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BANCROFT 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 FRANKLIN K. LANE. SECRETARY 
 
 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
 
 STEPHEN T. MATHER. DIRECTOR 
 
 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS 
 WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES 
 
 ADDRESS :: :: By T. S.^/PALMER 
 
 Expert in Game Conservation, Biological Survey 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE NATIONAL PARKS CONFERENCE 
 AT WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY 4, 1917 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1917 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 By T. S. PALMER, Expert in Game Conservation, Biological Survey. 
 
 Much has been written and many photographs have been published 
 illustrating the wild life in the national parks. The bears, the 
 buffalo, and the elk of the Yellowstone are as closely associated with 
 this park as are the hot springs or geysers. The mountain sheep is 
 almost as closely associated with the Rocky Mountain Park or the 
 mountain goat with the Mount Rainier or the Glacier Park as are 
 waterfalls with Yosemite or the big trees with the Sequoia Park. 
 Of national parks there are now 16 and of national monuments 21 
 in charge of the National Park Service of the Department of the 
 Interior. In addition, there are 11 national monuments on national 
 forests in charge of the Forest Service of the Department of Agri 
 culture, and 2 national monuments under the jurisdiction of the War 
 Department. Of these 50 reservations, the 34 monuments have a 
 combined area of about 1,900 square miles, or a little more than one- 
 fourth the area of the national parks and a little less than that of the 
 State of Delaware. 
 
 Comparatively little has been published on the wild life of the 
 national monuments and even the existence of some of the most in 
 teresting reservations is scarcely known to the public. Much less 
 has the tourist or casual visitor a -clear idea of what constitutes a 
 national monument, of the diverse character of monuments, or of the 
 distinction between a national monument and a national park. This, 
 perhaps, is not surprising when it is recalled that only a few years 
 ago a former Cabinet officer to whom was submitted a recommenda 
 tion for the establishment of one of the larger national monuments 
 inquired, "What kind of a monument do you propose to build?" 
 And upon being assured that it was not the intention to build any 
 monument, but merety to preserve some objects of unusual scien 
 tific interest under the national monuments act, remarked, "Well, 
 I don't know what you are going to do, but if Mr. says it is 
 all right I will approve the recommendation." And within a few 
 days the monument became an accomplished fact. 
 
 From time immemorial man has been accustomed to erect monu 
 ments in honor of celebrated men or to commemorate important 
 events in history by monuments, and these monuments, many of 
 them unfortunately now in ruins, are carefully preserved as ex- 
 
 22310171 3 
 
4 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 amples of his work or mementos of his accomplishments. Similarly 
 nature has carved rocks, has hollowed out caverns, and has developed 
 remarkable types of plant and animal life adapted for peculiar con 
 ditions. The fact that such objects are properly monuments was 
 recognized nearly a hundred years ago by the celebrated traveler 
 Alexander von Humboldt who, in describing some of the marvelous 
 trees he had found in his travels in the Tropics referred to them as 
 " natural monuments." Recently the term " natural monuments " 
 has been adopted abroad to denote any natural object of scientific 
 interest, whether geological, botanical, or zoological, and the im 
 portance of preserving such monuments is now recognized both in 
 Europe and America. 
 
 MOVEMENT FOB PRESERVATION OF NATURAL MONUMENTS SIMULTANEOUS IN EUROPE 
 
 AND AMERICA. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the policy of preserving under the 
 care of the Government objects of historic or scientific interest for 
 the benefit of the public was adopted almost simultaneously in Ger 
 many and in the United States. In Prussia the movement took the 
 form in 1906 of a provision for the appointment of a special officer 
 known as the State commissioner for the care of natural monuments, 
 who, under the supervision of the minister of education, was charged 
 with the duty of locating, protecting, and making known the various 
 objects of scientific interest worthy of preservation. No funds were 
 provided for the purchase of sites of such monuments, but it was the 
 duty of the commissioner to locate and mark them, and to interest 
 the owners, whether State, municipal, or private, in their preserva 
 tion. These natural monuments* are of various kinds and may in 
 clude an historic tree, an unusually fine specimen of some shrub, a 
 group of rare plants, a bog containing northern plants or animals, a 
 breeding colony of birds, a curiously carved rock or a glacial 
 bowlder in short, almost any object of scientific interest. 
 
 In the United States the movement took a somewhat different form, 
 but in the same year resulted in the passage of an act of Congress 
 providing for preservation under national auspices not only of 
 natural objects of scientific interest, but also of historic landmarks 
 and historic structures. This act, approved June 8, 1906, entitled 
 "An act for the preservation of American antiquities," and commonly 
 known as the national monuments act, authorizes the President of 
 the United States to declare by public proclamation as national 
 monuments, historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, 
 and other " objects of historic or scientific interest situated on lands 
 owned or controlled by the Government of the United States." No 
 appropriation was made for carrying the law into effect or providing 
 for the care of the monuments which might be created in this way. 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 5 
 
 Not until 1910 w r as any general circular of information regarding 
 the monuments available for general distribution, and not until 1916 
 was any specific appropriation made for their protection or any pro 
 vision made for a comprehensive plan of administration. 
 
 Looking back over the past 10 years, it is interesting to observe 
 that both in Prussia and in the United States the attainment of essen 
 tially the same object has been sought in different ways, but pri 
 marily by a campaign of education. In Prussia attention has been 
 concentrated on educating the public as to the importance of pre 
 serving these natural treasures, whether under the care of State 
 authorities or private individuals. In the United States attention 
 has been concentrated on setting apart the more important natural 
 monuments and historic landmarks on public lands as national monu 
 ments and preserving them by proclamations and warning notices. 
 
 THREE KINDS OF MONUMENTS HISTORIC LANDMARKS, HISTORIC MONUMENTS, AND 
 
 NATURAL MONUMENTS. 
 
