■
 
 I \\ % * 
 
 
 A %g 4KP" *'* *n>

 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 1 807- 1 907 
 
 Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristics 
 
 WITH 
 
 Biographical Sketches and Portraits of its Founders, Benefactors, 
 Regents, Faculty and Alumni 
 
 BY 
 
 EUGENE FAUNTLEROY CORDELL, M. D.. 
 
 Honorary Professor of the History of Medicine — Author of " The 
 
 Medical Annals of Maryland." " Transactions of the 
 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty," etc. 
 
 Associate editors 
 
 WILLIAM CALVIN CHESNTJT. A. B.. LI. B. 
 
 ROBERT DORSEY COALE PH D., CHARLES CASPARI. JR., PH. G. 
 
 FERDINAND J. S. GORGAS, A. M., D. D. S., M. I). 
 
 Volume I. 
 
 <?Titc Ccnne yublidlumi QDom^any 
 
 ilcw ITorlt 
 
 (i" Iticago
 
 Copyright 
 
 1907 
 
 The Lewis Publishing Company
 
 L-JJ 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP ('AT.IFORNIiC 
 SANTA BARDARA 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The possession of a history is a thing to be desired by every University. 
 The authorities and Alumni of the University of Maryland are, therefore, to 
 be congratulated upon this work, the result of researches carried on by the 
 author for more than a quarter of a century. 
 
 The Alumni are also deserving of great praise for their loyalty to the 
 institution and their liberality in subscribing, which has made the work pos- 
 sible. And, in passing, we desire to acknowledge the pleasure with which 
 we learned that the graduates of this University have shown as great a 
 readiness to subscribe to this history as those of other and greater Univer- 
 sities have shown under similar circumstances. 
 
 While the work is not issued by the University, and, therefore, lacks 
 official authority, it possesses a semi-official character by virtue of the fact 
 that the various departments are represented by their Deans, as Honorary 
 Editors, and that the Editor-in-Chief is a member of one of the Faculties 
 and the recognized historian of the Institution. 
 
 The Editor is responsible for the historical part, contained in the first 
 volume, entire, except a small number of biographies of members of Facul- 
 ties. The biographies of Alumni, contained in Volume II v , were written 
 by the editorial staff of the publishing firm, and by them (as we are assured) 
 submitted to the subjects for revision. 
 
 The typographical work upon the book is unexceptionable, and speaks 
 for itself. It reflects great credit upon the publishers, and must fill the 
 friends of the old University with pride and satisfaction, when they see in 
 what a noble dress the theme, so dear to us all, is presented. 
 
 That our Alumni may find it all they could wish, and may spend many 
 a pleasant leisure hour in a perusal of its pages, is the wish of 
 
 Their sincere friend, 
 
 THE AUTHOR.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 The University 3 
 
 School of Medicine 133 
 
 School of Law 337 
 
 Department of Dentistry 381 
 
 School of Pharmacy 405 
 
 School of Arts and Sciences 457 
 
 Appendix 507
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION
 
 I. THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 THERE was no institution of collegiate rank within the borders 
 of the State of Maryland until after the Revolutionary War. 
 The first to be established was Washington College, at Chester- 
 town, on the Eastern Shore. It received its charter in 1782, 
 developing out of the Kent County Free School. It received its name "in 
 honourable and perpetual memory of his Excellency General Washington, 
 the illustrious and virtuous commander-in-chief of the armies of the United 
 States." 
 
 The next such institution — St. John's College, at Annapolis — owed its 
 existence to the jealousy and rivalry existing between the two "Shores" into 
 which the State was geographically divided, and which also represented 
 about an equal proportion of its population. It was founded upon King 
 William's School, which was chartered in 1696 and opened in 1701 — the 
 first public free school in America. It thus claims over two centuries of 
 continuous life and collegiate work. The design was to form of these two 
 colleges a University bearing the name of the State. The same charter 
 which founded St. John's (Laws of Maryland, 1784, ch. 37, §5j 33-5) pro- 
 vided for their union into a University. The language of the act, relating 
 to the latter, is as follows : 
 
 Whereas a college hath been founded on the Eastern Shore of this 
 State, by the name of Washington College, in honourable and perpetual 
 memory of the late illustrious and virtuous commander-in-chief of the 
 armies of the United States; and whereas it appears to this General Assem- 
 bly that the connection between the two Shores will be greatly increased, bv 
 uniformity of manual and joint efforts for the advancement of literature, 
 under one supreme legislative and visitatorial jurisdiction : Be it enacted, 
 That the said two colleges, viz., Washington College, on the Eastern Shore,
 
 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 and St. John's College, on the Western Shore, shall be and they are hereby, 
 declared to be one University by the name of the University of Maryland, 
 whereof the governor of the State for the time being shall be chancellor, 
 and the principal of one of the said colleges shall be vice-chancellor, either 
 by seniority or election, according to such rule or by-law of the University 
 as may afterwards be made in that case. 
 
 The governing body of the University was to be a "convocation," con- 
 sisting of the visitors and governors of the two colleges, or a representation 
 of at least seven visitors and governors from each of them, and two mem- 
 bers of both faculties, the principal being one. The chancellor was to call 
 this convocation together for the purpose of framing a body of by-laws or 
 ordinances, the object of which was the general government of the Univer- 
 sity, so far as related to uniformity of manners and literature, receiving, 
 hearing and determining appeals from any of the members, students or 
 scholars, and the conferring of the higher degrees and honors of the Uni- 
 versity. Special and annual meetings of the convocation to be called by the 
 chancellor, are provided for, but all such meetings, whether special or gen- 
 eral, are to be held at the colleges alternately.* 
 
 The two colleges were duly set in operation, Washington under direc- 
 tion of Rev. Dr. William Smith, who had been president of the College of 
 Philadelphia from its foundation until the revocation of its charter, one of 
 the most eminent educators of his time; and St. John's under Dr. John Mc- 
 Dowell, principal. The first session of the former was that of 1782-83; 
 the first of the latter was 1789-90. 
 
 There was no attempt to carry out the provisions of the charter with 
 reference to a University until November, 1 790, when a convocation of rep- 
 resentatives of the two colleges was held at Annapolis. The union was not 
 then effected, nor was it at another called in May, 1 79 1 , at which representa- 
 tives from St. John's alone appeared. The Governor, as chancellor, 
 thereupon adjourned the convocation until the following November, but no 
 
 *Charter of St. John's College.
 
 THE FOX A DING OF THE INST1 TUTIO \ 5 
 
 more meetings were held. Thus the organization of the University was not 
 accomplished, and the failure seems attributable to the weakness of the plan 
 and the consequent lack of interest in it. To the jealousy between the two 
 sections a share in the result has, doubtless justly, been attributed. 
 
 It is important, in our own interest, to realize this failure, because it 
 has been the habit of our historians and public speakers to speak of this as 
 the first University of Maryland. This is manifestly an error, since it 
 existed only in contemplation and not in fact. So, the "third University," 
 so called, proposed by Dr. Van Bokkelen, in his comprehensive plan ol pub- 
 lic education, in 1865, had an equally shadowy existence. The University 
 of Maryland, which forms the theme of this work, is the only one ot the 
 name, therefore, which has actually existed, and that cannot be too strongly 
 emphasized. 
 
 Between this period and the founding of the College of Medicine of 
 Maryland, in 1807, several other collegiate institutions were set on foot 
 within the State. These were, in chronological order: Cokesbury College, 
 at Abingdon, Harford County, Methodist Episcopal, 17X4; the Seminary 
 of St. Sulpice or St. Mary's Seminary, Roman Catholic, at Baltimore, 1791, 
 and Baltimore College, non-sectarian, 1803. Of these three, only the 
 Roman Catholic institution survives. In January, 1805, the Seminary of 
 St. Sulpice was raised by the Legislature to the rank of a University, by the 
 name of St. Mary's University, an academic department having been added 
 in 1799. The college department had a prosperous career lor many years, 
 but was discontinued in 1852, in order to give full scope to the special work 
 of the Seminary. Cokesbury College was discontinued alter the burning of 
 its buildings, in 1796. Baltimore College led a feeble existence until 1830, 
 when it was merged in the University of Maryland as its academic depart- 
 ment. 
 
 The University of Maryland is unique among modern Universities, 
 so far as we know, in being founded upon a School of Medicine. That this 
 is one of the causes operating against its success, there can he no doubt, since
 
 6 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the basis of all higher education must ever be the department of literature — 
 the feeder of the professional schools. 
 
 The first medical teacher of any prominence in Baltimore was Dr. 
 Charles Frederick Wiesenthal, who came here from Prussia, in 1755. He 
 had many students, some of whom are known to us. He erected a building 
 for their use in the rear of his residence, which occupied the south-east cor- 
 ner of Gay and Fayette streets. This building is still standing, also another 
 further to the rear on Frederick street, which tradition asserts was used as a 
 dissecting room. When Dr. Wiesenthal began teaching here, and when he 
 built his school house, we do not know, but he speaks of his school during 
 the period of the Revolution. Upon his death, in 1789, he was succeeded 
 by his son Andrew, who, with Dr. George Buchanan, attempted to found a 
 medical college. This attempt failed, but courses of lectures were delivered 
 during the ensuing winter by these two to classes of fifteen and nine 
 respectively. Andrew Wiesenthal continued his courses upon Anatomy and 
 Surgery probably to the time of his death, in 1798. 
 
 The College of Medicine of Maryland, the present School of 
 Medicine of the University, owes its foundation to Dr. John Beale Davidge, 
 who settled for practice in Baltimore in 1796, the year it received a city 
 charter. He early entertained the idea of founding here a school of 
 medicine, and was only deterred from doing so by the unwillingness of 
 others "to embark in an untried experiment so inauspicious and problemati- 
 cal." In December, 1802, we find him advertising a course of lectures on 
 Anatomy, Surgery, Midwifery and Physiology. They were delivered every 
 Wednesday and Saturday, at 7 p. m. They were continued annually until 
 merged into the course of the College. We find also, that the subject of 
 the establishment of a medical school was discussed at the meetings of the 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and at the biennial meeting 
 held at Annapolis, in June, 1801, a plan was proposed by "a distinguished 
 member of the Society," which was revised and approved by Dr. Upton 
 Scott, the president. But, owing to the limited attendance, after much
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 7 
 
 discussion, final action was deferred until the next year, when it was 
 further urged in an address delivered by Dr. Scott's successor, Dr. Philip 
 Thomas.* The need of additional legislation to carry out the idea enter- 
 tained, of union with the Society, led to further delay, and the committee 
 was continued. On this committee we find the names of Drs. George Brown 
 and John B. Davidge. Again, in 1803, the committee was directed to 
 report a plan for the establishment of a College of Physicians at the next 
 meeting. But it was not until 1807 that the success of these efforts reached 
 a realization, and that was precipitated by an unexpected episode, as will 
 appear later. 
 
 The events of this year, so memorable in our history, demand a very 
 detailed consideration. Two other physicians at this time became interested 
 in Davidge's project. These were Dr. James Cocke, a native of lower Vir- 
 ginia, who settled here about the close of 1804, and Dr. John Shaw, of 
 Annapolis. Cocke had been a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, at Guy's Hospi- 
 tal, and his inaugural thesis at the University of Pennsylvania in 1804 had 
 brought him into favorable notice as a man of promise. He became asso- 
 ciated with Davidge in practice on February 10, 1807. Shaw was a 
 graduate of St. John's College, had held a medical position in the navy, and 
 had traveled extensively. He settled here early in March, 1807. These 
 three, drawn together by common literary tastes and aspirations, united in 
 a course of medical instruction in the fall of the year. The session began 
 about the first of November, Davidge taking charge of the departments of 
 Anatomy and Surgery, and giving some attention to Midwifery, Cocke 
 giving instruction in Physiology and Shaw presiding in Chemistry. Shaw's 
 lectures began on November 24th, being given at his house on "Chatham" 
 street, on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 7 p. m. To accommodate the Anatomi- 
 cal Department, Davidge had erected a small building on ground belonging 
 to himself, on the east side of Liberty street, just south of Saratoga. He 
 procured a subject, and began the instruction of his students here. But the 
 
 *Fcd. Gaz., June [6, l8o->
 
 8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 matter becoming known, a crowd gathered in front of the building, which, 
 as the numbers and noise increased, soon resorted to violence, destroying 
 completely building and contents. The prejudice against dissection was so 
 great that but little sympathy was shown for the Doctor's loss. But one 
 protest was made against the outrage in the public press; that was signed 
 "Celsus," and probably emanated from John Crawford. This mishap in- 
 terrupted the lectures for a time, but it had the effect of bringing the 
 profession to the support of the enterprise. A full meeting of the physicians 
 of the city was held at Davidge's house early in December to take action 
 to procure legal protection.* It was then unanimously resolved, "in con- 
 sequence of the late interruption of lectures on anatomy and surgery, and 
 the very generous and handsome present of a lot of ground in the precincts," 
 to apply to the Legislature for a charter for a medical college, and a com- 
 mittee was appointed to canvass the city for funds for the erection of a 
 building. This was the second and last dissection mob which occurred in 
 this city, the first taking place in 1789. 
 
