GIFT or MICHAEL REESE IB Digitized by the Internet Archive in'2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/englishinsouthamOOmulhrich I \ \ •THE ENGLISH IN South Ameeica. •* Omne Sohm Forti FcOria. ^y^ BY MICHAEL G. MULHAl.L, "STANDARD" OFFICE, 160 CALLE SAN MARTIN. London: Ed. Stantobd, Charing Cross. PRESERVATION )OPY ADDED )RIGINALTOBE rtX DETAINED ^T.T^^c^ UN 2 6 1992 BFrSE • • •• ! • • • * c c • • c ( :••?> DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Earl of Derby, worthy- inheritor of the glorious traditions of a house that '! occupies a foremost rank in English History. His countrymen in every land, however remote, regard him as a representative Englishman, and a statesman of whom they have reason to be proud. M. G. MULHALL. Buenos Aybes, Janwiry Is^, 1878. ^3^^050 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGTB. Portrait of Admiral Drake 22 Portrait of Sir Richard Hawkins 29 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh 33 View near Valdivia, Chile 46 Chilian Coast near Coquimbo 58 Straits of Magellan 68 View of Port Famine 72 Remains of a Jesuit Church in Paraguay 78 English Attack on Buenos Ayres 122 iload from Valparaiso to Santiago 132 Portrait of Admiral Brown 144? Portrait of Lord Cochrane 185 Portrait of General Miller 215 Portrait of O'Higgins 265 Portrait of William WheeJwright 374 Portrait of Rev. A. D. Fahy 422 Crossing the Pampas 447 Cotton-planting at San Paulo 456 Crossing the Andes 463 Sugar-farm in Matto-Grosso 470 Boat-travelling on the Amazon 478 View Hear Cape Horn 483 <| J H O m *3 o o w I Q 03' o d :l 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS'" Cap. I. Introduction General view of South America. Division of the present work into 3 periods •, after the Conquest-, the war of Independence-, since the Independence. Dis- tinguished ^role' of EngUshmen in the destinies of this continent — 1316. Cap. II. Navigators of 16th century Cabot discovers territories of La Plata. Mission of George Barlow. British merchants at Santos, Bahia, and in Peru. Expedition of Admiral Drake. Penton's descent on Buenos Ayres. Withrington sacks Bahia. Cavendish ravages West Coast. Davis discovers Falkland Islands. Voyages of Merrick, Hawkins and Lancaster — 17-32. Cap. III. Raleigh's search for El Dorado Macatoa and the Golden King. First expedition of Raleigh, who makes a treaty with the Cacique of Orinoco. Second under Keymis, and third under * See Index at end of the book. Masham, both unsuccessful. Raleigh heads a fourth expedition, which results disastrously. Fable of El Dorado survives Raleigh 150 years — 33-40. Cap. IV. Expeditions op 17th century Letters patent to Captains Lee, Harcourt, Challoner and Rowenson to colonize the Amazon valley. At- tempts to establish English settlements in Brazil, by Purcell, Thomas and Frere ^ they end fatally. Similar attempt in Patagonia. Narbrough on the West Coast. Strong s efforts to open trade with Chile. Scotch colony at Panama — 41-48. Cap. V. The Buccaneers Morgan blows up Porto Bello, and burns Panama. The West Coast ravaged by Coxon and Harris. The buccaneers give battle to the Spanish fleet. Booty of Central American and Paciric ports — 49-54. Cap. VL Privateers of 18th century Dampier captures galleons on West Coast. Story of Alexander Selkirk. Expedition ofShelvocke and Chpperton. Mac Namara bombards Colonia — 55-60. Cap. VIL Anson and Vernon Expeditions Lord Anson's ill-fated cruise. Capture of Porto Bello by Admiral Vernon. Expedition against Car- tagena* British loss of 7,000 men. Sir Charles Know- les attacks La Guayra — 61-66. Cap. VIIL Voyages in the 18th century Loss of H.M.S. Wager-, adventures of Lieutenant Bulkely. Commodore Byron's expedition: he proceeds to Falkland Islands, and builds Port Egmont. Admiral Vancouver in Chile — 67-76. Cap. IX. Jesuit Missionaries Father Field founds Jesuit mission in Paraguay. Father John Martin, superior in Brazil. Father Ennis in Misiones. Father Machony, superior at B. Ayres: Father Falkner twenty years in Patagonia — 77-86. Cap. X. British designs on South America Project of Pitt and Sir Home Popham. Captain Moore captures 4 Spanish galleons off Montevideo. Expedition of Admiral Popham and Gen. Berestord to seize Buenos Ayres — 87-91. Cap. XI. Beresford takes Buenos Ayres Landing at Quilmes. Beresford marches into the city. Generous terms to the inhabitants. Liniers collects forces in Banda Oriental. Gallant defence by Beresford. Capitulation with Liniers. Cabildo breaks the terms, and imprisons Beresford. His subsequent escape — 92-106. Cap. XH. Capture of Montevideo Seizure of Maldonado. Landing at Punta Carretas. Gen. Auchmuty invests Montevideo. Garrison defeated by Gen. Lumley. Col. Brown takes the place by as- sault. Gen. Auchmuty holds Montevideo 7 months. Honorable testimony of the Cabildo — 107-1 15. Cap. XHL Whitelocke's Expedition Gen. Whitelocke, Governor General of S. America. Lands at Ensenada. Vanguard under Gen. Levison Gower. Fatal delay of Whitelocke. Preparations for defence by Alzaga. British capture the Retiro and San Telmo. Central attack defeated. Capitulation of Whitelocke— 116427. Cap. XIV. Hiberno-Spanish Notables Ambrose O'Higgins.^ the ^ great V.ceroy ' : his early life in Chile • made Captain General and Marquis of Osorno-, afterwards Viceroy of Peru. Public works and reforms. O'Donoghue, Viceroy of Mexico. Gen. O'Reilly, commander of Spanish army in Peru. Mar- shal Coppinger at San Juan de Ulloa. Col. Fitzgerald defender of Angostura. Governor Morphy of Para- guay. Major Thompson of Itapua — 128-140. PART 2nd WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Cap. XV. Aid of England Prophecy of the Cuzco priests : South America to be emancipated by England. Canning's famous de- claration. Cockburn's mission to Venezuela. Five thousand British volunteers — 141-143. Cap. XVI. Admiral Brown Parentage and early life. He settles at B. Ayres. Equips 3 vessels against the Spaniards. Captures Martin Garcia. Victory over the Spanish fleet at M. Video. Cruise in the Pacific. Disaster at Guayaquil. Brown proceeds to West Indies. He returns to B. Ayres — 144-154. Cap. XVII. Brown's campaign against Brazil Brown mada Major General. He routs the Brazilian blockading fleet- Battle of Juncal : 12 Brazilian ves- sels captured. Triumphal reception at B. Ayres. Engagement at Ensenada. Peace with Brazil. Brown Governor of Buenos Ayres. Closing years of his life —155-169. Cap. XVHI. Anglo-Argentine officers Gen. Paroissien, aide-de-camp to Gen. San Martin, Captain Russell, his bravery at Montevideo. Capt. Chitty, his gallantry at Callao. Capt. Drummond, killed at Ensenada. Commodore Granville. Col. Charles Bowness. Col. William Smith. List of Brown's officers— 170-184. Cap. XIX. Lord Cochrane in the Pacific Early career in the British navy. He leaves Eng- land for Chile. First attack on Callao repulsed. Capture of Valdivia. Another attack on Callao. Cut- ting'Out of the Esmeralda. Rupture between Coch- rane and Gen. San Martin. Fleet of 28 Spanish vessels destroyed. Cochrane leaves Chile, and enters the service of Brazil — 185-196. Cap. XX. Cochrane's services in Brazil Named admiral of Brazilian fleet. Reduction of Bahia, Maranham and Para. His return to Rio, triumphal reception •, created Marquis of Maranham. Revolt of northern Provinces suppressed by Cochrane. Dispute with the Minister of Marine. Claim for prize- money. Cochrane resigns, and enters the service of Greece— 197-207. Cap. XXI. Anglo-Brazilian Commanders Admiral Taylor at Bahia. Admiral Grenfell in the war against B. Ayres. Admiral Norton's services in River Plate. Capts. Welsh and Shepherd. General Caldwell— 208-214. Cap. XXII. Gen. Miller's campaigns Miller at Cancha Rayada. He commands land for- ces under Admiral Blanco : capture of IB Spanish war-vessels. He is wounded in Cochrane's attack on Callao. His gallantry in the capture of Valdivia. His campaign in Peru: the dash on Arequipa. Battle of Junin. Miller's charge at Ayacucho : final overthrow of Spanish arm&. He re-visits England. Death at Lima -215-227. Cap. XXIII. Gen. Miller s comrades Col. Charles, his bravery before Callao, mortally wounded at Pisco. Col.O'Carroll, murdered in Arauco. Col. Moran of the Columbian cavalry. Major Duck- 6 bury, Capt. Hind. Lieutenant Wyman, and others — 228-235. Cap. XXIV. Anglo-Pp^ruvian Officers Col. Sowersby at Junin, mortally wounded. Capt. Guise under Cochrane at Callao-, made admiral of Peru, and killed in assault of Guayaquil. Admiral Illingrot, Capts. Young, Parker and Micklejons — 236-241. Cap. XXV. Anglo-Chilian Officers Admiral Simpson under Lord Cochrane. Captain Crosbie at Callao. Col. Tupper's career. Col. Sut- clifFe. Capt. O'Brien of the Lautaro. Capts. Wilk- inson, Carter, Bennett, &c — 242-252. Cap. XXVL Irish commanders on W. Coast Gen. Mac Kenna, joins the Chilian patriots and wins the battle of Membrillar. Revolution of Carreras. Mac Kenna banished to B. Ayres. Gen. O'Brien's ser- vices in Chile and Peru. General O'Conor at Aya- cucho— 253 264. Cap. XXVII. O'Higgins, Dictator of Chile Son of the ' great Viceroy.' Education in England. He joins the cause of Independence. Brilliant conduct at Rancagua. Victory of Chacabuco. O'Higgins pro- claimed Dictator. Revolt of Gen. Preyre. Higgins is banished, and dies in Peru — ^265-272. Cap. XXVIII. Friends of Bolivar Gen. O'Leary. Gen. Mac Gregor. Gen. Deve- reux, the Lafayette of South America, and his Irish Legion. Sir Belford Wilson. Col. Ferguson. Major Talbot— 273-284. Cap. XXIX. English and Irish Legions Hippesley and Wilson's corps. Forces of Elsom, English and Mc Gregor. Battle of Villa del Cura. Second legion under Gen. English. Irish legion of Gen. Devereux. Gallantry atTurbaeco. Carabobo won by Anglo-Irish legion — 285-295. Cap. XXX. Battle of Carabobo Night before the battle. Daybreak, capture of the ravines. Storming the heights. Col. Ferrier killed: Major Scott killed- Capt. Minchin takes command. Final charge. Spanish army surrenders. Bolivar salutes the English '' Salvadores de mi Patria!» — 296-300. Cap. XXXI. Albion Rifles Col. Campbell's regiment, transferred to Colonel Pigott. Second rifle batt. under Mc Intosh. Heavy loss in the Apure plains. Col. Rooke killed in the moment of victory. Battle of Boyaca. Col. Sandes takes Santa Marta by storm. Gallantry of Col. Mac Intosh at Pichincha 301-308. Cap. XXXII. Anglo-Columbian officers Col. Macintosh's campaigns. Col. Mamby chief- of-staff. Col. Miller Hallow^es at Ayacucho. Col. Brand at Carabobo* CoL Moore's campaign on the Apure. Col. Weir, Governor of Panama. Colonel Hughes Col. Collins and others— 309-317. Cap. XXXIII. Survivors of the Independence Col. Smith, Minister in Venezuela ; Gen. Sandes in Peru- Coi Wood, Admirals Simpson and Bynon in Chile; Gen. Minchin at Caracas- Col. Eraser- Gen. Wright of Ecuador- Colonels Murray, Brand and Woodbury— 318-323. PART 3rd. SINCE THE INDEPENDENCE Cap. XXXIV''. Early settlers at Boenos Ayres First settlers. British Commercial Rooms. Gov- ernor s English body-guard. First bank started by English merchants. First London loan. Enghsh chapel built. Theatrical society. British Packet es- tablished. Vauxhall Gardens. Remarkable Eng- lishmen— 324-335. Cap. XXXV. Settlers in Banda Oriental Capt. Short of Colonia. Estancias of Young, Stir- ling, Fair and Jackson. English commerce- Mr. La- fone of Montevideo. Col. Mundell, Mr. Havers, and others of note— 336-343. Cap. XXXVI. English in Brazil Grant Brothers in 18th century. Proudfoot of Rio Grande. Admiral Crawford's colony. Dr. Coch- rane's railway to Mafcto Grosso. John Mc Ginity of Port Alegre. Upward's gas-works in Rio Grande — 344-351. - Cap. XXXVII. English on West Coast Edwards, Blest, Waddington, Eastman, Garland, Cahill, Swayne, Lambert, Price, Armstrong, Coxe, Abbott, Miller, Lang and many others —352-360. Cap. XXXVIII. English in Paraguay Dr. and iSlrs. Parley. First merchant John P. Robertson. Captivity of Luke Cressol. Engineers and mechanics from England. The war and Colonel Thompson. Mme. Lynch's adventures: Colony of Lincolnshire farmers — 361-372. Cap. XXXIX. North Americans Wheelwright founds Pacific Nav. Co., and con- structs numerous railways. Meigg's Peruvian rail- ways. Professor Gould, the astronomer. Explo- rations of Hopkins, Page, Herndon, Gibbon, and Cilley. Adventures of Col. King— 373-388. Cap, XL. Men of English descent Benjamin V. Mac Kenna. Yelez-Sarsfield. Dr. Rawson. Blest Gana s. Walker Martinez. Com- missioner Dillon. Edwards the banker. Admiral Williams. Isaacs the novelist. Smith Irizarry. Cox the explorer— 389 402. Cap. XLI. Scotch in B. Ayres St. Andrew's banquet in 1822. Colony of Monte Grande. Rev. Dr. Brown, John Hannah, Thomas Fair, Tw^eedie, Rev. James Smith-, testimonial from British residents. Scotch chapels at Quilmos and Chascomus — 403-415. Cap. XLII. Irish in B. Ayres Spanish — ^^Irish of 18th century. Emigrants from Ireland. Armstrong the banker. Sheridan the first sheep-farmer. Convent of Mercy. Father Fahy. Irish settlements at Luxan, Mercedes and other places— 416-433. Cap. XLIII. Welsh and Alexandra colonies Colony of Chubut, its vicissitudes in 12 years. Kindness of Indians to the colonists. Thomson Bonar s Alexandra colony in the Gran Chaco. Mr. Wegnelin killed by Indians. Arrival af Waldenses. Present condition of the colony--^434-444. Cap. XLIV. Mining Enterprises John Miers in Chile, Capt. Basil HalTs report; Capt. Head and his Cornishnien •, Mr. French in Riqja^ / ... 10 Mr. Temple and the Potosi Co. Major Rickard's San Juan mines. Mr.Treloar in Rioja. Brazilian gold- mines of San Juan del Rey — 445454. Cap. XLV.' English travellers John O.Davie. Mr. Ma we. The Robertsons in Paraguay. Caldcleugh in Brazil. Hibbert's journey to San Juan. Mrs. Graham's travels. Dundas Coch- rane the pedestrian. Lieut. Mawe's descent of the Amazon. Modern travels by Hutchinson, Burton, Musters, Ellis, (fec--455-470- Cap. XL VI. Men of Science Waterton s wanderings. Dr. Redhead of Salta. Darwin's researches. Dr. Gillies of Mendoza. Dr. Pentland. Schomberg and Bridges. Dr. Gordon of Cordoba. Bates, Wallace and Edwards on the Ama- zon. Clements Markham -, Twite, (fee— 47 1 -482. Cap. XLVIL Surveys by sea and land Expeditions of Weddell, King and Fitzroy. Loss of the Challenger. Crawford's Planchon expedition. Lloyd and Palm's proposed railway to Matto Grosso. Clark's Trans-andine railway. Capt. Wyse and the Panama canal— 483-492. Cap. XLYIIl. Railways and telegraphs Wheelwright's line to Copiap6. Maua's line at Rio. Argentine railways. Pedro Segundo and the other lines in Brazil. Railways of Chile. Meigg's lines in Peni. The Panama Railway. Telegraph lines in S. America. Ocean cables — 493-509. Cap. XLIX. Steam Navigation Rising Star at Valparaiso. First steamer in River Plate. Brace's ascent to Matto Grosso. Maua's Amazon navigation. Present steam-lines between Europe and S. America — 510-518. li Cap. L. Public WorIcs Gas-works, city-improvements, docks, foundries, water-supply, (fee, in B. Ayres, Montevideo, Callao, Rio Janeyro, Bahia and other cities — 519-526. Cap. LI. Banks and Capital English Banks and companies in the R. Plate. British capital in Bolivia, Peru, (fee. English com- panies in Brazil. Same in Chile. Summary for the whole continent — 527-538 Cap. LII. Loans in London Bolivar s Columbian loan. List of the present Ar- gentine loans. Brazilian debts in London. Chilian. The guano of Peru, and her foreign debt. Various loans to Paraguay, Uruguay and other republics — 534-545. Cap. LIIL Charitable Institutions ajnd churches Buenos Ayres • British Hospital •, English chaplains from 1825 to the present ; Protestant institutions at Rosario. English church of Montevideo- hospital and cemetery. Chapels in Brazil. Institutions on the West Coast— 546-554. Cap. LIV. Clubs and Societies Commercial Rooms, Buenos Ayres : British libra ry, Literary and Dramatic societies*, Racing club, first meeting in 1826. Rowing and Cricket clubs. British associations in Montevideo, Brazil and other parts — 555-56 L Cap. LV. Diplomatists and Treaties Cockburn's mission to Venezuela. Lord Strang- ford in Brazil. Parish and others at Buenos Ayres. Treaties of navigation, indemnity for claims, (fee. Sir Charles Hotham in Paraguay. Abolition of slave- trade in Brazil, Treaties with Peru, Chile and minor republics— 562-573. 12 Cap. LVI. Pbkss and LiteratuPwE Gen. Auchrnnty's ^'Southern Star." List of Eng- lish papers in River Plate down to the present. The Anglo-Brazilian Press, and papers on the West Coast; Reminiscences of Love, Ramsay, Thomas and Boyd — 574-580. Cap. LVII. Tkade Relations English slave-merchants of I8th century. Growth of British trade in the River Plate, and its decline. First English merchants in Brazil. Steady increase of trade. Rapid rise of English commerce on West Coast, and recent decline. — 581-598. Cap. LVIIL Futuee Probable influence of English settlers and their descendants upon the destinies of South America— 597-600. Appendix— 60L iNXEontrcTioN 13 CAP. 1. INTRODUCTION South America, although so little known to people in Europe, contains much to interest the lovei' of science, the historian, or the traveller. Its vast extent ^nd sparse population are perhaps the reason why this continent is comparatively ignored, but the next century will probably see hundreds of scien- tific men following in the steps of Humboldt and Bompland^ while the incomplete records of thelncas and the pre-historical remains of the Guarani and Quichua races will afford unexhausted fields of research for the Prescotts and Markhams of a com- ing generation. Meantime the brilliant achievements of numerous 14 INTRODUCTION Englishmen in this part of the world are falling into oblivion, and call for some friendly hand to collect the fragments of legendary and traditional lore con- nected with their exploits. In the course of the fol- lowing work it will be seen how much South Ame- rica is indebted to Englishmen, in arms, arts and commerce \ and how Britain has reason to take pride in many of her sons whose names have all but pas- sed av/ay without the recognition due to great talents and distinguished services. The theatre of action Vhich I have to place before my readers is twice the size of Europe, and all its natural features are on the grandest scale. The for- ests of Brazil and the Gran Chaco are as vast as the empire of the Cesars, while the Argentine Pampas cover as great an area as the kingdoms over-run by the armies of Napoleon. The Amazon and its tribu- taries are navigable by steamboat for 22,000 miles, and the Parana (as measured by Mr. Revy) pours out a volume of water equal to all the rivers of Europe in the aggregate. The number and elevation of the volcanoes in the Cordillera surpass those in any other continent, Cotopaxi and Arequipa being twice the height of Mount Etna; while the Andine chain, though not the highest, is the greatest range of moun- tains in the world, extending 5,000 miles from the Isthmus of Panama to Cape Horn. The time comprehended in the present w^ork is divided into 3 periods : — INTRODUCTION 15 1st. Prom the Spanish conquest to the war of Inde- pendence^ in which the principal EngHsh actors were maritime explorers, buccaneers, and mercantile ad- venturers. 2nd. The war of Independence from 1810 to 1826-, in which our countrymen performed feats of valor worthy to rank with those of Greek or Roman history. 3rd. Since the Independence ; a period of commer- cial and industrial development; in which Englishmen have played the foremost part. It has been said with much truth that the memoirs of many of the English officers who fought under Bo- livar contain more of romance than a dozen novels of the modern time. There is, moreover, in every page of the following work the unquestionable proofs ot the indomitable energy of our race, the love of freedom which in- spired our countrymen to throw in their destinies with the emancipation of South America, and the vigorous impulse that this continent has received in later years from the commerce, the enterprise, and the genius of Englishmen. It is not my purpose in the present disjointed record to write an apotheosis of my countrymen, nor to exaggerate their services and overlook their short-comings. Many of the names which occur in the following, pages are of men who neither possessed great talents nor earned any personal claim to dis- 16 INTRODUCTION tinction, but who have nevertheless been connected with some great enterprise or work of progress which will perpetuate their memory. In this respect I have, doubtless^ brought too many figures on the stage; but it is easier to recognize the excess than to draw the limit. Whatever defects this work may have it cannot but possess one great merit inseparable trom the subject, in commemorating the deeds of so many gallant Englishmen, who were — " First in the race that led to Glory's goal " CAP. II. NAVIGATORS OF THE mi> CENTURY. The first Englishmen who set foot in South America were Sebastian Cabot and George Barlow. The former has often been claimed for a Venetian, but was born at Bristol in 1472, and spent most of his life in the British service. Being invited by the King of Spain in 1518 to accept the post of Pilot Mayor, vacant since the death of Solis, he removed the same year to Spain, but it was not until 1525 (thirty-three years after the dis- covery of America) that he sailed up the river discovered by Solis, to which he gave the name of Rio de La Plata, because the Indians on the 18 NAVIGATOBS OF 16th CENTUKY (1525) banks Avore silver ornaments.* Cabot was then in his 54th year, and his conduct proves him to have been a man of rare courage, energy and prudence. The first fort he built- was at San Salvador, near the mob.th of the- -Uruguay, and having constructed a caravel af light draught he proceeded up the Parana as far as the place still called '* Cabot's corner/' where he established Port Holy Ghost, at the mouth of the Carcarana. Leaving Captain Hurtado in command of this fort he fearlessly ad- vanced 500 miles up to the Tres Bocas, where the Paraguay river joins the Parana. The navigation of the former appearing easier, he sailed up to a distance of 100 miles from Tres Bocas. He found the Paraguayans to be an industrious, agricultural people, but at the same time indomitable and war- like, as they have ever since proved. They attacked him so resolutely that he was compelled to retire, af- ter losing 28 men • he returned to Fort Holy Ghost, and so far conciliated the neighboring Timbu Indians, that they embraced an agricultural life and lived for some time in harmony with the Spaniards. Seeing the smallness of his force and the importance of es- tablishing a colony in this country Cabot despatched his trusty officer George Barlow and a Spaniard nam- * It is generaUy supposed that the silver came from the mines near Potosi, in Bolivia, which were known in the timo of the Incas. (1527) CABOT AND BARLOW 19 ed Calderon with letters and samples of silver to King Ferdinand, urging *liim to send an expedition to his support. Barlow and Calderon were presented to the King at Toledo on Oct. 15th 1527, when His Ma- jesty made numerous enquiries about Cabot, taking special interest in the silver ornaments, which pro- mised abundant treasures from the newly-discovered territories. The Spanish finances, how^ever, were not sufficiently flourishing to enable the crown to respond to Cabot's request; so the King begged the merchants of Seville to take the matter in hand. The merchants, who had already sunk 10,000 $ in Ca- bot's expedition, turned an unwilling ear to the pro- posal. Meantime Cabot, after two years spent at Fort Holy Ghost, proceeded to visit Fort Salvador. After his departure the Cacique of the Timbus^ named Mangora, surprised and destroyed the colony, on account of an unrequited passion for Captain Hurfcado's w^lfe, whom he barbarously caused to be buried alive, her husband being shot to death Avith arrows. While Cabot was anxiously waiting succour from Spain the Charrua Indians^made a descent on Fort Salvador and destroyed it, which obliged him to return to Spain, in 1531. The fruits of his daring exploration were to fall to subsequent Spanish ad- venturers, whose lives offer an unfavorable contrast with the moderation and integrity of Cabot. Find- ing no encouragement at the Spanish Court he 20 NAVIGATOKS OF 16th CENTURY (1530) returned, in 1531. to his native country, and was welcomed by Edward VI., who^ conferred on him a life pension of 250 marks, in recognition of his discovery of Newfoundland and Labrador under the reign of Henry VII. and subsequent services in opening up a trade with Russia. He seems to have died in London, at an advanced age. ''') The Paul of Plymouth, 250 tons, commandedl by Wilham Hawkins, was the first English vessel seen in South America: she began to trade with Brazil in 1530, and took home a Brazilian king to present to Henry VIIL; Avho did not a Httle marvel at his appearance. Martin Cockeram of Plymouth, was left as hostage in Brazil • the king remained 12 months in England, and died on the re- turn voyage. Nevertheless his subjects released Oockeram, being convinced of the honest dealing of the English tOAvards the deceased prince. The Paul made a second voyage in 1532. Certain merchants in Southampton, including Robert Reniger and Tho- mas Borey, made voyages to Brazil in 1540, and two years later we find an Englishman named Pud- sey trading with Bahia and erecting a fort there. Another Enghshman, John Whithall, settled some years later at Santos, where he married, and in 1581 he imported a cargo of English merchandise * See Memoirs of Cabot, London 1831 ; also NichoU's life of Cabot, London 1859. (1575) THE PAUL OF PLYMOUTH 21 per the Minion of London, sending back sugar in ex- change. This John Whithall in a letter to Mr. Ri- chard Staper, June 26th 1578 mentions that he is en- gaged to marry the only daughter of D. Joffo Dore, an Itahan settled at Santos, who gives the bride a dowry of 2.000 ducats, and makes Whithall mana- ger of a sugar factory with 70 slaves. In 1572 we read of the famous Admiral Drake making an expedition to Central America, in which his most trusty followers were John Oxenham and Thomas Sherwell, Avith Avhom he crossed the Isth- mus of Panama, returning to England the following year. John Drake, brother of the Admiral, was killed in this expedition. It appears that several Eng- lishmen were at this time adventuring in the Pacific. One John Chilton sailed from Panama to Peru in 1572, and we find Thomas Blake an English resident at Mexico so early as 1536. A navigator named Henry Hawks has left an account of his travels in South America and the Solomon Islands in 1572. John Oxenham of Plymouth, above-mentioned, set out again in 1575, this time as commander of a vessel of 120 tons, carrying 70 men. He landed nearly in the same place as before, hid his vessel with the branches of trees, crossed the Isthmus, captured some Spanish vessels, plundered the Pearl Islands, and returned towards Panama- but falling into the hands of the Spaniards he and all his men were executed for pirates. 22 NAVIGATOKS OF 16th CENTURY (1577) Admiral Drake being commissioned by Queen Elizabeth in 1577 to sail round the globe got ready at Plymouth a squadron of 5 vessels-, the Queen presenting him a sword with these words : — " He which striketh at thee striketh at us." The flotilla sailed Nov. 15th, counting only 164 men, in the following vessels : — Drake's flag-ship Pelican, 100 tons. Elizabeth, commanded by John Winter, 80 do. Marigold, captain John Thomas, 30 do. Swan, captain John Chester, 50 do. Christophe, 15 do. captain Thos. Moone. Having captured a Portuguese vessel off Brazil, Drake gave her in command to Mr. Thos. Doughty, a gallant gentleman and officer, with whom he sub- sequently quarrelled. The River Plate was reached on April 14th 1578, and Drake proceeded to Patago- nia, where he found Indians 7 and a half feet high. These seemed at first friendly, and danced and took grog with the sailors, but afterwards killed the mas- ter-gunner Oliver. This was during the stay at Port San Julian, and here also occurred the tragic end of Captain Doughty. It seems he was accused of wishing to oblige the Admiral to return to Eng- land, or an attempt at mutiny. Being condemned by court-martial he was given the option to be shot, sent home to England for trial, or marooned • that is left on the coast with a week's provisions. He prefer- red to be shot, although all his comrades tried to (1580) ADMIRAL DEAKE 23 prevail on him otherwise. The historian tells us that he and the Admiral dined together the day of his execution, and even drank each other s health. After shooting Doughty the Admiral proceeded south- wards, reaching Cape Virgin on Aug. 2nd. Here he changed the name of his flag'ship from the Peli- can to the Golden Hind. In the sack of. Valparaiso we are told the sailors took all the sacred vessels out of the church (Dec. 1578), and reported only 9 Spanish families living in the town. He next sacked Arica and Callao, returning to Plymouth, Sept. 26th 1580, when Queen Elizabeth came aboard his ship and knighted him. A chair made of the planks of the Golden Hind was afterwards presented to the Uni- versity of Oxford, as a memento of the first vessel that circumnavigated the globe. Respecting Drake's other vessels it would seem the Swan and Christopher were broken up or aban- doned during the voyage. The Marigold parted com- pany near Magellan's Straits and was never more heard of. The Elizabeth returned through the Straits, apparently having deserted, or possibly the result of accident, and reached England 15 months before Drake. Finally a boat containing 8 men of the flag- ship was lost near Cape Virgin, and driven by stress of weather all the way to San Julian, where the men sustained themselves on salted penguins. At last they contrived to reach the River Plate, and ascend- ing the Uruguay were all killed by Indians, except 24 NAVIGATORS or IGtIl CENTURY (1580) Peter Garden, who escaped to an island (perhaps Martin Garcia) where he was afterwards found by the Spaiiiards- and sent home to England in 1580.* Edward Fenton, in command of an expedition in 1582, visited Santos, where Whithall presented him and Luke Ward, the Vice Admiral, to the Governor who dined with Fenton aboard his vessel. But the recent exploits of Drake had produced so unfavorable an impression that sinister rumors prevailed and the Spanish squadron (Brazil having recently been annexed to Spain) attacked Fenton s two vessels with such determination that the battle continued by moonlight, till one of the Spaniards was sunk. The Spanish historian adds that Fenton might have sunk another of the enemy's ships, but did not be- cause there were several women aboard. Fenton then proceeded to the River Plate and landed at Martin Garcia, but made no attempt against Buenos Ayres, then governed by Juan de Garay, who had founded it tw^o years before. Besides Fenton's and Ward's vessels there was a smaller one commanded by John Drake,! w^ho was driven ashore along with his men, on the coast of Patagonia. They were all made prisoners and sent to Peru. The Earl of Cumberland and Sir Walter Raleigh * See Drake's memoirs, London 1653. t Not Ad. Drake's brother, of the same namo. (1586) EGBERT WITHRTNOTON 25 fitted out a xpeditionjoint e in 1586, under the com- mand of Robert Withrington, to ravage the Spanish possessions in South America. Near the mouth of the La Plata Withrington overtook a vessel com- manded by Abraham Cooke, one of the men left behind by the Minion, who was now carrying negro slaves from Bahia'to Santa Fe, to be sent overland to Peru, wherv3 they fetched 80 pound sterling each. Withrington, acting on Cooke's information, went back to sack Bahia, but the Jesuit superior called out a large number of Indian archers, who effectually saved the city, although the English remained six weeks burning the factories in the vicinity. When this expedition left England it comprised 4 vessels, viz. the flag ship Clifford, 260 tons and 130 men •, a barque of 130 tons and 70 men commanded by Christopher Lister ; a small pinnace called the Roe, and Raleigh's ship Dorothy. It seems to have been unsuccessful,, as Withrington returned to Eng- land the following year. Thomas Cavendish or Candish, a gentleman who had spent his patrimony in court pleasures, resolved to repair his fortunes by robbing the Spanish settle- ments, and equipped three vessels^ the Desire 120 tons, master Thomas Fuller- the Content 60 tons, and the Hugh Gallant 40 tons^ with which he sailed July 21st 1586 from Plymouth and reached the River Plate in November. The annals of Buenos Ayres mention that when 26 NAVIGATOKS OF IGth CENTURY (1586) this famous privateer appeared off the town the inhabitants sent their families inland and prepared for defence. The population must have been small, as it only counted 60 souls w^hen founded by Garay 7 years previous. As Cavendish, however, thought better not to attack the place he proceeded to Pa- tagonia and there discovered a harbour which he called Port Desire, 17th Dec. 1586. At Port Pa- mine he found the remains of Sarmiento's colony, 12 men and 3 women, survivors of 400 Spaniards-, but he cruelly refused them any assistance."' He had already had hostilities with the Patagonians of Port Desire, whose arms consisted of bows and ar- rows. Somewhere on this coast a boat of his was sent ashore to procure freshwater, and 6 men were captured by the Indians and sent to Santiago, where they were hanged for pirates. Cavendish went through the Straits, sacked and burned Arica, Pisco, Payta, Puna, and Guatulco, and then crossing the Pacific touched at Java on his return to England, where he arrived Sept. 9th 1588. A bay in Ma- gellan's Straits is still called after the Hugh Gallant, which vessel he sunk at Puna, being no longer sea- worthy. On his return to England he reported his achievements to the Queen in these words : ^' I burned * Southey incorrectly says he rescued them, but Burney in his his- tory of the Buccaneers sa^^s he refused them aid, and adds that the Spaniards hanged some of his men in Chile on account of this fact. (1591) CAVENDISH AND DAVIS 27 19 vessels, and sacked and burned every place that I visited." Cavendish made a second expedition three years later, but this was not destined to be so successful as the last. He called his flag-ship the Leicester Gal- leon, and gave the command of his own old vessel, the Desire, to Capt. John Davis, afterwards famous as a discoverer. There were two smaller craft, the Roebuck, commanded by one Cocke : and a barque by Robert Tharlton, this last being equipped by a wealthy citizen named Adrian Gilbert. The flotilla mustered 400 men and, sailing from Plymouth, Aug. 25th, 1591, surprised and sacked the town of Santos, while the people were at Mass, a week before Christ- mas. After this Gilbert's vessel returned to Eng- land, and the others proceeded southward to rest for an interval at Port Desire. Here Cavendish changed his flag to the Desire, but some difficulty that arose with Davis soon obliged him to return to the Leicester Galleon. Dissensions and disaster marked the rest of the voyage. Davis separated from him near the straitsof Magellan, and the Roe- buck also deserted soon after. A second descent on the Brazilian settlements was so unfortunate that Anthony Knyvet * was taken prisoner and several men were killed. Cavendish sickened and died of * Knyvet^s advcntiireSj afterwards published in London, caused mucli attention. 28 NAVIGAT03S OF IGtll CENTURY * (1592) a broken heart on the voyage home, leaving a most affectionate letter to his sister, Anne Cavendish, to whom he bequeaths all his property except " the Desire," which he leaves to his old friend Sir George Gary. Davis discovered the Falkland Islands August 12th 1592, and after seal fishing for two years on the Pa- tagonian coast, where he saw as many as a thousand Indians, some of them 16 spans high, he explored the Santa Gruz river 20 miles, and then sailed home- ward. At Port Desire he had salted 14,000 penguins for the voyage, but they rotted in the heat of the tro- pics : the men suffered not only from hunger and thirst, but also from want of sleep, worms two inches long coming out of the penguins and biting the weary and exhausted mariners. Out of 76 men Davis had only 15 surviving when the Roebuck en- tered Berehaven (Go. Gork) on June 11th 1593. The narratives of the survivors made a great impression in England, especially what the men suffered from cold in Patagonia, where they pulled off their toes along with their boots, and in some cases the men's noses fell off in like manner. Andrew Merrick's voyage was about this time. Five vessels sailed from Plymouth on August 5th 1589, viz: Wildman, 200 tons, 180 men, Gapt. Ghidley. White Lion, 340 do., 140 do.. Paul Wheele. (1593) MEKRICK AND HAWKINS 29 Delight, 91 tons, Capt. Merrick, and two small craft of 15 tons each. It was a most disastrous ven- ture, Merrick's being the only vessel, which reached South America, and having lost IG men near Port Desire he proceeded to Magellan's Straits, which he entered on New Year's day ^90. Here he w^as reduced to subsist on penguins. A boat with 15 men was lost, besides which 7 others of his little party were killed by Indians. * At Port Famine he picked up a Spaniard, the last survivor of 400 colonists left there by Sarmiento 6 years before ^ this man gave a fearful account of the sufferings undergone by the colony. Merrick died on the passage home, and so did the Spaniard: only 6 men reached England of this ill-fated expedition, in September 1590. Sir Richard Hawkins sailed from Plymouth June 12th 1593 with 3 vessels : flag-ship Dainty, 350 tons^ the Fanny commanded by Rob. Tharlton, 60 tons, and a pinnace called the Hawk. He mentions in his memoirs that he distilled fresh water out of sea water for the use of his men and reached Santos in Oct. Here he burned the Hawk, and then steered for the River Plate, but Tharlton deserted him, as he had previously deserted Cavendish • leaving Hawkins to * Much controYersy prevails among the writers of this time about the size of the Patagonian Indians. The Dutch navigator Schoutcn asseverates that he found graves near Port Desire from which he took out skeletons 11 feet in length; the skulls being so large as to fit on his men's heads like helmets. 30 NAVIGATOKS OF 16th CENTURY (1594) proceed alone in the Dainty. Some land discovered near Magellan's Straits was called Maidenland, doubt- less in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. Hawkins proceeded to the West Coast and burned much Span- ish shipping at Valparaiso, Coquimbo and Arica. Falling in with a superior force of the enemy he lost 44 men out of his little band of 120, and was forced to surrender, in June 1594. The Spaniards were much astonished at his practice of shooting arrows from muskets. They seem to have treated him well and sent him home to England two years later. Lancaster's expedition was one of the most re- markable and successful of the 16th century. In 1594 certain citizens and aldermen of London fitted out 3 vessels and gave the command to James Lan- caster, an Englishman who had served as a Portu- guese soldier ^ the expedition was planned to capture Pernambuco. The 3 vessels represented an aggre- gate of 470 tons, the smallest being only 60. Off Cape Blanco he was joined by Barker, who had just captured 24 Spanish merchantmen • 5 of these were fitted up and manned to aid in the expedition. Soon afterwards Lancaster was joined by Capt. Venner, another privateer, in command of 3 vessels, to whom he engaged to give one-fourth of whatever booty. They arrived off Pernambuco on the night of March 29th 1595 ; next day, being Good Friday, Lancas- ter attacked the forts, which were defended by 600 Portuguese soldiers with 7 brass guns. Only one (1570) NICHOLAS COLMAK 31 Englishman was wounded, the garrison escaping to the woods. The Portuguese merchants offered to treat, but Lancaster said he would hang any bearer of proposals. During 20 days he obliged the Por- tuguese to convey the booty aboard his vessels, which were 11 in number and mounted 40 pieces of cannon. The Portuguese made several attempts to burn the squadron. Barker, the vice-admiral, pro- ceeded with 300 men to chastise the enemy, but was drawn into an ambuscade where he and 34 others were slain, including 2 captains and a lieute- nant. Next day Lancaster weighed anchor, and his 11 vessels safely reached England laden with rich booty. British adventurers by sea and land were nume- rous at this period. Lozano in his History mentions a revolution in Paraguay in 1555 which was headed by an EngUshman named Nicholas Colman. The Viceroy Yrala had sent an expedition from Asuncion w^hich founded the new province of Guayra and town of Ontiveros on the Upper Parana, but Capt. Ver gara being recalled the settlers declared their inde- pendence. Hereupon Yrala sent his son-in-law Se- gura, with 50 Spanish soldiers to reduce the rebels, but Colman attacked them in the middle of the river and sunk one of Segura's boats. Ultimately the Viceroy succeeded in restoring his authority^ but Colman made a second revolution in 1570, when Capt. Riquelme w^as Governor of Guayra. It seems 32 KAVIGATORSOF IGtll CP^NTLTRY (1599) the country about the falls of Guayra abounds in beautiful crystallizations of agate and amethyst of various colors, which the colonists fancied to be of prodigious value. Forty armed men surrounded the Governor s house and demanded of him either to accompany them to Spain that they might shcAV their treasures to the King, or provide them with boats and a pilot to reach the nearest port of Bra- zil that traded with Spain. The Governor refused, and the mutineers putting all their "precious" stones into canoes and naming Colman for their leader floated down the Parana, until their boats were capsized by some rapids, probably the falls of Apipe, in Misiones. The Viceroy, on hearing of the re- volt, sent troops to bring back the fugitives, and the latter were treated with unusual clemency. Lo- zano describes Colman as a daring, turbulent buc- caneer, who had lost his right hand in some of his previous exploits. During 15 years he seems to have played an important part in Guayra-, his sub- sequent fate is unknown. In 1599 a Dutch flotilla visited the coasts of Pata- gonia and passed through the Straits of Magellan. One of the vessels had for pilot the famous Eng- lishman William Adams, who afterwards became First Lord of Admiralty in Japan, and died there in 1621, never having been permitted to return to Eng- land. (1531) kaleigh's el dokado 83 CAP. III. RALEIGH'S EL DORADO. English historians are divided as to whether Raleigh ever really believed in the existence of the golden country supposed to lie between the Orinoco and the Amazon, but the doubt seems unfair to his memory. It cannot be supposed that he equipped 4 expeditions in search of El Dorado, with the knowledge or conviction that it was only a fable. The first mention of this land of gold and precious stones was made by Orellana, the discoverer of the Amazon, who floated down that river from the Andes to its mouth in 1531.* Three years later the ^ A detailed account of this voyage is given by Southey in his History of Brazil. 34 RALEIGH'S EL DORADO (1534) Emperor Charles V. gave a patent to George Von Speyer, with the title of Aclelantado and fall power to seize the natives as slaves, for the w^ork of de- veloping the Golden country. The Adelantado march- ed southwards with 400 men, most of whom gra- dually perished of hunger in the dreadful hardships which beset their course. Nothing, however, could daunt Von Speyer- he pushed his way through num- berless tribes ol hostile Indians, across rivers, forests and pestilential swamps, in quest of the region of gold and pearls. At last he had to retrace his steps, at one time assaulted by the Indians, at another re- duced to starvation • to such a degree that four of his' men entering a deserted village ate an infant that had been left behind by its mother. The return jour- ney occupied a whole year. Von Speyer arriving at Coro in Feb. 1539, with only 90 survivors, and dying there in the folloAving year. The next expedition was by Philip Von Huten, who set out from Coro in June 1541, with 150 reso- lute and well-armed followers. After two years wanderings in search of Macatoa, the capital of the Omeguas, he reached that city, but his little band having dwindled to 40 men, he w^as obliged to re- trace his steps in view of the hostile attitude of the Omeguas. He reached the coast with a few follow- ers, who had been forced to live on reptiles and paste-balls made of red ants. He described Macatoa as a city so vast that he could not see the end of it, (1541) VON huten's adventures 35 and the people possessing abundance of gold and sil- ver. The streets were straight, the buildings mag- nificent, and in the centre was a superb edifice, the residence of the Prince, who was named Cuarica ^ the palace served also as a temple, where the statues of the gods were of solid gold. Von Huten was murdered soon after by a Spanish officer named Carbajal, w^ho was hanged for the crime, at Coro. Several expeditions * started from various points during 50 years after Von Huten s death, in search of Macatoa and the Omeguas, but in vain, although we know from modern discoveries that Von Huten must have reached the country of Guayana, where many of the streams are auriferous. One party of Spaniards under Pizarro from Quito, another under -Quesada from Bogota, a third under Berrio, kept alive the feverish anxiety to discover El Dorado. This name was at first applied, not to the country, but to the King, Cuarica, who dwelt in palaces with pillars of solid gold, and whose attire was in keeping with the glitter of his dominions • he wore instead of clothes a coating of balsamic gum, w^ith a sprinkling of gold dust blown upon his person through a hollow tube twice a day, which gave His Majesty the look of a Golden King. Every night he washed off the gilding, and was re-gilt next morning. See Life in Venezuela, by D. Kamon Paez, New York. 1869. 36 ealeigh's el dokado (1595) It was plain that gold must abound in such a country- some placed it between Guayana and the river Parime, others at the foot of the Andes. Nor were the stories of prodigious mineral wealth a fable. We know from Von Tschudi that in 25 years previous to Raleigh's first expedition the treasure sent home to Spain from Peru exceeded 80 millions sterling. Historians also tell us that 11,000 llama loads of gold, the amount of Atahualpa's ransom, were thrown into Lake Titicaca or Lake Illimani t>y the carriers when they heard that the Spaniards had treacherously murdered the last of the Licas. Such was the abundance of precious metal that the Temple of the Sun at Cuzco was hung with plates of gold and all the sacred vessels were of the same mate- rial. There were 200 palaces of the Incas between Cuzco and Quito, all equally rich in precious metals; the same may be said of the 25 convents of Virgins of the Sun, some of which buildings held as many as 1,000 vestal virgins. Zarate assures us that Huayna Capac, on the birth of his first-born, caused a gold chain to be made as thick as a man's arm and 900 feet long. No wonder that Raleigh should be dazzled w^ith tales like these, founded on fact as many of them were. The first of his expeditions was chiefly at his own expense, a portion of the cost being borne by the Lord High- Admiral and Sir Robert Cecil. It was under Raleigh's personal command, comprising 5 (1596) ASCENT OF THE ORINOCO 37 vessels, and left Plymouth on 9th February 1595 : there were 100 soldiers, besides mariners, officers and a few gentlemen volunteers. Proceeding to Trinidad Raleigh there seized and carried off Antonio Berrio, the Governor, who was getting up a rival expedition. The latter furnished Raleigh with the declaration of a soldier named Martinez who had been some years a prisoner at Manoa, the golden capital of El Dorado, and was afterwards re- conducted, blind-fold, to the banks of the Orinoco. Reaching the mouth of this river Raleigh put 100 of his people into boats to ascend the stream. Exposed to a burning sun, and without any protection from the tropical rains, the adventurers suffered fearful hardships. At the end of a month they had not as- cended quite 200 miles, when the rapid and terrific rise of the Avaters forced the expedition to descend the river, Raleigh having first exacted from the caci- que of the country an oath of allegiance to Queen Elizabeth. On his arrival in England he lost no time to equip a second expedition. Capt. Keymis sailed from England about the close of 1595 or beginning of 1596. He believed quite as firmly as Raleigh in the Golden Country, and the popular belief was strengthened by the details related by the son of the Cacique of Orinoco, whom Raleigh had brought home to be educated in England. Keymis's mission was not only to discover El Dorado but to induce King Cuarica to become an ally of Eng- 38 kaleigh's el DOEADO (1597) land and allow the establishment of a British trading colony. The failure of Key mis did not yet deter the credulous and indefatigable Raleigh, who equipped a third expedition in 1597 under command of ThomaTs Masham. Suffice it to say that Masham's expedition proved as unsuccessful as that of Keymis • and yet the public faith in the existence of El Dorado was hardly shaken. * In 1608 we fmd Sir Robert Harcourt, who had ar- rived in Guiana, sending some of his followers to look for the city ofManoaand the Golden King, f Another attempt was made by Raleigh while a prisoner in the Tower, to send Captain Keymis to pursue his. discoveries. Raleigh had incurred the hatred of James I. by proposing in the Council, on Queen Elizabeth's death, to establish a Republic in England, sooner than see the country over-run with " hungry Scotch adventurers." After 8 years of captivity he made an agreement with the Cabinet, in 1611, to this effect. "If Keymis shall bring to England half-a-ton of """ The scientific world long believed that Raleig-h first discover- ed the potatoe in one of these expeditions and brought it to Europe", but Humboldt shews it was first found by Domberg and Euiz about 55 miles from Lima, and sent to Cadiz, from which latter place it was conveyed to Ireland, there being then an active trade between Spain and the Irish ports. t These men reported Manoa inaccessible, owing to cataracts three times as high as London Bridge. (1618) RALEIGH'S LAST EXPEBITIOK 39 gold ore equal to my sample I am to have my liberty, but if lie fail to do so my estate shall pay the cost of the expedition." This agreement, however, was not carried out, Raleigh being still kept a prisoner at the Tower ^ but after an interval of 6 years he prevailed on the King and his Ministers to confide to him a formidable flotilla for the discovery or annexation of El Do- rado. Notwithstanding the opposition of the Spanish Am- bassador Raleigh was enabled to assemble a fleet of 13 vessels armed with cannon. His flag-ship, the Destiny, was visited by all the foreign Ambas- sadors before his departure, and the public mind was engrossed by the expedition. It was November when the fleet reached Guiana, and Raleigh was so unwell that he could not himself ascend the Ori- noco, but appointed Keymis with 250 soldiers to march into the interior. Landing at the town of St. Thomas , after a month spent in ascending the Orinoco, the English attacked the place, and in the fight the Spanish Governor was killed, as also Ra- leigh's eldest son. Keymis and his men were 20 days looking for the promised gold-mine, but without success, whereupon his followers grew discontented and he committed suicide. Thus ended the last of Raleigh's expedi- tions, and on his return to England in July 1618 40 kaleigh's el dorado (1740) he was again thrown mto prison, and brought to the block on Oct. 29th 1618.* The death of Raleigh did not put a stop to the search for El Dorado. Some 15 years later De Laet says — " Men begin now to doubt whether it really exists," and Acuna in 1640 hopes that "God may one day enable mankind to arrive at the truth about it." In 1740 Dr. Hortsman, a Dutch surgeon, made a most arduous journey in search of El Do- rado, as far as Rio Negro, a tributary of the Amazon. Even so late as 1766 and 1777 two expeditions were sent by D. Manuel Centurion, Governor of Spanish Guiana, on the same bootless search as had beguiled Speyer and Von Iluten two centuries before. The second expedition perished all but one man, named Antonio Santos, who lived to tell the sad fate of his comrades. Since then El Dorado has been re- garded as an 'ignis fatuus'-, the legends of the Gol- den King, the city of Manoa withits glittering walls, the lofty temples and palaces with statues of gold, proved the baseless fabric of a dream. * See life of Raleigh by VV. Oldys, London 1806 ; by Mrs. Thom- son. London 1830; and by Frazer Tytler, Edinburgh 1833. (1608) EXPEDITIONS OE THE 17th CENTUJiY 41 CAP. IV. EXPEDITIONS OF THE 17th CENTURY. At the commencement of this century Capt. Char- les Lee took possession of Essequibo and claimed all the country between the Amazon and the Caribbean Sea for the King of England • he is buried in the village of Wiapoc upon the bay of the same name. A few years later James I. gave letters patent to Robert Harcourt, Sir Thomas Challoner and John Rowenson to colonize the country annexed by Lee. This expedition sailed from England in 1608 ; one of Harcourt's vessels was a shallop of 9 tons, another a pinnace of 36, the largest being only 80 tons. Be- sides some colonists intended for Guiana were two natives of that country who had been some years in England, probably brought captives by Lee. It was Harcourt's intention to explore the w^hole valley of the Amazon, but the difficulties were too great, as he explained in the account which he published of his voyage, on his return in 1613. 42 EXPEDITIONS OP THE 17th CENTURY (1613) In 1626 an expedition commanded by James Par- cel, an Irishman, established itself in the island of Tocujos, mouth of the Amazon. The Governor of Maranham sent a force under Texeira to destroy the little colony, and after a gallant resistance Purcel capitulated, being allowed to remove with all his followers and effects aboard a vessel bound for Portugal/^ A second attempt was made 4 years later, when Capt. Thomas, who had served in the Low Coun- tries, landed with 200 men on the same island and threw up fortifications. The Governor of Para, Ray- mundo Noronha, captured the fort, put Thomas to death, and razed the works to the ground. Roger Prere built Fort Cuman near the mouth of the Amazon, expecting to be shortly reinforced from England. But before any reinforcements ar- rived Governor Coelho sent his son to destroy the little settlement. Frere was slain and the fort le- velled, just a few days before a ship arrived from London with 500 colonists. Four of these people fell into the hands of the Portuguese and stated that other vessels were being equipped at Flushing for the conquest of Para and the Amazon. English merchants at this time were making peaceful settlements at various points along the Bra- zilian coast. Southey mentions John Daranton or * Southey's history of Brazil. (1669) * SETTLEK3 IN BKAZIL 43 Dorington, an English Catholic, who removed to Bahia about 1650, with his wife, 4 children and a fortune of 10,000 crowns, having a narrow escape from pirates, who sunk his vessel off the coast. Richard Fleckno, who published his travels in 1655, visited Brazil seven years previous, by special permission of the King of Portugal, who presented him moreover with 200 crowns for travelling ex- penses. After a voyage of 3 months he landed at Rio Janeyro and was hospitably lodged by the Je- suits^ he had two negro slaves to carry him in a palanquin, and in a letter to the Countess Berla- mont he describes the magnificent scenery of the interior.* The idea of establishing an English colony in Pa- tagonia was entertained by Charles IL, soon after the Restoration, and in 1669 his brother the Duke of York, Lord High Admiral, despatched Sir John Nar- brough on this task, as also to open a friendly trade with Chile. Accordingly in May 1669 the Sweep- stakes, 300 tons, 36 guns, and 80 men, sailed with a supply of provisions for 14 months and an assort- ment of knives, scissors, pipes and glass-beads-, ac- companied by the Bachelor of 70 tons, 4 guns, and 20 men, commanded by Humphrey Fleming, with 12 months provisions. Among the junior officers on board was Cloudesley Shovel, afterwards so re- Appnedix C. 44 EXPEDITIONS OF THE 17tll €ENTURY (1670) nowned in naval annals, then only 20 years of age. In March 1670 Narbrough reached Port Desire, where he found guanacoes, ostriches and hares. None of the Indians were as tall as Lieut. Wood, of the flag-ship. Narbrough hoisted the British flag and took possession of the country, in the name of Charles II., firing a salute of 3 guns. He considered the land suitable for agriculture, being " like New- market Heath," as far inland as 8 miles, the limit of his surveys. In the following month he proceeded t^) San JuUan, his men subsisting on salted pen- guins and seals. Some human remains were found on the Island of Justice, supposed to be those of some of Drake's party. During Narbrough's stay at San Julian, of 5 winter months, he made an exploration 25 miles into the interior. Returning in September to Port Desire he found the Indians had pulled up many ^ of his vegetables but not eaten them, and the remainder of the cabbages had run to seed. Here he collected 100,000 penguins' eggs, which were found to keep good 4 months. Entering the Straits he trafficked with neighbouring Patagonians and was surprised to find they would not drink grog: pipeS; knives and glass-beads were in great request. He arrived at Valdivia in December 1670, having already sent ashore his secretary, Don Carlos Clerk, to explore the country. Nothing could exceed the kindness of the Spanish authorities, who entertained Narbrough and his officers at dinner^ but a few days (1681) NARBROUGH IN PATAGONIA 45 later they seized a boat and detained Lieut. Armiger, Mr. J. Fortescue (a gentleman of fortune), as also a trumpeter and a seaman. Narbrough failed to make any decided effort for their release, contenting him- self with some notes to the Governor. Then weigh- ing anchor for England he abandoned them to their fate. Some years later we find Mr. Armiger still at Valdivia, and we know that Don Carlos Clerk was hanged ten years later at Lima. The reason for such hostility on the part of the Spaniards seems to have been that at this very time the English free-booter Morgan was sacking cities on the Spanish Main. Narbrough's chart of Magellan's Straits was the only result of this expedition. He touched at Port Desire in February and reached England in June 1671. No effort was made during the succeeding 14 years of Charles's reign to establish a colony on the site re- commended by Narbrough, or to rescue the 4 Eng- lishmen captured at Valdivia. Two accounts of this voyage were published in London in 1673, one by John Templement, the other by Don Carlos Clerk •, this latter gentleman unfortunately embarked after- wards with the Buccaneers, and in 1681 met the unhappy fate above mentioned. * In the reign of William and Mary a commission was given to Capt. John Strong to open trade rela- tions with the people of Chile, and apparently to Narbrough's voyages, London 1711, 46 EXPEDITIONS OF THE 17th CENTUEY (1689) see also if England could make a settlement in Pa- tagonia, or surprise the important Spanish port of Valdivia. His ship, the Welfare, 270 tons and 90 men, having taken in a large quantity of clothing, arms and ironwork he sailed from the Downs on Oct. 12th 1689 for Port Desire, but was driven by stress of weather to the Falkland Islands, which he reached in January 1690. Here he found foxes twice as big as in England, and proceeding on his voyage he entered the Straits of Magellan. This difficult passage occupied 3 months. Emerging upon the Pacific ocean he overhauled several coast naviga- tors to enquire of them about sundry valuable gal- leons supposed to be wrecked in those waters. The expedition proved in every respect a failure. The Governor of Valdivia refused to hold friendly inter- course, and Strong had the mortification to learn that Lieut. Armiger had been recently put to death, after a residence of 16 years at Valdivia, which city he helped the Spaniards to fortify. Strong visited the island of Juan Fernandez, and found it inhabited by 4 Englishmen * and 5 negro servants left there 3 years before by Davis the buccaneer • there being at this time a flock of 300 tame goats, and some gardens full of vegetables and fruit-trees. Being unwilling to leave the coast without another effort Strong proceeded to Concepcion, where the * Davis had left 5 Englishmen, but the 5th was killed, falling down a precipice. (1698) SCOTCH COLONY AT PANAMA 47 Governor seized a boat's crew of 11 men, including 3 of those taken from Juan Fernandez. Strong seems to have made no effort for their rescue, but imitated his predecessor Narbrough, and returned to England, where he arrived in June 3691, after an inglorious voyage of 20 months.* A spirit ot mercantile adventure sprang up about the close of the 17th century, in Scotland, with the formation of the Scotch South American Colonial Co., capital 500,000 sterling, to establish settlements in this continent. The prime movers were a Pres- byterian clergyman named Patterson and Wafer, the buccaneer. This was about 4 years after the re- turn of Strong from Chile. Some time elapsed in the necessary preparations, and frequent delays inter- vened, till at last, in July 1698, the fleet sailed from Edinburg, amid the acclamations and good wishes of thousands of spectators. It consisted of 5 vessels, carrying 1200 men- Caledonia 50 guns, St. Andrew 40, Unicorn 40, and two tenders. These vessels safely reached the Isthmus of Darien in October, and entered into friendly treaty with the Cacique Andreas, who had been an ally of the buccaneers in the time of Coxon. A district was marked out and designated Caledonia, within which a fortified town was soon erected and called New Edinburg. * Navigators in this age believed in mer-men and mer-maids. Quijalva asseverates that in the Pacific he saw a man who raised his head out of the water three or four times to look at the ship. 48 EXPEDITIONS OF THE 17th CENTUBY (1700) The settlers had begun to plant tobacco on a large scale, when William III., at the request of the Span- ish Ambassador, directed the British naval comman- ders to treat them as vagrant adventurers. Soon afterwards a Spanish squadron blockaded the place The colonists held out for a time, but unfortunately took to drinking, and in one of these carouses their ally Andreas was killed. A capitulation was agreed on, and the colonists removed to Jamaica. Thus terminated an enterprise begun with such brilliant anticipations. The Scotch shareholders, however, had sufficient influence when the Act of Union was under debate in 1706, to oblige the British Govern- ment (temp. Queen Anne) to pay 400,000 pounds sterl. indemnity for King William's conduct towards the colony. Almost contemporaneous with the Scotch colony was a scientific expedition under the eminent as- tronomer Dr. Halley, who was directed to ascertain the laws determining variation of the magnetic needle in the Southern Hemisphere. For this pur- pose he was made an Hon. Post Captain, and given command of H. M. S. Paramour. He sailed from Deptford in Oct. 1698, but had not crossad the Line before the officers shewed a mutinous spirit, oblig- ing him to return to England. He made a second voyage in 1700, but as he did not visit the shores of South America his adventures cannot come under our observation. (1670)- THE BUCCANEERS 49 ' CAP. V. THE BUCCANEERS. Although the Buccaneers " were simply pirates on a grand scale they played an important part in the 17th century, and one of them was afterwards knighted for his achievements. The atrocities com- mitted by them caused an intense hatred of English- men among the inhabitants of South America. In 1668 the notorious Henry Morgan took Porto Bello, and after the garrison had surrendered he blew them up, to the number of several hundred men. Those who were taken prisoners were put to tor- ture, to discover hidden treasures. He next took Maracaybo and sacked the town, locking up the citizens in the church till many died of hunger, and exacting a ransom of 50,000/. sterling from the survivors. Morgan's success caused such numbers of free-booters to flock to his standard that in De- cember 1670 he found himself in command of 37 ves- sels and 2,000 men. He agreed to divide the future profits of his expedition in this manner— 1 per cent, for his own share. 19 per cent, among his 37 captains, 80 percent, among the men. * They derived this name from subsisting like hunters on Boucan or smoked meat. 50 THE BUCCANEERS (1671) Capt. Brodely was sent to take the fortress of Chagres, which he did with a loss of 170 men. The Spanish garrison, numbering 314 men, refused quar- ter, and were all put to the sword. Morgan pushed on to Panama (January 1671), and assaulted the place with great fury. The Spaniards drove wild cattle against him, but without success. He took the place, and in two days killed over 600 Spaniards, then setting fire to the city, which counted about 7,000 houses and was 4 weeks burning. He returned to England in February 1671 with 600 prisoners, and was knighted by Charles H. A second expedition was fitted out in 1680, com- prising 7 vessels and 331 men, under the adventu- rers John Coxon, Peter Harris, Richard Sawkins, Bartle Sharp, Cook, AUeston and Macket. The larg- est ship was that of Harris, carrying 25 guns. Hav- ing landed on the Isthmus of Panama, 5th April 1680, they took the town of Santa Maria, and found booty to the value of 20 lbs. in gold (say 1200^. sterling). John Coxon being appointed General the buccaneers crossed the Isthmus, seized some Spanish shipping, and entered the bay of Panama a fort- night after the sack of Santa Maria. Harris, one of the bravest of the band, was killed in an unsuc- cessful attempt to take Panama. After this Saw- kins, a man of great valor, was chosen the new com- mander. Evil fortune still attended the buccaneers: Sawkins took some vessels, but was killed in an (1681) SACKING THE WEST COAST 51 assault on the town. Thereupon the survivors, only 146 in number, elected Sharp for their leader^ who proceeded down the Pacific Coast and sacked Serena, taking 500 lbs. weight of silver (Dec. 1680). Shortly afterwards fresh dissensions occurred and Sharp was ^ deposed, to make room for Watling as commander. The first step of the new Admiral was to enforce the observance of Sunday, throwing the dice overboard when he found the men gambling on the Lord's Day.* He was, however, killed in an attack on Arica, and succeeded l)y Sharp, who sacked the port of Huasco. This was followed by the secession of William Dampier and others, who returned to Pa- nama and the West Indies. Sharp doubled Cape Horn in Oct. 1681 and touching at Patagonia took aboard an Indian, whom he christened Orson. Here the adventurers divided their booty- the share to each man was 328 silver dollars. On the homeward vo- yage Sharp called at the West Indies, and one of his men was hanged for a pirate at Jamaica. When the adventurers reached England they were tried for piracy at the request of the Spanish Ambassador, but acquitted. The English and French Governments were openly said to connive with the buccaneers, to harass the Spanish colonial settlements.* * Some of these buccaneers appear to have been Roman Catholics, as wo read of Capt. Daniel shooting one of his crew for disrespectful behaviour at Mass ; although most of these adventurers were specially fond of sacking churches for their rich ornaments. * Burney's history of the Buccaneers, London 1803. 52 THE BUCCANEERS (1682) In the following year (1682) we find Sir Henry Morgan succeeded Earl Carlisle as Governor of Ja- maica-, but instead of encouraging his former asso- ciates he hanged several of them. A third expedi- tion was equipped in Aug. 1683, un(kj>Capt. John Cook, whose officers were Dampiei^ Davis, Wafer and Cowley, the whole force comprising 70 men and 18 guns, aboard the Revenge, of Chesapeak. Cook afterwards changed the name of his vessel to the Batchelor's Delight, and sailed southward to the Falkland islands ; then doubled Cape Horn and pro- ceeded to Juan Fernandez, where he was joined by the barque Nicholas of London, Capt. John Eaton. On this island they found a colored man named William, who had been left by Sharp 3 years be- fore, subsisting in the interval on goats. The tw^o vessels proceeded to Galapagos and took in a quan- tity of turtles, some weighing up to 200 lbs. The commander, Cook^ died in 1684, and was succeeded by Davis, one of the most successful navigators that ever sailed as a buccaneer. He took Payta, but found the inhabitants had set fire to the town. Going northward he captured 4 slavers at Guaya- quil, and was rejoiced to meet at Panama (March 1685) another daring adventurer named Towneley with 2 vessels and 180 men. Several adventurers joining under his command Davis found himself in May 1685 at the head of a squadron of 10 vessels and 960 men, w^ith which (1687) PLEET UNDEE DAVIS 53 force he resolved to do battle with the King of Spain's fleet for the mastery of the Pacific. His own vessel, the Batchelors Dehght, carried 36 guns and 156 men •, the next in importance being the Cyg- net, Capt. Swan, 16 guns and 140 men. The Span- ish fleet consisted of 14 vessels manned by 2,500 men. Notwithstanding the great superiority of the latter they seemed to avoid a combat, and after a week spent in sight of each other the rival fleets separated. A famous rover named William Knight, with a vessel carrying 51 men, now^ joined Davis, and the bjiccaneers proceeded to sack the cities of Central America. They demanded a ransom of 300,000$ for the rich and ancient city of Leon, so remarkable for its noble churches • the, citizens fail ing to comply the city was reduced to ashes. Davis steering southward sacked Coquimbo, and such was the amount of booty on this cruise that when the vessels Reached Juan Fernandez, and made the dis- tribution each able seaman received over 1,000 pounds sterling. Dissensions sprung up in 1685, among the free hooters, several of whom were Frenchmen under a leader named Grogniet, and these complained that the English made it a practise when sacking any place to rush into the churches, fire shots at the sacred emblems, cut the pictures with their swords, and commit like excesses. Accordingly a separa- tion took place. In 1687 Davis plundered Arica, 54 THE BUCCANEERS (1688) but his friend Townely was killed in the assault. At the same time Grogniet captured Guayaquil and made the Governor prisoner, taking much booty \ although Davis was not present the Frenchman ge" nerously gave him 350 shares ot the booty, to di- vide among his men (Appendix D.). Towards the close of 1687 Davis again visited Juan Fernandez, and there landed 5 of his followers who expressed their unwillingness to return to Eng- land, as also 5 negro-servants to attend them, and to help in the work of husbandry and the care of goats upon the island. In the records of this cruise it is mentioned that a species of dropsy carried off several men until a cure w^as discovered, by burying the patient in hot sand up to his chin. After 4 years of a buccaneer's life Davis now sailed for England, where he arrived in 1688 and accepted the King's pardon, living afterwards the quiet life of a country gentleman. He was a man of decided talent, energy and daring, and his ca- reer contrasts very favorably with his contempo- raries in the same lawless mode of life. Davis maybe regarded as the last of the bucca- neers, the British and French Governments declar- ing the profession thenceforward unlawful. Never- theless a sanguinary and reckless race of pirates succeeded, "for over 30 years, and a whole crew of 52 were hung on one occasion, so late as 1722. (1704) PRIVATEEES OF THE 18th CENTURY 55 VI. PRIVATEERS OF THE ISth CENTURY. Dampier's expeditions are the first that claim our notice. He had already served with the buccaneers, and earned the reputation of a skilful navigator. In April 1699 he visited Bahia and was kindly treated by the Governor, Don Juan of Lancaster, who claim- ed to be of English descent. Subsequently, in Sep- tember 1703 Dampier went on a cruise to intercept the Spanish galleons returning from the River Plate, which were supposed to convey booty worth 600,000^. sterling, or to sack the seaports of Peru. Accord- ingly he sailed from Kinsale with two vessels carry- ing 9 months provisions, viz — St. George, 26 guns, 120 men, flag-ship. Cinque Ports, Capt. Chas. Pickering, 16 guns, and 63 men. The vessels proceeded to Juan Fernandez, arriving there in Feb, 1704, Capt. Pickering having died on the voyage. 56 PRIVATEERS OF THE 18tll CENTURY (1708) Dampier gave the command of the Cinque Ports to Lieut. Stradling and cruised along the coasts of Chile and Peru, capturing several Spanish vessels, as far as Panama. Having taken much booty he sailed for the East Indies, where he was taken by the Dutch on his homeward voyage. Stradling proceeded to Juan Fernandez and there put ashore one of the sailors named Alexander Selkirk •, after this he cruised for some time along the coast of Chile, until taken prisoner by the Spaniards, who kept him many years in captivity. The Bristol expedition of 1708 was got up by some merchants of that city, who equipped tAVO vessels, viz — Duke, 320 tons, 30 guns, 183 men. Duchess, 260 tons, 26 guns, 151 men. The first was commanded by Capt. Woodes Rogers; the second by Capt. Stephen Courtney • the pilot of the expedition was William Dampier, Avho had re- turned to England a few years before and was re- duced to great poverty. It was arranged that 2- thirds of whatever booty was to go to the owners of the vessels, and each captain was to have 10 or- dinary seamen's shares. The vessels sailed from Cork on Sept. 1st 1708, touched at the Falklands on Christmas Day, and at Juan Fernandez found Alexan- der Selkirk, who presented a wild appearance, dres- sed in goatskins, and told his remarkable story, the groundwork on which Defoe has formed his adven- (1718) shelyocke's expedition 57 tiires of Robinson Crusoe, (published in London in 1719). He said he was 33 years of age, a native of Largo, Pifeshire, Scotland, and had been 4 years and 4 months alone on the island. He had tamed a number of goats, and raised turnips, cabbage and other vegetables. Capt. Rogers took him as second mate aboard the Duke. Shortly afterwards in the seizure of some Spanish vessels Roger s brother was killed. In the same cruise (April 1709) he took Guayaquil and Puna, sacking both places. He did not return to England till Oct. 1711, when he pub- lished regular charts of the coasts of Chile and Peru. Dampier, one of the most deserving of English navi- gators, died after this voyage in the utmost poverty. Mr. John Welbe, who had served under Dampier, sent a proposal to the Admiralty, offering to discover the Terra Australis:, the application drew forth no answer. In 1714 Capt. Thomas Braum and a number of private adventurers, with the connivance of the Brit- ish Government, got up an expedition in London to seize the island of Santa Catalina or the Province of Rio Grande do Sul • the treaty of Utrecht prevent- ed the attempt. Hostilities being soon renewed the merchants of London, in 1718, fitted out two vessels to plunder the Spanish ports in the Pacific, namely — Speedwell 36 guns, 180 men, Capt. Geo. Shelvocke Success, 24 guns, 106 men, Capt. Clipperton. 58 PRIVATEERS OF THE 18th CENTURY (1719) The last-named commander had served under Dam- pier. The vessels sailed from Plymouth in February, and lost sight of each other near the Cape Verds. The Speedwell touched at Santa Catalina, and doubled Cape Horn in October. On reaching Juan Fernan- dez, the appointed rendezvous, Captain Shelvocke found the Success had been 3 months before him. His first exploit on the coast was to sack and burn Payta, and proceeding again to Juan Fernandez he had the misfortune, in May 1719, to lose his vessel there. After 5 months of labor he succeeded in getting ready a schooner of 20 tons, and left the island on Oct. 5th. Before reaching the Peruvian coast he overhauled a Spanish merchantman near Iquique, which he captured, and then transferred his men to her. Having again sacked Payta he shortly afterwards fell in with Chpperton after a separation of 23 months. Shelvocke continued his depredations on Spanish commerce for another year- while Clipperton proceeded home to England. During the passage through the Straits (1719) Clipperton lost many men from cold. His vessel, the Success, was laden with plunder, and among his prisoners was Marquis Villa Roche, from whom he demanded a high ransom, besides taking his wife's jewels. His homeward voyage was by the Chinese seas, and when the booty was divided in London by the owners the captain's share amounted to 1,2(^0^. sterling, and that of each seaman to 84:1. sterling. (1720) MAC NAMAKA ATTACKS COLONIA 59 Clipperton went to see his family in Ireland, and died two days after his arrival home, May 21st 1720. Gapt. Shelvocke paid another visit to Juan Fer- nandez in 1720, w^hen he left there 11 Englishmen and 13 Indians with a good supply of goats and vegetables. Two years later he returned to Eng- land by way of China, arriving home in**July 1722 • his share of booty was 2,260/. sterling, and each of his men got 3801. sterling. He was, however, ar- rested on some charge, and contrived to escape from the King's Bench prison before the day of trial. In 1765 Gapt. Macnamara with two vessels called the Lord Glive and Ambuscade, together mounting 104 guns, attempted to take Golonia (in front of B. Ayres) from the Spaniards. Having shelled the place for four hours, he expected every moment to see a white flag hoisted, when, by some mishap, the Lord Glive took fire, and 262 persons perished, including Macnamara. The Spaniards fired on the poor fel- lows in the water, only 78 escaping to land • one of these, a good swimmer, was carrying Macnamara on his back, but the latter perceiving the sailor to grow weak handed him his sword and, letting go his hold, sunk. The survivors were sent prisoners to Cor- doba, where they introduced some handicrafts, and abetter style of agriculture. Most of the Enghsh names still extant in the Argentine provinces, such as Sarsfield, Carrol, Todd &c. are probably derived 60 PKIVATEEllS OF THE 181h CENTURY (1765) from these captives. An account in verse of Mac- Namara's expedition has been w^ritten by Penro^, one of the officers aboard the Ambuscade. Mac Na mara s sword was found last year, encrusted with shells, by a Colonia fisherman, who presented it to Major Munro, II.B.M. Consul at Montevideo. Among the descendants of the survivors of this ex- pedition may be cited Dr. Velez Sarsfield, for many years Prime Minister at Buenos Ayres, and esteemed the ablest lawyer in South America, born at Cordoba about 30 years after the event just related- Governor Todd of Catamarca, was son or grandson of an Eng- lishman. Governor O'Mill was likewise of English extraction ^ and many other cases might be quoted. (1740) ANSON AND VEKNON EXPEDITIONS 61 , CAP. YII. ANSON ^ VERNON EXPEDITIONS Lord Anson's expedition in 1740 will long be remembered as one of the worst devised and most unfortunate in modern times. War had been declared against Spain, the year before, and the British Gov- ernment being without funds to enlist mariners con- ceived the cruel stratagem of obliging the Chelsea in- vaHds to embark as volunteers under Lord Anson, the penalty being the forfeiture of all support or pen- sion from the country. Of 259 Chelsea pensioners, who embarked in July 1740 upon this cruise, not one Wed to return. The fleet counted 8 ships, manned by 1980 men, viz : — Centurion, 60 guns, Adm. Lord Geo. Anson Gloucester, 50 guns, Capt. Richard Norris Severn, 50 guns, Capt. Hon. Edward Legg Pearl, 40 guns, Capt. Mathew Mitchell Wager, 28 guns, Capt. Dandy Kidd Tryal, 8 guns, Capt. Hon. John Murray, 62 ANSON AND VEKNON EXrEDITIONS (I74l) and two store-ships. They sailed from Portsmouth Sept. 18th, and touched at Madeira, in November. Sickness had already begun. During a brief stay at Santa Catarina 28 men Avere buried, besides 96 on the sick-list, Capt. Kidd being among those who died. The fleet called at San Julian, in Patagonia (Feb, 1741), but could get no fresh water, which increased their sufferings, the men being put on half-allowance. Anson observed, that the tide at San Julian rose 24 feet every day. The vessels encountered fearful weather in doubling Cape Horn, and the men were so bad with scurvy that they had not strength to pull the ropes: some old veterans saw their wounds, that had been healed over 40 years, break out afresh. The Centurion buried at sea 43 men in the month of April, and at last succeeded in reaching the rendez- vous of Juan Fernandez, 10th June. ''This delightful island," says Lord Anson, "appear- ed to us like a garden of Paradise." Nothing could equal the joy of the weary and exhausted sailors at seeing cataracts leap from precipices of a hundred feet, and the sides of hills clad with the richest vege- tation. The men crawled up on deck to obtain a sight of the welcome land. The Centurion had bu- ried 200 of her men, and had still 130 on the sick- list : of these latter 12 died while being carried ashore. The Tryal arrived a few days later, having lost 34 of her crew. The Severn and Pearl w^ere unable to double Cape Horn, and returned to Eng (1742) LOED ANSON 63 land. The Gloucester on arrival at Juan Fernan- dez reported having thrown overboard more than two-thirds of her complement. The Wager was lost on some rocks near the western entrance of Magellan's Straits. One of the store-ships luckily- survived disaster, and removed all fear of famine by her appearance, in August, at Juan Fernandez. The remaining crews of .the Centurion and other vessels were recruited by their stay on the island, where they found goats which had their ears slit, proba- bly of those tamed by Alex. Selkirk. Lord Anson left the island in Sept., and captu- ring a vessel called El Carmen with 80,000 1, ster- ling of booty he made a descent on Payta, which place Lieut. Brett and 58 men of the Centurion sur- prised while the garrison was asleep. It took them two days to embark the bullion, worth 32,000 I. sterling, and as the inhabitants refused to pay ran- som their town and shipping were committed to the flames. About this time the Tryal was broken up, being declared unseaworthy. Li the following year [1742] Anson cruised between Mexico and the Ladrone islands, to prey on the Spanish galleons. Scurvy again appeared among his men. The Glo- cester was broken up and burnt, and the Centu- rion was the only vessel that returned to England, in June 1744, out of the fleet that had sailed 4 years previous. (Anson's voyages, London 1740). Admiral Vernon's expeditions were almost simul- 64 ANSOK AND VERNON EXPEDITIONS (1739) taneous with Anson s. He sailed from England, Au- gust 3rd 1739, with 8 vessels^ viz : four 40 gun ships, three of 60 guns, and a 50-gun frigate, having pledged his word to take the fortified town of Por- to Bello, on the Isthmus of Panama. Leaving 3 of his vessels to cruise off Cadiz, in wait for Spanish galleons, he crossed the Atlantic and came in sight of Porto Bello on Nov. 20th. The fortifications consisted of the Iron Castle, 100 guns, on the north side; the Gloria battery of 98 guns on the south' and Port San Geronimo, 20 guns, overlooking the anchorage. Next morning three vessels attacked Iron Castle-, the Admiral at the same time manned his boats and proceeded to effect a landing. The men climbed up the face of the ramparts, and the garrison of 700 men surrendered. The English loss was only 17 between killed and wounded. Ad- miral Vernon divided 10,000 dollars booty among his men, but would not allow them to burn the place. He caused Capts Boscawen and Knowles to level the fortifications, Avhich task was comple- ted in 15 days by springing mines under the castles. Then embarking, with 72 guns for trophies, he sailed to Jamayca, and sent home the news of his victory, which reached England in March 1740, throw^ing the kingdom into the wildest manifestations of joy. Par- liament voted him the thanks, of the nation, and the wayside inns made his head . a favorite sign- board. Reinforcements being sent out to him he ascen- (1741) VEBNON'S DEFEAT 65 ded the Chagres river and destroyed Fort San Loren- zo. These successes were destined to be counterbal- anced in the following year by the most disastrous affair recorded in British annals. Vernon left Port Royal on Feb. 25th 1741, to attack Cartagena, his force comprising 124 vessels [including 29 ships of the line ] and 12,000 men. The troops for land service were under the orders of Gen. Wentworth, whom Vernon treated with jealousy and contempt. The result was a wretched failure. At first on March 9th the British carried Forts San Felipe and Santiago with signal gallantry, but the town batteries open- ed an awful fire upon them, and checked their ad- vance. A second movement was made on March 24th and although the Spaniards had repaired their .works in the interval the British again obtained some advantages. But when Gen. Wentworth had thus gained a foothold the Admiral would not send him either fresh water or provisions, and a sickness broke out among the troops, carrying them off by hundreds. On March 30th. Vernon entered the harbor with his fleet, but gave no effectual support to Gen. Wentworth who suffered a severe repulse in an attack on Fort Lazaro. When the siege was raised, on April 14th. there were only 3,000 men sur- viving to embark in the fleet. Mosquera's history of Venezuela says ''the loss of the British amounted to 44 officers and 7,059 men, while that of the Spaniards did not exceed 66 ANSON AND VEENON EXPEDITIONS (1740) 343 between killed and wounded. Six Spanish war-vessels with 174 guns were sunk, as also six galleons. The British carried off 160 guns, after destroying the forts next the bay." Another unlucky affair on the Spanish Main occurred in the following year. Sir Charles Know- les was sent with a flotilla to capture the port of La Guayra, in Venezuela, but the Governor of Caracas had thrown up new batteries and made every preparation for defence. Rocks prevented the vessels from approaching within a mile of shore, and the boats could not land the troops. Knowles shelled the town and batteries for 8 hours, till night closed the scene- the Burford flag-ship and 3 others being disabled, and having lost 400 men between killed and wounded. Among the latter , was Sir Charles Knowles, who lost a leg. The famous Lord Howe, who was midshipman in An- son's expedition two years before, and was now in his 16th year, received the grade of Lieutenant for his conduct on this occasion. He served aboard the Severn, 1740, when that vessel and the Pearl were unable to double Cape Horn, and forced to separate from Lord Anson and return to England. (1741) VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTURY 67 CAP. VIII. VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTURY. The loss of the Wager is one of the most thril- ling romances of the sea. Capt. Cheap seems to have doubled Cape Horn about the same time as Lord Anson's flag-ship, but his vessel was driven, ashore, April 23d. 1741, on a point known as Tres Montes, 58. S. on the coast of Chile. Some of the crew broke into the spirit-room and got drunk. Others obeyed Capt. Cheap's orders, landing in boats, and proceeding to build huts on shore. Such was the hardship of their case that some men died, while others refused to leave the wreck. The muti- neers on board having one day signalled for the boat there was some delay, whereupon they fired two cannon-shots at the captain's hut. At last they were brought ashore. Some months elapsed, during which the mutineers frequently urged Capt. Cheap to launch a schooner and steer for England. He tried 68 VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTUEY (1742) in vain to dissuade them. In October they launched the boat, and embarked to the number of 73 men^ leaving on the desert coast Capt. Cheap, Lieut. Ha- milton, Dr. Elliot, 2 midshipmen and 15 men, with a supply of 56 lbs. beef, 28 lbs. ^ork, and 200 lbs- flour. The captain made several efforts to pro- ceed northward towards Chile, but his boat was so small that he had to leave half his party on. some point near Chiloe: they were never more heard of. He describes the poor fellows waving him a last adieu, as they saw the boat recede from them. Some of those in the boat died, and of this number was Dr. Elliot. At last in June 1742, fourteen months after the wreck of the Wager, Capt. Cheap, Lieut. Hamilton, Midshipmen Byron and Campbell and a few others reached Chiloe, where they were very kindly treated by the inhabi- tants, but afterwards sent by the authoities as priso- ners to Valparaiso. Here they were detained tAvo years on parole, and sent to Europe in 1744, but they were not released and enabled to reach Eng- land till 1746, Captain Cheap dying very soon after. Bulkeley was the leader of the mutineers of the Wager, and has left us the record of his sufferings. A month after launching his boat he put on shore 11 men, for whom he had no roem. Seven more died in the passage through Magellan's Straits, which took nearly two months. Cape Virgin on m (1743) LOSS OF THE WAGER 69 the Atlantic was reached by Dec. 11th. 1741, and ten days later, when the boat approached the Pa- tagonian coast, at Gallegos river, some Indians were seen on horseback. This is the first time in history that Patagonians are mentioned as going mounted. Bulkely and his comrades touched at Port Desire, where they found a well which gave 30 gallons fresh water daily. There was a stone bearing the inscription. ''Capt. Straiten, 16 cannons, 1687." Proceeding northwards along the coast they came to a bay (38-40 S. Lat.) where they landed and shot a horse, a wild dog and 4 armadilloes. A little higher up, between Cape Corrientes and MarChiquita (37. 25 S.) Bulkely sent a party of 8 men ashore under the pre^text of procuring fresh water, and abandoned them, although they knelt down on the beach and piteously begged to be taken aboard. He reached the River Plate 5 days later, his party b^ing now reduced to 30 in number, and landing some- where near the mouth of Santa Lucia obtained suffi- cient provisions to reach Rio Grande. From this port they took passage to Lisbon aboard a ship car- rying hide6, and finally arrived in England in Ja- nuary 1743, when they were arrested for mutiny, but were subsequently liberated. (Bulkeley and Cummins, adventures in the South Seas, London 1740.) The party abandoned by Bulkely near Cape Cor_ 70 VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTUKY (1745) rientes consisted ol Midshipman Morris and 7 men. who made fruitless efforts to proceed overland to B. Ayres, 150 miles, finding themselves hopelessly in- volved in swamps and lagoons. They contrived, however, to subsist for 12 months on the chase, having trained some wild dogs to catch deer. One day, as customary, they went out in two parties of 4 men each to hunt, and on Morris's return at night he found the corpses of 4 of his comrades, with their throats cut. Next morning the little hut was sur- rounded by a crowd of Indians, to whom Morris and the other three survivors went on their knees and prayed for life. The Indians took them captive, and soon after sold them to another tribe, who conveyed them to Buenos Ayres and re-sold them, to the Span- ish Governor, at 15 dollars a head. After three years, detention Morris and two others wera prov- ided with a passage to England in the Spanish mer- chantman Asia, in 1745. The 4th survivor, a man named Dick, was so swarthy that the natives pre- tended he must be a Brazilian, and never allowed him to leave the country. Eighteen years after the return of the officers of the Wager, we find two vessels called the Dolphin and Tamar fitted out at the Downs (June 14tli 1764) under command of Commodore John Byron, who was a midshipman in [the Wager when she was lost. The vessels were sent on a voyage of exploration, and having touched at Madeira put into Rio Ja- (1746) BYBON'S VOYAGE 71 neyro, Sept. 12th, where they met Lord Olive aboard a frigate coming home from India. Byron reached Port Desire in November, and commenced killing seals, which seem to have abounded here more than in other parts of Patagonia. He describes them as 8 feet long, each yielding half a pipe of oil ^ the young cry Uke cats^ and when older they bark like dogs. He found hares as big as foxes, and guanacos in such plenty that the men ate this meat three times a week, which kept them from scurvy. Leaving Port Desire on Dec. 4th he spent some days in looking vainly for Pepy's island, so called after the Duke of York's secretary (who wrote the famous Diary) and discovered by Capt. Cowley. He entered Magellan's Straits on Dec. 22nd and landed near Cape Virgin, where he met a race of Patago- nians so tall that when seated on the ground they were as high as any of his men. He measured some of them fully nine feet in height, and describes the astonishment and laughter of the savages as they stood around the diminutive-looking English- men. He gave them numerous presents and ob- served that the women wore beads and necklaces, and the men had horses, indicating traffic with the Spanish settlers of Buenos Ayres. The savages seem- ed most friendly and invited the strangers to dine with them, pointing to a smoke at some distance inland and at the same time touching their mouths. Byron prudently declined the offered hospitality, the 72 VOYAGES OF THE 18th CENTURY (1747) size of his hosts doubtless reminding him of Poly- phemus. Their arms were bows and arrows, the latter of hard wood with bone heads admirably fashioned. Prom some of their signs Byron under stood that they worshipped the sun, but this was an error, as the Patagonians perform all their incanta- tions with the purpose of keeping off Gualiches or evil-spirits, which they believe to be the souls of departed physicians. When Byron was about to weigh anchor they professed great sorrow, and cried most distressingly. Cavendish had called them Pa- tagonians or Big Feet, because their foot averaged 18 inches in length. Shelvocke measured some who were 10 feet high. At present they rarely exceed 7 feet in height, but this decline is probably due to mixed marriages with other tribes (Appendix E.). Proceeding through the Straits the vessels halted before reaching Sandy Point and found a tribe of In- dians, medium height, dressed in skins of seal and gua- naco. Woods and plains bounded the view. On Dec. 29th Byron entered the river San Juan, near Port Famine, and visited the ruins of Sarmiento's colony, founded in 1582. Byron could not understand why so delightful a spot was called Port Famine. Flow- ers, trees and birds delighted the weary traveller, while fish also abounded, and lofty mountains clad with perpetual snow formed a back-ground to the picture. The woods produced the valuable Win- ter s bark, a specific for cure of scurvy, which had (1765) FALKLAND ISLANDS 73 been discovered by Capt. William Winter when Ad. Drake visited these shores. Snow-covered mountains were also visible in Tierra del Puego, and the cold was severe, although now mid-summer. Haddock was so plentiful that the men had 3 rations of fish weekly. "On January 4th 1765" says Byron's diary, '^we left this delightful spot and steered for Tierra del Fuego." Smoke was visible at many points, but there being no safe anchorage Byron sailed out of the Straits and reached the Penguin or Falkland Islands ten days after leaving Port Famine. He found a capacious bay which he called Port Egmont, in honor of the first Lord of the Admiralty, and re- commended to the Government as a suitable place for a colony. The bay, he says, can hold all the British navy, and although there are no trees the soil produces vegetables and a grass that grows as high as a mans hips. Turnips and lettuce were sown, and came up well. Such was the profusion of penguins. Cape pigeons, swans, and other birds that Byron says "our two ships present a ludicrous appea- rance, as if turned into poultry shops." Samples of iron ore were found here. During a brief stay of 13 days Byron built a fort and hoisted the British flag, the usual salutes being fired, the ceremony concluding with enormous bowls of punch served round to the sailors to drink the health of King George III. A large number of seals was 74 VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTUEY (1765) killed while the fort was being constructed, ^one place in particular being called Bubblers Bay from the shoals of these animals, which are so prolific as to give 18 or 20 at a birth. As for penguins the sailors found them very good eating provided they had been put in pickle the night before, which removed their strong flavor, Byron ascended a mountain over Port Egmont, and describes the view as veryfme^ embracing about 50 islands. The Dolphin and Tamar again sighted Patago- nia on Feb. 5th. and met at Port Desire the transport Florida, sent out from England with provisions for the two ships. A^ there was a high surf the vessels proceeded to Port Famine (Feb. 19th) and there took on board the supplies from the transport. By- ron gave any of his men permission to return to England in the transport, but only one availed him- self of it, besides some sick: duplicate plans were sent home to the Admiralty, and on Feb. 25th the Florida sailed homeward, while Byron's vessels steered westward through the Straits, these being here about 12 miles wide. Indians were seen fishing^ to whom the Commodore gave biscuit and clothing: they ate the fish raw, and lived in wretched huts, A woman of fair skin was pointed out by the rest, as if to express she was of English origin, being perhaps the child of some British sailor cast away on these shores. On March 10th the vessels reached Cape Mon- (1765) JUAN FEKNANDEZ 75 day where a shocking smell was perceived to arise from a dead whale that the Indians were cutting up. At this period scurvy appeared among the crews, but the Commodore was able to check it, and shewed by his kindness how much he was entitled to the respect and affection of all under his com- mand. Terrific storms ensued, in which the vessels narrowly escaped shipwreck, near a point which was therefore named Cape Providence. The best anchorage in the Straits was afterwards found at Tuesday Bay, where red trout was in great pro- fusion. At last on April 9th. after 6 weeks battling through the Straits the vessels sighted the Pacific ocean, and were soon steering for the milder lati- tude of Juan Fernandez. Here they anchored, at the outer island of Masafuera on April 26th., which had not been so often visited as the adjacent island of Juan Fernandez. The hills were covered with verdure, affording support to numerous very wild goats, some of which, however, had their ears slit, although there was no trace of man on the island, Among the various kinds of fish were carp and chimney-sweepers, besides lobster weighing 10 lbs. each. Sharks were also very numerous. After a year spent in cruising about Commodore Byron returned to the DownS; in the Dolphin, on May 6th. 1765, having left the Tamar at Antigua for repairs. Byron's narrative was translated into 76 VOYAGES IN THE 18th CENTTJKY (1795) Spanish at Madrid a few years after its publication in England. Admiral George Vancouver, when returning from his expedition to Nootka Sound, in 1795, with two vessels called the Discovery and Chatham, the latter being commanded by Lieut. Broughton, touched at Valparaiso and visited Santiago, where, he says, Captain General O'Higgins treated him with prince- ly hospitality. This was the last voyage of dis- covery in the 18th. century. (1586) JESUIT MISSIONARIES 77. CAP. IX. JESUIT MISSIONARIES. The same year (1586) that Cavendish made his first descent on Patagonia saw an expedition of a very different character, consisting of the first Je- suits sent to convert Paraguay, namely Father Tho- mas Fields, a Scotchman, and F. Manuel Ortega, a Portuguese : their vessel fell into the hands of English privateers off the Brazilian coast, but the sea-rovers respected their captives, and after sundry adventures the latter landed at Buenos Ayres,!whence they proceeded overland to Cordoba, then the head- quarters of their order. Returning thje following year to Buenos Ayres they set out for Paraguay, and on their arrival at Asuncion were received with joy- ful demonstrations. A pestilence having broken out among the Guaranies of the interior, the two Jesuits labored so heroically among the sufferers, that at its close the Indians built a chapel and house for the Fa- thers at Villa Rica, 30 leagues from Asuncion. This 78 - JESUIT MISSIONARIES (1602) was the first Jesuit establishment in Paraguay, and three years later (1593) a large college was built for them at Asuncion, the principal inhabitants, men and women, working at the foundations. Father Fields lived to an advanced age, notwithstanding most perilous journeys during 15 years of missionary work in the interior. In 1602 we find him in charge of the college at Asuncion, until increasing infirmi- ties caused him to be superseded by Fathers Loren- zana and Cataldino. According to Charlevoix the number of Indians converted by Fields and Ortega reached 200,000 ^ thus was laid the foundation of the Jesuit Commonwealth of Misiones which had such wonderful development in the two following centuries, as to cause Voltaire to admit that " the Je- suit establishment in Paraguay seems to be the triumph of humanity." In the 18th century. Father John Martin, a na- tive of London, became the head of the Order in Brazil, under the name of Father Almeyda: the austerities of his life remind the reader of the her- mits in Egypt, and caused the people to consider him as a saint after his death, which occurred in his 84:th year. Pope Gregory's ' bon mot' ^'non Anglussed Angelus" is repeated i^ the inscription on his tomb, at Bahia. Another English Jesuit, F. ThaddeusEnnis, appears in authority in Misiones shortly before the downfall. In 1756, when Spain ceded San Miguel and other (1740) FATHER FAULKNER 79 missions to Portugal we find P. Ennis entrusted with the removal lower down the Parana of such tribes as refused to become Portuguese subjects. The English Jesuit Father Falkner was one of the most successful travellers and missionaries of the 18th century, the scene of his labors being Patago- nia. He was the first to convert the Puelches and Tehuelches tribes. Here he founded the missions of the Virgin of Pilar and Our Lady of the Unprotected, between the hill-ranges known as Vulcan and Tan- dileofii: but these missions were afterwards destroyed, as well as Father StrobeVs settlement of Laguna de Los Padres, by an irruption of Indians under the Caci- que Cangapol, a few years before the expulsion of the Jesuits by the Viceroy Bucareli in 1767. The total number of Jesuits in Paraguay, Cordoba, Tucuman and Buenos Ayres, was found to be 233 who were all shipped in vessels bound for Spain. We find among the Fathers deported in a vessel called the Venus the name of Thomas Falkner, age 66, native of Manchester. On his return to England he pub- hshed his life and travels, and such was the effect of this book upon the King of Spain that he at once ordered surveys and settlements to be made along the Patagonian coasts, which Falkner represented as exposed to seizure by the first adventurer who should land there. His book has been translated into French, German and Spanish, and we take from it the following interesting details : 80 JESUIT MISSIONARIES (1740) Falkner was son of a physician at Manchester, and being brought up to the medical profession served for some years in the London hospitals. His father was an Irishman, which has given rise to the supposition that he was 'a Cathohc, but this seems incorrect. Among his friends in London was a ship-captain who traded from the Coast of Guinea to Brazil, carrying slaves for the Company recently established by Queen Anne's patent, and he it was who doubtless prevailed on the young physi- cian to try a seafaring life. In one of his voyages, as ship's surgeon, from Guinea to Buenos Ayres he fell sick at the latter port, and there being no ho- tels he had the good fortune to claim the hospita- lity of the Jesuit Superior, Father Machony, whose name leads us to suppose him an Irishman. Such was the impression made on Falkner by the kind- ness of the Jesuits that he shortly afterwards was received into the Catholic Church, and entered as a novice in the college of St. Ignatius, at Buenos Ayres. He was then apparently about 30 years of age, and spent the first years of his missionary career in Paraguay and Tucuman, The Jesuits had observed that their most suc- cessful missionaries were such as possessed a know- ledge of medicine, and in 1740 Father Machony received an application from F. Strobel, founder of the new mission near Cape San Antonio, on the Patagonian coast, for an assistant versed in the heal- (1740) FATHER MACHONY 81 ing arts. The Superior despatched Falkiier, and his success during 27 years was almost equal to what has been already mentioned of F. Field in Paraguay. He converted the tribes known as Puelches, Tehuelches, Guilliches, Pehuenches and Manzanos, and traversed nearly every part of Pa- tagonia from Rio Negro to Magellan's Straits, as far inland as the slopes of the Andes. Being learned in most of the Indian tongues and equally calculated by his winning manners and his knowledge of physic to gain over the savages to Christianity we are not surprised to find him in close friendship with the Igreat Indian ruler Cangapol, called by the Spaniards "Cacique Bravo," from whom he at times obtained the liberation of numerous Chris- tian captives. His book contains portraits of Can- gapol and his wife Hueni, the former being a Pata- gonian Hercules, over 7 feet in height. Among the captives redeemed by our missionary was Captain Mancilla s son, who had been 6 years detained by the Tehuelches, and whose testimony is cited by Falkner in support of many of his state- ments. Cangapol had his ordinary residence at Huinchin, on the Rio Negro, and was so friendly to the Spaniards that he prevented any Indian tribes making incursions or crossing the frontier of the Ri- ver Luxan. At certain seasons he used to take the Leubuches, one of his subject tribes, to hunt game or wild cattle between Magdalena and Luxan, and 82 JESUIT MISSIONARIES (1740) sometimes as far north as Tigre. Unhappily the "en- tente cordiale" was rudely broken by a Spanish officer high in command under the Viceroy, who was sent to punish some inroad of the Tehuelches, and being foiled by the latter he made a descent on the peace- ful and unsuspecting GuiUiches, near Chascomus, murdering a whole settlement in cold blood. This so exasperated the heretofore generous Cangapol that he assembled 4,000 Indian warriors at Magda- lena and devastated the whole country up to Quil- mes, only 4 leagues from the city, capturing a num- ber of women and children, and carrying off 20,000 head of cattle:"only one Indian was killed in the raid, the Spaniards falling easy victims. Such was the consternation in Buenos Ayres that the citizens ran through the streets bare-headed, and the gar- sison looked on in terror Avhile the line of bla- zing farm - steads distinctly marked the progress of the avenger. The churches were filled with people. Then the Viceroy summoned the Jesuits and con- jured them to proceed on a peace mission to Can- gapol, at the same time disgracing the officer who had massacred the Guilliches. In this manner peace was obtained, but it seems doubtful whether the mis- sions of Tandil and Sierra Vuulcan were rebuilt^ the Jesuits being expelled by order of the King of Spain soon afterwards. At present (1877) the only traces of Falkner's or StrobeFs missions are at Laguna do (17G0) TATHEK FALKNEE 83 los Padres, 80 leagues south of Buenos Ayres^ close to the Atlantic. Falkner describes minutely the physical appea- rance of Patagonia, its various rivers and ports, the habits of the Indians, ^and every thing that can in- terest the reader, even giving a short dictionary of some Indian tongues. He tells us he also resi- ded for some years with the Puelches, between Rio Segundo and Rio Cuarto, and 4 times made the journey between Buenos Ayres and Cordoba (usually 40 days in bullock-waggon), besides several journeys to Santa Fe and other parts. He found forests of apple trees on the Andine slopes south of Mendoza, probably planted by the Jesuits who established mis- sions there in the 16th century, especially at Na- huel-Huapi. The Indians made cider from these ap- ples. He describes pines- trees whose fruit resembles almonds, and whose timber is so durable that vessels built of it 40 years before were still sea-worthy. The Andine passes to Chile were dangerous from snow, and he mentions people frozen to death in crossing. He speaks of an abundance of seals on the coast from Tuyii to Bahia Blanca, and lions and tigers in the Tordillo forest near Dolores. Wild horses were so numerous that on one occasion Falkner and his Indian attendants were for 3 days in im- minent risk of being trodden to death by the herds that rushed past, day and night, surrounding them so as to prevent escape. 