BARLOW MEDICAL LIBRARY 1906-1952 
 
 WALTER JARVIS BARLOW 
 
 HISTORY OF MEDICINE COLLECTION 
 
 BIOMEDICAL LIBRARY, 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 BERKELOUW BOOKDEALERS
 
 ^The HISTORY c?/ Me 
 SYDNEY HOSPITAL 
 from 1811 to 1911 3> ?> 
 
 <J 
 
 » 
 
 J. FREDERICK WATSON, 
 n.B,. CH.n. 
 
 L> 
 
 SYDXEY : 
 
 
 W. A. GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 
 
 
 I 9 I I . 

 
 REGISTERED UNDER THE COPYRIGHT ACT. 
 
 tSyg
 
 THIS VOLUME IS 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR 
 TO 
 
 J. C. cox, M.D., F.R.C.S., Edin., 
 
 WHO, FOR SIXTY-ONE YEARS, 
 
 HAS WATCHED AND ASSISTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SYDNEY HOSPITAL, 
 
 AS 
 
 STUDENT, HON. PHYSICIAN, HON. SURGEON, 
 
 HON. CONSULTING PHYSICIAN, AND 
 
 DIRECTOR. 
 
 nil 
 
 •^
 
 PREFA CE. 
 
 IN the following pages a historical memoir of the Sydney 
 Hospital has been written : I have attempted to take a 
 mid-course betieeen the mere acciimiilation of facts and 
 the colloquial story of the di-fferent eras. All available 
 documents, pamphlets, and books have been laid under 
 contribution, and no bare fact prior to 1880 has bee:i 
 stated ivithout full documentary evidence : this has been 
 rendered necessary as so many printed statements have 
 been found to be incorrect. The history subsequent to 
 1880 has been confined to major facts and details of ad- 
 ministration, for the obvious reason that the actors of the 
 drama are still alive. After mature consideration I have 
 eliminated the detailed history of treatment, as I consider 
 this could be better dealt with by the future historian of 
 the general history of medicine in New South Wales. 
 
 I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor 
 M. W. MacCallum for much valued criticism on the first 
 three chapters, and to various officials in the different 
 State Departments for assistance in my search for documents . 
 
 F.W. 
 
 July 2^th, 191 1.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 — > — 
 
 CHAPTER I. PAGE. 
 
 Raison d'etre for the building of Sydney Hospital — ■ 
 Resume of medical history, 1788-1810 — Arrival of Governor 
 Macquarie — Necessity for a new hospital ... ... ... i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Preliminary negotiations — Signing of contract — Laying of 
 foundation stone — Extension of the terms of contract — 
 Building operations — Conclusion of contract ... ... 15 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Occupation of Hospital — The Wentworth regime, 1816- 
 18 19 — Administration detailed — General condition of 
 Hospital — Resignations of Wentworth and Redfern — Ap- 
 pointment of Bowman... ... ... ... ... ... 33 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Administration under Bowman, 1819-1836. 
 Bowman takes charge — Reorganisation of the staff — 
 Successive additions to Hospital accommodation — The 
 finances of the period — Causes which led to the initiation 
 of military rule — Arrival of Thompson ... ... .. 47 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Bowman Period, continued. 
 Reorganisation of the wards — Clinical administration — 
 Treatment — Diseases — Scientific research. ... ... ... 59 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Close of the Convict Era, 1836-1848. 
 Thompson's appointment — Dissensions created — Mitchell 
 dismissed — Dawson supersedes Thompson — Changes in ad- 
 ministration — In finance — Disease — Treatment — Removal 
 of convicts from the Hospital... ... ... ... ... 68 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 The Sydney Dispensary. 
 Establishment in 1826 — Constitution and objects — Precis 
 of history — Grant of south wing — Occupation of central 
 buildings ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79
 
 VIII INDEX. 
 
 CHAPTER VIll. 
 The Sydney Infirmary, 1848- 1868. page. 
 
 Occupation and organisation of central buildings — Consti- 
 tution of board of directors — Failure of management — 
 Finances — .Additions to buildings ... ... ... ... 91 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Internal Economy of the Infirmary, 1848-1868. 
 
 Medical staff and tfieir duties — Out-patient department — 
 Nursing — Condition of the wards — Housekeeping — Students 
 — Classification of wards — Drugs — Treatment — Disease ... 103 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Administration, i 869-1 880. 
 Public Charities Commission — Altered constitution of 
 board of directors — Attempted assassination of Duke of 
 Edinburgh — Grant of the land — Act of incorporation — 
 Finances — Buildings — Medical staff — Regent-street Dispen- 
 sary — Ophthalmic department — Medical school — Lock 
 hospital — Coast Hospital ... ... ... ... ... 118 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Internal Economy, 1869-18S0. 
 Introduction, establishment, and organisation of trained 
 Nurses — Arrangement of wards — Condition of wards — New 
 diet — Technical advances ... ... ... ... ... 133 
 
 CHAPTER Xll. 
 The Sydney Hospital, 1S81-1893. 
 Sydney Hospital Act — Alterations in constitution — 
 Erection of buildings — Temporary buildings and accommo- 
 dation — Finances ... ... ... ... ... ... 149 
 
 CHAPTER Xlll. 
 The Internal Economy, 1881-1893. 
 Growth of special departments — Changes in constitution 
 of the staff — Appointment of medical superintendent — 
 Nursing staff — Medical students — Introduction of antisepsis 161 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 The New Sydney Hospital, 1S94-1911. 
 Opening of the new Hospital — The buildings — New south 
 wing — Changes in the medical staff — The nursing staff and 
 school — Medical students — The special departments — The 
 admi>ision of patients — The finances — Conclusion ... ... 171
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 — > — 
 
 Sydney Hospital, iqii ... ... ... ... Fvnntispiece. 
 
 Seal of Sydney Hospital ... ... ... Title page. 
 
 First General Hospital in Sydney... ... Facing page 7 
 
 Elevation Plan of the General Hospital, 
 
 1810 „ ,, 20 
 
 Ground Plan of the CiEneral Hospital, 18 10 ,, ,, 32 
 
 Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, Pro- 
 jector OF the Hospital ... ... ... ,, ,, 44 
 
 Photograph of Plate Recovered from Foun- 
 dation Stone of 1811 ... ... ... ,, ,, 50 
 
 Dr. James Mitchell, Resident Officer in 
 
 Charge, 1825-1S37 ... ... ... ... ,, ,, 62 
 
 Maclehose's Picture of General Hos- 
 pital, 1838 ... ... ... ... ,, 70 
 
 Plan of the Hospital in 1838 ... ... „ -• 78 
 
 Inset Photographs of First Honorary Staffs, 
 
 1845-1848 ... ... „ ,, 91 
 
 The Original Nightingale Wing, 1869 ... ,, ,, 102 
 
 The Sydney Infirmary, 1870 .. ... ... ,, „ iiS 
 
 Plan of the Sydney Infirmary, 1872 ... ,, 132 
 
 Inset Photographs of Successive Presi- 
 dents ... ... ... ... ... ... , ,. 148 
 
 Bird's-eye View of Sydney Infirmary, 1856 . ,, 165
 
 [^aiii^iiE^j i!:^ii[!^ 
 
 ^l\t Jiistorii Of gHDiifjJ hospital. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 RAISON D'ETRE FOR THE BUILDING OF SYDNEY 
 HOSPITAL— /^£:5[/M£ OF MEDICAL HISTORY, 1788- 
 i8io~ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR MACQUARIE— 
 NECESSITY FOR A NEW HOSPITAL. 
 
 THE foundation of the Institution which 
 was destined to develop into the Sydney 
 Hospital, was definitely decided in the 
 beginning of 1810 ; but the factors 
 which led to its establishment can be 
 traced throughout the medical and social 
 history of the Colony from the date of Captain 
 Arthur Phillip's landing to the time of the arrival 
 of Major-General Lachlan Macquarie. The forces 
 potent in creating the demand for its commence- 
 ment, had developed /^a;-/ passu with the growth 
 of a small settlement on the banks of the Tank 
 Stream into the controlling centre of a flourishing 
 colony in its infancy. It is clear, therefore, that
 
 2 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 a brief review of the status of medicine prior to 
 Macquarie's arrival must be fully appreciated, to 
 understand the urgent need for a new hospital 
 that was felt in the closing months of 1809. 
 Possibly the well-known penchant of Macquarie 
 for erecting" large public buildings throughout 
 the Colony may have hastened the erection of 
 the Hospital ; but when one has realised the poor 
 and scanty provision made for the invalided 
 convict element of the community, which had 
 then reached over 8,000, subjected to an excess 
 of sickness through their mode of life, and the 
 miserable state of the indigent and sick emancipists, 
 the prey of unscrupulous persons trading on their 
 infirmities, it cannot be said that this building at 
 least was in any way before its time. 
 
 The First Fleet carried a complete medical staff, 
 one surgeon on each transport, and of these a 
 Principal Surgeon, three assistant surgeons, and 
 one junior had been appointed to remain as the 
 medical staff of the infant colony. They held their 
 commissions direct from the Crown and were 
 " carefully and diligently to discharge the dutv of 
 surgeon (or assistant surgeon) by doing and per- 
 forming all and all manner of things thereunto 
 belonging ; and to observe and follow such orders 
 and directions from time to time as shall be received 
 from the Governor . . . for the time being, or 
 any other superior officer according to the rules and 
 disciplineof war." Although classed as civil officers, 
 they were thus subject to the Mutiny /\ct and the 
 Articles of War then in force, and were liable to 
 be tried by court-martial for any dereliction of duty, 
 medical or official. This system was maintained
 
 THE FIRST HOSPITAL. 3 
 
 throughout the period under review, and led to 
 anomalies which are considered later. 
 
 The first Principal Surgeon was John White, 
 whose office carried a salary of ;^i82 los. per 
 annum, and he had as assistants Wm. Balmain, 
 Thos. Arndell, and Dennis Considen, at a salary of 
 ;^9i 5s. each, and a junior, John Irving, at ^50. 
 On John White fell the onus of initiating the first 
 hospital, a matter of some urgencv, for although 
 the people were healthy when landed, scurvy 
 shortly after broke out in a virulent form. In the 
 beginning of February, 1788, the erection of the 
 first Hospital was commenced on the west side of 
 vSydney Cove, near what are now known as the 
 old Commissariat Stores, George-street North ; it 
 was completed by twelve convict carpenters and 
 sixteen men hired from the ships. As soon as 
 finished it was filled, and the overflow occupied 
 tents around it. The treatment of the sick was 
 much hampered, for although "medicines, drugs, 
 surgeon's instruments and necessaries " to the 
 value of ^1,429 were brought in the First Fleet, of 
 blankets and sheets for the Hospital there were 
 none ; and further, of the drugs, some were found 
 to have perished during the prolonged voyage and 
 others to be of inferior quality; however, the native 
 sarsaparilla proved to be powerfully antiscorbutic, 
 and an infusion of "wild myrtle" astringent in 
 dysentery, the honor of these discoveries being 
 claimed by Dennis Considen. 
 
 During the first two years of the colony, the 
 Hospital was further enlarged to accommodate sixty 
 patients and in times of stress eighty; but this was 
 always overtaxed, as sickness was rife. The whole
 
 4 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 population, inclusive of the sick, was reduced to 
 half rations,* and suffered greatly from the want 
 of vegetables. These factors combined caused 
 rapid diminution in the store of medicines, and the 
 scarcitv of drugs and surgical sundries persisted 
 for many years in spite of frequent applications to 
 the Home authorities. 
 
 In the midst of these difficulties, in July, 1790, 
 the Second Fleet arrived, and although it enabled 
 a full ration to be immediately issued, the number 
 of sick was increased by 486 patients transferred 
 to the Hospital from the transpDrt ships. By the 
 Justinian, one of the vessels of this fleet, a portable 
 hospital was brought out, which was erected with 
 all speed, but in spite of this it was necessary to 
 pitch between ninety and one hundred tents about 
 the Hospital, each to contain four patients. In 
 these tents there were no comforts except a bed of 
 grass for each invalid, and one blanket for the 
 four occupants, which was naturally seized by the 
 strongest and utilised for himself alone in the cold 
 winter nights. To attend on these sick were the 
 five surgeons and a number of convicts as nurses. 
 The state of things was pitiable ; the patients them- 
 selves were heartless and brutal to their comrades 
 in misfortune ; the majority were covered with 
 filth and vermin, and suftering from "scurvy, 
 fevers, violent purging, and flux " ; when any 
 convict was dying and had bread or " lillipie " 
 (flour and water bailed together) given him, those 
 nearest would seize them, saying with an oath that 
 they were useless to him as he was going to die ; 
 
 * A full weekly ration consisted of 4 lb. pork. \z lb. wheat or 
 8 lb. flour, and 6 oz. sugar.
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF RUM TRAFFIC. 5 
 
 no sooner was the unfortunate dead than his body 
 was stripped by those around who were always in 
 waiting to do so. Tiie mortality was i n consequence 
 excessive, being a little under ten per cent, of the> 
 entire population. Amidst these conditions the 
 medical staff laboured ; but this, associated with 
 such duties as the presence of one of its members 
 at the frequent public floggings, when sentences 
 up to 500 lashes were administered, must have had 
 a brutalising influence over them and induced some 
 of the callous indifference to human suffering which 
 later became evident amongst certain members of 
 the staff. 
 
 By the Second Fleet also arrived the first 
 detachment of the New South Wales Corps, a 
 regiment raised for special service in the Colony — 
 an event of some importance, as the officers were 
 the initiators of the rum traffic which played such a 
 vital part in the building of the Sydney Hospital. 
 The personnel of this regiment was poor, and the 
 officers sought to increase their pay by entering 
 into trade and speculations. During the inter- 
 regnum 1 792-1 795, between the departure of Phillip 
 and the arrival of Hunter, the government was 
 successively in the hands of the two senior officers 
 of the corps, Major Grose and Captain Paterson, 
 and they exercised little restraint over the desires 
 of their subordinates. These officers then availed 
 themselves of the opportunities for speculation 
 afforded by the fluctuation in the value of the 
 necessities of life. The King's store was at that 
 time the only providore; but, of all goods, rum 
 seemed to have been most in request, and that 
 circumstance coupled with the deficiency of specie
 
 O THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 made it the most handy medium of barter. The 
 custom arose whenever a ship arrived in port with 
 a cargo of this spirit for it to be issued to all officers 
 on application in quantities according to their rank 
 at the cost price to the Government, which varied 
 from 3s. 3d. a gallon upwards. This was then 
 retailed at 40s. and even 50s. a gallon, the pro- 
 fits thus being enormous. This trade naturally 
 attracted the avaricious, and ultimately all officials 
 civil and military vied with one another in the 
 acquisition of large holdings to take advantage of 
 the fluctuation in values. The evils of this per- 
 nicious trading between officials as proprietors and 
 their subordinates are apparent to the most casual 
 critic. 
 
 Principal Surgeon John White retired on leave 
 in 1794, and Wm. Balmain fulfilled his duties until 
 his commission to that office was gazetted in 1796. 
 Bv this time settlement had extended virtuallv to 
 the limits of the county of Cumberland, but the 
 condition of medical affairs was still deplorable. 
 While Surgeon White was absent on leave the 
 medical staff of the Colony numbered four, one 
 of whom was stationed at Norfolk Island, one at 
 Parramatta, and the remaining two at the head- 
 quarters in Sydney. The medical duties at the 
 settlement o\\ the Hawkesburv (Richmond and 
 Windsor) were performed bv an unskilled convict, 
 and it is recorded that in cases of accident the 
 assistant surgeon at Parramatta was frequentlv 
 sent for 20 miles or further, and was sometimes 
 obliged to walk that distance in the night. This 
 was due to the dilatorv action of the Home 
 authorities in granting further assistance, but every
 
 MEDICAL TREATMENT. 7 
 
 effort was made locally to ameliorate the condition 
 of the sick. 
 
 Under the control of Hunter as Governor and 
 Balmain as Principal Surgeon, the original Hospital 
 was pulled down, and re-erected on a stone founda- 
 tion near the site of the present Argyle Cut. A 
 hospital store and a dispensary were also built, and 
 grounds of about 2 acres in extent were allocated 
 to the Hospital, whilst suitable brick quarters for 
 the surgeons were erected on Dawes' Point, north 
 of the Hospital grounds. The accommodation was 
 still overtaxed, for until 1797, when a hospital was 
 erected for their own treatment, the invalided 
 soldiers of the New South Wales Corps were 
 accommodated in the General Hospital, and in 
 addition sick sailors had to be attended there at a 
 cost of 13s. 6d. for "every cure performed on His 
 Majesty's seamen." Under such conditions and 
 with no means of isolation all forms of grave 
 diseases were treated : the types pre/alent may be 
 gauged by one return of the assigned cases of 
 death which is still extant ; amongst these are 
 "dysentery, choleraj morbus, fevers, consumptions, 
 lues venerea, dropsy, epilepsy, iliac passion, and 
 locked jaw." 
 
 During Hunter's regime, the rum traffic pro- 
 gressively increased with all its concomitant evils, 
 and Captain P. G. King was appointed Governor 
 in 1800 with specific instructions to suppress the 
 traffic. In carrying this into effect he met with the 
 active and passive opposition of the entire official- 
 dom of the Colony. Many of his early proclama- 
 tions were framed with the object of remedying the 
 evil, but his efforts were crowned with but little
 
 3 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 success. However, all those who possessed large 
 quantities were compelled to dispose of it gradually, 
 and amongst these are found Principal Surgeon 
 Balmain and Assistant Surgeon D'Arcy Went- 
 worth (appointed in 1796), who had accumulated 
 nearly 1,400 and 3,000 gallons respectively. 
 
 During King's government the social and 
 medical condition of the Colony was considerably 
 improved, and in addition to the attempted sup- 
 pression of the rum traffic the medical establish- 
 ment was placed on a surer footing. Some of the 
 regulations by w^hich the object was attained have 
 been preserved. The salaries of the staff were 
 increased in January, 1803, the Principal Surgeon 
 receiving ;:Cs6^ per annum, his senior assistant 
 ;^i82 los., two assistants ^136 17s. 6d., and the 
 junior ;^9i 5s. This had the advantage of ren- 
 dering the service more attractive, although it was 
 still underpaid, the surgeons stationed in the 
 country making bitter complaints that they were 
 unable to maintain a horse. The Principal Surgeon 
 had the superintendence of the Hospitals and made 
 daily and occasional reports to the Governor, and 
 accounted to the Commissary of the Colony 
 quarterly for all stores received. He and one 
 assistant surgeon were resident in Sydney, and 
 had a staff of twenty convicts at the Hospital in the 
 capacity of overseers, dressers, wardsmen, gar- 
 deners, and boatmen, with nurses who were also 
 selected from the convicts. This staff received no 
 pay, but had their maintenance at public expense. 
 
 All members of the civil staff', prisoners, and 
 others employed by the Government were received 
 into the Hospital and victualled and treated at the
 
 MEDICAL ADMINISTRATION. 9 
 
 expense of the Crown. Assigned servants were 
 admitted on condition of their master maintaining 
 them for fourteen days. At the expiration of this 
 time, if the patient was not convalescent, the master 
 had the option of maintaining them and receiving 
 their labour when discharged from the Hospital, or 
 of forgoing these rights and returning the convict 
 to the Government. Free labourers were admitted 
 and victualled bv the Crown if necessary, on an 
 order from the Governor. This system, which had 
 •developed gradually, was maintained with slight 
 modifications throughout the convict era of the 
 Sydney Hospital. 
 
 By this time the free population had increased 
 in numbers, and consisted of free settlers, emanci- 
 pists, and convicts who had completed their 
 sentence. It had always been a moot point whether 
 it was the duty of the medical staff to attend either 
 midwifery cases or sick settlers and other freemen 
 who were not victualled by the Crown. This 
 question came to a crisis when James Mileham, 
 Assistant Surgeon, was tried by court-martial and 
 severely reprimanded for refusing to attend a woman 
 in labour in the General Hospital ; the court- 
 martial was held at the instigation of Principal 
 Surgeon Thomas Jamison, who had succeeded 
 Balmain in 1805. Shortly after Assistant Surgeon 
 John Savage* was also court-martial led for ne- 
 glecting to attend the wife of a settler in labour, 
 under somewhat heartless circumstances, the woman 
 subsequently dying, with the result that he was 
 
 * John Savage, appointed 1802, was a protege of Edward 
 Jenner, and has the honor of successfully introducing vaccination 
 into Australia.
 
 10 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 cashiered. This sentence, however, was not con- 
 firmed bv the Home authorities. In consequence 
 of this decision the medical staff were for the future 
 allowed private practice. 
 
 At this time (1804), Martin Mason established 
 himself at the Haw-kesbury as the first private 
 practitioner in Australia, after serving three years 
 as Acting Assistant Surgeon of the Colony. Also 
 certain well-behaved convicts, who had medical 
 experience prior to their transportation, were granted 
 leave by the Governor to " assist such patients as 
 choose to employ them." In spite of the oppor- 
 tunities for thus obtaining skilled assistance, many 
 ignorant and foolish freemen employed the convict 
 servants of the hospital to treat them with medicines 
 purloined from the King's store ; naturally the 
 result W'as that as soon as their funds were exhaus- 
 ted they sought admittance to the Hospital, some- 
 times in extremis or considerably injured from the 
 improper treatment received. This evil became so 
 pronounced as to necessitate a Government order 
 in October, i(So5. 
 
 In August, 1806, King was superseded by 
 Captain WilHam Bligh as Governor, whose un- 
 fortunate management of affairs reached a climax 
 in the Insurrection of January, 1808. After this 
 crisis the Government was successivelyadministered 
 by Major Johnston, Lieut. -Colonel Foveaux, and 
 Colonel Paterson, until December, 1809. During 
 this period the Colony was divided into two distinct 
 factions who were in a constant state of antagonism, 
 and the hands of the administrators were full of 
 matters of graver moment to themselves than the 
 mere material comfort of the sick. Attention to
 
 INTERFERENCE OF GOVERNOR BLIGH. II 
 
 public works declined, ordinary repairs were 
 neglected, and the hospital fell rapidly to disrepair. 
 
 Bligh attempted in his autocratic manner, 
 savouring of the quarter deck, to complete the 
 suppression of the monopoly, sale, and barter of 
 spirits which King had commenced, but failed. 
 After the Insurrection the rum traffic had undisputed 
 license, and it is stated that 40,000 gallons were 
 given away by the authorities at this time to their 
 favourites and supporters. 
 
 The actions of Governor Bligh towards the 
 medical establishment are difficult to interpret, 
 and were the direct cause of Principal Surgeon 
 Jamison's opposition to his administration ; in fact, 
 Jamison in October, 1807, wrote to the Home 
 authorities and asked to be allowed to retire if 
 Bligh's government continued. Bligh ordered 
 that the staff of convicts who were engaged in 
 hospital work and had become expert in their 
 •duties from long service should be employed in 
 promiscuous public labour, and, in spite of repeated 
 representations to the contrary by the Government 
 surgeons, refused to permit their return. He 
 ordered a female patient, suffering from severe 
 nephritis, on board a vessel bound for Tasmania, 
 and two male patients in the hospital at Parra- 
 matta back to public labour without consulting 
 the medical staff in anyway. The last two patients* 
 were returned as invalids from the public gang by 
 ■Captain Abbott, the officer in charge, and when 
 
 * It is interesting to note, the evidence at court- martial showed 
 that these patients suffered from a bite on the arm and an ulcer 
 on the leg respectively, and there were no suitable dressings in 
 the Colony to treat them with.
 
 12 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 the surgeon, D'Arcy Wentworth, refused to re- 
 admit them without the Governor's order, he was 
 court-martialled and publicly reprimanded on 
 parade, with Bligh's approval, for disobeying his 
 superior officer. Captain Abbott's, order for re- 
 admission. Bligh then suspended Wentworth for 
 alleged misuse of the public labour in the hospitals, 
 of which charge he was subsequently acquitted by 
 court-martial under Johnston's regime and was 
 reinstated. Jamison himself was dismissed from 
 his office of magistrate because Bligh considered 
 him "not an upright man, inimical to Government, 
 and connected in improper transactions " ; and 
 Bligh further intended to dismiss him from his 
 position as surgeon if he could have filled the 
 place. After Wentworth's suspension there w^ere 
 only two surgeons, Jamison and Mileham (appointed 
 in 1796), in commission in the Colony ; and the 
 medical service was held in such bad repute, and 
 the pay of juniors considered so poor, that Jamison 
 could not induce surgeons from the transports then 
 in port to join the medical staff. 
 
 Bligh by his conduct rightly or wrongly had 
 so disorganised and antagonised the medical 
 establishment that Jamison and Mileham w-ere 
 two of the six names attached to the historic letter 
 to Major Johnston, requesting him to depose 
 Governor Bligh, prior to the actual arrest on 
 26th January, 1808. 
 
 After the Insurrection the disturbed condition of 
 the Colony brought ruin to many, and amongst 
 others was Martin Mason whose practice dwindled 
 completely through his adherence to Bligh's cause. 
 Lieut. -Colonel Foveaux finally reinstated Went-
 
 ARRIVAL OF MACQUARIE. I3 
 
 worth and appointed Wm. Redfern, an emancipist, 
 as assistant surgeon at Sydney, and Colonel 
 Paterson appointed E. Luttrell to the medical staff 
 to relieve the strain that its members then carried ; 
 but beyond these acts the medical department 
 seems only to have kept to routine work until 
 December, 1809. Immediately prior to this date 
 three of the staff, Jamison, Wentworth, and Mile- 
 ham, in common with others concerned, began to 
 feel anxiety as to the consequences of their share 
 in the deposition of Governor Bligh. 
 
 Major-General L. Macquarie arrived in Decem- 
 ber, 1809, to take charge as Governor of a service, 
 civil and military, disorganised in all its branches, 
 and its individuals in a state of unrest and un- 
 certainty. He rapidly became conversant with the 
 needs of the Colony, and commenced immediate 
 reforms. He had brought out instructions for the 
 return to England of the New South Wales Corps, 
 whose officers were a considerable factor in the 
 unrest in the Colony, and the regiment was 
 accordingly embarked in May, 1810. Regulations 
 were framed to control the liquor traffic, and this 
 objective was attained by the levy of an import 
 duty and the licensing of vendors. 
 
 Macquarie quickly laid a master hand on the 
 medical establishment. He appointed D'Arcy 
 Wentworth Acting Principal Surgeon in the 
 absence of Jamison, who was ordered to England 
 as a witness in Major Johnston's court-martial, 
 and to the permanent position Wentworth 
 eventually succeeded in May, 181 1, after Jamison's 
 death ; the appointments of Wm. Redfern and 
 E. Luttrell were also confirmed. In his first
 
 14 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 despatch, 8th March, 1810, ten weeks after arrival 
 in the Colony, Macquarie gave Viscount Castle- 
 reagh, Minister for the Colonies, an excellent 
 summary of the public works that were required, 
 and stated " there will be an absolute necessity for 
 building a new general hospital as soon as possible, 
 the present one being in a most ruinous state, and 
 very unfit for the reception of the sick that must 
 necessarily be sent to it, of which there are on an 
 average seldom less in it than between seventy and 
 eighty men, women, and children."
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 PRELIMINARY NEGOTIATIONS — SIGNING OF CON- 
 TRACT—LAYING OF FOUNDATION STONE- 
 EXTENSION OF THE TERMS OF CONTRACT- 
 BUILDING OPERATIONS— CONCLUSION OF CON- 
 TRACT. 
 
 THE decided opinion as to the immediate 
 necessity for building a new General 
 Hospital at Sydney, which Macquarie 
 thus expressed to Viscount Castlereagh 
 in his despatch on 8th March, 1810, was 
 soon followed by active measures to 
 secure its erection. On 17th May, 1810, tenders 
 were called for that purpose by the appearance of 
 the following notice, which was published in the 
 Sydney Gazette, on the 19th and 26th May : — 
 
 Government Advertisement. 
 
 It being His Excellency the Governor's Intention to 
 Contract for the Building of a General Hospital, 
 Medical Officer's Quarters, with the necessary Offices 
 and Inclosures,— Notice is hereby given that a Plan of 
 the above will be ready at my House for the Inspection 
 of those desirous of contracting for the same, in 
 Fourteen days from the date hereof. 
 
 By Command of His Excellency the Governor, 
 
 D. WENTWORTH, 
 
 May 17th, 1810. Acting Principal Surgeon. 
 
 15
 
 l6 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Macquarie gave orders for the building to be of 
 noble proportions, like most other public works 
 during his tenure of office. A partiality in this 
 direction was Macquarie's ruling passion, and he 
 is often accused of having expended the public 
 funds on erecting buildings out of all proportion 
 to the immediate wants of the infant colony ; how- 
 ever, it is to this idiosyncrasy, and to his foresight 
 in predicting the future growth of Sydney, that 
 the present Sydney Hospital is indebted for its 
 splendid site. 
 
 The building was to be erected on the elevated 
 ridge of vacant land south of the Government 
 House of that time, and along this ridge Macquarie 
 formed a new street, and named it after himself. 
 The land first enclosed for the use of the Hospital 
 was 7 acres in extent. Of this area, i acre had 
 been granted in July, i8og, to Mr. John Blaxland, 
 but was surrendered by his wife on promise of 
 compensation, which, however, was not redeemed 
 until the time of Governor Darling by the payment 
 of /J400. The design was an ambitious one, and 
 was intended to fulfil the requirements of the 
 medical establishment for all time. The buildings, 
 as designed and ultimately erected, were in three 
 main blocks. The central building was intended 
 for the Hospital proper, and was 131 /4 feet long, 
 26 feet wide, and 36 feet high ; it consisted of two 
 stories completely surrounded by verandahs, and 
 both floors contained four wards nearly 60 feet in 
 length, 24 feet wide, and 16 feet high, arranged to 
 accommodate twenty patients each. Behind the 
 Hospital, and detached from it, were two kitchens 
 with rooms above for the servants. Adjacent to
 
 DESIGN OF HOSPITAL. I7 
 
 the Hospital at either end were located detached 
 quarters for the surgeons and staff, likewise con- 
 sisting of two stories, and uniform in design and 
 decoration with the main building. Macquarie 
 predicted a time when a large medical staff would 
 be stationed at Sydney, and intended the northern* 
 wing to be quarters for a Principal Surgeon or 
 Inspector-General of Hospitals and two staff" 
 surgeons, and the southern* wing for four assist- 
 ant surgeons, one " purveyor," and one apothe- 
 cary. Behind the surgeons' quarters were to be 
 coach-houses and stables. 
 
 The architect who made these designs cannot be 
 determined. Mr. Commissioner Bigge, who was 
 sent out by theColonial Office in 1819 to inquire into 
 the general state of the Colony and Macquarie's 
 administration, did not elicit the information in his 
 inquiry. Not until 1815 was a Government Archi- 
 tect appointed, and prior to that time various con- 
 victs and others had designed the public buildings. 
 Architecture was a great hobby of Mrs. Mac- 
 quarie's, and the present Education Department 
 offices were designed by a man named Pan from a 
 book on cottage architecture, loaned by Mrs. 
 Macquarie, about the time the Hospital plans were 
 •drawn. She is known to have actually sketched 
 some plans, which were carried out. It is also 
 stated that she largely influenced the Governor in 
 the choice of the site of the Hospital, and it is 
 possible that she was also the designer of the 
 
 * The northern wing is now the central portion of the present 
 Parliament House ; the southern wing is now the Royal Mint, 
 and is only slightly altered from its original state.
 
 l8 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 buildings, her name being kept in the backgrounJ 
 for obvious reasons, and, as a resuk, the pubhc 
 was left in ignorance of the matter. All that is 
 certain is that D'Arcv Wentworth was permitted 
 to make certain alterations in the plans. 
 
 The first tender for this contract of which there 
 is record was one by Messrs. Garnham Blaxcell 
 and Alexander Rilev, submitted on the loth July, 
 i8io, and although the text is not available, cir- 
 cumstantial evidence seems to indicate that they 
 wished to undertake the building in return for a 
 monopoly of the traffic in rum and permission to 
 import 45,000 gallons of that spirit during a period 
 of three years. The two tenderers, who were ulti- 
 mately to be successful, were both men of promi- 
 nence in the Colony, and had been officials of the 
 Crown. Garnham B. Blaxcell had held civil com- 
 missions as Deputy Commissary of the Colony, in 
 1803, and as Secretary to Governor King, in 1804. 
 After the latter's departure, he had identified him- 
 self with the party antagonistic to Governor Bligh, 
 influenced probably by Captain John MacArthur, 
 who was his partner in several trading vessels and 
 commercial enterprises. He was prominent in all 
 the reaction against the Governor, and counsel in 
 England held the opinion that he was one of the 
 six originals in the mutiny of 1808. Towards the 
 end of 1809, his financial position was at a low ebb, 
 and, finally, the loss of the vessel Boyd in New 
 Zealand is said to have in\-olved him in serious 
 financial difficulties. 
 
 Alexander Riley was a protege of Lord Hobart's, 
 and had held the positions of Deputy Commissary 
 and Magistrate respectively at Port Dalrymple.
 
 NEGOTATIONS FOR CONTRACT. I9 
 
 He arrived in Sydney as Secretary to Lieutenant- 
 Governor Paterson, in January, 1809. He then 
 avoided taking part in the quarrels of the day, but, 
 at the same time, had few chances of enriching 
 himself like others of his co-officials, and could not 
 have been in a strong financial position. 
 
 Notwithstanding the prominent part which Blax- 
 cell had taken in the Bligh Insurrection, and the 
 doubtful financial status of both tenderers, of 
 which he could have easily become cognisant, if 
 he was not actually aware of it, Macquarie seems 
 to have considered them suitable persons for the 
 position of large Government contractors, and to 
 have entered into negotiations immediately. How- 
 ever, a fortnight later, the would-be contractors 
 began to foresee difficulties in the terms of their 
 tender ; they pointed out to Governor Macquarie 
 that, on the most moderate calculation, the erection 
 of the building would cost them ;{^ 18,2 12, and that, 
 in return for this expenditure on their part, they 
 Avould receive only the sole right to import 45,000 
 o-allons of rum during a period of three years ; the 
 prime cost at that time of such rum landed in 
 Sydney was los. per gallon, exclusive of 10 per 
 cent, loss for waste and leakage, and, in addition, 
 there was the duty of 3s. per gallon ; so that the 
 contractors estimated the net cost of the 45,000 
 gallons of rum under the contract would be 
 ^49,687 IDS. At that time Campbell Lord and 
 other importing merchants were selling rum at 
 20s. per gallon wholesale, and if the contractors 
 had to do the same there would be a net loss of 
 ;^4,687 los. In addition, the contractors had been 
 informed that permits had been already granted for
 
 20 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 the importation of 67,500 gallons by various 
 merchants, and that therefore their proposed 
 monopoly would not be absolute. They therefore 
 asked that the importation of the rum by them- 
 selves under the proposed contract should be free 
 of all duty. 
 
 This new proposal did not meet with Macquarie's 
 approval, probably owing to the specific instruc- 
 tions he had received from the ^Secretary of State 
 for the Colonies with regard to the imposition of a 
 duty on rum, and in consequence a new tender* was 
 submitted on i6th August, 1810, by the same con- 
 tractors, and this tender, with minor alterations, 
 was accepted. In addition to the permit to import 
 45,000 gallons of spirits and an undertaking on the 
 part of the Crown that no new permits for further 
 importations would be granted during three years, 
 which was the proposed duration of the contract, 
 the contractors were to be allowed — 
 
 (i) six months in which to pay the duty of 3s. 
 per gallon, a concession of obvious value ; 
 
 (2) the labour of twenty convicts taken from the 
 stores, whose services were considered worth 
 ^20 per annum each at that time ; 
 
 (3) the use of twenty draught bullocks from the 
 Government herds, which were valued at 
 about ;^5 per annum each ; and 
 
 (4) to receive eighty oxen for slaughter from 
 the Crown of 450 lb. weight each, and, as fresh 
 meat was selling at is. 6d. a lb., this conces- 
 sion was worth ;^2, 700. 
 
 * The text of this tender is given in Appendix A.
 
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 ELEVATION 
 
 GKNEJUL HOSIPITAL 
 
 SYDNEY 
 
 
 
 
 
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 iMWriMU 
 
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 ^■Siiltlilv'"i% 
 
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 MitiLL 
 
 l^yt 
 
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 ELEVATION PLAN OF GENERAL HOSPITAL ATTACHED TO CONTRACT. l8lO.
 
 THE CONTRACT SIGNED. 2L 
 
 To this tender Macquarie made certain amend- 
 ments, as may be seen on reference to the original 
 text, but those stipulations which had reference tcv 
 the dates of completion he subsequently waived. 
 
 When this tender was accepted, D'Arcy Went- 
 worth, the Acting Principal Surgeon of the Colony 
 at that time, first appeared as a member of the firm 
 of contractors and became a party to the contract ;, 
 he did this at the request of Blaxcell and Riley^ 
 and prior to this date had no connection with the 
 original partners. As he was generally considered 
 an opulent man, it was probably done with a view 
 to strengthen the financial status of the firm, and 
 Macquarie in consequence approved of it. 
 
 The exact terms of the contract {Appendix B) 
 were shortly after agreed to, and it was actually 
 signed on the 6th November, 1810. Around this 
 transaction a large amount of fiction and romance 
 has gathered, practically from the date of its 
 inception to the present day, and the facts must be 
 analysed with care. 
 
 The action of Governor Macquarie, certainly, in 
 acceding to the terms of this remarkable contract, 
 seems open to grave criticism. He had received 
 specific instructions from the Home authorities to- 
 suppress the traffic in spirits, and to prohibit its 
 use as a medium of barter for produce and the 
 necessaries of life. vShortly after his arrival he 
 had practically attained this objective by the im- 
 position of an import duty of 3s. per gallon, and 
 requiring all importers to receive a permit for each 
 individual speculation in spirits prior to landing 
 the same in the Colony ; furthermore, all retail 
 traders were required to obtain a license, and the
 
 ■2,2 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 number of these was limited. These regulations 
 had effectually controlled the liquor traffic ; but, 
 nevertheless, ten months after his arrival in the 
 Colony, by concluding this contract, Macquarie 
 l)ecame privy to a gigantic speculation in 
 spirits. 
 
 It was always the custom of the Governors to 
 give detailed reports of all their proceedings as 
 occasion offered to the Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies ; but, although a lengthy despatch was 
 written ten days before the contract was actually 
 signed, Macquarie strangely enough made no 
 mention of these negotiations then in progress and 
 -on the eve of being concluded. The terms of the 
 -contract and Macquarie's remarks on the same 
 were not transmitted to London till his despatch on 
 the i8th October, 1811, a long interval after the 
 conclusion of the transaction ; but in the meantime 
 no vessel had sailed direct for London, and little 
 importance can be attached to this delay, as Mac- 
 quarie expected the cordial approval of the English 
 authorities on the transaction. He reported that 
 he considered the contract was most advantageous 
 to the Government, as there were not sufficient 
 funds to undertake the erection of the Hospital 
 buildings by the Crown, and they were urgently 
 needed. That the contract was an excellent one 
 for the Government must have seemed evident to 
 Macquarie, if he accepted the figures placed before 
 him by Blaxcell and Riley in July, 1810, and the 
 prices current on that date. On these data the 
 contractors' balance-sheet at the conclusion of the 
 •contract would be anticipated somewhat as 
 follows :
 
 CRITICISM OF CONTRACT. 23 
 
 Credit — 
 
 45,000 gallons of rum sold at 20s. per 
 
 gal ;f45,ooo o o 
 
 80 oxen for slaughter — 450 lb. 
 
 each, at is. 6d. per lb. ... ... 2,700 o O' 
 
 20 convicts for three years, worth 
 
 ;f20 per annum each ... ... 1,200 o o 
 
 20 draught oxen on loan, worth £5 
 
 per annum each ... ... 300 o 
 
 Net deficit on contract .. 512 o a 
 
 ;^49,7i2 o o 
 
 Debit— 
 
 Estimated minimum cost of building... £18,212 o- 
 45,000 gals, of rum, at los. per gal. 
 
 prime cost; 3s. per gal. duty; is. 
 
 per gal. sundry expenses. Total, 
 
 14s. per gal. ... ... ... 31,500 o o 
 
 £49,712 o Q 
 
 It is evident some similar figures to these must 
 have influenced Macquarie, and to obtain an excel- 
 lent hospital and substantial public building at no 
 cost to the Crown must have appeared an excellent 
 business transaction. But, at the same time, he 
 must have foreseen that the contractors contem- 
 plated the forced increase in the price of rum, or 
 entering themselves largely into the retail trade, 
 otherwise it was folly for them to conclude such a 
 contract. How the contractors fared ultimately 
 will be realised later. 
 
 The Home authorities, on receipt of the despatch,, 
 severely criticised Macquarie for acceding to this 
 contract, and considered that he should have re- 
 ceived special permission from the Crown prior ta 
 sanctioning any such speculation in spirits, and
 
 :24 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 that the whole negotiations should have been sub- 
 mitted to England for approval before final con- 
 clusion. Earl Liverpool, who was then in power, 
 strongly disapproved of allowing the Acting Prin- 
 cipal Surgeon to be a member of a firm of Govern- 
 ment building contractors ; he also considered 
 -questionable the erection of stables for the surgeons 
 containing four stalls and a coach-house each. To 
 this despatch Macquarie replied on 27th November, 
 181 2, and was astounded at the adverse criticisms. 
 
 After reviewing all the available documents, and 
 remembering the state of the Colony in 1810, it is 
 evident the points on which Governor Macquarie 
 laid himself open to criticism by acquiescing in 
 this contract were, firsths the method of payment 
 -by permitting a speculation in spirits for the 
 services rendered the Crown ; and, secondly, by 
 sanctioning the Acting Principal Surgeon D'Arcy 
 Wentworth's membership of the firm of contractors 
 engaged in work connected with the department of 
 which he was the official head. 
 
 With regard to the first point, it must be em- 
 phasised that there is no record of any other tenders 
 for the work, and probably there were none, and 
 -also that the impoverished condition of the Colonial 
 Treasury did not permit of the Crown undertaking 
 the work itself, nor could the Crown have created 
 a monopoly of spirits in its own name ; further, pay- 
 ment for services rendered had commonly been 
 settled in rum prior to Macquarie's arrival, and 
 therefore, in principle, this procedure was not a 
 new innovation ; nor were 15,000 gallons per 
 ^nnum an unnecessary amount of spirits for the 
 .annual consumption of the colonists, and a like
 
 CRITICISM OF CONTRACT. 2y 
 
 amount would probably have been imported by 
 other merchants in any case. Therefore, the whole 
 crux of the question lies only in the granting of 
 the monopoly, and the Crown indirectly sharing 
 in it by deriving the benefit of the erection of a 
 public building ; in fact the whole transaction was 
 regarded by the contractors simply as a levy of 
 ;^25,ooo on the colonists being the expected profits 
 on the sale of the spirits imported. 
 
 The participation of the Principal Surgeon in 
 the contract is of course questionable ; but Mac- 
 quarie, in his reply to the criticism of the Secretary 
 of State, considered this advantageous from the 
 financial standpoint ; and also, according to his 
 views, Wentworth was a " man of rectitude" and 
 would ensure the conditions of the contract being: 
 faithfully carried out. 
 
 It is thus evident that Macquarie's only option 
 to secure the erection of a building, which was of 
 urgent public necessity, was to sanction this con- 
 tract with the contractors, even if it was tantamount 
 to a speculation in drunkenness, as has been 
 suggested by some writers. Although the means 
 to an end are not always justified by its accomplish- 
 ment, if one considers that the accommodation for 
 the sick was in a state of irreparable decay, and 
 one remembers the pitiable condition of the sick 
 convict for whom the Hospital was intended, Mac- 
 quarie may be said to have a fair debatable case to- 
 justify his action in this transaction. 
 