 No time was lost in preparing the charter, a duty which was very 
 satisfactorily discharged by Dr. Shaw. In its passage through the House of 
 Delegates, on December 7th, the Medical College Bill was under discussion, 
 and an amendment was proposed uniting the school with St. Mary's Uni- 
 versity, the Roman Catholic institution on North Paca street, which had 
 been chartered as a University in January, 1805. The amendment was 
 defeated, and the bill passed the Legislature in its original form, December 
 1 8th. Tbe following is the full text of this bill according to the authorized 
 publication : 
 
 An Act for founding a medical college in the city or precincts 
 of baltimore for the instruction of students in the differ- 
 ent branches of medicine. 
 
 Wfiereas it appears to this general assembly that many benefits would 
 accrue, not only to the State of Maryland, but to many other parts of the 
 
 ♦Newspaper, Dec. 3. 1807.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 9 
 
 United States, from the establishment of a seminar)' tor the promotion ot 
 medical knowledge in the city of Baltimore; therefore 
 
 II. Be it enacted, by the General Assembly of Maryland, That a 
 college for the promotion of medical knowledge, by the name of The Col- 
 lege of Medicine of Maryland, be established in the city or precincts of 
 Baltimore, upon the following fundamental principles to wit: The said 
 college shall be founded and maintained forever upon a most liberal plan, 
 for the benefit of students of every country and every religious denomina- 
 tion, who shall be freely admitted to equal privileges and advantages of 
 education, and to all the honors of the college, according to their merit, 
 without requiring or enforcing any religious or civil test, or urging their 
 attendance upon any particular plan of religious worship or service; nor 
 shall any preference be given in the choice of a president, professor, lecturer, 
 or other officer of the said college, on account of his particular religious pro- 
 fession, but regard shall be solely paid to his moral character, and other 
 necessary qualifications to fill the place for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 III. And be it enacted, That the members of the board of medical 
 examiners for this State for the time being, together with the president and 
 the professors of the said college, and their successors, shall be, and are 
 hereby declared to be, one community, corporation and body politic, to have 
 continuance for ever, by the name of The Regents ot the College of Medi- 
 cine of Maryland. 
 
 IV. And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors, by 
 the same name, shall be able and capable to enjoy, to them and their suc- 
 cessors, in fee, or for any less estate or estates, any lands, tenements, annui- 
 ties, pensions or other hereditaments, within this State, by the gift, grant. 
 bargain, sale, alienation, enfeoffment, release, confirmation or devise, <>l any 
 person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, capable to make the same, 
 and such lands, tenements, rents, annuities, pensions or other hereditaments, 
 or any less estates, rights or interests, of or in the same, at their pleasure to 
 grant, alien, sell and transfer, in such manner and form as they shall think
 
 io UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 meet and convenient for the furtherance of the said college; and also that 
 they may take and receive any sum or sums of money, and every kind, 
 manner or portion of goods and chattels, that shall be sold or given to them, 
 by any person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, capable to make a gift 
 or sale thereof, and employ the same towards maintaining the said college, 
 in such manner as they shall judge most necessary and convenient for the 
 instruction of students in medicine, and the sciences connected with it. 
 
 V. And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors, shall 
 be able in law to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, in any court or 
 courts, before any judge, judges or justices, within this State and elsewhere, 
 in all and all manner of suits, pleas, causes, matters and demands, of what- 
 soever kind, nature or form they be, and to do all and every other matter and 
 thing hereby contemplated to be done, in as full and effectual a manner, as 
 any other person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, in like cases, may 
 or can do. 
 
 VI. And be it enacted, That the yearly value of the messuages, lands, 
 tenements, rents, annuities, or other hereditaments and real estate, of the 
 said college and corporation (exclusive of the lots and buildings occupied by 
 the institution), shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars; and all gifts to 
 the said college and corporation, after the yearly value of their estates shall 
 amount to thirty thousand dollars aforesaid, and all bargains and purchases 
 to be made by the said corporation, which may increase the yearly value of 
 said estate above or beyond the amount aforesaid, shall be absolutely void 
 and of none effect. 
 
 VII. And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors 
 shall have full power and authority to have, make and use, one common and 
 public seal, and likewise one privy seal, with such devices and inscriptions as 
 they shall think proper, and to ascertain, fix and regulate, the uses of both 
 seals by their own laws, and the same seals, or either of them, to change, 
 break, alter and renew at their pleasure. 
 
 VIII. And be it enacted, That the said regents shall have full power
 
 THE FO UN DING OF THE INS TI TU IT ON 1 1 
 
 and authority to appoint a president of the said college, who shall preside 
 at their meetings, and perform such other duties as may be assigned to him, 
 and in his absence to appoint a vice-president, which latter shall always be 
 one of their own body. 
 
 IX. And be it enacted, That the said regents shall from time to time, 
 and at all times hereafter forever, have full power and authority to consti- 
 tute and appoint, in such manner as they shall think best and most convenient, 
 professors of the different branches of medicine for instructing the students 
 of said college, by regular lectures upon every part of that science, who shall 
 be severally styled Professors of such branch as they shall be nominated and 
 appointed for, according to each particular nomination and appointment; 
 and also to constitute and appoint, in like manner, lecturers upon the sciences 
 subservient to, or connected with, medicine, who shall be severally styled 
 Lecturers on such sciences as they shall be appointed for; and the said pro- 
 fessors and lecturers so constituted and appointed from time to time, shall 
 be known and distinguished forever as one learned body or faculty, by the 
 name of The Medical Faculty of the College of Medicine of Maryland, 
 and in that name shall be capable of choosing their own dean of faculty, and 
 of exercising such powers and authorities as the regents of the said college, 
 and their successors, shall by their ordinances, think necessary to delegate to 
 them, for the instruction, discipline and government of the said institution, 
 and of all students, officers and servants belonging to the same: provided 
 that nothing be done in virtue of this act contrary to the constitution and 
 laws of this State, or to the constitution and laws of the United States. 
 
 X. And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors shall 
 meet at least once a year in stated annual meetings, to be appointed by their 
 own ordinances, and at such other times as bv their said ordinances thev mav 
 direct, in order to examine into all matters touching the discipline of the in- 
 stitution, and the good and wholesome execution of their ordinances; and 
 the said regents, when duly assembled, shall have full power and authority 
 to make their own rules of proceeding, and to make fundamental ordinances
 
 12 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 for the government and discipline of the said college, and to appoint the 
 necessary officers of the same, in all which meetings a majority of the whole 
 number of regents shall be a quorum to do any business except to vacate the 
 seat of a president, professor or lecturer, for which purpose the consent of 
 two-thirds of the whole number of regents shall be necessary. 
 
 XL And be it enacted, That the medical faculty of the said college 
 shall hold one term in each year, which shall commence on the first Monday 
 in November in every year, and shall continue not less than four, nor more 
 than six months, as may be regulated by the ordinances of the college, within 
 which period all the lectures to be delivered in the said college shall be given, 
 except the lectures on botany, and such other lectures as the regents shall 
 judge will be delivered with more advantage at a different season. 
 
 XII. And, for animating and encouraging the students of said college 
 to a laudable diligence, industry and progress in medical science, Be it en- 
 acted, That the said regents and their successors, shall, by a written mandate, 
 under their privy seal and the hand of their president or vice-president, have 
 full power and authority to direct the medical faculty of the said college to 
 hold public commencements, either on stated annual days, or occasionally, 
 as the future ordinances of the said institution may direct, and at the said 
 commencements to admit any of the students of the said college, meriting 
 the same (whose names shall be inserted in the said mandate), to the office 
 and profession of surgeon, or to the degree of bachelor or doctor of medi- 
 cine; and it is hereby enacted, that the president or vice-president shall make 
 out and sign, with his name, diplomas and certificates of the admission to 
 such offices or degrees, which shall be sealed with the public or greater seal 
 of the college or corporation, and delivered to the graduates as honorable 
 and perpetual testimonials of such admission; which diploma or certificate, 
 if thought necessary for doing greater honor to such graduates, shall also 
 be signed by the names of the different professors or lecturers, or as many 
 of them as can conveniently sign the same; provided always, that no student 
 or students within the said college shall be admitted to any such offices or
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 13 
 
 degrees, or have their names inserted in any mandate for that purpose, until 
 such students shall have been first duly examined and thought worthy of 
 same, at a public examination of candidates to be held previous to the day 
 of commencement in the said college, by and in the presence of the regents 
 and other persons choosing to attend the same, and shall also have under- 
 gone such previous private examinations, and have performed such exer- 
 cises as shall be prescribed by the future ordinances of the college; and 
 provided further, that no student or students in the said college shall be 
 admitted to the degree of doctor of medicine unless he or they shall have 
 attended lectures in the said college during two terms, and shall during that 
 period have attended each of the lectures prescribed by the ordinances for 
 at least one term, and shall also have written and caused to be printed, a 
 thesis or theses in the Latin or English language, and shall publicly defend 
 the same on the day of commencement; but the regents of the college shall, 
 at any time, have power to consider the having attended lectures in any other 
 medical seminary of established reputation, for an equal space of time, as 
 equivalent to having attended one of the terms above prescribed. 
 
 XIII. And be it enacted, That the regents shall, at any time, have the 
 power of conferring the honorary degree of doctor of medicine on any 
 physician who has practised physic for twenty years within the State of 
 Maryland, and of conferring the honorary degree of bachelor of medicine 
 on any one who has practised physic for ten years within the same. 
 
 XIV. And be it enacted, That every licentiate of the board of medical 
 examiners who shall have practised physic for five years within this State, 
 shall have a right to demand and receive, from the college aforesaid, a sur- 
 geon's certificate, free of all expense, except the sum of one dollar to the 
 register or other such officer of the college, for his trouble in making out 
 the same. 
 
 XV. And be it enacted, That the right of the said college to confer 
 degrees shall not take place until professors shall have been appointed, and 
 one course of lectures delivered upon the several branches of anatomy, chem-
 
 i 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 istry, materia medica, and the practice of physic; provided that nothing in 
 this act shall be construed to prohibit the said regents from conferring at 
 any time, the honorary degrees before mentioned, or from admitting at any 
 time, to the degree of doctor of medicine, such persons as may be appointed 
 professors in the college on their performing such exercises and duties as 
 may be prescribed b\ their ordinances. 
 
 XVI. And be it enacted, That until further arrangements be made 
 by the regents of the said college, John B. Davidge, M. D., and James 
 Cocke, M. D., shall be joint professors of anatomy, surgery and physiology, 
 George Brown, M. D., shall be professor of the practice and theory of 
 medicine, John Shaw, M. D., shall be professor of chemistry, Thomas E. 
 Bond, M. D., shall be professor of materia medica, and William Donald- 
 son, M. D., shall be professor of the institutes of medicine; and the said 
 professors, or any three of them, shall appoint the time and place of the first 
 meeting of the regents of the said college, giving one week's notice of it in 
 two newspapers published in the city of Baltimore. 
 
 XVII. And be it enacted, That all students who matriculate in the 
 said college previous to the first day of January, and attend any of the lec- 
 tures therein to the end of the course, shall be considered as having com- 
 pleted a term. 
 
 XVIII. And be it enacted, That the medical and chirurgical faculty 
 in the State of Maryland shall be considered as the patrons and visitors of 
 the said college, and their president, for the time being, shall be chancellor 
 of the college; and the medical faculty of the said college shall give into 
 the said medical and chirurgical faculty, at each of their biennial meetings, 
 a report of the progress of learning in the said college, and of such other 
 particulars as they may think fit to communicate. 
 
 XIX. And be it enacted, That in case at any time hereafter through 
 oversight, or otherwise through misapprehension, and mistaken construc- 
 tion of the powers, liberties and franchises, in this charter or act of incor- 
 poration granted, or intended to be granted, any ordinance should be made
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 15 
 
 by the said corporation of regents, or any matter done and transacted by the 
 corporation contrary to the tenor thereof, all such ordinances, acts and 
 doings, shall of themselves be null and void, yet they shall not, in any courts 
 of law, or by the general assembly, be deemed, taken, interpreted or ad- 
 judged, into an avoidance or forfeiture of this charter and act of incorpora- 
 tion, but the same shall be and remain unhurt, inviolate and entire, unto the 
 said corporation of regents, in perpetual succession, and all their acts con- 
 formable to the powers, true intent and meaning hereof, shall be and remain 
 in full force and validity, the nullity and avoidance of such acts to the 
 contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 XX. And bt it enacted, That this charter and act of incorporation, 
 and every part thereof, shall be good and available in all things in the law, 
 according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and shall be construed, 
 reputed and adjudged, in all cases most favorably on the behalf, and for 
 the best benefit and behoof of, the said regents and their successors, so as 
 most effectually to answer the valuable ends of this act of incorporation, 
 towards the general advancement and promotion of medical knowledge. 
 
