University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS RIVERSIDE COUNTY Progress Report No. 33 Palo Verde Valley Coachella Valley Western Riverside County Progress Report No, 33 by R. L. Adams September, 1936 Preliminary — Subject to Correction Contributed from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economips Mimeographed Report No. 53 (Farm Labor Survey - - January-June, 1936) Progress Report ^55 Seasonal LK.ibor Needs for California Crops Riverside County Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the presenta- tion of this progress reportr 1. The data are confined to the area indicrted above, 2» The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored, 3, The findings upply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4, Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including team- sters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and aheid packers of vegetables or fruits. 5, The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or rov- ing workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonslly arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California, 6, This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise; in connection there- with. A I'jter study is planned which will deal with other kinds of lubor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area . — Riverside County is one of the southern counties of California, and extends eastw-.rd from a point about 40 miles east of Los Angeles, across the state to thh Nevada boundary, and the Colorado River, a distance of approximately 180 milc-s. It has a width of about 45 miles, and is bounded on the north by San Bernardino County and on the south by San Diego and Imperial counties. On the west, it joins Orange County. Fcr the purposes of this report, the county has been divided into three separate units — Palo Verde Valley, Coachella Valley, and Western Riverside County. The Palo Verde Valley lies at the extreme eastern end of the county, along the Colcrado River, The Coachella Valley lies in the south-central portion of the county, north of Selton Sea. Western Riverside County includes the balance of the agricultural lands which lie west of the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains. Further descriptions of these districts are given in the reports on each. The county contains a total of 4,622,780 acres of which 345,501 acres are classed as available for crops by the 1935 Census, This is further classified as follows by the Census for the crop year 1934: Acreage Crop land harvested 182,086 Crop failure 36,812 Crop land idle or fallow 102,233 Plowable pasture 24,370 Total land avail- able for crops 345,501 * 1 • ! # Findinpis of Seasonal Labor Needs.- - Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Riverside County, are presented separately for Palo Verde, Coachella, and Vi/estern Riverside counties, as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks (such as pulling, sorting, bunching, and tying carrots, etc.)» then the average shown is p^r man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, woods, yields and other factors influencing the amount of work that a man can do in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, cxp&rienced male worker, without reference to the use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring the use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as thinning, weeding, fruit picking, etc., and (b) the avc:il:i,ble days as determined by weather conditions, inclement we;i.ther reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in tcble 5, will often be too low, for the ree.son that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread over a longer period, although the total amount of labor in man-days would not be changed materially. TABLE 1. Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — Riverside Countj, ether than Coachella and Palo V^rde Valleys Crop Acreage* Production* Field ci'ops: Alfalfa 18,945 95,890 tons (90% baled - 86,300 tons) Alfalfa seed 1,850 Beans (dry) 1,271 15,700 sacks Sugar beets 121 1,417 tons Corn 280 95 tons grain Corn (Indian) t 457 7,650 tons ensilage Grain 49,003 Hay (grain hay) oats or barley 13,000 13,610 tons Milo Maizo t 158 48 tons Onions 225 66,750 sacks of 100 pounds Potatoes 2,149 257,836 sa.cks of 100 pounds Seed (Sugar beet) 410 650 tons Seed (Onion)-|- 40 8,640 pounds Truck crops: Asparagus 97 4,767 crates Carrots*)- - 55 (Table 1 continued on next page.) • J < fan-: » 1 Table 1 continued. 