 After the signing of the contract there was no 
 delay on the part of the contractors in commencing 
 building operations, and tenders for timber and 
 quarried stone were the first called for on 15th.
 
 26 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 December following. The first work undertaken 
 was the erection of the stone wall and coping 
 and preparation of the land, and this was shortly 
 followed by the erection of the stables and the 
 kitchen. Progress was, however, slow, and it w-as 
 not until the end of October, 1811, that the wall 
 surrounding the 7 acres embraced in the Hospital 
 enclosure was completed. 
 
 It was then decided to lay the foundation stone 
 of the main building, and this ceremony took 
 place on Wednesday, 30th October, 181 1, at 
 12*45 p.m. It was invested with all the importance 
 the occasion demanded. The contractors received 
 His Excellencv the Governor and Mrs. Macquarie 
 at the outer gate, and conducted them to a large 
 marquee where refreshments were served. A pro- 
 cession was then formed, headed by the Governor 
 and Mrs. Macquarie follow^ed by all the principal 
 officials and ladies of the Colony, and passed 
 through a large concourse of people who had 
 assembled, to the north-west corner of the main 
 building. Here the proposed ground plan and 
 elevation were formally presented to His Excellency 
 and he signified his high approval. A handsome 
 box was then handed to him, containing gold and 
 silver coins in commemoration of the jubilee of 
 His Majesty King George III, and this was en- 
 closed in a lead box and placed in a cavity below 
 the base stone wath a medallion,* on which were 
 engraved the data with respect to the foundation. 
 Then with a silver trowel Governor Macquarie laid 
 
 *The medallion was recovered when the Hospital was 
 ■demolished, and is now in possession of the Board of Directors ; 
 the box and coins cannot be traced.
 
 BUILDING OPERATIONS. 2J- 
 
 the stone ; as this ceremony was concluded, three 
 cheers were giv^en by the assembled throng and a 
 salute was fired from Dawes' Battery. 
 
 The building thus formally inaugurated met with 
 many delays before the completion of the contract, 
 but before considering these the constitution and 
 business methods of the contracting firm are worthy 
 of a few words. The firm of three appointed 
 Alexander Riley as their managing partner, and 
 he in turn received a commission of 7I/2 per cent, 
 on the expenditure. He had the sole control of 
 the actual building and negotiated all the minor 
 tenders by which the work was carried on. To 
 assist him John O'Hearne (or O'Hearen) and 
 Lucas were appointed by the Government as 
 superintendent of the masonry and carpenter's 
 work respectively, but were paid by the contractors, 
 Riley paid all the workmen half in currency, which 
 was usually at a 50 per cent, discount, and half in 
 orders for goods. At the same time the contractors 
 established a retail store in the name of James 
 Laurie, who was made their agent, at 18 Hunter- 
 street, and the orders for goods were only negoti- 
 able at this store, which was an obvious source of 
 profit ; here also retail spirits were sold and these 
 sales varied between ^7,000 and ^10,000 per 
 annum ; the contractors also established a public 
 house in Laurie's name at the corner of George 
 and Hunter streets. The wholesale spirit trade 
 was at first carried on at Blaxcell's warehouse irv 
 George-street, and later at a warehouse established 
 by Riley and Wentworth in the old Government 
 stores. In these several ways the active work was 
 mainly performed by Riley and the agent Laurie^
 
 -28 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 and Wentworth's participation was the most passive 
 one of the three members of the firm. 
 
 There was considerable friction between the con- 
 tractors and the Government during the course of 
 the contract, arising from two causes, breaches of 
 the spirit monopoly and alterations in the design 
 and general fittings of the buildings by Macquarie. 
 
 The first cause was due to Macquarie, in his 
 desire to secure the completion of public works as 
 rapidly as possible, paying many of the workmen 
 in spirits, which they in turn disposed of to traders 
 at prices considerably below those of the con- 
 tractors, the amount thus issued amounting to 
 over 18,000 gallons in two years ; also Macquarie 
 permitted the captains of vessels arriving in the 
 Colony, all unaware of the existence of the con- 
 tract, to pay the expenses of refitting with rum 
 which they ha.d imported. The Governor admitted 
 these actions \vere breaches of contract on the part 
 of the Crow^n, and in March, 181 2, granted as 
 ■compensation the right to import an additional 
 10,000 gallons and an extension of the monopoly 
 for six months. After acknowledging the illegality 
 Macquarie, however, still continued to issue large 
 quantities of spirits from the Government stores, 
 and further, the supervision by the Crown did not 
 prevent large clandestine importations. In con- 
 sequence the contractors made further protests and 
 threatened to appeal to law, but the last expedient 
 was avoided when Macquarie in February, 181 3, 
 granted the contractors the right to import a 
 further 5,000 gallons and an additional six months 
 monopoly, reserving to the Crown the right to 
 issue 3,500 gallons annually as well as the 9,500
 
 COMPLETION OF CONTRACT. 29 
 
 gallons under the contract. In this manner the 
 monopoly was extended to 31st December, 1814, 
 instead of 31st December, 1813, and the importa- 
 tion of 60,000 gallons as compared with 45,000 
 gallons was permitted. 
 
 The dispute with regard to the buildings arose 
 from the Governor and contractors giving different 
 interpretations to the contract. The points of issue 
 were the erection of the interior fittings and Mac- 
 quarie's addenda to the contract of March, 1813,* 
 and also when the Hospital was reduced 2 feet in 
 height the Governor required an equivalent amount 
 of labour to be expended on other public buildings. 
 On all these points Macquarie stood firm, and not- 
 withstanding strong dissent on the part of the 
 contractors, they were compelled to fulfil them. 
 
 Much delay occurred in the completion of the 
 Hospital, and the cause is not clearly defined in the 
 records. The contractors alleged that sufficient 
 skilled workmen could not be obtained, and that the 
 resources of the Colony were not sufficient to com- 
 plete it at contractdate; but Macquarie only admitted 
 that they were unable to secure lead and glass. It 
 was not until 3rd March, 1816, that the contractors 
 notified the Government that the buildings were 
 finished, and a commission of three Crown officials 
 was then appointed to pass the work, but instead 
 of doing so they made some severe criticisms. The 
 contractors, therefore, had to make a number of 
 alterations, which were not completed until July, 
 181 7. The final adjustment of accounts between 
 the two surviving partners, Riley and Wentworth, 
 
 *See Appendix B.
 
 30 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 for by this time Blaxcell had absconded as narrated 
 later, was on 21st November, 181 7. 
 
 A few words may now be devoted to the much- 
 debated question of the profits the contractors 
 made in this transaction. Most writers seem agreed 
 that these were enormous, and they are assigned 
 as high as ;i£^70,ooo, but such statements have been 
 made without an exact study of the facts ; probably 
 many have been misled by the difference in sterling 
 and currency values ; for instance, in August, 1813, 
 rum was sold at 37s. 6d. sterling and 64s. currency 
 per gallon, and the margin of error is evident. 
 Some indirect evidence as to the probable profits 
 may be acquired by an examination of the current 
 and subsequent financial status of the individual 
 members of the firm. Blaxcell was in financial 
 difficulties at the beginning of the contract, and 
 was largely indebted to his partner at that time. 
 Captain John MacArthur ; he was an importing 
 merchant, but in 181 2 he admitted he was unable 
 to meet his liabilities for import duty and offered 
 grain in settlement, which was refused ; in 1813 a 
 bill of his, drawn on London and negotiated by 
 Riley, was dishonoured. In the middle of 181 2 
 his financial instability must have been recognised, 
 for at this date the wholesale spirit trade of the 
 firm which had been carried on at Blaxcell's store 
 in his name, was removed to Riley and Went- 
 w^orth's store. He absconded in April, 181 7, and 
 his liabilities were stated to be ;^6,373, his assets 
 
 £5^255- 
 
 Alexander Riley was also a member of an im- 
 porting firm, and was engaged largely in pastoral 
 pursuits. He retired from active business in 18 18
 
 PROFITS OF CONTRACTORS. 3I 
 
 and resided in England, but still maintained his 
 pastoral interests in New South Wales. After 
 careful examination of his business correspondence, 
 which is very comprehensive, there is no evidence 
 of any large commercial losses, and yet in 183 1 he 
 himself wrote that he was worth ^29,102, of which 
 ;^ 1 2, 500 was represented by landed property 
 obtained by Crown grant. An exact statement of 
 Wentworth's financial position is not obtainable, 
 but he was regarded as a well-to-do colonist both 
 before and after the contract. 
 
 If such enormous profits were made, as has been 
 suggested, it is difiicult to reconcile the absconding 
 of Blaxcell or the financial position ot Riley in 
 183 1, since their agent, Laurie, stated that the 
 contractors were equal partners. Laurie, in his 
 evidence to Commissioner Bigge, said that in his 
 opinion the building cost ;;^40,ooc and each con- 
 tractor made a profit of ;(^i 0,000. That the 
 buildings cost ;^'40,ooo seems excessive, but it is 
 recorded that the carpenter's work alone cost 
 ;^8,993 14s. 9d. A profit of ;i£^io,ooo each, on 
 Laurie's figures, after allowing for concessions of 
 convicts and cattle worth about ;£^,^^o, indicates 
 an average profit of 22s. 2d. per gallon on 60,000 
 gallons ; each gallon cost the contractors an average 
 of los.* inclusive of duty and allowance for waste, 
 leakage. Sec. Therefore to make this profit the 
 contractors required to sell at an average of 32s. 2d. 
 per gallon throughout the four years 1811-1814. 
 The highest wholesale price they received, as 
 
 * The figures stated are for Bengal rum, which was the usual 
 importation. Jamaica rum and Hollands gin were higher, both 
 in cost and sale price.
 
 32 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 evidenced by their own advertisements in the 
 Gazette^ was 37s. 6d. per gallon, and this was only 
 during the second half-period of the monopoly ; 
 and during the first half-period the sale price 
 averaged 27s. per gallon. Laurie's figures thus 
 seem accurate, since the profits from the retail spirit 
 and merchandise trade carried on at 18 Hunter- 
 street and the hotel trade at 14 Hunter-street were 
 probably absorbed in erecting a residence for the 
 Assistant Chaplain, which the contractors were 
 compelled to do in consideration of the reduction 
 in height of the General Hospital. It has still to 
 be noted that even these profits would have vanished 
 if Macquarie had not enlarged the conditions of 
 the original contract, and that the onus of making 
 the surplus was extended over an undertaking, 
 which took six years, 1811-1816, to complete. 
 
 Two episodes of some interest had occurred on 
 the premises whilst building operations were in 
 progress. On i8th January, 18 16, the Governor 
 held a ball in one of the wards to celebrate the 
 birthday of the Queen ; the room was gaily deco- 
 rated, the walls hung with the insignia of the 
 orders of knighthood, and the floor itself was 
 painted with patriotic designs. Also on 2nd 
 February, 1816, at 12 noon, a meeting was held at 
 the Hospital buildings to arrange the preliminaries 
 for raising a fund to provide for the widows and 
 orphans of the soldiers killed in the Battle of 
 Waterloo, as the news of this British victory had 
 been received in the Colonv on the i8th January.
 
 i^ 
 
 ) TO
 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 'mHlIEAIL IIKDSIPILTAIL 
 
 I T \ 
 
 L_L_J 
 
 
 GROUND PLAN OF GENERAL HOSPITAL ATTACHED TO CONTRACT. iSlO.
 
 ^ili^aill^l|[^]|[!?:^ 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE HOSPITAL— THE WENTWORTH 
 REGIME, 1816-1819— ADMINISTRATION DETAILED 
 —GENERAL CONDITION OF HOSPITAL— RESIGNA- 
 TIONS OF WENTWORTH AND REDFERN— 
 APPOINTMENT OF BOWMAN. 
 
 THE Hospital, as completed, was in con- 
 formity with the original plans and eleva- 
 tion, with the exception that the central 
 block was 2 feet lower, and the verandahs 
 in front were not extended outwards to a 
 large flight of steps in the middle of the 
 building as was first intended. 
 
 There is some doubt as to the exact date on 
 which the Hospital was opened for the reception 
 of patients. Most certainly a Government order 
 was issued directing the transfer of the patients 
 and hospital stores on 8th April, 1816, from the 
 old Hospital at Dawes' Point, but whether this 
 was carried into effect seems doubtful, as Mr. 
 Commissioner Bigge was informed in evidence 
 that the transfer took place in July. It seems 
 probable that the adverse report of the Survey 
 Commission as to the completion of the contract, 
 which was received by the Governor on 2nd April, 
 B 35
 
 34 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 may have caused some delay, and all that can now 
 be said is that the Hospital was occupied in the 
 middle of 1816. 
 
 The first staff to have control is of great impor- 
 tance, as to its personnel and individual charac- 
 teristics, for with it and in part by it the first 
 routine principles of administration were inaugu- 
 rated. The first medical staff consisted of Mr. 
 D'Arcy Wentworth, who, as Principal Surgeon of 
 the Colony, was the official head of the institution, 
 and Mr. Wm. Redfern, who, as the Assistant 
 Surgeon quartered in Sydney, had the more 
 immediate care of the patients, but in June, 181 7, 
 Mr. R. W. Owen was appointed Acting Assistant 
 Surgeon to strengthen the establishment. 
 
 Wentworth had arrived in the Colony in 1790, 
 and although he appears to have assisted in 
 medical duties from that date, he was not officially 
 appointed to the medical staff of the colony until 
 1796. His professional qualifications were meagre, 
 and he had received the position of Principal 
 Surgeon by seniority of service and the influence 
 of Earl Fitzwilliam. He had never passed any pro- 
 fessional examination, but had studied in London 
 hospitals. The Colonial examinations, which 
 appear to have been established subsequent to his 
 appointment,* were held as occasion demanded 
 before a board of three appointed by the Governor 
 from amongst the civil, naval, and military medical 
 
 * The first examinations that I can trace were those of Ed. 
 Luttrell and Wm. Redfern in September, 1808. This sj-stem was 
 subsequently extended to an examination of all who commenced 
 practice in the Colony. Anyone failing to pass the examination 
 was gazetted, and ordered to desist from practice — a summary 
 method of dealing with quacks.
 
 MEDICAL STAFF OF HOSPITAL. 35 
 
 Staffs in the Colony to test all candidates for the 
 medical service who were locally appointed. In 
 addition to his medical appointment, Wentworth 
 was a magistrate, Superintendent of Police, and 
 Treasurer of the Police and Orphan Funds ; so 
 his time must have been fully occupied, 
 
 Wm. Redfern had been a surgeon's mate in 
 the Navy, and had passed an examination without 
 receiving a diploma before the Company of Sur- 
 geons of London, the predecessor of the R.C.S. 
 He had been transported for a minor participation 
 in the Mutiny of the Nore, but was pardoned in 
 the Colony, and had passed the Colonial medical 
 examination in September, 1808. He was a great 
 favourite of Macquarie, and in consequence around 
 his head gathered the storm of opposition to the 
 Governor's attempted introduction of the emanci- 
 pists into the Colonial official society. He appears 
 to have had fair professional attainments, and 
 Macquarie described him as the best practitioner 
 in the Colony, and probably equal to the best any- 
 where ; but he was dilatory and careless in his 
 hospital practice. 
 
 R. W. Owen held the diploma of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, and therefore had the best 
 qualifications of the original staff. 
 
 Although Redfern was without a qualified junior 
 assistant until Owen's appointment, throughout 
 his practice at the Hospital he always had with 
 him the son of a settler named Cowper. Henry 
 Cowper had apprenticed himself, without indenture, 
 to Redfern in 1814 at the age of 14, but he resigned 
 this apprenticeship, and was appointed an assistant 
 at the Hospital on ist April, 1817, at a salary of
 
 36 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 ^25 per annum and a free ration. Apprenticeship 
 to a qualified man in those days was the current 
 method of acquiring medical knowledge, and, as 
 Redfern's apprentice, he attended the practice in 
 the Hospital, and was, therefore, the first clinical 
 student* ; and by his appointment in 1817 as assis- 
 tant, he was virtually the first predecessor of the 
 present junior resident medical officers. 
 
 The unqualified staff consisted of an overseer, 
 an attendant who acted as a clerk, a gatekeeper, a 
 matron, and a number of nurses both male and 
 female. All of these were drawn from amongst the 
 convicts, and in this period received no salary, but 
 were victualled from the Government stores. The 
 overseer and clerk-attendant resided in one of the 
 kitchens, but the remainder lived away from the 
 Hospital. The female nurses were usually a 
 dissolute class, and often came on duty intoxicated 
 in spite of frequent punishments for such offence. 
 In addition, there were always several convict 
 constables on duty to prevent the patients escap- 
 ing and to protect the Hospital stores from 
 thieving. Escapes, nevertheless, were frequent, 
 notwithstanding the wall 8 feet high which sur- 
 rounded the Hospital enclosure. 
 
 The Hospital and staff were a part of the general 
 medical establishment of the Colony, and as such 
 were, like the Colonial departments generally, under 
 the control of the Governor, who reported all 
 proceedings and received sanction for any changes 
 
 "Although the earliest clinical student at Sydney Hospital, 
 Covvper must waive his claim to being the first medical student 
 in the Colony, as James Sheers was legally apprenticetl to 
 Redfern in 1813, but died during his apprenticeship in 1814.
 
 FINANXES, 37 
 
 from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The 
 staff took precedence with other Crown officials 
 in the Colony, and certain of the latter were in 
 consequence their superior officers. This was the 
 direct cause of the court-martial of Wentworth in 
 1817, re certain charges of maladministration in 
 the Medical Department outside the Sydney Hos- 
 pital preferred by Lieutenant-Colonel Molle. With 
 reference to this case, the Crown law officials in 
 London decided that the Colonial surgeons were 
 not amenable to the Articles of War and the 
 Mutiny Act. The natural result of this decision 
 was that the Medical Department became a distinct 
 separate establishment in the Colony, and the staff 
 acknowledged the Governor alone as their official 
 superior. 
 
 The expenses of the General Hospital in this 
 period were paid out of the general Colonial 
 revenue. However, certain minor expenses — as, 
 for instance, Henry Cowper's salary — were in- 
 formally defrayed by the Police and Orphans' 
 Fund, which was raised by local taxes for local 
 purposes ; but this lax administration was only 
 too characteristic of the Wentworth regime. The 
 exact cost of maintenance of the Hospital cannot 
 be ascertained, as the expenses of the whole 
 medical establishment of the Colony were given 
 171 globo, and varied between /^ 2,000 and _^ 3,000. 
 The emoluments of the medical staff are known. 
 The principal surgeon received ^365 per annum, 
 with quarters in the northern wing, fuel, and forage 
 allowance for two horses. Wm. Redfern had a 
 salary of £i:}fi> 17s. 6d., and quarters in the 
 southern wing, and fuel. In addition, the surgeons
 
 38 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 were allowed unrestricted private practice, and 
 obtained grants of land. 
 
 The Hospital was maintained for the treatment 
 of all convicts who were working for and victualled 
 by the Government. Assigned servants — that is, 
 convicts who were allotted to and maintained 
 by settlers in return for their services — were 
 admitted on condition of their master supplying 
 them with rations for fourteen days. If the patient 
 was not cured at the expiration of the fortnight, 
 the master could continue to supply rations and 
 receive the servant back when discharged, or 
 resign the assignment and return the convict 
 on the Government stores. Free settlers w^ere 
 admitted, if they w^ere in poor circumstances, by 
 application at the Hospital, where they were 
 examined bv the doctor in charge. If that official 
 thought their case was suitable for hospital treat- 
 ment, a memorial to the Governor was prepared 
 and was signed by the medical officer, and the 
 Governor granted an order for admission or simply 
 initialled the memorial. Merchant seamen were 
 admitted at the expense of their employers, who 
 were not only liable for their maintenance, but 
 also for fees to the medical staff for professional 
 attendance, and these fees were divided equally 
 between Wentworth and Redfern. All ci\'il officers 
 of the Crown were treated gratuitously by the 
 Hospital staff in their own homes, and were 
 supplied with medicine from the Hospital stores 
 free of expense. 
 
 The number of patients with which the Hospital 
 started was forty, and they were accommodated in 
 three wards at the southern end of the main
 
 PRACTICE OF THE HOSPITAL. 39 
 
 building — two on the ground floor for male patients, 
 and one above for the female, and these were the 
 only wards in professional occupation until 1819. 
 Of the remaining five wards, the four at the 
 northern end were allotted to the use of the newly- 
 established Supreme Court ; the two lower ones 
 accommodated the court itself, and the two upper 
 ones were for the convenience of the presiding 
 judge, but he used only one as a retiring room, 
 and permitted Lewen, the artist, to occupy the 
 other as a studio ; the fifth and last ward formed 
 a hospital dispensary and store room. In addition, 
 a second dispensary and store room were located 
 in the quarters of the Principal Surgeon (the 
 northern wing). In the latter was also an 
 anatomy room, intended for the dissection of 
 criminals under the sentence of the law, and this 
 may be regarded as the germ of a pathological 
 department. 
 
 The Hospital was frequently overcrowded. Each 
 ward was virtually 60 feet by 24 feet and 16 feet 
 high, and was intended to hold twenty patients, 
 allowing 1,150 cubic feet per occupant; but as 
 many as forty-two were accommodated in it at 
 one time, with beds arranged down the centre of 
 the ward allotted to them. During this whole 
 period, the average number under treatment at the 
 one time was stated to be between seventy and 
 eighty, but no regular record was kept. 
 
 The hospital practice consisted of indoor and 
 outdoor work. Every morning, between 8 a.m. 
 and noon, Redfern went through the wards, 
 attended by the overseer, clerk, and assistant. 
 Each patient was inspected, and any prescriptions
 
 40 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 ordered were taken down by the clerk, often 
 poorly-educated convict, into a case-book, which 
 was the only book kept, whilst all the dressings 
 were attended to by Cowper. When the rounds 
 were completed, Redfern went to the stores and 
 issued what was required, and sometimes paid a 
 visit to the dispensary. Medicines w^ere dispensed 
 by Cowper or a convict assistant, and the bottles 
 handed to the convict nurses and wardsmen, but 
 it was well known that the medicines ordered 
 were often administered to the wrong patient. 
 There was always a poor supply of drugs, and 
 when one was not available the most suitable in 
 his opinion was added by the dispenser. The 
 deficiency of drugs and sundries appears to have 
 been due to the dilatoriness of the Home autho- 
 rities. All medicines were ordered by requisition 
 on London, but sometimes an interval of three 
 years was allowed to elapse before an order was 
 completed. 
 
 All classes of diseases were admitted, as well as 
 midwifery cases, and no effort at classification was 
 made. Dysentery was the most prevalent disease, 
 and recurred at regular seasons. It was ascribed 
 to diet, water, and the conditions of life, but many 
 cases were probably enteric fever. Measles, 
 whooping cough, and smallpox* were unknown. 
 Catarrhal and pulmonary affections and phthisis 
 were rare. No endemic diseases were recognised, 
 and typhus fever, although isolated cases were 
 introduced, never gained a foothold amongst the 
 
 A disease, probably smallpox, nearly exterminated the 
 Aborigines from 1789 onwards, but it never attacked the 
 Colonists.
 
 TREATMENT, 4I 
 
 colonists. Venereal disease and rheumatism were 
 very common. 
 
 Treatment was meagre, but, unfortunately, the 
 actual records of it, which were in existence quite 
 recently, have been destroyed. Cupping was a 
 prevalent remedy, and it is recorded that one 
 patient suffering from brain fever had 2 lb. of 
 blood removed in the morning and 3 lb. in the 
 evening- ; he was then allowed to get up, and died. 
 Dysentery was also treated by bleeding and small 
 doses of calomel. There was no dietary scale, 
 and all patients, no matter what disease they 
 suffered from, received rations at the rate of i lb. 
 of meat and i lb. of flour per diem. The rations 
 were issued to the patients individually three times 
 a week, and many, not desiring their full meat 
 supply, sold it to the townspeople, who came to 
 the Hospital verandahs for that purpose. No 
 vegetables or milk were issued. A modification 
 of this ration was proposed by Wentworth, partly 
 for purposes of economy in the meat supply and 
 partly for the benefit of the patients, but it was 
 never adopted. In the last year of this regime, 
 Redfern modified the system by the simple 
 -expedient of ordering the sale of the meat ration 
 in special cases, and the purchase of milk and 
 other necessaries with the proceeds. It seems 
 almost incredible that dysenteries, and patients 
 suffering from other acute maladies, were allowed 
 such diet for so long a period. 
 
 Surgical operations were few, and were per- 
 formed in a room set apart for that purpose in the 
 surgeon's quarters. During the first year, three 
 amputations were performed, one being recorded
 
 42 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 in some detail, that of the removal of a merchant 
 sailor's arm, for which Redfern received ^30. In 
 the next two years, only one was performed, and 
 that was for tapping. 
 
 In addition to the ward work, out-patients 
 attended the Hospital at 8 a.m. They were treated, 
 gratuitously by Redfern until Owen took charge 
 of them on his appointment. No application for 
 treatment was refused, and the average attendance 
 was fifty to sixty. They were treated in summary 
 fashion, as few were allowed to take a bottle of 
 medicine away with them, but most w^ere given a 
 single draught before leaving. 
 
 A further duty of the medical staff was attendance 
 at the corporal punishment of prisoners at Hyde 
 Park Barracks and the gaol, but this was usually 
 delegated to Henry Cowper. Attendance was 
 required, as no man was flogged if he had a 
 rupture or heart disease, and no case is recorded 
 of serious injury from the punishment. The 
 floggings were heartless, and were administered in 
 full view of the assembled convicts ready to taunt 
 the unfortunate who bore his punishment badly. 
 They lasted from half an hour to two hours, and 
 the first three or four lashes always brought blood. 
 After such punishment manv were admitted to the 
 Hospital for treatment. 
 
 The general condition of the Hospital was 
 disgraceful. After the completion of the building, 
 it was found that a mortuary had been forgotten, 
 and to supply this want one of the kitchens w^as 
 converted into a "dead-house." As the other 
 kitchen was occupied by the overseer and attendant, 
 there was no available place for the hospital
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 43 
 
 cooking. All food was, in consequence, cooked 
 by the patients themselves actually in the wards, 
 and as rations were issued to every patient individu- 
 ally three times a week, each ward was virtually 
 scullery, kitchen, and larder combined, in addition 
 to accommodating the patients. The patients were 
 mustered every evening by the overseer, who 
 locked them in their wards in the Hospital at 
 :Sundown. They there remained until the following 
 morning at 6 a.m., and so were shut in without 
 overseer, nurses, or attendants throughout the 
 night, and the abuses that grew under such con- 
 ditions may be readily conjectured when we re- 
 member the depraved class from which the patients 
 were drawn. The windows, after the overseer 
 had left them for the night, were shut by the 
 inmates, probably to prevent any noise being heard 
 without, and the atmosphere, on opening the wards 
 in the morning, was described as revolting and 
 nauseating in the highest degree on account of 
 •congestion of human beings, cooking utensils, and 
 waste materials congregated in the enclosed space 
 without adequate ventilation. 
 
 Daylight brought little improvement. No lava- 
 tories had been provided in the Hospital itself, 
 and patients, when too weak to walk, were actually 
 seen crawling on hands and knees to those outside. 
 Patients were often allowed to lie in bed without 
 ■clothing. Dressings were thrown under the bed 
 .and lay there. The bed linen was changed once 
 a week, and then replaced by imperfectly-washed 
 linen. The convalescents were allowed to do their 
 washing in the wards, and to hang their linen to 
 ■dry on the Hospital verandahs, but this last
 
 44 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 proceeding- was noticed by Governor Macquarie 
 and prohibited. No attempt was at first made at 
 the segregation of the sexes, and, in fact, this was 
 not considered necessary by the Principal Surgeon, 
 as it was notorious that all the female patients were 
 infected with venereal disease. This free inter- 
 course gave rise to such abuses that attempts were 
 made to check it by affixing padlocks on the doors, 
 without achieving the desired object, and the 
 evil continued until Wentworth's retirement, owing 
 to his lack of systematic supervision. 
 
 Wentworth's duties as Principal Surgeon were 
 the general superintendence of the hospitals and 
 the medical establishment of the colony, but, as 
 has been noted, the detail work of the General 
 Hospital at Sydney he left entirely to Redfern and 
 the assistant subsequently appointed. Although 
 his private practice was very small, Wentworth 
 only entered the Hospital for purposes of consulta- 
 tion, and at times when other medical officers were 
 absent, and he appears to have devoted his time to 
 his other official duties. His administration o{ 
 the department was feeble, and Commissioner 
 Bigge in his confidential report stated there was 
 little "deserving of censure or praise" in it, for 
 some of the failures of his regime were not entirely 
 due to him but to local conditions of the day. 
 
 Redfern did not devote his entire time to the 
 Hospital, and was never in it after midday, except 
 in special cases. He had a large private practice, 
 not only in the town of Sydney, but also in the 
 country, and was the leading consultant of the day^ 
 although two private practitioners, Dr. Bland and 
 Mr. Parmentier, had already established themselves.
 
 •sB.jirs'a^i 
 
 ia^»>Att 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL L. MACQUARIE. 
 
 PROJECTOR OF GENERAL HOSPITAL IN MACQUARIE STREET.
 
 RESIGNATION OF WEXTWORTH. 45 
 
 Redfern's fees were good. He received 5 guineas 
 to 20 guineas for midwifery cases, 5s. for a town 
 visit (a box of pills or a bottle of medicine), and 
 j£^ to ^5 for a country visit. As he supplied his 
 patients with medicine from the Hospital stores, at 
 no cost to himself, his practice was a lucrative one. 
 This practice was carried on at the expense of 
 his time in the Hospital, and in addition he was 
 engaged in farming pursuits in the district of Airds, 
 which he frequently visited. The Hospital was 
 thus frequently left in charge of Cowper alone, 
 when Wentworth and Owen were fulfilling official 
 duties outside the Hospital. 
 
 Towards the end of 181 8, Wentworth signified 
 his intention of retiring from his office of Principal 
 Surgeon, and Governor Macquarie recommended 
 the appointment of Wm. Redfern, who was next 
 in seniority in the Colonial service, and it had 
 become the custom for all appointments to be 
 conferred in rotation on the succeeding juniors. 
 This recommendation was not adopted by the 
 Colonial Office, and in September, 1819, James 
 Bowman arrived in Sydney to succeed Wentworth 
 in his position. This appointment gave great 
 dissatisfaction to the junior staff in the Colony, 
 who were naturally expecting a step in the order 
 of promotion. Redfern especially was much 
 disappointed, and in consequence tendered his 
 resignation on i8th October, and retired on 24th 
 October following, the same day that Wentworth 
 relaxed the reins of power.* The reason assigned 
 for the superseding of Redfern was that he was a 
 member of the emancipist class, who were people 
 
 * R. W. Owen had retired from the Hospital in March, 1S19.
 
 46 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 sent out as convicts but ipardoncd in the Colony. 
 But on the other hand, Redfern's friends attributed 
 it to the influence of Bowman with the English 
 authorities. The appointment of Bowman most 
 certainly was one of the ironies of life to Redfern. 
 The latter had written an admirable report in 18 14 
 on the subject of the medical supervision of convicts 
 in the transport service, severely criticising the 
 appointment of medical students and medical 
 failures to the charge of transport ships which 
 was then the custom. In consequence of this 
 report, a system of appointing naval surgeons to 
 the charge was adopted, and one of the first to 
 come to the Colony was James Bowman in 18 17. 
 Bowman, on his arrival in Port Jackson, applied 
 to Governor Macquarie for an appointment as an 
 assistant surgeon in the Colonial service, but this 
 was refused as there were no vacancies. He then 
 returned to England, and in 1819 received the 
 position of Principal Surgeon from the Colonial 
 Office against all precedent and also against the 
 Governor's recommendation. From this may be 
 gathered the disappointment that Redfern, after 
 twelve years' service, would naturally feel How- 
 ever, as will be seen, the appointment of Bowman 
 was a most beneficial one.
 
 [^3ii[^ai^a^[^] 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION UNDER BOW/^AN, 1819 1836. 
 
 BOWMAN TAKES CHARGE —REORGANISATION OF 
 THE STAFF — SUCCESSIVE ADDITIONS TO 
 
 HOSPITAL ACCOMMODATION— THE FINANCES 
 OF THE PERIOD — CAUSES WHICH LED TO 
 THE INITIATION OF MILITARY RULE— ARRIVAL 
 OF THOMPSON. 
 
 THE appointment of James Bowman to the 
 charge of the Medical r3epartment of the 
 Colony, and, ipso facto, of the General 
 Hospital at Sydney, was a fortunate one 
 for the welfare of the Sydney Hospital 
 itself. He had been a surgeon in the 
 Royal Navy, and was well qualified, and he 
 undoubtedly possessed the faculties of a good 
 organiser and an excellent administrator. Under 
 his rule the Hospital in both its branches, adminis- 
 trative and clinical, rapidly emerged from the state 
 of chaos into which it had drifted owing partly to 
 the lax supervision of his predecessor and partly to 
 the local conditions of the day in the Colony. He 
 
 47
 
 48 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 took charge on October 25th, 1819, the day after 
 Wentworth and Redfern had retired, and almost 
 immediately commenced much-needed reforms. In 
 the first months of his rule he had to contend with 
 much opposition, and was involved in a bitter 
 controversy with Redfern. Macquarie also appears 
 to have been distinctly antagonistic ; but Bow^man 
 overcame these difficulties, and very soon the 
 Hospital bore signs of the benefits derived from 
 a firm controlling hand. 
 
 Bowman held the appointment of Principal 
 Surgeon until December 31st, 1827. At this date 
 the office was abolished and that of Inspector of 
 Colonial Hospitals was established in its place, the 
 change being due to the recommendations of a 
 board appointed in 1826 to inquire into the general 
 status of the medical officers. The duties of this 
 new position were fulfilled by Bow^man until 31st 
 March, 1836. By virtue of each appointment he 
 was the official head of the Hospital, and it must 
 distinctly be remembered that the Sydney Hospital 
 remained only a part of the civil medical establish- 
 ment of the Colony. In the earlier years of his 
 administration, and whilst resident in the northern 
 wing. Bowman took an active part in the intimate 
 working of the Hospital, but his energy and 
 enthusiasm seem to have waned when he had 
 completed the active labour of reducing chaos to 
 order and routine, and subsequent to 1826 the 
 clinical and routine work of the General Hospital 
 was left more and more to the surgeons stationed 
 in Sydney. 
 
 During this period, extending as it did from 18 19 
 to 1836, the changes in the medical staff quartered
 
 CONSTITUTION OF STAFF. 49 
 
 at the Hospital were many, and are recorded in 
 detail in Appendix C, and it is only necessary to 
 note that there were always two on the staff. The 
 respective duties of these two surgeons were sharply 
 defined : one surgeon was charged with" the im- 
 mediate duties of the Hospital, including the 
 outdoor department, together with those of medical 
 storekeeper and apothecary ; to the other surgeon 
 were allotted what were termed the exterior duties, 
 and these ultimately comprised medical supervision 
 of the convicts detained at Hyde Park Barracks, 
 the Gaol, Goat Island, the Hulk, and the ironed 
 gangs at Carter's Barracks and Woolloomooloo, 
 and assistance at the Hospital when necessary. The 
 duties at the first two mentioned included attend- 
 ance at corporal punishments. These two sets of 
 duties were at first taken by the surgeons in 
 alternate weeks, until in 1825 and subsequent 
 years the indoor duties were allotted permanently 
 to James Mitchell, and his colleague was charged 
 with the exterior duties. 
 
 Attendance at the corporal punishment of 
 prisoners at the Gaol and Hyde Park Barracks 
 was one of the duties which were cordially disliked 
 by the staff. Attending and momentarily watching 
 for signs of collapse of some poor wretch hand- 
 cuffed to the triangles* in the south-eastern corner 
 of the Barracks yard, in front of an assembled 
 throng of gloating convicts, must have been a 
 harrowing duty for any educated man. Every lash, 
 after the third or fourth, brought blood, and at the 
 end of such a sentence as 100 lashes, the back was 
 
 * These were situated behind the eastern end of the new 
 building for the Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages.
 
 50 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 completely covered with bleeding excoriations. An 
 official return for 1831 states that 3,163 corporal 
 punishments were inllicted in the Colony in that 
 year, averaging 58 lashes per sentence, of which 
 a large number Avere naturally administered in 
 Sydney, and it was in this year that Surgeon Imlay, 
 who was attached to the General Hospital, refused 
 to attend, and was in consequence dismissed from 
 the service. 
 
 Bowman considerably augmented the personal 
 staff of the Hospital, and it then consisted of an 
 overseer, a clerk, an assistant clerk, a cook, an 
 assistant cook, a messenger, and tw'o gatekeepers, 
 one foi the outer gate and one for the door of the 
 female ward. Subsequently a dispenser and 
 assistant dispenser were added to the establish- 
 ment. There were in addition nurses and wards- 
 men, and the number of these was maintained in 
 the proportion of one to every seven patients. All 
 this staff consisted of convicts, who w^ere carefully 
 selected by the Principal Superintendent of 
 Convicts, and were removed at once for the 
 sHghtest misconduct. One wardsman and one 
 nurse were made seniors, and w-ere specially 
 charged with the personal administration of the 
 medicines to the patients in order, for the future, to 
 obviate all chance of error. The senior nurse 
 afterwards was officially called the matron. 
 
 At the time Bowman assumed control there were 
 four wards available at the southern end of the 
 central building for the accommodation of patients, 
 as tw^o months earlier the ward which had been 
 utilised as a hospital store was cleared and made 
 ready to receive the sick. Twelve months later a
 
 of i\i\s Birilding- 
 
 His ExceJlencj^ 
 
 LACHLANM^caxTATiiE Esa^ 
 . .^ Governor in Chief 
 
 .fjEw South TT^i^jr 
 
 OF HIS 
 
 Most Sacred Majesty 
 GrEORGi: III 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH OF PLATE RECOVERED FROM 
 FOUNDATION STONE OF OCTOBER 30, 181I.
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS. 51 
 
 iifth ward was opened, being that one which had 
 been occupied by Lewen the artist. The Supreme 
 Court and judges were accommodated in the 
 remainder of the building, until the removal of 
 the Law Courts to the old Georgian School in 
 Castlereagh-street, which took place in September, 
 1823. Subsequent to this date, the main central 
 building was devoted entirely to the purposes of a 
 hospital proper. It was enclosed in an area of 
 2 acres 3 roods 27 perches, being separated from 
 the enclosure around each wing by a stone wall, 
 and it is this land which now (191 1), with minor 
 alterations, forms the site of the Sydney Hospital. 
 
 The north wing was occupied as residential 
 quarters by the Principal Surgeon until 1828, 
 when he vacated it with the object of devoting the 
 premises to the reception of those patients who 
 formerly had been treated in the Benevolent 
 Asylum. This latter objective was never carried 
 out, but instead, in 1829, the northern end of the 
 wing was appropriated to the use of the Executive 
 and Legislative Councils, which had been estab- 
 lished in 1824. Two years latter (1830) accom- 
 modation was also provided for the Board for the 
 Assignment of Servants. The extreme southern 
 end of this wing was utilised as the quarters of the 
 senior surgeon, stationed at the Hospital. 
 
 In the southern wing the ground floor was 
 devoted to the reception of medical stores ; on the 
 second floor, quarters for the second medical officer 
 were provided, and a ward for the accommodation 
 -of sick officials of the Colonial Establishment. In 
 1823 Governor Brisbane gave instructions for the 
 ^ick soldiers of the Buffs (3rd Regiment) also to be
 
 52 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 treated here, but at the end of the period the 
 assistant surgeon was the sole occupant. 
 
 In 1820 a mortuary was completed in the south- 
 eastern corner of the Hospital enclosure proper*, 
 and a few years later in the corresponding corner 
 behind the south wing a dissecting room f was 
 erected, probably to supersede the old anatomy room 
 in the surgeon's quarters. About the year 1828, 
 two further additions w^ere made to the Hospital 
 buildings in the form of an office for the use of 
 Dr. Bowman, and rooms for the treatment of out- 
 patients, which were called the Dispensary ; these 
 small buildings were situated in front of the north 
 and south extremities of the main building 
 respectively. 
 
 The Hospital was open to the same class of 
 patients as in the Wentworth regime, but in 1831 
 the system that had been in force controlling the 
 admission of assigned servants by the provision of 
 rations by their masters had become too cumber- 
 some, and after June 29th that year the masters 
 were required to pay a charge of one shilling per 
 diem up to a maximum of thirty days for their 
 servants, and were liable for no further charge, but 
 nevertheless as a matter of routine they received 
 their servant back when cured. 
 
 Order and system were also instilled into the 
 keeping of the Hospital registers, which were care- 
 fully compiled, but unfortunately in the available 
 
 *This virtually is the site of the present Pathological Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 fWhen excavations were in progress near this spot a few years 
 ago a number of bones were exhumed, probably specimens 
 buried in 1837, and amputation stumps.
 
 REORGANISATION OF STORES. 53 
 
 annual returns those of the General Hospital at 
 Sydney were included in the aggregate for the 
 whole Colony. The averages for certain years, 
 however, are given in sundry reports, and in the 
 first year the daily average number under treatment 
 was 72, whereas in the last year of this period the 
 average was 133. 
 
 The Hospital stores were also reorganised. 
 Attention to this branch of hospital work was very 
 important at that time, in order to secure efficient 
 working ; in the event of a shortage of supplies, 
 there were no means in the Colony of making it 
 good, and all orders for supplies had to be made on 
 London, whilst the completion of a requisition 
 usually took from eighteen months to two years. 
 Requisitions were at first made on the Colonial 
 Office in London, but subsequent to 1831 they were 
 made direct on the Army Medical Board. Under 
 Wentworth's control no exact account was kept of 
 the issue of stores, but after causing an immediate 
 stock-taking to be made, when large quantities of 
 hospital linen, drugs, and sundries were found to 
 be perished from lack of supervision in the past. 
 Bowman directed that a careful record should be 
 kept of all subsequent issues. Bowman further 
 instituted the system of keeping a two years' supply 
 always in stock, naturally a work of some magni- 
 tude. He also charged the surgeon taking the 
 interior duties of the Hospital with the care of the 
 stores, and this surgeon issued what was daily 
 required to the overseer. Further, all medicines 
 and drugs taken by the surgeons for their private 
 practice were debited to them at an increase of 50 
 per cent, on London prices. Hospital and medical
 
 54 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Stores for the use of the country stations and 
 hospitals at Parramatta, Liverpool, Windsor, 
 Newcastle, Bathurst, and Goulburn were all issued 
 from the stores at the General Hospital, but in the 
 proper organisation of this branch Bowman failed, 
 and the district hospitals and stockades were often 
 inadequatelysupplied. This was one of the reasons, 
 as will be seen later, of the reorganisation of the 
 medical establishment in 1836. 
 
 During this period there is some evidence of 
 religious intolerance in the Hospital. The papers 
 in connection with this subject are meagre, and 
 indicate the prevalence of much embittered feelings, 
 but no exact conclusions can be drawn from them. 
 In the early years up to 1829, only one priest of the 
 Church of Rome was admitted to minister to the 
 patients, but subsequently general tolerance was 
 established. 
 
 The finances were gradually placed on a firm 
 footing. Prior to the year 1826, the larger part of 
 the expenses were paid out of the general Colonial 
 revenue ; of the remainder, the supply of drugs, 
 surgical sundries, etc., being ordered on London, 
 were paid for by the English Exchequer, and certain 
 Tninor expenses were defrayed by the Police and 
 Orphan Fund. At this date, however, a board was 
 appointed to inquire into the general Colonial 
 expenditure, and as a result of their report it was 
 decided that the entire expenses of the conxict 
 establishment should be met by the English 
 Government, and the other Colonial expenditure 
 should be defrayed by the Colonial revenue, out of 
 funds locally raised. The hospitals, including of 
 course the General Hospital at Sydney, being
 
 FINANXES. 55 
 
 primarily maintained for the treatment of convicts, 
 came imder the first classification, and therefore all 
 expenses subsequent to this date were paid by the 
 Commissariat Department with bills drawn on His 
 Majesty's Treasury. 
 