 The national monument act practically contemplates the establish 
 ment of monuments of three different kinds : 
 
 (1) Landmarks, or places of purely historic interest, include such 
 reservations as the Cabrillo Monument in California, which marks 
 the point where Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo first sighted the coast of 
 California in 1542 ; and the Big Hole Battlefield in Montana where 
 a superior force of Nez Perce Indians was defeated by United States 
 States troops on August 9, 1877. These monuments mark spots 
 closely connected with the history of the West, but contain no pre 
 historic structures or objects of scientific interest. 
 
 (2) Historic structures, or monuments proper, comprise such ruins 
 as Montezuma Castle, the Gila Cliff Dwellings, the ruins in Chaco 
 and Walnut Canyons, and the old Spanish Missions of Gran Quivira 
 ir New Mexico and Tumacacori in Arizona. 
 
 (3) Natural monuments include a variety of objects of scientific 
 interest, ranging from the stupendous gorge of the Colorado River 
 in Arizona and the glacier covered summits of the Olympic Moun 
 tains in Washington to the wind-swept rocks of the Wheeler Monu 
 ment in Colorado, the natural bridges in Utah, the Lewis and Clark 
 Cave in Montana, the fossils of the Dinosaur Monument in Utah, the 
 petrified forests in Arizona, the redwood trees of the Muir Woods 
 in California, and the giant cactuses in the Papago Saguaro Monu 
 ment in Arizona. In this group are found the monuments which 
 are most important as wild life sanctuaries. 
 
 It could scarcely be expected that the historic, the archaeological 
 or the paleontological reservations would contain much that is 
 remarkable in flora or fauna, but it is interesting to note that 8 or 
 nearly 25 per cent of the 34 monuments, including most of the 
 larger ones, are of considerable interest in connection with the 
 
6 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUAEIES. 
 
 preservation of wild life. These eight monuments in the order of 
 their creation are: (1) El Morro, in New Mexico; (2) the Muir 
 Woods, in California; (3) the Grand Canyon, in Arizona; (4) the 
 Pinnacles, in California; (5) the Colorado, near Grand Junction, 
 Colo.; (6) Mount Olympus, in Washington; (7) Papago Saguaro, 
 in Arizona; and (8) Sieur de Monts, in Maine. Two of them 
 Muir Woods and Papago Saguaro are primarily botanical; 
 three others the Grand Canyon, Mount Olympus, and the Pinna 
 cles are essentially geological; while the Sieur de Monts combines 
 historical, geological, botanical, and zoological attractions. Two 
 are located in Arizona, two in California, and one each in Colorado, 
 Maine, New Mexico, and Washington. With the exception of El 
 Morro and the Muir Woods, each has an area of more than 1,000 
 acres Mount Olympus, including some 300,000, and the Grand 
 Canyon, more than 800,000 acres. Their combined area includes 
 more than a million acres a territory larger than the area of 
 Glacier National Park, and more than half the size of the Yellow 
 stone. 
 
 JURISDICTION. 
 
 At this point it is pertinent to consider the nature of the pro 
 tection accorded the birds, game, or other objects of scientific inter 
 est in a monument under the care of the General Government. Tt 
 has been said that the principal difference between a national 
 monument and a national park is that a monument has merely 
 been made safe from private encroachment, while a park has been 
 similarly protected but in addition is in process of development so 
 as to become a convenient resort for the people. From a legal 
 standpoint, theoretically at least, a broader distinction exists in 
 the matter of jurisdiction. In some of the national parks in which 
 the necessary legislation has been enacted the jurisdiction of the 
 Federal Government is complete and exclusive, and all cases 
 involving violations of the law or regulations are tried in the 
 United States courts. In the national monuments, on the con 
 trary, State laws are still in force, as there has been no cession 
 of State authority and jurisdiction is exercised as it were through 
 cooperation between the Nation and the State. Whether a case 
 is tried in the Federal or State courts depends on the nature of 
 the offense or the question at issue. The Federal Government, 
 as proprietor of a national monument, is in much the same posi 
 tion as a landowner, who has the right to protect his property 
 against all forms of trespass, but who does not always exercise it r 
 and who relies on the State for general protection. Stated more 
 specifically by way of illustration the conditions are somewhat as 
 follows: A person charged with killing game, cutting timber, or 
 with having committed any ordinary misdemeanor in the Yellow 
 stone National Park would be tried in the Federal court, whereas 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 7 
 
 one charged with the commission of any of those offenses on a na 
 tional monument would be tried in the Federal court for cutting 
 timber or for carrying firearms in violation of departmental regu 
 lations, but he might be tried in the State courts for killing game 
 or committing some other misdemeanor prohibited by State law. 
 
 Under existing conditions the question is rather more complex. In 
 7 of the 16 national parks the Federal Government now exercises 
 jurisdiction in the Yellowstone and Platt Parks through provisions 
 in the acts of Congress admitting the States of Wyoming and Okla 
 homa to the Union; in the Hot Springs Eeservation and in the 
 Glacier, Mount Rainier, and Crater Lake Parks through the accept 
 ance by Congress of the jurisdiction ceded by the States of Arkansas, 
 Montana, Washington, and Oregon; and in the Hawaii Park by 
 virtue of the jurisdiction over a Territory exercised by the General 
 Government. 1 
 
 In the case of the national monuments protection is afforded by a 
 number of Federal laws and regulations. Under the monuments act 
 (34 Stat., 225) the land is withdrawn from all forms of entry, and 
 the injury, destruction, or unauthorized appropriation of any pre 
 historic ruin or object of antiquity is prohibited under heavy pen 
 alties. Under the Criminal Code (35 Stat., 1088), cutting timber is 
 punishable by a fine of $500 or imprisonment not more than one 
 year, or both (sec. 50) ; setting on fire any timber, underbrush, or 
 grass (sec. 52), building fires in or near any timber without totally 
 extinguishing them before leaving (sec. 53), or breaking down fences 
 inclosing lands reserved for public use, or permitting any stock to 
 destroy grass or trees on such lands (sec. 56), are punishable by simi 
 lar or even more severe penalties. 
 