 It will be noted that Drs. Shaw, Bond and Donaldson are credited with 
 having the degree of Doctor of Medicine in this act. This was a mistake, 
 none of the three being a graduate, and no such title was applied in the 
 draft of the law as made by Dr. Shaw. But while the clerk was reading 
 the bill, a member recognized a friend among the untitled, and interrupted 
 
 him, saying that "he did not know why Dr. should not as well be an 
 
 M. D. as Dr. , and Dr. ," and he proposed that these letters 
 
 should be inserted after his name. No objection was offered, and thus, as 
 was facetiously said, all three became Doctors of Medicine by Act of As- 
 sembly*. 
 
 In perusing this interesting document, which is still in full force, by 
 the decision of the Court of Appeals of the State, rendered in the famous 
 
 *Poems, by the late Dr. John Shaw, to which is prefixed a Biographical sketch of the 
 Author. Phila. and Balto., 1810.
 
 16 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 suit in 1839, the most remarkable fact which strikes ns is the intimate re- 
 lationship provided for between the College and the State Faculty. For 
 example, the third section enacts "That the members of the Board of Medi- 
 cal Examiners for the State for the time being, together with the president 
 and the professors of the said College, and their successors, shall and are 
 hereby declared to be, one community, corporation and body politic, to have' 
 continuance forever, by the name of the Regents of the College of Medicine 
 of Maryland." The fourteenth section provides that every licentiate of the 
 board of examiners who shall have practiced for five years within the State, 
 shall be entitled to a surgeon's certificate from the College. And the 
 eighteenth sections enacts "That the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty in 
 the State of Maryland shall be considered as the patrons and visitors of 
 said College, and their president for the time being shall be chancellor of the 
 College; and the Medical Faculty of the said College shall give into the 
 said Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, at each of their biennial meetings, a 
 report of the progress of learning in the said College, and of such other 
 particulars as they may think fit to communicate." It will be noted also, 
 that the control of the institution rested in the hands of the State Faculty, 
 since the Board of Examiners of this body, twelve in number, constituted a 
 majority of the Board of Regents, consisting of nineteen persons. The 
 professors and lecturers constituting the Faculty of the College are ap- 
 pointees of the Board of Regents. There are many points of interest which 
 will appear on perusal of the Act. We will only note the fact that two 
 degrees, Bachelor and Doctor, are to be conferred, after one and two years' 
 attendance, respectively, with both public and private examinations, and in 
 the case of the Doctor a thesis also, which must be publicly defended on 
 commencement day. 
 
 No better evidence could be adduced of the harmonious relations then 
 existing between the great body of the profession as represented by its State 
 Faculty and the College, nor of the interest and fostering care with which 
 the older personally superintended the birth and early development of the
 
 THE FOUNDING OF fill-: INSTITUTION 17 
 
 younger, than the provisions ot" this Act. Theoretically, the relations seem 
 to have been perfect, but, as will soon appear, they were not to be permanent. 
 
 A charter having thus been secured, a meeting of the Board of Re- 
 gents was called for organization to be held at Dr. Davidge's, at 1 2 o'clock, 
 December 28th, 1807.* The minutes of this meeting, which marks the 
 birth of the College, are preserved for us in the same paper'!' and are 
 worthy of reproduction in full : 
 
 At a meeting of the Regents of the College of Medicine of Maryland, 
 held pursuant to an Act of the General Assembly for Founding a Medical 
 College in the City or Precincts of Baltimore, passed December 1 8th, 1807, 
 George Brown, M. D., wis unanimously elected President; Solomon Birck- 
 head, M. D., was unanimously elected Treasurer, and James Cocke, M. D., 
 Secretary. After these elections were made, the Board entered into the 
 following resolution : 
 
 Resolved, .That the appointments by the General Assembly of George 
 Brown, M. D., to the Professorship of the Practice and Theory of Medi- 
 cine; of John B. Davidge, M. D., and of James Cocke, M. D., to the Joint 
 Professorship of Anatomy, Surgery and Physiology; of John Shaw, M. D., 
 to the Professorship of Chemistry; of Thomas E. Bond, M. D., to the 
 Professorship of Materia Medica, and of William Donaldson, M. D., 
 to the Professorship of the Institutes of Medicine, be and are hereby con- 
 firmed. 
 
 Dr. Brown having resigned, Nathaniel Potter, M. D., was elected to 
 the Professorship of the Practice and Theory of Medicine. 
 
 The Board of Regents being adjourned, John B. Davidge, M. D., was 
 elected Dean by the Medical Faculty of the College of Medicine of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 James Cocke, M. D., Secretary. 
 
 The Professors of Anatomy and Chemistry have commenced their 
 lectures. 
 
 *Fed. Gac, Dec. 21. 
 ild. Dec. 30.
 
 is UNIVERSITY OF M.lRYl.lND 
 
 Thus, within four days of the new year, we see the humble parent of 
 our University springing into life, amid circumstances far from auspicious. 
 The members of the Faculty were without building or funds, and they had 
 to face the fact that the public were hostile to the teaching of practical 
 anatomy. But seven students had been enrolled, and for want of better 
 accommodations the lectures had to be given in the houses of the professors. 
 
 We may pause a few moments to speak, of the surroundings of the 
 College at its birth. Baltimore at this time had about forty thousand in- 
 habitants, and was growing at an enormous rate in both population and 
 trade. Although the latest of the great Atlantic seaports to be founded, it 
 was the third in size, having nearly half as many inhabitants as New York 
 and Philadelphia. It was, therefore, well entitled to claim a share in the 
 educational patronage of the country. The College was the sixth to be 
 founded in the State, the third to be founded in the city, but educational 
 establishments were in a very sorry plight in Maryland at this period. The 
 Legislature had just withdrawn its appropriation from Washington and 
 St. John's Colleges, crippling those institutions for many years to come. 
 Baltimore College had not yet actually begun. The Seminary of St. Sulpice 
 had only about a dozen pupils, and it had disappointed its projectors; its 
 college department (St. Mary's College) was looming up, however, giving 
 its first academic degrees in the summer of 1806, when the number of pupils 
 amounted to over one hundred, furnishing almost the only evidence in the 
 State of growth and prosperity in educational circles. 
 
 At this period there were only four medical schools in the United 
 States. In the order of their founding, they were, the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, beginning as the "Collegium et Academia Philadelphiensis," in 
 1765; Harvard, 1782; Dartmouth, 1798, and the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of New York, organized in May of this same year. So that 
 our College ranks fifth in point of age of existing institutions, and is there- 
 fore one of the oldest on the continent. 
 
 The city possessed a public library, founded in 1796, which is said to
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 19 
 
 have "contained no inconsiderable collection of books upon medical 
 sciences." There were three hospitals — the City and County Almshouse, 
 situated at the head of Howard street, about where Madison now crosses 
 it; the Marine Hospital, and the Baltimore, or Maryland Hospital, founded 
 in 1798, and occupying the site of the present Johns Hopkins Hospital. 
 The last named was at this time and for many years afterward, a general 
 hospital for the treatment of the sick and insane. 
 
 It has been said that Baltimore was built upon rocks and swamps. At 
 any rate, the situation was hilly, in places precipitous, and its lower parts 
 were subject to frequent inundations. Much of the site is "made ground." 
 Jones' Falls then ran along the bottom of the hill, about in the bed of Cal- 
 vert street, as far as Saratoga, where it turned southeastward. This section 
 was known as the "meadow." As might be supposed malaria was rife, and 
 existed in its worst forms, while yellow fever was almost an annual visitant. 
 Many of the streets were narrow and crooked, and bore names which sound 
 strange to the ears of the present inhabitants. The northern limit of the 
 city was "Howard's Park," at the site of the Washington Monument, where 
 the Revolutionary hero, Colonel John Eager Howard, resided. The 
 southern was at Barre street; and the western at Greene Street, where the 
 University buildings now stand. The Cathedral had just been begun the 
 year before, and the Battle and Washington monuments were not yet 
 thought of. There were as yet no gas and no railroads. As indicating 
 the condition of the medical profession about this time, it may be mentioned, 
 that of the two hundred and forty-one names of members of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, published in 1807, but forty-three 
 are credited with degrees in medicine, thirty-seven of these being M. D. 
 and six M. B. 
 
 George Brown was a native of Ireland, where he was born in 17^5. 
 He was a Master of Arts of Glasgow University, and a Doctor of 
 Medicine of Edinburgh University, 1779. The subject of his gradua- 
 tion thesis was "De Cortice Peruviana." He emigrated to Baltimore in
 
 20 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 1783, and the prevalence of a severe epidemic in the town favored his suc- 
 cessful entree into practice. He was one of the founders of the first Medi- 
 cal Society in Baltimore, in 1788; of the first Public Library, in 1796; of 
 Baltimore College, in 1803, and of the College of Medicine of Maryland, 
 in 1807. He was one of the charter Faculty of the latter, but resigned at 
 the first meeting of the Regents. The reasons for his withdrawal do not 
 appear, but that he was not unfriendly to the projected institution is shown 
 by his acceptance of the Presidency of the Board of Regents, a position which 
 he held for five years. He seems toi have had no aspirations for public 
 honors or distinctions. He was among the first, if not the first ( 1790), to 
 employ mercury in the treatment of acute inflammations especially pneumo- 
 nia.* The importance attached to the discovery of the supposed "anti- 
 phlogistic" effects of this agent and the influence yvhich it excited upon subse- 
 quent therapeutics, can scarcely be appreciated at this time, yvhen the method 
 has fallen into almost complete desuetude. He yvas Consulting Physician to 
 the Baltimore Hospital in 1812. He died in Baltimore, August 24, 1822. 
 He attained to the highest social and professional rank, and yvas an enlight- 
 ened and public-spirited citizen, being a prominent actor in almost every 
 enterprise, medical, literary or educational, begun during his residence in this 
 city. "His grave will be passed by many a poor man with a benediction on 
 his memory," was his simple but significant epitaph. 
 
 Thus modestly and unostentatiously began the career of an institution 
 yvhich for a hundred years has never ceased to fulfil its task of usefulness, 
 and yvhich has trained and sent forth a large proportion of the physicians 
 not only of Maryland, but of the entire country; illy-provided, it is true, 
 for the tempestuous voyage before it, but yvith youth, skill and energy at 
 the helm to guide it on to more prosperous seas. 
 
 The course of instruction during the first session was not a complete 
 one. After the destruction of the anatomical theatre, above described, 
 practical anatomy yvas abandoned for a time. Drs. Bond and Donaldson 
 *Davidge. "Physical Sketches."
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 21 
 
 were compelled by ill-health to retire, and Dr. Potter did not begin his 
 course until the following year (December, 1808). Davidge, Shaw and 
 Cocke continued their instructions at their houses. Some clinical lectures 
 were early given at the almshouse. The class numbered but seven. 
 
 Some time early in 1808 a building was secured standing on the south- 
 west corner of Fayette (then called "Chatham") St. and McClellan's alley, 
 which had formerly been used as a school house, but had been tenantless 
 for several years. It was consequently now in a dilapidated condition, and 
 afforded but partial protection from the weather. This structure, repaired 
 as far as possible, served the purposes of the College until the completion 
 of the building on the corner of Greene and Lombard streets, in 1 8 1 3 . 
 
 Professor Shaw here entered zealously upon his work, and soon had a 
 very respectable laboratory. But, alas! he was cut down almost at the very 
 beginning of what promised to be a brilliant career. In the course of some 
 experiments which he carried out early in the year, and which occupied an 
 entire night, it became necessary for him to immerse his arms frequently in 
 cold water. This exposure resulted in a pleurisy which developed rapidh 
 into pulmonary consumption. By the end of the year, he was compelled by 
 fast-failing health to abandon his collegiate work. He accordingly took 
 passage on a sailing vessel for Charleston, and there re-embarked, designing 
 to go to the Bahamas. He died before reaching his destination, a martyr 
 to his zeal in the service of the College. 
 