 The remuneration of the medical staff underwent 
 successive improvements. The Principal Surgeon 
 at first received £36^ per annum, quarters valued at 
 {,'140 per annum, forage allowance at 2s. 6d. per 
 diem, and in addition 204 bushels of coal, valued at 
 £15, and his half-pay of 6s. per diem as surgeon in 
 the Royal Navy. The two junior surgeons 
 received ^91 5s. per annum and quarters for a 
 short period, but this salary was soon increased to 
 ;i^i36 17s. 6d. All the staff was then allowed 
 unrestricted private practice. This system proved 
 unsatisfactory, and the board appointed in 1826 
 made certain suggestions which in slightly modified 
 form were adopted, and came into force at the 
 beginning of 1828. Under the new regulations 
 the head of the department was the Inspector of 
 Colonial Hospitals, and received a salary of ^750 
 per annum and quarters, but no further allowances ; 
 a year later his quarters were utilised for other 
 purposes, and he was paid ;i6ioo per annum in 
 lieu of them. The junior staff were classed as 
 surgeon and assistant surgeon, receiving ;^273 15s. 
 and ,/^i82 los. respectively with quarters. The 
 surgeons* also had an allowance of 2s. 6d. per diem 
 for forage, but in 1835 this payment was restricted 
 to the surgeon who was charged with the exterior 
 duties of the Hospital. At the same time the 
 
 *Mitchell also received half pay for his military rank ; he had 
 been in the 48th Regiment.
 
 56 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 private practice of all the staff, except the Inspector, 
 Avas restricted to within a radius of ten miles of the 
 Hospital. In addition, like other officials of the 
 ■day, nearly all the surgeons received grants of land, 
 Bowman and Gibson receiving 2,560 acres each, 
 Mitchell, Brooks, and Anderson 2,000 acres, and 
 Mclntyre and Moran 1,000 acres each. 
 
 At the beginning of this period the system of 
 granting gratuities to a portion of the convict staff 
 was introduced with the object of inducing better 
 attention to their duties, and these were paid on 
 the following scale : — Two constables at /"40 per 
 annum each, one overseer at £1,0 per annum, one 
 -clerk and one dispenser at ,/^22 i6s. 3d. per annum 
 each (is. 3d. per diem), and one cook, one senior 
 wardsman, one messenger, and one gatekeeper at 
 £g 2s. 66. per annum each (6d. per diem). This 
 custom worked satisfactorily, and subsequently, in 
 1834, the messenger and cook were increased to 
 £iS 5s. per annum each (is. per diem). 
 
 The total annual expenditure of the General 
 Hospital cannot be ascertained, for, as was the 
 previous custom, the medical finances for the whole 
 Colony were given m globo^ and included those of 
 the Hospital and staff at all the out-stations. 
 
 The Hospital still continued to be victualled for 
 some time from the Government stores, but sub- 
 sequently the system of supplies by tender was 
 introduced and was permanently adopted, the 
 supply of medicines and stores ordered in London 
 being the solitary exception to this rule. 
 
 Whilst the dev^elopment of the Hospital was thus 
 proceeding, events of importance occurred else- 
 where which were to have considerable influence
 
 ALTERATION IN MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENT. 57" 
 
 over its subsequent history. The status of medicine 
 in tlie country districts had become very unsatis- 
 factory ; there were, all the time, two official 
 medical establishments in the Colonv, the civil 
 under Bowman, and the military attached to the 
 regiments. Detachments of soldiers were stationed 
 throughout the Colony, and in many places the 
 number of soldiers did not justify the quartering of 
 a military surgeon to attend to them, and they were 
 in consequence treated when necessary by the 
 nearest civil surgeon. This dual control caused 
 many unforeseen difficulties to arise. The issue of 
 stores to the out-stations was also unsatisfactory, as 
 has been already mentioned, from the absence of a 
 properly appointed medical storekeeper devoting 
 his whole time to the duties. These difficulties 
 early became acute, and in February, 1827, 
 Governor Darling wrote a confidential letter to 
 the Secretary of State advising the union of the 
 two medical services under the control of a military 
 Deputy Inspector of Hospitals. Tasmania had also 
 become a separate colony in 1825, and the medical 
 establishment there required drastic reorganisation. 
 To remedv these evils Lord Glenelg decided to 
 combine the military and civil medical establish- 
 ments in each colony on a military basis, and in 
 July, 1835, he sent a despatch to Governor Bourke 
 notifying this change and the appointment of a 
 Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and a Deputy 
 Purveyor to take charge of the new combined 
 establishments in each colony. In this way, 
 Bowman was never discharged, but a superior 
 officer was appointed over him. John Vaughan 
 Thompson was gazetted Deputy Inspector, and
 
 58 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 arrived in the Colony in March, 1836, and took 
 charge of the combined departments on April ist. 
 From this date all Bowman's active duties ceased, 
 and he had no official work to perform, but never- 
 theless he continued to draw his salary of ^850 per 
 annum, as no official instructions were transmitted 
 from London with regard to his position as Prin- 
 cipal Surgeon. He continued to draw this salary 
 until 14th April, 1838, two years after all his activ^e 
 w^ork for the department ceased, and this apparent 
 irregularity was finally regarded as a retiring 
 allowance.
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 50WA\AN'5 PERIOD-CONTINUED. 
 
 REORGANISATION OF THE WARDS— CLINICAL AD- 
 MINISTRATION — TREATMENT — DISEASES — 
 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 
 
 AT the same time as he was reorganising' 
 the administration, Bowman did not 
 neglect the detail work and the clinical 
 side of his profession in the General 
 Hospital. In this he was ably seconded 
 by the staff, which at different times- 
 were quartered there, and especially by James 
 Mitchell, who for twelve years had the Hospital 
 specially entrusted to his care. He was also- 
 fortunate in securing a staff whose professional 
 ability and qualifications were with few exceptions 
 of a high standard. 
 
 At the beginning of the Bowman regime, radical 
 reforms quickly followed one another in the 
 internal management of the Hospital, and the 
 detail work was soon reduced to an equitable 
 routine. No subject, however small, was neg- 
 lected, and within twelve months the Hospital 
 
 5Q
 
 60 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 had developed into an orderly and well-conducted 
 establishment. 
 
 The wards were reorganised ; four were in use 
 from the beginning, and a fifth was soon after 
 added, whilst their normal capacity was restricted 
 to twenty-two patients and subsequently to sixteen, 
 \vhen the Hospital was placed in occupation of the 
 ■entire central building. The accommodation must, 
 however, have sometimes been taxed to its utmost 
 limit, as for instance when forty were landed sick 
 with scurvy from the ship Ocean in 1823, and 
 indeed a sudden demand for admission of such a 
 large number would be a trial for any hospital. 
 All cooking in the wards or by the patients them- 
 selves was forbidden, and the Hospital meals were 
 prepared by two properly appointed convict cooks 
 in the kitchens at the rear of the main building. 
 These were made available by the erection of the 
 ""dead-house" in the south-eastern corner o^ the 
 ■central enclosure, and by the accommodation of 
 the overseer and clerk in the rooms above the 
 kitchens proper. Washing linen in the wards was 
 also prohibited, and by these reforms they were re- 
 stricted solely to their legitimate purpose, the treat- 
 ment of the patients. The wards were thoroughly 
 washed out every morning between 6 and 8 a.m., 
 and were kept well ventilated by the simple 
 expedient of screwing the windows in a partl\- 
 opened condition, and so preventing the patients 
 from closing them after being mustered and locked 
 up for the night. Order was maintained at 
 night-time, when the nurses and wardsmen were 
 instructed to sleep on the premises, and were 
 locked in with the patients. This had also a
 
 DAILY ROUTINE OF STAFF. 6l 
 
 salutary effect in preventing the drunkenness and 
 dissolute living, which was only too common 
 amongst the nurses of the Wentw'orth period. 
 
 Clean linen was issued as often as required, and 
 all the bedding was thoroughly aired twice a week. 
 Commodes were provided in the vestibules, which 
 separated the different wards, and complete segre- 
 gation of the sexes was maintained by stationing 
 a gatekeeper at the door leading into the female 
 ward. 
 
 At first Bowman took an active part in the treat- 
 ment of the sick, and he personally made a daily 
 inspection of the patients. This obviated the 
 difficulties created by the two assistant surgeons 
 w^orking at the interior and exterior duties of the 
 Hospital in alternate weeks. The method of pro- 
 cedure w^as in many respects similar to the modern 
 status of the house and honorary physicians. At 
 6 a.m. Bowman went through the wards, accom- 
 panied by the assistant surgeon, and ordered the 
 treatment necessary for each patient, which was 
 noted by the junior — this examination usually 
 occupied an hour and a half. The next duty of 
 this assistant surgeon was at lo a.m., w^hen he went 
 to the Dispensary and superintended the dispensing 
 of the medicines by a convict dispenser, and after- 
 wards proceeded to the Hospital store and issued the 
 daily supplies to the overseer. In the afternoon at 
 3 p.m. he attended to Dispensary duty, /.<?., out- 
 patients, and later went the round of the wards 
 again by himself. During the day he v^as required 
 to be within call in case of accidents. 
 
 The surgeon w^hose work it was to attend to the 
 exterior duties, attended the morning out-patients
 
 62 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 at 7 a.m., and afterwards left the Hospital to fultiF 
 his professional work elsewhere. 
 
 This routine was maintained until 1H25, when 
 Bowman relaxed his enthusiasm, and Mitchell took 
 constant charge of the entire interior duties, and 
 an assistant surgeon attended to the exterior duties. 
 Mitchell was a good practitioner and performed his 
 hospital labours with zeal and care, and as the Hos- 
 pital by this time included the whole central 
 building his days must have been fully occupied, 
 for he also acquired a good private practice. His 
 position was an onerous one : in addition to the 
 medical care of the indoor patients, he had the 
 control of the entire convict staff, and arranged 
 their time and duties in the Hospital itself and in the 
 manifold details of caring for the medical stores. 
 The assistant surgeon in the exterior duties worked 
 independently of him, but whenever a convict 
 attached to one of the various convict establish- 
 ments required medicine, he was sent to the 
 Hospital dispensary and treated by Mitchell. If 
 hospital treatment was necessary, Mitchell decided 
 on his admission, and if a case was chronic, at his 
 orders the patient was invalided and certified as a 
 fit subject for the invalid gang at Port Macquarie. 
 Also in those cases where a coroner's inquest was 
 necessary, as a general rule, it was Mitchell who 
 was ordered to perform the post-mortem examination 
 and gave evidence at the subsequent inquiry. 
 
 Bowman initiated the classification of diseases, 
 and the middle southern ward on the upper floor 
 was devoted in 1820 to the treatment of syphilis 
 only. Soon after assuming control, he also 
 abolished the former custom of issuing rations, and
 
 DR. JAMES MITCHELL. 
 
 RESIDENT MEDICAL OFFICER-IN-CHARGE. 1825-1837.
 
 TREATMENT. 63 
 
 framed a dietary scale, dividing the patients into 
 three classes, and they received respectively — 
 
 Full diet : One pint of tea and 8 oz. bread, morning and 
 evening ; 8 oz. of animal food and 8 oz. of vegetables 
 for dinner. 
 
 Half diet : One pint of tea and 4 oz. of bread morning 
 and evening ; 4 oz. of animal food and 4 oz. of vege- 
 tables for dinner. 
 
 Low diet : One pint of tea and 4 oz. of bread, morning 
 and evening ; gruel or rice for dinner, besides such 
 other comforts as the surgeon thought proper. 
 
 To each diet was added 14 drachms of sugar daily, 
 and the amount of tea was 3 drachms daily. 
 
 Treatment was considerably altered, and even 
 Bowman's contemporaries considered it was for the 
 better. Dysentery was treated by copious bleeding, 
 by the above low diet, and the administration of 
 calomel in much larger doses than formerly : this 
 treatment is said to have been very successful. 
 Much surgical treatment was carried out, and as it 
 was prior to the days of anaesthetics, the agony and 
 misery of the patients in the hands of the surgeon 
 can vividly be realised when the methods of treat- 
 ment and the time occupied in operations is borne 
 in mind ; but still this was only the routine of the 
 day beyond the remedy of the surgeon, and the 
 medical staff appears to have kept well in the van 
 with regard to new treatment. The reduction of 
 dislocations was effected by special apparatus, prob- 
 ably similar to the weird instruments of torture now 
 preserved in the museum of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, London. A special apparatus was also 
 in use for restoring suspended animation. Frac- 
 tures were treated in special fracture boxes and 
 cradles, or by long splints made of whalebone, and
 
 64 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Cline's splints were also in use. Amputations were 
 performed with the use of screw tourniquets, and 
 special stump pillows were provided for after treat- 
 ment. A case of popliteal aneurism* was treated 
 by amputation — this, however, was the recognised 
 practice at the time ; since, ligaturing of the femoral 
 had been discarded by most surgeons because of 
 numerous fatal results. Bronchotomy was carried 
 out with special canulas. Operations for lithotomv, 
 fistula in ano, phimosis and hare-lip were per- 
 formed, all with specially designed instruments, and 
 hydrocele was treated by injections, of what nature 
 is not stated. Cupping w^as extremely common. 
 Urogenital disorders, both in the male and female, 
 were treated by injections, and urethral svringes of 
 pewter were the commonest in use. 
 
 The Pharmacopoeia emploved was a Latin one, 
 and the drugs prescribed do not differ materially in 
 their essentials from those in common use in modern 
 times. The list that for some time was utilised 
 for requisitions contained the names of 234 
 preparations. 
 
 That the general results of treatment in the Hos- 
 pital were satisfactory is shown by the available 
 statistics. In the first fourteen months under Bov.'- 
 man, which was stated to be an exceptionallv 
 unhealthy period, the death rate was only 6*54 per 
 cent. This rate cannot be discounted by the suppo- 
 sition that minor cases of disease were admitted, as 
 special care was taken to prevent malingering on 
 
 * It is interesting to note that the third known case of ligatur- 
 ing the innominate artery for subclavian aneurism was performed 
 by Dr. Bland in the Benevolent Asylum, Sydney.and is reported 
 in the Lancet, October 20th, 1832. A second case bj' the same 
 doctor was operated on in 183S ; this operation took 5 j hours.
 
 DISEASES PREVALENT. 65 
 
 the part of the convicts, and the admission of free 
 paupers was carefully supervised on account of the 
 expense of their treatment. 
 
 Dysentery remained the most prevalent disease, 
 and in the fourteen months just mentioned, out of 
 124 deaths in the Hospital, 64 were due to this 
 disease. Of other diseases admitted, rheumatism, 
 venereal disease, and " dropsy " were almost as 
 common. An annual cycle of ailments was 
 observed : in the summer months erysipelas was 
 prevalent, especially among the young- ; in Novem- 
 ber, December, and January, ophthalmia, taking 
 chiefly the form of simple conjunctivitis, recurred, 
 and was ascribed to mosquitoes and flies ; while in 
 July, August, and September simple continued fever 
 used to attack chiefly old people and children. In 
 July and August, 1820, an "epidemic catarrh" 
 raged through the Colony, and a large number of 
 cases were admitted to the Hospital : this disease, 
 from the symptoms described, was undoubtedly 
 influenza, and a second epidemic of the same 
 disease recurred in November, 1825. In 1824 
 mumps vv^as epidemic, and the complaint took a 
 troublesome form, affecting both sides with occa- 
 sional suppuration. In 1825 intermittent fever first 
 appeared, and in March, 1828, whooping-cough was 
 epidemic — this was its first appearance in the Colony 
 and was introduced on the ship Morley. All 
 classes of disease were admitted into the Hospital, 
 but subsequent to August, 1832, the general health 
 of the Colony was protected against the introduction 
 of infectious diseases by the proclamation of the 
 Quarantine Act. Insanity cases were sometimes 
 admitted and transferred to the Lunatic Asylum at 
 c
 
 66 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Liverpool, but in one case a Crown Law official was 
 admitted and died from mental trouble in 1827, 
 being confined in the officers' quarters in the south 
 wing. 
 
 The diagnosis of diseases widely differed from 
 the precision of modern times, as is evidenced by 
 deaths in one return being attributed to doloris, 
 hydrops, ophthalmia, and dyspepsia, amongst 
 others. 
 
 At this time a glimpse of scientific research in 
 progress at the Hospital is obtained. Bowman 
 made a number of investigations into the medicinal 
 properties of the Colonial flora, and the gum of the 
 green wattle (Miriwsa dccitrre>is) and a decoction of 
 willow bark (Mimosa loiigifolia) were found to be 
 very efficacious in the treatment of dvsentery and 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 Pathological research was also commenced. As 
 has been stated, there was a dissecting room, and 
 in a requisition dated 1831 an order for apparatus 
 for anatomical injection was made ; this was for 
 personal use, as no students were admitted into the 
 Hospital in this period. The dissecting room was in 
 active use, and was used for the dissection of crimi- 
 nals under sentence of the law, and in it was 
 accumulated a collection of specimens. It was 
 intrusted to the charge of G. F. Moncrieft", appointed 
 assistant surgeon in 1833, and by this special 
 allocation of duties he must be regarded as the first 
 pathologist appointed to the Sydney Hospital. 
 Post-mortem examinations were regularly carried 
 out, but no scientific records of these have been 
 found, and in the medical evidence at the coroner's 
 inquests no data of any interest can be extracted.
 
 CLOSE OF THE BOWMAN ERA. 67 
 
 A post-mortem performed by James Mitchell in 
 1827 on the body of Sudds, one of the unfortunate 
 pair in the celebrated case of Privates Sudds and 
 Thompson, created considerable public stir : the 
 allegation at the time was that Sudds had 
 been improperly treated by Mitchell's colleague, 
 Mclntyre, in the gaol, and the publication of the 
 post-mortem results was one of the popular 
 demands. 
 
 Altogether the Bowman period was the golden 
 era of the Sydney Hospital during the time it was 
 used essentially for the treatment of convicts. The 
 chaos that existed under Wentworth was reduced 
 to order, and there was the dawn of methods 
 approaching modern ideas. The germ thus laid 
 probably had an influence in the subsequent organi- 
 sation of the Infirmary ; but, as it will be seen, 
 during the remaining years of convict occupation, 
 the Hospital was in a state of transition and 
 decline.
 
 Chapter VI . 
 
 THE CLOSE OF THE CONVICT ERA, 1836- 
 
 THOMPSOX'S APPOINTMENT— DISSENSIONS CREATED 
 — :\IITCHELL DISMISSED— DAWSON SUPERSEDES 
 THO-MPSON— CHANGES IN AD:\IINISTRATI0N— IN 
 FINANCE — DISEASE — TREAT.MENT — REMOVAL 
 OF CONVICTS FROM THE HOSPITAL. 
 
 OX April ist, 1836, the Hospital passed 
 under the control of J. W Thompson, 
 holding the office of Deputy Inspector- 
 General o( Hospitals. The immediate 
 effect of this was that the Hospital and its 
 staff were no longer subject to an inde- 
 pendent civil officer, who framed its by-laws, and 
 was responsible only to the Governor, but they 
 became assimilated to the military establishment 
 and were amenable to the rules and regulations 
 for the management of general ^lilitary Hospitals 
 on Colonial stations, under a military officer 
 responsible to the Governor as Commander-in- 
 Chief. This change applied to the whole Colonial 
 medical establishment, and was very unpopular 
 amongst the Colonial surgeons, as the effect to them 
 
 68
 
 ALTERED ADMINISTRATION. 6g 
 
 was that they could no longer consider themselves 
 permanently attached to one hospital, but were 
 liable to removal to other stations according' to the 
 exigencies of the service ; this virtually cancelled 
 their privilege of private practice. Combining the 
 convict and military medical establishments under 
 the one official head was regarded by Governor 
 Gippsas an excellent measure, but the appointment 
 of Thompson to inaugurate the change was most 
 unfortunate. He was a man totally devoid of the 
 tact required to conciliate the opposition, and he 
 lacked the firmness and decision which were neces- 
 sary to give effect to the new orders rendered 
 necessary bv the change. The civil medical staff 
 generalh' throughout the Colony were soon in a 
 state of smouldering rebellion, and the climax was 
 reached by the open revolt of Mitchell. 
 
 Thompson had received special instructions to 
 make an immediate inspection of all Colonial 
 hospitals, and to arrange for effective control over 
 the issue of stores to out-stations by framing regu- 
 lations to suit the Colonial conditions. Nevertheless, 
 he took no pains to make himself at once con\ersant 
 .with the details of his department, and during the 
 first eleven months he visited the wards of Sydney 
 Hospital only on two occasions, once with Bowman, 
 when taking charge, and a second time with the 
 Governor. Still he initiated the custom of issuing; 
 a number of departmental orders connected witH 
 the intimate working of the Hospital, many of 
 which were ill-advised and impossible under local 
 conditions, and some of them had to be counter- 
 manded bv the Governor. During his whole 
 administration he gained no credit with his superior
 
 70 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 officer, the Commander-in-Chief, who was constantly 
 complaining;" of delay in correspondence, and dila- 
 toriness in rendering reports. 
 
 At the date of the change, Mitchell and Moncrieff 
 were stationed at the Hospital. For some twelve 
 years past the former had held almost undisputed 
 sway over the Hospital and stores, and naturally 
 innovations were distasteful to him ; but Thompson 
 in the first twelve months completely altered all the 
 previous routine. Disputes and difficulties arose, 
 but many were over mere matters of pett}' adminis- 
 tration, which were unduly magnified, and probably 
 never would have arisen if Thompson had properly 
 grasped the subjects dealt with. 
 
 To take charge of the medical stores, which now 
 became a part of the Army Ordnance Department, 
 a deputy purveyor or acting apothecary was ap- 
 pointed. Jonathan Croft filled this position, and 
 assumed office on May ist, 1836. Croft was an 
 old Army man, and had served under Wellington 
 in the Peninsular War and the campaign of 1815. 
 After Waterloo he, as purveyor, had the entire 
 charge of the 35,000 wounded in the battle, but in 
 1836 he was an oldish man with fixed ideas, and 
 probably was the prime instigator of many of 
 Thompson's regulations. 
 
 The first friction in the Hospital arose over the 
 allocation of the quarters and the duties of Croft. 
 Orders were given by Thompson to Moncrieff to 
 vacate the south wing to provide accommodation 
 for the deputv purveyor and his familv, and Croft 
 was charged with the issue of all stores, furniture, 
 provisions, and diets for the Hc^spital ; also with its 
 financial concerns, economy, and good order, and
 
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 MITCHELL AND THOMPSON. 7I 
 
 with the immediate superintendence of the overseer, 
 matron, and other servants. These orders aroused 
 intense opposition from Mitchell and Moncrieff, 
 and on appeal to the Governor they were in part 
 rescinded. The accommodation in the south wing 
 was allotted between Croft and Moncrieff, and 
 subsequently the assistant apothecary was also 
 quartered there, and a special staff of servants were 
 placed under the purveyor's control for working in 
 the stores, leaving the Hospital staff proper to 
 fulfil Mitchell's directions. Thompson then pro- 
 ceded to issue a series of petty orders with regard 
 to doorways and padlocks, the appropriation of 
 kitchens and apartments, the abolition of the 
 dissecting room, and other small details, which 
 raised the medical staff in open revolt. The ill- 
 advised and petty orders are well illustrated by the 
 instructions to Moncrieff to share a oiic-sfdll stable 
 with Croft. The demeanour of the staff probably 
 induced Thompson to frame his regulation of 
 October, 1S36, instructing the deputy purveyor to 
 see that his instructions were carried into effect in 
 the Hospital, thus giving Croft the power to super- 
 vise and control the proceedings of an officer of 
 superior rank, namely Dr. Jas. Mitchell. This 
 unsatisfactorv condition of the administration pre- 
 vailed until Mitchell, in March, 1837, preferred 
 charges against Thompson in connection therewith. 
 An inquiry was then ordered, which resulted in 
 Mitchell being reprimanded for insubordination in 
 preferring charges against his superior officer, but 
 at the same time Thompson's order of October, 
 1836, was repealed, and Croft's duties were restricted 
 solely to those of deputy purveyor and acting
 
 72 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 apothecary. Unfortunateh' these proceedings 
 caused an open breach between Mitchell and 
 Thompson, and the restoration of harmon\' was 
 clearly impossible. Finall}-, in August and 
 September, 1837, Mitchell did not fulfil the deputy 
 inspector's orders to personally superintend the 
 corporal punishment of prisoners at Hvde Park 
 Barracks, a disagreeable duty which for the past 
 twelve years had been performed by the assistant 
 surgeon, and after an inquiry he was removed 
 from his office of Colonial Surgeon on September 
 26th, 1837, for insubordination, a sentence which 
 was approved of by two successive Governors, 
 Bourke and Gipps. Mitchell's case was taken up 
 by the newspapers, and on October 5th, 1837, 
 Thompson was indiscreet enough to write a letter 
 to the Colonist in his own defence. This letter was 
 the subject of a libel action before Chief Justice 
 Dowling, and resulted in a verdict oi £ 100 damages 
 in favour of Mitchell. 
 
 After the removal of Mitchell, for Moncrieff had 
 retired in November, 1836, the immediate adminis- 
 tration of the General Hospital passed into a qui- 
 escent period. The new staff were not conversant 
 with the old order, and as thev Avere appointed 
 under the new routine, they made little opposition 
 to its system. Thompson's general administration 
 of his department, and neglect of duty, remained 
 very unsatisfactory, and was the subject of frequent 
 ad\'erse reports from the Governor to the English 
 authorities. Accordingly, the Secretar}- of State, 
 acting on the ad\ice o'i Sir James McGregor, 
 Inspector of Hospitals in London, sent out \\"m. 
 Dawson, M.D., to supersede Thompson, and he
 
 FINANCES. 'J'^^ 
 
 arrived in Sydney on iith February, 1844. Wm. 
 Dawson remained the official head of the Hospital 
 until the close of the convict era in 1848, and his 
 administration was undisturbed by any internal 
 disorders. 
 
 Whilst the staff was being torn with dissensions, 
 many alterations were made in the intimate working 
 of the Hospital. By its assimilation to the military 
 medical department many branches of the service 
 became interested in its work. The Hospital stores, 
 which also included the stores transferred from the 
 Army Medical Depot, formed a part of the Army 
 ordnance. Repairs were carried out by the Royal 
 Engineers, rations and sundries were provided by 
 the Commissariat, and the expenditure was met 
 partly bv the military chest and partly by the 
 convict funds. The superior staff of the Hospital 
 was also increased by the appointment of an assist- 
 ant apothecary. 
 
 The finances were remodelled. The Deputy 
 Inspector-General recei'/ed a salary of^547 los. ; 
 the acting apothecary, £'2-^^ 12s. 6d. ; and the 
 assistant apothecary, £(^1 5s. After Mitchell's 
 retirement the salary of the surgeon was reduced 
 to ^237 5s. ; but that of the assistant surgeon 
 remained as before. All this staff, except the 
 deputv inspector, received quarters and rations. 
 The custom was initiated by Thompson of giving 
 the appointments to officers on the Army half-pay 
 list, Thompson and Croft themselves having been 
 on this list. The half-pay salaries were then paid 
 out of the military chest, whilst the difference 
 between these and the Colonial salaries was provided 
 out of convict funds.
 
 74 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 The finances were improved bv various economies. 
 The issue of gratuitous medicine to the Colonial 
 officials was abolished, and a charge was made for 
 all patients admitted, except convicts at Go\'ernment 
 labour. Assigned ser\'ants continued to be charged 
 for at the rate of is. per diem at their master's 
 expense. After April ist, 1838, free paupers, who 
 were required to produce a certificate of povertv 
 from a clergy-man, were admitted on a Governor's 
 order at an expense of is. gd. per diem to the 
 Colonial Government's funds. This change was 
 due to the report of the Audit Commissioners in 
 1837, ^'''*^ most certainly was a reasonable one, as 
 13 per cent, of the patients treated were these 
 paupers. The Colonial Government were also 
 responsible for the same charge for all police con- 
 stables admitted, but the rate in both cases was 
 reduced in 1844 to is. 3d. per diem. Free persons, 
 such as merchant seamen, were charged 3s. per 
 diem, but hospital abuse was current, and manv 
 such persons obtained admission as paupers. The 
 charges thus made relieved the English Treasury 
 considerably, until, in Mav, 1844, the Hospital 
 was almost self-supporting, for, after providing for 
 salaries of officers and staff, services performed by 
 the Commissariat, Ordnance, and Roval Engineers, 
 and cost of medicines and sundries, there was the 
 small deficiency of ^^12 19s. gd. on the month's 
 transactions. The actual expenditure per patient 
 treated was is. 3d. per diem in 1839, and this was 
 reduced to gd. per diem in 1844. 
 
 The staft" in the Hospital was slightly reduced by 
 Thompson, and wardsmen and nurses were main- 
 tained on the efficiency o( one to every ten patients
 
 DISEASES PREVALENT. 75 
 
 confined to bed, and the washermen on the basis 
 of one to every twenty patients in the Hospital. 
 
 During this epoch, there are no exact statements 
 to be found of the diseases treated at the Sydney 
 Hospital, and the annual returns contain the general 
 summary of the whole medical department of the 
 Colony. As at the General Hospital the larger 
 proportion of the cases were treated, it is only fair 
 to assume that the cases there would in a general 
 way be a replica of the summary of diseases, except 
 that at Svdnev the acute diseases were in greater 
 relative proportion. Greater precision in diagnosis 
 seems to have developed. In the special depart- 
 ments are found cataract^e, nyctalopia, ophthalmia, 
 and psorophthalmia, otitis, and polypus naris, 
 amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and menorrhagia^ 
 peripneumonia, pleurodynia, pleuralgia, pleuritis,, 
 and pneumonia, and all the common skin diseases. 
 In the return for 1838, eight cases of lepriasis (the 
 old name for leprosy) are reported as admitted and 
 discharged ; and again in 1841 eight cases of lepra. 
 These were probably the same cases in each 
 year, constantly applying for treatment at Sydney 
 Hospital amongst other institutions, there being 
 no lazaret established. 
 
 A very severe epidemic of influenza occurred in 
 October and November, 1838, and the fatality 
 amongst Hospital cases was i4'3 per cent. The 
 mortalitv statistics of 1838 are of interest as a side- 
 light on the results of treatment, and out of every 
 hundred treated the death-rates were : — Phthisis, 
 50; dropsy, 40; erysipelas, i5'4 : pneumonia 
 14-4 ; influenza, 14-3 ; fever, 9-5 ; dysentery, 8*3 ; 
 diarrhoea, 57 ; and scorbutus, 57.
 
 76 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 The indoor and outdoor duties were continued as 
 before, but of the progress of treatment only occa- 
 sional glimpses are gained. Influenza was treated 
 at the outset by the administration of powerful 
 emetics. Some form of electro-therapeutics was 
 adopted, and also at this early date mercurial 
 injections were tried, but the technique of either is 
 not stated. During this period a most important 
 milestone in the history of medicine was passed. 
 The stethoscope was introduced and was brought 
 to the Colon}', probably by Farquhar McCrae, M.D., 
 who was one of the first honorary surgeons to the 
 Sydney Infirmary in the south wing. It did not, 
 however, come into general use until the early 
 sixties. 
 
 A new dietary scale was ordered by Thompson, 
 and was adopted in September, 1836. There were 
 four classes, full, half, low, and fever diets, and in 
 all four breakfast and supper consisted only of one 
 pint of tt^a, containing 14 oz. tea, 5^ oz. sugar, and 
 Ys pint of milk. Dinner was as follows : — Full 
 diet : ilb. meat, 1 lb. bread, i lb. vegetables, i pint 
 broth. Half diet : }4 lb. meat, i lb. bread, }4 lb. 
 vegetables, i pint broth. Low diet : ^4 lb. meat, 
 }4 lb. bread, I/4 lb. vegetables, }4 pint broth 
 {}^ oz. salt and i oz. rice was allowed daily in the 
 broth). Fever diet : Panada made of '2 lb. of bread, 
 with sago, arrowroot, pudding, and other extras, 
 as occasion required. 
 
 During this military period, the central building- 
 accommodated the patients and the inferior staff 
 until the beginning of 1843, when space was also 
 provided for the stores, which were removed from 
 the south wini2". The latter was called the medical
 
 ABOLITION OF TRANSPORTATION. 77 
 
 depot, and was at first occupied by the Army 
 Ordnance Department on the ground floor, and by 
 Croft and various officers on the upper floor. But 
 in February, 1842, the lower southern room and 
 the adjacent verandahs were transferred to the 
 Sydney Dispensar\', which also received a little later 
 the quarters of the assistant surgeon. At the end 
 of March, 1843, the entire south wing was vacated 
 and was then handed over to theSydney Dispensary, 
 Croft receiving lociging allowance in lieu of his 
 quarters. At the same time the Inspector's office 
 in front of the main building was utilised for the 
 Department of Stores, the inspector being proxided 
 with offices awav from the Hospital. Early in this 
 period the senior surgeon occupied quarters in the 
 northern wing, but in 1843 these were vacated, and 
 as the Board for the Assignment of Servants had 
 been abolished, the Legislative Council entered 
 into final possession of the entire northern wing. 
 The increased accommodation for the Council had 
 been rendered necessary by the proclamation of the 
 Constitution Act on January 5th, 1843. 
 
 In the meantime transportation of convicts to 
 New South Wales began to be reduced, and ceased 
 entirely in 1841, and naturally the necessity for 
 maintaining con\ict hospitals gradually declined. 
 The medical establishment was progressively re- 
 duced, Windsor, Bathurst, and Goulburn" Hospitals 
 being the fi.rst discontinued, in the year 1842. The 
 abolition of all the conxict hospitals was later 
 determined on, and the other country institutions 
 
 '"'The hospital at Goulburn was continued by a local committee 
 on a plan based on that of County Hospitals in England. Other 
 towns subsequently did the same.
 
 78 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 were successively closed. The General Hospital 
 at Sydney was the last to survive, but finally, on 
 March 28th, 1848, Dr. Dawson reported that all 
 the patients under treatment there had been re- 
 moved to the Parramatta Factory. The medical 
 officers were transferred to the medical staft' in 
 Tasmania, and twenty tons of hospital stores were 
 also sent there.
 
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 Chapter \"IL 
 
 THE SYDNEY DISPENSARY. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT IN 1826 — CONSTITUTION AND 
 OBJECTS— PRECIS OF HISTORY— GRANT OF SOUTH 
 WING— OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 T is now necessary to digress somewhat 
 and trace briefly the history, constitution, 
 and objects of the Sydney Dispensary, 
 wliich in 1843 recei\'ed possession of the 
 south wing, and in 1848 entered into 
 occupation of the central block of build- 
 ings, and was the actual and legal predecessor of 
 the Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary, which after 
 the latter date administered the Hospital. 
 
 In the second decade of last century the condition 
 of the pauper sick was pitiable ; there was no 
 opportunity for them of obtaining medical attend- 
 ance except at the convict hospitals, a course which 
 many avoided, as it necessitated association with 
 the criminal population, and admission was placed 
 under rigid restrictions. In consequence, the 
 necessity for a dispensary was keenly felt, and 
 as early as 1816, Wm. Redfern advocated the 
 establishment of such an institution, but the idea 
 was abandoned, as it was considered impracticable 
 
 79
 
 So THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 at that time. However, in 1826 the project was 
 revived and received much influential support, the 
 Governor consenting to become patron, and Drs. 
 Bowman, Bland, Ivory, Doyle, and Mclntyre 
 offering their professional services gratuitously. 
 Public subscriptions were called for in June, and by 
 the beginning of September the sum of ^^367 5s. 
 had been promised ; in achieving this successful 
 result Dr. Bland was greatly instrumental, and 
 more than one half the funds were collected by his 
 personal exertion. This amount was deemed 
 sufficient to proceed to the formation of the institu- 
 tion, and an inaugural meeting of the subscribers 
 was convened on September 25th, 1826, at the 
 Sydney Hotel. At this meeting Alexander Macleay 
 occupied the chair, and there were present Colonel 
 Dumaresq, the Revs. Cowper and Hill, Drs. 
 Mitchell, Ivory, Bland, Mclntyre, Messrs. Lith- 
 gow. Spark, McQueen, Terry, Chambers, Mclntyre, 
 Raine, Nicholson, and Keith. Macleay was ap- 
 pointed the first president, T. Iceley treasurer, 
 E. J. Keith secretary, and Dumaresq, McKenzie, 
 Terrv, and nine others, together with the medical 
 staff, as ex officio members, formed the committee. 
 It was decided to rent premises and open a dis- 
 pensary for the gratuitous medical treatment of free 
 poor patients who were unable to pay for medical 
 attendance. The rules were drawn up, and it was 
 agreed that an annual payment oi £\ entitled the 
 subscriber to the right of having one patient con- 
 stantly on the books, and for every additional £ i 
 subscription a similar right. 
 
 The Dispensary was then opened, and patients 
 recommended bv the subscribers were treated as
 
 INITIATION OF DISPENSARY. 8l 
 
 out-patients at the Dispensary rooms, or when 
 necessary visited in their own homes ; for the latter 
 purpose Sydney was divided into districts, and each 
 Avas entrusted to the care of an honorary surgeon. 
 
 At first the institution was supported entirely by 
 public subscription, until for the year 1S35 and 
 subsequently the Governor granted a subsidy from 
 the Colonial funds equal to the amount collected in 
 each year from the public. After a few early years 
 of financial difficulties the Dispensarv prospered 
 and achieved much good work amongst the poor ; 
 but as the scope of the work increased the duties 
 became too severe a tax on the honorary medical 
 staff, especially at times of epidemics, such as that 
 of influenza in October and November, 1838, and 
 the appointment of a salaried medical officer became 
 necessarv. In 1839 F. Mackellar, M.D., received 
 the position with an emolument of £ 130 per annum, 
 an office which he held until 1845, He was required 
 to reside near the Dispensary, and devote two hours 
 a dav to Dispensary duties, and further, attend to 
 the district work ; the former honorary staff at the 
 same time were appointed consulting surgeons 
 and physicians. In 1841 the stafl" was further 
 increased by the appointment of H. Houston 
 as dispenser at _£^75 per annum. 
 
 The Dispensarv during its existence occupied 
 many different premises, and was at first located in 
 a cottage in Macquarie-street, and later for some 
 years in Terry's Buildings in Pitt-street, in con- 
 junction with the Australian Subscription Library, 
 but the annual payments for rent, which varied 
 from ;/^ 60 to ;^ 150, were a considerable call on the 
 funds. At the annual meeting held in May, 1837,
 
 82 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 it was therefore decided to request the Go\'ernor, 
 Sir R. BoLirke, to grant an allotment of land, 
 suitable for the erection of a Dispensary building. 
 A memorial to this effect was presented to the 
 Governor on 4th July, 1837, but met with no 
 encouragement, as Bourke considered sufficient 
 support from the Crown was already granted in the 
 pound for pound subsidy, and he had also gra\"e 
 doubts as to the propriet^' of the Dispensary under- 
 taking the responsibilities of building ; a similar 
 request in August met with like failure. However, 
 in February, 1838, Sir George Gipps assumed the 
 office of Governor, and had arrived in Svdnev with 
 full knowledge of the contemplated reduction of the 
 convict establishment bv the English Government, 
 and he, in reply to a further request of similar 
 nature in June, 1838, stated that something much 
 more comprehensive than a mere dispensarv would 
 be required shortly, and hoped that the town of 
 Sydney would not be backward in providing 
 accommodation and medical treatment for its sick 
 and indigent poor. Acting on this suggestion, the 
 committee entered into further negotiations, with 
 the result that a suitable block of land* near the 
 Benevolent Asylum was reserved for Dispensary 
 purposes in August. 
 
 Shortly after this date, however, at an interview 
 between the Gov^ernor and the Dispensary officials, 
 it was suggested that the south wing of the Hospital 
 should be granted to that body. The reasons for 
 this proposition arose when the English Govern- 
 ment made the charge on the Colonial Government 
 for the treatment of all free paupers admitted into 
 
 *This is now part of the site of the Central Railway Station.
 
 GRANT OF THE SOUTH WING. 83 
 
 the convict hospital, and it was then considered 
 desirable that they should be treated by the Colony 
 in a Colonial institution ; further, the custom had 
 arisen, whenever the English Crown transferred to 
 the Colony the burden of any administration, the 
 buildings formerly occupied for such purpose were 
 also transferred to the colonists. This informal 
 interview was confirmed by a memorial to the 
 Governor in January, 1839, and the proposal 
 meeting with his approval he transmitted a second 
 memorial to the Secretary of State from the com- 
 mittee, dated 18th June, 1839, and at the same time 
 cordially recommended the transfer of the build- 
 ings, and discountenanced the desire of the 
 military department to convert that wing into a 
 military hospital, a project that was then under 
 consideration. This suggested change was strongly 
 opposed by the Ordnance Department in London, 
 who at that time occupied the building, but 
 none the less, Lord John Russell on the 25th May, 
 1840, sanctioned the appropriation of the south 
 wing for the purposes of a hospital and dispensary, 
 provided that the Government retained the option 
 of resuming the building at any time that it may 
 have been required for the public service. 
 
 This concession met with great opposition from 
 Deputy-Inspector Thompson, the deputy purveyor, 
 and the assistant surgeon quartered at the Hospital. 
 Numberless difficulties were raised, necessitating 
 inquiries and delays, and in spite of positive orders 
 from the Governor in April and June, 1841, for the 
 Ordnance Department to give the Dispensary 
 Committee immediate possession of the extreme 
 southern room on the ground floor, it was not until
 
 84 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 February i6th, i(S42, that thev recei\'ed the keys of 
 tlie lower room, and shortly after the quarters of 
 the assistant surgeon. The transfer of the whole 
 building met with similar delays, and the obstruc- 
 tions created by Thompson were so persistent that 
 the Colonial Architect did not report taking pos- 
 session on behalf of the Colonial Government until 
 31st March, 1843. Finally, at 3 p.m. on April 20th, 
 in the same year, the committee assembled on the 
 premises, and was placed in formal occupation, 
 holding the property during the pleasure of 
 Government. 
 
 The legal status of the institution was then 
 determined by Act 7 \^ict., Xo. 2p^, dated 22nd 
 December, 1843, which provided for the incorpor- 
 ation of the Dispensary, and it was henceforth 
 known as the Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary. 
 The passing of this Act through the Legislative 
 Council had been entrusted to Dr. (afterwards Sir 
 Charles) Nicholson, and was approved by the 
 Queen in Council, 8th November, 1844. The issue 
 of a deed of grant of the premises was approved by 
 Governor Sir Charles Fitzroy, ist February, 1846, 
 the land to be bounded by a line midway between 
 the rear of the Hospital buildings and the wall o( 
 the Domain. Upon being informed of this decision 
 the board of directors urged upon the Governor 
 the need for further space, in view of the develop- 
 ments they proposed, namel}-, the erection of a new 
 operating room, the establishment of a medical 
 school*, and medical and surgical museums ; the 
 
 *This is not the first definite proposal lor a medical school, as 
 clauses 5,6,7,ands of the Medical Practice Bill of 1S3S! had that 
 object in contemplation.
 
 OCCUPATION OF SOUTH WIXG. 85 
 
 Governor thereupon appro\ed (13th June, 1847) of 
 the issue of a grant to include the whole depth from 
 Macquarie-street back to the Domain, witli a 
 reservation of 26 feet 9 inches on the southern 
 boundary. This grant, however, was never 
 issued. 
 
