV (syntax). 
 
 (6) De sermone Latino libb. V ; de similitudine ver- 
 borum libb. Ill (analogy) ; de utilitate sermonis ; 
 Trepl x^P"'<'^W<^^ (? = descriptiones); de antiquitate 
 litterarmn ; de origine linguae Latinae. 
 
 Cf. Wibnanns, de M. T. V. libris grammaticis, Berlin, 1S64. 
 /. P. Nigidius Figulus (t 45 ^.c). Homo, ut ego ar- 
 bitror, iuxta M. Varronem doctissimus {GelL N. A. 
 IV 9, i) ; vir doctrina et eruditione studiorum prae- 
 stantissimus {SchoL Bob. to Cic. Vatin. p. 317 Or.). ^ 
 Chief philological work : Comnmitarii grammatici 
 in about 30 bks. Dealt also with orthography, syno- 
 nymies and etymology. Frequently cited by Gdlius. 
 Cf. M. Hertz, de N. F. studiis atque operibus, Berlin, 1845 ; H. 
 
 Sivoboda, P. X. F. operum reliquiae with Prolegomena, Vienna, 1889. 
 
 r Ateiiis Praetextatiis Philologus (t c. 29 B.C.). 
 Cf. Suet, de gramm., 10 T. S., § 211. 
 
 //. Noted philologists afid grafnmarians of the Empire. 
 
 First Century. 
 
 I. C. Julius Hyginus, pupil of Alexander Polyhistor, 
 head of the Palatine library under Augustus. Cf. 
 Suet, de gramm. et rhet. 20. Not to be confounded 
 with the so-called Hyginus, author of the Geneal- 
 ogy, Astronomy and Fables. 
 ''chief works (all lost) : Commentary to the Pro- 
 pempticon Pollionis of Helvius Cinna ; Commen- 
 
36 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 tary to Virgil in at least 5 bks. (Cf. Ribbeck Proleg. 
 Vergil, p. 117); De vita I'eb usque inlustriujri virorum ; 
 Exeinpla {Ge/I. X 18, 7) ; De familiis Troianis ; 
 Urbes Italicae {Serv. ad Aen. VII 678) ; de pro- 
 prietatibus deorum ; de dis Penatibus. 
 
 2. Fejiestella {^\ 19 a.d.). ' diligentissimus scriptor,' 
 Lactantius. Afinales in at least 22 bks. A repos- 
 itory of information for later writers. 
 
 T. S. § 259; L. Merklin, De Fenestella historico et poeta, 1844. 
 
 3. M. Verrius Flaccus (floruit 10 b.c). 
 
 a. De vei'borum significatu. Second half preserved 
 in a mutilated epitome of Festus, who in turn was 
 epitomized by Paulus. Inexhaustible fountain 
 of information on Roman antiquities and archaic 
 Latin. 
 
 /?. Fasti, partly preserved (C. I. L. I, 295). Used 
 by Ovid. 
 
 Cf. H. Winther, De fastis V. F. ab Ovidio adhibitis, Berlin, 1885; 
 Hub7ier, Grundr. der lat. Lit., § 83 ; H. Nettleship, Lectures and 
 Essays, pp. 201 ff. ; 7! 6". § 261. 
 
 4. Q. AscoNius Pedianus c. 3-88. 
 
 (i) Commentary to Cicero's speeches — one of the 
 masterpieces of historical exegesis in antiquity. 
 Written betw. 54-57 a.d. Extant : pro Cornelio, 
 in toga Candida, in Pisonem, pro Scauro, pro Mi- 
 lone (with a highly valuable introduction). 
 
 Cf. Madvig, de Q. A. P. in Cic. oratt. commentariis, Kopen- 
 hagen, 1828; C. Lichtenfeld, De Q. A. P. fontibus ac fide (Bresl. 
 Abh. II, 4 pp. SS). 
 
 (2) Liber contra obtrectatores Vergilii (Lost). 
 Cf. Donat. Vita Verg. p. 66, 2 R. 
 
 (3) Vita Sallustii — Doubtful, cited by Ps. Aero to 
 Hor. Sat. I, 2, 41. 
 
 5. C. Plinius Secundus, the Elder, 23-79. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 3/ 
 
 (i) Libri duhii se7-vionis {Pliii. Epist. Ill 5, i). 
 (2) De grammatica {Plm. N. H. praef. 28). 
 
 Cf. /. IV. Beck, Studia Gelliana et Pliniana, Lpz. 1S92 ; O. 
 Froehde, Valerii Probi de nomine libellum Plinii Secundi doctri- 
 nam continere demonstratur, Lpz. 1892. 
 
 6. M. Valerius Probus Berytius (fior. 80 a.d.). 
 The greatest Roman philologist. 'Nee Probum 
 
 timeto ' (Mart. Ill 2, 12). 
 
 ( 1 ) Editions with critical sigus (cf. Siieton. Reliq., p. 1 38 R.) . 
 
 a. Vij'gil 
 Stiringar, II, 8ff. ; Kiibler, De P. comment. Verg., Berl. iSSi. 
 
 /^. Terence., Lucretius, Horace^ Persius. 
 
 (2) De notis singularibus. 
 
 Cf. /. Stetib, De Probis grammaticis, Jena, 1S71 ; T. S., § 300 f. 
 
 7. Fabius Quintilianus of Calagurris in Spain, c. 
 
 35-95- 
 
 Literary criticism, esp. in bk. X of the Institutio 
 
 Oratoria. Pupil of Renimius Palae7no7i {T. S., § 282) 
 
 and teacher of P/iny the Younger and Cornelius 
 
 Tacitus. Cf. Giideman, Tacitus' Dialogus, Proleg. p. xxviii. 
 
 LXII. LXXII. 
 
 Cf. Peterson, Quint. Bk. X Introd. pp. xxii-xxxix. 
 
 8. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, 75-160. 
 
 Cf. Siiidas s. v. Tpd7/ci;\Xos ; Reifferscheid, Suetoni Reliquiae 
 praeter Caesares, Lpz. i860 (Quaest. Suetonianae, pp. 363-53S). 
 
 (i) De viris illust?'ibus : de poetis, (Terence, Horace, 
 
 Lucan, Persius — extant), de oratoribus, de histo- 
 
 ricis, de philosophis, and de grammaticis et rheto- 
 
 ribus (partially preserved). 
 
 (2) Ilept Tojv ev roTs ^i/3A.tots CTT^/xetW, /?tj8Xiov a'(Suidas) 
 = de notis (cf. above). 
 
 (3) Pi'atum (de anno Romanorum, Peiff., pp. 149-92 ; 
 de naturis rerum, pp. 193-265 ; de genere vestium, 
 pp. 266—72); Trepi Svcr<j>y]iJLO)v Xi^eoiV rjroL ^\acrcl>r]fMLiov 
 
38 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 KOL TToOev iKaa-Tr) (cf. Etym. Magmini. s. v. 'Ap^oAt- 
 Trapos and Eust. ad Iliad. II 234, VIII 488). Ver- 
 borum differentiae, pp. 274-96. 
 
 (4) Ludicra historia (jrepl tCjv Trap* "YiXXqai 7rat8taJi/), 
 
 PP- 322-45- 
 
 (5) De lusibus puerorum. Part of 4 (.'*). 
 
 (6) De institutione officiorum. 
 
 (7) JJepL T^? K.iKep(ji)vo<; TroAtreta? ; OLVTiXeyei Se raJ At- 
 Svfjiw (see above, p. 20). 
 
 Second Century. 
 
 Aemilius Asper {T. S., § 482, 3), Flavius Caper {T. S., 
 § 343, 3 ; G. Keil, De F. C. grammatico, in Diss. Hall. X, 
 243-306), Q. Terentius Scaurus {T. S., § 352, i), Arrun- 
 tius Celsus (T: .S., § 357, 3), lulius Romanus {T. S., 
 § 379> I ; ^- Froehde, De I. R. Charisii auctore Leipz. 1892), 
 A. Gellius, Noctes Atticae {T. S., § 365 ; T/i. Vogel De 
 A. G. vita, studiis, scriptis i860; L. Riiske De A. G. Noct. 
 Att. fontibus 1883). 
 
 Third Centiuy. 
 
 Cefisorinus, de die natali {T.S.,% 379). 
 Fourth Century. 
 
 T. Nonius Marcellus, Compendiosa Doctrina {T. S., 
 404a; L. Midler, Adversaria to his edition). 
 
 2. Charisius and Diomedes {T. S., § 419 ; Z. /eej>, Zur 
 Gesch. von. d. Redetheilen bei den Alten, Lpz. 1893). 
 
 3. Marius Victorinus {T. S., § 408, i). 
 
 4. Ae/ius Donatus (floruit c. 350). 
 (i) Grammatica. 
 
 (2) Co7nmentary to Terence. 
 
 (3) Commentary to Virgil. 
 
 Cf. Grdfenhan, IV, 107 ff.; Suringar, I, 78-S6 II 31-59; T. 
 S., § 409, 3 f. 
 
 5. Maurus Servius Honoratus. 
 Commentary to Virgil. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 39 
 
 C£. Stcringar, II, 59-9^ ; T. S., § 43^ ; G- Ldmmerhirt, De 
 priscis scriptt. locis a S. allatis, in Comm. Philol. lenens. I\ , 
 311-406. 
 
 6. Hierojiymiis, 331-420. 
 
 Translation of the ^ovikoX Kavoves of Eusebius 
 with additions : "usque ad Troiae captivitatem 
 pura graeca translatio est . . . usque ad XX. Con- 
 stantini annum nunc addita nunc mixta sunt phiri- 
 ma quae de Tranquillo (viz. Sueton. de viris iUus- 
 tribus) et ceteris inlustribus in historicis curiosis- 
 sime excerpsi." On these sources, cf. 
 Mommsen, Abhandl. der sachsischen Gesell. d. Wiss. I (1850), 
 669 ff. 
 Fifth Ce?iturv. 
 
 1. Macrobius, Saturnalia. {T. S., § 444 ; G. mssowa, De 
 M. Saturn, fontibus, Breslau, 18S8.) 
 
 2 . Priscian of Caesarea. 
 
 Institutiones grammaticae, 18 bks. The most im- 
 portant and exhaustive contribution to Latin Gram- 
 mar made by the Romans. An inexhaustible fountain 
 of information for the grammatical theories of earlier 
 writers, especially Greek, now lost. The standard 
 work on the subject throughout the Middle Ages. 
 About 1000 MSS. known. 
 Cf. T. S., § 481, and Encyclop. Britan. s. v. 
 
 Sixt/i Century. 
 
 1. Cassiodonis Senator, 480-575. 
 
 Efforts to preserve classical literature. Copying 
 of MSS. by his Benedictine monks. 
 
 2. Isidorus, c. 570-636. 
 
 Etymologiarum (Originum) libri XX {T. S., § 496)- 
 
40 outlines of the history 
 
 List of Extant Latin Scholia. 
 
 1. Vergilius : 
 
 Scholia Bernensia to the Bucolics and Georgics. Intro- 
 ductory note to the latter : Haec omnia de [tribus] 
 commentariis Romanorum congregavi i.e. Titi Galli 
 et Gaudeiitii et maxime lunilii Flagrii ( = lunius 
 Phil argy rill s., part of whose commentary to the 
 Eclogues is still extant). 
 
 Scholia Veronensia to Aeneid (fragm.). 
 
 Fs. Probus, see Probus. 
 
 Do?iatiis, Servius.^ see above. 
 
 Cf. Suringar II, 8-109. Ribbeck, Proleg. crit. ad Verg. c. 9. 
 
 2. HORATIUS : 
 
 Porphyria (largely indebted to Aero). Ps. Aero (chiefly 
 based on Porphyrio. These scholia are handed down 
 anonymously in the older MSS.) ; Criiquianus com- 
 mentator., a congeries of scholia collected by lac. 
 Cruquius from his MSS., esp. the Blandinii. 
 
 Cf. Suringar III, S-S6 ; //. Usener, de scholiis Horat., Bern, 
 1863. 
 
 3. Terentius : 
 
 Dotiatus (made up of the original commentary of Do- 
 natus and of Euanthiiis. The scholia to the Heaiit. 
 are lacking) ; Eiigraphius. 
 