3. Crop Acreage* Production* irut/K cropsi ^conx ay Lettuce "h 50 Melons, cantaloupes 197 44<; tons Casaba 40 IbU tons Japanese melone 53 obO tons J. lU l,oUO tons /yc tons 302 tons Spinach 250 cU tons *? Squash "j" 384 2,5o0 tons Toniato es 1, 192 6,299 tons Vegetables (mixed) 321 Strawberries 31 5,150 crates Other berries 40 x,oOO crates Orch8,rd cropsj Alroonds 1,053 Apples "j" 180 1 fin t nnc! Apricots 4 , 482 o , i'io Lons ^ary weignt. jci^Joy 5,329 tons (gr^cn )gresn ^ v«t.. xgnx j ions 43 tons 1 CI i J. C o OHU 750 tons O , 'iOD oiy,Do4 pacKfcd boxes iDisceiidneous 1 t Til Q l3i,Doo pacKed Doxes IMC. V c> 2,0o0,oo4 pscKed boxes 30b, DoU I lela boxes r Uulc X U 111 vxy4,c;yi; I leia Doxes w C XGll*-' J-db 0 , OD 0 DiOfcyo I lelQ boxes TPl D Q 4" f xgs y 77 tons Grapes, wine 4,997/i 1,467 tons nil \Te^ a U X X V o o 0 Do 176 tons Per.ches, cling 1,109 dfbf^ tons free 1,038 1,035 tons Pears f 85 45 tons Pecans -f 14 MM Persimmons "{■ 75 62 tons Plums 81 246 tons 2,010 tons (dry wo!ight)5,435 Prunes 600 410 tons V green ;green tens Wr.lnuts 5,198 2,274 " Acreage and production figures are from office of A. S. Bottel, Agricul- tural Commissioner. ■h Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. ^ About 50 per cent of watermelon p.cret;.ge estim^.ted protected by paper covers. Spinach is c. new crop in this district. Production estimated to be ■ bout 250 tons normally, "ft Normal production of almonds is about 200 tons. 1935 crop was very light due to frost injury. II Only about 1,500 acres of vineytrd actually in good production. Balance is more or less neglected* 4. Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Need . — F;-.rm oper- ations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the vrrious crops raised in Riverside County, exclusive of the Coachella and Palo Verde valleys, are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times o^" Needs by Crops — River- side County, exclusive of Coachella and Palo Verde Valleys Crop Operation Time of need Field crops: Alfalfa hay Alfalfa seed Beans (mostly blackoye ) Suge^r beets Grain, harvest- ing Mowing (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Raking (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Shocking (80 per cent by seasonal labor) Hauling and baling (80 per cent by seasonal labor) Threshing Hoeing Bunching after cutter (by hand with fork) Threshing (by stationary) (60 per cent by seasonal labor) Thinning Ko.^ing Topping and leading Harvesting April — three-fourths of acreage May- -three-fourths of acreage June — all acreage July — all acreage August — all acreage Sept. --three-fourths of acreage Oct .- -three-fourths of acreage April— 12 per cent of tonnage baled May- -15 per cent of tonnr.ge baled June — 17 per cent of tonnage baled July — 17 per cent of tonnage bnlfcd^ Aug. — ^17 per cent of tonnage baled Sept. --12 per cent of tonnage baled Oct. --10 per cent of tonnage baled Sent .—15-30 50 per cent of crop Oct.— 1-15 50 per cent of crop July — all acreage Sept .--50 per cent of acreage Oct. --50 per cent of pcrcag?' October-- all crop April May September June — 50 per cent cf crop July — 50 per cent of crrp (Table continued on next page) 5. Table 2 ccntinued. 4 Crop Operation Time of need Field crops (cont'd^ (cont'd) Grain hay Mowing (75 per cent by flncii <5t, — — all rcre^ES May —one-third cf acreage .Tunp — — t \un— t Vi T r»H <5 c^f ^CVP'''-' Raking (75 per cent by ^ p n R r n n 1 1 h i"^ ) May — :^ne-third of pcrCv^ge .Til np — — two— + h 1 T*H nf* *^CT*P';ffp Bunching (75 per cent Mry — one-fourth cf ycreaga,' .Tunc ~-thr PC -f "^urths "^f r crot'S'e • Baling June— 15-30 .50 per cent of crop, ,Ti 1 1 V—-? — 15 50 ner cent of ci^d llCLilU w Ll X U X V . t U X I \^ times ) April ) each month Hond weedinc foncei M'lrch— — rll ^crss Thinning March— 20 per cent cf acreage Anril— — 80 Dor cent of acrc'fi'G Picking up, grading, and sacking Sept.--tv;c-thirds of crop Oct. — one-third of cirp' Pote.toes Cutting seed, spring crop (80 per cent of e.crenge) (20 per cent of acreage.) Feb.— 15-28 33 P'.^r cent cf spring seed MrirT-1-31 66 per cent of spring seed Ti]1 •»-?n-'^0 "^"^ ppr fipnt i^f fall seed Aug.~l-20 66 ner cent of fall seed Picking up and sacking June-20~30 5 per cent of snring cror July-1-31 90 per cent of spring crcr Nov. --50 per cent cf ffll crop Ut-t/. X — OX *J\J iJ^r Ot;nt J.;.xX cr 0T> Grading on tables Same time as picking up Sugar beet seed Hoeing Oct.— -15-31 50 per cent cf acre- age Nov.~l-15 '50 per cjnt of sere- age Cls,aring away by hand (after ncwers) July (Table continued on next roge) 6. Table continued Crop Operation Time cf need Field crops (cont'd) Sugar beet seed (cont'd) Threshing July — 50 ner cent of crop Aug. — 50 per cent r,f crop Vegetable crcr»s: Asparagus Cutting and crating Melons, • cantaloupes Thinning s.nd hoeing (once) (50 per cent by ser.sonal labor) April — fdl acreage Jap iX3lons Replanting (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Anril— all acreage Hoeing (three times) (50 per cent by seasonal Irbcr ) May — twice Juno — ^nce Picking cantaloupes and Japanese eel -ns August — one-half cf cr:"^ Sept. — ^ne-half rf crop Picking Persians September, October wat ermelons Pla,nting (75 per cent by seasonal labor) Mr.rch 1-30 — 50 per cent of acre- age April 1-20 — 50 per cent of acre- age Capping March per cent of acreage Hoeing and thinning (75 per cent by ser.sonal labor) April — all p-cres covered May — all acres not covered Hoeing (75 per cent by seasonal labor) May — all acres covered June —all acres not covered Picking July— 10 nor cent of crop Aug.