 Under the Lacey Act, now incorporated in the Criminal Code (35 
 Stat., 1137), the incentive to kill game for market or for hides is 
 removed by the provision prohibiting interstate shipment of birds or 
 game killed in violation of State laws. Under the Federal migra 
 tory-bird law (37 Stat., 847) and the treaty with Great Britaip for 
 the protection of migratory birds in the United States and Canada, 
 migratory birds are protected throughout the year, and the band- 
 tailed pigeon, the largest of the native pigeons, and still common in 
 some parts of the West, is protected at all seasons for several years. 
 (U.'S. Dept. Agri.; Farmers' Bull. 774, pp. 18-20, 1916.) 
 
 Under the Grand Canyon Game Preserve act (34 Stat., 607), spe 
 cial protection is given the game in that part of the Grand Canyon 
 
 1 Recommendations have been made with a view of securing cession of State jurisdic 
 tion over the General Grant, Lassen, Sequoia, and Yosemite Parks, in California, and the 
 Mesa Verde and Hocky Mountain Parks, in Colorado. Thus the Casa Grande Ruins, 
 Wind Cave, and Sullys Hill Parks are the only ones in which no such action has been 
 taken. Special protection of the Sullys Hill Park, in the matter of hunting and trap 
 ping, has recently been provided by the State of North Dakota. 
 
8 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 Monument overlapping the game preserve along the north rim of the 
 canyon. Under the National Park Service act (39 Stat, 535), the 
 Secretary of the Interior is authorized to dispose of dead or diseased 
 timber, to provide for the destruction of injurious species of animals 
 or plants, and to regulate grazing. Regulations for the government 
 of the monuments promulgated by the Department of the Interior 
 in 1910 prohibit building fires, using firearms, fishing, picking flowers, 
 ferns, or shrubs, polluting the water, or leaving vehicles or horses, 
 except at designated places. (Report on Sullys Hill Park, Muir 
 Woods, etc., Department of the Interior, 1915, p. 8.) 
 
 It is possible for a State to supplement the protection provided 
 by the Government either directly or indirectly and even to prohibit 
 all hunting on a monument as has actually been done in the case 
 of the Pinnacles Monument. Some of the States have manifested a 
 deep interest in the reservations and a spirit of hearty cooperation 
 in their maintenance by enacting laws which have added materially 
 to the protection of the wild life. The State law of Washington 
 protecting elk, which was recently extended, that passed in Colorado 
 in 1913 suspending deer hunting, and that protecting mountain sheep 
 in Arizona are effective adjuncts in the preservation of the big game 
 on the Mount Olympus, the Colorado, and the Grand Canyon Monu 
 ments. California made the Pinnacles Monument a State game pre 
 serve by act of 1909 (ch. 428) and more recently has defined it as 
 game and fish district No. 25 in which all hunting is prohibited (Laws 
 1915, ch. 379). Oregon has made it unlawful to hunt or trap wild 
 animals or birds within the boundaries of any watershed reservation 
 set aside for the Government, or on lands in any national bird or 
 game reservation or in a national park (Laws 1913, ch. 232, sec. 20), 
 and North Dakota has made it unlawful to hunt or trap on the 
 national game refuge in Sullys Hill National Park or in any other 
 national reserve or game refuge that has been or may hereafter be 
 established within the State (Laws 1915, ch. 161, sec. 60). 
 
 SOME OF THE MOKE IMPORTANT NATIONAL MONUMENTS. 
 
 Having considered the nature of a monument and the protection 
 accorded the wild life which it contains it is in order to mention 
 briefly the characteristics of the individual monuments and the 
 species which may be preserved on them. First in importance may 
 be considered the two largest monuments, the Grand Canyon and 
 Mount Olympus, which will ultimately in all probability be made 
 national parks. 
 
 GEAND CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 The Grand Canyon National Monument, established January 11, 
 1908, comprises an area of about 800,000 acres and includes within 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 9 
 
 its boundaries the great chasm formed by the river together with a 
 narrow strip along the north and south rims of the plateau. The 
 wonders of the canyon itself with its marvelous coloring and fan 
 tastic formations so engross the attention of the visitor that little 
 thought is usually given to anything else than scenery on this reser 
 vation. Whether maintained as a monument or made a national 
 park it has, and will continue to have, certain features which render 
 it important as a refuge for some kinds of big game and also for 
 birds and other forms of wild life. The inaccessibility of many parts 
 of the canyon walls furnish a safe retreat for mountain sheep which 
 exist here in greater numbers than is generally realized. In 1912 
 Mr. Charles Sheldon, who has devoted much time and study in the 
 field to the distribution and range of mountain sheep in the Yukon 
 region in Alaska, and in the southwest, visited the canyon for 
 the purpose- of investigating the condition of the sheep. In his re 
 port to the Boone and Crockett Club he says : 
 
 For the purpose of investigating the sheep two members of the game com 
 mittee made in November last a special trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colo 
 rado in Arizona. They were surprised to find that with the exception of an 
 area of 20 miles on the north side of the river directly east of Kaibab Canyon, 
 sheep are fairly abundant in the canyon on both sides of the river, throughout 
 the entire length of the Grand Canyon. The most conservative estimate that 
 could be allowed places the number of sheep in the Grand Canyon at 1,000, 
 There are probably many more. These sheep range in most places well within 
 the inner canyon. Most of the territory where they feed is quite inaccessible 
 to hunters. 
 