 When the Dispensary acquired the propertv in 
 1843 the buildings were in very bad order, and the 
 estimated cost of putting them in a habitable 
 condition was ;^ 1,3 14. These repairs were accom- 
 plished by the aid of a vote of Council, and were 
 virtually completed at the end of June, 1845. In 
 the meantime the committee had purchased furni- 
 ture, including sixty iron bedsteads, and sheets, 
 rugs, blankets, and male and female dav and night 
 clothing to correspond, and in addition all necessary 
 appliances for the use of the Hospital, in which it 
 was proposed to accommodate sixty patients. 
 
 His Excellency Sir George and Lady Gipps and 
 a select party of friends were then invited by the 
 committee to make an inspection, and they ex- 
 pressed their entire satisfaction with the arrange- 
 ments. Accordingly on 3rd July, 1845, the 
 Infirmary was opened for the reception of patients. 
 
 The constitution and general regulations to 
 control the administration of the Infirmary had 
 been drawn up by a sub-committee of the Dispen- 
 sary appointed in April, and submitted to the 
 general committee in June, and finally revised in 
 July, 1844, '^•'"^ man}^ of tliese original rules form 
 the basis of management of the S}dney Hospital 
 in 1911. 
 
 The control was \-ested in a board consisting of a 
 president, \'ice-president, secretary, treasurer, and
 
 86 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 twenty-four directors elected from the i^overnors of 
 the institution by the subscribers and the governors, 
 and six of the directors retired annually ; the board 
 was required to meet the first Tuesday of every 
 month to conduct the general business. Each year 
 a house committee* consisting of twelve of the 
 directors was appointed to superintend the general 
 management and internal economy of the house, 
 and to frame by-laws subject to the approval of the 
 general board. The governors were subscribers 
 qualified by certain conditions, and one class con- 
 sisted of "the first-named executor under any will 
 paying to the institution a legacy of ;^5o and 
 upwards." 
 
 The medical staff consisted of two physicians, 
 two surgeons, and a resident surgeon, who also 
 acted as apothecary ; they w^ere required to be 
 registered by the N.S.W. Medical Board, which 
 had been constituted in 1838, and to possess a 
 British degree or diploma. The physicians and 
 surgeons held office for four years, but one surgeon 
 and one phvsician retired at the end of every two 
 years ; thev w^ere charged with the Infirmary 
 practice and the general superintendence of the 
 resident surgeon, matron, and nurses ; they were 
 also responsible for the division and classification 
 of the patients. The surgical practice was placed 
 under certain restrictions, as no surgeon was 
 allowed to perform a capital operation without 
 previous consultation with the other surgeon and 
 at least one physician. 
 
 The resident surgeon was required to attend the 
 medical officers in the wards, and also to make 
 
 *At this date it was oUcially called the "weekly committee."
 
 .METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION. 87 
 
 daily rounds himself between 8 and 9 a.m. and 6 
 and 7 p.m. He had also to keep a book containing 
 accurate histories of each case, and a second book 
 for all prescriptions and dates of admission and 
 discharge. The bed cards at this time contained 
 only the name, age, disease, and date of admission 
 of the patients. He performed the minor operations 
 and the post-mortem examinations, and had charge 
 of the surgical instruments, and dispensed all 
 medicines, but was not allowed any private practice. 
 He was also required to superintend the matron, 
 nurses, and servants. 
 
 The matron supervised the nurses and servants, 
 and had the care of all household goods, furniture, 
 etc., of \vhich she took an annual inventory in 
 December. She Avas required to visit each ward 
 once a day, to weigh and measure all provisions, 
 and to keep a diet book recording the diet of each 
 patient. The nurses' duties, besides the routine 
 care of the patients, included the cleaning of all 
 the wards before 7 a.m., and the serving of all 
 breakfasts before 8 a.m. 
 
 Patients were admitted by the recommendation 
 of qualified subscribers, by the physicians and 
 surgeons, or in cases of urgency by the resident 
 surgeon. Seamen and others able to contribute 
 towards th'^.ir support were admitted upon payment 
 of the sum of is. 6d. per diem. Strict rules were 
 enforced for the conduct of all patients whilst under 
 treatment. 
 
 The Dispensary undertook the treatment of home 
 and out patients. For the treatment of the former 
 the city was divided into four districts : — (i) Gipps 
 and Brisbane Wards, (2) Bourke and Macquarie
 
 88 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Wards, {3) Phillip Ward, and (4) Cook Ward, to 
 each of ^\•hich a district surgeon was appointed 
 at an honorarium of £2^ per annum. The out- 
 patient department was open from i to 3 in the 
 afternoon, and 6 to 8 in the evening, and was 
 conducted by the Dispensary staff ; patients were 
 required to present a subscriber's card of recom- 
 mendation at each attendance, and to provide their 
 own bottles. 
 
 A vaccination department was also established, 
 and was open at 10 a.m. every Wednesday ; each 
 patient attended was charged is., which was 
 refunded if the patient returned for examination on 
 the following Wednesday. This was enforced with 
 the object of maintaining the supply of \'accine 
 material, an important detail, as all lymph had to 
 be imported into the Colony. 
 
 The medical staff had been elected on 27th March, 
 1845, and the first staff' consisted of John Mac- 
 farlane, M.D., and George Fullerton, M.D., 
 physicians ; Charles Nathan, F.R.C.S., and 
 Farquhar McCrae, AI.D., surgeons ; Hugh Hous- 
 ton, resident surgeon and apothecary; W. Houston, 
 T. Phillips, S. Maberley, R. W. Neilson, district 
 surgeons ; and Mrs. Baxter, matron. 
 
 The Sydney Infirmary was carried on in the 
 south wing until September, 1848, and its useful- 
 ness had become annually more manifest. In the 
 first six months 193 patients were admitted, the 
 greatest number in the house at one time being 49, 
 whereas in June, 1847, as manv as 63 patients were 
 under treatment. 
 
 In the beginning of 1848, when the English 
 Government were breaking up the convict hospital,
 
 OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL BUILDINGS. 89 
 
 there were twenty-five patients of the class of free 
 paupers under treatment there at the expense of the 
 Colonial Government, and the authorities of the 
 Sydney Infirmary were approached with the view 
 of taking over the treatment of them, and providing 
 for the future treatment of patients of the same 
 class, still at the expense of the Colonial Govern- 
 ment, when admitted on a Government order. The 
 directors, however, were unable to accept the 
 responsibility owing to the large demand that was 
 made on the beds they had available, but suggested 
 that if the central buildings, which formed the 
 convict hospital, were transferred to them, they 
 would in future receive all free paupers, presenting 
 a Government order of admission at a cost to the 
 Colonial Treasury, varying from time to time, but 
 not to exceed the actual expense incurred by the 
 patient while in the house. Although the military 
 desired these buildings as a residence for the 
 General, the Governor on 13th March approved of 
 the directors' proposal, subject to the concurrence 
 of the Secretar\- of State, and provided that pos- 
 session of the south wing was given up. The 
 convict hospital was vacated by the convict patients 
 in March, but owing to delavs on the part of the 
 Army Medical Department the directors of the 
 Sydney Infirmary did not accept the conditional 
 surrender of it until i8th August, 1848, and entered 
 into possession of the premises on September 13th. 
 They received the central building for the two- 
 fold consideration of giving up the south wing, 
 of which they had the promise of an absolute 
 grant, and of undertaking to maintain pauper 
 patients under certain conditions, upon the distinct
 
 90 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 understanding that in the e\'ent of the grant of the 
 main building" not being confirmed by the Home 
 Government, the}' had the right of re-entry into the 
 south wing. 
 
 The buildings were placed in good order with 
 the aid of a vote of money by the Legislative 
 Council, and the Sydney Infirmary was finally 
 established on the site it at present occupies under 
 the name of the Sydney Hospital.
 
 JOHN MACFARLANE, M.D. 
 
 PHYSICIAN 1845-1S65. 
 
 CHARLES NATHAN, F.R.C.S. 
 
 SURGEON 1845-1S65. 
 
 GEO. FULLERTON, M.D. 
 
 PHYSICIAN 1845-1847.
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 THE SYDNEY INFIRMARY, 1848 1868. 
 
 OCCUPATION AND ORGANISATION OF CENTRAL 
 BUILDINGS — CONSTITUTION OF BOARD OF 
 DIRECTORS — FAILURE OF MANAGEMENT — 
 FINANCES — ADDITIONS TO BUILDINGS. 
 
 THE successful achievement of obtaining for 
 the Sydney Infirmary the possession of 
 the buildings, which up to that date had 
 been occupied as the General Hospital, 
 maintained principally for the treatment 
 of convicts, was due largely to the 
 influence of three men — that is, to the sympathetic 
 interest of the Governor, Sir Charles Fitzroy, and 
 to the individual exertions of the President, 
 Alexander Macleay, and of the Vice-President, E. 
 (afterwards Sir Edward) Deas Thomson. Macleay, 
 however, was not destined to see the happy consum- 
 mation of his efforts, for he died in the year 1848, 
 and was succeeded by Thomson as president. 
 
 The buildings then entrusted to the Infirmary 
 were erected on an area of 2 acres 3 roods 27 
 
 91
 
 92 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 perches, and consisted of the original central block, 
 built in the time of Governor Macquarie, containing 
 the four wards and two lobbies on each floor, the 
 original kitchens, a dead-house, the Dispensary- 
 building in the south-western corner, and the 
 building in the north-western corner formerly occu- 
 pied as an office by the Inspector of Colonial 
 Hospitals : they were entirely surrounded by a high 
 stone wall, possessing two small doors as entrances 
 on the Macquarie-street frontage. The buildings 
 were much dilapidated and required large repairs, 
 such as re-shingling the roof, repairing woodwork, 
 painting, etc., and these were carried out with 
 funds voted for that purpose by the Legislative 
 Council out of the Colonial revenue. 
 
 At the commencement, the Infirmary furnished 
 and fitted up six wards, but of these four only, 
 three for males and one for females, were opened 
 immediately for the reception of patients. Some 
 of these wards did not embrace the entire extent of 
 the original rooms as designed in Macquarie's time, 
 for in certain cases they had been subdivided by 
 partitions, and further small rooms were made in 
 them by wooden screens partly extending to the 
 ceiling. The six wards were arranged to receive a 
 varying number up to twenty patients each, and the 
 demand for admission so rapidly increased that 
 within eighteen months a seventh ward was 
 finished, being a subdivision of one of the main 
 w^ards, and all seven wards were used for the accom- 
 modation of the sick, five for male patients and two 
 for female : the women's two wards were on the 
 upper floor at the northern end. An operating 
 room was provided bv a subdi\ision in one ot the
 
 ORGAXISATIOX OF HOSPITAL. 93. 
 
 wards. The northern lower Macquarie ward was 
 used to accommodate Hugh Houston, the resident 
 surgeon, and a board-room for the directors was 
 arranged in the adjacent lower ward. The matron 
 and nurses were quartered in the rooms in the 
 female wards created by the wooden partitions 
 already described. 
 
 The old Dispensary building was set apart for 
 the use of the district surgeons and out-patient 
 department, and a room for the dispensing of 
 medicines was also arranged here. The old 
 Inspector's office was utilised for the convenience of 
 the honorary staff. 
 
 The kitchens and laundrv were located in the old 
 Macquarie kitchens, and above these the quarters 
 of the wardsmen and servants were arranged. The 
 dead-house was little better than a shed, situated in 
 the north-eastern corner of the Hospital grounds. 
 
 The Infirmary was maintained with the object of 
 providing (i) a hospital for the gratuitous treatment 
 of in-patients afflicted with acute diseases, who were 
 unable to procure the same at their own expense, 
 and were recommended by the governors of the 
 institution, and (2) a hospital for pauper in-patients, 
 recei\-ed by order of the Government, and for whose 
 treatment the Legislature pro\'ided at a rate equal to 
 their cost to the institution ; in addition, poor people 
 were admitted, who, though unable to pay for 
 medical ad\'ice, contributed to the Hospital funds a 
 sum of IS. 6d. per diem. 
 
 The Dispensary, which was conducted in con- 
 junction with the Infirmary, provided for, firstly, 
 gratuitous advice and medicine to pauper out- 
 patients recommended by subscribers, and secondly,
 
 94 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 district visitin^- on the pauper sick in their own 
 homes, when unable to attend at the Dispensary. 
 
 The institution was conducted uuder the same 
 rules and regulations which had been in force when 
 the south wing was in occupation, but they under- 
 went some revision in January, 1853, rendered 
 necessary by the enlarged scope and sphere of oper- 
 ations, and a second revision in January, 1867. The 
 various amendments are noted, w^hen considering 
 the different details they refer to. 
 
 The management and control was vested in a 
 board of directors, some of whom were elected 
 annually by the governors and annual subscribers 
 of ^"i and more from among the governors. The 
 e^overnors were annual contributors of /^2 or more, 
 and the physicians and surgeons of Infirmary ex 
 officii^ ; also there were life governors, who w^ere (i) 
 donors of ^20 (in 1867 increased to £50) or more in 
 one sum (in 1867, or during twelve months) ; 
 (2) the minister of any congregation contributing 
 ^'50 during his incumbency (in 1867 altered to 
 during two years) ; (3) the first-named trustee or 
 executor under any will bequeathing a legacy of 
 £<f) (in 1867 increased to £^100) to the institution ; 
 and (4) the nominee of any society contributing 
 ;£,'30 (in 1867, jQ^o) or upwards in one sum. 
 
 The office-bearers were a president, \' ice-presi- 
 dent, secretary, and treasurer, but in 1859 a second 
 secretary w^as appointed, and in 1861 two additional 
 vice-presidents — all honorary appointments. The 
 board of directors consisted of these officials 
 and twenty-four members : six of these members 
 retired annually, being those who had attended the 
 fewest meetincrs durinir the vear : in addition the
 
 THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 95 
 
 Colonial Secretary, the Speaker, the members of 
 the Legislature for the Citv^ of Sydney and County 
 of Cumberland, and the Mavor of Sydney were 
 directors ex ojficiis, provided they were qualified as 
 governors. 
 
 The directors met monthly, on the first Tuesday 
 of every month, five constituting a quorum, and 
 they conducted the general business of the Institu- 
 tion. Each year a weekly committee (afterwards 
 called the house committee) was elected from 
 among themselves, consisting of twelve members, 
 who met every Monday at noon, three forming a 
 quorum : they regulated the entire intimate details 
 of management of the Hospital, and had the power 
 of appointment and dismissal of all the Hospital 
 stafl^, except the resident surgeon, matron, and 
 house steward, who were responsible to the full 
 board. 
 
 The constitution and methods of administration 
 of the board of directors and weekly committee 
 were the main factors of weakness in the affairs of 
 the institution. The directors were men drawn 
 from all classes of the community, including 
 clergy, and naturally possessed many and divergent 
 views on hospital administration : in their indi- 
 vidual capacities they showed a general desire to 
 work for the good of the institution, but as a body 
 they proved themselves utterly incapable of govern- 
 ing the Infirmary in a manner entitling them to the 
 confidence of the community as a whole. The 
 attendance of the members was irregular, and a 
 proposal at one meeting, postponed to another 
 meeting, would be considered by members absent 
 at the first meeting and ignorant of the previous
 
 ^6 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 discussion ; ai^'ain, a meeting would be packed by 
 members supporting" a particular proposition, who 
 would pass it, only to have it rescinded at the 
 next meeting by another group of directors. As a 
 natural sequence of such procedure, there was no 
 concerted action. The directors being divided in 
 cliques, the meetings were prolonged by discussions 
 to the detriment of prompt decisions on any matter: 
 the presence of clergy of different denominations 
 and opinions as directors was a considerable factor 
 in such dissension ; whole meetings were often 
 wasted in useless discussions, and, instead of being 
 devoted to the practical consideration of abuses to 
 be remedied, were frittered away in personal alter- 
 cations and useless declamation to such an extent 
 that business men w^ere driven away, thus leaving 
 the field to others remarkable rather for zeal than 
 for discretion or administrative capacity to deal 
 with the affairs of the Hospital. To these directors, 
 who were thus more often than not divided against 
 themselves, the Hospital staff had final appeal ; a 
 wardsman or nurse w^ho had been suspended would 
 have the suspension almost immediately removed 
 by the influence of a friend on the board, and such 
 a decision naturally disorganised the discipline in 
 the house. 
 
 The weeklv committee also performed their 
 duties in a perfunctory style. They were supposed 
 to inspect the entire buildings, supervising their 
 order and cleanliness ; but instead of doing so they 
 met in the board room and walked only through the 
 actual main wards, and as there was no subordinate 
 official solely responsible for the cleanliness of the 
 minor apartments, these were usually in a disgraceful
 
 THE FINANCES. 97 
 
 state. All supplies of everything necessary for 
 the Hospital were secured only by formal requisition 
 to this committee, and the red tape and discussion 
 involved thereby were a constant source of disgust 
 to the Hospital officials from the house surgeon 
 downwards. 
 
 The shortcomings of this administration were not 
 officially recognised, until a sub-committee was ap- 
 pointed in 1865. This committee presented a most 
 adverse report, severely criticising details in the 
 entire internal economy of the Hospital. Owing to 
 this report the labours of the directors were dele- 
 gated to sub-committees, specially appointed to 
 superintend the supply of provisions and of cloth- 
 ing, finance, and visiting — but they were still 
 responsible to the full board : further, in 1867 a 
 superintendent was appointed, charged with the 
 control of all the servants of the house and the 
 general oversight of all the details of management. 
 These innovations caused some improvement, but 
 were subject to many limitations, and their moral 
 effect was rendered almost null and void by con- 
 tinued interference on the part of individual 
 directors at full board meetings. Vital reforms 
 were not initiated until after the close of the period 
 under review. 
 
 The finances of the Infirmary developed from the 
 funds of the old Dispensary. In 1845, when the 
 Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary were inaugurated 
 in the south wing, the Dispensary funds were trans- 
 ferred to the new institution ; but of these £^1,200 
 was placed to the credit of a permanent endow- 
 ment fund, and was invested in Government, City, 
 and land and immigration debentures, and on 
 
 D
 
 ^8 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 mortgage. The annual income was derived from the 
 interest on these investments, from the cash received 
 from paying patients at the rate of is. 6d. per diem 
 each, from payments by the Colonial Treasury for 
 the treatment of paupers and immigrants admitted 
 on a Government order subsequent to 1848, from 
 annual subscriptions by the public, and from a 
 Government grant, at first equal in amount to that 
 subscribed by the public in the previous year. 
 
 The finances were entrusted to the hon. 
 treasurer, and prior to the year 1865 he was 
 responsible for the immediate care of the cash- 
 book, journal, and ledger. This was an onerous 
 duty and was fulfilled, when Mr. Cameron was 
 treasurer, and the duties had then been much 
 increased, by a clerk in his personal employ in the 
 office of Mort & Co. When Mr. Cameron retired 
 his successors had not the facilities, and a clerk in 
 the Hospital was charged with the keeping of the 
 books. The treasurer paid all accounts and salaries 
 after being approved by a meeting of directors and 
 countersigned by the chairman at such meeting, one 
 director, and the secretary, and the cheques were 
 signed by such chairman, the secretary, and the 
 treasurer. 
 
 In the first few years the annual Government 
 subsidy was a sum equal in amount to that of the 
 public subscriptions in the previous year, but in 
 1852 it became a fixed sum of /^70o per annum, and 
 continued at that amount until the year 1859. For 
 the next two years the subsidy varied, and in 1862 
 the original pound for pound svstem was reverted 
 to for three years ; in 1865 it was fixed at /' 1,727, 
 and the following two years at 7,2,000, and in 1868
 
 THE FINANCES. 99 
 
 at ^3,000. During the twenty years under con- 
 sideration the subscriptions of the public and minor 
 sources of revenue amounted to /!^45,i67 los, yd.,* 
 whereas the Crown subsidies, owing to the 
 variations just mentioned, only amounted to 
 ^21,950 gs. 8d.* However, in addition to the 
 annual subsidies, many grants of money were voted 
 by the Legislature for building purposes, and the 
 amount of these votes actually expended in this 
 period was ^8,422,* comprising chiefly the initial 
 improvements on occupation of the building, the 
 erection of the new Dispensary, of a new dwarf wall 
 on the Macquarie-street frontage and of the south 
 wing. Cash paid by the Crown for the maintenance 
 of paupers amounted in the same period to 
 ;^47,885 17s. lod.* 
 
 The Permanent Endowment Fund progressively 
 increased, until in 1868 it amounted to ^,"6,449, due 
 to various bequests and donations, the chief one 
 being a bequest of ^3,612 los. from Mr. F. Jones, 
 received in 1861 and 1863. 
 
 In 1867 Mr. Thomas Walker, of Yaralla, Con- 
 cord, established a Benefactors' Permanent Trust 
 Fund, by donating ;^ 1,000 to be invested in the 
 names of trustees, with the proviso that the income 
 be paid to the treasurer as a perpetual subscription. 
 This fund was augmented in the following vear by 
 a donation of an equal amount from Mrs. Mary 
 Roberts. 
 
 Certain of the finances were at first rather loosely 
 administered, and amongst these, the unclaimed 
 moneys of patients dying in the Infirmary were paid 
 
 * These figures are calculated to the end of June, 1868, the 
 first complete twenty years, and do not include the cost of the 
 Nightingale Wing.
 
 100 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 into the Savings Bank and after accumulating at 
 interest for a considerable time, were withdrawn and 
 paid into the current account of the Infirmary. In 
 1865 this practice was discontinued, and all 
 unclaimed moneys were paid to the credit of a new 
 fund, called the Samaritan F'und, which was 
 utilised to afford assistance to discharged patients, 
 whose health did not enable them to at once earn 
 the means of support. This fund, in 186S, 
 amounted io £'j^o 5s. 8d. 
 
 In 1865 an important step was first taken in the 
 insurance of the buildings, which was effected for 
 the sum of £ 14,000 at a premium of £^/[ i6s. 
 
 In 1856 the Infirmary first commenced to work on 
 an overdraft. This custom had a very small begin- 
 ning, and in this year the interest on overdraft was 
 only £1 7s., which was due to small temporary 
 accommodation for a short period arranged with the 
 Bank of New South Wales, pending the payment 
 of Government grants. The custom rapidly grew, 
 and in i860 the Infirmary paid ;^53 8s. jd. in 
 interest, and finally, at the close of the year 1868, 
 the overdraft amounted to £'2,272 7s. 2d., which, 
 however, was shortly afterwards covered by the 
 payment of money due by the Government for the 
 maintenance of pauper patients. 
 
 The growth of the institution in this period is 
 well illustrated by the growth of the balance-sheet, 
 for the transactions in 1849, the first complete year 
 of the enlarged Infirmary, were only ^3, 873 14s. 5d., 
 and the year 1868 closed with the large total of 
 p/J 15,093 i8s. lid., whilst in the same time salaries 
 of the immediate Infirmary staff increased from 
 £^496 5s. 6d. to,/,'2,854 los. I id.
 
 ADDITIONS TO BUILDINGS. lOI 
 
 Current events of the day had their reflex in the 
 Hospital, especially in the finances. The discovery 
 of gold in 185 1 brought a large influx of popu- 
 lation to the Colony with corresponding increased 
 demand for admission to the Hospital, but at the 
 same time it also created a more general distribu- 
 tion of wealth and financial prosperity, so much so 
 that three years later the public subscriptions to the 
 Infirmary had increased by 85 per cent. In like 
 manner the financial stringency which was experi- 
 enced in the 'sixties' caused a diminution in the 
 public support and corresponding weakening of the 
 finances. 
 
 The premises underwent numerous successive 
 improvements and additions. In 1850 the first 
 bath-house was erected, containing two baths for the 
 use of the entire Infirmary, and was situated in the 
 middle of the lower back verandah ; in the same 
 year also the Infirmary was first lighted by gas. 
 In the year 1855 an operating theatre was erected on 
 the balcony above the bath-house, and the cost of 
 erection was paid by the Government ; also, a small 
 accident ward was constructed, containing four 
 beds, the expense being defrayed by a donation of 
 ^^105 by Mr. (afterwards Sir Daniel) Cooper. In 
 1857 the south wing was commenced and completed 
 in the following year, and was designed to accom- 
 modate 73 patients on two floors. In i860 the old 
 unsightly stone wall on the Macquarie-street front- 
 age, which had been designed to prevent convicts 
 escaping, and possessed only two small doors of 
 entrance, was in greater part removed, and replaced 
 by a dwarf wall and iron railing. In 1862 a new 
 dispensary was built, whose design is well explained
 
 102 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 by reference to the plan of 1872. In 1867 the 
 Nightingale Wing wascommenced for the accommo- 
 dation of the nursing staff which was introduced into 
 the Hospital. The plans of this building had been 
 submitted to Miss Florence Nightingale, the heroine 
 of the Crimean War, and it was called after her ; it 
 was completed in 1868, and contained 38 rooms 
 besides bathrooms and lavatories. In the same year 
 the old inspector's office, in the northern corner of 
 the Macquarie-street frontage, was demolished and 
 quarters were erected there for the use of the resi- 
 dent surgeons.
 
 ■ni 
 
 1 1 ,1 I , 1 i t II || ' B lt i -Wif i lit l 
 
 ON 
 
 CO
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 THE INTERNAL ECONO/AY OF THE INFIR/AARY. 
 1848-1868. 
 
 MEDICAL STAFF AND THEIR Dl' TIES— OUT-PATIENT 
 DEPARTMENT— NURSING— CONDITION OF THE 
 WARDS — HOUSEKEEPING — S x UDENTS — CLASSI- 
 FICATION OF WARDS — DRUGS — TREATMENT — 
 DISEASE. 
 
 THE medical duties of the Infirmary were 
 at first conducted by an honorary staff 
 of two physicians and two surgeons 
 elected by the subscribers, holding office 
 for four years, and one physician and 
 one surgeon retired in turn every second 
 year, but was eligible for re-election by the sub- 
 scribers. In 1855 this staff was increased by a third 
 physician and third surgeon, and a further increase 
 in numbers was repeated in 1862, making four 
 physicians and four surgeons in all, at which 
 number it has remained to the present day. In 
 1866, the Hon. John Macfarlane, M.D., M.L.C., 
 and Charles Nathan, F.R.C.S., were appointed the 
 first hon. consulting physician and hon. consulting 
 surgeon respectively for life, in recognition of their 
 
 103
 
 104 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 continuous services since the first commencement of 
 the institution in 1845. The honorary staff had the 
 medical care of the patients, discharged them when 
 cured and visited the wards daily. One physician, 
 and one surgeon attended daily to admit patients, 
 each member of the staff taking this duty for a week 
 in turn with his colleagues. On the medical side of 
 the house the patients were divided equally among 
 the physicians, and one physician admitted for 
 another when his beds were full ; but on the surgical 
 side the custom arose that all patients admitted in 
 one week belonged to the surgeon of that week. 
 The last practice gave rise to much abuse when the 
 surgical staff was increased, for a surgeon was 
 tempted to keep a patient in the Hospital, who 
 could otherwise be discharged, until his week came 
 round, in order that a vacant bed might then be 
 filled with a new patient for himself. Another 
 evil of this whole system of admission was that a 
 patient's application w^as granted to please the 
 subscriber signing the order if the latter were a 
 friend of the doctor; but this abuse was abolished 
 by the appointment of a superintendent, who 
 received and retained the admission order, and if 
 otherwise suitable sent the patient to the admitting 
 doctor. The surgeons performed all the operations, 
 but owing to the size of the operating room, and 
 the presence of students, visitors, and staff, the 
 surgeon was often much hampered, and the custom 
 arose of operating on Sunday, when the attendance 
 of visitors and students was not so great, although 
 it was more inconvenient to the Hospital attendants. 
 Subordinate to the honorary staff was a resident 
 surgeon, appointed by the board of directors at a
 
 THE MEDICAL STAFF. IO5 
 
 salary of ;^200 a year, quarters and rations, which 
 was increased in 1855 to £1,00 a year. This office 
 was held by Mr. Hugh Houston until his death in 
 1866, and in the next year two resident medical 
 •officers — a house physician and house surgeon — 
 were appointed at a salary of ^250 a year each, 
 rations and quarters. This change had been 
 necessary for some time previous, as the duties 
 devolving on the house surgeon had become too 
 great for their efficient performance by one man. 
 The attention of the weekly committee had been 
 drawn to this necessity in 1863, by Dr. R. Bowman, 
 an honorary physician, but no action was taken 
 until Houston's death. Dr. Bowman at the same 
 time recommended theappointment of a pathologist. 
 This excellent suggestion was not adopted, although 
 it was much needed ; for, amongst other reasons, 
 as early as 1849 at the request of the Government 
 .a morgue had been established in connection with 
 the Hospital for the reception of the bodies of 
 persons found dead and brought in under police 
 authority, and it was then arranged that one of the 
 physicians or surgeons o{ the Infirmary perform 
 the post-mortem examinations when required. 
 
 The quarters assigned to the two resident medical 
 officers were two bedrooms and a dining-room. 
 This last room was also used by the superintendent. 
 Such arrangement was most unsatisfactory, as the 
 doctors had no personal privacy. 
 
 The out-patient department and the district visit- 
 ing were administered by a paid staff, each member 
 receiving at first an honorarium of ;^25, increased 
 in 1855 to ;^50 per annum. Originally there were 
 four doctors appointed, but in 1862, owing to the
 
 I06 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 growth in size of the city of Sydney, the staff was 
 increased to six, and two new city districts were 
 formed for sick visiting, one in Paddington Ward^ 
 and the second in Glebe and Redfern Wards. 
 
 The nursing was entrusted to the care of a 
 matron and staff of nurses and wardsmen, but 
 throughout this period it was unsatisfactory. In 
 September, 1857, the medical officers wrote to the 
 weekly committee complaining of the disabilities 
 of this staff, and in December, 1864, submitted a 
 report stating that " the inefficiency of the sick 
 attendants had for many years occupied their 
 serious attention, and had been the greatest obstacle 
 against which they had to contend." In spite of 
 such adverse criticism, it was not the committee, as 
 will be seen later, who initiated the vital improve- 
 ments of 1868, when the system of nursing was 
 entirely reorganised. 
 
 The nurses, at first three in number, but subse- 
 quently increased to five, attended the female wards 
 only, and had little or no training, but whatever 
 efficiency they possessed was picked up in the 
 wards of the Infirmary. They were chiefly elderly 
 women, and vacancies were often filled by promo- 
 tions from among the domestic servants of the 
 house. 
 
 The wardsmen were usually appointed from 
 amongst discharged or convalescent patients who 
 had shown some aptitude for the duties whilst in 
 the Hospital. Many suftered from physical in- 
 firmities, and others were uneducated, being unable 
 to read or write. This stafi" thus had many limi- 
 tations ; but although somewhat inefficient, they 
 won much praise for their humanity and gentleness
 
 DUTIES OF THE STAFF. I07 
 
 to the patients submitted to their care. The number 
 of wardsmen increased proportionately with the 
 growth of the Infirmary, and in 1867 numbered 
 twelve, three of whom were night wardsmen. The 
 principal increase in the staff was in 1858, when 
 the south wing was opened, and at that time two 
 extra night wardsmen were appointed. In addition 
 to the regular number, special attendants were 
 engaged temporarily to take charge of special 
 cases. The wardsmen were paid on an average 
 ^40 per annum each. 
 
 The duties of the day staff began at 6 in the 
 morning and finished at 9 in the evening. They 
 personally attended to the cleansing ot the wards 
 before 7 a.m., and served all the breakfasts be- 
 fore 8 a.m. After 9 p.m. the patients were placed 
 in the care of one night nurse and night wardsmen, 
 who administered the medicines, and called the 
 house surgeon whenever it was necessary. The 
 whole staff were in the charge of the house surgeon 
 and matron, until the appointment of the superin- 
 tendent in 1867, when the wardsmen were placed 
 under his care. The matron also had charge of 
 the housekeeping, but owing to want of sustained 
 support by the committee her authority was feeble. 
 She at first received a salary of ;i^8o, which was 
 increased to _;^ 100 per annum in 1855. 
 
 The cleanliness of the Hospital was not properly 
 supervised for many years. The main wards had 
 an outward appearance of order, but the minor 
 apartments were a disgrace to the most superficial 
 -observer. The whole buildings were permeated 
 with vermin, which formed nests in the crevices of 
 the walls, and at night time were said to come out
 
 I08 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 in armies. Efforts were made to check them, but 
 were ineffectual. So bad were they that when a 
 fractured leg was placed in splints for a couple of 
 weeks, on removal the splints were full of bugs and 
 other vermin, and sometimes when a patient was 
 dying",these creatures were seen crawling over him. 
 The beds were also full of these insects, and the 
 evil could not be checked owing to the insufficient 
 time allow^ed to cleanse the bed after removal of a 
 patient. In fact, so great was the demand for beds, 
 that on a certain occasion a patient was sitting in a 
 ward waiting to occupy a bed before the dead body 
 of the previous occupant was removed. The ver- 
 minous condition of the Hospital was increased by 
 the storing of the patients' clothes after admission, 
 and in 1865 a stoving house was erected for 
 purifying the clothes before putting them away. 
 The floors w^ere thoroughly scrubbed, but in the 
 low^er wards the water fell underneath through the 
 crevices, and as the foundations were not ventilated 
 the water collected there and rose as a miasma in 
 the wards in the morning. The ventilation of the 
 wards themselves had always been bad, as too 
 much space had been left between the tops of the 
 windows and the ceilings, without vent. All these 
 details militated against the good results of treat- 
 ment, and outbreaks of erysipelas and hospital 
 gangrene were common occurrences, and compound 
 fractures""and amputation stumps almost invariably 
 progressed unfavourably. The only active efforts 
 to improve these conditions were frequent white- 
 washings of the wards. The sanitary arrange- 
 ments were also of the crudest description. At 
 first there were no closets in the Hospital building,
 
 INTERNAL ECONOMY. lOQ 
 
 and a chair was provided in each ward for the use 
 of all its inmates, and it was not until 1867 that 
 provision was made for each ward to have separate 
 bathrooms and conveniences. 
 
 The outbuildings were allowed to fall into a 
 disgraceful condition. No one was made solely 
 responsible for their care, and in consequence they 
 were neglected. Pools of water and sewage were 
 allowed to collect in the yards, and no effort was 
 made to put the grounds in order. The dead-house 
 was little better than a stable, and bodies placed in 
 it were often attacked by rats, and had the nose, 
 cheeks, and other parts eaten away by them before 
 burial. 
 
 The housekeeping department suffered like the 
 other branches of the Hospital from lack of sys- 
 tematic supervision. The kitchens were totally 
 inadequate, and the cooking was bad, and owing 
 to the distance the meals had to be carried, they 
 were invariably served cold, causing the patients 
 often to leave them untouched. A fever patient in 
 convalescence, looking forward to his first chop, 
 often received a cold, blackened cinder, or a cold, 
 raw piece of meat. Provisions were supplied by 
 tender, but no care was taken to see that the con- 
 ditions were fulfilled. For instance, bread was 
 supplied under one contract at ^{d. a pound below 
 market price, but the market price itself was never 
 ascertained by the Hospital authorities. Some 
 improvements in this department were made in 
 1866 by the appointment of a sub-committee for 
 provisions, and in 1867 the introduction of proper 
 supervision and proper book-keeping under a 
 superintendent was the turning point of a new era
 
 no THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 The admission of students to the practice of the 
 Infirmary commenced at an early date. The late 
 Dr. Fk. Milford was a student from 1849 to 1852, 
 Dr. J. C. Cox from 1850 to 1852, and about the 
 same time Messrs. Lumsden, Phelps, Grills, and 
 R. Sadleir, were enrolled. The establishment of a 
 medical school had long been an ideal of the old 
 Dispensary committee, and as early as 1838 the 
 subject had been mooted, especially as in the 
 Bowman era the admission of students to the 
 •convict hospitals had been prohibited, and there 
 had been no opportunity for medical apprentices to 
 gain hospital experience. However, the official 
 recognition of students was not an accomplished 
 fact until the date of the annual meeting held on 
 14th January, 185 1. At this meeting the directors 
 moved an epoch-making resolution to the effect that 
 every physician or surgeon of the Infirmary "shall 
 be required to admit to his hospital practice all 
 pupils who shall have been previously enrolled by 
 the weekly committee as hospital medical and 
 surgical pupils," and that the said pupils "shall 
 pay such fees as may be determined, and be subject 
 to such regulations as may be made by the direc- 
 tors." At the same time, the custom was first 
 initiated that for the information of students notices 
 of all operations and post-mortem examinations 
 should be affixed in a conspicuous place in the 
 lobby of the Hospital, and that similar notices 
 should be sent to the district surgeons. Post- 
 graduate study was also originated by granting the 
 privilege of attendance on similar occasions to all 
 medical practitioners who subscribed two guineas 
 annually to the Infirmary funds.
 
 MEDICAL STUDENTS. Ill 
 
 Rules controlling the admission of pupils were 
 considered, but were not passed until 25th January, 
 1853. By these regulations admission was re- 
 stricted to the articled apprentices and pupils of 
 medical practitioners in the Colony. They were 
 required to pay to the funds of the institution four 
 guineas for the first year, three guineas for the 
 second, and two guineas for the third year, after 
 which they had free admission. They had the 
 privilege of attending all operations and post- 
 mortem examinations, and the ward practice nomi- 
 nally only when one or other of the medical staff 
 was present ; but this last by-law appears to have 
 been honoured in the breach. The case books were 
 opened for inspection one hour previous to the 
 medical officer's visit, and certain students were 
 appointed clinical clerks and dressers. 
 
 The students attended the Hospital from 9 o'clock 
 in the morning until 4 in the afternoon, engaged 
 in their various duties, and assisting in the dis- 
 pensary. Dispensing was taught by the resident 
 surgeon, who personally received the fee of three 
 guineas which was charged for such tuition. In 
 1852 Dr. Milford was the pioneer of this school to 
 proceed to England to continue his medical studies, 
 and carried with him the first official certificate 
 signed by the President and members of the 
 Hospital Board to be presented to the College of 
 Surgeons or other examining board in England, 
 who at that time recognised the certificate of study 
 from the directors of any public infirmary con- 
 taining more than one hundred beds. 
 
 The road to the acquisition of medical knowledge, 
 however, was not an easy one in those days. A
 
 112 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 knowledge of anatomy was only gained by dissecting 
 bodies in the dead-house, and as the method of 
 injecting w^as poor and often not attempted at all, 
 the dissections on each body could obviously only 
 be carried on for a brief period ; still Houston, the 
 resident surgeon, gave the students instruction and 
 all the assistance he could. No bones for studv 
 could be procured in the Colony, but the students 
 overcame the difficulty by various expedients. On 
 one occasion two students removed two bodies from 
 the dead-house, carried them across the Domain, 
 and then by a boat down the harbour, where they 
 macerated them, and obtained the skeletons. 
 
 In 185 1 the Sydney University was established, 
 and the senate became desirous of establishing a 
 medical curriculum. Accordingly, on 7th Sep- 
 tember, 1859, the registrar w^rote to the authorities 
 of the Infirmary soliciting their co-operation in such 
 a project. The proposal was favourably received, 
 and a conference of members of the senate and 
 directors of the Infirmary was arranged, which, 
 after much deliberation, drew up a report. This 
 report was presented to the senate and board of 
 directors, and adopted by both bodies in June, 
 i860. The conference recommended that a medical 
 course should he established, the medical officers 
 of the Infirmary being required to deliver clinical 
 lectures and instruction, and that application should 
 be made for recognition by English Universities 
 and Colleges. 
 
 The proposal was not prosecuted with vigour, and 
 after a time lapsed. Then, in 1866, negotiations 
 were opened afresh between the University and 
 Infirmary authorities, and finallv, in 1869, the
 
 PROPOSED MEDICAL SCHOOL. II3 
 
 secretaries of the Infirmary wrote to the Councils of 
 the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and of Physicians, 
 and the Society of Apothecaries, London, asking 
 them to recognise a definite course of medical 
 training proposed and the certificates granted. 
 
 The proposed course was to consist of two years 
 training in Sydney, and two years in London, and 
 before commencing it all students were to be 
 required to pass the matriculation examination of 
 the Sydney University. The lectures and study 
 were to consist of : — 
 
 First Session — Winter. 
 Six months lectures in anatomy at the University. 
 
 ,, study at dissections ,, ,, 
 
 ,, lectures in chemistry ,, ,, 
 
 Three months practical chemistry ,. ,, 
 
 ,, ,, pharmacy at the Infirmary. 
 
 „ attendance clinical surgery at the Infirmary. 
 
 Second Session— Summer. 
 Six months attendance clinical surgery at the Infirmary. 
 Three months attendance clinical medicine at the 
 
 Infirmary. 
 Three months lectures in botany at the Botanical Gardens. 
 
 Third Session — Winter. 
 Six months lectures in anatomy at the University. 
 
 „ dissections and demonstrations at the 
 
 University. 
 Three months attendance clinical surgery at the Infirmary, 
 attendance clinical medicine ,, ,, 
 
 Fourth Session-Summer 
 Six months attendance clinical surgery at the Infirmary. 
 Three months attendance clinical medicine ,, ,, 
 
 ,, lectures in midwifery ,, ,, 
 
 Attendance on midwifery cases at the Benevolent Asylum. 
 Instruction in vaccination ,, >i
 
 114 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Completion of Course in London. 
 First Session— Winter. 
 Six months lectures each in physiology, surgery, materia 
 medica, practice of medicine and clinical surgery. 
 
 Second Session— Summer. 
 Three months lectures in forensic medicine. 
 ,, attendance clinical surgery. 
 
 ,, attendance clinical medicine. 
 
 Third Session— Winter. 
 Six months lectures each on surgery, medicine, diseases 
 of women, pathological anatomy, and clinical 
 medicinCx 
 
 Fourth Session — Summer. 
 Six months charge of patients. 
 General study. 
 
 This is the first finite proposal for a school of 
 medicine in Sydney, but further consideration of it 
 belongs to another period. 
 
 Attention was early given both by directors and 
 medical staff to the arrangement and classification 
 of the patients in the wards, but ow'ing to inherent 
 difficulties this desirable object was delayed for 
 many years. In the early years the only classifi- 
 cation was one of sex, the female patients occupy- 
 ing the two upper northern wards ; and here also 
 were admitted children under seven years of age. 
 Attempts were made to separate the medical from 
 the surgical cases, but this subdivision broke down 
 owing to the constant overcrowding that w^as 
 frequent in the Hospital ; for example, in 1S55 as 
 many as 150 were inmates at one time, and many 
 patients were accommodated on the floor, as the 
 Hospital was then only intended for 130 invalids. 
 In 1855 the first special ward was created by the
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF WARDS. II5 
 
 establishment of the accident ward, but it contained 
 only four beds. At an early date exception was 
 taken to the admission of Chinese, aboriginals, and 
 South Sea Islanders into the wards with patients of 
 white race, but this could not be avoided. As 
 illustrative of the lack of supervision in the wards, 
 it may be here mentioned that on one occasion 
 when a Solomon Islander died in the hospital, his 
 fellow islanders commenced to roast his body on 
 a heap of blankets in the ward itself. In 1859 
 the occupation of the new south wing provided 
 much additional accommodation, A third ward 
 was devoted to the treatment of females, and the 
 increased facilities permitted the commencement 
 of a definite classification of the patients into 
 medical and surgical cases. At the same time a 
 male lock ward was established. No further classi- 
 fications were introduced in this period, except that 
 towards its close infectious cases were segregated 
 in tents erected, as occasion demanded, in the 
 Hospital grounds. 
 
 Drugs and surgical sundries were imported by 
 the Hospital fromEngland, at first from theApothe- 
 •caries Company, London, and later from Collier 
 Bros. With these supplies, as with other hospital 
 stores, efficient supervision was absent. No special 
 inventory was kept, and in consequence the In- 
 firmary suffered considerable loss. Medicines for 
 both in-patients and out-patients were dispensed by 
 the house surgeon for the first two years, but in 
 1850 a dispenser was appointed, and subsequently 
 an assistant dispenser. 
 