84 JESUIT MISSIONARIES (1760) He describes all the country about Lake Nahiiel- Huapi or Tiger Island, (since visited by the Anglo- Chilian explorer Cox, in 1862) and the volcano of Villa Rica, near w^hose base w^as supposed to be the fabulous city of Los Cesares. The Indians t-old him there never had been any white people about there, and that it was a mere delusion, although the Vice- roy had sent several expeditions in search of the said city. About this time the volcano was active, al- though ever since apparently extinct-, an eruption took place, after which Palkner saw the streets of Buenos Ayres covered with light ashes, brought by the wind a distance of 1,000 miles, some being even carried across the River Plate to Banda Oriental. He mentions the SaUnas salt-fields 500 miles south of Buenos Ayres, whither a body of 300 soldiers was despatched every year to collect salt. He recom- mends Bahia Sin Fondo as an admirable site for a colony, much better than Port Desire, Cape San Julian, or the Falkland Islands • the country being suited for agriculture and abounding in game and fish. He adds that it is much frequented by Indi- ans, with whom a profitable trade could be opened, in the barter of knives, hatchets, arrow-heads and glass-beads, for skins of guanacos, seals etc. Among the trees growing about there he mentions the In- dian "incense-tree." A desert of 60 miles inter- venes to Santa Cruz, devoid of any hfe except some stray guanacos. (1760) FATHER FALKNER 85 The habits of the Indians are depicted faithfully and at great length. The Guilliches smoked such strong tobacco that it caused intoxication. A plague of small-pox broke out among them in Falkner's time which reduced their tribe to 300 fighting men •, such was the panic caused by this disease that the sick were left under the shelter of a hide, with a jar of water, to die abandoned by their relations. The Pehuenches were so addicted to drink that they often pledged their wives and children to the Spanish huxters for a few bottles of Hquor. The Tehuelches lived by the chase and were fond of mares' flesh-, the men were cunning and unreliable, the women almost as white as Europeans. Palkner mentions numerous flocks of sheep own- ed by Indians in those days, and says the huxters used to cheat those who came to barter skins or ponchos, giving them six-pennyworth of gew-gaws for ponchos worth ten guineas each. The Indian women were remarkably faithful to their husbands, and the latter very rarely beat or ill treated them. Widows mourned for their husbands a whole year. In his travels in Santa Fe our missionary relates having found monster fossils near the mouth of the Carcaraiia, including some teeth 3 inches diameter at the base. He says the Parana had the quality of petrifying objects (which appears to be a mistake for the Uruguay). The best fish, he says, is the 86 JESUIT MISSIONARIES (1765) Pacii, like tench, and after it the Dorado, which often weighed 25 lbs. His book concludes with accounts of Magellan's Straits and the Falkland Islands. A Spanish ves- sel was lost off Tierra del Fuego in 1765, and the natives, far Irom eating the crew, treated them with every kindness till able to proceed to Buenos Ayres. As regards the Falklands he says it is a place only fit for penguins, and that when the last Spanish Governor came up to Buenos Ayres he said he would rather be cabin-boy aboard a vessel. Bougainville sold his title for 800,000$ to the Spanish Crown, but had to give half the price to the King of France. Subsequently England seized the islands. Falkner died at Spetchley, Worcestershire, as chaplain to a Catholic nobleman, near the end of the 18th century. (1803) DESIGNsS OF ENGLAND ON S. AMERICA 87 i CAP. X. DESIGNS OF ENGLAND ON SOUTH AMERICA. Towards the close of the 18th century the Pitt administration lent a willing ear to a Venezuelan pa- triot, Gen. Miranda, who proposed that G. Britain should aid South America to expel the Spanish rulers and constitute a number of independent States. Spain being the ally of France, and paying an annual subsidy to Napoleon, it became moreover the object of England to seize the treasure-ships periodi- cally arriving from the River Plate. In Mitre's life of Belgrano it is stated Miranda's project was suffer- ed to fall to the ground, because President Adams refused to lend 10,000 United States troops to co- operate with the British navy for the emancipation of Spanish America. Nevertheless the British Ca- binet made up its mind to prosecute its designs for crippling Spain in this quarter of the world, and 88 ' DESIGNS OF ENGLAND ON S. AMERICA (1805) several conferences seem to have been held be- tween Pitt, Melville and Sir Home Popham, with the intention of giving Popham the chief command for an expedition to this purpose. Hostilities having broken out in Europe in 1803 an English squadron under Captain Moore, in the following year, captured some Spanish galleons laden with treasure at the mouth of the River Plate. The British vessels were the Medusa, Indefatigable, Amphion and Lively, the galleons were the Medea, Fama, Mercedes and Clara. The booty exceeded two millions sterling, including 5 million dollars in bullion. By some mishap the Mercedes blew up, and 300 persons perished, including the family of Captain Diego Alvear, second in command of the flo- tilla- one of his children escaped, the mother, Dofia Josefa Balbastro, sending him in a boat to his father's vessel. The boy afterwards became one of the greatest soldiers South America has produced, and gained the famous victory of Ituzaingo over the Bra- zilians. The father lived several years in England, in receipt of a pension from the British Government for the sad occurrence which had befallen him. It would appear that the British Government mo- mentarily turned its attention from South America to South Africa. In the autumn of 1805 a small Brit- ish squadron, composed of three 64-gun ships, one 50-gun ship, and four frigates and sloops, under the orders of Commodore Sir Home Popham, having in (1806) SIR HOME POPHAM 89 charge a fleet of transports and indiamen, containing about 5000 troops, commanded by Major-general Sir David Baird, sailed from England or rather, the ships of war having assembled there from different points, from the Island of Madeira, for the real but conceal- ed purpose of reducing the Cape of Good Hope. This squadron consisted of the — Diadem, 64; Sir Home Popham, Raisonable, 64, Josias Row^ley, Belliqueux, 64, George Byng, Diomede, 50, Joseph Edmonds, Leda, 38, Robert Honyman, Narcissus, 32, Ross Donnelly, Espoir, and gun-brig Encounter. Having touched at Bahia, the squadron again put to sea for Cape of Good Hope, and safely reached its destination •, in 8 days Sir Home Popham and Sir David Baird completed the reduction of the colony, the v^^hole Dutch army being made prisoners of war. At this juncture an American ship-captain (named Wire or Waine) arrived from the River Plate, and having informed the British commander that the inhabitants of Montevideo and Buenos Ayres were ''so ridden by their Government," that they would offer no resistance to a British army, Commodore Sir Home Popham took upon himself with the con- currence of Sir David Baird, to plan an expedition against those places. On that or the following day Sir Home, with the Diadem, Raisonable, Diomede, Nar- 90 DESIGNS OF ENGLAND ON S. AMEKICA (1806) cissus, and Encounter, vessels of war, and five sail of transports, havingonboard the 71st regiment, a small detachment of artillery, and a few dismounted dra- goons, under the command of Major-general Beres- ford, set sail from Table bay. On the 20th the squadron bore away for St. Helena, and, upon arriving there, re- ceived on board a detachment of troops and artillery amounting to 286 officers and men-, making the whole force of regulars embarked about 1200, including officers of every description. On the 2nd of May the expedition quitted St. Helena, and on the 27th, being anxious to obtain the earliest local information, Sir Home sailed for Rio de la Plata, in the Narcissus, leaving the squadron and transports in charge of Captain Rowley of the Raisonable. On the 8th of June the Narcissus anchored near the island of Flo- res, and on the 13th was joined by the Raisonable and squadron. It being deemed preferable, after a consultation between the two chiefs, to make the first attempt upon Buenos Ayres, the marine battalion, consisting, including officers, of 340 marines and 100 seamen, under the command of Captain William King, of the Diadem, (who had succeeded Captain Downman, sent home with despatches announcing the surren- der of the Cape,) was placed on board the Narcissus and Encounter. On the 16th these Vv3ssels, with the transports and troops, moved up the river; while the Diadem blockaded the port of Montevideo, and the (1806) AERIVAL OFF QUILMES 91 Raisonable and Diomede, by the way of demonstra- tion, cruised near Maldonado and other assailable points in that vicinity. Owing to adverse winds and currents, the foggy state of the weather, and the in- tricacy of the navigation, it was not until the af- ternoon of the 25th that the Narcissus and trans- ports anchored off Point Quilmes, about 12 miles from Buenos Ayres. (See James's Naval History, vol. IV.). 92 CAPTUKE 01? B. ATKES BY BEllESFOED (180G) CAP. XL CAPTURE OF BUENOS AYRES BY BERESFORD. The Viceroy Sobremonte was sitting in his state- box in the theatre at Buenos Ayres, when a courier rushed in with the intelligence that the English were landing at Quilnies, 4 leagues south of the city. It was the 24th of June 1806, and the Viceroy had received intimation nine days before from the Port- captain of Ensenada, Capt. Liniers, that a squadron of eleven British or American vessels was in sight. Sobremonte had supposed that in case of invasion Montevideo would be the point threatened. He hurried from the theatre to the Fort, where he shut himself up all night. Next morning, 25th, from the flat house-tops of (1806). FIGHT NEAR QUILMES 93 Buenos Ayres, could be descried the English troops landing from 11 vessels off Quilmes. The Viceroy sounded the tocsin, and called out all the inhabitants to arms. Major Gen. William Carr Beresford landed with 1635 men, and safely crossed the swampy coast-land to the high ground of Quilmes. Meantime the Vice- roy had sent away the treasure in bullock-carts to Villa Luxan • while he ordered D. Pedro de Arce, to defend the Puente Chico pass near Quilmes. Ac- cordingly under cover of the night De Arce ad- vanced with 1300 men and some artillery as far as the Dominican chapel, a mile from Quilmes, on a slope commanding the high-road to Buenos Ayres. Daybreak on the 26th set in rainy, and the Eng- lish, coming suddenly on the forces of De Arce, com- pletely routed them. The English loss in this skirmish was — 1 killed, 12 wounded, and 1 missings taking 3 pieces of cannon and a quantity of small arms. Beresford pushed on, with his men up to their knees in water, pressing so closely upon the fugitives that Col. Yanin had barely time, at 5 p.m. to burn the Barracas bridge. Here a last stand was to be made, the pass being defended by 3,000 troops under the Viceroy. The latter had his head-quarters at Videla s country-house, a mile nearer town. Towards nightfall Beresford's troops came up to the Riachuelo, and finding the bridge burnt hastily constructed rafts under the direction of Capt. King. 94 CAPTUKE OF B. xiYRES BY BERESFOBD (1806) At sunrise on the 27th. the EngUsh opened a mus- ketry fire on the militia defending the pass; these gave way after a faint resistance of 50 minutes, and the EngUsh crossed the Riachuelo without loss. Sobremonte sent an officer to his uncle, Colonel Quintana, who commanded the fort at Buenos Ayres, directing him to surrender or make hs good terms as he could •, the Viceroy with a few followers started, with his wife, overland for Cordoba. Nothing could exceed the surprise of the people when they saw the forces of Beresford advancing up the Calle Larga of Barracas, not 6,009 strong as re- ported, but only 1635 men, viz— 71st Highlanders, 800 Artillery and St. Helena reg. 395 Marines and Blue-jackets, 440. The inhabitants had never before seen the High- land uniform, which astonished them quite as much as the unearthly music of the pibroch of the clans. Beresford sent forward Ensign Gordon to sum- mon the fort to surrender, to which Col. Quintana replied that he would send his aide-de-camp to ar- range terms. Gordon and the aide-de-camp met Beresford advancing by San Telmo at the head of his troops. He briefly told Quintana's envoy that he would arrange details as soon as he got posses- sion of the place. At 3 p.m., under a heavy shower of rain, he marched into the fort, and hoisted the British flag on the ramparts, where the Spanish (1806) SEIZURE OP B. AYRES 95 flag had been first displayed in the same month of June 226 years before. The Cabildo had attempted to save the city from capture by offering Gen. Beresford a large sum of money as ransom, but he refused such terms. His first care was to re-assure the inhabitants that they should not be molested in their properties or rehgion, and on July 2nd. he issued a manifesto on the most generous terms. (See Appendix K.). This calmed the feelings of indignation among the people at seeing a city of 60,000 inhabitants captured by a handful of English troops. We read in the memoirs of Gen. Belgrano, that he was heard to say — '-It grieved me to see my country subju- gated in this manner, but I shall always admire the gallantry of the brave and honorable Beres- ford in so daring an enterprise." Notwithstanding the hostile sentiments of the Spanish population to everything English there is abundant proof of the conciliatory spirit promoted by the English general-, especially in declaring Free Trade on the same principles as in the other British Colonies, instead of the odious monopoly so long maintained by Spain in favor of the Cadiz merchants. On the same day that the manifesto was pub- lished (July 2nd) a small detachment of 30 men of the 71st, under Capt. Arbuthnot and Lieuts. Graham and Murray, started for Villa Luxan, from which place they returned on the 10th, bringing the treasure sent 96 CAPTURE OF B. AYRES BY BERESFORD (1806) thither by the Viceroy Sobremonte. This valuable booty reached 1,438,514 dollars (say 300,000/. ster- ling), part belonging to the King of Spain and part to the Spanish Philippine Trading Company. A portion was set aside by Beresford and Popham for the requirements of their forces, and the rest, amount- ing to 1,086,208 dollars, was sent to England in the Narcissus frigate. So much pomp and popular re- joicing attended the landing of the treasure and its conveyance through London that it resembled a Lord Mayor s show. Meantime Beresford's little garrison had been re- duced by sending home the half of the Marine Bat- talion with the treasure, and he must now hold his ground until reinforcements should reach him either from Cape of Good Hope or from England. The Cabildo, tribunals, corporations and military com- manders had all taken the oath of allegiance to the King of England *, except perhaps Capt. Liniers de Bremont, heretofore port-captain at Ensenada, who formed with Juan Martin Puyrredon the design of recovering Buenos Ayres, in which they were aided by a donation of 8,000 dollars from D. Mar- tin Alzaga. The establishment of the first Freemason Lodge was made by the English officers in July, and joined by some natives. Nuilez tells us that Beresford and his officers were welcome guests at the prin- cipal houses, owing to their frank and cordial man- (1806) LINIERS GOES TO MONTEVIDEO 97 ner, and might often be seen walking with the wives and daughters of the Escaladas, Sarrateas, Marcos and other leading families. Even the reli- gious communities presented a flattering address to Beresford in which they said — '' Although a change of masters in a young country is usually a great misfortune it has sometimes proved the first step to national prosperity, and we confidently say that the suavity of British: rule and the sublime qualities of Your Excellency will console us for the loss of our connexion with Spain." The Prior of St. Domingo, P. Ignacio Grela, pronounced a sermon in the Cathe- dral in the same tone. Nevertheless Beresford felt his position so dangerous that he issued a decree (July 7th) ordering all persons to give up arms under penalty of death. Liniers having obtained permission to visit his family in the city took this occasion to concert with Puyrredon and Alzaga their plan of action. He would himself proceed at once to Montevideo and* solicit from Governor Huidobro a corps of 500 men, while Puyrredon and his friends would collect as many followers as possible at a short distance from Buenos Ayres. It was about the middle of July when Li- niers crossed in a small boat to Colonia, unperceived by the English vessels. Beresford was aware of the enemy's movements and sent a despatch on July 31st to Sir Home Popham, aboard the fleet in port, that a revolution was being 98 CAPTUKE OF B. AYKES BY BERESFORD (1806) prepared in Buenos Ayres-, numbers of gaucho vo- lunteers having collected at Moron, Pilar and Luxan, besides Olabarria s regiment of Blandengues with 3 guns. Next day, August 1st, he sent Col. Pack v^ith 500 infantry and 2 pieces of cannon to attack the head-quarters of the patriots under Puyrredon at Ca- serio de Pedriel, near the Chacrita farm, a league from town. Puyrredon's friends, about 1100 in num- ber, according to Nufiez, or 1,600 as stated by Pop- ham, could make no stand against disciplined troops, but fled, leaving some pieces of artillery as trophies, with which Col. Pack returned to the city. (Popham says 9 pieces^ native historians say 3 were captured). The conspirators in Buenos Ayres were not dis- heartened by the rout of Puyrredon, but resolved in case Liniers was unsuccessful in the effort for recovering Buenos Ayres to blow up the whole Eng- lish garrison by means of two mines. One of these ran from a carpenter's shop facing the beach towards the Port ^ the other was under the Rancheria bar rack, where the Old Market is now situate, having its outlet under the house of Jose Martinez de Hoz. The Bishop was opposed to these mines, either because he considered them an unlawful mode of warfare, or that he feared a great loss of life among the citizens living in the neighborhood. A delay of 6 days occurred at Colonia, while Li- niers was embarking his troops and ammunition, during which some of Puyrredon's friends arrived (1806) LINIEKS MAECHING ON B. AYEES * 99 with the news of their recent defeat : this nowise discouraged the gallant leader. On August 3rd. he sailed from Colonia, his force being now swelled to 1,000 men by 300 sailors of Concha's schooners, 73 French privateersmen under Capt. Mordell (nick- named Maincourt lor want of an arm), and 60 mi- litia of Colonia. A friendly fog enabled him to es- cape the notice of the English cruisers, and next day he landed his troops at Las Conchas, 7 leagues north of Buenos Ayres. At noon the same day he occu- pied San Fernando, and was joined by 500 pea- santry. At San Isidro a fearful storm detained the progress of Liniers and his army 4 days, the rough country roads being impassable. Starting again on x4ug. 9th they pushed on with great difficulty, and en- camped that night at the Chacrita, in view of the city. Next morning Liniers established his head- quarters at the Miserere (now Once de Setiembre), not having yet seen any sign of the British. Nunez tells us his army now numbered 4^000 men, only a portion being properly armed. An officer named Hilarion Quintana was des- patched to Beresford, with summons to surrender : the reply was a determination to fight to the last. At midnight Liniers set his army in motion for the Retiro, on the northern extremity of the city. Al- though the distance was under two miles the roads were so bad that it was daybreak when the Retiro 100* CAPTURE OP L. ATRES BY BERESFORD (1806) was readied, the men having to pull the artillery through swamps reaching to the knee. In the face of overwhelming numbers Beresford's little outpost could make only a feeble resistance, falling back towards the Fort after a loss of 8 men. Lieut, Col. Campbell with 500 men had gone to their assis- tance, but was compelled to retire under a heavy enfilading fire from pieces mounted by the enemy to sweep Calle Florida. Some other pieces, 18- pounders, were pointed at the English war-vessels in port, with such precision that one shot cut away the mast of a vessel, and another the mizen and ensign of a second, amid the cheers of the patriot forces who regarded this as a good omen. Sir H. Popham landed to consult with Beresford, and seems to have advised him to evacuate the place at once and remove all his forces to the squadron, as there was yet time. But the General was still un- der the delusion that Alzaga and Puyrredon might be prevailed on to come to terms with the British Government and induce Liniers and the rest to a'c- cept such a conclusion. He accordingly sent an American merchant named William White, with a letter to Puyrredon at the Retire, inviting him to a conference, to which Liniers and Puyrredon con- sented, but the interview did not take place. Admi- ral Popham returned on board, and Beresford pre- pared to hold his ground at the Fort. At daybreak on the 12th of Aug. the patriot army (1800) CAPTURE OF THE RETIEO 101 of 4.000 men with some pieces of cannon opened a brisk fire along the principal streets on the Plaza: here Beresford had established his head-quarters, with 18 guns in position to sweep the various streets, and picquets of infantry stationed. in r the Oabildov Recoba and neighboring house-topS;. ; Liniers, had ordered the attack for noon, but the Catalan Toluri- teers and Mordell's French privateersmen advanced under cover of a fog along Calles San Martin and Reconquista as far as 'the Merced church, within 300 yards of the Plaza, about 10 a.m., when their ammu- nition being exhausted the alarm spread that the EngUsh had cut them off. Liniers hastened to their support, and established his head-quarters at the Merced •, four columns, each with two cannons, ad- vancing simultaneously along the northern and west- ern streets to the Plaza, while the cavalry swept on- wards in spite of the fire from the English guns, amid the shouts and Vivas of the inhabitants. Pop- ham's despatch says that Col. Pack captured 3 guns in the first assault by the enemy upon the Plaza, which Liniers denies. Puyrredon charged the enemy's line at the head of his men, and himself snatched from Jthe ensign the glorious flag of the 71st Highlanders, still bearing the marks of the gallant defence of St. Jean d' Acre against Napoleon. The townfolk meantime kept up a galling fire from their houses upon the unflinching defenders of the Plaza, and forced the General to 102 CAPTUKE or B. AYKES BY BEllESFOED (1806) evacuate the Ctibildo balconies. About noon, while Beresford was standing under the Recoba arch, di- recting the defence, Capt. Kennet, his aide-d<3-camp, received a death shot by his side •, and the enemy liaving mountgd a gun on the roof of the Cathedral dpenqd so destructive a fire on the men below that i^eres'fbrd^gave the signal to retreat to the Fort, which was effected in good order. The General was the last man to cross the drawbridge, exhibiting, as Liniers testifies, his usual coolness, valor and dis- cipline. By this time the townspeople had joined the forces of Liniers, making altogether nearly 10,000 men, who rushed forward pell-mell to storm the fort. Beres ford having put up a white flag of truce Liniers sent his aide-de-camp Quintana to demand an uncondition- al surrender. This was refused, whereupon Liniers consented to allow him the honors of war, and seems to have promised him or concluded with him the heads of a capitulation. Liniers embraced Beresford on his leaving the fort, and complimented him on his gallant defence. In the account published by Liniers he sayis — "When Gen. Beresford hoisted the Spanish flag and came out of the fort to meet me I told him that in con- sideration of his gallant defence I allowed him and his garrison all the honors of war." Then the gar- rison marched across the Plaza and piled their arms in, front of the Cabildo, the spectators observing a (1806) SURRENDER OF BERESFORD 103, respectful demeanor, Col. Concha having called out that he would shoot the first man who might insult the EngUsh troops. In this manner 1200 officers and men surrendered as prisoners of war, after holding the city 45 days. Two of the English flags were presented by Liniers to the Merced church, as he led one of his columns back to the Retiro; the banner of the 71st Highlanders was hung up in the Cathedral, but afterwards presented to Santo Domingo church, where it may still be seen on feast-days, suspended from the dome. For some days, says Mitre, the capitulation (of which Sir Home Popham sent a copy to the Admi- ralty) was unknown to the citizens, who believed Beresford had surrendered without other compact than to be allowed the honors of war. On the 25th August Liniers wrote to Beresford regretting that the Cabildo objected to the clause allowing the free return of the garrison to England, and added " I am doing my utmost to press the fulfilment of the condi- tions expressed." Accordingly a Council of War was held next day and it was resolved to fulfil the terms agreed on, but this caused such an outcry that other conduct was adopted, and a note sent to Beresford that it was notorious he had surrendered at discretion, and that the capitulation signed after his surrender was invalid. In vain Beresford replied that Liniers had promised him the conditions before he gave up the fort, and protested against the violation of a com- 104 CAPTURE OF B. AYRES BY BERESFORD (1806) pact. The English soldiers were sent away on Sept. 20th, in detachments to the Upper Provinces, where many of them married natives, and among their des- cendants are Senators, Deputies and Governors of the present time. Beresford's officers comprised- one Brigadier, two Lieut. Colonels, one Major, 15 Captains, 21 Lieute- nants, 8 Sub-Lieutenants, besides surgeons, commis- sariat officials etc. They were notified on August 30th, that the terms of capitulation were annulled by the Cabildo, and that they would be detained as pri- soners of war in the city. Their gentlemanly be- haviour and good manners soon made them so po- pular among all the better class of citizens that the Cabildo feared their influence, all the more because a second English expedition was known to be fitting out for the River Plate. About the middle of Sep- tember Gen. Beresford and 8 officers were sent un- der a guard to Luxan, with orders to Major Nufiez to treat them with kindness. Hunting and shooting parties beguiled the days of their captivity, and friendly dinners took place at which native officers sat down with Gen. Beresford, Colonels Pack and Campbell, Major Foley, Adjutant Arbvithnot and others. At this time one of the English officers was murdered, for which the Cabildo subsequently ex- pressed regret in a letter to General Auchmuty at Montevideo, adding that the efforts to discover the assassin were fruitless. (180G) CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES 105 After 5 months detention at Luxan Gen. Beres- ford and Col. Pack contrived to effect their escape to Montevideo, by aid of some Spanish members of the new Freemason lodge in Buenos Ayres. Capt. Olabarria had received orders to convey Beresford and companions to Catamarca, when his brother-in- law, Saturnino Peila, presented a forged order as if fromLiniersfor the prisoners. They were accord- ingly conveyed to the house of Francisco Gonsalez in the suburbs, and kept there until shipped by two gentlemen named Padilla and Lima, in a schooner for Montevideo- Peila, Padilla and Lima afterwards re- ceived a life pension of 300/. sterling a year from the British Government. As reo-ards the casualties attendino; the defeat of Beresford Nuilez says the patriots lost 200 between killed and wounded, and Admiral Popham's despatch reports the English loss as, killed 2 officers and 45 men, wounded 8 officers and 99 men, missing 9 men, making in all 163 hors-de-combat^ while he estim- ates the Spanish loss at 700. The trophies of the re- conquest were — 35 heavy guns and 4 mortars belong- ing to the fort, 22 Spanish and 7 English field pieces, and 1600 muskets, besides 7,800 old stand of arms left behind by Viceroy Sobremonte. Thus ended the expedition of General Beresford, which was destined to be the forerunner of a still more disastrous enterprise for the British arms. Ne- vertheless Beresford covered himself and his little 106 CAPTURE OF B. AYRES BY BERESFORD (1806) army with glory, and if supported in time the issue would probably have been different. Beresford's soldiers were now scattered over Cordoba, Rioja, Catamarca and other Provinces. We shall see here- after that most of them obtained their liberty and re- turned to England. General Beresford was one of the most distinguish- ed soldiers of his time. He was illegitimate son of the Marquis of Waterford, entered the army at the age of 16, and served in every quarter of the globe. After his defeat at Buenos Ayres he captured Ma- deira, and was made Governor of that island. In 1808 he covered the retreat of Sir John Moore to Corun- na, for which he received a Marshal's baton, and was made commander-in-chief in Portugal. In 1811 he beat Marshal Soult and a superior French army at Albuera, and subsequently took part in the vic- tories of Salamanca and Vittoria. For these ser- vices he was made Duke of Elvas, and the British Government conferred on him in 1814 the title of Baron Beresford of Albuera and Dungannon. The same year he was sent Minister to Brazil, and on his return was created Viscount. He married the widow of Thomas Hope, the banker, and settled down on his estates in Kent, where he died in 1854, leaving no children. (1806) ASSAULT AND CAPTUKE OF MONTEVIDKO 107 CAP. XII. ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF MONTEVIDEO. Oommoclore Popham tried to avenge himself for the loss of Buenos Ayres by making an attempt, in the middle of Oct., to carry Montevideo by a coup- de-main. He had received, a week before, consider- able reinforcements from Cape of Good Hope, num- bering some 3,500 men aboard 30 small vessels. Finding the w^ater too shallow to allow his ships to approach near enough to bombard the place with effect he retired on October 28th, with the inten- tion of possessing himself of the harbour of Mal- donado, formed by the island of Goriti, a strong place, defended by a battery of twenty 24-pounders. On the 29th the frigates of the squadron anchored in 108 ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF MONTEVIDEO (1807) the harbour, and disembarked, without opposition, a detachment of troops, (including sailors and marines about 1000 strong,) under Brigadier-General Back- house, who after a slight skirmish captured Maldonado and Goriti. Here the British forces remained till the close of the year, and on January 5th 1807 Rear- admiral Stirling, in the Ardent G4, with a small con- voy, arrived at Maldonado, to supersede Commodore Sir Home Popham. The Rear-admiral also brought out Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty to take the command of the troops. On the 13th Maldonado was evacuated without opposition, and a small gar- rison only was left in Goriti. It was now determi- ned to invest Montevideo, a strong town, mounting on its different batteries 160 pieces of cannon, and respectably garrisoned- and the following was the British naval force ready to cooperate in the attack : Diadem, 64, Samuel Warren. Raisonable, 64, Josias Rowley. Ardent, 64, Ross Donnelly. Lancaster, 64, William Pothergill. Leda, 38, Robert Honyman. Unicorn, 32, Lucius Hardyman. Medusa, 32, Hon. Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie. Sloops, troop-ships, gun-brigs, (fee. Accordingly, on the 16th, in the morning, the ships having assembled off the island of Flores, a landing was effected in a small bay a little to the westward of the Carretas rocks, and about eight miles to the east- (1807j LANDING AT PUNTA CARRETAS 109 ward of the town. The strength of the breeze, and the intricacy of the navigation, rendered it very dif- ficult for a covering force to approach near enough to be of much use- but the frigates, under the direc- tions of Captain Lucius Hardyman of the Unicorn, got so close as to command the beach, had any oppo- sition been offered by the body of troops in view on the heights. On the 19th the army, including about 800 sea- men and marines under the orders of Captains Ross Donnelly and John Palmer, (the latter of the ship-sloop Pheasant,) moved forward, and in the evening the ships of war and transports dropped off Chico bay •, near to which, and at about two miles from the town, the troops encamped, having during the march thi- ther had a slight skirmish with parties of the enemy. Such was the shallowness of the water in front of Montevideo, that the ships could lend no effectual cooperation in the siege, beyond landing a part of their men, guns, and stores, and cutting off all com- munication between Colonia and Buenos-Ayres. On the 25th the general opened his breaching batteries, and the lighter vessels of the squadron began a dis- tant cannonade. The siege continued, with doubtful result, until the 2d February, when a breach was reported practicable. In the evening a summons was sent to the governor, to which no answer was return- ed- and on the morning of the 3(3, before day, the breach was most gallantly stormed, and the town and 110 ASSAULT AND CAPTUllE OF MONTEVIDEO (1807) citadel carried. The loss sustained by the army, from its first landing to the termination of the siege, amounted to 192 killed, 421 wounded, and eight missing. So low was the stock of powder reduced by the protracted length of the siege, that, when the breach was made, no greater quantity remained on board the ships of war, transports, and fleet of English merchantmen in company, than would have furnished two days' further consumption. None of the few Spanish vessels of war found in the harbour were of much value. A corvette of 28 guns was burnt by the crew. There were two or three other unserviceable corvettes, and some schooners of war-, also 21 gun- boats. * Gen. Auchmuty's despatch will be read with in- terest, giving the details of so gallant an achieve- ment — '• Montevideo, Feb. 6th 1807. " I have the honor to inform Your Lordship that the troops under my command have taken by assault after a most determined resistance the important fortress and city of Montevideo. The Ardent with her convoy arrived at Maldonado on 5th ult., when I at once took command of the troops from the Cape under Gen. Backhouse. On the 13th I evacuated Mal- donado, leaving a small garrison at Goriti island. ^^ Having resolved with Rear-admiral Stirling to (James's Naval History, vol. 4. ) (1807) . DEFEAT OF THE GAllRISON 111 attack Montevideo I landed at an early hour on the 18th at Punta Carretas, 9 miles distant, the enemy holding the heights with a great number of guns, but making no advance to prevent my taking up a strong position a mile from the coast. At noon a light can- nonade and outpost firing commenced, and was con- tinued at intervals. ''On the 19th we moved towards Montevideo, the right column, under Gen. Lumley, soon finding itself opposed to 4,000 cavalry of the enemy which occup- ied the heights, opening upon us a heavy fire of ball and canister, until Col. Brownrigg s batt. charged them with great spirit, routing the enemy, who lost one gun. ''No farther resistance was made, the enemy fal- ling back before us, until he took up a position, two miles from the town. Next morning the garrison sal- lied out, 6,000 strong, to attack us, advancing in 2 col- umns. Their infantry falling upon my advanced guard of 400 men Col. Brown promptly sent Major Camp- bell with 3 companies of the 40th, who charged with great vigor. After an obstinate struggle, attended with great loss on both sides, the enemy began to give way, whereupon our rifles and light batt. charg- ed so impetuously that the enemy's left column broke and fled, being pursued with great slaughter. The other column seeing the fate of their comrades retir- ed precipitately without firing a shot. "The enemy's loss is put down at 1,800, including 112 ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF MONTEVIDEO (1807) two or three hundred killed and an equal number of prisoners. At first I thought the defences of Monte- video were weak and the garrison likely to make a feeble resistance, but I find the works are respectable, counting 160 guns. '' As the enemy held Rat Island, which commanded the port, I threw up a battery of two guns, on the 23rd, to keep that place in check, and pushed forward my outposts so as to cut off all communication by land. ^'* On the 25th we opened fire by land and water, but seeing no inclination of the garrison to surrender I constructed on the 28th a battery of 6 guns one thousand yards from the S.E. bastion, and another of 6 guns only 600 yards from the southern rampart. At last a breach was reported practicable on Feb. 2nd, and I gave orders to prepare for an assault an hour before daybreak, having in the evening sent a flag of truce demanding surrender, to which no an- swer was give. " The assaulting party consisted of the light infan- try under Col. Brownrigg and Major Trotter, the rifles under Major Gardner, the grenadiers under Majors Campbell and Tucker, the 38th under Col. Vassall and Major Nugent^ supported by the 40th under Ma- jor Dalrymple, and the 87th under Col. Butler and Major Miller : the conduct of the whole being com- mitted to Col. Browne. The reserve under General Lumley comprised the 17th light dragoons, the 47th (1807) LOSS ON BOTH SIDES 113 foot, a company of the 71st, and a corps of marines and blue-jackets. " In the darkness of the night our men were un- able to make out the breach, which the;enemy had cov- ered with hides, and the assailants were exposed to a galling fire for a quarter of an hour. The breach was discovered by Capt. Kenny of the 40th, who fell gallantly at the head of a storming party. Our brave soldiers impetuously carried the breach and forced their way into the city, in spite of a destructive fire, and cleared all obstacles at the point of the bayonet. It was arranged that the 87th were to be admitted at the north gate by their comrades inside, but such was their ardor that they scaled the walls and got in before the others came up. At daybreak the city was in our hands, and women were walking peace- fully about the streets. "Nothing could exceed the valor of our troops in the assault, or their moderation and good conduct afterwards. Our loss, I regret to say, has been severe, including many valuable officers. Lieut.-Colonels Vassall and Brownrigg are killed, as also Major Dal- rymple. Among the wounded is Major Tucker. "The enemy's loss reaches 800 killed and 500 wounded. About 1500 escaped in boats, but I have taken Governor Huidobro and 2,000 officers and men prisoners. "I have received from Gen. Lumley and Colonel Browne the ablest assistance. The Royal Artillery 114 ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF MONTEVIDEO (1807) has maintained its deserved reputation, and I feel much indebted to Capts. Watson, Dickson, Carmi- chael and Willgress, as well as to Capt. Panshaw of the Engineers. It is also my duty to make honorable mention of Capts. Donnelly and Palmer, who ren- dered such valuable aid with the marines and blue- jackets. ^^I need hardly say that the utmost cordiality pre- vails between Admiral Stirling and myself, and that I have received from him the most friendly atten- tion and support. *^'This despatch will be presented by Major Tucker, who was wounded in the assault and will be able to give your Lordship all necessary details. " I have the honor (fee. ^^ Samuel Auchmuty^ Brigadier General." The British loss is stated to have been 72 between killed and wounded. Among the bravest defenders of Montevideo killed in the assault was the Prench privateersman Captain Mordella, who had previously fought at Buenos Ayres. During 7 months the British retained possession of Montevideo, and if they had confined their efforts to Banda Oriental this would soon have become the most flourishing of English colonies. Among the first institutions we have to report the establishment of an English paper called the Southern Star^ under the auspices of Gen. Auchmuty;, this may be regard- ed as the foundation of the English Press in South (1807) EVACUATION OF MONTEVIDEO 115 America, although the paper survived only a few months. It is most honorable to the British arms to point to an address from the Cabildo of Montevideo, im- mediately before the evacuation of that city, sponta- neously testifying the meritorious conduct of the British garrison and authorities during the 7 months occupation. It is dated August 27th 1807, and ad- dressed to Col. Gore Brown. ^'We should be unworthy of the name of men were we not to acknowledge our gratitude, and to tender our warmest thanks to you and Sir S. Auchmuty for your generosity and cease- less exertions to' lessen our sufferings, and allevi- ate the miseries of war. Families were treated with the utmost tenderness and respect. The pride of vic- torious troops who had just conquered a city, and en- tered through blood and fire, was in a moment sup- pressed, and their exultation reduced to quiet and tranquillity. Such recollections will render the me- mory of Sir S. Auchmuty and yourself dear to us, and we shall ever pray that every happiness which your exalted virtue deserves may attend your steps." Antonio Pereira. Lorenzo de Vivanco. 116 whitelocke's expedition (1807) CAP. XIII. WHITELOCKE'S EXPEDITION. In May 1807 an expedition comprising several frigates and transports with 5,000 troops on board arrived at Montevideo from England, bringing Ad- miral Murray (flag-ship Polyphemus, 64 guns) to su- persede Admiral Stirling, and Gen. Cravsrfurd to take the place of Sir Samuel Auchmuty. A month later Lieut. Gen. Whitelocke arrived in H. M. S. Thisbe, with orders to assume the chief command, the British Government having conferred on him the rank of Governor General of South America, at a salary of 12,000?. sterling per annum, In fact the brilliancy of Beresford's achievement in capturing Buenos Ayres with a handful! of men had dazzled the minds of Eng- (1807) LANDING AT ENSENADA 117 lish statesmen, who felt that 10,000 British troops were enough to subdue the whole of this vast con- tinent. The expedition arrived in sight of Buenos Ayres on June 27th5 and next day Gen. Whitelocke landed at Ensenada with 7,822 officers and men, and 18 field- pieces. A march of 20 miles to Quilmes occupied 3 days, the army arriving there on 1st July, after much labor in toilingjthrough the swamps, where[two pieces of cannon were lost ^ the native cavalry constantly harassing the invaders, whose superior discipline, however, left no room for any advantage on the part of the natives. Next day Mayor Gen. Levison Gower advanced to the Riachuelo, where Viceroy Liniers had drawn up his army, consisting of 4,000 foot, 1,700 horse and 50 field-pieces to dispute the passage, almost on the very spot where Beresford had routed Sobremonte's troops just 12 months before. But as Gen. Gower made a slight detour and forded the river at Paso Chico the Viceroy did not risk a battle, and to this circumstance was due the safety of Buenos Ayres ^ for if Liniers had engaged the British troops in the open field the result must have proved fatal to the Spanish arms. The same afternoon (July 2nd.) the right wing under Gower, 1,700 men, occupied the Miserere or western outskirt of the city ^ and Liniers hurrying up with his army from the Riachuelo assail- ed the British position about sunset, at the moment 118 WHiTELOCKE'b expp:dition (1807) that Gen. Crawford with another division arrived to Gower's support. So complete was the overthrow sustained by Liniers that he fled precipitately to the city, abandon^ ing 13 pieces of cannon, and sending word to the Cabildo that there was no longer room for resistance, but to make the best terms possible with the victors. Esteves says the EngUsh lost 9 officers and 300 men in this affair. Mitre says Liniers lost 13 guns, besides 80 prisoners, but Esteves says 3 guns. If Whitelocke had now advanced upon the city there was nothing to prevent as easy a triumph as that of Beresford had been, but whether through treachery or incompetency he had rendered abortive the chances of success. He was still with the main body near the Riachuelo, and had detached Col. Mahon with 1,800 men to hold Quilmes, a village of no value, 10 miles distant. On July 3rd Gen. Gower sent an officer to demand surrender of the city, but Martin Alzaga had inspired such courage into the Cabildo and labored so stren- uously all night in making barricades and batteries that the reply of the garrison was in Spartan terms : ' If you want our arms you must come and take them.' Col. Balbiani reinforced the garrison with his division from Barracas, and some of the heavy guns at the Retiro were spiked, to prevent their capture by the English. Capt. Azopard constructed some barricades of tercios of yerba, and mounted artillery at the 4 (1807) ORDER OF ASSAULT 119 corners of the Plaza. There were also barricades at the Merced, San Miguel, Santo Domingo, and the corner of Calles Tacaari and Potosi. Moreover every azotea (flat roof) in the city was converted into a fortress, provided with stones, hand grenades and boihng water to throw at the advancing columns of the enemy. At noon, under a heavy shower of rain, the Viceroy Liniers re-entered the city with 1,000 men, of those who remained with him after last night's defeat. Whitelocke still lost another day without attacking the city, and contented himself with sending the gar- rison another summons to surrender, which they treated with contempt, even pushing out some com- panies of Catalan sharp-shooters as far as San Nicolas church (Calle Artes) to exchange shots with the invaders. On the morning of the 5th, it was resolved to storm the town. As early as four o'clock, the troops selected for this service were under arms^ by reason of various delays, it was daylight before they formed at the entrances of the different streets, through which they had to fight their way. The disposition of these troops, numbering four thousand five hundred men, was as follows — the remainder of the army being in reserve, under General Whitlocke, about three miles from the scene of action: — The 45th Infantry, under Lieut.-Col. Guard. The Carabineers, under Lieut.-Col. Kington. 120 WHITELOCKE'S EXPEDITION (1807) The light brigade, in two wings, under Lieut.-Gen. Crawford and Lieut.-Col Pack. The 88th Regiment, in two wings, under Lieut.- Col. Duffand Major Vandeleur- The 36th Regiment, in two wings, under Lieut.- Col. Byrne and Captain Cross, The 5th Regiment, in two wings, under Lieut.-Col Davie and the Hon. Major King. The 87th Regiment, in two wings, under Sir S. Auchmuty and Major Miller, The 38th Regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Nugent. At a signal of 21 guns, fired at 6.30 a.m. at the Miserere, the column advanced, the men having orders to advance without firing a shot to the Plaza, Santo Domingo, and Retiro. "The British troops, "(writes Gen. Mitre), worthy of a better General, " marched resolutely to their sacrifice, advancing as "fearlessly as on parade along those avenues of " death, enfiladed at right angles every 150 yards : " Whitelocke remaining with the reserve at the Mise- " rere, entirely cutoff from the rest of his army. The " result of such tactics could not but prove disas trous." Nevertheless two points of vantage ground were speedily gained by the intrepid assailants, General Auchmuty carrying the Retiro at the point of the bayonet and capturing 32 guns and 600 prisoners about 9 p.m., Avhile Col. Guard of Gen. Crawford's division seized the Residencia. At the same time (1807) DEFEAT OP CONNAUGHT RANGERS 121 Auchmuty threw forward a small force, which took the Catalinas convent, and the English advanced positions north and south were now within a thous- and yards of the Plaza. At the sight of the British ensign being hoisted simultaneously from the Retiro, Catalinas and Residencia the sailors of the fleet set up a loud cheer, believing the city was taken. But the attack in other parts had failed. The 88th (Con- naught Rangers) suffered so fearfully in marching up Calles Piedad and Cuyo from the Miserere, that on reaching San Miguel they had left half their num- ber dead in the street, and the rest unable to carry the barricade at San Miguel, were forced to surrender themselves prisoners. Col. Duff's battalion surrend- ered at 11 a.m. in a house close to San Miguel. The other battalion, under Major Vandeleur, fought its way to the Merced, where 220 survivors gave up their arms to Capt. Bustos. Col. Duff saved the flag of the Connaught Rangers by leaving it at the Miserere, as he and many others felt they were marching to cer- tain destruction. Gen. Lumley's corps was more fortunate, pushing its way down Calles Corrientes and Cuyo, under a deadly discharge of musquetry, stones and hot water for more thana mile, and reach- ing in safety the line of beach, where it resolutely charged Elio's troops, routing them and spiking two of their guns. Lumley, finding his force too small to take the Merced, fell back on the Retiro, still held by Auchmuty. 122 whitelocke's expedition (1807) Meanwhile Col. Pack and Gen. Crawfurd advanced along Calles Belgrano and Venezuela, with the ob- ject of seizing the Jesuit church. But the Patricios under Saavedra and Viamont opened so destructive a fire from the barrack at corner of Calles Moreno and Bolivar (where the Nat. College and Legislature are now situate) that the advancing column was utterly broken, Pack himself being among the wounded; while Lieut.-Col. Cadogan with 220 men took refuge in the Vice-Queen s house, corner of Calles Peru and Belgrano, and Pack in Santo Domingo. After a gal- lant resistance Cadogan's survivors, 160 in number, surrendered to Major Viamont, the Colonel being among the wounded. Gen. Crawfurd had just then taken Santo Domingo, and was about to assault San Francisco, only 300 yards from the Fort, but on learn- ing of Pack's reverse he retreated into Santo Do- mingo, hoisting from the belfry the flag of the 71st Highlanders, which had been taken from Beresford. Liniers now directed all his efforts to the recovery of Santo Domingo, as the English sharpshooters from the convent caused serious loss to the enemy. The Fort opened a fire of 24-pounders which struck the towers and shook the building, obliging the garrison- to retreat from the roof, while a mixed force of Pa- tricios and Spanish volunteers (estimated by White- locke at 6,000 strong) assailed the breastwork in front of the convent, defended by a 3-pounder. Col. Guard and Major Trotter were killed, but the gun was (1807) SURRENDEK OF GEN. CRAWFURD 123 saved. A small English detachment, under Colonel James Butler, had occupied the Black barrack, just behind Santo Domingo; after a terrific conflict, in which they sold their lives dearly, they were all kil- led. Agreeably to Col. Butler s request his remains were buried on the spot he had so valiantly defend- ed, and the tombstone was visible there till 1818. Crawford was now reduced to extremities and at 3.30p.m. surrendered at discretion, his force (according to Esteves) amounting to 930 officers and men. This decided the fate of Whitelocke's army, which had already lost 1100 between killed and wounded. The Retire and Residencia were still held by about 2,000 men, and Whitelocke made an ineffectual effort to send the Dragoons and Carbineers with 2 guns under Col. Kingston to Crawfurd's assistance. Col. Kings- ton and Captain Burnell were wounded, being driven back on Plaza Lorea, where they seized the Piedad church. Col. Kingston died of his wound two days later, in a private house, where he was treated with the utmost kindness. On the night of the 5th July the British loss was found to be over 2,500 between killed, wounded and prisoners-, the rest of Whitelocke's command, in- cUiding the Retire, Residencia, Miserere, and the garrison at Quilmes only numbering 5,300 men. Next morning Whitelocke received the following letter from General Liniers : — '^Sir, — The same sentiments of humanity which in- 124 whitelocke's expedition (1807) duced your Excellency to propose to me to capitulate, lead me, now that I am fully acquainted with your force, that I have taken eighty officers and upwards of 1,000 men, and killed more than double that num- ber, without your having reached the centre of my position : the same sentiments, I say, lead me, in order to avoid a further effusion of blood, and to give your Excellency a Iresh proof of Spanish generosity, to offer to your Excellency, that if you choose to re- embark with the remainder of your army, to evacuate Montevideo and the whole of the River Plate, leaving me hostages for the execution of the treaty^ I will not only return all the prisoners which I have now made, but also all those which were taken from General Beresford. At the same time I think it necessary to state, that if your Excellency does not accept this offer I cannot answer for the safety of the prisoners, as my troops are so infinitely exasperated against them^ and the more so as three of my aides-de-camp have been wounded bearing flags of truce : and for this reason I send your Excellency this letter by an English officer, and shall wait your answer for one hour." (Signed), &c., (fee. Whitelocke gave an evasive reply, by proposing an armistice for 24 hours to recover the wounded on both sides, whereupon the garrison renewed its fire of artillery, rightly judging that Whitelocke only waited the arrival of Col. Mahon with 1800 men from (1807) CAPITULATION OF WHITELOCKE 125 Quilmes to resume hostilities. Liniers (says Mitre) gave Auchmuty 15 minutes to surrender, and then at- tacked the Retiro with a large force, but was repulsed with such slaughter that he left 2 guns in the hands of the EngUsh. At 2.30 p.m. Gen. Whitelocke sent Gen. Gower to the Fort with an intimation to Liniers that he ac- cepted the terms proposed the day before. The treaty was duly signed next day (7th) at the Riglos quinta adjoining the Retiro, by Gen. Whitelocke, Admiral Murray and Gen. Liniers. It is mentioned in Es- teves's memoirs that a reinforcement of 2,000 men arrived from England at Montevideo on July 5th, and that Gen. Auchmuty strongly urged Whitelocke to make another effort to take Buenos Ayres, before consenting to surrender Montevideo also. Robertson tells us in his letters on the River Plate, that Liniers drew up his note without any reference to Monte- video, whereupon Alzaga insisted on the evacuation of Montevideo being included. This brave and ener- getic man was afterwards shot by the Cabildo for his attachment to the Spanish rule. On the 16th July, after 12 days spent in embarking the troops and war material, Whitelocke and the survivors of his army sailed from Buenos Ayres, and on September 9th he surrendered Montevideo to Gen. Elio. The official report gives Whitelocke's loss thus - - Killed 317, wounded 674, missing 208, total 1199. 126 whitelocke's expedition (1807) This was probably much below the reality, as also the estimate of the loss of the patriots, which Este- ves puts down at 150 killed, but Mitre states at 302 killed and 514 wounded. Whitelocke was tried by court-martial and dismis- sed the service, and it was generally believed he would have been shot but that he was supposed to be natural son of a member of the royal family. An eminent English historian (James) says of this un- fortunate campaign. '' It showed the advantage of noticing, in a proper manner, the first symptom of shyness that an officer discovers. Had some httle qualm of this kind, which notoriously affected Lieute- nant-Colonel Whitelocke at Saint-Domingo, stripped him of his uniform, Lieutenant-General Whitelocke would not have been present at Buenos Ayres, to sa- crifice a gallant army and cast slur upon the British name." Such was the detestation of Whitelocke's name that for some time afterwards there was a common toast ^'•Success to grey hairs, but bad luck to white locks." The disgraced general many years later bought an estate m one of the midland counties of England- and happening one day to halt at the village inn he invited the landlord to a glass of wine^ but as soon as the latter learned the stranger's name he threw down the glass and the generaPs money, saying he would neither drink with a traitor nor take his money. In Buenos Aires it is generally believed that Whitelocke (1807) DISGRACE OF WHITELOCKE 127 sold himself to Liniers, but this is a groundless suppo- sition. Neither is it true that the assaulting columns were deprived of flints for their muskets ^ this only happening in the case of the Connaught Rangers, which gallant regiment was almost annihilated owing to such circumstance. The trial of Sir Home Popham by court-martial resulted in a severe censure for having undertaken the conquest of Buenos Ayres without authority. Gen. Beresford took no part in Whitelock's expedi- tion, but proceeded to seize Madeira. Colonel Pack on the part of the 71st regiment sent from Eng- land a present of a clock to the Recoleta friars, for their kindness towards the wounded. 128 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1720) CAP. XIV. HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES. It is aremarkable coincidence that Mexico, Peru and Chile were governed by viceroys of Irish birth in the critical period preceding the Independence, although Spanish law forbade such office to any but Spaniards born. It was in recognition of gallant services in Spain, in combination with the Duke of Wellington, that Gen. O'Donoghue was made Viceroy of Mexico, but the elevation of O'Higgins to a similar rank in Peru was due to the splendid talents of administration already displayed by him during 20 years of service in Chile. Ambrose O'Higglns, the "great Vicei'oy", was born at Summerhill, Co. Meath. in the year 1720 and in his (1769) O'HIGGIN'S FIRST COMMAND 129 youth was page in the household of the Dowager Countess of Bective, on whose estate his father was a peasant farmer. An uncle or cousin of the youth was one of the chaplains at the Court of Madrid, and at his expense 0*Higgins was educated at a college in Cadiz, from which his uncle sent him to Peru. After some years devoted to commerce he found affairs go so ill that he entered the Spanish engineer corps, and was appointed captain of engineers in 1769 with a com- mission to strengthen the fortifications of Valdivia. His talent and energy soon became apparent to Gover- nor Balmaseda,Capt. General of Chile, who intrusted himw^ith a force of 600 militia and 25 dragoons to chastise the Pehuenches Indians. With this force he scoured the country asfar as Antuco volcano, until the men mutinied, either because their commander was a foreigner, or deterred by the nature of the campaign : after building a fort at the Antuco pass O'Higgins was obliged to return to Concepcion . His next service was the relief of Arauco, which place was besieged by 2,000 Indians under Calicura. Morales, who succeeded Balmaseda, gave O'Hig- gins a flying column for the protection of the fron- tier, and so well did he acquit himself that Gover- nor Jaurreguy, the successor of Morales, gave him the rank of Lieut-Colonel, and requested him to in- duce the Indians to send 4 envoys to Santiago, who should always reside there and arrange all dealings with the Spaniards. O'Higgins possessed extraordi* 130 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1774) nary influence over the Araucanians^ accordingly the embassy arrived at Santiago in April 1774. This gained for him the rank of Commander-in-Chief of the frontier, in vs^hich capacity he made his head- quarters at Los Angeles-, and having the previous year (1777) punished some marauders he began to w^in over all the tribes by conciliation. To some he gave horses, to others cows and farm-implements, on condition of their adopting a settled life. The wis- dom of his policy was recognized in a letter from the King of Spain, conveying to him the grade of Colo- nel, with a patent of nobility as Count ofBallenar. Soon afterwards we find him installed Governor of Concepcion ^ and on May 26th 1788 Acevedo handed over to him the Government of Chile, with a patent of Marquis bearing the King's signature. Gen. Ambrose O'Higgins, Marquis of Osorno and Count of Ballenar, made his triumphal entry into Santiago, and assumed the reins of power just 19 years from his first appearance in Chile as an officer of engineers- He began his administration by reforming the Law courts and other branches of public service at San- tiago. On the approach of Spring he set out (Oct. 21st) for a tour of inspection of the northern Prov- inces which had not been visited by any viceroy or governor since the conquest. At Aconcagua he made huts to shelter the couriers and travellers from snow- storms. Having visited Quillota and Coquimbo he (1789) o'higgins, capt.-gen. of chile 131 embarked in the Aguila frigate for Copiapo, where he settled some troubles of long standing. Return- ing overland he rode through 50 miles of country utterly uninhabited, and near the Andes founded the picturesque village of San Ambrosio de Ballenar, which still preserves his name. He returned on May 9th 1789 to Santiago, thus completing the circuit of the Kingdom of Chile in 6 and a half months. His chief care was to encourage agriculture, for which purpose he not only distributed gratis seeds of rice, cotton and sugar, but aided all the humbler classes to break through the unjust system of land-grants and monopolies given by previous rulers to certain Spanish adventurers. The Changos Indians sang greetings of welcome as he passed, and the poor peasants in every district evinced similar rejoicing. Highways being all-important for commercial and industrial development he next turned his attention to this subject. He founded the city of Santa Rosa de los Andes, and resumed the working of the Pedro Nolasco silver-mines on the Uspallata route, in order to facilitate the traffic over the Andes to Mendoza and Buenos Ayres. He employed a number of Indi- ans under Spanish engineers to make a road from Concepcion to Chiloe, and ordered the Governor of Concepcion to take measures for rebuilding the ruined city of Osorno, on the Guilliches frontier. These works of improvement were suddenly inter- rupted by alarming news from Spain, that war with 132 HIBEKNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1790) England was imminent. OTIiggins repeatedly ex- pressed his confidence that no war would ensue, but added '^ the King shall see at any rate that I have Chile prepared for any occurrence." He proceeded to put the various ports in a proper state of defence, and to train the militia companies. In Sept, 1790 he visited Valparaiso, and caused new batteries to be thrown up on the south side of the bay. Before the close of the year he had inspected Talca and other ports, and returned to Santiago, where he received despatches from Madrid announcing the treaty made with the English. One of the clauses of the treaty gave him much offence, that which allowed English vessels to fish on the coasts of Chile and Peru. In the following year (1791) he sent Col. Puente to make bridges and refuge huts at the passes in the Andes*, while another band of engineers was repair- ing the great highway between Valparaiso and San- tiago. Import dues were imposed on foreign sugar, with the double object of providing revenue for pub- lic works and encouraging native sugar. Sanitary improvements had been so much neglect- ed at Santiago that the water-supply was derived from an open canal full of impurities. O'Higgins constructed a covered aqueduct, and at the same time made side-walks along the principal streets. About this time a jealousy arose between the Spanish troops and the militia about the use of uniform, the former protesting against extending such a privilege to Cre- (1792) INDIAN CONFERENCE AT LAJA 133 oles and half-breeds- the Governor with his usual wisdom, settled the difficulty, giving native troops different facings. In his body-guard he had some Irish dragoons. The Indians had for some years faithfully observed the treaty of Lonquilmo, but a visitation of small-pox made such fearful ravages among them that some tribes ^ere nearly extinct, and the survivors reduced to such poverty that they had to resort to the old practice of cattle-stealing. Physicians had been sent from Naci- miento, b\it the Indians would not receive them, say- ing they preferred herbs and other domestic remedies. The principal Cacique wrote to the Governor of Con- cepcion — ''Tell the Captain General that if he do not at once come here himself all our people will relapse into barbarism." The Huilliches were already on the war-path, having been seduced by a traitor who shewed them a forged letter which he said he had found in a priest's breviary, declaring the Indians must be exterminated. One poor missionary was dragged to death at a horse's tail, and a Spanish offi- cer was torn asunder, tied to 4 horses. O'Higgins promptly wrote to the governor of Val- divia not to retaliate upon the Indians-.^as |^he felt convinced these troubles arose from long-standing- jealousies between the Spaniards of Valdivia and Chiloe, about limits. At the^same time he issued (Nov. 1792) an invitation to l^the Caciques of Angol, Colhue, Quechereguas and some other tribes to meet 134 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1792) him in a friendly conference at the island of Laja. He arrived at Los Angeles on Dec. 24th, immediately summoning the Bishop of Concepcion and all the heads of Missions to accompany him, with a small Spanish escort, to La}a, while the various Caciques were being induced by Jualican to proceed to the rendez vous. At sunrise on March 4th the parliament was opened in presence of 180 Caciques, 347 minor Indian warriors, and the civil and military staffs of the Capt. General, who took his seat amid great display and a salvo of artillery. Interpreters were then sworn, after which O'Higgins read aloud a protocol of 15 ar- ticles, laying down the amicable desires of the Spanish Government. This received the unanimous assent of the Indians. The first Cacique who spoke was Lebuepillan, who accepted the terms for himself and 83 other caciques. He was followed by other Indian statesmen, who also accepted, and the first day's session closed at two hours before sunset. Next day 98 caciques swore perpetual friendship to the Spa- niards, and on the 3rd day the conference concluded with an impressive speech from O'Higgins, who gave numerous presents of the most useful description to the various tribes, and was compelled to receive the embraces and flattering acknowledgments of more than a hundred Caciques. The Capt. General's secre- tary, Reyes, gives colored drawings of the Indian warriors and their costume, on the occasion. (1792) o'HIGGINS and the king of SPAIN 135 Having arranged so important a matter he again turned his attention to pubhc works : these caused an annual deficit of $62,000, which could only be met by creating an import duty on Paraguay yerba-mate and Peruvian tobacco. The Viceroy of Peru put a veto on the new taxes, and by his influence the King was prevailed on to write to 0'Higgins,x-eprimanding him for having created new taxes. O'Higgins wrote back to the King that without good finances good government was impossible, that he had abolished useless tolls which were a bar to industry, and that unless His Majesty consented to the Tobacco tax there would be no means for paying the army, upon which depended pubhc security. The King yielded to such arguments and consented to the Tobacco tax. This strengthened the position and po. pularity of O'Higgins, whose long career had been a constant struggle against the jealousy of the Spanish officers around him, including the Viceroy of Peru, who regarded him as a foreign adventurer. '^Never was there," says the historian Gay, "a ruler.^mope devoted to Spanish interest, lifore zealous for the development of Chile, more remarkable for magnani- mity and forgetfulness of self, than this man of Irish birth- his enhghtened policy reflects lustre upon the Spanish name, and the many great works accomplish- ed by him are enduring proofs of his genius and activity.'' O'Higgins lost none of the hereditary virtues of 136 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1795) his race by his long residence in Chile • in proof of this we find the British Admiral Vancouver relates the princely hospitality with which he was treated by the Captain General on his arrival at Valparaiso, in 1795, although the expedition to Noofcka Sound, confided to Vancouver, was in a manner hostile to Spanish interests. O'PIiggins not only invited the British Admiral to Santiago, but sent two Irish dra- goons of his body-guard to act as interpreters on the journey. It may not be out of place to observe that the Captain General always preserved a kindly feel- ing towards England and Englishmen, and sent his only son Bernardo (the future founder of Chilian In- dependence) to be educated at Richmond, near London. In Nov. 1795 he embarked at Valparaiso in the Astrea frigate to visit the southern ports : at Concep- cion he took on board the Bishop, who accompanied him to Valdivia and Chiloe, the people in those re- mote parts having been a long time without seeing a prelate. O'Higgins had on board 430 colonists and 200 soldiers for the proposed settlement of Osorno. This was an ancient city now in ruins, founded by Marquis de Cailete, in 1558, as a frontier post against 150,00 Indians. During two centuries the Indians had prevented all efforts for rebuilding the city, but now they offered no opposition. On January 13th 1796 Olliggins began the work of re-construction, on the ruins of St. Matthew's church (temp. Gregory (1796) O'HIGGINS VICEKOY OP PERU 137 XIIL), and in a weeks left the new town considerably advanced, with its 630 inhabitants. There is still extant O'Higgin's letter to the King of Spain, where he describe this part of Chile and his la- bors here: ^'The country (he says) resembles Flanders, being thickly wooded. The climate is wet and harsh, just the country for raising a robust and hardy popu- lation. The soil produces wheat, beans, potatoes etc. in abundance. I have opened a road 50 feet wide from Osorno to Valdivia, through 100 miles of wood and mountain, and I am pushing on another road to Fort Maypu, half-way to Chiloe." The fortifications of Valdivia being out of repair he expended $10,000 in improved works, and sent an officer named Alava to refit 100 heavy guns, most of which were dismounted or otherwise dis- abled. The old chronicles tell of the enthusiastic re- ception given to O'Higgins on his return to Santiago, March 28th 1796. A month later he received letters from the King of Spain appointing him Viceroy of Peru. He left Santiago on May 16th, amidst the regrets of the ci- tizens, and made his triumphal entry into Lima on June 6th. Thus, says Gay, he was invested with the highest rank in the New World 33 years after land- ing on its shores as an obscure stranger, having risen step by step through force of talent and inte- grity, without friends or favor, nay in spite of the jealousy of all around him. < 138 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1801) His viceroyalty lasted only 5 years, lor he died at Lima March 18th 1801, at 81 years of age. Numerous works in Peru preserve his memory, es}3ecially the annals of the Viceroys from Pizarro doAvn to his own time. Beyond all question O'Higgins was the most remarkable of our countrymen that ever set foot in South America ^ he possessed all the genius of Ra- leigh, without his shortcomings. Spain may one day erect a statue to ''the great Viceroy,'' as England has done to Lord Clive, or as Chile has done to Ber- nardo O'Higgins, who was second only to his father in his zeal for the public welfare and in those other qualities that constitute a statesman and a patriot. Respecting O'Donoghue's brief term of rule in Mexico,|we cannot here refer to it, as it does not belong to South America-, nor stay to enquire whether he was poisoned or he died of fever : suffice it to say that the splendor of his funeral obsequies seemed to indi- cate how deeply the nation loved him. Two of his nephews had fallen victims to yellow fever at Vera Cruz, on landing from Spain, and the Viceroy died suddenly at Mexico, Oct. 8th 1821. Gen. O'Reilly, who commanded the Spanish army at Cinti against the patriots under Gen. Belgrano, was of Irish extraction, and may have been related to Count O'Reilly, for some time Commander-in-chief in Spain. He was beaten by Gen. Arenales near Arequipa, Nov. 1820. Although he behaved through- out the campaign with great valor he was unable (1761) • COPPINGEK, FITZGERALD, o'lIAKA 139 to uphold the falling fortunes of the Spanish Crown, and was so affected by the triumph of the S. Ame- rican colonies that 'in a fit of temporary insanity he leaped overboard from the vessel in which he and other Spanish officers were returning to Spain. Field-marshal Coppinger, descended of a respec- table Cork family, does not properly belong to this book, as his services were in Mexico. He had been some time a Brigadier General in the Spanish army, and was last defender of the fort of oan Juan de UUoa: his bravery on this occasion earned him a Marshal's baton. Col. Fitzgerald, an old Spanish officer, defended Angostura in several sieges, against the patriot army of Venezuela. At last such was the famine among the garrison that 3 silver dollars were paid for a cat. He succeeded ultimately in retiring in good order with his troops to Grenada. Capt. Charles Hara, commanded an expedition, which was sent by Governor Viana from Montevi- deo, Gfch March 1761, to destroy the old land-marks of Rio Negro and Chuy, between the dominions of the Spanish and Portuguese Governments. The offi- cer next under him was Lieutenant Charles Morphy. The expedition executed its orders, and returned to M. Video on May 23rd 1761, having suffered great hardships, and lost most of the provisions and ammu- nitions in crossing flooded ^arroyos', in which also most of the horses perished. 140 HIBERNO SPANISH NOTABLES (1766) Lieut.-Col. Charles Morphy, Governor of Para- guay in 1766, was doubtless the same who served as subaltern in the above expedition of O'Hara. He suppressed a revolution in Corrientes, headed by one Casafuz and was charged by his enemies w^ith witchcraft and cruelty, as shewn in his complaint to the King of Spain against some clergymen of Asuncion- in his address to the King he mentions that he was^lready 35 years an officer in the Span- ish army. He was probably son ot one of the Irish officers who went to Spain after the fall of Limerick, A. D. 1690. Besides the above Irish officers in the Spanish ser- vice Avho figured before the revolution I may here add the name of Major Thompson, who commanded the fortress ofltapuafor Governor Velazco of Asun- cion in 1810, when Gen. Belgrano with a B. Ayrean army invaded Paraguay. Some 12 years later I find a Col. Thompson sent from B. Aires on a secret mission up the Parana, w^ith a sum of 20,000 dol- lars- but his after fate does not appear. We shall see in later times another Col. Thompson, who played a much more important part in the destinies of Pa- raguay. (1808) THE AID Oi' ENGLAND 141 PART II. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. CAP. XV. THE AID OF ENGLAND. Nunez mentions a prophecy written on the ancient temple of the Sun at Cuzco, that the dehvery of South America would be effected by a nation called English. Such prophecy was destined to be fulfilled, for this continent in a great measure owes its eman- cipation from Spanish yoke to the co-op,eration of the Government and people of Great Britain. Can- ning declared from the Ministerial bench in the House of Commons ''' that he called a new world into exis- tence to redress the balance of the old", and so warm- ly did he espouse the cause of South America that the London capitalists freely opened their coffes 142 THE AID OF ENGLAND (1808) to the agents of the new Republics, while thousands of gallant soldiers of fortune placed their swords at the service of Bolivar and the other patriot lea- ders. Even before Cannhig the Pitt administration had lent encouragement to Gen. Miranda, who made several visits to England on behalf of Vene- zuela- and one of the results of Miranda's efforts was Sir James Oockburn's special mission to Caracas, in 1808. Miranda was unjustly thrown into a dun- geon by the Venezuelan patriots, and died in chains. Five years later the first expedition of Enghsh volunteers arrived under Gen. Mac Gregor, and in the interval from 1813 till the close of the Avar, in 1824, nearly 5,000 British subjects fell fighting under the banners of Independence. If we can rely on Lord Palmerston's statement the various Spanish American republics cost Great Bri- tain the enormous sum of 150 millions sterling, in- cluding such of the loans effected in London as ixve still unpaid. It is, however, by the achievements of British commanders in the fleets and armies of S. America tliatthe memory of Britain's aid to the patriots will be preserved in history. In the course of the following chapters I shall have to narrate many glorious deeds of /Warfare. perform(^d by , my countrymen, reflecting i^Q le^s lustre on the banner under which thoy foiight. than.;<>n.the heroic ,soi| foom w:hich they sprung. . ; Admiral Brown destroyed the Spanish naval power (1821) THE AID OF ENGL A NT) 143 on the eastern side of this continent- while Lord Cochrane did the same on the West Coast. O'Higgins and Mac Kenna covered themselves with glory at Rancagaa and Membrillar in Chile-, at the same time that Mac Gregor was driving the Spaniards out of New-Granada. The decisive battle of Ayacucho was won by Gen. Miller, who thereby earned the distinction of Grand Marshal ot Perii; and we have the testimony of Gen. Bolivar that the hard-fought victory of Carabobo was due to the bravery of the Anglo-Irish Legion. "Hail! saviours of my country'' was the exclamation of Boli- var, as the little band of 600 survivors marched past after the battle. ''It is worthy of remark" says a recent writer, " that not only did England send out ample supplies of money and arms to South America, but that also the valour of her sons was mainly instrumental in securing the independence of South American Repub- lics. It was tJie steadiness of the British legion that gained the battle of Carabobo (June 1821) and decided the independence of Colombia- and the ca- valry charge of Gen. Miller at Ayacucho procured the great victory which destroyed the remnant of Spanish dominion in Peru." ^ 144 ADMIRAL BROWN (1777) CAP. XVI. ADMIRAL BROWN. This distinguished commander, whose exploits may be ranked, like those of Nelson, ''above all Greek, above all Roman fame'' was born at Foxford, Co. Mayo, Ireland, on the 22nd of June 1777. His father was a small farmer, and having some friends in Pennsyl- vania the family emigrated in 1786, our hero being then in his 9th year. The father's friend had just died of yellow fever, and a few days after his arrival the father died of the same sickness. A ship-captain who was about to sail from Philadelphia was struck with the intelligent look of the Irish orphan, and offered to take him as cabin-boy, an offer that was promptly accepted. During 20 years he seems to have voyaged to many countries: at one time we (1809) brown's first fleet 145 find him at Archangel. Daring the Napoleon wars he commanded an English merchant-vessel, and being captured was sent prisoner to Metz. He escaped from this fortress in the dress of a French officer, but was re-captured after some days and sent to Verdun. Here he occupied the cell immediately over that of one Col. Chitchwell, and making a hole in the floor and another in the roof he contrived not only his own escape but that of his friend also. They wan- dered for some days in the forest of Ardennes, sub- sisting on pieces of dry chocolate. Clutchwell was so exhausted that Brown had to carry him, till they reached the banks of the Rhine. Having arrived safely in Wirtemberg they told their adventures to the Grand Duchess, who was an English princess and felt such an interest in them that she provided them with means to reach Eng- land. In 1809 Brown married an English lady of good family and education, who was the happy genius of all his after life. Having purchased the French corsair Grand Napoleon, which he called the Eliza, he resumed a sea-faring life •, but a stupid pilot caus- ed him to lose his vessel at Ensenada. He was for- tunate enough to save the cargo, which he put into carts and sold through the Provinces. Then cross- ing over to Chile he bought the schooner Industria, and established the first regular packet between Montevideo and Buenos Ay res. He next sent to Eng- land 5for his family, and buying some ground at Bar- 146 ADMIRAL BKOWN (1814) racas, 2 miles from the city, built a handsome Eng- lish cottage, which became his home for more than 40 years. Brown had been here two years when the patriot Government offered him command of a squadron to commence hostilities against the Spanish navy, mas- ter of all the coasts and waters of South America. He was made Commodore, with the rank and pay of Lieut.-Colonel, in Feb. 1814,the squadron being made up of the Hercules (an old Russian trader of 350 tons), theZephyr(English brig of 220 tons), and the schooner Nancy. On the memorable 8th of March 1814 Brown sailed out of the port of Buenos Ayres to commence a campaign which was destined to destroy the Span- ish navy in this part of the waters of the New World: his flotilla was as follows : — Hercules, 32 guns, 200 men. Zephyr, 18 do, 120 do. Nancy, 10 do. 80 do. Crossing over to Colonia his object was to wrest from the Spaniards the island of Martin Garcia, so often termed the Gibraltar of La Plata. He was reinforced on March 10th by Capt. Seavers with the Julietta, 7 guns, 60 men, and three smaller craft. Next day he bore down for the island, where the Spanish fleet comprised 9 vessels armed with 18 and 24 pounders, under the command of Admiral Rome- rate, who had fastened all his vessels in a line, under a shore battery. Brown's pilot was killed by (1814) OAPTUliE OF MARTIN GAKOIA 147 the first shot from the enemy, which caused the flag- ship to go aground under one of the island batteries. At the same moment Cap. Seaver was killed^ and this so dispirited the rest that all the vessels drew away, leaving the flagship single-handed to fight the enemy, which she did at great disadvantage till next morning, when the tide floated her off. Brown had lost half his ship's complement between killed and wounded- among the former were Capt. Smith and Lieut. Stacey. The Hercules was hulled in 82 places, and being run aground near Colonia was hastily repair- ed with lead plugs and canvas steeped in tar. Then taking aboard 45 new hands at Colonia the little fleet again steered for Martin Garcia, March 16th, and the next day the Commodore landed 150 men under ,a hot fire from the batteries, and charged the enemy with such fury that the Spanish garrison preci- pitated itself in great confusion to its ships, lea- ving all the stores and baggage to the victors, be- sides a number of invalids and women. Admiral Ro- merate, of whom Brown said he never met a braver man, was then forced to retreat up the Uruguay^ Capt. Thomas Norther pursued him closely to Concep- cion, where Norther was killed by a shot from a shore battery, and the Tortuga was blown up by her crew, sooner than surrender to the Spaniards, everyone on board perishing. Brown was received with great rejoicings at Bue- nos Aires, where the news of this first naval achieve- 148 ADMIRAL BROWN (1814) merit was regarded as a happy omen for the result of the war of Independence. Within 20 days he again left port, this time to blockade the Spaniards at M. Video-, his flotilla consisting of — Hercules, flag-ship, 32 guns. Belfast, Capt. Oliver Russell, 18 do. Agreeable, Capt. Lemare, 16 do. Zephyr, Capt. King, 18 do. Nancy, Capt. Leech, 10 do. Julietta, Capt. Mc Dougald, 7 do, Trinidad, Capt. Wack, 12 do. At this time Gen. Alvear was besieging Montevideo by land, and the blockade soon reduced the garrison to such straits that on the night of May 13th Lieut. Gibson of the Hercules informed the Commodore that the enemy w^as going to attack, signals having been made in port. Next morning the Spanish fleet of 13 vessels for- med in line of battle under the Cerro, in this order : guns men Hyena, Admiral Sierra, 18 150 Mercurio frigate, 32 250 Neptuno, Vice Adm. Posadas, 28 200 Mercedes, 20 150 Palomo, 18. 145 San Jose, 16 130 Cisne, 12 95 and six armed schooners. Brown made a feint of (1814) DEFEATS SPANJAllDS AT M. VIDEO 149 retiring, in order to draw out the enemy from shelter of land, and when the Spanish fleet had pursued him southward for two hours he contrived to get between the enemy and the port. After an hour's firing the fleets separated, Brown s approaching the Buceo^ here the enemy captured the schooner San Luis, whose commander, Clark, threw himself into the sea and was drowned in trying to swim ashore. The schooner was recovered same evening. At nightfall the hostile fleets were a league apart, but next mor- ning the Spanish vessels were no longer visible. On the following day (May 16) they were found near Lobos island, and Brown bore down upon them so closely that at the enemy's first shot his leg was frac- tured by a cannon-ball. The enemy fled precipitate- ly, but was intercepted by the Hercules and Belfast, which captured the Neptuno, Palomo and San Jose- the rest escaping while Brown was taking possession of his prizes. Next morning he overtook 3 more ves- sels of the enemy close to the Cerro, whereupon tho crews escaped ashore after setting fire to the vessels. The Mercurio and two schooners entered port, pur- sued by Brown's flag-ship to the very batteries, whereupon the Spanish garrison rang the church bells, thinking their fleet had captured the Her- cules, but soon they were astounded to see Brown dress his ship with bunting and fire a salute of 21 guns for the destruction of the Spanish fleet, which decided the fate of Montevideo, obliging the Gover- 150 ADMIRAL liliOWls^ (1814) nor to send proposals next day to the Commodore for an armistice. Leaving Capt. Russell with 5 vessels to continue the blockade Brown proceeded with the rest of his squadron and his prizes to Buenos Aires, where the people and authorities combined to heap honors upon him. The Cabildo gave him a banquet at which, besides all the men of position in Buenos Aires, there were present most of the Englishmen and their wives. Although Brown had still to use crutches he caused himself to be carried again aboard the Hercules, and set sail for Montevideo. While pressing the blockade of this port he landed all his available men under Cap. Kearney, to reinforce Gen. Alvear's besieging army. Governor Vigodet capitulated on June 20th, surrendering an immense quantity of war-material, and remaining Brown's prisoner aboard the flag-ship some 15 days, until allowed to return to Spain in the brig Nancy. The treatment that he recei- ved from his generous conqueror was what he might expect, but his gratitude and astonishment were equal when Brown presented him from his own pocket with 30 gold ounces for his expenses on the home- ward voyage. While the victorious squadron was embarking the artillery and stores captured at Montevideo its heroic commander returned to Buenos Aires to have his wounds attended to. He had already been promoted to the rank and pay of a Colonel, but the patriot Gov- (1815) ATTACK ON CALLAO 151 ernment resolved to prove its sense of his services, and presented him Avith the flag-ship Hercules, in a flattering letter which also conveyed to him the rank of Admiral (July 1814), Brown's next enterprise was to destroy the Span- ish fleets in the Pacific, for which purpose he refit- ted the Hercules (now his own property) at Ensenada, carrying 20 guns and 200 men, and prevailed on the Government to give him 4,000 dollars to fit out the brig Trinidad, under the command of his brother, Michael Brown* with 16 guns and 130 men. Having taken a supply of provisions for G months he sailed, Sept. 15th 1815, for Cape Horn, followed a few days later by his former second-in-command, the gallant Oliver Russell, in a fine, new American schooner- but the latter was never more heard of. Such fearful weather was encountered off Cape Horn that the Admiral had to take shelter between some islands to refit his battered ships, taking out the guns and supplies. Here he was joined by the Falcon, Capt. Buckard, and the 3 vessels set sail for Callao, where Browr. made a daring attempt to cut out the Spanish vessels from under the batteries. His flag-commander, Chitty, seized a gunboat and was badly wounded, but had to abandon his prize as she was chained to a frigate. Brown's loss was 30 men between killed and wounded: he succeeded in sinking the Spanish corvette Fuente Ilermosa, while the batteries kept up a hot fire for two hours to protect 152 ADMIRAL BROWN (1816) their vessels. Brown then proceeded to Guayaquil for provisions. Leaving his 7 prizes in charge of Capt. Chitty he ascended the Guayaquil river and at mid- night Feb. 8th 1816, assailed Fort Piedras. carried it after an hour's fighting, spiked a battery of 12 heavy guns, and demolished the works. Next day he seized another battery in front of Guayaquil, but his vessels going aground and the landing party getting drunk in the liquor shops the Spaniards had time to recover from their surprise and boarded the Trinidad. Lieut. Nelson was killed at the Admiral's side, the boarders giving no quarter, whereupon BroAvn rushed to the magazine with a brand, to blow^ up all on board. The enemy fell back and Brown capitulated, the terms being arranged through two Spanish officers and two English merchants. The Spanish soldiery robbed Brown and his men of their clothing, which obliged our hero to go ashore wrapped in the bunting of his vessels, until the Gover- nor sent him some clothes, with a polite invitation to dinner. In a few days Michael Brown appeared before the city and threatened to shell the place if his brother and crew were not released. This led to an exchange of prisoners. Brown restoring some of his prizes. He weighed anchor from Gua- yaquil, February 23rd 1816 with the Hercules, Falcon and two prizes-, but Captain Buchard in- sisting on returning to Buenos Aires drew lots and w^on the two prizes, leaving the Falcon w^th Brown. (1826) CLOSE OF FIRST CAMPAIGN 153 Next day the Admiral proceeded to San Buenaventara to refit, and in doing so the Falcon capsized and was lost. He had despatched Dr. Handford inland in quest of supplies, but learned after 6 weeks that the Doctor had fallen ill of fever- and as the Spanish forces of Morillo were approaching he hastily pro- cured some poultry, maize and fresh water, and set sail for Galapagos Islands. Arriving in June at Abington with his crew almost starving he had the good fortune to catch 70 turtles weighing about 1501bs. each, and with this supply undertook the return voy- age of nearly ten thousand miles to Buenos Aires. This was one of the most perilous journeys ever undertaken, for his vessels were so leaky that he had to throw many things overboard, and keep the pumps constantly at work*, while the men's rations were reduced to one biscuit and 8 oz. of turtle daily. Hav- ing safely doubled Cape Horn and killed his last turtle he resolved to steer for the Palklands, but encoun- tered such bad weather that he had to proceed tow- ards the River Plate. Luckily he fell in with the brig Fanny of Falmouth, homeward bound, which gave him supplies and the information that a large fleet and army of 10,000 men were hourly expected from Europe. After a conference with his officers it was agreed to make for the West Indies, and on Sept. 25th 1816 the Hercules cast anchor at Barba does. Here she was seized by Capt. Stirling, H.M.S. Brazen, and condemned by a local court as a good 154 ADMIRAL BROWN (181G) prize. Brown appealed to the British Admiralty, which decided in his favor, but awarded one half the value of the Hercules to the Spanish Government, the other half to Brown. Such was the close of his first campaign, which lasted 2 years and 6 months, and had for result the destruction of the Spanish naval power in the River Plate, besides co-operating with the efforts for independence on the West Coast. (1820) BKOWN'S CAMl'AIGN AGAIKST JSKAZIL 165 CAP. XVII. BROWN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRAZIL. An interval of nearly ten years occurs before wo again find Brown in active service. On the 12th January 1826 the Government of Buenos Ayres pub- lished a decree for Major General Brown to take command of the fleet, against the Brazilian flotilla under Admiral Lobo, who was blockading the port for 20 days previous. Brown hoisted his flag in the schooner Balcarce, 14 guns- sallied forth at daybreak on the 15th, and captured a gunboat and transport which he cut off from the rest of the blockading squadron, within cannon-shot, and towed into B. Ayres amid the cheers of the citizens, who watched the manoeuvre from the house-tops. Such was the 156 BEOWN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRAZIL (1826) '• eclat ' caused by the event that numbers of distres- sed English and French colonists, as well as Parag- uayans and Correntinos volunteered for the cam- paign, and the Government buying several vessels for Brown he was able to take the sea against the Brazilians on Feb. 8th 1826, Avith the following squa- dron, his flag-ship being the first named — 25 de Mayo, Capt. Parker, 28 guns, 200 men. Belgrano, do Azopardo, 16 do, 80 do, Congreso, do. Mason, 18 do, 120 do, RepubUca, do Bouzely, 18 do, 120 do, Balcarce. do Ceretti, 14 do, 80 do, Sarandi, do Warms, 1 do, 60 do, also 12 boats carrying one gun each, under Capts. Espora and Rosales. The Brazilian fleet was much more powerful and better disciplined. Nevertheless at 3 p. m. next day (Feb. 9th) Brown resolutely enga- ged the blockading fleet his flag-ship being for over an hour forced to keep up the fight single-handed, as the Belgrano, RepubUca and Sarandi sheered off out of range. The enemy tried to capture the gunboats, but Brown got all his vessels safe into port, and Capts. Azopardo, Bouzely and Warms were removed from their command by order of Government for failing to support Brown. On Feb. 22nd he again put to sea in quest of the enemy off Point Indio, but the latter clapped on all sail and escaped-, this induced Brown to make an attempt to capture Colonia (Feb. 27th), when he burned some Brazilian vessels under the (1826j ATTACK OK CULONIA 157 batteries, but one of his own went aground and 3 gunboats fell into the enemy's hands, which crippled his operations- and having received despatches from Buenos Aires to abandon the attack on Colonia he returned to port without other result than having prevented the enemy from making a fort on Martin Garcia, where several Brazilian guns fell into his possession. It must be borne in mind that at this period Brazil possessed a formidable fleet of 80 vessels, the largest a 74 gun ship, the next in order being 10 frigates, and the rest corvettes, gun-brigs etc; enough to overawe most naval commanders, but not a man of Brown's temper. Another Brazihan flotilla appeared before Buenos Aires on March 15th, and Brown went out to attack it with 3 vessels- but the enemy retired, and as Brown's vessels needed repairs he spent a fortnight in refitting before he again put to sea, inten- ding to surprize the Brazilian frigate Nitherohy, 68 guns, commanded by Capt. Norton. The attempt was unsuccessful owing to two of Brown's vessels failing to obey orders. On the mor- ning of May 2nd the hostile fleets were ranged in front of each other, the Argentine consisting of 4, the Brazilian of 16 vessels, close to the Ortiz Bank. Brown's flag-ship and the Nitherohy went aground, and in this situation fought desperately, broadside and broadside. Towards sundown the Brazilian fleet left the Nitherohy to her fate and Brown was also 158 buown's campaign against bkazil (1826) abandoned by two of his vessels:, but subsequently both combatants floated off, the Nitherohy joining her comrades at Montevideo, and Brown returning to Buenos Aires (May 10th). So enraged was the BraziUan Government at the ill sucess of its arms against Buenos Aires that the Emperor commissioned Admiral Lobo to make a final effort to destroy Brown s flotilla. Accordingly on May 23rd a fleet of 20 imperial war-vessels ap- peared off Buenos Aires. Two days later Brown sallied out to attack so formidable a force, all the house- tops being crowded with people. It was the national anniversary of Buenos Aires. The battle began at 3 p. m. and raged with incredible fury for more than an hour, when the enemy beat a retreat, pursued by Brown till nightfall: his loss on this eventful day was only 14 hors-de-combat. This was the prelude to a still more glorious affair on the 11th June, in which the BraziUan fleet counted 31 vessels- and Brown s only 4, besides 6 launches carrying one gun each. Fortune again favored the republican arms, for after some skilful manoeuvres Admiral Brown thrcAV the imperial squadron into hopeless confusion and put them to flight, amidst the ringing cheers of the citi- zens along the beach. Brown was welcomed in the most rapturous manner, and a few days later the ladies of Buenos Aires presented him with a richly embroi- dered banner, which however he presented to the College of Arts and Industry. (1826) BLOCKADE OF RIO JAKEYRO 159 For a third time the Brazilian fleet, now 22 vessels, retarned on July 29th, to take up its position in front of Buenos Aires. Brown was in hourly expectation of 3 vessels recently purchased in Chile, mounting altogether 100 guns, and manned by 1,000 seamen- He could not, however, suffer the sight of the enemy's ships, and accordingly weighed anchor next morning to attack them. As too often happened his subalterns were frightened at the overpowering force of the Brazilians, and he was left for 3 hours to fight single- handed 20 vessels by which he was surrounded. His flag-ship was swept by the enemy's fire and reduced to so helpless a condition that the Caboclo attempted to board her, but a rumor got current among the Brazi- lians that Brown would blow up his ship if hard press- ed, and this probably was the cause of his safety. Capt. (afterwards Admiral) Grenfell commanded one of the Brazilian frigates, andljst an arm in this en- gagement. It was a drawn battle. Brown transferring his pennant to the Republica, and towing his gallant old flag-ship safely into port, along with all his other vessels. His loss was only 37 men, as during the heat of action he kept the men under hatches, knowing the enemy would never venture to board his vessel. When the Brazilian Government and people were fondly expecting the news of Brown's flotilla having been destroyed they were, one morning, thrown into a feverish alarm by' the announcement that the p#rt of Rio Janeyro was blockaded by two Argentine war- BROWN'S' CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRAZIL (1826) vessels, the Sarandi and Chacabuco. The first of these carried Brown's pennant, the second was commanded by Capt. George Bysson, bemg the only vessel that had arrived from Chile, of the three that were purcha- sed by the Buenos Aires Government. The blockade caused quite a panic at the Imperial Court when it was known the cruisers had seized 3 vessels laden with coffee and a 16 gun barque, burning two of the former. Although the blockade of Rio Avas only a joke of the Admiral's it filled the Imperial Government with such alarm that orders were rapidly transmitted to alj the other ports to prepare such fortifications as were practicable. Meantime the Argentine cruisers sailed south, capturing several prizes, with which Brown returned in triumph to Buenos Aires on Christmas Day, after a cruise of two months, having destroyed 15 vessels of the enemy. Commodore Norton was now despatched with 14 Imperial war-vessels in pursuit of Brown's two cruisers, and being joined by three others sailed up the River Plate, past Buenos Aires, and entered the Uru- guay. Brown had only arrived the day before, but without even going ashore to see his family or Gover- nor Rivadavia he hastily weighed anchor (Dec. 26th, 1826) with the following vessels, the first-named being his flag-ship — Sarandi, Capt. Coe, 7 guns Balcarce, Capt. Segui, 23 do. (1827) VICTORY OF JUNCAL 161 Maldonado, Capt. Espora, 8 do. Pepa, Capt. Silva, 2 do. Guanaco, Capt. Granville, 8 do. Union, Capt. Shannon, 10 do. Uruguay, Capt. Mason, 7 do. and 8 launches carrying one gun each: thus the whole fleet carried only 73 guns, to oppose a force of 17 Avar- vessels under Admiral Pereyra. After sundry partial engagements the decisive battle of Juncal was fought on Feb. 9th, (near Martin Garcia), in which the im- perial fleet was utterly destroyed, 12 of the Brazilian vessels being captured, 3 burnt, and only two were able to escape. Admiral Pereyra was among the prisoners taken on this eventful day. So splendid an achievement for the Argentine navy threw the people of B. Ayres into the wildest demonstrations of rejoicing: the trophies which Brown towed into port being the Brazilian flag-ship Orien- tal, 11 guns-, brig Januaria 14- schooner Batioca 8; four schooners carrying two24-pounders each-, and four gunboats with two 24 or 32-pounders each. The value of these vessels was assessed by Govern- ment at 40,000/. sterling. As soon as Brown had refitted at Martin Garcia and converted his prizes into Argentine ships of war he again weighed anchor, his flotilla now numbering 24 vessels. Another Brazilian fleet had already en- tered the River Plate, consisting of one 50-gun frigate (Imperatriz), 4 brigantines of 18 guns each, and 5 162 BROWN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRAZIL (1827) corvettes ot about 20 guns each. The engagement took place off Quilmes, Feb. 24th 1827, and one of the enemy's vessels having blown up with 120 men, of whom none were saved but 3 picked up by the Argentine brig Sarandi, the Brazilians retreated down the river. It was said of this battle that the imperial flag-ship ought to have sufficed to blow all the Argentine vessels out of the water. Brown's loss was only 17 between killed and wounded. Bands of music and crowds of citizens received the hero on his arrival, and taking the horses trom his carriage drew him in triumph to his residence. Con- gress ordered the thanks of the nation to be presented to him by Government, and two months extra pay to the officers and men who served under him, besides casting medals to commemorate such brilliant ser- vices. After a brief repose of six weeks Brown received orders to proceed with 4 vessels to sweep the Brazilian coast, but falling in with an imperial fleet of 17 ships off Ensenada a desperate fight ensued in which two of his vessels unluckily got aground. The combat lasted two days, the republicans defending themselves with great valor until some of the vessels had fired their last round, when the enemy captured the Inde- pendencia, the rest of the fleet returning to Buenos Aires in a shattered condition, but unmolestcjd by the enemy. In this battle Brown lost one of his bravest officers, Capt. Drummond, commander of the Inde- (1827) LAST FIGHT WITH BllAZlL 163 pendencia, and was himself wounded by a piece of canister. Another blockade by the imperial squadron quickly followed, the enemy taking courage from the crippled condition of Brown and his vessels. Nevertheless the Admiral lost no time to hoist his flag in the brig Ja- nuaria (captured last year from the Brazilians) and proceed with 8 vessels and 3 armed launches to try and surprize the enemy off Ensenada. The result was the escape of the Brazilians-, but they left one armed brig and 7 prizes to fall into the captor s hands. In Sept. 1827 Brown led a flotilla of 5 vessels against the Brazilian fleet at Montevideo, which he sur- prised by coming into port with the U.