— 50 per cent cf crop Sent. — 35 per cent cf crop Oct.— 5 per cent cf crop Lording and hauling (66 per cent by ser.sonal labor) same as "kicking Spinach Hceing (twice) December — -nil acreage Ja nu a r y — e.l 1 r ere age Cut by hand with special forks first (.Dec. 15-31 — 'iU per cent -i cuttingt cr'T (jan. 1-31 — 45 per cent cf ( crop (Table continued cn next pr.ge) • 2. Table 2 continued . Crop Operation Time of need Vegetable crops (cont'd) Spinach Cut by hand with special forks (cont'd) second (Feb. 1-28—14 per cent cutting ( of crop (Mar. 1-31—14 per cent ( of crop (Apr. 1-15~7 per cent ( of crop Tomatoes Transplanting to field May 1-15— all acreage Replanting May —all acreage Hoeing (twice) June, July— all acres once- Dusting (three times) May, June, July —all acreage Picking Aug. — ^15 per cent of crop Sept. — 40 per cent of crop Oct. — 30 per cent of crop Nov.— 15 per cent of crop Strawberries Picking March — 10 per cent of crop April— 35 per cent of crop May — 30 per cent of crop June ""25 per cent of crop Other berries Picking May —5 per cent of crop June — 78 per cent of crop July —16 per cent of crop Orchard crops: Almonds Knocking July 20-30-^10 per cent of crop Aug. 1-31—60 per cent of crop Sept. 1-31--30 per cent of crop Hulling by hand July 20-30 — 10 per cent of crop Aug. 1-31 — 60 per cent of crop' Sept. 1-31--30 per cent of crop Apricots Pruning (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Spraying Nov., Dec, Jan. ,— one-third of acreage each month Thinning (with poles) (Heavy in 1935 — none in 1936) April 15-30 — 25 per cent of acreage May 1-15 —75 per cent of acre- age Picking Washing trays and re- pairing June 20-30 — 10 per cent of crop July 1-31—90 per cent of crop June lv-d0—8li Cutting for drying July— all (Table continued on next page) J... 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Orchard crops (cont'a) Apricots (cont'd) Spreading trays, handling boxes and scran ing trays July Cherries Picking May 20-30—10 par cent of crop June 1-15 — 60 per cent of crop June 15-30—30 per cent of croD Sorting and loose pack- May 20-30 —10 per cent of crop ing June 1-15 — 60 per cent of crop June 15-30—30 per cent of crop Citrus, lemons Picking • Nov. — 123,650 field boxes Dec— 162,140 field boxes Jan.— 205,310 field boxes Feb. — 150, 336 field bo^^cs Mar.— 143,375 field boxes Apr. — 191, 835 field boxes May — 83,955 field boxes' June— 43,500 field boxes' July-720,120 field boxes Aug. — 11,310 field boxes Sept. --8,091 field boxes Oct. —30,015 field boxes' oranges (navels and Picking "f- Nov. ---1.2 per cent of crop Yalencias) and Dec. — 4.2 per cent of crop miscellaneous Jan.— 13.0 per cent of crcp citrus fruits Feb.— 16.5 per cent of crop Mar. — 19.8 per cent of crop Apr.— 18.1 per cent of crop May —6.5 per cent of crop June— 3.2 per cent of crcp July — 5.4 per cent of croo Aug. — 3.3 per cent of crop SeptT-4.5 per cent of crcp Oct. — 4.4 par cent of crop grapefrjit Picking ^ April — 8 per cent of crop May — 17 per cent of crop' June — 27 per cent of crop July— 25 per cent of crop Aug. — 14 per cent of crop Balance scattering and incon- sequential Grapes Pruning Dec. 15-31—20 -^er cent of acre- age Jan. 1-30 — 40 ner cent of acre- age Feb. 1-28—40 "er cent of acre- age (Table continued on next pj'ge) Table 2 continued Crop Operation Time of Need Orchard crops (cont'd) Grapes (cont'd) Olives Peaches, cling freestone Plums Prunes Walnuts Picking Picking Pruning (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Thinning Picking Pruning (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Thinning Picking Aug. 15-30 — 5 per cent of crop Sept. — 30 per cent of crop Oct. — 50 per cent of crop Nov. — 15 per cent of crop Nov. 1-20 — 50 per cent of crop Dec. 1-31 — 50 per cent of crop Jan.) 50 per cent of acreage Feb. ) each month May Aug. 15-31 Sept. 1-20 Nov. 15-30 Dec. 1-31 Jan. 1-31 Feb. 1-15 45 per cent of crop 55 per "cent of crop one-sixth of acreage one-third of acreage one-third of acreage one-sixth of acreage May — all acreage July - Aug. - Sept. Oct. - - 10 per cent of crop - 50 per cent of crop - 30 per cent of crop - 10 per cent of crop Sorting and packing Picking Picking up Dipping and drying Harvesting and hulling by hand (same time as picking) July — 75 per cent of crop Aug. -- 25 per cent of crop Sept. 10-30 — 60 per cent of crop Oct. 1-15 -- 40 per cent of crop (same time. as picking up) Sept. -- 50 per cent of crop Oct. — 50 per cent of crop * Distribution of lemon picking by months based on lemon "pick" for 1935 of tha Queen Colony Fruit Exchange, Corona, which is estimated to be about 80 per cent of the county production. t Orange picking by months distributed according to percentage shipped monthly during 1935. Field boxes estimated on btisis of 750 field boxes of 48 lbs. for every car of 462 boxes of 80 pounds. t Grapefruit picking by months is distributed according to percentage shipped each month in 1935. Field boxes estimated on basis of 750 field boxes for every car of 462 packed boxes. TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs — Riverside County, excluding Palo Verde and Coachella Valleys — by Months and Tasks Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man- day Required man- days Available days Required number of workers" January Spinach: hoeing cutting with special 250 acres 1 acre X , OUU i.L)S m D hours 250 (of 6 hrs) 21 Q 12 25 (for 9 days; Apricots: pruning 1,474 acres 0.2 acre 3,685t 21 176 Citrus, lemons-, picking oranges; picking 205,310 field boxes 778,700 field boxes 23 boxes 60 boxes 8,927 12,979 20 20 447 649 Grapes? pruning 600 acres 0.75 acre 800 21 38 Peaches, cling ; pruning 555 acres 0.33 acre 833 t 21 40 free ; pruning 346 acres 0.33 acre 519-^- 21 25 Totals C.0 , til / 1,344 man-months February Potatoes-, cutting seed (12 sacks per acre ) 6,876 sacks 20 sacks 344 11 31 (from 15th tc 28th) Spinach: cutting (second cutting) 35 tons 1,000 pounds in hours 6 70 (of 6 hrs) 3 25 (for 3 days) Citrus, lemons; picking oranges-, picking 150,336 field boxes 988,350 field boxes 22 boxes 60 boxes 6,834 16,473 22 22 311 749 g Grapes; pruning 600 acres 0.75 acre 800 23 • 35 liable continued on next page j ^1 0 Table 3 continued. Month vjrop and task oize oi x,disj\ ivt- '-J U X I o U Atro T "> r hi dsiv s R f - n 1 1 T yT A vi i m Vi c ^ y* nf" lA/n y^Vp T'c;* February (cont'd) Peaches^ cling : pruning free ; pruning 555 acres 173 acres 0.33 acre 0.33 acre 833 t 250 1 23 12 37 22 (from 1st to 15th) Totals 25.612 23 1 ,114 man-months Murcn Unions : nana cuiuivax,ion tz,£jo acres J. • J acre; Q hand weeding 225 acres 1.0 acre 225 25 9 thinning 45 acres 0.25 acre 180 25 8 Potatoes < cutting seed (12 sacks per acre) 13,752sacks 20 sacks 688 25 28 Watermelons-, planting with hoe putting on paper caps 483 acres 483 acres 5 acres 3 acres 73 + 25 3 7 Spinach: cutting (second cut- ting) hours PS ffnr days) Strawberries: picking (515 crates) (31 acres ) li crates 344 (of 4 hrs) 12 29f(from 15th to 31st) Citrus, lemons, picking orangesj picking 143,375 field boxes 1,086,020 field boxes 31 boxes 60 boxes 4,625 18 , 100 23 23 201 787 Totals 24.691 25 988 man-months April Alfalfa hay; mowing raking shocking hauling and baling 14,209 acres 14,209 acres 14,209 acres 10,356 tons 10 acres 20 acres 21 acres in 5 hours 3 tons 710"^ 355"t" 4,547 (of 5 hrs.)-^ 2,762+ 25 25 25 25 29 15 182 111 (Table continued on next page) 'v. i m If Tahl p 7> continued. , Rrrquix-td Availa,ble Required number Month CroD and task Size of task ! Cu'^.cut. per man— ds.v man- davs davs of wor'fcers* April Sugar beets: thinning 121 acres 0.5 acre £42 25 10 (cont'd) Onions; hand cultivating 225 acres 1.5 acre 225 25 9 thinning 180 acres 0-25 acre 760 25 31 Melons: cantaloupes and Japanes melons, thinning and hoeing once 250 acres 0.75 acre 166t 25 7 replanting 250 acres 4 hours per acre 55-f 25 3 Watermelons; planting with hoe 483 acres 5 acres 74'j' 17 5 (from 1st to 20th) hoeing and thinning 362+ "covered" acreage 483 acres 1 acre 25 15 Spinach J cutting (second 1,000 pounds in 6 36 18 (for 2 cutting) 18 tons hours f?f 6 hrs.) 2 days) Strawberriesi picking 1,800 crates li crates 1,200 25 31 acres ()f 4 hrs.) 48 ■ + Apricots* thinning (with poles) 1,105 0.5 acre 2,210 12 184 (from 15th to 30th) Citrus, lemons-, picking 191,835 field boxes 28 boxes 6,851 23 298 oranges: picking 1,084,090 field boxes 60 boxes 18,068 23 786*" grapefruit* picking 24,686 field boxes yu boxes tiO Tot nl <5 38,898 25 1,556 man -months May Alfalfa hay, mowing 14,209 acres 10 acres 71lt 26 28 rakins 14,209 acres 20 acres 356t 26 14 shocking 14,209 acres 2^ acres in 5 hours 4,547T 26 175 [of 5 hrs.; hauling and baling 12,945 tons 3 tons 3,452t 26 133 • (Table continued on next page) m Table 5 continued. Month Crop and task Siae of task Output per man-day Required J man-days Available days Required nurr.ber of workers* May (cont 'd) Sugar beets; hoeing 121 acres 1.0 acre 121 12 10 (for 12 Utxjf a y Grain hay:, mowing raking bunching 4,400 acres 4,400 acres 3,250 acres 10 acres 20 acres 20 acres 330 f 1 A R + 4.D0 T 122 + 26 PA CO 26 13 7 5 Melons, cantaloupes and Japan- ese melons; hoeing twice 500 acres 2 acres 125-f 26 