 Treatment in this period underwent some notable 
 changes. The stethoscope had been introduced
 
 Il6 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 into the Colony in the 'forties,' but had not met with 
 general favour, and in the 'fifties' direct auscultation 
 with a towel over the patient's chest or back was the 
 routine practice. But as treatment gradually fell 
 into the hands of a second generation of doctors 
 who ha\.l been educated to the use of the new instru- 
 ment, the stethoscope became generally adopted. 
 This was in the middle 'sixties.' Surgical practice 
 was confined chiefly to the ligature of arteries, 
 perineal lithotomy, amputations, and the minor 
 surgical operations. The radical cure of hernia, 
 and the relief of strangulated hernia, were attempted 
 sometimes with excellent results, but major ab- 
 dominal surgery, as a rule, was spoken of with 
 bated breath. Excision of joints was also per- 
 formed. In the pre-an^esthetic days, all patients 
 were firmly strapped to a special table, and were 
 unable to make any movement. In the year 1852 
 the first administration of chloroform was made by 
 Dr. H. G. Alleyne. Although not a member of the 
 staff in this year, he successfully administered it to 
 a girl during an operation for amputation of the 
 left leg for strumous disease. The introduction of 
 this priceless boon to the patient and the surgeon 
 was rapidly followed by its general use, and before 
 the close of the ' fifties ' most operations were per- 
 formed with its aid, and operations undreamt of 
 before were attempted. Dislocations in the first 
 decade were reduced by means of pulleys and 
 levers. In the upper southern lobby, special 
 apparatus was kept in the form of a strong table 
 and posts let into the wall, and rings in the ceiling 
 to which pulleys were attached, and by these means 
 extensions and counter-extensions were applied to
 
 TREATMENT AND DISEASE. 11/ 
 
 dislocated limbs for hours, and sometimes for days. 
 As the harm that was thereby caused to the patient 
 was realised, the treatment gradually fell into- 
 disuse. Attempts were also made to cure aneurisms 
 by the application of constant pressure, but the 
 patient usually would not submit to the full treat- 
 ment owing to the pain that was caused thereby. 
 
 All classes of disease were admitted, the most 
 common medical diagnoses being rheumatism and 
 "fever," and the most frequent surgical, fractures 
 and syphilis. Infectious diseases were also ad- 
 mitted, such as scarlet fever and erysipelas. Cases 
 of insanity frequently occurred, and were accommo- 
 drted in an iron out-building. There is nothing 
 remarkable in the statistics of diseases admitted, 
 except constantly recurring cases diagnosed as 
 lepra, the first being in 1848. This period closed 
 with the introduction, in 1867, of systematic nomen- 
 clature and classification in the statistics of disease 
 arranged according to Dr. Farr's nosological index.
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1880. 
 
 iPUBLIC CHARITIES COMMISSIOX— ALTERED CONSTI- 
 TUTION OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS— ATTEMPTED 
 ASSASSINATION OF DUKE OF EDINBURGH- 
 GRANT OF THE LAND— ACT OF INCORPORATION- 
 FINANCES — BUILDINGS — MEDICAL STAFF — 
 REGENT-STREET DISPENSARY — OPHTHALMIC 
 
 DEPARTMENT — MEDICAL SCHOOL — LOCK 
 HOSPITAL — COAST HOSPITAL. 
 
 THIS period, 1868-1880, may well be 
 described as the stormy era in the 
 history of the Sydney Infirmary ; the 
 limelight of public opinion was fre- 
 quently cast on the entire organisation, 
 adverse criticism of the methods em- 
 ployed was constantly prevalent and in most cases 
 justly called for, and general dissatisfaction pre- 
 vailed with regard to the condition of the Hospital. 
 However, it is an ill wind that blows no good, and 
 the net result was that these twelve years witnessed 
 almost the entire demolition or alteration of the 
 old Infirmary, its buildings, its organisation, and 
 its method of procedure, and the commencing 
 evolution and establishment of the present Sydney 
 Hospital. 
 
 118
 
 o 
 
 CO
 
 PUBLIC CHARITIES COMMISSION. II9 
 
 Undoubtedly the most important event of this 
 time was the appointment on the 8th April, 1873, 
 of a Royal Commission to " inquire into and 
 report upon the working and management of the 
 public charities, more particularly the Sydney 
 Infirmary and Orphan Schools." This was the 
 result, in part, of public criticism that had appeared 
 in the press or been ventilated in Parliament 
 with regard to the general management of the 
 public charities, especially the Infirmary, and, in 
 part, of the agitation of the directors for funds 
 with which to erect a new building and the 
 debatable questions raised thereby. The com- 
 mission consisted of seven members, W. C. 
 Windeyer being appointed president, and the^ 
 sat for twenty-four days chiefiy in the Hospital 
 board-room taking evidence with regard to the 
 Infirmary alone. Inquiries were made into the 
 method of administration, sanitary condition, diet- 
 ary scales, accommodation, systems of superin- 
 tendence, medical treatment, and all other matters 
 of a cognate nature, and were of a most minute 
 character. As a result of their labours a report 
 was drawn up on loth September by the members 
 of the commission and presented to Parliament, 
 which in a general way was condemnatory of 
 everything connected with the Hospital except the 
 main principles of the new nursing system then 
 recently introduced. The report had a most 
 salutary effect on the affairs of the institution, the 
 immediate result was the initiation of many internal 
 reforms, for the attention of the directors was 
 thoroughly aroused to abuses in need of urgent 
 remedy; and the final and lasting effects, although
 
 :r20 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 not immediately consequent on it, were the demoli- 
 tion of the old buildings and the introduction of 
 an Act of Incorporation in 1878. 
 
 The first changes in the administration were 
 made by the passing of new by-laws in March, 
 1869. The board of directors was then reduced in 
 number, and consisted of the president, vice- 
 presidents, hon. treasurer, two hon. secretaries, 
 and twenty-one directors, one-third of whom retired 
 annually. At the same time the appointment of 
 directors who held their positions by virtue of 
 being members of Parliament or of holding certain 
 public offices was abolished. Notwithstanding this 
 curtailment in the size of the board, the dissen- 
 sions, wranglings, and waste of time which had 
 been current in previous years, and had become 
 ■characteristic of the meetings, increased rather 
 than diminished, and continued until public dis- 
 approbation and criticism was thrown on such 
 proceedings by the publication of the report of the 
 -Charities Commission in 1874, The pillory of 
 public opinion at that time caused the directors to 
 take an introspective survey of their own methods, 
 and some improvement became apparent ; but the 
 board did not become a satisfactory working entity 
 until after the passing of the Sydney Hospital Act 
 in 1 88 1, when vital reforms became compulsory by 
 Act of Parliament. 
 
 The management of the Hospital was entrusted 
 to the house committee as in previous years, and 
 no business could be authorised without reference 
 to this committee, except by the honorary secre- 
 taries ; the offices of the latter, however, lapsed in 
 1874, A finance and a building and repair com-
 
 ALTERATION IN STAFF. I2r 
 
 mittee, each consisting of five, were also appointed 
 by the directors for the special purposes indicated. 
 The satisfactory working of these different com- 
 mittees was still much interfered with by individual 
 directors. 
 
 The administration was assisted by the appoint- 
 ment in 1867 of a superintendent at a salary of 
 ^300 per annum, who in 1869 had his official 
 designation altered to that of manager. His duties 
 were the general control and superintendence of 
 the institution with the exception of the department 
 placed under the lady superintendent, and the 
 control over all male servants, the outdoor depart- 
 ment, and all stores. This new officer would have 
 been of material benefit to the Hospital if friction 
 had not arisen over a certain amount of divided 
 authority between the lady superintendent and 
 himself, which is discussed fully later. In 1875 
 the office of manager was abolished. Difficulties 
 had arisen in obtaining amongst the members of 
 the board of directors gentlemen with sufficient 
 time at their disposal to efficiently fulfil the duties 
 of honorary secretaries; accordingly a paid secretary 
 was appointed, and the duties of manager were 
 combined with those formerly performed by the 
 honorary secretaries, and were fulfilled by this 
 new officer. He was required to attend all meetings 
 of the board, house and other committees, take 
 minutes of all their proceedings, and carry into- 
 effect all their orders. 
 
 In March, 1868, a man named O'Farrell attemp- 
 ted to assassinate the Duke of Edinburgh at a 
 picnic given at Clontarf, and the Duke was 
 wounded, but fortunately without serious results
 
 122 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 A Storm of public indignation was roused, and 
 partly as a demonstration of loyalty and partly as 
 a thank offering a public fund was created, which, 
 in deference to the wishes of the Prince, was to be 
 devoted to the erection of a hospital. At a public 
 meeting held on 20th March, a resolution was 
 carried to build a Prince Alfred Memorial Hospital 
 on the site of the Infirmary, and in June the board 
 of directors formally expressed their willingness 
 to co-operate with the committee of the fund in 
 attaining the desired object for which a sum of 
 ^23,400 had then been promised. The necessity 
 for obtaining a formal grant from the Crowm of the 
 Infirmary land was then raised. Although the 
 Hospital had then been in occupation of the land 
 and buildings for twenty years, the issue of a Crown 
 grant had never been completed. As has been 
 stated in a previous chapter, the premises were 
 transferred to the directors with a promise of a 
 grant under certain conditions, subject to the 
 approval of the English Government, who in 1848 
 held the fee-simple of all Crown lands, as New 
 South Wales was then a Crown Colonv. No notice 
 of the non-confirmation of this arrangement by the 
 English authorities w^as ever given, but bv the 
 Constitution Act and bv the Act of the Imperial 
 Parliament, 18 and 19 Vict., chap. 55, the power to 
 fulfil promises made by the Crown in 1848 had 
 become vested in 1855 in the Colonial Government, 
 The amount of recognition that the directors of the 
 Infirmary appear to have received as the owners of 
 the land seems to have varied during the twenty 
 years previous to 1868 ; in 1865, when the Royal 
 Mint was established, they were undoubtedlv
 
 THE GRANT OF LAND. I23: 
 
 admitted as such in certain negotiations with regard- 
 to the southern boundary between the Hospital and 
 the Mint, but their absolute control was called in 
 question in 1864, when it was queried whether the 
 Infirmary had the power to erect the buildings and 
 make the alterations it had done. 
 
 In 1868 the directors accordingly applied to the 
 Government for the immediate issue of a grant, 
 when it became evident that the committee of the 
 Prince Alfred Hospital Fund were diffident about 
 expending their money on buildings to be erected 
 on land which had not been formally dedicated and 
 granted to trustees. After a considerable corres- 
 pondence, the request for a grant was definitely 
 refused in October, 1868, by Sir James Martin, at 
 that time Premier and Attorney-General. He 
 declined for the reasons that the Infirmary, although 
 in its inception and management a private, was in 
 substance a public institution, being largely sup- 
 ported by the Crown ; that the promises of previous 
 Governments need not be fulfilled as they were 
 made " improvidently and without consideration," 
 and that the Government had no tangible guarantee 
 that the Infirmary would be maintained and con- 
 tinue the treatment of paupers admitted on a 
 Government order, which was one of the original 
 conditions controlling the transfer of the premises 
 in 1848. 
 
 The directors, when a new Government came 
 into power, commenced further negotiations as 
 thev felt acutely the difficulties of their position 
 with regard to the Prince Alfred Hospital Fund, 
 and were even doubtful about incurring further 
 expense in making any repairs. The continued
 
 124 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 agitation resulted in the appointment of a select 
 committee of the Assembly to inquire into the 
 question, and a report was presented to Parliament 
 in April, 1870, recommending that a grant of the 
 land and buildings should be made to trustees on 
 behalf of the institution, with the proviso that no 
 part of the main buildings should be removed 
 without the special sanction of both Houses oi 
 Parliament, as they considered the buildings would 
 probably last fifty years. This report was adopted 
 and confirmed by Parliament. In consequence, 
 the directors had no option but to finally decline, 
 in July, 1870, the acceptance of the funds placed 
 at their disposal by the Prince Alfred Memorial 
 Hospital Committee. 
 
 Notwithstanding the decision of Parliament, the 
 issue of the grant was still delayed, and the 
 directors in September, 1872, requested the Minister 
 for Lands to order its immediate completion prior 
 to commencing extensive repairs which they had 
 then in contemplation. This was not fulfilled, and 
 in the following April, at the instance of the mem- 
 bers of the Public Charities Commission, the issue 
 of the grant appears to have been stayed pending 
 their report. 
 
 Meanwhile the whole question of the advisability 
 of continuing the maintenance of a hospital on the 
 Macquarie-street site was brought forward. Many 
 and diverse opinions on this subject were publicly 
 ■discussed during the next few years ; some con- 
 sidered that the site was unrivalled for the treat- 
 ment of the sick and that the Hospital should be 
 maintained at all costs, others that the land was 
 too valuable for the purposes of an infirmary, and
 
 ACT OF INCORPORATION. I25 
 
 Others again that it should be only retained to 
 provide a small hospital for the admission of 
 accident and emergency cases from the city and 
 wharves. At various times it was proposed to 
 transfer the Hospital to the site of the Military 
 Barracks at Paddington, to Flagstaff Hill, and to 
 the heights of Pyrmont, and even to abandon it 
 altogether in view of the erection of the Prince 
 Alfred Hospital which had then been decided. 
 The advocates in favour of the retention of the 
 site succeeded in winning the day after much 
 discussion, and the Government tacitly supported 
 this opinion by granting funds in 1875 for the erec- 
 tion of a temporary wooden structure preparatory 
 to the erection of permanent modern buildings. 
 Finally, in the beginning of 1878, the title to the 
 land was formally vested in the trustees for the 
 purposes of a hospital, and the grant issued, whilst 
 at the same time the formal permission of both 
 Houses of Parliament was obtained for the re- 
 moval of the old main building. The area of the 
 land then granted was 2 acres 3 roods 19 perches, 
 as the original dimensions had been lessened by 
 alterations on the southern boundary and Mac- 
 quarie-street frontage when new walls were erected 
 in 1855 and i860 respectively. 
 
 In 1878 a most important step was taken by the 
 board of directors in framing an Act of Incorpora- 
 tion for the government of the Hospital, in accord- 
 ance with arrangements made with the Crown 
 prior to the issue of the land grant. The draft 
 bill was adopted by a meeting of the subscribers 
 and was passed by the Legislative Assembly with 
 some amendments ; in the Legislative Council it
 
 126 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 encountered considerable opposition, and amend- 
 ments were proposed by which the character of the 
 board was completely altered and the powers of 
 the directors were limited as to the number of beds 
 to be contained in the new Hospital. The directors 
 thereupon withdrew the bill, as they considered 
 that the usefulness of the institution would be 
 destroyed by these proposals. A second draft Act 
 was prepared in 1880, and this was finally passed 
 by both Houses of Parliament in 1881 and will be 
 considered further. This Bill altered the entire 
 constitution of the Hospital board. 
 
 During these twelve years the finances of the 
 Hospital were in a sound position ; the public 
 subscriptions were large, and the Government 
 subsidised these to the extent of pound for pound, 
 with the exception of the year 1880 when the 
 subsidy paid for the year 1879 was ;^3,500, or 
 ;^I03 14s. id. less than such a grant. The Crown 
 also made an annual payment for the support of 
 the nurse training staff. Further special votes 
 of Parliament were received from time to time 
 covering the expense of new buildings and altera- 
 tions including the entire cost of the Nightingale 
 Wing, and, therefore, very small portions of 
 permanent or semi-permanent improvements were 
 defraved from current income. The return from 
 investments increased from ^414 12s. gd. to 
 ;^i,684 7s. id. during these years. 
 
 The various funds of the institution progressively 
 developed ; in 1880 the Samaritan Fund had 
 reached the total of /^i, 501 3s. gd., and the Bene- 
 factors' Permanent Trust Fund ^3,343 os. 4d., the 
 last being due chiefly to the bequest of /' 1,000 by
 
 FINANCES. 127 
 
 Wm. Manson in 1869. A new fund was created 
 in 1868 by the commencement of what was known 
 as the Temporary Investment Account ; this began 
 with the sum of £"1,000 and at the end of 1878 had 
 increased to ^9,000 by the allocation of certain 
 votes to its credit. In the last-mentioned year the 
 old Permanent Endowment Fund had reached a 
 total of ^9,023 5s. 4d., and in the following year, 
 1879, these two funds, the Temporary Investment 
 and Permanent Endowment, were amalgamated, 
 and, with the addition of a special vote of ^12,500 
 for building purposes by Parliament, a building 
 fund was established, amounting at the close 
 of the financial year to ^31,426 14s. 7d. The 
 first expenditure of this fund to the extent of 
 ^6,374 3^' 9^' "^^^s made for payments on account 
 of the first three contracts let for the permanent 
 structure in 1880. 
 
 Although this period commenced at the end of 
 1868 with an overdraft of ^^2,272 7s. 2d. at the 
 bankers of the institution, it was soon liquidated, 
 and the overdraft habit was very little in evidence 
 during these years and was only used for small 
 temporary accommodation pending a Government 
 payment. This successful financial result was due 
 not only to increased income, but also to better 
 supervision, as, for example, the provisions account 
 only increased from ;^3,i20 15s. 9d. in 1869 to 
 ^3,368 8s. lod. in 1880, notwithstanding the large 
 addition in the number provided for. 
 
 The cost of up-keep during these years averaged 
 nearly ^45 per bed. Very few patients contributed 
 towards their cost of treatment, and such as did paid 
 2 guineas a week ; merchant seamen were charged
 
 120 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 at the rate of 4s. per diem, and the Crown paid 
 2s. 3d. per diem for paupers admitted on a Govern- 
 ment order. 
 
 The buildings in use underwent considerable 
 changes. The necessity for alterations w^as early 
 considered, but opinions were much divided as to 
 the value of the existing buildings. When the 
 Parliamentary sub-committee of 1870 reported that 
 they w^ould last for fifty years, and recommended 
 their retention, plans for alterations and improve- 
 ments were drawn by the architect of the Hospital, 
 but were not carried out owing to lack of funds. 
 However, in 1873 the Charities Commission con- 
 demned the buildings, and considered it inadvisable 
 to keep them longer than absolutely necessary. The 
 sanitary condition of the wards had become worse 
 and worse, and a popular feeling developed that it 
 was dangerous to become a patient, owing to the 
 frequent outbreaks of pyaemia and erysipelas ; 
 then, early in 1875, the honorary medical staff 
 urged that the most trifling operation could not be 
 performed with safety to life owing to the diseased 
 state of the buildings, and that nothing short of the 
 erection of an entirely new structure would remove 
 the evil. In 1875 the Government was accordingly 
 asked to grant the money required for building a 
 new hospital, and a temporary wooden structure to 
 provide for the needs of the citv, pending the com- 
 pletion of the permanent building ; the estimated 
 expenses of these were /^ 50,000, of which the 
 directors proposed to contribute £ 10,000 from the 
 funds of the institution. This entire proposal was 
 not sanctioned, but money was granted to cover the 
 cost of the erection of two wooden pavilions and an
 
 PLANS FOR NEW HOSPITAL. I29 
 
 operating theatre, and these were at once com- 
 menced. These temporary pavilions were occupied 
 at the end of 1876, and provided accommodation 
 for 116 patients, or forty less than the main 
 building- which they superseded, and which was 
 then left untenanted. In 1878 two additional small 
 detached pavilions were also erected. In the same 
 year the permission of both Houses of Parliament 
 was obtained for the demolition of the front building, 
 and this was completed in 1879. Meanwhile 
 competitive plans and designs for a new hospital 
 had been called for by the directors, and premiums 
 of ^200, /^loo, and/,"5o respectively offered for the 
 first, second, and third approved of. The first 
 premium was awarded to Mr. Thomas Rowe, and 
 his plans, somewhat reduced, form the basis of 
 design of the present buildings. Mr. Rowe was 
 then appointed architect for the new Hospital. 
 These plans were modified a little, in order to meet 
 the opinions and desires of the medical staff, and in 
 their entirety exhibit marked foresight and ability. 
 The buildings were intended to present a perfect 
 appearance, whether viewed from the Domain or 
 Macquarie-street ; but this object has not been 
 fulfilled in the first instance. As designed, the 
 three Macquarie-street blocks of the building were 
 to possess an additional story to what has been 
 erected, and the third stories in each wing were 
 intended to contain twelve small wards and nurses' 
 rooms. The pathology department was included in 
 the plans, and consisted of two stories — the lower 
 to be devoted to an inquest room, a mortuary, and 
 a room for post-mortem examinations ; whilst the 
 upper floor was designed for a pathology museum. 
 
 E
 
 130 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 In 1880 the buildings were well commenced ; the 
 first three contracts let were for the basement story, 
 laundry, and kitchen, the funds being provided out 
 of the Permanent Building Fund created in 1879. 
 
 The constitution of the medical staff underwent 
 some slight changes. Owing to the continued 
 increase in the size of vSydney, in 1870 a seventh 
 district for sick visiting was rendered necessary, 
 and a seventh district surgeon was appointed to 
 take charge of it. In 1879 the resident medical staff 
 was also increased by the addition of a third officer : 
 this appointment was rendered necessary by the 
 frequent absences of these officers from their Hospital 
 duties, when they were summoned to give evidence 
 at police cases, coroners' inquests, and courts of 
 law. The Hospital had suffered much from this 
 cause, and the third officer was appointed to modify 
 the evil. 
 
 Two important departures from previous routine 
 were made in this period. The attendance at the 
 out-patient department had progressively increased, 
 and to relieve the congestion at the Hospital, and 
 for the convenience of patients, who in manv cases 
 had to travel long distances from the western 
 suburbs, a branch dispensary was opened in 187 1 
 at Regent-street. This was carried on in rented 
 premises, and was the first time that any of the 
 Infirmary administration was removed from the 
 Infirmary buildings. 
 
 The second innovation was the inauguration of 
 the first special department with special medical 
 officers in charge. An ophthalmic ward had been in 
 existence and lapsed in the early seventies, and had 
 1 v'en established for convenience of classification of
 
 THE PROPOSED MEDICAL SCHOOL. 13I 
 
 the patients ; but in 1878 a new ophthalmic ward 
 was created to form the nucleus of a special 
 ophthalmic department, and the eye cases then 
 scattered through the building- were collected in it. 
 In the following year an ophthalmic out-patient 
 department was also established, and the first 
 officers appointed were T. Cecil Morgan, L.R.C.S., 
 and Thomas Evans, M.R.C.S. This was opened 
 twice a week, and immediately demonstrated its 
 usefulness, for in the first months of its existence — 
 that is, from 7th )ulv to ^^st December, 1870, the 
 attendance was 169. Its reputation rapidly spread, 
 and in the following vear patients from the country, 
 and even from neighbouring Colonies, travelled to 
 Sydney for treatment. 
 
 The negotiations in reference to the establish- 
 ment of a medical school were continued with the 
 English examining bodies, and met with some 
 preliminary success, and in 1871 Sir Alfred Roberts 
 was commissioned to carrv on the arrangements in 
 London. At this point the project disappeared 
 from the active politics of the Hospital ; as matters 
 of greater moment engrossed the attention oi the 
 directors, the enthusiasm waned, and when the 
 erection of Prince Alfred Hospital was decided to 
 be adjacent to the University, the proposal finally 
 lapsed. 
 
 The authorities and affairs of the Hospital had 
 considerable influence on some external events of 
 the da\'. The demand of patients for admission 
 was always large, and more than the Hospital could 
 comply with ; as an example of this, in 1872 as 
 many as 525 applicants were refused. In order in 
 part to remedy this state of affairs, and in part to
 
 132 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 remove an objectionable class of patients from the 
 Infirmary, the Hospital authorities in 1879 urged 
 the Colonial Secretary to establish a separate lock 
 hospital, especially as venereal disease was then on 
 the increase in the city of Sydney. Sir Henry 
 Parkes, at that time in office, promised his full sup- 
 port to the proposal, considering it necessary to 
 mitigate the evil of the prevalence of syphilis, and 
 recommended the directors to select suitable pre- 
 mises in or near Sydney for the purpose. The 
 difficulties in obtaining a suitable building caused 
 the proposal to lapse for a time in the following 
 year. 
 
 Another feature of the Infirmary's influence was 
 felt in the initiation of the hospital at Little Bay. 
 In 1880 a severe epidemic of measles occurred, and 
 a large number of cases applied for admission to 
 the Infirmary, but were refused, as the rules then 
 expressly barred the admission of infectious diseases. 
 The refusal to admit such cases necessarily forced 
 the applicants under the immediate notice of the 
 Government, and the necessity for erecting a hos- 
 pital for fever and infectious cases was apparent. 
 The directors and the honorary medical staff were 
 asked for suggestions as to the best means for 
 meeting this urgent want, and the net result, 
 coupled with an expected outbreak of small-pox, 
 was the establishment of the present Coast 
 Hospital.
 
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 -THE 
 
 SYDNEY INFIRMARY 
 
 187^ 
 
 MACQUARrE STREET
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 INTERNAL ECONOMY, 1869 1880. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, ESTABLISHMENT, AND ORGANISA- 
 TION OF TRAINED NURSES— ARRANGEMENT OF 
 WARDS— CONDITION OF WARDS— NEW DIET- 
 TECHNICAL ADVANCES. 
 
 JUST as the officials of the Dispensary, 
 as early as the 'thirties,' had set up as 
 an ideal the establishment of a medical 
 school for the training of the Australian 
 youth, the staff of the Infirmary and 
 the public generally in the 'sixties' began 
 to realise the necessity of improving the nursing 
 staff, and at the same time the idea crystallised 
 that a school for the training of nurses for the 
 hospitals in the Colony should be established, and 
 that the Infirmary was the most suitable place for 
 its location. This idea took definite shape and 
 form with the arrival of a new generation of 
 doctors in the Colony, who had been trained under 
 and had full opportunity of realising the vast 
 benefits conferred on the sick by the new regime 
 introduced subsequent to the Crimean War by 
 Miss Florence Nightingale. Nursing had then 
 
 133
 
 134 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 been revolutionised almost entirely by Miss Night- 
 ingale's influence, the tone of one of woman's 
 noblest professions had been raised, educated 
 women of good birth had been induced to devote 
 their lives to attendance on the sick, and, in place 
 of a nurse, who, though maybe imbued with the 
 most tender feelings, possessed only the training 
 of her own limited experience, an educated woman 
 taught in all the systematic methods of invalid 
 nursing was introduced. 
 
 The board of directors individually realised the 
 necessity for the change, but collectively took 
 no steps to bring it about, probably owing to 
 the internal dissensions that prevailed amongst 
 them. The honour of initiating the first active 
 measures in introducing this much desired ob- 
 jective rests wholly with Sir Henry Parkes, 
 who at that time held his first ministerial office 
 as Colonial Secretary in the Martin Ministry 
 of 1 866- 1 868. He was doubtless, however, influ- 
 enced by the public feeling then prevalent. Unso- 
 licited by the board of directors, early in i866 he 
 wrote to Miss Florence Nightingale to enlist her 
 sympathy and help in introducing trained nurses 
 and establishing a training school for nurses in 
 the Sydney Infirmary. By the same mail, he 
 instructed Captain W. C. Mayne, at that time 
 Colonial Agent in London, to open negotiations 
 immediately. No time was lost, and, in fact. 
 Captain Mayne approached Miss Nightingale 
 before even Parkes's letter had been delivered. 
 On 24th October, 1866, Miss Nightingale replied to 
 Parkes's letter, cordially approving of the project^ 
 and promising her full support, not only for the
 
 INTRODUCTION OF TRAINED NURSES. I35 
 
 sake of advancing the cause of nursing, but also 
 because she considered that she was under a deep 
 debt of gratitude to Australia lor the contributions 
 to the Nightingale Fund, raised immediately sub- 
 sequent to the Crimean War, and the Australian 
 memorial* which had been presented to her at 
 that time. Parkes's first proposal was that a lady 
 superintendent and four trained sisters should be 
 sent to Sydney, but Miss Nightingale criticised 
 this suggestion, and considered the proposed 
 number of sisters too few. In the same letter she 
 made her first recommendations, namely, that the 
 salaries should be ;^I50 per annum for the lady 
 superintendent, and ^50 per annum for each of the 
 sisters, with yearly increases. She also considered 
 that the staff should receive board and lodging, 
 have their passages paid to Sydney, and also their 
 return passages to London if they desired so 
 at the expiration of their engagement. Parkes 
 agreed to all Miss Nightingale's suggestions, and 
 carried on all the subsequent negotiations either 
 personally or through Captain Mayne, submitting 
 to her full reports and particulars of the Infirmary. 
 At that time Miss Nightingale was in vQvy 
 precarious health, largely due to the privations 
 and over-exertions she had experienced at Scutari, 
 and much of the preliminary work in England 
 was carried out by Mrs. Wardroper, the superin- 
 tendent of the Nightingale Home. Some delay in 
 the selection of the staff took place, for the English 
 demand alone for matrons and sisters trained in 
 the Nightingale School could not nearly be fulfilled. 
 However, in May, 1867, Miss Nightingale had 
 
 * This Memorial liad been written bv Parkes
 
 136 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 drafted and forwarded the details of the new 
 nursing scheme to the president of the Infirmary, 
 and in August the lady superintendent had been 
 selected ; finally, in December she and five sisters 
 sailed from England. 
 
 Miss Lucy Osburn, who had been appointed 
 lady superintendent, and the staff of sisters 
 arrived in Sydney, March, 1868, and immediately 
 commenced their duties in the Infirmary. Miss 
 Osburn was possessed of large experience. She 
 had been connected with the Nightingale Council, 
 the body who controlled the fund with which Miss 
 Nightingale had endowed the school for training 
 nurses. She had held appointments in St. Thomas's 
 and King's College Hospitals, London ; had resided 
 four months in the Kaiserw^orth Hospital, Dussel- 
 dorf, and had visited during her training the 
 Allgemeine Krankenhaus, Vienna, and hospitals 
 in Holland. 
 
 The nursing staff was engaged under a definite 
 scheme based on regulations which had been 
 proved satisfactory in England. The lady super- 
 intendent was to have the entire responsibility of 
 the nursing, both by nurses and wardsmen, and 
 the internal management of the wards, and to 
 establish and superintend a training school for 
 nurses. Women w'ere to be engaged as proba- 
 tionary nurses and probationary sisters to augment 
 the staff' from England, and 'male nurses were to 
 be abolished, except in the male lock and stricture 
 wards. Miss Osburn was to be responsible to the 
 medical officers that their orders about the treat- 
 ment o{ the sick w^ere strictly carried out, and to 
 the governing body of the Hospital for the conduct^
 
 DUTIES OF NURSING STAFF. I37 
 
 discipline, and duties of her nurses ; for the clean- 
 liness, proper ventilation, and warming of the 
 wards ; for the care and cleanliness of the sick ; for 
 the administration of diets, medicines, and enemas; 
 for the performance of minor dressings ; and for the 
 care of the linen and bedding. She was to be 
 charged with the delegation of these duties to the 
 various grades of the nursing staff. 
 
 Miss Osburn, in the introduction of this new sys- 
 tem of nursing, had to contend with many difficulties, 
 and did not secure its rational adoption until about 
 the year 1875. Like all innovations, it upset the 
 preconceived notions and ideas of some members 
 of the committee, of some of the medical staff, and 
 of the lay superintendent and other members of 
 the lay staff. She was subjected to much obstruc- 
 tion and annoyance from such individuals, possessed 
 of the importance of their own ideas. Still, she 
 exhibited great zeal and determination to work in 
 the best interests of the Infirmary and training 
 school ; and is there anything to be surprised at 
 in her making numberless enemies, in false charges 
 being sometimes thrown at her administration by 
 men who ought to have known better, and in her 
 enthusiasm waning on occasions when she found 
 that she lacked the sustained support of the 
 responsible authorities? Like all people who act, 
 she most certainly made her mistakes ; but to err 
 is human, and the present status of nursing in 
 Australia undoubtedly had its foundations laid by 
 her organisation in the Sydney Infirmary, guided 
 by the constant advice of Miss Florence Nightin- 
 -gale, with whom she was a most regular corres- 
 pondent.
 
 138 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Miss Osburn undoubtedly on occasions was 
 lacking of tact and conciliatory power, but above 
 all things she was womanly ; and can she be 
 blamed for this failure in the face of the petty 
 bickerings and antagonism she was exposed to? 
 At times, also, she was indiscreet, but this was 
 due chiefly to a misconception of her confidants, 
 and on one occasion almost led to grave political 
 consequences. This last reference is worthy of 
 note : In March, 1868, the attempt to assassinate 
 the Duke of Edinburgh had been made, and the 
 Duke being wounded, the nursing arrangements 
 were superintended by Miss Osburn. Shortly 
 afterwards she wrote to her uncle in England a 
 gossipy letter in reference to this and other events. 
 The uncle had this letter printed for private circula- 
 tion, and, in the words of Miss Nightingale, it 
 fell like a "bombshell" amongst the members of 
 the Nightingale committee. Miss Osburn at once 
 tendered her resignation, but fortunately the letter 
 was suppressed without the Colonial Office in 
 London or the Government and public of New 
 South Wales becoming aware of it, and Miss 
 Osburn's resignation was privately withdrawn, and 
 the knowledge of the indiscretion remained a secret 
 among a narrow circle. 
 
 The English nurses were much dissatisfied when 
 they arrived, as they had been led to expect 
 different circumstances, and probably some of the 
 petty annoyances they were exposed to was con- 
 ducive to this feeling. At the time of Miss 
 Osburn's engagement, she was unaware of the 
 contemplated appointment of a lay superintendent. 
 On her arrival she found this office had been
 
 DIFFICULTIES OF LADY SUPERINTENDENT. I39 
 
 ■created and had thereby caused a division of 
 authority in many of her own special duties. The 
 divided responsibility between herself and the super- 
 intendent was a great source of annoyance to 
 Miss Osburn, and militated against the successful 
 administration of the Hospital. By-laws had been 
 passed defining their respective authorities, but 
 these were so indefinite and ill-conceived as to 
 make it doubtful who was charged with the per- 
 formance of certain specific duties, and other duties 
 were allocated to the wrong officer. Constant 
 clashing and friction was the result. The Hospital 
 servants and cooks were under the orders of the 
 superintendent, who engaged and paid them, but 
 as Miss Osburn was responsible for the efficient 
 internal economy of the Hospital, most of the 
 orders for the patients' welfare should have come 
 from her. The servants, however, openly flouted 
 Miss Osburn, and only complied with an occa- 
 sional request from her as a favour. The cooks 
 were under the manager, and when the cooking 
 was bad complaints were made to him, but he 
 acknowledged he knew nothing of cooking ; and 
 yet Miss Osburn could not interfere, as the cooks 
 ignored her orders. This evil in the administra- 
 tion was not remedied until the abolition of the 
 manager's or superintendent's office and the 
 appointment of a paid secretary in 1875. His 
 duties were then determined as the entire care of 
 the external affairs of the Hospital, whilst Miss 
 Osburn was entrusted with the full management 
 and discipline of the wards and patients, the 
 nursing, the cooking, and all the servants of the 
 institution engaged in these departments.
 
 140 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 The trouble over the official titles of the nurses 
 was extraordinary, and is fully indicative of the 
 narrow-minded feelings which came to the fore. 
 Miss Osburn found, after assuming her duties^ 
 that great confusion existed in the lay mind in 
 Sydney between the respective offices of superin- 
 tendent and lady superintendent. Private letters 
 and accounts intended for herself were delivered 
 to the superintendent and vice versa. To obviate 
 this mistake, she caused her official designation to 
 be changed to ' lady superior.' This simple request 
 raised a storm of indignation, which was probably 
 accentuated by the introduction of the title of 'sister,^ 
 and IVIiss Osburn was accused oi being partial to 
 Roman Catholicism in the administration of the 
 Hospital. The opposition persisted until she 
 reverted to the old designation, when the office of 
 superintendent was altered to that of manager 
 in 1869 '■> but two years later the feeling reacted 
 on the title of ' sister,' and caused it to be abolished 
 and that of ' head nurse ' substituted. It is hardly 
 credible that such a narrow-minded opinion could 
 have weight, especially as the tide of 'sister' has 
 been in use in such Hospitals as St. Thomas's, 
 London, for two hundred years, and its onl}' object 
 is to give the charge nurse in a ward more dignity. 
 
 The medical staff for some time appear to have 
 been antagonistic to the new system. The 
 members of it for some reason desired to keep the 
 nurses in ignorance of the patients' complaints, 
 and the custom of placing the disease of an inmate 
 on his bed-card was abolished, whilst during their 
 rounds the doctors spoke little to and gave the 
 nurse few instructions about the patients. Manv
 
 OPPOSITION TO NEW SYSTEM. I41 
 
 of the doctors entirely disapproved of the employ- 
 ment of female nurses in the male wards, and the 
 nurses felt this want of confidence and support. 
 In the early years, the want of unison between the 
 medical and nursing" staffs is well displayed by 
 the habit the doctors had of giving no prior 
 information about an intended operation until they 
 actually attended to perform it, when they would 
 wait whilst the operating theatre was prepared. 
 Occasionally the nurses foresaw the intention by 
 a patient being ordered a dose of oleum ricini. 
 One member of the medical staff (Sir Alfred 
 Roberts), was particularly antagonistic to Miss 
 Osburn. He gave strong evidence against her at 
 the Charities Commission, in which he was un- 
 doubtedly wrong, and Parkes gives the keynote 
 to the position in his statement that Roberts 
 " spoilt his own efforts to be useful by his desire 
 to be the authority on all occasions." The nursing 
 staff gradually overcame this prejudice which the 
 medical staff" had against them, and in 1873 it was 
 generally acknowledged by the doctors that the 
 new system was a vast improvement on the old. 
 
 Some of the directors also demonstrated their 
 opposition to the new system at its commencement. 
 Certain members of the committee were constantly 
 interfering by giving uncalled-for and erroneous 
 orders on their individual responsibility, such as 
 the opening and closing of windows, by ignoring 
 their officials, and dealing direct with the inferior 
 servants, and by interviewing and reprimanding 
 the nurses in the presence of patients. This inter- 
 ference was naturally not conducive to organised 
 discipline, but was remedied when, in consequence
 
 142 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 of the candid criticism of the Charities Commission, 
 the directors modified their actions and commenced 
 to fulfil their duties more in accordance with the 
 dignity of their position. 
 
 The new routine work took time to introduce. 
 Miss Osburn, on her arrival in Sydney, at once 
 assumed charge, and the five sisters had all the 
 female wards and certain male wards committed 
 to their care. Probationary nurses were sought 
 after, and all applications for the positions were 
 made direct to Miss Osburn, who also considered 
 their suitability; but few were received at first. In 
 the meantime, the w^ardsmen and old nursing staff 
 continued their duties. Towards the end of 1868, 
 it was determined to retain six of the old Colonial 
 nurses, and six probationary nurses Ave re engaged, 
 and then a number of the wardsmen were dis- 
 missed. I n the following year, four probation sisters 
 and seven probation nurses were added to the 
 staff and their training" commenced. The number 
 of wardsmen was then reduced to one in atten- 
 dance on the male lock and stricture ward, and, 
 characteristic of the day, this man was usually an 
 ex-syphilitic patient himself. In the same year, 
 1869, the nursing staff entered into full occupation 
 of the Nightingale Wing. 
 
 The system was gradually developed. As has 
 been stated, Miss Osburn at first had the assistance 
 of five English sisters who were placed in charge 
 of three or two wards each. These sisters had 
 signed a three-years' engagement with the New 
 South Wales Government, commencing on 2nd 
 December, 1867, and their salaries of ;i£,'5o per 
 annum each, with yearly increases of £10 up to
 
 DAILY ROUTINE. I43 
 
 ^'70, were paid throughout by a special Crown 
 grant, whilst Miss Osburn's salary was ^150, 
 increased at first to ;i6200, and in 1873 to ^250 
 per annum. Only one sister remained after the 
 termination of their original engagement ; one 
 left to marry, and the services of three others were 
 dispensed with by the Colonial Secretary. Through 
 this nursing staff the Government thus first began 
 to share in the control of the Hospital. During- 
 their three years' service, quarrelling amongst the 
 sisters was frequent, but subsequently the nurses 
 worked well together. The staff, when it reached 
 its full development in 1873, consisted of four 
 head nurses, as the name of ' sister ' was then 
 abolished, seventeen nurses, seven probationers, 
 and the housekeeper. They had all been trained 
 in the Hospital except the English sister. The 
 sister received a salary of ^70, increased in 1872 
 to ;^8o ; the head nurses, j£^o ; eight nurses, ^30; 
 nine nurses, ^26 ; seven probationers, ;^20 ; and 
 the housekeeper, £40. The day staff was appor- 
 tioned so that one nurse and a probationer took 
 care of the large wards, and one nurse of the 
 smaller wards. They were constantly transferred 
 from ward to ward to give them varied experience, 
 and to arrange for the night staff whose duration 
 of service was only three months. They began 
 their duties at 6 in the morning, and half of them 
 left at dinner-time (r30 p.m.), and did not go on 
 again until after tea at 5 p.m. ; when they remained 
 on duty until the night nurses took charge between 
 8 30 and 9 p.m. ; the other half of the day nurses 
 returned to the wards after dinner, and left when 
 their tea bell rang at 5-15 p.m., and had no further
 
 144 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 duties in the ward until the next morning;". Miss 
 Osburn, as a rule, went around the wards four 
 times a day, namely, before 6 a.m. and again 
 after 9 p.m., and once each in the forenoon and 
 afternoon. The nurses were all dressed in the 
 same uniforms, head nurses and probationers alike. 
 They w^ore lilac print dresses, with trains according 
 to the fashion of the day, and aprons without 
 bodices. A great difference in the new system 
 was the age of the staff, which was considerably 
 below that of the former nurses, and much exception 
 was taken to this, but Miss Osburn maintained the 
 opinion that it was easier to train a woman of 20 than 
 an elderly woman, and the principle was upheld. 
 
 The training of nurses began with the arri\'al 
 of the English staff, the sisters superintending the 
 instruction in the wards. Miss Osburn gave 
 lectures twice a w-eek in anatoiny, physiology, or 
 on some disease with reference to cases in the 
 Hospital. The staff was divided in two to attend 
 these lectures — one half for each day, but owing 
 to the nurses frequently being required at the 
 same time by the doctors in the wards, these 
 lectures lapsed for a few years. They were sub- 
 sequently revived in part, and a few were delivered 
 by the medical staff. 
 
 The wards were gradualh' reorganised and 
 definite classification introduced. The old system 
 of numbering them was abolished in 1868, and 
 they were henceforth known by letters of the 
 alphabet. In 1869, the south wing was, for the 
 first time, entirely devoted to the treatment of 
 female patients, and the main building to male 
 patients. A new w^ard was also opened in the
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF WARDS. 145 
 
 northern end of the ground floor, and at the same 
 time all the partitions in the wards, which had been 
 used to provide rooms for nurses, and other small 
 apartments were removed, the nurses being entirely 
 accommodated in the Nightingale Wing. In 1870, 
 another new ward was opened on the ground floor, 
 also to contain twenty beds, and for a short time 
 this was used for convalescent patients. These 
 two new wards had previously been occupied as 
 quarters for the resident surgeon, board room, 
 and store department. By these additions the 
 Hospital made provision for the accommodation 
 of 227 patients. There was then ten wards in the 
 main building devoted to male patients, as the old 
 original Macquarie wards at each end of the upper 
 floor were divided into two. On the lower floor, 
 the wards from south to north were G, H, J, K, 
 and were devoted to medical, accident, surgical 
 and medical cases respectively ; on the upper floor, 
 the wards were M, N, O, P, O, R, the first and 
 last two being the subdivided Macquarie wards, 
 and they accommodated surgical, ophthalmic, sur- 
 gical, medical, stricture, and lock cases respectively, 
 M ward being devoted especially to operation cases. 
 This ophthalmic ward, as mentioned in the previous 
 chapter, was only maintained for a short time. 
 In the south wing, the wards were set apart for 
 the treatment of female medical and surgical 
 cases, and one as a Magdalen ward. In 1878, 
 the first children's ward was established in the 
 south wing, children under 7 years of age having 
 been previously treated in the general female wards. 
 In the same year, a new ophthalmic ward was 
 ■created in the main building, and the eye cases.
 