 Cf. Suringar I, 78 ff.; H. Usener, Rhein. Mus. XXIII, 493 ff.; 
 H. Gerstefiberg, De Eugraphio T. interprete, Jena, 1886; Sabbadini, 
 R., Estr. dagli studi ital. di fil. class. II, pp. 1-132. 
 
 4. LuCANUS : 
 
 Comme?ita (cod. Bern. 370), Adscriptiones (in a number 
 of MSS.). 
 
 5. Persius : 
 
 Cornliti i^) commentum. c. 8th cent. Cf. 7".^., §302, 6. 
 
 6. lUVENALIS : 
 
 {a) In codd. Pithoeanus and Sangallensis (IX. cent). To 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 4 1 
 
 the same class belong the scholia (up to Sat. VIII 
 193), published by Valla under the name of Probus. 
 {p) Cornuti (?) expositio in MSS. of XV, cent. 
 Cf. T. S., 331, 7. 
 
 7. Germanicus, poetic paraphrase of Aratiis. 
 
 Cf. Breysig, Praef. to his edition and Maass, Proleg. to Aratus. 
 
 8. Statius' Thebais : 
 
 Ad VI 264 : de his rebus ... ex libris ineffabilis doc- 
 trinae Persei praeceptoris (Cornutus .'*) seorsum libel- 
 lum composui [Lactantius Placidus]. 
 
 III. The Middle Ages. 
 I. The Byzantian Period. 
 
 K. Krumbacher, Grundriss der byzantinischen Literatur (I. 
 Miillef's Handbuch der class. Alterthumswissenschaft, voL IX, i), 
 Characteristic of the period, pp. 214-17 ; IVilamowitz, Eur. Hera- 
 cles, I, 193-219. 
 
 a. Hesychios of Alexandria. 
 
 Lexicon (FAcuo-o-at). Based upon the Xlepte/oyoTreVTyre? 
 
 of Diogenianos. 
 
 Cf. Reitze?istein, Rhein. Mus. XLIII, 443-460. 
 
 b. HesycJiios inust7-is of Miletus (6. cent.) 
 Oi/o/xaToAoyo9 7/ 7riva$ tu)V iv TratSeto. dvofxacrriov. Only 
 
 preserved in excerpts. (Chief sources : Aelius Di- 
 onysius' MovcrtKry IcTTopta, and Herennios Philon.) 
 Cf. A>., pp. no ff. 
 
 c. Photios, c. 820-c. 891. 
 
 (i) Bl^XloOtjkt] or Mvpto^i^A.ov (written before 
 857). Contains the excerpts and criticisms of 280 
 books read by the author while ambassador to 
 Assvria. 
 
 (2) Ae'lecov a-vvayioyi] (based on Harpocration, Di- 
 ogenianos, 'Arrt/ccov oro/xarcov Xoyot of Aelius Dio- 
 nysius, Pausanias' AcElkov Kara o-tolx^Iov, Platonic 
 
42 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 lexicon of Timaeus, and Boethos, Homeric lexica 
 of Apion, Heliodorus and Apollonius;. 
 
 Cf. Kr., pp. 223-33 5 Fabricms, Bibl. Gr. X, 67S-775 XI, 1-37 ; 
 Hergenrother, Photios, 3 vols., 1869. 
 
 d. Constanfinos Porphyrogennetos, emTp^ror (()i2-^(),rQ?>Tp. 
 945). Encyclopaedia of History, arranged according 
 to subject-matter (e.g. Ilepi Ilpecr^etcuv, Trept e7rt/?otiAa)v 
 Kara ^(xaiXioiV yeyovviiov. Trept aTpaTT]yr]fxdrwv, Trept Sy^/xy;- 
 yoptoov), with the original chapters of earlier historians 
 bearing upon the respective subjects. 
 
 Cf. Ay., pp. 59-69. 
 
 e. Siiidas. 
 
 Lexicofi (terminus post quern 976 a.d.V First cited 
 by Eustathius. A colossal monument of erudition, 
 notwithstanding many instances of gross carelessness. 
 The sources of Suidas have as yet been determined 
 with only partial accuracy, but he seems to have 
 derived, though generally only at second-hand, the 
 bulk of his material from the following : 
 a. Lexica: Harpocration, Aelius Dionysius, Pausa- 
 nias, Helladios, Eudemos, TX^aaai to Herodotus, 
 and above all, Hesychios (cf . Suidas s. v. ' ov cTrt- 
 TO\x.y] eo-rt rovro rh /?t^At'ov'), Lexica to Euripides, 
 Menander, Callimachus. 
 J3. Scholia and Com?ne?itaries to: Aristophanes (in a 
 more complete form than the extant scholia), 
 Sophocles (Oed. Col., Oed. Tyr., Aiax), Homer 
 (similar to those of the Venetus B), Thucydides, 
 Philoponus and Alexander of Aphrodosias to 
 Aristotle, 
 y. Histories: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon's 
 Anabasis, Polybius, Josephus, Arrian, Aelian (prob- 
 ably from Constantinos' Encyclopaedia), Lucian. 
 5. Literary and Biographical 77iaterial : Hesychios {^qq 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 43 
 
 above), Athoiaeus (bks. I and II in their unepito- 
 mized form). Wiiether tlie work of Fhilon of By bios 
 (see above) was known to Suidas at first-hand is 
 very doubtful. Strabo is completely ignored. 
 Cf. Fabriciiis, Bibliotheca Graeca, VI, 389-595 ; G.Bernhardy, 
 Suidae Lexicon, I, Prolegomena, pp. 25-95 ; A>., pp. 261-67 ; R. 
 Roeliig, Quae ratio inter Photii et Suidae lexica intercedat, in 
 Diss. Hall. (1887) pp. 1-66. 
 f. Johafuies Tzefzes, c. iiio-c. 1185. 
 
 (i) Bt/3Aos laropioiv (Chiliades), in 12,674 political 
 
 verses. 
 Cf. Ckr. Harder, De I. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones, 
 Kiel, 1S86. 
 
 (2) Allegories to the Iliad and Odyssey^ 10,000 verses. 
 O Ofx-qpos 6 7rav(TO<^o<i, rj. OdXacraa tu)v Aoywv. Ho- 
 meric mythology interpreted allegorically and after 
 the manner of Euhemerus. 
 
 (3) Commentary to the Iliad. 
 
 (4) Carmina Iliaca (Antehomerica, Homerica, Post- 
 homerica). 
 
 (5) Scholia to Hesiod's Works and Days, and the 
 Shield of Heracles (written before 1138). 
 
 (6) Scholia to Aristophanes' Plutos, Clouds, Frogs, 
 and Arguments to the Knights and Birds. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl {A'eil), Opusc. I, 1-172. 197-237. 
 
 (7) Scholia to Lycophron's Alexandra. 
 Invaluable as the only extant key to the under- 
 standing of this enigmatical poem. 
 
 (8) Scholia to the Halieutica of Oppian, and the 
 Theriaca and Alexipharmaca of Alcand?'os. 
 
 (9) Epitome of the Rhetoric of Her7nogenes. 
 
 (10) Ilcpt rajv Iv TOts (TrL^OL<; /xerpcov aTravTcav, (ttl^ol 
 
 TTCpt ota^opa? TTOLTjTOiv, ta/jifioL re^vLKOL irepl Koj/Acubia?, 
 
 Trept TpayiKrj'i Trotr/crews. 
 Cf. A>., pp. 235-47. 
 
44 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 g. Eustathios, Archbishop of Thessalonice (floruit 1 1 75). 
 (i) Co77imcntary to the Iliad and Odyssey. 
 Invaluable repository of ancient learning. 
 
 Principal sources : Homeric scholia, Athenaeus, 
 Strabo, Stephanus of Byzantium, Aristophanes of 
 Byzantium, Heraclides of Miletos, and two works 
 by Suetojiiics (written in Greek) ; Aelios Dionysius, 
 Pausanias, and rhetorical lexica, Suidas and the 
 Etymologicum Magnum. 
 
 (2) Paraphrase and scholia to Dionysius Feriegetes. 
 
 (3) Commentary to Pindar (only a valuable preface 
 preserved). 
 
 Cf. Kr., pp. 242-47 ; Fabricins, 1. c, I, 457-501. 
 
 h. Maxijnus Planudes, 12 60-1 3 10. 
 
 (1) Ilept ypa/x/xariK^s, ir^pl avvra^coi^;. 
 
 (2) Scholia to Theocritos and Hermogenes. 
 
 (3) '^vvayoiyr) iKXcyelcra oltto SLa<f>6po)v (Si/SXioyv, contain- 
 ing excerpts, e.g., from Plato, Aristotle, Strabo, 
 Pausanias, Dio Cassius. 
 
 (4) Anthologia Planudea. 
 
 The Anthologia Palatina was not discovered till 
 1606 by Salmasius. Grotius' celebrated translation 
 is based upon the Planudean collection. 
 
 (5) Translations from Latin into Greek. 
 a. Caesar, De bello Gallico. 
 
 /3. Cicero, Somnium Scipionis. 
 
 y. Disticha Catonis. 
 
 8. Ovid, Metamorphoses. 
 
 e. 07'id, Heroides. On the basis of a very valuable 
 
 MS. now lost. 
 
 Cf. A. G., in Calvary's Berl. Stud. VIII 3, pp. 90 (1888) ; A. 
 Pabner, Ovid's Heroides, Oxford, 1894. 
 
 t,. Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae (his 
 masterpiece). 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 45 
 
 Cf. M. Treti, Comment, to Planudis Epistulae, Breslau, 1890 ; 
 A. G. in Proc. Am. Philol. Assoc. XX, 6ff.; A>., pp. 248 f. 
 
 L Manuel Moschopidos (pupil of Planudes). 
 
 a. 'EpcoTTy/xara y pafiixar lkol. Of great pedagogical 
 influence toward the spread of Greek studies 
 in the Renaissance. The famous grammar of 
 Mela7ichthon is essentially a reproduction of the 
 EpwTTy/xara. 
 Cf. L. Voltz, Jahrb. f. Phil., CXXXIX (1889), 579 ff. 
 /3. Scholia to the Iliad, bks. I and II. Hesiod, Pin- 
 dar's Olymp. Odes, Euripides, Theocritos. 
 Cf. K. Hart/elder, Philipp Melanchthon, Berl. 1889, pp. 225 ; 
 M. Treu, 1. c, pp. 208-12 ; Kr., pp. 251 f. 
 k. Tho?nas Magister (contemporary of /.). 
 (i) 'EKA-oyr/ oj/o/xaTwv koX pr]fJiaTU)v Attlkujv. 
 (2) Scholia to Aesch., Soph., Eurip., to three com- 
 edies of Aristophanes. 
 Cf. Fr. Ritschl, Thomae Magistri ecloga, Halle, 1832, with ex- 
 haustive Prolegomena ; Kr., pp. 2 53f. 
 
 /. Demetriits Trikliiiios (beginning of 14. cent.). 
 
 The foremost text critic among Byzantian philo- 
 losians. Notable contributions to Greek versification, 
 (i) Scholia to Pi?idar; author of two metrical dis- 
 sertations, and of one of the extant paraphrases to 
 Pindar {Lehrs, Pindarscholien, p. 78). 
 
 (2) Text edition, with scholia, of Sophocles. 
 
 (3) Scholia to five plays of Aeschylos (except Choe- 
 phoroe and Supplices). Preserved in Triklinios' 
 own handwriting. 
 
 (4) Scholia to Hesiod, Aristophanes and Theocritos. 
 Cf. Wilamoivitz, Eur. Heracl. I, 194 f.; Hermes XXV, 161-70 ; 
 
 Kr., pp. 2 56ff. 
 
 ;. The Middle Ages in W. Europe. 
 Copying of MSS. in monasteries. 
 
4-6 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. A. H. L. Heereti, Gesch. des Stud, der class. Literat. seit d. 
 Wiederaufleben d. Wissensch., vol. I, Introduct., pp. 1-308 ; F. 
 Haase, De medii aevi studiis philologis 1856; F. A. West, Alcuin 
 and the schools of the West, 1S90 ; IV. IVattenbach, Schriftwesen 
 im Mittelalter, 1875'^, Anleit. z. griech. Palaeographie, 1877''^, 
 Anleit. z. lat. Palaeog. 1886^ ; Th. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen, 
 Berlin, 1882 ; A. Ebert, Allgem. Gesch. der Liter, des Mittelalters, 
 3 vols., 18872 ; Bernhardy, I*, 716 ff.; E. Hiilmer, Encyclop., pp. 
 45-64 ; M. Manitius, Rhein. Mus. Suppl. XLVII, pp. 1 52 (catalogue 
 of MSS. in cloister libraries); Blass, Palaeogr.^ pp. 299-355. Of 
 mediaeval scholars who possessed a knowledge of Greek, the fol- 
 lowing may be mentioned : Bede, loh. Scotus Erigena, Alcuin, 
 Abelard, Roger Bacon, Hrabanus Maurus. 
 