-States ensign. He routed the enemy, but almost involved himself in great trouble by firing on an English war-vessel by mistake. Happily Capt. Bingham saw it was an ac- cident and accepted Brown's apology instead of firing on the gallant little vessels that were earning so much glory for the republic. Lord Ponsonby being soon afterwards sent by the British Government to negotiate a peace between the combatants the Argentine commissioners Gen. Guido and Gen. Balcarce, proceeded to Rio Janeyro in the English packet Red Pole. Meantime Brown had another fight with the Brazilians at Ensenada in which he avenged the loss of the gallant Drummond who had fallen in the previous battle here: the loss ^^ OF THE ^/-^ UNIVERS!^ Of 164 brown's campaign against brazil (1828) of the enemy was never known, but they retired with a large number of killed and wounded, Admiral Norton having lost an arm. Governor Dorrego had already sent a commissioner to buy some arms and vessels in the U.-States, but Brown, fearing that Brazil might at any moment break off negotiations, called upon the citizens to subscribe for the purchase of vessels on the spot, heading the list with his o wn name. This call met with such alacrity on the part of Argentines and foreign resi- dents that in a few days 4 vessels were purchased and added to the fleet. The treaty of peace was signed at Rio on Aug. 27th 1828, and the ratifications Avere duly exchanged at Montevideo on Oct. 4th of same year, Admiral Brovv^n being Argentine Commissioner on the occa- sion. This may be regarded as the close of our hero's career, as it was of the war with Brazil, after a du- ration of nearly 3 years. It is impossible not to feel a lively admiration for the skill, courage and perseve- rance of Brown in keeping so long at bay the great naval power of Brazil, which had at one time 50 war-vessels in the River Plate. The republican fleet consisted of a few small craft, ill-paid, ill-supplied, ill-armed. Brown often complained that his powder was so weak it would hardly carry to the enemy's ships. His crews were a strange mixture of milkmen, butchers, broken-do Avn colonists, beach-rangers, boat- men, Paraguayans, etc- yet with these men he won (1828) ANECDOTES ABOUT BROWN 165 his victories. Not so when the Government manned some of his vessels w^ith criminals and convicts, against vv^hich he vainly protested: on one occasion theseconvicts mutinied and killed Capt. Smith, a brave officer- on another they plundered and set fire to one of Brow^n's vessels in sight of the enemy. Numberless anecdotes are told of Brown, some of which are certainly true^ such as attacking and cap- turing a grounded Brazilian vessel with cavalry, the enemy's guns being pointed too high to reach the assailants. It is said he came short of shot once at Montevideo, and when the fire slackened he remem- bered some hard Dutch cheeses on board, and resu- med the fire to the astonisb^nent of the enemy. Although several times wounded in engagements with the Brazilians he professed great contempt for their gunners: once a spent ball striking him he threw it away^ saying ''Portuguese bullets cannot hurt me". He infused a spirit of daring and valor into all his officers, and his name carried such weight that it is said the Brazilians had formed a plan to land a body of men by night, surprise the Admiral at his country-house in Barracas and carry him prisoner to Rio-, but this was never attempted. An assassin offer- ed the commander of a Brazilian vessel to kill Brown for a certain sum \ the Brazilian spurned the offer -, for Brown was no less respected by the enemy than if he had fought under their flag. When Admiral Nor- ton, in later years, visited Brown at his cottage-resi- 166 BROWN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST BKAZIL (1828) dence, and they compared notes over the battles in which they had been opposed, Norton said to him '4f you had served the Empire instead of a Republic you v^ouldnowr be a Duke, with a handsome pension"- to which Brown merely rephed '•'I know Buenos Aires will always remember my services. During the civil wars which ensued he remained in the retirement of his cottage atBarracas,the entrance of which had two old cannons taken from the enemy, for gate-posts. Here he occupied himself with garden- ing till summoned by the citizens to assume the reins of Government, but he speedily took occasion to re- turn to his quiet home, where his wife shed the hap- piest influences around the little family circle. Brown refused to sign the petition granting '• ex- traordinary powers ' to Rosas, and was perhaps the only one who did not suffer for his temerity. Rosas always respected him and even allowed him his pen- sion when he went on a trip to Ireland to visit his brother, after an absence of 50 years. He spent some months among the wild scenery of Mayo, so dear to him in boyhood, and returning to Buenos Aires again devoted himself to the quiet life of a country-gentle- man at Barracas. On the overthrow of Rosas the first act of the new Government was a tribute to the splendid services of Admiral Brown. He was now very advanced in years, but preserved to the last the liveliest affection for the land of his birth,and the firmest confidence in the destinies of the young Republic, (1828) DEATH AND MONUMENT 1G7 whose infancy he had protected with more than a patriot's ardor. He died, surrounded by his family and friends, on May. 3rd 1857, and the day of his fu- neral was one of national mourning. His widow survived him a few years, and erected a monu- ment to his memory in the Recoleta cemetery. On a flight of marble steps, covering the vault wherein are deposited the remains of the gallant admiral and his wife, rises the base of the structure, the principal portion of which measures 4ft. by 5ft. and the upper 372 ft. by 3y4 ft. The main shaft is 12ft. high, with a Corinthian capital bearing a naval trophy of gilt bronze 5ft. high: total height from the ground, 28ft. 6 in. Upon the base are well executed ^'relievos" of the following naval engagements: — 11th June, 30th June, Juncal and Emperatriz-, also the arms of the Republic, initials of the deceased, and a graceful epi- taph bordered with wreaths of shamrocks. A band encircles the column, upon which is the inscription "Guillermo Brown.'' Springing from the leaves of the capital is the trident, and surmounting all a trophy of ^^rostra." The total cost was $40,000, about 300/. sterling, and the site was given by Government. The whole of the work was executed in Buenos Aires, from designs by the late P. Beare, C.E. : the castings weighed over 5 tons and were made in the establish- ment of F. Carulla. The epitaph, translated from the Spanish, is as folloAVs: — 168 BROWN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRAZIL (1828) WILLIAM BROWN Born on the 22nd Jaue, 1777, at Foxford, " County Mayo, Ireland^ of British origin, but Argentine by his se^^vices. ' He commanded in chief the first fleet in the War of Independence^ Jmnging glory and triumph to our flag ^ A. D. 1814^ destroying the Spanish navies at Martin Garcia and Montevideo. Sweeping the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea., from 1815 to 1818. The ports of Callao and Guay- aquil witnessed his proimss under the Argentine banner., on January ' 20th, and February 1st, 1816. The sun that shone on Feb. 9th, June 11th, and July 29th, 1826, in the waters of La Plata, and on February 9th, 1827, in the River Uruguay, beheld the vessels of the Republic confided to Admiral Broicn crowned with victory in supporting the Independence of the Sis- ter State. He died like a true Christian, on the night of May 3rd, 1857, surrounded by his family, overshadowed by his great name, and at the ripe age of 80 years, having consecrated his life to naval glory, Ris Widow dedicates this Monument to his memory, and asks from all brave and grateful men a Remem- brance and a Prayer. R. I. P. (1872) ' STATUE TO BROWN 169 The only living descendant of the Admiral is his daughter. Let us hop a she may live to see the reali- zation of the project of erecting a statue to his me- mory. A' site was granted in 1872 by the Munici- pality on the Paseo de Julio, which so often rung with the victorious plaudits ot the people as they welcomed their hero from the fi2:ht. 170 ANGLO-AEGENTINF, OFFICERS (181C) CAP. XVIII. ANGLO-ARGENTINE OFFICERS. General Paroissien. aide-de-camp to Gen. San Martin, was of English birth. He was brought up to the medicalprofession, and on the conclusion of his studies embarked for Buenos Ayres, where he prac- tised as a physician for some time. In 1816, when the country resounded with the clamour of war, Dr. Paroissien abandoned his profession for the military career, and entered the patriot army under General San Martin. He was present at the memorable battles of Maipu and Chacabuco. which liberated Chile, and at Huaqui and other early battles in Up- per Peru. He was chief of the medical staff of the army of the Andes until 1820, Avhen he was appoint- ed aide-de-camp, with the rank of Colonel, to Ge- (1825) GEN. rAEOISSIEN 171 neral San Martin. After the patriots entered Lima, he was promoted to the rank of General of Brigade, and sent with Senor Don Juan Garcia del Rio on a mission to Europe. Having been re- Heved from the duties of their mission, they turned their attention to mining. Among the numerous speculations of the year 1825 was the Potosi, La Paz and Peruvian Mining Association, to work the far famed mines of Po- tosi, and others in Peru. General Paroissien was appointed Chief-Commissioner, being perfectly ac- quainted with the nature of the country, as well as the character of the inhabitants, among whom he had lived several years. He left London in September 1825, in company with a secretary, mining superintendent, and physician. In Miller s memoirs we find the following mention of Gen. Paroissien: — •When Miller arrived within one hundred leagues of Buenos Aires, the postillions were alarmed by the appearance of an immense cloud of dust, which rose, towards evening, a few miles before them on the road. They said it must be caused by some horde of Indian savages, that occasionally made incursions into this part of the country, and that, they knew, never gave quarter to male travellers who fell into their hands. The postillions evidently felt an inclination to wheel about, and makca run of it-, but the horses were fagged, and the cloud of dust approaching fast, there appeared 172 ANGLO-ARGENTINE OFFICERS (1825) no hope of escape. The alarm, however, subsided, on the appearance of a tilted carriage, something like an English ammunition waggon. This was followed by other carriages and horsemen. When they came up Miller was most agreeably surprised by hearing his own name uttered in the well-known voice of his friend and countryman, General Paroissien, who was on his road from Buenos Aires to Potosi, to take pos- session of mines which had been purchased by a company in London. He travelled '•'en prince." Sir Edmund Temple accompanied him as secretary, under secretaries and attaches swelled out the train." At Potosi he was most kindly received by the Governor and local authorities, who, being aware of the great capital about to be employed, and the treasure that still remained unexhausted in the mines, were elated with the flattering hopes that their present ruinous town would soon be raised to its for- mer opulence. Such hopes, however, were never to be realised^ for shortly afterwards General Paroissien received letters from the secretary in London, ac- quainting him of the dissolution of the Potosi, La Paz and Peruvian Mining Association. Gen. Paroissien went to Arica, where he remained several months, brooding over his misfortune, and that of his com- panions, when he was suddenly attacked with a mahgnant fever, which terminated in dropsy. He was then recommended change of 'climate, and em- barked for Valparaiso. He died in sight of port. (1815) CAPT OLIYEK RUSSELL 173 Thus closed the Ufe of this brave Englishman, who won every grade up to General on the field of battle, and possessed the friendship and esteem of all who knew him. Brown's naval officers were mostly men of remark- able valor who distinguished themselves in the war of Independence, and in that against Brazil. Capt. Oliver Russell, second in command of the patriot squadron at the destruction of the Spanish fleet before Montevideo, did many gallant services with his ship Belfast, 18 guns. He captured the corvette Neptuno, 28 guns, 200 men, commanded by the Spanish Vice-admiral, Posadas, and was always close to Brown's flag-ship when hard fighting went on. Brown left him in charge of the fleet when he repair- ed to Buenos Aires with the proposals of surrender sent him by the Spanish Governor of Montevideo. The Chilian patriots engaged Russell to lend his ser- vices on the West Coast, and presented him with a fine new American brig, well equipped, in which he left Montevideo in Sep. 1815, but was never more heard' of: his vessel was probably dashed to pieces near Cape Horn, as Brown's ships at the same time were so much damaged that they had to refit at Tierra del Fuego. Several of Brown s officers fell in the first year of his campaign against the Spaniards. Capt. Seavers of the Julictta was killed by a cannon-ball in the very first engagement, Avhen Brown captured the island of 174 ANGLO-AKGENTINE OFFICEKS (1826) Martin Garcia. Captain Smith and Lieut. Stacey fell on the same day. Captain Thomas Norther, who was sent by Brown with some vessels in pursuit of the enemy, was killed near Concepcion. Capt. Clark of the San Luis perished in trying to swim ashore wounded at the Buceo. Capt. Chitty was flag-captain of the Hercules in Brown's expedition to the West Coast, and behaved with great valor in the attack on Callao. He led a cutting-out party in boats and took possession of a Spanish gunboat, but finding she was chained to a frigate he was obhged to retire, with some loss-, being himself severely wound<3d, after sustaining a fearful fire from the batteries and war-vessels. The patriots, however, sank the Spanish frigate Fuente Hermosa. Chitty accompanied Brown till the close of the cam- paign. The war with Brazil saw numbers of brave seamen join Brow^n's fleet when he hoisted his pennant, 13th January 1826. In the attack on Colonia several fell while setting'fire to the Brazilian vessels. Captain Robinson and Lieut. Curry were killed, Capt. Kearney and Lieut. Turner w^ounded. Captain (afterwards Admiral) Coe entered the ser- vice as a volunteer in July 1826, and so much distin- guished himself in the engagement with 22 imperial vessels in front of Buenos Aires that Brown gave him command, two months later, of the Sarandi flag-ship Li this capacity he ably seconded Brown in his exploits. (1828) DRUMMOND AND BTSi^-pK 175 capturing coffee-ships, and carrying terror along the coasts of Brazil. About the close of the year, when the patriot flotilla ascended the Uruguay, he was sent with a summons to the enemy to surrender; and was unlawfully detained by Admiral Pereira six weeks, un. til he effected his escape, on a dark night, and rejoined Brown in time to take part in the memorable victory of Juncal (Feb, 9th 1827). He also commanded the flag-ship in the disastrous but gallant combat at Ense- nada, and was beside Brown when the latter was wounded. In June following he was sent by Govern- ment, in the Juncal, to Chile, to procure arms and ammunition: he returned on Sept. 30th, having run the gauntlet of the Brazilian squadron, which had sent G vessels in chase of him to no effect. Still retaining command of the Juncal he valiantly supported the Ad- miral in his operations against the overwhelming force of the enemy during the rest of the year, in front of Buenos Aires and at Patagones, bringing up the Bra- zilian prisoners from the latter place after the destruc- tion of their vessels. In March 1828 he was despatch- ed on another cruise after coffee- ships, but this time fell into the enemy's hands and was carried prisoner to Montevideo, while his ship, the Niger, was conver- ted into a Brazilian war-brig. A second time he con- trived to escape from the enemy, and re-joined the Admiral, who gave him another vessel called 29 de Diciembre. Next day (June 18th) Avas Ibught the battle of Punta Lara-, and some weeks later he was 176 ANGLQ.-ARGENTINE OFFICERS (1827) sent with the Argentina, on a fresh cruise for coffee- ships. Peace was proclaimed shortly after, and this ended Coe's services under Brown- but he rose in time to be Admiral, and ultimately retired to Paris, Avhere he died a few years ago. Capt. Drummond's career was short but glorious. He entered the service 4th January 1827, being given command of the war-schooner Maldonado, and a month later earned much glory in the victory of Juncal. When Brown s flotilla of 4 vessels sailed from Buenos Aires, April 6th 1827, for Ensenada, the war-brig Indepen- dencia was commanded by Drummond, and next day was fought the disastrous battle in which he lost his life, only 3^ months after entering the service. The Brazilian fleet numbered 17 (some say 22) vessels. By some mishap of the pilots two of Brown's vessels grounded, one of them being Drummond's. In this condition an unequal fight was carried on for two days. On Sunday morning the Independencia, having fired 3,400 rounds, came short of ammunition, where- upon Drummond went aboard the flag-ship to consult with Admiral Brown, and while walking by his side on the quarter-deck was struck by a 24 lb. shot above the hip. He lived 3 hours, his last words being "Tell the Admiral I have done my duty and die as a man ought to die". His vessel was riddled with shot, and lost 80 men: among the killed were Lieut. Thomas and 3 other officers. The account of Drum- mond's funeral, from a journal of April 11th 1827 is (1826) COMMOBOEB BYSSON 177 as follows:— '* On Monday afternoon the funeral of the much lamented Captain Drummond took place. His body was borne on the shoulders of citizens of the highest respectability from the '^Comandancia de Ma- rina" where it had been deposited early in the morn- ings to the Protestant. Cemetery, It was accompa- nied by his brother officers of the Army and the Navy, and by the principal citizens, and foreigners of note. At the cemetery the Burial service was read by the Rev. Mr. Armstrong, and the military honours due a major, which was the rank the deceased held, w^ere performed. In Drummond the Navy has lost a val- iant officer, the country a brave defender, and society a valuable member. His name is enrolled among the conquerors in the waters of the Uruguay, and so long as the remembrance of that triumph is preserved his memory will be gratefully cherished." The monument to this gallant Scotchman is in the old English ceme- tery of the Socorro, Buenos Aires. Commodore James George Bysson came from Chile in Oct. 1826, in command of a vessel purchased for Government, the Chacabuco, 22 guns and 150 men-, and accompanied Brown in the cruise on the Brazilian coast,blockading the harbor of Rio, seizing coffee-ships, landing, and hoisting the Argentine flag, at Santa Ca- tharina island, and carrying terror to all the Bra- zilian ports. His next exploit was at Patagones, 7th March 1827, where he captured a flotilla of 4 imperial vessels commanded by Capt. Shepherd: the latter had 178 ANGLO-AKGENTINE OFFICKES (1828) landed some Brazilians to seize the town, when Bysson attacked him with a small force landed in boats. Shepherd and some of his subalterns, were killed, after which the enemy surrendered, 654 officers and men, the loss of the patriots not exceeding 3 killed and 6 wounded. One of the Brazilian vessels ground- ed and was lost. Bysson came back to Buenos Aires with his 3 prizes-, corvette Itaparica 20 guns, Escudero brigantine 5, and schooner Constancia 3 guns, besides all the prisoners. The Government at once reward- ed Bysson with the rank of Lieut.-Colonel. In June 1828 he was despatched with two vessels to SAveep the Brazihan coasts- but peace was proclaimed soon after, and Bysson retired upon his laurels after two years of active and valiant service. Commodore Granville seems to have come from Chile, his first command under Brown being aboard the Republica, after Capt. Bysson's arrival with the Chacabuco in Oct. 1826. He was transferred in Dec. of same year to command of the Guanaco, 6 guns, and took part in the splendid victory of Juncal, Feb. 9th 1827, for which he received, as well as the other commanders, a medal from Congress. He lost an arm two months later in the unfortunate affair of Ensenada, being captain of Brown's flag-ship Repub- lica. In August of the same year he distinguished himself in cutting out one of the Brazilian blockaders and towing her into port, the other Brazihan vessels having their guns so high that the fire passed over his (1826) brown's officers 179 head. In June 1828 Brown, having purchased by private subscription 4 fast-sailing vessels to strengthen his fleet, gave command of the Argentina (formerly American brig Allister) to Granville, now raised to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel, which he held at the close of the war a few months later. He died in 1836, in the hospital of Buenos Aires. Besides the above officers may be mentioned Capts. Mason (Congress), Shannon (Nueve de Febrero), Toll (once de Junio), and Johnson (Guanaco), and many others who saw much hard fighting in 1827. Capt. Smith (28 de Febrero) was murdered by his crew, composed of released criminals from Buenos Aires, and Santa Fe. Capt. Parker served as second under Brown the previous year, when Capt. Beazely com- manded the Congress, 18 guns, Capt. Warms the Sarandi, and Capt. Clark the Republica. The last- named afterwards passed over to the enemy, with a small vessel. Capt. Handell served against the Spa- niards at Montevideo and Martin Garcia in 1814, and aftewards commanded the Sarandi. Capt. Thompson was engaged in the attempt to burn the Brazilian vessels at Colonia- when Capt. Robinson and others were killed. Capt. Bathurst commanded the Inde- pendencia, 22 guns, which formed one of Brown's flotilla of 4 vessels. Lieut. Gad was 1st Lieut, of the Sarandi, when the Admiral promoted him to command the prize Defensor, 18 guns, taken from the Brazilians near Santa Catharina. Lieut. Wildblood commanded 180 ANGLO-ARGENTINE OFFICERS (1827) a gunboat in the fight off Quilnies, March 1827. Capt. Love, schooner Patagonia, made a gallant attempt near Bahia Blanca to seize the Brazilian brigantine Pedro, 18 guns, and was killed in boarding that vessel. Capt. Nicholas George had a fight in gunboats v^ith the enemy off Quilmes, but had to burn some of his boats. Cap. De'Kay commanded the Brandsen and had to run her ashore atPunta Lara, after some brilliant crui- ses. Capt. Hogden commanded the Once de Junio in one of Brovs^n's last battles, near Point Indio. Capt. Ramsay vv^as sent as agent to England to buy vessels for Government. Capt. Cobbett was commander of the privateer Buenos Aires, Capt. Allen of the Pre- sidente. Among the minor officers we find Lieut. Harris greatly distinguished himselfin the attack on the Brazilians at Patagones. The names of Gwynne, Thorne, Prouting, Rolles, Attwell, Wilder, Atkinson, Livingston and Dr. Bailey occur later. Major Thomas Craig, who served both in the army and navy of Buenos Aires had a very eventful career. He was born in Ireland in 1780, and at the age of 19 made a voyage to Chile as mate of a merchantman, which was lost on the return voyage, not far from Magellan's Straits. All the rest of the crew being drowned Craig some days later fell into the hands of Patagonian Indians, who carried him prisoner to Car- men de Rio Negro. The Spanish Governor of this place sent him up to Buenos Aires, where the Viceroy on hearing his story generously pardoned him for CKAIG AND KING 181 having landed without a passport (sometimes punish- able with death), and after a time released him from prison. On the occasion of Whitlocke's invasion, in 1806, Craig served under Gen. Liniers as a sergeant of artillery. He fought under Gen. Belgrano at Tu- cuman, and made the campaign of Peru in 1811-14: under Generals Pintos and Diaz Velez, till dangerously wounded and obhged to return to Buenos Aires, ha- ving received the grade of Lieutenant on the field of battle. When the civil wars of 1820 began in Buenos Aires he retired toBanda Oriental and was there em- played first as Comisario and afterwards as Justice of the Peace, until 1824, when he resumed miUtary ser- vice as captain of infantry. He changed into the navy in 1841 and was soon after entrusted by Admiral Brown with one of the vessels of war, behaving with great valor in the combat at Obligado, against the French and English, as commander of the Republi- cano for Avhich he was raised to the rank of Major. He retired from active service in 1832, and was grant- ed a pension in 1857, on the representations of Gen. Pintos and Admiral Brown, who testified to his valor and good conduct. He died on April 27th I860, at his residence in Buenos Aires, aged 83 years. Congress ordered the pension to be continued in favor of his widow, Mme. Donovan de Craig, in view of his claims as a soldier of Independence. Major John King, son of Cap. King, Galway, Ireland, served in the Brazilian war. He distinguished himself 182 ANGLO-ARGENTINE OFFICEKS (1822) as Lieutenant aboard the Republica in the fatal engage- ment at Ensenada; and afterwards commanded the 25 de Mayo in the civil war of 1841. He died Aug. 22nd 1857, when a pension was granted to his family. Admiral Brown had a high opinion of King's merits, as shewn in the letters preserved in the Government archives. Lieut.-Col. Charles Bowness entered the Civicos Batt. in 1810 at Buenos Aires, and rose from the ranks during the war of Independence. He fought all through the campaigns of Upper Peru, during 5 years, until the disastrous affair of Sipe-Sipe, under Gen. Rondeau, near Cochabamba. In 1816 he enrolled himself in Gen. San Martinis army, and served at the battles of Chacabuco and Maypu and the siege of Talcahuano, as well as in the operations as far south as the Biobio, in Araucania. For these services Rivadavia made him a Major of cavalry, and he received the medals and cor- dons of Chacabuco and Maypo. In 1822 he was the only English officer in the Argentine army. He had left England when a boy, and never afterwards heard of his relations or friends. He was a man of good manners, commanding figure, and estimable character. He married a B. Ayrean lady, and died in 1856, leaving on€ daughter, who is at present in great poverty. In Gen. Belgrano's report of the battle of Gallinato, Feb. 1813, we find honorable mention of one Capt. John Anderson, and in Gen. San Martin's army at (1820) COL. WILLIAM SMITH 183 the battle of Chacabiico two English volunteers named Samuel Haigh and James Barnard distinguished them- selves. Col. William Smith was one of Gen. San Martin's officers in the cojnpaign of the West Coast, and at Lima was presented with the gold medal given to siich officers, bearing the motto 'I was onaof the Libera- tors of Peru.' He . behaved with such valor in the battle of Pichincha as to receive another gold medaj from the Peruvian Government, and a gold star from the Cabildo of Quito. He served all through the war against Brazil, for which he was again decorated, by the Argentine Goverment, and went to Cordoba in 1829 as second in command of the infantry under Gen. Paz. He seems to have died in the campaign of the Interior. Dr. Carranza possesses a number of his letters written during the war against Brazil: such was the destitution of the troops that a loaf of bread cost a silver dollar, and a pound of sugar two dollars ^ Li one of these letters he expresses the hope of return- ing to Old England, a hope never to be realized. Col. John P. Pringles was born in San Luis, of Eng- lish parents, and fought with signal valor all through the war of Independence. He was killed in the battle of Rio Quinto, A. D. 1831, and in order to perpetuate his memory, the Legislature of San Luis requested Dr. Angel Carranza of Buenos Ayres to write his life, the Government of that province subscribing for 2,000 copies of same (1869). 184 ANGLO-AKGENTINE OFFICERS (1816) Colonels French and Thompson, who figured at Buenos Aires in the period of the revolution, were doubtless of English descent. They were both sent to the U.-States in 1816, to enlist the sympathies of North Americans for the Argentine patriots, and ap- pear also to have sent shipments of arms to Buenos Aires. During the war against Brazil the Argentine Gov- ernment gave letters of marque to various Englishmen and North Americans- such as'Capt. Beasley of the Mansilla, Capt. Clark of the President, and Captain Mason of the Heroine; all of whom inflicted great da- mage on Brazilian shipping. cochkane's seevices in the pacific 185 CAP. XIX. LORD COCHRAN KS SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dimdonald, was born at Annsfield, Lanarkshire, on Dec. 14th 1775: he was descended from a long line of knights and barons who had flourished in Renfrew and Ayrshire since the 13th century. Robert Cochrane, Earl of Mar, was councillor of James III in 1480. The first who figu- red in English annals was Sir William Cochrane, in 1641; who was made Lord Cochrane by Charles I., andEarl of Dundonald by Charles IL The subject of the present memoir entered the navy in his 18th year as midshipman of H. M. S. Hind, and served some time under his uncle, Hon. Alexander Cochrane. He became a Lieutenant in the following 186 COCHRANE'S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1818) year, being then 19, and was made Commander of H. M. S. sloop Speedy in 1800. In a few months he won the grade of Post-Captain, by capturing a large Spanish frigate called the Gama. In 1806 he performed a gallant feat of arms in the Basque Roads, destroying several French frigates by means of fire-ships, for which King George III conferred on him the Order of the Bath. Lord Cochrane unwisely declared himself a bitter opponent of the Ministry, and the hostility resulted in the famous Stock Exchange trial in which he was unjustly condemned for fraud. This closed his career in England for a long interval, and brings us to the time of his entering the service of Chile. His services in Chile and Peru, extending over a period of six years, contributed in a notable measure to the Independence of those countries, as recognized by a tardy act of justice on the part of the ChiUan Government. From the memoirs which he published on his 83rd birthday we obtain a faithful narrative of his career. In 1817 the ChiUan Envoy, Alvarez, made him a proposal in London to take command of the patriot squadron in the Pacific, which, after some delays, he accepted. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane and his two children he landed at Valparaiso (Nov. 1818), where he found the Supreme Director, Dn. Bernardo O'Higgins and many persons of distinction had come from Santiago to bid him welcome. After being entertained at several banquets and balls he reminded (1819) riBST ATTACK ON CALLAO 187 O'Higgins that the present time was more suited for fighting than feasting. O'Higgins rested neither night nor day till he had the following flotilla ready for sea: — Flag-ship, O'lliggins, 50 guns, Capt. Porster San Martin, 56 do, Capt. Wilkinson. Lautaro, 44 do, Capt. Guise. Chacabuco, 20 do, Capt. Carter. Galvarino, 18 do, and Araucano 16. In spite of numerous obstacles and delays the fleet sailed from Valparaiso, January 14th 1819, barely two months from Lord Cochrane's arrival in Chile. Callao being at this time the chief stronghold of Spanish power on the Pacific seaboard he conceived the bold design of taking it by a coup-de-main, or destroying the Spanish fleet under its batteries. There were then 41 armed vessels at Callao, mounting 350 guns, besides 160 heavy pieces on the shore batte- ries. While the Spaniards were playing at Carnival the Chilian vessels entered the port^ captured a gun- boat, and released a number of patriots confined in dungeons on San Lorenzo island. Lord Cochrane, not having sufficient forces to attempt a landing, left Cal- lao, and taking Payta, on April 13th, sacked the place, but returned the church ornaments to the priest, to whom he also sent a donation of $1,000 for the poor of the city. Returning to Valparaiso, June 16th, he was wel- comed by the Chilians, who no longer saw their port 188 COCHRANE^S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1819) menaced by Spanish cruisers, but the enemy's fleet seeking the protection ot the forts of Callao. A few days before Lady Cochrane narrowly escaped assas- sination, a Spaniard having stabbed her because she would not give up her husband's plans and papers •, the assassin was condemned to be shot, but she pro- cured his pardon. it was now resolved to make a fresh attempt upon Callao, by means of rockets and fire-ships. Mr. Gold- sack ,an experienced artificer, undertook to make the rockets, but the Government would give him no other assistants than condemned criminals, who half-filled the rockets with sand and manure, thus entailing fail- ure on the expedition, owing to which Mr. Goldsack died soon after, of a broken heart. This second expe- dition arrived off Callao on Sep. 29th and proved a failure, for the reason stated: Col. Miller was badly wounded, Lieut. Bealy cut in two by a shot from the batteries, and many of Cochrane's men injured by their own projectiles. The capture of Pisco followed, in November, when the gallant Col. Charles was killed. Capt. Guise also behaved with great spirit, but his men having broken into some Hquor shops he was compelled to spill 200,000 gallons of rum on the beach to prevent further disor- der. Among the vessels captured here were, the Aguila 20, Vigonia 16 guns, and the Puna. The Admiral now resolved on the capture of Val- divia, a place deemed impregnable, and sailed for that (1820) CAPTUEE 0¥ YALDIVIA 189 port, on January 18th 1820. He had unlimited reliance on Col. Miller s intrepidity and skill in carrying out whatever land operations were required. Having taken in 250 marines at Talcahuano he hoisted Spanish colors and anchored off Valdivia, without any suspi- cion on the part of the enemy. Gallantly was each fort in succession stormed and ^captured, on Feb- ruary 6th-, the Chilian flag being hoisted over the place, and the trophies amounting to 128 cannon, 170,000 muskets, 10,000 cannon-balls and 50 tons of powder. When the capture of Valdivia was known it threw the nation into a paroxysm of joy. Congress offered Lord Cochrane a present of an estate of 16,000 acres, which he refused, as long arrears of pay were due to the vessels. Such was the effect in Europe of the capture of Valdivia that Chile was at once offered a loan of one million sterling in London. Still the Government was deaf to all requests for payment of the crews, and Cochrane at last handed in his resignation. His own ^hare of booty and pay amounted to 13,500/. sterhng, in lieu of which he had to accept a farm at Rio Claro, and even this was afterwards confiscated. As Gen. San Martin was now preparing his expedition against Peru he paid the sailors, and then prevailed on Cochrane to resume the command, and again hoist his ensign, July 20th, when a fresh difficulty arose. The Government had no money to victual the ships^ some 190 COCHEANE'S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1820) of the Admiral's friends, however, promptly lent him the necessary funds. Accordingly on Aug. 21st 1820, the fleet sailed, conveying San Martin and his army of 4,000 men to Huacho- while the Admiral proceeded with some vessels to make his third attempt upon Callao. The cutting out of the Esmeralda is counted among the bravest deeds in naval warfare, and4s a popular theme aboard British ships-of-war. On Nov. 5th Cochrane arrived abreast of Callao, carrying American colors, and made his preparations for the capture of the said frigate, one of the finest vessels in the Spanish navy, carrying 370 men and 40 guns, and protected by 27 gunboats and land-batteries mounting 300 heavy pieces ot artillery. At 10 p. m. the cutting-out party started with muffled oars, 240 men in 14 boats, the men wearing white tunics over their uniforms. The first division was led by Crosbie (afterwards married to Lord Cochrane's daughter), the secondby Captain Guise. By midnight the boarders were alongside, and almost took the enemy by sur- prise. >^ The fight lasted only 20 min., 160 Spaniards being killed, including some who were drowned by jumping overboard-, the Spanish Admiral, officers, and 200 men were made prisoners of war. Lord Cochrane was shot in the thigh, at the outset, which placed him hors de combat^ and as his men began to get drunk Capt. Guise cut the cables and put out to sea, being (1820) CUTTING OUT THE ESMEKALDA 191 forced to abandon the idea of capturing the Maypu and other vessels of the enemy. The importance of this feat of arms is fully appreciated by Capt. Hall, who says 'It decided the overthrow of the Spanish squadron in the Pacific, and left Cochrane master of that coast.' Such was the rage of the Spaniards at Callao that a few days afterwards they murdered an American boat's crew, because they thought the U.-S. vessels had aided Cochrane. A second attempt, was also made on the life of Lady Cochrane, by a Spaniard, about this time. The Admiral, having quarrelled with General San Martin, wrote to O'Higgins and expressed his ability to over-run all Upper Peru if allowed 1,000 Chilian troops: the Dictator replied he had neither men nor money for the venture. Meantime Cochrane and Miller had sacked Pisco Arica and other towns, being masters of all the coast to the foot of the Andes and preparing to attack Are- quipa, when San Martin's armistice with the Spaniards checked further operations (May 1821). Lady Coch- rane embarked for England in H. B. M. frigate Andro- mache, accompanied by the Viceroy's wife, Madame Pezuela; her mission was to arouse pubUc sympathy in favor of her husband and the Chilians, as a Foreign EnUstment Bill was then before Parhament for the express purpose of preventing Lord Cochrane from continuing to fight against Spain, which Power was at peace with England. 192 COCHRANE'S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1821) On Cochrane's return to Callao, in July 1821, he found the Viceroy had evacuated Lima and was con- centrating his forces at Callao. San Martin's head- quarters were midway. HostiUties were no sooner resumed than Capt. Cros- bie (24th July) cut out 3 Spanish vessels and burned two others at Callao, under the enemy's batteries. Four days later Cochrane assisted at the solemn declaration of Independence at Lima- when San Martin assumed the title of Protector of Peru. A rupture soon occur- red between the Protector and the Admiral: on Aug. 4th the latter demanded 12 months wages due to the fleet,as well as the promised bounty of $50,000 San Martin replied ''*You may take off your fleet as soon as you Hke. I will never pay a real for Chile. I am Protector of Peru, and wantonly a pair of schoon- ers''. He afterwards begged Cochrane to forget what had passed, and accept the rank of First Admiral of Peru. This offer was rejected by the Admiral, whose vessels were now reduced to such indigence that the men were in a state of mutiny, without food, pay or clothing, when luckily he learned the arrival of San Martin's yacht, laden with silver, at Ancon, and con- taining also 7 sacks of gold ornaments. He at once seized the treasure, returning some jeweh^y to the families of Aguero, Unanue, Silva, etc, besides $40,000 to the army paymaster, and dividing the remainder, $285,000 among the crews. He kept nothing for (1822) CLOSE OF THE CAMPAIGN 193 himself and sent a formal report of all the money to the Chilian Navy department. O'Higgins, in a letter dated Nov. 1821 .approves Coch- rane^s seizing San Martinis treasure- he also blotted out from the Navy-roll those officers who accepted San Martin's offers, and awarded estates to Captains Crosbie, Wilkinson, Delano, Cobbett and Simpson, for their fidelity. The Protector resolved on a last effort to retain Cochrane and his officers for the service of Peru. Col. Paroissien, an Englishman on San Martin's staff, was sent with an offer of the Order of the Sun and the post of First Admiral of Peru, which Cochrane again rejected. The Protector at once ordered him to return to Chile, when he suddenly found himself deserted by 23 officers and a number of seamen, who entered the Peruvian service. The Admiral proceeded to Guayaquil, where he was well received, the fort firing a salute to the Chilian flag : here he stayed 6 weeks to refit, before going on a cruise in Mexican waters. On Dec. 3rd he captured a pirate comman- ded by Capt. Blair, but released her, as his object was to nitercept Spanish frigates homeward bound. At Aca- pulco he received an invitation from the Emperor Itur- bide to visit Mexico, which he was forced to decline. Returning, after an absence of 21 months, to the port of Valparaiso, June 13th 1822, he was welcomed as a hero and a benefactor. 194 COCHRANE'S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1822) The most signal and rapid successes attended the Chihan flag till the close of the war. Cochrane's last letter toO'Higgins gives the follow- ing list of Spanish war-vessels captured or destroyed by him in the campaign : — Prueba 50 guns Esmeralda 44 do Venganza 44 do Sebastian. ....... 34 do Resolucion . 34 do Pezuela 18 do Potrillo 16 do Prosperima. " 14 do Aguila 20 do Bigonia. 16 do Arausasu, and 17 gunboats Valparaiso was decorated with flags, and the thanks of the nation were voted to the Admiral, while the Dictator O'Higgins ordered a medal to be struck commemorative of the destruction of the Spanish naval power by Lord Cochrane, in a period of two years*, during which time the Chihan Government had not spent a dollar on the fleet. Cochrane retired to his farm at Quintero, but had not been many days at rural pursuits when the rumor reached him that the fleet had mutinied, the men being unpaid, and a story having got abroad that he was sending home 30,000/. sterling in H. M. S. Doris to England. He hastened on board, again hoisted his ( 1823) COCHKANE RETIRES PROM CHILF. 195 j3eniiant, and declared his determination not to leave his ship till the men should be paid. The officers pre- sented him a spontaneous vote of confidence, the first name on the list being that of the gallant Capt. (after- wards Admiral) Grenfell, who had been his flag-lieute- nant in the cutting-out of the Esmeralda. Cochrane's firmness saved the situation-, in a few days O'Higgins obtained money and paid the seamen. Civil war was now imminent in Chile. Gen. Freyre sent Capt. Casey with an invitation to Cochrane to join him in expelling O'Higgins, but although the Ad- miral was unable to obtain payment of claims on the Government he would not encourage revolt. It hap- pened he had just received offers from the Brazilian Consul at Buenos Aires to take command of the fleet of that country against the Portuguese, and he ac- cepted the proposal. His farew^ell to the officers of the Chilian navy, and another to the English residents, bear date Jan. 18th 1823. He was obliged to leave in the saiUng- brig Col. Allen : his brother. Major Cochrane, being unable to lend him the steamer Rising Star, for which the ChiUan Government still owed IflOOl. sterling. Grenfell and other officers accompanied him to Bra- zil, to share his fortunes. Cochrane left Chile without a dollar in his posses- sion. He had received at Callao a bill from O'Hig- gins for $120,000, but it was protested. His estate at Rio Claro was confiscated, the Chilian Govern- 196 COCHRANE'S SERVICES IN THE PACIFIC (1823) ment already owing him $67,000. In later years he lost 14,000/. sterling in British law-courts for actions arising out of his services in the Pacific. Freyre's first act after banishing O'Higgins, in April 1823, was to write to Cochrane, begging him to resume command of the navy, but Cochrane never revisited the shores of the Pacific. In 1845 at the instances of Lord Palmerston and the English Minister, Jerning" ham, the Chilian Government paid him 6,000/. ster- ling in lieu of his claims. President Montt on July 28th 1857 issued a decree awarding Lord Dundonald, to which title he had succeeded, the rank and pay of First Admiral of Chile, which he only lived 3 years to enjoy. In his reply to Pres. Montt dated Nov. 5th 1857, London, he says :— " This is the 36th anniversary of my capture of the Esmeralda. I should be glad to visit Chile again, but my age prevents it, being already over 80 years." The finest iron-clad in the Chilian navy is called the Cochrane, as also one of the streets of Valparaiso, nor do the Chilian people ever mention this honored name but with the same respect as the Greeks attached to their heroes of mythology. (1823) COCHKANE'S SERVICES IN BRAZIL 1U7 CAP. XX. LORD COCHRANE S SERVICES IN BRAZIL Pedro Primero had been acclaimed Emperor some 5 months, when Lord Cochrane arrived in Rio Janeyro, March 13th 1823, to assume command of theBrazihan fleet, being accompanied by Grenfelland others of his most trusty officers. The Minister of Marine affected to disregard the offer sent to Cochrane in Chile and reduce his pay to 1,600/. sterling per annum, but the Admiral refused to enter the service unless under the same conditions as to salary for himself and his officers as they had in Chile, where his own pay was fixed at 3,200L sterling per annum. This question being settled to his satisfaction he hoisted his pennant, 6 days after his arrival, on the Pedro Primero 64:-gun frigate, the 198 cochrane's services in brazil (1823) rest of the squadron at his orders being composed of the frigates Union, Piranya, Nitherhoy and Carolina; the corvettes (32) Maria de Gloria and Liberal-, the brig Guarany, the schooners Real and Leopoldina, all badly manned and worse equipped, the sailors receiving only 8 milreis, whereas those in merchant vessels were paid 18 milreis per month. The fleet fired him a salute of 21 guns on his as- suming command, and the Minister sent him his des- patches as First Admiral of Brazil. On April 3rd he put to sea with 5 vessels, for the relief of Bahia — Flag-ship, Pedro Primero, Cap. Crosbie Frigate Piranya, do. Jowett Corvette Maria da Gloria, do. Beaurepaire Corvette Liberal, do. Garzon Frigate Nitherhoy, do. Taylor He took, moreover, the Guarani and Real as fireships-, and reached Bahia just as the Portuguese fleet of 13 vessels was coming out of port. He would doubtless have captured or destroyed most of the enemy but for the wretched composition of his squadron. The flag-ship had 160 Europeans and 130 negroes aboard, but as most of the former were Portuguese they would not fight against their countrymen and even impeded the boys who were fetching up powder to the guns, seeing which Capt. Grenfell beat several of them and wounded others. The most amusing despatch ever penned by an Admiral is that of Cochrane to the Brazilian Marine (1823) ■ CAPTURE OF BAHIA 199 Department on this occasion. He says: — ''the vessels will not obey signals, because they are unable to ma- noeuvre*, the sails are rotten, the guns cannot be han- dled, and the cartridges fall to pieces. The men are ill-clad, ill-fed and ill-paid- and those who are Portu- guese born impede my movements in every way." Nevertheless he continued the blockade of Bahia, and proceded to get his fire-ships in readiness at Morro San Paulo: this caused great alarm among the Portu- guese, who had heard of Cochrane's achievements with fire-ships in the Basque Roads, some years be- fore. Sundry vessels with provisions fell into the power of the blockading squadron. On the night of June 12th Cochrane performed another daring feat, similar to the cutting-out of the Esmeralda: the object in view being to reconnoitre the enemy and strike terror into the Portuguese Ad- miral. At midnight he steered the flag-ship boldly into the Bay, a distance of 9 miles, and passed through the Portuguese fleet, to whose challenge he replied that he was an English merchantman. Next day when it was known, the news caused such a panic among the enemy, who were still trembling with the idea of fireships, that preparations were set on foot to embark the garrison and evacuate Bahia. On July 2nd, the evacuation was effected, 13 Portuguese war vessels sailing out of port, escorting a flotilla of 70 merchantmen, carrying all the Portu- guese residents and whatever property they could 200 COCHKANE'S SEliVICES IN BRAZIL (1823) remove. As Cochrane had but two vessels, the Pedro Primero and Donna Maria, he was not in a position to attack so formidable a squadron, the largest vessels of which were: — Don Juan 74 guns, Constitucion 50, Perola 44, and Princeza Real 28, the rest ranging from 20 to 26 guns. Next day, however, being reinforced by the Ca- rolina and Nitherhoy he bore down upon the enemy, cutting off most of the transports, and throwing the rest into irremediable confusion; firing broadsides port and starboard as he passed through their lines. In this manner he captured so large a number of vessels that he was at a loss what to do with them, as they contained half the Portuguese army of eva- cuation and all the baggage. He caused all the arms to be thrown overboard, and some of the rigging in each ship to be dismantled, with strict injunction to the crews to make their way straight for Portu- gal- the largest of these vessels was the Gran Para, full of Portuguese troops for Maranham. Meantime the 13 Portuguese frigates and corvettes kept together after the loss of the transports, home- ward bound, and Cochrane, having despatched Capt. Haydon, corvette Batua, with 4 of the captured mer- chantmen to Pernambuco, set off in pursuit of the terrified and discomfited enemy. He crossed the Line, July 14th, in 33 W., and two days later over- took the fugitive war-vessels, dashing in amongst (1823) CAPTUEE OF iJ^RiHKAM- 201 sT-" OF ^^^ * them with such impetuous fury that they received several broadsides without attempting to capture him, although he had but one vessel, the Pedro Primero. He relinquished the chase in 5 N., and made a sudden descent on Maranham, July 26th, which place was still held by the Portuguese. Sending Capt. Grenfell ashore with a summons to surrender he received a reply from the Commandante asking for terms*, to which the Admiral would give no ear^ insisting on unconditional surrender and promising to spare the lives of all. The Junta submitted • the Brazilian flag was hoisted instead of the Portuguese, and a solemn declaration of Independence took place on the 28th. The Admiral had contrived to get the garrison aboard transports under the guns of his flag-ship, but when they found he had taken the place by a "^ ruse,' without any fleet at his back, they pre- pared to re-capture the city. This danger was pre- vented by his vigilaiice, and the transports were des- patched to Lisbon on August 1st, with the disarmed troops aboard to announce to the King of Portugal that Lord Cochrane had secured the independence of Brazil. The first act of the Junta of Maranham was, by Coch- rane\s dictation, a decree in favor of freedom of com- merce. A provisional Government was duly installed, 8tli August, which sent an address to Don Pedro Primero, congratulating His Majesty on the achieve- ment of Cochrane in adding to the new empire a pro- L^02 COCHPvANE'S SERVICES IN BRAZIL (1823) vince whose revenue exceeded a million dollars yearly. Among the trophies taken at Maranham were 10 small gunboats and a number of merchant vessels. Capt. Grenfellwas now entrusted by the Admiral with the mission to sei^e Para, the only province still under the Portuguese sway. This was success- fully accomplished, Aug. 12th, although Grenfell had only 100 men at his command. The place having surrendered he convoked a Junta, and finding in the port a newly built frigate he manned her and called her the Imperatriz. Next day a riot broke out among the militia, apparently with a view to restore the Portuguese authorities, and Grenfell was stabbed by one of the rioters. He promptly restored order by shooting 5 of the ring-leaders. Cochrane found himself involved in troubles at Maranham, the Junta having demanded the surrender of merchant vessels and other property seized by him as booty according to the Emperor s edict of Dec. 11th 1822. He refused the demand, and placed aboard his flag-ship all the portable booty within his reach. A revolution took place on Sep. 14th, the local troops sacking the houses of all the Portuguese residents, who fled for refuge to the vessels lying in port. The Admiral sent a reprimand to the Junta, who dismissed the rioters with rewards, and thus restored order in a few days. He sailed from Maranham on Sept. 20th and arri- ved at Rio Janeyro on Nov. 9th, the Emperor coming (1823) MADE MAEQUIS OF MAKANHAM 203 on board the flag-ship to welcome him on the comple- tion of so brilliant a campaign in six months. Pubhc rejoicing in Rio was at its height, when it was known that he had taken Maranham and Para with one vessel, broken up theenemy'sfleet leaving B.ahia, and expelled the last Portuguese soldier from the continent of South America. The title ot Marquis of Maranham was conferred on him by the. Emperor, Congress at the same time voting him the thanks of the nation and the present of a valuable estate (which, however, he never received), by law of Nov. 25th 1823. He was also created a Privy Councillor and decorated with the Order of Cruzeiro. The vessel in which Lady Cochrane wa returning from England to Chile happened to touch at Rio a short time previously, when she was rejoiced to hear that her husband had now entered the Brazilian service, and soon after her arrival she was appointed Maid of Honor to the Empress. At this time the Congress attempt- ing to strip Pedro Primero of imperial attributes His Majesty, by Lord Cochrane's advice, made a coup d'etat, marching up with cavalry and artillery to the doors of the Senate-house, and dissolving the As- sembly. Although the Emperor was friendly to Cochrane the Ministry was hostile to him: he sent in a claim for 430,000/. sterling, the value of vessels and booty captured during the campaign, to which the Minister of Marine replied by offering him 3 months pay for the 204 COCHRANE'S SERVICES IN BRAZIL (1824) men. An Jitieiiipt was then made to dismiss the Admiral; but arcvolution breaking oat at Pernambuco, where a repubhc Avas proclaimed, Cochrane was re- quested to proceed at once with the Pedro Primero, Nitherhoy, Piranya and Atalante to suppress tlie movement. The prize-tribunal of Rio had just condemn- ed Cochrane's acts in seizing vessels, and ordered him to deliver up the money he still kept aboard -^ and as the sailors were so long unpaid they refused to go to sea. The next news from Pernambuco was, in January 1824, that the rebels had seized the frigate Independencia and threatened to hang Capt. Ilaydon. This at once brought the Minister to reason, and he agreed to pay the fleet 120,0001. sterling in discharge of all claims; one-half cash, the other in bills. Ne- vertheless no money was forthcoming for several months; until at last on July 12th a sum of 40,000/. sterling was sent aboard the flag-ship, including 5,000/. sterling for the Admiral. Capt. Crosbie and Lieut. Blake aided in paying the various ships. On Aug. 2nd the Emperor visited Cochrane on board, just before leaving for Pernambuco, and 14 days later the Admiral landed a force of 1 200 men mider Gen. Lima at Alagoas to proceed by land against the capital of the new Republic, which had assumed the name of Confederation of the Equator. This confederation embraced the provinces of Per- nambuco, Parahyba and Ceara, under the presidency ofDr.Carvalho who offered Cochrane 80,000/. ster- (1824) PKEfci. BltUCE MADE PKISONKK 205 ling to join the Republic and assume command of a squadron ordered from the U.-States, the movement having been all along stimulated by U. -States citizens. The Admiral saw himself forced by stress of weather, all his cables having parted, to run for Bahia, and a few days later Carvalho and his associates fled at the approach of Gen. Lima, who entered Pernambuco Avithout firing a shot. Cochrane received orders from the Emperor to proceed to Para and the other northern provinces, to put down the insurgents. Arriving at Ceara on Oct. 18th he hoisted the imperial flag and organized a force of 1,000 volunteers to chase the rebels to the woods. A fortnight later he reached Maranham, a hotbed of sedition, where fighting was going on. The President, Miguel Bruce, had armed bands of negroes, to suppress the revolt, but the negro troops committed such excesses that the ladies of Maranham sent a depu- tation to solicit Cochrane's protection. Bruce had rewarded the negroes by liberal promotions to high military rank. The Admiral seeing that thejleast delay on his part must cost the lives of all the white residents, landed his men, deposed the President, disarmed the black troops and sent them aboard transports moored under the guns of the Pedro Primero. This firmness on his part was followed by an address of confidence from the foreign Consuls and 150 of the principal citizens, to whom he announced that he had appointed Dr. Silva Lobo as president ''*pro tem," and shipped 206 COCHllANE^IS S.EKVICES IN BRAZIL (1825 the (lcj)osed magistrate, Bruce, to Rio. He had ah-ea- dy sent the Atahmta, with some marines under Lieuts. Clarence and Reid, to quell the insurrection at Para. Seeing his labors now crowned with success, and l)ro])ably unwilling to prolong his disputes with the Minister of Marine, he wrote a letter to the Emperor, on New Year s day 1825, tendering his resignation. The Emperor had already written to him on Dec. 2nd 1824,approvingof all his acts,which letter did not reach him till January 16th. The Junta of Marauham re- sisted his demand of 85,000/. sterling for prizes, but eventually paid him 6,000/. sterling, part cash, part bills. Cochrane had sent Capt. Manson with the Cacique to convey the deposed insurgent leader, Barros, to Para. On Manson's return [the Admiral left him in command at Maranham, and shifting his Hag from the Pedro Primero to the Piranya sailed for the Azores, 18th May 1825. Having touched at St. MichaeVs, he proceeded to England, and anchored at Spithead on June 25th, where the forts fired a salute to his flag, the first salute to the new empire. The Brazilian Minis- ter in London at once wrote to Cochrane; asking hijn if he had really accepted command of the Greek fleet, to which he replied in the negative. Not many days elapsed before the Minister issued an order dis- missing the Admiral, and appointing 'Capt. Shepherd to take command of the Piranya. This officer was naturally reluctant to do so, although the Minister (1826) ENTERS THE GREEK SERVICE 207 told him Cochrane coukl not return to Brazil, as the law-courts had sentenced him to pay 60.000L sterl. The Minister's order, however, was quickly confirm- ed by a decree of the Rio Cabinet (Dec. 1825), dis- missing Lord Cochrane from the service. In 1826 he took command of the Greek fleet, hav- ing first received 37,000Z- sterling as advance of pay. His services in the Levant are beyond our notice. In 1831 he inherited the old castle of Dundonald, in Renfrewshire, by death of his father- having been a few months before restored to the Navy-list, in his rank of Post-Captain, by William IV. He rose to Vice-admiral in 1841, was invested by Queen Vic- toria with the order of the Bath in 1847, and made a Rear-admiral in 1854. During twenty years the British Government pressed his claims on Brazil, Mr. Scarlett, H. M. Plenipotentiary, so ably seconding the views of Lord Clarendon, that at last under Viscount Olinda's admi- nistration, a life pension was granted Cochrane equal to half the interest of the sum he claimed. He died full of years and honors at Kensington^on Oct. 30th 1860, and in acknowledgment of his valor and ser- vices a tomb was decreed him in Westminster Abbey. His memoirs have been completed by his son, the present Earl of Dundonald. 208 ANGLO-BEAZILIAN COMMANDERS (1823) CAP. XXI. ANGLO-BRAZILIAN COMMANDERS. Admiral John Taylor was scion of an old English family and served by the side of Nelson at Trafalgar, as one of his staff. He came to Brazil in 1823, as of- ficer on board an English frigate, holding then the rank of Commander. The war of Independence attracted all his sympathies and he wrote home to ask leave to resign, with the view of entering the Bra- zilian service. The Admiralty refused his request. Nevertheless he accepted command of the frigate Nitheroy, under Lord Cochrane, and greatly distin- guished himself at the expulsion of the Portuguese froniBahia. Pursuing the enemy's ships into Portu- guese waters he caused such destruction that thePor- (1825) ADMIKAL TAYLOK 209 tuguese Government made reclamations, in London, which led the Admiralty in 1825 to order British war-vessels to seize Cap. Taylor wherever they should find him. He burnt 4 Portuguese vessels at the mouth of the Tagus, under the guns of the enemy's flag-ship Juan VI. The Emperor sent instructions to the Brazilian Minister in London to use evei^y exertion towards obtaining the revocation of the Admiralty's despatch: 1st. on the grounds of his distinguished services for the cause of Independence- 2ndly. because of his being married in Brazil and enrolled as a citizen; 3rdly. be- cause Brazil would be deprived of one of her bravest and most skilful commanders unless the British Government condoned his desertion. The Emperor's letter concludes by telling the Minister to represent the matter to the British Government, as one that if granted would be taken as a special act of kindness towards Brazil. Accordingly the order against Capt. Taylor was revoked, and he continued to do gallant service for his adopted country, especially in suppres- sing the Vinagre revolution at Para and receiving the principal families aboard his vessels. The Emperor conferred on him the highest decorations known in the Empire, and the Government raised him to the rank of Admiral. His wife belonged to an old and wealthy native fa- mily, and when he retired from the sea he bought a cotfee-plantation near Rio Janeyro, where he died, 210 ANGLO-BRAZILIAN COMMANDERS (1855) in comparative poverty, on Nov. 26th 1855. No man ever served an adopted country v^ith more zeal, and when Don Pedro Primero was retiring to Portugal he offered Admiral Taylor high command to accom- pany him, but the latter replied that Brazil must always possess his affections and duty. His memory is gratefully preserved in the imperial fleet: among those officers who served under him were many who have since risen to distinction-, Viscount Tamandare, Baron Amazonas and Admiral Delamftre. He left two sons and one daughter; the latter married Sir Eduard Cecil Bishop, but is now dead. One of Ad- miral Taylor's sons is an eminent lawyer at Rio Janeyro. Admiral Grenfell was another gallant Englishman who won renown in the Brazilian service, and after- wards became Brazilian Consul General at Liverpool, where he died in April 1869. One of the Liverpool papers pubUshed his biography as follows: — ''The career of John Pascoe Grenfell was a remar- kable one. He was a son of the late Mr. J. G. Grenfell, of London, and was born at Battersea in 1809. At 11 years of age he commenced life under the East India Company, and made several voyages to and from India, first as midshipman, and then as mate. In 1819 he took service under the Chilian Republic, and became lieutenant under the command of the Earl of Dundonald — then Lord Coch- rane — who was Admiral of the Chilian naval forces, (1844) ADMIRAL GllENFELL 211 and took part in the war of independence against Spain. On the night of the 5th November, 1820, Lieutenant Grenfell commanded one of the boats of the ChiUan squadron, which, under the personal direc- tion of Lord Cochrane, cut out the Esmeralda from under the Castles of Callao, and in this affair he was wounded: (see Cochrane's services on the West Coast). On the conclusion of the war in 1823; Lieu- tenant Grenfell accompanied Lord Cochrane to Brazil, and engaged in the service of that new State against Portugal. Success again attended their arms, and Lieutenant Grenfell rose to the rank of Commander, and soon afterwards did good service to the cause he had espoused by compelling the surrender of the Por- tuguese at Para, and the adherence of the Province of that name to the new Government. After this, as a post-captain, he saw distinguished service in the war with the Argentine Confederation, and in a naval fight off B. Aires in July 1826, he lost his right arm. On his recovery he visited England, but in 1828 re- turned to the seat of war, which shortly afterwards terminated. Honors and dignities then flowed upon him, and he received a pension for the loss of his arm. In 1829 he married DonaMaria Dolores, the daughter of a dignitary of Montevideo. He continued to see active service at intervals, and received additional honors. In 1844 he was made a Rear -Admiral, and received the Queen's permission to hold his rank and continue in the service of the Emperor of Brazil. In 212 ANGLO-BRAZILIAN COMMANDERS (1846) 1846 he came to England and became Brazilian Con- sul-General, residing at Liverpool. In August, 1848. Rear Admiral Grenfell received the thanks of the town of Liverpool, and the gold medal of the Liverpool Seamen's Shipwreck Society for his exertions in sav- ing the lives of the passengers and crew of the emi- grant ship Ocean Monarch, burnt off the Mersey, and which was promptly succored by tRe Alfonso, under Gapt. Marques Lisboa, then on her trial trip. "The Prince de Joinville wrote a flattering letter to the Mayor of Liverpool for Admiral Grenfell's ser- vices on the occasion. In 1851 a misunderstanding again arose between the Argentine Republic and Montevideo, in which Brazil was involved. Rear- Admiral Grenfell was placed in supreme naval com- mand, and in conjunction with Count Caxias and others brought the campaign to a speedy and glori- ous conclusion. He was then promoted to the rank of Vice- Admiral. In August, 1852, he resigned his command, and returned to Liverpool, resuming his civil appointment, which he continued to hold, to- gether with the high respect of the commercial pub- lic, until his death." Some of Admiral GrenfelFs sons are distinguished officers in the British navy. Admiral Norton has been ah^eady mentioned in the campaigns of Admiral Brown against the Brazilians. Norton was a brave seaman and zealous commander, but no match for Brown. They were, after the war, good friends and Norton accepted Brown's (1824) NORTON, WELCH, SHEPHERD 213 invitation to spend some days with him at Buenos Ayres. The Brazilian Navy-Ust gives the follow^ing res- pecting this gallant officer. Vice Admiral James Norton, son of James and Eliza Norton, was born at London June 9th 1789, and entered the Brazilian service Aug. 23rd 1823, as commander of the frigate Piranya. He was made Post-captain a year later, and given command of the frigate Nitherhoy. from which he was transferred to the Oarioca in 1827. He saw much service during the war with Buenos Aires, and in the battle of June 16th 1828 lost his right arm. For this he was awarded a pension of 80/. sterling a year. He was promoted to be Chief of Division in Oct. 1829, and two years later appointed inspector of the arsenal at Rio Janey- ro. He was next made commander-in-chief of the naval forces at Rio, which post he held until 1834, when he was sent on an expedition to the South Paci- fic, and died on the voyage homeward to Brazil. Capt. Matthew Welch entered the Brazilian service in January 1824, as commander of the Pedro Primero, and served under Cochrane. He was made Post- Captain in Oct. 1829, and died in May 1852. Capt. James Shepherd, another Englishman, was killed at the head of his men in the attack on Patago- nes, as mentioned in Brown s life. He entered the Bra- zilian navy in 1823, and was made Post-Capt. in 1826. Gen. Caldwell, the oldest soldier in the Brazilian 214 ANGLO-BRAZILIAN COMMANDEllS (1873) army answered the last muster call on March 1st 1873, after 63 years of military service. Although born in Portugal he was of Anglo-Irish family, and came of fighting ancestors. His father was Lieut. - General Frederick Caldwell, a young and gallant Irish soldier of fortune, and his mother Louisa Vaug- han. In the quaint, old, town of Santarem, on the banks of the Tagus, our hero first saw the light on Feb. 16,1801. John Frederick Caldwell was still a child when he came to Brazil^ he states in his Will that he was but nine years old when he commenced as military cadet at Rio Janeyro, in the Portuguese service. When Brazil declared her independence he adopted her flag, and further identified himself with the country by marrying Mdlle, Joanna Freyre, by whom he had one daughter, Louisa Clara, now the wife of Capt. Do Couto, serving with his regiment in Matto-Grosso. Some years after the death of his first wife Caldwell marriedMdlle. Maria Henriettado Prado, who survived him, as well as a daughter by that lady. He was buried with great miUtary honors at Rio Janeyro, such as usual with military Knights of the Cross, of which order he was a distinguished member. By his last direc- tions the Book of Common Prayer was placed on his breast in the coffin. Field Marshal Gustavus Henry Brown died many years before Gen. Caldwell. The Brazilian Parlia- ment pensioned his widow in July 1864, with half a Field-Marshal's pay. (1817) GKN. MILLER'S CAMPAIGNS 215 CAP. XXII. GEN. MILLERS CAMPAIGNS William Miller landed at Buenos Aires in Sep. 1817, being then under 22 years of age. He was a native of Wingham, Kent, and had served 4 years in the Royal Artillery under Wellington in Spain, having entered the British army when barely 15 years old: he was present at Badajoz, Vittoria, San Sebastian and other hard fought battles. Pueyrredon was Dictator when Mr. Dickson pre- sented the young soldier of fortune at the Govern- ment house. A month elapsed before any answer was given to Miller's request for a commission in General San Martin's army, then fighting in Chile ^ and this delay had well nigh deprived the patriot arms of one 216 GEN. MILLER'S CAMPAIGNS (1818) who was destined to be a hero of no common order. Miller was treated with great hospitality by his coun- trymen in Buenos Aires, and received a flattering offer of partnership-, but while hesitating about his choice in the career of life he was luckily influenced by the advice of an English lady (Mrs. Mackinlay), who said to him " Were I a young man I would never abandon the profession of arms for one of mere money-making." Two days later he had received a captain s commission and taken farewell of his friends. He set out for Men- doza accompanied by two postilions, one of whom at a halt in the first post-house remarked to his compa- nion " What a fool this Englishman is ! he does not even know how to smoke." Miller reached Mendoza on the 9th day ; a ride of 600 miles. It took him only 3 72 days to cross the Andes, by the Uspallata pass, arriving at Santiago, on January 24th 1818. The patriot army was at Las Tablas, near Valparaiso, and Gen. San Martin at once attached him to the Buenos Aires artillery under Col. Plaza. This corps consis- ted of 480 men, with 10 six-pounders. The first engagement in which Miller measured swords with the enemy, was the disastrous affair of Cancha Rayada. Under cover of night the Spaniards attacked the patriot army, and a panic ensued-. Gen. O'Higgins being wounded, and most of the army run- ning away so precipitately that several reached San- tiago next day, a distance of 250 miles. This disaster was but a prelude to the glorious victory of Maipii. (1818) AFFAIR OF THE LAUTARO 217 Miller had saved two of the Buenos Aires guns, and O'Higgins and San Martin, collecting some of the fugitives, Avere able to muster 6,500 men in defence of the capital. Hundreds of the citizens had set out on foot to cross the Andes, regardless of the winter snows. The battle of Maypu Avas fought on April oth 1818, the armies on both sides being nearly equal. It resulted in the annihilation of the Spaniards, who left 2,000 slain on the field, and 3,500 wounded and prisoners. The patriots had 1,000 hors-de-combat. Meantime Miller had been sent with a company of foot to take possession of the shipping at Valparaiso. He embarked aboard the Lautaro, and bore down upon the blockading squadron, but the latter was too strong- and after a desperate engagement the Lautaro had to return into port, having narrowly escaped falling into the enemy's hands. The affair of the Lautaro, although unsuccessful, gave fresh courage to the patriots, who at once pro- ceeded to equip a fleet of 4 vessels under the com- mand of Commodore Blanco. The hills above Val- paraiso were covered with spectators as the fleet put to sea, Oct. 9th 1818^ the land forces on board being under the comman.-]4 GEN. MILLER'S COMilADES (1819) and left what money he had for the Indian Samari- tan. Wyman recovered under her care. Lieut. Gerard, a brave young Scotchman, earned great glory in the fight at Quechereguas, and was killed next day in the battle of Cancha Rayada. He had formerly belonged to the British rifle-corps. Samuel Haigh and James Barnard belonged to a number of English merchants who joined the patriot cavalry as volunteers and fought at the battle of Maypu. Mr. Haigh afterwards traded in a vessel of his own, called the Enterprise, between the River Plate and Chile. Dr. Welsh, private surgeon to Lord Cochrane, vo- lunteered to accompany Miller in the attack on Mira- be, and was killed in the hour of victory. In Miller's memoirs it is said '-'' the loss of this fine young Scotch- man was very much deplored. There was a liveli- ness of manner and a kindness of heart perceptible in his assiduous attentions to the sick and wounded, which won for him more than the esteem of all. The soldiers wept over his remains^ and such was the idea of his worth in the minds of the inhabitantsof Tacna, that the news of his fall produced in the principal families sensations of regret to an extent unusual upon so short an acquaintance. Cochrane wrote that he would sooner have lost his right arm •, and Miller had to lament a friend, whose unwearied attendance had beguiled the irksome hours of a sick-bed and long suffering from severe wounds. Welsh was mourned (1825) DFv. AVELSH KILLED 235 alike by the soldiers and by the sailors, by his coun- trymen and by South Americans \ and his early death was a severe loss to the patriot service." Surgeon Molloy, an Irishman, succeeded Dr. Welsh but lived only a few^ days. He was drowned next month, with a boat's crew, in the attempt to sur- prise Ilo. Dr. Nichol attended Gen. Miller during a dangerous illness when Governor of Puno, in 1825. An old wound had broken out afresh, and mortification set in, but Dr. Nichol made an incision in the General's side and treated him with such attention and skill that he recovered. Nichol at the time resided at La Paz and had to come 170 miles on horseback at the summons of his illustrious patient and countryman. Mr. William Cochrane, an English merchant of Arica rendered valuable assistance to Gen Miller in enabling the remains of the patriot army to embark after the defeat ofMoquegua. Miller had just pushed off in the last launch, when the Spaniards entered the towm. 236 ANGLO-FEBTJVIAN OFJflCEKS (182-1) CAP. XXIV. ANGLO-PERUVIAN OFFICERS Lieut. -Colonel Sowersby, Avho succeeded Colonel Charles in command of the marines when Charles was killed in the capture of Pisco, was of Englisli parentage, although born at Bremen. He commanded an infantry detachment in the expedition of General Santa Cruz to Upper Perii, but afterwards was made Lieut.-Col. of a squadron of Hussars, and at their head received his death-wound in the battle of Junin. His last moments are thus described by Miller : — "As I entered Bolivar's hut I perceived my old companion-in-arms, the gallant Colonel Sowersby, leaning against the wall. He had received two lance wounds, neither of which was then thought dange- (1824) LIEUT.-COLONEL SOWEESBYSS DEATH 237 rous, yet his countenance was marked with a wild expression that bespoke approaching death. At first he hardly noticed me, but after a short pause grasped my hand, and said with a faltering voice. ''My dear Miller, we took arms in this cause almost on the same day. We have often fought side by side. You have witnessed my conduct. You are my oldest and best friend in this service. I am too feeble to say much. You see what is likely to happen. Write to my good old father and mother, and tell them that I fell in a glorious cause." Sowersby had fought under Napoleon at Borodino, and survived all the horrors of the retreat from Mos- cow. He died two days after the battle of Junin, at Carhuamayo, aged 29 years ^ and Gen. Miller erected a tablet over his grave with the following inscrip- tion : — '*Sacred to the memory of Lieut.-Colonel Charles Sowersby of the Hussars of Junin, at whose head in the battle of Junin he received two mortal wounds on Aug. 6th 1824, in the moment of victory. "He died two days later at Carhuamayo, deeply regretted by his companions-in-arms, witnesses of his valor at Maypu, Rio Bamba and Pichincha, in the cause of Independence. "This monument is erected as a token of esteem by his friend and comrade. Gen. Miller." The navy-list of Peru during the War of Indepen- dence and subsequent years furnishes the following 238 ANGLO-PERUVIAN OFFICEKS (1822) names of English commanders and officers, as sup- plied to me by the Minister of War, His Ex. Don Pedro Bustamante, under date Feb. 10th 1877. Admiral Martin George Guise, was captain of one of the Chilian war-vessels under Lord Cochrane in the attack on Callao, and distinguished himself in leading the assault to cut out the Spanish frigate Esmeralda, after the capture of which vessel the command temporarily devolved on him, as Lord Cochrane was dangerously wounded. He was raised to the rank of Rear-Admiral of Peru by Gen. San Martin on Sept. 1st 1822, and given command of the Peruvian fleet on May 8th 1823. In Sept. 1826 he was tried by court-marti^ at Lima, and hono- rably acquitted of all chargers that his enemies had brought against him. Being again entrusted with command of the fleet he was killed in the glorious attack on Guayaquil, Nov. 24th 1828. In Millers memoirs it is stated Capt. Guise, formerly of the British navy, entered the Chilian service in Nov. 1818. He commanded the Lautaro, 48 guns, in the attack on Callao, Feb. 1819, and was badly wounded. He took part in the capture of Pisco, Nov. 1819, which proved fatal to the gallant Col. Charles. When the army of Gen. Santa Cruz was cut to pieces at Moquegua " the noble-minded Guise " received his fallen friend with double attention. In January 1824 Guise was made Vice^Admiral of Peru, and hoisted his flag aboard the Protector (formerly the Spanish frigate Prueba) : in (1825) ADMIRAL JOHN ILLINGROT 239 the following month he sailed and attacked the enemy under the forts of Callao. burning the Venganza and another vessel. He blockaded Callao with 5 vessels on Oct. 7th 1825, and the Spanish commander capi- tulated in the following January, after the garrison had eaten all the horses, cats, and dogs in the place. Admiral John lUingrot was for some time captain of a Columbian war-vessel till the incorporation of the Columbian with the Peruvian fleet, under Admiral Guise, at Guayaquil, when he was confirmed in his command, on January 8th 1825. Some time later he took part in the capture of Callao, after which he received the grade of Real-Admiral of Peru. In June 1826 he was recalled by the Columbian Gov- ernment to defend Guayaquil against-the Peruvian fleet, and entrusted with the command of the Colum- bian war-vessels in the war that ensued w^ith Peru. Captain George Young came in command of one of Lord Cochrane's vessels that conveyed General San Martin's army to Peru. He was made capitaine de fregate in the Peruvian navy, on September 14th 1822, and two months later appointed Commander of Callao arsenal, which post he held till named Cap- tain of the Congress, in March 1823. He captured the Spanish war-vessel Vigie at Arica in 1824. At Guayaquil he succeeded Admiral Guise in command of the frigate Protector. Retiring from active ser- 240 ANGLO-PEKUVIAN OFFICEES (1825) vice in 1825, he was named Port-captain of Callao but was again ordered to sea in 1834 as commander of the Arequipeilo, from which he was transferred io the corvette Confederacion.- Retiring on half-pay in 1837 he ran a merchant-vessel for some years jilong the coast. Capt. Henry Freeman served for some years as a junior officer until given the command of the Con- vencion, in 1834. He was placed on the reserve in April 1836. There was an officer of this name, Lieut. Freeman, who distinguished himself at Morro de Sama under Lord Cochrane, in 1821- perhaps the same mentioned here. Capt. George French first served as pilot aboard Admiral Guise's flag-ship Protector in June 1824, and received in 1825 the grade of Sub-Lieutenant. He was promoted in 1834 to be ^'Lieutenant-de-fregate", Avith the post of Port-captain at Lambayaque. Admi- ral Moran made him Post Captain in 1836, with com- mand of the Fior-del-Mar, from which he was trans- ferred to the corvette Confederation. Having the mis- fortune to be captured by the enemy's ship Libertad ho was detained prisoner for some time in Chile, but es- caped from that country to Callao, where he remain- ed until 1839, when he left Perii. Capt. George Parker entered as cadet in March 1823, and became in the following year Sub-Lieute- nant. He was gazetted Lieutenant of the frigate President in November 1829, and afterwards trans- (1836) CAPT. MICKRLJOHNS 241 ferredto theOotigreso,iii which vessel the crew muti- nied at Cobija and made him prisoner. He received permission in 1834 to enter the merchant service, still preserving his rank, and by decree of May 1836 was made Captain of corvette. He seems to have af- terwards entered the Chilian service. Captain Robert Mickeljohns entered the Peruvian navy as pilot of the flag-ship Protector in 1824, and received from Admiral Guise in 1825 his despatches as Second-Lieutenant. He rose to be Lieutenant in 1827, and was seriously wounded by the side of Admiral Guise in the assault of Guayaquil. For his share in this brilliant action he w^as made Brevet Captain and allowed to retire on full pay, which he enjoyed till his death, atLima, in June 1836. 242 ANGLO-CHILIAN OFFICERS 1 1819) CAP. XXV. ANGLO-CHILIAIS OFFICERS. Many brave Englishmen rendered brilliant services ill the Chilian navy, especially those who fought under Lord Cochrane. To them is in great measure due the merit of having made Chile a naval power, and not a few of them fell gloriously in the war of Inde- pendence. . Captain (afterwards Admiral) Grenfell entered the Chilian navy in 1819, and was Lieutenant of the flag- ship O'Higgins at the cutting-out of the Esmeralda at Callao, in which he was wounded. He was a con- fidential officer and friend of Lord Cochrane, and ac- (1821) ADMIllAL SBIPSON 243 conipanied him afterwards to Brazil (see Anglo- Brazilian commanders). Captain (now Admiral) Simpson first distinguished himself as a Lieutenant under Capt. Orosbie, in the cut- ting-out of 3 Spanish war-vessels at Callao, 14th July 1821. He served all through the campaign, and is now nearly 60 years in the Chilian navy, having been recently raised to the rank of Admiral. Lord Cochrane, in his memoirs, speaks very highly of Simp- son,and says that to him is due the adoption of steamers instead of sailing-brigs for Chilian war- vessels. Capt. Crosbie was given command of the Araucano, 16 guns, in Lord Cochrane's fleet against Callao, Sept. 1819. He led one of the two divisions which cut out the Esmeralda, on Nov. 5th 1820, the other being led by Capt. Guise (See Anglo-Peruvian commanders). Finally he acquitted himself with great glory in July 1821 by cutting out 3 Spanish war-vessels and burn- ing 4 others under the guns of the Spanish fortress of Callao. Colonel Tupper's brief career in the Chilian army was so remarkable for gallant deeds that all contem- porary writers speak of him as an honor to the British name. He was born at Guernsey, 8th April 1800, and at the age of 15 had earned the reputation of a modern Hercules. Having several relatives in the British service he sought to enter the army, the year after Waterloo, but failed to obtain an appointment : he proceeded to South America, arriving at Buenos 24 f ANGLO-OHILIAK OFFICEliS (1821) Aires in 1821. Crossing the Ancles he entered the Chilian army, where he soon became very popular. He was 6 feet 2 inches in height, florid complexion, with dark chestnut hair- and his frank and generous manner rendered him a great favorite. He spoke several languages, and his refined tastes are evident in the admirable and touching letters to his friends in Guernsey (see Sutcliffe's memoirs). He served with great distinction against the Araucanian Indians in 1823 •, for which he was promoted over several other officers to the command of Beauchef s company of Grenadiers. Numberless anecdotes are told of his prowess in the Indian campaign \ in one case pulling a Cacique off his horse, and carrying him away as his prisoner. In Gen. Miller's memoirs flattering mention is also made of him. In 1826 he married a grand-daughter of Count Zeegers, at Valparaiso, and was made Colonel the same year for his capture of Chiloe, the last Spanish stronghold in this Continent. Subsequent civil wars caused himmuch dissatisfaction, and there is a painful presentiment of his sad end in one of the letters to his friends at Guernsey (June 1829). He says: — ''In this country the revolu- tions are so frequent that I cannot expect a long life. I am ready for death at any moment. Al- ready most of the foreign officers have perished by the sword or disease. Nevertheless I shall have lived long enough if I leave a subsistence for my children and an unblemished name. Perhaps (1830) COL0iS[EL O'CAUUOLTv 'Mb Chile will one day remember my services/' A few mouths later he retired from the araiy, possibly with the intention of leaving so distracted a country and taking his family to Guernsey. But he was soon after offered the important post of Governor of Co- quimbo, and he accepted it. Another civil war break- ing out he took the field against the rebels in Dec. 1829, and during his absence a mob of ruffians rushed to his house, to murder his wife. Fortunately Mme. Tupper had been advised in time and had taken re- fuge in the episcopal palace with her children. The mob proceeded, however, to break open the gates of the palace, vowing death to the ^' wife of the dog Tupper." In the hall they encountered the Bishop dressed in canonicals, holding a crucifix in his hand, and at this sight they turned and fled. The campaign terminated with the battle of Maule on April 17th 1830, when the Government troops were defeated by Col. Prieto, whose Indian auxiUaries overtook Col. Tupper and butchered him, in the same manner as they had done Colonel O'CarroU some time before. Major Latham was wounded, but survived the defeat. Such was the joy of the Spaniards at the news of Tappers death that they made a grand procession: they could not forgive his brilliant services in the ex- pulsion of the last Spanish garrison from Chiloe. Thus perished at the early age of 30 years this intrepid commander, the fame of whose exploits had even reached Europe, as mentioned by the London papers 240 ANGLO-CHILIAN OFFICEKS (1826) which annonuced his death. Only 4 years previously his brother Lieut. Tupper of IL M. S. Sybille was killed (June 1826) in a combat with Greek pirates near Candia. Colonel Thomas Sutcliffc entered the Chilian army near the close of the war of Independence, and rose rapidly through various grades, until appointed Go- vernor of Juan Fernandez, 1830. On this remote island he remained several years, and witnessed the fearful earthquake of Feb. 20th 1835, in which he lost all his property. Returning to England in 1841 he published his " Sixteen Years in Chile", an inte- resting narrative ^ one of the plates shewing the sub- marine-eruption as seen from the island on the day of the above earthquake. Capt. O'Brien, the hero of the Lautaro, had been a lieutenant in the British navy and greatly distin- guished himself in the capture of the United States frigate Essex. The Lautaro was formerly the East Indiaman Wyndham, 800 tons, which the Chilians purchased the day before the battle of Maypu- she carried 44 guns, 100 foreign seamen, 250 ChiUans and a company of Marines, all officered by Eng- lishmen. O'Brien received orders to go out from Valparaiso and engage the Spanish blockading squa- dron, which consisted of the frigate Esmeralda, 44 guns, and the Pezuela 18 guns. Running out of port under British colors his vessel was first mistaken by the enemy for H.M.S. Amphion, but on coming (1829) ATTACK ON CALLAO 247 closer he hoisted the Chilian colors and opened fire on the Esmeralda. As soon as near enough he leap- ed aboard the enemy'^s ship with 30 followers, where- upon the Spaniards ran down below, and O'Brien hauled down the Spanish colors. Unfortunately the Lautaro was. just then separated from the captured frigate by a jerk of the sea, and the Spaniards re- covering from their surprise fired from below and shot O'Brien, whose last words were ''• Never leave her my boys-, the ship is ours." The Lautaro succeeded in safely returning to port under charge of Lieut. Walker ^ before re-entering port he captured a vesse having on board many rich Spaniards escaping from Chile^ and from them the patriots exacted a ransom which repaid the price they had paid for the Lautaro. Capt. Forster was commander of Lord Cochrane's flag-ship, the O'Higgins, 50 guns, in the first attack upon Callao, March 1820. He and Col. Miller cap- tured the island of San Lorenzo, and rescued the pri- soners kept there by the Spaniards. A month later he landed atPayta with 120 men, and took the place without firing a shot, the garrison having fled: he carried off several pieces of cannon and much booty. He likewise surprised Supe on May 5th 1820, and made a number of prisoners. He commanded the flag-ship O'Higgins in January 1826, when the Span- iards were driven from Chiloe, their last possession in South America. Captain Wilkinson was commander of the flag- 248 ANGLO-CHILIAN OFFICERS (1818) ship San Martin 56 guns, under Commodore Blanco, in the first Chilian fleet, which sailed out of Val- paraiso on October 9th. 1818, and took a principal part in the capture of a frigate and 7 Spanish trans- ports conveying 2,800 troops from Spain. lie was confirmed in his command by Lord Cochrane, in Janu- ary 1819, and served under him with great skill and intrepidity during the campaign. Captain Carter commanded the Chacabuco, 20 guns, in Lord Cochrane's first expedition against Callao. In the following year he was captain of the Intrepido at Talcahuano-, and on January 9th 1821, being in command of the Araucano, he captured af- ter after a gallant resistance the Spanish war-vessel Arauzazu, 7 guns. Captain Cobbet was a lieutenant under Cochrane in the attack of the fire-ships upon Callao, oneof which vessels he commanded. He was afterwards pro- moted to be captain of the Valdivia, and refused to transfer his allegiance to Peru when difficulties arose between that Government and Cochrane. He was always a trusty friend of the Admiral's, who mentions also that he was a nephew of the famous William Cobbett. In 1826 when Buenos Aires soli- cited the aid of Chile against Brazil, he was sent to the River Plate in command of the flag-ship O'llig- gins, which is supposed to have foundered off Cape Horn, as she was never heard of after leaving Chili- an waters. (1822) SPKY, WINTEK, ROBERTON 249 Captain Spry, formerly of the British navy, arriv- ed in Chile before Lord Cochrane and was put in command of the Galvarino, 18 guns, vv^hich had been brought out from England by Capt. Guise, admirably officered and equipped, and sold to the ChiUan Govern- ment^ she had formerly been H. M. S. Hecate. Spry was an indefatigable officer, but almost always at variance with Lord Cochrane, who dismissed him on a charge of mutiny, whereupon Gen San Martin made him his naval aide-de-camp. Capt. Winter commanded a Chilian war-schooner at the time when Gen. Pinto was retreating from Arica to Coquimbo. His vessel carried but one gun, a 24-powder, which he worked so efficiently when attacked by a Spanish privateer that he carried away the enemy's mainyard and got safe into Coquimbo. He afterwards commanded the Galvarino, in Jan- uary 1826, in the expulsion of the Spaniards from Chiloe. Captain Roberton was a Scotchman who came out under Guise in the Galvarino, from England, and re- ceived command of a brig in the patriot service. In 1822 he made a descent at Arauco, where Benavidez and the Indians were committing great cruelties ^ he surprised the miscreants, took 60 of them and hanged them, but Benavidez and his second, an Italian named MartiUni, escaped. Roberton afterwards received a free gift of the island of Mocha, and settled down there for a couple of years, with a Chilian wife and two 250 ANGLO-CHILIAN OFFICERS (1822) servants, being known as Robinson Crusoe, and af- terwards joined by a brother from Scotland. The Italian miscreant above-mentioned having turned pi- rate chanced to visit the island, and carried off Rob- erton to sell him to the Spaniards, but he contrived to escape. We find him again in command of a vessel in the attack on Callao in 1824. He was afterwards imprisoned by Bolivar for some political offence, but made his escape in a remarkable manner: he knock- ed down three sentries, ran through the gate, threw himself into the sea, and swam off to a merchant vessel, which conveyed him back to his island of Mocha. Capt. Bennet was secretary to Lord Cochrane at the capture of Valdivia, and on this occasion a touching occurrence is mentioned. Bennett seems to have been a cabin-boy accidentally left behind on the Araucania territory in 1803. The Indians bringing him in to Val- divia sold him to the family of Del Rio, who adopted him and trained him up as their son, until the Spanish Governor of Concepcion, learning that he was English born, cruelly ordered him to be sent to Lima. After a separation of several years he had the happiness to see again the kind people who had been as parents to him, and the meeting was a scene, says Miller, which drew tears from the spectators. Bennett had the satisfaction ofprevailing on Lord Cochrane to exempt the Del Rio family from military levies or moles- tation. (1819) BKOVVN, BAYLEY, llAMSAY 251 Captain Brown commanded the Chilian privateer Maypu, which after a severe action was captured by the Spaniards. Lord Cochrane offered to exchange some Spanish prisoners for Capt. Brown and his men, but the Viceroy refused, and alleged he considered them as pirates. They were kept in prison 16 months, under sentence of death, the fetters around their ankles having laid the bones bare. At last Captain Brown escaped by the aid of a sentry, and took refuge aboard H. M. S. Tyne. Lieut. Bayley. an active young officer, was in the Galvarino, which towed Miller's rocket rafts in the second attack on Callao, October ,2nd 1819- when ths enemy opened a dreadful fire of red-hot shot, and Lieutenant Bayley was cut in two by a 24- pounder. Lieutenant Ramsay was 1st Lieutenant, aboard Commodore Blanco's flag-ship, the San Martin, in the capture of the Spanish flotilla at Talcahuano. He became deaf and almost dumb from the effects of the cannonading. In the attack on Chiloe in January 1826, Captain Bell of the Lautaro, greatly distinguished himself, as also Captain Worster of the Achilles, and Lieute- nant Oxley of the Galvarino : the last-named was killed in capturing a gunboat. Captain Bell was afterwards killed in the battle of Maule, along with Col. Tupper. Three gallant North-A merican officers also served 252 ANGLO-CHILIAN OFFICEKS (1817) with distinction under the Chilian flag : Lieutenants Carson, Manning and Eldridge. The last-named was killed and the others were Avounded in the attack by General Las Heras on Talcahiiano in December 1817. Carson afterwards commanded a company of marines in Lord Cochrane's descent on Guayaquil, Dec. 1819. (1771) IRISH COILMANDEKH IN CHILE AND PEKU 25i CAP. XXVI. IRISH COMMANDERS IJS CHILE AND PERU. Some of the Chilian and Peruvian generals of foreign extraction were men born in the humbler walks of life, who fought their way to dignity and rank, like Gen. O'Brien, winning a grade on every field of battle. Others were of patrician birth, such as General Mac Kenna, the hero of Membrillar. John Mac Kenna was born October 26th 1771, at Clogher, in the county of Tyrone, the patrimony of the ancient Irish sept of 0'*Reilly, whose estates were confiscated after the fall of Limerick, A. D. 1691. His parents were WilUam Mac Kenna and Leonora O'Reilly, who sent him, when 11 years old, to his :^51 IRISH C03IMANDERS IN CHILE AND PERU (1796) uncle Count O'Reilly, a Spanish nobleman of Madrid. He was. placed in the Royal Engineering acadehiy at Barcelona, and there graduated as cadet in 1787, embarking the same year for Morocco. In the cam- paign against the Moors he was promoted to Suh- Lieutenant, and 5 years later became Adjutant of the Engineer corps. The war of 1794 against the French saw him again in active service, earning such dis- tinction at the siege of Rozas that he was rewarded with the grade of captain. He embarked for South America in 1796, having letters of recommendation to Viceroy O'Higgins of Peru. Landing at Montevideo with the purpose of proceeding overland to the West Coast he halted some weeks at Buenos Ayres, which city he left 23rd January 1797, crossing the Pampas to Mendoza, and thence over the Andes to Santiago. . Arriving at Lima in May 1797 he presented him- self to the Viceroy, who at once commissioned him to construct roads and bridges, and appointed him Governor of Osorno, in the south of Chile. He was also instructed to renew the fortifications of Valdi- via, for which Viceroy O'Higgins gave him a sum of $12,000, besides $14,000 for a highroad from Osorno to Chiloe, and other public works. He built a church, school, tannery, two mills, and a brick fac- tory at Osorno^ and equipped a battalion of 300 men for frontier defence. The new road was completed from Valdivia to Chiloe, throudi 100 miles of mount- (1808) GE>T. MAC KENNA 255 ain and forest, causing the population of Osorno to double in a short period. O'Higgins was not slow to report to the Spanish Government the notable pro- gress made by Mac Kenna, who accordingly received a letter of thanks from the Minister at Madrid. The Marquis de Aviles, Governor General of Chile, wished to abandon the Osorno colony, but the King of Spain issued an order by which it was to remain under Mac Kenna's charge as a dependency of Peru. Here he remained until 1808, when Abascal, the Viceroy who succeeded O'Higgins, sent for him to Lima and gave him orders to construct houses of refuge for travellers on the high-road between San- tiago and Valparaiso. Three months after his arrival at the Chilian capital he married Josefa VicuHa Lar- rain, a lady of good family, who was probably the cause of his joining the patriots when the revolution broke out against Spain, Sep. 18th 1810. In the following month he presented, at the request of the Cabildo, a strategic plan of defence for Chile. He was Governor of Valparaiso from January to Sep. 1811, when he was made a member of the patriot Junta, with the rank of Comandante General of Artillery. The re-actionary movement of Carrera, took place in November, when the Junta was overthrown and Mac Kenna removed from his command and thrown into prison on a charge of conspiracy to murder Car- rera. He was banished to the farm at Catapilco, 25G IRISH COMMANDERS IN CHILE AND PERU (1813) where he remained in patient obscurity till April 1813, being appointed Adjutant General to Carrera in the expedition then setting out to encounter Gen. Pareja, Avho had recently arrived from Spain and captured Concepcion and Chilian. Yerbas Buenas was the scene of a victory over the invaders, who were completely surprised by the patriots and forced to fall back towards Chilian. The command of the reserve was confined to Mac Kenna, comprising the infantry volunteers, some cavalry and the heavy guns, w^ith which force he drove the Span- iards precipitately across the Perquilauquen^ the main body of the patriots under Carrera having mar- ched to seize Concepcion. Mac Kenna s troops suffer- ed terribly from cold and privation during the siege of Chilian, in midwinter, which obliged him to raise the siege, August 9th, after a hard struggle with the enemy in a sortie on 3rd August. At Carrera s request he proceeded to fortify Con- cepcion, Talcahuano and Talca, the enemy still re- maining behind the trenches of Chilian, and receiv- ing supplies from the Viceroy of Peru. In this pos- ture of affairs the campaign of 1814 opened^ with Bernard O'Higgins as Commander-in-chief in place of Carrera, and Mac Kenna at the head of a division of 800 foot, 100 horse, and 6 pieces of cannon. The Spanish army sallying out of Chilian divided into 2 columns one going northward, the other south; the first soon threatened Mac Kenna's position, obliging (1814) GEN. MAC KENNA 257 him to send urgent despatches to O'Higgins for assis- tance. Before the latter, however, could come from Concepcion to his aid Mac Kenna was so hard pressed that he had to give battle to the enemy at Membrillar, the result being a brilUant success for the patriot arms. While the royalists fell back in disorder a junction Avas effected by OHiggins and Mac Kenna, who obliged the enemy to seek safety within the walls of Talca. O'Higgins remained with the army in ob- servation, and Mac Kenna proceeded to Santiago, where he was welcomed as the hero of Membrillar, and raised to the rank of General of Brigade. At the same time he was made Mihtary Governor of Santiago, and we find his name as Chihan Commis- sioner appended to the truce proposed by Commo- dore Hillyard on behalf of the Peruvian Viceroy, which was duly signed at Lircay on 3rd May. Carrera made another revolution on the night of 23rd of July, and seizing Mac Kenna banished him across the Andes to Mendoza. The letter to the Governor of Cuyo, dated August 2nd 1814, requests him to treat the exile with the courtesy due to his rank and services, but not allow him back to Chile. He w^as not long at Mendoza when the news arrived of the fall of Rancagua, owing to Carrera's doubt- ful conduct- and some days later O'Higgins and other patriots arrived from Santiago. In November Mae Kenna crossed the Pampas to Buenos Ayres, 2r)S TPvISII COMMANDERS IN riTTLE AND PERU (IRU)) followed l)y Luis Carrera, brother of his deadly ene- my. It chanced that both took lodgings in the same street, almost opposite one another. Carrera sent Mac Kenna a challenge for some alleged comments upon his brother. A duel came off at mid-night (Nov. 21st 1814} at Videla's quinta, near Barracas, Admiral Brown being Carrera's second, and Col. Vargas Mac Kenna's. At the first interchange of shots, Mac Kenna's bullet went through his adver- sary's hat : at the second Mac Kenna fell dead, having received a ball in the throat. The corpse was con- veyed to Sto. Domingo church next morning and buried there. Mr. Vicufia Mac Kenna, the eminent statesman and historian, is grandson of General Mac Kenna. Gen. John Thomond O'Brien seems to have been born in the south of Ireland about 1790 : he came to Buenos Aires in 1816, and joined Gen. San Martin w^hen the army was being got ready at Mendoza to cross the Andes for the liberation of Chile. He was made a Lieutenant in the famous Argentine regiment of Grenadiers-a-cheval, and afterwards aidede-cami) to the General-in-chief, who quickly formed a great friendship for him ^ that was never after diminished. He w^ould have caught the eye of Frederic of Prussia by his imposing figure, standing nearly 6 7^ feet in height, while his fearless disposition, unvary- ing honesty, and winning manners made him a favo- rite in the camp. (1817) GEN. u'bkien 250 When Gen. San Martin had his preparations almost matured he sent O'Brien with a picked body of men the London papers of the period say 300) to clear the snow in the Andine passes. This occupied some months, and was so arduous that half of his com- mand perished of hardship, exposure and want. It is to be regretted that his modesty prevented him from publishing' his auto-biography, but General Miller makes frequent mention of him in his me- moirs. O'Brien won his spurs at the battle ot Chacabuco, rushing into the Spanish lines, capturing the royal standard, and returning with his trophy to the patriot army. After the battle General San Martin sent him to pursue some of Maroto's officers Avho had fled with a quantity of treasure towards Valparaiso. Having overtaken and made them prisoners O'Brien sent the treasure, consisthig of 1700 gold ounces ^about 6000/. sterling) in two boxes to Gen. San Martin. He recei- ved afterwards a letter from the Provisional Govern- ment, thanking him for his integrity in not appropriat- ing the money. He accompanied San Martin all through the cam- paigns of Chile and Peru, until the total overthrow of the Spanish regime, and the proclamation of Gen. San Martin as Protector of Peru. On the day (July 28th 1821) when Independence was declared at Lima the Protector harangued his army in the great plaza, and taking in his hand the standard of Pizarro he 260 IRISH COMMANDERS IN CJIILE AND PfiKU . 