EDUCATION DEPT. A SHORTER COURSE OP INSTRUCTION IN GRAMMAR. Arranged in a Manner to be Easily Understood and Applied. DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR PRACTICAL INTSRUCTION IN BUSINESS COLLEGES, AND IN ALL SCHOOLS WHERE A MERCANTILE EDUCATION IS GlVEN. FOURTH EDITION. COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY HEALD'S BUSINESS COLLEGE, /( SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 1888. Copyrighted, 1883, by BUSINESS COLLEGE. EDUCATION DEPT, PACIFIC PRESS PRINTERS, STEREOTYPERS, AND BINDERS OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA. PR KK A THE title page gives a very complete idea of this publication, and it seems only necessary to add a few suggestions by way of a preface to explain more fully, what called forth this book and to mention some of its more prominent features. From a somewhat extended experience as a teacher, the author felt that the text-books in grammar were filled with much that was unnecessary to a commercial education, and more especially is this shown to be true when it is considered that a majority of the students do not attend such a college but six months, many of whom have never before made grammar a study. Hence it was deemed highly essential that only important practical topics should be dwelt upon. The plan pursued is to define the various parts of speech, instruct in sentence building and then present errors in syntax for the student's correction, requiring him to assign reasons therefor. Appropriate space is devoted to composition, extended rules for spelling, abbreviations, punctu- ation, and such other important elements of grammar as are deemed indispensable to a thorough business education. A large space is given to mispronunciation of words, and a still larger one to the misuse of words. These subjects are arranged alphabet- ically to make them of ready reference, and the student will find it a valuable book for use after he has completed his course. The author during the arrangement of these pages has frequently consulted the works of some of our prominent grammari- ans, and has adopted many suggestions which seemed to be useful. Among those to whom he feels himself under obligations, and gladly makes this acknowledgment, may be mentioned Brown, Wells, Sill, Swinton, Kerl as grammarians and as philologists, Ayers' Verbalist and Westlake's Practice Words. If this book shall succeed in relieving the important study of grammar of much that is not essential and of pointing out a more attractive and shorter route of travel to make good writers and speakers, the author will feel well compensated for the time and labor bestowed in its publication. Craving the indulgence of critics for any short-comings, and hoping to merit the approval of co-laborers in the cause of science, the author presents for deliberation his ''Shorter Course of Oral Instruction in Grammar." M2495' I N PAGE. Abbreviations 4 table of general 5 used in book-keeping . . 6 Adage, definition of 38 Adjective, definition of. 24 compound 24 descriptive 24 definitive 24 participial 24 proper 24 Adjectives and participles, how con- nected 32 Adverbs, degree of 26 definitions of 27 Alphabet I Amen, yes and no 27 Apostrophe, definition of 38 Article (see marginal note) 9 Auxiliaries, list of 64 Axiom, definition of 38 Balance 49 Brackets 31 Capital letters 7 exercises for correction in 8 Case ii nominative 1 1 Case, objective 1 1 possessive 1 1 possessive, rules for 1 1 Clause - i Colon 3 1 Comma 3 2 Comparison, definition of 24 Composition 35 correction of 37 direction for writing 36 preparation of 36 Conjunction, definition of 29 Curves 31 Contraction 4 Dare and need 16 Dash, definition of 30 Declension 12 Degree, comparative, definition of. ... 24 Degree, positive, definition of 24 superlative, definition of 24 Derivatives, prefixes 2 suffixes 3 Diphthongs, definition of 49 Ellipsis 37 Elision 4, 38 English grammar I Etymology I Exclamation, definition of. 38 False syntax, promiscuous exercises 50-63 Figures of speech 37 Forming the plural, rules for 10 Gender, definition of 9 Hyperbole, definition of 37 Interjection 30 Interrogation point 32 definition of. 38 Interrogative Pronouns 14 Irony 37 Language I, 9 Letter I Maxim, definition of 38 Metaphor, definition of. 37 Mispronunciation 38 Misused words 42 Moods, definition of 15 infinitive 15 indicative 15 imperative 15 INDEX. Moods subjunctive 15 potential 15 Nouns common, definition of 9 abstract 9 and pronouns, properties of . . . 