 Even if this estimate is rather high it indicates that there are more 
 mountain sheep in the Grand Canyon than in any one of the national 
 parks. 
 
 The scarcity of water along the south rim of the canyon makes 
 this area unfavorable for the presence of deer in any considerable 
 numbers, but on the north rim on the Kaibab Plateau, partly within 
 the area of the monument but mainly in the adjoining Grand Canyon 
 Game Preserve, mule deer are abundant. The number at present 
 is probably several thousand, but even the most conservative esti 
 mate indicates that this is probably the largest number of mule 
 deer within the limits of any Government reservation. 
 
 The smaller mammals and the birds also find here a safe refuge 
 from all except their natural enemies, as the rugged canyon walls 
 naturally discourage and prevent pursuit. Very little is known of 
 the possibilities of the canyon as a bird sanctuary. In fact, no com 
 plete list of the birds of this reservation has yet been published, not 
 withstanding the fact that since the completion of the branch 
 railroad from Williams to Grand Canyon Station in 1902 hundreds 
 of thousands of persons have visited the spot and a number of 
 ornithologists have stopped here at different times, but none of them 
 2231017 2 
 
10 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 has remained long enough to prepare a list which can be considered 
 even approximately complete. The canyon offers unusual advan 
 tages for studying the effect of altitude on the distribution of animal 
 and plant life and in this respect affords exceptional educational 
 advantages. On the trip down the Bright Angel Trail from El 
 Tovar to the river the visitor descends from an elevation of 7,000 
 to 1,000 feet, passing in rapid succession the various forms of 
 life found between the pine-covered plateau of northern Arizona 
 and the fauna of the hot deserts in the southern part of the State. 
 Although animal life does not seem abundant, opportunity is 
 afforded for glimpses of many interesting forms, including Aberts' 
 squirrels, chipmunks, crested and Woodhouse's jays, mountain chick 
 adees, and tiny humming birds, while the wonderful notes of the 
 rock and canyon wrens and several characteristic western birds may 
 be heard. In few of the parks are the effects of the influence of 
 elevation on distribution of wild life more clearly forced upon the 
 attention of even the casual observer. In referring to the wonderful 
 opportunity for studying these problems, Dr. C. Hart Merriam says : 
 
 The complex and interacting effects of radiation and refraction, of aridity 
 and humidity, of marked difference in temperature at places of equal alti 
 tude on opposite sides of the canyon, of every possible angle of slope exposure, 
 and of exposure to and protection from winds and storms, produce a diversity 
 of climatic conditions, the effect of which on the animal and vegetable life of 
 the canyon has been to bring into close proximity species characteristic of 
 widely separated regions and to crowd the several life zones into narrow 
 parallel bands along the sides of the canyon bands which expand and con 
 tract in conforming to the ever-changing surface. * * * In short, the 
 Grand Canyon of the Colorado is a world in itself, and a great fund of 
 knowledge is in store for the philosophic biologist whose privilege it is to study 
 exhaustively the problems there presented. (Biol. Survey, U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 N. A. Fauna No. 3, p. 37, 1890.) 
 
 MOUNT OLYMPUS NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 Second in size only to the Grand Canyon is the Mount Olympus 
 Monument, which occupies the summits of the Olympic Mountains 
 in northwestern Washington. It contains many objects of unusual 
 scientific interest, including numerous glaciers and also the summer 
 home and breeding grounds of the Olympic elk, a species peculiar 
 to this region. As originally established, on March 2, 1909, it con 
 tained approximately 608,640 acres. In 1912 a tract of 160 acres was 
 eliminated, and by the proclamation of May 11, 1915, the size of the 
 reservation was reduced 50 per cent, so that the area at present is 
 299.370 acres. During the last 12 years elk hunting has been sus 
 pended in the State, and this protection in connection with the 
 protection of their breeding grounds has resulted in a gratifying 
 increase in the number of elk. In 1905, when the close season was 
 

 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 11 
 
 first established, it was estimated that the elk in the Olympic region 
 numbered 2,000 or less. Late in 1910, nearly two years after the 
 creation of the monument, a careful estimate made by the forest 
 ranger at Port Angeles, Wash., placed the total number at 3,000 or 
 3,500, of which about 2,000 were on the Olympic National Forest, 
 within which the monument is located. The largest bands were 
 found on the watersheds of the Bogachiel, Elwah, Hoh, Queetz, and 
 Soleduck Rivers. The number of deer was estimated at 3,000 or 
 4,000. It is impossible to say even approximately how many elk 
 are found within the present boundaries of the reservation. The 
 total number in the Olympics may perhaps be conservatively esti 
 mated at about 4,000, notwithstanding some losses which have 
 recently occurred in severe winters. This is at least double the num 
 ber estimated in the herds at the beginning of the period of protec 
 tion. So long as hunting is suspended the monument practically 
 forms a national game preserve. 
 