 List of Some of the Oldest Classical MSS. 
 
 I . Greek. 
 
 a. Frag?ne?its of Euripides^ Antiope and Plato's Phaedo., 
 250 B.C. (Flinders Petrie Papyri, ed. Mahaffy, Dub- 
 lin Acad. 1890.) The oldest specimens of a classical 
 text known. 
 
 b. A few lines of the XI. Iliad (ante-Aristarchean and 
 non-Zenodotean), 240 B.C. 
 
 Most of the following dates are only conjectural. 
 
 c. Louvre fragments of Etiripides, 2. cent. B.C. 
 
 d. Alanati, 2.-1. cent. B.C. 
 
 e. ///^^ fragments (Banks, Harris), 2. cent. B.C. 
 
 /. Papyri from Herciilanemn, 79 a.d. (Epicurus, Phi- 
 lodemos.) 
 
 0-. Aristotle, ^AOrivaiwv 11 o At t eta, ) 
 
 7 T7- 7 li^- ■ 1- [ I. -2. cent. A.D. 
 
 //. Herodas, Mimiainin. ^ 
 
 /. Four speeches of Hypereides, 150 a.d. 
 
 k. Berlin fragm. of the Melanippe of Euripides, 3.-4. cent. 
 
 /. Papyrus fragm. of Isocrates, 4. cent. 
 
 m. Cod. Ambrosianus of the Iliad. 
 
 71. Cod. Vaticanus of Cassius Dio. . , 
 
 ^5.-6. cent. 
 
 o. Euripides' Phaeton and Menander, frag, j 
 /. Fragm. of Arist. Birds. J 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 47 
 
 2. Latin. 
 
 a. Fragm. of Seneca, i. cent. 
 
 I?. Seven oldest MSS. of Virgi/, 3.-5. cent. 
 
 c. Fragm. of Sa/lusfs Historiae, 3.-4. cent. 
 
 d. Codex Bembinus of Terence, 4.-5. cent. 
 
 e. Codex Sessorianus of Fliny, N. H. 23-25, 5. cent. 
 /. Codex Puteaneus of Livy, 6.-7. cent. 
 
 g. Falimpscsti. 
 
 a. Juvenal and Persius, frag, in cod. Vatic, 3.-4. cent. 
 13. Codex Veronensis and cod. Vaticanus of Ziry. 
 
 7. Zuian (Vienna, Naples, Rome), 4. cent. 
 
 8. Cicero^ s De 7'epublica., 4--5- cent. 
 
 e. Cicero in Verrem, fragm. in cod. Vatic, 5. cent. 
 
 i. Plautus (cod. Ambrosianus), 5.-6. cent. 
 
 r\. Gellius and Seneca, fragm., 5.-6. cent. 
 
 B. Fro?ito, fragm., 4.-6. cent. 
 
 I. Livy, fragm. (Vienna), 5. cent. 
 
 IV. The Revival of Learning in Italy. 
 
 Cf. G. Voigt, Die ^Yiederbelebung des class. Alterthums, 2 vols., 
 Berlin, 1S943 ; /. A. Symonds. Renaissance in Italy (vol. II. The 
 Revival of Learning), 1877 ; I.Burkhardt, Die Cultur der Renais- 
 sance in Italien, 1S855 ; D. Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio evo, 2 
 vols., Livomo, 1872; Alfred von Reicmont, Lorenzo de' Medici, 
 il .Magnifico, 2 vols. (1874), pp. 606. 604, esp. I, 517-606 II, 1-149; 
 F. A. Eckstein, Xomenclator philologorum, Lpz. 1871, pp. 656; 
 IV. Pdkel, Philolog. Schriftstellerlexicon, Lpz. 1882. 
 
 (A) Greek Immigrants. 
 
 Cf. H. Hodiiis, De Graecis illustr. linguae Graecae litterarumque 
 humaniorum instauratoribus, 1742; Bernhardy, I^ 730 £f. 
 ( I ) Manuel Chrysoloras, 1 3 5 o- 1 4 1 5 . 
 
 In Florence in 1396, thereafter in Pavia, Venice, 
 
 Rome. Died in Germany. Niccoli, Bruni, Alarsup- 
 
 pini, Traversari were among his pupils. 
 
 a. EpoiT-^fxara Trj<s 'EXXrjvtKrjs. 
 
48 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Verbatim translation of Plato'' s Republic. 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 225-35; Symonds, pp. 108 ff. 
 
 (2) Georgios Gemisthios Flethon^ 1355-145 2. 
 
 Famous Platonist. 
 
 Voigt, II, 119-22 ; Symonds, pp. 198-210; F.Schidtze, G. G. P., 
 lena, 1874, pp. 320. 
 
 (3) Bessarioji^ 1403-72. 
 
 Pupil of Plethon. Famous library of 800 MSS 
 
 bequeathed to Venice (the foundation of the St. 
 
 Marcus Library). Translator of Arist. Metaphysics, 
 
 Xenop/ioJi's Memorabilia. 
 
 Q.i. Voigt, II, 124-33; Sy?fi07ids, ^^. 247 ff.; H. Vast, Le Car- 
 dinal Bessarion, Paris, 1S79. 
 
 (4) Theodorus Gaza, c. 1400 -c. 1478. 
 
 a. T pafx/JLaT LKT] elaayojy)'] . 
 
 b. Celebrated translations of : Aristotle, Theophrastus 
 
 de plantis, Aelian, Dionysius De compositione 
 
 verborum. Cicero de sen. and de amicit. into 
 
 Greek. 
 
 Cf. //i?^', pp. 55-101 ; Voigt, II, 145 ff.; L. Stein, Archiv f. 
 Gesch. der Philosophie, II 3, pp. 426-58. 
 
 (5) De77ietrius Chakondylas, 1428-15 10. 
 
 a. Edition of Hotner (ed. pr. 1488), Isocrates, Suidas. 
 
 b. ^puiTrjfxaTa. 
 
 Cf. Hody, pp. 211-26 ; Voigt, I, 442. 
 
 (6) Constantinos Lascar is (f after 1500). 
 
 a. 'EpoiTrjfxaTa (Milan, 1476. First Greek book ever 
 
 printed). 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 371 II, 148 ; A. F. Villemain,l.diSZdiX\s, Paris, 1825 
 (Engl, transl. 1875, London). 
 
 (B) Italian Humanists. 
 
 (i) Francesco Petrarca, 1304-74. 
 Discoverer of Cicero's Letters. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 49 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 12-159 ; Symonds, pp. 69-S7 ; Th. Campbell, Life 
 and Times of Petrarca, 1S45- ; L. Geiger, Petrarka, 1874, pp. 267 ; 
 G. Korting, P. Leben u. Werke, Lpz. 1878 ; and esp. P. de Nolhac, 
 Petrarque et I'humanisme, Paris, 1892, pp. 439. 
 
 (2) Giova?mi Boccaccio, 1313-75. 
 
 a. Genealogia deorum gentilium. 
 
 b. De casibus illustrium virorum. 
 
 c. De Claris mulieribus. 
 
 d. De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus. 
 
 Cf. G. Aborting, B.'s Leben u. Werke, pp. 742, Lpz. 18S0; Voigt, 
 I, 165-86 ; Synionds, pp. S7-97. 133. 
 
 (3) ColHtiiis Salutatus (Coluccio de Piero de Salutati), 
 
 1330-1406. 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 194-214 II 192. 486; Sytnonds, pp. 103 ff. 
 
 (4) Leo7iardo Bruni (Aretinus), 1369-1444. 
 
 Celebrated translations of Aristotle, Demosthenes, 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 309ff. II, i65ff. 
 
 (5) Francesco Poggio Braccioti?ii, 1380-1459. 
 
 Discoverer of MSS of Cicero (seven orations), As- 
 conius Pedianus' Commentary to Cicero's speeches, 
 FlautHS (XII new comedies), a complete Quintilian, 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, Aratea, Silius, Manilius, Co- 
 lumella, Frontinus, Nonius, Probus, Petronius, parts 
 of Lucretius, Valerius Flaccus, Priscian, Vitruvius, 
 Statius' Silvae [ Tacitus, Dial., Germ., Suet, de gramm.]. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 237-62 II, 7. 75. 254 ff. 329-342 ; Symonds, pp. 134 ff- 
 230-46; Henzen in C. I. L. VI i (on P.'s contributions to epig- 
 raphy) ; Ch. Nisard, Les gladiateurs de la Republique des lettres 
 aux XVe, XVIe, XVIIe siecles, i860, pp. ii7-i94- 
 
 (6) Victorifius da Feltre, 13 79-1 447. 
 Celebrated pedagogue. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 537 ff. ; Symonds, pp. 289-97. 
 
50 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (7) Kyriacus of Ancona, 139 i-c. 1450. 
 
 '^I go to awake the dead." Famous collector of 
 
 inscriptions in Greece and Italy. " Maiorem quam 
 
 ipsi libri iidem et notitiam praebere videbantur " (sc. 
 
 inscriptiones). 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 271-8S ; C. I. L. Ill, p. xxii, 129 ff.; E. Hiilmery 
 Rom. Epigraphik (= I. Mliller's Handbuch, vol. I-) ; Syinonds, 
 pp, 155 ff. ; B. de Rossi, Inscript. Christ. II, 356-3S7. 
 
 (8) Giovanni Aurispa, c. 1370-1459. 
 
 Famous collector of Greek MSS. Reached Venice 
 in 1423, with 238 vols.^ containing mostly classical 
 authors purchased in Constantinople. Among his 
 priceless treasures were the celebrated codex Lauren- 
 tianus (seven plays of Soph., six of Aesc/i., ApoUofiius' 
 Argonautica), of the X. cent., now in Florence, Iliad 
 (Venet. A), Athefiaeiis, the entire Demosthenes, and 
 Plato, Xe?iophon, Diodonis, Strabo, Arrian, Luciajiy 
 Dio Cassius. 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 262 ff. 560 ff. II, 348. 
 
 (9) Francesco Filelfo (Philelphus), 1 398-1 481. 
 
 Itinerant professor ; collector of MSS. Translator 
 
 of Homer. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I. 351-69; Synionds, pp. 267-89; G. /az'r<f. Melanges 
 d'histoire litteraire, vol. I, pp. 9-146, Geneve, 1856; AHsard, pp. 
 1-115. 
 
 (10) Lauretitius Valla (Lorenzo della Valle), 1407-57. 
 
 a. Elegantiae Latini se?'7no?iis, 1444. 59. edit, in 1536. 
 Still useful. 
 
 b. Translations : Herodotus, Thucydides, Homer. 
 
 c. Edition of Quintilian, printed 1494. 
 
 Cf. /. Vahlen, Lorenzo Valla, Vienna, 1870 ; Voigt, I, 464-80 
 II, 181 f.; Symonds, pp. 258-65 ; N'isard, pp. 195-304; Mancifti^ 
 G., L. V. pp. 339, Florence, 1891. 
 
 (11) Marsilius Ficinus (Marsiglio Ficino), 1433-99. 
 Famous translation of Plato. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 5 1 
 
 Cf. Creuze}',O^ViSC. II 5, pp. 10-21 j Voigt,ll, 123.326; SytnondSy 
 pp. 324 ff. 
 
 (12) Angelus Politianus (Angiolo de' Ambrosini of 
 Monte Puliciano), 1454-98. 
 