9 collective 9 definition of 9 independent, case of. 31 proper, definition of 9 Noun phrase 12 Number 10, 16 Orthography I Participles, definition of 49 Parts of speech 9 Person 9, 1 6 Personification, definition of 37 Period 30, 31 Phrases I, 25 Phrase adverbial, definition of. 27 Pleonasm, definition of. 38 Possessive plural 12 Prepositions, definition of. 28 list of 28 Profanity 49 Pronoun, compound, personal, defini- tion of. 13 Pronouns, definition of 9, 13 Pronouns, declension of 13 Pronouns, division of 13 Pronoun interrogative, definition of . . . 13 Pronoun personal, definition of 13 possessive 13 relative 13 Prosody I, 64 Proverb, definition of. 38 Punctuation, definition of 30 correction in 32 exercise in 32 Punctuation, definition of. 30 Quotations, how written 32 Quotation marks, single and double... 32 Relative Pronouns 14 Review (General). 33 Rhetoric (see figures of speech) 37 Semicolon 31 Sentence 2 Shall 64 Simile, definition of 37 Slang 48 Spelling 2 rules for 2 Stops and marks (see punctuation) ... 30 Syllable I Syntax I Tenses, definition of. 16 present 16 past 16 present perfect 16 past perfect 16 future 16 future perfect 16 Triphthong,definition of 49 Verbs finite, definition of. 15 Verbs, definition of 14 active transitive 15 auxiliary 64 classes of .... 14 conjugation of 16 defective, definition of 15 irregular 15, 20 Verbs finite, definition of 15 intransitive 15 irregular, list of 15 modifications of 15 neuter, definition of 15 passive 15 regular 14 redundant 15 Verbs irregular, list of, 20 Will 64 Word i Words, classes of 2 compound 4 derivatives 2 formation of 4 Words, primitive 2 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. Language is the expression of ideas by means of signs and sounds. Language is either spoken or written. English Grammar treats of the laws and forms of the English lan- guage, and teaches how to speak and write it correctly. The basis of Grammar is the usage of our best writers and speakers. English Grammar is divided into four parts, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. Orthography is derived from the Greek orthos, correct, and grapho, to write. It treats of the properties of letters, and teaches the art of writing words correctly. Etymology (Greek etumon, true, and logos, word). It treats of the various inflections and modifications of words, and shows how they are formed from their simple roots. Syntax (Greek suntaxis, act of arranging or putting together). It treats of the proper arrangement of words in sentences, according to established usage. Prosody treats of punctuation, of the quantity of syllables, of accent and of the laws of versification. ALPHABET. A Letter is a character that denotes one or more elementary sounds. There are about forty elementary sounds,' represented by twenty-six letters called the Alphabet. A Syllable is a letter or combination of letters pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. A Word is a syllable or combination of syllables used to express an idea. A Phrase is "two or more words put together, but not expressing a thought. A Clause is a proposition that makes but a part of a sentence. GRAMMAR EXERCISES. A Sentence is a group of words making complete sense, ' and is fol- lowed by a full pause. SPELLING. Spelling is the art of arranging letters into words in accordance with the best usage. This art can best be acquired by careful observations in reading, by writing, and by reference to dictionaries. RULES FOR SPELLING. Words may be divided into three classes, Primitive, Derivative, and Compound. PRIMITIVE WORDS Rules for Primitives. RULE i. Monosyllables ending in f, 1, or s, preceded by a single vowel \ double the final consonant. EXAMPLES. Stuff, bell, miss. RULE 2. Words ending in any other consonant than f, 1, or s, do not double the final letter. EXAMPLES. Put, rap, on, trim, brag, star. EXCEPTIONS. Add, odd, ebb, egg, inn, bunn, err, burr, purr, butt, buzz, fuzz. RULE 3. The diphthong ei generally follows c soft and s. After other letters ie is used. EXAMPLES. Deceive, seize, relieve. EXCEPTIONS. Siege, sieve, and a few others. DERIVATIVE WORDS Prefixes. RULE 4. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double consonant commonly retain both consonants. EXAMPLES. Enroll, befall, foretell (from roll, fall, tell). EXCEPTION. Until, which is always written with one /. (a) The final letter of a prefix is sometimes omitted. EXAMPLES. Coexistent for aw-existent, y a consonant; otherwise it usually remains unchanged. GRAMMAR EXERCISES. EXAMPLES. Happy-^/, happiest; duty-^?, duties. (a) Before the terminations ly and ness, some words, as, shy, dry, do not change the final y. To prevent doubling the i, the y is not changed when the suffix begins with /. EXAMPLE. Marry-zVzg", marrying. For the same reason, the e being dropped by Rule 5, in die, lie, tie, vie, the / is changed to y. EXAMPLES. Dyihg, lying, tying, vying. (b) The /in words ending in forfe, is often changed to v when the suffix begins with a vowel. EXAMPLE. Life, lives. (c) From lay, pay, stay, and say, though y is preceded by a vowel, we have laid, paid, staid, said. So from day we have daily, and from gay t gaily, though better written gayly. COMPOUND WORDS Formation. RULE 8. Compound words usually follow the orthography of tJie primitive words of which they are composed. EXAMPLES. All-powerful, allpowerful; over-throw, overthrow. (a) In compound words which are closely united, full and all drop the final /. EXAMPLES. Handful, careful, always, withal. But in those compounds which are merely temporary, the // is retained. EXAM PLES. Full-faced, all-wise. (b) When possessives are compounded with other words, they often, drop the apostrophe. EXAMPLES. /foreman, fietmsman. (c) Chilblain, welcome, welfare, and fulfil, drop one // shepherd,, wherever, and whosoever, drop an e; and wherefore and therefore assume an They, their or theirs, them. ( Neut., It, its, it. ) Second person, solemn style, Thou, thy or thine. Nominative plural, Ye. 14 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. THE RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. The relative and interrogative pronouns who and which have modifi- cations denoting case. That and what are not declined. SINGULAR. PLURAL. NOMINATIVE POSSESSIVE OBJECTIVE NOMINATIVE POSSESSIVE OBJECTIVE Mas. or Fern. Who, whose, whom. Who, whose, whom. Mas. Fern. orNeu. Which, whose, which. Which, whose, which. EXERCISE. Tell the person, number ; and case of the pronouns. 1. Heaven helps men who help themselves. 2. Promise me that you will send him what he wants. 3. Whatever he asks I will give him. 4. Avoid such companions as do not speak the truth. I,. Who found the money ? It was we. 6. We bathed in Great Salt Lake, whose waters floated us like corks. 7. I think I know what you were talking about. 8. This is the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the malt. 9. Whom did you say she married ? 10. What is it worth? What is it good for? 1. Compose a sentence containing the personal pronoun of the first person singular. 2. Compose a sentence containing the personal pronoun of the third person plural. 3. Compose a sentence containing the personal pronoun of the third person, singular number, feminine gender. 4. Compose a sentence containing the relative who in the objective case. VERBS. Verb is from the Latin verbum, meaning word, and signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon; as, I am, I love, I am loved. CLASSES. Verbs are divided with respect to their form, into four classes, regu- lar, irregular, redundant, and defective. A Regular Verb is one that forms its past tense and past parti- ciple by annexing d or ed to the present. NOTE i. The present participle of all verbs is formed by the suffix ing to the root of the verb. NOTE. 2 The principle parts of all regular verbs are formed as follows: Pres- ent tense, walk; past tense, walked; present participle, walking; past participle, walked. MODIFICATIONS OF VERBS. 15 An Irregular Verb is a verb that does not form its past tense and past participle with d or ed; as, do, -did, doing, done. A Redundant Verb is a verb that forms its past tense or past participle in two or more ways; as, thrive, thriving, thrived, or thriven. A Defective Verb is a verb that forms no participle, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, beware, ought, quoth. QUERY. Is hear, a regular or irregular verb ? Verbs are divided again, with regard to their significations, into four classes, active-transitive, active-intransitive, passive, and neuter. An Active -transitive Verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some person or thing for its object; as, "Ned loves Nell;" "Cain slew Abel." An Active -intransitive Verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object; as, "James reads." REMARK. A verb that takes the noun things and makes good sense after it, is a transitive verb, but when it does not, it is an intransitive verb. A Passive Verb is a verb that represents its subject or nominative, .as being acted upon; as, I am loved. A Neuter Verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being or a state of being. He is, you are. MODIFICATIONS, r Verbs have modifications of four kinds: namely, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons. MOODS. Moods are the different forms of the verb, each of which expresses the action in some particular manner. There are five moods: the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Poten- tial, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative. The Infinitive Mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being, action or passion, in an unlimited manner; as, to run, to love. The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing or asks a question; as, I walk, or, Do you study?. The Potential Mood expresses power, liberty or possibility; as i 1 2 can go, John would learn. The Subjunctive Mood represents the being or action as doubtful and contingent; as, If you know, disclose the fact. The Imperative Mood is that form of the verb used to express a command, an entreaty, or permit; as, "Wayward sisters, depart in peace." Forgive me. REMAR K. A finite verb is a verb not in the infinitive mood. 16 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. TENSES. Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time. There are six tenses: the Present, the Past, the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect, the Future, the Future Perfect. The Present Tense expresses the present time; as, I hear a voice. The Past Tense expresses what took place in some time past; as r George excelled in his class yesterday. The Present Perfect Tense expresses an action as completed at the present time; as, John has read his book. The Past Perfect Tense denotes past completion, or an event trans- piring before some other occurrence; as, Mary hqd been excused. The Future Tense denotes future time; as, I shall go. The Future Perfect Tense denotes future completion; as, He will have eaten. PERSONS AND NUMBERS. RULE 1 8. Verbs, lik^-uouus, have two numbers and three persons, and always agree with the subject nominative in both number and person. EXCEPTION. The Infinitive Mood having no relation to a nominative is exempt from the agreement. NOTE i. Verbs in the Imperative Mood commonly agree with the pronouns thou, ye, or you understood; as, Give heed to duty's call. NOTE 2. The adjuncts of a nominative do not control its agreement with the verb; as, the hotel, with the other buildings, was destroyed. NOTE 3. The Infinitive Mood, a phrase or a sentence, is sometimes the subject of a finite verb, the verb should be third person singular; as, "To see the sun is pleasant," To lie is base. How far the change would contribute to his welfare, comes to be con- sidered. NOTE 4. A neuter or passive verb between two nominatives should be made to agree with the preceding noun; as, "Words are Wind," except when the words are transposed; as, "The wages of sin is death," or when a question is asked; as, Who are you? NOTE 5. Dare and need are sometimes used without the s in the third person singular. The foregoing definitions are such as have met the approval of most of our authors of text-books on grammar. The writer of this treatise does not fully indorse the opinions and views herein set forth, for it seems unnecessary to make more than three divisions of time the past, the present, and the future and the author fails to understand how the student is instructed as to the usage of our best writers and speakers by the employment of moods and tenses, and the cumbersome system pursued by grammarians in the conjugation of the verb. It will be the purpose of th' publication, in the main, to present as exercises faulty expressions for the student's correction. PERSON AND NUMBER. 