University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL UBOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS CONTRA COSTA COUNTY Progress Report No, 7 by R. L. Adams Preliminary «— Subject to Correction Se|>t^ii3ber> - 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No, 53 Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2014 https ://arch ive.org/details/seasonallabornee53adam_2 (Farm Labor Survey — January- June, 1936) Progress Report #7 January, 1936 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Contra Costa County (Excluding Delta Lands) Scope of Presentation .-- The following considerations govern the presenta- tion of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection v/ith many field, truck, and fruit crops comrercially produced in California, 5. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connoction there- with. A later study is planned which will deal v/ith other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area Under Review . — Contra Costa County is one of the central coast counties of California, bordering on San Francisco and San Pablo bays, and lying about 15 miles northeast of the city of San Francisco. It is bounded on the north by the mouth of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and on the south by a range of rough hills which separate it from Alameda County, The San Francisco and San Pablo bays form the western boundary, and on the east it is bounded by the plains of the lower San Joaquin Valley in San Joaquin County. Mt. Diablo, a prominent landmark, is situated in the central portion of the county. A range of hills extends eastward from Mt. Diablo. Much of the total area is rolling and even hilly in character. There are five main farming districts devoted to intensive crops. One is on the eastern portion, around the towns of Brentwood, Byron, Oakley, and Antioch, and is about 8 miles by 20 miles in extent. Another area in the vicinity of Concord includes the Clayton and Ignacxo valleys, an irregular area of about 6 by 10 miles in extent, in the north central portion. A third area extends along the San Ramon Valley from Walnut Creek to the Alameda county line just beyond San Ramon, an area about 12 miles in length and varying from one-half to about 2 miles in width. A fourth area lies in Alhambra Valley in the northern portion near Martinez, and is approximately one-half mile wide and 5 miles long. A fifth area, about 3 by 4 miles in extent, lies in the San Pablo and Pinole valleys in the northvrost part of the county. There are also considerable acreages of orchard and truck crops in tho Moraga and Lafayette districts near the tovras of the same nam.es. Grain and hay are raised generally over the county on much of the hil"'y land. A portion of the county lies in the delta of tho Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, but as the delta is to be considered separately as a unit by itself, this portion of the county is excluded from this progress report. 2. The county contains a total of 456,960 acres, of which 207,621 acres are classed as crop land by the 1935 Census. This crop land for 1934 is further classi- fied by the Census as follows: Acres Crop land harvested 125,624 Crop failure 6,121 Crop land idle or in fallow 19,626 Plowable pasture 56,250 Total 207,621 (The above figures include the delta.) Crop acreages during 1935, exclusive of the delta section, are estimated to have been as follows: Acres Field crops oy 65,705 Vef:;etable crops 9,217 Orchards (including grapes) bearing 32,816 Total 107,738 Most of the level or valley soils are at elevations under 300 feet, and these are the areas most intensively farmed to fruit and vegetable crops. Grain and hay are raised on hills up to elevations of 1,000 feet or more. Several soil series are represented. With the exception of the sandy soils near Oakley, most of the soil is of heavier textures, ranging from loams to clay loams, usually 6 feet or more in depth. Crops, Acreages, and Production .-- The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor, in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers appears in table 1. This table has been compiled from various sources, and is believed to represent the present conditions in the county with a fair degree of accuracy. ■^ield crop acreages and production are based on 1935 census fi^ijuros (1934 acreages), adjusted to 1935 conditions whore possible. gotable acreages are based on Federal-State Crop Reporting Service, Sacra- mento, California, "Acreage of Specific Vegetable Crops by Counties," by C, M. Schiller* 1934 with some revisions to represent 1935 conditions. 3/ficreages in orchard and vineyard were obtained from V. G, Stevens, Agricul- tural Comjnissioner, Contra Costa County, Martinez, California. T/iBLE 1 Basis for Caloulating Seasonal Labor Requirements Contra Costa County, excluding delta lands Crops Acreage Production Field crops: Sugar beets 1,936 CO , lU 11 w - 10 n p r of f^y on Tl 1 Kl o i) UIIC J. J— 1 vVJ «... '^r\ n V* nf r X ^ -L «*• •* — S R n p y* nf July 15-31 -- 5 per cent Of crop X — J. «J — p y-i + nf CI r X b u .L -J - 0\J nf dried July 1-15 - - 55 per cent of tonnage 1 X w July 15-31 5 per cent Of tonnage dried June 1-15 - - 10 per cent of job June 15-30 — 30 per cent of job July 1-15 - - 55 Der cent of job July 15-31 -- 5 per cent of job July -- 10 per cent of croD August -- 20 per cent of crop September --40 per cent of crop October -- 30 per cent of croD fay 1-31 -- 50 per cent of crop June 1-10 -- 50 ner cent of crop January -- 75 per cent of acreage February -- 25 per cent of acreage January -- 75 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage August 17-31 -- continuously SepteiTiber 1-30 -- continuously October 1-31 -- continuously August 17-31 -- continuously September 1-30 — continuously October 1-31 continuously August 4 per cent of crop September 1-30 -- 58 ner cent of crOD October 1-15 -- 38 per cent of crop November -- one-third of acreage December -- one-third of acreage January -- one-third of acreage Table continued on next nage. 7a. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Fruit crops: Peaches (continued) Thinning May 15-31 -•> 75 per cent of acreage June 1-15 25 par cent of acreage (mainly nectarines) Picking and sorting July 15-31 20 per cent of crop August 1-15 — 50 per cent of crop August 15-31 20 per cent of croo September 1-15 -- 10 per cent of crop Drying July 15-20 -- 20 per cent of crop August 1-15 -- 50 per cent of crop August 15-31 — 20 per cent of crop September 1-15 10 per cent of crop Pears Pruning November -- 25 per cent of acreage December 25 per cent of acreage January 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage Hoeing and suckering April 15-30 — 40 per cent of acreage May 1-31 -- 40 per cent of acreage June 1-15 — 20 per cent of acreage Picking July 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 87 per cent of crop September 1-6 3 uer cent of crop Cutting for drying August -- 75 per cent of tonnage dried September -- 25 per cent of tonnage dried Plums Picking July -- no seasonal help in 1935 August -- crop was very light. Prunes Pruning November 25 per cent of acreage December -- 25 per cent of acreage January 25 per cent of acreage February -- 25 per cent of acreage Picking up August 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 80 per cent of crop October 1-15 10 per cent of crop Walnuts Knocking and picking up September 15-30 -- 20 per cent of crop October 1-31 80 per cent of crop 8 Findings o f Seasonal Labor Needs * — Details and summaries of seasonal labor reauirements of Contra Costa County agriculture are presented in table 3, The "size of job" are figures drawn from table 1 in teras of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-do.y" is an average figure for the entire acrea^r.e or output figured in packed crates, hampers, or boxes (in case of fruits and vegetables). If the vrork is of a nature that requires a crew different members of v/hich perform different tasks (such as cutting, trimming, loading, and hauling cauliflower; tri^jrdng and crating celery, etc.), then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew» Length of day is 9 hours, November to February j 10 hours, March to October, unless other- wise stated. Wide variations in output occur betv/een farm and farm, field and field, and season and seaon,_ because of differences in soil types, climatic condi- tions, v/eeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker, v;ithout reference to use of wom.en, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The coluron. headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within v;hich the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, breeding, and Cutting, and (b) available days as determined by v/eather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of daj'^s when a required task can be perfomed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection v/ith "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, vdll often be too lo%7, for the reason that "peal:s" frequently occur, during v/hich an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than v/hen the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. 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