1^2(1) said '-'" this is my ijortion of the trophies.*' Then tak- ing the state canopy of PizaiTO, a kind of umbrella always borne over the Viceroys in processions, he presented it to Gen. O'Brien, saying ^^ This is for the gallant comrade who has fought so many years by my side in the cause of South-America." This canopy is now in the possession of Gen. O'Brien s daughter *, it is 24 feet circumference, of rich crimson velvet em- broidered with gold, and has attached to it the follow- ing note in OBriens writing ''This canopy was brought to Peru on Pizarro's second journey from Spain. It was held over him and all subsequent Vice- Kings of Peru on state occasions. Little did they think its last owner would be an Irishman!" On the conclusion of the w^ar O'Brien turned his attention to mining pursuits and received from the Peruvian Government a grant of the famous silver mine of Salcedo, near Puno. At that time the mining fever was at its height, and he travelled among numberless tribes of Indians in the wildest parts of the continent, collecting samples of gold, both in leaf and nuggets, which he sent to England. In 1826 Messrs. Rundell and Bridge, London jew- ellers, purchased the gold mines of Tipuani and the emerald mines of lUimani, and sent over Mr. Pago as their agent. The mines adjoined those of General O'Brien and Mr. Begg, near Lake Chiquito, and as there was great difficulty in procuring food for the (1847) GEN. o"biuen 261 Indian miners the General and his friends undertook the task of sailing a vessel on the lake. 18,000 feet above sea-level, to convey provisions from the other end, a distance of 240 miles. Having purchased a brig in the Peruvian port of Arica they stripped her of anchors and rigging, and after two years of hard labor launched her on the lake. By this means they opened up regular communication with the valleys of Bolivia, but it was impossible to carry up suitable anchors to such a height, and in a storm some time later the brig was dashed to pieces, and with it the hopes of carrying on the mining works. Among the other remarkable efforts of Gen. O'Brien and Mr. Begg they transported a steam-engine across the Andes, dug through the Laycaycota mountain a canal 2,000 feet long, traversed by 9 locks, and laid down a railroad at its extremity for the conveyance of their ore. After the failure of the mines he came to Buenos Aires when he was imprisoned by Rosas, but liberated at the intercession of the Dictator's daughter Manue- lita. He went to Europe in 1847, as diplomatic agent for Montevideo, and was received by Mr. Canning and Louis Philippe: he published several pamphlets against Rosas and Oribe, and made various ineffec- tual efforts- to promote Irish emigration to Banda Oriental. His later years were spent in England^ but his health giving way in 1861 he proceeded to Lisbon, 2Cr2 IKISH COMMANDERS IN C1I1LI<: AND rEllLJ (1824) where he died in May of that year. Previous to his death he went and chose a phice for his grave at St. John's cathedral. Lisbon. He even arranged with the undertaker, got his shroud made, and packed his trunks with the few mementoes for his daughters, having no riches to leave them. To one, who is still a nun at Lima, he sent some feather-flowers, with the remark •' these are made by an Irish lady, and equal to any I have seen in South America." To the other, who is married at Valparaiso, he sent Pizarro's cano- py. He died a few days later, being over 70 years of age. Gen. O'Connor, son of Roger O'Connor and godson of Sir Francis Burdett, was one of the most disguish- ed soldiers of Independence and played an important part in the final victory of Ayacucho which secured the independence of South America. Having raised a regiment at his own expense he arrived in Peru in command of it, with the rank of Colonel, and was Chief of Staff of the patriot army previous to the battle uf Ayacucho, on which eventful day he acted as Adjutant General. In Miller's memoirs it is said of him : ''he has often distinguished himself in the field, and is uni- versally esteemed for his bravery, disinterestedness and gentlemanly deportment. He has adhered to the cause of South American independence with persevering enthusiasm .' * Gen. O'Connor came out to South America as an ensign in the Irish Legion under General Devereux. (1824) or:n-. o'coNNOPv 26?> Being made a lieatenaiit of the Albion regiment he fought all through the campaign of Venezuehi and New Granada, from 1819 till 1824, winning a grade on every battle field, till his regiment was reduced to a handful of men, and he had reached the rank of Colonel. Accompanying Gen. Bolivar to Peru he served as Chief of Staff during the interval preceding the decisive battle of Ayacucho, and for his gallantry on that day was promoted to the rank of General. After the war of Independence he became Minister of War in Bolivia, under Gen. Santa Cruzs presidency. Subsequently beccuning Governor of Tarija he held this post for many years •, the province of Tarija had been one of the Argentine Confederation, but was annexed to Bolivia by O'Connor, when Minister of War. He owned large estancias and always shewed the most cordial hospitality to any English visitors passing through Tarija. He never returned to Ireland, but died at his estancia in 1870, at an advanced age, leaving a large fortune to his son and daughter. He was a man of aristocratic tastes and traditions, distinguished manners, noble appearance, and in- flexible integrity. When a brother-in-law of Presi- dent Santa Cruz was tried by court-martial O'Con- nor was made judge with the view of using the Pre- sident's influence on him, but he condemned and passed sentence on the culprit with the sternness of a Brutus. He claimed direct descent from Ro- deric O^Conor, last King of Ireland, A. D. 1180, and 264 IRISH COMMANDERS IN CHILE AND PERU used the royal arms of that family for his crest. One of his brothers had gone out to Australia and founded there an Irish colony, amassing great wealth, nnd dying about 1870. The latest English travcHer Avho visited Gen. O'Conor, was Mr. Weld Blundell of Lancashire, who found the aged veteran in good health and was most hospitably treated by him. y I (177ii) O'HIGGINS, DICTATOR OF CIIILK 205 CAP. XXVII. HIGGLES, DICTATOR OF CHILE. First in war, first in peace. '• A.nd first in the hearts of his countrymen/' Bernard O'Higgins, only son of "the great Vice- roy," was born at Chilian on 20th August 1776, his father being at that tfnie commander of the southern frontier. His mother, Isabel Riquelme, belonged to an old ChiUan family, and it seems an un- disputed fact that the Washington of Chile was of illegitimate birth. His early years were spent under the care of Franciscan friars, who imparted to him the ordinary rudiments of instruction; un til the appointment of his father as Governor Gene- ral of Chile, when he accompanied him to Santiago. He was about 15 years of age when his father sent him to a Catholic college at Richmond, near London, where he acquired not only the sound principles and liberal education which were to mark his future cha- racter, but an atfection for the language, customs and '2GC) (YmGCriy^. -DTrTATOPv (W riTTLE (1810) people of England that he seems to have warmly cherished throuohout his eventful career. His letters in English to Lord Cochrane and gthers, during the war of Independence, display an easy and correct style, while the sentiments are uniformly frank and magnanimous, as the whole tenor of his life. He always had before him the great model of his august father, and his love for Chile was as patrotic and single-minded as was the devotion of Ambrose O'Hig- gins to the Spanish crown. After leaving coHeg(^ he proceeded to Spain, pro- bably to visit his father's friends in that country, and was residing at Cadiz when the news of the Viceroys death reached him. Pie returned to his native coun- try and warmly espoused the cause of Independence, beginning public life, lilce Washington, as a colonel of militia. His first campaign was on the Laja frontier, where his father had once held the famous conference with the Indian tribes, and where his prestige was still an echo in the mountains of Araucania. The young- patriot colonel fought his first battle at Roble, and was shot in the leg • acquitting himself with such gallantry that when the Junta shortly afterwards re- moved General Carreras from supreme command the post was at once conferred on O'Higgins. It was a dark hour for the patriot cause. The Spanish commander, Osorio, was marching with 5,000 well-trained soldiers to seize the capital, while (1814) VICTORY OF 1LV^'■CAGUA 267 the Ghilian army consisted of bands ot* irregulars.^ badly equipped • the vanguard under Gen. Carreras, and the main body under O'liiggins. The latter had only time to shut himself in the village of Rancagua, and send urgent despatches to Carrera to hasten to his aid, when the Spanish army appeared in view. Whether through Carreras jealousy or other cause his column did not proceed to O'Higgin's relief. An attack was hourly expected by the heroic garrison of Rancagua, which place was quite untenable:^ the Span- iards had already thrown up their batteries to fire on the tOAvn, and counted on a easy victory. On the night of Oct. 1st 1814 Higgins made a dash upon the lines of the besiegers and cut his way through, with trifling loss, leaving to the enemy at (kiybreak the empty glory of occupying the village of Rancagua. '*The treason of Carreras, ' says Vi- cuna Mackenna, '''' was the origin of the evils that now befel Chile.'' Among the patriots who fled across the Andes to Mendoza was General O'Higgins, who there co-operated with General San Martin in form- ing the army that was to emancipate the Pacific seaboard. San Martin's army, 3,000 strong, left Mendoza on January 17th 1817, and succeeded in crossing the Andes by the Patos and Uspallata passes without being felt by the Spanish commander in Chile. The [)atriot army was moving down towards the valley of Aconcagua, about the last days of Jan., when Marc(> 2G8 O^HIGGlKt?, DICTA TOlt VF CHILE (1817) del Pont first heard of its approach. San Martin was commander-in-chief, one of the divisions being mostly of Chilian refugees under Gen. Bernard O'lliggins, another of Argentines under General Soler. and the artillery commanded by Fray Luis Beltran, a Chilian friar, Avho served throughout the campaign with great valor and distinction. Chacabuco is the name of a range of hills running out from the Cordillera between Santiago and San Felipe, being 40 miles north of the former place. The height of the Cuesta, where the high road crosses the range is 4,200 feet above sea-level, and between thia point and the Cordillera is the plain where the battle was fought. The royalist general had fatigued his men by mar- ches and counter-marches while the patriots pressed forward steadily towards the capital. General Las Heras with an Argentine detachment repulsed a Spanish column at La Guardia, while San Martin occupied the village of Putaendo* and on Feb. 8th the patriot army was drawn up near the foot of the Chacabuco range. While Brigadier Maroto and Viceroy Marco del Pont were hastening to reconcentrate their forces the Argentine general resolved to strike a sudden blow before they had time to prepare to meet him. Accordingly on the night of Feb. llth, the General- in-chief and his trusty companion O'Brien, both dis- guised as gauchos, set out on horseback to recon- (1817) J]ATTLE OF CHAOABUCO 2G9 noitre the enemy, whom they found encamped on the other side of the hills. Orders were at once given to attack the royalists at daybreak. Gen. Olliggins was to lead his division by the high-road that ascended the Ciiesta, and Gen. Soler to take the enemy in flank by crossing the range much lower down. Gen San Martin commanded the rear-guard in person. By sunrise Olliggins had swept before him the Spanish sharpshooters who tried to defend the pass of the Cuesta, and driven them in disorder to their camp. Then carried away by the ardor of the moment he forgot San Martins injunctions to wait till Soler s column should appear on the other side of the hill, and charged impetuously into, the thickest of the en- emy. The Spaniards fought like men Avho knew that the fate of a kingdom rested on the issue. At the cidtical moment Soler's dragoons came up to the support of Olliggins, and decided the fate of the day. The Spaniards gave way on all sides, and by noon the battle was over. The loss of the enemy was 450 killed, 600 prisoners, and a large quantity of war ma- terial taken • including 1,000 stand of arms, 2 pieces of cannon, 16 ammunition chests, and 30 waggons laden with baggage. This battle threw open the gates of the capital, whose citizens came out to welcome O'Higgins and proclaim him Dictator of Chile. 270 O'llIGGINS, mCTATOll OF CHILE (1823) During an administration which lasted six years lie gave every proof of the fitness of his elevation to power, and the talents for government which he inherited from his father. He sent to England for Lord Cochrane and created a navy for Chile, know- ing that this was the first step towards securing the independence of the country. In the memoirs of Gen. Miller and Lord Cochrane we find frequent tes- timony to the honesty and zeal of O'Higgins. It has been the misfortune of South America to surpass the republics of antiquity in the ingratitude shewn towards its greatest benefactors. Bolivar was banished, Sucre fell under an assassin's dagger, San Martin closed his eyes in a strange land, Belgrano dragged out a life of poverty. We must not be sur- prised to find that the Father of his Country, as Olliggins is affectionately styled, was deposed by a iniUtary revolution, and obliged to take refuge in Peru, from which country he never returned. The last scene of his public life is graphically described by contemporary historians^ and there are men still living who remember the eventful scene in the Senate- house of Santiago. Freyre's partisans had not only gained ground in the Southern Departments, but also intrigued with such success in the capital that the Congress showed a disposition to call on O'Higgins to resign the reins of power. Accompanied by two aides-decamp the Dictator rode up to the door of the House, dismounted, (1823) BANISHMENT TO PERF ' 271 and with defiant air walked up the centre of the hall. The Deputies looked at each other in silent wonder. The hero of Rancagua and Cliacabuco scowled upon them and asked which of them it was wished to cen- sure his acts, or what wrong he had done to Chile? Silence prevailed, until again broken by the Dictator who burst out in a tone of arrogance. He pointed out that his life and energies had been consecrated to the national welfare. By this time the hall had become filled with citizens who cried Viva O'Higgins! Nevertheless one of the Deputies stood up boldly and said "• The southern provinces are with the revolt; Gen. Freyre is mar- ching on the capital, and you, Gen. O'Higgins, have no authority beyond the walls of this city. It is time for you to resign the Dictatorship which the people confided to you.' He replied by denying the Chamber had any right to depose him, but seeing that the by- standers applauded those of the Deputies who called for his resignation he gave one long, bitter gaze around the Hall, and then took his adieu of public life and Chile in these Avords — ' It has pleased Divine Providence to ^make me niainly instrumental in the Independence of my coun- try. I have loved Chile from my boyhood and shed my blood on the battle-field which secured her Uber- ties. I now" retire from power, and if I have wronged any man let him come and plunge his dagger in my heart. '^ 272 O'HIGGINS, DICTATOn OF CHILE (1842) It was such a moving spectacle that many persons were affected to tears, and as the fallen ruler reth^ed from the Senate house he was greeted with enthusias tic Vivas! from the fickle populace. A week later he embarked for Peru (February 1823), never to re- visit the country of ^''his birth his passion and his destiny." For nearly 20 years he ate the bread of exile, al- though always treated as an honored guest at Lima, in Avhich city he died on Oct. 24th 1842. He left a son, Demetrio OHiggins. a wealthy and patriotic Chilian farmer, who contributed $20,000 towards the defences of Valparaiso when the war with Spain occurred, in 1865. This estimable man brought out from Europe a rich mausoleum for the remains of his father and grandfather; and the Chilian Govern- ment caused the ashes of General OHiggins to be brought back from Lima and in-urned with great pomp, in 1869, in which year Demetrio also died. In 1872 the equestrian statue of O'Higgins was inaugurated amid great national rejoicings at San- tiago. It represents the General in heroic attitude, as when he cut his way through the Spanish lines at Hancagua. (1818) JEIENDS 01" BOLIVAR 273 CAP. XXVIII. FRIENDS OF BOLIVAR. Gen. Bolivar seems to have had a special liking for Englishmen, and all those v^ho figured at different periods on his staff or commanded divisions of their own fully justified such confidence by their valor, skill and fidelity. Colonel (afterwards General) Daniel O'Leary was first aide-de'camp to the Liberator • he accompanied him all through the War of Independence, was still by his side in exile, and received Bolivar s last breath. He was nephew of the respected Father O'Leary, and leaving Ireland at the age of 17 joined the South American patriots (A.D. 1818), in whose cause he served with high distinction, being present at almost 274 FRIENDS OF BOLIVAR (1818) every battle in Colombia, and receiving several wounds. He was always employed by Bolivar on missions of great trust, and on various diplomatic business, in which (says Miller) he acquitted himself Avith great ability. He was a man of clas§ical and refined taste, as shewn in the following extract from a letter to his family describing the ancient City of the Sun and capital of the Incas : — "•' Cuzco interests me highly. Its history, its fables, its ruins, are enchanting. This city may with truth be called the Rome of America. The immense fortress on the north is the Capitol. The temple of the sun is its Coliseum. Manco Capac was its Romulus, Vira- cocha its Augustus, Huascar its Pompey, and Ata- hualpaits Ciiesar. The Pizarros, Almagros, Valdivias, and Toledos* are the Huns, Goths, and Bourbons was have destroyed it. Tupac Amaru isitsBelisarius, who gave it a day of hope. Pumacagua is its Rienzi and last patriot." After the war Gen. O'Leary was appointed British Charge d'Affaires at Bogota. His latter years were spent in Rome, where he died in 1868. His son has been many years in the British Consular service, and acted some time as Charge d'Affaires in New Grenada. Brigadier General Gregor McGregor was represen- tative of an old Highland clan, whose traditions of fighting ascended to pre-historic times. He had been some years in the British army, and risen to the rank (1813) GEN. MAC GREGOR 275 of captain, afterwards entering the Portuguese ser- vice, in which he won the grade of colonel, and was invested with the order of Tower and Sword. Boli- var had but recently begun the struggle for Indepen- dence when McGregor proceeded to Venezuela, in 1813, to offer his sword to the patriots. He not only would accept no pay, but devoted all his patrimony to the cause of his adoption, and rapidly won distinc- tion no less by his personal valor than his talents as a commander. A contempory writer say of him : — '•• Since he first landed at Ocumare, 4 years ago, he has gained universal prestige by his bravery in the field, his consummate tactics, and the discipline of his men. He receives no pay, and strictly punishes pillage." His first exploit on the Spanish Main was the sei- zure of Santa-Fe (1813), after which he was made Commander of the north frontier. The same year he captured Pamplona, his small but well-disciplined army consisting of 400 lancers and 200 infantry. In 1816 we find him assisting at a council-ot-war with Bolivar, held atMr. Downie's house, AuxCayes, Hayti, when the fortunes of the patriot arms looked- unpromising. Bolivar resigning the supreme com- mand, McGregor was at once appointed to succeed him, and by his energy the tide of war was in a few months completely turned in favour of the patriots. Marching boldly towards the interior of Venezuela he encountered the Spaniards strongly posted at Agua- 276 FRIENDS or BOLIVAE (1816) • cate, in July, 1816, and carried their positions at the point of the bayonet. This victory was followed by the surrender of the important city of Maracaibo. He next went to Quebrada Honda, where a force of 1300 Spaniards was drawn up under General Quero to dispute the passage. The gallant Highlander quickly outflanked the enemy, who fled after firing one volley. This permitted McGregor to effect a junction with two tribes of Indian auxiliaries under Tupepe, thus raising his command to 2,000 men,. with which force he gained the battle of Arapua, within a few days' march of Caracas. Without allowing the Spaniards time to recover from these reverses he again fell on them at Alacran, their strength being about 2,000 men, under General Lopez. The Spanish army was cut to pieces, leaving 800 dead on the field, and 300 taken prisoners by Mc Gregor, who also captured all their baggage, artillery and a thousand oxen. The victor entered Barcelona in triumph on the 13th September. One week later was fought the decisive battle of Juncal. Mac Gregor was reinforced by General Piar, and the conflict raged with great carnage for more than four hours, until victory declared once more for the patriots. Our hero captured 300 prisoners, all the enemy's baggage train and 16,000$ in silver •, but, what was more important, the result of this triumph was to leave him undisputed master of a great part of Venezuela. (1845) GEN. 31AC GREGOR 277 When the last Spanish soldier had been driven from the South American continent he removed to Mosquito shore and made himself or was elected King of the Poyais State. He sent his aide-de-camp, Captain Strangways, to England to promote a scheme for a Scotch colony to Central America, similar to that formed by Rev. Mr. Patterson a century before. At the same time SirBelford Wilson got up the Colum- bian Colonization Co.-, but both enterprises failed. General Mac Gregor always possessed the friend- ship and esteem of Bolivar and the other patriot lead- ers. He married a lady of Caracas, of great beauty, named Dofia Josefa Govera, who died in Paris, where he resided for some years ^ he returned to Venezuela and died in Caracas on the 4th of December 1845, leaving two sons and one daughter •, the younger of the sons, Constantino, was drowned in crossing the river Cancagua : the older died some years ago in Caracas, and the daughter died in Scotland, where she resided with her paternal relatives. Gen. Mac Gregor when he first came out brought with him a Secretary and Piper, who, together with himself always dressed in Highland costume, much to the wonder of the Creoles, who had never seen it before, as well as to their admiration, which latter was pro- bably not extended to the music of the bagpipes that he had played hefore him on all ceremonious occasions or when about to enter an engagement. He was buried with all the military pomps and honours due 278 FKIENDS OF BOLIVAll (1820) to his high rank in the army. He was very intent during his latter years in endeavouring to propagate the silk wormiii Caracas and its environs, having intro- duced the mulberry tree and several colonists to plant it on a considerable scale- there seemed to be no difficulty in acchmating either the plant or the worm, but the succession of civil wars, for so many years, turned people's attention to other and less profitable pursuits. Gen. Devereux, the Lafayette of South America, (as he is styled by Gen. Paez) was the son of a British general, from whom he inherited a large fortune in Ireland- while yet very young he determined to spend all in the attainment of South American inde- pendence. He first sailed to Buenos Aires, but his generous offers not being appreciated he returned in disgust to England. He next offered his sword and patrimony to Gen. Bolivar, who commissioned him to raise an Irish Legion of 5,000 men. Gen. Holstein says he raised the whole of this number, but General Paez says only 1725. Devereux was a man of noble aspect, and commanding figure, and always animated by generous feelings. When he found the Venezuela Congress had defrauded Gen. English's widow of her pension, on some plea about her marriage being in- formal, he sent a challenge to the President of the Senate, for which offence Congress locked him up in a dungeon without air or light. Here he would probably have perished, but that, after six weeks (1823) GEN. DEYEEETJX 279 confmement, Gen. Bolivar heard of the occurrence, causing him to be at once Uberated, and obliging Con- gress to restore Mdme. Enghsh her pension. After the war of Independence Devereux returned to Europe, being commissioned to form a company for mining ope- rations in Columbia. It happened that he visited Lom- bardy, and was there seized by the Austrian officials, who threw him into prison. Here he was detained 15 days, and then ordered to quit the country • the Governor of the prison apologizing to him for so rude a message to a soldier of reputation. The impetuous Irishman replied "Make no apologies, but tell your masters that I shall revisit Italy before long, and the next time it will be sword in hand to expel the foreign tyrants from this noble country." The Army-roll of New-Granada, under date March 15th 1842, gives the following summary of his ser- vices : "Gen. John D'Evereux having received orders from Gen. Bolivar in January 1819 to go to Ireland and get up an Irish Legion, was made a General of Division on Dec. 14th of same year, and landed with his legion in January 1820, when he at once entered on the campaign. His services on the Magdalena were so arduous that he contracted a dangerous ill- ness, which afflicted him with blindness in the closing years of his life. "He handed over the command of the Legion to General English on October 21st 1821, and was ap- 280 FRIENDS OF BOLIVAR 182G) pointed on special military commissions till Dec. 1823, when he was appointed Columbian Envoy Ex- traordinary to the various European Courts, and sailed from Cartagena for England." Colonel Sir Belford Hinton Wilson, was aide-de- camp to Gen. Bolivar He was born in England, and educated at Westminster, from which school he ran away at 9 years of age to Paris, to try and procure the liberation of his father. Sir Robert Wilson, then in prison for having assisted Count Lavalette to escape. After some years at Sandhurst he left England in 1822 for Venezuela and commenced military life under Gen. Bolivar, to whom he was recommended by his father. In Nov. 1823 he was made Captain and attached to the General's staff, being present at se- veral battles in Colombia, and also at Junin, where he was raised to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In August, 1824, he was obliged to absent himself from the army, on account of ill health. At Iluacho he took passage in the Protector frigate, and was present at some of the affairs with the Asia and other Spanish shipping in the bay of Callao. The affectionate kind- ness which Wilson experienced from Admiral Guise, added to good medical treatment, and quiet to which he had so long been a stranger, accelerated his reco- very. He also passed some time on board the United States, an American frigate, and received from Com- modore Hall the politest attention. He rejoined the Liberator at Chancay on the 12th of November. (1826) COL. WILSON 281 ''In 1826, Wilson, who had now attained the rank ofHeutenant-colonel, was made the bearer of the con- stitution which Bolivar had drawn up for the new republic of Boh via. He performed the journey from Lima to Chuquisaca, a distance of eighteen hundred miles, in nineteen days- and a longer journey on his return, by a different route, in the same space of time. General Sucre, with the sanction ot the Bolivian con- gress, promoted Wilson to the rank of colonel. Con- ceiving that his brother officers might consider his promotion as too rapid, he refused to accept this ad- ditional rank until he was compelled to do so by the command of the Liberator. '' Wilson is a very fine promising young man. In- heriting the talents and spirit of his father, he has very popular manners. He has never allowed an oc- casion to escape to be of service to his countrymen, when, by employing his influence with the Liberator, he could in anyway assist them. One trait completes his character. On a payment being made to the army at Lima Wilson's share amounted to about five thousand dollars. He immediately sent the order for this sum to his father, that the proceeds might be applied to Sir Robert's use." (Miller's hfe). When Gen. Bolivar returned to Colombia with his army, accompanied as usual by SirBelford Wilson, he formed a liberal Government in Bogota, but shortly after was betrayed by some of his former officers. Wearied with the anxieties of public life, and the 282 FRIENDS OF BOLIVAR (1830) ingratitude of his countrymen, he retired and sought tranquilHty in a private life, in a miserable village on the plains of Colombia. Here he was still accom- panied by his faithful friend, Sir Belford Wilson, who remained with him amidst innumerable privations, till the Liberator of South America breathed his last. One of Wilson's intimate friends, (Dr. Scrivener) says of him " that all the virtues which distinguish sincerity, and uprightness of mind are conspicuously marked in his life and conduct." On his return to England, he was employed in the Foreign Office, where, after remaining a few months, he was appointed Consul General inPeru, April 18th 1832, Charge d' Affaires November 18th 1837, and Charge d' Affaires and Consul General in Venezuela November 30th 1849, which post he held till Sep- tember 11th 1852, when he retired on a superannua- tion allowance • he was made a K, C. B. December 25th, 18e52. Colonel Ferguson came out from England in the Regiment * Albion,' for the purpose of assisting the patriots in their struggle for independence. Like Murat, he commenced his career as a drummer, with his knapsack on his back, and, like him, was ul- timately shot. He rose rapidly in the army, and was present at most of the sanguinary battles in Colombia. He accompanied General Bolivar in his expedition to Peru, as one of his aide-de-camps, and was present (1818) COL. FEKGUSOX 283 at the victory of Junin. Some months later when General Bolivar received a despatch from General Sucre, informing him of the battleof AyacLicho,w^hich concluded the struggle for independence, he sent Col. Ferguson and Lieutenant Colonel Sir B. H. Wilson with despatches to Chuquisaca, conveying this im- portant news. Both Ferguson and Wilson were- confined to their apartments, for several days after their arrival, from the fatigue of the journey. On the conclusion of the war Colonel Ferguson returned with General Bolivar to Bogota, the capital of Colombia, and was the means of saving his life. A sedition broke out in the palace where Bolivar was residing*, Colonel Ferguson was the officer on guard ; the revolutionary chief approached him with a party of troops, and demanded imperatively an entrance to the palace, which Colonel Ferguson as resolutely opposed. The revolutionary leader then drew a revolver and shot Ferguson through the head. The report of the revolver and the tumult of the troops alarmed General Bolivar, who made his escape from a window of the palace. We are indebted to Miller^s memoirs for the fol- lowing notice of Colonel Ferguson. '^ He too was an Irishman by birth. When a mere youth, he quitted a counting-house at Demerara, and joined the patriot standard. During the war of extermination, he was taken by the Spaniards. He was led, with several others, from a dungeon at La Guayra, for the purpose ^i84 EKIENDS OF EOLtVAll (ISIO) of being .shot oil the sea sliore. Having only a |)alr of trousers on, his fair skin was conspicuous amongst his unfortunate swarthy compa,nions, and attracted the attention of the boat's crew of an Enghsh man- of-war, casually on the strand. One of the sailors ran up to him, and asked if he was an Englishman. Ferguson was too much absorbed by the horror of his situation to give an answer- but, on the question being repeated, he replied, " I am an Irishman." '-'■ I too am an Irishman," said the sailor, "and, by thunder no Spanish rascals shall murder a countryman of mine in dayhght if I can help it!" Upon which he ran off to his officer, who interceded with the Spanish go- vernor, and the life of Ferguson was saved." Major Talbot was one of the last survivors ot Deve- i-cux's Legion. He was a native of Dublin, and fought all through the campaigns under Gen. Bolivar, on Avhose staff he s,erved for some time. His personal esteem and friendship for Bolivar gave such offence to the enemies of the Liberator that the-y confined him for some years in a dungeon upon a desolate island in the Caribbean Sea. Having come to Buenos Aires in 1862 he died in this city about 7 years later, leaving a son who is now in charge of the electric telegraph department at Rosario, Santa Fe. (1817) THE ENGLldH ANU HUSH LEGIONS 285 CAP. XXIX. THE ENGLISH AND IRISH LEGIONS No brighter pages occur in the history of the New World than those which commemorate the gallantry and self-devotion of our countrymen in aiding South Americans to throw off the Spanish yoke. Yet their labors were not appreciated, and they were regarded as a set of needy adventurers, although several of them had sacrificed large fortunes, and all of them shed their blood freely, for the cause 'in which they had embarked. According to Spanish writers the number of English who fought in Venezuela and New Grenada reached 9,000 men, but Barros Arana and other South Ame- rican authors put down the real number at 5,000. 28G THE ENGLItSU AND HUSH LEGKJISS (1819) In the memoirs of Gen. Paez we find the following account of the various volunteer expeditions in aid of Venezuela : — "In 1804 Colonel Smith and Mr. Ogden of New York presented the patriots with two corvettes, Leandro and Emperador, with arms and ammunition, and 200 volunteers. '•In 1817 six vessels left England for Venezuela with 720 volunteers under Colonels Keene, Wilson, Hippesley, Campbell, Gilmore and Mac Donald. "•'•In 1819 an Irish Legion of 1729 men arrived un- der the command of Gen. Devereux, the Lafayette of South America. "In the same year Colonels Elsom and English arrived with 2,072 men from England, while Gen. Mac Gregor landed in New Granada with 600 fol- lowers. The above order is not strictly correct, for Gen. Mac Gregor led the first expedition in 1812, and af- ter 5 years fighting, in which his followers seem to have borne the brunt of the war, he retired on fur- lough in 1817. A second powerful auxiliary had come to the pa- triot cause in 1815, in the person of Capt. (after- wards Admiral) Brion, who sold out nis estates in the W^est Indies, equipped a fine corvette in England with 24 pieces of cannon and 14,000 muskets, and placed all at the service of Bolivar and A^enezuela. Being commissioned to form a fleet he purchased (1820) ADMIRAL BPJON 287 and armed sundry schooners, which he gave in com mand to EngUshmen, such as Parker, Brown, Hill, O'Dwyer etc., and rendered invaluable service by reason of his skill, courage and activity. One of the most brilliant feats of the whole war was the cap- ture of the great fortress of Santa Marta, accomplish- ed by Ad. Brion on 11th Nov. 1820. Nevertheless his sacrifices and services were forgotten, and he died a beggar, in the island of Curacoa. On the retirement of Mac Gregor, in 1817, Boli- var prevailed on Admiral Brion to write to his friend. Col. Hippesley, in London with the view of getting up a second English volunteer legion. Hippesley accepted the offer, and while he was getting up a corps some other English officers received a similar commission from Bolivar's agent, Senor Mendez, in London. In December 1817 five volunteer detachments em- barked in England for Venezuela — 1. Col. Gilmore's artillery, comprising 6 guns, 10 officers and 80 men, aboard the Britannia, 400 tons, Capt. Sharpe. 2. Col. Hippesley's Hussars, 30 officers and IGO men, aboard the Emerald, 500 tons, Capt. Weatherly. 3. Col. Wilson's Red Hussars, 20 officers and 100 men, aboard the Prince, 400 tons, Capt. Nightingale. 4. Col. Campbell's Rifle-corps, 37 officers and 200 men, aboard the Dowson, 400 tons. Captain Dormer. / ^ or THE 'rK 288 THE ENGLISH AND IRISH LEGIONS (1820) 5. Col. Skeeiie's Lancers, 20 officers and 200 men aboard the Indian, which was lost with every soul aboard, off Ushant a few days after leaving England. The four first-named vessels arrived safely at St. Bartholomew's, West Indies, in January, but recei- ved such bad accounts of the condition of the patriot army, and so little encouragement, that Col. Gilmore disbanded his corps and most of his officers proceeded to the U.-States, as well as some of Campbell's regi- ment, Col. Campbell having returned to England. Major Plunkett, with 10 officers and 100 men of this regiment proceeded to Angostura, along with Wil- son's and Ilippesley's corps. Another detachment under Col. McDonald had already reached the Span- ish Main. The fate of this expedition was singularly unfortu- nate throughout. One regiment, as we have seen, Avas lost in the Indian. On the arrival of the other vessels at Madeira one of them was fired on by the forts. At the W. Indies another was detained by Governor Rial. A third was scuttled at sea, its men being taken aboard the Emerald. As if these misfor- times were not enough serious dissensions arose, ending in bloodshed. Col. Hippesley unwisely arro- gated to himself a higher rank than the other com- manders, because he had been the first to raise a regiment by virtue of BoUvar's commission through Deputy Mendez in London, and frequent quarrels ensued. A son of Col, Hippesley shot Lieutenant (1818) BATTLE OF VILLA. DEL CUEA 289 Braybrooke in one of the namerous duels that took place, and several officers left the expedition before Hippesley, Wilson or Plunkett reached An- gostura. Sickness soon set in among the officers and men on landing in the pestilential swamps of the Orinoco. Majors Plunkett and Graham, Captain Ridley and Cornet Davies succumbed to fever, along with several of the men, owing to the exposure, bad food and hard- ships that they encountered at the very outset. Col. McDonald and Lieutenants Harris and Watson were murdered in boats, proceeding to the head-quarters. Everything seemed to conspire against the English auxiliaries. One man was carried oft at night by a tiger, another some days later by a crocodile. Col. Hippesley got into trouble at Angostura and was put under arrest, the native generals appearing very jealous of the English commanders, and anxious only to retain the subalterns and men. Meantime Lieut.-Col. EngUsh had, with a detachment,joined Bo- livar at head quarters. A battle ensuing at Villa del Cura the English were cut to pieces: of 12 officers of the English Legion who went into action 8 were killed, and 2 wounded, viz : — Killed. Capts. Winship, Bristow, Billerbeck and Hankin. Lieuts, Hew, Braithwaite, and Lindon •, and Cornet Hop wood. Wounded. Captain Noble McMuUen and Cornet Brown. 290 THE ENGLISH AND IRISH LEGIONS (1818) Some of the killed had been only wounded in the action, but were butchered afterwards either by Span- iards or camp-followers. Capt. McMullen was about to be shot, when he declared that he was only a surgeon, not a combatant: luckily he had studied surgery when young, and being able to dress the Spanish officer s wounds his life was spared. After the battle Bolivar raised English to the grade of colonel, and complimented him on the gallantry of his comrades. In a letter from Col. English to Col. Hippesley he mentions traversing dense woods under the guidance of Capt. Grant to head-quarters, where he met Cols. Rooke and Windham. The latter had brought out a regiment from Brussels, which was soon cut down by sickness and in the field. Among the survivors of Needham's corps we find frequent mention of Major Perkins, (son of the London brewer) who was secretary to Gen. Bermudez, next in command under Bolivar. He was accompanied by his heroic wife, who during the course of the campaign swam 25 rivers at the horse^s tail. Perkins at last was stricken down with fever at the siege of Cumana, and had just sufficient strength to go aboard a schoon- er for the West Indies. He had to sell his watch and sword, as well as his wife's trinkets, being re- duced to utter destitution. He died on the passage down the Orinoco. While Col. Hippesley was at Angostura many of his officers and men fell ill from the bad quality of the (1819) SECOND BRITISH LEGION 291 beef, their sole article of food. They experienced time- ly kindness from a countryman, Lieut.-Col. Richard, Avho was secretary to AdmiralBrion,of the Venezuelan navy. They had previously met with every civiUty from Admiral Brion, as well as from Commodores Parker and Brown, and Capts. Hill and O'Dwyer in the same service. The remnant of Hippesley's corps embarked at An- gostura in May 1818 for San Fernando, w^here Col. Rooke was appointed to unite all the British detach- ments, under his command : hereupon Hippesley re- signed, and returned to England, and Colonel Wilson was placed under arrest for supposed enmity to the new commander. Hippesley had spent all his fortune in the enterprise, and although covetous of the grade of general, which Bolivar refused him, he seems to have been a man of much merit and soldierly feeling. Col. English was now sent to England to raise as many volunteers as possible, at 50/. sterling per head, to cover all expenses till landed at Angostura • he was promised the grade of general, and command of the whole British Legion. He accordingly brought out from England 2,072 men, in 4 detachments under Col. Elsam, and Captains Johnston, Mackintosh and Woodstock, and was soon after placed by Bolivar in- command of the Legion Britanica, 2,500 strong, as Brigadier General, to open the campaign of 1819. The patriots were now better fitted to press opera 292 THE ENGLISH AND IRISH LEGIONS (1819) tions against the Spaniards, as a vessel had arrived from New York with arms and supplies, and another from London, with French and PoHsh officers : many of these poor fellows afterwards died in great desti- tution at St. Thomas. Messrs. Herring and Richard- son of London equipped and sent out 1200 of the above Legion, who landed at Margarita, while the other 900 were sent to Angostura under Col. Elsom by Hurry, Powles and Hurry. The greater part were disbanded soldiers from the British army, reduced on the return of the troops from France. These volun- teers were equipped in the most efficient manner. With these expeditions large supplies of spare arms were sent to assist the cause of independence. Boli- var, in his speech to Congress, said : — " For these advantages we are indebted to the un- bounded liberality of those generous foreigners who have come to our aid, and to whom we owe a debt of eternal gratitude." General Paez, the great ally or rival of Bolivar, opened the campaign in May 1819 by an attack on Gen. Morillo at Achaguas : the patriot forces compri- zed 2,000 Venezuelan cavalry and 800 infantry of the British Legion. With determined valor the Spaniards cut their way through the patriot lines, and made good their retreat to Caracas, which still held out for the King of Spain. General English, whose brigade was now reduced to 1,400 men, made a descent upon Cumana, to (1819) DEFEAT AT CUM ANA 293 wrest that important city from the enemy, bat such was the jealousy of General Urdaneta, the Venezuel- an commander of the district, that he thwarted the attempt, instead of coming to English's assistance. Four times was the gallant Legion Britanica led to the assault, and as often repulsed with great slaughter, in the retreat along the beach they were again decimat- ed by the artillery from Fort Agua Santa. The sur- vivors took refuge at Maturan, and there miserably perished of wounds, hunger and disease. General English, with a broken heart, retired to the island of Santa Margarita, where he died in a few days. Thi^ was the end of the second British Legion in Venezue- la, only a few of the officers or men surviving, who ultimately died of hunger or sickness in the West India islands. Meantime General Devereux had arrived with 1,700 Irish volunteers, some of whom were incorpor- ated with the survivors of the 800 British under Gen. Paez, others formed into regiments under Bolivar. Some of these intrepid fellows saw hard fighting at Samajoso, in the valley of Tunja, where they utterly routed a Spanish force of 2,500 men strongly posted. Again in the eventful battle of Boyaca (see Holstein's life of Bolivar), it was the bayonet charge of the An- glo-Irish LegioA that turned the scale of victory, secured the independence of New Granada, and en- abled Bolivar to make his triumphal entry into Bo- gota on August 12th 1819. On a previous triumph he 294 THE ENGLISH AND IKISH LEGIONJS (1819) had himself drawn in a chariot as a Roman Consul, by 12 young ladies. Respecting the battle of Boyaca we read in Miller s memoirs as follows: — ''It was fought on August 7th 1819 and is called the hirth of Colombia. In this bat- tle the English troops, under the command of Major Mackintosh, greatly distinguished themselves. The gallant Major was promoted by the Liberator on the field." In the counter-march from Bogota to Montecal the sufferings of the Irish soldiers were such that an eye-witness tells us they dropped dovf n from hunger and fatigue. Sickness and want caused more havoc than the sword of the enemy. Before the patriot army fell back on Angostura, in Dec. 1819, we read that it numbered 9,000 men, of which the British and Irish legions made up 3,000. Some 1,200 of these were sent a few months later to garrison Santa Mar- garita, where Dr. Zea was courteously treated by the Irish officers when he was sent, in March 1820, by Gen. Bolivar to London to raise a loan. At this time great alarm prevailed owing to the news of Count Henry O'Donnell's embarking at Ca- diz with a Spanish army of 25,000 men, to recover Peru and Venezuela;, but the expedition never left the shores of Spain, a revolt at Cadiz having suddenly disconcerted the plans. After the capture of Rio Ilacha by the French le- gion, March 12th 1820, Col Montilla advanced into (1820) SUKPRISE OF TURBACCO 295 the interior with 1,000 English and 500 natives, but the men mutinied for want of pay or provisions, and Montilla escaped on board one of Brion's schooners. There was a deadly feud between Montilla and the Irish, 300 of whom left the service, and were kindly received in the West Indies. It is computed that one-third of the Irish who came out under Gen. Devereuxdiedin hospital, while their loss in the field was probably no less. Among the most gallant achievements of less note in the war was the affair of Turbacco. On Sept. 1st 1820 the position was surprised by the Governor of Carta- gena, who captured the artillery and baggage of the patriots , but 50 Irishmen rallied, rushing on the assailants with such fury that only a few of the 800 Spaniards regained their trenches, leaving the spoils with the Irish. In May 1821 General Bolivar found himself at the head of 15,000 men, including 2,000 Europeans. The total Irish and English legions now numbered only 1,100 men, so fearful had been the mortality among these brave auxiliaries. After the death of General English the command of the British brigade was given to Col. Elsom- he was suceeded by Col. Ferrier, who fell at the head of his men in the victory of Carabobo. The Anglo-Irish Legion which won the decisive battle of Carabobo, June 26th 1821, went into action 1100 strong, and left 600 on that hard-fought field. 290 BATTLB OP CARABOBO (1821) CAP. XXX. BATTLE OF CARABOBO. The pass of Carabobo is 18 miles south of Valen- cia, and here Gen. Morales had strongly posted his army to wait the advance of Gen. Bolivar whose army numbered 7,500 men, viz: — 1st Division under Gen. Paez, 2200 Creoles and 900 British. 2nd Division, 1800 horse and foot under General Cedefto. 3rd Division, 2500 men, including Colonel Sandes rifles and 2,000 native cavalry. The British Legion, 900 strong, was commanded by Col. Ferrier. One of the officers who survived has written the following account of the battle : — (1821) MORNING OF BATTLE 297 - '' We halted at dask oa the 23rd at foot of the ridge. The rain fell in torrents all night and re- minded us of the night before Waterloo. Next morn- ing the sky Avas cloudless when we stood to arms, and presently BoUvar sent us the order to advance. We were moving to get round the enemy's right flank, where his guns and infantry were partly hid- den by trees and broken ground. Bolivar after re- connoitring ordered us to attack by a deep ravine, between the Spanish infantry and artillery. The enemy's guns opened fire and our men began to fall. Meantime the Bravos de Apure had advanced within pistol-shot of the Spaniards, and received such a murderous volley from 3,000 muskets that they broke and fled back in disorder upon us. ^4t was a critical moment, but we managed to keep our ground till the fugitives had got through our ranks back into the ravine, and then our grenadier company, gallantly led by Captain Minchin, formed up and poured in their fire upon the Spaniards, who were only a few paces from them. Checked by this volley, the enemy fell back a little, while our men, pressing eagerly on, formed and delivered their fire, company after company. '-' Receding before our fire and the long line of British bayonets, the Spaniards fell back to the position from which they had rushed in pursuit of the Apure Bravos. But from thence they kept up a tremendous fire up^on us, which we returned as rapidly as we could. As 298 ?,ATTLE or OARABOBO (1821) they outnumbered us in the ratio of four to one, and were strongly posted and supported by guns, we waited for reinforcements before storming their position. Not a man, however, came to help us, and after an hour passed in this manner our ammunition failed. It then really seemed to be all over with us. We tried, as best we could, to make signals of our distress^ the men kept springing their ramrods, and Colonel Thomas Ferrier, our commanding officer, apprised General Paez of our situation, and called. on him to get up a supply of cartridges. It came at last, but by this many of our officers and men had fallen, and among them Colonel Ferrier. You may imagine we were not long in breaking open the ammunition- boxes • the men numbered off anew, and after deliver- ing a couple of volleys we prepared to charge. At this moment our cavalry, passing as before by our right flank charged, with General Paez at their head. They went on very gallantly, but soon came galloping back and passed again to our rear, without having done any execution on the enemy, while they had them- selves suffered considerably. ''Why Bolivar at this time, and indeed during the period since our first advance^ sent us no support, I have never been able to guess. Whatever the motive, it is certain that the second and third divisions of the army quietly looked on while we were being slaugh- tei-ed, and made no attempt to help us. The curses of our men were loud and deep, but seeing that they must (1821) FINAL CHAPvGE OF THE ENGLISH ■ i>l)9 not e,\pect any help, tliey made up their minds to carry the enemy's position, or perish. Out of nine hundred men we had not above six hundred left: Captain Scott, who succeeded Colonel Ferrier,^ had fallen, and had bequeathed the command to Captain Minchin; and the colours of the regiment had seven times changed hands, and had been literally cut to ribands, and dyed with the blood of the gallant fel- lows who carried them. But, in spite of all this, the word was passed to charge with the bayonet, and on we went, keeping our line as steadily as on a parade day, and with a loud ^hurrah' we were upon them. I must do the Spaniards the justice to say they met us gallantly, and the struggle was for a brief time fierce, and the event doubtful. But the bayonet in the hands of British soldiers, more especially such a forlorn hope as we were, is irresistible. The Spaniards, five to one as they were, began to give ground, and at last broke and fled. '"' Then it was, and not till then, that two companies of theTiradores came up to our help, and our cavalry, hitherto of little use, fiercely [pursued the retreating enemy. What followed I tell you on hearsay from others, for I was now stretched on the field with two balls through my body. I know, however, that the famous battahon of royahsts called *Valence,' under their gallant colonel Don Tomas Garcia, covered the enemy's retreat, and was never broken. Again and again this noble regiment turned sullenly on its pur- 300 BATTLE OF CARABOBO (1821) siiers, and successfully repulsed the attacks of the cavalry and infantry of the third division of our army, which now for the first time left their secure position and pursued the Spaniards. "As for our regiment, it had been too severely hand- led to join in the pursuit Avith much vigour. Two men out of every three were killed or wounded. Besides Colonel Ferrier, Lieutenant-Colonel Davy, Captain Scott, Lieutenants Church, Houston, Newel, Stanley, and others, were killed • and Capts. Minchin and Smith; Lieutenants Hubble, Matthew, Hand, Talbot, and others, were wounded. The remains of the corps passed before the Liberator with trailed arms at double-quick, and received with a cheer, but without halting, his words, ' Salvadores de mipatria!' — Saviours of my country! " The Spanish army was completely dissolved^ Cara- cas, La Guayra and all other towns still in the hands of the royalists, at once surrendered. In short, the independence of Columbia was achieved by the battle of Carabobo-, and that the victory was entirely owing to the English is proved by the fact that they lost six hundred^ while all the rest of Bolivars army, amounting to more than six thousand men, lost but two hundred! " (see appendix). (1818) TIIK ALBION KIFLES 301 CAP. XXXI. THE ALBION RIFLES Besides the English and Irish Legions ah-eady described there was a Rifle battaUon composed of British subjects, which formed a distinct corps and fought with great valor throughout the campaigns of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. An interest- ing narrative of its services was published at Val- paraiso, about 17 years ago, by one of the survivors, Gen. Wright of the Ecuatorian army. The English Rifles originally consisted of Colonel Campbell's command, numbering 200 men when they left England, on January 2nd 1818, aboard the Dowson, Captain Dormer. On arrival in the West Indies the corps suffered much loss from yellow-fever: 30^ THE ALBION lUFLES (1818) among those who died was Lieut. Duncan Campbell, and this so aflicted his father, the Colonel that he returned to England. The command then devolved on Lieut. -Col. Pigott, who embarked at St. Thomas with 100 officers and men in Admiral Brion s ves- sels, for Angostura, the head-quarters of Gen. Bolivar. He had with him a valuable armament of 10,000 muskets and a great supply of clothing and ammuni- tion, brought by Colonel Campbell for the patriot army. . - Gen. BoUvar ordered Col. Pigott to proceed to Mi- siones de Guayana and enrol as many natives as would bring up the battalion to 400 men, giving it the name of Rifleros Ingleses. The officers were, Col. Robert Pigott, Majors Arthur Sandes and Charles Budd ; Capts. Tallon, W. Peacock, James Whittle, W. Harris, Samuel Phelan, and Thomas Duxbury; Lieuts. Paul Seymour, Westbank, Reid, Thomas C. Wright, Maurice 0' Council, Moles worth, Charles Church, Mc Namara, George Featherstonhaugh, French, Reynolds, Timothy Haigh- Sub-lieutenants W. Ferguson, Byrne and Reynolds: the Adjutant was a Swiss named Scuthgibel who had served in the British army, and the medical officer was Dr. O'Reilly. The Rifles arrived on the plain of Apure towards the end of 1818, when Bolivar was about to open the campaign- but as the Spanish army under General Morillo was over 6;000 strong, being three times the number that Balivar could bring against them, and (1819) CAHPAIGN OF AKAIJCA 803 moreover, well supplied with artillery, it was deemed inexpedient to risk a formal battle. The skirmish in the woods of Gamarra occurred on March 27th 1819, after which Bolivar changed the Rifleros arms and gave them muskets as being much lighter, to suit the nature of the cafTipaign. Gen. Paez had made a briUiant cavalry movement across the province of Arauco, defeating a superior Spanish force, when the patriot head-quarters were moved to Araguaquen, and here the Rifleros were reinforced by 350 Englishmen of Elsom's corps, who were formed into another battalion as the 2nd Rifleros, under Major Mac Infcosh. The first Rifleros were given in command of Major Sandes^ both battaUons being under the orders of Col. Pigott, who was forced, however, by ill-health in a short time to retire from the army. Col. Rooke succeeded him in command of the Rifles at the time that General Murillo's retirement into winter-quarters obHged General Bolivar to carry the campaign into New" Granada. Such were the priva- tions suffered by the patriot army that during 12 months which were spent in the plains of Arauca and Apure they had neither salt, bread nor vegetables, but only beef. The Rifleros in particular were so destitute of clothing that some of the officers had no shirts. The only one who had a pair of boots was Capt. John Thomson an Irishman, of the 2nd batt.-, and as it happened one day in the camp on the banks 304 THE ALBION EIFLES (1819) of the Arauca that his comrades were admiring his boots he said ''they are certainly worth their weight in gold, but I see no reason why I should be better off than the rest of you," and so saying he took them off and flung them into the river. Bolivar's march from Casanave, at;ross the Andes into New Granada, has been often compai?ed to Han- nibal's over the Alps. The troops were for some months exposed to rain and cold, after a year's cam- paign in the torrid plains of Apure : as many as 300 perished in one day on the slope 'of Pisba, and fully one third of the English died of cold and exposure. Hostilities in New Granada opened with the well- contested action of Gamesa, July 11th 1818 •, a series of skirmishes ensuing until July 25th, when the battle of Vargas was fought with desperate obstinacy on both sides. The Spanish army went into action about 5,000 men: Boliver s barely half that number. At the commencement the patriot left wing under General Santander was outflanked and thrown into confusion by the enemy, but the 2nd Rifles, led on by Col. Rooke dashed upon the Spaniards, with such fury, at the turning point of the day that Col. Rooke was killed in carrying the position which the enemy had seized from the patriots. Meantime the gallant Major Sandes had twice charged the enemy's centre and been as often repulsed : a third time the 1st Rifles returned to the charge, and being now supported by Bolivar's (1819) BATTLE OF EOYACA 305 cavalry they drove the discomfited Spaniards before them, and gained a complete victory. The English loss v^as very severe in killed and wounded ; among the latter was Major Sandes, who received two wounds in the final charge. Next day BoHvar issued an Order of the Day^ in which he declared that every Englishman, irrespective of rank, should receive the title of '' liberator," and reorganized the Rifles as the Albion Battalion. The result of this battle was the capture of Tunja, where the patriots obtained necessary supplies before Gene- ral Barreyro was able to get the Spanish army into order. By a rapid flank movement Bolivar intercepted the enemy at the pass of Boyaca, and here was fought one of the bloodiest battles, on Aug. 7th 1819. The right wing, in which were the Albion Rifles, defeated the Spanish infantry and were in full pursuit of the fugitives, when a body of 500 of the enemy's cavalry suddenly fell upon the pursuers. The Rifles would have certainly been annihilated had not a squadron of 300 patriot lancers opportunely come to their res- cue, and turned the tide of battle. Victory declared for the patriots, who took 2,000 prisoners, including Gen. Barreyro and most of the superior officers, be- sides artillery and military train. As soon as the news of this day reached Bogota the Spanish Viceroy fled, and Bolivar marched into that capital unopposed. Among the EngUsh casualties was Captain Thomson, 306 THE ALBION RIFLES (1820) badly wounded- the same who threw his boots into the Arauca and made the march over the Andes barefoot. He received the rank of major for his bravery on the eventful field of Boyacii, which sealed the independence of New Granada. The Albion Rifles after the capture of Bogota ser- ved for some months in the beginning of 1820 in the partial engagements of Cuenta, Bailadores and Lagrita on the Venezuelan frontier, against the Spanish forces under General Latorre. They were afterwards sent, under Colonel Sandes, to Magdalena, having to fight their way through woods that swarmed with hostile Indians. Every day saw a skirmish, and in this way Lieut. Reynolds and several men Avere killed, while Capt. Wright (author of the present chapter) was wounded. The battalion suffered also in the passage of the Sierra de Zapoyan, which occupied 15 days and nights, almost without repose, and so scanty of provisions that the smoking flesh of the horses that died by the roadside was the only available food. From Magdalena the battalion was ordered to Car- tagena: the Spaniards attempted in two places to intercept its march, at San Carlos and Rio Frio, but Colonel Sandes carried all before him and joined Gen. Montilla s army. The swamps of Santa Marta were the scene of a sharp action on Nov. 10th 1820. The Spaniards had mounted 38 guns behind palisades and earthworks, sweeping all the approaches to the city, (1820) CAPTUEE OF SANTA MAETA 507 the garrison of which reached 2,000 strong. While Giralt's native infantry made a flank movement the Albion Rifles assailed the earthworks at the point of the bayonet and carried them, not without great slaughter. When the batteries were in possession of Colonel Sandes he counted 700 Spaniards, dead, or dying, at the foot of the guns which they had so obs- tinately defended. Major Peacock, Capt. Phelan and other brave officers were killed in the assault. Next day General Bolivar entered Santa Marta and con- cluded an armistice for 5 months with Gen. Murillo, who also agreed that on a renewal of hostiUties quar- ter should be given on both sides, and prisoners ex- changed as in civilized warfare. Hostilities being resumed the Albion Rifles were attached to the 3rd division, and assisted in the glorious victory of Carabobo on June 24th 1821, although they did not take so prominent a part as the Anglo-Irish Legion of Colonel Ferrier, in the 1st division. After the battle Colonel Sandes was ordered to go and take Cartagena, which place, however, surren- dered before his arrival. The battalion w^as next ordered to Popayan, a march of 1,500 miles towards the heart of the Continent. On the TthlApril 1822 was fought the battle of Bombona, the army of Bolivar being 2,500 strong and probably superior in number to the Spaniards under Colonel Garcia. The latter were strongly posted behind chevaux-de-frise, protec- ted by two field-pieces. General Torres led the first 308 THE ALBION RIFLES (1822) assault about sunset, and was repulsed with a loss of 500 men, being liiniselt' mortally wounded. Bolivar directed a second attack by General Valdez's cavalry, which was equally unfortunate, and he was about to retire from the [Jace in disgust when an orderly rode up w^ith news that the Albion Rifles had forced a passage through the woods, routed the enemy, and captured the position as welfas the guns. The valiant Capt. George Featherstonhaugh died sword in hand. Although the patriots won the day it was a dear- bought victory. Bolivar s loss exceeded 800 men ^ that of the Spaniards was little over 250. The pa- triot army therefore fell. back on Trapiche, instead of marching against the city of Pasto. Bolivar issued an Order of the Day in which he said the Albion Rifles had surpassed all their previ- ous achievements, and should henceforth take the 'soubriquet' of Bombona, and rank as the 1st Bat- talion of Guards. Though sadly reduced in num- bers by so many fierce engagements, in which most of their officers had fallen in the moment of victory, the Albion Rifles still fought another blow for the freedom of South America; they were commanded by Col. Mackintosh in the last fight on the glorious field of Pichincha, 24th May 1822, when '' the Eng- lish greatly distinguished themselves, and the vic- tory finally secured the independence of Columbia." (1819) ANGLO-COLUMBIAN OFFICEUS 309 CAP. XXXII. ANGL0-C0LU31BIAN OFFICERS. While the preceding chapter was in press I re- ceived from the Columbian Minister of War at Bo- gota the following extract from the Army-roll of the Republic of New Granada, shewing the services of the officers named hereafter. Col. John Mackintosh, native of London, was 22 years of age when he was appointed Major of the Albion Rifle corps, in which capacity he made the Apure campaign, and fought at Trapiche and Gamar- ra. He was promoted by Gen. Bolivar to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel on Aug. 14th 1819, for his signal bravery at Vargas and Boyaca. The campaign of Cundinamarca saw him in command of the Santander 310 ANGLO-COLUMBIAN OFFICEKS (1822) battalion at the battle of La Plata under Gen. Mires, and that of Pitayo under Gen. Valdes (1820). In the following year he was wounded at Jenoy, but having recovered under medical treatment at Popay- an he proceeded to join head-quarters at Guayaquil. From this last place he set out with Gen. Sucre in the beginning of 1822 for the conquest of Quito, and was again wounded in the battle of Guachi, after which he fell into the hands of the Spanish comman- der and was sent prisoner to Quito. He succeeded, however, in escaping from the Spaniards and re- joining the patriot army, being now promoted to be colonel, in command of the Albion rifles and Pichin- cha battalion. Although still ailing from his wounds he put himself at the head of this column, which soon after covered itself with glory in the famous victory of Pichincha (May 1822). He was now so broken down w^ith wounds and hardship that Gen. Sucre gave him permission to retire from the service, and being already a naturalized citizen and married he settled down, after 5 years of constant service in the field, to enjoy the quiet of domestic life and the esteem of the nation. Congress voted him a pen- sion of 1200 silver dollars per annum ^ and among the other rewards were given him the gold medals of Venezuela, Cundinamarca and Ecuador, the cross of Boyaca, and 2 decorations from the city of Guaya- quil and the Government of Peru. Col. Thomas Mamby, native of England, was ap- (1823) COLONEL MAMBY 311 pointed captain of the Albion Rifles 7th Aug. 1818, and served in the campaigns of Apure and New Granada, being present at the actions of Vargas and Boyaca, under Gen. BoUvar, who promoted him to be major. March 8th 1821. He accompanied Gen. Sucre in the campaign of Ecuador, and was raised to Lieutenant- Colonel for his gallantry on the field of Pichincha, His next service was at Cuenta against Gen. Morales (1823), for which he was made Brevet Colonel, and at the close of the war retired on pension, with the grade of Colonel- he was but 24 years of age when made Brevet Colonel: his rapid promotion being due to his well-known bravery, which also earned for him the gold medal of Libertadores of Venezuela with the clasps of Vargas, Boyaca and Pichincha, and the gold medal ol the city of Quito. Besides his services in the field he acted at different periods as Governor of Chimborazo and Imbabura, chief of staff at Guaya- quil, and chief of Division at Asnay in the Pasto campaign. He was one of the few officers who came through all the hardships of the war of Independence with robust health. Colonel Miller Hallowes, native of Kent, England, entered the Columbian service 18th Dec. 1819 as ensign of the 2nd Hussars, being then in his 25th year. He served under General Bolivar in the campaign of Venezuela, and was promoted in April 1824 to be lieutenant of the Grenadiers of the Guard, from which he was afterwards transferred to the Albion Rifles. 312 ANGLO-COLUMBIAN OFFICERS (1821) In this last corps he was present at the victory of Carabobo, June 24th 1821. He accompanied the liberating army to Peru, and having been made cap- tain took part in the glorious battles of Junin and Aya- eucho, after which he was raised to the rank of major. After 10 years of distinguished services he was made Brevet Colonel on March 31st 1830 and placed on the retired list. Lieut.-Colonel Edward Brand, native of England, was in his 20th year when appointed lieutenant in the British Legion, January 18th 1818, in which capacity he served under Generals Arismendy and Urdaneta in the capture of Margarita and Barcelona, the battle of Las Moras, and the assault of Cumana, and was promoted to the rank of captain. He made the campaign of Apure under Gen. Paez in 1820, and was raised to major, still serving in the British Legion. At the battle of Carabobo his battalion was ordered to resist the attack of the 3 Spanish regiments of Bur- gos, Leon and Reyna, 1,800 strong- his force only numbering 17 officers and 320 men. The combat was nic^intained with such fury that Brand had lost 13 officers and 100 men in holding his ground, when he led forward the survivors to a final charge, which broke the enemy's lines, routed the 3 regiments above- mentioned, and turned the fortunes of the day. For such gallantry he was made Lieut.-Colonel by Gen. BoUvar on the field of battle (June 1821). He was present in the following year at the siege of Puerto (1823) COL. BRAND 313 Cabello, under Gen. Paez • the battle of Corrales in 1823 •, the campaign of Coro under Gen. Soublet • the capture of Morillo-, and finally the surrender of the Spanish army commanded by Morales, in which last campaign he completely lost his hearing. He was decorated with the star of "liberators of Vene- zuela" and the medal of Carabobo. Being no longer fit for military service and reduced to great poverty he went to the West Indies, in 1826, where he was hospitably treated by Capt. Maitland R. N., who re- ceived him aboard his vessel. After an interval of 24 years his services were brought before the Govern- ment of New Grenada, and authenticated, in July 1850, by General Paez, Colonel Henry Weir, Colonel Thomas Murray and other soldiers of Independence •, and he was awarded a life pension of two-thirds of a lieutenant-colonel's pay. Colonel Charles Moore, native of London, entered the service as army-surgeon April 15, 1818, being 28 years old. His first campaign was on the Apure in 1818-19, with the honorary rank of Major, taking part in the battles of Gamarra and the pass of Caballos, under Gen. Bolivar. In 1823 he was attached to the staff of the Commander-in-chief, and received the grade of Lieut.-Colonel in May 1824. He was made prisoner in the battle of Guachi, fought under Gen. Sucre, and afterwards took part in the victory of Junin-, being soon after promoted to Brevet Colonel. Having served 12 years he was made Colonel onMay 314 ANGLO-COLUMBIAN OFFICERS (1830) 6th 1830, and his health breaking down he retired with this rank on June 6th 1834. The city of Quito presented him with a gold medal. In Miller s me- moirs we find mention of him as Dr. Moore, an Irish- man, who attended Bolivar in the campaigns of Venezuela and Peru. Miller says of him: "he was a man of skill in his profession and devotedly attached to the person of the Liberator." Colonel Henry Weir, who served 35 years, was a native of England and only 17 years of age when he was attached as lieutenant to the General's staff, June 15th 1817. Two years later he was made captain of the Albion Rifles, in which capacity he served under Gen. Paez on the Apure. He was transferred to the Anglo-Irish Legion in 1820, and served as Major in this gallant body all through the campaign, in- cluding the decisive victory of Carabobo (1821), the siege of Puerto Cabello, and other engagements. He was promoted as Lieut.-Colonel in May 1828, and held the post of Military Governor of Maracaibo dur- ing two years. He commanded the Zulia artillery in 1831, when Venezuela separated from New Gra- nada, and Col. Weir remaining in Venezuela was made Chief of Staff of the 1st Division. He was ap- pointed in 1852 Comandante General of Panama, and the same year rewarded by the Congress of Bogota with a life pension of colonel's half-pay • being still in robust health and surrounded by his family. He was decorated with the medal of Carabobo and (1824) COL. HUGHES 315 also with that given to the 'liberators of Vene- zuela." Lieut.-Col. Hugh Hughes, native of England, was 22 years of age when made captain of Venezuelan Lancers, June 9th 1819. He served under General English in the engagements of Juan Griego, Marga- rita island, Barcelona and Cumana-, afterwards under Admiral Brion in the naval battle off Griego, and in many land skirmishes during the campaign of 1824. The severity and exposure undergone by the patriot forces caused many of the officers to be invalided, including Captain Hughes, who was become quite deaf. From the Lancers he had been transferred as staff-officer to the Cundinamarca battalion, and main- ly helped to put down a mutiny which had broken out among the patriots in front of the enemy. For this service he was promoted to the grade of Lieut. Colonel. Lieut.-Colonel Samuel Colhns, native of London, was only 16 when appointed lieutenant of the Vene- zuelan Hussars, April 1st 1818. He made the Apure campaign under General Paez, was present at the affair of La Cruz, fought at the battle of Gamarra un- der General Bolivar, was transferred to the British Legion, and again served under Gen. Paez at the Pass of Arauca and the two sieges of Puerto Cabello, in the last commanding a body of marines. He served in the Maracaibo campaign of 1823-24 until the sur- render of the Spanish army under Morales, and did 316 ANGLO-COLUMBIAN OFFICEKS (1819) garrison duty for 4 years in that city, being promo- ted to a captaincy^ 24th January 1827. He accompanied Gen. BoHvar in the campaign of Ecuador (1828) until the capture of Guayaquil, in 1830, and was raised to the rank of lieut.-colonel. His health being broken down he was allowed to retire to the bosom of his family in August 1833, having seen 15 years of active service in the field. Major Henry George Maine, native of England, was aged 37 when appointed Chief Surgeon to the army of Venezuela 1st January 1818. He made the cam- paigns of Santa Marta and Carabobo, and was named to direct the miUtary hospital in 1824, with rank "of major, which post he held till 1831, when he returned to England, having served 12 y^ years. Major Maurice Hogan, native of Ireland, was in his 23rd year when appointed captain in the battalion of Cundinamarca, July 14th 1819, from which he was transferred to the Irish Legion. He fought at Rio Hacha, Fonseca, San Juan, Villa Dupar, and Laguna Salada. In the last-named engagement he received a bullet in the left breast, and was allowed to retire to Jamaica, where he remained 5 years. He re- entered the army of New Grenada in Nov. 1825, and was promoted to the rank of major on Nov. 30th 1829, but again allowed to retire in May 1833, his health being completely shattered. Capt. Laurence Mac Guire^ native of Ireland, was (1834) MCGUIRE, KEOGH 317 27 years of age when named lieutenant of the Albion Rifles, 14th January 1819. He served under Colonel Mackintosh during 4 years, in the campaigns of Tunja and the North • was present at the engagements of Vargas, Boyaca, Plata, Pitayo, Puente Mayo, Jua- nambii, Genoy, and Jaguachi. Being made captain in 1822 he finally served in Mackintosh's English brigade, under Gen. Sucre, at the victory of Pichincha, in 1823, and retired from the service in 1826, after 7 years active compaigning. Lieutenant William Keogh was 21 years of age when he came out in the Irish Legion of Gen. Deve- reux, from which he was transferred iu 1823 to the Albion Rifles under Col. Mackintosh. He saw much hard fighting at Rio Hacha, Laguna Salada and Tur- bacco in 1820, the siege and capture of Cartagena in 1821, and the southern campaign under Gen. Maza in 1822. He served in the Paya battalion, after the annihilation of the Anglo-Irish legion in the battles of Carabobo and Pichincha, from 1824 till 1828, under Colonels Predenthal and Fraser. His last service was in the Peruvian campaign of 1829, in which he commanded a marine corps aboard the war-brig Isth- meiia. Finally he retired, after 12 years of active service, in July 1831, but seems to have been put on the half-pay list in June 1834, on account of his long service and ruined health, as attested by General Barriga in Lieutenant Keogh's petition of that date. 318 SUIIVIVORS OF INPEl'ENDliNCE (1850) CAP. XXXIIl. SURVIVORS OF INDEPENDENCE. There are now hardly a dozen survivors of the mi- litary and naval heroes of fifty years ago. Many of those who braved the sword of the enemy and the swamps of Orinoco, where "Death rides in every passing breeze and lurks in every flower," were suffered to drag out their declining days in poverty. But, as years rolled on, a sense of grati- tude or justice towards their EngUsh benefactors grew up among the emancipated nations of South America • and in most cases public honors and re- 'wards were freely poured upon those who still re- mained as living witnesses of the triumphs of Boyaca, Carabobo, Junin and Ayacucho. (1876) SERGEANT GREEN 319 Col. Smith, who married a native lady, became Finance Minister of Venezuela. Colonels Woodbury, Richards and Uzlar also married natives and settled ' down for life near Caracas. Col. Stopford became editor of a paper called the Columbiano, in Spanish and English. Colonels Henry Weir, Thomas Mur- ray and Edward Brand were awarded pensions by the Government of New Grenada in 1850. Gen. Wright rose to the highest rank in the army of Ecua- dor, and was still living at Quito a few years ago. It is stated in the memoirs of General Miller that Gen. Arthur Sandes was a native of Dubhn, who had served in the British army, and that he was present at almost every action fought in Columbia. Capt. Whittle was also a distinguished officer in this corps. Gen. Sandes and Col. James White were entrusted with important garrisons in Peru on the close of the war of Independence. Col. Wood, who served under Lord Cochrane was not a soldier by profession, but a painter, and is best remembered for his fine paintings of Cochrane's na- val combats. His 'chef d'oeuvre' was the 'capture of the Esmeralda,' which is seen in the Exchange Rooms of Valparaiso. He died over 20 years ago, and his sons are now officers in the Chilian army. His wife was a native lady. One of the last of the Carabobo veterans was Ser- geant Green, who died at Caracas in 1876, and was interred with the grandest military honors in the 320 SURVIVORS OF INDEPENDENCE (1877) Pantheon, a place reserved for the remains of the most distinguished men in arts, arms or politics, in Venezuela. Two military and two naval commanders still survive, and enjoy the esteem of all around them : — Gen. Minchin who resides at Caracas married a native lady after the close of the war, and has ever since lived as a private gentleman. He is moreover a Waterloo hero, having been present at that battle before entering the service of Venezuela. In the preceding narrative of the battle of Caraboboit is mentioned that Captain Minchin led the final charge of the British Legion which broke the Spanish army and turned the fortunes of the day. The colonel and major of the corps had already fallen, ''their back to the field and their feet to the foe," and thus the com- mand of the Legion devolved on the chivalrous Capt. Minchin, who led his men to victory. Col. James Fraser resides at Bogota, surrounded by a numerous family, and since the Lidependence he has at various periods held high office in the War Department of New Grenada. He was present at all the hard fighting of the British Legion, and sub- sequently commanded the Paya battalion from 1824 till 1828. Admiral Simpson, whose services under Lord Coch- rane have been already recited, is now in very ad- vanced years, but comparatively robust in health, (1820) ADMIEAL JAMES G. BYNON 321 at Valparaiso. He is a Senator in the Chilian Con- gress. Admiral James G. Bynon has already been nearly 60 years in active service, as shewn by the follow^ing extract from the Chilian Navy-list: — He served un- der Lord Cochrane in the attacks on Callao, in 1819, and the capture of Valdivia, in 1820. In the follow- ing year he was sent to the blockade of Chiloe under Captain Gordon Robertson, and subsequently under Col. Beauchef to destroy the pirates of Benavidez and Martelucci's band in the bay of Arauco. This last task was so effectively carried out that the pirates were killed and all the booty recovered. In 1826 he was promoted to be second in com- mand of the Maria Isabel, which co-operated so powerfully with Col. Tupper s troops in expelhng the Spaniards from the island of Chiloe. He had previously earned two medals, for the capture of Valdivia and the expedition to Peru, besides being lawfully entitled to a share of prize-money for the enemy's vessels Begofia, Aguila and Moctezuma, in the capture of which he had part. In the war between Chile and Peru in 1836 he was named flag-captain to Admiral Blanco, and in the following year captain of the Libertad, with which he captured a much larger vessel of the enemy. The latter was called the Confederacion, Gen. Ballivian and many other Bolivians of rank being among the prisoners taken on board. 322 SUKVIVORS OF INDEPENDENCE (1831) In April 1838 he was sent as commander of the second division to blockade Callao, being afterwards entrusted for a time with the chief command. Peace being made he was sent on a mission, in April 1840, to Guayaquil. During the following 12 years he held office as Naval Governor at Concepcion and Atacama , until the Chilian Government resolved to occupy the Straits of Magellan, in 1852. The ex- pedition was entrusted to his care and successfully accomplished, a settlement being made at Sandy Point: on this occasion Admiral Bynon was accom- panied by H. M. S. Virago, as it was very important to establish a place ot refuge for the crews of vessel lost in these waters. In January 1853 he was appointed Naval Governor of Valparaiso, with the rank of Major General. Four years later he was sent to England to bring [out a new war-steamer, the Maria Isabel, and on his re- turn he was made Comandante General of the Navy. Besides the above long and distinguished services for Chile he captured on one occasion some pirates in the Straits who had robbed English vessels, and he took from them 20,000/. sterling, which he handed over to Admiral Moresby R. N. There may be some other officers or men of the Independence epoch still living, whose names have not reached me. There will be doubtless, of those long since forgotten who left their bones on the battle fields of South America, many who deserved (1853) SUPvVlVOKS OF INDEPENDENCE 323 to have their deeds recorded in these pages. Bat if the present work is destined to meet popular approval I shall endeavor to reproduce it at some future day in an amended and more complete form. 324 EAKLY SETTLERS AT B. AYKKS (1810) PART III. SINCE THE INDEPENDENCE CAP. XXXIV. EARLY SETTLERS AT BUENOS AY RES. Previous to the revolution against Spain it may be said that the River Plate was closed to foreigners, as they could only come here with a special license from the Spanish Government. Nevertheless we find in the interval between Whitelocke's defeat and the re- volution of 1810 the names of Dillon, Wright, Orr, Gowland, Barton, O'Gorman, Lynch, French, Atkins and others among the merchants of the River Plate \ (1817). BRITISH COMMERCIAL ROOMS 325 and hardly had Buenos Ayres expelled the Spanish authorities, when the Messrs. Robertson penetrated intOjthe unknown land of Paraguay, and English com- merce sought new channels in the remotest wilds of South America. Official trade returns of the port of Buenos Ayres in 1817 shew that the principal merchants in that year were : — George MacFarlane, James Brittain, William Miller, James Buchanan, W. Parish Robert- son, Thomas Newton, Adam Guy, John Higginbothara, Thomas Barton, Lynch Zimmermann and Co., Mac Neale and Dixon, and Winter and Co. The British Commercial Rooms of Buenos Ayres were first established in 1811 at the house of Mrs. Clarke, better known as Dona Clara, Calle de Los Tres Reyes (now Calle 25 de Mayo). The records do not tell who was secretary or manager previous to July 20fch 1822, when Mr. Love took charge. A secession occurred in May 1829 because the rules excluded native merchants, and Mr. Love formed a more liberal institution under the name of the B. Ayres Commercial Rooms, which soon superseded the original association. The Rooms were a favourite rendezvous, being supplied with English newspapers and reviews, maps, charts, telescopes, etc. : the mem- bers (56 in number) dining together at Paunch's hotel every quarter. Attached to the rooms was a library of 600 EngUsh volumes. Dona Clara was the widow of Captain Taylor, who pulled down the 326 EARLY t^ETTLERS AT B. AYllES (1810) Spanish and hoisted the Argentine flag at the fort in 1810- The old city annals mention a remarkable feat by an Englishman named Hilson, in 1811, who rode for a bet, from the Merced church to San Isidro and back, 28 miles in 65 minutes. The first distillery was established by Mr. Thwaites, in 1812, near the Plaza de Toros or Retire •, the first brewery some years before by Mr. John Dillon, near San Telmo*, both proved failures, as also the first windmill, built near the Miserere by Mr. Stroud. Mr. Cope, an EngUshman, owned most of the ligh- ters, and these were manned by English sailors. The Government war-vessels had also English sailors. Of the schooners that plied between Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, the favorite was the Pepa, command- ed by a courteous Englishman named Campbell. In 1820 some thirty English shop-keepers and me- chanics formed a light cavalry volunteer body-guard to the Governor, turning out on fete days in blue jackets, and taking the post of honor in all proces- sions, as the Garde du Corps. In 1821 the Government ordered all foreigners to do military service^ this led to a correspondence with Captain O'Brien, H.M.S. Slaney, and finally the order was recalled. A much more serious dispute followed when Capt. Willes, H. M. S. Brazen, seized a brig in port^ the British residents, being alarmed by threatening notices posted on their doors, request- (1823) ENGLISH BANK-DIRE CTOKS 327 ed Captain Willes to leave the port, as their hves were in danger • so he sailed to Colonia. Amicable relations were restored by Mr. Parish. In the revolution of 1823 Mr. Hargreaves, an Eng- lish shopkeeper, was arrested on a charge of selhng arms to rebels but he was able to prove his inno- cence : the other parties arrested were shot in Plaza Victoria. Among the Colorados, or gaucho soldiery with red ponchos, were some EngUsh or Irish made pri- soners in the time of Beresford • they had completely forgotten English after 15 years in the interior. The Bank capital was one million dollars in shares of 1,000$ each- 10 directors, 6 being natives and 4 British. It was so profitable a business that shares rose to 70 per cent premium; the previous dividend being 30 per cent, but the stock soon fell to par. There was an export-tax of 2 per cent on gold, which was at 6 per cent premium, the paper dollar being only worth 45 pence. When the Bank of Buenos Aires was founded in 1822, there were already many English merchants of great wealth and posi- tion, some of whom had advanced a loan to Govern- ment in 1821, to keep out the Gauchos under Ra- mirez and Garrera. The first Board of Directors after the reformation of the Bank comprised the names of Joshua Thwaites, James Brittain, and James Barton. In 1823 the number of British residents was put 328 EARLY SETTLERS AT B. AYRES. (1824) down at 3,500. The merchants were nearly all English, or rather Scotch, as well as the clerks, ex- cept one native clerk in each house. Mr. Love gives the names of 40 English houses. Most of them had branches in Brazil and the West Coast. Too many merchants caused such competition that profits were hardly those ^'of an English chandler's shop." Mr. Niblett opened a ready-made clothing house, which cut out several existing English tailors. English cotton goods were cheaper than in London. The only artist was an English painter named Hervey. EngUsh shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, saddlers and watchmakers had their shops chiefly in Calle Pie- dad . There were few English or Irish farmers,but seve ral employed in collecting hides and other products. English mechanics earned good wages, nearly 11. sterling per day, but clerks were poorly paid. The English in town were very popular among the higher class of natives. The first English school seems to have been that of Mrs. Hyne, attended by 70 little girls. Some years later boys' schools were established by Messrs. Ram- ^y, Bradish,'Losh and others. A regular line of English packets was begun in April 1824 with the Countess of Chichester clipper, which made a fair run out from England, and was beaten by the Lord Hobart, which took only 47 days ^ fare 80/. sterling. (1825) riRST ENGLISH CHAPLAIN 329 In this year also was effected the first Buenos Aires loan in England, for one million sterling. The cutter arrived on Dec. 1st 1824, having on board 500,000/- sterling in gold, on account of said loan. Annual banquets were held at Fauneh's Hotel, on St. George's day for the English, and St. Andrew's for the Scotch, as also a4i Mrs. Thorn's hotel on July 4tli for Americans. Mr. Consul Parish assisted at the Scotch dinner on St. Andrew's Day, 30th Nov. 1824, and announ- ced the treaty with Buenos Aires, which Vice-Consul Griffiths took home to England a few days later. At this time the name of Mr. Canning was most popular in Buenos Aires, and toasted at every banquet. Drs. Leper, Oughan, Bond and Dick were the first foreign physicians, besides two apothecaries named Jenkinson and Whitfield. Dr. Oughan had been Surgeon in Chief to the Peruvian army. So much had the number of English increased at Buenos Aires, in a few years after the declaration of Independence, that we find a Church of England chaplain was introduced in 1825, in the person of Rev. John Armstrong, formerly of British Honduras. Before his arrival EngUsh people were married on board war vessels by the captain : some were married by 3 English merchants, who affixed their names. The month of August 1826 was memorable for 330 SAKLY SETTLERS AT B. AYRES (1828) events: the foundation of the British Packet whicls^ontinued for 27 years- and the institution of a Brii5«li Amateur Theatrical society, for the re- lief of widoVs^ and orphans, which shewed for some years an average in^jome of 100/. sterling over all expenses. Mr. P. Vincent was treasurer of the so- ciety, and Mr. Love distributed the alms. Towards the close of 1827 a Kindergarten, or school for children under 7 years, was started under the auspices of Mrs. Maria Thompson, Mr. John P. Robertson and Mr, Thomas Fair. A year later was started the Vauxhall, by Messrs. Armstrong, Brittain, Barton, W. Brown, Duguid, W. Ford, S. Fisher, D. Gowland, H. Gilbert, Hoker, Hyndman , Le Breton , Mac Farlane , Robertson , Thwaites, Wilde, Whitfield and Zimmerman, with a capital of 20,000/. sterling in shares of 200/. sterling each. The site was Wilde's garden, occu]3ying the square between Calles Temple, Cordoba, Uruguay and Parana, say 4 acres, tastefully laid out with tea-house, ball-rooms, fireworks, etc. There was also a circus with 1,200 seats. The whole was under the direction of Mr. Bernard, and masqued balls ^ere held at intervals. ' On the accession of Louis Philippe the French residents had a banquet here, the gardens being ht with Chinese lanterns. The venerable Dean Funes, the historian, used to frequent the gardens, and was one day found dead, seated on his usual bench. (1832) ENGLISH CHURCH TRUSTEES 331 , Blondei's guide of Buenos Aires for 1829 shews 49 English and American mercantile firms: the other Enghsh establishments comprised 18 grocer s shops, 4 hotels, 9 cabinet-makers, 3 upholsterers, 2 'barraqueros,' 2 livery stables, 3 blacksmiths, 1 broker, 1 auctioneer, 2 printing-otfices, 4 house-pain- ters, 1 jeweller, 5 huxters, 4 watch-makers, 5 apoth ecaries, 8 physicians, 6 tailors, 2 saddlers, 2 boot- makers, 3 hatters, 1 tinsmith, and 1 brewer (see Appendix). In 1831 we find Admiral Brown one of the Bank Directors, and the Government Auditor Mr. Thomas Armstrong: half-years dividend 8 per cent. In the same year the EngUsh Church was con- secrated : the trustees being — Rev. John Armstrong, James Barton, Jonathan Downes, Daniel Gowland, W. H. Garratt, Stephen Hallett, D, Lamont, G. Lord, John Harratt and John C. Zimmermann. Among the earliest English settlers was Mr Robert Billinghurst, a man of good family and education, of whom we read in the Miscellanea Heraldica of August 1873 that he was grandson of Wm. de Billing- hurst J. P. of Godalming, Surrey (1740) and went to Buenos Aires, where he married Frances Agrelo, in^ 1810. This family of De BiUinghurst came from Normandy, where they were Lords of Argenton and Manvyr, and have held estates in Surrey since 1450. In Moore's life of Byron is a letter wherein the poet writes to John Murray as follows •'• At Mr. Angelo's 332 EMILY SllTTLEES AT JJ. AlilES (1828) fencing-rooms 1 often met a gentleman named Billing- hurst remarkable for his strength and the fineness of his figure. His skill was such that he was a match for the great Capt. Barclay, and as the by- standers were one day adnaring his athletic propor- tions he remarked to us that he had 5 brothers as tall and strong as himself." The gentleman alluded to was Robert Billinghurst. His letters to his bro- ther, Colonel of the 7th Dragoons, written in 1814, abound in quotations from Juvenal and Cicero. He became a citizen of Buenos Aires in 1812, receiving a license from Government to trade, on account of his services the year previous to Gen. Rondeau at Arroyo Seco. He died in 1841. Three brothers named Chapman came to B. Aires in 1820, and having embarked in business one of them, Jacob, went up to Paraguay and was there de- tained for some time by Francia. Daniel remained in Buenos Aires and in latter years lived by teaching- languages. The third brother returned to England. Jacob died in Buenos Aires in Feb. 1871, and Daniel two years previously. In 1824 came Mr. Edward Taylor, an architect from London, who married in the country and built among other edifices the Club Progreso, the Custom- house, and the German church. He received a gold medal from the Government of B. Aires, and was decorated with the Red Eagle by the King of Prus- sia. He died in his 67th year, September 2nd 1868.' (1841) FOEEIGN CLUB FOUNDED 333 Dr. Alexander Brown, a native of Scotland, be- gan his career as surgeon in Admiral Brown s fleet, and served in the war against Brazil, being raised to the grade of Surgeon-general. He settled down as physician in Buenos Aires in 1828, and during 40 years enjoyed so large a practice that he left, at his death in Aug. 1868, a large fortune to his brother, a retired Indian officer, and 2 sisters in Scotland. Another remarkable man was Mr. James Bevans, civil engineer, who came to Buenos Aires in Oct. 1822, and was at once commissioned to construct a mole for landing passengers. Colonel O'Brien was at the same time sent to Europe to bring out 200 Irish laborers for the work: the enterprise, however, fell to the ground for want of money. In the following year Bevans was requested to survey and report on Ensenada as a port, which he did, with an addendum recommending a canal from Buenos Aires thither. Mr. Bevans was a Quaker, and much esteemed in Buenos Aires. Gen. Miller mentions another engineer of this name (William Bevans) a native of Cornwall, who worked some mine3 in the Peruvian Andes in 1824. Mr. Love, who founded the British Packet in 1826, was during more than 20 years manager of the Com- mercial Rooms. He published in London in 1825 a book entitled ''Five years in Buenos Aires," very reliable in all its details. He died in 1845. Mr. Thomas Duguid founded the Foreign Club in 334 * EAllLY SETTLERS AT B. AlUES (1841) 1841, and was for many years one of the leading merchants. He retired to England about 1855 and died at an advanced age, in 1876. So early as 1828 he was Chairman of the Bank of B.Aires. Mr. James Brittain, who was Bank Chairman in 1827, occupied a prominent place among English residents, until his retirement to England. He died at Black-heath in Febuary 1832, leaving a large fortune to his sons. Mr. Thomas Barton one of the 12 English mer- chants of 1818, was suffocated in a dust-storm, in April 1843. He came to Buenos Ayres in 1808, at the age of 16. Col. Wellesley Wilde, who claimed to be related to the Duke of Wellington, resided about 40 years at Tncuman and Salta, as Commander of Nat. Guards. He had almost completely forgotten English before his death, which occurred at Buenos Aires about 1868 . Many other names deserve a place in this chapter, but would require more space than the present vo- lume can afford. All the early •settlers, of the period of Independence, have been gathered to their fa- thers (except Mr. Daniel Gowland, the patriarch of the British community, who already counts 70 years residence in Buenos Ayres). Most of them have left numerous descendants, who occupy foremost places in River Plate society and serve as the strongest link of friendship between iVrgentines and Eng- lishmen. (1B52) THE FALL OF ROSAS 335 The growth of the British population in B. Ayres maybe marked by 4 epochs: — 1st. The overthrow of Spanish rule in 1810, when the country was first opened to the trade of Britain. 