17 FALSE SYNTAX. You was kindly received. , We was disappointed. She dares not oppose it. His pulse are too quick. Circumstances alters cases He needs not trouble himself. Twenty-four pence is two shillings. On one side was beautiful meadows. He may pursue what studies he please. What have become of our cousins ? What says his friends on this subject? What avails good sentiments with a bad life? What sounds have each of the vowels? There were a great number of spectators. There are an abundance of treatises on this subject. While ever and anon there falls Huge heaps of hoary, mouldered walls. Dyer. Not one of the authors who mentions this incident is entitled to credit. The man and woman that was present, being strangers to him, won- dered at his conduct. O thou, forever present in my way, Who all my motives and my toils survey. The derivation of these words are uncertain. Two years' interest were demanded. One added to nineteen make twenty. The road to virtue and happiness are open to all. A round of vain and foolish pursuits delight some folks. To obtain the praise of men were their only object. RULE 19. When the nominative is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality ', the verb must agree with it in the plural number; as, The jury have agreed upon a verdict. RULE 20. A collective noun conveying the idea of unity requires a verb in the singular form; as, The army was defeated; or it may take the plu- ral form; as, The armies were defeated. EXERCISES. Correct the following: The people rejoices, in that which should cause sorrow. The committee has attended to their duties. Mankind was not united by the bonds of civil society. 18 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. The majority was not disposed to adopt the measure. The peasantry goes bare-foot and the middle class makes use of wooden shoes. All the world is spectators of your conduct. The church have no power to inflict corporal punishments. The fleet were seen sailing up the channel. The meeting have established several salutary regulations. The regiment consist of a thousand men. A detachment of two hundred men were immediately sent. In this business the House of Commons were of no weight. Are the Senate considered as a separate body? There are a flock of birds. To steal and then deny it are a double sin. To live soberly, righteously, and piously, are required of all men. That it is our duty to promote peace and harmony among men, admit of no dispute. The reproofs of instruction is the way of life. So great an affliction to him was his wicked sons. What is the latitude and longitude of San Francisco ? RULE 21. Two or more singular subjects meaning different things, joined by and, take a verb in the plural; as : "Judges and Senates have been bought for gold; Esteem and love -were never to be sold." Pope. EXCEPTION i. A gentleman and scholar lives here. This means that one person is both a "gentleman" and a "scholar," and that he lives here. There is but one person spoken of, and notwithstanding we give him two different names, the verb is in the singular number, for the reaspn that the verb makes a statement of a subject, and not of its names. EXCEPTION 2. "Why is dust and ashes proud?" The singular verb is correct, because we are really speaking of one thing, a "man." "Love and love only is the loan for love." Young. EXCEPTION 3. The man, and not his servants, is responsible. This sentence is correct. One subject is singular and the other plural. We let the verb agree with the affirmative subject, leaving the negative form to be understood. EXCEPTION 4. Can it be said that every man and every woman is happy? When two singular subjects joined by and are described by the adjectives each, every or no, the verb takes a singular form. FALSE SYNTAX. Temperance and exercise preserves health. Time and tide waits for no man. Wealth, honor and happiness forsakes the indolent. In unity consists the security and welfare of every society. High pleasures and luxurious living begets satiety. Wisdom, and not wealth, procure esteem. PERSON AND NUMBER. 19 ' Not fear, but labor, have overcome him. Not her beauty, but her talents, attracts attention. Each day and each hour bring their portion of duty. Every house and every cottage were plundered. The time will come when no oppresser, no unjust man, will be able to screen / themselves from punishment. Town or country are equally agreeable to me. The king, with the lords, and the commons, compose the British parliament. NOTE. The speaker should mention his name last, except in confessing a fault, and then he may assume the first place. RULE 22. Two or more singular subjects joined by or or nor re- quire a singular verb; as, John or his brother has the book. RULE 23. When nominatives are of