 John Shaw was born at Annapolis May 4, 1778. He entered St. 
 John's College in that city on its opening in 1789 and received from it in 
 1796 the degree of A. B. Francis Scott Key, the author of the "Star- 
 Spangled Banner," was his intimate college friend and associate. He be- 
 gan the study of medicine under Dr. John Thomas Shaaff, of Annapolis. 
 In 1798, while attending his first course of lectures at the L'niversity of 
 Pennsylvania, he received an appointment as surgeon in the United States 
 Navy, and sailed for Algiers. He spent about a year and a half in North 
 Africa, holding a position partly medical and partly consular. While there
 
 22 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 he learned to speak Arabic, and became the physician of the Bey of Tunis, 
 Secretary of Legation, and Charge d' Affaires. He returned home in the 
 spring of 1S00, but in July, 1801, again left America to continue his medi- 
 cal studies in Edinburgh. Early in 1803, before he had obtained his 
 medical degree at the Scotch University, he was induced to go to Canada, by 
 the Earl of Selkirk, who had founded a colony there. He remained in the 
 Eail's service until 1805, when he again returned to Annapolis, and entered 
 upon practice as the partner of his preceptor. In February, 1807, he mar- 
 ried and moved to Baltimore, where he assisted in founding the College of 
 Medicine, as already described. He was Treasurer of the Medical 
 ;md Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland from 1807 to 1809. He died at sea, 
 on January 10th, 1809, aged thirty. Dr. Shaw published a number of 
 poems, and left a manuscript of his travels in Africa. The former were 
 collected and republished in a volume in 18 10, preceded by a biographical 
 memoir. His prose style is sprightly and entertaining; his poetry is chiefly 
 sentimental and patriotic, and while ambitious neither in subject nor length, 
 is sweet and graceful. 
 
 Thomas Emerson Bond was born in Baltimore, in February, 1782, of 
 parents who had settled in Buckingham County, Virginia, in early life. 
 \fter studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, he returned to , 
 Baltimore to practice that profession. He was offered a professorship in 
 the College of Medicine, but his health prevented him from discharging 
 its duties, He was also licensed as a local preacher of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal, Church, which he had joined in his youth. He took a very active part 
 in the discussions upon church government between 1820 and 1830, which 
 resulted in the formation of the Methodist Protestant communion. He had 
 a remarkably acute intellect and eminent literary ability, writing in a chaste, 
 strong and nervous style. In 1827 he published "An Appeal to the Metho- 
 dists," and in the following year, "A Narrative and Defense of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church." In 1830-31 he edited The Itinerant. In 
 1840 he became editor of the leading Methodist organ. The Christian Ad-
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 23 
 
 vacate and Journal, published in New York City, retaining the position 
 until 1848, and again holding it from 1852 to his death, "displaying a high 
 order of editorial skill seldom surpassed." He also wrote important articles 
 for the Methodist Quarterly. He died in New York City, March 14th, 
 1856, having procured by his zeal and ability the title of "Defender of the 
 Church." The University gave him its honorary M. D. in 18 19. Dr. 
 Bond held a chair in Washington Medical College, 1832-35, and accord- 
 ing to Quinan was also a member of the City Council, and President of the 
 Board of Health. 
 
 William Donaldson was born in Calvert County, Md., in 1778. He 
 received the degree of A. B. at St. John's College, in 1798. He was a pupil 
 of Dr. Miles Littlejohn, of Baltimore, and attended the course in medicine 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1802-03. He assisted in founding the 
 College of Medicine in 1807, being assigned to the chair of Institutes, but 
 resigned on account of his health in 1808. He suffered at this time from 
 an affection of the chest, from which he got relief after visiting the West 
 Indies. He married Miss Catherine Weatherburn, of Baltimore, in 1815, 
 by whom he had one son, named after his preceptor, and one daughter. He 
 was made an Honorary M. D., by the University, in 1818. He was asso- 
 ciated in practice, first with Dr. Miles Littlejohn, and from 1830 on with 
 Dr. Richard S. Steuart. He was President of the Medical Society of Balti- 
 more in 1822-23. He was very expert in physical diagnosis, and his interest 
 in his profession continued to the end. It is said that he had Dr. Duncan 
 Turnbull, the Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University, to come and 
 dissect before him when he was unable to sit up. Dr. Donaldson was the 
 author of only two short articles on "Ascites" and "Epidemics." He died 
 of pulmonary consumption, at Baltimore, January 16, 1835, aged fifty- 
 seven.* 
 
 During the second session ( 1808-09) the number of the class increased 
 
 *See "Memoir by William N. Baker," Md. Med. and Surg. //., TS40. See also Quinan's 
 "Annals of Baltimore." He was no relation to Dr. Francis Donaldson, altho his daughter 
 married a brother of the latter.
 
 24 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 to ten. The expenses were borne equally by the members of the Faculty. The 
 Professors of Institutes and Practice lectured in a ballroom on Commerce 
 street, the use of which was tendered by the proprietor from I 2 to 2 o'clock 
 daily during the session. The vacancy in the chairs of Chemistry and 
 Materia Medica were filled in 1809 by the appointments, respectively, of 
 Doctors Elisha De Butts and Samuel Baker. No successor was appointed 
 to Professor Donaldson, the duties of whose chair were probably performed 
 by Professor Davidge. With regard to this branch, much importance was 
 attached to it by both Davidge and Potter. "They came to the conclusion," 
 says the latter,t that the science of medicine could not be successfully 
 taught under the usual organization of medical schools; that without the 
 aids of physiology and pathology, either associated with anatomy or as a 
 separate chair of institutes, the philosophy of the body in sickness or in 
 health could not be understood. This formed the basis of our scheme, and 
 the ground on which we erected a school." 
 
 During the winter of 1809-10 the same apartments were occupied, and 
 the class had increased to eighteen. The first public Commencement was 
 held in April, 1810, when degrees were conferred on five graduates.* The 
 names of these graduates are unknown. It is fair under the circumstances, 
 however, to conclude that thev were among those gentlemen who were 
 licensed by the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty to practice in June, and 
 we may conjecture that their names were Francis Cooksey, George T. 
 Gunby, James Orrick, William H. Dorsey, and either Robert W. Arm- 
 strong or Handy Harris Irving. There is much difficulty in reaching a 
 conclusion on this point, which is one of some interest, but on a careful study 
 of the list of names of licentiates of 18 10, given in the Treasurer's report, 
 we feel warranted in eliminating all but these six. 
 
 In April, 181 1, there were ten graduates. Probably some of these 
 licentiates of 181 1 were among these graduates: Robert Dawson, Stanislaus 
 
 TSoiuc Account of the Rise and Progress of the University of Maryland, Pamph, 183'i 
 *Potter. op. cit. This is the only mention of this commencement which I have seen. 
 The first mention of one outside Potter's sketch is that in the American of May 7, 1S12.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTIO V 25 
 
 Coomes, Benjamin J. Semmes, William N. Luckey, Charles D. Bruce, Jona- 
 than Waters ( ?), John Shaaff Stockett ( ?), Henry Stonestreet ( ?). The 
 five graduates of 181 2 {American, May 7.) were John O'Connor, of 
 Baltimore; Charles L. Snyder, of Hampshire County, Virginia; Henry 
 Curtis, of Richmond, Virginia; Corbin Amos, of Harford County, Mary- 
 land, and Thomas D. Jones, of Somerset County, Maryland. These names 
 are also given in Potter's "Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum," 
 vol. 1, No. 4, 1 812. 
 
 I cannot pass over the year 181 1 without some allusion to one who 
 lectured then in the College, one of the most remarkable men ever connected 
 with it. I refer to Dr. John Crawford. In November, 181 1, he began a 
 course of lectures at the College on "The Cause, Seat and Cure of Disease," 
 which enunciated views that sounded strange to the ears of the students and 
 his colleagues, but have become familiar enough to ours. The first lecture 
 was published, and is extant. From his studies in Natural History, which 
 was a favorite branch with him, Dr. Crawford was convinced that that 
 large class of diseases produced by infection arose from the entrance of 
 living germs, within the body, each disease having its special germ, 
 just as each plant has its seed. With an insatiable desire for 
 further light he ranged over the whole kingdom of nature, animal and 
 vegetable, and he found everywhere proofs of the existence of parasitism. 
 One can reason, he savs, from the known to the unknown, and enough was 
 even then known to show that there were organisms beyond the reach of the 
 observation of those times, which were prolific sources of fatal epidemic 
 and endemic diseases. Some day, he says prophetically, these germs will 
 be discovered. He points out how this theory threw light into a territory 
 then all darkness, how it systematized knowledge, and gave encouragement 
 and direction to human effort. Nor did he stop there; he utilized his theory 
 in the prevention and treatment of disease. The destruction of the germ 
 was, in his view, the therapeutic end of all effort. What a grand siu;hr. 
 this, of a genius struggling sixty years ahead of his time to convince men ol
 
 26 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the truth. We can hardly blame them for rejecting his teachings as vision- 
 ary and erratic, tor their eyes were blinded. So he struggles on vainly, im- 
 pelled by the promptings of his conscience, and there is evidence that his 
 unceasing advocacy of this theory led men to look upon him askant, and 
 militated against his professional success. An abler man probably than any 
 of his day, he was debarred by prejudice and ignorance from that place in 
 the Faculty which he would have adorned. 
 
 In November, 1812, he began another course on Natural History, on 
 Hanover street, continued later on Commerce street. This course was also 
 under the auspices of the College, and was to have been given at the build- 
 ing on Lombard street, but it was not sufficiently advanced at the time for 
 occupation. The title of the chair which he held from the Regents was 
 "Lecturer on Natural History." He was soon compelled to abandon this 
 course, but we are left in the dark for the reason for its discontinuance. 
 
 Dr. John Crawford was the son of a minister, and was born in the 
 north of Ireland, May 3, 1746. He was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and received the degree of M. D. at the University of Leyden. He 
 then made two voyages to the East Indies as surgeon in the East India Com- 
 pany's service. In 1779 he went to the Island of Barbadoes as surgeon and 
 agent to the Naval Hospital there. In 1 78 1 bad health compelled his return 
 to England. During the voyage his wife died, leaving to him the care of 
 two infant children. Having recovered, he returned to Barbadoes, but in 
 1790 he removed to Demerara, having been appointed surgeon-major there 
 by the Dutch. A large military hospital now afforded him a wide field for 
 observation, and it was at this time that he conceived those ideas regarding 
 the causes of disease which he afterwards enunciated in his lectures and 
 writings. In 1794 his health again gave way, and he returned to England 
 and Holland. In 1796 he arrived in Baltimore, which thenceforth for 
 seventeen years was the scene of his mature life-work. He was instrumental 
 in the founding of many important institutions here as the penitentiary, the 
 Maryland Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, the Baltimore General
 
 JOHN CRAWFORD, M. 1>.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 29 
 
 Dispensary, the Hibernian Benevolent Society, the Bible Society, and the 
 Baltimore Library. He employed vaccine virus here in the summer of 1800, 
 which was contemporaneously with its introduction into Boston by Water- 
 house, who has received the credit for its first use in this country. He was 
 grand master of the Grand Lodge of Masons of Maryland from 1801 to 
 his death in 18 13. He held several offices in the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty, and was Consulting Physician to the Board of Health and Cit\ 
 Hospital. He was a large contributor to the Baltimore Observer, 1806-07, 
 and to the Medical and Physical Recordir, 1808-09, the first medical jour- 
 nal published in Maryland. He also left many writings in manuscript; one 
 of these, on "The Climate of the Tropics," has lately been discovered and 
 reviewed by the present writer. Dr. Crawford died at his residence, corner 
 of Hanover and German streets, after a short and acute illness, Mav 9th, 
 1 8 13. His remains were interred in the Presbyterian burying ground, 
 corner Fayette and Greene streets, and a monument was erected over them 
 there by the Masons. 
 
 In 1 8 1 2 the Faculty received some very important accessions to its 
 number. Dr. William Gibson, a native of Baltimore, had recently returned 
 from Edinburgh, and the hospitals of London, with a brilliant record. His 
 operation upon the common iliac artery during the summer of this year 
 added much to his renown, and he was elected to the chair of Surgery in the 
 College. Dr. Richard Wilmot Hall was made Adjunct Professor of Ob- 
 stetrics, to which were added next year the Diseases of Women and Chil- 
 dren. Professor Davidge now devoted his attention to Obstetrics and the 
 Institutes, while Professor Cocke continued in charge of Anatomy. 
 
 The want of a suitable building for the purposes of the College had 
 been painfully felt from the first, and the ways and means for securing it had 
 been frequently and anxiously discussed. There was no available structure 
 in the city that was suitable for use. It was necessary, therefore, to build, 
 and the only way in which this could be done was by the help of a lottery. 
 Lotteries were the favorite resort in almost every enterprise of the day. It
 
 3 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 is astonishing to how many and varied objects they were made to contribute. 
 Not only public but private enterprises also were set on foot through their 
 agency. Among their uses were the erection of monuments, the building of 
 market-houses, engine-houses, academies, colleges, preachers' houses, 
 Masonic and other public halls, and bridges, the erection, repair and en- 
 largement of hospitals and churches, the finishing of steeples, the construc- 
 tion of wharves and pumps, the purchase of fire-engines, alarm-bells and 
 town-clocks, the cutting and opening of roads and canals, the straightening 
 and paving of streets, the improvement of the navigation of rivers, and the 
 preservation and distribution of vaccine virus. These lotteries abound in 
 the legislative enactments of the State from the beginning of the century 
 on to near its middle. They were a source of large revenue to the State, 
 and were very popular — with legislators, because they supplied the means 
 of carrying on the government without the necessity of direct taxation; with 
 the people, because they enabled them to raise money for their various en- 
 terprises without forced contributions, and with the incentive of a possible 
 prize. 
 