 EL MOKKO NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 The El Morro National Monument, better known by its local name 
 of " Inscription Rock," is a small reservation of 160 acres 35 miles 
 due east of the Zuni Pueblos, New Mexico. It was established by 
 proclamation of December 8, 1906, for the purpose of preserving 
 the sandstone cliffs some 200 feet in height, bearing inscriptions made 
 by early Spanish explorers in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen 
 turies. The monument is too small to serve as a very important 
 wild-life refuge, but it is associated with the discovery of one of the 
 most characteristic birds of the Southwest, and as an actual record 
 of the history of exploration of New Mexico it is probably unique. 
 To the historian Inscription Rock is interesting chiefly on account 
 of its association with the name of Juan de Onate, founder of 
 Santa Fe, who, on his return from an expedition to the head of the 
 Gulf of California, visited this point in 1606. To the ornithologist 
 the rock recalls the visits of two eminent ornithologists, Dr. S. W. 
 Wocdhouse and Dr. Elliott Coues, and the discovery of the whits- 
 throated swift which occupies the rock as one of its breeding places. 
 In 1851 the Government expedition from the Zuni to the Colorado 
 Rivers in command of Capt. Lorenzo Sitgreaves was encamped at 
 this point and Dr. Woodhouse, naturalist and surgeon of the ex 
 pedition, saw for the first time a new species of swift, which he 
 named Acanthylis saxatilis. In his report he says: 
 
 This beautiful swift I saw whilst encamped at Inscription Rock, N. Mex. 
 Being on the top of this high rock at the time without my gun I was unable to 
 procure specimens. I had a fair view of the birds at this time, as they flew 
 <:lose to me. I descended immediately and procured my gun ; but the birds this 
 
12 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 time flew too high for me to be able to procure a shot at them. They were 
 breeding in the rocks. (Sitgreaves, Report Expedition down Zuni and Colo 
 rado Rivers, p. 64, 1853.) 
 
 A few years after Woodhouse's visit Dr. Coues camped at Inscrip 
 tion Rock and records an experience with the swifts very much like 
 that of Dr. Woodhouse. He says: 
 
 While encamped at Inscription Rock (the original locality of saxatilis) I saw 
 great numbers of these swifts; but as I had been obliged to leave mv gun 
 behind, to accomplish the difficult and rather dangerous ascent of the cliffs, I 
 failed to secure specimens, though the birds occasionally flew almost in mv face, 
 so that I could positively identify them. * * *. From Inscription Rock, 
 which lies a day's march west of Whipples Pass, between this and Zuni, to the 
 San Francisco Mountains, I saw the swifts almost daily always when we 
 passed the peculiar cliffs they frequent. * * *. They generally fly very 
 high far out of gunshot-range, and with extraordinary rapidity. I shall never 
 forget my disappointment when, on this account, I failed to secure specimens 
 under the most advantageous circumstances I could reasonably expect. (Birds 
 of the Northwest, p. 266.) 
 
 In the absence of actual specimens, Dr. Woodhouse described the 
 new swift as best he could as having the head and rump white ; the 
 back, tail, wings, and sides black ; and as being white beneath. Three 
 years later, in 1854, a specimen of the white- throated swift was col 
 lected near San Francisco Mountain, Ariz., and examined by Prof. 
 Baird, who described it under the specific name melanoleucus. For 
 many years the bird was known by the original name given by 
 Woodhouse; but in recent years, chiefly because the white-throated 
 swift has no white rump and no white-rumped swift has yet been 
 found within the borders of the United States, this name has been 
 replaced by that proposed by Baird, based on a more accurate de 
 scription and an actual specimen. The white-throated swift is now 
 known as Aeronautes melanoleucus^ but Inscription Rock still marks 
 the spot where the species was first seen by an ornithologist and re 
 calls the peculiar circumstances under which the bird was introduced 
 to the scientific world. 
 
 MUIB WOODS NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 Seven miles north of San Francisco, nestled near the foot of Mount 
 Tamalpais, is a tract of 295 acres known as the Muir Woods. This 
 area, formerly in private hands, was deeded to the United States De 
 cember 31, 1907, by William and Elizabeth Thatcher Kent for the 
 purpose of preserving a grove of magnificent redwoods growing in 
 the canyon within its boundaries. The reservation is interesting not 
 only as a monument to the species for which it was established, but 
 also to the public, spirit of the donors and the memory of the emi 
 nent Californian, John Muir, whose name it now bears. 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 13 
 
 Easily accessible from San Francisco, in an hour's trip by ferry, 
 trolley, and steam railway, Muir Woods is visited by thousands of 
 people every year. Many who are unable, through lack of time or 
 means, to visit the giant sequoias on the slopes of the Sierras in the 
 General Grant, Sequoia, and Yosemite National Parks may here 
 become acquainted with its nearly related species, the redwood. 
 Travelers from distant regions often find Muir Woods the most 
 accessible point at which to observe the tree amid it natural sur 
 roundings. Great as may be the interest in the California red 
 wood, this species is only one of a number of dominant types 
 characteristic of an important natural-life zone in the humid coast 
 area of California. Growing among the redwoods may be found 
 a number of equally characteristic trees, shrubs, plants, and ferns, 
 more or less strictly limited in their distribution to the so-called 
 redwood belt. Here also may be found certain forms of birds, 
 such as the crested coast jay (Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea} , the 
 chestnut-backed chickadee (Penthestes rufescens neglectus), and nu 
 merous other forms of animal life peculiar to the coast region farther 
 north. Here may be studied the complex relationships between the 
 fiora and fauna of the redwood belt and the more open regions in the 
 central parts of the State. The value of Muir Woods as a wild life 
 refuge lies not only in the preservation of the redwood trees, but in 
 the preservation of all those species of plants, birds, and other 
 animals which find their native habitat in the peculiar conditions 
 under which the redwood thrives. In order to develop the reserva 
 tion along these lines complete lists of the plants, animals, and birds 
 should be published in a form accessible to the general public. 
 Through cooperation of the California Academy of Sciences, the 
 Cooper Club, and other organizations, local botanists, ornithologists, 
 and zoologists should be encouraged to visit the reservation fre 
 quently and study it closely for the purpose of noting any changes 
 in the native fauna or flora or the occurrence of rare species. When 
 the more salient facts have been made as accessible as have been the 
 characteristics of the geysers of the Yellowstone or the waterfalls of 
 the Yosemite, visitors who annually go through the reservation will 
 be stimulated to check up the observations and perchance add to the 
 records of the occurrence of rare species. 
 