different persons, the verb agrees with the first in preference to the second, and with the second in preference to the third; as, Neither you nor I am loved. RULE 24. Two or more phrases, like nouns, connected by and when they are subjects of a verb, require a plural verb; as, To be happy, to be good, to be wise, and to be just, are valued qualities. RULE 25. Two or more distinct subject phrases connected by or or nor require a singular verb. FALSE SYNTAX. Neither imprudence, credulity, nor vanity have ever been imputed to him. What the heart or the imagination dictate flows readily. Either ability or inclination were wanting, The sense or drift of a proposition often depend upon a single letter. Neither he nor you was there. Either the boys or I were at fault. Neither the captain nor the sailors was saved. Are they or I expected to be there ? Neither he, nor am I, capable of it. r Neither were their riches nor their influence great. I and my father were riding out I and Jane are invited. They ought to invite me and my sister. To profess, and to possess, is very different things. To practice tale-bearing, or even to countenance it, are great in- , justice. . To reveal secrets or betray one's friends, are contemptible perfidy. 20 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. RULE 26. When verbs are connected by a conjunction, they must either agree in mood, tense and form, or have separate nominatives expressed; as, He himself held the plow, sowed the grain, and attended the reapers. She was proud, but she is now humble. EXERCISE FALSE SYNTAX. They would neither go in themselves nor suffered others to enter. Did he not tell thee his fault, and entreated thee to forgive him ? The day is approaching, and hastens upon us. ' This report was current yesterday, and agrees with what we heard before. RULE 27. The past tense should not be used to compound the tenses, nor should the past participle be used for the past tense; as, To have seen r not, to have saw. I did it, not, I done it. EXERCISE. They have chose the part of honor and virtue. He soon begun to be weary of having nothing to do. Somebody has broke my slate. I seen him when he done it. IRREGULAR VERBS. An Irregular Verb is one that does not form its past tense and past participle by annexing d or ed to the present; as, see, saw, seeing, seen. LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. EXPLANATION. When a verb has a past, or past participle, or both, of the regular conjugation, this fact is indicated by placing -Rafter the form or forms. This -ed is to be suffixed to the root, care being taken to observe the rule of spelling for derivative words. When the -ed is in heavy type it indicates that the -ed form is preferable. The forms in italics are either out of use, seldom used, or not used by the best authors. PRESENT. PAST. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. PAST PARTICIPLE. abide abode abiding abode arise arose arising arisen awake awoke, -ed awaking awaked v be or am was being been bear (to bring forth) bore, bare bearing born bear (to carry) bore, bare bearing borne beat beat beating beaten, beat begin began beginning begun behold beheld beholding beheld belay belaid,-^ belaying belaid, -d? bend bent,-ed bending bent,-ed bet bet,-ed betting bet,-ed bereave bereft bereaving bereft, -ed beseech besought beseeching besought beware IRREGULAR VERBS 2! PRESENT. PAST. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. PAST PARTICIPLE. bid bid, bade bidding bidden, bid bide bide,-ed biding bide, -ed bir\d,-un,-re bound binding bound bite bit biting bitten, bit bleed bled" bleeding bled blend bless blent, -ed blest, -ed blending blessing blent, -ed blest, -ed blow blew blowing blown break broke, brake breaking broken, broke breed bred breeding bred bring brought bringing brought build, -re, -up built, -ed building built, -ed burn burnt, -ed burning burnt, -ed burst burst bursting burst buy bought buying bought can could cast cast casting cast catch caught, -ed catching caught, -ed chide chid, chode chiding chidden, chid choose chose choosing chosen cleave (to adhere} cleaved, clave cleaving cleaved cleave (to split) clove, cleft, clave cleaving cleft, cloven climb climbed, clomb climbing climbed cling clothe clung clothed, clad clinging clothing clung clad,-ed come,-l>e,-0ver came coming ' come cost cost costing cost creep crept creeping crept crow crew,_ed crowing crowed cut