 The first Act authorizing the drawing of a lottery for the benefit of the 
 College was passed by the Legislature on January 20th, 180S. It names 
 Colonel John Eager Howard, James McHenry, James Calhoun, Charles 
 Ridgely, of Hampton, William Gwynn, John Comegys, Charles A. War- 
 field, John Crawford, Solomon Birckhead, John B. Davidge and Ennals 
 Martin as commissioners to prepare a scheme for raising a sum not exceed- 
 ing $40,000. They were required to give bond for twice this amount, to 
 pay the prizes within six months after the drawing began, and to pay over 
 the balance, after deducting expenses, to the Board of Regents. This com- 
 mission made but little progress with the work entrusted to it, and at the 
 next session a supplement was passed authorizing the Regents to appoint 
 other commissioners in place of those who had neglected to comply with the 
 provisions of the Act. Dr. Cocke now assumed charge, and finally placed 
 the enterprise upon a successful financial footing. To him, according to
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 31 
 
 Professor Potter,* was chiefly due the credit of raising the means for carry- 
 ing on the work of the College, and for erecting the Lombard street building. 
 
 Other Acts relating to the University lottery were passed during the 
 sessions of 181 1, 18 13, 1 S 1 6, 18 19, 1820, 1826 and 1827. That of 18 13 
 authorizes the raising of $30,000. "to be paid to the members of the Faculty 
 of Physic therein, and to be applied to the payment of the balance due on 
 their lot and edifice, to the purchase and support of a botanic garden, a 
 library, and other necessary apparatus." By the Act of 18 16, the amount 
 was raised to $100,000 (making $140,000 in all), $50,000 of which was 
 to be used for chemical and scientific apparatus and anatomical preparations, 
 the balance to pay off the debts of the institution and to build and furnish the 
 buildings. t The State was paid taxes on all the drawings. In time, it was 
 found that the scheme for raising revenues by lotteries was interfered with 
 by the privileges granted the University, and the Legislature determined to 
 put an end to the latter. Accordingly, a conference was held with a com- 
 mittee of the Trustees, as a result of which the Act of 1827, chapter 198, 
 was passed, which provides that the balance of the privilege remaining to 
 be realized, amounting to $40,946, should be paid to the University from 
 the State Treasury by annual installments of $5,000, instead of by successive 
 lottery drawings. i 
 
 As we learn, however,§ nothing was derived from the lottery until 
 after the College became a University, and the expenses were meanwhile 
 borne by the members of the Faculty, who made themselves personally re- 
 sponsible for the debts incurred. Loans from banks and individuals were 
 effected, and we find acknowledgment of help and encouragement received 
 from a number of prominent and public-spirited citizens, and especially 
 
 *loc. cit. 
 
 tAccording to the joint memorial of the Trustees to the Legislature in 1830, the amount 
 actually realized from the lotteries up to 1830 was $77,000. 
 
 ^Report of Joint Committee of Legislature on Memorial of Regents of University of 
 Man-land, 1839. This committee says that the lotteries could not be considered a> funds ad- 
 vanced by the state or as endowment. They were actually only to be regarded as dis- 
 pensations from penalties under the prohibitory lottery law." 
 
 %idem.
 
 32 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Colonel John Eager Howard, Robert Oliver, Robert Gilmor and John and 
 David Hoffman. 
 
 The purchase of the lot on the north-east corner of Lombard and 
 Greene streets, from Colonel Howard, at "a merely nominal amount," has 
 been already referred to, and is one instance of the liberality of that distin- 
 guished citizen. The contract with Colonel Howard was signed by several 
 of the Professors of the College, who made themselves individually respon- 
 sible for the amount of the purchase money, and the deed for the lot was 
 recorded "as a deed to them in trust for the Regents of the University, 
 whenever they should be reimbursed."* The amount asked was $10,000. 
 No security was demanded, and there was no limitation as to time of pay- 
 ment. t Colonel Howard contributed $1,000 of the purchase money, and 
 the balance, amounting with interest to about $1 1,000, was paid to him in 
 full. 
 
 The plan for the erection of a building upon this lot was entrusted to Mr. 
 R. Cary Long, an eminent architect, to whom Baltimore is indebted for so 
 manv of her handsomest and most enduring edifices. In accordance with 
 his plan, an imposing structure was erected, modeled upon classical lines, 
 which, still after nearly a century, attracts the notice of all beholders, and in 
 its massive proportions seems destined to endure for centuries. The style 
 of architecture is that so common at that day, and seen in many of Balti- 
 mores' buildings — the Cathedral, the Universalis! Church, the McKim 
 School, the old Masonic Temple, some of the churches, banks, etc. Mr. 
 Long selected the Pantheon at Rome for his model,]; and it may well, there- 
 fore, have excited the pride and admiration of Faculty and citizens, for it 
 was at the time of its erection, without doubt, the finest structure devoted to 
 
 *M. S. Records, Statement of Professor Hall. 
 
 fOpinion of Counsel. Ma\ 21, [826, and Potter, op. cil. 
 Pantheon {pan, all. theos, god), a celebrated temple at Rome, built in 27 B. C. by 
 Marcus Agrippa. It is a large edifice of brick, built in circular form, with a portico of lofty 
 columns. It has the finest dome in the world ( 142 r-2 feet internal diameter, 143 feet internal 
 height) and its portico is almost equally celebrated. It is now a church and is known as 
 Santa Maria Rotonda. Raffael and other famous men are buried within its walls. — Twen- 
 tieth Century Cyclopaedia.
 
 - 
 
 OLDEST OF THE TWO ORIGINAL UNIVERSITY PICTURES. PROBABLY FROM ARCHITECTS 
 
 DRAWING, l8l2.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 3$ 
 
 medical education to be found in the New World. It stood almost alone, at 
 the extreme "western precincts," and was one of the most conspicuous ob- 
 jects in the city. The following description is given of it in the fall of 1 8 1 5 : 
 "I he splendid edifice which constitutes the Medical College, as the centre 
 from which the other departments are to diverge, stands on Lombard street, 
 extended, in the western end of the city. It is constructed on the plan of the 
 (old) Pantheon at Rome. The front faces on the Washington road, com- 
 manding an extensive prospect down the Patapsco and Chesapeake. The 
 grandeur of the exterior of the building does not excell the internal con- 
 venience of the apartments. The anatomical theatre, with its necessary 
 appendages, is as extensive and appropriate as those of any of the European 
 Schools. The lecturing room alone is capable of containing twelve hun- 
 dred persons with convenience. The chemical hall, immediately below, is 
 but little inferior; it will accommodate about a thousand, a part of its area 
 being taken off by the laboratory and necessary apparatus. The apparatus 
 is complete, accommodated to the taste and views of the learned professor. "f 
 
 According to Professor Potter* the corner stone was laid with due 
 ceremony on April 7, 181 1, and it was the expectation of the Faculty that it 
 would be ready for occupancy at the opening of the session of 1812-13. 
 Although this hope was not realized, it was so far advanced as to be partially 
 tenantable during that session, and some of the lectures were given in it. 
 
 R. Cary Long was born in Maryland, in 1772. His father dying, he 
 early left home and came to Baltimore, where he apprenticed himself to a 
 carpenter. He here rose to the highest distinction as an architect. To him 
 our city owes the introduction of gas, being second only to London in utiliz- 
 ing this method of illumination. He aided also in its introduction into 
 Boston and Philadelphia. Among the buildings erected under his super- 
 vision, besides the College, were the second St. Paul's Church, destroyed by 
 
 f'Viator," Niks' Weekly Register, Sept. 15. [815. 
 top. cit.
 
 36 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 fire in 1854, the Holliday street Theatre, also burned down in 1873, the 
 old City Hall, on Holliday street, St. Peter's Church, on South Sharp street, 
 the Baltimore Library, Mechanics', Patapsco and Union banks, Patapsco 
 Institute, the Court House, the old jail, and numerous private residences. 
 The McKim schoolhouse, corner of Baltimore and Aisquith streets, which is 
 considered a gem of classic architecture, was designed either by him or his 
 son. His latter years were given up mostly to civil engineering, and the 
 laying out of Canton, a suburb of Baltimore, was his last work. He died 
 in 1835, at the age of sixty-three, beloved and honored by all, and his re- 
 mains were interred in St. Paul's graveyard, at Lombard and Fremont 
 avenue. He left a son of the same name, who was also a distinguished 
 architect.* 
 
 The idea of engrafting a University upon the Medical College seems to 
 have been first conceived about the time the building was commenced, but we 
 are not informed who suggested it. This was not the first time, as we have 
 seen, that such a thought had been entertained. But the "University" of 
 1784, from which so much had been expected, by the promotion of uniform- 
 ity of manners and joint efforts for the advancement of literature between 
 the two Shores, had not gotten beyond the charter stage, and the Legislature 
 seemed to have given it its coup de grace in 1806 by withdrawing all funds 
 from its constituent colleges. This failure and the investiture in 1 805 of 
 the Catholic Seminary with University rank, doubtless had their influence 
 in the expansion of the College of Medicine into a University. A memorial 
 for the passage of an act to found a University bearing the name of the 
 State was presented to the Legislature by the President and Professors of the 
 College, with the approval and advice of the Board of Regents, and the Act 
 was passed December 29, 18 12. It is as follows: 
 An Act for founding an University in the city or precincts of 
 
 Baltimore, by the name of the University of Maryland. 
 
 Whereas, public institutions for the promotion and diffusion of scien- 
 
 *American Architect and Building News, June 24, 1876; sketch of him by his grandson.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 37 
 
 tific and literary knowledge, under salutary regulations, cannot fail to pro- 
 duce the most beneficial results to the State at large, by instilling into the 
 minds and hearts of the citizens the principles of science and good morals; 
 and 
 
 Whereas, it appears to the General Assembly of Maryland that this 
 desirable end would be much advanced by the establishment of an university 
 in the city or precincts of Baltimore; therefore 
 
 I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the 
 college for the promotion of medical knowledge, by the name of The Col- 
 lege of Medicine of Maryland, be and the same is hereby authorized to con- 
 stitute, appoint and annex to itself the other three colleges or faculties, viz.: 
 The Faculty of Divinity, The Faculty of Law and The Faculty of the Arts 
 and Sciences; and that the four faculties or colleges, thus united, shall be, 
 and they are hereby, constituted an University, by the name and under the 
 title of The University of Maryland. 
 
 II. And be it enacted, That the said University shall be founded and 
 maintained forever upon the most liberal plan, for the benefit of students of 
 every country and every religious denomination, who shall be freely admitted 
 to equal privileges and advantages of education, and to all the honors of the 
 University, according to their merit, without requiring or enforcing any 
 religious or civil test, urging their attendance upon any particular plan of 
 religious worship or service, nor shall any preference be given in the choice 
 of a Provost, Professor, Lecturer, or other officer of the said University, on 
 account of his particular religious professions, but regard shall be solely had 
 to his moral character and other necessary qualifications to fill the place for 
 which he shall be chosen. 
 
 III. And be it enacted, That the members of the said four faculties, 
 together with the provost of said University, and their successors, shall be 
 and are herebv declared to be one corporation and body politic, to have con- 
 tinuance forever, by the name and style of the "Regents of the University 
 of Maryland"; and by that name shall be, and are hereby made able and
 
 38 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 capable in law, of enjoying to themselves and their successors, in fee, or for 
 any lesser estate, any lands, tenements, hereditaments, annuities, provisions, 
 goods, chattels and effects, of what kind, nature and quality whatsoever, and 
 by whomsoever given, granted, bargained, sold, aliened, enfeoffed, released, 
 confirmed or devised, and the same to grant, devise, alienate or dispose of in 
 such manner as they shall judge most promotive of the interests of said 
 University. 
 
 IV. ■ And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors, 
 shall be able in law to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer 
 and be answered in any court or courts, before any judge or judges, justice or 
 justices, within the State, and elsewhere, in all and all manner of suits, pleas, 
 cases and demands, of whatever kind, nature or form they be, and to do all 
 and every other matter and thing hereby contemplated to be done, in as full 
 and effectual a manner as any other person or persons, bodies corporate or 
 politic, in like cases may or can do. 
 
 V. And be it enacted, That the yearly value of the messuages, houses, 
 lands, tenements, rents, annuities, hereditaments or other property, real or 
 personal, of said University (exclusive of the lot and buildings occupied by 
 the said University), shall not exceed one hundred thousand dollars; and 
 all gifts or donations to the said University, after the yearly value of their 
 estates shall amount to an hundred thousand dollars as aforesaid, and all 
 bargains and purchases to be made by the said University, which may in- 
 crease the yearly value of said estates above or beyond the sum aforesaid 
 shall be absolutely void and of no effect. 
 