 Praefationes to Homer, Quintilian, Statius' Silvae, 
 Suetonius, Praelectio in Persium. Translation of 
 Calli7tiachus^ Herodianos and Epictetus. 
 a. Heeren, I.e., II, 247-69; Voigt, I, 371 II, 199; Symonds, 
 PP- 345-55- 
 
 (13) Petrus ViCTORius (Pietro Vettori), 1 499-1 584, 
 The greatest philologist and critic of the Italian-. /^ 
 
 Renaissance. 
 
 a. Edition of Cicero^ with commentary. 
 
 b. Edition of Sophocles, with comment, and the scholia, 
 1547. The Electra published for the first time in 
 1545. Aeschylus, 1557. 
 
 c. Edition, commentary and translation of Aristotle, 
 (Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, de partibus animalium, 
 Politics). 
 
 d. Xenophon's Memorabilia. 
 
 e. Terence ; Sallust ; Varro, de re rustica. 
 ~ /. Demetrius [Phalereus] de elocutione, Dionysius, 
 
 Isaeus, Dinarchus, Hipparchus in Arati et Eudoxi 
 Phaenomena, Clemens Alexandrinus, Porphyrius 
 de abstinentia. 
 g. Variae lectiones, 38 bks. 
 
 Cf. Bandini, Petri Victorii vita, Florence, 1758 ; Fr. Creiizer, 
 1. c, pp. 21-36 ; H. Kdmmel, Jahn's Jahrb. XCV, 545 ff-; XCVI, 
 325 ff. 421 ff. 
 
 A List of the More Important Editiones Principes 
 
 OF Classical Authors. 
 
 Cf. Chr. Saxe, Onomasticon, 2 vols., 1775-90; /. /• Brtinet, 
 Manuel de Libraire, etc., 8 vols., 1880 ; F. A. Schweiger, Hand- 
 buch d. class. Bibliographie, 2 vols., 1830-34; S. F. G. Hoffftiamiy 
 
52 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Lex. Bibliographicum, 3 vols, (only Greek authors), 1832 ; Z. 
 Hain, Reportorium bibliographicum, ab arte typographia inventa 
 usque ad a MD, 4 vols., Paris and Stuttgart, 1S3S ; Renoicard, 
 Annales de rimprimerie des Aides, Paris, 1834^; Schicck, Aldus 
 Manutius u. seine Zeitgenossen, Berlin, 1862 ; A. F. Didot, Aide 
 Manuce, pp. LXVIII + 647, Paris, 1875. 
 
 I . Greek. 
 
 1 48 1. Theocritos (Id. I-XVIII), together with Hesiod, 
 
 Works and Days. 
 1488. Homer (ed. Chalcondylas). Valla's Latin, transl. 
 
 of the Iliad was printed as early as 1474. 
 
 1495. Hesiod, Opera omnia (Aldus). 
 1495-98. Aristotle (Aldus). 
 
 1496. Euripides' Med., Hypp., Ale, Androm. (I. Lascaris), 
 
 ApoUonius (Lascaris), Lucian (in Florence). 
 
 1498. Aristophanes (excl. Lys. and Thesm.); Opera 
 
 omnia. Basle, 1532. 
 
 1499. Aratus (in: Astronomi vett. ap. Aldum). 
 
 1500. Callimachus' Hymns (Lascaris). 
 
 1502. Herodotus, Thucydides, Sophocles (Aldi). 
 
 1503. Euripides' Opera (excl. Electra, edit, by Victorius, 
 
 1545, from Cod. Laurent. 32, 2). 
 15 13. Plato, Oratt. Att. [Hyperides, papyrus discovered 
 
 1847]. Pindar (together with Callim., Dionys., 
 
 Perierg., Lycophron) (Aldus). 
 15 14. Athenaeus (Aldus). 
 15 16. Xenophon (excl. Agesil., Apologia, ITdpoi, ap. 
 
 lunta), Opera omnia, 1525, ap. Aldum ; Strabo 
 
 (transl. printed in Rome, 1470), Pausanias. 
 15 18. Aeschylus (Aldus). 
 1530. Polybius (ap. Vincent. Opsopocus, i.e. Koch). 
 
 Latin transl. by Nic. Perrotto (bks. I-V), printed 
 
 1473- 
 1533. Diogenes Laertius (Froben, BasleV 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 53 
 
 1539. Diodorus (libb. 16-20). Latin transl. (libb.-I-V) 
 
 by Poggio, 1472. 
 1544. losephus (Basle). 
 1548. Cassius Dio (R. Stephanus). 
 1551- Appian. 
 1572. Plutarch (H. Stephanus). Latin transl. by Cam- 
 
 panus, 1 47 1. 
 
 2. Latin. 
 
 1465. Cicero, de officiis. First printed edition of a class- 
 ical author. Cf. art. ' Typography ' in Encycl. 
 Brit. Lactantius (Rome). 
 
 1469. Caesar, Virgil, Livy, Lucan, Apuleius, Gellius 
 
 (^Rome). 
 
 1470. Persius, Juvenal, Martial, Quintilian, Suetonius 
 
 (Rome). Tacitus, Juvenal, Sallust, Horace 
 (Venice). Terence (Strassburg). 
 
 1 47 1. Ovid (Rome, Bonn), Nepos (Venice). 
 
 1472. Plautus (G. Merula), Catullus, Tibullus, Proper- 
 
 tius, Statius (Venice). 
 
 1473. Lucretius (Brixiae). 
 
 1474. Valerius Flaccus (Bonn). 
 
 1475. Seneca (Prose Works), Sallust (^/frj-/ volume issued 
 
 in octavo). 
 
 1484. Seneca (Tragedies) at Ferrara. 
 
 1485. Pliny the Vounger (Venice). 
 1498. Cicero, Opera omnia. 
 
 1520. Veil. Paterculus (Beatus Rhenanus, Basle). Only 
 one ]MS in existence. 
 
 V. France. 
 
 Cf. E. Egger, L'Hellenisme en France, 2 vols., 1869 ; A. Le- 
 franc, Histoire du College de France, 1S92. 
 
 (-i) Robert EtieH?ie (^tfph.3.n\\s), 1503-69. 
 
 Learned printer of classical authors, e.g. Horace, 
 
54 ©IDTIJXES OF THE H1STOK.Y 
 
 DaoiiD.jsaiiiis H:allllihr.. Doo Cassiiss. Ihesaoirms liaagmae 
 
 {2) Hexki EniEKXi; som off Rssbeat, ijaS-^S, 
 
 TM!££aMrM£ gr.siL£M£ ImgMtSLe^ 5 vols., 5572 : reedited 
 b^ Dimfdoe^ 1S65. Sttil ttiaie moiiotsit <oQiin|^li&te lesicoiii of 
 Gineek poabllnsHDed. 
 
 C£ E^£r^ ILc, fgjL i«^ !]^; Jl^ PatHsinu Essajs- IL 66-124; Z- 
 F£aLg£r£^ Essaii samr Qa Tae ett les lEKnrragfs de fL E^ Paris, 3S53; 
 JPUMaeS (jlP^ cif Boos mmannifiniwas eSrckooDS)). 
 
 (3) AiirwB. TmnK^ ((Tininftid>m- : r 12-65. 
 
 CdlidHnUted <cr;- Ediibcar e-g- AesciL Soph^ Arist 
 Firihivnii;^ Tliei^plBEasltiis, PMIbu, Cicero de 2egg. Com- 
 iii;^MfTiTi tf:airTfcf?fi; t& Vtsunm de TKirag- \^%„,^ .^md Horace, Adzer- 
 
 (4) DocTis LjLNEBor (|Dii©5rvi>iri5 Laicedtts ), 1520-72. 
 
 FamMsans csmsBSMEMti.'': i' : . * ': :: Jz~ -^ace. Cicero, 
 JLmcrdfims,) J^amimSy, XepoSu 
 
 C£ OriMdy, ODDfCOBasttkKnB Ooei^agaas., ^oviQ. I, A^posuEx, fjpL 47S-91. 
 
 {5) Mar£M£ Amiemms J^mrdtm^^ 1526-185- 
 
 Edfinttnoaos annd cxniDuiiiesBtbaiies to Terenif^ Catullus. 
 TskmMm£y,JPrii^keriamSy,SsmBC^'; Ca£eri§r£ Philippics. Variae 
 
 C£ (0)gDena (soDoiiaa, tsd. Z9- ^a(iife«i^K, 4 -wcfe. 17% ((life in Tol IT, 
 5iiS-$2)); FrM&c.her, j uysJk, 5*34; <C ZJlgurfi, M- A. Muret, Paris, 
 iSSn |^„ fipu 4^)); M~ PjjML&ihb^ Essays \ 124-13:;- 
 
 Qn. SnaJlig£r^ see feefem-- 
 if 61) Isaac CASACiMSsr ((Casadbomims}, 1559— 16 14- 
 
 Xext to Scalis^r ttBn<e gueatteslt :r«JUiMrr«» of Ms tiiiie- 
 •*" Est (flcxDiassiiiEmaK (Bnaaaninintt (gma jpio^tffif lia'aiaut,'" ScalE^eraiiiL 
 ^(7- jQ? SsEtyrim Grat£iCA p&esi £i Mi&muaJimrjmmB. ^aiira. 1605 
 
 ((t&iL RaambacfiD;, BLaffle^ 1774])- 
 
OF CLASSICAL FHILOLOGT, 55 
 
 ^. Athe7iaeus, isg^- i^+o* (incorporated into Scbiwei^- 
 
 hauser's edition). 
 7. Fersius, 1605. 1833*. 
 
 e. /'^/j/^^^^.', 1609. (Especially noteworthy for its intro- 
 duction on Greek Historiography.) 
 
 I Apuleins, Strabon, Polyaenos (ed, pr;) Hiator, Ain^ 
 Script,, Aristophanes.. 
 
 . E^egetical and critical contrih^ons to- B^nysam 
 Halic, Pliny the Younger, Theocritos. Biogenic 
 
 Laertius. 
 
 Cf. Mark Parson, Isaac Caaaubou, Oxford,. iS^^' f«l. ISTelidfe' 
 
 ship). 
 
 On Salmasius, see below. 
 (7) Charles du Fresne sieur du Conge, 16-ia-SS, 
 
 a, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et im^mm iMmi. 
 
 tatiSy 1678, 
 
 b. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et mfimuM Grcmamtns., 
 
 1688. 
 c Edition of Byzantian Historians, 1680, 
 ' Cf. Hardouin. Easai aur la vie et les ouvrages de (ia Caage, 
 Paria, 1849. 
 (a), Bernard de Monq'aucon, 1655-11+1. 
 
 Cf. E. de Broglu. La aociete de Tabbaye de Saiitt-Gennafflx. 
 
 etC-r 189I, 2 '^Ols- 
 
 iT Palaeographia Graeca^ ijoSi. 
 ' ^, L'antiquite expliquee et representee en %0Dire^ ^ii<^ 
 vols. foL (iTii9))y SopP^- 5 ^<^^' ^^ (i724>- »75r- 
 
 VL The N^therlaiods, 
 
 Cf Z iTM^kr-, Geadi.. der claaa. PMIalogife bi den. Ariederiaiiden;. 
 Lpz. 1869 (pp, ^9) ; ^- ^^ ^- -^^^ ^ Academie te Le«iea b,. 
 de r6«,. 17^ en. r3o Eeuw, Haarlem,. eS^^ pp^ +cc3,. 
 DESiDERiirs EftASMirs of Rotterdiaiiiai, i4^5-i53^' 
 
 Cf If.. Durartd de Lcmr. Urasme,. 2 Tofe. (pp. 694, 59^)^ ^^ 
 1372' i? ^. Dromond, E., Ka Life and Character. 2 ..ofa. 
 
56 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (pp.413, 380), London, 1873; Z. Feiigere, Erasme, Paris, 1874; 
 A. R. Pennington, Life and Character of E., London, 1S75 ; Pokel^ 
 I.e. p. 71 f. 
 
 1. First Period, 1530-75. 
 
 (i) Adriaan de Jonghe {Hadt-iaJius Junius)^ 15 11-75. 
 Plutarch, Symp., Martial, Nonius Marcellus, Ani- 
 madversiones, 6 bks. — nomenclator octilinguis. 
 
 (2) Jacque de Criisque (Cruquius), 1 1584- 
 
 Editor of Horace ^vith scholia, 1578. 
 
 (3) Wilhebn Ca7itef\ 1541-75. 
 
 Editions of Aesch., Soph., Eur., Aristides, Sto- 
 baeus. Trans, of Lycophron's Alexandra (in Scali- 
 ger's edition). 
 
 2. Second Period, 1575-1650. 
 
 Foundation of the University of Leyden, 1575 ; 
 Utrecht, 1636. Cf. Z. MiiUer^ p. 5 ft. 
 (i) Justus Lipsius, 1547-1606. 
 