2nd. The treaty with England in 1825, followed by the Scotch colony of Monte Grande. 3rd. The influx of Irish sheep-farm- ers, which began about ten years later. 4th. The fall of Rosas, in 1852, inaugurating a period of commer- cial activity, railways, banks, steamboats, and general development, in which Englishmen took a principal part. In the appendix will be found a chronological table of English events in the River Plate from 1800 down to 1877. At present the number of British residents in the province of Buenos Ayres exceeds 30,000, and their aggregate properties (chiefly of Irish and Scotch farmers) amount in value to several millions sterling. 336 SETTEES IN B. ORIENTAL (1807] CAP. XXXV. SETTLERS IN B. ORIENTAL About the period of the surrender of Montevideo by the British a few English merchants settled down there : one of the earliest being Mr. Gowland, founder of a numerous and influential family, whose descendants on both sides of the River Plate are said to be sufficient to form a company of National Guards. Even in the 18th century some Englishmen held estancias in Banda Oriental : for example, Buschen- thal's island at the junction of San Jose and Santa Lucia was owned by an Englishman who has left a very accurate map of the same dated about 1780; he may have b'een one of the survivors of Mac (1824) PAIR, JACKSON, L^DSE of / 337 Nainara s expedition at Colonia (1765). Moreover it is generally believed that some of the most in- fluential land-holders in Uruguay are of English descent, the names being slightly altered; thus the Butelers w^ere Butlers, the Reilles. were Reillys, the Gellys were Kellys, and so of many others. While Colonia still belonged to the Portuguese we find the Governor was an Englishman named Short, who had served as captain in the fleet of Por- tugal. The first English estancieros in the present cen- tury seem to have been Messrs. Young and Stirling, two courageous and industrious Scotchmen, who had been for some time house carpenters in Buenos Aires and saved sufficient money to buy 'extensive tracts along the Rio Negro in 1823, at 201. sterling the square mile. During the civil wars they suf- fered greatly from banditti, but held on through all tli«e troubles of half a century, and left princely estates to their children. A few years before Mr. Young's death he sold a portion of his lands, called Bicha- dero, for thirty or forty thousand pounds sterling, to an English Co. As regards the Stirlings, intermar- ried with the neighboring family of Cash, they possess large estates close to the Youngs. In 1824 Mr. Thomas Fair established the famous estancia of San Jorge at the Rincon del Chileno on the Rio Negro, 150 miles from Montevideo -, its area is greater than that of some counties in England, and it 338 SETTLERS IN B. ORIENTAL (1825) has long been regarded as one of the finest estates in South America. It counts at present 50,000 horned cattle and 100,000 sheep, crossed with the best races of England, Mecklemburg and Silesia. In 1825 Mr. Jackson purchased near Florida the vast estancias now held by his children ; they run over 60 miles in a straight line and represent a great value^ although originally bought for (3/. sterling per square mile. Mr. Jackson was for many years a merchant at Montevideo, and left his family enormous wealth not only in lands but also in houses and per- sonal estate. Mr. Samuel Lafone may be regarded as one of the founders of English commerce at Montevideo. He is suppose\l to have started the first English saladero and exported the first cargoes of hides to England. He is said to have introduced the first steamer that navigated these waters, and built the first steam-mill. He carried on for many years an important trade with the Falkland Islands, and leased the seal-fishery at the mouth of the River Plate. He built almost at his sole expense the English Protestant chapel, consecrated in 1845. Besides his trade relations at Montevideo he carried on mining with great success at Catamarca,in the Argentine Republic. Few men surpassed him in energy and enterprise, and he seems to have been a native of Jersey. During a commercial crisis his house failed, but he subsequent- ly paid all his creditors in full, besides interest. (1830) HUGH lis. 31UNDELL, MC EACHEN 339 During half-a-centary he held a foremost place in Montevideo- and died attending some yellow-fever patients at Buenos Aires in 1871. Mr. Bridgman was an old British resident at Co- lonia, who carried on the principal share of business there in the first quarter of the 19th century. Mr. Richard Williams of Salto, Director of the Salto and Santa Rosa railway, settled in the flrst- named town about fifty years ago. He possesses the best collection of crystals, agates, amethysts etc., in the River Plate, obtained mostly from Cerro de Catalanes. Mr. Richard Hughes was over 30 years a pro- minent Englishman in Banda Oriental, holding va- luable properties in estancia lands and saladeros He spent large sums in the importing prize cattle from England • most of which were killed by Blancos or Colorados during the civil wars. He also sunk capital in trying to promote the growth of flax, bringing out a number of flax-growers from England. The Hughes estancia is one of the finest in the Banda Oriental. Although himself a Protestant he erected a Catholic chapel for his people, and was alike hospitable to the Irish priest or the Protestant missionary. In him the R. Plate lost as upright and entei^prising an Englishman as ever settled on its shores. He died at his estancia near Paysandd, Oct. 8th 1875. Col. Mundell was originally a Scotch carpenter, 340 SETTLERS IN B. OIUENTAL (1830) who settled in PaysaiiJii some 50 years ngo, and afterwards fought under Garibaldi in the civil wars. He has often given proofs of the most daring valor- on one occasion disarming 4 soldiers sent to kill him. He has been several times Military Governor of Pay sand u. Captain Mac Eachen, a Scotch gentleman of liberal education, has likewise been Gefe of Paisandu, and distinguished himself by his activity in pursuit of banditti; and his zeal in every branch of public ser- vice. Mr. Thomas Havers was many years employed by the Falkland Islands Co., and afterwards settled with his family at Montevideo. He started the Montevidean Times in 1865, but the venture proved unsuccessful, although Mr. Havers was possessed of fair abilities. General Flores having made him Di- rector of Public Works he constructed the new market at Montevideo. He died in March 1870. The first Enghsh school at Monte- video was that established by Mr. William Rae, mentioned by Mac Cann, in 1850, as "a very talented trainer from the Glasgow Seminary, whose day-school is attended by 30 pupils." • Commodore Sir John Purvis R. N. laid the first stone of the English church on 1st January 1845, on the site of a battery taken by Sir Samuel Auchmuty in 1807. Mr. Krabbe was the founder of the English Club. (1872) MC COLL, FLEURY, OLDH AM 341 Mr. John McColl was the first to publish an English guide-book to Montevideo, and subsequently beeame mayor of the city. Mr. Tomkinson, an old Enghsh merchant, is known for having the finest gardens and plantations in the country • and here the Australian gum-tree was first acclimatized in 1854, the number of these trees in the River Plate provinces now ex- ceeding a million. Dr. Pleury, son of a famous Protestant divine in Dublin, is Surgeon-general to the Caridad Hospital, an admirable institution under the care of Itahan Sisters of Charity: the number of patients yearly averages 4700, deaths being about 7 per cent. Dr. Albert Mullins, formerly of the British navy attends the British Hospital, which contains 60 beds: it was built in 1867 at a cost of 7;200/. sterling- John Oldham, chevaHer of the Brazilian order of the Rose, is manager pf the Western Brazilian and River Plate Telegraphs. He laid the River Plate cable in 1866, and the enterprise has proved under his direction one of the most successful and lucrative in this part of the Continent. He was decorated by the Emperor of Brazil for his services to telegraphy. Mr. Henry Fynn, of the firm of LanusFynn & Co., was mainly instrumental in providing the Santa Lucia water-supply for Montevideo. The works were con- structed by Mr. Henry Newman, in 1872, being one of the longest pumpiug mains in the world, over 34 miles. 342 SETTLEKS IN B. OlilENTAL (1872) William H. Cock constructed the Gas-works and Maua graving-dock, which cover over 2 acres : much blasting was done here in 1867-74, the works being mostly of cut stone. The dock admits vessels 275 feet keel, 45 beam and 12 draughty and can be pump- ed dry in 4 hours. Mr. Cock is now building the Jackson docks at the Cerro. Besides these docks at Montevideo is another at Colonia built by Captain Manton for an United States Company in 1867. Gold-mines at Cufiapirii were surveyed in 1863 by Mr. Jehu Hitchen of London. Five years later Mr. Hubert Bankart, an experienced miner, was sent to England for machinery and operatives-, but a quarrel with the shareholders ensued, and the machinery was abandoned on the beach at Salto. Nevertheless Mr. Rogers and other private miners have extracted gold from time to time, and Gen. Goyo Suarez boasts that he has taken over 20/. weight of gold dust from the various washings. Although the number of British residents in Banda Oriental has notably diminished in the last ten years there are still many princely estancias in their hands. Formerly there was an English racing-club at Poron- gos, under Mr- Jeffries, but it has been dissolved since his death in 1872. The Bichadero estancia near Fray Bentos belongs to shareholders in England, and is managed by Mr. Theophilus Ricketts. It covers 100 square miles, say 64,000 acres and counts over 100,000 sheep and (1877) ENGLISH ESTANCIEKOS 343 cattle. Brabble's estancias near Colonia belong to private companies, and are some of the finest in the River Plate. Near Paysanclu are the extensive farms of Messrs. Peel, Bell, Drysdale, Hughes, Wyatt Smith, Wilson, Lynch, Gaynor and others, some of which represent 60 or 80 thousand pounds sterling. The late Major Lawrence V. C. and his friend Capt. Johnson settled near San Jose in 1864, where Capt. Johnson still holds a fine property. Major Lawrence died of an illness contracted in India. The Extractum Carnis Liebig Factory at Pray Bentos is managed by Mr. Charles Croker, an Irish- man for many years resident in Uruguay. (1808) ENGLISH IN BUA2IL 344 CAP. XXXVi. ENGLISH IN BRAZIL. English merchants from the earliest time found more facility for settling in Brazil than in the Spanish colonies. We have already seen some estab- lished at various points of the coast, from Pernam- buco to Santos, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Great portion of the trade of ;Rio Janeyro was in the hands af our countrymen long before the eman- cipation from Portugal- In 1808 we find the Eng- lish merchants of Rio Janeyro offering 6,000$ to Sr. Presas, secretary of Princess Carlota, for a letter of recommendation to Viceroy Liniers of Buenos Aires, and a further promise of 4 per cent, on all profits arising out of trade with the River Plate, in case (1862) JOHN PKOUDFOOT 345 of their being permitted to establish branch houses at Buenos Aires or Montevideo. After the declaration of Independence the commerce of Brazil increased prodigiously, and from that time down to the present the chief export of the country, which is coffee, may be said to be a monopoly of a few British houses. In former years diamonds formed a great item of commerce : in 1776 Messrs. Brant Brothers of Goyaz had as many as 600 slaves in the diamond-washings, but some difficulty occur- red with the Viceroy, resulting in both brothers being sent in chains to Lisbon, where they died in prison. An enterprising Scotchman named John Proudfoot, in the present century, has left his name indeUbly associated with the advancement of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, one of the most prosperous in the Empire. He was born in Glasgow, and came to B. Aires in 1835. A few years later he went to Rio Grande and established the house of Proudfoot, lire and Moffatt. In 1852 he started at Montevideo the house of Proudfoot and Co., and after 3 years retired to England, having made a large fortune, and leaving the Rio Grande house in charge of Mr. H. Crawford. Subsequently he made periodical visits to South America, and in 1862 formed the idea of making Rio Grande a cotton-growing country;, with this object he came out in person with some experienced planters, machinery etc., to begin a cotton farm at 34G ENGLISH IN BRAZIL (1862) Coquerato, on the peninsula facing Rio Grande city. This was the only enterprise of his which turned out hadly • after spending some 20,000/. sterling he had to give it up, and convert the Coqueruto farm into a kitchen-garden, for the supply of the city markets. In 1864 he obtained the concession from the Argentine and Montevidean Governments for laying down a sub-marine cable between Buenos Aires and Montevideo, which was effected in less than two years. His last trip to Rio Grande was in 1873 when he found the line of steamers which he had establish- ed to Port Alegre, in 1862, doing a great traffic : the steamers had been built by him at Glasgow. He found also the house of Proudfoot and Company still holding a foremost place , and numerous works of progress connected with his name. After tak- ing leave of the city which regarded him as a bene- factor, and in which he left so many kindly associa- tions, he returned to his estates on the Clyde, bought by him some years before for 150,000/. sterling. But his health soon after began to decline, obliging him to seek the milder climate of Lisbon, where he died on March 8th 1875, in his 74th year. He had never married, and his estates went to a nephew. Mr. Henry Law, an engineer from Dublin, com- menced in 1857 the famous Ilha das Cobras careen- ing dock at Rio Janeyro, which is cut out of the solid rock. The works were inaugurated by the Emperor, January 6th 1857, and the blasting effected at inter- (1875) GINTY, GOTTO, HAWKSHAW 347 vals by galvanic batteries. On several occasions the shock w^as so severe as to shake the city of Rio^ and even Nitherhoy on the other side of the bay. The dock is 300 feet long, 93 wide and 33 deep, admitting vessels of 28 feet draught: the entrance being 90 feet wide, with sluice-gates. The work was concluded in 1862, and cost double the first esti- mates ; the machinery is worked by 40-horse engines, and includes the usual hydraulic pumps for pumping the dock dry. Similar docks have since been construct- ed by Messrs. Hett Wilson and other English residents. Mr. William Gilbert Ginty, another Irish engineer- has left a noble work in the new road to Tijuca;made by him for the Government, about 20 years ago. It scales a number of precipices, making in many pla- ces a zig-zag route^ and affords quite an easy ascent for carriages to points previously inaccessible. The construction is so solid as to remind one of the old Roman roads; the rain torrents are frequently of the most terrific character, on this route. Mr. Ginty built himself a delightful country house at Tijuca, and died the following year (1865). Messrs. Gotto and Co. of London have recently carried out important city-improvements at Rio Ja- neyro, at a cost of 850,000/. sterling, for an English Company : the enterprise has given large dividends and the stock is at a high premium. Many similar enterprises by English companies in Brazil will be found in a subsequent chapter. 348 ENGLISH m BRAZIL (1875) Sir John Hawkshaw made surveys in 1875 for im- proving the ports of Pernambuco, Maranham, Ceara, Parahyba and Rio Grande do Sul •, the works will extend over a period of five years, and cost 3.180,000/. sterling. Vice Admiral Frederic Buchanan Crawfurd. who took so much interest in promoting English colonies in Brazil and established an English coffee plantation on a large scale at Santos, was a distinguished com- mander of the British navy, having entered the ser- vice in 1836 and won distinction during the Crimean war. He afterwards commanded for some years H. M.S. Egmont at Rio Janeyro •, and died at Palmeyras Nov. 9th 1875, in his 53rd year. Dr. Cochrane, relative of the famous Admiral of that name, resided nearly 40 years at Rio Janeyro, practising medicine with great success. He had a coffee-plantation near Tijuca, where he died in 1873, leaving two daughters, one of whom is Baroness Araujo Gondin, wife of the Brazilian Minister at Buenos Aires. Messrs. Palm and Lloyd completed in 1875 the sur- veys undertaken by them for Viscount Maua and Dr. Cochrane's proposed railway from the port of Curitiba (province of Parana) on the Atlantic seaboard to the inland province of Matto Grosso, nearly a thou- sand miles in length, and estimated to cost about ten millions sterling. Messrs. Palm and Lloyd suffered many hardships, and the first named died just as he (1872) CPvAWFUKD, COCHRANE, PALM 349 had reached the capital of Matto Grosso, after many months of travel through Indian deserts and forests never before traversed by Europeans (see chapter on Surveys). In the export of coffee from Rio Janeyro the house of Phipps Brothers does the largest business, over half-a-million sacks yearly, representing a value of two millions sterling. The houses next in importance are those of Johnson, Bradshaw, Wright, Kern and MacKinnell w^hich make up lYg miUion sacks. These 6 firms represent an export trade of 8 millions sterling. English travellers have explored every part of the territory of Brazil, which is equal in extent to the whole of Europe. (The most notable of these ex- plorers will be recited hereafter in a distinct chap- ter). English mechanics have also settled down in various provinces, and acquired wealth and po- sition. Mr. Bowman of Pernambuco established a foundry in that port, having resided there over 40 years. The neighboring province of Bahia boasts Mr. WiUiam Watt's steam saw-mill at Ponta Area, Messrs. Hop- kins and Webster's foundry at Jequitara, and Mr. Rus- sell's at Sant Amaro. Mr. Charles Neate is construct- ing the Bahia docks, to cost 900,000/. sterling. Mr. Hugh Wilson is making a railway to the diamond fields. Our countrymen are also found connected with the chief public enterprises at Rio Janeyro, 350 ENGLISH IN BRAZIL (1871) Santos, San Paulo, San Juan del Rey and Rio Grande doSul. One of the oldest English settlers at Rio Janeyro was Mr. Robert Bennett, who built the famous Eng- lish hotel at Tijuca, a delightful resort for travellers, which has been greatly enlarged and improved of late years. The late John McGinity, concessionaire of the San Leopoldo railway (Rio Grande), began life as ordi- nary seaman aboard a vessel from Glasgow, of which town he was a native. He served some time under Capt. Maury in submarine investigations, and coming to South America found employment as a blacksmith in the Rio arsenal. He afterwards became overseer of a department in Baron Maua's arsenal, which post he left to take some Government contracts, in building the prison and arsenal at Port Alegre. Here he acted for many years as U.-States Consul, and took part in every enterprise, such as coal-mines, railways, colonies, etc. In 1871 he proceeded to London, where he formed a company for the New Hamburg Rail- way with the aid of Lord Claude Hamilton and Mr. Brunlees. The contract was concluded with Messrs. Watson and Bevan Smith, who completed the line in 1875. The gas-works of Rio Grande were constructed by Mr. Upward in 1874, and other English engineers made those of Pelotas and Port Alegre. A concession to work the coalfields of Candiota was granted to (1873) MC GINITY, UPWARD, PLANT 351 Messrs. Nathaniel Plant and Law, but has not been carried out. The Arroyo das Ratas fields are said to contain better coal, and Mr. Johnson has constructed a railway to connect the pits with the port of San Geronimo. Pew works have been of greater importance in Rio Grande province than the dredging of Pelotas and Rio Grande bars: the dredges were brought out by Mr. Colburne of Renfrew and Mr. Albert Smith, in 1871. 352 ENGLISH ON WEST COAST (1805) . CAP. XXXVII. ENGLISH ON WEST COAST. Merchants and physicians from the United King- dom began to settle on the West Coast in the first de- cade of the present century, laying the foundation of a valuable trade with Great Britain and in most cases intermarrying with natiye families. Their descendants are to-day among the foremost ranks of commerce, diplomacy and literature, ever ready to offer a friendly welcome to Englishmen, and forming a powerful element for the spread of those principles of liberty and order which seem inseparable from the AnglQ-^axo^gj:ajQa. No wonder that Chile has proudly maintained for half-a-century the foremost place among South American republics: here was con- (1805) r>R. EDWARDS, DR. BLEST 353 structed the first railway in this Continent •, here the first line of steamers was established between Eu- rope and the Pacific;, and from Chile the first tele- graphic communication was made across the Andes. About the year 1805 Dr. George Edwards, settled in Chile, and married a native lady of Serena, where he practised for many years. His eldest son, Joaquin, was born in 1808, at Serena, and sent to be edu- cated in the United States. After leaving school he visited every part of South America, finally settling at Coquimbo as a banker and mine-owner. Rein- troduced an improved system of furnaces and the most modern machinery. After filling the post of Intendente of Coquimbo he died in 1869. Dr. Ed- wards left another son, Augustine, who is one of the greatest bankers and capitalists on the Continent. Almost contemporary with Dr. Edwards was Dr. Blest, a native of Shgo, Ireland, who also married a Chilian lady, named Gana-, he has been for 2 genera- tions one of the most eminent physicians on the West Coast, and is still living at Santiago. Two of his sons have been Ministers Plenipotentiary at Paris and Rio Janeyro, the third President of the Chilian House of Deputies Dr. Blest is a Senator of Chile. The most notable Englishman connected with Chile was Mr. Joshua Waddington, who died Oct. 11th 1876, and of whom the Patria said '^he was founder of the commercial prosperity of Valparaiso, as Wheelwright was of its maritime development." 354 ENGLISH ON WEST COAST (1817) He was born at York on the 3rd of December, 1792, and canie to Buenos Aires about the year 1812, for the house of Brittain & Co. He arrived at Valparaiso on the 17th of Aug. 1817, and his house of business, under the firm of Waddington, Templeman and Co., became in a few years the most extensive in the Pa- cific. Mr. Waddington devoted himself to everything calculated to stimulate national industry. In mining he invested millions at Copiapo, Huasco and Coquim bo, whose copper mines were worked by his capital. The famous Waddington canal, constructed at his sole expense, is a monument of his benefits in the province of Valparaiso, and the department ofLima- che owes the fertihty of its fields to water derived from it. Mr. Waddington was almost always associated with Wheelwright, the promoter of every improve- ment. He offered the government the first funds for the construction of the Santiago and Valparaiso rail- way, and presented a scheme for supplying Valparaiso with water. About the year 1850, his fortune had reached its height; and he entered largely into agri- cultural matters. As a resident of Valparaiso Mr. Waddington was for thirty years the richest and most enterprising proprietor. Owner of valuable lands in the Port, in the Almendral, on the hills, in Playa Ancha, he lent a generous impulse to all. He possess- ed at Las DeUcias a beautiful villa in which he offered cordial hospitality. Archbishop Acuna died under his hospitable roof in 1843. From this garden (1822) WADDINGTON, EA.STxMAX 355 originated the Jardin de Recreo. He was the first to erect a commercial Bazaar, the Pasage Waddington- the Plaza del Orden was formedby his manificence,and to him Valparaiso was indebted for the works that united the Port and the Almendral into a single city. To hospitals, schools and industrial enterprises his hand was ever open, and Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna aptly dedicated to him his ^'.History of Valparaiso." He died at the ripe age of 84 years, leaving a repu- tation which will long serve to perpetuate the esteem for Englishmen in that part of South America. Two brothers named Eastman came to S. America in 1822 • one settled at Buenos Aires, the other at Valparaiso :, both married natives and figured for half- a-century among the most respected merchants of Buenos Aires and Chile. In 1869 the Chilian brother Edmund came to Buenos Aires to visit Thomas East- man, and remained some weeks. The latter died in 1873, leaving a numerous family, one of his daugh- ters having been married to Colonel Alvaro Barros, for some time Governor of Buenos Aires. The Chilian brother died in July 1875, and the Ferrocarril of Valparaiso dedicated to him the following obituary : — '^On Thursday evening the old and esteemed British merchant, Mr. Edmund Eastman died after a short illness, in the midst of his family and friends. His father, a London merchant, sent him with his brother to Buenos Aires, in 1822, to make a start in fife. A short time after the English firm of Josuah Wadding- 356 ENGLISH ON WEST COAST (1826) ton and Co. of Valparaiso wrote to Buenos Aires for a suitable English youth to take charge of a branch of their house occupied in shipping copper to India. Young Eastman came overland in company with D. Jose Urmeneta, then returning from a tour in Europe, the friendship thus begun lasted through life. Eastman was sent north, to direct the shipment of copper, and after many years of hard work started on his own account at Ovalle. Soon after he married, in 1826 a lady of Coquimbo, who now mourns his loss. Dur- ing a long mercantile career at Santiago he earned universal esteem, always setting an example of rec- titude that will endear his name in Chile, and make us remember him as one of those high-minded Eng- lishmen to whom their adopted country renders a willing tribute of respect and affection." A Scotchman named McFarlane started the first brewery in Chile about 1820, but the business languished for atime and ultimately died. Miller says it was because the Government imposed heavy taxes upon the new enterprise- but this statement has been contradicted. It is needless to say Mr. Mac Farla.ne was ruined. Similarly unfortunate was Mr. Mier's attempt to establish works for copper-smelting. After spending a large capital in bringing out operatives from Eng- land, and building a factory he was harassed with lawsuits about the title to his land and obliged to leave Chile. (1851) WADDINGTON, IIKKRY SWAYNE 357 Nevertheless there were many of our countrymen who succeeded in many branches of trade, as we have seen of Mr. Waddington. who in his own time had the satisfaction of seeing the trade of Chile grow from one million sterling to 14 times that sum ^ one half the total import and export traffic being with Great Britain. Of the numerous English merchants connected with Peru, one of the oldest was Mr. Henry Swayne, who died at Lima 29th January 1877, and of whom the South Pacific Times spoke as follows : — "It is with much regret that we announce the death of Mr. Henry Swayne, a gentleman who for more than half a century has been identified with the best interests of this country. Mr. Swayne was born at Dysart, Fifeshire, Scotland. He arrived in Peru in 1824, and was partner in the house of Swayne, Reid, and Co., his brother Mr. Robert Swayne, being the head of the firm in Liverpool. In 1832 the house here closed, and Mr. Henry Swayne took possession of the sugar plantations known as Quebrada and Casa Blanca. In 1833 Mr. Swayne made a visit to Europe, and from the time of his return in 1834 he devoted himself entirely to the management of his estates until, we may say, the time of his decease. Mr. Swayne in 1851 married a lady, who with four sons and one daughter mourn his loss. The deceas- ed gentleman was in possession of some of the finest sugar plantations in Peru." 358 ENGLISH ON WEST COAST (1865) Among those who have successfully labored in re- cent years for an improved system of sugar growing in Perii was Mr. James P. Cahill, an Irishman, who introduced, in 1865, the most complete machinery from United States, and thus gave an impetus to sugar-planting. He went to Egypt in February 1877, to inspect the great sugar-works of the Khedive, and died of apoplexy at Cairo. Thomas Bland Garland came to Chile about 1845, became partner w^ith Cousiiio, large exporter of pro- duce ^ the firm of Cousiiio and Garland had a large number of saihng-vessels, which were the first that traded to England with the Chilian flag, carrying copper and wheat. This firm took a lively interest in the Lota coal-fields. Mr. Garland aided in starting the first tramway in South America, that ol Valpa- raiso. He was afterwards contractor for the railway from San P'ernando to Curico, and having made a large fortune he retired to England, where he now resides. Charles Lambert, native of Wales, came to Chile some 30 years ago, engaged in copper mining at Co- quimbo and by introducing a new method of ^'reverbe- rating " furnaces utilized ores that were before con- sidered worthless. This gave a great impulse to mining, as the yellow metals Avere now turned to great advantage. Mr. Lambert died in England, in 1876, leaving a fortune of one million sterling. Alexander George Miller is one of the oldest and (1818) richaud pkice, samuel lang 359 most respected British residents on the West Coast, his house of business dating back over half-a-century. He resides at Valparaiso, and is related to the Miller family of Buenos Aires. Richard Price commenced a mercantile house soon after the Independence, being married to a Chilian lady. He embarked largely in mines, but later in life retired from business and settled down in the south of Chile as a farmer. He was one of the first and most enterprising in importing from England improved breeds of cattle, and died about ten years ago. Dr.' Armstrong and Dr. Nathaniel Coxe, both of whom had been British naval surgeons, practised for many years with great success at Santiago and Valparaiso. They were both married to ChiHan la- dies ^ Mrs. Armstrong was sister-in-law to Admiral Blanco. Dr. Coxe was father of the famous Pata- gonian explorer, of the same name. Edward Abbott, one of the principal mine-owners in the north of Chile, has been over 30 years en- gaged in this industry al Coquimbo, where he re- sides, being married to a native lady. Samuel Lang arrived in Chile in 1818, to dispose of a cargo of merchandise for his father. He made several successful voyages between Chile, La Plata and Brazil. Li the war of Independence he culti- vated a close friendship with O'Higgins and Miller, and was one of the promoters in Lima of the great Pacific Steam Nav. Co. carried out by Wheelwright. 360 ENGLISH ON WEST COAST (1835) He had previously brought out from England his cou- sin. James Clark, to assist him in business, and this gentleman was lather of Messrs. John and Matthew Clark, now so well-known as constructors of the Transandine Telegraph and concessionaires of the Transandine Railway. Mr. Lang established a house simultaneously at Valparaiso and Lima, and retired to England in 1835, where he still resides. (1805) ENGLISH IN PABAGUAY 361 CAP. XXXVIII. ENGLISH IN PARAGUAY The earliest English settler in Paraguay seems to have been Dr. William Parley, who arrived at Asun- cion with his wife in the beginning of the century. Their names are still preserved for their unremitting kindness to the sick and poor, whom they treated as their children, having no family of their own. Both Dr. Parley and his wife died in Paraguay. In 1811 John Parish Robertson, then in his 19th year, arrived from Buenos Aires with a cargo of merchandize •, he and his vessel being seized on a charge that he was making maps of the country. This difficulty settled he was fallen in love with by Dofia JuanaEsquibel, a lady of 70 summers, whose 362 ENGLISH IN PAPvAGUAY (1811) indignation at his coldness nearly caused him fresh trouble. His first interview with the tyrant Francia was remarkable. He was out shooting, one evening, in the district of Luque, and had just hit a partridge, when a voice behind him exclaimed "good shot!*" A gentleman of some 50 years, dressed in black, with a scarlet cloak across his shoulder, wearing large gold buckles at his knees and on his shoes, his hair falling in curls upon his shoulders, his eye piercing, and his forehead expressing boldness, stood before him, and stopping his apologies politely invited him to enter his cottage. Francia proved a valuable friend to Robertson, whose mercantile ventures were so lucrative that he resolved to make a trip to England, his brother William having arr.ved at Asuncion in 1814. Francia on learning of his determination re- quested him to endeavor to open a direct trade be- tween England and Paraguay, and to this end gave him a bale of tobacco, a ' tercio ' or hidefull of yerba-mate, a keg of native brandy and some other articles to present to the House of Commons as samples of Paraguayan products. On reaching Buenos Aires he changed his mind, and freighted a vessel with arms and merchandize for another trip to Paraguay. On his return to Asuncion he and his brother were at once banished, for his disobedience to Francia's wishes, and forced to removeto Corrientes. While Francia kept the country rigidly closed against foreigners it happened that a Buenos Aires (1811-26) ROBERTSON, CRESSOL 363 merchant named Soria and an Englishman, one Luke CressoL got up an expedition to descend the Rio Bermejo, in 1826. They Avere some months on the voyage, but safely reached the mouth of the river after a winding course of 1200 miles. A Paraguayan guard seized them at the confluence ot the Bermejo and Paraguay, and sent them prisoners to Francia, who kept them in Paraguay until his death. Cressol died in Dec. 1865, at a very advanced age. After the fall of Rosas, in 18e52, several English and German merchants from Buenos Aires went up to Paraguay and opened houses of business. One of these, Mr. William Stark, married a native and settled down permanently at Asuncion. He was shot by Lopez 11. in 1870, in one of the hecatombs ordered by the tyrant. Lopez L having sent his son to Europe in 1853 to bring out engineers and artisans for the construction of railways, arsenal, etc., the following years saw a great influx of Englishmen : Doctors Stewart, Barton, Skinner, Rhind and Fox •, Messrs. Whitehead, Burrell, Valpy, Thompson, Masterman and Taylor, and a number of skilled artisans from the workshops of Blyth and other iron-masters in England. At this time also arrived Mme. Lynch, who was destined to play so prominent a part in the reign of Lopez II. Doctor Stewart and his colleagues had been army- surgeons during the Crimean War, and proceeded to form a medical corps, with Masterman as chief of the 364 ENGLISH IN PAKAGUAY (1868) pharmaceutical department. Stewart ranked as a major, the others as captains, and wore the respec- tive uniforms: they organized a complete hospital service. Barton and Pox returned to England before the outbreak of war with Brazil, Rhind died of con- sumption in Nov. 1868, at Oampo Grande. Stewart became surgeon-general of the army in June 1864, and served through the war, until he was made pris- oner by the Brazilians at Lomas Valentinas. Skinner accompanied Lopez to the last, and was with him at his death, at Aquidaban : he was killed by a fall from his horse at Asuncion, in 1872. Masterman has written an interesting narrative of his adventures, '* Seven eventful years in Paraguay," and is now living in England. Stewart is still at Asuncion, mar- ried to a native lady. Whitehead completed the arsenal of Asuncion in 1861, having employed 300 natives and 30 English artisans in the work. The machinery was very complete, including besides the iron foundry a steam saw-mill for cutting the hard woods of the country. In three years the arsenal turned out 7 fine steamers, which plied as mail-boats from Asun- sion to Montevideo, and were afterwards armed as war-steamers. Heavy artillery (68-pounders) were also cast, for the batteries of Humayta. In 1863 Whitehead was stabbed by a native, who was im- mediately condemned to be shot, but spared at White- head's earnest entreaty. The event causetl a shock (1863) BUllRELL, VALPY; THOMPSON 365 to his system from which he never recovered : he committed suicide in July 1866 at his cottage near Asuncion. Messrs. BurrelL Valpy and Thompson constructed the railway from Asuncion to Paraguary^ 40 miles, in 3 years : the navvies were Paraguayan soldiers, and the line was very solidly built. It would have been carried out to Villa Rica, the centre of the agricul- tural departments, but for the outbreak of the war. Messrs. Burrell and Valpy were detained for some time by Lopez, until rescued by the Brazilians in the 5th year of the war. Col. Thompson, the Chevalier Bayard of the Parag- uayan war, was a native of Scotland, and about 20 years of age on his arrival in Paraguay as assistant- engineer for the construction of the railway. He soon became one of the best Guarani scholars in the coun- try, and was beloved by all classes of the natives. When the war broke out he rendered such valuable aid as military engineer that Lopez promoted him to the rank of Colonel, and entr4.isted him with the com- mand of the fortress of Angostfura, which was after Humayta the last and greatest bulwark of Paraguay. He was^the only man in whom Lopez placed implicit confidence, conferring on him the highest rank in the Order of Merit. For several weeks he held at bay the whole army and the ironclad fleet of the allies, until Lopez fled to the interior and left him with a handfull of brave men, whose privations Thompson shared 366 ENGLISH IN PARAGUAY (1876) and whose valorous efforts he directed till the end. So much was the Brazilian Commander-in-chief struck with Thompson's heroic conduct that he allowed him a capitulation with all the honors of war : in fact Thompson refused to surrender on any other terms, and this was virtually the close of the war. Paraguayans will long cherish the name of the gal- lant Englishman who threw a last blaze of glory upon the altar where their nationality was immolated. Thompson married a charming native lady after the war, to whom he had been engaged before the com- mencement of the terrific struggle •, his health had been so undermined by the hardships at Angostura that he died at the age of 35, in March 1876, leaving a widow and children to mourn his early death. He published in London in 1871 a history of the Parag- uayan war, equally praised for its truthfulness and the modesty of the author. The architect Taylor, who built the new palace for Lopez II. at Asuncion, was among the English cap- tives rescued at Azcurra, near the close of the war. His wife died on reachnig Asuncion, from effect of the terrible privations they had undergone. The palace was not finished in the internal fittings, but kad cost over 100,000/. sterling • it was shelled by the Brazi- lians in 1870, and is now a magnificent ruin. Mr. Taylor returned to England with his 3 children im- mediately after his wife's death. The geologistTwite,who arrived in Paraguay short- (1870) TWITE, GRANT, BELL 367 ly before the war, was compelled to manufacture gunpowder and direct some ironworks during the campaign. He was one of the few who survived the war (see chapter on Men of Science). The arsenal of Asuncion after Mv. WhiteheaiVs death in 1865, passed into the hands of Mr. Grant, who died in Sept. 1865, and transferred the direction to Mr. Nesbitt, formerly chief engineer of the war- steamer Paraguary. Under the last-named the ar- senal continued to render valuable aid to Lopez during the ensuing 3 years of the war; Nesbitt being assisted by 20 English mechanics in making cannon and torpedoes. The torpedo-department was under the charge of Mr. Bell, who afterwards died of chole- ra at Humayta. After the fall of Angostura and capture of Asuncion by the Brazilians Nesbitt still followed the fortunes of Lopez to the mountains of Azcurra-, and when the tyrant was driven from this last place of strength he gave Nesbitt 100 ounces of gold and a canoe to make his escape. Nesbitt, how- ever, was never more heard of, having probably been murdered by the Paraguayan soldier sent with him in the canoe. William Eden, who had been foreman of a saw- mill in Russia, took charge of the saw-mill attached to the Asuncion arsenal in 1861, where he continued 7 years until sent to Piribebuy. At this time (Dec. 1868) the army of Lopez at Azcurra was^made up of men, boys and women, in all 15,000 ^ and provisions 368 ENGLISH IN PAKAGUAY (1861-65) had become so scarce that 3 sticks of maize or one of mandioca cost a dollar. Corpses lay about the road- side, several persons having died of hunger, while many subsisted for months on bitter oranges. Eden an* his wife survived the terrible hardships, and hav- ing fallen into the hands of the Brazilians, in Aug. 1869, along with several other English families, they were conveyed to Asuncion and there hospitably re- ceived by Captain Fawkes aboard II.M.S. Cracker. They were among the few who had the good fortune to return to England. Eden had two friends named Watts and Cutler •, the former was shot by Lopez in July 1868, at San Lorenzo, although he was foreman of a department in the arsenal. Cutler was chief engineer of the Salto de Guayra, and killed in the capture of Curumba in Nov. 1864. The widows of these two men returned to England in 1869. William Newton who first went to Paraguay in 1858, and a steamboat engineer named George Miles, got up a new arsenal for Lopez at Caacupe in Dec. 1868, and in a few months turned out sixty brass cannon, fifty being 12-pounders and ten rifled pieces. The rifling was done with a machine invented by Col. Thompson. The guns were made of church bells mixed with Brazilian cannon-balls picked up near the lines. Newton had previously directed an arse- nal at Ibicuy, during 18 months, and cast 70 pieces of cannon, including the Criolla, said to be a 68- pounder besides 400 tons of shot and shell. He sent (1853-65) KEWTON, MOKRIS 369 Lopez a bill for a thousand dollars, and took refuge in the U.-States Legation : on the retirement of the U.-S. Minister he was seized and put in the stocks for 88 days, being only released on consenting to work at the new arsenal of Caacupe. In his leisure hours he cultivated mandioca and cocoa, and was able to support himself and his children till relieved by the Brazilians : he returned to England with Eden and some others in 1869. His children were in so ex- hausted a condition on arriving at Buenos Aires that they had to be sent for a time to the British Hos- pital. His wife had died m the first year of the war (1865). Capt. Morris, who had been some years in the Pa- raguayan naval service, commanded the steamer Rio Blanco in a trip she made to England in 1853 with a number of Paraguayan youths to be educated in Europe. He retired to England before the war: One of his sons was killed in action in 1868- about the same time as Capt. Lynch. Mme. Lynch came out from Europe with Lopez II while his father was yet alive, in 1853. During 12 years she lived in regal state at Asuncion, and was very hospitable to European visitors. When the war broke out she accompanied Lopez to Humayta, and followed his fortunes all through the 5 years' cam- paign, till he was overtaken by the Brazihans and killed at Aquidaban along with Mme. Lynch's eldest son, Francisco Lopez, a youth of 15. Mme. Lynch 370 ENGLISH IX PARAGUAY (1872) buried Lopez and her son, and then surrendered to the BraziUanS; who treated her with every kind- ness and courtesy. She is now Uving in England. The attempt to establish an English colony in Para- guay, by Messrs. Robinson and Fleming in 1872, Avas one of the most disastrous events of recent times. A loan for Paraguay having been negotiated in London a portion of it was set apart to establish a settlement of Lincolnshire Farmers at a short dis- tance from Asuncion. The contractors, however, collected a number of needy artisans from the streets of London, and sent them out to the number of 800, in two batches per Rydal Hall and Kepler, towards the close of 1872. The Paraguayan Government had made no preparation for the colonists, who were sent off to Ita and Paraguary. P^r some months they suffered terribly from exposure and insufficient food. Some of them, fearful of being arrested if they retur- ned to Asuncion, pushed on in a S.E. direction, for 200 miles to the Upper Parana, and had the good for- tune to meet some BraziUan officers, who enabled them. to escape from Paraguay and reach Buenos Aires. Meantime the mortality was so great among women and children in the swampy settlement near Paraguary that many of the emaciated survivors made their way afoot forty miles to Asuncion, where the Italian Consul Mr. Ascencio Ximenez received them with open arms, distributing all his own and his wife's wardrobes among the wretched sufferers, and pro- (1876) KOBINSON FLEMING'S COLONY 371 viding them with lodging and food. As soon as the men who had escaped to Buenos Aires related the sor- rowful condition of the colonists in Paraguay a sub- scription was got up by Mr. Fred. St. John. H. B. M. Charge d' Affaires and Mr. Armstrong, chairman of the St. Patrick's Society, who collected 2,400/. sterl., including 100/. sterl. from Mr. St. John and 200/. sterl. from the above society. In this manner the sufferers were rescued and brought down to Buenos Aires, where most of them speedily found employment. Only two families remained in Paraguay, and ofihe 800 colonists who had arrived from England in Dec. 1872 no fewer than 162 died in the 6 months which intervened until the survivors were removed to B. Aires. Among those who died were a man and wife murdered while asleep in their hut by a native, who was arrested but not punished. Captain Henry Cavendish Angelo happened to be in Paraguay when the colonists were in extreme destitution, and generously gave them every assis- tance in his power, acting as manager and distribut- ing the rations after the superfntendent^of the colo- ny had left. Capt. Ang.elo was a man of 70 years, had served as an officer in India, and travelled over Madagascar, Africa, Mexico, British Columbia and many other countries. He remained in Paraguay after the departure of the colonists, and died in that country, of typhoid fever, on March 2nd 1875. In May 1876 the Paraguayan Government granted 372 ENGLISH IN TAKAGUAY (1877) a, concession to Dr. Stewart of Asuncion and Doctor Alston of Buenos Aires, of 1,000 square miles of land near the old village of Salvador, along the Rio Pa raguay: this is the highest riverine settlement in Paraguay, approaching the Brazilian frontier of Rio Apa. There are at present 30 colonists, mostly na- tives, employed in planting coffee. At present the only British residents at Asuncion are Dr. Stewart- Mr. Horrocks. manager ofthe tram- ways Mr. Croskey junr, whose father has a project for starting a National Bank, Mr. Alexander Baillie, representative of the London Bondholders •, Mr. Murd- och and one or two others. There is no British con- sular agent, but Mr. Horrocks, who is a relative of the late Lord Nelson, is most attentive to English travellers. 1823) JS'OBTJi AMERICANS 373 CAP. XXXIX. JSORTH AMERICANS. Few natives of the U. States have found a home in Spanish America. Nevertheless the greatest engi- neering works in this continent have been carried out by the late Mr. Wheelwright and the present railway king of Peru, Mr. Meiggs, both North Ame- ricans. Mr. Wheelwright's enterprises have been of the greatest practical utility • while those of Mr. Meiggs are of more daring execution and prodigious outlay. It may be said that neither of these men has a right to figure in the present work, as they were not EngUshmen: for this reason I had at first in- tended to place them in the appendix, but on second consideration I feel assured the reader will readily 374 NOKTH AMEKICANS (1798) concede the I'ight of a separate chapter for our Ame- rican cousins. William Wheelwright was descended from one of the old Puritan families that left England in the May Flower, in the 17th century. He was born in 1798 at Newbury Port, Massachusetts-, the State which gave birth also to Webster , Longfellow , Franklin and Peabody. Mr. Wheelwright was a school-fellow of Mr. Peabody, with whom he kept up friendship through life. In 1823 (having embraced a seafaring life at 12 years of age) he was master of a schooner, which was wrecked near Cape Corrientes while trying to reach the port of Ensenada. Having determined to try his fortune on the West Coast, he proceeded to Valparaiso and Guayaquil, and estabhshcd a trading schooner from Panama to Valparaiso. The U. States Government soon after appointed him Consul at Guayaquil. In 1829 the rising importance of Valpa- raiso induced him to move his head-quarters thither. He laid buoys along the coast, and established ma- chinery for distilling water at places where it was scarce. Then he introduced brick-making machines and other improvements. All this time his great idea was to connect the Pacific with Europe by means of a line of steamers. He was strongly in favor of cutting the Isthmus of Panama, but nobody believed it practicable, for Les- seps had not yet cut the Isthmus of Suez •, so his (1838) WILLIAM WHEELWRIGHT 375 thoughts turned to the ahnost unexplored Straits of Magellan. So insane did his project appear that an English Minister ordered his servants never to admit that ' madman Wheelwright.' It is pleasant to know that another English Minister w^'ote strenuously in support of his scheme and Wheelwright never forgot it. On the day when young N. completed his 19th year Wheelwright sent his father a cheque for 5,000/. to buy him a commission in the Guards, as a souvenir of old associations. He was more than five years preaching his project, from 1835 to 1840. Meetings were held from time to time at Lima and Valparaiso. The first step was the concession by the Chilian Government, in Aug. 1835, after which he crossed the Andes and in 1837 ob- tained a concession from the President of Ecuador- but the Government of Panama refused his petition for permission to make a railway across the Isthmus, as granted 7 years later to Biddle and Aspinwall. He made his first visit to England in 1838, being then 40 years of age, a man of ready and winning address, and full of the greatness of his enter- prise. He shewed his plans and concessions to the wealthy merchants of London and Glasgow, and the scheme made such a noise that the Times (Feb. 6th, 1838) said Mr Wheelwright's scheme deserved the best protection at the hands of H. M. Government, since it* would reduce the distance between England and the Pacific from 120 days to 40, and bring Aus- 376 NOKTH AMElilCANS (1840) tralia much nearer the British crown. At the same time the Morninff Post, Bloney -Market News and Rail' way Times predicted the most splendid success for the scheme. The proposed capital was 250,000/. sterling in shares of 50^. sterling each : the first meeting was held at Sir Edward Parry's office, London, on April 1st 1840. So quickly was the business pushed for- ward that four steamers, averaging 200 tons each, were built at Bristol without delay, and Mr. Wheel- wright entered the port of Valparaiso on Oct. 16th 1840 aboard the Chile, amid the acclamations of the citizens, ringing of bells, and salutes of artillery. The Chile was accompanied by the sister-ship Peru: they were 180 feet long and 30 beam, with accom- modation for 150 passengers and 300 tons of cargo. He received a public testimonial from the Foreign Ministers and Consuls at Lima in 1841, and a similar one at Valparaiso in February 1842. Having turned his attention to coal-fields, he succeeded in finding good coal at Talcahuano. In 1850 he brought out from the United-States the Urothers Allan and Alexander Campbell, and began the railway from Caldera to theCopiapo silver mines-, this was the first railway made ia South America. He next sent his engineers to make surveys for a railway from Valparaiso to Santiago, but the Gov- ernment refused to grant the concession, alleging it was an impossible undertaking! He had already sent Messrs. Campbell to survey a railway from Ro- (1863) WILLIAM WHEELWRIGHT 377 sario to Cordoba, and Messrs. Rolfe, Flint and Hudson to examine the best passes over the Andes for pro- longing the Copiapo line to the Argentine Republic. In 1863 he presented his plans to the British So- cial Science Association, shewing that the best pass over the Andes was from Caldera to Fiambala, a distance of 322 miles, the highest point being only 5,764 feet over sea-level. The Chilian Government again refusing this concession as chimerical, obliged Wheelwright to transfer his scene of labors in 1863 to the River Plate. Proceeding to London he pre- vailed on Messrs. Brassey, Wythes and other capi- talists to form a company with a capital of 1.600,000/. sterling to construct a railway from Rosario to Cor- doba. The concession was signed by Congress at Buenos Aires in May 1863. Wheelwright opened the line to Cordoba in May 1870, having suffered frequent obstacles during the Paraguayan war. His last work was the railway and port of Ensenada, and when inaugurating the station at Quilmes, he said, "I come to repay you the kindness I experien- ced from your grandfathers when I was wrecked here 50 years ago." He lived long enough to com- plete the line to Ensenada, and the mole at Punta Lara. This done he w^ent to England, and died a few wrecks after landing. In manners he was unaffected and prepossessing, and used to tell his numberless adventures and event- ful career with no less modesty than humor. He had 378 NOKTH AMERICANS (1873) been twice wrecked, three times robbed l)y brigands and left for dead, and was for many years of his life regarded even by his friends as a lunatic. His charities were princely. On the outbreak of the American war he waited on the U. States Minister at Buenos Aires and said : —'' Sir, many persons take me for an Englishman, as I am in a great measure ; but I never forget that I was born in United States, and here is a cheque for 1,000/. sterling for the relief of the wounded." He was no less generous to the Bishop of Cordoba when the line was completed to that city. He died at his residence, Gloucester Gate, London, on 26th September 1873, and his remains were conveyed to Newbury Port, to commingle with those of his J^uritan ancestors. By his will he left one-fifth of his property for the creation and endowment of a school of science in his native State, besides other bequests. Mr. Wheelwright used to take great pride in the success of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., and boast that it possessed the largest fleet of merchant steamers in the world, counting 20 of the most superb vessels afloat, and making weekly trips each way, from Eng- land and Peru. Such was the issue of the company launched by him in London in 1840. He left a for- tune of 150,000/. sterling between his wife and daugh- ter- his only son died in 1863. The republics of Chile, Peril and Ecuador caused a bust of Mr. Wheel- wright to be placed in each of the Chambers of Com- (1854) HENBY MEIGGS 379 merce at Valparaiso, Callao, Guayaquil and other ports, in recognition of his services-, and in February 1877 a statue was erected to him in front of the Val- paraiso Custom-house, Mr. M. Clark delivering an eloquent oration in presence of the assembled citi- zens. The railways recently constructed in Peru by Mr. Meiggs are said to represent a cost of some 20 mijhons sterling. The following sketch from the Daily News conveys an adequate idea of Mr. Meiggs and his colos- sal undertakings : — The life of Henry Meiggs, " the South American Railway King," is a romance. Thirty years ago he was a respectable citizen of New York, best known as a patron of music. He went to CaUfornia in the early days of the gold excitement, and made a fortune there, by trading. He became a dealer in ''lumber." having saw mills in the back country and establish- ments in the city of San F'rancisco. Great quantities of heavy planking were used there as the city began to grow •, it was employed instead of pavement. One morning, in 1854, Meiggs was missing. He had gone aboard a schooner of his own, with his whole fami- ly, and sailed for South America. He left behind about a million dollars of liabiUties. There was, of course, a panic and a series of failures, lasting two years, in the course of which all the lumber dealers in San Francisco went down. Meanwhile the fugitive, when the world next heard 380 NORTH AMERICANS (1854) of him, was one of the richest men of Peru. He liad engaged, among other things, in improving the city of Lima, and all that he touched prospered. The city was surrounded by a ruined 'adobe' wall and a huge mound of filth and rubbish. Meiggs cleared all this away, receiving from the Government a certain amount of the land redeemed. In place of the old wall and dust heap he created a park, seven and a half miles in extent, with avenues and shrubbery, and on either side remained valuable building lots, of which he found himself the fortunate possessor. Then he began to build railways for the Peruvian Govern- ment, and thus was growing richer and richer. He paid his debts in San Francisco. He made such honest reparation that the Legislature of California passed a special Act in his favor. Now he has formed a com- pany of Americans and Peruvians to complete the rail- ways- engines, waggons and other material s have been purchased in the U. States • and engineers and contractors are going out to Peru at once. Meiggs has already completed four railways, at a cost of about 55.000,000 dollars, and his present plans em- brace three more, all of which are under way. The most important is the great road which begins at Callao, climbs across the Andes, and reaches the navi- gable waters of one of the head streams of the Amazon. During the first 46 miles the line climbs up 5,000 feet. In the next 60 miles it mounts 10,000 feet more. It winds along the edge of precipices-, it leap.s from cliff (1861) COLONEL CHUKCH 381 to cliff by bridges that seem to hang in the air ; it pierces the mountains by a series of 63 tunnels at the average of two miles apart-, and at the summit, 15,645 feet above the sea, it cuts through the rock by a tunnel of nearly 4.000 feet. The iron viaduct of Agua de Verrugas springs 576 feet across a chasm 253 feet deep. After ascending a grade of 105 to 211 feet to the mile for 23 miles, the line reaches the chasm of La Infernilla, a fissure 2,000 feet deep, with sides as smooth as mason work, and the torrent of the River Rimac at the bottom. The railway cross- es this gorge 200 feet above the river by a bridge opening into a tunnel at each end. In driving these tunnels the workmen were lowered by ropes from the top of the cliff, and hanging in that way they hammered at the face of the rock until they had cut themselves standing room- At the distance of 220 miles from Callao the railway will reach the famous silver mine of Cerro de Pasco, one of the richest in the world, now neglected, but supposed to contain 600,000,000 dollars worth of ore. Meiggs is to per- forate this silver mountain with a^ great tunnel to drain off the water, and then to have the exclusive privilege of working the mines. Colonel Church, contractor for the Mamore and Madeira Railway, is also an American. He was for vsome years a civil engineer at Buenos Aires, till the outbreak of the American War in 1861, when he embraced the career of arms. Subsequently he for- 382 KORTH AMERICANS (1877) med the project of opening up trade from Bolivia to the Amazon by a railway to the Madeira river; but the scheme is in abeyance owing to pecuniary diffi- culties in which the republic of Boh via is involved. Col. Church has now entered on another great enter- ])rise, the working of salt-petre deposits on the coasts of Patagonia, for which he presented a petition to the Congress at Buenos Aires in June 1877. The brothers Delano, WiUiam and Paul, were Americans, who came to Chile very young and en- tered the naval service before Lord Cochrane's arri- val. After several years they retired, and embarked in commercial life, one at Valparaiso, the other at Concepcion. The latter, WilUam Delano, died in March 1877, leaving an immense fortune for his bro- ther. The southern provinces of Chile were much indebted to him for their development, as he actively promoted the coal-mines of Lota, erected the best flour-mills in the country, and established the first cloth-factory and glass-works in the Republic. Paul Delano is still living, and resides at Valparaiso with his family. William A^spift^^U constructed the Panama Rail- way, which was begun in 1849 and concluded in 1855, having cost 1,600,000/. sterling, and the lives of thousands of navvies, who died of Chagres fever. It was said every sleeper stood for the life of a work- man. The enterprise proved one of the most lucra- tive in this Continent. (18491 PROFESSOR GOULD 383 The names of two American 'savans' claim a place of honor in these pages, viz. the naturahst Agassiz and the astronomer Gould. The former was only an American by adoption, being a native of Switzerland, but his two expeditions to Brazil (1863) and other parts of South America (1869) were at the expense and for the benefit of scientific institutions in the United States. Dr.. Benjamin Ap thorp Gould was born at Boston, Sept, 1824- graduated at Harvard College in 1844, and at Gottingen in 1848. He edited the Astrono- micalJournal for some years and contributed to the New York Quarterly, the American Journal of Science and other valuable publications. In 1869 he accepted the invitation of the Argentine Government to estab- lish an Observatory at Cordoba • and so great interest was felt in the work that Dr. Gould received the most friendly co-operation trom various Observatories in Europe and other parts of the world- some lending astronomical instruments, others making similar pre- sents. In 1871 the Cordoba Observatory began work- ing, and in 1876 the Uranometria Argentina was completed, comprising 85,000 stars, in 1700 maps • one-third of which stars were previously unknown to the world of science. In order to make arrangements for publishing this great work Dr. Gould was autho- rized to proceed "to the United States, where he de- livered at the same time some interesting lectures on the Argentine heavens. These he described as much 384 NORTE AMERICANS (1877) more brilliant those of the northern hemisphere, the number of stars visible at Cordoba to the naked eye being about 7,200, or 1,200 more than in Europe. Dr. Gould was ably assisted in the Uranometria dur- ing 5 years, by Mr. John M. Thone, another North American, who is at present superintending the proofs of the maps at New York, since Dr. Gould's return to Cordoba. The Uranometria is published at the expense of the Argentine Government, and its ap- peai'ancC; probably early in 1878, is anxiously expec- ted by the learned institutions of all countries. Dr. Gould has also established a Meteorological Depart- ment, with correspondents in all the provinces. Among the earliest American settlers in Buenos Ayres were two named Halsey and Thorndyke: the former remarkable for having imported the first fine sheep into the River Plate ^ but most of his va- luable flock perished a few^ years later in a camp fire. Mr. Thorndyke introduced ornamental trees and plants from various parts of the world, establishing a kind of nursery where Mr. Hale's quinta now stands, near the Recoleta. Mr. Edward A. Hopkins, son of Bishop Hopkins of Vermont, estabhshed the first steamer between Para guay and Buenos Aires in 1853. He introduced the first machinery into Paraguay, established a saw-mill and a tobacco factory, and acted as U.S. Consul at Asuncion. In 1867 he obtained a concession with Professor Carey for the first complete system of tele- (1823-53) PAGE, WILLIAMS, RODNEY, 385 graphs through the Argentine Provinces. He was also the original concessionaire of the Northern rail- way of Buenos Aires, and has at present a project for a railway from Bolivia to the Parana. Capt. Page, who made the surveys of the Uruguay and Parana, in 1853, in the U. S. steamer Water- witch, was sent on a second expedition by the U. S. Government in 1859, when he explored the principal rivers of Matto Grosso. He commanded in 1871 an expedition for the steam-navigation of the Bermejo, for which the Argentine Government awarded a subsidy. His valuable work published by Harper Brothers of New York (2nd edition) in 1862 is very accurate and descriptive. Captain Page has since superintended the construction in England of some iron-clads and gunboats for the Argentine Govern- ment. Mr. Marcus Williams of Maranham ascended the Amazon and explored the northern provinces of Brazil in 1845. He endowed the city of Maranham with gas-works, and carried on extensive business in that city, as well as at Para. He died at Maranham Feb. 15th 1870. The first U-. States Minister to the River Plate was the Hon. Cesar Rodney who came in the frigate Con- gress, Dec. 1823 : he died suddenly on June 10th of the following year, and was interred with great ho- nors. Rivadavia delivered an eloquent speech over the grave, and the Government of Buenos Aires or- 386 NOKTH AMERICANS (1817) dered him a monument at expense of the State. He was succeeded by Hon. John Murray Forbes, who also died in Buenos Aires, June 18th 1831. A third U. S. Minister also died here, in 1867, namely Gen. Asboth, a celebrated Hungarian patriot who had be- come an American citizen. Mr. Washburn, who was U. S. Minister to Paraguay during the war of 1865- 70, has published an interesting history of that country. Colonel King, author of "24 years in the Ar- gentine Republic," was a native of New- York, who ran away from home at 14 years ot age and shipped aboard a brig called the Wycoona (1817) bound for Buenos Aires with arms and volunteers for the patriot service. Being considered too young he was turned adrift in Buenos Aires, and obtained employment in a Frenchman's shop, which he left some time later to join the army of Independence as an ensign. He saw much hard service in the Peruvian campaign, and had attained the rank of Colonel, when he returned to Buenos Aires, in 1829, married a woman of fortune, and settled down as a merchant. His book is full of the atrocities of Rosas: after his wife's death in 1841, he returned to the United States. Lieutenants Herndon and Gibbon U. S. N. made surveys and explorations in the Amazon and Bolivia for the American Government, in 1851-52, which were published at Washington two years later. (1873) HEIINDON, GIBBON, GILLTS 387 Lieut. Herndon was brother-in-law of Cap tain Maury, and served 3 years under him at the Washington Observatory previous to the expedition of 1851. He started from Lima, traversed the Peruvian Andes to Huallaga, from which point he descended 700 miles by canoe to the Amazon. He was accompanied as far as Tarmaby Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, who proceed- ed to explore the territory of Bolivia. Lieutenant Herndon was lost at sea in Sept. 1857. Lieutenant John M. Gillis U. S. N. made astrono- mical observations for the American Government along the West Coast in 1849, and ascertained the altitude of several peaks of the Cordillera, as well as the longitude of the principal places in Chile and Peru. Messrs. Kidder and Fletcher travelled through a great portion of the Brazilian Empire, and on their return to the U. States published at Philadelphia/ in 1857, a work entitled "Brazil and the Brazilians," with numerous illustrations. Several other Americans have published interesting books on various parts of this continent. The latest has been Mr. E. G. Squier, U. States Commissioner to Peru, whose work on that country has just ap- peared (1877). In Aug. 1873 a remarkable expedition was under- taken by Capt. Greenleaf Cilley, formerly of the U. States navy, to explore that portion of the Gran Chaco between the Rio Paraguay and the Bolivian 388 NORTH AMEKICANS (1873) province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. His lather-iu- law, Mr. Luis Vernet, had purchased some years be- fore the concession known as the Oliden Grant, co- vering an area of 6,000 square miles, ceded by the Bolivian Government for colonization. Capt. Cilley was accompanied by 3 tame Indians, as also by two Scotchmen and an Irishman, in two canoes. Starting from the mouth of the Otuquis, which debouches into the Paraguay 35 miles below Fort Coimbra, he pushed forward resolutely in the face of untold hard- ships, and after a tedious navigation of several weeks, during which he and his comrades subsisted for a time on fish, game and snakes, he left the canoes, proceeded overland, and safely reached Santa Cruz by end of the year. He proposed to open a road and fluvial communication between Santa Cruz and the Paraguay, but civil war in Bolivia frustrated such a project. Mr. Leavens, a Canadian, in company with an Ame- rican capitalist, was the first to erect steam-mills on the Amazon and Tocantins in 1840. Captain Hunter Davison, head of the Argentine torpedo-department, saw much service during the civil war in the U. States, and enjoys a high reputa- tion in his profession. (1855) PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLISH BESCENT 389 CAP. XL. PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLISH DESCENT. Benjamin Vicufia MacKenna, grandson of General MacKenna, is one of the most eminent statesmen and historians of South America. He was born at San- tiago in 1831, and having taken part in the revolu- tion of 1851 was banished from Chile. He travelled in 1852 through the U. States, Mexico and Canada, and going to England studied for 12 months at the Agricultural College, Cirencester, after which he made a tour of the European Continent. On his return to Chile in 1855 he published " Three years of travel" and an essay on Agriculture. Two years later appeared his first historical work, the ' banish- 390 PUBLIC 31EN OF ENGLISH DESCENT (1858) ment of Carreras.' In 1858 he was again exiled by the Chilian Government, and proceeded to England, but soon after went to Spain, and having patiently studied the archives of San Ildefonso he pubhshed the life of Diego Almagro, conqueror of Chile. From Spain he returned to South America and settled at Lima, where he produced the Life of O'Higgins and some historical works on Peru. At his own request he was tried on his return to Valparaiso and hono- rably acquitted. For some time he conducted the Mermrno of Valparaiso, finding leisure also to write the biographies of Montt and Portales. He sat as Deputy for Valdivia and Talca, and was made secre- tary of the Chamber. On the outbreak of the war with Spain he was sent, in 1865, as confidential agent to the U. States, to provoke public opinion in favor of Chile, and addressed thousands of hearers at the Cooper Institute and other places. His more recent pubHcations have been : History of Santiago, 2 vols., History of Valparaiso 2 vols.. History of Chile compi- led from many writers, 3 vols., and numerous vol- umes of miscellaneous essays, chiefly on public instruc- tion, agriculture and immigration. In 1870 he made a short trip to Europe, and wrote a series of letters on the Franco German war, besides copying at Sevil- le fifty volumes of Archives of Spanish America, and purchasing at Valencia the valuable collection of Padre Rosales on Chilian annals, which work is now being pubhshed with great success at Valparaiso. (1872) BENJAMIN VICUNA MACKENNA 391 In March 1872 he was named Intendente of Santia- go, which office he filled with such energy that in 3 years he completely transformed the appearance of the Chilian capital. He created a people's park called Santa Lucia, constructed new boulevards and prome- nades, embellished the city with public monuments, plazas, theatres, (fee , improved the prison administra- tion, gave employnent to vagrant boys, and introdu- ced so many reforms that no man ever retired from office enjoying greater popularity. In 1876 he was put forward as candidature for the Presidency of the Republic, but as the country was threatened with civil war he retired from the contest. Dalmacio Velez Sarsfield was equally distinguished as a lawyer and a politician during a career of nearly 50 years at Buenos Aires. He was born at Cordoba in 1798, being probably descended from one of the prisoners of Mac Namara's expedition in 1765. He graduated as Doctor of Laws at the Cordoba Univer- sity in 1823, but seeing more room for his ambition at Buenos Aires he shortly removed to the capital. His talents and eloquence were not slow to open up for him a brilliant position, and as he readily accom- modated himself to every change in the political world it came to pass that he held office as Cabinet Minister under a dozen different administrations, including Rosas^ Alsina, Mitre, Sarmiento, (fee— until his retirement into private life in 1872. His name- will long be remembered for his reform of the Prov- 392 PUBLIC MEN or ENGLISH DESCENT (1853) iacial Bank of Buenos Aires, in 1853^ his compiling the Argentine Criminal Code, 1870, for which Con- gress awarded him the sum of 100,000 hard dollars • and his zeal as Minister of Interior (1868-72) in con- structing several lines of railway and 5,000 miles of telegraphs throughout the Republic. His last public act was to open for traffic the Rio Cuarto Railway in November 1873, when here-visited C6rdoba*after an absence of 46 years. He died in April 1875, and was honored with a grand funeral, ex-President Sar- miento making the valedictory oration over the grave. Dr. Sarsfield was a man of great humor, and realized a large fortune at the bar. Dr. William Rawson, whose fluency as a parlia- mentary debater has won for him the surname of the Argentine O'Connell, is son of an American phy- sician who settled early in the present century at San Juan, in which city this distinguished statesman was born about the epoch of Independence (1816). Having studied medicine at the University of Buenos Aires he passed so brilliant an examination in 1845 that he merited a special vote of applause by the Faculty. After the fall of Rosas (1852) he entered the sphere of politics as Deputy at Parana, and when the seat of Government was transferred to Buenos Aires he was elected Senator in the Congress of the united provinces. On Gen. Mitre's election as Presi- dent of the Republic he appointed Dr. Rawson as Minister of Interior, in 1863, which office he discharg- (1854) BLEST GANA 393 ed with consummate ability, especially in the promo- tion of railways and like enterprises. He zealously supported Mr. Wheelwright in the Central Argentine and Ensenada railways, founded the Welsh colony in Patagonia, and on his conclusion of official life in 1868 he retired with general esteem and an un- blemished reputation. His writings on sanitary sta- tistics are of great importance, touching the health of Buenos Aires. He was sent by the Argentine Govern- ment as the representative at the Medical Congress of Philadelphia, in 1876- the thesis read by him on the occasion elicited the warmest admiration of his colleagues. Blest Gana: there are 3 brothers of this name, sons of Dr. WilUam Blest, native of Sligo and Senator of Chile, who married a Chilian lady named Gana. WiUiam Blest Gana was born at Santiago in 1829, and published a volume of poems in 1854, during his banishment to Europe by President Montt. His dramas of Lorenzo Garcia and Almagro have been performed with some success. He was for some years Chihan Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Repubhc and Brazil, and is at present Intendente of San Felipe, Chile. He is an accomplished linguist and scholar, and married to an English lady. Albert Blest Gana is two years younger than the preceding, and was sent to Europe by the Chilian Government to study arms, but on his return preferred a political career and was made Intendente of Colchagua. He was 394 PUBLIC ]\rEN OF ENGLISH DESCENT (1855) subsequently sent to Paris as Secretary of Legation, and published Martin Rivas, Juan de Arias and other novels which are highly spoken of in Chile. He is at present Envoy Extraordinary to the courts of Paris and London. The third brother is Joachim Blest Gana, born in 1832, who is reputed one of the ablest lawyers in Chile, and was many years editor of the Revista^ the Correo and other journals. In 1853 he obtained the University gold medal for an essay on '•law of evidence," and was appointed Secretary of Legation at Quito He was called to the bar at San- tiago in 1855, elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1864, and appointed Minister of Instruction in 1866 ^ which last post he held till 1871. He aided in com- piling the Judicial Code, and was for a time Assistant Attcfrney General. His last public office has been Chairman of the House of Deputies. He is an un- comprising opponent of the Catholic party : his father being descended of an old Protestant family in Ire- land. Charles Walker Martinez, born at Valparaiso in 1842, is a well-known writer and diplomatist. He was a student in the University of Santiago when the war with Spain broke out in 1866, whereupon he threw aside his law books and enrolled himself as a volunteer in the navy. After the war he proceeded to Bolivia as Secretary of Legation, and some time later was elected to Congress for the department of Ballenar. He became secretary of the House of Depu- (1840-1852) COMMISSIONER DILLON 395 ties in 1870, and took out his degree as lawyer -^ after which he made a trip to Europe and U. States. He has published 3 volumes of poems and romances, besides a drama called Manuel Rodriguez, and is now giving to the press a biography of Diego Portales. He has been for 3 years Plenipotentiary to Bolivia, where his talents as a diplomatist have earned him much regard, especially since his conclusion of the troublesome question of limits with Chile. John Dillon, Commissioner General of Immigra- tion in the Argentine Republic, is son of an Irish gen- tleman of the same name, who came to B. Ayres in 1807, and established a saladero at Montevideo, as well as a flotilla of schooners for river traffic. He was the first to start a brewery in B. Ayres, for which purpose he brought out workmen and machinery from Europe. During the war of Independence he lent his vessels free of charge to the patriot Govern- ment, and was allowed all the privileges usually re- served at that time to native citizens. He was greatly esteemed by all classes, and died in 1826, leaving 2 sons. Col. Gregory Dillon and the present Commissioner. Col. Dillon served in the campaigns against Rosas from 1840 till 1852, and afterwards in the war with Paraguay, as Lieut. Col. of artillery. Commissioner Dillon was brought up to the medical profession • became Prefect of Moron after the fall of Rosas , built the church, schools and tow^n hall of Merlo •, served as Deputy of Legislature -, was secre- 39G PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLISH DESCENT (1874) tary to the Minister of War in the campaign of Pavon- sat on 'the Board of Health for Buenos Aires ^ was Military Commander of Moron and 6 other depart- ments in 1874, after which he was appointed Com- missioner of Immigration. In this last capacity he has taken a prominent part in the new Homestead Law, and promoted the establishment of several agricul- tural colonies in various parts of the Repubhc. He has not forgotten the language or sympathies of his ancestors, but preserves all the manners of an Eng- lish gentleman, and gives a double welcome to new- comers from the U. Kingdom. His father seems to have been from the West of Ireland, where Lord Roscommon and many other Dillon families own large estates. Augustine Edwards, the famous banker of Valpa- raiso, one of the most enterprising men on this con- tinent, is second son of the late Dr. Edwards, an Eng- lish physician of Serena, in which town he was born in 1816. He had hardly left school when he com- menced life as a merchant and banker, especially turning his attention to mining interests. In order to have a wider field of action he removed in 1850 to Valparaiso, where he started the banking house of Edwards and Co., now the oldest in Chile. Other banks soon followed : in this manner Edwards may be regarded as the founder of banking in Chile. A few years later he joined other capitalists in founding the bank of Bolivia, and later on the Bank of San (1877) EDWAllDS THE BANKEK 397 Juan, in the Argentine Republic. He also establish- ed branch banks of Edwards and Co., at Copiapo and Antofagasta, chiefly for the purchase of minerals in those districts. In 1851 he joined Mr. Wheelwright to make the Copiapo Railway, in which enterprise he held at one time 140,000/. sterKng in shares. His actual fortune is estimated at 5,000,000/. sterling. He has more than once refused the post of Finance Mi- nister, and several times declined to sit as Deputy in Congress. He is of retiring disposition, but always ready to help any useful enterprise. He contributed largely to Mr. Clark's surveys for a Transandine Railway. Admiral WiUiams Rebolledo is son of Capt. Wil- liams, an Englishman who served under Cochrane. He was born in 1826, at Curacavi, near Santiago, and at an early age entered the Chilian navy. When the war broke out with Spain in 1865 he was com- mander of the corvette Esmeralda, and on Nov. 26th of that year performed the brilliant action of the cap- ture of the Spanish war-steamer Covadonga, which occurred off Papudo, some 40 miles from Valparaiso. The fight lasted but 20 minutes, when some of the Spanish guns were dismounted and the gunners killed by the fire from the Esmeralda, obliging the Span- ish commander to haul down his flag and present his sword to the captain of the Esmeralda. The Cova- donga had two swivel guns, 32 and 68 pounders^ she is now a vessel of the Chilian navy. The loss of this 398 PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLI.SH DESCENT (1825) vessel caused the Spanish Admiral to commit suicide, and encouraged Chile and Peru in their successful resistance against the Spaniards. Admiral Williams is one of the Deputies in the Chilian Congress. James Lindsay, for some time Chilian Plenipoten- tiary in Bolivia, vsras born at Santiago in 1825. He began life as a journalist and gained much popularity by his w^ritings. He is at present Deputy to Congress and is best known by his valuable labors as Chief of the Statistical Department of Chile. John Thompson, born at Buenos Aires about 1820, was one of the most polished S.American writers of his day, and served for some years as Argentine Consul General at Montevideo and afterwards at Barcelona, in which latter city he died in 1873. Richard O'Shee, president of the Chamber of Com- merce in Buenos Ayres, was born at Seville, being descended of a noble Irish family banished by Wil- liam III. He has been for forty years connected with the trade of South America and River Plate. George [Huneus is son of an English merchant, recently deceased in Chile, who settled there many years ago. He is one of the most erudite lawyers in S. America and has more than once refused the post of Minister of Instruction and Justice. He is a ready debater in Congress, and profesor of Common Law in the University. In 1870 he acted as Chilian Plenipotentiary in concluding a treaty of commerce with the Austrian Envoy, Admiral Petz , for which (1844) GEOKGE ISAACS, EENRY O'GORMAN 399 the Emperor Francis Joseph sent him the decoration of the Iron Crown. George Isaacs, poet and noveUst, was born at CaH, New Granada in 1837, and pubHshed his first poems at Bogota in 1864. He was elected Deputy in 1868, and appointed Secretary to the Columbian Congress. He has been for some years Consul Ge- neral for New Grenada at Valparaiso. His novel of Maria has been reproduced in various parts of South America and is much admired. Anthony Smith Irisarri, the best landscape painter that Chile has produced, began his studies at the Academy of Art, Santiago, in 1854, and afterwards proceeded to Florence, where he became a pupil of Carlos Marco. Returning to Chile in 1866 his landscapes became very popular and took the prize at the Exhibition of 1872. His "virgin-forest by moon- liglit" and other pieces reveal poetic sentiment, and he is now forming a school of Chilian art. Henry 0' Gorman, for some years Chief of PoUce in Buenos Ayres, and now Governor of the Peniten- tiary, is descended of an Irish family which came to Buenos Ayres in the last century. His brother, Canon O'Gorman, is one of the dignitaries of the archdio- cese, and Director of the Boys Reformatory. Dr. Edward Wilde, editor ot the EepubUca of B. Ayres, was born in Bolivia, in 1844. At an early age he began to write for the Press, and was after- wards official doctor for the port of Buenos Ayres. 400 PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLISH DESCENT (187B) He acted as Argentine representative at the Sanitary Convention of Montevideo in 1873, and has sat for some years as Deputy in Congress. Dr. James OThelan, bishop of Ayacucho, was born in 1774, and educated at the college of S. Carlos in Peru. He was for some years Curate of Pasco, where he re built the Cathedral, and earned a repu- tation of learning and charity that endeared him to everyone. He died Bishop of Ayacucho in 1857. Henry Cood, professor of Civil Law, is esteemed one of the foremost jurisconsults of the West Coast. He is son of an old English resident, and was born in 1^26. He was for a period Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and has sat over 10 years in the Chilian Congress. He is one of the heads of the Chilian University, and among the founders of the Academy of Belles Lettres at Santiago. Nathaniel Cox, son of the late Dr. Cox of Valpa- raiso, is well-known for his explorations in Patago- nia. In 1859 he made his first journey over the Andes from Port Montt to Lake Nahuel-Huapi. Jn 1862 he made a second expedition with 18 assis- tants, and descended the Rio Negro to the rapids of Villarino, where his boat capsized and he was made prisoner by the Indians, but he afterwards procured his liberty by ransom. He is now a farmer in the south of Chile. Major Francis A. Wright, who commanded a bat- talion of Civic Guards under Rosas, was obliged af- (1877) D0N0VA^^ MACKINNON, JACKSON 401 terwards to escape to Montevideo, where he published some historical works, such as the life of Colonel Brandzen. He died poor, in B. Ayres, about 1868. James McGill is a Peruvian sculptor, chiefly known for his statues of Napoleon III and Emperor William. Lieut.-Col. Donovan, son of the late Dr. Donovan of Buenos Ayres, is at present in command of one of the sections of the new Indian frontier. His promo- tion has been very rapid, as he is only 30 years of age. Alexander McKinnon, lately Minister for Uruguay in London, is grandson of a Scotch merchant who was banished from Naples by the influence of Lady Temple, and came to the River Plate. Mr. McKinnon before his mission to London was director of Public Works at Montevideo, and also took much interest in scien- tific pursuits. John Jackson, one of the leading capitalists in the River Plate, is at present constructing docks at his own expense in the port of Montevideo. He has built and endowed a female orphanage at Paso Molino, near the city, which is under charge of the French Sisters of Charity. Attached to it is a Gothic chapel in the most florid style, also built by him. He was educated at Stoneyhurst and is owner of immense estaneias, besides blocks of houses in the city. He has more than once refused the post of Finance Mi- nister. Duncan Stewart, son of a Scotch merchant of the 402 PUBLIC MEN OF ENGLISH DESCENT (1877) same name who came to Buenos Aires in 1826, has been Cabinet Minister at Montevideo, and is at pre- sent Inspector of Customs. Governor Todd of Salta, who ruled that province for some years, was said to be son of a Scotch soldier of Beresford's expedition, and is still living. Gover- nor O'Mill of Catamarca was also reputed of English descent • as well as Deputy 0' Carol, of Rioja. President John B. Gill of Paraguay, who was assas- sinated in March 1877, used to say that his grand- father was a Scotchman*, his features clearly spoke of northern origin. Capt. Henry Simpson, eldest son of Admiral Simp- son, is commander of the Chilian iron clad Lord Cochrane • he, like most of his fellow-officers, having served in his youth in the British Navy. Lieutenant William Simpson, brother of the preceding, is officer on board the other Chilian iron-clad. Admiral Blanco : he studied much concerning torpedoes, in England^ and both brothers are reputed very expert in artil- lery. (1824) THE SCOTCH IN B. AYKES 403 CAP. XLI. THE SCOTCH L^ B. AYRES. '■'■ In energy, intellect, perseverance and all that •*'go to make up national prosperity the Scotch ••^ have never been'surpassed/' Macaiilay. Most of the early British merchants in the River Plate were Scotchmen, and the first public banquet mentioned at Buenos Ayres was that on St. Andrew's day (Nov. 30th) 1824, at Faunch's hotel, as reported in the official Gaceta Mercantil of the period. These annual Scottish banquets were kept up until 1835 ; on more than one occasion the Governor and Minis- ters were present. Messrs. Robertson's colony of Monte Grande, found- ed in 1825, marks the most notable epoch in the 404 THE SCOTCH IN B. AYRES (1825) Scotch community of Buenos Aires, laying the foun- dation for one of the most prosperous colonies of British subjects at present existing in any part of the world. About 300 men, women and children were brought out from Scotland, and established at Monte Grande, 15 miles from the city. Messrs. Robertson built a superb mansion on the adjoining farm of Sta. Catalina, the grounds whereof were tastefully planted and laid out by Mr. Tweedie, who had been orna- mental gardener to a nobleman in Scotland. At first the colony prospered, but the war with Brazil ruined the Robertsons, and caused the break-up of the settle- ment. An official report in May 1828, some months before the dissolution, contains the following parti- culars : — '' This progressive and interesting society contains 326 inhabitants, including 85 children. It is only 3 years since their arrival, and they have already 3,188 acres (say half a square league) fenced and ploughed, under crops and plantations- besides 12,812 acres (or two square leagues) for grazing their cattle. '^They have built 78 houses, of which 31 are of brick : the houses are neat and substantial, with six or seven apartments each, commanding a fine prospect over the surrounding Pampas. It would be difficult to find any part of the country better adapted for a colony. '' The industry of the colonists is truly praiseworthy, (1825) MUNTE GllANUE COLONY 405 and this little community preserve all the sober and moral habits of their own country. Butter and cheese are exclusively supplied to Buenos Ayres from this colony, and the recent large crop of maize (11;600 bushels) has had the effect of keeping the price of this article low in the market. •' Mr. Tweedie has invented an ingenious machine for clearing off the thistles;, it is so effective that the national emblem of Scotland can scarcely be any longer seen. The farmstock comprises 2,757 cows and oxen, and 990 sheep of native and English breeds. The Tala hedge is an immense improvement, and protects farming operations, being quite impervious after 3 years, and equally remarkable for utility, cheapness and beauty. "In the incipient village there is a mill, which promises great advantages, for grinding the Indian corn. Besides the Scotch community of 326 souls Messrs. Robertson have 188 natives, between men, women and children, employed on the farm. '• We have already alluded to the moral excellence of the colonists, who live in perfect harmony among tliemselves and en the best terms with their native neighbors. The proprietors of the colony always found the members of it reasonable and contented, and feel every confidence in ultimate and entire success." Some of the colonists lingered about the place after the break-up, until the Lavalle revolution completed 40G THE SCOTCH IN B. AlllES (1833) the ruin. Many of those who came into the city be- came in time prosperous merchants- others bought estancias, and their sons are to-day lords of the soil, possessing thousands of acres of the richest pasture lands, stocked with hundreds of thousands of sheep and cattle. The first Scotch clergyman who came out was Rev. William Brown, whose distinguished character and services call for a biographical sketch. He was born in 1800 at Lenchars, Fife, and sent at an early age to the University of St. Andrew's, where he gai- ned the highest honors. He was a favorite pupil of Dr. James Hunter, United college, and finished his theological studies at the Aberdeen University Dur- ing 7 years as private tutor in a family of Banffshire he devoted himself to extensive reading. Having been licensed by the Presbytery of Banff he was ad- vised by Dr. Chalmers to proceed to Buenos Ayres to found a mission among the Scotch colonists. He founded a chapel and school at Monte Grande in 1827, and removed two years later to the city, where no Scotch church was yet built. He vainly solicited aid from the British Government, until 1833, in which year he personally waited on Lord Palmerston and with the aid of Lord Glenelg obtained an annual pension for a Presbyterian Chaplain. The present church, in Calle Piedras, was erected in 1838 at a cost of 7,000L sterling, with seats for 300 persons, and during the following 12 years Dr. Brown zeal- (1849) REV. DR. BROWN 407 ously attended to the spirii^ial cares of his congrega- tvon. The new church was struck by hghtning on Feb. 18th 1843, the portico being destroyed, but it was immediately repaired. A second Scotch mission had meantime been estab- Hshed beyond Quilmes, about 25 miles from town, in the centre of a district of Scottish farmers • where he held service at stated times, at the estancia of Mr. James Brown: there was also service on some Sundays at Monte Grande, Doctor Brown attending to both. So much was he esteemed by his parishioners that on his retirement from Buenos Ayresin Dec. 1849, after 24 years of zealous pastorship, he was presented with a purse of 140i. sterling and a flattering testimonial bearing 110 signatures. The donors requested him on his return to Scotland to purchase some appropriate article, and cause to be inscribed on it these words:— ^'* Testimonial of esteem and gratitude from the Scotch Presbyterian congregation of Buenos Ayres to the Rev. Dr: William Brown, founder of the first Presbyterian institution in South America, and for the last 23 years the zealous, efficient and respected Mi- nister of this Church. Buenos Ayres, December 14th 1849." Messrs. Patrick McLean and Gilbert Ramsay at the same time presented him with a flattering address, calling to mind that the church, the school-house and the congregational library were called into existence by his efforts. He replied in a most eloquent speech, 408 THE SCOTCH i:?^ B. AIEES (1837) and exhorted his countrxmen to give always a good example to the natives and to live in harmony v^ith people of different creeds. The touching ceremony was closed with a psalm, Mr. Wilson leading the choir, and Dr. Brown was accompanied to the water-side by his friends and late parishioners. On arrival in Scotland he was made Professor of Divinity at St. Andrews, and this chair he held for the remaining 18 years of his life. The Scotsman says he was beloved by his pupils, and that his health broke down from domestic bereavements. He died in Aug. 18B8 at the University of St. Andrews, where he had begun his studies fifty years before. The growing prosperity of the Scotch estancieros had already begun to form one of the most promising features in B. Ayres, in spite of the Anglo-French blockade and the hostile relations between General Rosas and Great Britain. The Dictator had the good policy to protect British subjects in their lives and property, and Scotch farmers were steadily improv- ing the race of sheep in this province. Foremost among his countrymen was John Hannah, a native of Ayrshire, who began life about 1828 as manager of the Sheridan estancia, devoting himself with zeal and intelligence to the refinement of sheep, by crossing the mestizo with the Negretti breed. In 1837 he purchased the Lagosta estancia, near Ranchos, which soon became known as one of the finest ^'* cabanas" for prize rams in South America. In 1863 he built (1870) JOHN HANNAH, THOMAS FAIR 409 the superb-mansion-house, at a cost of 8,000/. sterl., where he dispensed hospitalities on the baronial scale of the Middle Ages. He was beloved by all the country people for miles around, on account of his munificent generosity. He possessed an accurate knowledge of Spanish classics, and was moreover of gentlemanly and unassuming manners: "an honest man close- buttoned to the chin- broad-cloth without, and a warm heart within." He took much pride in improv- ing his estate, which covered 35 square miles, and sold it in 1870 to Messrs. Shennan and Krabbe, retir- ing to his native country. He died on January 6th 1877 at Flower Bank, Minnigaff, Ayrshire, aged 75. The estate of Negretti has since been fenced and planted at great expense by Mr. Shennan, and is visited by English travellers of distinction as one of the show places in this continent. Mr. Shennan's breed of horses occupies a foremost rank at B. Ayres Cattle-Shows. Another remarkably fine estancia is the Espartillar, purchased by the late Thomas Fair some fifty years ago, a few miles distant from Chascomus. Its area is 60 square miles, and it counts over 100,000 sheep and cattle. Where the mansion-house stands was the hut of the first settler, Barati, who had two pieces of cannon, in 1815, to defend the place against Indians. During the last twenty years the estate has been skil- fully managed by Patrick V. Reid, who has taken prizes at various exhibitions for blood horses, Durham 410 THE SCOTCH IN B. AYKES (1877) COWS, and Lincoln sheep. Some of the stallions sent out from England by Mr. Pair cost 1,000 guineas each. The estancia comprises forty 'puestos' or sheep stations, occupied by Scotch or Irish shepherds. The family of Pair also own the princely estates of Monte Grande near Buenos Ayres, and San Jorge in Banda Oriental. Theestancias of White andMcClymont at Caiiuelas are among the oldest and best arranged in the prov- ince, each covering about 30 square miles, fenced and planted in English style : they are famous for their breed of cows. The other most notable Scotch estancias are those of George Bell and Sons near Ensenada, of Mr. Lawrieat Jeppener, of Messrs. Dodds Brown and Graham near Chascomus, of John David- son at Quilmes, of Gibson Brothers and Gilmour at Ajo, of Messrs. Grant at Azul, all of which represent a vast amount of capital and labor. There is a large number of Scotch land-owners in this province, whose lands and farming-stock make up at least a value of 500,000?. sterling. Mention has already been made of John Tweedie, who laid out the plantations of Santa Catalina. He was born at Lanark in 1775, and at an early age was foreman of the Dalkeith Gardens, from which he^ was promoted to the Botanical Gardens at Edin- burgh. In 1799 he was chosen to lay out the gardens of Castle Hill, Ayr, which task occupied him ten years, and was so well performed that he was select- (1825-62) JOHN TWEEDIE 411 ed for a similar work at Dundrum. Having spent 7 years here he went at the request of Sir David Hunter Blair to Blairquhan Castle, w^hich gardens he superintended until appointed to Eglinton Castle. His reputation as an ornamental gardener was now established, and he might have passed the remainder of his days (being already 50 years of age) comfor- tably in Scotland. But he had a longing to know the botanical treasures of South America, and there- fore accepted the offer of Messrs. Robertson, and laid out the woods of Monte Grande and Santa C6;talina. During many years he explored various parts of this country, from Bahia Blanca to Tucuman, from the Parana to the Uruguay and Rio Negro, and the se- mi-tropical coast line of Brazil as high as Rio Janeyro. He kept up constant correspondence with Bonpland, Sir William Hooker, Dr. Gillies of Mendoza, Dr. Gordon of Cordoba and other scientific men. Most of the Botanical gardens of Great Britain and Ireland were enriched by his donations, including the Bou- ganvilia, the Bignonia Tweediana (or Tweedy trump- et-flower), the Verbena of the Pampas and many other species. He died in Buenos Ayres, April 1st 1862, at the age of 87 years. As the Scottish rural population increased it was found necessary from time to time to establish chapels in various districts. That of Quilmes, near Robson's estancia, was founded by Rev. James Smith some 24 years ago. The next was that founded by Rev. Francis 412 THE SCOTCH IN B. AYRES (1872) Gebbie at Jeppenerin 1860. The latest is that built in May 1872 near Chascomus, on Mr. Dodd's estancia under the auspices of Rev. Martin P. Ferguson. To each of these chapels are attached a Sunday-school and library. Rev. James Smith attends the Scotch church in the city. Rev. Messrs. Ferguson and Gebbie are attached to the rural southern congregations. Airthese are in active operation, and services are also held at private houses in various parts of the camp, as far as Azul, by some of the above-mentioned clergymen. When Dr. Brown retired to Scotland in 1850 he was succeeded by the Rev. James Smith, the present esteemed pastor of the Scotch church in Buenos Ayres. His services during the past 27 years cannot be ex- pressed in the narrow limits of this chapter, but are fully appreciated by his own congregation and admir- ed by all other foreign residents. He was indefatigable during the Yellow Fever of 1871, and in testimony of his labors a sum of 200 guineas was collected and sent to England to purchase a service of plate, which was presented to him in Feb. 1872 along with a flattering address signed by H. M. Charge d' Affaires and the British Consul, and by 150 of the principal British residents. The testimonial-committee consist ed of Messrs. Drysdale, R. McClymont, F. W. Moore, Methven and Getting. The tea service of plate, weighing 330 oz, was manufactured by the Goldsmiths Alliance Co. London, in the style of Louis XIV. and (1838) REV. JAMES SMITH 413 was enclosed in a handsome case of Spanish mahog- any bearing this inscription — "Presented by the British Community of B. Ayres to the Rev. James Smith, pastor of Saint Andrew's Scotch Presbyterian church in that city, as a token of the affectionate esteem which his long term of usefulness and benevolence has awakened among all classes, and more especially as a proof, however slight, of the high appreciation with w^hich his noble and unselfish conduct during the Yellow Fever epi- demic of 1871 is regarded by his countrymen through- out the Argentine Republic." This respected clergyman has long been one of the most zealous supporters of the British Hospital. He also superintends the school and library attached to the Scotch church, of which he is still the pastor, and enjoys a well-earned pension from the British Government. The school alluded to was for many yearsdirected by the late Gilbert Ramsay, of Glasgow, editor of the British Packet^ after whom it passed into the hands of Mr. Powell, the present master. It was built in 1838, to hold 100 pupils, and the Sunday- school now counts 150 children. Respecting the rural congregations the oldest is that of Quilmes, where the Rev. Francis Gebbie has labored with great success, thanks to his warm and genial disposition endearing him not only to his own parishioners but also to the entire Scotch community. The chapel has accommodation for 200 worshippers, 414 THE SCOTCH IN B. AYKES (1854) and is a neat Gothic structure, the grounds being kept in admirable order, and the manse being a comfortable English home, where the Rev. Mr. Gebbie resides. The library attached contains a fine collection of valuable works, and is supported, as well as the cler- gyman, by popular donations. It is about 25 miles from town, in the centre of a flourishing Scotch community. The Jeppener chapel, close to the G.S. R.R. station, was erected by the exertions of the Rev. Mr. Gebbie, who holds regular service there on the second Sunday of each month. It admits about 100 persons, and is in charge of a Scotch family. The origin of the Scotch chapel at Chascomus arose when service was held in 1854 by Rev. James Smith, at the residence of Mr. Dodds, Adela estancia. Some time later a cottage was built, which served for a chapel during 14 years, and here service was held by Rev. James Smith and afterwards by Rev. Francis Gebbie from time to time. In 1862 the present pas- tor. Rev. Martin P. Ferguson, arrived from Scotland, and has since zealously discharged the duties of his office. The present chapel was built in 1872, m Grecian style, on ground granted by the Municipality of Chascomus, which also gave an endowment of 30 acres of land which is now used partly as a cemetery and the rest as a garden. The parishioners of this chapel purchased a commodious house in Chascomus for Rev. Mr. Ferguson, who superintends both Sunday (1872) 2,000 SCOTCH RESIDENTS 415 and day school, and has a fine library for the use of his congregation. His labors here have been very successful, thanks no less to his own energy than to the spirited liberality of the Scotch farmers who determined to hand down to their posterity the re- ligious privileges enjoyed by them in their native country. The number of Scotch people in the city and camps of B. Ayres is usually estimated at 2,000. Some of the oldest mercantile houses, and many of the clerks, are of this nationality. In town and camp the Scotch are an intelligent, educated and well-behaved commu- nity, giving the neighbors that example of industry and good order which Dr. Brown inculcated upon them on his departure for Scotland, and which is equally characteristic of Scotsmen in Canada, Aus- tralia or whatever country they make the seat of their enterprising labors. No people cherish more warmly the love and tradition of their native land, but those who come here usually settle permanently in this country^ and they cultivate the most friendly relations with their neighbors, the Irish estancieros and the native Argentines. 