 146 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 which had become scattered tli rough the Hospital, 
 were collected together. 
 
 The division of the wards amongst the staff of 
 physicians was arranged so that two honoraries 
 had a w-ard each on the male side and shared one 
 on the female side, whilst the remaining two 
 honoraries had the reverse, one each on the female 
 and shared one on the male side. In the surgical 
 wards, the division was unsatisfactory, certain of 
 the surgeons continuing the old abuses. 
 
 The general appearance ot the wards was im- 
 proved under the influence of Miss Osburn and the 
 nurses, and they assumed a more home-like aspect. 
 Some alterations were also made to suit the new 
 regime, such as the arrangement of sitting-rooms 
 for the use of sisters in the south wing, by re- 
 moving the staircases outside and utilising the 
 space formerly occupied by them for that purpose. 
 The sanitary condition of the w^ards, however, 
 remained bad as long as the old buildings were 
 occupied. Constant efforts were made to remove 
 the vermin, but met with little success. The 
 buildings had also become so infected w^ith the 
 germs of disease that only their total demolition 
 could effect a remedy. As illustrative of this, in 
 1874 an acute outbreak of typhoid fever occurred 
 in the lower northern ward, and was traced to the 
 drainage collected below in the old unventilated 
 foundations, which was the accumulation of nearly 
 sixty years. Outbreaks of erysipelas were frequent, 
 one of the Hospital maids dying of a form of malig- 
 nant erysipelas developed in the Hospital, and it 
 was almost impossible to treat a simple wound in 
 the wards without secondarv infection ensuing.
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 147 
 
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 The quantities of ingredients contained in tea 
 and soup were strictly enforced. At a glance, it 
 can be seen that this diet was very inconvenient, 
 as no extras could be ordered except in diets 4 and 
 5, but still it was a vast improvement.
 
 148 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Considerable advances were made in the more 
 technical side of hospital administration. In 1870, 
 mainly on the initiative of Dr. J. C. Cox, a hos- 
 pital pharmacopoeia was compiled by a committee, 
 being largely drawn from the various London 
 pharmacopoeia, whh the additions of any prescrip- 
 tions desired by the members of the honorary 
 medical staff. It was printed, but was not at once 
 adopted, and not until the late ' seventies ' was an 
 amended addition actually in use. The clinical 
 thermometer was introduced early in this period, 
 and was generally adopted before its close. 
 
 vSurgery made considerable advances, and major 
 abdominal surgery began to be practised. Scien- 
 tific enthusiasm was occasionally demonstrated, 
 and on one occasion a doctor inoculated himself 
 on the arm with the serum of a Hunterian chancre 
 to demonstrate his belief that it was non-infective, 
 in which he naturally failed. Pathological research 
 Avas in progress, and a distinct advance was made 
 by the purchase of a microscope for 85 guineas in 
 1872, but little work was accomplished, and, sub- 
 sequent to the total vacation of the main building 
 in 1877, the attention of the staff seems to have 
 been entirely devoted to treatment. 
 
 In 1869, an attempt was made to introduce 
 homoeopathic treatment into the Hospital practice, 
 and a petition in its favour was presented to 
 Parliament, but the proposal met with little en- 
 couragement, and was allowed to quietly lapse.
 
 HON. ALEX. MACLEAY. 
 1845-1848 
 
 HON. SIR E. DEAS-THOMSON. 
 i849-i879. 
 
 SIR ARTHUR RENWICK, M.D. JOHN POPE, ESQ. 
 
 1880-190S. 1909-1911. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE PRESIDENTS.
 
 ga^a^ai^K^ 
 
 Chaptp:r XII. 
 
 THE SYDNEY HOSPITAL, 1881-1893. 
 
 SYDNEY HOSPITAL ACT— ALTERATIONS IN CONSTITU- 
 TION—ERECTION OF BUILDINGS— TEMPORARY 
 BUILDINGS AND ACCOMMODATION— FINANCES. 
 
 ON the 15th November, 1881, the Sydney- 
 Hospital Act, 45 Vict., having passed 
 both Houses of the Legislature, received 
 the assent of the Crown and became law. 
 In carrying this important measure to a 
 successful issue, the President of the 
 Hospital, Sir Arthur Renwick, was largely instru- 
 mental. Bv this Act the Hospital was incorporated 
 and the old title of Sydney Infirmary and Dis- 
 pensary was altered to that of the Sydney Hospital, 
 and besides introducing various reforms itself it 
 made the way clear for further internal improve- 
 ments in the management. It is under this Act 
 that the Hospital has been administered to the 
 present day. 
 
 The subscribers and governors, who under former 
 regulations were qualified to vote at annual meet- 
 ings, were constituted into a body corporate with 
 
 149
 
 150 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 the lands granted by the Crown vested in them, but 
 with no power to sell, mortgage, or dispose of them. 
 The control of the institution was vested in the 
 board of directors, consisting of twenty-six mem- 
 bers, namely, a president, two vice-presidents, a 
 treasurer, ten directors nominated bv the Crown for 
 life, two directors elected annually by and from the 
 honorary medical staff, and ten directors chosen by 
 the subscribers from amongst the governors, four 
 of the last-mentioned w^ho attended the least 
 number of meetings in the year, retiring annually, 
 but being eligible for re-election. The directors 
 were given the power to pass by-laws and regu- 
 lations for the government and administration of 
 the Hospital, subject to being confirmed bv the 
 Governor-in-Council. 
 
 The board thus constituted formed a satisfactory 
 working body. At first, however, one detail 
 militated against success, as for twelve years any 
 member of the honorary medical staff had the 
 privilege of attending all meetings of the board of 
 directors or house committee, and giving their 
 opinion and advice without possessing a vote ; this 
 custom created considerable discussion and faction 
 fighting at the meetings, and w^as abolished in 
 1892. A satisfactory feature introduced with the 
 new board was the exclusion of the clergy, who 
 had been a large factor in the dissensions of former 
 directorates ; although there was no definite rule 
 against their inclusion, as at Prince Alfred Hos- 
 pital, this became an unwritten law. 
 
 New by-laws were drawn up by the directors 
 and gazetted, and by these the internal manage- 
 ment was placed on a new basis. The board of
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF NEW BUILDINGS. 151 
 
 directors had then the entire charge of tiie manage- 
 ment of the Hospital, the honorary medical staff 
 being henceforth appointed by them, instead of by 
 the subscribers as before. For convenience of 
 administration their duties were delegated to a 
 house committee, appointed annually, and various 
 sub-committees, to carry out the objects of the 
 hospital. An important sub-committee was ap- 
 pointed in 1 88 1, namely, the permanent structure 
 committee, consisting of seven directors and the 
 superior officers ex officiis^ and this was maintained 
 until the Hospital was completed. 
 
 The erection of the buildings being then suf- 
 ficiently advanced, on Saturday, 30th July, 1881, 
 His Excellency Lord Augustus Loftus laid the 
 foundation stone in the presence of a large assembly, 
 including the Premier, various members of the 
 Ministry, and the Mayor of Sydney, besides the 
 President and members of the Hospital Board. A 
 platform had been erected near the foundation stone 
 at the north-east corner of the central buildings. 
 His Excellencv and Lady Loftus, accompanied by 
 their staff, were met at the Hospital gates by Dr. 
 (afterwards Sir Arthur) Renwick, President of the 
 Hospital, and several directors, and conducted to 
 the platform. Renwick then made a lengthy 
 speech, in which he detailed the progress and 
 history in brief of the Dispensary and Infirmary, 
 and drew attention to the fact that nearly seventy 
 years before Governor Macquarie laid a similar 
 stone on the same spot ; he then described the 
 proposed buildings and arrangements, and pre- 
 senting the Governor on behalf of the directors 
 with a gold trowel and mallet, he requested him tO'
 
 152 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 lay the foundation stone. After a glass jar contain- 
 ing copies of the newspapers, the thirtv-sixth 
 annual report of the institution, and a manuscript 
 o-iving particulars of the ceremony and the officials 
 connected with it, was placed in a ca\ity, the 
 foundation stone, which weighed two and a half 
 tons, was swung into place. Lord Loftus then 
 declared the stone well and truly laid and made a 
 short speech. After Mr. Alger had announced 
 that cheques for £"350 towards the building fund 
 had been received, cheers for the Governor were 
 given, and the proceedings terminated. 
 
 The completion of the buildings then became the 
 burning question of the hour, and remained so 
 throughout this epoch. The whole transactions in 
 connection therewith were characterised by marked 
 apathy on the part of the various Governments, 
 -although the enthusiasm of the President and the 
 majority of the directors of the Hospital never 
 waned. At the same time, however, there was a 
 decided want of unanimity of opinion and sustained 
 support of the directors' efforts exhibited by certain 
 members of the medical staff", whilst some of the 
 public, aided by a section of the press, in ignorance 
 of the w^hole bearing of the question, consistenth' 
 opposed the erection of the institution. 
 
 The basement floor, kitchens, and laundry were 
 completed in 1882, the cost being promptly met 
 from the building fund and Crown grants, and a 
 contract for the first floor at a sum of {'23,500 was 
 entered into by the directors and immediately 
 commenced. In 1884 this contract was completed, 
 but in the meantime the Stuart Government had 
 assumed office and held different opinions to their
 
 MINISTERIAL OPPOSITION. 153; 
 
 predecessors as to the Hospital question, and the 
 directors were met with a definite refusal by the 
 Colonial Secretary to ask Parliament to grant funds 
 for the completion of the buildings. Not only were 
 further funds refused, but also a vote for the pay- 
 ment of the existing contractor delayed, and the 
 directors were compelled to borrow ;^io,ooo from 
 the Bank of New South Wales to meet his claims. 
 This action of the Government alone was strange^ 
 but further the Colonial Secretary after consultation 
 with his colleagues refused to consider any further 
 Parliamentary assistance for building a new hos- 
 pital, unless the directors surrendered the land, 
 which had been held since 1848, and had been 
 formally granted to them in 1878. A public 
 meeting of citizens was held to urge the completion 
 of the buildings, and the deputation then appointed 
 was informed that it was intended to remove the Hos- 
 pital to Upper Fort-street. This adverse Ministerial 
 action towards the Hospital was strangely enough 
 supported by certain medical men, who had been 
 consulted by the Government and had thereby 
 demonstrated a lack of foresight and comprehensive 
 grasp of the subject involved. Rivalry between 
 the Prince Alfred Hospital and the Sydney Hospital 
 was brought forward, and objection was also raised 
 to the pretentious style of the building, although 
 this had been approved by a previous Government, 
 but the mainspring of the whole matter seems to- 
 have been the desire of the Ministry to obtain 
 possession of the land for public buildings,, 
 principally Law Courts, and to restrict the scope 
 of the Hospital to that of an accident and emergency- 
 hospital for the city.
 
 154 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 In consequence of this action of the Government, 
 after the completion of the first story early in 1884, 
 the work of erecting the permanent building was 
 discontinued ; but fortunately the Stuart Govern- 
 ment made no further progress with their proposed 
 hospital alterations. In 1885, however, with the 
 advent of a new Ministry, the directors pressed the 
 -consideration of the Hospital under its notice, and 
 suggested that as considerable objection was raised 
 to the cost of finishing the Hospital as originally 
 intended, it might still be completed by a reduction 
 of one story in its height throughout. This pro- 
 posal was recommended by the Medical Adviser to 
 the Government, and was favourably received by the 
 Colonial Secretary, the directors submitting esti- 
 mates of the probable cost of finishing the buildings 
 on this limited scale amounting to ^^50,000. These 
 negotiations, however, had a negative result. 
 
 In the next five years numerous deputations 
 Avaited on successive Ministers urging the claims of 
 the institution, and although they sometimes met 
 with a favourable reception, nothing eventuated. 
 The first definite step towards a finite settlement of 
 the question was taken by the Premier, Sir Henry 
 Parkes, in November, 1890, when he asked Parlia- 
 ment for an expression of opinion as to the 
 desirability of the Government proceeding with 
 the buildings, and the question of completion was 
 aflirmed by 54 votes to 13; the matter was then 
 referred to the Public Works Committee for report. 
 Before this committee the whole hospital question 
 Avas again ventilated, and amongst other subjects 
 considered were the demand for accommodation, the 
 nature of the cases classed as urgent, the character
 
 TEMPORARY PREMISES. I55: 
 
 of the proposed building, and the suitability of the 
 Hospital for a medical school. As a result of their 
 inquiry the Public Works Commission recom- 
 mended the completion of the permanent structure 
 on the reduced scale. Owing to various circum- 
 stances no steps were taken to carry this report into 
 effect during the tenure of office by Parkes, but in 
 November of the following year his successor, Sir 
 George Dibbs, placed ^25,000 on the Estimates to 
 continue the building. In 1892 the erection of the 
 new buildings was at last continued by the Govern- 
 ment and rapidly progressed. Finally the present 
 main Hospital buildings were completed and 
 formally opened by Sir George Dibbs on loth 
 August, 1894. The cost of the buildings then 
 erected was ^"69,218 is. 3d.*, of which ^'45,000 was 
 met by grants of Parliament and £^24,218 is. 3d. 
 by Hospital trust funds. 
 
 During these fourteen years whilst the permanent 
 buildings were being completed, the Hospital 
 authorities were much inconvenienced in providing 
 accommodation for the various departments of the 
 Hospital, and various expedients were adopted to 
 overcome the difficulties created. In 1881 it became 
 necessary to demolish the old dispensary and 
 district surgeon's rooms in the south-western corner 
 of the grounds, and the Government granted the 
 use of the building at the back of the Hospital in 
 the Domain, known then as the Agricultural Hall. 
 This was fitted up as a dispensary and waiting- 
 room, and also provided accommodation for the 
 outdoor ophthalmic department, district surgeons^ 
 
 *These are the figures contained in the annual balance-sheet^ 
 but it is probable further sums were expended by the Crown.
 
 Z56 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 rooms, and attendants' quarters. In 1882 a 
 branch establishment was created at Moorcliff for 
 the treatment of ophthalmic disease, and was in- 
 tended only as a temporary department pending the 
 ■completion of the main building and to reliev^e the 
 demand for accommodation ; it has, however, been 
 continued for the same purpose to the present day, 
 notwithstanding that the Government decided in 
 1883 to convert it into a lock hospital. The 
 premises were rented and at first 40 beds were 
 provided, but in 1888 this number was increased 
 to 65 by securing possession of the premises 
 adjoining Moorcliff. 
 
 In 1882 also the old mortuarv behind the Night- 
 ingale Wing was demolished and the premises 
 for the steam laundry, which were then newly 
 completed, were utilised in its stead, a temporary 
 mortuary and a room for post-mortem examinations 
 being thus provided. In the same year an alarm- 
 ing outbreak of enteric fever caused an excessi\e 
 demand for accommodation, and the directors were 
 compelled to seek additional premises, which were 
 obtained from the Government by the cession of a 
 portion of the Coast Hospital, where a resident 
 medical officer and a staff of nurses and attendants 
 were maintained for the special treatment of tvphoid 
 fever. This was discontinued in a few months. 
 However, in 1884 the limited accommodation at the 
 Hospital was again taxed by a similar outbreak and 
 the Government caused the Coast Hospital to be 
 thrown open afresh, this time for the reception of 
 convalescent patients onlv. 
 
 The dangerous character of the wooden buildings 
 in the event of an outbreak of fire was alwavs a
 
 FINANXES. 
 
 157 
 
 source of anxiety to the directors, and Superin- 
 tendent Bear, of the City Fire Brigade, on his 
 arrival in Sydney, submitted a masterly report on 
 the subject at the request of the board ; acting on 
 his suggestions nearly ;^ 1,000 was expended in 
 minimising the risk as much as possible. The 
 danger of fire remained and two small outbreaks 
 occurred, but both were fortunately subdued. This 
 and the demand for accommodation brought into 
 prominence the question of the removal of the 
 patients from the wooden pavilions into safer and 
 larger premises, and in 1886 their removal to Hyde 
 Park Barracks was mooted. Nothing further, 
 however, was attempted until November, 1891, 
 when the Premier of the day. Sir George Dibbs, 
 made a personal inspection of the Hospital, and it 
 was determined to remove the patients from the 
 wooden pavilions into the Nightingale Wing. In 
 the following" year this was accomplished, and the 
 Nightingale Wing was adapted to the purposes of a 
 temporary hospital at a cost of ^3,471 17s. gd., and 
 the patients removed into it ; one wooden pavilion 
 Avas soon after demolished. The nurses were then 
 accommodated in the premises formerly occupied 
 by the Australian Club in Bent-street, whilst No. 
 207 Macquarie-street was secured as a matron's 
 office, linen room, and dining room for the nurses, 
 where they remained until 1S95 ; the inconvenience 
 to the nursing staff caused by these arrangements 
 need only be mentioned to be appreciated. 
 
 The finances of this period underwent consider- 
 able variations. The annual Government subsidy 
 to the extent of an equal amount of the previous 
 year's subscriptions was again abandoned and a
 
 158 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 fixed annual sum was granted, which in the 
 majority of the years was ^4,000, but at the same 
 time the Government continued to pay for the 
 maintenance of paupers a sum which amounted 
 annually to the neighbourhood of £6,000. During 
 these years the expenditure gradually increased, 
 and the cost per bed rose at a rapid rate, and in 
 1892 reached as much as ^89 los. per occupied 
 bed per annum ; this was owing to extravagant 
 administration and to increased expenses from the 
 scattered state of the various departments. At the 
 same time the income varied ; during the early 
 years the public subscriptions were well main- 
 tained, but in the years of financial stringency 
 through which the Colony passed at the beginning- 
 of the ' nineties,' there was a considerable decline 
 in public support, and in 1892 alone there was a 
 decrease of nearly £1,000 on the previous year. 
 In consequence of these changes there was an 
 annually increasing deficit, and in the four years, 
 1889-1892, this amounted to £^1,312 17s. lod., 
 ^3,696 14s. 2d., /'3, 1 26 IIS. 7d., and £4, 132 7s. id. 
 respectively, aggregating an ordinary expenditure 
 of £12,268 los. 8d. in excess of the current income 
 This was met by overdraft and temporary drawings 
 on the funds. A large part of this expenditure 
 was due to mismanagement, as in the following 
 year (1893) Dr George Armstrong, the medical 
 superintendent, mainly by his individual exertions, 
 reduced the expenditure bv £3,136 14s. 3d. as 
 against that of the previous year. 
 
 The overdraft habit first assumed alarming 
 proportions in 1884, when the second chief contract 
 for the building, namelv, that of erecting the first
 
 FINANCES. 159 
 
 Story, was completed. In order to meet the 
 liability thereby incurred, the directors borrowed 
 ^10,000 from the Bank of New South Wales, 
 giving as security the personal liability of Sir 
 Arthur Renwick, J. R. Street, Sydney Burdekin, 
 and I. J. Josephson, and collateral security over 
 ^6,300 worth of debentures ; the last part of the 
 negotiations was strange, as these debentures 
 belonged to the Hospital funds and could in no 
 way be dealt with, as they were a part of the 
 permanent endowment of the Hospital. For this 
 accommodation the bank at first charged 9 per 
 cent., which was subsequently reduced to 8 per 
 cent. Such interest was a severe tax on the 
 Hospital's income, and frequent applications were 
 made to the Government to pay this off, and 
 although the various Ministers admitted that the 
 Crown must pay eventually, it was not done until 
 early in 1891, when with accumulated interest the 
 indebtedness amounted to a sum of ;^i4,404 4s. gd. 
 The balance of the cost of the new building was 
 defrayed from the building fund, which had been 
 created in 1879, and by Crown grants for the 
 specific purpose. The accounts for this building 
 fund were somewhat loosely kept until 1889, as the 
 fund became virtually exhausted and no cognisance 
 was taken of the asset created by the expenditure. 
 In this year it was taken account of by the de- 
 duction of the Government grants, amounting to 
 ;^45,ooo, from the total cost of the building then 
 in course of erection, ^69,218 is. 3d., leaving a 
 surplus of ^24,218 IS. 3d., which was carried to 
 the credit of the Benefactors' Permanent Trust 
 Fund. In this wav, then, the last-mentioned fund
 
 l6o THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 has become the amalgamation of the old Perma- 
 nent Endowment Trust Fund, which began with 
 ^1,200 of Dispensary funds in 1845 ; the Bene- 
 factors' Permanent Fund, which commenced with 
 a donation of /,' 1,000 by Thomas Walker in 1867 ; 
 and the old Temporary Investment Account, dating- 
 from the year 1868. 
 
 The endowment funds of the Hospital received 
 notable additions in 1886 from the bequest of 
 ;/^ 20,000 by Mrs. Mary Roberts and ^1,100 by 
 Ed. Bennett. Further sums of /^i, 770 iis. 8d. in 
 1887, and ;^707 los. id. in 1890, were received 
 from the estate of the former, and ^ 700 in 1889 
 from that of the latter. A notable gift to the 
 Hospital was that of land whereon to build a 
 branch dispensary at Paddington by William 
 Perry in 1883. 
 
 At the close of the financial year of 1893 the 
 Benefactors' Permanent Trust Fund had increased 
 to ^46,240 3s. 6d., but this development from 
 ^3,343 OS. 4d., the figures for 1880, was not 
 entirely due to new benefactions, but also to the 
 accretions to the fund owing to the new system 
 of accounts introduced in 1889 detailed above. 
 During this epoch the Samaritan Fund largely 
 increased and amounted at the end of 1893 to 
 ;i/,'2,6o8 14s. I id. The fund had been legally 
 constituted by the Hospital Act in 1881, and the 
 method of obtaining accretions and the use to 
 which the moneys were to be applied was then 
 legally made the same as the custom adopted by 
 the directors of the Infirmary in 1865.
 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 THE INTERNAL ECONO/AY, 1881-1893. 
 
 GROWTH OF SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS— CHANGES IN 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STAFF— APPOINTMENT 
 OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT— NURSING STAFF 
 —MEDICAL STUDENTS— INTRODUCTION OF ANTI- 
 SEPSIS. 
 
 THE internal administration of the Hospital 
 during this epoch was characterised by 
 the establishment and growth of many 
 special departments for the treatment of 
 patients suffering from a particular group 
 of diseases, with special officers in charge. 
 Unlike the first special department, the ophthalmic, 
 created in 1878, all the other specialties were estab- 
 lished experimentally as out-patient departments. 
 
 The ophthalmic department meanwhile rapidly 
 extended its scope and usefulness : as has been 
 noted, a hospital at Moorcliff was established with 
 40 beds and increased in 1888 to 65 beds, and these 
 were devoted entirely to eye cases, who wers n»; 
 longer treated as in-patients in the main Hospital at 
 F 161
 
 l62 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Macquarie-street. In 1882 special rooms for the 
 ophthalmic out-patients were arranged in the 
 Domain building and the number of out-patients 
 rapidly increased, reaching a maximum of 9, 144 for 
 the year 1891, who were treated at Moorcliff as well 
 as in the Domain building. The early development 
 was under the control of Dr. T. Cecil Morgan, as 
 senior, until his death in 1885 : he had been a 
 member of the honorary surgical staff of the Hos- 
 pital, but as the ophthalmic department developed 
 in importance he specialised and devoted himself 
 entirely to eye work in his hospital practice. Thos. 
 Evans, M.R.C.S., held the junior appointment at 
 the commencement of the department. 
 
 In the middle 'eighties' the tendency amongst the 
 medical practitioners in Sydney to specialise in a 
 branch of their profession rapidly developed, and 
 this had a reflex in the practice of the Hospital. In 
 1886 two new special departments were created for 
 patients suffering from diseases of the ear, nose, and 
 throat, and for the treatment of diseases peculiar to 
 women. The first-mentioned specialty was com- 
 menced on the initiation of Dr. A. J. Brady, who, 
 in January, 1886, wrote to the directors recommend- 
 ing the innovation ; his letter was referred for 
 consideration to the medical staff, and as a result of 
 their report an outdoor department was soon after 
 established, with Dr. Brady as the first medical 
 officer. In the course of the year Dr. W. C. 
 Wilkinson was also appointed to the department in 
 anticipation of the expected demand for treatment, 
 which was rapidl}' realised, as the attendiance 
 increased from 426 in 1887, the first complete vear, 
 to 3,796 out-patients in 1894. The department was
 
 SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS. 163 
 
 further developed in 1887 by the appointment of the 
 two medical officers as full honorary aural sur- 
 geons on the staff of the Hospital, with beds 
 allotted for the treatment of their patients. 
 
 The gynaecological department was worked 
 experimentally as an outdoor one by Drs. Wood- 
 ward and Muskett in the latter part of 1885. The 
 treatment of women's diseases had been under- 
 taken by the general surgeons prior to this, and 
 one of the earlier instances of major gyna^colgical 
 work was in Nov^ember, 1882, when an ovariotomy 
 was performed, but unfortunately, with fatal results. 
 The demand for this department also largely 
 increased, and before the end of 1886 it was resolved 
 to complete its efficiency by setting apart a ward for 
 the reception of indoor patients. Drs. Thomas 
 Chambers and Ralph Worrall were then appointed 
 senior and junior gynecologists on the Hospital 
 staff, and at the same time thev assumed charge o 
 the out-patient department. This soon became one 
 of the most useful of the special departments, and 
 in 1894 the out-patient attendance numbered 7,309. 
 In this epoch all operations on females were per- 
 formed in a small room in the south wing. 
 
 In 1 89 1 another branch of out-patient treatment 
 was organised in one for the treatment of diseases 
 of the skin, and Dr. W. C. Wilkinson was appointed 
 honorary physician in charge of the department. 
 
 All the special departments were opened two days 
 a week in the afternoon, except the skin department, 
 which was conducted in the morning. 
 
 Prior to 1888, the pathological work required 
 in the general administration of the Hospital was 
 performed by various members of the medical staff,
 
 164 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 chiefly the residents ; in 1883 it was sugg-ested that 
 a resident pathologist and registrar should be 
 appointed to relieve the resident medical officers of 
 this part of their labours, but no action was taken. 
 The project remained in abeyance until 1888, when 
 Dr. W. C. Wilkinson was appointed honorary 
 pathologist. Pathological research was then carried 
 on in the building erected for a steam laundry, where 
 post-mortem examinations and other investigations 
 were fulfilled. 
 
 A further innovation was the establishment of a 
 dental department. Although Mr. E. Reading 
 had been appointed honorary dentist in 1885, his 
 duties were confined to attendance on patients 
 admitted to the Hospital for some other complaint, 
 and it was not until 1887 that an outdoor department 
 for dental diseases was opened under the control of 
 Mr. C. G. Hodgson as honorary operating dentist. 
 
 In addition to the appointment of these specialists, 
 further considerable changes in the honorary and 
 resident medical staff appointments were made. 
 Subsequent to the passing of the Hospital Act, all 
 honorary appointments were made by the board of 
 directors, and candidates for office were required 
 to possess a degree or diploma from a recognised 
 examining body in the United Kingdom or Aus- 
 tralia ; but in November, 1885, the qualifications 
 were altered to candidates holding any degree that 
 was recognised by the Sydney University. 
 
 In 1893 an important change was made by the 
 appointment of two honorary assistant surgeons and 
 two honorary assistant physicians. The appoint- 
 ment of such surgeons had been recommended by 
 Dr. Woodward in 1884, but, as has been seen in
 
 THE MEDICAL STAFF. 165 
 
 many other cases, the Hospital authorities took a 
 long time to come to any decision on proposed 
 changes. At the time of these appointments the 
 district surgeons who had attended to the treat- 
 ment of the outdoor patients in the north, east, 
 west, and south-western districts, were discon- 
 tinued, and the honorary assistant staff took charge 
 of the patients in the outdoor department formerly 
 administered by this district staff. This was the 
 beginning of the abolition of a custom which had 
 commenced with the foundation of the Dispensary 
 in 1826, and the only district surgeons retained were 
 two, who had charge of the Regent-street Dispensary 
 and the south and Redfern-Glebe districts. By the 
 discontinuance of these four officers the Hospital 
 was saved an annual expenditure of ;i^200, as each 
 district surgeon had received an honorarium of ^50 
 a year. The seventh city district, created in 1870, 
 had been abolished in 1882, consequent on the 
 establishment of the Prince Alfred Hospital, when 
 the poor in the locality were attended at that 
 institution. 
 
 A most important alteration in the salaried staff" 
 Avas the appointment in 1888 o a medical superin- 
 tendent. As far back as the date of the Charities 
 Commission the initiation of such an office was 
 considered desirable, and was frequently discussed, 
 but it did not become a question of active politics 
 until the early 'eighties.' At this time the resident 
 staff was in an unsatisfactory state from causes 
 fully discussed later, and many considered a fourth 
 resident medical officer would remedy the evil; but 
 the board of directors decided in favour of a super- 
 intendent. The question was then raised whether
 
 l66 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 this officer should possess medical qualifications or 
 otherwise ; on this point the directors were divided, 
 but, chiefly owing to the determined advocacy of 
 of Sir Arthur Renwick, it was decided to give the 
 appointment to a professional man. Accordingly 
 in 1888 the directors advertised the proposed office 
 in the daily papers of the different Colonies, and, out 
 of twenty applicants, Walter Hull, M.D., L.R.C.P., 
 M.R.C.S., was selected and appointed at a salary 
 of ;^500 a year, board and quarters. The Hospital 
 rules and regulations were carefully revised, and 
 new rules to control and define his duties were 
 passed. He was made directly responsible to the 
 directors for the medical conduct and superinten- 
 dence of the institution, and virtually he was charged 
 with the entire internal economy of the Hospital, 
 with the exception of the duties ot the honorary 
 medical staff and the matron. 
 
 Apart from the medical superintendent, the 
 resident medical staff throughout this period con- 
 sisted of three officers. In the early years the 
 conduct of some of these officers caused much public 
 dissatisfaction ; the cause of complaint was their 
 administration of the casualty department, and the 
 constant friction with the police in performing their 
 duties in connection with this branch. They appear 
 to have been extremely averse to giving any opinion 
 for fear of being involved in a subsequent court case,, 
 but it was not the mere reluctance to do this, so much 
 as the manner in which certain members of the staff 
 refused, which caused the trouble. This became so 
 pronounced that in January, 1883, a Commission 
 was appointed by the Crown to hold an inquiry into 
 the whole matter. At this investigation, and also
 
 RESIDENT MEDICAL OFFICERS. 167 
 
 at one held by the Hospital directors, it was elicited 
 that great inconvenience was caused in the adminis- 
 tration of the Hospital by the resident medical 
 ofificers often being called away to give evidence at 
 the courts ; the labours of the resident staff were 
 also much increased, as, after spending two or three 
 hours at the court, all the Hospital work had to be 
 attended to ; for the extra duties entailed, the staff 
 received no further remuneration, as all court fees 
 were paid to the credit of the Hospital. But, on the 
 other hand, in their endeavour to avoid the difficul- 
 ties, some members of the staff were completely 
 devoid of tact, and in consequence antagonised the 
 police and the public. Towards a settlement of the 
 trouble, the salary of the residents was raised from 
 ;C200 to ^250 per annum in 1884, in lieu of the 
 court fees which they desired to retain. 
 
 In the early 'eighties,' there was great reluctance 
 amongst the medical men of Sydney to accept 
 resident appointments, and vacancies were some- 
 times filled with difficulty, but as graduates of the 
 Sydney University came into the field the reverse 
 came to be the custom, and appointments were 
 ■eagerly sought after. The first medical graduate 
 of the Sydney University to hold office in the 
 Hospital was A. G. Henry, M.B., Ch.M., appointed 
 resident medical officer in 1888. 
 
 In 1893 one resident officer was appointed as 
 senior resident medical ofiicer, and the first to hold 
 the position was H. L. Maitland, M.B., Ch.M., and 
 his duties were defined virtually as an understudy 
 to the superintendent. The resident staff then 
 consisted of medical superintendent, one senior and 
 two junior ofificers. After Hull's resignation, the
 
 l68 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 superintendent's salary was reduced to ;i£^300 a 
 year, whilst of the rest of the staff, one receiv-ed 
 ^loo and two ^50 per annum respectively. In 
 1893 the tenure of office by the superintendent was 
 fixed at three years, but at the end of that time he 
 was eligible for re-election. 
 
 The nursing staff and nurse training school 
 during this epoch accomplished good work and 
 were further developed. In 1881, on the outbreak 
 of small-pox, nurses were supplied for the Quaran- 
 tine Station at North Head, and when Little Bav 
 Hospital was opened, the matron and most of the 
 nurses were drawn from the Sydney Hospital staff. 
 In November, 1884, Miss Osburn was superseded 
 by Miss McKay, and in the following year the title 
 of the head of the nursing staff was altered to that 
 of matron. Miss McKay had joined the nursing 
 staff in 1875, and was the first who had been locally 
 trained to occupy this important position. In the 
 end of 1887 important changes in the training 
 school w^ere introduced on the recommendation of 
 the honorary medical staff and adopted by the 
 board of directors with the proviso that the new 
 rules were not to be retrospective. Under these 
 regulations a definite course of instruction was 
 compulsorv, and no certificates were granted before 
 the completion of a two years' training and the 
 passing of a satisfactory examination. 
 
 During these years medical students were allowed 
 to attend the practice of the Hospital, and under the 
 Sydney Hospital Act definite rules were drawn up 
 for their control. Notwithstanding these regula- 
 tions, however, the Hospital practice was of little 
 service to students, and, as one critic in i8S,-^
 
 MEDICAL STUDENTS. 169 
 
 summarised the position, they worked with no 
 settled plan and were mere dilletanti attendants in 
 the operating theatre and the wards. In 1884 in 
 connection with the University Medical School, 
 clinical lecturers were appointed by the board and 
 accepted by the senate ; they were Dr. C. D. Clark, 
 in clinical medicine. Dr. Harman Tarrant in sur- 
 .^ery, and Dr. Cecil Morgan in ophthalmology. 
 These appointments soon lapsed, and in 1893 the 
 University was again invited to appoint clinical 
 lecturers in medicine and surgery, but these did not 
 become an accomplished fact in this era. The 
 attendance of students was little encouraged by the 
 honorary staff, by many of whom their presence 
 was rather resented. In the casualty department, 
 however, they were of great assistance to the resi- 
 dent surgeon in charge of the gate, assisting him 
 in the daily dressings required ; the growth of the 
 Hospital is well exemplified in this branch, as in 
 1877 the house surgeon and two students occupied 
 an hour daily in completing the work, whilst in 1883 
 the same duty occupied a similar staff for two and a 
 half to three hours. The unsatisfactory condition 
 of this training of medicos was largely due to the 
 difficulties the qualified staff experienced from the 
 scattered state of the Hospital departments, and also 
 to an innate subconscious jealousy when the 
 medical school at Prince Alfred Hospital was in 
 process of development. 
 
 In 1885 a new method of admitting Government 
 patients was introduced, and applicants were no 
 longer allowed to present themselves at the Hospital 
 Avith a Colonial Secretary's order to be examined by 
 the Hospital doctor and admitted if necessary, but
 
 170 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 were examined at an office in Pitt-street by the 
 Inspector of Charities, between 11 a.m. and noon» 
 and he decided on their suitabiHty or otherwise. 
 This created some hardship as patients not attending^ 
 at that hour had to wait until next day. 
 
 A prominent milestone in treatment was passed 
 in this epoch by the dawn of modern antisepsis. 
 In 1 881, the carbolic acid spray was introduced, 
 but never became popular owing to the moisture 
 created and the fogging of the field of vision. A 
 few years later, the use of perchloride gauze came 
 generally into vogue, and the direct combat with 
 the germs of sepsis was definitely commenced. 
 
 Certain current events in the Hospital created 
 considerable stir at the time, such as the service of 
 a writ on Dr. Hull by Dr. H. A. Ellis for ^5,000 
 damages in 1892, and the question of the introduc- 
 tion of the tuberculin treatment in 1891, but are of 
 too recent a date to be studied in their proper 
 proportions.
 
 ^111^12^ 
 
 Chapter XIV. 
 
 THE NEW SYDNEY HOSriTAL, 1894-1911. 
 
 OPENING OF THE NEW HOSPITAL— THE BUILDINGS 
 —NEW SOUTH WING— CHANGES IN THE MEDICAL 
 STAFF— THE NURSING STAFF AND SCHOOL- 
 MEDICAL STUDENTS — THE SPECIAL DEPART- 
 MENTS—THE ADMISSION OF PATIENTS— THE 
 FINANCES— CONCLUSION. 
 
 ON loth August, 1894, the permanent 
 building was completed, and at the 
 request of the directors Sir George 
 Dibbs formally declared the Hospital 
 open. This was performed with full 
 public ceremonial outside the adminis- 
 trative block, and speeches w^ere delivered by Dibbs 
 and Renwick from the steps of the Hospital. Sir 
 Arthur Renwick detailed the history of the Hospital 
 and of the delays in the erection of the buildings, 
 and sketched the proposed future administration of 
 the institution ; he then presented Dibbs with a 
 ^old key with which to formally unlock the 
 Hospital. Sir George Dibbs thereupon spoke to 
 the pleasure given him in the fact that his Govern- 
 
 171
 
 172 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 ment had been fortunate in bringing the erection of 
 the buildings to a happy conclusion, and declared 
 the Hospital open, turning the lock of the entrance 
 doors with the golden key. 
 
 This function initiated the present era, and 
 during this important epoch the Sydney Hospital 
 has risen to be a monument of pride to the people 
 of Sydney. The entire provisions created for the 
 treatment of the sick poor ha\e been placed on 
 solid and rational foundations, the staff, medical, 
 nursing and lay, have been increased and fully 
 developed, the internal economy in the main has 
 been organised with care, and the general status of 
 the institution has become entirely satisfactory with 
 the exception of the question of financial upkeep, 
 which undoubtedly at the time of writing is the 
 burning problem requiring solution. 
 
 The buildings then occupied for the first time 
 consist of five blocks. The central or administra- 
 tive block containing in the basement, rooms and 
 offices for the dispenser ; on the first floor, board 
 room and administrative offices proper ; and on the 
 second and third floors, quarters for the resident 
 medical staff'. The northern block has three wards, 
 one each on the basement, first and second floors, 
 containing twenty-two beds ; in the southern block 
 the basement floor is occupied by the outdoor 
 department, and the first and second floors by two 
 wards containing twenty-two beds each ; in the 
 eastern block behind the administration buildings 
 are three wards containing fifty beds in all, and 
 again behind this is the operation bk^ck, containing 
 the operating theatre and eight small wards of two 
 beds each for operation or special cases.
 
 THE NEW HOSPITAL. I73 
 
 At the date of the opening of the new buildings, 
 it is well to remember that the additional buildings 
 were the Nightingale Wing, the new laundry and 
 kitchen, and the south wing erected in 1857 con- 
 taining seventy-six beds. 
 
 The Hospital in 1894 thus provided for the 
 accommodation of 236 in-patients, besides the 
 16 beds maintained for special cases, and 144 
 beds were then set apart for male patients, whilst 
 the 76 beds in the south wing and 16 beds in 
 the main building were exclusively devoted to the 
 treatment of women and children. Working on 
 this basis an average of 1,500 cubic feet was 
 allowed per patient. 
 
 Immediately after the occupation of the main 
 building by patients, steps were taken to restore 
 the Nightingale Wing, which had been used as a 
 temporary hospital, and to refit it for the accom- 
 modation of the nursing staff. Another story was 
 added and the alterations completed in 1895, when 
 the premises of the old Australian Club and 207 
 Macquarie-street were vacated, the nurses returning 
 to their old quarters. 
 
 In the same year, 1895, a building for the recep- 
 tion of infectious cases was erected and the south 
 wing renovated and brought up to date ; similar 
 renewals to the premises at Moorcliff occurring in 
 1896 and again in 1902. In 1897 a most important 
 acquisition to the Hospital was obtained by the 
 erection of a special building for the use of the 
 pathology department, the cost being defrayed by 
 the Government, and it was formally opened by the 
 Governor on February 22nd, 1898. In May, 1901, 
 the scope of the Hospital was still further increased
 
 174 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 by the opening of the Paddington Dispensary in 
 buildings which had been erected during the previ- 
 ous twelve months at a cost of ;i^3,ioo 15s. on land 
 given for Dispensar\- purposes by Wm. Perry, in 
 1883 ; although the propriety of the decentralisation 
 of the Hospital has long been a point of difference 
 amongst both directors and public, the investment 
 of trust funds in this building are the least question- 
 able, as besides the undoubted advantages of 
 relieving the out-patient department in Macquarie- 
 street and the convenience afforded to patients 
 residing in the eastern suburbs, this investment in 
 1910 returned 4^ per cent, by the rent of the shops 
 on the Oxford-street frontage. In 1901 the Nightin- 
 g-ale Wing was completely altered at the expense 
 of funds voted by the Government, who also 
 provided for the furniture required in the additions; 
 the enlarged premises were fully occupied in the 
 following year and contain a total of fifty-four 
 rooms, devoted entirely to the matron and nursing- 
 staff and their personal attendants. In 1903 an 
 observation ward in connection with the casualtv 
 department was established, and has since demon- 
 strated its usefulness. In the same year the 
 necessity for alterations to the south wing became 
 prominent, and it was proposed to add a third story 
 to contain thirty-three additional beds on the then 
 existing building. Better counsels however pre- 
 vailed, and instead of patching the old building, it 
 was decided to erect an entirely new one ; the old 
 wing was demolished in 1905, and with it disap- 
 peared the last trace of the premises occupied by 
 the Sydney Infirmary. The creation of the new 
 wing: was shortlv afterwards commenced, and on
 
 ADDITIONS TO BUILDINGS. 175 
 
 completion was opened for occupation on 5th Sep- 
 tember, 1907, by the Governor, Sir Harry Rawson, 
 accompanied by Miss Rawson. The entire cost ot 
 this building was ^24,291 15s. 8d., of which 
 amount /,' 14,791 15s. lod. was provided out of the 
 Hospital trust funds and the balance by Government 
 grants. The new south wing, which, since the 
 death of Sir Arthur Renwick, in 1908, has been 
 known as the Renwick Pavilion, is fiVe stories in 
 height and possesses a fiat roof arranged as a 
 solarium for the use of patients ; the basement floor 
 accommodates the skiagraph and massage depart- 
 ments, general store, etc. ; on the first, second, and 
 third floors are situated large wards, each contain- 
 ing twenty two beds and allowing 2,000 cubic feet of 
 space per patient. On the top floor are sterilising, 
 anaesthetic, and bath rooms, and the J. H. Want 
 Memorial Theatre ; the last was furnished and 
 equipped by admirers of this brilliant lawyer and 
 politician as a lasting memorial of his services to 
 the State. 
 
 Since 1899 all these improvements and additions 
 have been entirely carried out under the super- 
 vision of honorary architects, and the Hospital has 
 thereby been saved considerable expense by the 
 gratuitous services of Messrs. Robertson & Marks, 
 who have held the appointment. 
 
 By these various alterations the premises of the 
 Hospital have reached their present state of effici- 
 ency, the entire buildings transferred to the 
 authorities of the Sydney Infirmary in 1848 by the 
 Governor, as representative of the English Crown, 
 have been demolished, and a splendid modern hos- 
 pital has been erected on same site at a cost of
 
 176 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 ^93,601 I2S. 5d.,* of which the Gov^ernment has 
 provided ;^54,4g9 igs. lod.,* and the charitable 
 public of Sydney, through the medium of the Bene- 
 factors' Trust Funds, ;^39, loi 12s. yd. 
 
 The by-laws were revised and brought up to 
 date in 1894 and again in 1899, whilst new rules 
 and regulations were introduced in 1903, and 
 additions were made to these on account of the 
 opening of the clinical school in 1909. These 
 changes were rendered necessary by the enlarge- 
 ment and development of the Hospital's practice. 
 