cut cutting cut dare (to venture) durst, -ed daring dared deal dealt, -ed dealing dealt, -ed dig dug, -ed digging dug,-ed do, -un, -mis, -over did doing done draWj-wzV/fc drew drawing drawn dream dreamt, - ed dreaming dreamt, -ed dress, -un,-re drest, _ed dressing drest, -ed drink drank, drunk drinking drunk, drunken drive drove driving driven dwell dwelt, -ed dwelling dwelt, -ed eat ate, eat eating eaten, eat fall,-& fell falling fallen feed fed feeding fed feel felt feeling felt fight fought fighting fought find found finding found flee fled fleeing fled fling flung flinging flung fiy flew flying flown forbear forbore forbearing forborne forbid forbade forbidding forbidden forget forgot . forgetting forgotten, forgot forsake forsook forsaking forsaken freeze froze freezing frozen freight freighted ireighting fraught, freighted gei,-bc,-for got, getting got, gotten gild gilt,-ed gilding gilt,-ed gird, -be, -un, -en girt, -ed girding girt,-ed give, -for, -mis gave giving given go, -fore, -under went going gore grave, -en graved gra ving graven,-ed grind ground grinding ground 22 GRAMMAR EXERCISES. PRESENT. PAST. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. PAST PARTICIPLE. grow grew growing grown hang* have hung had hanging having hung had hear, -over heard hearing heard heave hove,-ed heaving hoven, _ed hew hewed hewing hewn,-ed hide hid hiding hidded, hid hit hit hitting hit hold, -be^-with) -up held holding held, holden hurt hurt hurting hurt keep kneel kept knelt, -ed keeping kneeling kept knelt, -ed knit knit, -ed knitting knit,-ed know, -fore knew knowing known lade laded lading laded, laden lay, -in laid laying laid lead, -mis led leading led leap learn leapt, -ed learnt, _ed leaping learning leapt, -ed learnt, -ed leave left leaving left lend lent lending lent let let letting let lie (to recline] lay lying lain light lit,-ed lighting lit,_ed loa.d,-un,-0ver loaded loading loaded, laden lose lost losing lost make made making made may might mean meant meaning meant meet met meeting met mow mowed mowing mown, -ed must ought outdo outdid outdoing outdone pass past,_ed passing past,-ed pay, -re paid paying paid . pen (to enclose) pent, -ed penning pent,-ed prove proved proving proven, -ed put put putting put quit quit,-ed quitting quit, -ed quoth rap rapt,-ed rapping rapt,-ed read read reading read rend rent rending rent rid rid ridding rid ride rode, rid riding ridden, rid ring rung, rang ringing rung rise, -a rose rising risen rive rived riving riven, -ed run,-0#/ ran, run running run saw sawed sawing sawn,-ed say, -un t -gain said saying said see, -fore saw seeing seen seek sought seeking sought seethe sod,-ed seething sodden, -ed sell sold selling sold send sent sending sent set, -be set setting set shake shook shaking shaken shall should ''Hang, to take life by hanging, is regular. IRREGULAR VERBS. 23 PRESENT. PAST. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. PAST PARTICIPLE. shape, -mis shaped shaping shapen, -ed shave shaved shaving shaven, -ed shear sheared, shore shearing shorn, -ed shed shed shedding shed shine shone, -ed shining shone, -ed shoe shod shoeing shod shoot, -over shot shooting shot show showed showing shown, -ed shred shred shredding shred shrink shrunk, shrank shrinking shrunk, shrunken shut shut shutting shut sing sang, sung- singing sung sink sank, sunk sinking sunk sit sat sitting sat slay slew slaying slain sleep slide slept slid sleeping sliding slept slidden, slid sling slung, slang slinging slung slink slunk, slank slinking slunk slit slit,-ed slitting slit,-ed smell smelt, -ed smelling smelt, _ed smite smote smiting smitten, smit sow (to scatter) sowed sowing sown,-ed speak, -be spoke, spake speaking spoken speed sped,-ed speeding sped, -ed spell, -mis spelt, -ed spelling spelt, -ed spend, -mis spent spending spent spill spilt, _ed spilling spilt, -ed spin spun, span spinning spun spit* spit, spat spitting spit split split, -ed splitting split, -ed spoil spoilt, -ed spoiling spoilt, -ed spread, -0zw,-fo spread spreading spread spring stand, -with y -under sprung, sprang stood springing standing sprung stood stave stove, -ed staving stove, -ed stay staid, _ed staying staid, _ed steal stole stealing stolen stick stuck sticking stuck sting stung stinging stung stride, -be strode, strid striding stridden strike struck striking struck, stricken string strung stringing strung strive strove striving striven ?>\.\