 PINNACLES NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 The Pinnacles National Monument, so named on account of the 
 spire-like formations which rise from 600 to 1.000 feet above the 
 floor of the canyon, includes about 2,000 acres of land in San Benito 
 and Monterey Counties, Cal. Aside from its geological and scenic 
 interest, it is important as one of the last strongholds and breeding 
 
14 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 places of the California condor, the largest and one of the most 
 characteristic birds of the State. This bird is protected at all times 
 by a provision relating to nongame birds in the State game law. Not 
 far from this monument is the type locality (or place from which 
 the first specimen was obtained) of the peculiar form of blacktailed 
 deer described as Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotus by Dr. C. Hart 
 Merriam in 1898. The monument was created on January 16, 1908 r 
 and a year later it was made a game preserve by act of the State leg 
 islature (Laws 1909, ch. 428). Eecently it has been made a separate 
 game district by the game law of 1915 (ch. 379, sec. 26) which pro 
 vides that " Game district 25 shall consist of and include those cer 
 tain lands within the counties of San Benito and Monterey embraced 
 within the Pinnacles National Monument," etc. Thus not only is 
 this interesting area reserved from entry and occupation, but the 
 bird and animal life of all kinds is now protected by special pro 
 visions in the State game law. 
 
 COLORADO NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 In western Colorado near Grand Junction is a little known monu 
 ment which has been in existence since May 24, 1911, containing a 
 canyon which is described as " more beautiful and picturesque than 
 the region of the Garden of the Gods at Colorado Springs." This 
 is one of the larger monuments, comprising 13,883 acres, and is 
 supplied with a number of fine springs. During the cold weather 
 hundreds of mule deer come down into the park to spend the winter* 
 The Colorado monument is capable of being developed into an im 
 portant game refuge not only for the mule deer but also for antelope, 
 elk, buffalo, and other species characteristic of western Colorado and 
 the Great Basin. It is better adapted for the purpose than either 
 the Rocky Mountain or the Mesa Verde National Park, and can 
 probably be made one of the most attractive wild-life centers in the 
 whole Rocky Mountain region. Under present State laws the hunt 
 ing of buffalo, elk, antelope, and deer is prohibited at all seasons, 
 and with proper provision for fencing and the introduction of small 
 nucleus herds the area could readily be stocked with big game. 
 
 PAPAGO SAGUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 Nine miles east of Phoenix, Ariz., and not far from Tempe is 
 located the Papago Saguaro National Monument, including about 
 2,050 acres of desert land in Maricopa County. This reservation 
 was established by proclamation on January 31, 1914, and has been 
 in existence only about three years. A ridge of low hills rising from 
 the desert to a height o 150 or 200 feet extends through the center 
 of the tract, and among the rocks are prehistoric pictographs which 
 

 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 15 
 
 add to the ethnological interest of the monument. On account of its 
 easy accessibility by automobile or team on the highway between 
 Phoenix and Tempe, the monument is utilized largely as a picnic 
 ground and is visited by several thousand people each year. It was 
 created primarily for the preservation of the giant cactus (Saguaro) 
 and other species of cactuses, 1 yuccas, candle bushes, and the peculiar 
 desert flora characteristic of this region. The giant cactus is a 
 favorite nesting place of the elf owl (Micropallas whitneyi) and the 
 gilded flicker (Colaptes chrysoides meamsi), while the clumps of 
 other cactuses are the favorite breeding places of the cactus wren 
 (Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi). Other birds peculiar to this 
 region are the curious curve-billed thrashers Bendire's thrasher 
 (Toxostoma bencfcrei) and the crissal thrasher (2\ crissale) , and 
 the Arizona woodpecker (Dry abates arizonce). Thus the preserva 
 tion of the flora naturally attracts and preserves an aggregation of 
 desert birds which find among the shrubs and plants suitable nest 
 ing places and an abundance of food. 
 
 Immediately west of Tucson the Carnegie Institution established, 
 in 1903, the desert laboratory of its department of botanical research 
 for the investigation of problems connected with the study of desert 
 plant life. At Phoenix the Government has now established a reser 
 vation for the protection on a larger scale of some of the desert species 
 which are the subject of study at Tucson. Three years after the 
 establishment of the desert laboratory the grounds were inclosed by 
 a wire fence, and within a few months after the completion of this 
 fence a marked difference was reported between the vegetation 
 within and without the inclosure, and also a marked increase in the 
 number of the smaller animals. This fact is significant in showing 
 the importance of preventing grazing animals from having free 
 access to the monument. Apparently no complete list of the plants 
 has yet been made, but lists both of the plants and birds should be 
 prepared fcr the purpose of noting changes in the flora and fauna 
 and for interesting the general public in the true purpose of the 
 reservation. While the giant cactus and the yuccas may be the most 
 conspicuous species, they are not necessarily the most interesting, 
 and the full value of the reservation can only be developed by fur 
 nishing information to the general public in concise and popular 
 form as to the effect which these dominant types have on other 
 forms of life and in the whole group of species which characterizes 
 the plant and animal life of the desert. 
 
 SIEUR DE MONTS NATIONAL MONUMENT. 
 