416 lEISH IN B. ATEES (1825-30) CAP. XLn. IRISH IN B. AYRES. " The progress of Buenos Ayres is mainly '^ due to the industrioua Irish sheep-farmers.'' Consul Cowper's report. The period of Independence found a small num- ber of Irish residents in Buenos Ayres, mostly pa- trician families, such as Dillon, French, O'Gorman, Orr, Butler (fee, who had been exiled or had fled from Ireland and obtained the King of Spain's per- mission to settle here. From some of these General Beresford and his officers experienced much kind- ness, and we read that Mr. O'Gorman acted as inter- mediary between the English and the Cabildo. Thedes- cendants of these families are now so intermarried in the country that they have mostly forgotten the language and traditions of their ancestors ^ but they occupy high positionsin political, legal and commercial circles. (1813-25) KIERNAN, COYLE, DOWDALL 417 A remarkable influx of settlers from Ireland occur- red between 1825 and 1830, to work in the saladeros of Brown, Dowdall, Armstrong, (fee. Previous to that time a few Irish mechanics and others had come from the U. States. In 1813 Bernard Kiernan, a na- tive of Derry, came here from New Brunswick, where he had been city surveyor. He seems to have devoted himself to science, as the papers mention his discovery of a comet in the Magellan Clouds on March 19th 1830, with a dissertation by him on the subject: His son James Kiernan, while yet a very young man, became editor of the Government paper Gaceta Mer- cantil in 1823, and held this post for twenty years : his death, occurred in 1857. There is reason to believe that the first Irishman who landed in Buenos Aires in the present century (exclusive of Beresford and his soldiers) was James Coyle, a native of Ty- rone, who came in the Agreeable, in 1807, and died in 1876 at the age of 86. In 1830 some survivors of an Irish colony of 300 persons in Brazil made their way to Buenos Aires. They had come out from Europe in the barque Reward, in 1829. Thomas Armstrong, who arrived in South America in 1817, occupied a foremosfc place for half-a-century in the commerce of Buenos Ayres. He was of the ancient family of Armstrong in the King's Co.. found- ed by Christopher Armstrong, who built Mangerton Castle in Fermanagh, 1550, and whose sixth descen- 418 IRISH IN B. AYRES (1824) dant was General Sir John Armstrong, founder of Woolwich Arsenal, who had done such gallant ser- vice under Marlborough. Mr. Armstrong having mar .ried into the wealthy Spanish family of Villanueva was intimately connected with the interests of the country, several successful enterprises were connec ted with his name, and for many years he occupied himself in banking. He took no part in politics, but always felt a lively interest in charities of every kind, besides acting as trustee for the American Church and the British Hospital. Before and after the fall of Rosas he was repeatedly Director of the Provin- cial- Bank, and member of the Municipal Council, lending his experience to the interests of the city, in which he was one of the largest house-proprietors. So far back as 1824 we find his name on the Com- mittee of British Merchants in Buenos Ayres, and in April 1831 he was appointed Government Commis- sioner to arrange the affairs of the Provincial Bank. His influential position in Buenos Ayres enabled him successfully to employ his friendly offices in restoring amicable relations with Great Britain, in January 1857, after an interruption of four years. Her Majesty offered to knight Mr. Armstrong, but he declined the honor. He subsequently arranged the Buschenthal loan in 1862, when before Congress. His connec- tion with the Central Argentine Railway and the Ensenada Port and Railway may be said to have formed the chief feature of his life in the last 12 years, (1875) THOMAS AKMSTRONG 419 and the successful completion of these enterprises owed much to his efforts. At one period the works of the Central Argentine were in danger of suspen- sion, when his influence with the Government mainly induced Dr. Rawson to subscribe 300,000/. sterling more, and push on the line to completion. Subse- quently a serious dispute arose relative to the Land Company in connexion with the railway, but this was arranged through the never failing tact and good tem- per of the Resident Director. He was a practical man, and never left unfinished anything he once begun. His charities were numerous, especially towards the British Hospital, and Irish Sisters of Mercy. One of his last acts was a donation of 1,000/. sterling for a new English Protestant church. He assiduously cultivated British interests in the River Plate. In 1871 when the Duke of Edinburgh arrived in Montevideo Mr. Armstrong sent him a con- gratulatory telegram on the part of the British resid- ents of Buenos Ayres. He never lost an opportu- nity of throwing his powerful influence into the scale in favor of his countrymen ^ as President of the St. Patrick's Society he waited on the Government to solicit the removal of some grievances, and his request was promptly attended to. Notwithstanding an ab- sence of 60 years from his native country he cherished the recollection of the old land, and revisited Ireland twice, the last time in 1858. He died in June 1875, aged 75 years. 420 IRISH IN B. AIRES (1844) Peter Sheridan, who came here a few years later than Armstrong, was one of the chief founders of the sheep-farming industry in Buenos Aires He was a man of good family and education, and his efforts for refining sheep were ably seconded by his Major- domo, John Hannah : the only competitors with him were an Englishman named Harratt, and a German named Stegmann •, and to these 4 men Buenos Ayres is mainly indebted for an industry that now produces 200,000,000 lb. wool yearly, worth over 5,000,000/. sterling. Sheridan died, aged 52, on 12th January 1844, and the estancia was continued by his nephew James. A brother of the latter was Dr. Hugh She- ridan, who served under Admiral Brown. This fa- mily claimed descent from the same stock, in Cavan, as Richard B. Sheridan, the great statesman and dramatist. A son of Peter Sheridan, educated in England, has left the finest landscapes of S. America by any artist born in this continent: he died at B. Aires in his 27th year, in 1861. The first Irish chaplain was Father Burke, a vene- rable friar, mentioned by Mr. Love in 1820 as " over 70 years of age and much esteemed by the British as well as by natives." When Rivadavia suppressed the order in 1822 he allowed Father Burke to remain in the convent of Sto. Domingo- After his death the Irish residents, in 1828, wrote to Archbishop Murray of Dublin for a chaplain. Accordingly the Rev. Patrick Moran was selected, and he left Dublin (1847) IRISH RELIEF COMMITTEE 421 in November 1828 for Falmouth, where he took pas- sage for Rio Janeyro in H. M's. packet EcUpse. Off Cape Frio, they spoke the American brig Joseph, Capt. Budleigh, bound for Buenos Ayres, and, Father Moran requesting to be taken on board the Joseph, Capt. Budleigh complied with his request : he arriv- ed in Buenos Ayres on 11th February 1829. Father Moran died in the following year (May 1830) and was succeeded by the Rev. Patrick O'Gor- man, from Dublin, who was sent out in Oct. 1831 and continued as chaplain during 16 years, till his death on March 3rd 1847, being only 46 years of age. By this time the Irish residents had so much increased in numbers that the St. Patrick's dinner and ball at Walsh's tea-gardens on March 17th 1843 was attended by over 100 persons. In 1847 when a subscription was raised for the suf- ferers of the Irish famine the community in B. Ayres was already growing in wealth and position. Bar- tholomew Foley, secretary of the committee, publish- ed the list of donors, in which the largest amounts weregiven by Gait Smith, Armstrong, Lumb, Bookey, Brown, Kiernan, Crawford, ranging from ten to fifty pounds each, and the total reached 600/. sterling. Besides Mr. Lumb most of the EngHsh houses sub- scribed to the fund, the list containing more than 300 names in all. The year 1843 was memorable for the arrival of Rev. Anthony Fahy, with whose name the advance- 422 IKISH IN B. AIllES (1871) ment of the Irish in Buenos Aires will be for ever iJentified. The following biography does no more than justice to his exalted merits: it was published the day after his death, during the Yellow Fever of 1871:— "Father Fahy died on Monday morning at 5 o'clock. The announcement will carry grief to thousands of hearts, and the loss of this venerable priest will be regarded as a public calamity. For more than a quarter of a century his name has been identified with the welfare of the large Irish community, whose interests, spiritual and temporal, may be said to have been exclusively in his care. It is not possible in our narrow limits to recite the long and valued services of this remarkable man •, his biography can best be told in the fact that, after an indefatigable and well-spent life, he has succumb- ed a martyr to his sacred calling, leaving behind him the memory of many good works, and a name that will long be affectionately cherishedin B. Ayres. "The Rev. Anthony D. Fahy was born at Lough- rea. County Galway, in 1804, and made his eccle- siastical studies at St. Clement's Irish Convent of Dominicans at Rome. Being sent to the Western States of America he passed ten years in Ohio and Kentucky, after which, at the invitation of the Irish community of Buenos Aires, and by permission of the superior of his Order, he came to the River Plate, in 1843, at a time when the prospects of the country (1865) FATHER FAHY 423 and of the Irish residents were far from promising. The history of the Irish community since that time is in some measure a recital of the labors of Father Pahy. How wise a councillor, how firm a friend, how powerful a protector, his countrymen ever found in him is written in the hearts of all. '' In February, 1856, he founded the Irish Convent, bringing out some Sisters of Mercy, under Mrs. Mary Evangelist Fitzpatrick, from Dublin, and in 1861 the spacious edifice in Calle Rio Bamba was completed. The increasing numbers and prosperity of his countrymen in the camp districts obliged him to endow each of the provincial "^partidos' with a resid- ent chaplain, viz., Luxan, Mercedes, Capilla del Senor, Lobos, San Antonio, Fortin de Areco, San Pedro, Rojas, &e. Some of these clergymen were educated expressly at the Missionary College of All Hallows, Dublin, by Father Fahy's directions, for this mission. The utility of his labors in this direction soon became visible not merely in a religious, but in a social point of view. Irish reading-rooms, libraries, schools^ (fee, have sprung up in various parts, and the whole tenor and tone of Irish life in the country districts shows a healthy and improving character. '-^ In 1865 a subscription was got up to present Father Pahy with a handsome testimonial, and the sum of 1,000/. sterling was collected, but he begged of the committee to hand it over to the Irish Hos- pital, saying that he ''had no need for more than one 424 IRISH IN B. AYRES (1865) coat, and as much as supplied his daily necessities." His advancing years did not limit his usefulness, and even to a few days prior to his demise he was still one of the most laborious pastors in this city. In personal appearance he was tall and portly, with a countenance ordinarily thoughtful and serious, but readily lighting up with ^bonhommie/ intelli- gence, and amiability. His manners were easy and unaffected, his judgment unerring. " All these advantages were improved by habits of study and self-control. — There was nothing shallow about him. Pratical was the turn of his mind — piety was an attribute of his nature — usefulness an inherent impulse and a habit. " Since the out break ot the present epidemic he was indefatigable at all hours in his attendance on the sick. Last Thursday he attended a poor Itahan woman in Calle Defensa, and, on returning home, was at once taken ill with symptoms of yellow tever. His illness was of only 3 days duration, and he expired tranquilly at sunrise on Monday, in his 67th year, having been 28 years in Buenos Ayres. When the Archbishop heard of his decease he expressed his intention to assist as chief mourner, and said that but for the epidemic having been the cause of his death he would order his interment in the vaults of the Cathedral, of which he was made Honorary Ca- non in 1864 in recognition of his long services to the Irish community. (1856) IRISH CONVENT OP MERCY 425 "At 6 o'clock on Monday afternoon all the ap- proaches to the residence of the deceased, in front of the English Bank, were crowded with carriages and with groups of people assembled to pay the last tribute of respect to the lamented Irish pastor. The attendance was very large, comprising hundreds of our leading English residents, besides the British Consul, the Church of England chaplain, and many natives of the highest position- the Archbishop, Dr. Aneiros, being chief mourner." The above sketch would be incomplete without adding that Father Fahy died so poor that Mr. Arm- strong had to discharge for him some small debts, and 5 other gentlemen paid his funeral expenses. As a fitting memento of the deceased it is proposed to erect a school for Irish orphan boys in B. Ayres, which will perpetuate the name and labors of this exemplary pastor. The Irish Convent was founded in Feb. 1856 by Mrs. Fitzpatrick and some other Sisters of Mercy from Baggot St. Dublin. It covers an area of 2 acres, including the chapel, schools and hospital, which were built by the Irish farmers at a cost of 8,000Z. sterling. Besides a boarding-school for 70 girls, mostly daughters of Irish estancieros, the Sisters have a free day-school for 300 poor native children of the neighborhood. The convent is self-support- ing, each Sister bringing a dowry of five or six hun- dred pounds : donations are, however, thankfully re 426 IRISH IN B. AYRES (1868-71) ceived for the orphans supported by the Sisters or the sick of all nationalities whom they visit. Mrs. Fitzpatrick is still the superioress, but most of the others who came from Ireland have gone to meet the reward of their charity. During the terrible visitations of cholera and yellow fever (1868-71) the Convent was converted into a hospital for women of every creed and color •, and in recognition of the services of the Sisters Mr. Drabble on the part of the London Committee sent the superioress a cheque for 2001. sterUng out of the funds collected in Eng- land for the sufferers in Buenos Aires Most of the present community are daughters of Irish estancieros, educated in the convent, and a branch institution was founded in 1873 at Mercedes, 60 miles from town •, this new convent was built at a cost of 4,000/. sterl., the site being given gratis by Mme. Saubidet. The Irish hospital is attached to the convent in Buenos Aires, and is attended by Dr. Pair. There is also a house of refuge for female immigrants (waiting for employment), which completes the usefulness of the Irish Convent of Mercy. All classes of people in Buenos Ayres feel the live- liest admiration for the Irish Sisters, whose devotion to the duties of Christian philanthropy reminds us that : " The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless Are scattered at the feet of man, like flowers." Among the many valuable citizens who perished (1868) DE. LESLIE 427 during the cholera of 1868 was Dr. Leslie, a native of Cavan, whose benevolence to the poor of Buenos Ayres was unceasing. He visited them and gave them medicines gratis, and at the last succumbed to the epidemic, a victim to over-work in his humane efforts. He had been for some years a councillor of the city-corporation, and his loss was so much felt that a public letter of condolence was sent to Mrs. Leslie by order of the Municipality. After the Yellow Fever of 1871 an association was formed under the name of St. Patrick's Society, with Mr. Armstrong as chairman, to provide an annual fund for support of the Irish chaplain, as also to distribute alms among distressed British subjects, to assist Irish emigration to Buenos Aires, to maintain a club and library, and to protect widows and or- phans. It lasted about 2 years, but fell to the ground with the death of Mr. Armstrong. It did good ser- vice in rescuing the distressed EngUshmen of the Lincolnshire farmers colony in Paraguay, contribut- ing 200?. sterling for the purpose. The numbers and wealth of the Irish residents in the province of Buenos Ayres have never been exactly ascertained, but may be safely estimated at 25,000 souls, and an aggregate value of lands and stock that cannot fall short of 2 millions sterling. A Hst of the principal estancieros will be found in the ap- pendix. Some of these men have from 50,000 to 200,000 sheep; and own immense tracts of land which 428 THE IRISH IN B. AYRES (1868) average 1,000/. sterling per square mile at the present prices. Men who arrived in this country twenty or thirty years ago^ without a shilUng are to-day in the receipt of incomes from two thousand to ten thousand pounds a year. Their farm-houses display all the comforts of an English home, and their hospitality is proverbial: some of them have built tasteful chapels on their land, where the nearest Irish priest of- ficiates. Luxan may be compared to an Irish county, the principal land-owners being Irishmen, and the Gov- ernment census shewing 2,573 Irish residents, with- out counting their children (who are put down as Argentines). As the total population of the district is 10,256 it may be inferred that the Irish settlers and their children constitute more than half the inhabitants. The Irish chaplain is Rev. [Samuel O'Reilly, who officiates every Sunday at Luxan: there is also a handsome chapel of ease on Mr. John Brown's estancia at La Chosa, 8 miles distant, which was consecrated in 1873 by the Archbishop of B. Aires. Father O'Reilly has a well selected hbrary for the use of his parishioners, by whom he is deservedly beloved. The adjoining district of Las Heras is also largely settled with Irishmen: the new church at Rodriguez, in this department was built by Governor Saavedra, in 1868, and dedicated to St. Patrick. Mercedes is equal to Luxan in the number and wealth of the Irish community, whose chaplain is (1877) lULSH SHEEP-FARMERS 429 the respected Rev. Patrick Lynch. This gentle- man has zealously labored here for many years. There is an Irish library at his house, and an Irish Racing-club holds meetings twice a year. The new Irish Convent of Mercy, built here in 1873, is a noble structure, covering with the grounds an area of 4 acres-, the entire cost was defrayed by the sheep- farmers. About 10 miles from Mercedes is a chapel of ease on Mr. Allen's estancia, where Mass is cele- brated on certain Sundays in each month. The Irish of Mercedes are among the oldest and richest in the province, the lands being admirably suited for sheep- farming. The quantity of wool produced in Mercedes and Luxan exceeds ten million lb. yearly. The con- tiguous department of Suipacha is almost exclusively in the hands of Irishmen. Chivilcoy and Chacabuco also contain hundreds of our countrymen. Capilla del Senor has been for 30 years a flourish- ing Irish settlement, our countrymen owning half the landed property and about 500,000 sheep. The chaplain is Rev. John Davis, who studied at Oscott and is moreover an accomplished painter : he has a library for the Irish residents, who number about a thousand. One of the earliest settlers here was the late Mr. Tormey, who held a prominent position in the Municipality. The new church, inaugurated by Archbishop Escalada and Governor Saavedra in 1866, was built in great measure by the Irish farmers. Father Davis also attends the districts of Pilar 430 IRISH IN B. AYRES (1877) and Zarate, where there are about 500 settlers. Twice a year the Irish race-meeting at Capilla del Seiior comes off with great ^ eclat.' San Antonio and Giles form another important Irish colony, whose chaplain is Rev. Mr. Mulleady •, this esteemed gentleman has a very extensive field of labors, and his parishioners include many of the largest estancieros in the country. Carmen de Areco rivals any of the departments in the numbers and influence of its Irish community. The Rev. Michael and Rev. John Leahy reside here and actively promote the spiritual and temporal wel- fare of their countrymen, not only in this district but also in the adjoining ones of Salto, Rojas and Pergamino. Besides the Irish library and racing- clubs of Carmen de Areco there is a Literary Society attached to the St. Brendan's school. Similar libraries and associations exist at Salto and Rojas, supported by the Irish farmers. Rojas owes much of its ad- vancement to the late James Ballesty, one of the most energetic Irishmen in the province. Salto is in like manner indebted to Messrs. Murphy (from Wex- ford), who are wealthy estancieros and patrons of everything in the shape of progress. Rev. John Leahy, who attends this district, was indefatigable during the Yellow Fever in Buenos Ayres. San Pedro has of late years sprung into importance by the great influx of Irish farmers since the ap- pointment of Rev. M. Flannery, an estimable cler- (1877) HAERINGTON, FATHER CURRAN 431 gyman, whose radius also includes the districts of San Nicolas, Ramallo and Baradero. It would be difficult to estimate the number of Irish in so extended an area : many of our countrymen owning estancias of prodigious value, having paid in some cases as much as 30,000/. sterling for the land, not including stock. Most of the Irish here have purchased and settled down in the last ten years. A chapel of ease was erected last year on Mr. Harrington's estancia, 10 miles from San Pedro, at a cost of 2,000/. sterHng, the tower being 60 feet in height and visible for 30 miles around : this chapel was built by the Irish of the adjacent estancias. Lobos, in the south-west, counts a considerable num- ber of prosperous Irish farmers, whose religious inte- rests are zealously attended to by Rev. James Curran. This gentleman's mission also comprehends Navarro and Guardia Monte, studded over with Irish farms. The number of sheep in these 3 departments is said to exceed 4 millions, chiefly owned by Irish and Scotch. Father Curran was recently presented by his flock with a handsome residence. There is an Irish camp-store at Lobos, and another at Guardia Monte. The Irish racing-club of Navarro meets twice a year. Monsignor Curley, a protonotary of the Apostolic See, resides at Chascomus and looks after the Irish settlers throughout the southern camps of Ranchos, Cafiuelas. Chascomus, Dolores and other districts 432 IRISH TN 15. AYRES (1877) embracing an area of 10,000 square miles : he was for many years at Panama and is a good Spanish scholar. His pauishioners are more scattered and less prosperous than the the Irish in other parts of the province. A chapel of ease was built in 1864 on the estancia of Mrs. Mulleady at Magdalena. Archdeacon Dillon, who is Irish chaplain in the city of Buenos Aires, is one of the principal digni- taries of the archdiocese, although by birth and edu- cation an Irishman. He was for some time Professor of Theology in the Ecclesiastical Seminary of Buenos Aires, and accompanied the late Archbisop Escalada, as theologian, to the Vatican Council in 1869. He was one of the Committee who visited the sick and dying during the terrible visitation of Yellow-Fever^ for which he received the thanks of the Municipality. He preaches with equal fluency in English or in Spanish. Besides his duties as Canon of the Cathe- dral he attends to the various interests of the Irish community ^ superintending the English boys school of St. George and the weekly paper called the South- ern Cross. Canon Dillon enjoys the esteem of his own countrymen and all the British residents, as also of the Argentines. • The number of Irish residents in the city hardly reaches 200 persons. No other nationality contri- butes so largely to the export trade of the country- since it is shewn by the tables of Mr. Duggan and other wool-exporters that the quantity of this staple (1877) . WOOL WORTH TWO MILLIONS 433 yearly sold by Irishmen in Buenos Ayres exceeds 70 million /S5., worth nearly two millions sterling. In no other part of the world have Irishmen been more prosperous, and nowhere do they constitute a more orderly and industrious community, than inB. Ayres. Their success has been identified with sheep farming, and this reminds me of an observation made by the late John P. Maguire in his "Irish in America," that Irishmen in the U. States have invariably prospered when they went to the Par West, instead of frequent- ing the populous cities of the seaboard. The Irish colony in Buenos Ayres is one of which any country may be proud, and gives to the British community in the River Plate a strength and importance surpas- sing British interests in any other part of the con- tinent. 434 WELSH AND ALEXANDRA. COLONIES (1863) CAP. XLin. WELSH AND ALEXANDRA COLONIES The Welsh colony of Chubut is situated on the river of that name, about 800 miles south of Buenos Ayres and 400 from the nearest settlement, at Carmen de Patagones. It was founded by virtue of a compact between the Argentine prime-minister, Dr. William Rawson, and Messrs. Whalley M. P., David Williams, Sheriff of Carnarvon, and John Parry of Madrin Castle, signed in July 1863, whereby it was agreed to send out 3,000 families from Wales to Patagonia, within 10 years. The Government cove- nanted to give 50 square miles to every 200 families gratis : any mines found to be the property of the f ^ OF THE ^rA f UNIVERSITY ) (1865) FIRST SETTLERS AT c^|gg:,f;^ y 436 finder. The colonists to be free from all taxes for 10 years, and the colony to be governed by a commis- sioner from Buenos Ayres. As soon as the popula- tion should reach 20,000 souls Chubut to be admitted as a new Province of the Argentine Confederation. The colonists engaged to defend themselves against Indians, the Argentine Government furnishing them with 4 pieces of cannon, 100 bushels of grain, 50 tons lumber, 3,000 sheep, 50 cows and 200 horses. The first batch of colonists sailed from Liverpool in the barque Mimosa, on April 25th, 1865, number- ing 132 souls, and arrived safely at the River Chubut on the 28th of July, the site chosen for the colony being in 43 deg. 15 m. S. Lat., and 65 deg. W. Long. There were 62 men, 41 women, 17 boys, and 12 girls. At the outset the colony suffered severe vi- cissitudes, the fate of all new settlements. So far, the colonists have devoted themselves to wheat growing, and dairy produce. The Argentine Gov- ernment behaved handsomely towards the settlers. For three years it supplied them with necessary provi- sions, and spent about 5,000/. sterling in cattle and seeds. The farms on each side of the River Chubut cover an area of twelve miles. The climate is colder, driei% and more bracing than that of Buenos Ayres. An interesting account of the colony is given by the Rev. Lewis Humphreys (chaplain during the first year of the settlement) in his report to the directors of the Welsh Company — 436 WELSH AND ALEXANDRA COLONIES (1865) " New Bay is a splendid port, sheltered from all except the east wind, which seldom blows •, and spa- cious and deep enough to accommodate the whole navy of Great Britain. Mr. Downes, the mate of the Mimosa, assured me that New Bay is the best port in South America. " The River Chubut flows through at least three distinct valleys, divided from each other by chains of hills. The settlement is at present confined to the lowest valley, which is about forty-five miles long and five broad. The supply of timber is limited, for though there are trees of many kinds, they are not larger than the common hazel of this country. There is a superabundance of brushwood, which grows again after being cut. The second valley is similar to the first, and contains abundance of n sandstone, for building purposes. The third valley has been only partially explored. It is narrow, and bounded oh each side by rocks. The river water is pure and sweet, though its color is cloudy, and near the surface it is frequently brackish. The climate is delightful and very healthy. I and many others have frequently slept in the open air, night after night in the depth of winter, which is so genial that no evil effects fol- lowed. We discovered several kinds of wild celery and turnips, and a sort of potato, all very good. We planted many thousands of young trees, among which were 4,000 fruit trees. Our horses and cattle were remarkably fine and fat, even in winter, when they (1865) VILLAGE OF RAWSON 437 require no housing as the pasturage is abundant all the year round. At the time I left we had about 100 cattle, sixty of which were milch cows ^ also forty horses. In some of the farm-yards the fowls were sufficiently numerous to recall to mind the homesteads of Caermarthenshire. The whole territory swarms with game • hares, guanacos, armadillos, ducks, geese, partridge, and ostriches, and the river and bay fur- nish an ample supply of fish. The hares commonly weigh from 18 lb. to 20/i., and frequently find their way into the cooking-kettle. "The Government of the Argentine Republic has acted in a most liberal manner towards the colony. Our [president, Mr. William Davis, visited B. Ayres near the end of 1865, and obtained from the Govern- ment a monthly grant of 140L stg., and supplies have been regularly furnished through Mr. Harris, of Pa- tagones. I must also mention the valuable assistance afforded us by the native Indians. The chief of the tribe sent us; a letter asking for saddles and rum, in exchange for skins. .The Indians barter large quan- tities of fresh meat for small pieces of bread, and ex- change mares for horses. The colonists now possess about 40 dogs, and the consequence is a superabun- dance of fresh meat. " In the proper season^ seal-fishery is carried on to a great extent along the coast of Patagonia, by Eng- lish and American sailors. New Bay is a general rendezvous for sealers, and a trade has sprung up 438 WELSH AND ALEXANDRA COLONIES (1865) between them and the settlers, for fresh provisi- ons (fee. "On the 17th September, 1865, the Comandante of Patagones performed the 'ceremony of giving us pos- session of the territory and naming our first town the ' Tre-Rawson,' in honor of Dr. William Rawson, the Minister of Interior, who has manifested such interest in the Colony.'' In 1868 a sad misfortune befell the colony in the loss of the little schooner and six of the colonists, viz. : — Robert P. Nagle, captain, from Liverpool • George Jones from Liverpool- James Jones, from Caermarthenshire, having a wife and family in the colony, Thomas D. Evans, Manchester, also having a wife and family in the colony • David Davies, from Aberdare, having his parents in the colony, and Thomas Cadivor Woods, Secretary of the Welsh Company at home, who had recently arrived in the colony to report upon it, and had taken a trip to see Patagones before returning home. The following extracts from a report by Captain Fairfax R. N. describe the condition of the colony in Feb. 1876:— " The road from Chubut, which is distant 46 miles, comes into New Bay. Large vessels with goods for the colony discharge their cargoes here • small ves- sels drawing from 6 to 8 feet, can, if the weather is fine, enter the river at high water. " Several of the settlers arrived at Nuevo Gulf (1876) MK. WELBY, DK. i^DWAEBS 439 the morning after our arrival, bringing with them horses for us. The same day I rode over to Chubut, accompanied by Mr. Welby and Dr. Edwards. The country was arid and covered with brushwood. Af- ter 8 hours we entered the valley of Chubut; we were very kindly received and hospitably entertained by Commissary Oneto and Mr. Lewis Jones. '' When Commander Dennistown visited the co- lony in 1871, the population was 153: it now num- bers about 690, including the new-comers between September 1875 and January 1876. " The lower valley in which the colony is estab- lished extends for 23 miles in a westerly direction, and in breadth varies from 3 to 6 miles-, it lies be- tween two low ridges of hills from 200 to 300 feet high; this valley is ot rich alluvial soil, of from 2 to 6 feet in depth. At the head of this valley the river trends close to the base of the northern hills, and here a village called Gaiman has lately sprung up ; the houses are here built of a white sandstone taken from the hill side. It is the intention of the people here estab- lished to work next season a part of the upper val- ley, at the head of which the hills flank the valley close, and the river rushes through a rocky ravine. "This spot is about 50 miles from the .mouth of river-, beyond this little is known, but the Indians re- port a large fresh water lake two days' journey from the head of the upper valley, where they say 440 WELSH AND ALEXANDRA COLONIES (1875) the land is rich and well-watered, grass growing most luxuriantly. So little rain falls in this part of Patagonia, that were it not for the river rising as the snow melts on the Cordillera, and so partially irrigating the plain, there would be little or no vege- tation in the Chubut Valley. The water in the river with two exceptions has always risen to such a height, that by making small canals the land was sufficiently irrigated for growing wheat, and this year the colonists have set to work cutting deep ca- nals (one 1,160 yards long, 5 yards broad, and from 5 to 15 feet deep) and intend erecting dams across the river, to retain a sufficient supply of water: 35 lbs. of wheat is generally sown to the acre, and this on an average yields a ton. "Between September 1875 and January 1876, 412 Welsh immigrants arrived. As no preparation had been made for their reception, the prospect for these poor people was not encouraging. '•Mr. Thomas, who has a large store, gave them part of it to live in, and the old settlers took as many as they could into their houses. I visited two-thirds of the houses-, all the old settlers like the country, would on no account leave it, and look forward with great confidence to the future. Many were employ- ed making and burning bricks, and building nice hou- ses. They nearly allhave milch cows, cattle, horses, pigs and fowl •, some have sold a portion of their stock to the new comers. (1871) ALEXANDKA COLONY 441 " Three different tribes of Indians visit the colony in the winter for the purpose of trading. They bar- ter horses, ostrich feathers, guanaco rugs, and skins of various animals, for groceries, tobacco and spirits. '^ The Indians have been always very friendly, and have been well treated T)y the colonists. Mr. Lewis Jones and some others intend going next month on an expedition into the interior, with a view of further exploring the country, and examining a range of moun- tains 150 miles to the westward of the settlement which are reported to be rich in minerals. Two schooners now regularly trade between B. Aires and Chubut. During our stay in Nuevo Gulf, Lieut. Brent made survey of the bay called Port Madryn." The Alexandra Colony, in the Gran Chaco, be- longs to the London banking-house of Thomson, Bonar & Co., whose concession from the Santa-Fe Legislature is dated October 1870, and comprises 34 square leagues, having frontage of 17 leagues on the San Javier river, which is navigable for steamers and vessels of light draught. The lands extend from Arroyo Malabrigo, 10 leagues below the Rey frontier, to the French colony of Eloisa, which is almost abreast of the town of La Paz, Entre-Rios, in 30 to 31 degrees S. Latitude. The communication with Buenos Ayres is by means of steamers from this city to Esquina, where the colonial steam-launch takes in passengers, cros- sing the Parana to Talon's Bridge •, the colonists have 442 WELSH AND ALEXANDEA COLONIES (1873\ a few houses here. Vessels drawing three feet can ascend the San Javier as high as the colony. The river is so winding that, although you can ride to the colony overland in 45 miles, the steamboat makes it 175. Sometimes the colonists going up to San Javier land at the Californian colony,* and as the distance is only 42 miles, they make the journey in a day's ride. The high grounds of the colony form a '- barranca' along the San Javier, varying from one to three miles in width. The soil is over three feet deep, with a sandy substratum that absorbs the heavy rains. Messrs. Puiggari and Wilcken's analysis declares it the richest soil in the country. The Octavio Stella, in 1873^ brought from Europe 226 Waldenses of the Piedmontese valleys, accom- panied by their chaplain, Rev. John Peter Baridon ;, they found 150EngUshand Italians already establish- ed at the colony. Each family brought its own farm- ing implements, and was provided with horses and oxen by Thomson Bonar's manager, who also gave the necessary supplies from the colonial store until the first crop was raised. The colony possesses the following machinery — Thomson's Road-steamer, drawing 10 tons- patent thresher and winnower • mill for grinding 150 ar- robes daily, patent brick-making machine- patent seed-distributor-, circular steel-saws ^ engine 7-horse nominal. Each farm consists of 100 acres, fenced with wire (1877) ALEXANDRA COLONY 443 and naridubay posts : 330 yards front by 1170 deep. The ploughing is done with oxen. The colony counts at present 400 souls, nearly one- half English, the rest being Swiss and Itahan Vaudois. In the centre of the colony is the fort or stockade, to which the settlers could repair in case of an Indian invasion, but there has been no sign of Indians since the time Mr. Weguelin was killed, in 1871. Each colonist on arriving is provided with a Westly Rich- ards rifle and a revolver. The English settlers are north of the stockade, the Italians south, the former having their farms well fenced in, and laid down under wheat, potatoes, sweet pototoes (fee. The yield is so abundant that Irish potatoes give 474 tons per acre, and sweet potatoes 5 tons. The rainfall is enough for the crops ^ and the colonists work all the year round in the fields without finding the heat in- convenient. A very light frost has been twice visible. Wood and water are in abundance, as well as shoot- ing and fishing, the deer being particularly numerous. There are no wild beasts or reptiles-, but if you want to shoot an odd tiger you can find one in the islands of the Parana. One of the colonists keeps a school. There is no clergyman or physician- most of the Italians arePro- testantS; but the English include a large proportion of Irish Catholics. At the colonial general store is kept a family medicine-chest, which is seldom thought of, the colonists being all in rude health. The colO' 44i WELSH AND ALEXANDllA COLONIES (1877) nists are peaceable, well disposed people, requiring neither police nor magistrates. They sometimes pay friendly visits to their neighbors of the Californian colony, especially on the Fourth of July. It is pro- posed to try rice in the low grounds. The maize is so big that some stalks measure 18 inches long. Farms of 100 acres are given to settlers for a bond of 60L sterling, payable in 4 years, without interest. Advances of 50/. sterling worth of cattle, seed, (fee. to be repaid in 3 years. There are 2,500 acres under tillage (1877), and the stock comprises 6,000 horned cattle and 400 horses. Besides the above English settlements there is a small group of Welsh, between the CaUfornia and Alexandra colonies. They are 14 famiHes,who mov- ed up here from Chubut in 1869, and have now 300 acres under tillage. The Central Argentine Land Co., consisting of London shareholders, commenced colonizing the lands along the Rosario and Cordoba railway in 1870, when Mr. W. Perkins brought out the first batch of 25 fa- mihes from Switzerland. At present the 4 colonies of Bernstadt, Canada Gomez, Carcarana and Tortugas count 3,000 settlers, who raise annually 20,000 bus- hels of grain, and whose farms and stock are valued at 200,000/. sterling. The colonists are Swiss, French and Italians *, who have 40,000 acres under crops. (1819) MINING ENTEKPKISES 445 CAP. XLIV. MINING ENTERPRISES While the din of arms still rang through South America and the struggle for independence was fought with incredible fury in the old viceroyalties of Vene- zuela and the Pacificjthe people of England were car- ried away with an exaggerated idea of the mineral wealth of Chile, Peru and the territory of La Plata. Companies were formed in London to work the silver mines of Famatina, Potosi and Uspallata, as well as the principal copper mines of Chile. All turned out so disastrous that the name of South America came to be regarded during many years as a synonym for delusion and disappointment. Nevertheless we know that the Spaniards extracted in the 17th and 18th — 446 MINING ENTEKPEISES (1819) centuries enormous quantities of treasure from Po- tosi ; and even at the present moment skilled miners value the minerals in the Cerro de Pasco over 120 millions sterling. The failure of all the English companies was due mainly to their more expensive mode of working than that of the Spaniards, and in part to the troubles caused by civil war, and the jealousy and obstacles incidental to foreign enter- prise. The best proof of this Ues in the fact that Chile has for a long time back exported annually from two to three millions sterl. worth of copper ores, and the richest capitalists in South America are Chilian mine- owners, of Copiapd, Mexillones and Caldera. JohnMiers,an engineer of much experience.left Eng- land in 1818 to undertake the working of copper mines in Chile. He sank a large fortune in the ven- ture, and having engaged a gang of miners embarked with his wife in the Little Sally, accompanied by a physician named Leighton, and taking with him 170 tons of machinery. After a voyage of 51 days he reached Buenos Ayres, and proceeded across the Pampas, in 20 days, by coach, to Mendoza. Crossing the Andes by the Uspallata pass he was detained by an unexpected event; his wife being confined of a son at a snow hut on the point known as Villa Vi- cencio. During four years Mr. Miers explored the mineral resources of Chile, which he tound to be greatly exaggerated, and he considered almost worth" less. In 1825 he re-crossed the Andes to Buenos (1820-25) CAPT. HALL, CAPT. HEAD 447 Ayres, having made a contract with this Government to construct a mint. His travels were published in London in 1826. Captain Basil Hall was sent out in 1820 to report upon the mineral resources of Peru and Chile. He found the annual export of copper from Chile to Cal- cutta, United States and Europe to reach only 3,000 tons, value about 160,000Z. sterhng, besides 40,000/. sterling worth of silver, but spoke in such flattering terms of the great mineral wealth of the West Coast that the mining fever was stimulated in England, and fresh enterprises were hastily formed, with the most golden dreams, never to be realized. He describes the country between Valparaiso and Santiago, as a howling wilderness. Agriculture was, however, be- ginning to cause attention in various parts of Chile, wheat giving 35 bushels to the acre. The silver mines of Uspallata were abandoned, but those of copper at Copiapo grew in importance. Captain Hall writes in a flattering manner of Chile and Peru. Capt. Head, left England in 1825 with a staff of Cornish miners to explore and work what mines might seem best, on behalf of a London company. After a short stay at Buenos Ayres, where he found the principal famihes very kind to Englishmen, he set out for the Andes, on horseback. Many critics have un- reasonably questioned his famous ride of 1,000 miles from Buenos Ayres to Mendoza in 8 days, having 448 MINING ENTEKPRISES (1825) ridden on one day as much as 153 miles. On the road he visited the Carolina gold-mines ot San Luis, and after leaving Mendoza for Chile he inspected the Uspallata silver mines, but nowhere found anything that would pay working expenses. From Valparaiso he proceeded to the famous Nolasco mines, high up the Andes, 75 miles from Santiago. Although it was midsummer the snow lay 120 feet thick in many pla- ces, these mines being altogether inaccessible during 7 months of winter. Groups of crosses at intervals shewed where many poor miners had perished in the snow. He descended the San Pedro mine, a depth of 250 feet, and was astonished at the incredible labor of the miners, whose only food was dried beef and snow- water. They carried up on their shoulders for 250 feet a weight that the Cornish miners of his staff could hardly lift. Such were the cruel hardships suffered by the Indians in these mines, under the Spaniards, that they often threw themselves off the ladders with their loads and were dashed to pieces. Having visited all the most famous mining locali- ties. Head returned to. England and said — ^'I have ridden 6,000 miles through the mining districts of La Plata and Chile, and found nothing worth the trouble." The loss of this new El Dorado expedition was something under 50,000/. sterling. At this time Sr. Egaiia was trying to form an Anglo-Chilian Mi- ning Co. in London. Capt. Head's report, in 1827, put a stop to all such enterprises for 35 years. (1826) J. O. FRENCH 449 Mr. J. 0. French came out in April 1826 with a body of miners, to examine the mines at Famatina, where some Englishmen had established themselves in 1814 (as mentioned by Mr. Caldcleugh) until they were obliged to escape for their lives in the political troubles that ensued. Mr. French proceeded from Buenos Ayres by way of Cordoba and the Salinas de- sert to the city of Rioja, a place of 3,000 poverty- stricken inhabitants, enjoying a temperature of 100 Fahr. in the shade. An arduous mountain journey took him to Famatina, where he found auriferous ores at the foot of Cerro Morado, which the natives amalgamated in a ' trapeche' water-mill. The mines belonged to D. Ramon Davila. Hail-storms wei'e here so terrific as to kill the cattle, and to be heard lOmiles off, like the roar of a cataract. While the hill tops were covered with snow the temperature in the valley was often above 90 Fahr. Mr. French found the native Indians of these valleys-sober, industrious and docile, but the cross-breed of Indian and mulatto blood-thirsty and cruel. Magnetic iron-stone was discovered at Cerro Negro, as were also garnets. Cerro Morado was largely impregnated with iron and auriferous quartz. On Davila's mine Mr. French ob- tained, in 1827, as much as 20 oz (say 70Z. stg. worth) of gold from 272 tons of ore. From Famatina he proceeded to Mexicana, where the ruins still existed of ancient Indian mining works : the silver-mine of Espina, worked by Simon Herrera, gave good profit, 450 MINING ENTERPEIETS (1826) as also those of Goriti and St. Thomas, say 80 marks to the '^cajon' of 272 tons: the silver ore being yel- lowish from the mixture of gold. Mr. French found silver still more abundant at Cerro Negro, and men- tions a nugget 20ii. in weight, 3-fourths silver-, but most of the mines were full of water, and the failure of French's enterprise was probably owing to want of sufficient capital. At Guandacol he found excellent copper, but the freight by mules to Coquimbo and Copiapo was too expensive to allow profitable working. Chevalier Edmond Temple, an Irish gentleman who had served in Spain as a captain of dragoons, was secretary to Gen. Paroissien, the Potosi Mining Co. (1826) •, the staff comprising also Baron Czettritz, as chief of mining engineers, and Dr. Scrivener. They sailed from Falmouth in the Frolic, and having landed at Buenos Ayres started across the Pampas to Tucu- man, a delightful country, which Temple recommends as specially suited for European settlers. On reach- ing Tarija he received letters that the barque Potosi with 38 workmen and a stock of machinery was at Arica. He had now 500 miles to travel over a mountainous country, almost uninhabited, not meet- ing a single person upon the journey. In one of the defiles he lost his favorite horse, and in his book he bids a touching farewell to the friendly steed that had shared with him so many toils and dangers. Ar- rived at Potosi he describes the gredt 'sugar-loaf (1826) POTOSI MINING 451 .which had given forth such enormous treasures for 250 years, and is still inexhaustible. Before the revo- lution of 1810 there were 40 smelting.works, which turned out 4:fi00lbs. of pure silver weekly, but of these he only found 15 now working, the yield ave- raging 750lhs. of silver weekly, equal to 125,000/. sterling per annum. The soldiers had smashed the machinery, filled the mines with water, and left most of the proprietors in poverty. Humboldt considered Potosithe richest mining district in the world, except Ganaxuato in Mexico. The mines were discovered in 1545 by an Indian, who falling over a precipice tore up a shrub and found the roots impregnated with silver. At one time the Spaniards had 15,000 Indians at work here, and 15,000 llamas. Miller says Sy^ million Indians perished in the mines of Peru. While Temple began operations Baron Czettritz made surveys of some mountain peaks and Lake Titicaca : the latter was found to be about 250 miles in circum- ference and 12,761 feet over the Pacific. It was sup- posed to contain much treasure, thrown into it by the Indians when Atahualpa was put to death by Pizarro. In 8 months Temple cleared out 3 old mines at the trifling cost of 3,085/. sterling. He received news of the sudden collapse of the Potosi and Peruvian Mi- ning Co. in London, having expended 70,000/, sterl. The English workmen wandered about the port of Arica almost starving, having sold their watches for food. Thus terminated an enterprise begun with such 452 MINING ENTlSErrasES (1853-77) brilliant promise, and which would perhaps have proved successful if Mr. Temple were allowed a fair chance. The banking returns of Potosi for 1825 shew that the mines produced that year 177,000 marks, worth 350,000/. sterling. Temple concludes his work with a decided opinion for Irish emigration to Cordoba, Salta or Tarija. After an interval of 35 years the mines of the Ar- gentine provinces were again brought before the English public in 1863 by Major Rickard, who had been engaged the previous year by Governor Sarmiento of San Juan to report upon the mines in that province. A joint-stock company was formed, cap. 22,000/. sterling/ and smelting works were erected in 1864 at Hilario. Civil wars ensued and the works were abandoned- never- theless the ores exhibited at Paris from these works, in 1867, obtained a bronze medal. Another Eng- lish company was formed in 1870 to work the mines of Gualilan, in the same province of San Juan, and some new machinery has been recently put up (1877) by Captain Vivian, who is sanguine of good results. Mr. Treloar, a Cornish miner, who had much experience in Brazil, commenced working mines at Chilecito, Rioja, in 1874, and sent a fine col- lection of ores to the Philadelphia Exhibition. In 1877 he turned his attention to some new gold finds, which are giving double the result that he expected. (1877) SAN JUAN DEL llEY 453 The most profitable mining venture in South Ame- rica is the San Joao del Rey, in the Province of Minas Geraes, in Brazil. This is a gold mine v^orked by an English Co., with such success that the average of net profits for the last 33 years has been 23 per cent per annum on tha capital employed. At present the yield is much greater, the dividend for some years back not falling below. 40 per cent per annum- The capital is 253,000L sterling • the yield of gold about 70,000 ounces, worth 220,000/. sterling. Shares nominally 100/. sterling are worth from 400/. sterl. upwards. This mine is at Morro Velho, but gold is also found in other places. The first gold was dis- covered at Minas Geraes in 1590 by Bartolo Bueno : from 1700 to 1820 the Portuguese extracted 600 tons of gold, worth 60 millions sterl. San Juan del Rey is 3 days journey from Rio Janeyro : there are 1200 miners employed, and the gold bed is 600 feet deep. It resembles a vast hall, 324 feet wide and 420 in length • the roof, floor, and sides being composed of ore. About 150 tons of ore are got up daily, which produce nearly 200 ounces of gold. Attached to the mining works are a hospital, a library, and also an English physician. There is another English mining company at Dom Pedro del Norte, in the same prov- ince, but not so successful. In August 1877 an expedition of 70 men left B. Ay res for Paraguay, to work some gold-fields dis- covered by Col. Wisner von Morgenstern, about 200 454 MINING ENTEKERISES (1877) miles north of Asuncion. In this enterprise some of the oldest English merchants of Buenos Ayres have taken shares, and as the gold is found in sur- face washings the most sanguine expectations are entertained. (1805) ENGLISH TEAVELLERS 455 CAP. XLV. ENGLISH TRAVELLERS. At least a hundred travellers (independent of the aforesaid mining explorers) have visited various parts of South America during the present century, and published accounts of their travels. The earliest was Mr. JohnC. Davie, whose " letters from Paraguay " appeared in London in 1805. Besides the general travellers forming the subject of the present chapter there were men of science, (like Darwin, Bates and Wallace) whose labors were specially devoted to some branch of learning, and navigators, and engi- neers sent out to make surveys touching this conti- nent. These 3 classes of travellers require separate chapters. 456 ENGLISH TBAVELLIRS (1804) Mr. John Mawe was an enterprising English mer- chant who freighted a vessel with merchandize, in 1804, for the River Plate, having obtained a British trade license although the vessel carried Spanish colors. On putting into Montevideo and being discovered an Englishman he was thrown into prison and his property confiscated. After some time an old native lady obtained his release on bail. As soon as Gen. Beresford appeared in the River Plate the Governor sent Mr. Mawe 120 miles inland, to an es- tancia of Barriga Negra. Many of the estancieros had immense herds of cattle ranging from sixty to two hundred thousand head, which were tended by a ''race of Paraguayan peons." The breeding of mares was chiefly to provide fuel, for which their carcases were used, like sheep in Buenos Aires. Mr. Mawe visited St. Catherine's, which he describes as a garden of Eden, where you could purchase a good country- house, orangery and farm for 100 dollars. Proceed- ing overland from Santos to Rio he presented his letters to Count Linares, who procured for him per- mission to visit the gold and diamond field of Minas Geraes. He was greatly disappointed on his arrival at Villa Rica, which the inhabitants called Villa Pobre, seeing the squalid misery on all sides. At one time the "royal fifths" of these min^s yielded the Crown a million sterling per annum. He visited the diamond- fields of Jequitinhonha from which the Government sent the stones to Amsterdam or London for cutting. (1807) JOHN PABISH EOBERTTO^r 457 About 25,000 carats annually were sent overland to Rio. the distance being more than 500 miles. The largest stone was one found in 1810 and valued by the Regent at 3,000,000^ sterling, being over an ounc« in weight. [Mr. John Mawes travels in La Plata and Brazil, 8vo London 1812.) One of the most remarkable Englishmen who vi- sited South America was John Parish Robertson, who was bom at Kelso, Scotland, in 1792. His father was assistant-secretary of the Bank of Scotland, and his mother, Juliet Parish, daughter of a Hamburg merchant. He began life, at 13 years of age. as pow- der-monkey aboard one of Admiral Stirling's vessels in the attack on Montevideo in 1806 -, his father hav- ing come out to establish a house of business in the River Plate. When Montevideo was evacuated by the British his father sent him home to Scotland, and proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope. In 1807 young Robertson, being then 1-t, sailed from Greenock for Rio Janeyro with two guineas in his pocket : one of them he sent back by the captain as a present to his mother. During 4 years he acted as a commer- cial clerk, first at Rio and afterwards at Buenos Aires, until he was sent by some merchants, in 1811, to dispose of a cai^o of merchandise in Paraguay. Three years later he wasjoined by his brother William, but both brothers were soon after banished by Fran- cia and obliged to remove to CJorrient^s. Here they pursued for two years a profitable business in hides. 458 ENGLISH TRAVELLERS (1824) being aided by an Irishman named Campbell, who held mihtary sway under Artigas. John P. Robert- son visited Scotland in 1817, established valuable trade relations with merchants in Liverpool, Glasgow, London, Manchester and Paisley, and during seven years carried on so extensive a commerce in the River Plate and Peru that he was able to return to Green- ock in 1824 with a fortune of 100,000?. sterling, in a vessel of his own, and holding the character of Di- plomatic Agent from some of the new Republics of South America. Being now 32 years of age he re- solved to embark on still larger ventures, and got up the Scotch Colony to Buenos Aires, sinking all his fortune in the Monte Grande settlement. In 3 years the war with Brazil and Lavalle's revolution ruined his enterprise, and he returned almost penniless to England in 1830. Although nearly 40 years of age he entered Cambridge University as a student, and after 3 years retired to a cottage in the Isle of Wight to embrace a life of literary labors. Having about this time married a lady of fortune he was in compa- ratively easy circumstances for the remainder of his days. His letters on Paraguay and La Plata gained a world wide popularity, as also his brother's works on Mexico and other Spanish Republics. He was the first man to open trade with Paraguay, the first who sent a steamer into the River Plate, the first who established extensive relations with the West Coast, and the first who attempted agriculture on a large (1821) ALEX. GALDCLEUGH 459 •scale in B. Aires. He died at Calais, November 1st, 1843, at the age of 51 years, having been for some time in declining health, perhaps caused by the hard- ships of his early life, when he often rode 100 miles or more in one day, as told in his interesting me- moirs. Alexander Caldcleugh, whose travels in Brazil, B. Ayres and Chile extended over 3 years (1819-2]), was private secretary to the British Minister at Rio Ja- neyro. He estimated Rio to have 135,000 inhabi- tants of whom 5,000 were Europeans and 105,000 slaves. He says the masters treated their slaves with great kindness, and that free negroes constituted the worst class of society. The gold mines were very productive, those at Minas Geraes, yielding over one million sterling per annum. Some Chinamen had been imported to Brazil to grow tea, as many as 6,000 plants being raised, when the Chinamen sickened and mostly died, the rest being sent back to China. His chapter on Montevideo describes it as a village of 10,000 souls, the place being remarkable for hand- some, well-dressed women. At Buenos Ayres he found the people friendly and hospitable. He rode across the Pampa;-; to Mendoza, a city of 20,000 inhabi- tants at an elevation of 4,400ft. over sea level He compares Mendoza wine to Malaga. Proceeding by the Portillo pass he crossed the Cordillera in 4 days, and saw at many places, in the snow, the plump carcases of mules, quite perfect, which had lain there over a 460 ENGLISH TKAVEIiLERS - (1823) century. He reached Santiago on the 8th day from Mendoza, and describes it as a very picturesque city • after which he visited several mines. Here his ima- gination ran riot upon the prodigious mineral weaUh of the country, he speaks of ''streams abounding in gold, w^hich wander through luxuriant corn-fields, where the miner and the agriculturist converse upon the banks." He speaks of the Chilian women as re- markable for strength of character and superior en- lightenment^ and complains of the laziness of the lower orders, who will stand for a whole day around a fruit-woman's stall, betting whether the inside of a melon is white or red. Lieut. Hibbert R. N. made a journey to Cordoba and San Juan in 1821, and on his return to England printed his adventures. The upper provinces were a 'terra incognita,' and the London Geographical Journal spoke highly of the explorations of this officer, who died shortly after, from the hardships he had undergone. Mrs. Graham travelled in Brazil, Argentine provin- ces and Chile in 1822-23. She confirmed Capt. Hall's favorable report of the Chilian mines, and described Valparaiso as a city of 15,000 souls, although the German Schmittmeyer who visited it the same year did not think the population exceeded 3,500. Chile was in the hands of a few great land-owners : all the country for 90 miles between Valparaiso and Santia- go belonged to three proprietors. Mrs. Graham was in (1825) CAPT. DUNDAS COCllFvANE 461 Brazil about the same time as Prince Max of Ncuwie d and Mr. Sellow. She visited the insurgent camp be- fore Pernambuco, in company with two gentlemen named Dance and Glennie, and describes the rebels as very irregular, both cavalry and infantry. At Bahia she accompanied an English lady, Miss Pennell, to visit the principal native families, whom she found most slovenly in dress and household, although they turned out "en grande tenue" every afternoon. Gam- bling was the chief occupation of married ladies. Among the travellers of the year 1824 was the ill- fated Alderman Rowcroft of London, who was mur- dered, by mistake, in crossing the Andes from Men- doza, as he wore his uniform of Colonel of London Light horse, and was probably taken for a Spanish officer. Capt. John Dundas Cochrane R. N. who died at Valentia, Columbia on Aug. 12th 1825, of fever, was one of the most remarkal>le pedestrians that ever existed. After the peace of 1815 he walked all over France, Spain and Portugal, and in 1820 proposed to the Admiralty to explore the interior of Africa, in search of the source of the Niger. Meeting no en- couragement and being still anxious to carry out his scheme, he formed the idea of selling himself as a slave to caravan merchants in Morocco or Timbuctoo, but was dissuaded by his friends. He then set out to trace the shores of the Polar Sea, on foot, carrying letters of recommendation from the Emperor Alex- 462 ENGLISH TRAVELLERS (1827) ander. In crossing Siberia he was stripped by rob- bers, but safely reached Kamschatka, and then retrac- ed his steps to Europe, having traversed 6,000 miles and spent only one guinea. Having published his "travels in Russia," he came to South America to explore this continent, but died shortly after his arrival. Lieut. Brand R. N. visited the River Plate in July 1827. AtMendoza he was undeterred by the snows of mid-winter and undertook to cross the Andes afoot. In some of the passes he saw mules many years dead in the snow, which looked quite plump, but were as light as cork or sponge. He found a courier who had died a few days before in crossing from Chile. The journey from Mendoza to Aconcagua took 11 days, the glass being often down to 17 de- grees Fahrenheit. Lieutenant Brand met Col. Tup- per in Chile, and afterwards went to Peru, where, he says, murders were of daily occurrence, the assas- sins enjoying entire impunity. Lieut. Henry Lister Mawe R. N. was the first Eng- lishman who descended the Amazon- the merchants of Lima and the Peruvian Government having en- couraged him to undertake the journey. With the permission of the captain of H. M.S. Menai, he set out from Lima, accompanied by Mr. Hinde, in Dec. 1827, taking the route ofTruxillo. Having descended the eastern slope of the Andes he found on the banks of the Napo a tribe of Indians called Inguas, and these (1827) MA.WE DESCENT THE AMAZON 4G3 he considered descendants of the Incas who had fled from the destroying sword of Pizarro. Everywhere Messrs. Mawe and Hinde received friendly treat- ment, especially from Father Plaza of the Ucayali mission, and heard dreadful stories of the Mamelucos or hunters who went in quest of Indians to sell for slaves Father Plaza told him that the Jesuits of the 18th century had 15,000 Indian families in their missions of the Napo. He said it was a fable that some of the tribes burned their parents after death and drank the ashes. There are amusing details in Mawe'sbookabout tigers killing alligators and turtles, and other information about the Amazon valley. Rev. Dr. Walsh visited Brazil in 1828-29, and on his return to England published a book on the hor- rors of slavery, which he said caused suicide and in- fanticide to be very common in Brazil ; so much so that persons going to bathe often found corpses of negroes on the beach. He computed the population of Brazil as follows :— Slaves 2,500,000, Whites 850,000: total 3,350,000. The number of slaves embarked in Africa for Bra- zilian ports in 1829 was 74,653, but only 70,074 reached their destination, the rest having died on the voyage. Dr. Walsh returned to England in H.M.S. North Star, which captured near the Line a famous siaver called Veloz Pasageiro, after a chase of 300 miles in 30 hours. There were 507 slaves on board, all branded like sheep, having been marked on 464 ENGLISH TRAVELLERS (1834) the breast with a red-hot iron, some of them chain- ed by neck and legs, and packed so close that 55 had already died in 17 days since leaving Africa. In some cases the slaver captain had been unable to loose the fetters, and a live slave wras thus chained to a dead one. Dr. Walsh's book intensified the feeling in England against so nefarious a traffic, which was suppressed in a few years by British ves- sels of war, in concert with the Brazilian Govern- ment. Lieut. William Smyth's descent of the Amazon was accomplished in 1834. It happened H. M. S. Samarang was lying at Callao, when Lieut. Smyth obtained permission from the Admiral, and also from the Peruvian Government, to make a journey across the Andes and down the Amazon to Para, with the view of studying the navigability of the watercour ses of Peru falling into the Amazon. The British residents of Lima subscribed funds for the expedition, and on Sept. 20th 1834 Lieut. Smyth, accompanied by his fellow-officer Mr. Fred. Lowe, started for the Andes, which they crossed by the ''Widow's pass,'' some 15,000 feet over sea level. They reached Cerro de Pasco, centre of a rich mining district, early in Oc- tober, and rapidly descended the eastern slope of the Andes to the delightful valley of Huanuco, 6,300 feet above the sea, famous for its tropical luxuriance. The climate of Huanuco is the most equable on the face of the earth, there being hardly any perceptible (1835) SMYTH'S DESCEJTT OP THE AMAZON 465 changes of temperature between day and night, winter and sanimer. Orange, citron and chirimoya flourish in perpetual verdure, although the region of perpetual snows is only 40 miles distant. The local authorities in vain attempted to deter the two Eng- lishmen by stories of savage Indians and pathless swamps. Having reached the Huallaga valley they found valuable assistance from the Franciscan mis- sionaries, who made the Indians help them on their journey. These Indians speak the same Quichua lan- guage as in the northern provinces of the Argentine Republic, and live on monkeys which they kill with poisoned arrows, through blow-pipes. Padre Plaza received the two Englishmen at the Ucayali mission with a salute of artillery and every kind of welcome. They afterwards stayed a month at Saracuyii, where the friars had a handsome church, the prior being an Italian, 40 years resident there. Embarking in an Iga- rite or covered raft, 45 feet long, the travellers des- cended the Ucayali, and entered the Amazon on March 6th 1835, being 5V2 months after their depar- ture froniLima. The voyage from the mouthof the Uca- yali to Para was without incident. Lieut. Smyth's mapsof the Amazon were most valuable and accurate. Several books of travel have been published on S. America during the last 20 or 30 years, b ut they are (ex- cept that of Capt. Musters) ratherthe record of holiday excursions than of perilous explorations by flood and field. 466 ENGLISH TRAVEI-LEKS (1849-69) MacCann's travels in the Argentine provinces and Uruguay, in 1846-49, contain much that is interest- ing about the history, manners and productions of these countries. Mansfield's book on Paraguay and La Plata was published a few years later (1854) in London. Mr. HinchHff, a celebrated Alpine traveller, visited Brazil and River Plate in 1862, and published a lively series of '^ South American Sketches." « Major Rickard, mining engineer, issued in 1863 a narrative of his crossing the Andes, similar to what other Andine travellers have written. Consul Hutchinson made a journey up the Rio Sa- lado in quest of wild cotton in 1864, and pubUshed a book called "Argentine Gleanings," which w^as followed by another (in 1869) called '* South Ame- rican Recollections," with sketches of life in the River Plate. This author's best work is his '*Two Years in Peru" (1873), in which country he was Consul after leaving the River Plate. Mr. Ross Johnston, a London lawyer who visited Catamarca in 1867, is responsible for the book enti- tled " A vacation in the Argentine Alps. Mr. Hadfield, editor of the Brazil and River Plate Mail^ has published an interesting httle work embo- dying his notes of travel in Brazil and La Plata (1868). Captain Burton's 'Highlands of Brazil' describes his explorations of the valley of the San Francisco, (1870) MUSTEES IN PATAGONIA 467 which river he descended in a canoe over 2,000 miles, to the great falls of Paulo Alfonso. His subsequent work on Paraguay (1869) turns chiefly on the cam- paign of the allies against Lopez. In May 1869 two English officers named Webber and Wallace attempted to cross the Bolivian Andes at the pass of Tinogasta, 16,000 feet above sea-level, but were seized with a violent attack of 'puna' pro- duced by rarefied air, at the height of 14,500 feet. They endeavored to return, but Webber died after descending about 1,000 feet, and his comrade buried him by the wayside. He had held him on the mule until Webber became delirious. Persons with deli- cate lungs often succumb to similar attacks. Capt. Webber was heir to large estates in England. Lieutenant Wallace recovered after some days, at Catamarca. Captain Musters R, N. made valuable explorations in Patagonia during the years 1869-70, covering a period of 15 months spent by him among the Indians. He left Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan, in April 1869 and proceeded overland to Santa Cruz, where he joined the Indians and pushed across the continent to the foot of the Andes, through the Manzana coun- try. He crossed the Rio Negro at Villarino rapids, and after a year's wanderings made his way to the Welsh colony of Chubut, and finally to Carmen de Patagones, from which place he sailed in a schooner lor Buenos Ayres, arriving in this city in August 468 ENGLISH TRAVELLEKS (1877) 1870. His wanderings in Patagonia, over ground mostly unvisited by any white man, extended over 1500 miles. He estimated the Indians of southern Patagonia at 2,000 souls, including 500 fighting-men. His adventures were published by John Murray, Lon- don, 1871, and Sir Roderick Murchison introduced Capt. Musters to the R. Geographical Society with the remark that '' he had performed the most hazardous journey of all men living except Dr. Livingston." He speaks kindly of the Indians, who treated him with great respect, but were unwilling to let him leave them, and he only escaped by a *' ruse." He made a second visit to Patagonia in 1873 , and afterwards went to Bolivia, where he married, but in 1876 took his family to England, where he now resides. The Hon. Evelyn Ellis travelled over a portion of Patagonia, from Sandy Point to Santa Cruz early in 1877. Starting from Sandy Point on January 3rd with his English servant and five Chilian attendants he reached the head- waters of Santa Cruz, at foot of the Andes, in the end of January. The country was covered with prickly bushes that lamed the horses. He met a tribe of Indians at Fitzroy's lake •, the Ca- cique and his people treated him with politeness. He describes the view around Fitzroy's Lake as the most superb on the face of the earth- nothing to equal it in Japan, Java, Persia, Brazil or Europe. An irregu- lar chain of mountains averaging 3,000 feet runs along the south shore- that on the northern varies (1875) ELLIS, JOHNSON, WELLS 469 from 2,400 to 4,600 1 and on the western side Mount Stokes rises to 6,400 feet • while the snow-clad peaks and glaciers of the Andes form a magnificent back- ground to the picture. This lake is fully 100 miles south ofBiedma's. It is about 120 miles in circum- ference, and 15 in the widest part ;, the north end is in 50.17 S. Lat. and the south in 50.43. Here he stayed 14 days, making frequent efforts to find some means of crossing over to Chile, but was always defeated by the 3 rivers flowing into the lake, which are fed by icebergs. For some days before reaching Sandy Point Mr. Ellis lost a horse every day, dying on the plain from exhaustion. He had travelled lor 45 days, out of 60 since his departure, and returned to Sandy Point early in March. Mr. Alex. Johnston, an Englishman resident in Peru, has made in the present year (1877) a toilsome jour- ney up the Amazon and across the Andes to Lima. Mr. James Wells C. E. descended the Tocantins, in 1875, and explored most of the country between the San Francisco and the Amazon. Mr. Dance has recently published an interesting work on Venezuela, the fruit of 4 years residence in that republic. Finally I may be permitted to mention my own "travels in Rio Grande do Sul" (1871) among the German colonies, which was favorably received in London owing to the novelty of the subject-, and my wife's journey to MattoGrosso (1876), published by 470 ENGLISH TRAVELLERS (1864) Ed. Stanford, London, remarkable for the circum- stance that she was the first Englishwoman ever seen in the capital of Matto Grosso, 2,000 miles from either the Atlantic or Pacific seaboard. Besides the above English land-travellers in this continent there were in recent years 3 yachting cruises in S. American waters. Capt. Hanham and his wife, in the yacht Themis, visited Buenos Ayres in 1864 •, he was the first yachter to go through Magel- lan's Straits : his wife died on the return voyage from the Pacific. Mr. James Ashbury came to the River Plate in his yacht in 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Brassey, in the yacht Sunbeam, touched here in 1876, on their voyage circumnavigating the globe. n;!rf!:;Sfiillii[ra¥li!iil!ffl^ '^liir''fl'iilllll'lllHl.lllHH\'lilil' iiiiilliaiaiiiiMiii^^ (1804) MEN OF SCIENCE 471 CAP. XLVI. MEN OF SCIENCE. Charles Waterton, was one of the most notable English naturalists who have visited this conti- nent. Leaving his ancestral home of Walton Hall, he sailed on his first expedition in 1804 for Deme- rara, where his father had large estates, and during eight years travelled extensively through Guiana, collecting samples of the Wourali poison, one of the most deadly prepared by the Indians, and making a collection of stuffed birds. So successful was he, and so pleased with the perils and hardship of his journey in Indian wilds, that he made two subsequent explo- rations in 1816 and 1820, and returned to England the last time laden with spoils of the chase and spe- 472 MEN OF SCIENCE (1804) cimens of ornithology. The Customs-authorities at Liverpool seized his eggs, and when a Government order arrived for their release it was found they were all spoiled. On publishing his 'Wanderings' he was at first subjected to much criticism for claiming to have slain a python, and ridden a crocodile on the river Essequibo. The latter dangerous feat was wit- nessed by hundreds of fear-stricken spectators, and he admits that he had some difficulty to keep his seat, but says 'I had often ridden with Lord Darlington's hounds, and was accounted a good rider.' He was no less remarkable for his personal daring than his kindness to animals, and his park was full of all man- ner of strange birds, beasts and fishes. He lived to an advanced old age. Doctor Joseph Redhead, who came to S. America in 1809 and resided for many years in Salta, was a man eminent for his learning and his labors. He was corresponding member of several scientific socie- ties in Europe. Various treatises on medical subjects, the geology of Bolivia, the heights of the principal mountains in the Andes the properties of indigenous plants, and the biographies of Generals Belgrano, Arenales and Guemes, bear testimony to his talents and industry. He was educated at the College of Edinburgh, under the celebrated Professor Cullen, and graduated as M. D. in that University. He then proceeded to Goettingen^ where he was a fellow stu- dent of William the Fourth, and again took doctor's (1823) DR. REDHEAD 473 degree, in 1785, having studied under the learned Blumenback and Stoymeyer. Leaving Goettingen, he travelled through Italy and Russia, and, coming to Paris in the revolution, was with a number of his countrymen^ thrown into the Bastille. Being liberat- ed after an interval of 14 months he left Europe for South America in 1809, in the suite of the Viceroy Cisneros, whom he accompanied from Buenos Ayres to Peru, where he studied the geology, of the country and was the first to make known the heights and latitudes of the mountains of Potosi and lUimany, and others forming the grand chain of the Cordillera. Previous to 1823, Chimborazo was considered the highest peak in the Cordillera; but Doctor Redhead found by measurement that it was 300 feet less than lUimani, the giant of the Andes. He also found that the great plateaus in these regions, with an ave- rage elevation of 14,000 and 15,000 feet above the level of the sea, consist of gravel plains, composed of sand, debris, volcanic scoriae (fee. and boulders. These statements have been confirmed by the geolo- gists Forbes and Pentland, at a meeting of the Geo logical Society in London. After some time he settled in Salta, and made it his adopted country. Here he passed 50 years in medical and scientific stu- dies : dying in December 1840 at a very advanced age, beloved and regretted by all the inhabitants. Charles Darwin was appointed naturaUst to Capt. Fitzroy s expedition in II. M. S. Beagle, which left 474 MEN OF SCIENCE (1831) England on 27th November 1831. At Rio Janeyro, during a stay of 3 months, he made a large collection of insects. After touching at Maldonado the Beagle proceeded to Bahia Blanca, from which point Darwin made numerous excursions, visiting Gen. Rosas in his encampment on Rio Colorado, and making sundry scientific discoveries, such as remains of the Megath- erium, Megalonyx, Mylodon, Macrauchenia, Toxodon and other antediluvians, chiefly found at Punta Alta. He then rode overland, by way of Sierra Ventana and Tapalquen, to Buenos Ayres. Proceeding to Santa-Fe he made further geological explorations, and after a short tour in Banda Oriental sailed again for Patagonia. Off the bay of San Bias (in Dec. 1833) the Beagle was surrounded by countless myriads of but- terflies, as far as could be discerned with the telescope and as thick as a snow storm. At Port San Julian Darwin found strata of monster oyster-shells, over a toot in diameter. The Beagle next visited the Falkland Islands, and anchored at Valparaiso July 23rd 1834, when Darwin proceeded to inspect the hot-springs of Cauquenes, the floating-islands of Lake Tagua, the Bell of Quillota mountain and other remarkable pla- ces. A description of the terrific earthquake at Con- cepcion and Talcahuano, only a fortnight previous, is one of the most interesting chapters in his book. He says that these cities appear to occupy a portion of country which may be described as a lake of fire twice the size of the Black Sea, with a thin covering (1827) CH. DARWIN, DR. GILLIEfe 475 of earth. Prom Chile he went to Peru, where he examined the pre-historic mummies and the remains of the Incas. On returning to England in 1836 he published the result of his investigations, during 5 years, which were considered so valuable that the President of the Geological Society said "it was the most important event that the scientific world had witnessed for many years." . Dr. Gillies of Mendoza devoted much attention to the physical geography of Andine regions, and is mentioned by De Moussy and other geographers as an eminent authority on the various Andine passes to Chile. He was a young Scotch physician, who came to Mendoza suffering from a severe pulmonary affec- tion, and finding benefit from the climate settled down here. During many years he explored most of the Andine passes and adjacent country: he sent botanical collections to Sir William Hooker, and sam- ples of ores to the College museum at Edinburgh. His narrative of journey in the Damas andPlanchon passes, in 1827, isquof.ed by Parish as that of the first Englishman who explored same. Gillies preferred the Uspallata pass, by which he considered the dis- tance from Mendoza to Santiago to be 321 miles, the highest part of the road being 12,530 feet over sea- level. Joseph Barclay Pentland was sent out to South America by the Geological Society of London in 1825, for the purpose of taking the heights of the principal 476 MEN OF SCIENCE (1830) mountains in Bolivia and Peru, and for other scientific pursuits: he ascertained that the height of the moun- tain of Potosi in Bohvia was 15,970 feet above the level of the Pacific Ocean, and made a collection ol metals from these celebrated mines. He was appointed Secretary to the Consulate Gen. in Peru in 1827 and Consul General in the Republic of Bolivia in 1836, which appointment he held till 1839. Sir Robert Schomburg, member of the R.Geograph- ical Society, may be regarded as the discoverer of the gigantic water-lily known as Victoria Regia. He collected specimens in the river Berbice, in 1837, and sent them to England, where a full account of this wonderful plant was published in 1838. It had previously been mentioned by Humboldt, Dorbigny and Poeppig. The first seeds were introduced into England in 1846 by Mr. Bridges, from Bolivia, and planted at Kew, from which a plant was afterwards sent to Chatsworth. The leaves are 16 inches in circumference, and so strong that a young lady was placed sitting on one at Chatsworth, without its break- ing. Sir R.Schomburg also discovered several remark- bale palms in British Guiana, notbefore known to bota- nists. His travels were published at London in 1840. Mr. Bridges, above-mentioned, travelled some years in Bolivia and made ornithological collections, includ- ing specimens not before known in Europe. Mr. Swainson published in 1830 a fine illustrated work on the birds of Brazil. (1840) DK. aoKDON 477 Dr. Gordon, who resided forty years at Cordoba and acted as British Vice-consul there, was an inde- fatigable geologist and made extensive researches in the Sierras of Cordoba. He never published his labors, but we believe his manuscripts are preserved, as also his extensive library. He died in Dec. 1870. There is mention in the B. Ayres papers of Dec. 1842 of a scientific expedition to Paraguay by Messrs. Gordon and Barclay, but is does not appear whether the first- named was Dr. Gordon : both travellers were seized by the tyrant Francia and expelled from Paraguay. Dr. Scrivener accompanied Gen. Paroissien's mi- ning expedition to Potosi in 1825, and was after- wards Inspector of the military hospitals at Lima and Chorrillos. In 1857 he was private scretary to the British Plenipotentiary at Parana, and afterwards Acting Consul at Buenos Ayres. His services during the cholera at Las Conchas were rewarded with the thanks of the Government of Buenos Ayres and a gold medal. In 1871 Governor Castro requested him to collect medical works in Europe, on Yellow fever and Quarantine laws. His contributions to medical science have appeared in the Medical Times^ upon yellow fever at Lima, Buenos Ayres and Montevideo. His papers on the Andine Heights and the Sierras of Cordova, as a cure for pulmonary consumption, have been translated into French, Spanish and Italian: His latest papers in the Medical Gazette treat of the Cascarilla and the Coca of Peru. 478 MEN OF SCIENCE (1843) Doctor Gardner, who was a pupil of Sir William Hooker at Glasgow,and obtained through his influence the necessary funds for a journey of botanical research in Brazil, has left an interesting account of 8 years spent in exploring the forests of the interior. He sailed from Glasgow in 1836, spent two years on the seaboard between Rio Janeyro and Pernambuco, and then plunged boldly into the heart of the conti- nent. Starting from Aracaty in the 5th parallel of S. Lat. he passed 3 years in traversing the country south and west to an extent of 10 degrees of latitude and 12 of longitude. His book is chiefly on the flora and products of Brazil. He visited a plantation of the ex-regent Feijo at San Paulo, where there were 20,000 Chinese tea-plants- the flavour was hardly distinguishable from that of Souchong, but the culti- vation was subsequently abandoned because it did not give half the profits of coffee. Dr. Gardner every- where met with hospitable treatment, and invariably found the slaves well treated and happy. He was afterwards director of the Botanical Gardens at Cey- lon. His book attracted much notice on its publica- tion in London, in 1846. Mr. Edwards, who visited the Amazon in 1845, was one of the first who published details about the india-rubber industry. He mentions in one place he saw a man get regularly two gallons of milk from 120 trees every 24 hours, this quantity sufficing to make 10 pair of shoes. The shoes were made by the M:: '<4illUU,Li,lii.ilri.^.li; (1850) CLEM. MARKHAM, BATES 479 man's daughters, each pair taking about 5 minutes, being made on lasts imported from the U. States, and then put to dry in the sun. Whatever rubber is not used for shoes is exported to the U. States from Para. WilUam Henwood P. R. S. came out to Brazil in 1848 as superintendent of the Bananal gold-mines. Some of his letters to Sir David Brewster treat of the natural phenomena of Brazil. Clements Markham has during the last twenty- years contributed valuable works to the history of this continent before the Spanish Conquest. In 1856 he published a book on Cuzco, the city of the Sun-, which was followed by another on Peru, in 1862. Finally he translated from the Spanish, in 1872-73 the historical records bearing on the empire of the Incas and the conquest by Pizarro. Mr. Bollaert, who in his youth served in the Migue- lite war in Portugal and afterwards came to South America, is favorably known for his writings on the language and antiquities of the pre-historic races of this continent. H. W. Bates, the present secretafy of the R. Geo- graphical Society, has immortalized his name by his researches in the Amazon country, during 11 years. He left England in the beginning of 1848. in company with Mr. Wallace, on a joint scientific tour of Brazil, but his companion returned home in 1852, and he was alone in his pursuits during the 7 years following. 480 MEN OF SCIENCB (1859) When he finally reached England in 1859, after so many years in an exhaustive climate his health was so broken that 4 years elapsed before he gave to the public his interesting researches. He made col- lections of 1,000 kinds of butterflies, besides 13,000 other insects, 140 reptiles, 360 birds, 120 fishes and 52 mammals, which have caused him to be regarded as a second Linnaeus. Naturalists have give the name of Cally thea Batesii to a gorgeous butterfly, one of those discovered by him. Alfred Wallace also made natural collections in the Amazon, Tocantins and Rio Negro, and his book furnishes varied information about the habits, antiquities and language of the Indian tribes. He sailed from Para for England in the brig Helen, July 12th 1852, but after 25 days the vessel went afire, and all on board were glad to save themselves in the boats*, the whole of Mr. Wallace's collection being destroyed in the flames. The nearest land was Ber- muda, 700 miles distant, and thither Captain Turner steered the boats. Happily on the 10th day (August 15th) they were picked up by the Jordeson, Captain Venables, from Cuba bound for London, being then 200 miles from Bermuda. On the 1st October Mr. Wallace safely landed at Deal, ^'-glad to tread once more on English ground." Charles Twite, F. R. G. S. came out for Pres. Lopez in 1864 to survey the mineral resources of Paraguay. The war breaking out a few months later his studies (1875) TWITE, LEDGER 481 were rudely interrupted, and Lopez compelled him to take charge ol an establishment for making gunpow- der. After the war he returned to England, and ac- cepted an engagement from the Kings of Siam, re- maining a couple of years in that country. He re~visited Paraguay and La Plata in 1875, and was commissioned by the Montevidean Government to make a geological survey of Banda Oriental, which he completed in Oct 1875. He reported the old lead mines of Minas as no longer worth working • and formed an equally unfavorable opinion of the copper- mines of Soldado, abandoned since 1855. He found iron in many places, the best being that of Giant's Stone, on the Sierra Campanero. At Cerro Largo he came upon a continuation of the Candiota coal-fields (frontier of Rio Grande)^ and concluded his report by saying the Banda Oriental abounded in minerals, but the success of any mining enterprise must mainly depend on the mode and comparative expense of work- ing. He then returned to England. Charles Ledger, a native of London, who has re- sided 33 years in South America, is well-known for his labors in introducing and acclimatizing the al- paca and guanaco in Australia, for which he received the thanks of Parliament and a donation of 2,000/. sterling. The Bolivian Government threw every obstacle in the way of exporting these animals, and even forbade it under penalty of death, but Mr. Led- ger evaded pursuit, and contrived by degrees to take 482 MEN OF SCIENCE (1870) the alpacas and llamas from one valley to another, varying in temperature, until they were in condition for the voyage to Australia. He returned to S. America in 1870, and settled at Salta, but is now about to remove again to Australia^ being named Argentine Consul at Melbourne. Professor Kyle, of the National College, B. Ayres, enjoys a high reputation in experimental chemistry. He was recently presented with a service of plate by the British merchants of this city for his efforts in carrying out the Law^ of Trade Marks. JO '-J ^ ^^1 3S33^ ^ II IS (1822) SURVEYS BY SEA AST) LANK 483 CAP. XLVII. SURVEYS BY SEA AND LAND Capt. WeddelFs expedition in 1822 was the first seen in the South Atlantic since that of Vancouver a quarter of a century before. It consisted of two vessels — brig Jane, 160 tons, 22 men, capt Weddell cutter Beaufoy 65 do., 13 do., do., Brisbane The vessels had provisions for 2 years, and orders to explore the seas about Cape Horn as far as the South Shetlands. At 69 degrees south they were surround- ed by icebergs, Capt. Weddell counting as many as 66. Pushing further south, to 74 degrees, he found the sea covered with blue petrels : he went 3 degrees farther south than Capt. Cook, and discovered that the idea of the approach to the South Pole being 484 SURYEYS BY SEA AND LAND (1826) colder than the North was a mere delusion. After many valuable surveys south of Cape Horn, he return- ed v^ith his two vessels to England in 1824. Captain (afterwards Admiral) King was sent two years later with two vessels to make a survey of the coasts of South America from the mouth of the River Plate to Cape Horn, and along Terra del Fuego to the island of Chiloe, on the West Coast. He had previously become famous by his Australian charts. It was early in 1826 when the two ves- sels were put in commission^ the Adventure 330 tons, and the Beagie 235, the latter carrying 6 guns and commanded by Capt. Pringle Stokes. They left Plymouth on May 22nd, and having touched at the Canaries and Rio Janeyro reached Maldonado on Oct. 13th. King s instructions were to begin surveys from the mouth of the River Plate and proceed southward, but he wisely considered it more expedient to com- mence with the inclement southern sea while his vessels were still strong and his men fresh for the labors before them. On Nov. 18th he landed at Cape St. Helena, on the Patagonian coast, and found some traces of Malaspina's nautical observatory in 1798. The surveys had favorably progressed for 3 months when a sad accident deprived King of one of his best officers : Mr. Ainsworth and 2 sailors were drowned while crossing the strait of Port Antonio: — " Ours are the tears, though few, sincerely shed '•'' When ocean shrouds and sepulchres our dead." (1830) KING AND FITZKOY 485 In the following year (1828) another calamity befel the expedition, in the suicide of Capt. Stokes, who had been for some time a prey to anxious fears and continued ill health. Lieut. Skyring was now put in command of the Beagle, until the arrival from Eng- land of Capt. Fitzroy, when Skyring became second under him, and Lieut. Graves obtained the same rank in Capt. King's vessel. After 4 years of constant labor, especially in the dangerous channels of Magel- lan's Straits the two vessels returned safely to Eng- land^ reaching Plymouth in Oct. 1830. Capt. King published the surveys in 1832. On retiring from the navy he went back to his native country, Australia, where he entered the Legislature and rendered good service as a statesman till his death, which occurred at Sydney in 1855. He was the only Australian who has risen to be a British Admiral. His father was Governor of New South Wales. Capt. Fitzroy brought home in the Beagle 4 Fue- gian Indians and placed them in a school at Wal- thamstow, they were known as York Minster 26 years, Boat Memory 20 do.. Jemmy Button 14 do. and Miss Basket 9 years. The second died of small pox at Plymouth Hospital, and was much regretted, as the most docile and amia- ble of the party. They had all been seized as repri- sals for a boat stolen by their people, and Captain Fitzroy promised to return with them to Tierra del Fuego. King William IV. and the Queen took much 486 SURVEYS BY SEA AND LAND (1835) interest in them, but Fitzroy was unable to prevail on the Government to send out another expedition. He therefore chartered the brig John, of London, to carry himself and 4 others to Cape Horn. The Admiralty on hearing this generously gave him his old vessel, the Beagle, to^carry out his great project of completing a chain of meridian distances round the earth. As he was also desirous of making geological and botanical observations he had the good fortune to prevail on Mr. Charles Darwin (grandson of the poet), a young man who already gave great indications of talent, to accompany him. On December 15th 1832 the Beagle sighted Cape San Sebastian, in Magellan's Straits, and some painted Indians, wearing skins, were seen run- ning along the shore. York Minster and Jemmy Button wanted Capt. Fitzroy to fire at them, saying they were bad men. Here Fitzroy tells us the reflec- tion forced itself upon him that when Cesar came to Britain he found Fitzroy's ancestors painted and dressed in skins like these Fuegians. The Beagle came to anchor in the Bay of Good Success, Feb. 1833, when Minster, Button and Miss Basket were restored to their friends. "I was flattered," says Fitzroy, "at the thought that many a poor ship- wrecked seaman may find a friend and protector in the Fuegians whom I had educated in England." Two years were spent in surveying the Patagonian coast. In April 1834 Capt. Fitzroy with 25 men in 3 boats ascended the river Santa Cruz for 16 days, (1835) fl. M. S. BEAGLE^^^^SUiL--^ 487 a length of 140 miles^ and arrived at a point only 60 miles from the Pacific. The Beagle left Talcahuano in April 1835 for Copiapo and Callao, after visiting which places Fitz- roy steered across the Pacific to Otaheite, making the meridian distances as he proceeded in his circum- navigation of the globe. On its completion he found it summed up 24 hours 33 seconds, being therefore 33 seconds wrong • which he deducted at Otaheite, as having probably occurred in crossing the Pacific. The Beagle safely reached England on October 2nd 1836, having only lost the purser in a voyage of 5 years. The discipline throughout was admirable, and Captain Fitzroy's care incessant : he speaks with great modesty of his labors, which had now ex- tended over 9 years, and were considered of such value that the Royal Geographical Society conferred on him its gold medal " for the first chain of meridian distances round the earth; and complete surveys from the River Plate to Guayaquil." Professor Darwin, in his Journal of Researches, speaks in the warmest manner of the friendship and zeal of Capt. Fitzroy. In the narrative of the Beagle we find particulars respecting the loss of H. M. S. Challenger, on May 19th 1835, off Mocha, on the coast of Chile. She had been making surveys for 3 years in the South Pacific, and her commander, Capt, Seymour, was a most experienced officer. Some ascribed her loss to currents, others to submarine convulsions, as a fear- 488 SUKVEYS BY SEA AND LAND (1846) ful earthquake shook the CMlian seaboard about this time. Only two men were lost, of the Chal- lenger's crew. In 1846 Capt. Sullivan R. N. made elaborate sur- veys of the Parana and Uruguay, as high as Cor- rientes and Paysandii, from which Sir F. Beaufort framed a beautiful series of charts. These surveys are described in Capt. McKinnon's book on the Parana (1848), wherein he also gives the log of his vessel, H. M. S. Alecto, in a trip of 39 days from Montevideo to Corrientes and back. H. M. S. Nassau was three years engaged in surveys in Magellan's Straits and the waters of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, from 1866 to 1869. An inte- resting narrative was published at Edinburgh, in 1871, by Doctor Cunningham, naturalist of the expedition*, giving full details of the fauna and flora, as well as the geological features, with numerous illustrations. Subsequent partial surveys have been made at Chubut and other parts of the south-eastern coast by H. M. S. Cracker, Commander Buckle, and H.M. S. Volage, Capt. Fairfax. These vessels visited the Welsh colony of Chubut in 1875 and 1877. Land surveys in this continent have been almost exclusively connected with proposed lines of railway. In every case the explorers have added to the know- ledge, more or less limited, that we previously pos- sessed of the regions traversed in their toilsome and dangerous journeys. (1871) CKAWFORB ANE THE PLANCHON 489 Robert Crawford led an expedition from B. Ayres in November 1871 across the Indian pampas and over the pass of Planchon, in the Andes, to survey an overland railway to Chile. He followed portion of the route taken by De La Cruz in 1806, and safely reached the Chilian sea-port of Curico in March 1872, having lost only 2 men of his party. He found the highest point of the Planchon pass to be 8,225 feet over sea-level, distant 830 miles from Buenos Ayres and 274 from Valparaiso. Chile would have to con- struct 59 miles of railway to connect the Planchon summit with her existing railway system. Buenos Ayres would require a line of 730 miles from her western terminus at Chivilcoy, to meet the Chilian end at Planchon. The plans show 15 tunnels and 2 viaducts;, the steepest incline being 1 in 20, and the sharpest curve 574 feet radius. The surveys were defrayed by the Buenos Ayres Government, at a cost of 40,000/. sterling. Mr. Crawford's name is, moreover, favorably connected with railways in these countries, such as the Great Southern in B. Ayres and the Central Uruguay, constructed under his su- pervision, for London contractors. William Lloyd and Captain Palm commenced in July 1872 the surveys for a proposed railway from Curitiba, on the Atlantic, to the inland province ot Matto Grosso, for which the Brazilian Government had given the concession to Viscount Maua, Doctor Cochrane, Dr. Reboucas and themselves. The sur- 490 SURVEYS BY SEA AND LAND (1872) veys extended over a thousand miles of Indian country and unexplored forests, and were completed in 3 years, without any hostility from the Indians. Capt. Palm died of fatigue at the completion of his labors, having just reached Cuyaba •, and an engineer named Charles Veal also succumbed to the hardships of the journey. Mr. Lloyd's estimates are 7 millions/, sterling, the line to be partly rail, partly river, in 3 sections, viz. : Curitiba to Coroados, rail 363 Miles Coroados to Ivinheima, by steamer 469 — Sete Vol tas to Miranda, rail. . . . 