 1567 in Rome, 1572 Professor in Jena, 1576 in 
 Lowen, 1579 in Leyden, 1592 in Lowen. 
 
 a. Tacitus, 1574^ Epoch-making masterpiece. 
 
 b. Vellems Paterculus^ 1591- Cf. Ruhnken^ Opusc. II, 
 
 P- 541. 
 
 c. Seneca Philosophus, 1605. 
 
 d. Valerius Maximus. 
 
 Cf. A. de Reiffenberg, Ue J. L. vita et scriptis commentarius, 
 Brussels, 1823; Z. Midler, pp. 24-29. 33-35. 
 
 (2) Joseph Justus Scaliger, i 540-1 609. 
 
 Wyttenbach, Praef. ad Plut. Moralia ' Unus forte 
 Joseph Scaliger, quern ex omnibus qui post renatas 
 Literas fuerunt, omni Antiquitatis scientia consuma- 
 tissimum fuisse constat, non multum ab hac perfec- 
 tione abfuit.' "The most richly stored intellect which 
 ever spent itself in aquiring knowledge"' Pattison. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 5/ 
 
 "Melius morbos qiiam remedia novimus " Scaliger. 
 Born in France. Called to Leyden in 1593. 
 
 a. Coniectanea to Varro, De L. L., 1565. 
 
 b. Catalecta Virgilii et aliorum poetarum veterum, 
 
 1572. 
 
 c. Festus, 1575. 
 
 d. Catullus^ Tibullus^ Properties, 1577. 
 
 e. Manilius, 1579. 
 
 /. De emendatione temporum, 1583. 
 
 g. Thesaurus temporum, 1606. 
 
 h. Twenty-four Indexes to Gruter's Thesaurus 
 
 iNSCRiP. Latin., 1601. 
 /. De re nummaria, 16 16; Opuscula, 1610; De arte 
 
 critica, 1619. 
 Qi. J. Bernays, J. J. Scaliger, Berlin, 1855 (pp. 319); List of 
 works, 1. c. pp. 267-305 ; L. Miiller, pp. 35. 222-7 5 ^^- Pattison, 
 Essays, Vol. I, 196-244; Ruhiikeniusy Elog. Hemsterhusii (Opusc. 
 I, 269). 
 
 (3) Gerhard Johannes Vossius, 1577-16 49. 
 1615 in Leyden, 1622 in Amsterdam. 
 
 a. Grammatica Latina (1607), Aristarchus (1635)^ 
 de vitiis. sermonis (1640), Etymologicum (1660). 
 
 b. Ars rhetorum, de arte poetica (1647). 
 
 c. De historicis Graecis, 1634 (1833 ed. Wester- 
 mann). 
 
 d. De historicis Latinis, 1627. 
 Cf. L. Miiller, p. 39 f.; Pokel, s. v. 
 
 (4) Da?iiel Heinsius, 1581-1639. 
 
 Editor of Hesiod, Theocritos, Terence, Virgil, 
 Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Silius. 
 Cf. L. Miiller, p. 38 f. 
 
 (5) Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius), i 588-1 653. 
 
 Professor in Leyden, 1631. At the court Oif Chris- 
 tina of Sweden, 1650. Opponent of ^Milton. Dis- 
 coverer Qf Kephalas' Anthologia, 1606. 
 
58 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 " Non homini sed scientiae deest quod nescivit Salmasius." 
 — Balzac. 
 
 a. Hist. Aug. Scriptt. 1620 ; Florus, 1609 ; Ter- 
 tuUian. 
 
 b. PliniaJiae exercitatt. in Solinum, 1629. 
 
 c. De lingua hellenistica. 1643. 
 
 d. De usuris, de mutuo. de annis climactericis. 
 
 e. De re militari Romanorum. 1657. 
 
 Cf. Saxe, Onomast. IV, iSS ff.; F. Creiizer, 1. c. pp. 65-75; L. 
 Mailer, p. 41. 
 (6) Hugo Grotius, 1 583-1645. 
 
 ' Aliter pueri Terentium legunt, aliter Grotius.' 
 
 a. Famous transl. of the AntJiol. P/anudea, 1645. 
 
 b. De iiire belli et pads, 1625-^. 
 
 c. Editions of: Mart. Capella, Lucan's Pharsalia, 
 
 Silius Italicus. 
 Cf. Creuze?-, 1. c. p. So ff.; L. Miiller, p. 38 ; H. de Vries, H. G. 
 1827; Pokel. s. V. 
 
 3. Third Period, 1650-1750. 
 
 (i) Joh. Friedrich Gronov, 1611-1671. 
 
 " Xumquam interituram esse veram educationem donee Gro- 
 novii opera legentur." — Markland. 
 
 Editor of: Sallust, both Senecas, the two Plinys, 
 Tacitus, Gellius, Justinus, Plautus, Phaedrus, Sta- 
 tius, Martial. 
 
 Cf. L. Miiller, pp. 42-44. 
 
 (2) Jacob Gronov, 1645-1716, son of (i). 
 
 a. Editor of: Herodotus, Polybius, Cicero, Ammi- 
 anus. 
 
 b. Thesaums A)itiquitatu7n G?'aecaru??i, 13 vols., 1702. 
 
 (3) Alcolaus Heijisius (son of Daniel H.), 1620-81. 
 
 Editions and commentaries of : Virgil, Ovid, Va- 
 lerius Flaccus, Silius, Claudianus, Prudentius, Petro- 
 nius, Velleius, Curtius, Tacitus. 
 Cf. L. Miiller, pp. 51-54. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 59 
 
 (4y Joh. Georg Graei'ius, 1623-1703. 
 
 Editor of : Ciccronis Opera omnia, Hesiod, Calli- 
 machus, lustinus, Catullus, TibuUus, Propertius, Flo- 
 rus. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Ro7na?iorm?i, 12 vols., 
 1699. 
 
 Cf. L. Miille?-, pp. 44 f. 
 
 (5) Ezechiel Spanheim, 1629-17 10. 
 
 Born in Geneva, died in London. Educated in 
 Leyden. 
 
 a. Famous and still useful commentary to the Hymns 
 of Calli7nachus, ed. Ernesti, 1761, in 2 vols. 
 
 b. Dissertatio de usii et praesta?itia nuviisttiatujn anti- 
 quorum^ 1664, 1706^. 
 
 Cf. D. Rithnken, Opusc. II, 596 f. 
 
 (6) Peter Burtnann i\\Q Qld^r, 1668-1741. 
 
 Editor of : Petronius, Velleius, Quintilian, Sue- 
 tonius, Aristophanes, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius 
 Flaccus. 
 Cf. L. Mailer, pp. 45, f. 54-59 ; Saxe, Onomast. V, 466-77. 
 
 (7) Peter Burjfiann [Secundus], nephew of (6), 17 14- 
 78. 
 
 Editor of : Virgil, Propertius, Claudianus, Foetae 
 Minores, Afithologia Latina. 
 
 Cf. T. C. Harles, Vitae Philologorum nostra aetate clarissimo- 
 rum, vol. I, 93-167. 
 
 (8) Tiberius Hemsterhuis (Hemsterhusius), 1685- 
 1766. 
 
 Prof, in Franeker 17 17, in Leyden 1740. Resus- 
 citator of Greek studies in Holland. 
 
 Editions of Pollux (1706), Lucian and Aristoph. 
 Plutos. 
 
 Cf. D. Ruhnke7i, Elogium H., pp. 1-33, with notes by Bergman, 
 PP- 303-336 ; L. Mailer, pp. 74-S2. 
 
6o OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4. Fourth Period, 1750 to the present, 
 (i) Ludwig Caspar Vakkenaer, 1715-85. 
 
 Prof, in Franeker, 1741; in Leyden, 1766. 
 
 a. Editions of: Homer, Iliad with scholia, 1747. 
 EuRiPiDis Phoenissae, 1755 (1824"^, Lpz. 2 vols.). 
 Euripidis Hippol. acced. Diatribe in Eur. perdit. 
 
 FABB. REEL. 1 768 (1823, LpZ. 2 Vols.). 
 
 Theocritos, Bion and Moschus^ 1781. Poetae 
 
 bucolici et didactici ed. ill. 1781. 
 Callimachi fragmenta, ed. Luzac, 1799. 
 
 b. Diatribe de Aristobulo ed. Luzac, 1806. 
 
 c. F. Ursinus, Vergilius collatione scriptt. Graec. 
 illustr. ed. Valck., 1747. 
 
 Cf. IVytteiibach, Vita Ruhnkenii, pp. 17 5-1 81 ; Z. Miiller, 
 pp. 82 f. 
 
 (2) David Ruhneken (Ruhxkenius), 1723-98. 
 
 Prof, at Leyden., born in Germany. 
 
 a. Timaei iexicoji vocum Platonicarum, 1754 (1833*). 
 
 b. Oratio de doctore umbratico, Leyden, 1761. 
 
 c. Historia critica oratonim Graecorum, 1768 (Lpz. 
 1841). 
 
 d. (P. J. Schardam) De vita et scriptis Longhii. 
 
 e. Velleius, Homeric Hymns to Demeter and Dio- 
 nysos. 
 
 f. Dictata in Terentium, in Ovidii Heroidas, in Sue- 
 tonium. 
 
 Cf. D. IVyttenbach, Vita D. Ruhnkenii, pp. 67-300, ed. with 
 notes by Bergman, pp. 353-494 (1S24); L. Miiller, pp. 84-8, 101-3. 
 
 (3) Daniel Wyttenbac/i, 1 746-1820. 
 
 a. Plutarchi Moralia (Text, Anmiadversioties, in- 
 dex, 14 vols. ; Commentary unfinished), 1 795-1820. 
 Plato's Phaedo. 
 
 b. Philomathia, 3 vols., 181 7. Bibliotheca Critica, 
 1779— 1809. Vita Ruhnkenii^ 1790- 
 
 Cf. Z. Midler^ pp. 91-6; Mahne, Vita D. Wyttenbachi, 1S23. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 6l 
 
 (4) Peter Hofman-Peerlkainp, 1786-1865. 
 
 Editions of : Tacitus' Agricola ; Horace, Odes 
 (1834), Satires (1845) and Ars Poetica (1863); Vir- 
 gil's Aeneid (1863); Propertius, 1865. 
 Cf. L. Mailer, pp. iiof. 
 
 (5) C. Gabriel Cobet, 1S13-89. 
 Prof, in Leyden. 
 
 a. Oratio de arte iiiterpretandi, 1847. 
 
 b. Diogenes Laertius, Paris, 1850 ; Lysias, 1863. 
 
 c. Novae Lectiones, 2 vols. Variae Lectiones, 2 vols. 
 
 Cf././. Hartmafin, Biogr. Jahrbuch (Calvary), XII, 53 ff. (1889). 
 
 VII. England. 
 
 Burney's Pleiad: Bentley, [Dawes], Markland, Taylor, 
 
 [Toup, Tyrwhitt], Porson. 
 
 (i) Richard Bentlev, 1662-1742. 
 
 " Nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codd. potiores sunt." — To 
 Hor. C. Ill, 27, 13. 
 
 1676 in Cambridge, 1689 in Oxford, 1694 in Lon- 
 don, 1700 Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 a. Epistola ad Milliimi, 1691. 
 
 b. Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, 
 etc., 1690 (ed. W. Wagner, 1874). Immortal 
 masterpiece. 
 
 c. Horace, 1711. 1869 (ed. Zangemeister). Epoch- 
 making masterpiece. 
 
 d. Discovery of the Digam??ia in Homer (Collins on 
 Freethinking, 17 13, ed. of Milton, 1732). 
 
 e. Terence (Famous introduction on Lati?i Versifica- 
 tioji), with Phaedrus, Publilius Syrus, 1726. 
 
 f. Collection of the fragments of Callimachus, 1693. 
 
 g. Manilius (1739); Emendations to Menander and 
 Philemon (17 10). 
 
62 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. / H. Monk, Life of R. B., 2 vols, i^n^f (I, 428 II, 466); 
 F. A. Wolf, Literar. Analecten I, 1-95 II, 493-9 (= Klein. Schrift. 
 II, 1 030- 1 089 ff.); R. C.Jebb, R. B. (Engl. Men of Letters), Lond. 
 1882 (pp. 224); /. MdJily, R. B., 1868 (pp. 179). Bernays, Philol. 
 Mus. VIII, 1-24. 
 
 (2) Jeremiah Markland, 1693-1776. 
 