5 watermelons; hoeing and thin- ning (all uncovered) 483 acres 3 acres 120 + 26 5 hoemg, (all covered acres; 483 acres 3 acres 120 1 tit> c 0 Tomatoes-, transplanting to field 1,192 acres 1 acre 1 , 192 luu ^ I rom isx. to 15th) dusting 1, 192 acres 4 acres (in 6 hours) o n o (of 6 hrs.) 26 12 replanting 1,192 acres 10 acres iiy xu virom xoxn to 30th) Strawberries; picking 1,545 crates 31 acres 1^ crates 1 , 030 (of 4 hrs.) 26 40 t ' ApricotS: thinning with poles ^ 3,315 acres 0.5 acre 6,630 13 510 (from 1st to 15th) Cherriesr picking sorting and loose packing 75 tons 75 tons 200 pounds 1,000 pounds 750 150 10 10 75 (from 20th to 30th) 15 Citrus, lemons: picking 83,955 field boxes 17 boxes 4,939 24 M 206 (Table continued on next page) 1 ? I ' Month nuea . Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Required man- days Availe.ble days Required number of workers * May ( cont ' d) Citrus, oranges: picking grapefruit; picking Peaches? thinning 4 389,350 field boxes 52,458 field boxes 2,147 acres 50 boxes 90 boxes 0.25 acre 7 , 787 583 8,588 24 24 26 32a 25 331 Totals 42.235 26 1,625 man-months June ni.id.xiaj rnowmg raking shocking hauling and baling 18,945 acres 18,945 acres 14,670 tons 20 acres 2i- acres in 5 hours 3 tons 947 + 474 + 6,064 ^ 3,912 t 26 26 26 26 37 19 234 151 Grain; harvesting (with combine) 24,500 acres 6 acres 2,042 t 26 78 Grain hay i mowing raking bunching baling 8,600 acres 8,600 acres 9,750 acres 6,800 tons 10 acres 20 acres 20 acres 4 tons 645 t 323 + 366 -f 1,700 13 15 20 13 50 (for 13 days ) 22 (for 15 19 (for 19 days) 131 (from 15th to 30th) Potatoes;, picking up and sacking grading (mostly on tables) 10,300 sacks 10,300 sacks 70 sacks 100 sacks 147 103 10 10 15 (from 20th to 30th) 11 (from 20th to 30th) Melons, cantaloupes and Japan- ese: hoeing watermelons: hoeing (all acres not covered) 250 acres 483 acres 2 acres 4 acres 63 ' 90 t liO 26 ■I o 4 .p. Tomatoes; hoeing 1,192 acres 1.5 acre 795 26 31 (Table continued on next page) Table 3 continued. Required man -days Available Required number of workers * Month CroD and task Size of task Output per man-day days June (cont'd) Tomatoes: dusting Youngberries, etc.; picking 1,192 acres 40 acres 2.5 acres in 6 hours 200-^ pt. baskets 477 ^01 o nrs./ 26 26 19 Strawberries : picking 1,290 crates 31 acres 1^ crates 860 26 33 t Apricots: picking washing and repairing trays 2,106 tons 98,400 trays 2,000 pounds 150 trays .2,106 656 10 10 211 (from 20th to 30th) 66 (from 10th to 20th) Cherries: picking picking Citrus, lemons; picking oranges; picking grapefruit; picking 450 tons 225 tons 43,500 field boxes 191,680 field boxes 81,317 field boxes 200 pounds 200 pounds 10 boxes 50 boxes 90 boxes 4,500 2,250 4,350 3,834 904 15 15 24 24 24 300* (from 1st to 15th) 150 (from 15th to 30th) 182 160 38 Totals 37.608 26 1.447 mr.n-months TiiT w J ui.y nxi aj.1 a nay _* mowxng raking snocxmg nauxmg ana oaxing 18,945 acres xo fVio acres 14 , O r U tons 20 acres eig ciCres xn o hours 3 tons 474 + (of 5 hrs.) O , V Xtz, T 26 CD O r 19 Beans; hoeing 1,271 acres 1.0 acre 1,271 26 49 Grain; harvesting (by combine) 24,500 acres 6.0 acres 2,042 26 78 Grain hay; baling Sugar beet seed; clearing swath' after m owers 6,800 tons 410 acres 4 tons 0.33 acre 1,700 1,230 13 21 131 (from 1st to 15th) 60 (for 21 days ) Table 3 continued* Month CroD and task Size of task Output cer nan- day Required rr:an-da.ys A\'ailable davs Required ni.mber of workers * July (cont'd) Sugar beets; threshing 325 tons 0.75 ton 467 12 40 (from 15th to 31st) Melons, watermelons; picking 680 tons 10 tons In 5 hours 68 (of 5 hrs) 13 6 (from 15th to 31st) loading and hauling 680 tons 5 tons 90 t 13 7 Potatoes; cutting seed for fall crop 1,728 sacks 20 sacks 87 10 9 (from 20th to 30th) picking up and sacking grading on tables 185,668 sacks 185,668 sacks 70 sacks 100 sacks 2,653 1,857 26 26 102 72 Tomatoes: hoeing, once dusting Youngberries, etc.: picking 1,192 acres 1,192 acres 40 acres 2.0 acre 1.0 in 6 hours 200-i pt. baskets 596 1,192 (of 6 hrs.) 26 26 26 23 46 II Almonds; knocking hulling by hand 20 tons 20 tons 225 pounds 65 pounds 178 616 10 10 18 (from 20th to 30th) 62 (from 20th to 30th) cutting for drying (green weight) other dry yard labor 15,740 tons 15,740 tons C , UUU puuilUb 600 pounds 11 hours per green ton f-j- 1 ft QfiP 52,467 17,314 ?fi 26 26 2,018 666 Citrus, lemons; picking oranges ; picking 20,120 field boxes 323,460 field boxes 10 boxes 50 boxes 2,012 6.469 24 24 84 ^ • 270 Table 3 conti Month nued. CroD and task Size of task Output per man-dav Required man-davK Aval lable . , day? Required number of workers • July (cont'd) Citrus, grapefruit; picking 77,145 field boxes 90 boxes 858 24 36 Peaches, (freestone); picking sorting and packing 103 tons iUo tons 1,500 pounds in 7 nours cjOuu pounus 138 ^oi / nrs»j 6 g 23 I fcr- fi (ir,ne, ' 15 (for 6 days) Plums: picking 185 tons 1,000 pounds 370 26 15 Totals 124.124 26 4.774 man-montlT August Alfalfa hay; mowing raking shocking by hand hauling and baling Grain: baling straw 18,945 acres 18,945 acres 18,945 acres 14,670 tons 10 acres 20 acres 2^ acres in 5 hours . 