168 — 1,000 The steam navigation would follow the rivers Ivahy, Parana, Ivinheima, and Brilhante,which are navigable for steamers of 3 feet draught. The greatest points of elevation to be crossed by the railway are, Serrinha dos Capados, 3,000 ieet, and the Serra de Ribeyra, 500 feet higher. The line would touch the rapids of Sete Quedas, where 7 rivers converge, navigable for 1300 miles in the aggregate. A forest of araucarias in one place covers 400 square miles, and Mr. Lloyd found trees measuring 150 feet high and 20 around the trunk. Three of the concessionaires. Doctor Cochrane, Dr. Reboucas and Captain Palm, died before the surveys were completed, and it is doubtful (1877) clahk's trans andine railway 491 now if the line will be made, there being a rival project from San Paulo to Matto Grosso. John and Matthew Clark, who made the line of telegraph communication from Chile to the Argen- tine Republic, are now^ engaged in pushing a project for a Trans- Andine Railway from Mendoza by the Uspallata pass to Santa Rosa, in Chile. The tele- graph works were commenced in November 1870^ the line was 740 miles long, of which 60 miles on the Chilian, the rest on the Argentine side. There are two snow-cables, of 30 miles length, which were carried up piecemeal on the backs of mules. Snow- storms stopped operations from May till September, John Clark and his men being all the time snowed up in the ^ refuge-huts.' The works were fully complet- ed in Feb. 1872. Mr. Clark has crossed the Andes over 40 times, by different passes. In Sept. 1872 Mess. Clark obtained a concession from the Argen- tine and Chilian Governments for the trans- Andine railway. The surveys were made by Mr. Waring Davis and a corps of assistant engineers in 1873-74, and during the progress of the work they suffered terribly from cold and privations. The surveys shew the line to be — Miles Estim. Cost Chilian side. . . 40 750,000L sterl. Argentine do. . 112 1,060,300 152 1,810,300 492 SURVEYS BY SEA AND LAND (1877) The tunnel at the summit would be 374 miles long. The inclines are not so severe as supposed^ not exceeding 1 in 40 for a stretch of 6 miles on the Argentine side, and 1 in 25 for a stretch of 7 miles on the Chilian. The surveys were completed in less than the stipulated term of 3 years. Messrs. Clark obtained a gold medal for them at the Chilian Exhibition of 1875. When the plans and conces- sion were laid by Mathew Clark before London ca- pitalists they required some alterations in the conces- sion •, which have been duly sanctioned by the Ar- gentine Senate, and are now (August 1877) before the House of Deputies. Capt. Louis Buonaparte Wyse, an Irish gentleman who served many years in the French navy, and who is son of the late Sir Thomas Wyse and the Princess Bonaparte, headed a surveying expedition in February 1877 for the proposed Paya canal across the isthmus of Panama. This is the latest of the many projects to make a ship canal from the Ca- ribbean Sea to the Pacific, and it is stated that Baron Lesseps is in favor of the scheme, which is in the hands of a French company. The greatest elevation encountered by Captain Wyse was 480 feet, and it is proposed to make the canal without locks or tunnels. The cost is estimated from 8 to 10 mil- lions sterling- the canal to be drawn from Urubu gulf on the Atlantic to San Miguel on the Pacific, say 52 miles English. The United States project, (1877) PANAMA CANAL 493 by another route, surveyed in 1875, would cost nearly double the above figure. Captain Wyse lost three of his best engineers, from Chagres fever, during the surveys. He was entertained at a ban- quet by the citizens of Panama on the conclusion of his task. Among the previous projects alluded to was that of Dr. Edward Cullen, a Dublin gentleman, whose writings on an inter-oceanic canal attracted much notice some twenty years ago. He had devoted much time and labor to the surveys, but died with- out seeing any fruit from his efforts. The first American surveys were made by Captain Selfridge by the Limon route in 1871. He proposed a canal of 31 miles ^ to be 26 feet deep and 195 wide- with 9 locks, each 10 feet ascent • then a tunnel for 5 miles, being 70 feet wide and 120 high : the descent on the Pacific side to have 13 locks, each 10 feet fall, Total cost of the work 25,000,000/. sterl. This scheme has generally been considered impracticable. That of Capt. Wyse is viewed more favorably. 494 lUILWAYS AND TELEGKAPHS (1850) CAP. XLVIII. RAILWAYS A]\D TELEGRAPHS Most of the railways in this continent have been constructed by English or American engineers, with British capital^ some for account of joint-stock com- panies in London •, others for Government account^ in which case also the money came from England, in the shape of loans. The first line built in South America was Mr. Wheelwright's, from Caldera to Copiapo (1850), which has proved one of the most profitable railways of the day, and was quickly fol- lowed by other lines in Chile, making up now nearly a thousand miles. The first in the Argentine Republic was from B. Ayres to the suburb of Flores, constructed by Mr. Bragg, in 1853, for account of the B. Ayres Govern- (1853) MR. BRAGG 495 merit. The line has since been prolonged, under other hands, to 180 miles. Mr. Bragg is now a part- ner of Sir John Brown and Co., Sheffield. Baron Maua s line at the foot of the Organ Moun- tains was the first in Brazil (1852) : it was made across a swampy district where hundreds of work- men died of fever. It carries 50,000 passengers yearly. Engineer Robert Milligan C. E. At present South America counts altogether near- ly 5,000 miles of railway in actual traffic ; the Argen- tine Republic occupying the foremost place, viz. : Lines Miles Argent Republic. ^ 9 1360 Brazil ' 16 1270 Peru 12 1007 Chile 6 927 Uruguay 3 190 Ecuador 1 76 Paraguay 1 40 Venezuela 1 7 . 4.877 This shews a mile of railway for every 1800 miles of extent, or for every 6,000 inhabitants, whereas in the U. Kingdom there is a mile of railway for every 2,000 inhabitants. 496 KAILWAYS AND TELEGRAPHS (1862-64) ARGENTINE Northern of Buenos Ayres, built by Murray and Croskey for a LoTidon Co. in 1862-64, cost 300,000/. sterling on a length of 18 miles. It carries over 400,000 passengers and 20,000 tons annually. Mana- ger Mr. Crabtree. Great Southern of Buenos Ayres built by Peto and Betts in 1865, has since been prolonged, and repre- sents with the branches a total outlay of 2,000,000/. sterling, for 270 miles. It is managed by Mr. Cooper and owned by an English company, and carried last year 523,000 passengers. The original concession was in favor of Mr. Edward Lumb. Central Argentine, from Rosario to Cordoba, was completed by Brassey, Wythes and Wheelwright in 1870 at a cost of 1,600,000/. sterling, but the total capital, including recent outlay, reaches two millions. Manager, Mr. Fisher. Buenos Ayres and Ensenada, by the same contrac- tors, who are also among the largest share-holders, was made in 1872, at a cost of 670,000/. sterling, on 37 miles and carries 700,000 passengers peranuun. Andine railway, from Villa Maria to Mercedes (San Luis), was built in two sections, the first to Rio Cuarto by Jackson (fee. Co. (under Peter Stuart resi- dent engineer) in 1873 ^ the second by Rogers and^ Thomas, to Mercedes, in 1875. Both for account of the Nat. Government, out of the London loan of 1871 . The cost was 820,000/. sterling, on 158 miles. (1875-77) ARGENTINE RAILWAYS 497 East Argentine, built by Mr. Smart for a London company in 1875, at a cost of 970,000/. stg., runs from the port of Concordia to Caseros, on the Upper Uru. guay. Campana line, 42 miles,from Buenes Ayresto port Campana on the Parana, was made by Thompson Boyd (fee. Co. for a London company, at a cost of 600,000/. sterling. As regards the Tucuman line, 334 miles from Cor- doba, although not constructed by an English compa- ny, the funds were raised by loan in England. The cost was 1,700,000/. sterling, the gauge being only 40 inches. The original concession was to Messrs. Tel- fener and Charles Lumb, but, the latter withdrawing, the line was completed in 4 years by Mr. Telfener, an Italian contractor, and opened to traffic in 1876. The Western of Buenos Aires, already mentioned as the first in the Argentine Republic, has recently (July 1877) been prolonged to Bragado, 136 miles from Buenos Ayres, the funds for this section having been advanced by Baring Brothers of London. Nearly all the above lines traverse flat pampas, where no obstacle occurs, and some have been made for less than 4,000/. sterling per mile. Nevertheless as the total cost for 1360 miles has exceeded IO72 millions sterling the average comes to be nearly 8,000/. sterHng per mile • an extravagant sum in pro- portion to the easy work on such lines. Buenos Ayres counts 80 miles of tramways, mostly 498 RAILWAYS AND TELEGEAPHS (1857) owned by London companies : they carry 15 million passengers annually, and represent a total outlay of a million sterling. The principal line is that managed by Mr. Ford, for the City of B. Ayres Tramway Co. London. BRAZIL The Pedro Segundo line, 320 miles, constructed by •Mr. Whittaker has already cost 7,300,000/. sterUng, obtained by loan in London. It was begun in 1857, and belongs to the imperial Government^ it is 5ft. 4 in. gauge, and is a marvel of engineering. There are 16 tunnels, the longest 2,500 yards. This line carries VI2 million passengers and 200,000 tons of merchandise yearly. San Paulo has a complete railway system, connec- ted since July 1877 with the Pedro Segundo Hue of Rio Janeyro. The Santos and San Paulo railway begun in 1858, by Robert Sharp and Sons for an English company, (Gresham House, London) was completed in 1866 at a cost of 2,750,000/. sterhng, being about 30,000/. stg. per mile. Crossing the Serra Cubaton there are 4 inclines of one in 10, varying from 1,200 to 3,000 yards in length ;» and here the train is drawn up by a permanent engine and endless chain. This line does a great traffic in coffee and cotton, and pays the shareholders from 10 to 12 per cent annually. It is managed by Mr. Daniel Fox. Several branches have been made by distinct companies. (1860-77) BKAZILIAN RAILWAYS 499 Recife or Pernambuco line, built by an English Company in 1860 at a cost of 1,850,000/. sterling, runs 76 miles inland, and will probably be prolonged to the Rio San Francisco, 385 miles further. Weekly earnings only average 5,000/. sterling, but the line has a 7 per cent guarantee from the Brazilian Gov- ernment, which also holds one-third of the shares. The line carries 200,000 passengers yearly. The company's offices are at Old Jewry, London. Bahia and San Francisco, also built by an English company (New Broad St. London) with a Govern- ment guarantee of 7 per cent on 1,800,000/. sterling, runs towards the San Francisco river. Its length is 78 miles, and it is proposed to carry out a narrow- gauge (40 inches) prolongation for 350 miles, at an estimated cost of 4 millions sterling, according to sur- veys made by Mr. Vignolles C. E. Port Alegre and New Hamburg (40-inch gauge), 28 miles^ runs from the chief city of Rio Grande do Sul to the German colonies. It was made in 1874 by Watson and Bevan Smith, for 280,000/, sterling, the capital being found by an EngHsh company. There is another short line near Port Alegre, which runs 12 miles, from San Geronimo to the coal-fields of Johnson and Co. at Arroyo das Ratas. Cantagalloand Cachoeira,90 miles, in the province of R. Janeyro, was constructed in 1870 by Mr. Williams, for a Brazilian Co. A part of the line is on the Fell system, attaining a height of 3,600 ft.over sea-level. 500 RAILWAYS A^B TELEGRAPHS (1860-77) ParaguassLi or Central of Bahia is now in construc- tion by Mr. Hugh Wilson, for a Brazilian company. It was commenced in 1874, and the first section to Sant Ana, 30 miles, was opened in 1876. The second section will reach the diamond-fields, after which it will be carried on to Urubu, 250 miles from Bahia, where it will tap the trade ot the Rio San Francisco, navigable for 800 miles higher. There is a Govern- ment guarantee of 7 per cent on 1.430,000/. sterling, and Mr. Wilson also holds another concession for a line from Belmonte to the frontier of Minas Geraes, for 30 years from 1875. Besides these railways there are 8 smaller ones, and also some important lines of tramway. The Botafogo and Botanical Gardens tramway at Rio was started by an American company •, the shares, since some years back, are at 400 per cent premium. The Brazilian Street Tramway Co. is an English enter- prise, offices Moorgate St. London. CHILIAN. Mr. Wheelwright's line from Copiapo to Caldera was begun in 1851, under the brothers Allan and Alexander Campbell, American engineers. It was 54 miles long, and gave profitable results, being since prolonged to the Puquios mines (100 miles) : it rises to a height of 3,500 feet over sea-level. Mr. Wheel- wright proposed to carry this line across the Andes to Fiambala, in the Argentine Republic. (1855-77) CHILIAN KAILWAYS 501 The Valparaiso and Santiago line was first pro- posed by Messrs. Waddington and Wheelwright, but the concession was afterwards given to Mr. Meiggs, who constructed it at a cost of one million sterling, the engineering obstacles proving formidable. Some of the bridges are considered dangerous, and will be rebuilt. The line belongs to Government, and produ- ces 180,000/. annual net profits, including the branch to Santa Rosa de los Andes : total length 142 miles. Santiago and Curico, 135 miles, is generally known as the Southern line, and shews an increasing traffic. It yields 100,000/. per annum net profits. Chilian and Concepcion, 112 miles, was completed in 1870 by Mr. Slater, another American contractor, who is also making a line from Curico to Angol, in the far south, with a branch to Angeles. The Curico line will be 190 miles, and approaches completion • there will then be unbroken communication between San- tiago and the extreme south. The Chilian and Con- cepcion line hardly pays 1 per cent on the cost of construction, the Government fixing too high a tariff, and the working expenses absorbing 75 per cent. The returns for 1874 shew only 10,500/. sterUngnet earnings, although it traverses an agricultural country. There are also some short lines, such as the Co- quimbo and Serena, which belong to mine owners in the rich mineral districts of the north. During the last 20 years Chile has made 6 loans in 502 RAILWAYS ANP TELEGRAPHS (1870-72) London, amounting to 8,000,000/. sterling, most of which money has been spent in constructing the above railways, say 900 miles, at an average cost of 9,000/. stg. per mile : the works have been mostly of a very difficult character. PERUVIAN Peru borrowed in London the enormous sura of 49,000,000/. sterling between 1870 and 1872 for the construction of railways. Mr, Meiggs, an American contractor, undertook most of the lines, in which the Government spent 27,000,000/. stg. and then came short of funds. After a suspension of works for some years Mr. Meiggs made arrangements with the Gov- ernment in June 1877 for the completion of the lines, say 1,007 miles, besides others which will make up 600 miles more. The Oroya line is a wonder of the world, ascend- ing 12,000 feet over sea level by a series of daring tunnels and bridges. The Rimac viaduct is the highest in the world. The following is a summary of the various Peru- vian railways completed or in course of constrection on Dec. 31st 1876— Miles Cost 11 Government lines . 1,281 25,670,800/. 8 private do. ... 496 4,884,000 2 mixed owner . . . 253 5,440,000 Total. . . . 2,030 35,994,920/. (1870-72) PERUVIAN RAILWAYS 503 The average cost was nearly 18,000?. sterling per mile. The dearest was that of Tacna to Bolivia, 108 miles, which cost 34,000/. sterling per mile. The Oroya is 145 miles, and has cost 29,000Z. sterling per mile. The English line, from Lima to Callao and Chorrillos, 17 miles, was built lor 2i)0,000/., and is the only railway in Peru that gives a fair di- vidend. The new lines are more fully described in the bio- graphy of Mr. Meiggs (page 380). It is expected the Oroya line will prove very profitable by deve- loping the mineral wealth of Cerro de Pasco, valued at 120,000,000/. sterling. OTHER REPUBLICS. Among the minor republics Uruguay is most ad- vanced in the matter of railways. The Central Uruguay, from Montevideo to Durazno, 135 miles, was constructed by Waring Brothers, for 1,350,000/. sterling, subscribed by a London Co. It was opened to traffic in 1874, and now produces about 4 per cent on the capital. A branch line has been commenced by Waring Brothers from Florida towards Colonia and Higueritas : but only the first section, 30 miles, is open to traffic, as far as San Jose. Another railway in this republic, called the North Western of Urug- uay, was begun by Clark and Punchard in 1870, for a London company, on a Government guarantee of 10,000/. sterling per mile; only the first section 504 KAIL WAYS AND TELEGKAPHS (1864) has been opened to the Arapey, about 30 miles, but the whole line, when completed, will reach 110 miles, to Santa Rosa, on the Upper Uruguay. There are various tramway lines in and about Montevideo, in all about 20 miles, owned by local companies. Paraguay has a railway of 40 miles, from Asun- cion to Paraguari, begun by Pres. Lopez in 1860, un- der Messrs. Burrell, Valpy and Thompson as engi- neers. There were 5,000 soldiers employed as nav- vies during 3 years, and the line would have been carried all the way to Villa Rica, 100 miles, but for the war which broke out in 1864. A contract was made in 1870 with Waring Brothers to complete the line, but it was afterwards annulled. The Asun- cion tramway belongs to some English gentlemen of Buenos Ayres, and is managed by Mr. Horrocks. Ecuador has only one short railroad, 76 miles, from Taguachi to Gibamba. Bolivia has no railways, having squandered the money borrowed in London, in 1871, to make Col- onel Church's line of the Madeira and Mamore. The Panama railway has been already alluded to (page 382), as the work of William .H. Aspinwall, a New York merchant. It was first proposed by Mr. Wheelwright in 1837, but the concession was ulti- mately given in 1844 toBiddle and Aspinwall. It was built in 1851, and although only 66 miles long the cost was over 1,600,000/. sterling., as Mr. Aspinwall had also to build a town and harbor at the Atlantic (1864) SUMMARY OF RAILWAYS 505 end, which still bears his name but is styled Colon in official documents. No line, perhaps, was ever at- tended with greater cost of hfe and treasure, in cros- sing the Chagres swamps. It was confidently pre dieted in England that it would be a financial foilure, yet it has proved one of the most lucrative in the world, doing a large passenger traffic, and carry- ring merchandize to the annual value of 17,000,000/. sterling, two-thirds from Panama to Aspinwall, and one-third from the Atlantic to the Pacific. SUMMARY Summing up all the railways of South America we find they represent a total cost of 75 millions sterling, of which nearly one-third expended in Brazil, one- third in Peru, and the rest in the Argentine, Chiliaa. and other republics. Those of Brazil averaged 20,000/. stg. per mile, the Argentine 7,700/. stg., the Peruvian 30,000/. stg., the Chilian 9,000/. stg.: the general ave- rage for all South America being about 15,000/. per mile. The net earnings in the various countries during the last ten years have averaged — 472 p^i* cent in the Argentine Republic, 4 per cent in Brazil, and 3 per cent in Chile. As regards the other countries it is difficult to ascertain the result. The best paying BraziUan lines are the San Paulo which pays 8, and the Pedro Segundo 6V2 per cent per annum. The best Argentine is the G. Southern of 506 llATLWAYS AND TSLEGllAPHS (1872) Buenos Ayres, which has given 10 per cent for some years : and the best ChiUan is that of Valpa- raiso and Santiago, giving nearly 10 per cent. TELEGRAPHS The development ot telegraphs in this continent is of recent date, and may be said to have commenced in 1866 with the laying of the River Plate cable between B. Ayres and Montevideo. The following year saw the commencement of the Trans-Andine tele- graph, completed in 1872. About the same time Dr. Velez Sarsfield, as Minister of Interior, ordered the construction of a network of telegraphs in the Ar gentine Provinces, which at present extends over 3,000 miles. The Argentine Post office returns for 1876 shew as follows: — Miles Messages Nat. Government . . 3,110 302,721 Govt, of B. Ayres . . 415 77,036 Transandine 620 31,640 Various lines 1,385 129,434 5,530 540,831 The National Government lines were mostly con- structed by Mr. Charles Burton •, the longest is from Buenos Ayres to Jujuy and the frontier of Bolivia, say (1874) MR. TBART, Mil. JOHN OLDHAM 507 1700 miles. The cost of construction averaged 100/. stg. per mile. There is a uniform, shilling tariff, and the receipts only reach 75 per cent of the working expenses (33,000/. stg. per an.). The Provincial Gov- ernment line to various camp towns and Rosario was constructed by Mr. Trant, the present manager, and has proved a paying investment. The Trans-andine line, made by Messrs. Clark. & Co., with subsidies from the Chilian and Argentine Governments, is rapidly increasing in business, the latest dividends varying from 12 to 16 per cent per annum. No less prosperous an undertaking is the River Plate Tele- graph Co. under the able management of Mr. John Oldham, who superintended the first construction, and has ever since directed this line. As regards the railway lines their returns are included with the railway traffic. Brazil has 2 land-lines-, the northern to Bahia, which transmits 21,000 messages annually: and the southern to Uruguayana, 51,000 messages per annum. Both fines belong to Government^ they were begun in 1866 and completed in 1874. The annual receipts average 19,000/. stg., expenses 70,000/. stg., leaving a considerable loss to the imperial treasury. The Brazilian Atlantic cable, laid in 1874, was con- ceded to Viscount Maua, who transferred his rights to an Engfish company called the Brazilian Sub- marine. The capital was 1,300,000/. stg., and the com- pany afterwards made an arrangement for partition 508 Pvi\ILWAYS AND TELEGKArHS (1874) of earnings with the Western and Brazilian, capital 1,600,000/. stg., and the Platino-Brazilian Co., capi- tal 400,000/. stg. The cables belonging to these companies exceed 7,000 miles, extending from the River Plate to the mouth of the Amazon and the West Indies, and connecting Pernambuco with Portugal. Chilian lines belong to the Government •, they have 55 telegraph stations, and a total length of 2,650 miles, but give very poor returns^ about 13,000/. sterling per annum. Peru has 608 miles of land telegraphs, and Bolivia 475, but we have no returns of their traffic, nor of 810 miles in New Grenada and 210 in Ecuador. Uruguay counts 958 miles, in two principal lines •, one about 300 miles in length, constructed by Mr. Oldham, from Montevideo to the Brazilian frontier of Rio Grande • the second inland to Durazno, and along the banks of the Uruguay to Santa Rosa. The various land-lines in this continent make up a total of 14,066 miles, of which one half in the River Plate territories. Subjoined is a list of the various cables in South American waters : — 1. Brazilian Submarine, 3,866 miles, from Lisbon to Pernambuco, laid in 1874-75 in 3 sections : Lisbon to Madeira 653, Madeira and St. Vincent 1260, and St. Vincent to Pernambuco 1953 miles. The chair- man of the company was Viscount Monck, and the engineers were Clark and Forde. (187G) OCEAN CABLES 509 2. Western and Brazilian, about 3,000 miles, from Para to Rio Grande do Sul, in 6 sections, laid in 1873- 74, electrician Sir William Thompson. 3. Montevidean and Brazilian, 230 miles, from the Rio Grande frontier (Chuy) to Montevideo, laid in 1873 : electricians Everard Holmes and Edward Nelson. 4. River Plate, already mentioned as the first in this continent. The concession to M. Grey and John Proudfoot merged into the River Plate Telegraph Co., who laid the cable in Oct. 1866 between Punta Lara and Colonia, 25 miles, besidesland wires for 165 miles. The cable was made by Mr. Henley of Woolwich uikder the inspection of Mr. John Oldham, weighing 20 tons to the mile, the heaviest complete cable ever made. The submerging was successfully performed by Mr. Felstead. A supplementary cable of 100 miles was laid in 1876 from Colonia to Montevideo, as the land wires were so often cut in the civil wars of Banda Oriental. 5. Panama and South Pacific, extending down the West Coast to Valparaiso (only some sections yet laid in Chilian and Peruvian waters) will attain a length of 3,500 miles: engineer Sir Samuel Can- ning. Thus South America may be said to possess 25,000 miles of telegraph between land-lines and ocean- cables, almost exclusively constructed by English companies and English engineers. 510 STEAM NAVKIATIUN (1821) CAP. XLIX. STEAM NAVIGATION The first sSteamer seen in ^South American waters appears to have been the Rising Star, built in London by a brother of Lord Cochrane's, to aid the ChiUan patriots in the struggle for Independence. She ar- rived at Valparaiso in 1818, but took no conspicuous part in the war, and ultimately became the subject of a lawsuit between her owner and the Chilian Govern ment. In 1824 the arrival of an Enghsh steamer at Monte- video caused such excitement among the citizens that '' the house-tops were covered with spectators, as well as the bomb-proof Bovedas which formed the enceinte of the fortifications." The name of this (1833) CAPT. RICH A KB SUTTON 511 vessel is forgotten, as well as that of her owner ; but it is probable that she belonged to John Parish Robert- son, as he claimed having sent the first steamboat into the Rio de La Plata. Mr. Samuel Lafone of M. Video used also to claim this honor. The first regular merchant steamer that plied in the River Plate was the Potomac, 264 tons. Captain Richard Sutton, which was sent out to Buenos Ayres in July 1833 by Messrs. Homer of Boston, U. States, She was consigned to Davidson Le Hir and Co.. who sold her to a company : after running for some years between Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, under the name of ^ Federacion,' she was scuttled by some boat- men for jealousy. She was the first steamer to ascend the Uruguay, commanded by Capt. John B. Thorne of N. York (now a Colonel in the Argentine navy), and grounded near Paysandu, which prevented her going up Salto as intended. In 1846 Paraguayan waters were first subjected to steam-navigation by the arrival of the French war- steamer Fulton at Lambare, 4 miles below Asuncion. This was after the battle of Obligado, in which the Anglo French fleet forced the passage of the Parana, disputed by Rosas. Some years later (1851) Rosas himself bought a steamer, from Glasgow, which he mostly employed in carrying plants from the islands to his gardens at Palermo, near Buenos Ayres. "Manuelita Rosas" was an American propeller specially built in 1851 for the River Plate, and brought 512 STEAM NAVIGATION (1840) out from U. States by Mr. Gazzan (now living at Hi- gueritas). Rosas refused to buy her, and two years later she was put on the new line to Paraguay, under Captain David Bruce, who was the first to establish steam navigation with that remote country. In 1854 Mr. Edward A. Hopkins built the first steamers in the River Plate, the Asuncion and the Yerba, two light-draught steamers which were launched at the Tigre, near Buenos Ayres: they were to carry tobacco, lumber (fee, for the American Company established by Mr. Hopkins at Asuncion, but never reached their destination, owing to a rupture which took place between the Paraguayan Government and the Com- pany. The Asuncion and Yerba formed the first re- gular line of steamers between B. Ayres, Rosario, and Parana, then capital of the Argentine Republic. Captain Bruce, with his little steamer Dolorcitas, was the first to explore the upper waters of Matto Grosso: in 1859 he reached the city of Cuyaba, 2,400 miles by river-navigation from Buenos Ayres, and equidistant from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Mr. Wheelwright, father of steam-navigation in the Pacific, introduced the Chile and Peru, each 200 tons register, in Oct. 1840, to ply on the West Coast. Such was the commencement of a company which has now twenty superb ocean steamers, representing three millions sterling of capital, and said to consti- tute the largest merchant-navy of any company in the world . STEAM NAVIGATION 513 In Brazil one of the earliest coasting steamers seems to have been the Minerva, an English vessel, which was bought at Montevideo in 1835, and put in the Brazilian trade by some merchants of Rio Janeyro. As regards the internal waters of Rio Grande do Sul I have already mentioned that the first steamer was built at Glasgow by John Proudfoot of Rip Grande. Steam-traffic on the Amazon was begun in 1852 by Baron Maua, who afterwards formed in London the Amazon Navigation Company. It was in 1853 that the Royal Mail Co. began run- ning steamers from Southampton to Brazil and the River Plate. One of the first was the ill-fated Ama- zon, burnt at sea, in which among the passengers who perished was the lamented Elliot Warburton, author of the Crescent and the Cross. In 1862 was commenced Lamport and Holt's line of steamers from Liverpool, to the Brazilian ports and River Plate. This line has been very fortunate, having only lost two vessels, the Herschel offMaldo- nado in January 1864, and the Plamsteed accidentally sunk by II. M. S Bellerophon off Madeira. In neither case were there any passengers lost. The same owners began in 1868 a line of coasting steamers be- tween Rio Janeyro and Montevideo. At present the principal lines of steamers in the South American trade may be summed up thus ; 1. Pacific Co., capital 2,954,300/. sterling, running 514 STEAM NAVIGATION steamers 3 times a month between Liverpool, Brazil, La Plata and West Coast. It receives a subsidy of 12,000/. stg. a year from the Chilian Government. The steamers range from 1,500 to 4,800 tons, and are magnificent in every respect. A recent report shews this Co. to possess 54 steamers, representing 107,000 tons, and 20,000 horse-power. 2. Royal Mail Co. has two lines, and a superb fleet of vessels, total capital 1,500,000/. stg. Its first line was to the W. Indies, in connexion with the Panama Railway, for which route there are monthly steamers from Southampton. The Brazil and River Plate line is a fortnightly service. This Co. owns 24 steamers, with a total of 54,000 tons and 9,000 horse-power. 3. West Indian and Pacific Co., capital 400,000/. stg, keeps up a regular monthly service between Aspinwall and the West Indies, in conjunction with the Royal Mail Co. 4. Amazon Co., capital 650,000/. sterl.- the first steamers were built in 1852 by Messrs. Laird of Birkenhead, and since that time the trade of the Amazon has increased prodigiously. The steamers take 38 days to ascend the river from Para to Yurimanguas, a distance of 2,406 miles. They are fitted with every comfort for tropical travelling. 5. French Messageries Co., estabhshed in 1860, carries the French mails and possesses a first-class line of steamers, plying fortnightly between Bordeaux, Brazil and La Plata. STEAM NAVIGATION 515 6. Lamport and Holt's line from Liverpool, and a second line from London carrying the Belgian mails, maintain an immense traffic between Europe, Brazil and R. Plate, employing 5 or 6 steamers monthly each way. This company has a fleet of 32 steamers. 7. Lavarello's Italian line from Genoa to Brazil and La Plata, comprising vessels built to carry a thousand immigrants : some of them being up to 6,000 tons register. These vessels run once a month, and make rapid passages of 20 days. 8. Transports Maritimes or Marseilles line, which also carries a great number of Italian emigrants, running a monthly steamer to Brazil and La Plata. 9. Hamburg line, composed of powerful steamers which run twice a month on the same route as the preceding, but also touch at Santos and carry on a great coffee trade. 10. North German Lloyd's from Bremen, run one of their superb (7) vessels monthly between northern Europe, Brazil and La Plata. 11. Hamburg and Pacific, which trades monthly to the West Coast, the vessels touching at the River Plate out and homeward. 12. Havre line: steamers monthly, carrying a large number of emigrants outward to the River Plate, and cargo homeward. This line is known as Chargeui'S Reunis, and the vessels are 3,500 tons each. 13. Jinman Co. from London once a month, chiefly occupied in carrying merchandise. 5l6 STEAM NAVIGATION 14. Matto Grosso andR. Janeyro, monthly steamers of Messrs. Conceicao and Co., a Brazilian firm of M. Video. These steamers are fitted with every comfort, having been recently built in Glasgow. The voyage from Rio Janeyro, jvia Montevideo, to Matto Grosso takes about 30 days, the distance being 3,800 miles. 15. Bahia Co., capital 160,000/. stg., which carries oh a coasting trade with Rio Janeyro and Pernam- buco. The company is a London one, with offices at Gracechurch St. 16. Liverpool and Amazon, plying to the port of Manaos, Upper Amazon : begun in 1876, with Brazi- lian subsidy. 17. Brazilian and N. American, monthly hne, touching at West India islands, and ports of Para, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Janeyro. 18. Pacific coast-line of steamers, between Val- paraiso and Panama. 19. Panama and California, in connection with overland railway from San Francisco to New York, and with United States mail hne to China. There are several smaller lines of steamers in the River Plate, Parana and Uruguay^ also Brazilian coasting lines, mostly of native capital. In fine the bulk of the carrying trade of South America is now done by steamers, not only with re- gard to the commerce of the ocean, but also in all the navigable rivers of this immense continent. STEAM NAVIGATJON 517 As an instance of the growtli of steam navigation during the last 20 years I may observe that in 1859 the port of Montevideo only registered one foreign steamer monthly • this v^as the Camilla, 700 tons, which used to bring the English mails from Rio Janeyro. At present there are usually 30 ocean- steamers enter the same port each month, varying from 1500 to G,000 tons jregister, keeping up almost daily communication with Europe. WAR STEAMERS The principal iron-clads and war steamers of the various South American States were built in Eng- lish dock-yards, and may be briefly recited as fol- lows — Brazilian. — Four or five iron-clads have been con- structed at Mill wall and other English dockyards \ the largest is the Independenza, launched in October 1876 at the Thames Ship-building Works. She is 5,200 tons burden, with engines 8,000 horse-power, armor-plating 9 inches thick. Her armament is of 35 ton Whitworth guns, in two turrets. Her dimen- sions are, length 300 feet, breadth 63 feet, and she carries a ram made of gun-metal. Peruvian. — Four iron-clads were built at Poplar, London-, the largest (Independencia) in 1865, with a ram, carrying 14 heavy Armstrong guns, from 4 to 7 tons each. The Huascar, recently engaged with H. M. S. Shah and Amethyst, is from Laird's of Birken- 518 STEAM NAVIGATION head- she is a4V2 inch plated turret-ship, with ram carrying 300-pounder Armstrong guns. Besides 4 English-built iron-clads the Peruvians have two which they purchased in the U. States in 1869 •, these are also turret-ships, each carrying, in a revolving tower, 3 guns which throw 500 lb. shot. Chilian. — Two powerful iron-clads the Cochrane and Valparaiso, were built at Earl's Ship-building Works, in 1874-75, from designs by Mr. E. J. Reed, with armor-plate 9 inches thick. They are sister- ships, 210 feet long, 45 beam, 2,200 tons, 2,500 horse- power : each carries six I2V2 ton guns, which are so placed as to fire over all points of the compass. They have teak backing 10-inch thick under the armor. Argentine. — There are two iron-clads, two monitors, and 4 gun-boats built at Laird's and other English yards in 1874.75. The Andes and Plata, each, carry two 300-pounder guns •, the Monitors Parana and Uruguay carry 100-pounders ; and the 4 gunboats carry, each, one 600-pounder, 11 inch, 2672 ton Arm- strong gun. rl853) PUBLIC WORKS 519 CAP. L. PUBLIC WORKS When an Englishman lands at any of the great seaboard cities of South America he sees on all sides colossal works of improvement either already com- pleted or in course of construction, under English en- gineers. This is particularly true of Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, Rio Janeyro, Bahia and Callao, as will be seen in the following pages. Some of these great works have been already incidentally alluded to in previous chapters. In order, however, to form a correct idea of the magnitude of British enterprise and skill in this direction the reader will probably welcome the summary which I now give. 520 PUBLIC WORKS (1853) RIVER PLATE The gas-works of Buenos Ayres, established by Mr. Bragg in 1853, were the first undertaking of this kind in the River Plate. They were subsequently enlar- ged under the direction of James C. Simpson, who managed them for many years, down to 1867 : pre- sent capital 140,000/. stg., giving high dividends. A second gas company was started in this city in 1869, of which Mr. Woodgate is manager, and Mr. Whittaker superintendent •, and a third constructed by Charles H. Smith for George Bowers & Co. St. Neots, London, in 1873-74. The last named is now called the Mutual Consumers Co., and the works cover 18 acres of ground, having the largest gas-holder in South Ame- ricB: they can make a million cubic feet of gas per day. This Co. holds the municipal contract for 4,200 street lamps, for ten years. Mr. Bower is the same who erected gas-works at Rio Grande, Port Ale- gre and other cities in Brazil. The gas-works of M. Video belong to an English Co. and are managed by Mr. Jeffreys. Rosario gas-works were built by Baron Maua in 1871, and are managed by Mr. Gay. The first regular foundry at which steamers were constructed in Buenos Ayres was that established by John Marshal, at Barracas, in 1843 : he built several steamers,some as large asl30 tons and 40 horse-power for river traffic. The Colonia dry-dock was built by Captain Manton 1869, and admits vessels of 1,000 tons burthen : it belongs to an American Co. The (1873) JOHN COGHLAK JOHN F. BATEMA^ Maua dock at Montevideo was built by W. H. Cock (1869-72) •, it admits vessels 275 ft. long and 45 beam, Mr. Cock is now constructing another large dock for Jackson & Co. at the Cerro, Montevideo. Among the dock-yards belonging to private individuals may be mentioned that of Ribes and Hardy, at Salto, which has turned out some fine steamers for the Uruguay. Shot and shell are largely manufactured by Schwartz and Co. of Buenos Ayres, under the immediate direc- tion of Mr. George Miles, inspector of the Argentine arsenal. Mention has been ah^eady made of the Asun- cion arsenal constructed by Mr. Whitehead (1864)^ in which several large steamboats were built, and heavy pieces of artillery cast during the recent war. Water-supply for Buenos Ayres was first provided in 1868 by Mr. John Coghlan, but as the works were on a small scale and only supplied the central parish- es it was resolved in 1872 to undertake city improve- ments on the grandest dimensions. Mr. John F. Bateman made the plans on a supposed estimate of two millions sterling, and the works were begun in February 1873. The contract was given to Messrs. Newman and Medici, on a basis of 15 million gallons water-supply every 24 hours-, the Government after- wards ordering the works to be made so as to take in the suburbs. Already about 2,400,000/. stg. have been expended, and as the works will require two millions more, and no funds are at hand, there is a temporary suspension. The works are executed in 522 PUBLIC WOBKS (1871) a manner to elicit general praise, the storm-drains, each 3 miles in length, being similar to the Thames tunnel. More than 6,000 men were employed on the works during 4 years : engineer Mr. George Higgin. Bateman's plans of a port for Buenos Ayres were also on a grand scale, proposing a series of docks in front of the city and a deep-water channel 15 miles long to the outer roads, to admit vessels of 20 feet draught. The probable cost was put down at 3 mil- lions sterling. The preliminary works were begun in 1871 by Mr. Revy, and prosecuted by Alfred Moore- but the experimental channel was pronounced a fail- ure, and Congress threw out the Bateman project in Aug. 1875, caUing for tenders within 6 months, to which it seems no response was given. Among the rival projects was that of Harris and Lizars to make docks for vessels of 14 ft. draught, at a cost of two milUons sterling- the docks to cover an area of 30 acres. Mr. E-evy's project of a port at the Boca for vessels of 9 feet draught is now being carried out by Mr. Huergo, for the Government of Buenos Ayres. A pier has been recently constructed by Mr. Whyte- headat theCatalinas point, for Messrs. Seeber&Co., where vessels of light draught can load and discharge, and Mr. Alfred Moore has a project for constructing docks and break-water in connection with this pier. The water-supply of Montevideo is taken from the Santa Lucia. 40 miles distant, by means of works (1870) ]\IR. HUNT, THOMAS HAYEKS 523 completed by Mr. Henry Newman in 1872. It is the longest pumping main in the world, except that of Stafford. The concession was first given to Henry Fynn, son of a London tanner, but the works now belong to the Mercantile Bank. Among the public buildings of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo some of the finest have been constructed by our countrymen. The Provincial and Mortgage l)anks of Buenos Ayres have been built by Mr. Hunt, the first at a cost of 90,000/. stg., completed in 1874: the main hall is 120 feet long. The Mortgage bank cost 200,000/. stg., covering an area of half-an-acre •, it is probably the grandest structure in S. America. The London and River Plate bank is also a fine buil- ding, finished in 1867. The new market at Monte- video, covering 2 acres, was built by Thomas Havers in 1867, at a cost of 80,000/. In the same city the London and R. Plate bank also attracts notice by reason of its ornamental exterior. PERU Callao dock and pier, built by Thomas Brassey & Co. in 1874, is one of the finest monuments of English workmanship in South America. The concession was originally granted in 1863 to Templeman and Berg- man, who sold their title to a company. In 1870 Mr. Brassey's engineer, Mr. Hodges (who had built the Victoria bridge in Canada) commenced the works, the magnitude of which may be inferred from the fact 524 PUBLIC WOEKS (1863) that during 472 years they employed 700 men, 3 loco- motives, and 15 steam-engines. The dock piers were builtofconcrete blocks weighinglO tons each,of which 60 were placed daily : the total quantity of material placed every 24 hours was about 2.500 tons. The area of the dock and pier embraced 807.000 superfi- cial ft., being 984x820ft., say 18 acres English. This great work is held by a company for GO years, at the expiration of which period it will become the pro- perty of the Peruvian Government. There is also at Callao the St. George's floating-dock, constructed by Randolph Elder & Co., Glasgow, at a cost of 42,000/. stg. for George Petrie, manager of the Pacific S. N. Co., who obtained the concession in 1863, with a pri- vilege for 20 years : it consists of 3,000 tons of iron, and was put up by James Anderson : dimensions 300x76 feet, allowing the reception of vessels of 21 feet draught, and lifting 5,000 tons dead weight. The manager is Noel West, and the dock pays 12 per cent dividend, after deducting 33 p. c. of the gross receipts for the Peruvian Government. Water-works and city-improvements have recently been made in Lima and other cities, the Peruvian Government expending no less than 16,000,000/. on sUch works. BRAZIL The first arsenal constructed in Brazil was that of Sandy Point, Nitherhoy, close to Rio Janeyroin 1846, (1851) RIO DOCKS AND GAS WORKS 525 by Baron Maud, who brought out from England the requisite machinery and a complete staff of English mechanics. This establishment manufactured the piping for the water-supply of Rio, and 72 locomotives for the first railways. It was enlarged in 1873, and the graving-dock can admit 4 good-sized steamers at once. The Pedro Segundo dock, built at Rio Janeyro in 1857 for a joint-stock company cost 230,000^ stg. engineer, Mr. Law, of Dublin. There is also Hett Wilson's dock at Cobras island, besides a new dock which Messrs. White and Co. are now con- structing. Among the other notable works done by Eng- lishmen at Rio Janeyro are. the gas-works, established in 1851 by a London Co. which purchased Maua's concession. Rio is one of the best lit cities in the world, there being|5,500 street lamps : the enterprise gives high dividends. There are 5 other English gas-companies for lighting Nitherhoy, San Paulo, Rio Grande, Pelotas, Port Alegre, Para and Bahia. Rio Janeyro city-improvements were begun in 1863 by an English Co. with a capital of 850,000/. sterl., and carried out by Messrs. Gotto of London with such success that the fever-mortality was notably dimin- ished after a few years. Further works on a still grander scale, for water-supply and drainage, were undertaken by Mr. Gabrielli in 1876, on a Govern- ment contract for two millions sterling. There is, moreover, a project by Mr. Lindsay Bucknall to make 526 BUBLic WOEKS (1869-72) a tunnel under the bay of Rio, from the city to Nitherhoy. Bahia is another favorite scene of English enter- prise. Mr. Charles Neate is at present constructing for a London Co. (comprising Baring, Holt, Saunders, etc,) with a capital of 900,000/. stg., two docks, 24 feet deep, with 40 acres area and 2 miles of wharfage. The steam-lift from the lower to the upper town was built by English engineers in 1869-74, and cost 90,000/. stg., the tower being 191 feet high, through which 20 passengers are shot up in one minute, from the Custom-house to Palace square: over 5,000 persons are shot up daily. The gas-works, as already men- tioned, belong to an English Co., lighting 3,000 street lamps and 12,000 houses. In addition to the above works may be noticed the plans of Sir John Hawkshaw for improving the ports of Parahyba, Maranham,Ceara, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Sul, atan estimated outlay of 3,180,000/. sterling, to bespread over 5 years, and defrayed from the imperial budget. (182IJ) BANKS AND CAPITAL 527 CAP. LI. BANKS AND CAPITAL Banking, as I have already shewn, was introduced into this continent by English merchants. The first bank in Buenos Ayres was founded in 1822 by Messrs. Thwaites, Brittain, Barton (fee, and was brought to grief by its over-liberality to the Government of Buenos Ayres, in 1826. The founder of banking in Chile and Bolivia was Mr. Augustine Edwards-, who is still living. The present chapter, however, refers to English banking companies carrying on business in South America; of which there are 6, as follows : 1. English Bank of Rio., head-office at Bishopsgate, London, has banks at Rio Janeyro, Pernambuco and Santos. Paid up capital half-a-million sterling; re- serve-fund 80,000/. \ shares at a high premium. 528 BANKS AND CAPITAL (1875) 2. New London and Brazilian, Old Broad St. Lon- don, has a bank at Rio Janeyro. Paid up capital 450,000/.; reserve-fund 32,000/. 3. London and River Plate , Moorgate, St. London, has banks at Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, Rosario and Cordoba. Paid-up capital 600,000/. stg'^ reserve- fund 102,000/. stg. In G years ending Dec. 1875 this Bank paid 6572 p. c. in dividends. 4. Mercantile of River Plate (formerly Wanklyn & Co.) has banks at Buenos Ayres and Monte video^ paid up capital one million stg. 5. Anglo-Peruvian, paid-up capital 746,000/. sterl., has a bank at Lima and another at London. 6. Mexico and S. American, paid up 500,000/. stg., has banks in Mexico and Peru. The terrific crisis which has swept over this con- tinent, and the suspension of specie payments in Peru, Buenos Ayres, Montevideo and other republics have prejudicially affected banking business, and caused a check in the previous prosperous march of the above establishments. When it is remembered that in the River Plate alone more than 400 commer- cial houses failed in the last 4 years, for an aggregate sum of ten to fifteen millions sterling; it is only sur- prising that the above banks did not collapse also. The amount of English capital in South America far exceeds the sums represented by the 6 banks above- mentioned, and may be summed up thus : — CAPITAL m RIVER PLATE 529 RIVER PLATE London and Mercantile Banks. . . 1,600,000L Cent. Arg. RR. and Lands Cos. . . 2,030,000 G. Southern Railway 2,104,750 Northern, Ensenada and others . . 2,475,000 Railways in Banda Oriental .... 2,000,000 Buenos Ayres tramway Cos. . . . 800,000 Buenos Ayres Mutual Gas .... . 200,000 Montevideo Gas ......... . 550,000 Liebig and Bobicua meat factories . 560,000 River Plate Telegraph Co. ... . 150,000 San Juan Mines, &c, (fee. 200,000 1,000 Irish sheep-farms (B. Ayres). 2,000,000 100 Scotch do 500,000 50 English farms in B. Oriental . . 500,000 9 Argentine loans in London. . . . 12,970,100 2 Paraguay loans 2^915,700 1 Uruguay do 3,208,600 100 mercantile firms 1,500,000 36,264,150/. Most of the above enterprises give good returns, the railways averaging over 5 per cent per annum. The Argentine coupons are regularly paid every quarter in London, and give about 10 per cent inte- rest at present quotations. As regards the sheep- farms they have for some years given from 20 to 30 per cent, and still look very prosperous. 530 BANKS AND CAPITAL PERUVIAN 2 banks 1,250,000/. 3 railways 2,100,000 Callao floating dock . . . 140,000 20 mercantile firms . . . 600,000 3 London loans 31,840,220 35,930,220/. The less said about Peruvian affairs the better, payment being suspended on the London loans, since 1875. BOLIVIA, NEW GRENADA, ECUADOR AND VENEZUELA The amount of British capital in these 4 republics is trifling, and consists almost v^holly of loans raised in England, a great portion of which may be consi- dered as so much money lost. 1 Bolivian loan .... 1,666,000/. 5 Venezuela do. . . . 6,691,350 2 N. Grenada do. . . . 2,017,200 1 Ecuador do 1,824,000 12,198,550/. There are no British enterprises of note in these countries, unless the Parana Railroad, on which CAPITAL IN BRAZIL 531 British capitalists have advanced 569,800/. stg. in 7 p. c. debentures. The market value of the above loans maybe esti- mated from the fact that their present quotations (August 1877) represent an aggregate of 1,500,000/. sterUng, say 13 per cent of the written value ; al- though New Grenada and Venezuela sometimes pay something on account. BRAZILIAN 5 railways 6,650,0001. 2 banks 1,100,000 6 gas companies . ..... 1,525,000 Amazon Navigation .... 650,000 City of Rio improvement. . 850,000 Mining, tramways, &c . . . 550^000 7 Loans in London 19,214,600 20 mercantile firms 700,000 31,289,000/. Everything in this well-ordered empire seems to prosper, railway dividends ranging from 5V2 to 9 per cent, and other enterprises shewing like fa- vorable results. The coupons on the London loans give 6 per cent income, as safe as the Bank of England. 532 BANKS AND CAriTAL CHILIAN Copiapo Railway. . Pacific Nav. Co. . . 20 mercantile firms 10 mine-owners . . 7 Loans in London . 840,000/. 2,954,300 300,000 500,000 7,549,620 12,143,920/. Copper-mining and commerce employ a number of English residents, but they are few compared with the English in the River Plate. Chile punctually attends to her London debt. SUMMARY The amount of English capital in the various S. American states may be summed up as follows : — River Plate. . 36,264,150/. Peru 35,930,220 Brazil 31,239,600 Chile 12,143,920 Other Rep . . 14,268,350 129,846,240 Here we have a total of 130 millions sterling, to which must yet be added the value of the Brazilian and Pacific telegraph cables, which cannot be less SUMMAEY 533 than 6 millions-, and about 3 millions more for the capital represented by the Royal Mail and Lamport and Holt's lines of steamers, making in all about 140 millions sterl. The income derived from each item is set down approximately as follows, after the ca- pital : — Capital Income London loans . . . . Railways Banks R. Plate sheep-farms Telegraph cables . Steamboat Cos. . . Mercantile firms . Sundry companies. 89,897,390/. 19,570,000 3,950,000 3,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 3,000,000 7,582,610 2,200,000/. 1,000,000 200,000 600,000 100,000 350,000 300,000 560,000 140,000,000/. 5,310,000/. This shews a return of less than 4 per cent, but if we deduct the 50 millions lost in bankrupt loans we shall find the effective English capital in this conti- nent earns very nearly 6 per cent per annum. My estimate of the capital and profits of British merchants in Brazil, La Plata and West Coast is in a manner capricious • but no schedule of English capital in S. America would be complete without some estimate of the kind. 534 LOANS JN LONI.ON {lt>'22) CAP. LII. LOAJSS IN LONDOJS. The earliest South Americaa loans contracted in England were to aid the patriots in emancipating this continent from the yoke of Spain. In later years fresh sums were borrowed for the construction of railroads or similar works of utility. At present the amount due by South America to London capitalists reaches, as we have seen, 90 millions sterling: of this sum 50 millions is due by states that are insol- vent, the remainder being comprised under Brazil, Chile and Argentine Republic, which regularly pay their coupons. (186G) COLUMBIA, ARGP^KTINA. 535 COLUMBIA This republic, under General Bolivar, contracted a loan in London in 1822 through Herring Graham and Co. for two millions sterl., issued at 84, and secured by 6 per cent bonds ^ and a second loan in 1824 lor a like amount, at 8872, through Goldsmith and Co. The coupons were many years unpaid, the republic dissolving into 3 separate states, but in 1834 it was agreed that New Granada should assume half the amount due, and the other half be shared be- tween Venezuela and Ecuador. ARGENTINE. Buenos Ayres borrowed a million sterling in 1824, through Baring Brothers, who emitted the loan at 85, bearing 6 per cent interest. Civil wars in 1829 caused the suspension of coupons, but in 1853 Mr. Norberto Riestra was sent to London to pay the ar- rears of 24 years, giving the bondholders new scrip for 1 500,000/. stg. in 3 per cents •, since which time the coupons on both debts have been punctually at- tended to. In 1866 Mr. Riestra was again sent to London to borrow 272 millions sterling, to defray expenses in a war against Paraguay: the first moiety was emitted by Baring Brothers at 75, and the second in 1868 at 7272. In 1870 Mr. Dominguez raised 1,034,700/. stg, for 536 LOANS IN LONDON (1871) the Province of Buenos AyreS; to make a port, which was launched by Mess. Murrieta at 88, bearing 6 per cent interest. The Public Works loan of 1871 for 6,122,400/. stg. was negotiated by Mr. Varela with Murrieta at 8872- Most of the money was spent on railways, a portion on ironclads, and there is still a balance of one million not emitted, being reserved for making a port at Buenos Ay res. In 1872 Messrs. Wanklyn and Co. arranged what is termed the Hard Dollar loan, negotiating one- third of the Home debt, say 1,200,000?. sterling, in London, at 76. The following year saw another provincial loan for Buenos Ayres City improvements for 2,040,800/. which waslaunchedin London by Mr. Aguirreat 8972, being the highest rate yet obtained for Argentine loan. All the above bear 6 per cent interest, the sinking- fund on some being as high as 272 per cent per annum. The Entre-Rios 7 per cent loan was contracted in London in 1872, for 226,800/. stg. being emitted at 90. The Santa Pe 7 per cent for 300,000^. stg. was launched at 92, two years later. Subjoined is a table of existing Argentine loans: — ArvAJJiJNTlI^JB. Amount due 1824 Buenos Ayres. . 765,100/. 1853 Buenos Ayres. . . 758,000 1866 Argentine. . . . . 1,813,000 1870 Buenos Ayres. . . 962,600 187] Argentine. . . . . 5,036,300 1872 Argentine. .... . 1,200,000 1873 Buenos Ayres. . . 1,974,800 1872 Entre-Rios . . . 189,500 1874 Santa-Pe .... . 270,800 12,970,100/. 537 The interest on the above is about 780,000/. stg. per annum or 9 shilUngs per head of the population^ say one-fourth of the total revenue. There ate also Home debts (Argentine and Buenos Ayres) amounting to 5,100,000/. stg. Making a total of 18 millions stg. due by the National and B. Ayrean Governments, which is about equal to one year s trade, or double the annual value of exports. BRAZIL The first Brazilian loan was negotiated by Roth- schild and ThomasWilson & Co.in 1824,for L686,200/. stg., emitted at 75- which was followed the next year by another for 2 millions, through Mess. Rothschild, at 85. Both bore 5 p. c. interest. 538 LOANS IN LONDON In 1829 a loan of 800,000/. stg. was made at 54, to pay arrears of coupons, the country having been embarrassed by the war with Buenos Ayres. Ten years later another 5 p. c. loan for 312,512/. stg. was contracted at 78. In 1843 a 472 p. c. loan for 732,000/. stg. was nego- tiated by Sir Lyon Goldsmid at 85. A second 472 p. c. was created in 1852 for 954,250/. at 95. All the above debts have been paid in full, and the loans actually existing are as follows : — ] emitted at 1858 4V2 p. c. . 970,000L . 95 1859 5 do.. . . 250,000. . 98 1860 4% do.. . . 700,000. . 90 1863 4'A do.. . . 2,610,000 . . 88 1865 5 do.. . . 6,017,400. . 74 1871 5 do.. . . 3,366,000. . 89 1875 5 do.. . . 5,301,200. . . 96'A 19,214,600?. The BraziUan loans are entirely in the hands of Mess. Rothschild. The internal debt of the empire (including paper-money) reaches 52,200,000/. sterl. The annual interest (not including sinking fund) on the London debt is about 945,000/. stg. That on the Home debt is 1,560,000/. stg. Thus the total interest on debt is 2Y2 millions stg. per annum, say one-fourth of the revenue. The amount of the whole Brazilian CHILIAN 539 indebtedness is 3 times the annual export value. It is about 71. stg. per head of the population, and the interest averages 5 shillings per head. CHILE The first loan v^as contracted in 1822 with Mess. Ilullett Bros., of London, for a milUon sterling in 6 per cents, emitted at 70. No coupons were paid from 1826 to 1842, in which latter year the Chilian Govern- ment paid the 16 years' arrears by giving new 3 per cents for the sum of 756,500/. stg., the amount of interest due. Since then the Chilian coupons have been regularly paid, and the original debt of 1822 redeemed. A railway loan in 4^2 per cents was negotiated in 1858, at 92, for 1% million sterling, through Baring Brothers. A war loan in 7 per cents was issued at 92, in 1866, when hostilities broke out with Spain: this was followed in the ensuing year by another loan, for two millions, in 6 per cents at 84. Another railway loan in 1870 for more than a million sterling, in 5 per cents, was launched at 83. These three last loans were through the house of Morgan & Co., London. In 1873 the Oriental Bank launched a loan in 5 per cents for 2^/^ millions sterling at 94-, and in 1875 another 5 per cent loan at 887^ for a million sterling. The balance on all the above now due stands thus : 540 LOANS IN LONDON 1842 3 per cents 258,900/. 1858 472 do 1,214,100 1866 7 do 805,920 1867 6 do 1,452,800 1870 5 do 861,100 1873 5 do . 2,105,200 1875 5 do 941,600 7,549,620/. The interest on these debts does not exceed 390,000/. stg. per annum, or 3 shillings a head of the population. The state-railways represent a value equivalent to the whole of the above foreign debt. There is also an internal debt of 3,600,000/. sterling (including the Home loan of July 1877) • which makes the total debt of Chile about 11 millions sterling, say 5/. stg. per head of the inhabitants, or equal to V/^ year's exports. The annual charge for interest and sinking-fund on home and foreign debts is 4 million dollars, say one-fourth of the revenue. PERU Between 1822 and 1825 three 6 per cent loans were contracted in London, the rates of emission being 88, 82 and 78, and the aggregate amount of these loans 1,816,000/. No interest was paid from 1825 till after the fortunate discovery of guano at TERUVIAN \ii'u,3'^-i JO , / 541 the Chincha Islands (1842). In 1849 Gen. Osma was sent to London to arrange with the bond-holders, who consented to change their 6 per cents into 4 per cents, and to receive in payment of 24 years coupons due a new stock of 3 per cents. In 1852 Gen. Mendiburu was sent to London to effect a Guano loan with Murrieta and Co. and Hanibro and Son for 2,600,00/. stg. in 4y2 per cents, emitted at 85. This loan was speedily followed by another for 1,700,000/. stg. in 3 per cents through Ilambro and Son, and almost simultaneously another with Uribarren and Montane of Paris for 2,600,000/. stg. in 472 per cents ^ all secured by guano-, as well as a 4y. cent loan with Joseph Hegan of Liverpool and Lima, for construction of the Arica and Tacna railway, to cost 400,000/. stg. The Chincha Islands on being measured were reported to contain ISYi millions tons guano, worth 76 milHons sterling, and giving Peru an annual rental of a million sterling. In 1870 a railway loan for 12 millions sterling was launched by Schroders, at 8IV4, in 6 per cents ^ followed in 1872 by a 5 per cent loan for 23y.4 millions at 7772, by Schroders and Sterns^ besides a small loan in 5 per cents through Thomson and Bonar, at 71, for making a railway from Pisco to lea. All the debts previous to these railway loans have been redeemed , and the amount of the Peru- vian debts in London now stands thus — 542 LOANS IN LONDON 6 per cents. . . 1870 11,141,580? 5 do. 1872 20,437,500 Pisco railway. . 261,140 31,840,220/. The coupons are two years unpaid, and the stock of guano is running very low. The bonds are at one- tenth of their written value. In the last chapter I have incorrectly put down the railway loans of 1870- 72 at 49 millions sterling, on the authority of the Statesman's Year-book, but the Investor s Manual reduces the amount to 35 millions. OTHER REPUBLICS New Grenada assumed in 1834 a debt of 3,312,975/. stg., being one half of the old debt of Columbia, but the coupons were not paid, and in 1845 a new arrange- ment was made, the Bond-holders consenting to take, instead of their 6 p. c. bonds, new scrip bearing only 1 per cent, which was regularly paid for 5 years. In 1850 payment was again stopped, and some years later Gen. Lopez prevailed on the bond-holders to take tickets in a Land lottery. Finally the debt was converted into ^j^ per cents, in 1873, of which 1,951,200/. stg. is yet unredeemed, and the Govern- ment in July 1877 notified its intention of resuming payment of coupons. There was also a loan for OTHER REPUBLICS 543 200,000/. stg. emitted at 86, in 1863 secured by salt- tax, bearing 6 p. c. interest, and of this the balance now due is only 66,000/. stg. Thus the total sum due by this republic in London is little over two millions. Venezuela paid no coupons on the 1822-24 debt till 1840, when General Paez prevailed on the bond holders to change their 6 per cents for new 2 per cents, which were regularly paid for 7 years. In 1851 Mr. Lord arranged with the Venezuela Government for new scrip for arrears of coupons, but Congress threw out the compact. In 1862 the old debts were conver- ted into 3 per cents for 2,812,000/. stg., and V^/^ per cents for 1,382,350/. stg., the British capitalists further advancing a million sterling in a new loan of 6 per cents emitted at 63. As coupons fell into arrear new scrip for 214,000/. was issued, but no payment has been made on any of these loans during the last 12 years, and the 100/. bonds are quoted at 4/. value. Another 6 per cent loan was emitted in London at 60, in 1864, tor I72 milUon sterling, on which the coupons were paid for 3 years. In July 1877 Messrs. Baring received a trifling remittance of 3,266/. stg. for the bond-holders. Venezuela owes British capi- talists over 6V2 millions sterling. Ecuador in 1834 assumed 1,424,580/. as its share of the old Columbian debt, but paid no coupons. In 1853 Mr. Mocatta arranged on behalf o*f the bond- holders to change their 6 per cents for new 1 per 544 LOANS m LONDON cent scrip, taking tickets for Waste Lands in part payment of arrears and extinguishing the rest by a generous forgiveness on the part oi bond-holders. New bonds were therefore issued in 1854 for 1,824,000Z. sterling on which 1 per cent interest was paid for 13 years, down to 1867, since which time Ecuador is again a defaulter. Bolivia first entered the London market as a bor- rower in 1872, negotiating a 6 per cent loan at 68, for 1,700,000/., with the ostensible purpose of mak- ing the Madeira and Mamoro railway, to connect the central districts of Bolivia with the Amazon. No coupons were made after 1875, the amount still due being 1,666,000/. sterling, and the railway not hav- ing been made. Uruguay negotiated a 6 per cent loan at 72, through Thomson Bonar and Co. for SYg millions sterling, in 1871. The coupons were paid during 4 years. The amount still due is 3,208,600/. sterling, and at some future period this country will perhaps be able to pay one or two per cent per annum on its debt. Paraguay negotiated tw^o loans for Public Works in 1871-72, for 3 millions sterling, in 8 per cents- the first was emitted at 80, the second at 85. Cou- pons unpaid since 1874. It appears only 200,000/. sterling ever reached Paraguay. These loans were launched ty Robinson and Fleming, who also got up a number of English colonists for Paraguay. OTHER REPUBLICS S45 Most of the debts of insolvent republics in South America are quoted in London about 10 per cent of their written value, but this is still much more than their real worth, many of them being only interest- ing as documentary proof of the extent of human credulity. 546 CHABITABLE INSTITUTIONS (1825) CAP. LIII. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. Under this heading I may be permitted to include churches, schools, hospitals and cemeteries, and as the River Plate comprises the largest British commu- nity in South America it claims foremost attention. The religious institutions of the Scotch Presbyterian community in the River Plate have been fully des- cribed in Cap. XLI. page 403 ^ and those of the Irish Roman Catholics in Cap. XLIL, page 416. The pre- sent chapter therefore will treat more especially of the Enghsh Protestant institutions. In 1825 the first English chaplain was Rev. John Armstrong, who arrived in B. Aires, from British Hon- duras, and formed a temporary chapel in the pre- (1871) FIKST ENGLISH CHAPLAIN 547 mises now known as 161 Calle Potosi. Five years later the church of St. John Baptist was built in Oalle 25 de Mayo on a site granted by the Buenos Ayres Government: the building cost 3,833/. stg., partly defrayed by the British Government, partly by the Protestant residents. It was opened for Divine Ser- vice on March 6th 1831. Rev. John Armstrong removr ed to Montevideo in 1839, and was succeeded by Rev. Wilham Armstrong: the former afterwards went to Canada, where he died. In 1842 Rev. Barton Lodge succeeded Rev. W. Armstrong, and was resident chaplain for 5 years, distinguishing himself by his successful efforts to found a British hospital, and retiring to England in 1847. He died, rector of Colchester, in June 1877. On his departure from Buenos Ayres his post was taken by Rev. Henry Martyn Palkner, to whom Rev. J. Chubb Ford came out as assistant in 1850. Mr. Falkner removed to the Falkland Islands in 1853, and died there. Rev. Mr. Ford, who had been vice-prin- cipal of York Diocesan school, became chaplain in 1854, and was for some time Grand Master of Eng- lish Freemasons in River Plate, dying in 1870. Rev. Thomas Ash acted pro tern, until the arrival of Rev. Francis Smith A. M. and M. D. in 1871, who was for some time in Java, and is now chaplain in B. Ayres. The chaplain used to receive 400i. a year from the British Government, as belonging to the Consular 548 CHAKITABLE INSTITUTIONS (1831-77) department, but the grant has been recently aboUshed. The English church at Buenos Ayres can accommo- date 700 persons : it possesses a picture of the Adora- tion of the Magi attributed to Guido Reni, also a monu- ment erected by the Buenos Ayres Government to the first U. S. Minister, Hon. Cesar Rodney (1824), and a fine organ by Bryceson of London, presented by Edward Lumb. There is a handsome chapel of ease at Mr. Green's country-house of Lomas de Zamora, built in Gothic style, where Divine Service is held on Sunday after- noons by Rev. Dr. Smith • a temporary chapel at San Jose de Flores is also occasionally used, as well as another at Barracas. It is proposed to build a new English church at the West end of Buenos Ayres, for which purpose the late Mr. Armstrong gave 1,000/. sterling. The American Methodist church, in Calle Corrien- tes, is an elegant Gothic temple, with spire, erected in 1872. The pastor is Rev. Dr. Jackson, under whose care there is also a school attached. This is the first Protestant church in these countries erected with a spire, by special permission of Government. The old American chapel in Calle Cangallo was pulled down and the site sold for the funds of the new church. The first American Methodist clergyman was Rev. Mr. Parvin 'in 1824. The Germans for some years used to attend the English or the American chapels, but in 1847 they built the present Lutheran chapel in (1821-44) BKITISH HOSPITAL AKD CEMETERY 549 Calle Esmeralda, which holds 300 persons, and has a school attached. The British Hospital was founded in 1844, mainly tfirough the efforts of Rev. Barton Lodge, whose oil portrait is seen in the visitors' room. At first the pre- mises were very confined, in Calle Independencia, but in 1859 the present building was erected at a cost of 3,000?. stg., the British Government contributing one-half. The committee consists of H. M. Consul, the English and Scotch chaplains, and some resident merchants. The number of patients averages 500 per annum, one-half sailors or distressed British subjects, and the mortality does not exceed 6 per cent. A marble bust has been put up to commemorate the late Surgeon Reid (1870)^ the hospital has since been under the efficient care of Dr. Colburne. Local sub- scriptions average 1,000/. stg. per year, besides ship- ping fees. The endowments amount to 7,000/. which have been invested in a farm at Flores. The hospital is remarkable for cleanliness and good order. The first EngHsh or Protestant cemetery was estab- lished in 1821 with permission of the Buenos Ayres Government upon a site close to the Socorro church, but this being afterwards found too small Mr. John Harratt and some other residents bought the present site of 4 acres in Calle Victoria, in 1832. The old cemetery still contains the monument to Captain Drummond, another to Admiral Brown's daughter who was drowned, a third to Cesar Rodney, U. S. 550 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS (1876) Minister, and a few others-, the place being now grass- grown. The new cemetery is tastefully planted, one quarter being set apart for Germans, another for Americans, and the rest for English and Scotch. The finest monument is that of Dr. Dick, besides which are those of Gen. Asboth, U. S. Minister, Dr. Leslie who succumbed to the cholera epidemic of 1868, and a small tablet to Mr. Balman Taggart, an American who lost his life in saving some ladies from drowning in the river Luxan. Another headstone marks the tomb of Mr. Priestly, accidentally shot at his own door during a revolution. The English residents of Rosario have a chapel, school and cemetery- the chapel was opened for Divine worship in Sept. 1876. The present chaplain is Rev. Mr. Lett, who labored very zealously during the Yellow-fever at Buenos Ayres in 1871. The Americans have also a chapel and school, under the charge of Rev. Mr. Wood. English cemeteries have likewise been opened at Cordoba^ Corrientes, Pa- rana, Gualeguaychii and other places where Protes- tants reside. Rev. Dr. Humble of the London Missionary society resides at Carmen de Patagones. MONTEVIDEO The English church was built almost solely at the expense of Samuel Lafone, on the site of a battery taken by Sir Samuel Auchmuty in 1807. The foun- (1845) JlNGLISn CHUECH, MONTEVIDEO 551- dation stone was laid by Commodore Sir John Purvis on New Year's day 1845 : it is a plain Grecian edifice with the Ten Commandments, in Spanish, over the entrance. The first chaplain was Rev. John Arm- strong, in 1839. For some years there was no cler- gyman, during which Mr. Rae used to read service on Sundays. In 1858 Rev. Samuel Adams was appointed Consular chaplain, and remained until 1872, when he retired to England, being now Vicar of St. George's Leeds. He was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Raffles Hoskin, who resigned in 1877. The British Govern- ment still pays a subsidy for support of the chaplain here, and in 1871 the appointment was offered to Right Rev. Waite Hockin Stirling, Bishop of the Falkland Islands, who refused it. There is also a Methodist chapel in Calle Treinta-tres, under the charge of an American pastor. The British cemetery at the Cordon covers an area of 4 acres and is nicely planted, commanding a fine view of the sea. Many of the headstones bear the inscription ^'drowned in port." There is a handsome monument to an American naval officer, who was murdered. Among the other tombs may be noticed those of Peter Beare, who perished in the burning of the America, Thomas Havers, editor of the Bimr Plate Mail and some of the 96 officers and men who lost their lives when H. M. S. Bombay was burnt, out- side the port, in 1864. The British hospital was founded in 1857, but the 552 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS (1826-77) present spacious building was not erected till 1867, at a cost of 7,200/. sterling. There are 5 wards, con- taining 60 beds, and the visiting physician is Doctor Albert Mullin late R. N. Besides the English chaplain at Montevideo there are usually Protestant missionaries at Salto and Fray Bentos, in connection with English Church mission- societies of London. Rev. Mr. Schmield officiates at Salto and Paysandu •, and Rev. Mr. Croker (late R. N.) at Fray Bentos. In both places there are an English chapel and a cemetery. BRAZIL Although the number of British residents at Rio Janeyro has always been very limited they appear to have had a chapel for Protestant worship since the period of Independence, a Consular chaplain being always attached to the Legation. There is still living in England the Rev. George Grahame, who was chap- lain from 1847 to 1864, when he retired on pension. Thejpresent clergyman is Rev. George Henry Preston, formerly of Salisbury: the Government subsidy has been withdrawn. Pernambuco has still a Consular chaplain. The Rev. Charles Adye Austin was 30 years here, and retired on pension in 1865, being now curate of Ormsby. He was succeeded by Rev. Richard Addison, the present chaplain. Bahia has a Protestant chapel, in the suburb of (1877) WEST COAST ANB VENEZUELA 553 Victoria, and the Consular chaplain is Rev. George Augustus Caley, formerly of Ipswich. There are some English missionaries on the Ama- zon, and Protestant cemeteries and hospitals at San Paulo and the San Juan del Rey mines. Mr. Pox, railway-manager, reads service on Sundays at San Paulo, and the manager of the Morro Velho mines at San Juan del Rey. WEST COAST There are in Chile 3 Protestant chapels-, one at Val- paraiso, where Rev. Mr. Lloyd officiates; a second at Lota under Rev. Mr. Elkin -, and a third at San- tiago under Rev. George Quick ; at each of these places there are also an English school and a Protes- tant cemetery. Rev. William Henry Lloyd, M. A. of Oxford, was named Consular chaplain at Valparaiso in 1870, hav- ing succeeded Rev. Richard Dennett D. C. L., who had been previously chaplain at Lima. The British Government has suppressed the chaplain's allowance at Valparaiso. The most notable charitable institution of the British residents in Chile is the hospital at Valparaiso, which is admirably managed, and renders valuable services, especially to sick and distressed sailors. Rev. Joseph Henry was Consular chaplain at Lima after Mr. Dennett. The allowance was recently withdrawn by H.M. Government,but Rev. Mr. Henry 554 CHAEITABLE INSTITUTIONS (1833) still continues as chaplain for the British residents. There is also an English chaplain, Rev. Mr. Weather- head, at Callao, and a Protestant cemetery. The nicest and best kept of English cemeteries in South America is at Puerto Cabello in Venezuela. It is planted with tropical trees, and is well taken care of by a coloured man from the West Indies. That of Ca- racas is the worst kept. In this there is a tablet dated 1833, which intimates that the cemetery was estab- lished by Sir R. Ker Porter, in 1832, and a mortuary chapel built at his sole expense. There is also a hand- some monument to the memory of Louisa, wife of Sir Belford Hinton Wilson, who died in 1844. 1806) CLUBS AND SOCIETIES 555 CAP. LIV. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. There are some twenty British clubs or associa- tions in this continent, mostly in the River Plate, a proof of the growing numbers and social tastes of our countrymen. The earliest English association of which we have record is a Freemason lodge established in B. Ayres by Gen. Beresford in 1806. The next was the Com- mercial Rooms in 1811 (see page 325) whose bye laws reserved the right of membership to ''' princi- pals or agents of a British Commercial house." The statutes were afterwards altered so as to admit per- sons of other nationalities. The Commercial Rooms still exist, in Calle 25 de Mayo, and are now the pro- 556 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES (1830) perty of Mr. Daniel Maxwell, whose writings on the trade and statistics of Buenos Ayres deserve entire credence. About 1830 the British Library was established by a number of subscribers-, it was many years manag- ed by Captain Armstrong, and after his death conti- nued for a long time prosperous. In 1862 under Mr. Duffy's charge the shelves counted 1,600 vo- lumes, but the committee having incurred heavy ex- penses the subscription was raised, and the number of members rapidly declined from 300 to 35. The books were sold by auction in 1872, and the proceeds divided between the English, Irish and Scotch clei^gy- men of Buenos Ayres, for their parochial libraries. The Literary Society, which may be said to succeed the British library, was founded in May 1876 through the efforts of Messrs. Day, Forrester, Peake, Hutchison Hiron and others. The first chairman was Rev. Dr. Smith, during whose year of office there [were 17 lectures or entertainments, besides a dramatic perfor- mance attended by 1,500 persons. The library al- ready counts 700 books of reference, and the insti- tution shews more than 300 members. In August 1877 a new chairman was elected in the person of H. M. Consul, Mr. Henry J. Murray. In August 1826 the British Dramatic society was started, and the first piece performed was Bombastes Furioso^ the proceeds being destined for the relief of widows and orphans (see page 330), The society (1826) B. AYKES KACING-CLUB 557 lasted only a few years • being converted in 1828 into the British Friendly Society, the members of which subscribed 10 paper dollars (say 8 shillings) per ann. which was reduced in the following year to 5 dollars: the annual income not exceeding 30/. sterling. The committee comprised the English and Scotch chap- lains, Rev. Messrs. Armstrong and Brown • also the Irish priest, Rev. P. Moran, aud 8 merchants, with Mr. Gilbert Ramsay as secretary. The Dramatic Society was revived in June 1864 by Messrs. Boyd, Pennessy and Moore, who gave a performance at the Victoria Theatre in aid of the British Hospital. About the same time a per- formance, equally successful, took place in aid of the U. States Sanitary Fund. Since then there have been performances at long intervals in aid of the British Hospital, the Irish Sisters of Mercy orphanage, and other local charities. In these Mr. William Martin has borne a leading part, the proceeds under his man- agement exceeding llOOZ. net, in recognition of which he was presented in July 1877 with a gold medal sub- scribed by the British residents. The first English Racing-club dates from 1826. In November of that year a Spring meeting was held at Barracas sands, and in the principal race 10 horses ran, the winner being Mr. Whitfield's Shamrock. In later years English races were held at Belgrano, the most famous horse being Tam-o-Shanter. The late James White had also a fine racer called Belgra- 558 CLUBS ANL SOCIETIES (1877) no, and other horses of English blood. The Jockey Club was founded in 1868 by Messrs. Graufurd, Tom- kinson, Plowes, Welchman and 60 other gentlemen, the honorary chairman being the President of the Republic. Mr. Tomkinson's horse Gauchito won the silver cup of Sept. 1868 at Jeppener. At present several English owners run horses at the Palermo or Lanus race-meetings, and in that of Sept. 1877 Mr. Anderson's horses won two races. Buenos Ayres Cricket Club is more than twenty years old, and has its ground in the garden of Rosas's old palace at Palermo. Similar clubs have in late years been formed at the suburbs of Flores and Lomas. Matches are sometimes played with the cricketers of Montevideo or the officers of English war-vessels that may be in port. The first Athletic club was inaugurated in 1867, and handsome prizes are presen- ted by British residents at each ' concursus.' There is also a Junior Athletic club. The meetings usually draw a fashionable attendance. B. Ayres Rowing club dates from 1873, the first regatta at the Tigre taking place on Dec. 8th of that year, under the auspices of Dr. Sarmiento, President of the Republic, and Hon. Lionel Sackville West, H. B. M. Minister Plenipotentiary, who is chairman of the club. Annual regattas are held in December at the Tigre with great 'eclat.' The club has a branch at Barracas, with a fine boat-house. The Foreign Club was established in 1841, its first (1861-77) CLERKS PROVIDENT ASSOCIATIONS 559 chairman being Thomas Daguid. It counts some 300 EngUsh and German merchants. The suite of apartments is spacious, and situated in the best part of Buenos Ayres. There is a second EngUsh club, called the United, which was founded in May 1870, through the exertions of F. W. Moore, and chiefly intended for clerks of mercantile houses. British Clerks Provident Association was founded by P. M. Wells in Sept. 1861; and has been very suc- cesstul not only in encouraging habits of economy among English clerks, but also in paying annual di- vidends from 10 to 18 per cent. The Irish library of Buenos Ayres was established by Ven. Archdeacon Dillon in 1875, and contains 800 volumes of all the best Enghsh authors in prose and verse, as well as works on Irish history. Similar libraries exist at Luxan, Mercedes, Portin de Areco, Salto and Lobos, under the care of the local Irish priest. Irish racing-clubs also hold meetings at the above places twice a year. Montevideo possesses an English Club in the grand square of the Matriz : it was founded by Mr. Krabbe and contains the usual reading-rooms and billiard- room. The cricket-club holds meetings at the suburb of Union, close to which is also the race-ground. The Montevidean Rowing-club hold an annual regatta on May 1st. to which much interest attaches by reason of the match between theB. Ayrean and Montevidean clubs. The Winter-evenings society give occasional 560 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES (1877) dramatic or musical performances., for the British Hospital. There is a British Clerks Provident As- sociation formed after the model of that of Buenos Ayres. A few years ago there was an English racing- club at Porongos, under Mr. Jeffreys. There was a similar club at Gualeguaychii, got up by Messrs. Arbuthnot and others. Rosario can boast of the first English Humane So- ciety established in this continent, about ten years ago. The Foreign club is a fine building where English and Germans meet. There are English cricket-clubs at Rio Janeyro, Bahia and other cities in Brazil, but I have been unable to learn anything about British societies in that country. I may say the same of Chile and Peru, where the number of English appears small. As regards Venezuela the following information is supplied by the courteous British Minister at Caracas, Mr. R. T. Middleton :— '^ At present it may be said there is no English community in Caracas or any where else in Vene- zuela-, nor is there any Protestant church, or any library or hospital except those of the country- the Club here, is entirely composed of Germans, who have also clubs at La Guayra, Puerto Cabello, Maracaybo and Ciudad Bolivar. In recent times no British subjects can be termed "leading merchants " except Mr. H. L. Boulton of this city, whose business, however, is OF (1877) MK. MIDDLETON ON VENEZUM;:^^=^=^-'''561 entirely with the U. States. A British Company owns the copper mines of Aroa, which formerly belong- ed to Gen. Bolivar, a railway having been nearly completed from thence to the Port of Tucucas. For- merly the British mercantile community was par- amount in Venezuela. "At the conclusion of the war of Independence British capital began to flow into Venezuela, and several influential commercial houses were establish- ed. A number of English merchants and agriculturists settled here •, among the former may be mentioned Mr. William Ackers of Liverpool, for many years the head of one of the wealthiest houses •, the well known London firm of Pawles, Ward & Co. establish- ed a branch of their influential house in Caracas, and there were other houses of equal note. At present, none of these exist, British trade being almost exclu- sively in the hands of the Germans. Amongst cattle breeders there is Mr. William Anderson, a Scotch gentleman, whose farms are on a large scale •, and among the planters Mr. John Alderson, possessing some of the most valuable estates in the country^ these two and Mr. Ackers being the oldest British residents in the place, since the earliest days of the revo- lution." A small and flourishing Anglo-American community exists at Panama, where Mr. Hugh Mallet is British Consul. 562 BRITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TRRATIES (1808-1809) CAP. LV. BRITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES The first English diplomatic envoy sent to South America was Sir James Cockburn, in 1808, on spe- cial mission to Venezuela, either with the purpose of inciting Spanish America to proclaim independence, as so long desired by Pitt and Canning, or to induce the colonies to side with Ferdinand VII and his ally, Great Britain, in the war against Napoleon. Cock- burn's triumphal progress from La Guayra to Ca- racas was like that of a king newly come to the throne. The city was illuminated on his arrival, and a series of banquets took place in his honor. Neverthe - less when Bolivar went to London, in 1810, to ask (182o-47) AKGENTINE REPUBLIC 563 the protection of Great Britain for Venezuela he was met with a declaration of strict neutrality. As early as 1809 we find Colonel James Burke, a friend of Lord Strangford, the British Minister at Rio, sent on a confidential mission to Buenos Ayres to try and negotiate the establishment of a separate kingdom in theRiver Plate, with the Princess Carlota for Queen. Lord Strangford favored the designs of the South American colonies to throw off the yoke of Spain, for we find that, in 1811, when the Enghsh brig Ca* ridad was seized at Rio Janeyro, with 6,000 muskets on board for the rebels at Buenos Ayres, he obtained her release. Since the epoch of Independence there have been over 40 treaties and conventions concluded between G. Britain and South American States, which may be consulted at length in Calvo's ^'Tratados de la Ame- rica Latina," or in Hertslet's collection. A summary of them cannot fail to be interesting, although many of them are now obsolete. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC Diplomatic relations were first opened by Mr. Woodbine Parish, in 1823, as Consul General. Being subsequently made Minister Plenipotentiary he con- cluded a postal convention with the Rivadavia Cabi- net at Buenos Ayres in April 1824 : the British mail-packets were to have special privileges and to 564 BKITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES (1847) remain 10 days in port •, a courier being despatched with the mails for Chile 3 days after arrival of packet. In the following year (Feb. 2nd) Mr. Parish concluded with Don Manuel Garcia a treaty of friendship, com- merce and navigation, which is still in force, gua- ranteeing freedom of trade and religious toleration to British subjects : for this Mr. Parish was knighted, and allowed to retire on a pension of 1,000/. per an., which he still enjoys. In July 1830 Henry Stephen Fox signed a conven- tion with the Buenos Ay res Government for indem- nity of British subjects who had suffered losses dur- ing the war with Brazil in 1826-27. The claims amounted to 21,000/. stg. for seizure of the vessels Huskisson, Concord, Anne, Albuera, Helvellyn, George and James, and as soon as the claims were verified the B. Ayres Government was to pay them through Baring Brothers of London. John Henry Mandeville signed a treaty with Felipe Arana, Min. of Foreign Affairs at B. Ayres, on May 24th 1839, whereby it was agreed to treat slave-deal- ers as pirates. Hostilities having broken out between Gen. Rosas and the British and French Governments an Anglo- French squadron blockaded the River Plate for some years, and ultimately forced the passage of Obligado, where Rosas tried to bar the River Parana. The blockade was raised 15th July 1847, and Lord How- den came out as Envoy Extraordinary to restore (1839-59) KIVER PLATE TREATIES 565 amicable relations. A treaty was signed at Buenos Ayres 24tli November 1849 between Henry Southern, H. M. Plenipotentiary, and D. Felipe Arana, Min. of Foreign Affairs, stipulating as follows :— 1st. The British Government give up Martin Garcia and all Argentine war-vessels, and fire 21 guns to the Argen- tine flag ^ 2nd. All merchant-vessels and cargoes to be mutually restored •, 3rd. General Rosas withdraws his arms from Banda Oriental, and the Foreign Legion of Montevideo is disbanded: 4:th. British Govern- ment recognizes Parana and Uruguay to be internal waters. Ratifications were exchanged at B. Ayres in May 1850. On July 10th 1853 Sir Charles Hotham signed a treaty with Dr. Salvador Carril and D. Benjamin Go- rostiaga at San Jose deFlores, Buenos Ayres, arrang- ing the free navigation of the rivers as follows: — : Art. 1st. The Argentine Government concedes free navigation of the Parana and Uruguay to all flags. Art. 5th. The island of Martin Garcia must not be held by any Power refusing its consent to the free navigation of the rivers. Art. 6th. In case of war the rivers shall still remain open to vessels not carry- ing contraband of war. William Dougal Christie signed a treaty at Parana with Dr. Bernabe Lopez and Dr. Derqui, on Aug. 21st 1858, for compensation of losses to British subjects during the recent civil wars. An additional conven- tion was concluded on 18th August 1859 at Parana 566 BKITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES (1876) between George Fagan and Gen. Thomas Guido, to the effect that said claims were to be paid in Nat. Bonds bearing 6 per cent interest and 1 per cent amortiza- tion, thus extinguishing the debt in 34 years (1893)-, the coupons to be paid in silver dollars 17 to the doubloon, and be receivable at par for payment of Customs dues. Similar claims were recognized for Italians and French. The total of Bonds issued for such indemnities was 240,000/. stg., and is now re- duced to 180,000Z. stg , mostly held by the British residents. The present Min. Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extra- ordinary is the Hon. Lionel Sackville West, who has been very successful in the numerous delicate questions arising out of the recent civil wars, and was entertained at a public banquet by the British residents in March 1876. URUGUAY The first treaty between this republic and Great Britain was one for prevention of slave-trade, signed at Montevideo by John Henry Mandeville, H. M. Ple- nipotentiary, and Don Jose Ellauri, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and dated 13th July 1839. A treaty of commerce and navigation was conclud- ed at London, Aug. 26th 18'42, almost identical with that made at Buenos Ayres in 1825. It was made for 10 years, being signed by Lord Aberdeen and the Earl of Ripon for G. Britain, and Dr. Jose Ellauri for Uruguay. (1839-62) UKUGUAY AND PARAGUAY 567 Many British subjects having been ruined in the civil wars a convention was signed at Montevideo on 23rd June 1857 between Edward Thornton '& Joaquin Requena : the commission for receiving claims closed on Dec. 20th 1858. Diplomatic relations were broken off in 1872, and have not since been renewed. PARAGUAY. Sir Charles Hotham made a treaty of commerce and navigation at Asuncion on 4th March 1853, for 7 years ^ the Paraguayan plenipotentiary being Gen. Francisco Solano Lopez, son of the President. It al- lowed freedom of navigation only as high as Asun- cion on the Paraguay, and Encarnacion on the Up- per Parana. Difficulties arose soon after, relative to an Anglo- German named Canstatt, and a colUsion between the Paraguayan war-steamer Tacuary and the Little Polly, off Villa Oliva, which resulted in the recall of H. M. Consul, Mr. Henderson. In April 1862 Mr. Thornton made a treaty at Asuncion for renewal of friendly relations. Some of the clauses were disapproved by H. M. Govern- ment, and a new treaty was made by WilHam Doria and the Paraguayan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Francisco Sanchez, to this effect : 1st. In pressing the Canstatt claim the British Government, never intended to interfere with the tribunals of 568 BKmSH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES (1859) Paraguay: 2nd. H. M. Government regrets that the Paraguayan Government should feel offended at the attempt to detain the Tacuary, at Buenos Ayres, 29th Nov. 1859. 3rd. The Paraguayan Government had no intention to offend Consul Henderson. 4th. As in- demnity for the Little Polly the Paraguayan Govern- ment gives all this day's (Oct. 14th 1862) receipts in the Treasury. In 1867 Mr. Gould, H. M. Ch. d' Affaires endeavor- ed to mediate between the Allies and Pres. Lopez, but without success. There are at present no diplomatic relations be- tween Paraguay and England, nor any likehood ot same, owing to the murderers of some British sub- jects going unpunished. BRAZIL A postal convention was concluded with the Portu- guese authorities at Rio Janeyro on 14th Sept. 1808, which expressed that a monthly packet would leave Falmouth for Rio, and the British mail-agent would have a post-office at Rio, charging 3 shillings and 8 pence postage on each letter. Viscount Strangford signed a treaty, Feb. 19th 1810, with Count Linhares, representative of the Regent of Portugal, at Rio Janeyro, for freedom of commerce and rehgious toleration, but it was stipu- lated, that Protestants should not be allowed to ring bells on Sundays. (1826-58) TREATIES WITH BRAZIL The first treaty for suppression of slave-trade in Brazil was made at London, 28th July 1817, between Lord Castlereagh and Count Palmella- the British Government consenting to pay 300,000/. sterling for seizures of slavers previous to 1st June 1814. Slave- trading, however, continued unabated for many years and a second treaty was signed, at Rio, on 23rd Nov. 1826 between Robert Gordon, H. M. Minister, and the Marquisses of Inbambupe and Sant Amaro, by which Brazil agreed that 3 years after ratification all slave traders should be treated as pirates. Mr. Gordon in the following year (17th August 1827) concluded a treaty of amity, commerce and na- vigation with the Brazihan plenipotentiaries, Marquis de Queluz, Viscount San Leopoldo, and Marquis de Maceyo •, it was for 15 years, and reserved the right of coasting-trade to Brazihan vessels, although Eng- lishmen might carry on such trade. During the war between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, in 1826-27, several EngUsh vessels were seized. Re- clamations were made for 25 such vessels, and Lord Ponsonby concluded a convention at Rio Janeyro on 5th May 1829, whereby it was agreed to appoint 4 commissioners, and whatever sums they awarded were to be paid by Brazil in 3 instalments at twelve^ twenty-four, and thirty-six months. On June 2nd 1858 a convention upon losses byBrit- ish subjects] was arranged between Mr. Scarlett, H. M. Plenipotentiary, and that of Brazil, Dr. Macedo. 570 BRITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES (1862) The last diplomatic difficulty (17th June 1862) was caused by some officers (not in uniform) of H. M. S. Porte, who were said to have * bonneted' a Brazilian sentry at Tijuca. They were kept some days at the police-barrack of Rio, and the British Minister, Mr. Christie, broke off relations. The affair was submit- ted to the arbitration of the King of Belgium, who decided in favor of Brazil, 18th June 1863. CHILE In 1826 arrangements were made between the Chilian Government and the British residents for per- mission to establish Protestant chapels and cemeteries at Valparaiso and Santiago. The first treaty with Chile was signed at Santiago, 19th January 1839, between John Walpole H. M. Plenipotentiary and the Min. of Foreign Affairs, Joaquin Tocornal^ whereby it was agreed to abolish " the barbarous traffic in slaves," and to treat slavers as pirates. A treaty of commerce and navigation, abolishing differential duties heretofore charged on British ves- sels, was signed at Santiago, 10th May 1852, between Stephen H. Sulivan and D.German Urmaneta, Finance Minister. Mr. Sulivan was afterwards appointed H. M. Minister at Lima, where he was murdered. PERU Sir Belford Hinton Wilson concluded a treaty of commerce and navigation with the Peru Bolivian (1826-52) WEST COAST TREATIES 571 Confederation at Lima, 5th June 1837, the represen- tative of the Confederation being Lorenzo Bazo, Ins- pector of Finance. In 1850 Gen. Osma was sent by Peru to London, and there signed (April 10th 1850) with Lord Palmer- ston and Henry Labouchere a treaty of commerce and navigation, of which the ratifications were ex- changed at London on 15th Oct. 1852. A postal convention for 5 years was signed at Lima on 15th August 1851 between H. M. Minister, William Pitt Adams, and General Torrico, Minister of Foreign Affairs, granting mail-steamers all the privileges of war-vessels. BOLIVIA In September 1840 two treaties were signed at Chuquisaca between Sir Belford Hinton Wilson and Dr. Linares, Minister of Foreign Affairs^ tor preven- tion of slave-trade, and for free commerce and naviga- tion on behalf of British residents in Bohvia. VENEZUELA Soon after Independence, while the States of New Grenada, Venezuela and Ecuador formed one Confe- deration, a treaty was signed at Bogota, on 18th April 1825, between the British envoys, John Potter Hamil- ton and Patrick Campbell, and the Columbian Minis- ters, Pedro Gual and Gen. Mendez, guaranteeing entire liberty to British residents to carry on business, and freedom of worship on condition the Protestant chapel was built Hke a private house. 572 BRITISH DIPLOMATISTS AND TREATIES (1825-53) Subsequently when the Confederation split into 3 republics Venezuela sent Gen. Montilla to London, who concluded with Lord Palmerston, 29th Oct. 1834, a treaty similar to that of 1825. Sir Robert Ker Porter made a treaty at Caracas on 15th March 1839, with Dr. Rodriguez, Attorney Ge- neral, for the abolition of slave-trade. The Venezuelan Envoy, Alexo Fortique, made a postal convention at London, with Baron Lowther, Feb. 28th 1844. In December 1848 an arrangement was concluded between the Venezuelan Government and Sir Wil- ham Colebrooke, Governor of Barbadoes, for extradi- tion of criminals. ECUADOR This republic concluded a treaty with Walter Cope, H. M. Plenipotentiary at Quito, on 24th May 1841, for abolition of slave-trade • and a second with the same envoy on 3rd May 1851 to guarantee freedom of commerce and religious toleration for British resi- dents. Ratifications were exchanged at Guayaquil in January 1853. NEW GRENADA Eight months after the treaty of amity and com- merce, in April 1825, the Columbian Government amicably settled the claim ot James Mac Intosh of London, by agreeing to pay him 187,500/. stg. for the vessels Tarantula, Lady Boringdon and Spey, supplied to the New Grenada patriots of 1821. Mr. (1851) "NEW GKANADA 573 Mac Intosh was to satisfy all the claims of William Skinner Marshall and Capt. Hudson. This conven- tion was signed in London by Gen. Hurtado, in Dec. 1825. Nevertheless it was not fulfilled ; for in Dec. 1851 Gen. O'Leary had to press the New Grenada Government to pay John Mac Intosh the sum due to his brother (less some bonds paid in 1839). Ac- cordingly a convention was signed with Dr. Murillo, Min. of Foreign Affairs at Bogota, awarding 150,000/. stg. to the claimant, in bonds receivable for import- duties. On May 24th 1847 Gen. O'Leary, H. M. Plenipo- tentiary, signed a postal treaty with the Granadian Min. of Foreign Affairs, expressing that a monthly steamer should enjoy packet privileges in the ports of Santa Martha, Cartagena and Chagres. In April 1851 the same British envoy made a treaty at Bogota for abolition of slave trade. 