 Editor of Euripides, Maximus Tyrius, Statins' Syl- 
 vae. Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus, 
 
 1745- 
 
 Cf. Wolf, Analecten, II, 370-91. 
 
 (3) /ohn Taylor, 1703-66. 
 
 Editor of Lysias, 1739 ; Aeschines, 1769 ; several 
 orations of Demosthenes. 
 Cf. Wolf 1. c. I, 500 ff. 
 
 (4) Richard Porson, 1759-1808. 
 
 Next to Bentley, England's greatest text critic. 
 Prof, in Cambridge, 1792 ; Librarian of the London 
 Institution, 1805. 
 
 a. Aeschylus, 1795, 2 vols. 
 
 b. EuRiP. Hecuba, 1797, with suppl. to the famous 
 preface on Greek versification [Canon Porsonia- 
 nus], 1808. 
 
 c. Eurip. Orest. 1798; Phoen. 1799; Medea, 1801. 
 
 d. Critical contributions to Homer, Herodotus, Xeno- 
 phon, Aristoph., Pausanias, Suidas. 
 
 Cf. /. S. Watson, Life of R. P., 1861; F. A. Wolf Anal. II, 
 284-9; ^- Hermami, Opusc. VI, 92 ff. Tracts and Miscellaneous 
 Criticism of R. P., edited by Kidd, 181 5. 
 
 ( 5 ) Peter Elms ley, 1773-1825. 
 
 Editions of : Thucydides ; Eurip. Ale, Androm., 
 Elect, Med., Heracl, Bacch. ; Aristoph., Acharn., 
 with comment., 1809, Soph., O. T., O. C. 
 
 (6) William Martin Leake, 1 777-1869. 
 
 Celebrated traveler and archaeologist. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 63 
 
 a. Topography of Athens and the demi. 
 /;. Travels in Northern Greece, 1841, 4 vols. 
 c. Travels in the Morea, 1830, 2 vols. 
 Cf./- ^- ^^^^^ysden. Memoir on the Life and Writings of W. 
 M. L., London, 1864; E. Curtins, Alterthum u. Gegenwart IT, 
 
 305-323- 
 
 (7) Thofnas Gaisford, 1 779-1855. 
 
 Edition of : Hephaestion, Prodi Chrestom., Suidas, 
 3 vols., Scriptt. lat. rei metricae, Paroemiogr. Graec, 
 EtymoL Magn. Stobaeus, Eusebius, 6 vols. 
 
 (8) George Grote, 1794-1871. 
 
 a. Greek History, 12 vols., 1856. 
 
 /'. Flato and the other companions of Socrates, 1865. 
 
 c. Aristotle (unfinished), 187 1. 
 
 Cf. Harriett Grote, G. G. 1873; Biogr. Jahrb. I, 31 ff. 
 
 (9) Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro, 1819-85. 
 
 a. Lucretius (text, comment., transl.), 3 vols., 1873. 
 i886\ 
 
 b. Lucil. Aetna, text and comment., 1867. 
 
 c. Horace, 1869. 
 
 d. Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus, 1878. 
 
 Cf./. D. Duff, Biogr. Jahrb. VII, in ff. 
 
 (10) Benjafnin Joweit^ 1817-1893. 
 
 Translations of : The Dialogues of Plato, 5 vols., 
 1892^; Thucydides with Commentary, 2 vols. 1881; 
 Politics of Aristotle, 1885. 
 
 Vni. Germany. 
 
 Chief work: C. Biirsian, Geschichte der class. Philologie in 
 Deutschland von den Anfiingen bis zur Gegenwart, Munich, 1883 
 (pp. VIII+1271); Hilbner, 1. c. pp. 99-121. 
 
 (A) Ante-Wolfian Period. 
 
 (i) Roclef Huysman {Rudolphus Agricold), 1442/3-85. 
 Famous pedagogue. The first to introduce the sys- 
 tematic study of the classics into Germany. Trans- 
 
64 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 lation of Ps. Plato's Axiochus, several treatises of 
 Lucian. Commentary to Seneca Rhetor. 
 Cf. Bicrsiajt, pp. loi f. 
 
 (2) Johannes Reuchlin, 1455-1522. 
 
 a. Vocabularius breviloquus, synopsis grammaticae 
 Graecae. 
 
 b. Translation of the Batrachomyomachia. 
 
 c. Editions of : Xenophon, Apol. Agesil. Hiero ; Aes- 
 chinis et Demosthenis oratt. adversariae. 
 
 Cf. Z. Geiger, R., sein Leben u. seine Werke, Berl. 187 1; Bur- 
 siaft, pp. 120-31. 
 
 (3) Philip Melanchthon, 1497-1560. 
 
 ' Praeceptor Germaniae.' 
 a. Listitutiojies Linguae Graecae^ 1518- 1632'**. 
 h. Grammatica Laltina, 1525. 1757 ^^^ 
 
 c. Editions or commentaries to : Aristoph, Clouds, 
 Plutos ; Arist. Ethics and Politics ; Hesiod ; The- 
 ognis; Dem. Olynth. I., in Aristog.; Lycurgos in 
 Leocratem ; Aratus. — Ck. de off., de orat., de 
 am., Orator, Topica, Epist. ad fam., orations ; 
 Terence ; Virgil ; Ovid's Fasti ; Sallust ; Quint. 
 Inst. Bk. X ; Tac. Germ. 
 
 d. Latin translations of : Pindar, Euripides ; speeches 
 inThucydides; some speeches of Demosth.; Aesch. 
 in Ctesiph. 
 
 e. Handbooks on Rhetoric, Dialectics. 
 
 Cf. Camerarius, de vita Ph. M. ed. by Th. Strobel, Halle 1877, 
 Schmid, Encycl. d. Paedag. IV, 653-7S, and esp. A'. Hart/elder, 
 Ph. M., Berlin, 18S9. 
 
 (4) Joachim Kammermeister {Ca??ierarius), 1500-74. 
 
 a. Editions of : Speeches of Demosth., Sophocles 
 with commentary (1534, 1556), Quintilian with 
 comment. (1534), Cicero, 4 vols, fol., 1540? Herod- 
 otus, Thucydides, Plautus (1552), Theocritos, 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 65 
 
 Aristotle's Ethics, Theophrastos, historia rei niim- 
 
 mariae. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 99 ff- HI, 67 ff. (On his edition of Plau- 
 tus) ; Bursian, pp. 185-90. Full list of works in Pdkel, s.v. pp. 39 f.; 
 C. Hab?i, Munich. Acad. II (1873), '^\^--ll>' 
 
 (5) Johann Albert Fabricius^ 1668-1736. 
 
 a. Bibliotheca Graeca, 14 vols., 1728 (ed. Harles, 
 1809, 12 vols., index, 1838). A monumental and 
 still indispensable storehouse of information. 
 
 b. Bibliotheca Latina, 1697 (ed. Ernesti, 1773). 
 
 c. Bibliotheca Lat. med. et infim. aetatis, 1746, 6 vols. 
 
 d. Sextus Empiricus, 17 18. 
 
 Cf. H. S. Reimarus, de vita et scriptis F. Hamburg, 1737; 
 Creiizer, pp. 201-5; Bursian, pp. 360-4; Pdkel, s. v. 
 
 (6) Johann ^Nlathias Gesner^ 1691-1761. 
 
 Editions of : Scriptores rei rusticae, Horace, Quin- 
 
 tilian, Pliny the Younger, Claudianus. Thesaurus 
 
 Linguae Latinae, 2 vols, fol, 1749. Transl. of Luciau. 
 
 Cf. Bursian, pp. 387-93 ; F. Paulsen, Gesch. d. gelehrt. Unter- 
 richts in Deutschl., Lpz. 1885, pp. 427-40. 
 
 (7) Johann August Ernesti^ 1707-81. 
 
 Editions of: Xenophon's Memorab., Arist. Clouds, 
 Homer, Callimachus, Polybius, Tacitus, Sueton., 
 Cicero^ i739? ^77 4? 5 vols., with clavis Ciceroniana 
 (Halle, 1832^). Famous teacher and Latin stylist. 
 
 Cf. Bursiaji, pp. 400-4; Allg. deutsche Biogr. VI, 235-42. 
 
 (8) JoH. Jacob Reiske, 1716-74. 
 
 'a. Edition of Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, de 
 cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, 2 vols., 1754. 
 
 b. Editions of : Theocritos, 2 vols., 1766 ; Oratt. 
 Graeci, 12 vols., 1775. 
 
 c. Editions of : Plutarch, 12 vols. ; Dionysius Jlalic., 
 6 vols.; Maximos Tyrios, 2 vols.; Dion. Chrysos- 
 tomos, 2 vols.; Libanios, 4 vols, (all printed after 
 R.'s death). 
 
66 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d. Translation of : Speeches in Thucyd., Speeches 
 of Dem. and Aesch., 5 vols. 
 
 e. A7ih7iad2)ersiones ad auctores Graecos, 5 vols., 1766. 
 Cf. Aiitohiography, Lpz. 17S3, pp. 818; Bursian, pp. 407-16. 
 
 (9) JoHANN Joachim Winckelmann, 1717-68. 
 
 Founder of the science of Archaeology. 
 
 Die Geschichte der Kiinst dcs Alterthurns^ 1764. 
 
 Cf. K. Jiisli, W., sein l>eben. seine Werke und seine Zeitge- 
 nossen, 3 vols., Lpz., 1872 (pp. xii+ 525. 398, pp. vi + 440) ; Bursiafi, 
 pp. 426-36. 
 
 (10) Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, 1737-98. 
 Founder of the science of Numismatics. 
 Doctrina fium??iorum vetertwi, 8 vols., 1798. 1841^ 
 
 Cf. Bursian. pp. 496-99. 
 
 (11) Christian Gottlob Heyne, 1729-18 12. 
 Editions of : Tibullus, 1755 ; Epictetus, 1756 ; 
 
 Virgil, 4 vols., 1775 ; Pindar [Ps.] ApoUodori Bibli- 
 otheca, 2 vols., 1782, 1802^ ; Iliad, 8 vols., 1802 ; Opusc. 
 Academica, 6 vols., 1785-181 2. 
 
 Cf. A. H. L. Heeren, Chr. G. Heyne, Gottingen, 18 13 (XXII, 
 pp. 522) ; Biirsian, pp. 476-500. 
 
 (B) The New School. 
 
 Friedrich August Wolf, 1739 (200 years after Ca- 
 saubonus) -1824. 
 
 a. Prolegomena to Homer, 1795. 
 
 Cp. R.Volkmann, Geschiclite u. Kritik der \Y.'s Prolegg., Lpz. 
 1874. 
 
 b. Demosthenis Leptinea (valuable introduction), 1790. 
 
 c. Plato's Symposium, Hesiod's Theogony ; Cicero,Tusc. 
 
 Disp., Orations (Post red., in senatu ad Quirites, 
 de domo sua, de haruspicum responsis, pro Mar- 
 cello — regarded as spurious by W.) Aristoph. 
 Clouds ; Casaubonus' Suetonius. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 6/ 
 
 d. Encyclopaedie der Philologie ed. Stockmann, Lpz. 
 
 1831. 
 
 e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1869, pp. 1200. 
 
 Cf. W. Korte, Leben u. Studien F. A. W.'s des Philologen, 2 
 vols., Essen, 1833 (pp. 363. 314) ; Bursian, pp. 517-48 ; ^^- ^'^^- 
 //ji?;/, Essays I, 337-415. 
 