 Mount Desert Island, a unique and striking landmark on the Maine 
 coast, was the first land along the coast to be described and named by 
 
 1 Probably at least one-half of all the species native to Arizona grow within the limits 
 of the reservation. 
 
16 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTTJ ABIES. 
 
 the French explorer Champlain. Recently 5,000 acres adjacent to 
 Bar Harbor, including the most rugged parts of the island, have, 
 through the generosity and public spirit of the Hancock County 
 trustees, been dedicated forever to free public use and the purposes of 
 wild-life conservation. The historical associations of the locality are 
 preserved in the name of Sieur de Monts, under whose orders Cham- 
 plain sailed when he discovered the island in 1604. The geological 
 objects of interest are preserved in the bold granite cliffs which form 
 the only mountainous tract thrust prominently out into the sea along 
 this part of the coast. The botanical importance of the region is 
 shown by the fact that hills and mountains support on their slopes 
 and in their valleys a diversity of plant life which is said to be 
 greater than can be found in any area of equal size in New England 
 or in the Eastern States. Mount Desert lies in the highway of bird 
 migration along the Maine coast, and here converge the lines of mi 
 grants from the north and east on their way south. Birds from four 
 distinct life zones visit the island at some time during the year. 
 Denizens of the Arctic and of the Hudsonian zone in TTngava and 
 southern Labrador visit it in winter; species of the Canadian life 
 zone, which breed in southern Canada and northern New England, 
 nest here in summer; and in addition some species from the more 
 southern Transition or Alleghenian fauna straggle in from the 
 west and south. Such are some of the historic and scientific objects 
 of interest preserved in this new monument created by proclamation 
 on July 8, 1916. Here are preserved under most favorable circum 
 stances a unique collection of native animals, birds, and plants, which 
 can be enjoyed and studied amid their natural surroundings. 
 
 The plans of the founders of the reservation contemplate not 
 merely the protection of the wild life of the area, but also its develop 
 ment under natural conditions, so that some forms now rare may be 
 come more abundant and the reservation thus be made more attrac 
 tive. Here it may be possible to develop a bird sanctuary and feed 
 ing stations for birds on the lines of those which have proved so suc 
 cessful in Europe. By cultivating native shrubs and plants which 
 furnish food for birds and thus making the sanctuary more attrac 
 tive to certain birds which are now rare or which linger only a short 
 time during migration it may be possible to induce them to tarry 
 longer and perchance breed within the boundaries of the monument. 
 In accessibility, opportunity for experimental work, and as a field 
 for botanical or zoological study Sieur de Monts is unexcelled by any 
 of the other monuments. 
 
 From the foregoing it may be seen that the much misunderstood 
 term " monument " has a distinctive place and is in reality descriptive 
 of certain kinds of reservations. One has only to consider the Muir 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 17 
 
 Woods and Sieur de Monts monuments as sanctuaries established 
 on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts for the preservation of redwoods 
 and the northern coniferous trees, respectively, to realize that in re 
 ality these two reservations are at least monuments of the public 
 spirit of private citizens who have dedicated these wonderful tracts 
 of wild land to the Government for the benefit of all the people. 
 
 It is apparent also that there are ample means of protecting the 
 natural monuments which have been nationalized by proclamation 
 and placed under the care of the Government, and that on some of the 
 reservations are some highly interesting species which deserve the 
 protection which can only be afforded by a wild-life sanctuary. Some 
 kinds of big game occur in even larger numbers than in some of the 
 national parks. Thus in the case of elk, the Mount Olympus National 
 Monument during the breeding season harbors most of the Olympic: 
 elk in existence. Nowhere else, not even in the Mount Rainier Park 
 in the same State, is any considerable herd of these elk to be found. 
 The number at the present time, probably about 4,000, is larger than 
 that of any herd ,f elk outside of the Yellowstone Park region. 
 
 In the case of mountain sheep, the records show about 220 sheep 
 in the Yellowstone Park, about 400 in the Rocky Mountain Park, and 
 a few hundred in the Glacier Park, while about 1,000 have been 
 reported in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Thus the Grand 
 Canyon Monument at present not only has more sheep than any one 
 of the national parks, but possibly as many as there are in all of the 
 national parks combined. 
 
 No species of big game except the antelope is in greater need of 
 protection than the mule deer. Although several of the parks and 
 reservations, including the Yellowstone, the Rocky Mountain, the 
 Glacier, the Wind Cave, and Sullys Hill National Parks, and the 
 National Bison Range, the Wichita game preserve, and the Niobrara 
 Reservation are well adapted for this species, yet not one of these 
 refuges has a large number of mule deer at the present time. The 
 number in the Yellowstone Park in 1914 was estimated to be about 
 1,100; there are a few hundred in the Rocky Mountain Park, some 
 in the Glacier Park, and practically none in the other reservations. 
 In the Grand Canyon game preserve, which overlaps the Grand 
 Canyon National Monument, there are said to be several thousand 
 and many mule deer come down in the winter to the Colorado Na 
 tional Monument. While the exact number of these deer in the 
 monuments is unknown, it is perhaps not too much to say that the 
 Grand Canyon game preserve, the Grand Canyon Monument, and the 
 Colorado Monument are better stocked than any other reservations 
 with this interesting species of deer which is so characteristic of the 
 West. 
 
18 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 In the administration of the national parks, much attention has 
 been devoted to rendering the parks accessible and much emphasis 
 is laid on the number of visitors. In comparison with the expendi 
 ture on some of the parks, the amount expended in improving the 
 accessibility of the national monuments has thus far been insignifi 
 cant, but, notwithstanding this fact, four of the monuments above 
 mentioned the Grand Canyon, Muir Woods, Papago Saguaro, and 
 Sieur de Monts are readily accessible and are visited annually by 
 thousands of sight-seers. 
 