3 tons 3 tons 947 + 474 + 6,064 (of 5 brs.)i 3,912t 25 25 25 25 25 38 19 243 157 Potatoes; cutting seed for fall crop picking up and sacking 3,432 sacks 10,300 sacks 20 sacks 70 sacks 172 147 18 6 10 (from 1st to 20th) 25 (for 1st week) grading 10,300 sacks 100 sacks 103 6 17 (for 1st week) Sugar beet seed: threshing Melons, cantaloupes and Jap melons: picking watermelons; picl'ing loading and hauling 325 tons 396 tons 3,396 tons o,oyD xons 0.75 ton 1 ton 10 tons in 5 hours 5 tons 467 396 340 (of 5 hrs. ) 24 25 25 20 16 14 18 Tomatoes: picking 945 tons 1 ton 945 25 38 -a Almonds; knocking ^ ^ 120 tons 225 pounds 1,067 25 43 (Table continued on next page) pa- r J uii Table 3 continued. Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Required man-days Available days Required number of workers * August (cont'd) Almonds; hulling by hand Citrus, lemons; picking oranges: picking grapefruit', picking 120 tons 11,310 field boxes 197,670 field boxes 43,200 field boxes 65 pounds 10 boxes 50 boxes 90 boxes 3,693 1,131 3,954 480 25 24 24 24 148 48 165 20 Grapes; picking 75 tons 1 ton 75 12 7 (from 15th to 30th) Peaches cling; picking freestone picking sorting and packing 1,203 tons 518 tons 518 tons 1 ton 1,500 pounds in 7 hours 2,300 pounds 1,203 691 I of 7 hrs*} 451 13 do 25 93 (from 15th to 31st) do 18 Plums; picking 62 tons 1,000 pounds 124 25 5 Totals 27.290 25 1.092 man-months September Alfalfa hay; mowing raking shocking hauling and baling 14,209 acres 14,209 acres 14,209 acres 10,356 tons 10 acres 20 acres 21 acres j.n 5 hours 3 tons 711 + 356 + 4,547 (of 5 hra.r 2,762 + 26 26 26 26 28 14 175 107 Alfalfa seed; threshing 925 acres 2 acres 463 12 39 (from ISth to 30th) Beans; bunching after cutter 635 acres 1 acre in 3 hours 635 (of 3 hrs.) 26 25 Sugar beets; topping and loading 1,417 tons 5 tons 284 26 11 M Onions; picking up, grading and sackine 44.500 Rar.kR 40 sacks 1.113 26 00 • 43 01 r*' r 'i ' - ! I I j. — ■08 i? ^80 4^ Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Required man- days Available days Required number of workers * September fcont'd) Melons, cantaloupes and Jap melons", picking Persians; picking watermelons : picking loading and hauling 396 tons 650 tons 2,377 tons 2,377 tons 1 ton 4 tons 10 tons in 5 hours 5 tons 396 163 238 (of 5 hrs.) 318 + 26 26 26 26 16 7 9 13 Tomatoes; picking 2,520 tons 1 ton 2,520 26 97 Almonds, knocking hulling by hand 60 tons 60 tons 225 pounds 65 pounds 533 1,846 26 26 21 71 Citrus, lemons: picking oranges; picking 8,091 field boxes 2o9,550 field boxes 10 boxes 50 boxes 809 5,391 24 24 34 « 225 Grapes i picking 440 tons 1 ton 440 26 17 Peaches, clingj picking freestone; picking sorting and packing 1,470 tons 311 tons 311 tons 1 ton 1,500 pounds in 7 hours 2,300 pounds 1,470 415 (of 7 hrs.) 271 20 26 26 74 (from 1st to 20th) 16 11 Prunes; picking up dipping and drying 3,261 tons 3,261 tons 1,250 pounds It tons green wt. 5,218 2,174 20 20 261 (from 10th to 30th) 109 (from lOtn to 30th) Walnuts : harvesting and hulling bv hand 1,137 tons 200 pounds 11,370 26 438 Totals 44 . 443 26 1.710 man-months October Alfalfa hay; mowing raki ng 14,209 acres 14,209 acres 10 acres 20 acres 711''' 356 f 25 25 29 M 15 (Table continued on next page) • • v • • • Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Requi red man-days Available days Required number of workers * October (cont'd) Alfalfa hay. shocking hauling and baling 14,209 acres 8,630 tons 2i acres in 5 hours 3 tons 4,547 \0i L> ;;rs4i 2, loot 25 25 182 84 Alfalfa seed; threshing 925 acres 2 acres per man-day 463 12 39 (from 1st to 15th) Beans ; bunching with forks after cutter threshing all crop 635 acres 15,700 sacks 1 acre in 3 hours 20 sacks 635 (of 3 hrs.; 471 t 25 25 26 19 Onions; picking up, grading and sacking 22,250 sacks 40 sacks 556 25 23 Sugar beets for seed; hoeing 205 acres 0.33 acre 615 12 51 (from 15th to 31st) Melons, Persians ; picking wat e rme 1 ons ; p i cki ng loading and hauling 650 tons 340 tons 340 tons 4 tons 10 tons in 5 5 tons loo 34 (ot 5- nrs ) 46 t 12 12 7 3 (for 1 ? f)av=i \ 4 (for 12 days) Tomatoes; picking 1,890 tons 1 ton 1,890 25 76 Citrus, lemons: picking oranges: picking 30,015 field Doxe s 263,550 field boxes LO Doxes 50 boxes 5,271 ?4 24 97 220 Grapes; picking 734 tons 1 ton 734 25 30 Peaches, freestone: picking sorting and packing 104 tons 104 tons 1,500 pounds in 7 hours 2,300 pounds 139 (oi 7 hrs.] 91 13 13 11 (from 1st to 15th) 7 (from,^ 1st to 15th) p (Table continued on next page) 1^ Table 3 continued. Month ' Crop and