574 PKESS AND LITEBATUKE (1806) CAP. LVI. PRESS AND LITERATURE. Although our language is now so much spoken in the principal seaports of South America it may be said the English Press is still in its infancy. This ari- ses from the fact that Englishmen in this part of the world are almost exclusively of mercantile pur- suits, and naturally dependent on the Mother Country for their literature. The first English newspaper was the Southern Star of Gen. Auchmuty at Montevideo, in 1806, which appeared weekly for a few months, during the Brit- ish occupation. Then elapsed an interval of 20 years, until 1826, when the British Pac&ef was founded at Buenos Ayres by Mr. Love ^ it appeared every Sa- (1806-76) KIVER PLATE NEWSPAPERr'=====^=*''*'^ 375 turday for 32 years, being continued by Mr. Gilbert Ramsay after Mr. Love's death, in 1845, and finally by Mr. George Thomas. During the last 70 years there were in the River Plate 21 English papers, which are now dead, as shewn in the following list — Name Founder Born ' Died Southern Star Auchmuty. 1806 1807 Cosmopolite— Hallett 1826 1826 British Packet— Love 1826 1858 American— Hallett 1827 1827 Anglo-Argentine 1828 1828 Cosmopolitan— Chapman 1831 1833 Price Current— Hallett 1832 1833 North Star-Hallett 1833 1834 Britannia (M. Video) -Steevens... 1845 1846 Herald— Rev. Dr. Lore 1853 1853 Observer— Capt. Geo. Whittaker . . 1856 1856 Weekly— Yockney 1858 1859 Commercial Times— Pilling 1858 1862 R. P. Magazine— Williams 1863 1865 Mail (Montevideo)— Havers 1864 1865 Argentine Citizen— Hutchinson .. , 186^ 1866 S. Amer. Monthly— Carter 1868 1869 W. Telegraph— Connolly 1870 1872 Square & Compass— Goldworthy . 1871 1871 River Plate Times- Joint-stock . . . 1872 1874 Daily Nevrs— Nicholas Lowe 1874 1874 No daily paper in English had previously appeared in this continent when I started the Standard of B. Ayres, in 186], which may be fairly considered to- day as one of the leading papers in South America. 576 PKESS AND LITEKATURE (1862) In the conduct of this paper I was joined by my brother (Mr. Edward T. Mulhall) in 1862, and from that time to the present it has been continually, as it is still, under our care. There are at present 4 English papers in the River Plate, viz. the Standard already mentioned, and another daily called the Herald^ 'now in its second year and ably edited by Mr. D. W. Lowe, an Ame- rican •, besides two weekly papers, the Southern Cross of the Rev. Canon Dillon, founded in 1874 for the Irish Catholic community of Buenos Ayres ^ and the River Plate Times of Montevideo, established by Mr. John B. Home in August 1877. In Brazil there are two English weekly papers, published at Rio Janeyro ; the Anglo-Brazilian Times founded by Mr. Scully about 1864, and the British American Mail of recent birth, by Mr. James E. Hewitt. In Chile the West Coast Mail was edited for several years by Messrs. Cox, and has been succeeded by the Chilian Times^ also weekly, which is got up in supe- rior style. Peru counts one English weekly, the South Pacific Times^ published at Callao by Mr. Isaac Lawton, an American. Venezuela had for some time a paper called the Columbian (in 1825) published by Col. Stopford, half in English, half in Spanish. Panama has perhaps deserved no little of its im- (1849) ARCHIBALD BOYD 577 portance by reason of the well-known Star and Herald founded by the late Archibald Boyd, in 18i9, and now edited by his brother, James Boyd, It has been notably enlarged, and its weekly issues, Span-' ish as well as Enghsh, have a large circulation on the West Coast. The first book printed and published in English in this continent was the Handbook of the River Plate, by the Editors of the Standard, which was so success- ful that it ran through 3 editions in 1861-69-75, and at the request of numerous natives I translated it into Spanish, which last edition appeared in 1876. The following will be found as complete a list as can be ascertained of the books published in our lan- guage in South America. 1861 River Plate Handbook, M. G. & E T. Mulhall, Buenos Ayres. 1865 Cities and provinces of Brazil, William Scully, Rio Janeyro. [l867 Rural Code of Buenos Ayres, M. G. & K T. Mulhall, Buenos Ayres. 1868 Michael foretold by Daniel, Rev. J. Mac Cartan, do. 1877 Handbook of Brazil, M. G. & E. T. Mulhall, Buenos Ayres. Mr. Scully's book on Brazil has been very highly spoken of, the author having resided many years at Rio Janeyro, and possessing an extensive knowledge of Brazilian affairs : he is editor of the Anglo-Brazi- lian Times as above mentioned. 578 PRESS AND LITERATURE (1820-63) Respecting the English editors of most note, now deceased, I seize this opportunity to pay a tribute of respect to the names of Love, Ramsay, Thomas and Boyd. Thomas George Love was a native of London, and came to Buenos Ayres in 1820, being then in his 28th year. He was secretary at the Commercial Rooms in 1822, and founded the British Packet in 1826, of which he continued editor until his death Nov. 28th 1845. No man was ever more beloved by the British residents of this country. The files of 19 years of his paper, which I have before me, shew him to have been a pleasant and versatile writer, full of good-humor and kindness. He was remarkable for having no hair, not even eye-brows. Gilbert Ramsay was a native' of Ayrshire, educated at the university of Glasgow: he came to B. Ayres in 1825, and some years later was made Professor of English in the University of Buenos Ayres. He suc- ceeded Mr. Love as editor of the British Packet^ and in his later years was teacher of English at various colleges \ he died on April 7th 1871, during the ter- rible epidemic of Yellow Fever. George Thomas was a native of Falmouth, and last editor of the British Packet. After the decease of his paper he went to the "camp', turned sheep-farmer, and was not heard of during 7 years. The circum stance of his death was remarkable. In the month of Oct. 1863 I was writing at my desk, and the hour (1863) MR. GEOllGE THOMAS 579 was past midnight, when I heard a knock at the iron gate of my office. On my opening it there entered a little man, of about 60 years, of prepossessing manner, who said to me : — '^ If you will allow a visitor at this unseasonable hour, I would like to have a quiet talk with you, as I have been tempted by seeing your candle to intrude upon your labors. My name is George Thomas, for some years editor of the British Packets His conversation was so entertaining that we sat together till near daybreak, Mr. Thomas recounting a thousand strange stories of his early life in Buenos Ayres, the perils of an editor, the tyranny of Rosas (fee. Before leaving he promised to see me again next evening, adding that he would only stay a few days in town, to make some arrangements preparatory to selUng out and going home to England. I never saw him afterwards, but on the second day following a man presented me with this notice on a piece of paper ''Died on the 13th inst. Mr. George Thomas, a native of Falmouth, aged 55 years." Not more than 20 days later a stranger entered my office with a recommendation from some firm of London attorneys, and asked me if I could tell him the address of Mr. George Thomas, whereupon I related my unexpected acquaintance with him, and his recent death. '' What a fatahty" exclaimed my interrogator-, ''we have been six years writing to him about a property he inherited, and we could never get any answer." 580 PRESS AND LITERATURE (1849) I afterwards learned that Mr. Thomas died of apo- plexy, and that he had been more than 30 years resident in Buenos Ayres. Alexander Boyd, founder of the Panama Star and Herald^ was a native ot Cavan, Ireland. He arrived at Panama in 1849 as supercargo of a vessel, and settled down there, being afterwards joined by his brother. The paper became in a few years a great success, and Mr. Boyd proceeded to New York for types and machinery, but died the day after landing. (1713) TEADE RELATIONS 581 CAP. LVII. TRADE RELATIONS Although trade relations existed between Great Britain and South America anterior to the epoch of Independence they were on such a Hmited scale that this continent might be considered closed against English commerce until the overthrow of the Spanish colonial system. We have seen that a few English merchants estab- lished themselves on the Brazilian and Pacific sea- boards in the 16th and 17th centuries; but it was not until the formation of the South Sea Co., in 1713, that a regular trade was opened. By the treaty of Utrecht the Spanish Government ceded to G. Britain the monopoly during 30 years, of importing slaves from 582 TKADE REI.ATIONS (1713) Africa into S. America, subject to a royalty of 11. stg. per head payable to the King of Spain. The Govern- ment of Queen Anne put up the monopoly for sale, when the Bank of England offered 572 millions stg. for the charter, but the South Sea Co. overbid the Bank by two millions •, and thus enabled the Govern- ment to wipe off an old debt of 7 V2 millions sterling to certain creditors. The English slave-vessels were allowed to take in exchange cargoes of hides, tallow and Paraguayan " yerba." Dobrizhoffer tells us that the tea merchants in London were so alarmed at the new species of tea from Paraguay that they bribed a physician, who pub- lished a warning against its use, as being prejudicial to health, beauty and fecundity. The slave trade was so remunerative to the English that we find one of these vessels, the Carterel, sailed from the River Plate with 400,000/. sterling in specie, and hides to the value of 15,000/. The Retiro barrack at Buenos Ayres was built by the slave-merchants in the 18th century, as a depot for their slaves. Sometimes English traders ventured to bring European merchan- dize to Buenos Ayres, instead of slaves, and Funes mentions the "Duke of Cambridge," whose com- mander, Capt. King, threatened to fire on the Spanish officials if they prevented him from landing his cargo. In order to follow the growth of British commerce with the various states of South America I must review each country separately — (1808-73) ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 583 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC The British Commercial rooms of Buenos Ayres having been estabHshed in 1811 we find that most of the shipping and foreign trade were then in the hands of our countrymen. The first entry in the list of the Commercial Register is the ship Agreeable, without any date. The second is the ship Admiral Berkeley, and the third the brig Antelope, both of London, in 1808. Nine years later there were 12 English mercantile houses, and in 1822 the number had increased to 36 (some of them being American). Mr. Love in his ^'Five years at Buenos Ayres'' shews that from 1821 to 1824 inclusive there were 1,006 merchant-vessels entered the port of B. Ayres. of which 484 were English. The great development of trade in the Argentine Republic has been since the fall of the Dictator Rosas, Feb. 1852, as may be seen by the following summary of exports: — 1853 1860 1873 Cow-Hides 1,005,699 1,662,493 2,538,000 Wool, bales .... 20,514 42,275 210,000 Sheepskins do. . . 1,398 10,715 62,000 Jerked beef, tons . 13,750 21,242 33,500 Value of exports . 1,380,000/. 4,220,000 9,173,860 Here we see that in 20 years the export-trade in- creased 7-fold, and that wool in particular had grown 10-fold. On the other hand in the 20 years preceding 584 TRADE RELATIONS (1831-1875) the fall of Rosas there was hardly any growth of exports. The returns for 1833 shew 927,000 cow- hides shipped at B. Ayres, besides 5,100 tons of beef, and 1,100 bales of wool. Let us now confine our attention simply to the trade between Great Britain and the River Plate : first the British exports — The value of British merchandise shipped to the R. Plate was — In 1831 339,870/. In 1849 1,399,575 In 18^ 2,853,900 In 1875 3,099,832 About 3-fourths of the above corresponded to the Argentine Republic, and one-fourth to Uruguay. The sharp crisis of 1874-75 caused a great decline in the consumption of British merchandize, the Customs- returns of Buenos Ayres shewing a fall of 43 per cent in the value of imports from Great Britain in 1874 as compared with the previous year; whereas the total decline in the imports from Europe was only 30 per cent. During half a century Great Britain held the first place in the commerce of the River Plate, but we seem to be gradually losing ground, while other Eu- ropean states are gaining in the race. The following table shews the proportion of Brit- ish merchandize in the import trade of the Argen- tine Republic — (1850-75) AKGENTINE EEPUBLIO 585 From England Other countries Batio of British 1865 1,601,321;. 3,610,281L 31 per cent 1873 3,868,829 10,344,209 28 do. 1874 2,192,783 7,878,270 22 do. 1875 2,386,002 8,796,300 21 do. This shews that in ten years the British imports into the Argentine RepubUe have relatively fallen otf one-third^ France, Germany and Italy having notably increased in their dealings with Buenos Ay res. If we turn to the exports from this country to Eng- land we find a similar result. To England Other countries Batio to England 1850 425,000Z. 1,560,000/. 21 per cent 1873 2,604,043 6,569,817 29 do. 1875 1,359,783 8,811,247 14 do. . The balance of trade is considerably in favor of G. Britain, mainly owing to the heavy importation of railway material and machinery. It is needless to examine the special items which make up the import and export trade between Great Britain and the Argentine RepubUc. Suf- fice it to say that adding together both imports and exports for 1870 and 1874 we find the returns thus : 586 TRADE RELATIONS (1874) 1870 1874 Great Britain. . . 3,967,600L 3,148,450/. France 3,650,500 3,932,360 Other countries. . 7,739,520 11,415,560 15,357,620 18,496,370/. Thus in 4 years (including 15 months of crisis) the gross trade of the] Argentine RepubUc increased 21 per cent. Nevertheless there was a decline of 20 per cent in the trade with 6. Britain : while Belgium (in- cluding Germany) shewed an increase of 110 per cent, Italy 64, Spain 40, and France (in spite of the war) 8 per cent increase. In other words one-fourth of the gross trade of the Argentine Republic was with Great Britain in 1870, and only one-sixth in 1874. URUGUAY English merchants settled at Montevideo almost contemporaneously with those at Buenos Ayres, or rather the same firms had houses in both ports. The early trade of Banda Oriental was included, as we have just seen (page 575) with that of the Argentine Republic. In 1834 the returns for Montevideo were imports 538,962/. sterling • exports 515,925/. : one third of the trade being with G. Britain. (1834-75) KEP. OP URUGUAY 587 The following table of M. Vaillant shews the growth of exports from Uruguay in the last 30 years — 1842 1872 Wool 2,160,000/6. 35,370,000 Tallow 6,432,000/6. 23,420,000 Cow-hides, No. . 1,244,300 1,258,295 Jerked beef. . . . 29,357toMs 35,368 The decline of trade since the crisis began in 1874 is shewn in the following table : — 1873 1875 Imports from Great Britain. . 1,356,474/. 500,180/. Do. from other countries. 2,858,615 2,188,286 Total 4,215,089/. 2,688,466/. Here we note a fall of 39 per cent in the general import trade, but in the case of G. Britain the decline is 47 per cent. Turning to exports we find as follows : — 1873 1875 Exports to Great Britain. . 1,067,269/. 918,526/. Do. to other countries . 2,193,085 1,620,166 Total 3,260,354/. 2,538,692/. 588 TRADE RELATIONS (1810-75) Here there is a decline of 14 per cent in the ex- ports to England, while the gross export trade fell off 22 per cent. If we add together imports and ex- ports we find Great Britain stood for 32 per cent of the total in 1873 •, 28 in 1874- and 27 per cent in 1875. Meantime it is remarkable that the British Board of Trade report for 1875 gives the value of British exports to Uruguay at 712,608/., being 44 per cent above Mr. Vaillant's returns-, and British imports from Uruguay at 1,136,075/., or 23 per cent above the same tables. The difference may be explained by lower valuations at Montevideo, or in other ways. The balance of trade was for many years in favor of England, but now it is the contrary. BRAZIL The first English merchants were John Whithall of Santos, Mr. Pudsey of Bahia, and some Plymouth traders, in the 16th century. Duriog two hundred years following the trade relations were chiefly with Portugal, and it was only at the beginning of the present century that Brazil was fairly opened to British commerce. Mawe, who visited the country in 1810, gives a humorous description of the British overtrading at Rio, where he saw cargoes of ladies stays, skates, and other articles of English manufac- ture unknown to the inhabitants. " Piles of merchan- dize from England lay on the beach for want of ware- houses, and the people made free of everything. (1810-75) BKAZIL 589 thinking it was generously sent out for their use. They filed down brass pans and sold the filings for gold-dust at so much per ounce to the English mer- chants, who lived in a style of surpassing splendor, till such reckless trading brought its own punish- ment." For several years the commerce between the two countries underwent violent oscillations •, tor example the exports from Brazil to Great Britain fell off 33 per cent between 1820 and 1834, viz. — 1820 2,132,674/. 1834 1,397,305 The imports from Great Britain shewed a similar decline between 1828 and 1834: — 1828 ...... 3,518,297/. 1834 2,250,417 Nevertheless the products of Brazil increased so rapidly that in a few years after Independence she assumed the foremost rank in the trading nations of South America, which she still maintains beyond the lear of rivalry. The present emperor Dom Pedro II. has seen the commerce of Brazil increase four-fold •, the aggregate of imports and exports shewing the following average: — Annual average From 1836 to 1841 .... 9,992,000/. '' 1852 to 1856 .... 19,215,000 " 1867 to 1874 .... 39,158,500 590 TEADE RELATIONS (1874) There was a surplus of 23V2 millions stg. exports over imports in the last 10 years, which has been most- ly expended on railways. The trade relations with Great Britain shew a steady increase. Taking the aggregate of Brazilian imports and exports we find Great Britain stood for the following ratios at various periods — G. Britain. Other countries Brit, ratio 1835 . . '3,650,000L 6,342,000/. 36 per cent 1871 . . 12,967,530 27,363,200 33 1875 . . 14,288,300 21,286,700 40 The balance of trade in 1875 was against Great Britain, as appears thus — Imports from England . . 4,610,857/. Exports to England . . . 5,909,671 It is a remarkable proof of the stability of the com- mercial relations between Great Britain and Brazil that while the exports of the latter country declined in value 5 millions sterhng from 1874 to 1875 the exports to Great Britain for the latter year shewed an increase of 270,000/., say 5 per cent over the returns of 1874. CHILE The efforts of Charles II. and William III. to open commercial relations with Valdivia and other Chilian ports were unsuccessful (see Cap. IV), owing to the hatred towards Englishmen caused by the exploits of (1844-75) CHILE 5^1 Drake, Hawkins and the buccaneers along the West Coast. A few English settlers in the 18th century seem to have gained admittance under Viceroy O'Hig- gins, and when the war of Independence broke out some Englishmen of Valparaiso fought as volunteers at the battle of Maypu. PI Such an influx of British merchants took place during the following twenty, years that in 1831 we find the exports from England to Chile were double in value to those sent to the River Plate or to Peru. The gross trade of Chile increased more than 5- fold in 30 years, viz — 1844 ...... 2,936,740/. 1854 6,391,090 1865 ...... 9,222,040 1876 16,172,530 In this extraordinary development Great Britain has always been the chief customer for Chilian com- merce. The exports from England to this country have grown in 45 years as follows— 1831 Brit, exports to Chile .... 651,617/. 1844 ^'- '' "• '' .... 807,632 1871 '- '' '' '' .... 2,010,060 1875 " '' '' '' .... 2,207,418 The commercial crisis which has swept the mari- time states of South America in the last 5 years has caused a decline of 20 per cent in the value of ChiUan imports from Great Britain, but not so much affected exports, as shewn in this table. 592 TRADE RELATIONS (1871-75) Exports to G. B. Imports from G.B. 1872 •. . . . 5,591,780L 3,147,840 1876 .... 4,276,060 2,525,150 Adding together imports and exports we find the proportion of British trade in the total was as fol- lows — British Other countries Brit, ratio 1871 . . 5,808,420L 5,519,570 49 per cent 1874 . . 7,451,600 9,346,400 45 1876 . . 6,801,210 9,371,320 42 Here we see a steady decline of British relations, the falling-off amounting to 650,000L in comparing 1876 with 1874, whereas the Chilian trade with other countries »^hews a slight increase. It will be, moreover, observed that there is a heavy balance of trade in favor of Chile and against Eng- land, the value of bar-copper alone that is annually shipped to Enghsh ports being 50 per cent more than the total of British exports to Chile. PERU Notwithstanding the frequent earthquakes and re- volutions of Peru, and the small number of British residents, this republic has during the last half-centu- ry maintained a brisk trade with England. The value of British imports has grown, and the declined in the following scale — 1831-75) PERU 593 1831 Imports from England . . . 409,003/. 1840 " '' "... 799,991 1850 " " "... 845,639 1872 " " '' . . . 2,870^238 1875 " " " ... 1,594,499 The decline of 45 per cent in the last 3 years was owing to the crisis. Guano formed for nearly 30 years the chief product of Peru, the shipments to England reaching 242,000 tonsinl871,since which time, however,it has begun to decline- it is now quite superseded by nitre. Meantime there is little or no falling-off in the annual value of Peruvian exports to Great Britain. The gross amount of guano and nitre shipments to England in 6 years (1870-1875) represented a value of 17,270,000/. stg., being an annual average of less than 3 millions, while the export of these two articles in 1875 to Great Britain reached 2,862,000/. Taking imports and exports collectively we find that Great Britain stood in 1872 for 65 per cent of the trade of Peru, and in 1875 for more than 50 per cent. The balance of trade is largely against Great Britain, the exports of Peru to England reaching 28 millions stg. in the last 6 years, and the British imports only 13 millions. OTHER COUNTRIES As Columbia formerly included New Grenada, Ve- nezuela and Ecuador it may be convenient to consider 594 TRADE RELATIONS (1831-75) them still in the aggregate. The value of British ex- ports to these States was as follows — In 1831 .... 248,250/. '' 1849 .... 519,799 '' 1875 .... 1,782,740 It would seem that the value of native products has not increased of late years. The exports to 6. Britain from these 3 republics shewed— In 1871 .... 1,380,000/. ^^ 1875 .... 1,233,000 The balance of trade in 1875 was in favor of Great Britain, the exports to Columbia being half-a-miUion sterling over the imports. Besides the actual trade of these states with foreign countries there is a great transit traffic across the Isthmus of Panama, estimat- ed at 17 millions sterling per annum, of which two- thirds from the Pacific to the Atlantic. As regards the inland republics of Bolivia and Pa raguay they have no trade relations with G. Britain, although they consume a small quantity of British manufactures, which BoHvia obtains from the West Coast, 'and Paraguay from the ports of River Plate. British, Dutch and French Guiana can scarcely be regarded as parts of South America, any more than the Falkland Islands •, none of these colonies possess- ing any interest historical, commercial or other- wise. (1877) SUMMARY 595 SUMMARY What is the relative value of British trade with South America? Is this trade on the increase or the decline? The total value of import and export commerce between Great Britain and South America in 1875 was 33,780,000?., out of a total of 597,310,000/. stg. the trade of Great Britain same year. If we take the principal countries composing the said total we find the aliquot parts stand thus — United States ... 15 Prance 10 India 9 Belgium & Holland 8 Germany 7 Australia 7 South America. . . 6 Russia 5 Canada 3 China 3 Egypt . 2 Sweden & Norway 2 Turkey 2 Italy 2 Spain. ....... 2 Other countries . . 17 100 Here we see that out of 35 customers in the list of the Board of Trade the 7th place is held by South America, which almost equals in importance the whole commerce of the Australian colonies. As re- gards the balance of trade it is in favor of South America, in the ratio of 6 to 5, the exports to Great 590 TRADE KEI.ATIONS (1731-75) Britain in 1875 shewing a surplus of 8,380,000/. over imports from England. During the last half-century the trade between Britain and South America has multiplied six-fold. If we suppose that the value of imports aud exports was nearly equal in former years we have but to double the figures of British exports (as in Board of Trade returns) for such years: then the account would stand thus : — 1831 trade with G Britain . . . 4,800,000/. 1849 '' " " " . . . 9,400,000 1875 " '' ''' '' ... 33,780,000 The exact returns for 1875 were — Imports from G. Britain 15,200,000/: Exports to Great Britain— 18,580,000/. stg. Taking the various states which make up these figures we find the aliquot parts thus— Imports Exports Brazil 40 .... 32 Peru 13 Chile 16 River Plate 20 Columbia 11 28 22 12 6 100 100 As Brazil takes nearly two fifths of the whole trade between this continent and Great Britain, and shews SUMMARY 597 a steady increase, this counter-balances whatever momentary decline is observable in Chile and the River Plate during the present crisis. In order more clearly to shew the tendency of trade in the various countries the following table indicates the value of imports from England as com- pared with exports to that country: Imports Exports Brazil as Chile Peru River Plate . . . Columbia General average Adding together the import and export trade with Great Britain we find Brazil stands for 36 per cent. Chile and Peru 38, River Plate 17, and Columbia 9 per cent, of the total. , If we compare the respective trade-relations of South America and those of Canada with G.Britain we find the former are nearly double the impor- tance of those of the Dominion, one of England's best and proudest colonies, with 4 millions of British subjects. as . 10 to 10 . 6 10 4 10 10 8 . 10 7 8 10 598 THE I'lITUKiS CAP. LVIII. THE FUTURE Casting a glance over the map of South America we see in every country evidences of British enter- prise and genius employed in the development of natural resources, or in works of public utility. We see also in the principal seaports flourishing English communities, connected with the native inhabitants not only by commercial intercourse but by ties of intermarriage, especially in the River Plate and on the West Coast. Hence we may reasonably anticipate that English relations will progress as steadily in the future as in the past^ and the beginning of the next century will perhaps see a preponderance of English THE FUTURE 599 ideas, as well as the elevation of men of English descent to some of the highest posts in the public service. Meantime the spread of our language and litera- ture is the best indication of the destiny of our race in this part of the world. All the educated classes inBrazil, La Plata and Chile are conversant with the best English authors, speak our tongue with exceptional facility, and such as make a journey to Europe inva- riably return with the fullest admiration for the laws and institutions of Great Britain. It may appear surprising that in a continent twice the size of Europe, where the total number of English residents is hardly equal to the population of Chester or Carlisle, and does not reach one in 800 of the inha- bitants, the English element has in a few years been able to make its impress felt in a greater degree than any other foreign nationality. This appears mainly owing to the influence of British capital and trade. Commercial relations may at any time suffer a de- cline, either from a passing crisis, or because British merchants may prefer to trade with the colonies of Canada or Australia. But the bulk of English capi- tal in this continent is independent of the fluctuations of commerce, being for the chief part connected with permanent enterprises, such as railways, city-im- provements, docks, mining, and a hundred other in- dustries, from the valley of the Amazon to the Straits of Magellan. 600 THE FUTURE Everyday fresh undertakings are begun, in which British capital is called on to perform the wonders of a magician. On one side we behold Captain Wyse engaged in a project for cutting the Isthmus of Pa- nama, a work equal in importance to the Suez Canal. On an<)ther we have the completed plans for a rail- way fram Buenos Ayres to Chile, scaling those snowy heights — '' Where Andes, ^iaut of the western star, • ►"Looks from his throne of clouds o'er half the world." Whatever may be the fortunes of South America during the next fifty years, one thing seems certain, that its development in the arts of peace will be in a great manner identified .with the growth of its relations with Britain . 601 APPENDIX APPENDIX A.— CAP. II. Page 23. It seems Dongbty was not shot, but beheaded. Drake*s chaplain, Fletcher, wrote, "The world eneompipsed by Sir Francis Drake," afterwards published by the Earl of Oxford, Lmdon 1745, in which he stafcas that when they dug up the groand to inter Dough ty's corpse they found in thafc exact spot the banes of Juan Cartagena, whom Magellan shot oS years before for a similar offence to Doughty's. Fletcher was in such favor with Drake that the latter presenied him with the sacred veisels taken in Backing the church at Valparaiso. Page 26. Cavendish visited the colony a second time, when he found all had died but one m-m, named Thome Hernandez, whom he rescued. This is probably the reason of Southey's error. Page 29. The remains of a supposed giant found at Arrecifes in 1766, were sent to Spain, and foind to bo those of an ante-diluvian •quadruped. APPENDIX B.— CAP. III. Page 35. Asuncion was founded in 1536, and hence started five successive expeditions in search of the fabled King of Xarayes, between Paraguay and Peru, who lived in a palace resplendent with gold and precious stones. A similar fable was at the same time propagated in Peru, respecting Trapalanda, or the Cifcy of the Cesars, supposed to b3 on the Eastern slope of the Andes : the walls were of siUer, the roofs of gold, and the windows of diamonds. So late as the 18th C3ntury an expedition left Buenos Ayres in search of the City of the Cesars. 602 APPENDIX. APPENDIX C— CAP. IV. Page 43. At this time Hag^uenofc colonies were also established in. Brazil ; one in 1611, by Daniel Latouche, probably a member of the family of that name which removed to Ireland about this time- and established the well-known bankini? firm. The city of Ilia Janeyro was founded by Villegagnon's Huguenots 55 years before^ Latouche. Page 47. Patterson was founder of the Bank of England. He ha.* been unfairly regarded as an unscrupulous adventurer. He dieol' in abject poverty. APPENDIX D.— CAP. V. Page 54. Davis, the buccaneer, is not to be confounded with AdmiraE Davis, who discovered the Falkland Islands nearly a century: before (in 1592). APPENDIX E.— CAP. VII. Page 65. Dr. Anjel Carranza, the historical writer, of Buenos Ayres. published in 1874 a pamphlet on Vernon's defeat. He lays all the blame on Gen. Wentworth, and puts down the British loss at 9,000 men killed or wounded, and 20 vessels sunk or burnt. Among the killed were L )rd Aubrey Beauclerk and Capt. Moore^ the latter a distinguished ensineei* who had rendered gallant service in the defence of Gibraltar. The Spaniards said their loss- did not exceed 200 men. APPENDIX K.— CAP. XI. Page, 95. The terms granted by Bet esford — 1. All Spanish troops who were here when the Britisk entered are allowed the honors of war, laying down their arms, and> becoming prisoners of war. As regards native militia, they may- go to their homes after taking the oath of allegiance to King George. 2. All private or ecclesiastical property will be respected. 3. No one will be obliged to take arms against His Catholic Majesty. . APPENDIX. 603 4. The CabiMo will confinne to enjoy its rank and privileges, 5. The pahlic archives will bo t iken into proper care. 6. Taxes will be collectei as heretofore. 7. Kvery respect will be paid to the Holy Catholic Religion, the ill istrious Bi.-^hop and all the clercry. 8. The clerical anthorities will continue as before. 9. All boafs he z^d on the coast are returned to their owners. 10. All property of the Spaaidh Crown must be handed over to the Britiah General. Page 96. Each wasrsfon was drawn by six horse<«, and marked *' Trea- Btire." The first w ^{jgon was «nrinounted with the royal banner of Spain, tiken in the f )rt of Baenos Ayros ; the following ones bore fimall fligs wi h the inscriptions *' Popham," " Bcresford," " Buenos Ayres," "Victory" Behind the on voy were marines and blup-jackets, drawinj): two oannons taken at Qallmea. As the treasure was conveyed to the Kank oE Wngland the streets rang with cheers for Popham and Beresford, the p^^ople imagining that the River Plate w; s renliy the El Dorado so hmg s )Uo:ht for by Jialeigh. This spect cle occurred in Sept. 1806, and the Govern- mei.t at once got raidy the reinforcements demanded by Popham ; while British merchants prepared to open up the commerce and resources of so rich a country. Amini^ the articles sh'pped for Buenos Ay res we read of | ick-axes on the newest model for cutting the veins of solid gold, bupp bed to be so common here. Page 97. Liniers volunteered to stake his h^ad for the success of the attempt if 500 men were given him; it was promptly decided at the council of war in Montevideo (July 19th) to ^ive him 600 men, and afl >tilla of 22 sidiooners an I whaldboatn. In four days all was ready, and on July 23rd Linieri set < ut by land. His little army comprised 500 legular triiops and 100 Catalan volunteers, and he enconnteie I such terrific sto'-ms, it being mid-winter, that on the fourtn «1ay he was only as far as Canelones, 30 miles from Montevideo ; next d.iy he passed through San Jos5, and reached Colonia on the 28th July. Page 99. When Quintana rraohed the fort General Beresford was in oouncil with the Binhop, the Cabildo and the Chamber of Com- mercse. After some de'ay he sent this reply : — " B. Ayies, 10th August, 1806. " Colonel Liniers, — I have received your note and agree tiiat the fortune of war is variable. Your force, numeiically, is, doubtless, superior to mine, but the comparison about discipline is needless. 00 i APPENDIX. "You are mistakea in supposing T took Buenoa Ayres without opposifcion, sinca it was only after t\vic3 beating tha enemy ; aad as I am always desirous to uphold the good nama of my country, 1 seek also to preserve the reputa o£ the troops under my orders. " Under these circumstaacas I have only to scy that I shall hold my gpouni as long as prudence may dictate, to save this city from possible calamities, which no one could ragret more than myself, and which could never oc3ur if all the inhabitants acted with good faith. " I have the honor to remain, " William Carr Bkkk^foiid, Major-Gen. of the British army." Page 102. Popham adds that Beresford " said if the assailants did not ' *' instantiy fall back he would haul down the white flig and "re-commence hostilitie-J, which hal the dasired effect; whert- *' upon Beresford sent his conditions to the Spanish General, and *' the latter promptly accepted them." Page 105. Liniers and Nunez suppose the British loss to have been about 400 men. This is impossible, seeing that Beresford's forca originally was but 1,635 men, out of which number he sent hom3 half the Marine battalion, and had still 1,200 the day he surrendered. Page 127. The clock is still kept in the Men's Hospital of Buenos Ayres. It is wound every fifteen days, and has gone regularly without repairs during the last 6S years. It is of alabaster, gold- mounted, and bears this inscription : — " Presented by the 71st Regiment as a slight testimony of gratitude to the Bethlemite Fathers for their great kindness towards the soldiers of this and other British regiments at Buenos Ayres. "London, April 3rd, 1809." APPENDIX L.— CAP. XVI, Page 154. Dr. Carranza is of opinion that the British Government did not restore to Brown half the value of his ship. APPENDIX. 60 t APPPJND3X M.— CAP. XVII. Page 169. In Novdnber 1877 a commiltee wns formed to eiect a statue to Admiral Brown. It rompiisrs the Minister of War, Admiral Oorde/o, Gtn. Mitre, Dr. Anjel J. C arranza, and among others the author of the present work. APPENDIX N.~CAP. XYIII. Page 177. Commodore Bysson : this is a misprint for Bynon, whose seiTices are more fully detailed in Cap. XXXIII, page 321. APPENDIX 0.— CAP. XXI. Page 213. Admiral Parker, who died a few years ago at Montevideo, was an Englishman born, and served many years, with much distinc- tion, in the Brazilian ravj. He was second in command of the Imperial flotilla, under Admiral Grenfell, in 1852, in aiding" Gen. Ui-quiza's army to cross the Parana and overthrow Gen. Rasas. He afterwards com^nanded a flotilla in the Amazon, when the frontier question arose with Peru. HaviusT married in Monte- video he passed the remaining years of his life there. His son is an estanciero in Entre Rios. Page 214. Field Marshal Gustavus Brown, of Brazil, was pot of English^ but of Prasbian origin. Page 226. At Buenos Ayres General Miller was for some weeks the gues of Mr. W. Parish Robertson. A dinner was given by the British merchants at Faunch's hotel to celebrate Miller's return, and the guests had occasion to be spectators, from the flat roof, of one of Admiral Brown's most brilliant victories over the Brazilian flset. Before leaving for England, in March, Miller accompanied Rev. Mr. Armstrong to viait the Scotch colony of Moute Grande ; 15 children were christened, and this was fulloweJ by a dinner at which 250 colonists sat down to table. APPENDIX P.— CAP. XXIV. Page 241. The Pernvian Navy -list also contains the following names:— Lieut. Evan Griffiths was pilot of the Peruvian fleet from Kov. 1823 till his death, in April 1832. 606 AFPENUX. Lieut. Robert Dawes was ma'^e a Bub-lientenant in November 1829, and bavinur served <^ board the Liberfal, became a L'euten;int in October 1834. Wh'^n the fleet was ' iacbHr^ed in 18.'i8, be was given a post nt Callao, in which fi.rtress he was sometime besieged, but subsequently escaped and commanded a privateer. Sub-Lieufenant William Hardy entered the service iu 1836 as pilot, and was promoted to be Snb-L eutenant. Sub-Tjieutenant John Diinlop aUo entereJ the service in 1836. Sub-Lieutenant James Rislen served in 1836 at (.'horrillo^, aboard the Santa Cruz, and the following year at Guayaquil, aboard the Congreso. Lieut. Fte leric Elmore re-entered the Peruvian service in January 18J^4 as Ijieutenant-de-fregate. liieut. John Truist was 2nd pilot of the Congreso, and made Sub-Lieulenanfc in June 1831. After two years leave of absence in England he was promoted to be Second Lieutenant. APPENDIX Q.— CAP. XXVIII. Page 274. General O'Leary's deceas'^ was in 1854. His uncle was the ve- nerated Father Arthur O'Leify, over whose remains Lord Moira erected a monument in St. Pancras churchyard. APPENDIX R.— CAP. XXX. Page 296. The aecount of ibe baft'e of Carahobo is from the pages of * All the Year Round,' wtitten by a survivor. Page 326. Many people have questioned the possibility of riding 28 mil^ in 65 minutes; I suppose Mr. Hiison h;.d sa Idled horses wait- ing for him at each pot-house. In this manner Cripfain rode from Pavon to Ihienos Ayres, say 200 miles, in 22 hours after the battle of Sept. 17th, 1861, but he died next day. S )mebody recently rode in England 100 miles in 5^ hours, on 9 horses. APPENDIX S.— CAP. XXXIV. Page 330. Vol. 1st of the British Paclcet contains many interesting it^mg. Aug. 12th. ICnglish theatricals— * Bombastes Farinso.' Pro- dnced ^200 for the widows and orphans of Admiral Brown'u sailors. APPENDIX. 607 Anjr. 26th. Committee of English merchants for ensuing year: — Messrs. William Orr, John Carlisle, John Harratt, B. Jamieson, J. R. P zey, William Hardfsty and Joshua Thwaites. Sept. 2nd. Meetinp^ convened by Consul Parish to petition the British Government for f ands to build a chnrch, hospital and <5emetery. English Circulating Library opened by Mr. Herve at 85 Calle Peru. Sept. 16th. Lord Ponsonby, H B. M. Minister Plenipoten- tiary, arrived per H.M.S. Ranger with Secretary Scott and nine servants. His Excellency came from England to Rio in H M S. Thetia, and having gone on quarter-deck without his co;it the 'Captain, Sir John Phillimore, threatened to put hina under ar- rest, to which Lord Ponsonby replied, "You might aa well at- tempt to put the King under arrest. He therefore changed ves- sels at Rio ; the Admiralty acquitted the officer on watch who was sent home by the Captain for court-martial because he had not reprimanded Lord Ponsonby. Nov. 25th. Mr. Palmer opened a tea-garden at Quinta de San- doval, close to the Recoleta. 1827, Jan 25th. Euglifih school opened under the auspices of Revd. John Armstrong, Revd.Theophilus Parvin, Messrs. Parish, Robertson, Brittain, Barton, Duo;uid, McKenzie, Orr, MacKinlay, Sharpe, Sheridan, Watson, Pizey, and Thomas H'air, with John Harratt as Secretary. School-toom 45 Calle Victoria; fee $10 per annum. April 28fch. King's birthday dinner at Union Hotel, 33 Eng- *lish residents present; chairman gave 21 toasts. Lord Ponsonby being ill gave no dinner, but Mr. Parish entertained some Eng- lish merchants. May 1st. Mrs. Bury, fashionable dress-maker from London, opened a shop (on premises now occupied by Standard Office). May 16th. Faunch's new hotel opened (where MacKern's book- shop now stands) ; famous for baths and beefsteaks. June 14th. Admiral Brown attended funeral of the prize-agent, Robert Jackson, who came to Buenos Ay res in 1802. Aug. 3rd. Stamp office report by James Wilde, Accountant ^Cxeueral. British Packet removes from Jones's to the State printing-office, 89 Calle Biblioteca, now Moreno. From an article entitled " Buenos Ayres 50 years ago " of the Standard I taking the following items : — " In October 1824 a Maori chief named Tippahee visited B. Ayres, havingr come from New Zealand in the Urania, Captain Reynolds, He w^as hospitably entertained by the English resi- dents, before proceeding to England, where he wished to see King George IV. " Mr. Dallas, a leading merchant, committed suicide in Decem- Jber 1824. 608 APPENDIX. ** There were three American honsea, Ford, Zimmerman, ancJ* Stewart and McUall, who imported valnable cargoes from Indiai- and China, besides 70,000 barrels of American flour annnallj. *'The American ship captains (says Mr. Love) were a superior Eet of men ; one of them was Mr. Wheelwright, in 1821. "Two English pilots numed Lee and Robinson earned a good living, the charge for piloting being 10 silver dollars to or from the outer roads. " The only French house of trade was Roquin Meyer and Co. The only German merchant was Mr. Schmaling, agent for the^ Prussian Linen Company. " Mr. Rosquellas, who first introduced operas in 1822, was a pupil of Braham, and married to an English woman. He was sometimes supported by an En^lii^h mechanic named Walde- grave. with a fine voice. Bradley's circus used to draw crowds on Sunday afternoons. " The Cafe Catalan was one of the finest cofEoe- houses. " On Sundays people used to ride out to San Isidro, or else tf> the York Hotel, 4 miles from town, or to the Bauderita of Barra- cas, where horse-races were held." Page 332. Mr. Richard Newton was another remarkable Englishman. He attempted ta establish a house of bu.>ines3 in Paraguay in 1826^ but was prevented by Francia. Returning to Buenos Ay res, he became an estanciero, and in time grew very rich ; his farms were- some of the finest in the Province. He was one of the founders of the Argentine Rural Association ; and died in 1868, leaving a large fortune to his children. Page 334. Rosas had several English physicians in his army : among others Dr. James Eborall, a native of Litchfield, Staffordshire, whose brother, moreover, was one of the early English merchants, at Montevideo. APPENDIX T.—CAP. XXXV. Puge 338 — Regarding the first steamer in River Plate see page 510 • APPENDIX V.-~CAP. XXXVI. Page 351. Besides the English in Brazil already mentioned are the following : — Dr. Whittaker, .Judge of Corumba, made explorations in 1874 APPENDIX. 600- between Goyaz and Matto Gropso, df scending the Rio Negro in a canoe from 50 miles below Goyaz to the falls of San Simon, without meeting any obstacle. Mr. Chandless explored the Purus and other tributaries of the Amazon in 1860, to open up navigation between Para and Goyaz. Mr. Hunt, one of Capt. Palm's engineers, thus describes tho falls of Sete Quedas : — " At a distance cf 60 miles from the falls the river is a mile wide, 40 feet deep, and the current runs 3^ feet per second. Consequently the volume oE water that passes per second is equal to 18,000 cubic metres. At a distance of 15 miles can be heard Ihe roar of the cataract, and the columns of vapor that rise are visible many leagues off." Mr. Jor(^an Creuse, who dird in December 1870 at Rio, was one of the oldest residents, and had bee i a Director of the Bank of Brazil, and previously manager of the London and Brazilian Bank. Mr. Coats, who came out to Brazil in 1820, established salt- works at Santa Cruz, 44 mile- from Rio, and afterwards a sugar mill alongside, draining and improving the land. When Mr. Hadfield visited him in 1870 he was then in his 92nd year, strong and healthy. Mr. Williams constructed the Cantagallo and Cachoeira- Railway, 90 miles, which attains a height of 3,600 feet over the sea. Hugh Wilson built the Paraguassu line (Bahia), which was epened to traffic in July 1877. Page 356. Few stories are more romantic than that of Capt. Roberton, who fought with signal valor in the war of Independence, and fell desperately in love with a beautiful L meiia, the widow of Colonel Z. His suit was unfortunate, the lady telling him she cou'd never marry other than a man of fortune and position. At that time a vessel was lying in Callao with two million dollars for the Peruvian Government, and in the dead of night Roberton seized the ship, put to i-ea, steered in the direction of Tahiti, and stopped at a small island, where he buried the treasure. Making his com- rades drunk he put all of them but two into a boat, and cast them adrift on the Pacitic. The boat was afterwards picked up, with one man still living. Robert on afterwards got rid of his two remaining comrades, but was arrested on suspicion by the captain of a Spanish war-vessel. At this time the British Admiralty had offered a reward for his apprehension. Sooner than reveal the place where he had hid the treasure he leaped overboard from* the Spanish war- vessel, and was never more teen. It is supposed the treasuie is still hid in one of the islands near Tahiti. '^10 APPENDIX. APPENDIX X.— CAP. XXXVIL Page 360. To Messrs. H^yne and Davy, of the firm of William Gibbs and Co., must be given fche credit of first e.-.tabli8hing the import- ance and value of the guano, as they made the first contract with the Peruvi >n Government. George i''tjtrie, manager of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., helped to bring the fleet of this company into its present state of rfflcieucy and magnitude, esfcabiishing in Callao factories, Avorkshop.^, and the contingent belongings of steam navigation, on a large scale. The name of Mr. Hegan is assocciated with the first of tbe Pernviin railways. To Gjorge Smith, of Iquiq'ie, is due the merit of first developing and extending the nitrate of soda business, intro- ducing machirery for the retinement of the raw material on a large s( ale. He personally surveyed, and made a map, of the ^province of Tarapaca, which is allowed by engineers to be the best and most corn ct of any made in any Peruvian province. He was cotmected with Peru some forty years. With the firm of George Smith and Co. is associated the name of Milbourne Clark, one of the partners, for 17 years connected with the nitrate business. Thus firm made the first, and only, cart-road in the province, con- ducting same through a mountainous country to a height of 3,700 feet. Mr. Ulark was the fir^t who, in 1866, became aware of the importance of iodine, which exists in the raw nitrate of soda. Satficierit iodine is now produced in Peru to supply one half the ■consumption of the world Mr. ( lark now resides in England, jind his son, Milbourne Clark janr., has nitrate works near Iquique. Mr. Thomas Conroy, of Callao, has been 50 years in Peru, well-known and esteemed in mercantile circles. He has also done t-mnch for improving the breed of horses. Mr. George Nugent, who suffered such loss by the earthquake of Arica, has been 40 years in Peru, and is British Vice-Consul at Arica. He is a native of Westraeath. Charles Williams, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, came to Peru about 25 years ago, and established the first Bng- Jish school in the country. Ho was for some time collector of export-duties at Iquique. Dr. Gallagher, a native of Ireland, came to Pern as a naval surgeon early in the pre.- ent century. He married the hister of H. M. Vice-Consul at Callao, Mr. Robertson, and for many years, ■enjoyed an extensive practice. He was one of the principal land- holders, and left a large fortune at his death, being assassinated .at his own door. APPENDIX. 611 Mr. James Rjder, of the Louse of Fletclier & Ryder, Liver- pool and Arequipa, who died suddenly on board the Ta&manian at Aspinwall on the 6th July 1877, held for many years a promi- nent position in Arequipa. He was an Englishman by birth, forty -two years of age, and his position as the head of one of the oldest Euglish hoates in Peru was second to none in that Republic. APPEND IX Y. Page 362. In Robertson's return voyage to Paraguay his schooner was seized abreast of Baxada by the ruffian soldi'^ry of Artigas, and Robertson was cast into prison at Baxada (Pat ana), the arms being taken, and the vessel detained. Fortunately a friend com- municated his disaster to Captain Jocelyn Percy, R N., who prevailed on Artigas to release him after eight days. At Cor- rientes he heard from hio br ther that Francia was likely to shoot irim if he returned to Paraguay- Nevertheless he proceeded to Asuncion, whereupon Francia at once banished both brothers from the count^-y. Such were the profits of trade that a friend of Robertson's who went to Paraguay with a capital of £40 sterling in salt, bought merchandize, which he sold in Buenos Ayres, for £36,000, leaving a net profit, after all expenses, of £12,000. Mr. Okes, an Englishman, made some money by sale of astronomical instruments at Asuncion, but died soon after, and all his property was confiscated. appe:n'dix z. Page 381. Mr. Meiggs died at Lima on October 3rd, 1877, and his funeral was attended by -30,000 persons. His sons are to con- tinue his contracts. He had been fourteen years in Chile and nine in Peru. Page 384. The first foreign sheepfarraer was Thomas Lloyd Halsey, from Rhode Island, some time U. States Consul, who imported a number of fine sheep, most of which were burnt in a camp fire in 1821. Page 387. Lieut. Bache, XJ. S. N., published at Philadelphia, in 1827, an account of his travels from Caracas to Bogota in 1822-23. 612 APPENDIX, Page 388. Professor James Orton, an American naturalist; and traveller, died at Pain, Peru, in September 1877. He had made himself known by his exploration of the iSTapo river, and he meditated that of the river Beni, a Bolivian tributary of the Amazons. Augustus Hemenway, of the great shippinsc firm of Hemenvray- and Brown, of Boston and Valparaiso, died in Cuba on June 16th, 1871. About fifty years asfo he engaged as a shop boy in Charleston, and some years later his aptitude for business at- tracted the notice of a Boston merchant in the South America trade. He sent him to Valparaiso to look after his interests in that city. In a short time the young man started for himself, seuding hides, wool, copper &c. to the United States and bringing back American manufactures. The business advanced with giant strides. The wealthy English houses in Valparaiso lent him their credit. In a few years he returned to Boston, and established a house in that city. He sent his brother, Charles Hemenway, to South America, and, remaining himself in Boston, enlarged his operations. He built his own ships and carried his own goods. He owned sugar plantations in Cuba, copper mines in South America, and had business relations with the Barngs. Suddenly his brain gave way under the great str-iin, and retiring to the house of an eminent physician at Lichfield, Connecticut, he there passed 13 years in seclusion. The business was, mean- time, carried on by his brother and the chief clerk, Mr. Brown. One morning at the end of the 13 years he walked into his oftice as before, hung his hat on the usual peg, and resumed business. It had been enormously enlarged by his brother and Mr. Brown. To them he released the entire profits of the thirteen years. His first step after resuming business was to go to England to pur* chase at Swansea the machinery for the thorough smelting of his coppor. It had been coming to this country in an imperfectly smelted form as an article known in the commercial world a» **regulus." He then went to Caba to look after his sagar plan- tations. He sold his whole crop to a London house on a strong market, acting with his usual sagacity. After this sale sugar went down : a thing which he had foreseen. From Caba Mr. Hemenway went to Valparaiso, and from there to London, where, in connection with the Barings, he engaged in .ome huge operatinns, which proved very yuccessf nL Mr. Hemenway was probably the wealthiest man in America. He owned a deal of property in New York city. Seeing that the dry goods trade was drifting over to Church-street, he bought some old houses there, and, pulling them down, erected stores. He received as much for one year's rent as the ground and old houses cost.. Daring the whole long self -imprisonment of this remarkable man hia wife was an angel of mercy to the poDr, going about and vi- APPENDIX. 613 siting them, and spending money to ihe extent of a prince's re- avenue. All this the did without ostentation. — Boston Fost, APPENDIX W.— CAP. XL, Page 402. Marquis Bernard O'Gavan, Spanish grandee of Irish -extraction, was born in Cuba, at Santiago, A.D. 1812. Being sent to make his studies in Spain, he became a lawyer at Seville in 1836. Returning to Cuba he held various public posts, and at liis private cost re-built the church of the Angel Guaidian, which had been destroyed by a Ftorm, in 1846. Subsequently he removed with his family to Spain, and was appointed Commissioner •of Instruction. He spent a great portion of a princely fortune an public charities ; and in recognition of his eminent services and philanthropy was made Senator and grandee of Spain, with the title of Marquis, in 1859. Among the names on the present Aro^entinc army-roll we find the following, which appear to be Englishmen, or of English -descent : — Golonch' : Date of Commis-ion, Patrick French September 1840 Leopold Nelson December 1874 JohnB.Thorne lAcut. -Colonels : Thomas O'Gorman February 1864 John P. Johnson September 1868 Thomas Elliot March 1871 Laurence Winter January 1872 Ignatius Fotheringham December 1874 Anthony Donovan ^ptil 1875 "" ' Majors: — Joseph Fitzmaurice, P. Norris, Charles Smith, William Butler, N. Barnes, Constantine George, Henry Howard, Lawrence Juke, Henry Brand, Francis R^ynold.s, Francis Smith, Augustine Daws, George Lowry, Henry Sinclair, James Mason. Lieutenants : — Louis D. Cahill, R. Parkinson, Thomas Par- kinson, Charles O'Donnell, Adolphus D'Ury, Joseph Thompson, Leonard Brown, Robert Djak, William D mnelly, Jerome Miller, William Creagh, Richard Watson, Joseph M. Todd, John G. Scott, Henry Ballon, G. L. Barnes, S imuel Wilde, Edmund Dale, David Gay. Here we find twenty-five Colonels and Majors, and nineteen fiubaltern officers of English origin, raoat of whom are serving in the army, some in the navy, and some are on half-pay. 614 APPENDIX. APPENDIX A 2.^CAP. XLII. Page 418. Her Mnjesty did not offer knighthood to Mr. Armatrouc'^ bnt the British .Minister proposed to recomniend him to H. M. Government for tbis honor, and he expresaei hia unwillinf^ness. Neither was the Baschenthal debt arranged by him, but by Dr. Sarsfield. Page 427. It has not been possible for me to make out a list of th» Irish estancieros. A rough estimate of their aggregate wealth miy be found in page 529. Their estates range from 3,000 to 40,000 acres. APPENDIX B 2.— CAP. XLIII. Page 439. In Angust 1877 Messrs. Pugh, Thomas and tw^o other colonists made a seven-weeks journey inland, and found, abont 30O' miles SSW., a lake 30 miles long and six wide, from which flowed a river which after 180 miles falls into the Chubut. They called the lake Dillon, after the Commissioner of Immigration, and the river Younger, after a merchant of that name in Buenos Ayres. APPENDIX C 2.— CAP. XLIV. Page 446. Miers describes the Argentine Republic in 1820 as a Confe- deracy of three Provinces (Buenos Ayres, Cordova and Cuyo), summing up 152,000 inhabitants, including 45,000 in the city of Baenos Ayres. Page 447. Captain Hall found the Chilians mainly to consist of two- classes, the aristocracy and the peasantry. The estancieros had not such Inrge herds as in the Argentine Pampas ; one of the- richest was the Marqnis of Larrain, whose stock did not exceed 15,000 heal. The ruins of Cjucepcion, after its destruction by Benavides, shewed signs of former magnificence. One aisle of the Cathedral was standing, in which Hall found four women cooking their dinner. Captain Hall speaks in a favorable manner of Chile and Peru, without failing to point out some peculiarities of republican institutions. For example, the barrels of the American Whaling Co. at Coquimbo were seized by Government for water for ships ; and when the oil was put in clay-pits, the- APPENDIX. 615' Governor complained of the smell, and caused the oil to be run off. Araonorthe remarkable features of Chile was a freq nt occur- rence of twins. In 176 i died a French settler named L'Hotelier, married to a Chilian woman whose children, grand-children, &c. at the period of his death numbered 163 persons. Capt. Hali't* travels were published at London, in two volumes, in 1823. A few days before Capfc Head crossed the Andes a company of ten travellers was overtaken by a severe snow-t^torm and shut up 88 in a living tomb in one of the Casuchas built by O'Higgins. When aid reached them only six of the party were alive. Page 450. The forests of Tucuman yielded fine timber, from which were made axle-trees so ponderous that they took three yejirs to reach Potosi. Nothing could exceed the hospitality of the estanci^ros ; but their poverty was great, aUhouiifh their house utensils wera of silver. At the Marquis de Otavi's, whose herd of 30,000 cattle was eaten by soldiers, the only furniture was a silver jug. Near Tarija Temple halted at a wealthy farmer's house an i asked for some bread, but was told it was unknown in those parts. He met but four travellers between Buenos Ayres and Silfa, a dit-tanceof 1,300 miles. Temple mentions that during his residence of twelve months at Potosi he knew a charitable lady named Doiia Juliana, who used to have a crowd of mendicants every dny at her door, feeding them out of silver dishfs. Temple cotululeo his book with a desciiption of Potosi ; after the revolution the city, which had once 160,000 soub, declined to 12,000 inhabit mts; the churches had been plundered, deso'ation prevail d. Everything was dear, except llama mutton and Cinti witiC, the latter like Burgundy, and sellincr at half-a- loUar. Thi) Peruvians every- where treated him with great kindness, the village (urate alwsiya giving him a cordial welcome. At Tarij a he f(»und some fostsil teeth supposed to belong to Garcilaso's rac3 of Inoian giants destroyed by lightning ; but they proved to belcng to a Mastodon. Page 451. Baron Czettritz in like manner surveyed Lake Illimani, also said to possess untold riches, so many silver articles being washed up from time to time that a project was set afoot to drain the lake. The overlooking peak of Idimani is reputed of fabulous wealth : in the 17th century a lump of gold was detached by lightning, and sold by an Indian f r .£2,400 sterling to the Vi^^eroy, who sent it a present to the King of Spain. The mines near Puno are also very rich ; one Saicedo took out over seven millions of silver dollars worth, and was executed by the Spaniards. Another miner named btodriguez had his house at Oruro filled with silver furniture, even the iegd of tables, but the •^16 APPENDIX. Spaniards sant him prisoner to Baeaos Ayres, where he died, after 20 years spent in a dungeon. Fage 454. A mining concession has been made to Dr. George Scarbo- rongh Barnslay and other American citizan^ resident in S. Panlo, for gold mines in the municipality of Itapetininga, San Paulo. Fag 6 455. One of the earliest English travellers was Mr. R. M. (name unknown), who was an Englishman in the Spanish service, and made a journey in 1716 from Baenos Ayres to Potosi, in connection with the South Sea Co. Page 457. Robertson considers lapacho superior to oak ; a canoe made of a single trank would carry eight men, one hundred terciog of yei'ba and twenty bales tobacco. No worm can penetrate the wood, and a canoe fifty years old is as good as new. Tage 459. As an instance of the deadly nature of Brazilian reptiles- Caldcleugh mentions a woman whose husband ha I died of a snake, bit , and two subsequent husban Is died with similar symptoms from wearing the first man's boot, in which a snake-sting remained. Page 463. Mawe halted at Santarem, where he learned the crew of the English brig Clio had been wantonly murdered. Captain Strong, of H. M. S. Belvidere promptly enforced relress: landing some blue-jackets he seized the Goveraor, then in revolt against the Brazilian Government, and sent him in irons to Para. PagQ 466. Mr. McKinnon, who visited the Falkland Islands in 1840 published a description of these islands. Pa^jre 469. Mr. Ellis, in going southwards to Wild-horse Valley, ehot wild horses, gaanacos, lions and ostriches. At one plac3 he met "the track of a Chilian deserter, who had v^-aniered many days in the wilds; the broken shin bones of guaracos showed he had extracted the marrow j the Indians found him dead in the waste, about a week later. APPENDIX. 617 Page 470. We are reminded of Whifcfcingfcoa and his cat by the fact that in 1730 the first cat imp n-ted to Mitfco Grosso sold for .£300 sterling, and the kittens for their weight in gold-dust. Page 474. The Indians nowhere molested them, and Darwin severely condemns the cruelty of the Buenos Ayres tfoops towards the native Patagonians ; on learning that all Indian females over twenty were put to death, he remonstrated with a certain Colonel, who replied, " We cannot do otherwise; they breed so fast." APPENDIX E 2.— CAP. XLVII. Page 489. ilr. Crawford's plans also supposed an inclined plane of 1 in 9, to be surmounted by fixed eagine with chain. Page 494. The Copiapd line was made in 1852, and is counted the first • The Panama line, although begun in 1819, was not concluded till 1855. APPENDIX P 2.— CAP. XLYIII. Page 496. It is proposed some day to carry on the Great Southern of Buenos Ayres Railway from Azul to Tandil (50m.), and thence to Bahia Blanca (190m.^, say 210 miles, at an estimated cast of ^1,200,000 sterling. Page 498. Mr. Whittaker was not the only engineer. Some clever North Americans performed some of the most diffioult parts. Page 502. The Peruvian railway loans only amounted to ^£35 millions, see page 541. Page 503. The Central Uruguay line was made under the direction of Mr. Charles Prebble, who had previously been making lines in Hungary for the same London firm. Theie is another railway, called the Pando line, which runs fourteen miles Nl^J. from Montevideo ; it was made by Mr. Peeler, but is not yet open for traffic. ^18 APPENllX. Page 504. Thero is on the ' tapis ' at San FranciscD, California, a pro- jected railway from that city through Mexico, Central America and Peru, to Valparaiso, and thence by the Cumbre or Antuco Pass, across the Andes, and so on to Buenos Ajres. The entire length would be 6,940 miles. The expenses per mile $50,000, which would amount to some $378,000,000 — about one-fifth the cost of all the railroads in the United States. Another remarkable Englishman of the West Coast was Col Robert Souper, who had served in the Guards, and been in the Affghan expedition. He came out to Chile to manage Mr. Price's estates,and was quickly known for his daring and -dexterity, especially on horseback. Havinor flung himself into the political struggles he attained the soubriquet of Leon Ingles, for his fearlessness on all occasions. He fought with great dis- tinction in the battle of Longomilla, and, being made prisoner, Avas banished to the Straits of Magellan. On the way thither he and his comrades, who had concealed arms in their beds, rose and seized the vessel ; then steered for Peru, in which country Col. Souper remained, until an amnesty enabled him to return to his estate at Talca, where he was residing when last heard of. He ■can beat the cleverest gauchos at the lassOj aad is regarded by them with respectful awe. Tage 512. "When Captain Bruce first visited Matto Grosso, in 1859, he found it very remunerative to barter with the natives. For example, they readily gave a cow-hide for an empty beer bottle. Page 541. Guano was discovered by Humboldt in 1802, but only first imported to Europe as an article of trade in 1841. The first exportation of Peruvian guano was 2,881 tons in 1841. It reached 283,000 tons in 1845. The maximum was 353,000 tons in 1858, since which period it has declined one-half. The total shipments to England in 36 years, down to December 1876, reached 5,792,000 tons, representing a value of more than £60 million sterling. Page 544. In June 1876 the following republics were defaulters on the London Stock Exchange : — Bolivia £1,852,480 Costa Rica 3,775,922 Ecuador 1,988,160 Honduras 7,409,189 APPENDIX. 619 Mexico 37,294,380 Paraguay 1,836,588 Peru 35,591,599 Santo Domingo 907,161 Uruguay 3,354,678 Venezuela 9,444,662 Page 549. There is also a Jewish Benevolent Society in Baenos Ayres, •founded some seven years ago. The actual President is Mr. S. Auerbach, and the Society comprises members from various countries in Europe, and from Algiers. Page 557. The first English races at Buenos Ayres are reported in the British Pachet of November 1826 : — Nov. 6th. Buenos Ayres Race Club Meeting at Barracas sands. Ten horses ran, viz : — Mr. Miller's *Gnstavus.' " Buggeln's ' Hit or Miss.' " Lockhart's * Teazle.' " Dick's * Espartillar.' " Whitfield's ' Shamrock-' " John's * Baron.' " Pouser's ' Integrity.' " Douglas's ' St. George.' •' Daguid's 'Bob.' ** Harratt's ' Yorkshireman,' * Shamrock ' won easy ; * Baron ' was second, and ' Teazle ' "third, in the first heat ; and ' Sfc. George ' second, and * Integrity * "thiid, in the second heat. The betting was 3 to 1 on ' Sham- rock,' against 'St. George* and 'Baron;' 10 to 1 against ' Teazle,' and 6 to 1 against the others. A pony race for $1,000 ensued, in which Mr. Booth's * Babble ' beat Mr. Fisher's ' Hocus Pocus,' after which he beat Mr. AViller's ' Dreadnought ' in a race of 900 yards. Page 560. There is a British Library at Rio Janeyro, over fifty years old, which receives n'^w works monthly from England. It has been recently moved into spacious premises at 48 Rua Ouvidor ; Manager, R. L. Hyde ; Treasurer, H. K. Brodie. Page 574. Mr. Cook was the first English printer, and Mr. Hallett, an American, was editor of the Gaceta Mercantil. 620 APPENDIX. Page 578. The British Packet first appeared on August 4th, 1826, with' the motto " Pro Bono Publico." The first number contains » spirited account of Brown's engagement with the blockading squadron of Brazil, on July 30th, in front of the city. The subscription was one dollar (then 33 pence) per month, say 8d., each paper. It was printed at the office of Jones & Co., 17 Calle Peru, on foolscap sheet. Page 583. The foreign trade of Buenos Ayres varied from 202 arrivals- in 1821 to 312 in 1824. In the first year the English vessels- were three times as numerous as the AmerieaUj but in 1824 those carrying United States flag were thirty-three more than British, the chief trade from New York being in flour. Page 592. The exportation of Chilian copper to England in 1875- exceeded «£3 millions sterling in value. OMISSIONS. Page 24. Tigers were so common near Buenos Ayres in the 16th century that they attacked Garay's people whenever they ven- tured outside the fort. Page 31. Oabeza de Vaca in his expedition to the Pampas in search of the City of the Cesars, in 1560, was accompanied by an English- man named Martin Benson, of great valor, who killed a Cacique and routed the Indians, 8,000 in number ; see De Angelis, Page 36. Mr. John Rankin wrote a book to prove that the Mongols conquered Peru in the 12th century, which might explain the aun-worship and the other Asiatic customs of the Incas. APPENDIX. 621 Page 52. When Wafer the buccaceer landed at Bermejo, in Peru, in 1687, ho found the bodies of meu, women and children upon the ehore, who had buried themselves alive on the murder of Ata- liualpa by Pizairo, 1^3 years before. The men still grasped 'broken bows, and the women had spinning-wheels with some •cotton-yarn on them. In like manner in the Andes it is not uncommon for travellers to find mules that are over 100 years dead, apparently plump and fresh, but light as cork. Page 85, The Indians had a strange custom of cutting off a finger when a friend died. Page 104. Major Gillespie states that when he was a prisoner at Cordoba ^in 1806 nothing could exceed the affectionate remembrances which, the inhabitants preserved of the Jesaits, expelled 40 years before. Page 141. Buenos Ayres was not the first to rise against Spain. The i revolt of Caracas was a month earlier, in April 1810 : see Wal- ton's * Spanish Eepublics.' Page 142. A special mission was sent from Buenos Ayres in 1815 to wait upon Lord Strangford at Rio Janeyro and solicit the protection of Great Britain. Lord Strangford had received instructions to refuse any such advances. Page 184. This is probably the same Col. Isaac Thompson, a native of •Chile, who was made commander of the Fort of Baenos Ayres in March 1829. Page 277. McGregor formed a kingdom for himself on Amelia Island, but was expelled by United States forces in 1819 : see * Voyage of the Two Friends.' Page 284. There was also a Captain Chamberlain, one of Gen. Bolivar's ^fitaff Aides-de-Camp. Page 298. Gen. Holstein mentions an anecdote of Gen. Paez. Among "the prisoners taken after a combat was a handsome young Spanish 622 APPENDIX. officer, who, on being . ordered for execution, begged Paez to forward his watch to his mother in Spain. Paez asked him why he had not escaped from the field, whereupon the officer replied that his horse was tired. Ordering one of his staff to supply a fresh horse tor the captive. Gen. Paez said, " I will give you a chamce for your life." He allowed him 200 yards start, but quickly overtook him. The General, who was the best horseman of the Llanos, generously bade the Spaniard exchange horses, the General mounting that of the officer. At first the latter distanced his pursuer, but he was overtaken after a hot chase, the General instantly transfixing him to the ground with his lance. Fage 325. George MacParlane started a house at Buenos Ayresin 1810, and another at Kio Janejro. He was killed by a fall from his horse, resulting iu lockjaw from injury to his thumb, in January 1829. Page 334. Among the friends of literature who subscribed in 1836 for the publication of De Angelis's work I find the names of Dr. Gordon, Cordoba ; Richard Huo-hes, Montevideo ; and Messrs. Eicardo O'Shee, Gowland, Black, Tayleur, Carlisle, Dorr, Puddi- comb, Ford, Hallefc, Parker, D. Fleming, Davison, and Drs. Oughan and Morrison. Page 362. Southey's charming Tale of Paraguay was published in 1825. He speaks very kindly of Father Dobrizhoffer, who was banished with the other Jesuits, and died at Vienna in 1791. Maria Theresa loved to talk with him about Paraguay. Page 363. In July 1830 died at Buenos Ayres an Englishman named "William Petty, who had been released from Paraguay in 1825, after a captivity of many years. Page 385. The first relations between United States and the River Plate were opened by Commissioners Rodney, Graham, and Bland, who came to Bnenos Ayres in Feb. 1818, with their Secretary, Mr. Brackenridge, and were presented to the Governor by Mr. Loyd Halsey. On their return to Washington they published a fa- vorable report, and Mr. Brackenridge printed an account of his travels, at Baltimore, in 1818. APPENDIX. 62*r- Page 403. Almost simultaneous with the Monte Grande Colony was that of Mr. Beanmont, intended for Entre Rios, which proved such a miscarrriage that the colony was never fairly established, and Mr. Beaumont (after much ill-treatment from the authorities) returned to England a ruined man. Some Irishmen of this colony settled near San Pedro, on the Parana, about 1828. Page 404. The Cathedral doors at Buenos Ayres were made by Mr. Fulton, a Scotch carpenter and cabinet-maker. Page 448. Unfavorable accounts of the South American mines had been previously publibhed by Helms and Trevithick. The first- named was Director of Mines at Cracow, and sent from Cadiz by the King of Spain in 1789 to report on the mines in this continent. Captain Andrews published in London, in 1827, an account of his visit to Cordoba, Tucuman, Potosi and Coquimbo (l825-26)> for the Peruvian Mining Co. Page 459. Condors have been known even to pick up children and carry them off as their prey. Page 463. The abundance of turtle-eggs is incredible ; the number annually laid in one paiticular spot being calculated at 33 millions. Page 465. Humboldt mentions seeing a negress 143 years old, who had been ninety years married. Her grandson, an old man, said, "I keep her alive by holding her to the sun. Page 469. Other books of travel may be consulted, such as — W. B. Stevenson's Twenty Years in Peru and Colombia, 1825» G. F. Mathison's Travels in Brazil and Chile, 1825. Mrs. Williams on Humbolt's Travels, 1826. Whittle and Lawrie's Coasts of Brazil, 1817. Major Gillespie's Buenos Ayres and Provinces, 1819. Robert Semple's Journeys through Caracas, 1812. Henderson's Empire of Brazil, 1821. Oapt. Weddell's Cape Horn and South Atlantic surveys, 1825» Robert Procter's Across the Andes to Lima, 1 825. 624 APPENDIX. ('apt. C. CocTi pane's travels in Colombia, 1825. Chesterton's Campaigns in Venezuela, 1820. Col. Hamilton's Tour through Colombia, 1827. Beaumont's Travels in Buenos Ayres, 1828. "Wilson's Travels in South America, 1796. Pinkerton's Travels, 1808. Page 472. An Indian girl, says Humboldt, being seized by a crocodile, had the coolness to plunge her fingers into the monster's eyes, and compelled him to release her. Page 476. Fig-trees with a trunk 22 feet diameter were found by Hran- boldt in Venezuela. The same distinguished traveller mentions rocks that gave forth musical sounds , caused by the difference of temperature between the subterranean and the external air. Page 474. Darwin mentions the capture of four Indian scouts by Gen. Rosas. Only one would consent to tell where his tribe was encamped, and on condition that Rosas first put his comrades to death. When the three were executed the survivor said, " You may now cut my throat also, for I shall never tell you anything." Page 479. William Bollaert was employed in the Tarapacti mines, Pera in 1826, and his maps of that country were published by the Royal Geographical Society. He again visited South America in 1851, and explored Tierra del Fuego, in search of gold or copper mines. In 1860 he published his work on the antiquities and ethnology of Peru, Chile and Ecuador. Page 483. Captain Weddell shews that the Aurora Islands, discovered by the Spanish war-brig Atrevida in 1796, were merely icebergs. Page 487. The Challenp-er's voyage was ill-fated throughout: she had hardly reached the Falklands when Lieut. Clive was drowned (1834). Page 504. The first project of a railway acrof=s the Isthmus of Panama was by the Royal Mail Co., which sent Captain Liot in 1844 to make the surveys. Cold water was effectually thrown on the APPENDIX. 625 •gcheme by the Britisli Government, which, therefore, enabled the -American citizen Aspinwall to carry it out a few years late r. Page 535. In May 1814 Bolivar sent Col. John Robertson to Londo n to ask for a loan, but the Colonel's health broke down on the voy age, compelling him to return. Page 660. Caracas has frequently suffered from earthquakes, but the worst was on Maunday Thursday of 1812, when 10,000 citizens perished. 626 INDEX Vaie Page Abbott, Edward Chile 1845 359 Ackers, William Venezuela 1830 561 Adams, William Pitt Peru 1851 571 Adams, Rev. Samuel Montevideo... 1859 551 Agassiz, Professor Brazil 1865 383 Ains worth, Lieut Patagonia ... 18';^ 6 484 Alderson, John Venezuela 1860 561 Anderson, James Peru 1869 524 AndersoD, William Venezuela 1840 561 Angelo, Captain Paraguay 1874 371 Anton, Lord.... West Coast ... 1740 61 Arbuthnot, Captain Buenos Ayres. 1806 95- Armiger, Lieut Valdivia 1670 45 Armstrong, Rev. Messrs Buenos Ayres. 1839 546 Armstrong, Thos Buenos Ayres. 1819 417 Armstrong, Dr Chile 1830 359 A sboth. General Buenos Ayres. 1866 386 Ash bury, James Buenos Ayres. 1874 470 Aspinwall, William Panama 1849 382 Auchmuty, General Montevideo ... 1806 108 Backhouse, General Montevideo ... 1807 108 Bailey, Lieut Chile 1819 188 Bankart, Hubert Montevideo ... 1868 342 Barker, Admiral Brazil 1594 30 Barlow, George River Plate ... 1525 17 Barnard, James Chile ]8i9 234 Barton, Thomas Buenos Ayres. 1818 334 Bateman, John F Buenos Ayres. 1873 521 Bates, H.W Amazon 3848 479 Beare, Peter Montevideo ... 1871 551 Beauclerc, Lord Aubiey Venezuela 1741 602 Begg, Mr Bolivia 1826 261 Bell, Captain Chile 1826 251 INDEX. 627 Bate Page Beaumont, Mr Entre Rios ... 1826 623 Bell, Mr Paraguay 1866 367 ' Bennett, Robert Rio Janeyro. . . 1830 350' Benson, Martin Patagonia 1560 620 Bennett, Captain Chile 1819 250 Beresford, General Buenos Ayres. 1806 90 Bevans, James Buenos Ayres. 1822 333 Billerbeck, Captain Chile 1818 289 Billinghurst, Robert Buenos Ayres. 1810 331 Bishop, Lady Edmund Brazil 1850 210- Blake, Thomas Mexico 1536 21 Blake, Lieut Brazil 1824 204 Blest, Dr Chile 1810 353: Blest Gana bros Chile 1870 393 Bollaert, Mr Peru 1826 624 Borey, Thomas River Plate ... 1540 20 Boscawen, Captain Venezuela 1739 64 Bowman, Mr Pernambuco... 1840 349 Bowness, Col Buenos Ayres. 1810 182' Boyd Brothers Panama 1850 577 Bragg, William Buenos Ayres. 1853 494 Braithwaite, Lieut Venezuela 1818 28^ Brand, Lieut. Col Venezuela 1818 312 Brand, Lieu fc Mendoza 1827 462" Brant Brothers Brazil 1776 345 Brassey, Thomas "Sunbeam"... 1876 470' Braum, Thomas Brazil 1714 57 Brett, Lieut. West Coast ... 1741 63 Bridgeman, Mr Colonia 1820 339" Bridges, Mr Bolivia 1840 476 Brion, Admiral Venezuela 1815 286- Bristow, Captain Venezuela 1818 289 Brittain, James Buenos Ayres. 3827 334 Brodely, Captain Cent. America 1670 50" Brown, Admiral Buenos Ayres. 1810 144 Brown, Commodore Venezuela ^818 291 Brown, Michael Guayaquil ... 1815 151 Brown, Col Buenos Ajres. 1807 111 Brown, Captain Chile 1818 251 Brown, Dr Buenos Ayres. 1828 333 Brown, Rev. Dr Buenos Ayres. 1827 405 Brownrigg, Col Buenos Ayres. 1807 111 Bruce, President Maranham ... 1824 205 Bruce, David Matto Grosso. 3859 512 Bucknall, Lindsay Rio Janeyro... 3876 526 Budd, Major Venezuela 1818 302: €28 INDEX. Date Page Bulkely, Lieut West Coast ... 1741 68 Burke, Col. James Ri'o Janeyro... 1809 563 Burke, Rev. Father Buenos Ayres. 1820 420 Burrell, Mr Paraguay 1860 365 Burton, Captain Brazil ]867 467 Burton, Charles Buenos Ayres. 1872 506 Butler, Col.. , Buenos Ayres. 1807 123 Bynon, Admiral Chile 1820 321 Byron, Admiral Falklands 1764 70 Byrne, Lieut Venezuela 1818 302 Bysson, Commodore (See Admiral Bynon) Cabot, Sebastian River Plate... 1525 17 Cadogan, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1807 122 Cahill, James P Peru 1865 358 Caldcleugh, Alex Brazil 1819 459 'Caldwell, Gen Brazil 1830 214 ■Campbell, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1806 100 Campbell, Col Venezuela 1817 287 Campbell, Capt Venezuela 1818 302 Campbell, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1818 326 ^Campbell, Brothers Chile 1850 376 Campbell, Patrick Venezuela 1825 571 Carden, Peter..... River Plate... 1580 24 •Carson, Lieut Chile 1826 252 '€arter, Capt Chile 1819 248 Casey, Capt Chile 1825 195 Cavendish, Thomas Patagonia 1586 25 Chandless, Mr Amazon 1860 605 •Chapman, Brothers Buenos Ayre^. 1820 332 Charles, Col Peru 1819 228 -Cheap, Capt West Coast 1741 67 Chilton, John West Coast 1572 21 Cbitty, Capt Guayaquil 1815 151 Christie, Wm. Dougall Huenos Ayres.. 1859 565 Church, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1861 381 Church, Lieut Venezuela 1821 300 Cilley, Greenleaf Bolivia 1873 387 Clarence, Lieut Brazil 1824 206 Clark, Punchard Salto 1870 503 Clark, Brothers Chile 1870 491 Clark, Milbourne Peru 1850 605 'Clark,Mrs Buenos Ayres.. 1811 325 Clark, Charles Valdivia 1681 45 Clipperton, Capt WestCoast 1719 58 Coats, Mr Brazil 1820 606 INDEX. Q2^' Bate Page Cobbett, Capt. ., Chile 1820 248 Cochrane, Lord Chile 1819 187 Cochrane, Lard Brazil 1823 197 Cochrane, Lady Brazil 1823 203 Cochrane, Major Chile 1823 195 Cochrane, William.. .-> Peru 1820 235 Cochrane, Dandas Venezuela 1825 461 Cochrane, Dr Rio Janeyro... 1835 348 Cock, William H Montevideo .... 1867 342° Cockburn, Sir James Venezuela 1808 562 Cockeram, Martin Brazil 1530 20 Coe, Admiral Buenos Ay res.. 1826 174 Co»hlan, John Buenos Ayres.. 1868 521 Colman, JN'ichoIas Paraguay 1555 31 Collins, Col Venezuela 1818 315 Conrcy, Thomas Peru 1840 605 Cood, Henry Chile 1873 400 Cook, Abraham Brazil 1586 25- Cook, John buccaneer 1683 52 Cope, Walter Ecuador 1841 572. Cope, Mr Baenos Ayres.. 1818 326 Coppinger, Marshal Mexico 1810 139^' Cowley, Capt Patagonia ' 1683 71 Cox,Dr Chile 1840 359 Cox, Nuthaniel Patagonia 1859 400 Coxon, John buccaneer 1680 50 Coyle, James Buenos Ayres. 1807 417 Craiof, Mnjor , Baenos Ayres. 1806 181 Craufard, General Buenos Ayres. 1807 116- Craufurd, Admiral Brazil 1875 348 Crawford, Robert Buenos Ayres. 1871 489 CressoJ, Luke Paraguay 1826 363- Creuse, Jordan Brazil 1830 606 Crosbie, Capfc Chile 1819 243 Cullen, Dr Panama 1855 493 Cunningham, Dr Patagonia 1868 488 Cutler, Mr Paraguay 1864 Dalrymple. Major B. Ayres 1807 113 Dampier, Captain West Coast.... 1699 55 Dajice, Mr Venezuela 1876 469 Daiiiel, Capiain West Coast... 1680 51 Darwin, (harles Patagonia 1831 473 Davie, John C Paraguay 1805 455 Davis, Admiral Falkland Isl'ds 1592 28 Davis, Captain... buccaneer 1685 52 €30 INDEX. Date Page Davits, William Patagonia 1865 437 Pavy, Colonel Venezuela 1821 300 De Kay, Captain Buenos Ayres. 1827 180 Delano Brothers West Coast... 1818 382 Devereux, General Venezuela 1820 278 Devves, Lieut Peru 1829 602 Dick, Mr Buenos Ayres 1745 70 Dillon, Commissioner Buenos Ayres 1874 395 Donnelly, Captain Buenos Ayres 1807 109 Donovan, Colonel Buenos Ayres 1876 401 Doria, William Paraguay 1862 567 Dorington, John Brazil 1650 43 Dormer, Captain Venezuela 1818 301 Doughty, Captain Patagonia 1572 22 Drake, Admiral West Coast... 1572 21 Drummond, Captain Buenos Ayres. 1827 176 Duckbury, Major Peru 1820 231 Duff, Colonel Buenos Ayres.. 1807 121 Duguid, Thomas Buenos Ayres.. 1828 334 Dunlop, Lieut Peru 1836 602 Eastman Brothers Buenos Ayres . 1822 355 Eden, William...., Paraguay 1861 367 Edwards, Mr Amazon 1845 478 Edwards, Dr Chile 1805 353 Edwards, Joaquin Chile 1830 353 Edwards, Agustine Chile 1851 396 Eldridge, Lieut Chile 1826 252 Elliot, Dr West Coast ... 1742 6S Ellis, Hon. Evelyn Patagonia 1877 468 Elmore, Lieut Peru 1834 602 Elsom, Col Venezuela 1819 286 English, General Venezuela 1819 292 Ennis, Father Paraguay 1756 78 Esmonde, Captain Peru 1819 219 Pagan, George Buenos Ayres. 1859 566 Fahy, Rev. Anthony Buenos Ayres. 1871 421 Fairfax, Capt Patagonia 1876 438 Pair, Thomas Buenos Ayres. 1824 337 Falkner, Father Patagonia 1740 79 Fawkes, Capt Paraguay 1869 368 Featherstonehaugh, Capt Venezuela 1822 308 Fenton, Edward River Plate ... 1582 24 Ferguson, Col Venezuela 1820 2S2 Ferrier, Col Venezuela 1820 296 INDEX. 631 Date Page Fields, Rev. Thomas Paraguay 1586 77 OPitzgerald, Col Venezuela 1820 139 Fitzroy, Admiral Patagonia 1834 486 Fleckno, Richard Brazil 1648 43 Fletcher, Rev. Mr West Coast ... 1578 601 Foley, Bartholomew Buenos Ayres. 1847 421 Forbes, John Murray Buenos Ayres. 1831 386 Ford, Rev. J. Chubb Buenos Ayres. 1854 647 ■Forster, Capt Chile 1819 247 Fortescue, J WestCoast... 1670 45 Fox, Henry Stephen Buenos Ayres. 1830 564 Frazer, Col Ecuador 1822 320 -Freeman, Capt Perii 1834 240 FrenchCol Buenos Ayres. 1816 184 French, Capt Peru 1825 240 French, Mr Rioja 1826 449 Frere, Roger ...— Brazil 1630 42 'Gallai^her, Dr Peru 1830 606 Gardner, Dr Brazil ......... 1836 478 Garland, Thomas B Chile 1845 358 'George, Capt Buenos Ayres. 1827 180 Gerard, Lieut Chile 1819 234 Gibson, Lieat Amazon 1851 386 Gilbert, Adrian Brazil 1591 27 Gillies, Dr Mendoza 1827 475 ^Gillies, Lieut West Coast ... 1849 387 Gilmore, Col Venezuela 1817 287 'Ginty, William Rio Janeyrc... 1858 347 Goldsack, Mr WestCoast... 1819 188 Gordon, Ensign Buenos Ayres. 1806 94 Gordon, Robert, Rio Janeyro... 1826 569 Gordon Dr Cordova 1830 477 <^otto&Co. Rio Janeyro... 1868 347 ^GouldDr Cordoba 1871 383 'Gould, Mr Paraguay 1867 568 'Gower, Gen. Levison Buenos Ayres. 1807 117 Gowlaud,Mr Montevideo ... 1807 335 Graham,Mrs Brazil 1822 460 Graham, Major Venezuela 1818 289 Graham, Lieut Buenos Ayres. 1806 95 'Grant, Capt Venezuela 1818 290 'Grant, Mr Paraguay 1865 367 Granville, Commodore Buenos Ayres. 1826 178 •Grenfell, Admiral Brazil 1826 211 •Green, Sergeant Venezuela 1821 319 632 INDEX. Bate Page Griffiths, Lieut Peru 1823 602 GuardjCol Buenos Ayres. 1807 120- Guise, Admiral Peru 1823 238 Haigh, Lieut Venezuela 1818 302 Haigh, Samael Chile 1819 234 Hall, Capt. Basil West Coast... 1820 447 Hallett, Mr Buenos Ajres.. 1824 61^ Hallovves, Col New Grenada. 1819 311 Halsey, Thomas Lloyd Buenos Ayres. 1822 384 Hamilton, John Potter Venezuela 1825 571 Handford, Dr West Coast... 1816 153^ Hannah, John Buenos Ayres. 1828 408 Hanhara, Capt West Coast ... 1864 470 Harcourt, Sir Robert Guiana 1608 41 Hardyman, Capt Buenos Ayres. 1807 101>' Hargreaves, Mr Buenos Ayres. 1823 327 Harratt, John Buenos Ayres. 1832 549 Harris, Peter buccaneer 1680 50" Havers, Thomas Montevideo... 1865 340 Hawkins, Sir Richard West Coast ... 1593 29 Hawkins, William Brazil 1530 20" Hawks, Henry WestCoast... 1572 21 Hawkshaw, Sir John Brazil 1875 348" Hayne&Davy Peru 1845 605 Head, Capt Buenos Ayres. 3 825 447 Hemenvvay, Mr WestCoast... 1835 612 Henwood, Wm Brazil 1848 479 Herndon & Gibbon Amazon 1851 386 Hibbert, Lieut San Juan 1821 460 Hdl, Capt Venezuela 1818 291 Hill, Capt Chile 1820 232 Hilson, Mr Buenos Ayres. 1811 326' Hind, Capt Chile 1820 231 Hinde, Mr Amazon . 1827 462 Hippeslley, Col Venezuela 1817 286 Hitchens, Jehu Uruguay 1863 342 Hodges, Mr Callao 1870 523 Hogan, Major Venezuela 1819 316* Hopkins, Edward A Paraguay 1853 384 Hotham, Sir Charles Buenos Ayres. 1853 565 Howden, Lord Buenos Ayres. 1847 564 Howe, Lord Venezuela 1742 6Q Hughes, Richard Montevideo... 1840 339 Hughes, Col Venezuela 1819 315 Humphreys, Rev. Lewis Patagonia 1865 435 INDEX. 633 Bate Page Huueus, George Chile 18'iO 398 Hunt, Mr Matto Grosso. 1873 605 Hunt, Henry Buenos Ayres. 1870 523 Hutchinson, Consul Rosario 1869 466 Hyne,Mrs Buenos Ayres. 1823 328 Illingrot, Admiral Peru 1825 239 Isaacs, George ^ New Grenada. 1864 399 Jackson, Mr Montevideo ... 1825 338 Jackson, John Montevideo ... 1876 401 Johnston, Ross Catamarca ... 1867 466 Johnston, Alexander Amazon 1876 469 Johnston, Mr Rio Grande ... 1871 351 Johnston, Capt Venezuela 1818 291 Jones, Lewis Patagonia...... 1876 439 Kennet, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1806 102 Kenny, Capt Buenos Ayres . 1807 113 Keogh, Lieut Venezuela 1819 317 Keymis, Capt Orinoco 1596 37 Kidd, Capt Brazil 1740 61 Kidder & Fletcher Brazil 1857 387 Kiernan, Bernard Baenos Ayres.. 1813 417 King, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1790 582 King, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1806 90 King, Major Buenos Ayres.. 1826 181 King, Col Buenos Ayres . 1817 386 King, Admiral Patagonia 1826 484 Kingston, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1807 123 Knight, Wm West Coast... 1685 53 Knyvet,Capt Brazil 1591 27 Knowles, Capt Venezuela 1740 64 Krabbe, Mr Montevideo.... 1860 340 Laf one, Samuel -, Montevideo .... 1824 338 Lambert, Charles Chile 1845 358 Lancaster, James Brazil 1594 30 Lang, Samuel Chile 1818 359 Latham, Major Chile 1830 245 Latouche, Daniel Brazil 1611 602 Law, Henry Brazil 1857 346 Leavens, Mr Amazon 1840 388 Ledger, Charles Bolivia 1845 481 Lee, Capt. Charles Amazon 1608 41 Leslie, Dr Buenos Ayres.. 1868 427 634 INDEX. Date Page Lindon, Lieut Venezuela 1818 289 Lindsay, James Chile 1870 398 Lloyd, William Matto Grosso.. 1872 489 Lodge, Rev. Barton Buenos Ay res.. 1842 547 Love, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1827 180 Love, Thomas G , Buenos Ayres.. 1823 578 Lowe, Fred Amazon 1834 464 Lumley, Gen Baenos Ayres.. 1807 111 Lynch, Mme Paraguay 1853 369 MacCann, Mr Buenos Ayres.. 1846 466 MacDonald, Col Venezuela 1817 286 MacEachen, Capt Uruguay 1870 340 MacFarlane, Geo Buenos Ayres.. 1810 624 MacGaire, Capt Rio Grande.... 1819 316 Machony, Father Buenos Ayres.. 1740 80 MacGill, James Peru 1870 401 MacGregor, Gen Venezuela 1813 274 MacGinity, John Rio Grande.... 1871 350 MacKenna, Gen Chile 1814 253 MacKenna, Vicuiia Chile 1860 389 Mackintosh, James Venezuela 1825 572 Mackinlay, Mrs Buenos Ayres.. 1817 216 Mackiunon, Capt. Buenos Ayres.. 1848 488 Mackinnon, Alexander Montevideo 1873 401 Mackintosh, Col Venezuela 1819 309 MacMullen, Capt Venezuela 1818 289 MacNamara, Capt River Plate.... 1765 59 MacNamara, Lieut Venezuela 1818 302 Mahon, Col Baenos Ayres . 1807 118 Maine, Major Venezuela 1818 316 Mamby, Col Ecuador 1823 310 Mandeville, John H Buenos Ayres.. 1839 564 Manning, Lieut Chile 1826 2o2 Mansfield, Mr Paraguay 1854 466 Manson, Capt Brazil 1825 206 Manton, Capt Colonia 1867 342 Markham, Clements Peru 1856 479 Marshall, John Buenos Ayres.. 1843 520 Masham, Thomas Orinoco 1599 38 Masterman, Mr Paraguay 1859 364 Mathew, Lieut Venezuela 1821 300 Mawe, John Montevideo,... 1804 456 Mawe, Lieut.... Amazon 1827 462 Meiggs, Henry Pern 1872 379 Merrick, Andrew • Patagonia 1589 28 635 IMicklejobns, Capt Peru Middleton, R. T Venezuela..., Miers, John Chile -Miles, George Paraguay .... Milligan, Robert Brazil Miller, Alex. George Chile Miller, Gen Peru Minchin, Gen Venezuela.... Moleswor th, Lieut Venezuela. , . . Molloy, Dr Peru Moore, Capt Venezuela.... Moore, Col Venezuela. . . . Moore, Capt River Plate. Moran, Col Peru. Moran, Admiral Peru Morgan, Sir Henry Panama Morphy, Governor Paraguay Morris, Midshipman Patagonia.... Morris, Capt Paraguay Mundell, Col Paysandii .. Murray, Col Venezuela ... Murray, Admiral River Plate.. Musters, Capt Patagonia.... Karbrough, Sir John West Coast.... JSTeate, Charles Bahia Needham, Col Venezuela Nelson, Lieut River Plate Nesbitt, Mr Paraguay Newell, Lieut Venezuela Newton, Richard Buenos Ayres.. Newton, William Paraguay 1858 Nicholl, Dr Peru Norther, Capt River Plate Norton, Admiral Brazil Nugent, George Peru O'Brien, Gen West Coast ... O'Brien, Capt Chile O'Brien, Capt Buenos Ayres. 'O'Carroll, Col Chile O'Connell, Lieut Venezuela O'Conor, Gen Bolivia] O'Donoghue, Viceroy Mexico O'Dwyer, Capt Venezuela 'Ogden, Mr Venezuela Date Fage 1824 241 1877 560 1818 446 1868 368 1862 495 1830 358 1818 215 1821 320 1818 302 1819 235 1741 602 1818 313 1803 88 1824 225 1836 240 1668 45 1766 140 1742 70 1853 369 1826 340 1821 319 1807 116 1869 467 1670 43 1877 349 1818 290 1815 152 1869 367 1821 300 1830 607 1858 368 1825 235 1814 147 1826 213 1840 605 1817 258 1818 246 1821 326 1820 230 1818 302 1819 262 1821 138 1818 291 1804 286 636 INDEX. Date Pag& O'Gorman, Rev. Patk Buenog Ayrea. 1831 421 O'Gorman, Henry Buenos Ay res. 1877 399 O'Hara, Capt IMontevideo ... 1761 139 O'Higginti, Viceroy We^t t'oast ... 1769 129 O'Higgins, Bernard Chile., .% 1814 265 O'Hig^ins, Demetrio Chile 1865 272 Oldham, John Montevideo ... 1866 341 O'Leary, Gen Venezuela J 818 273 O'Phelan, Bishop Peru 1840 400 O'Beillv, Gen Peru 1820 138 O'P.eilly, Dr Venezuela 1818 302 O'Shee, Richard Buenos Ajres. 1876 398 Oughan, Dr Buenos Ayies. 1825 329 Oxenham, John Panama ... -. 1572 21 Oxley, Lieut Chile 1826 251 Pack, Col Buenos Ayres. 1806 98 Page, Mr Bolivia 1826 260 Page, Capt Matto Grosso. 1859 385 Palm, Capt Matto Grosso 1872 489 Palmer, Capt Buenos Ayres. 1807 109 Parish, Wcodbine Buenos Ayres. 1823 563 Parker, Admiral Brazil 1852 612 Parker, Commodore Venezuela 1818 291 Parker, Capt Peru 1829 240 Parley,Dr Paraguay 1802 361 Paroissien, Gen Buenos Ayres. 1816 170 Parry, Sir Edward West Coast ... 1840 376 Parvm, Rev. Mr Buenos Ayres. 1824 548 Patterson, Rfcv. Mr Panama 1698 47 Peacock, Capt Venezuela 1820 307 Penrose, Mr Colonia 1765 60 Pentland, Barclay Bolivia 1825 475 Perkins, Major Venezuela 1818 290 Perkins, William Santa Fe 1870 444 Petrie, George Peru 1863 524 Phelan, Capt Venezuela 1820 307 Phipps, Brothers Rio Janeyro... 1876 349- Pigott, Col Venezu'la 1818 302 Plant, Nathaniel Rio Grande ... 1871 351 Pluukett, Major Venezuela 1817 288 Ponscnby, Lord.. Brazil 1827 163 Popham, Sir Home River Plate ... 1806 107 Porter, Sir Kerr Caracas 1832 554 Prebble, Charles Montevideo ... 1873 606 Prescott, Capt Chile 1822 222: INDBX. 637 Date Page Price, Richard , Chile 1830 359 Pringles, Colonel San Luis 1820 183 Proudfoofc, John Rio Grande ... 1855 345 Pudsey, Mr Brazil 1542 20 Purcell, James Brazil 1626 42 Purvis, Commodore Montevideo ... 1845 340 Rae, William Montevideo... 1850 340 Raleigh, Sir Walter Orinoco 1595 33 Ramsay, Gilbert Buenos Ayres. 1825 578 Ramsay, Capt Buenos Ayres. 1827 180 Ramsay, Lieut Chile 1820 251 Rawson, Dr. William Buenos Ayres. 1852 392 Redhead, Dr Salta 1809 472 Reid, Lieut Venezuela 1818 302 Reid, Lieut Brazil 1824 206 Remiger, Robert Brazil 1540 20 Reynolds, Lieut Venezuela 1820 304 Rhind, Dr Paraguay 1867 364 Richard, Col Venezuela 1818 291 Ridley,Capt Venezuela 1818 289 Risden, Lieut Peru 1836 602 Robertson, Capt Peru 1822 249 Rober ton, the pirate Peru 1826 612 Robertson, John Parish Buenos Ayres. 1811 457 Robertson, Wm. Parish Buenos Ayres. 1816 362 Rodney, Cesar Buenos Ayres. 1823 385 -Rogers, Cypt West Coast ... 1708 5Q Rogers, Mr Uruguay 1865 342 Rogers & Thomas Rio Guar to ... 1875 496 Rooke,Col Venezuela 1818 304 Row croft. Alderman Mendoza 1824 461 Russell, Capt Buenos Ayres. 1814 173 Sandes, Major Venezuela 1818 304 Sarsfield, Dr. Velez Buenos Ayres. 1875 391 Sawkins, Richard West Coast ... 1680 50 St. John, I^Vederic Buenos Ayres. 1872 371 Scarlett, Mr Brazil 1850 207 Schomberg, Sir Robert Guiana 1837 476 Scott, Capt Venezuela 1821 299 Scrivener, Dr Peru 18^5 477 Seaver, Capt- Buenos Ayres. 1814 146 Selfridge, Capt Panama 1871 493 Selkirk, Alexander J. Fernandez. 1704 67 Seymour, Capt West Coast ... 1835 487 638 INDEX. Bate Page Sharp, Bartle West Coast ... 1680 50 Sharp, Robert Brazil 1858 498 Shepherd, Capt Brazil 1826 213 Sheridan, Peter Buenos Ayres. 1828 420 Sheridan, the painter Buenos Ayres. 1861 420 Sherwell, Thomas Panama 1572 21 Shelvocke, Capt West Coast ... 1718 57 ShirrefP, Capt Peru 1819 219 Short, Capt Colonia 1802 337 Simpson, Admiral Chile 1821 243 Simpson, James C Buenos Ayres. 1860 520- Skeene, Col Venezuela 1820 288 Skinner, Dr Paraguay 1865 364 Skyring, Lieut Patagonia ... 1828 485 Slater, Mr Chile 1870 501 Smith,Col Buenos Ayres. 1820 183 Smith, Capt Peru 1819 232 Smi h. Col Venezuela 1804 286- Smith, George Peru 1850 605 Smith, Irrisarri Chile 1872 399 Smith, Major Venezuela 1821 319^ Smith, Bevan Rio Grande ... 1871 350 Smyth, Lieut Amazon 1834 464 Somersby, Col. Peru 1824 236< Souper, Col. Robert Chile 1850 618 Spry, Capt Chile 1818 249 Squier, E. G Peru 1877 387 Stark, William Paraguay 1856 363« Stewart, Duncan Montevideo... 1870 401 Stewart, Dr Paraguay 1859 363 Stirling, Admiral River Plate ... 1806 108 Stirling, Mr Paysandu 1823 337 Stirling, Bishop Palklands 1872 551 Stokes, Capt Patagonia ... 1828 485 Stopford, Col Venezuela 1819 319" Strangford, Lord Rio Janeyro... 1809 563 Strangways, Capt Venezuela 1822 277 Strong, Capt Patagonia 1689 46- Stroud, Mr Buenos Ayres. 1815 326 Stuart, Peter Rio Guar to 1873 49a Sullivan, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1846 488 Sullivan, Stephen Peru 1852 570- Sutcliffe,Col Chile 1830 246 Swayne, Henry Chile 1824 357 Taggart, Balman Buenos Ayres.. 1863 550 INDEX. 639 Bate Page Talbot, Major Venezuela 3820 284 Tallon, Capt Venezuela 1818 302 Taylor, Admiral Brazil 1823 208 Taylor, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1810 325 Taylor, Edward Buenos Ayres.. 1824 332 Taylor, Mr Paraguay 1865 366 Temple, Edmond Peru 1826 450 Tharlton, Robert Brazil 1591 27 Thomas, George Buenos Ayres.. 1843 578 Thomas, Mr Patagonia 1877 440 Thomis, Capt Brazil 1630 42 Thome, John G Cordoba 1872 384 Thompson, Capt Venezuela 1818 303 Thompson, Major Paraguay 1810 140 Thompson, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1822 140 Thompson, Col Paraguay 1870 365 Thompson, John Buenos Ayres.. 1873 398 Thome, "^ol Buenos Ayres.. 1840 511 Thorndyke, Mr Buenos Ayres.. 1822 384 Thornton, Edward Paraguay 1862 567 Thwaites, Joshua Buenos Ayres.. 18i2 326 Tomkinson, Thomas Montevideo.... 1854 341 Towneley, buccaneer West Coast ... 1685 52 Trant, Mr Buenos Ayres.. 1873 507 Treloar, Mr Rioja 1874 452 Trotter, Major Buenos Ayres.. 1807 122 Tucker, Major Bueuos Ayres.. 1807 112 Tupper, Colonel Chile 1826 244 Tweedie, John Buenos Ayres.. 3826 410 Twite, Charles Paraguay 1864 480 Upward, Mr Rio Grande.... 1871 350 Uzlar, Col Venezuela 1821 319 Valpy, Mr Paraguay 1860 365 Vassall, Col Buenos Ayres.. 1807 113 Veal, Charles Matto Grosso.. ]872 490 Venner,Capt Brazil 1594 30 Vernon, Admiral Venezuela 1739 63 Vincent, F Buenos Ayres.. 1825 330 Vivian, Capt San Juan 1875 452 Waddinoton, Joshua Chile 1817 354 Wafer, Capt West Coast.... 1683 b2 Waine, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1806 89 Waldegrave, Mr Buenos Ayres.. 1822 604 ^0 INDEX. Date Page Walker, Martinez Chile 1870 394 Walker, Lieut Chile 1818 247 Wallace, Alfred Amazon 1848 480 Walpole, John Chile 1839 570 Walbh, Rev. Dr Brazil 1828 463 Ward, Luke Brazil 1582 24 Warnes, Capt Chile 1819 232 Washburn, Mr. Paraguay 1865 386 Watling, Commodore West Coast.... 1681 51 Water ton, Charles Guiana 1804 471 Watts, Mr Paraguay 1868 368 Watson, Lieut Venezuela 1818 289 Weber and Wallace Andes 1869 467 Weddell, Capt Tierra '1 Fuego 1822 483 Weguelin, Mr Gran Chaco... 1871 443 Weir, Col Venezuela 1817 314 Welch, Capt Brazil 1824 213 Welsh, Dr Chile 1819 234 Wells, James Brazil 1875 469 Wentworth, Gen Venezuela 1741 65 West, Hon. L. Sackville Buenos Ayres.. 1876 566 West, :N^oel Peru 1875 524 Westbank, Lieut Venezuela 1817 314 Wheelwright, Wm Chile 1826 374 White, William Buenos Ayres.. 1806 100 White, Col Peru 1828 319 Whitehead, Mr Paraguay 1860 364 Whitelocke, Gen Buenos Ayres.. 1807 116 Whittaker, Mr Rio Janeyro.... 1867 498 Whittaker, Dr Matto Grosso.. 1874 606 Whittle, Capt Venezuela 1818 302 Whithail, John Brazil 1578 21 Wilde. Col Salta 1828 334 Wilkinson, Capt Chile 1819 248 Willis, Capt Buenos Ayres.. 1821 b26 Williams, Admiral (>hile 1865 397 Williams, Marcus Maraoham .... 1845 385 WilsoD, Col Venezuela 1817 286 Wilson, Sir Belford Venezuela 1823 280 Wilson, Hugh Bahia 1875 349 Windham, Col Venezuela 1818 290 Winship,Capt Venezuela 1818 289 Winter, Capt Patagonia 1572 73 Winter, Capt Chile 1826 249 Withrington, Robert...., Brazil 1586 25 Wood, Col Chile 1828 319 641 Date Page Whitfield, Mr Buenos Ayres.. 1826 619 Woodbury, Col Veneznela 1821 319 Woodstock, Capfc Venezuela 1818 291 Woods, Thomas Patagonia 1868 438 Worster, Capt Chile 1826 251 Wright, Gen Ecuador 1821 301 Wright, Major Buenos Ayres.. 1845 400 Wyman, Lieut Peru 1819 233 Wyse, Capt Panama 1877 492 Young, Capt Peru 1822 239 Young, W Uruguay 1823 333 "SoSfSSI SAVORY & MOOEES !"S5i,".??,"' PMCREAlfc'EMlILSIOM ABJD PANCRGAIINE. Prepared under the direction of the Physician who introduced them as remedies For Consumption, Indigestion and Wasting Diseases. Where Cod-Liver Oil fails the Pancreatic preparations are the only remedies which can supply its place, and give the power of dig-esting: the Oil. ETHERODINE is a Clear Briotit Fluid, pleasant taste, readily iniscible with water or any suitable menstruum. The proper- ties of Etherodine are identical with tb«se of CiiLoiioDVNE, but the former is an elegant and more convenient preparation. THE KHEESAH, FRICTION CLOVES AND BELT, For promoting healthy action on ttie Skin. ERASMUS WILSON, Esq., in his well-known work states :— " This Friction Glove certainly offera advantages >>uperior to any other kind • if rubber for the skin in existence. The Glove was introduced into Eng- land by Sir Kanald AIahtin, K.C.B. t Physician t') the Council of India.) It is an admirable contrivance for promoting the health of the body." JEREIVIIE'S SEDATIVE & ANTISPASMODIC The Celebrated Indian Remedy for Cholera, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Spasms, &c. Allays pain and produces sleep without causing the excitement aitd disturbance which follow the use of opiates. Froin Civil Surgeon Wynne, Pntna. — "In no case of Cholera have I met with a failure of recovery." From W. B. Johnson, Opiuvi Department, Patna. — " I certify- that Jeremie's Sedative has been tried in several desperate caaes of Cholera with wonderful effect." From Sir Charles D'OtLEY, Bart., Opium Agent, Behnr.—^^ It was repeatedly administered to me by Dr. King, and always completelj soothed the pain. It has indeed saved my life more than once." PHOSPHORISED COD-LIVER OIL Also Cod-Liver Oil combined with Iron, with Quinine and Iron, Chlorate of Quinine, etc. As originally prepared by Savory & Moore. Best PALATABLE COD-LIVER OIL Without taste or smell. In bulk, or in Pint and Half-Pint Capsuled Bottles for Exportation. BEST FOOD FOR INFANTS. •^ THE YOTJNa PRINCE THRIVES UPON IT AS A PRINCE SHOULD. "-Dr. lUCHAKDSON. "IT RESEMBLES MOTHER'S MILK AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE," AND IS THE BEST KIND OF LIEBI&S FOOD — Dr. BARKER, on Right Food for Infants. FOR ASTHMA AND BRONCHITIS. *• I have suffered from attacks of sub-acute Bronchitis, attended with painfully suffocative Rennations vards bed time, which have been immediately relieved by smoking Cigars made from the Datura "ila, by Savouy & Moore, equally beneticial results I have known in other casei*. Tuis species of ra appears to supply every want. Savory & Moore prepare the plant for smoking in the ordinary \nd in some respects this is to be pr.-ferred. I consider it a remedy of great power and usefulnese."'— G. Barker, Jd.B., Senior Medical OJicer of tlie Worthing Infirmary. Prepared as Cigars, Cigarettes, and for use in a pipe, and as Pastilles for Inhalation. ^ORY & MOORE, 143, NEW BOND STREET. LONDON. -li:^'^ "ETURNTO: •^omeUse SSr^''^«TMENr Main Stacks PR iliHS^.r! *he due date. ^£D BELOW wy f ORM NO. DDfi 50M 5-02 "^"^sfe^ss^^ TL o7^JJ U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDEM3Dmii3 •^