 VI. And be it enacted, That the said regents and their successors shall 
 have full power and authority to have, make and use one common and public 
 seal, and likewise one privy seal, with such devices and inscriptions as they 
 shall think proper, and to ascertain, fix and regulate the uses of both seals, 
 by their own laws; and the same seals, or either of them, to change, break, 
 alter and renew at their pleasure. 
 
 VII. And be it enacted, That the said regents shall have full power
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTIOh .59 
 
 and authority to appoint a provost of the said University, who shall preside 
 at their meetings, and perform such other duties as may hy the said regents 
 be assigned to him, and in his absence to appoint a vice-provost, who shall 
 always be one of their own body. 
 
 VIII. And be it enacted, That the mode of constituting and appoint- 
 ing the professors and lecturers of the different branches of physic, divinity, 
 law and the arts and sciences, shall be as follows: Each of the faculties shall 
 possess the power of appointing its own professors and lecturers; and it 
 shall be the duty of the said professors and lecturers of the different branches 
 aforesaid, to instruct the students of the said University by delivering regular 
 lectures on their respective branches. 
 
 IX. And be it enacted, That each faculty shall be capable of choos- 
 ing its own dean, and of exercising such powers and authorities as the regents 
 of said University and their successors shall by their ordinances delegate to 
 them, for the instruction, discipline and government of the said institution, 
 and of all students, officers and servants belonging to the same: Provided, 
 That nothing be done in virtue of this contrary to the constitution of this 
 State or to the constitution of the United States. 
 
 X. And be it enacted, That the professors now appointed and author- 
 ized in the College of Medicine of Maryland, and their successors, shall 
 constitute the Faculty of Physic; that the professor of theology, together 
 with six ordained ministers of any religious society or denomination, and 
 their successors, shall form and constitute the Faculty of Divinity; that the 
 professor of law, together with six qualified members of the bar, and their 
 successors, shall form and constitute the Faculty ot Law; and that the pro- 
 fessors of the arts and sciences, together with three of the principals of any 
 three academies or colleges of this State, and their successors, shall form 
 and constitute the Faculty of the .Arts and Sciences. 
 
 XI. And be it enacted, That the suit! regents and their successors, 
 shall meet at least once a year, in stated annual meetings, to be appointed by 
 their own ordinances, and at such other times as by their ordinances the\
 
 40 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 may direct, in order to examine into all matters touching the discipline of the 
 institution, and the good and wholesome execution of their laws; and that the 
 said regents, when duly assembled, shall have full power and authority to 
 make their own rules of proceeding, and to make fundamental regulations 
 for the government and discipline of the University, in all which meetings 
 a majority of the whole number of regents shall be a quorum to do any 
 business, except to vacate the seat of the provost of said University or of 
 any of the professors or lecturers, for which purpose the consent of three- 
 fourths of the whole number of the regents shall be necessary, and then only 
 on a formal impeachment. 
 
 XII. And be it enacted, That the faculty of physic of the said Uni- 
 versity shall hold one term in each and every year, which shall commence 
 on the third Monday in October in each year and shall continue not less 
 than four nor more than six months, as may be regulated by the ordinances 
 of the University, within which period all the lectures to be delivered by said 
 faculty shall be given, except the lectures on botany, and such other lectures 
 as the regents shall deem most proper to be delivered at a different season. 
 
 XIII. And be it enacted, That in order to animate and encourage the 
 students of the said University to a laudable diligence, industry and progress 
 in the professions and sciences taught therein, the said regents and their suc- 
 cessors, shall, by a written mandate, under their privy seal, and the hand of 
 their provost, have full power and authority to direct the different faculties 
 to hold public commencements, either on stated annual days or occasionally, 
 as the future ordinances of the said institution may direct; and at the said 
 commencements to admit any of the students of the said University, meriting 
 the same, whose names shall be severally inserted in the said mandate, to the 
 office and profession of surgeon, or to the degree of bachelor or doctor of 
 physic, or doctor of divinity, or doctor of laws, and bachelor or master of 
 arts; and further, the said provost shall have made out and sign with his 
 own hand, diplomas and certificates of the admission to such offices or de- 
 grees; which diplomas and certificates shall be sealed with the common or
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 41 
 
 public seal of the University, and delivered to the graduates as honorable 
 and perpetual testimonials of such admission; which diplomas or certificates 
 in order to confer still greater honor on such graduates, shall also be signed 
 by as many of the different professors and lecturers as can conveniently sign 
 their names thereon. 
 
 XIV. And be it enacted, 7"hat no student or students within the said 
 University shall be admitted to any of the aforesaid offices or degrees, or 
 have their name or names inserted in any mandate for that purpose until 
 such student or students shall have been first duly examined and thought 
 worthy of the same, at a public examination of candidates, to be held in the 
 said University, on the day of commencement, by and in the presence of the 
 regents, and such other persons as may attend the same; and also until such 
 student or students shall have had such previous private examinations, and 
 have performed such exercises as shall be prescribed by the future ordinances 
 of the said University. 
 
 XV. And be it enacted, That no student or students in the said Uni- 
 versity, shall be admitted to the degree of bachelor of physic, except he or 
 they shall have attended medical lectures in the said University during one 
 term; or to the degree of doctor of physic, or doctor of divinity, or doctor 
 of laws, except he or they shall have attended the lectures on the respective 
 subjects during two terms, and shall during that period have attended each 
 of the lectures prescribed by the ordinances, at least one term, and shall also 
 have written and caused to be printed, a Thesis or Theses, in the Latin or 
 English languages, and shall publicly defend the same on the day of com- 
 mencement; but the regents of said University may consider the attendance 
 of such candidate or candidates for offices or degrees on lectures in any other 
 University of established reputation, for the space of one or more terms, as 
 equivalent to an attendance for one of the above prescribed terms; and no 
 student or students shall be admited to the degree of bachelor of arts, until 
 he or they shall have attended lectures in said University for two years, or to 
 the degree of master of arts, until he or they shall have attended the same for
 
 42 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 three years; but the said regents may consider the attendance during one or 
 more years in any other respectable institution as equivalent to one year's 
 attendance in said University. 
 
 XVI. And be it enacted, That the regents shall have full power to 
 confer the honorary degrees of doctor of divinity, doctor of physic, doctor of 
 laws and master of arts, on any person recommended by the faculty whose 
 degree is contemplated to be conferred. 
 
 XVII. And be it enacted, That all students who matriculate in the 
 said University, previous to the first day of December, in each year, and at- 
 tend any three courses of lectures therein, to the end of the course, shall be 
 considered as having completed a term. 
 
 XVIII. And be it enacted, That the beneficial exception in favor of 
 all property real and personal, owned by colleges, contained in the first sec- 
 tion of the Act of Assembly, passed at November session eighteen hundred 
 and three, chapter ninety-two, entitled, "An Act for the valuation of real 
 and personal property within this state,"* or which may be contained in any 
 future act, be, and the same is hereby extended to all the property real and 
 personal belonging to, or hereafter to be owned by the said University. 
 
 XIX. And be it enacted, That in case at any time hereafter through 
 oversight, or otherwise through misapprehension and mistaken construction 
 of the powers, liberties and franchises in this charter or act of incorporation 
 granted, or intended to be granted, any ordinance should be made by the 
 
 *Chap. xcii, 1803, reads: — "Be it enacted by the Oeneral Aasrmbly of Maryland: That all real 
 and personal property in this State except property belonging to this State, or the United 
 States, houses for public worship, burying grounds, or property belonging to any county, or 
 to any College, or to any county school, and except also the crop and produce of the land in 
 the hands of the person whose land produced the same, or in the hands of the tenant, and 
 provisions necessary for the use and consumption of the person to whom the same shall belong 
 and his family, for the year, and plantation utensils, the working tools of mechanics and man- 
 ufacturers, actually and constantly employed in their respective occupations, wearing apparel, 
 goods, wares and merchandise, and all home-made manufactures in the hands of manu- 
 facturers, all ready money, all grain and tobacco, and all licensed vessels whatever, shall be 
 valued agreeably to the directions of this Act, and shall be chargeable according to such valu- 
 ation with the public assessment." 
 
 But, by the Act of 1876, ch. 260, sect. 28, the Legislature withdrew this exemption. See 
 decision of Court of Appeals of Maryland, rendered Feb. 28, 1879 ; Appeal Tax Court of Bal- 
 timore City v. The Regents of the University of Maryland, [50 Gill and Johnson's Reports] . 
 By this decision only the hospital, with ground, furniture and equipments, is exempt; all the 
 other property of the University is liable.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 43 
 
 said corporation of regents, or matter done and transacted by the said cor- 
 poration contrary to the tenor thereof, all such ordinances, acts and doings, 
 shall of themselves be null and void; yet they shall not in any courts of law, 
 or by the General Assembly, be deemed, taken, interpreted or adjudged into 
 an avoidance or forfeiture of this charter and act of incorporation; but the 
 same shall be and remain in full force and validity, the nullity and avoidance 
 of such acts to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 XX. And be it enacted, That this charter and act of incorporation, 
 and every part thereof, shall be good and available in all things in law, ac- 
 cording to the true intent and meaning thereof, and shall be construed, 
 reputed and judged, in all cases, most favorably on the behalf, and for the 
 best benefit and behalf of the said regents and their successors, so as most 
 effectually to answer the valuable ends of this act of incorporation, towards 
 the general advancement and promotion of the professions, sciences 
 and arts. 
 
 XXI. And be it enacted, That so much of the act passed at November 
 session eighteen hundred and seven, entitled "An act for founding a Medical 
 College in the city or precincts of Baltimore, for the instruction of students in 
 the different branches of medicine," as is inconsistent with, repugnant to, or 
 supplied bv this act be, and the same is hereby repealed. [Ch. clix., Sess. 
 1812.] 
 
 By this Act, as will be perceived, the College of Medicine is authorized 
 to constitute, appoint and annex to itself the three other Colleges or Facul- 
 ties — Divinity, Law, Arts and Sciences, and the four Faculties or Colleges, 
 thus united, shall be constituted a University by the name and under the title 
 of the University of Maryland. The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty is 
 not alluded to in the Act. There appears to have been no formal relinquish- 
 ment of rights, yet there was no avowed opposition. All control of the 
 institution passed from its hands, probably forever, although the Court of 
 Appeals of Maryland, in an opinion delivered at the December term, 1 S 3 S , 
 declared that the Act of 1807 was still in force, and that the second charter
 
 44 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 did not invalidate the first; that in adding to the College of Medicine other 
 colleges, the former did not lose its identity or continuity, but continued 
 amenable to the law of 1807. The following quotations from this far- 
 famed decision are applicable at this point: "The Act of 18 12 authorizes, 
 not the Regents but the College, consisting of President and Professors, to 
 constitute, appoint and annex to itself the three other Colleges or Faculties, 
 thus, by the use of the words other Colleges or Faculties, treating and con- 
 sidering the College as itself a Faculty. The authority is not given to the 
 corporation, 'The Regents of the College of Medicine.' ' "The College 
 of Medicine and the University are distinct corporations; the first did not 
 cease to exist, and the Professors and President became members of the 
 Board of Regents of the second, just as they might have become directors 
 of a bank for instance." "The College of Medicine and the University 
 exist in contemplation of law as distinct and independent corporations, in 
 possession of all the rights and franchises conferred upon them by the Acts 
 of their incorporation." "There is nothing in the Act of 1807 inconsistent 
 with or repugnant to the Act of 1812." 
 
 In fact, however, although having, as is thus seen, a potential existence, 
 the original Board of Regents, consisting of the Board of Medical Exam- 
 iners of the State for the time being, together with the President and Pro- 
 fessors of the College, ceased its existence at the time of the organization of 
 the University, and the College or Faculty transferred its allegiance to the 
 new Board of Regents of the University, composed of the Provost and the 
 four Faculties of Medicine, Divinity, Arts and Sciences, and Law, or such 
 of them as exist. Nor is it likely that the original Board, or the College of 
 Medicine, as such, will ever be revived, although some feeble attempts were 
 made in the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty to revive them about 1854-55.* 
 The institution is too securely established on the more comprehensive law of 
 1 81 2, and has had too long a career of usefulness and success, to make a 
 reversion to the earlier law a subject for discussion. Still, it is an interesting 
 *Trans. Med. and Chir. Fac. of Md., 1854-55.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 45 
 
 fact that the first law is yet in legal force, although not enforced, and upon 
 this fact the restoration of the institution to the Regents in 1839 seems 
 largely to have depended. 
 