 Gratmtiatico-critical School. 
 On Criticism and Her77ieneutics : 
 
 Hiiet, De optimo genere interpretandi, etc., 1691 ; F. Schleier- 
 macher, Works, III 3, pp. 344 ^- S Hermeneutik u. Kritik, Works, 
 I pt. VII, 183S (pp.xviii+390) ; G. Hermann, de officio interpretis, 
 Opusc. V, 405 ff. VII, 97 ff.; A. Boeckk, Opusc. I, 100 ff. V, 248 ff. 
 VII, 262 ff., Encyclopaedie, etc., der phil. Wissensch., pp. 79--63; 
 H. Sauppe, Epistola Critica ; C G. Cobet, Oratio de arte interpre- 
 tandi, Leyden, 1847 (pp. 163) ; G.Bernhardy, Grundlinien zur En- 
 cycl. der Philol., p. 53 ff.; /• N. Madvig, Advers. Critica, I (1S71), 
 8-184 ; E. Toumier, Exercices critiques, Paris, 1875 (pp. 175) 5 
 H. Steinthal, Arten u. Formen der Interpretation (Philol. Ver- 
 samml. Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 25-35) ; C. zwt Frantl, Verstehen u. 
 Beurtheilen, Munich Acad., 1877, pp. 37 ; F. Biicheler, Philolog. 
 Kritik, Bonn, 1878 : Fr. Blass, Hermeneutik u. Kritik (Iwan 
 Miiller's Handbuch) P, 147-295. 
 (i) Gottfried Hermann, 1772-1848. 
 
 a. Editions of : Aeschylus, Soph., Eurip. (Hecuba, 
 Here, fur., Suppl., Bacchae, Alcestis, Ion), Arist. 
 Clouds, Plautus' Trinummus, Aristotle's Poetics, 
 Hoftteric Hymns, Lexicon of Photios, Bion and 
 Moschus. 
 
 b. Ele?ne?ita doctf^inae 7netricae, 18 16. 
 
 c. Ho7neric treatises, 1832, 1840. Opusc, 8 vols., 
 
 1827-39. vol. Vni, 1876. 
 
 Cf. O.Jahn, Biogr. Aufsatze, Lpz. 1849, PP- 9^-^2>~ 5 Btirsian, 
 p. 575 ff., pp. 666-86 ; H. Kochly, G. H. 1874, pp. 330. 
 
 (2) Christian August Lobeck, 1 781-1860. 
 a. Sophocles, Aiax, 1809. 
 /'. Aglaophamus, 2 vols., 1829. 
 
68 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c. Paralipomena grammaticae Graecae, 2 vols., 1837. 
 Cf. Binsian, p. 572 ff., 71 1-7 13. 
 
 (3) August Immanuel Bekker, i 785-1871. 
 
 a. Text Editions of : Plato, Attic Orators, Aristotle, 
 Sextus Empiricus, Thucydides, Theognis. Aristoph- 
 anes, Photios, Suidas, Scholia to the Iliad, Cas- 
 sius Dio, Harpocration, Corpus scriptt. Byzantino- 
 rum, 24 vols., Homer (with digamma in the text), 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Cf. Btirsian, pp. 658-63 ; Pokel, s. v. 
 
 (4) Karl Lachmann, i 793-1851. 
 
 a. Propertius (1816), Catullus, Prop., TibulL, (1829), 
 
 Terentianus Maurus. 
 I). Betrachtungen iJBER Homer's Ilias (mit Zusat- 
 
 zen von M. Haupt), 1837, 1841. 'Epoch-making.' 
 
 c. Lucretius, with critical commentary. ' Immortal 
 masterpiece.' 
 
 d. Lucilius (ed. Vahlen), Gaius, Babrios. 
 
 e. New Testament {^Methodology of scientific textual 
 
 criticisfri) . 
 
 Cf. Jlf. Hertz, K. L., Berlin, 1851 (pp. x-f 255, xliii) ; Btirsian, 
 pp. 7S9-800; Briefe an M. Haupt, ed. L Vahlen, 1S93. 
 
 (5 ) August Meiiieke, 179 0-1870. 
 
 a. Editor of : Strabo, Athenaeus, Callimachus, Aris- 
 tophajies, Frag7ne?ita Comicorum (with History of 
 Greek Comedy) 5 vols., 1841, Theocritos, Sto- 
 baeus, Stephanus Byzantius, Horace (application 
 of the four-line strophe). 
 
 I). Analecta Alexa7id7'iiia, 1843. 
 
 Cf. F. Ranke, A. M., Ein Lebensbild, Lpz. 187 1 ; Bursian, pp. 
 764-9- 
 
 (6) Karl Wilhebn Di?idorf, 1802-83. 
 
 a. Editor of : Aristophanes, Poetae scenici graeci, 
 Demosthenes, 9 vols., 1846-51, Stephanus Byzan- 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 69 
 
 tius^ Arisfides, Themistius, Lucian, Herodotus, 
 Josephus, Clemens AkxandrtJius, 4 vols., Eusebius, 
 4 vols. 
 
 d. Scholia to Odyssey, 1856 ; scholia to J/iad, 4 vols., 
 1877. 
 
 c. Lexicon Aeschyleum, Lex. Sophodeuvi. Xew edi- 
 tion of Step/ianus' Greek T/iesaums, ]\Ietra Aesch., 
 Soph., Eur., Aristoph. 
 
 Cf. Biogr. Jahrb. VI (1S83), pp. 112 ff.; Bursian, pp. 861-70. 
 
 (7) Karl Le/irs, 1802-78. 
 
 a. De Aristarchi studiis Homericis, 1833 (1882'^, 
 
 PP- 505)- 
 
 b. Horace, 1869. Transl. of Plato's Phaedrus a?id 
 
 Sy?Hposion. 
 
 c. Die Pindarscholien^ Lpz. 1873. 
 
 Cf. E. Kajnrner, Biogr. Jahrb. (1879), PP- 15-2S; Bursian, pp. 
 718-24. 
 
 (8) Friedrich Ritschl, 1806-76. 
 
 a. Plautus {Tri?iu7nmus^\^\'&i famous Prolegg.) Pa- 
 RERGA to Plautus and Terence {Fabulae Varronia- 
 7iae, etc.), Opusc. H, 782 HI, 1-300. 
 
 b. On the literary activity of Varro. Opusc. IH, pp. 
 419-592. 
 
 €. Aeschylus, Septem, 1853. 
 
 d. Priscae latinitatis 7nomune7ita epigraphica, 1862. 
 Opusc. vol. V. 
 
 e. On Alexandrian library, Stichometry, etc. Opusc. 
 
 vol. I. 
 
 Cf. L. Midler, F. R., Berlin, 1877 ; O. Ribbeck, F. W. R., Ein 
 Beitrag z. Gesch. der Philologie, 2 vols., Lpz. iSSi (pp. vii-t-348, 
 viii-f-59[) ; Bursian. pp. S12-40. 
 
 (9) JOHANN NiCOLAUS MaDVIG, 1804-1886. 
 
 a. De Asco7iii Pedia7ii C077i77ie7it. 1826. 
 
 b. Cicero de finibus, 1839, 1876^ 
 
yO OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c. Emendationes Lizianae, i860, 1877". 
 
 d. Liv}\ ed. Madvig and Ussing, 1866, 1879^, 4 vols. 
 €. Lati?i Granwiar, 1843^ Greek Syntax^ 1847. 
 
 f. Opusc. Acad. 1887-. Adversaria Critica, 2 wo\s., 1873. 
 
 g. Die Verfassung u. Verwaltungdes rom. Staates. 
 
 Complete list of his works in Wochenschr. f. class. Philol. IV 
 (1887), p. 285. Cf. Heiberg, Biogr. Jahrb. IX {1SS6), 202-21. 
 
 (10) August Nauck, 1822-1892. 
 
 a. Aristophanis ByzaJifii ix2igv[itnt2i, 1848. 
 
 b. Euripides, 1854, 1871^; Sophocles, 1867. 
 
 c. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmexta, 1856. 
 1889^, with index tragicae dictionis, 1892. — His 
 masterpiece and the standard work on the subject. 
 
 d. Homer (Odyssey, 1874, Iliad, 1877). 
 
 e. Porphyrins, i886"'^, Lexicon Vindobonense, 1867, 
 
 lamblichi de vita Pythagorica, 1884. 
 
 Cf. Th. Zielinski, A. X., Berlin, 1893, pp. 67 (= Biogr. Jahrb. 
 XVI). Full list of his writings, 125 in number, pp. 59-65. 
 
 2. Historico-a7itiquaria7i School, 
 
 Bibliography : 
 
 Hiibner, Encyclopaedic : Greek and Roman Literature, Gram- 
 mar, Poetics (pp. 140-75), Religion (pp. 175-84), Greek and 
 Roman Antiquities and History (pp. 184-215,359-88), Geography 
 (pp. 215-85), Chronology (pp. 286-90), Archaeology (pp. 290-342), 
 Metrology and Numismatics (pp. 342-51), Epigraphy (pp. 351-59). 
 Cp. also Sal. Reinach, Manuel de philologie classique, vol. II, 
 Appendice, Paris, 1884 (pp. 310). 
 
 (i) Barthold Georg Nieeuhr, 1776-183 1. 
 
 a. Roman History, 3 vols., 181 1^ 
 
 h. Lectures on Roma?i History, 3 vols. (Engl. 1843, 
 
 Germ. 1846). 
 
 c. Lectures on A?icient Histofy, 3 vols., 185 1. 
 
 d. Edition of Fronto, 18 16, Fragmm. of Cicero's 
 Speeches. 
 
 e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1828. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. /I 
 
 Cf. S. IVinkvjoi-th, The Life and Letters of B. G. N., 3 vols., 
 Lond. 1853 ; Bursian, pp. 647-63 ; /". Eyssenhardt, B. G. N., 
 Gotha, 1S86; /. Classen, B. G. X., Gotha, 1S76, pp. 181. 
 
 (2) August Boeckh, 1785-1867. 
 
 a. De Graecae tragoediae principilms^ 1806. 
 
 b. Edition of Pindar, 4 vols., 181 1-22. 
 
 c. Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum, 4 vols. 
 
 d. Public Economy of Athens, 2 vols., 18 17^ i886^ 
 
 e. Phi/olaos, 18 18. 
 
 /. Metrologische UfitersHckungen,i^2>^\ Manetho u. die 
 Hundsternperiode, 1845 ; Zur Gesch. der Mond- 
 cyclen, 1856 ; Opuscula, 7 vols., 1874. 
 
 g. Encyclopaediae u. ]\Iethodologie der Philol. ed. 
 Klussmann, 1886^ (pp. 884). 
 
 Cf. E. V071 Leutsch, Philol. Anz. XVI (18S6), 224 ff.; Bursian, 
 pp. 687-705 ; Briefwechsel zwischen A. B. und K. O. Miiller, 1883, 
 pp. 442. 
 
 (3) Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, 1784-1868. 
 
 a. Die Aeschyleische Trilogie Prometheus, 1824. 
 /'. T/ieognis, 1826. 
 
 c. Der Epische Cychis, 2 vol., 1849 (1882^). 
 
 d. Die Griech. Tragoedien, 3 vols. (pp. 16 14), 
 1841. 
 
 e. Alte Denkf?idkr, 5 vols., 1849-64. 
 
 f. Griech. Gotterlehre, 3 vols., 1863. 
 
 g. Kleine Schriften, 6 vols, (on Sappho, Frodicus, 
 
 etc.). 
 
 Cf. Reinh. Kektde, F. G. W.'s Leben, Lpz. 1880 (pp. 591); 
 BiirsiaJi, pp. 1029-46. 
 
 (4) Karl Ottfried Miiller, 1797-1840. 
 
 a. Die Dorier, 1824; Die Etrusker, 1828 (1878'^). 
 
 b. Archaeologie der Kunst, 1830 (1878*). 
 
 c. Aeschylus Eiimeniden, 1833. 
 
 d. Varro, de lingua Latina, 1833. 
 
>J2 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 e. Festus, 1839. 
 /. History of the Literature of Anxiext- 
 
 Greece, Lond. 1840. 3 yoIs. (,1876'' in 3 vols., 
 
 ed. E. Heitz). 
 
 Cf. Bursiau, pp. 1007-9; -^^ Hillebrand, in the French transl. of 
 (^), vol. I, xvii-ccclxxx, Paris, 1865; M. Hertz, Index lectionum, 
 Breslau, 1SS4, pp. 13. 
 
 (5) Fraxz Bopp, 1 79 1 -1867. 
 
 Founder of the science of comparative philology. 
 
 Cf. B. Delbriick, Einl. in das Sprachstudium, Lpz. iSSo ; Lef- 
 man, F. B., 1S92. 
 
 (6) Gottfried Benihaniy, 1 8 00-7 5 . 
 
 a. Eratosthenica, 1822; Dionys. Perieg., 1828 ; Wis- 
 sensch. Syntax, 1829. 
 
 b. SuiDAS, 2 vols., 1834-58. 
 
 c. Griech. Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols., 1836-45 
 (1880). 
 
 d. R5mische Literaturgesch., 2 vols., 1830 (1872°). 
 
 Cf. R. Volkmann, G. B., Halle, 1SS7 (pp. 160); Btosian,^. 776. 
 