task Size of task Diit.p'.it per man-day Required man- days Available Required number aavs of workers October (contM) November December Prunes; picking up (green weight) dipping and drying Walnuts; harvesting and hull- ing by hand Totals Potatoes; picking up and sacking grading Sugar beets for seed, hoeing Tomatoes; picking Apricots: pruning Citrus, lemons: picking oranges-, picking Grapes; picking Olives ; picking Peaches, freestone.: pruning Totals Potatoes: picking up and sacking grading 2,174 tons 2,174 tons 1.137 tons 1,250 pounds li tons green weight 200 pounds 25,784 sacks 25,784 sacks 205 acres 945 tons 1,474 acres 123,650 field loxes 71,880 field boxes 220 tons 88 tons 173 acres 70 sacks 100 sacks 0.33 acre 1 ton 0.2 acre 13 boxes 50 boxes 1 ton 300 pounds 0.33 acre 25,784 sacks 25.784 sacks 70 sacks 100 sacks 3,479 1.450 11.370 37.430 369 258 615 945 3,685 9,512 1,438 220 587 260 f 17.889 369 258 15 15 25 232 (from 1st to 15th) 97 (from 1st to 15th) 455 25 1.498 man-months 25 25 12 12 25 23 23 12 25 12 25 24 24 15 11 51 (from 1st to 15th) 79 (from 1st to 15th) 148 414 63 19 (from 1st to 15th) 23 22 (from 15th to 30th) 716 man-months 16 11 (Table continued on next page) 1 - t i i 1 i } r i 1 ■ " ■ I 1 ( 1 Table 5 continue d . Month 1 Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Required man- days Available days of workers (cont'd) opmacn. nosing first cutting 250 acres 50 tons 0.6 acre 1,000 pounds in 6 hours 416 100 (of o his.) 24 4 18 25 /for 4 days ) Apricots; pruning 1,474 acres 0.2 acre 24 154 Citrus, lemons; picking 162,140 field cLxigcs . picking hoxea <:t>i,DoU field 16 boxes 10,134 24 423 boxes 60 boxes 4,193 24 175 Grapes; pruning 300 acres 0.75 acre 400 12 34 (from 15th to 31st) Olives; picking 88 tons 300 pounds 587 24 25 Peaches, freestone: pruning 346 teres 0.33 acre 519 -f- 24 22 Totals 20.661 24 861 manHntnths * Monthly basis unless otherwise noted. "t* Estimated portion of work done by seasonal laborers. + Strawberry picking may require 60 to 90 pickers continuously during March, April, and May. 9 Thinning varies greatly, and may be omitted entirely when set of fruit is light. Figures are for normal set of fruit. Peak orange shipments in Riverside County £.re about 28,500 packed boxes (equalling about 48,500 field boxes) per day. This would require about 810 pickers. |i Youngberry picking may require 4 pickers per aero at the peak of production. *♦ Cherry picking during peak on heavy crop may require more workers than indicated for ?. short period, ttData on apricot drying from University of California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 388. tfFigures based on a normal production of about 200 tons of almonds — 1935 crop was very light. 4 Grajief ruit Picking Setting sloping stakes and attaching wire paper for weather nrotecticn Hoeing (twice) Remove naper, null up stakes and wire and set in vertical ncsi- tion Pruning (3 tines) Tying (3 or 4 tir.es ) Picking (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Pruning (50 i^er cent cf acreage) Picking Nov. — 25 per cent ■:;f crop Doc. — 35 per cent cf crop Jan.— 30 per cent cf crop Feb. --10 per cent of crop March Decer;ber--all acreage January — ell acreage March — ell acreage February — all acreage February, March — cn 50 per cent of acreage each n^onth March, April— -two tiraes in all acreage April~5 per cent of cr^p Mpy— 45 per cent of crop June — 47 ner cent of crop (balance scattered and inconse- quential) Dec, Jan., Feb., MDr."- 25 ner cent each rronth Nov. -—20 per cent cf crop Dec. —-20 per cent cf crop Jan. — 20 per cent of crop Feb. — 20 per cent :f crop Mar.— .20 per cent of crop (Table continued on next page) t 1 t '■■■Jsi'T.v ■ 1 i; ! i f f : Table 2 continued. 28. Crop Operation Time of need Vegetable crops (cont'd) Tangerines Dates Picking(50 per cent by seasonal labor) Pollinating (50 per cent by seasonal labor) Picking Nov. 20-30 — 25 per cent of crop Dec. 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop Feb. 15-28—25 per cent of job Mar. 1-31 — 50 per cent of job Apr. 1-15 — 25 per cent of job Sept. 15-31—20 per cent of crop Oct. — 40 per cent of crop Nov. --30 per cent of crop Dec. 1-15 — 10 per cent of crop Figs -- Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. Grapes Pruning Picking Dec, Jan., Feb, —one-third of acreage each month June— all Thompson Seedless July— all Malagas — 8 days TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs — Coachella Valley — by Months and Tasks Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of workers * January Cotton: Picking 119, 000 pounds 200 pounds 595 25 24 Carrots: Harvesting sometimes starts about the 15th Peas: Picking 60 tons 200 pounds 600 25 24 Tomatoes: Hoeing 409 acres 0.25 acre l,o36 25 66 Grapefruit: Pruning 220 acres 0.5 acre 440 25 18 Picking 52,514 boxes 100 