 As the work of the Hospital and the demand for 
 treatment increased, the honorary medical staff has 
 been proportionately enlarged. In 1894 an im- 
 portant change was made by the abolition of the 
 offices of the two remaining district surgeons and 
 the consequent cessation of all honorariums to 
 members of the medical staff", with the exception of 
 the resident officers ; their duties in the out-patient 
 department at Regent-street were fulfilled by the 
 appointment of a third honorary assistant physician 
 and a third honorary assistant surgeon. The 
 growth of the out-patient department necessitated 
 in 1896 the further appointment of a fourth assistant 
 on each side, medical and surgical, and with the 
 opening of the William Perry Dispensary at Pad- 
 dington, in 1901, a fifth assistant surgeon and 
 physician were added to cope with the new 
 duties. 
 
 In the special departments there have been many 
 additions to the staff". In the ophthalmic branch in 
 1893 an assistant surgeon was added, and a second 
 
 * These figures are extracted from the annual balance-sheet, but 
 it is very doubtful if they are correct.
 
 THE MEDICAL STAFF. 177 
 
 assistant in 1S95, whilst in 1910 the staff was further 
 increased by the appointment of two junior assist- 
 ants ; in aural work a first assistant was added in 
 1897, and a second in 1901 ; in pathological work, 
 offices for two honorary assistants have been made — 
 one in 1900, and a second in 1908 ; whilst in 1895 
 an assistant dentist, in 1900 an honorary skiagraph- 
 ist, in 1903 an assistant gynaecologist, and last year 
 an assistant dermatologist have been added to the 
 strength of the Hospital. In these ways the 
 honorary medical staff has been developed as 
 occasion demanded up to its present state of 
 efficiency. 
 
 The resident medical staff has undergone many 
 increases, with a corresponding division of duties. 
 In 1894 two additional junior officers, making four 
 in all, were appointed to cope with the increased 
 work created by the opening of the new Hospital, 
 and in 1896 a fifth junior and a medical registrar 
 were added to the staff, but the last office lapsed in 
 the following year. In 1897 a resident pathologist 
 was appointed, and in 1898 a sixth junior. In 1902 
 a further increase was made by the appointment of 
 a second senior officer, and in 1906 a seventh junior 
 was added. In the following year the office of 
 resident skiagraphist was created, and in 1909 that 
 of medical registrar was revived for two years. At 
 the beginning of this year a third senior was 
 appointed, and the resident staff now consists of a 
 superintendent, a first senior (who acts as under- 
 study to the superintendent), two more seniors 
 fulfilling the duties of medical registrars, a path- 
 ologist, a skiagraphist, and seven juniors. 
 Throughout this epoch all these officers, with two
 
 178 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 exceptions, were ij^raduates of vSydne\' Universit}', 
 and the appointments were made by the board of 
 directors, and were eagerly sought after. In 190S, 
 how^ever, a new system was introduced, and the 
 Sydney and Ro}'al Prince Alfred Hospitals annu- 
 ally appoint the leading graduates passing out of 
 the Sydney University to their respective s*:affs, 
 each Hospital taking the first in order of merit in 
 alternate years, reserving to the graduates them- 
 seh'es the right of electing to which Hospital thev 
 shall be appointed. 
 
 The nursing staff, both in training and numbers, 
 has been largely de\'eloped. The course of training 
 was lengthened from two to three years, and 
 throughout this era systematic lectures by the 
 honorary medical staff have been delivered, the 
 subjects treated being gradually extended. In 1S94 
 lectures w-ere delivered on elementary anatomy, 
 physiology, medical nursing, surgical nursing, 
 and invalid cooking, and practical instruction in 
 nursing by the matron and senior nurses ; in 1902 
 electricity and massage, in 1903 ophthalmic nurs- 
 ing, and in 1908 hygiene and the nursing of 
 children were added to the prescribed course. In 
 1903 lectures on mental nursing were also delivered, 
 but have not been continued. During the seventeen 
 years 172 certificated nurses have graduated out of 
 the Hospital training school. 
 
 Besides attending to their thorough training, the 
 phvsical welfare of the nurseshasnotbeen neglected ; 
 an asphalt tennis court was provided for their use 
 in 1899, and in 1903 a ' home sister' w-as appointed, 
 with the special duty of seeing that the nurses 
 are well cared for.
 
 STUDENTS. 179 
 
 The organisation of the staff has remained the 
 same, except that the title of ' head nurse in charge 
 of a ward' was altered to that of 'sister' in 1895, 
 and with this change disappeared the last trace of 
 the religious intolerance which darkened many 
 years of the Infirmary's existence. 
 
 Pari passu with the development of the Hospital, 
 the staff has been increased, and now numbers 
 ninety, namely, a matron, a senior sister, thirteen 
 sisters, six head nurses, fifty-five nurses, and four- 
 teen probationers. Even with this large staff 
 the Hospital is in urgent need of twentv-five to 
 thirty more nurses. 
 
 The admission of students to the practice of the 
 Hospital was permissible throughout Uiis period, 
 but no encouragement was officially given by the 
 creation of a definite course or by the members of 
 the honorary medical staft' until the foundation of 
 the clinical school. 
 
 In 1898, the authorities of the Sydney University 
 approached the directors with a proposal to estab- 
 lish a dental school at the Hospital in connection 
 Avith the course of dentistry at the University. 
 The board favourably considered the proposal, 
 but deferred a definite decision until the passing 
 of the Dentists' Bill through Parliament. When 
 this was accomplished, a conference was arranged 
 in 1900 between the senate and the board of 
 directors, and it was decided to establish the 
 school at the Hospital. By-laws and regulations 
 were then drawn up to control the attendance 
 and instruction of students in dentistry. In the 
 following year, however, the board of directors 
 found that they had not sufficient space on which
 
 l80 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 to erect the necessary buildings, and the proposal 
 was then abandoned. A dental school was estab- 
 lished elsewhere, and the major number of patients 
 formerly treated at the Hospital are now attended 
 to there. 
 
 In 1896 and succeeding years, proposals to 
 establish a clinical school for medical students were 
 brought forward on various occasions, but for 
 different reasons, some of which were decidedly 
 petty, no finite steps were taken until 1909. In 
 this year, on the initiative of the board of directors, 
 which was endorsed by the senate, the practice of 
 the Sydney Hospital was officially thrown open 
 to the medical students of the Sydney University, 
 who now have the choice of attendance at the 
 Sydney or Royal Prince Alfred Hospitals during 
 their curriculum, the certificates of each Hospital 
 being recognised alike by the senate. Lecturers 
 and tutors in clinical surgery and clinical medicine 
 have been appointed, and the clinical school was 
 inaugurated on 20th October, 1909. In this way 
 the Hospital has finally accomplished the ideal 
 first originated by the committee of the Dispensary 
 and for many years fostered by the directors of 
 the Infirmary. The school started with twenty- 
 nine students, and in the current year there are 
 forty-five. The school, although only in its 
 infancy, is already being well developed. Weekly 
 demonstrations on all pathological specimens, and 
 a reading room with the nucleus of a reference 
 library, have been initiated, whilst a pathological 
 museum is under consideration. 
 
 The surprising growth of the special depart- 
 ments in this epoch is noteworthy, due partly to
 
 SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS. l8l 
 
 the increase of the population and partly to the 
 development of specialist treatment. Two new 
 departments have also been created. In 1898, the 
 use of the X-rays was introduced ; and in 1900, a 
 definite department was created with Dr. L. H. 
 Harris as the first honorary skiagraphist. As 
 the value of X-rays in diagnosis and therapeutics 
 gradually became recognised, the scope of this 
 specialty increased, and in 1907 the appointment 
 of a resident skiagraphist was rendered necessary 
 and was accordingly made. 
 
 In 1909, the department of special therapeutics 
 was established, with Dr. Storie Dixson as director. 
 This is the outcome of the old massage department 
 formerly controlled by a masseur. 
 
 The pathology department indicates the most 
 striking growth of the various special branches. 
 Since the opening of a special building for its use 
 in 1898 the progress of pathological research has 
 been uninterrupted, and has kept pace with the 
 rapid advances in this branch of medical know- 
 ledge ; in consequence its development is similar 
 to that of the general history of pathology in these 
 years. The striking efficiency here in evidence has 
 been largely due to the fostering care of Dr. 
 Sydney Jamieson. 
 
 The admission of patients has been restricted to 
 those suffering from the same class of diseases as 
 formerly, with two exceptions. In 1905, when the 
 old south wing was demolished, the Magdalen 
 ward was allowed to lapse, and in consequence 
 female lock patients are no longer received into the 
 Hospital. In 1901 exception was taken to the 
 treatment of phthisical patients in the Hospital by
 
 J[82 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 the honorary medical staff; as a result of this 
 action a conference was held at the Sydney 
 Hospital between members of the staffs of Sydney, 
 Prince Alfred, St. Vincent's, and Thirlmere Hos- 
 pitals, and it was decided to urge the Government 
 to erect a hospital for phthisical patients only ; this 
 has been done, and phthisical patients are no 
 longer received into the Sydney Hospital. 
 
 In 1901 a new^ system of admission was estab- 
 lished, and all deserving cases were admitted on 
 application without reference to the Government 
 for the pauper order. At the same time an 
 arrangement was made with the Crown to con- 
 tinue the payment of the same amount as had 
 hitherto been paid, for the maintenance of Govern- 
 ment patients. The Treasury only continued this 
 for four years, for by the introduction of the bed 
 subsidy in 1905 the payment was altered. These 
 changes were the disappearance of yet another of 
 the old Infirmary customs initiated in 1848. 
 
 The treatment of patients, as far as the dis- 
 pensers are concerned, was materially assisted by 
 successive revisions of the Hospital pharmacopoeia 
 in 1894 and 1898. 
 
 During these seventeen years the finances have 
 undergone many important variations. For six of 
 these years they were in the charge of Mr. James 
 Ewan, and for the subsequent period of Mr. David 
 Fell, and many reforms have been introduced. 
 The financial status, however, of the Hospital has 
 been, and is still, the most important question 
 which the directors have to face. The ordinary 
 -expenditure has almost invariably exceeded the 
 income, and at the close of the year 1910, the
 
 FINANCES. 183 
 
 sixty-fifth year of the Infirmary's and Hospital's 
 existence as a semi-private institution, the accumu- 
 lated annual deficiencies amounted to ^12,943 7s. 
 lod., and the Hospital carried an overdraft of 
 ;^ii,i8o 15s. 3d. 
 
 Throughout this period the income of the 
 Hospital has been derived, firstly, from subscrip- 
 tions and donations by the charitable public and a 
 pound for pound subsidy from the Government on 
 the amount of these ; the last custom had been 
 re-introduced in 1893 and has been maintained to 
 date. These subscriptions have amounted annually 
 to between ;^3,ooo and ^4,000, but the figures 
 include the annual sum received from the Hospital 
 Saturday collection. This last collection has been 
 of vast assistance to the Hospital finances since its 
 commencement in 1894, and on seven occasions 
 the Hospital has received ^1,000 or over, and a 
 total of/ 16,412 I2S. lod. It is interesting here to 
 note that this movement and the kindred suggestion 
 of Hospital Sunday, mooted in 1883, were dis- 
 countenanced by the directors, as the board con- 
 sidered a fall in public support would be the 
 consequence. 
 
 Secondly, from the interest on trust funds in- 
 vested, which has fallen from /^ 1,272 os. 8d. in 1894 
 to ;^923 IS. 6d. in 1910 owing to the withdrawal of 
 capital to cover in part the cost of the erection of 
 the permanent structure of the Hospital. 
 
 Thirdly, from the payment of a sum during the 
 first ten years covering the bare cost of mainten- 
 ance of pauper patients admitted on a Government 
 order, in accordance with the conditions under 
 which the Hospital premises were transferred in
 
 184 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 1848. This arrangement was continued in its 
 entirety until 1901, when the Government pauper 
 orders were abolished ; but the payments remained 
 the same until 1905, when the Government dis- 
 continued the maintenance of pauper patients 
 entirely, and substituted a system of paying ^ss 
 per annum per bed in the Hospital. This was a 
 direct withdrawal of the Crown from the conditions 
 -of the contract entered into in 1848, which had 
 induced the directors of the Infirmar}- to undertake 
 the responsibilities of maintaining a larger Hospital 
 than formerlv. This new svstem caused a loss of 
 £^1,300 to the Hospital for the year 1905, and 
 probably an equal loss during each year of the 
 remainder of the period. 
 
 Fourthly, from contributions from indoor and 
 -outdoor patients, which has varied from ^1,300 to 
 ^^3,600, the last figures for 1910, and small amounts 
 from students' fees and the court fees of resident 
 medical officers. 
 
 Fifthly, from special subsidies of the Crown in 
 various years, in response to urgent representations 
 on the part of the directors. 
 
 The expenditure has become much greater than 
 formerly, owing to the larger scope of the Hospital, 
 the increased cost of living, and kindred causes. 
 This is w^ell shown by the annual cost per bed, 
 which during the 'nineties' averaged ^£62 per bed, 
 but during the last four years the average has 
 increased to ;^78 2s. 8d. The entire expenditure, 
 however, has not been borne by the Hospital's 
 funds, as the Government pays the rent of Moor- 
 cliff and contributes ^700 towards the upkeep of 
 the Regent-street Dispensarv.
 
 FINANCES. 185. 
 
 The present gross financial position of the Hos- 
 pital is that it is supported by the Crown and by 
 the public in the proportion of two to one ; but it 
 must be remembered that the Hospital authorities 
 were induced by the Crown to maintain a larger 
 hospital since [848 in order that the Government 
 might be relieved of the care of the pauper sick^ 
 and the figures therefore require further analysis. 
 Taking the statements in the published balance- 
 sheet at the close of the year 1910, the public have 
 invested ^41,831 3s. gd.* and the Crown / 54,499 
 19s. lod.f in the capital expenditure of the Hospital 
 to date, and the public are providing an income of 
 ^8,788 15s. 6d. for the annual upkeep, and the 
 Crown 2{J6,577 12s. iid. apart from the bed subsidy 
 of ;^ 1 1, 105, for which the Crown is liable under the 
 contract of 1848. 
 
 The Benefactors' Permanent Trust Fund has- 
 meanwhile developed from ;^50,689 8s. 5d. in 1894 
 to ;^76, 113 17s. 7d. in 1910, the principal donations 
 or bequests being A. G. Flavelle, ^3,039 6s. 7d. ; 
 J. T. Neale, ^3,000 ; Mrs. Grose, ^2,341 los. 7d. ; 
 Sir Wm. Macleay, ;^2,ooo ; George Hawkins, 
 ;£^J7^3 •7s. ; Mrs. Russell, ^1,438 los. 4d. ;; 
 W, P. O'Neil, ;^^i,4i5 15s. ; and Mrs. Hughes, 
 T. A. Dibbs, Henry Wait, and F. R. White each 
 ;^i,ooo. 
 
 The Samaritan Fund has increased to ^3,520- 
 19s. lod., whilst in the year 1910 the sum of ^2,249 
 8s. lod. was raised for the purchase of Radium 
 mainly through the agency of Miss Nellie Stewart 
 
 * This is in buildings, which are not revenue producing. 
 t These figures are in the balance-sheet, but their correctness- 
 is not vouched for.
 
 186 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 and the Daily I'clegrapJi ; the Radium F'und was 
 also supplemented by the Go\'ernment to the extent 
 of ^2,000. 
 
 To conclude, the history of the Hospital has now 
 been traced through the various periods of its 
 existence, as a Convict Hospital under civil control 
 from 1816-1837, and under military control from 
 1837-1848, as the Sydney Infirmary from 1848 to 
 1881, and as the Sydney Hospital from 1881-1911. 
 It has passed through many vicissitudes, watched 
 generations of doctors come and go, seen the rise 
 and fall of various methods of treatment, and finally 
 emerged into a splendid type of modern hospital 
 for the relief of suffering humanity.
 
 [^ii[^ai[^aii[^^ii^!^ 
 
 ^^ppniDltrs 
 
 xlpprutiix H. 
 
 Proposals for erecting a General Hospital in the Town^ 
 OF Sydney, and a Wall surrounding the same, by 
 Messrs. Blaxcell and Riley^, in conformity to the 
 plan and dimensions of His Excellency Governor- 
 Macquarie. 
 
 That as a Remuneration for erecting the aforesaid Buildings, 
 and finding all Materials for the same the Contractors submit 
 the following Propositions to the Sanction of His Excellency, 
 viz. : — - 
 
 ist. The Building to be commenced on the ist May, 1811, 
 aad to be finished- in three years from that Period. 
 
 2nd. The Contractors to be allowed to purchase from the- 
 first Vessel importing Spirits 4,000 Gallons, for which they are- 
 not to pay a greater price than Government pays for such 
 proportion of Spirits as they may engage. 
 
 3rd. The Duty of 3s. per Gallon on the Spirits thus purchased 
 to be paid in Six Months from the date of its being landed in 
 the Colony. 
 
 4th. To be allowed the use of twenty draught bullocks from 
 the Government Herds, which the Contractors will engage to- 
 return at the completion of the Buildings, or make good any 
 loss that may happen to the Bullocks by Death or accident in 
 that period. 
 
 5th. To be allowed on their Arrival to take off the Stores and 
 to maintain and cloath free of any expence to the Crown Twenty 
 male Convicts for the term of three years^. 
 
 6th. To be allowed permission during the erection of the 
 Buildings either to import from India, or to purchase in the 
 Colony, 41,000 Gallons of Spirits, exclusive of the quantity 
 mentioned in the 2nd Article of these Proposals, with the same 
 Credit for the payment of the duty as specified in the 3rd Article. 
 
 187
 
 l88 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 7th. To be allowed to vend to the best advantage all such 
 Spirits as they are thus permitted to import or purchase. 
 
 8th. To receive from Government Herds 80 oxen fit for 
 Slaughter, weighing not less than *lbs. each, in the following 
 proportions, viz. : 30 on the ist April, 1811, 30 on the ist April, 
 1812, and 20 on the ist April, 1813. 
 
 9th. That as His Excellency the Governor has granted per- 
 mission for 67,000 Gallons of Spirits to be imported into this 
 Colony, — The Contractors to have at their option the libertv 
 to purchase not less than 20,000^ Gallons of such Spirits upon 
 its arrival in part of the 45,000 Gallons. 
 
 loth. That these propositions are submitted to His Excellency 
 in the Confidence that during the Completion of the Building 
 no further permission will be granted for the importation of 
 Spirits-^ otherwise than such quantities as the Contractors may 
 themselves import : and should vessels accidentally arrive with 
 Spirits on board, the Contractors to have the privilege of pur- 
 chasing the same in part of the 45,000 Gallons, after the wants 
 of Government are supplied, and such proportions granted to 
 the Officers" for their domestic purposes as His Excellency 
 may deem meet. 
 
 G. BLAXCELL. 
 
 Sydney, ALEXR. RILEY. 
 
 i6th Augt., 1810. 
 
 ^ D. Wentworth, Esq. 
 
 - To be finished on or before 31st Deer., i8i3.t 
 
 ^ To the 31st Deer., i8i3f, inclusive only. 
 
 * Providing those persons wdio have reed, such permission 
 chuse to sell it them, but not to be compelled to do so. 
 
 5 Excepting only what Government may firrd it necessary to 
 import for its own use and purposes. 
 
 ^ Civil and IMilitary Publicans and Free Settlers as per Schedule^ 
 thereof hereunto annexed. 
 
 L.M. 
 
 * Gap in original: in contract this is stated to be 450 lb. 
 
 t Tliese dates were again aher?d in the actual contract. 
 
 t Not available: evidently the same as schedule Two attached to contract
 
 APPENDICES. 189 
 
 — ♦ — 
 
 HOSPITAL COXTRACT. 
 
 [pp. 449-153, Historical Records, Vol. VII. ] 
 
 6th November, 18 10. Parties to 
 This indenture, made the sixth day of November, in the '^°'^'"'^ct. 
 year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ten, 
 between WiUiam Broughton, Esquire, Acting Commis- 
 sary of His Majesty's territory called New South Wales 
 (for and on account of Government) of the one part, 
 and Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley, and D'Arcy 
 Wentworth, of Sydney, Esquires, of the other part. 
 Whereas His Excellency the Governor of this territory 
 hath deemed it expedient that a general hospital should 
 be erected in the town of Sydney, in conformity to a 
 plan and dimensions hereunto annexed, marked No. p, , 
 one ; and the said Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley, hospital. 
 and D'Arcy Wentworth, being desirous of contracting 
 for the erecting and perfecting the same, within the 
 period hereinafter particularly limited and expressed, contractors' 
 have proposed to His Excellency the Governor as afore- offer, 
 said, to undertake to erect, finish, and complete such 
 general hospital and appropriate buildings, and wall 
 round the same, for and in consideration of the several 
 remunerations and allowances hereinafter mentioned 
 and expressed (and part whereof hath alread}' been 
 received by them, the said contracting parties, and 
 which they hereby acknowledge), to which His Excel- Accented bv 
 lency the Governor, as aforesaid, hath conceded and Governor, 
 agreed. Now these presents witness that they, the 
 said Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley, and D'Arcy 
 Wentworth, for the considerations hereinafter men- 
 tioned, do for themselves, and for their heirs, executors, 
 and administrators, severally covenant, contract, 
 engage, and agree to and with the said William Brough- 
 ton, Esquire, his successor or successors in office, to 
 erect and compleat, or cause to be erected and com- .^.^^^ ^^^,^_ 
 pleated, in an effectual, good, and workmanlike manner, ^ants 
 a general hospital in the town of Sydney aforesaid ; 
 and that the same shall be commenced or begun on or 
 before the first day of May, now next ensuing, and be 
 compleated and finished according to the specified plan, 
 dimensions, and statements annexed, marked No. one, 
 and of materials to be found and provided by them, as 
 hereinafter specified and set forth, on or before the first 
 of May, which will be in the year of our Lord one ^"^"^igfptj 
 thousand eight hundred and fourteen ; and the con- f° ,i,ree 
 tracting parties herein and hereby promise, undertake, years. 
 and engage that the length of the main building of 
 the saicl general hospital shall be two hundred and
 
 190 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 Construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Surgeon's 
 barracks. 
 
 Stables, 
 coach- 
 houses, and 
 enclosing 
 walls. 
 
 General 
 clause. 
 
 eighty-seven feet and one half foot; the breadth 
 thereof, twenty-eight feet ; the height, thirty-eight 
 feet ; the thickness of the walls, two feet ; the parti- 
 tions, eighteen inches ; the window openings, four 
 feet by eight ; outside doors, six feet by eight, with 
 fanlights over them ; that there shall be a viranda 
 round each story of the building ten feet wide ; the 
 pillars of the lower storj? to be of stone, and the upper 
 story of wood, and the bottom flagged with smooth 
 stone, and the upper part boarded and lined with 
 cedar ; that there shall be cut stone from the surface 
 to the base ; that there shall be a wall or terrace under 
 the viranda five feet high, to admit to the entrances, 
 a flight of steps of cut stone, proportionately ten feet 
 in length ; that the pieces and chimnies shall be of 
 stone, and the whole of the outside walls cut ashler, 
 with rustic coins ; that the heads and cells to the 
 windows shall be uniform with the coins ; the partition 
 walls of rough stone to be thirty-eight feet high, and 
 the inside of the walls of the building plaister'd 
 throughout. The barracks for the Principal Surgeon 
 and Assistant Surgeons to be compleated with regard 
 to masons' work in like manner as the main building. 
 The walls thereof to be thirty-six feet high, and to- 
 have cellars with kitchens separate from the buildings^ 
 according to the plan ; that there shall be a kitchen to 
 the hospital built with the like materials as the other 
 buildings, its length fifty-three feet, its width twenty- 
 two feet, and height twenty feet, the floor to be flagged, 
 and a sleeping room to be erected over it for domestics ; 
 that there shall be stables and coach-houses erected 
 according to the plan ; that there shall be a wall with 
 coping of ashler stone, eight feet high with pillars of 
 stone, and necessary gates to surround the grounds ; 
 that there shall be a separate sewer to be carried round 
 each of the main buildings, the kitchens and necessaries 
 leading from thence into main sewers to the rear of the 
 ground ; that there shall be a flagged pathway made 
 from the hospital to the kitchen and necessaries, 
 intended for the patients to prevent them getting wet 
 feet, and a flagged pavement made round each of the 
 buildings two feet wide from the wall ; that a well shall 
 be sunk in the most convenient spot for the use of the 
 hospital. And it is mutually understood, declared, and 
 agreed that the carpenters' and joiners' work neces- 
 sarily comprise framed roofs to the buildings, with 
 rafters, plates, and so forth, in due proportion to the 
 magnitude and extent of the span, the flooring joists 
 twelve inches deep, three inches thick, the whole 
 buildings sounding-boarded and shingled, the stair- 
 cases of mahogany with rails and square bannisters, 
 the doors to be pannelled and of cedar, the sashes double 
 hung, and the several and respective rooms finished in a 
 substantial, neat, and appropriate manner, correspon- 
 dent with the nature and intention of the edifice, and 
 the whole conformable to the plan, dimensions, and 
 statements contained in certain papers hereunto
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 191 
 
 annexed, marked No. one, and subscribed by the con- 
 tracting parties, and by which they undertake and 
 engage invariably to abide. In consideration whereof 
 the said WiUiam Broughton, by and with the appro- 
 bation and consent of His Excellency the Governor 
 a,s aforesaid, hereby, for himself, his successor or 
 successors in ofiice, covenants, promises, and engages 
 to and with the said Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander 
 Riley, and D'Arcy Wentworth, Esquires, contractors Terms of 
 as aforesaid, and with their heirs, executors, and payments, 
 administrators, that they, the said contractors, shall 
 be allowed and have permission to purchase or to 
 import into the colony the quantity of forty-five 
 thousand gallons of spirits (of which quantity they 
 have already received four thousand gallons in part 45,000 
 of the said forty-five thousand gallons), and the gallons of 
 
 SDirits 
 
 residuary forty-one thousand gallons they are to have 
 and receive at such times as are hereinafter mentioned, 
 at the same prices as are paid by Government for the 
 proportion Government may engage on their account. 
 And that the said contractors shall be allowed iix 
 months from the day of such spirits being landed for 
 the payment of the regular duty of three shillings per Payment of 
 gallon thereon, as well as the same period of time for '^""•^'• 
 thj payment of the like duty of three shillings per 
 gallon on the said four thousand gallons already 
 received from the day of their receiving the same. 
 And further, that the said contractors shall be allowed 
 and have the use of twenty draught bullocks from Twenty 
 the Government herds, which the said contractors are o^*""- 
 to return to Government at the completion of the said 
 buildings — that is to say, on the first day of May, 1814, 
 as aforesaid — or make good any loss or deficiency by- 
 reason of the death or any accident happening to the 
 said bullocks within or during that period ; and Twenty 
 further, that on the arrival of male convicts in this convicts, 
 colony from England the said contractors shall be 
 allowed to take oft' the store, and maintain and cloath, 
 twenty male convicts free of any expence to the Crown 
 until the said first of May, 18 14, being the period 
 limited for finishing and compleating the said general 
 hospital and buildings as aforesaid. And that the said 
 contractors shall be permitted during the erection and Importation 
 progress of the said buildings, and the existence of the °^ spirits, 
 contract, either to import from India, or to purchase 
 in this colony, the said residuary quantity of forty-five 
 thousand gallons of spirits (in addition to the four 
 thousand gallons which they have received as aforesaid), 
 the duties on which are to be paid at the period of six 
 months from the landing of the same as aforesaid. 
 And that the said contractors shall be at liberty and 
 allowed to vend and dispose of such spirits to the best 
 advantage from time to time as they may deem 
 necessary or expedient for their interest and benefit. 
 And further, that the said contracting parties shall 
 receive from the Government herds eighty oxen fit Eighty 
 for slaughter, weighing not l?ss than four hundred and ^'^'^''**
 
 192 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 A shipment 
 of spirits. 
 
 Monopoly 
 of spirits. 
 
 Extension 
 of term. 
 
 fifty pounds each in proportions at the following stated 
 periods of time, namely, thirty on the first day of May, 
 181 1, thirty on the first day of May, 1812, and twenty 
 on the first day of May, 1813. And in the event of the 
 arrival of sixty-seven thousand gallons of spirits, which 
 are expected to be imported into this Colony by permis- 
 sion, the said contracting parties shall be at libertv to 
 purchase a quantity not less than twenty thousand 
 gallons thereof in part of the said residue of forty-one 
 thousand gallons, provided that those persons w-ho 
 have received permission to import that quantity chuse 
 to sell it to them ; but it is to be understood that they 
 are not to be compelled or compellable so to do, nor is 
 this contract intended to interfere with or apply to 
 such quantities of spirits as certain persons in this 
 Colony have obtained permission from His Excellency 
 to import for their own use and benefit respectively, 
 according to the Schedule hereunto annexed, marked 
 No. two.* And His Excellency the Governor as afore- 
 said promises that during the existence of this contract, 
 and the progress of the buildings to which it refers 
 (save and except as hereinafter mentioned as to period 
 thereof) His Excellency will grant no further permission 
 for the importation of spirits other than such quantities 
 as the said contracting parties may import in part of 
 the said residuary quantity of fort3'-one thousand 
 gallons, excepting only what Government may deem 
 it necessary to import for their own use and occasions, 
 and without prejudice or reference to the importation 
 of any quantity of spirits which may be brought into 
 this country by promiscuous ships touching at or 
 arriving in this port, in which event, however, the 
 contracting parties are to have the privilege of purchas- 
 ing therefrom, at the price paid by Government, such 
 quantity of spirits in part of the said residuary quantity 
 of forty-one thousand gallons as may remain after the 
 exigencies or occasions of Government are supplied, and 
 after such proportions thereof are granted to the 
 officers, civil and military, to the licensed publicans, 
 the inhabitants and free settlers, as per Schedule 
 annexed, marked No. two, as His Excellency may 
 deem proper to allow them. Provided always, and it 
 is mutually understood and agreed, that as the term or 
 period for finishing and compleating the general hospital 
 and buildings hath been extended at the request of the 
 said contracting parties to six months beyond the 
 term or period originally proposed by them, namely, 
 to the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and 
 fourteen, that His Excellency the Governor as aforesaid 
 reserves to himself and successor or successors in the 
 Government full power and privilege to grant permis- 
 sion to such persons as he may think proper to import 
 spirits in to this Colony in any quantity from and after 
 the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirteen. And lastly, for the true per- 
 formance of the several matters and things in these 
 presents contained on the part of the said contracting
 
 APPENDICES. 193 
 
 parties, according to the true, fair, and equitable A penalty 
 meaning and construction thereof, they, the said "°^^- 
 Garnhain Blaxcell, Alexander Riley, and D'Arcy 
 Wentworth, Esquires, for themselves, their heirs, 
 executors, and administrators, bind themselves unto 
 the said William Broughton, his successor or successors 
 in office, in the penal sum of ten thousand pounds 
 sterling, to be forfeited by the said contracting parties 
 and levied by warrant of execution against their goods, 
 chattels, estates, and effects, in case default is made 
 on their parts in the several matters and things in 
 these presents contained and set forth, or any of them, 
 by which the tenor or obligation of this contract is 
 departed from or violated, without the right of appeal, 
 or assigning, or attempting to assign any error or cause 
 or causes of error in the premises. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties to these presents 
 have hereunto set their hands and seals the 
 day and year first herein written. 
 
 WILLIAM BROUGHTON. 
 Sealed and Delivered Act'g-Commissary. 
 
 (no stamp being used G. BLAXCELL. 
 
 in this settlement) in ALEX'R RILEY, 
 
 the presence of— D. WENTWORTH. 
 
 H. C. Antill. 
 
 T. S. Cleaveland. 
 
 Approved, 
 
 L. MACQUARIE. 
 
 Note. — No. i referred to above are the plan and elevation facing pages 32 and 
 20 respectively.
 
 194 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 JVppculiix ^i — continued. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 REFERRED TO IX THE IXDEXTURE AXXEXED. 
 
 Estimate of Spirits to be allowed annually to the following 
 persons at the Government Price (adding the Duty), on the 
 arrival of vessels with Spirits as heretofore, viz. : — ■ 
 
 gallons. 
 Sevent}"- Officers, Civil and Military, at fifty Gallons 
 
 each 3 .500 
 
 Thirty Gentlemen Settlers, at fifty Gallons each ... 1,500 
 
 Thirty Publicans, at thirty Gallons each goo 
 
 Thirty Superintendents and Store Keepers, at 
 
 twenty Gallons each 600 
 
 One Hundred Constables, Overseers, and Clerks, 
 
 at ten Gallons each 1,000 
 
 Seventy-five Settlers of first-class, at ten Gallons 
 
 each 700* 
 
 Two Hundi'ed free Settlers of second-class, at five 
 
 Gallons each i .000 
 
 Gallons 9.200 
 
 Sixt}' Serjeants, at five Gallons each 300 
 
 Total gallons 9,500 
 
 Memorandum. — It is to be clearly understood that the quantity 
 of Spirits which are already allowed to be imported by ^klessrs. 
 Campbell & Co., for their Fishing and other Concerns, amounting 
 to Ten thousand Gallons ; to Lord & Co., 10,000 Gallons, and 
 7,500 Gallons — in all Seventeen thousand five hundred Gallons; 
 and the quantity of Six Casks to Mr. Thomas Kent, which 
 quantity in Gallons cannot now be ascertained, are to be 
 exempted from all claims of the contracting Parties, being 
 already granted for the private advantage of the above Indivi- 
 duals. But all other quantities of Spirits, which may be 
 imported by the above Persons, or any others, before the 31st 
 December, 1813 (thirteen), shall be disposed of to the Contrac ors 
 at the Government price or otherwise it will not be permitted 
 to be landed. 
 
 SA'dney, 6 November, 
 
 1810 (ten). 
 In the presence of — 
 
 H. C. Antill. 
 
 T. S. Cleaveland. 
 
 WILLIAM BROUGHTOX, 
 
 Actg. Comy. 
 G. BLAXCELL, 
 
 i alexr. riley. 
 Id. wextworth. 
 
 Approved, 
 
 L. MACOUARIE. 
 
 * .A. mistake in original.
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 195 
 
 J^ppcniiix |3 — continued. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR FINISHING CERTAIN PARTS OF THE 
 GENERAL HOSPITAL AND QUARTERS OF MEDICAL 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 The Outside Doors to be raised Pannels two inches, Jamb 
 linings with double Architraves. 
 
 The inside Doors to be two inches thick flat Pannels witli 
 mouldings on the frames and an Astragal on the Pannel, framed 
 Jamb linings, double architraves inside and out, and soffits, 
 locks, &c., to be clearly understood. 
 
 All the Doors for the Officers' Quarters and the Hospital to 
 be the same as those now described. The Windows in the 
 Officers' Quarters to be with recesses down to the floor, framed 
 backs, elbows, frame Jamb linings, and Soffits, with inside 
 pannelled Shutters, and double Architraves to correspond with 
 the doors. 
 
 The Windows in the Hospital may do without Recesses, but 
 they would look much better with them. They are, however, 
 to be finished in every other respect exactly the same as those 
 above described. 
 
 Grounds as to be left for the Base and Surbase in order to 
 receive the Plaister. The Surbase to have a double Moulding 
 top and bottom, and the Skirting to have a bold Moulding. 
 
 There must be a bold plaster Cornice round each of the Halls, 
 Rooms, and Wards, as well as in the Hospital and Officers' 
 Quarters, and an appropriate Ornament over where the Lamps 
 are to be hung in the Halls, &c. 
 
 All the Hall and Lobby Doors are to have fanlights, the Lobby 
 Doors in the Officers' Quarters to have half-glazed Doors. 
 
 Suitable partitions must be put up in the Officers' Quarters. 
 
 The Cellars to be made deeper, and better aired and lighted. 
 
 The Fireplaces in the Hospital Kitchens to be at least Six feet 
 wide, with turned Arches. There ought also to be places for 
 setting Copper Boilers distinct from the Fireplaces, for a variety 
 of purposes too obvious to require explanation. 
 
 The Fireplaces in the Kitchens belonging to the Quarters 
 are to be also Six feet wide and arched. 
 
 The Kitchens are badly lighted. 
 
 There ought to be Harness Rooms to the Stables and Coach 
 Houses, without which they are incomplete. 
 The drains to be particularly attended to. 
 
 Government House, L. .MACQUARIE. 
 
 Sydney, 29th ]\Iarch, 1S13.
 
 196 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
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 APPENDICES. 197 
 
 OFFICERS OF SYDNEY INFIRMARY OR SYDNEY 
 HOSPITAL. 
 
 Presidents : 
 
 Hon. Alexander Macleay, 1845-1848. 
 Hon. Sir E. Deas Thomson, 1849-1879. 
 Sir Arthur Renwick, M.D., 1880-1908. 
 John Pope, 1909 (still in ofifice). 
 
 Vice-Presidents : 
 
 Rev. Wm. Cowper, D.D., 1845-1846. 
 
 Sir E. Deas Thomson, 1847-1848. 
 
 Captain Dumaresq, 1849-1868. 
 
 Hon. George Allen, 1861-1877. 
 
 Rev. Robert Ross, M.D., 1861-1863. 
 
 M. Moriarty, M.D., 1864. 
 
 Ven. Archdeacon McEncroe, 1864-1868. 
 
 Rev. Canon Stephen, 1869-1884. 
 
 E. W. Cameron, 1871-1876. 
 
 Sir Arthur Renwick, ]\I.D., 1878-1879. 
 
 John R. Street, 1880-1891. 
 
 John Pope, 1885-1908. 
 
 Michael Chapman, 1892-1906. 
 
 Sir Matthew Harris, 1907 (still in office). 
 
 Wm. Chisholm, 1909 (still in office). 
 
 Hon. Treasurei's : 
 
 Thomas Woolley, 1845-1855. 
 W. Stuart Montry, 1856-1858. 
 E. W. Cameron, 1859-1865. 
 John Smith, 1866-1867. 
 John R. Street, 1868-1879. 
 John Alger, 1880-1882. 
 John Pope, 1883-1884. 
 Sydney Burdekin, 1885-1891. 
 James Ewan, 1892-1900. 
 David Fell, 1901 (still in office). 
 
 Hon. Secretaries : 
 
 Rev. John McGarvie, D.D., 1845-1853. 
 Rev. Robert Ross, M.D., 1S54. 
 Rev. Alfred Stephen, B.A., 1855-1858. 
 Rev. John Dougall, 1859-1866. 
 M. H. Stephen, 1859-1866, 1868-1873. 
 Alex. Dick, 1867. 
 John E. Manning, 1867-1870. 
 Rev. R. Lewers, 1871-1873. 
 After 1858 two Secretaries were appointed, and in 
 1874 the office was abolished.
 
 198 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 MEDICAL OFFICERS. 
 
 Hon. Consulting Physicians : 
 
 John Macfarlane, M.D., M.L.C., 1866-1873. 
 
 J. C. Cox, M.D., F.R.C.S., Edin., 1873-1876, 1880-iyii. 
 
 H. G. Alleyne, M.D., 1875-1882. 
 
 Sir a. Renwick, M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., 1876-1908. 
 
 F. H. QuAiFE, M.D., 1879-igii. 
 
 Sir Normand MacLaurin, M.A., M.D., LL.D., 1884-1911. 
 
 W. W. J. O'Reilly, M.D., M.R.C.S.E., 1884, 1889-1911. 
 
 Hon. Consulting Surgeons : 
 
 Charles Nathan, F.R.C.S., 1866-1872. 
 
 Sir Alfred Roberts, M.R.C.S., 1873-1897. 
 
 Sir p. Sydney Jones, M.D., F.R.C.S., 1873-1911. 
 
 Chas. McKay, M.D., L.R.C.S., 1874-1896. 
 
 Ed. Bedford, F.R.C.S., 1874-1875. 
 
 Geo. Marshall, M.D., 1884-1888. 
 
 H. J. Tarrant, L.R.C.P., 1889-1890. 
 
 Craig Di.xson, M.D., F.R.C.S., 1891-1894. 
 
 W. H. Goode, M.A., M.D., Cli.M., 1903. 
 
 Hon. Physicians : 
 
 John Macfarlane, M.D., M.L.C., 1845-1865. 
 
 Geo. Fullerton, M.D., 1845-1847. 
 
 Fk. Mackellar, M.D., 1848. 
 
 H. G. Douglass, M.D., 1849-1854. 
 
 H. G. Alleyne, M.D., 1855-1873. 
 
 Owen G. Williams, M.D., 1855-1860. 
 
 B, O'Brien, M.D., 1861-1862. 
 J. C. Cox, M.D., 1862-1872. 
 
 R. Bowman, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., 1863-1865. 
 
 A. M. Brown, M.D., 1866-1870. 
 
 Sir Arthur Renwick, M.D., 1866-1875. 
 
 F. H. QuAiFE, M.D., F.R.C.S. E., 1871-1878. 
 
 Sir Normand MacLaurin, M.D., &c., 1873 and 1883 
 
 T. H. Gillman, M.D., 1874-1877. 
 
 A. HouisoN, M.D., 1874-1878. 
 
 W. W. J. O'Reilly, M.D., 1876-188:5, 1885-1888. 
 
 T. B. Belgrave, M.D., 1878-1882. 
 
 A. A. West, M.D., 1879-1881. 
 
 Craig Dixson, M.D., 1879-1884. 
 
 C. K. MacKellar, M.B., Ch.M., 1882. 
 
 G. J. Renwick, M.D., CM., 1883-1884. 
 C. D. Clark, M.B., 1884-1887. 
 Fredk. Ashwell, M.B., 1884-1888. 
 
 F. H. Kyngdon, M.D., 1885-1888. 
 
 A. Watson Munro, M.B., M.S., 1888-1891. 
 
 T. Storie Dixson, M.B., M.S., 1889-1909. 
 
 Geo. Hurst, M.B., M.S., 1889. 
 
 W. C. Wilkinson, M.D., 1889. 
 
 T. J. Pickburn, M.D., M.S., 1890-1891. 
 
 L. R. Huxtable, M.B., M.S., 1890-1895.
 
 APPENDICES. 199 
 
 Hon. Physicians (continued): 
 
 Syd. Jamieson, ;M.B., M.S., 1892-1911. 
 
 E. J. Jenkins, M.B., 1892-1911. 
 
 A. Jarvie Hood, M.B., 1892-1911. 
 
 J. IMacDonald Gill, M.D., M.R.C.S., 1910-1911. 
 
 Hon. Surgeons : 
 
 Charles Nathan, F.R.C.S., 1845-1865. 
 Farquhar MacCrae, M.D., 1845-1846. 
 
 D. M. McEwan, M.D., 1847-1859. 
 
 Sir Alfred Roberts, M.R.C.S., 1855-1870. 
 
 James Robertson, 1860-1862. 
 
 Sir p. Sydney Jones, F.R.C.S., 1862-1872. 
 
 Chas. McKay, L.R.C.S., 1863-1873. 
 
 Ed. Bedford, F.R.C.S., 1866-1873. 
 
 G. Fortescue, M.B., F.R.C.S., 1871-1874. 
 
 C. K. Mackellar, M.B., Ch.M., 1873-1876. 
 
 Sir Normand MacLaurin, M.D., &c., 1874-1882. 
 
 W. W. Spencer, M.R.C.S., 1874-1876. 
 
 Geo. Marshall, M.D., 1875-1883. 
 
 Cosby W. Morgan, M.D., M.R.C.S., 1877. 
 
 J. C. Cox, M.D., 1877-1879. 
 
 T. C. Morgan, L.R.C.S., 1878-1882. 
 
 Harman J. Tarrant, L.R.C.P., 1880-1888 and 1891-1894. 
 