 (7) Otto Jahn, 1813-69. 
 
 a. Edition and commentary of Persius, 1843 - Z^^'^'^- 
 nal^ 185 1 ; Cic. Orator, 185 1: Florus, 1852; Livii 
 Periochae, 1853; Soph. Electra, 1861^ (1872^); 
 Plato, Symposiuju, 1864 (1876"^); Ps. Longinus Ilept 
 lVovs, 1867 (18872). 
 
 b. Pausaniae descriptio arc'is At/ien., i860 (1880'). 
 
 c. Numerous treatises on archaeology and literature 
 (e.g.. On the subscriptions in Latin MSS. 'Ucber 
 den Aberglauhen des bosen B licks'). 
 
 Cf. Bzirsian, pp. 1070-S0 : J.Vahlen, O. J., AYien, 1S70, pp. 24. 
 
 (8) Theodor Mommsex, 1817 — . 
 
 a. Rom. Miinziuesen, 1850: Rom ax History, Vols. 
 I-HI^, V^ (transl. by Dickson); Romische Chro- 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. /J 
 
 nologie, 1859 ; Rom. Forschutigen^ 2 vols., Rum. 
 Staatsrecht, 3 vols. (pp. 708, 1 17 1, 1336), i888^ 
 
 b. Corpus inscriptionum Latixarum, Vol. I, III, 
 VIII, IX. 
 
 c. Mojuwientuin Ancyra7iu77i^ 1865-^. 
 
 d. Digesta, So/imts, lordanes, Cassiodorus. 
 
 e. Zur Lebefigesc/i. des jimgeren P/inius^ Hermes III, 
 pp. 31-139, etc., etc. 
 
 For a full list of his works up to 1S87. cf. C. Zangenieistery 
 Theodor Mommsen als Schriftsteller, Heidelberg, 1S87 (//. 60). 
 
INDEX OF NAMES, 
 
 Accius, L. 
 Aelius Stilo, L. 
 Agricola, Rud. 
 Alexander Aetolus 
 Ammonius 
 
 Anonymus mythographus 
 Antigonus Carystius 
 Apollodorus . 
 Apollonius Dyscolos 
 Aristarchus . 
 Aristophanes Byzantius 
 Aristoteles . . 7 f . 
 
 Aristoxenus . 
 Arruntius Celsus . 
 Asconius Pedianus 
 Asper, Aemilius 
 Ateius Philologus . 
 Athenaeus 
 Aurispa, Giovanni 
 
 Bekker, Immanuel 
 
 Bentley, Richard . 
 
 Bernhardy, Gottfried 
 
 Bessarion 
 
 Boccaccio 
 
 Boeckh, August 
 
 Bopp, Franz . 
 
 Bruni, Leonardo 
 
 Burmann, Peter (the Elder) 
 
 Burmann, Peter (the Younger) 
 
 Caecilius Calactinus 
 Caesar, Gaius lulius 
 
 Caesellius Vindex . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 33 
 
 33i- 
 
 63 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 16 f. 
 
 24 
 13 ff. 
 
 I iff. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 15- 
 
 J-' 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 3^ 
 
 35 
 26 
 
 68 
 61 f. 
 
 72 
 48 
 
 49 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 49 
 59 
 59 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 32 
 
 Callimachus . 
 
 Camerarius, loachim 
 
 du Cange, Chs. du Fresne 
 
 Canter, Wilhelm . 
 
 Caper, Flavius 
 
 Casaubonus, Isaac 
 
 Cassiodorus . 
 
 Censorinus 
 
 Chalcondylas, Demetrius 
 
 Charisius 
 
 Chrysippos 
 
 Chrysoloras, Manuel 
 
 Cicero, M. Tullius 
 
 Cobet, Gabriel 
 
 Constantinus Porphyrogennetos 42 
 
 Crates Mallotes 
 
 Cruquius, lac. 
 
 Demetrius Magnes 
 Dicaearchus . 
 Didymus 
 
 Dindorf, Wilhelm . 
 Diomedes 
 Dionysius, Aelius . 
 Dionysius Halicarnassensis 
 Dionysius Thrax . 
 Donatus, Aelius 
 
 Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius 
 
 Elmsley, Peter 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius 
 
 Eratosthenes 
 
 Ernesti, lohann August 
 
 Eustathius 
 
 10 
 64 f. 
 
 56 
 
 3^ 
 54 f- 
 39 
 3S 
 48 
 
 3S 
 
 22 
 
 47 f- 
 34 
 61 
 
 22 f. 
 
 56 
 
 -J 
 8 
 
 iSff. 
 
 6S 
 
 38 
 26 
 
 "J 
 
 66 
 62 
 
 lof. 
 
 65 
 44 
 
76 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Fabricius, loh. Albert 
 da Feltre, Vittorino 
 Fenestella 
 Ficinus, ISIarsilius . 
 Filelfo, Francisco . 
 
 Gaisford, Thomas 
 Gaza, Theodorus . 
 Gellius, Aulus 
 Gesner, loh. Mathias 
 Gorgias 
 Graevius 
 
 Gronovius, lacob . 
 Gronovius, loh. Friedrich 
 Grote, George 
 Grotius, Hugo 
 
 Harpocration 
 Heinsius, Daniel . 
 Heinsius, Xicolaus 
 Hemsterhusius, Tiberius 
 Hephaestion 
 Heracleides Ponticus 
 Hermann, Gottfried 
 Hermippos 
 Herodianus . 
 Hesychios Alexandrinus 
 Hesychios Illustris 
 Heyne, Christian Gotlob 
 Hieronymus . 
 Hofman-Peerlkamp 
 Hyginus, lulius 
 
 lahn, Otto 
 
 lowett, Benjamin . 
 
 Isidorus 
 
 luba 
 
 lunius, Hadrianus 
 
 Kvriacus 
 
 PAGE 
 
 65 
 
 49 
 36 
 50 
 50 
 
 63 
 48 
 
 38 
 
 65 
 6 
 
 59 
 58 
 58 
 63 
 58 
 
 26 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 67 
 16 
 
 25 
 41 
 41 
 66 
 
 39 
 61 
 
 35 
 
 72 
 63 
 39 
 25 
 56 
 
 so 
 
 Lachmann, Karl - 
 
 Lambinus, Dionysius 
 
 Lascaris, Constantinus 
 
 Leake, William Martin 
 
 Lehrs, Karl . 
 
 Lipsius, Justus 
 
 Lobeck, Christian August 
 
 Longinus 
 
 Lycophron 
 
 Macrobius 
 
 Madvig, loh. Nicolaus . 
 Magister, Thomas . 
 Markland, leremiah 
 Meineke, August . 
 Melanchthon, Philipp . 
 Mommsen, Theodor 
 Montfaucon, Bernard de 
 Moschopulus, Manuel . 
 Miiller, Karl Otfried . 
 Munro, H. A. J. . 
 Muretus, Marcus Antonius 
 
 Nauck, August 
 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg 
 Nigidius Figulus . 
 Nonius Marcellus . 
 
 Pamphilus 
 
 Pausanias Atticista 
 
 Peisistratus . 
 
 Petrarca, Francesco 
 
 Philetas 
 
 Philon, Herennius 
 
 Photios 
 
 Planudes, Maximus 
 
 Plato .... 7- 
 
 Plethon, Georgios Gemisthios 
 
 Plinius Secundus (the Elder) 
 
 Poggio Bracciolini 
 
 PAGE 
 
 49 
 

 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 77 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Politianus, Angelus 
 
 • 51 
 
 Stoics .... 
 
 15-30 
 
 Pollux, lulius 
 
 . 26 
 
 Suetonius Tranquillus . 
 
 • 37 
 
 Porson, Richard . 
 
 . 62 
 
 Suidas .... 
 
 .42f. 
 
 Praxiphanes 
 
 . 8 
 
 
 
 Priscianus 
 
 • 39 
 
 Taylor, lohn 
 
 . 62 
 
 Probus, M. Valerius 
 
 • 37 
 
 Theon .... 
 
 . 21 
 
 Prodicus 
 
 ■ 7 
 
 Theophrastus 
 
 . 8 
 
 Protagoras 
 
 7- 31 
 
 Triklinios, Demetrius . 
 
 • 45 
 
 Pseudo Longinus . 
 
 . 24 
 
 Tryphon 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Turnebus, Adrianus 
 
 • 54 
 
 Quintilianus, Fabius 
 
 • 37 
 
 Tzetzes, lohannes . 
 
 - 43 
 
 Reiske, loh. lacob 
 
 , . 65 
 
 Valckenaer, Ludwig Caspai 
 
 ■ . 60 
 
 Remmius Palaemon 
 
 • 37 
 
 Valla, Laurentius . 
 
 • 50 
 
 Reuchlin, lohannes 
 
 ■ 64 
 
 Varro, M. Terentius 
 
 31 f- 34 
 
 Ritschl, Friedrich . 
 
 . 69 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, M. 
 
 • 36 
 
 Romanus, lulius . 
 
 . . 38 
 
 Victorinus, Marius 
 
 • 38 
 
 Ruhnken, David . 
 
 . 60 
 
 Victorius, Petrus . 
 
 - 51 
 
 • 
 
 
 Vossius, loh. Gerhard . 
 
 • 57 
 
 Salmasius, Claudius 
 
 • 57 
 
 
 
 Salutatus, Colutius 
 
 • 49 
 
 Welcker, Friedrich Gottlie 
 
 b. 71 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph 
 
 . .56f. 
 
 Winckelmann, loh. loachir 
 
 n. 66 
 
 Scaurus, Q. Terentius 
 
 • 38 
 
 Wolf, Friedrich August 
 
 . 66 
 
 Servius . 
 
 • 38 
 
 Wyttenbach, Daniel 
 
 . 60 
 
 Spanheim, Ezechiel 
 
 • 59 
 
 
 
 Stephanus (Etienne), He 
 
 nricus 54 
 
 Zenodotus 
 
 • 9 
 
 Stephanus, Robertus 
 
 • 53 
 
 
 
 
 O/^ 
 
 i^/^/ 
 
 
 u> 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS 
 
F^. CORXEIvII T^CITI 
 
 DIALOGUS DE ORATORIBUS. 
 
 Edited with Prolegomena, critical and exegetical commentary, 
 bibliography and indexes, by Dr. Alfred Gudeman, Pro- 
 fessor of Classical Philology, University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 8vo. Cloth. Price, by mail, postpaid, $3.00. 
 
 The Prolegomena deal at length with the history of the ' Dialogus 
 Controversy' and furnish positive proofs, both external and internal, of 
 the Tacitean authorship of the treatise. The adnotatio critica accom- 
 panying the text is the most complete yet published. 
 
 Contents : Prolegomena on the Question of Authorship (pp. xiii- 
 LXiii), Dramatic Structure, Interlocutors and their Parts (pp. lxiv- 
 Lxxxvii), Literary Sources (pp. Lxxxviii-ciii), Style and Language 
 (pp. civ-cxix), the MSS. (pp. cxx-cxxxvii). Text with critical appa- 
 ratus (pp. 1-55), critical and exegetical Commentary (pp. 56-382), Bibli- 
 ography (pp. 383-390), Index locorum (pp. 391-427), and Index nomi- 
 num et rerum (pp. 428-447). 
 
 The Nation, New York: So thoroughly well has the work been 
 done, so carefully has the editor studied the questions by which the 
 little tract is beset, and so clearly and independently has he set forth 
 his conclusions, that we are almost ready to believe that a /cT?7/xa es ad 
 has at last been obtained in the case of one, at least, of the Latin 
 classics. His critical apparatus in its fulness recalls Wecklein's to 
 Aeschylus. . . . The contents of the book are a credit to American 
 scholarship, and its outer dress calls for thanks to the American pub- 
 lishers. 
 
 (Department of Special Publication.) 
 
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 Represented by Edward Arnold, 37 Bedford St., Strand, London, Eng., 
 and Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig, Germany. 
 
LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 51 
 
 COLLEGE SERIES OF LATIN AUTHORS. 
 
 Tor a statement of the aim arid plan of this series, and a list of 
 volumes in preparation, see the Announcements. 
 
 The Satires and Epistles of Horace. 
 
 Edited by Professor James B. Greenough of Harvard University. 12mo. 
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 TEXT EDITION. Paper. Introduction Price, 40 cents. 
 
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T 
 
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LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 53 
 
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GKEEK TEXT-BOOKS. 71 
 
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