boxes 526 25 21 Grapes: Pruning 544 acres 0.5 acre , 1,088 25 44 Totals 4.885 25 196 man-months February Cotton: Picking 119 000 pounds 200 pounds 595 25 24 Onions: Weeding 440 acres 0.3 acre 1,320 25 53 Carrots: Pulling, tying in bunches and putting in crates 14,196 crates 10 crates 1,420 25 57 Peas: Picking 20 tons 200 pounds 200 25 8 Tomatoes: Remove paper protection and set stakes vertically 400 acres 0.1 acre 4,000 25 160 Pruning 600 acres 0.5 acre 1,200 25 48 Grapefruit: Pruning 220 acres 0.5 acre 440 25 18 Picking 52,514 boxes 100 field boxes 526 25 21 Dates: Pollinating 1,215 acres t 303 13 24 (from 15th to 28th) Grapes: Pruning 544 acrss 0.5 acre 1.088 25 44 Totals 11.092 25 444 man-months March Alfalfa: Baling 178 tons 5 tons 24 f 8 3 Onions: Weeding 440 acres 0.5 acre 880 26 34 Beans (string): Hoeing 207 acres 1 acre 207 2d 8 Staking 207 acres 0.2 acre 1,035 26 39 to (Table continued on next page.) Table continued Re nu 1 rpd Aval 1 ah") p Rpniii t^pH nnmhpT^ •llCV.juXi IiUiliUd IvlUIi VZl Size of task Outnut Der man— dav man— riavR Ul WUI ACX ft tviCti vil Carrots: Pullins tvins { cont ' d ) in bunches and nuttins in (*. yfl + f* s 21 298 crates 2,130 26 PSD ^ so? af*y*p• ' . (5-'* 1 V A - i ! y •i if I i ? J T . » - Table contin ued Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man -days days of workers* May (cont'd) Onions: Harvesting Beans (string): Picking Corn (green): Picking Tomatoes: Picking Totals Alfalfa (hay): Baling Cantaloupes: Picking Tomatoes: Picking 86,400 sacks of 50 pounds 163 tons 73,515 lugs 1,306 tons 25 sacks 200 pounds / 0 lugs 600 pounds 3,456 1,630 i i7 U 1 2.180f 26 26 26 26 133 63 8 84 8 ,3t>S 26 odd man-months June 535 tons 370 tons 1,364 tons 5 tons 1 ton 600 pounds 72 + 370 2,274* 26 26 26 3 15 88 Grapes: Picking and packing (all Thompson) Totals Alfalfa (hay): Baling Cantaloupes: Picking 1,130^ tons 1.000 pounds 2.261 26 87 4.977 26 192 man-months July 535 tons 246 tons 5 tons 1 ton 72 t 246 26 10 3 2b Ifrom 1st to 10th) Grapes: Picking (Malagas) Totals Cotton: Picking 589 tons 1,000 pounds 1.178 8 183 1.496 26 58 man-months August 357,000 pounds 250 pounds 1,428 18 80 (from 7th to 31st) Alfalfa (hay): Baling Totals Cotton: Picking Alfalfa (hay): Baling Dates: Picking 535 tons 5 tons 72=F 26 3 1.500 26 58 man-months September 476,000 pounds 535 tons 1,922,220 pounds 250 pounds 5 tons 330 pounds 1,904 724 5,825 26 26 13 74 3 448 (from 15th to OXSX ) Totals Cotton: Picking Alfalfa (hay): Baling Onions: Planting 7.801 26 300 man-months October 476,000 pounds 535 tons 22 acres 250 pounds 5 tons 0.14 acre 1,904 154 26 26 6 74 3 26 ^rom 25th to 31st) Beans (green): Staking (fall crop) Carrots: Wheel hoeing 650 acres 250 acres 0.2 acre 0.25 acre 3,250 1,000 26 13 125 77 (from 1st to 15th) Weeding: 250 acres 1 acre 250 13 20 (from 15th to 3l3t) (Table continued on next page.) oj i. ■; ,.1 n .V-™- — -rv- i r * i : . - ' ■- f : ~-r.:--s^"'~ rev*- Table continued XI Vci-x Xd'UX t5 Required number Kn ^ ^\ ▼ 1^ St of* + Pi- » f < : ! TABLE 2 35 Operations Requiring Use- of Seasonal Labor end Times of Needs by Crops Verde Valley Palo Crops Operation Time of need Field crops: Alfalfa (hc.y) Cotton Flax Grain (wheat and barley) Sorghums Bnling (80 per cent of crop) (60 per cent by sec.sonr.l labor) Mr.r . — 10 per cent n-: ge baled cf tcn- Apr.- — 20 per cent nage baled of ton- Mf-y — 20 per cent of ton- nage baled June —20 per cent nage bejed of ton- July — 10 per cent n?ge baled cf ton- Aug. — ^^10 per cent nf.ge baled of ton- Sept r-10 per cent nage baled of ton- Threshing for seed (80 per cent by seasonal labor) Chopping Hoeing Aug. — one-third cf crop) Sept — one-third of crop** Oct.— one- third cf crop) May— 50 per cent of acreage June — 50 per cent of acreage June — 50 per cent of acreage ' July— 50 per cent of acreage Sept. --10 per cent of crop Oct. — 30 per cent of crop Nov. 40 per cent of crop Dec— 15 per cent of crop Jan." 5 per cent of crop (Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored.) Picking Threshing (80 per cent by seasonal labor ) Cutting off heads by hand and throwing in piles Threshing (80 per cent by seasonal labor) May 50 per cent of crop June— 50 per cent of crop Oct.— 40 per cent of acre- age Nov. — (60 per cent of acre- age Oct. — 20 per cent of cron Nov. — 40 per cent of crop Dec. --'40 per cent of crop (Table continued on next page) ! .1 ■i. ) n.* !:":;!* Table 2 continued. Crops Operation Time of need Sudan grass for seed (District discontinuing production, hence ignored. ) Vegetable crops: Lettuce Thinning Oct.— 170 acres Dec. — teres Hoeing Nov. — 170 acres Feb .-- 130 acres Cutting (early crop) Dec. 13-31—2,000 crates Jan. 1-31—10,000 crates' (late crop) Mar. 1-25 — 5,500 crates Hoeing and thinning August — all acreage. 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