 In accordance with the new Act, on January 6th, 18 13, the Faculty of 
 Physic, "with the advice and recommendation of learned men of the sev- 
 eral professions," "appointed and annexed to itself," the three other Facul- 
 ties provided for, and on April 22d, 18 13, at a meeting of the Board of 
 Regents thus constituted, a Provost and Secretary were elected. The 
 Faculty of Divinity consisted of Rev. Frederick Beasley, Professor of 
 Theology; members: Right Reverend James Kemp, D. D., Protestant 
 Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, Rev. James Inglis, D. D., and Rev. John 
 Glendy, Presbyterian clergymen, Rev. J. Daniel Kurtz, D. D., of the 
 Lutheran Church, Rev. George Roberts, Methodist, Rev. George Dashiell, 
 Protestant Episcopal. These were leading Protestant clergymen of Balti- 
 more. The Faculty of Law consisted of Messrs. David Hoffman, Pro- 
 fessor of Law; William Pinkney, Robert Goodloe Harper, John Purviance, 
 Robert Smith, Nicholas Brice and Nathaniel Williams. The Faculty of 
 Arts and Sciences was composed of seven of. the most eminent scholars in 
 the city, including Charles W. Hanson, Moral Philosophy; Rev. John Allen, 
 Mathematics;* Rev. George Ralph, Rhetoric and Belles Lettres; Rev. 
 Archibald Walker, Humanity; John D. Craig, Natural Philosophy; John 
 E. Hall, History; and members: Samuel Brown and two vacancies. Henry 
 Wilkins, M .D., was made Lecturer on Botany. It was decided that each 
 Faculty should consist of seven Professors and members. 
 
 Archbishop John Carroll, of the Roman Catholic Church, a cousin of 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrolton, the signer of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, was chosen the first Provost, but declined. Hon. Robert Smith, late 
 
 *Regents' Minute Book. Rev. John Allen was an A. M. of Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and the author of an edition of Euclid and an original work on Conic Sections (Fed. Gaz., 
 Oct. 22, 1822). His name appears on many of the earlier medical diplomas. There is in 
 the University Library an MS. work on Plane Geometry written by him in Dublin in 1875.
 
 46 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Secretary of State of the United States, was then elected, and Professor 
 Richard Wilmot Hall was chosen Secretary of the Board of Regents. 
 
 Robert Smith, statesman, brother of General Samuel Smith, was born 
 at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, November, 1757. He took part in the Battle of 
 Brandywine; graduated at Princeton, 1 78 1 ; practiced law in Baltimore; was 
 presidential elector 1789; state senator 1793; member of the House ot 
 Delegates 1 796-1 800; member of City Council 1 798-1 801; Secretary of 
 the Navy 1 802-1 805; Attorney-General 1805- ; Secretary of State, 
 
 1809-1811; Provost of the University of Maryland 1813-1815; President 
 of Maryland Agricultural Society 1818; author of an "Address to the 
 People of the United States" 181 1. Died in Baltimore, November 26, 
 1842. — Appleton's "Cyclopaedia of American Biography." 
 
 The University of Maryland is thus one of the oldest chartered Uni- 
 versities in America, coming eighth, according to the official figures. The 
 seven antedating it are: Georgia, 1785; Harvard, 1780; North Carolina, 
 1789; Ohio, 1804; Pennsylvania, 1 79 1 ; Brown, 1765; Vermont, 1791.* 
 It is only a few years that Harvard, Yale and Princeton have been spoken 
 of as Universities. The following letter has a bearing upon the question as 
 to the first of these : 
 
 "Harvard University, 
 
 Cambridge, May 16, 1904. 
 "Dear Sir: 
 
 "Your inquiry as to when Harvard College became a University, can 
 hardly be answered unless some definition of the words 'college' and 'uni- 
 versity' is first agreed upon. I can only give you the following facts. Har- 
 • vafd College was founded in 1636, 'to advance learning and perpetuate it 
 to posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when 
 our present ministers shall lie in the dust.' The separation of the Divinity 
 School from the College was very gradual, its Faculty not being formally 
 organized until 18 19. The organization of the three oldest professional 
 *See table in Old Maryland, March, 1906.
 
 llnN. ROBERT SM ITU 
 
 SECRETARY- OF THE NAVY; ATTORNEY-GENERAL, ETC.; PRO- 
 VOST 1813-I5.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 49 
 
 departments of the University, under the titles Theological School, Medical 
 School and Law School, is first indicated in the Catalogue for 1827-28. The 
 first professorship instituted in the University was the Hollis Professorship 
 of Divinity, established in 1721. The first Professorships of Medicine were 
 established in the years 1782 and 1783. The first degrees in Medicine were 
 conferred in 1788. I suppose it is impossible for any one to fix a time when 
 the College can be said to have become the University. The seeds of the 
 University as a seat of learning were undoubtedly present in the humble be- 
 ginnings of the seventeenth century. If, however, you regard the establish- 
 ment of instruction in one or all of the three great branches of theology, law 
 and medicine as an essential characteristic of a University, you must select 
 the date that in your judgment best accords with that definition. 
 
 "Yours very truly, 
 
 (Signed) Jerome D. Greene, 
 
 Secretary to the President." 
 Charles Alexander Warfield, President of the Board of Regents in 
 18 12-13, was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, December 3, 1 7 5 1 , 
 the son of Azel Warfield. He was of the same family as the present distin- 
 guished Executive of Maryland. He is said to have attended lectures at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, but does not appear to have graduated. 
 [His name is not in the list of alumni of that institution, and he does not 
 affix the letters indicating the possession of a medical degree in signing a 
 diploma in 1812.] He was a member of a "Whig" Club at the opening of 
 the Revolution, at the head of which, on October 19, 1774, he proceeded to 
 Annapolis and forced the owner of the "Peggy Stewart" to burn his vessel, 
 which was laden with forbidden tea. (See appendix for details of this 
 affair.) Recent paintings by Mr. Mayer in the State House at Annapolis, 
 and by Mr. C. Y. Turner, in the Court House at Baltimore, represent this 
 great historical event in the history of Maryland. Dr. Warfield was the 
 "first" to propose a separation from the mother country, and was a member 
 of the Committee of Observation of his county in 1775. In 1776 he was
 
 5 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 First Major of the Elk Ridge Battalion, and the same year engaged in the 
 manufacture of saltpetre. In 1777 he was Judge of the Anne Arundel 
 Count} Court. 
 
 He resided during Ins entire life at his country place, called "Bushy 
 Park." I le had a wide reputation and extensive practice, and taught many 
 medical students in his office. He was one of the founders of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical faculty of Maryland in 179". In 1S12, upon the resigna- 
 tion of Dr. ( Jeorge Brown, he was elected President of the Board of Regents 
 of the College of Medicine of Maryland (University of Maryland), and 
 continued in that office until his death, which occurred at Bushy Park, on 
 January i<), [813. Dr. Wariield married Miss Eliza Ridgely, a daughter 
 ol Major I lenry Ridgely'. 
 
 I Having now reached a stage when the University is launched upon its 
 career, it will he necessary to consider first the institution as a whole, leaving 
 the "schools" or "departments" for later and separate'treatment. Owing to 
 the peculiar organization of the institution, presided over hy an unpaid 
 "Provost," whose sole function consisted in attending the Commencements, 
 and with the conduct of affairs in the hands of the Faculties rather than the 
 Board of Regents, which rarely met and exercised no authority, there is but 
 little to say of University life and activity. While the Provosts have been 
 among the most eminent of our citizens, the lack of personal interest and 
 direction on their part has been a most serious drawback to the growth and 
 prosperity of the institution. 
 
 The obligations which had been assumed by the Professors of the Col- 
 lege of Medicine, in the purchase of ground and erection of a building, were 
 much greater than had been anticipated. The expenses, as is so often the 
 case, far exceeded the estimates. The erection of a high brick wall about 
 the grounds was one item of large outlay.* The members of the Faculty 
 of Physic — upon whom the burden of carrying on the institution rested — 
 
 This wall cost about $1,500. It was removed about 1895.
 
 CIIAS. A. VVARFIELD, M. D.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTIOh 53 
 
 contributed what they were able and obtained loans from their friends. 
 But the period of the war was now at hand, with its depressing influences, 
 and the classes increased but slowly. The creditors — bricklayers, carpen- 
 ters, architect, etc. — became importunate, and the lotteries were not yet 
 bringing in any revenue. In this critical stage, the property of the corpora- 
 tion was actually threatened with sale by the sheriff. The aid ol the banks 
 was invoked, and a loan of several thousand dollars was secured from two 
 of them. The threatened calamity was thus averted, but the financial 
 anxiety of the Professors was not allayed until some years later — in 1821 — 
 when a loan of $30,000 from the Legislature was effected. The members 
 of the Faculty were required to give bond for the annual payment of the 
 interest upon this loan at the rate of 5 per cent., and the Legislature took 
 the precaution of appointing a "commission" to see that the money was de- 
 voted to paying off the debts of the institution incurred in the erection of 
 buildings, alone. Upon this commission were Messrs. Reverdy Johnson, 
 David Hoffman, William Howard, Maxwell McDowell and others. With 
 the sum thus provided, the entire indebtedness — outside the Faculty itself, 
 was paid off, necessary repairs were made, "the splendid anatomical theatre 
 and the extensive and convenient dissecting rooms attached thereto"* were 
 completed, and Practice Hall was erected for the accommodation of the 
 anatomical and pathological collection which was purchased at this time 
 from Professor Granville Sharp Pattison. The means for this purchase 
 seem to have been provided through a fund of $7,800, proceeds in hand 
 from the lottery. 
 
 In 1 8 19, Rev. William E. Wyatt, who had become Professor of Di- 
 vinity, vice Professor Beasley, resigned, began a course of lectures on Sun- 
 day afternoons upon theological subjects, which were continued annually for 
 several years. His audience seems to have been confined to the students of 
 medicine, and one of the subjects treated was "The Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity and Moral Conduct." About the time of the duel, he also spoke 
 *Medical Recorder, Phila., July. iSji.
 
 54 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 upon the evils of that practice. .This was all that was ever attempted in the 
 way of instruction in this department. "The "Faculty" was kept up for 
 many years, with its "Professor" and six "members," from the several 
 Protestant denominations of the City; but after the restoration of 1839, 
 interest in it declined, the members gradually died out, until finally but one 
 remained, the Rev. J. G. Hamner, D. D., who officiated at the Commence- 
 ments up to his death in 1878. 
 
 ■ The following extract from a letter of Professor David Hoffman to 
 the Medical Faculty, dated- December 28, 1824, now in the archives of the 
 University, shows the low condition of the institution and the financial 
 straits of the authorities at the date when the loan of $30,000 from the 
 State — above referred to — was effected: "In 1821, the institution was at 
 its lowest ebb. Professor Davidge occupied two chairs; the number of stu- 
 dents did not exceed sixty; a heavv debt of at least $38,000 hung 
 over it. Executions to the amount of nearly $6,000 were then 
 pending. The buildings, which had never been finished, were in a 
 state of gloomy dilapidation, and a heartlessness and despondencv prevailed 
 through the institution to such a degree that Professor De Butts, with much 
 feeling, informed me, after we had been visiting the buildings, that it was 
 probable the institution could not last more than another session unless some- 
 thing could be done to rescue it from its peril. He asked me what could 
 be done. My brief reply was, Go further in debt; get Dr. Davidge to re- 
 sign one of the chairs, appoint an able Professor to supply the vacancv, 
 repair your buildings, erect a new building for a class-room, etc.' " 
 
 In Ma-rch, 1821, Mr. Nathaniel Williams offered a motion in the 
 Board of Regents, looking to a change of the charter, especiallv of that 
 article giving to the Faculties the power of electing their Professors and 
 Lecturers. This important motion was negatived by a large majority of 
 the members. 
 
 In 1823 Professor David Hoffman began instruction in the School of 
 Law.
 
 k I . REV. JAM:-..- KEMP, 1). Ii.. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL BISHOP OF MARYLAND; PRO- 
 VOST 1815-2(1.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 57 
 
 The first Provost, Hon. Robert Smith, was succeeded, on his resigna- 
 tion, in 1 815, by Right Reverend James Kemp, who held the office until the 
 Truste'es took charge in 1826. 
 
 James Kemp, second Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, was 
 born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1764, and graduated at Marischal Col- 
 lege, Aberdeen, in 1786. After a year spent at his Alma Mater in post- 
 graduate study, he came to America and was for two years employed as 
 tutor, in Dorchester County, Maryland. Having abandoned the Presby- 
 terian Church, in which he had been educated, he was ordained priest in the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, in 1789, and in 1790 became rector of Great 
 Choptank Parish, where he remained over twenty years. He became asso- 
 ciate rector of St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, in 18 13, and was consecrated 
 suffragan bishop in 18 14, being placed in charge of the churches on the 
 Eastern Shore. In 18 16, on the death of Bishop Clagett, he succeeded to 
 the Bishopric of Maryland. He held the Provostship from 181 5 to 1826. 
 He died in Baltimore, three days after the upsetting of a stage-coach in 
 which he was returning from Philadelphia, on October 28, 1827. He re- 
 ceived the degree of D. D. from Columbia College, New York, in 1802. 
 "Bishop Kemp was a man of great modesty, scrupulously averse to anything 
 like literary ostentation, and was esteemed as one of the best scholars in his 
 church." — "National Cyclopaedia of Amer. Biography," N. Y., 1896, vol. 
 VI. 
 