 A. J. Brady, L.R.C.S.I., 1883-1884. 
 
 Mark W. Traill, M.R.C.S., 1883. 
 
 J. M. Creed, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 1884. 
 
 G. P. M. Woodward, F.R.C.S.I., 1884-1889. 
 
 Craig Dixson, M.D., 1885-1886 and 1S88-1890. 
 
 P. MusKETT, L.R.C.S., 1885-1887. 
 
 M. J. O'Connor, L.R.C.S.I., 1887-1893. 
 
 A. MacCormick, F.R.C.S., 1889-1890 and 1893-1897. 
 
 W. H. GooDE, M.D., 1890-1902. 
 
 Henry A. Ellis, M.B., Ch.B., 1891-1892. 
 
 Thos. Fiaschi, AI.D., 1894-1896 and 1898-1911. 
 
 Wm. Chisholm, M.D., 1895-1911- 
 
 R. Starr Bowker, M.R.C.S., 1897-1911- 
 
 H. L. Maitland, M.B., Ch.M., 1903-19"- 
 
 OFFICERS of the SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Ophtlialinic : 
 
 T. Cecil Morgan, L.R.C.S., 1879-1885. 
 Thos. Evans*, M.R.C.S., 1879-1903. 
 W. Odillo MAHER.t M.D., 1886-1908. 
 Roland Pope, M.D., F.R.C.S., Ed., 1893-1911- 
 C. Gordon Macleod, M.D., CM., 1895-1911. 
 R. H. Jones, M.B., B.S., 1904-1911. 
 Cyril Shepherd, M.R.C.S., 1909-191 1- 
 
 E. A. D'Ombrain, M.B., 1910-191 1. 
 
 A. G. CoRBiN, M.B., Ch.M., 1910-1911. 
 
 * Appointed Hon. Consultant, 1904. 
 t Appointed Hon Consultant, 1909.
 
 200 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Gyncscolo(^ical : 
 
 G. P. M. Woodward, M.D., Brux., 1885. 
 P. MusKETT, L.R.C.S., Edin., 1885. 
 Thos. Chambers, M.R.C.S.E., 1886-1896. 
 R. WoRRALL, M.D., 1886-1911. 
 Geo. Armstrong, M.B., Ch.M., 1897-1911. 
 C. V. BowKER, M.B., Ch.M., 1902-1911. 
 
 A ural : 
 
 A. J. Brady, L.R.C.S.I., L.K.Q.C.I., 1885-1911. 
 
 W. C. Wilkinson, M.D., 1886-1901. 
 
 T. S. KiRKLAND, M.B., M.S., 1897-1911. 
 
 P. J. Kenna, M.B., M.S., 1902-1911. 
 
 R. Arthur, M.D., 1902-1911. 
 
 Pathological : 
 
 W. C. Wilkinson, M.D., 1888. 
 Geo. Rennie, M.D., 1889-1892. 
 Sydney Jamieson, M.B., Ch.M., 1892-1911 
 C. E. Corlette, M.D., Ch.M., 1900-1911. 
 A. E. FiNCKH, M.B., Ch.M., 1908-1911. 
 
 Dermatological : 
 
 W. C. Wilkinson, M.D., 1891-1894. 
 F. A. Bennet, M.D., Ch.M., 1895-1898. 
 W. McMurr.a.y, M.D., Ch.M., 1899-1911. 
 Langloh Johnston, M.B., Ch.M., 1911. 
 
 Resident Medical Officers, 1845-1S88: 
 
 Hugh Houston, 1845-1866. 
 
 J. H. Gray, 1867. 
 
 J. M. Creed, M.D., 1867. 
 
 W. J. G. Bedford, M.D., 1868. 
 
 R. Schuette, M.D., 1868-1869. 
 
 J. De Leon, M.R.C.S., 1869. 
 
 Chas. Johnson, M.B., 1870. 
 
 Thos. B. Ashworth, M.B., 1870. 
 
 James Markey, L.R.C.S.I., 1871-1872. 
 
 T. M. Joseph, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., 1871. 
 
 H. W. BuBB, M.D., 1872. 
 
 L. J. Halket, L.R.C.P., 1873-1875. 
 
 T. H. Gillman, M.D., CM., 1873. 
 
 Andrew Brady, L.R.C.S.I., 1874-1876. 
 
 R. H. Bennett, 1876. 
 
 R. Frean, M.R.C.S., 1877-1879. 
 
 C. G. W. Marsden, M.B., 1877-1879. 
 
 H. Blaxland, M.R.C.S., 1879. 
 
 A. J. Vause, M.B., CM., 1880. 
 
 Thos. Hastie, M.B., CM., 1880. 
 
 Thos. Browne, L.F.P.S., 1880. 
 
 M. W. Traill, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., 1881. 
 
 J. E. MoFFiTT, L.R.C.S.I., 1881.
 
 APPENDICES. 201 
 
 Resident Medical Officers — continued. 
 
 W. C. Williamson, M.D., 1881. 
 
 H. Sinclair, M.D., 1882-1883. 
 
 G. Proudfoot, M.D., 1882. 
 
 G. E. TwYNAM, M.R.C.S., 1882. 
 
 P. E. MusKETT, L.R.C.P. and S., 1883. 
 
 P. E. Shearman, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., 1883. 
 
 James Bruce, 1884. 
 
 W. H. CuTTS, M.B., 1884. 
 
 C. W. Pardey, M.B., 1884. 
 
 R. Westrum, Univ. Mun., 1885-1887. 
 
 G. Lloyd-Apjohn, M.B., 1885. 
 
 S. Lowes, M.B., 1885-1886. 
 
 W. J. MuNRO, M.B., 1886. 
 
 Caleb Terrey, M.B., 1886. 
 
 T. Carson Fisher, M.D., 1887-1888. 
 
 W. R. Clay, M.R.C.S.. 1887. 
 
 D. Gwynne-Hughes, L.R.C.P. and S., 1888, 
 T. J. Henry, L.R.C.P. and S., 1888. 
 
 Medical Superintendents : 
 
 Walter Hull, M.D. and L.R.C.P., Lond., 1888-1892. 
 George Armstrong, 1893-1895. 
 
 E. H. Binney, 1896-1897. 
 
 W. C. McClelland, 1898-1900. 
 
 C. V. Bowker, 1901-1902. 
 
 A. G. CoRBiN, 1903-1906. 
 
 H. S. Marsh, 1907-1908. 
 
 A. J. Aspinall, 1909 (still in office). 
 
 Senior Resident Medical Officers : 
 
 H. L. Maitland, 1893. A. Verge, 1906. 
 
 Cyril E. Corlette, 1894. G. Bell, 1907. 
 
 E. H. Binney, 1895. J. G. W. Hill, 1907. 
 
 M. Veech, 1896. A. J. Aspinall, 1908. 
 
 W. C. McClelland, 1897. W. J. Binns, 1908. 
 
 L. H. L. Harris, 1898-1899. J. E. Edwards, 1909. 
 
 H. S. Stacy, 1900. H. J. Ritchie, 1909. 
 
 A. G. Corbin, 1901-1902. R. S. Candlish, 1910. 
 
 D. A. Cameron, 1902. W. E. Grigor, 1910. 
 
 E. W. L. Combes, 1903. E. L. Parry, 1911. 
 
 F. S. Tange, 1903. H. R. Beatty, 1911. 
 Theodore Ambrose, 1904. A. D. Barton, 1911. 
 H. S. Marsh, 1904-1906. L. W. Dunlop, 1911. 
 
 F. C. Adams, 1904-1905. 
 
 Resident Patliologists : 
 
 G. Ford Rutter, 1896-1897. G. G. Sharp, 1905, 
 W. C. McClelland, 1897. Alfred Finckh, 1906. 
 J. L. T. IsBisTER, 1898-1899. A- J- Aspinall, 1907. 
 C. V. Bowker, 1899-1900. F. O. Stokes, 1908. 
 H. S. Stacy, 1901. A. E. Colvin, 1909. 
 
 F. G. Griffiths, 1902. E. W. Ferguson, 1910. 
 
 Theodore Ambrose, 1903. Elizabeth Hamilton- 
 
 J. M. Thomson, 1904. «, Browne, 1911.
 
 202 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Resident Skiagraphist : 
 
 J. G. W. Hill, 1907. 
 
 J. G. Edwards, 1908-1909. 
 
 E. L. Parry, 1910. 
 L. \V. DuxLOP, 191 1. 
 
 R. J. FuRBER, 1909. 
 W. E. Grigor, 1910. 
 
 Resident Registrar 
 
 H. R. Beatty, 191 1. 
 A. D. Barton, 191 i. 
 
 Matro)is 
 
 Mrs. Baxter, 1845-1851. 
 Mrs. Ghost, 1852-1866. 
 Mrs. Blake, 1867. 
 Miss Osburn, 1868-1884.* 
 
 Miss McKay, 1885-1891. 
 Miss N. Gould, 1892-1898. 
 Miss Rose Creal, 1899-1911. 
 
 Resident Medical Officers, 1889-1911 : 
 
 A. G. Henry, 1889. 
 
 T. F. Wade, 1889-1890. 
 
 L. G. Davidson, 1889-1891. 
 
 P. J. Kelly, 1890. 
 
 P. L. TowNLEY, 1891. 
 
 L. Davies, 1 891. 
 
 G. Armstrong, 1892. 
 
 C. E. Corlette, 1892-1893. 
 H. L. M.\itland, 1892. 
 
 W. J. Shirlow, 1893. 
 
 E. H. BixNEY, 1894. 
 
 J. O. Henry, 1894. 
 
 R. R. S. M.\cKiNNON, 1894- 
 
 1895- 
 M. Veech, 1 894-1 895. 
 E. J. S. Spark, 1895. 
 G. Ford Rutter, 1895. 
 W. A. Forsyth, 1896. 
 A. Kethel, 1896. 
 S. Sheldon, 1896. 
 Charles M.\cLaurin, 1896. 
 W. C. McClelland, 1896. 
 L. H. L. Harris, 1896. 
 L. B. Lancaster, 1897. 
 E. H. Barnes, 1897. 
 J. L. T. IsBisTER, 1897. 
 H. Terry, 1S97. 
 W. H. H.\RRis, 1897. 
 H. Z. Throsby, 1898. 
 H. R. Cope, 1898. 
 W. H. Read, 1898. 
 H. Sheldon, 1898. 
 H. J. W. Brennand, 1899. 
 W. D. Cargill, 1899. 
 
 D. A. D. MacMaster' 1899. 
 
 C. S. Willis, 1899. 
 
 C. V. BowKER, 1898-1899, 
 H. S. Stacy, 1898-1899. 
 H. BrsBY, 1900. 
 
 H. G. Holmes, 1900. 
 
 A. G. CoRBiN, 1900. 
 J. Mackenzie, 1900. 
 G. G. Old, 1900. 
 
 F. W. West, 1900. 
 
 H. C. M. Delohery, 1900. 
 
 D. A. Cameron, 1901. 
 F. G. Griffiths, 1901. 
 
 B. L. Hart, 1901. 
 A. C. Holt, 1901. 
 
 R. W. McCredie, 1901. 
 V. W. Sav.\ge, 1901. 
 R. C. H. Forster, 1901. 
 W. T. J. Newton, 1901. 
 
 F. Webb, 1901. 
 Theodore Ambrose, 1902. 
 H. M. Anderson, 1902. 
 
 G. W. L. Combes, 1902. 
 W. A. R. Sharp, 1902. 
 William Seldon, 1902. 
 F. S. Tange, 1902. 
 
 P. N. Aiken, 1903. 
 A. J. Corfe, 1903. 
 H. S. M.\rsh, 1903. 
 J. M. Thomson, 1903. 
 L. J. Robertson, 1903. 
 R. A. P. Waugh, 1903. 
 L. W. Bond, 1904. 
 M. M. Vernon, 1904. 
 
 F. C. Ad.\ms, 1904. 
 
 G. G. Sharp, 1904. 
 
 Official title. Lady Superintendent.
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 203 
 
 Resident Medical Officers — continued. 
 
 H. F. Sadler, 1904. 
 
 E. Newman, 1904. 
 
 F. G. M. Simpson, 1905. 
 J. W. Power, 1905. 
 
 S. Kay, 1905. 
 
 G. A. R. Bligh, 1905. 
 A. Verge, 1905. 
 
 A. E. FiNCKH, 1905. 
 W. C. Mansfield, 1905. 
 G. Bell, 1906. 
 W. T. QuAiFE, 1906. 
 C. R. Palmer, 1906. 
 J. G. W. Hill, 1906. 
 S. H. Harris, 1906. 
 T. L. O'Reilly, 1906. 
 
 A. J. ASPINALL, 1906. 
 
 F. O. Stokes, 1907. 
 A. P. Gillespie, 1907. 
 J. L. Shellshear, 1907. 
 J. G. Edwards, 1907. 
 W. J. BiNNS, 1907. 
 
 O. E. B. Withers, 1907. 
 
 G. W. Paul, 1907. 
 R. J. FuRBER, 190S. 
 A. E. CoLViN, 1908. 
 W. E. GiBLiN, 1908. 
 
 H. J. Ritchie, 1908. 
 H. Archdall, 1908. 
 
 F. W. D. Collier, 1908. 
 T. C. Rogers, 1908. 
 
 G. M. Barron, 1909. 
 W. E. Grigor, 1909. 
 R. S. Candlish, 1909. 
 E. W. Ferguson, 1909. 
 H. G. Allen, 1909. 
 
 E. L. Parry, 1909. 
 K. A. Golledge, 1909. 
 Elizabeth Hamilton- 
 Browne, 1910. 
 Lilian A. Maclean, 1910. 
 H. T. Marsh, 1910. 
 H. R. Beatty, 1910. 
 L. R. Parker, 1910. 
 A. D. Barton, 1910. 
 L. W. DuNLOP, 1910. 
 H. K. Ward, 1911. 
 A. W. Holmes a'Court' 191 i 
 
 A. W. Macintosh, 1911. 
 
 B. J. M. Harrison, 1911. 
 W. W. Martin, 191 i. 
 
 E. G. Thomson, 1911. 
 
 C. W. Macartney, 1911,
 
 204 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 — ♦ — 
 
 BENEFACTORS OF £30 OR UPWARDS. 
 
 A. Friend, per F. H. Dangar ., 
 Abbott, Mrs. G. L. W. ... 
 Allen, the late Hon. George 
 Alexander, the late Maurice 
 Alston, the late Thomas... 
 .\nonymous 
 
 1885 ... 
 
 1895 ... 
 
 1878 ... 
 
 1874 ... 
 
 1889 ••• 
 
 1897 ... 
 
 r 1908 
 
 . 1909 ... 
 
 (.1909 ... 
 
 Australian Steam Xaviga- s 1895, ;£i49 4s. iid. ") 
 
 TioN Co* (. 1897, £6j 7s. 6d. / 
 
 Ancient Order Druids' Art Union ... 1897 
 Australian Natives' Association, 
 
 Melbourne ... ... ... ... 1897 ••• 
 
 Anonymous (per Minter, Simpson & Co.) 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 97 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 0. 
 
 ..0 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 216 I. 
 
 Baird, the late John 
 
 ( 1896, ;^5oo 
 ) 1897, /260 8s. 
 
 il 
 
 Share of Coronation and Peace Offerin^ 
 from the Banks (Bank of N.S.W., 
 ;^250 ; Commercial Banking Co. of 
 Sydney, ;£250 ; City Bank, £^0 ; 
 Queensland National Bank, ;^io; 
 Bank of North Queensland, £10)... 
 
 Bell, the late Henry ... 
 
 Benjamin, the late Marcus ... 
 
 Bennett, the late Mrs. Eliza 
 
 1898, £100 
 905, ^70 
 
 930 8 o 
 
 1902 
 
 1881 
 
 Bennett, the late Edward 
 
 \ 1901 
 I 1906 
 
 BiRNiE, the late Mrs. ... 
 Board, the late Gregory 
 BoHLSEN, Margaret 
 BowN, the late Charles 
 Bradridge, the late J. T. 
 Brunton, Walter 
 Brunton, John S. 
 
 BuHROW, Frau ... 
 
 Burn, the late Captain James 
 
 Burns, the late Henry 
 
 Cain, William ... 
 
 Campbell, W. B. 
 
 Campbell, the late Mrs. 
 
 Cargill, Mrs. Jessie (D Ward and 
 
 Nightingale Home) 1890 and 1896 
 
 Carr, the late John ... ... ... 1881 
 
 Central Broken Hill Silver ^Iining 
 
 Co. ... ... ... ... ... 1897 
 
 Charley, Philip ... ... ... \ ^ 
 
 1,1891, 
 Childs, Henry ... ... ... ... 1892 
 
 ... 1907 ... 
 ... 1886 ... 
 
 ( 1886, /;i,6oo I 
 \ 1889, ^700 ) 
 
 1852 
 
 1883 ... 
 1909 ... 
 
 1896 
 
 1898 ... 
 
 1909 ... 
 
 1909 ... 
 
 ;^66 lis. 
 
 1875 
 1889 
 1882 
 1876 
 1864 
 
 160 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 ,300 
 
 100 
 500 
 203 
 250 
 211 
 105 
 
 8d. ) 
 
 ;^IOO \ 
 
 £100 \ 
 
 9 4 
 
 1 16 II 8 
 
 200 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 ,1 10 
 100 
 
 7.5 
 
 200 
 
 50 
 
 6 10 
 
 lOII
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 205 
 
 Clifford, the late P. ... 
 Cocks, the late W. H. ... 
 CoMiNO, John 
 
 Cooper, the late Sir D.\niel, 
 
 Bart. 
 
 COOTE, E. J. 
 CORMACK, W. 
 
 Cr.\ne, the late G. E. ... 
 
 Cummins, T. J. ... 
 
 ^' Daily Telegraph " Public Si 
 
 scriptions towards Radium Fund 
 Dangar, the late William 
 Dangar, the late Mrs. Grace 
 Dale, the late William 
 
 Davy, the late Mrs. Jane 
 
 DiBBS, T.A. 
 
 Dick, the Late Alex. ... 
 
 Dixsox, Hugh ... 
 
 DixsoN. Mrs. Hugh 
 Dole, the late Joseph ... 
 Dumaresq, the late W. 
 DuNLOP, the late Wm. Phillip 
 Edinburgh, H.R.H. the Duke of 
 Ellis, the late Eyre G. 
 
 Ewan, James, the late ... 
 
 EwAN, James, & Griffiths, Ct. 
 
 Mesdames (E & F Wards)... 
 Ewan, the late Dr. Frazer 
 Fairfax, Sir James R. 
 Farmer, the late Joseph 
 Fawl, the late B. 
 Fisher, the late Thomas 
 Fitzgerald, the late Thomas 
 Fitzgerald, Estate R. M. 
 Flanagan, the late Michael ... 
 Flanagan, the late Catherine 
 
 r' 1902, ;^i,ooo — ^ 
 Flavelle, the late Adam Guy <. 1903, ^i.^oo — ^ 
 
 ( 1904, i^23Q 6s. yd. ) 
 Forsyth, Archibald, the late 
 
 Fox, the late W. H 
 
 Fox, the late Mrs. 
 Eraser, the late Mrs. Ann 
 
 Frazer, Hon. John, M.L.C, the late ... 
 Frazer, Ewan R. 
 
 Friendly Societies' Hospital Sunday 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 ... IS66 ... 
 
 TOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1897 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1909 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi856 ... 
 ■••I1904 ... 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1909 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1889 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 ... 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1893 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ib- 
 
 
 
 
 1 1910 ... 
 
 849 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 ... 1868 ... 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1868 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1878 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904, £100)^ 
 
 1908, ;£lOO J 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 I9IO ... 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1899 ... 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 ri88i,;^50-^ 
 ] 1900, £50 y 
 
 (.1908, i;5o; 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1884 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1868 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1907 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 186S ... 
 
 100 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 ... 1893 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1877 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••• 1 1902 ... 
 
 VT 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... I89I ... 
 
 226 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ... 1888 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1880 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... I89I ... 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1870 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1885 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... IS73 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 I9IO 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... i88q ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1889 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.039 6 7 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 ... 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( IS8I, ;£lOO) 
 ) 1884,2250) 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,'1893 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1894 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1895 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1896 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 11898 ... 
 
 50 
 
 
 

 
 206 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 FusEDALE, the late ISIrs. 
 Garrick, a. C. ... 
 Ghost, the late Mrs. 
 Gilchrist, the late John 
 Gilchrist, W. O. 
 Gillespie, the late Alexander 
 GoLLiN, George... 
 GoMM, the late Henry 
 Gordon, the late Hon. S. D. ... 
 GoRMLEY, the late Francis 
 Graham, the late Rev. John ... 
 Grahame, the late William ... 
 Gray, the late Mrs. H. H. 
 Griffiths, the late Richard ... 
 Grimley, Frank 
 
 1893 
 1896 
 1866 
 1865 
 
 1874 
 
 1905 
 1902 
 
 1905 
 1869 
 1891 
 1894 
 1892 
 1895 
 
 Grose, the late Mrs. 
 
 Hall, Walter R. 
 Hampton, the late John 
 Harrison, the late J. S. 
 
 Hawkins, the late George 
 
 Henderson, the late Alex 
 ander McLean 
 
 ^ 1894, ;^I,600 
 
 \ 1897, ^150 
 
 / 1899, ;^250 
 
 (, 1900, ;^34i los. jd 
 
 1S89 
 
 1875 
 
 1906 
 
 / 1895, ;^I.OOO 
 
 (1897, £7i3 17s. 
 
 ,_ r 1888, ;^IOO 
 
 ^ I 
 
 ) 1892, ;£l50 
 
 C1897. £55 I2S. 6d. 
 
 Hinchcliffe, the late Andrew 
 HoGAN, the late Alderman 
 Holmes, the late E. B. 
 Hop Sing Tong Society 
 HoRDERN, the late Lebbeus 
 Hordern, the late Samuel 
 Hospital Bazaar and Village Fair 
 
 Hospital Saturday Fund 
 
 HouRiGAN, the late John 
 Hughes, the late Mrs. Vaughan 
 Hull, the late William 
 Hutchinson, the late W 
 
 18S2 
 1S60 
 1907 
 1905 
 1882 
 1909 
 1889 
 / 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 1 90 1 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1882 
 
 1895 
 
 1848 
 1848 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 100 
 250 
 
 TOO 
 IOC 
 100 
 252 
 
 100 o 
 50 o 
 
 50 17 
 
 100 o 
 
 100 o 
 
 500 o 
 
 50 o 
 
 2,341 10 7 
 
 62 10 
 5 
 
 100 
 200 
 
 431 
 105 
 250 
 105 
 933 
 555 
 1,000 
 1,050 
 
 965 
 
 698 
 
 850 
 
 950 
 
 950 
 
 945 
 
 950 
 
 925 
 
 875 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,025 
 
 1,125 
 
 1,250 
 
 1,300 
 
 50 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 172 
 60 5 5 
 
 1.733 17 o 
 
 305 12 6 
 
 14 6 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 6 2 
 
 16 10
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 207 
 
 ^ 1861 
 (1863 
 
 Jaques, a. E. 
 Johnson, James... 
 
 Jones, the late F. 
 
 Jones, the Hon. Richard 
 
 JosEPHSON. Isaac J., the late 
 
 Keele, the late William 
 
 Kellett, the late Airs. 
 
 Kemp, the late Charles 
 
 Kiss, George Grierson 
 
 KiLLOP, Jemima 
 
 Lee, John James, the late 
 
 Leonard, the late Very Rev. Dean T. 
 
 Levy, the late Hon. Lewis Wolff 
 
 Levy, the late Montagu 
 
 Long, the late William... 
 
 Macleay, the late Sir William 
 
 Maguire, the late Thomas 
 
 Manson, the late W. 
 Margoschis, M. S. a. ... 
 Marshall, Mrs. James J. 
 Marshall, John 
 Melba, Nellie ... 
 Mitchell, the late F. ... 
 MoFFiTT, the late W'illiam 
 
 Moore, the late Martha 
 
 .. 1909 .. 
 
 ^ 1879 1^0 \ 
 
 i 1906 ;^50 j 
 
 l5i7 los. 
 ... 1S79 .. 
 (1881 £so \ 
 ( 1897 i^ioo ) 
 
 1870 
 
 i888 
 
 1852 
 
 1907 
 
 1910 
 
 1908 
 
 1889 
 
 1885 
 
 1S85 
 
 1876 
 
 1904 
 j 188^, £100 
 U886,;^250 
 
 1868 
 
 1909 
 
 1897 
 
 1886 
 
 i 
 50 
 
 s. (1. 
 
 3,612 10 o 
 100 o o 
 
 S. 
 
 1863 
 
 1874 
 
 ( 1904, £30 ( 
 
 ( 1905. £70 ) 
 Ward, 
 
 MouLTON, Mrs. (for Children 
 
 MoorcUff Branch) 1885 
 
 MuiR, the late Robert... ... ... 1905 
 
 MacDonald, the late Mrs. Sarah ... 1888 
 
 McEncroe, the late Ven. Archdeacon 1868 
 
 McIntosh, the late Alexander ... 1902 
 
 Neale, the late J. T. ... ... ... 1898 
 
 Newcombe, W., J. p. ... ... ... 1910 
 
 Norton, the late Mrs. Anne ... ... 1879 
 
 Norton, John ... ... ... ... 1904 
 
 N.S.W. Patriotic Fund ... ... 1888 
 
 Oakes, Hon. George, M.L.C, the late 1881 
 
 Oakes, the late James Richard ... 1885 
 
 Oatley, the late Mrs. ... ... ... 1884 
 
 On Lee, George ... ... ... 1875 
 
 O'Neill, the late W. P. 1895 
 
 O'Neill, the late Patrick ... ... 1889 
 
 O'Reilly, the late Rev. Thomas ... 1869 
 
 Orr, the late Mrs 1886 
 
 Orr, the late James ... ... ... 1902 
 
 Paxton, the late Joseph ... | jgg,' /loo 
 
 Perry, Wm. ... ... ... ... 18S3 .. 
 
 150 o o 
 
 200 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 250 o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 500 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 2,000 o o 
 
 350 o o 
 
 ;,ooo o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 200 o o 
 
 250 o o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 153 o o 
 
 200 o o 
 
 66 5 o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 3,000 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 200 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 300 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 200 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 52 
 
 1,415 15 o 
 
 320 ^ II 
 
 53 8 7 
 
 658 19 6 
 
 250 o o 
 
 150 o o 
 
 Land for 
 Padding- 
 ton Dis- 
 pensary. 
 
 o
 
 208 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Poole, the late William Thomas 
 
 Pope, John 
 
 Pope, John 
 
 PuREFOY, W. A., the late Judge 
 
 QuAiFE, Dr. F. H. 
 
 Raymond, the late R. P. 
 Redman, the late John 
 Renny, the late Walter 
 Renwick, Hon. Sir Arthur 
 Riley, the late Frederick 
 
 Roberts, the late Mrs. Mary 
 Rosenberg, the late Phillip 
 
 RowE, the late Thomas 
 Rumford, Mr. and Mrs. Kenni 
 
 (Clara Butt) 
 Russell, the late JNIrs. Rebecc.\ 
 
 Sadler, the late George 
 
 Salomons, the Hon. Sir Julian 
 Shairp, the late Miss 
 Sheridan, R. N. 
 Simmons, the late Mrs. A. 
 Simpson, Colin ... 
 Skarratt, C. C. ... 
 Smith, the late Captain Ch.arles 
 Solomon, the late John 
 Sparke, the late W. E. 
 Standard Waygood, Ltd 
 
 St. James' Church — Collection 
 
 Starkey, the late John 
 
 Stedman, James 
 
 Stewart, Miss Nellie — -Proceeds of 
 Matinee Performance " Sweet Nell 
 of Old Drury " towards Radium 
 Fund 
 
 Stewart, John ... 
 
 Stewart, James 
 
 Struth, the late John ... 
 
 Summers, Anne 
 
 Swallow, the late J. W. 
 
 Talbot, the late Mrs. Marguerite 
 
 Talbot, the late Paul ... 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 ... 1904 . 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1887 . 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 I9I0 . 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1868 .. 
 
 . 165 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ( 1888, ;^52 
 (1898, ;^IOO 
 
 J .3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1876 .. 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 ... 1895 .. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1885 .. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... IS8I .. 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1905 .. 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1868, ;^I,000 ^ 
 1886 ,;^20,000 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887, ;^i,77o I 
 
 23.478 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890, ;^7o8 ; 
 
 
 
 
 (1904. ;^75] 
 1^905. £75) 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1868 .. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^LEY 
 
 1908 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...1899 
 
 • 1.43S 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 (i897,;£i6o) 
 ^i898,;£40 3 -°° 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1894 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 18S6 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 .. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1 888 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 .. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1889 .. 
 
 68 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 ... 1905 .. 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1909 •■ 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 1901 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 .. 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 1903 .. 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 . 1904 •• 
 
 
 
 
 1905 .. 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 1907 .. 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Vi9o8 .. 
 
 45 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 ... 1879 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 1S94 .. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 lyio 
 
 I 400 
 
 1879 .. 
 
 50 
 
 1879 .. 
 
 50 
 
 1886 .. 
 
 100 
 
 1 9 1 
 
 50 
 
 1899 .. 
 
 50 
 
 1895 .. 
 
 100 
 
 1890 .. 
 
 100
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 209 
 
 Tattersall's Club 
 
 Tooth, the late F. 
 Tyre, the late Miss S. M. R. 
 Vanderkiste, the late Rev. Mr 
 ViCKERY, the late Ebenezer 
 Wait, the late Henry 
 
 Walford, the late W. B. 
 
 Wallace, the late William 
 Walker, the late P. B. 
 
 Walker, the late Thomas 
 
 Wardley, the late Miss Lydia 
 Watt, the late John B. 
 
 {I 
 
 r 1908 
 ] 1909 
 (. 1910 
 
 1894 
 
 1900 
 
 1891 
 
 1906 
 
 1900 
 
 1899 ;£50 
 
 900 ;^50 
 
 Watt, William Holden, 
 
 the late 
 W. C. 
 
 Wentworth, the late Hon 
 
 West, the late Rev. J. 
 
 West, the late Amelia 
 
 White, the late Hon. R. H. D. 
 
 White, the late Frederick Robert 
 
 WiLFORD, the late Mrs. 
 
 Williams, the late R. 
 
 Williams, the late J. 
 
 Wilson, the late F. 
 
 Wilson, J. A. 
 
 Wilson and Cunninghame, per G. H. 
 
 Martin 
 
 Wilson. Louis R. 
 
 Wiseman, F. E. ... 
 
 Wilshire, J. T., the late 
 
 Wood, the late J. A. 
 
 Wolfen, the late W. — 
 
 Wright, the late Miss M. 
 
 Wynne, Richard, the late 
 
 Young People's Industrial Exhibi 
 
 ... 1879 . 
 
 1867 ;^I,000 
 1882. ^300 
 1887, ;^500 . 
 ... 1885 . 
 J 1896, £100 I 
 
 ti898,;^25o^ 
 / 1908 . 
 
 l 1909 • 
 
 1861 . 
 
 1863 . 
 
 1907 . 
 
 1888 . 
 
 1904 . 
 1852 
 
 1863 . 
 
 1872 . 
 
 1866 . 
 
 1876 . 
 
 1902 
 1908 
 1885 
 1910 
 1876 
 1881 
 1890 
 1896 
 
 1902 
 
 4 7 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 500 
 
 no 
 
 60 
 
 225 
 
 1,000 
 
 98 o o 
 
 50 o o 
 
 1,800 o o 
 
 80 15 V 
 
 350 o o 
 
 50 o 
 
 50 o 
 
 200 o 
 
 60 12 
 
 105 3 
 
 50 o 
 
 1,000 o 
 
 50 o 
 
 83 4 
 
 100 o 
 
 50 o 
 
 50 o 
 
 500 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 95 
 
 150
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 211 
 
 'llpprutiix J, 
 
 DIRECTORS OTHER THAN OFFICE BEARERS, 1846-1 911. 
 
 Col. T. Shadforth, 1846. 
 
 W. Hutchinson, 1846. 
 
 T. Broughton, 1846-1849. 
 
 T. Cowlishaw, 1846. 
 
 J. Hume, 1846-1853. 
 
 Hon. Geo. Allen, 1846-1860. 
 
 Lancelot Iredale, 1846-1848. 
 
 H. Macdermott, 1846-1847. 
 
 Rev. Robert Ross, 1846-1853, 1855- 
 
 1860. 
 Moses Joseph, 1846-1853, i860. 
 S. Lyons, 1846-1851. 
 Merion Moriarty, M.D., 1846-1856, 
 
 1861-1862. 
 Rev. Canon Allwood, 1846, 1850- 
 
 1851, 1856-1859. 
 Robt. Henderson, 1846. 
 John R. Holden, 1846. 
 T. W. Bowden, 1846-1848. 
 Yen. John McEncroe, 1846-1858, 
 
 1861-1863. 
 Thos. Hyndes, 1846, 1850-1855. 
 Capt. W. J. Dumaresq, 1846-1848. 
 John Brown, 1846-1847. 
 J. H. Challis, 1846-1849. 
 Felix Wilson, 1846-1851. 
 Rev. Jas. Fullerton, LL.D., 1S46- 
 
 1848. 
 T. W. Smart, 1846-1850. 
 Rev. J. C. Grylls, 1847. 
 P. Friell, 1847. 
 John Henderson, 1847. 
 John Grahame, 1847. 
 John Gilchrist, 1847-1849. 
 J. N. Smith, 1847-1848. 
 James Mitchell, 1847-1854. 
 G. A. Lloyd, 1848-1855. 
 Rev. W. B. Boyce, 1848. 
 John Fairfax, 1848-1849, 1851-1852, 
 
 1854. 
 W. MoiR, 1848-1849. 
 E. Hunt, 1848-1851, 1853-1854. 
 Wm. Macpherson, 1848-1862. 
 John Dunsmure, 1849-1850, 1853- 
 
 1854, 1860-1862. 
 G. P. F. Gregory, 1849-1850. 
 George Miller, 1849-1854. 
 Robt. Tooth, 1849. 
 Rev. W. H. Walsh, 1849, 1862-1866. 
 John Williams, 1849-1855. 
 Joseph Thompson, Senr., 1850-1852. 
 George Hill, 1850. 
 Wm. Brown, 1850. 
 John Smith, 1850-1865. 
 Sir Daniel Cooper, 1850, 1856. 
 Alexander Longmore, 1851. 
 James Wright, 1851-1862. 
 David Jones, 1851-1854. 
 Stuart A. Donaldson, 1851. 
 Robt. Coveny, 1851-1852, 1863-1878. 
 Rev. a. H. Stephen, 1852-1854, 1859- 
 
 1868. 
 Chas. Cowper, 1852, 1861. 
 W. S. Moutry, 1852-1855, 1859-1860. 
 
 Samuel Peek, 1852. 
 
 Clark Irving, 1852-1853. 
 
 Wm. Long, 1852. 
 
 H. H. Browne, 1853-1861. 
 
 Thos. Barker, 1853, 1856. 
 
 T. W. Smith, 1853, 1855. 
 
 Rev. C. J. Sumner, 1653. 
 
 Rev. D. M. O'Connell, 1854-1860. 
 
 M. Metcalfe, 1854, 1869-1873. 
 
 R. A. A. Morehead, 1854-185S, 1860- 
 
 1865. 
 Francis Mitchell, 1854-1857. 
 James Dawson, 1854-1855. 
 John Dalley, 1854-1867. 
 M. Egan Murnin, 1855-1859. 
 Daniel Egan, 1855-1865. 
 Chas. Kemp, 1855. 
 Rev. C. F. Priddle, 1855. 
 Rev. P. O'Farrell, 1855-1856. 
 H. G. Douglass, M.D., 1855-1858. 
 Andrew Bonar, 1856-1859. 
 Rev. John Dougall, 1856-1858. 
 John Black, 1856-1857. 
 Hon. John Alexander, 1856-1859. 
 Capt. Moriarty, R.N., 1857-1860. 
 Rev. Dr. Mackay, 1857-1858. 
 Rev. Geo. King, 1857-1866. 
 M. H. Stephen, 1857-1858, 1867, 1875. 
 Rev. Edward Nixon, 1858. 
 Rev. Jas. Milne, 1858-1869. 
 R. a. Hunt, 1859-1865. 
 A. Lenehan, 1859-1865. 
 M. Alexander, 1859-1873. 
 Rev. S. a. Sheehy, 1859-1865. 
 J. B. Montefiore, 1859. 
 J. V. Gorman, 1860-1861. 
 G. K. Ingelow, 1860-1861. 
 Chas. Fairfa.x, 1860-1861. 
 R. Stewart, 1861-1867. 
 J. H. Atkinson, 1861. 
 Very Rev. Dean Sheridan, 1862- 
 
 1881. 
 E. Flood, 1862. 
 E. Butler, 1862. 
 J. Caldwell, 1862-1866. 
 Eyre Ellis, 1862-1864. 
 Hon. W. M. Alderson, 186^-1877, 
 
 1882-1884. 
 
 J. H. GOODLET, 1863-1868. 
 
 W. Love, 1863-1865. 
 
 A. F. WiLSHIRE, 1863-1865. 
 
 John Frazer, 1863, 1864, 1872-4. 
 
 J. F. Josephson, 1864-1865. 
 
 Rev. Adam Thompson, 1864-1874. 
 
 J. Flavelle, 1866-1875. 
 
 Rev. J. DwYER, 1866-1879. 
 
 Alex. Dick, 1866-1867. 
 
 J. G. Raphael, 1866-1874, 1876-1878. 
 
 J. Baptist, i 866-1 867. 
 
 W. A. Starkey, 1866. 
 
 J. E. Manning, 1866-1870. 
 
 Rev. J. Graham, 1867-1871. 
 
 S. C. Burt, 1867-1868. 
 
 Thos. Iceton, 1867-1868.
 
 212 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SYDNEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 DIRECTORS OTHER THAN OFFICE BEARERS, 1S46- 191 i —cohW 
 
 f. R. Street, 1867. 
 
 MoN. S. D. Gordon, 1867-1872. 
 
 J. B. RuNDLE, 1867. 
 
 CiiAs. Moore, 1867. 
 
 John Alger, 1868-1879. 
 
 E. W. Cameron, 1868-1870. 
 
 Sir Edward Knox, 1868-1874. 
 
 Walter Lamb, 1868. 
 
 J. Grafton Ross, 1868-1873. 
 
 J. Thompson, 1868-1869, 1875. 
 
 John Dawson, 1869-1871. 
 
 Richard Jones, 1869-1873. 
 
 Lt.-Col. Richardson, 1869-1870. 
 
 J. B. Watt, 1869-1873. 
 
 0. J. Caraher, 1870-1871. 
 Rev. R. Lewers, 1870. 
 
 j. b. holdsworth, 187i-1875. 
 Rev. Thos. Smith, 1871-1873. 
 Geo. Foster Wise, 1871-188 i. 
 John Hughes, 1872. 
 
 1. J. JosEPHSON, 1872-1895. 
 Jos. Paxton, 1873-1874. 
 
 S. H. Pearce, 1873. 
 J. J. Curran, 1874-1876. 
 W. C. Curtis, 1874-1877. 
 Chas. Mackay, M.D., 1874-1S84, 
 1886-1895. 
 
 E. T. Penfold, 1874, 1883-1884. 
 Frank Senior, 1874-1895. 
 John St.arkey, 1874-1898. 
 Richard Wynne, 1874-1875. 
 
 H. E. A. Allan, 1875-1881. 
 Michael Chapman, 1875-1891. 
 
 F. H. Dangar, 1875-1879. 
 John Pope, 1875-1882. 
 
 J. V. Barnard, 1876-1878. 
 Alfred Cane, i 876-1 881. 
 Benj.\min Palmer, 1876-1881. 
 Sir Arthur Renwick, 1876-1877. 
 Wm. Clarke, 1877-1880. 
 Sydney Burdeki.n, 1877-1884, 1892- 
 
 1899. 
 Joseph Graham, 1878-1893. 
 Richard McCoy, 1878-1896. 
 RoBT. Gray, 1879-1881. 
 Samuel E. Lees, 1879-1881, 1883- 
 
 1901. 
 C. J. Roberts, 1879-1S86. 
 J. C. Cox, M.D., 1880-1883. 
 Hon. Robt. Fowler, 1880-1882, 1897- 
 
 1906. 
 John Harris, 1880-1882, 1888-1889. 
 Edward Hordern, 1881. 
 F. Abigail, 1882-1892. 
 Hon. John Davies, 1882-1896. 
 Jeremiah Donovan, 1882-1886. 
 W. G. Murray, 1882-1883. 
 
 T. M. Slattery, 1882-1887. 
 
 Hon. R. B. Smith, 1882-1895. 
 
 Alex. Dean, 1884-1903. 
 
 John Hardie, 1884-1892. 
 
 G. N. Griffiths, 1885, 1887-1904. 
 
 Thos. Playfair, 1885-1886. 
 
 Hon. C. K. Mackellar, 1886-1891, 
 
 1893-1903. 
 A. C. Shadler, 1886-1889, X896-1909. 
 John Young, 1886. 
 Robt. Butcher, 1887-1888. 
 
 A. J. Riley, 1887. 
 
 John Hourigan, 1888-1900. 
 James Martin, 1888-1898. 
 James Ewan, 1889-1891. 
 W. H. Flavelle, 1890-1893, 1895- 
 1904. 
 
 B. B. Nicoll, 1890-1892. 
 
 Sir James Grah.\m, 1892-1911. 
 
 Alex. Matheson, 1893-1894. 
 
 Laidley Mort, 1893. 
 
 R. N. Sheridan, 1893-191 i. 
 
 J.\MEs R. Hill, 1894-1898. 
 
 Hon. S. a. Stephen, 1894-1895. 
 
 Hon. H. J. T.arrant, 1894-1895. 
 
 David Fell, 1896-1900. 
 
 Dr. J. Foreman, 1896-191 1. 
 
 Sir Matthew Harris, 1896-1906. 
 
 L. C. Russell Jones, 1896-1911. 
 
 Hon. R. H. D. White, 1896-1900. 
 
 J. T. Wilshire, 1896-1899. 
 
 Thos. Evans, 1898-1906. 
 
 Dr. E. J. Jenkins, 1898-1902. 
 
 Hon. R. J. Black, 1899-1911. 
 
 James Stedman, 1899-191 i. 
 
 J. H. GooDLET, 1899-1911. 
 
 C. L. Garland, 1900-191 i. 
 Sir John See, 1900-1903. 
 T. R. Allt, 1901-1909. 
 
 Dr. J. J. Power, 1901-1906. 
 G. BoYCE Allen, 1902-1904. 
 Dr. Wm. Chisholm, 1903-190S. 
 Hon. J. M. Creed, 1904-1911. 
 Hon. J. B. Nash, 1904-1911. 
 Hon. Sir F. B. Suttor, 1904-1911. 
 Hon. S. E. Lees, 1904-1905. 
 Hon. James Ashton, 1905-1906. 
 A. E. Jaques, 1905-1911. 
 John Stinson, 1905-191 i. 
 Christopher Bennett, 1907-1911. 
 Dr. .\. J. Brady, 1907-1911. 
 E. C. \'. Broughton, 1907-1911. 
 Sir Henry Stephen, 1908-1910. 
 Dr. R. Steer Bowker, 1909-1911. 
 Hon. John Garland, 1910-1911. 
 A. J. Onslow Thompson, 191 i. 
 Dr. W. Odillo Maher, 1911. 
 
 In addition to these directors, in the years prior to 1869, the Colonial 
 Secretary, the Speaker of the Assemblv, the members of the Legislature 
 for the City of Sydney and County of Cumberland, and the Mayor of Sydney 
 were directors ex officits, provided they were qualilicd as governors. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 P. 122, two lines from the bottom of page — 1865 should read 1855.
 
 Sydney: 
 a. gullick. government printer. 

 
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