 The first three of these reservations are open throughout the year 
 and Muir Woods, Papago Saguaro, and Sieur de Monts are within 
 easy reach of near-by cities. It does not require a million acres, a 
 million dollars, or a group of attractions like those in the Yosemite 
 and the Yellowstone to attract a large number of visitors. Muir 
 Woods, with its 300 acres and a grove of redwoods, has as many 
 visitors, in some years, as any of the larger parks, not even except 
 ing the Yellowstone, with its 3,000,000 acres, its famous canyon, 
 its falls, and its many geysers and hot springs. The number of vis 
 itors at the Grand Canyon in 1915 was estimated at 100,000, or three 
 times as many as have ever visited the Yosemite or Mount Rainier 
 and twice as many as have ever visited the Yellowstone in a single 
 season. Even the Papago Saguaro has more visitors than such parks 
 as the Casa Grande Ruins, Sullys Hill, or the Mesa Verde. People 
 will find objects of interest and means of enjoyment in any of the 
 reservations which are within easy reach, and since some of the 
 monuments may be made more accessible than some of the parks, 
 and at less expense, it seems important to develop at once the re 
 sources of these reservations for the benefit of the public. 
 
 PUBLICITY. 
 
 More attention should be given to publicity both within and with 
 out the reservations within, by making the points attractive, by 
 marking the less prominent objects of interest, riot merely with names 
 and signs but with descriptive labels somewhat after the type of 
 museum labels; without, by bringing the monument home to the 
 individual who can not be brought to the monument. In addition to 
 the usual methods of publicity employed in popularizing the national 
 parks, such as illustrated publications, magazine articles, news notes, 
 photographs, moving pictures, railroad advertising, etc., certain 
 other methods are necessary to disseminate and popularize the infor 
 mation regarding some of the smaller and more remote reservations. 
 In comparison with the geological work which has been done in 
 some of the parks and the ethnological work which has been under 
 taken on some of the ruins in the Southwest, the amount of natural 
 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 19 
 
 history work actually done in the parks and monuments is pitifully 
 meager. Such work whether done by the various bureaus of the 
 Government or by private enterprise should be encouraged in every 
 possible way. We can hardly know too much about the natural re 
 sources of these various recreation grounds. There should be many 
 more publications like those on the flora of Mount Rainier, the fishes 
 of the Yellowstone, the forests of Crater Lake, of the Yosemite, and 
 of the Sequoia Parks. Lists of the birds and mammals, such as are now 
 published in the circulars of information of the Yellowstone and Yo 
 semite, but with brief notes, should be prepared for each of the monu 
 ments which form important wild-life sanctuaries. Efforts should 
 be made not merely to add to the volume of current and ephemeral 
 literature, chiefly useful in attracting visitors, but to encourage the 
 preparation of more permanent publications in the form of local lists. 
 special papers, and monographs which may find a place in the pro 
 ceedings of scientific societies and later utilized in the preparation of 
 textbooks and standard works of reference. 
 
 Public museums, especially those which are now devoting atten 
 tion to the installation of so-called habitat groups or the exhibition of 
 animals, birds, and plants in groups amid natural surroundings, 
 should be encouraged to obtain material and install groups repre 
 senting the wild life of these reservations. Such groups illustrating 
 the Muir Woods, the Sieur de Monts, the Grand Canyon of the 
 Colorado, the Pinnacles, and the Papago Saguaro installed in the 
 museums of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago, and New 
 York would be viewed by thousands of visitors and prove of high 
 educational value. Local students interested in particular problems 
 in distribution of wild life should be encouraged to make the monu 
 ments and the parks the field of their investigations. Notes on the 
 wild life should be furnished regularly to such organizations as the 
 American Game Protective and Propagation Association, the Na 
 tional Association of Audubon Societies, the Mazamas, the Sierra 
 Club, and local associations which are interested primarily in prob 
 lems of conservation and education so that their members may assist 
 in the work of disseminating information and popularizing the 
 reservations. 
 
 ADMINISTKATION. 
 
 The proper administration of some of the smaller national monu 
 ments differs greatly from that of the larger reservations or of the 
 national parks. A national monument may be allowed to lie dor 
 mant for years, practically unknown and undeveloped ; it may be left 
 without a custodian only to be injured or destroyed by vandals so 
 that eventually it accomplishes nothing more than if it had never 
 been established ; or it may be cared for and developed so as to pro- 
 
20 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AS WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES. 
 
 duce a rich return to the people for whose benefit it was created. 
 Such a monument as the Devils Tower, which can not be carried 
 aw r ay or seriously defaced except by painting signs and advertise 
 ments on the rocks at its base, may require little beside publicity and 
 warning notices to make it properly known and provide for its pro 
 tection. Monuments like the Montezuma Castle or the Navajo, which 
 contain cliff dwellings, require not only publicity to make their won 
 ders known, but also custodians to protect their ruins from injury. 
 But a monument established for the preservation of wild life re 
 quires more than either of the types of reservations just mentioned. 
 It needs publicity of a peculiar kind to set forth clearly and in sim 
 ple language the facts (often obscure to the casual visitor) regard 
 ing the nature and life history of its treasures. It requires the serv 
 ices of a resident official, who should be something more than a mere 
 custodian, who should be intelligent, and in sympathy with the 
 objects of the reservation in order that he may act as guardian, 
 guide, and instructor to the public and impart authentic information 
 while answering the numerous questions regarding the objects under 
 his charge. It also requires constant observation and careful study 
 by specialists. A reservation like the Muir Woods is undergoing 
 constant changes, many of which are apparently only upon close ex 
 amination. Species now r abundant may become scarce, others now 
 rare may increase in abundance, and still others now absent may ap 
 pear. The dates of arrival and departure of the birds, the times of 
 their meeting, the dates of flowering and fruiting of the plants all 
 vary from season to season. These and other similar facts should be 
 observed, recorded, and made public. Much of this work can not be 
 performed by a regular custodian and can be done, if at all, only 
 through the cooperation of special students or observers. A national 
 monument maintained as a sanctuary for wild life should become 
 practically a natural outdoor laboratory or observatory. It is in 
 reality a property of all the people which can only be administered 
 successfully for the people, when utilized fully and studied care 
 fully by the people themselves. 
 
 o