 An interesting episode of the early years of the University was the 
 conferring of an honorary academic degree upon a distinguished foreigner. 
 When in 1824 the Marquis de Ea Fayette visited America, his progress 
 through the country was one continued series of ovations, each section vying 
 with the others in its efforts to heap the greatest amount of honors upon 
 the nation's benefactor and guest. The authorities of the University, as the 
 leading seat of learning at that time in the State, determined to contribute its 
 share by conferring upon him a literary title. Accordingly he was invited 
 to visit the institution on the 9th of October, and there, in the presence of a
 
 5 8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 notable assembly gathered in Anatomical Hall, he received from the hands 
 of Right Reverend James Kemp, Provost, the honorary degree of LL. D., 
 "with a diploma and a handsome silver box in which to enclose it." He 
 made a feeling replv, and was then shown over the buildings. This is the 
 first instance on record of the conferring of this degree; among those who 
 received it later were Hons. John P. Kennedy, Reverdy Johnson, George W. 
 Dobbin and William Pinckney Whyte. The first honorary M. D. and D. D. 
 were given in i S i 8, the first honorary A. M. in 1823, and the first honorary 
 Phar. D., in 1905.* 
 
 It was not long after La Fayette's visit when a crisis was reached in the 
 affairs of the University, and under the semblance of law its whole character 
 and status were changed. The Legislature ignored the chartered rights of 
 the Regents, seized their property in defiance of their protests, and gravely 
 asserted the principle that what the Legislature has the right to create it has 
 the right to destroy. This event was preceded by and was undoubtedly due 
 to serious differences in the Faculty of Physic. These were represented as 
 being most threatening to the welfare, indeed to the existence, of the I di- 
 versity. It was said that the institution was ruled now by one faction, now 
 by another; that the factions were more intent upon securing the advantage 
 of each other than upon advancing the welfare of the University; that 
 there was no system or discipline, and that the medical department used all 
 the funds in its own maintenance, ignoring completely the other departments 
 which vet were coequal with it, and which the State by its charter had de- 
 signed to progress pari passu with it. A rupture took place under the fol- 
 
 *The following are some of the honorarv degrees which have been conferred: A. M.: 
 Rev. George McEIhinney, iX_m. D. P.: Rgy." William E. Wyatt, 1820; Rev. fames Moffatt. 
 A. M.. of Glasgow, 1824; Rev. Edmund D. Barry. A. M., t8l8; Rev. John Glendy, A. M., 
 1818; Rev. Henry Lyon Davis, 1S10: Rev. Donald Mel. end. 1819. Phar. P.: Charles Cas- 
 pari, Jr., 1905. M. P.: Charles Atkins. 1825; John Bibighaus, 1846; George W Boerstler, 
 1S34; Thomas E. Bond, 1819; James Carmichael, [822; Watson Carr. 1846; W. Hazlett Clen- 
 dinen, 1S38; Jonathan Crone. 1842; Francis Dean. 1840; M. A. DeLeon. 1834; Robert A 
 Dodson, 1859; William Donaldson, 1818; Frederick Dorscy. 1824: Joseph P. Gazzam, (834; 
 Alexander M. Gibbons, 1868: John W. Gloninger, 1841 ; James Hall. 1S46; Thomas McKean 
 Hall, 1820; William W. Handy. 1819; Horace H. Hayden. 1840: William Helmsley. 1845: 
 Samuel Hogg, iSto; George Holcomb, 1S26: Henry Huntt. 1824; Richard Inge, 1823; Ed- 
 mund P. James. 1842; Samuel K. Jennings, 1818; Richard Mackall, 1838: Ennalls Martin. 
 1818: Samuel B. Martin. 1838; Anthony A. McDonough, 1841 : Ephraim McDowell. 1S25 :
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 59 
 
 lowing circumstanecs : Professor Davidge had always been in the habit of 
 taking private students by whom he was much venerated and beloved.* His 
 instructions were given on Wednesday and Saturday evenings, and were 
 spoken of as "conversational meetings," or "Medical and Chymical Con- 
 versations."! Lately he had associated Professor De Butts with himself 
 in these extra-mural courses. In 1824 the class had grown so large that it 
 could not be accommodated in private offices, and Craig's Schoolroom had 
 been engaged for its meetings. There was doubtless some jealousy in the 
 feelings with which these private courses were regarded by the other mem- 
 bers of the Faculty. But the grounds of opposition, as stated, were these: 
 that they were unauthorized by the Regents; that they imposed double fees 
 and double duties ; and that those in charge assumed to teach branches as- 
 signed to their colleagues, and thus came into conflict of opinion with the 
 latter, creating parties and fomenting dissensions among the pupils. J The 
 majority, feeling that their prerogatives were infringed upon, appealed to 
 the Regents for redress. The Board of Regents decided against the minor- 
 ity and unanimously resolved "that no Professor should, during the session 
 of the classes, deliver any lecture to the pupils of the College and receive 
 compensation therefor, except officially ex cathedra."^ This decision gave 
 great umbrage to the two Professors against whom it was directed, who 
 
 Maxwell McDowell. 1818; David L. McGugin 1S44: Campbell Morfit, 1853; Peter Mowry, 
 [825; Samuel C. Muir, 1819: Joseph Ennalls Muse. 1838: Howard D. O'Neil, 1867; John 
 Owen, 1818; David Porter, 1826; Wilson G. Regester, 1880; George Roberts, 1818; Jame 
 Roberts, 1834; Thomas Robertson, [822; William Rogers, 1834; Henry P. Sartwell, [841; 
 William Savage. 1826; James M. Smith. 1856; Joseph Speck. .1846; Richard G Stockett, 
 1826; J. B. Tilden, 1826; John O. Tritman. 1843; J. Walker, 1871; Oscar V. Ward, 1871 ; 
 George W. Williams. 1814: Otho Willson, 1834; John O. Witrnan. (843: Thomas Fannin 
 Wood, 1868: Thomas H. Wright, 1819; Peregrine Wroth, 1841: Wilson Yandell, 1823. 
 
 The honorary non-medical degrees have been given very rarely. 
 
 In connection with the Lafayette episode, it may be of interest to note that while this 
 was being written, a handsome portrait of Lafayette was received from the French Ambassa- 
 dor in Washington, M. Jusserand. a gift to the University. For the details of the Lafayette 
 Episode see Old Maryland. June-. 1906. 
 
 *The author met one of these about twenty-five years ago, the late Dr. John B. Bl 
 of Washington, D. C. a graduate of 1824. He expressed the highest regard and admira- 
 tion for his preceptor. 
 
 \Fed. Gas-, Oct. 20, 1S24. 
 
 JPotter, op. cit. 
 
 %Jd.
 
 60 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 declared that they were restricted hy it in their rights. They did not allow 
 the matter to rest here. A movement was secretly set on foot hy them with 
 a view to turning the University over to the control of the State. Professor 
 Potter gives a graphic picture of his first discovery of this scheme. He had 
 gone down to Annapolis, in company with Professor De Butts, to look after 
 some matter in the Legislature pertaining to the University — probably to 
 oppose the granting of a charter for the founding of Washington College 
 Medical School. They had spent ten days there performing the duties as- 
 signed them, when on the eve of his departure for home. Professor Potter 
 learned of the proposal to change the government of the school. He was 
 "surprised and mortified." No intimation of such a design had ever been 
 made to the Faculty or Regents. He "expressed his abhorrence to his col- 
 league, who was silent." He deferred his departure and remained several 
 davs at Annapolis. De Butts was represented as the prime mover in the 
 scheme. There were several plans afloat, and the minds of members were 
 not at all made up as to the best one. In one respect he found them, how- 
 ever, quite unanimous, and that was in the most irreconcilable prejudice 
 against the Regents and Faculty. In this dilemma he appealed to the city's 
 representatives. These were divided in sentiment, one, Mr. Benjamin C. 
 Howard, advocating the change on the ground of expediency; the other, 
 Mr. John S. Tyson, opposing it as unconstitutional. The Speaker took the 
 remarkable ground — in which he was seconded bv some of the members — 
 that whatever the Legislature had the power to create it had also the right 
 to destroy. In such a frame of mind, the result was not doubtful. The 
 joint committee of the two Houses brought in a bill taking possession of the 
 University in the name of the State, which, notwithstanding, the adverse 
 opinion of the highest legal authorities, passed both branches of the Legis- 
 lature and became law. 
 
 It is not deemed necessary to give the full text of this Act. The pre- 
 amble reads: "Whereas, experience has shown that the public good, and the 
 proper government and discipline of the University of Maryland, require
 
 THE FOl \ DING OF THE INSTITUTION 61 
 
 important a Iterations in the Act of Incorporation, therefore," etc. The 
 Board of Regents is abolished, and the members of the several Faculties, ex- 
 cept Professors, discontinued. The government of the institution is trans- 
 ferred to a board of twenty-one Trustees, upon whom are conferred all the 
 duties and powers previously belonging to the Regents, and who are made 
 responsible "for all debts due by the University," and "for contracts hereto- 
 fore made by the said Regents," just as the latter had previously been. The 
 Governor of the State is made ex-officio President of the Board, which has 
 the power to appoint and dismiss the Provost, Professors and Lecturers at 
 pleasure. In case of a vacancy in any Professorship, the remaining Pro- 
 fessors are required each to nominate a successor, but the Board is not 
 restricted in its choice to such nominations. The pecuniary affairs of the in- 
 stitution are placed unreservedly in their hands, and they control all ex- 
 penditures. Vacancies in the Board are to be filled by appointment of the 
 Governor. It is expressly stipulated that the Medical Faculty and its suc- 
 cessors are not to be released from the payment of the interest on the 
 $30,000 loan of 1821.* 
 
 This act did away with all the Law Faculty except Professor Hoffman, 
 and with the Faculties of Divinity, and Arts and Sciences entirely. The 
 names of the Trustees appointed under the Act were John Eager Howard, 
 Theodorick Bland, Stevenson Archer, Thomas B. Dorsey, Roger B. Taney, 
 Robert Smith, Ezekiel F. Chambers, Robert Gilmor, Dennis Claude, James 
 Steuart, Reverdy Johnson, John P. K. Henshaw, James Thomas, George 
 Roberts, Benedict J. Semmes, John Nelson, John C. Herbert, Nathaniel 
 Williams, Isaac McKim, Henry Wilkins and William Frick. Among these 
 arc to be found the most distinguished names in the history of Maryland. 
 
 The Regents did not submit quietly to these proceedings of the Legis- 
 lature. The Act was passed March 26, 1826. On the 17th of the same 
 month a regular meeting of the Board was held at which a resolution was 
 adopted, with but one dissenting voice, that a committee of five should be 
 'Fi'.m MS. certified copy of Act. in Records of University.
 
 62 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 appointed to obtain the opinion of counsel upon the constitutionality of the 
 Act. Another resolution was unanimously adopted, directing the commit- 
 tee, if the opinion should be that it was unconstitutional, to prepare an 
 address to the Governor and the Trustees, informing them of the fact, and 
 requesting them to defer acting until the Act could be reconsidered by the 
 Legislature, and in the event of the Trustees determining to proceed, to 
 adopt such legal measures as might be deemed necessary to resist the opera-, 
 tion of the Act.* 
 
 The committee appointed to discharge these duties consisted of Right 
 Reverend James Kemp, Rev. Dr. William E. Wyatt, Messrs. Jonathan 
 Meredith and Edward Pinkney, and Dr. Maxwell McDowell, representing 
 evidently the three Faculties. In accordance with its instructions, this com- 
 mittee selected Hon. William Wirt, the Attorney-General of the United 
 States, John Purviance and Hon. Daniel Webster, as the counsel to be con- 
 sulted. Their opinion, rendered May 21, 1826, reviews the University 
 from its foundation as the College of Medicine in 1807, showing that it 
 began without funds, that it was maintained upon the individual credit of 
 the Professors, who, disappointed in the receipts of the lotteries, were com- 
 pelled to borrow large sums from the banks in order to meet the expense 
 connected with the purchase of ground and the erection of buildings, and 
 that the Act of 1826 changes the entire government of the LJniversity with- 
 out its assent or approval. After a careful and deliberate consideration, 
 they had no hesitation in declaring as their decided opinion that the late 
 Act was a manifest violation of the rights created by the Acts of 1807 and 
 1812, and therefore a direct infringement of that article of the Constitution 
 of the United States which forbids any State to pass a law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts.! 
 
 Having obtained this opinion, the committee of the Regents pro- 
 ceeded, on the 2 2d of May — before the corporation of the Trustees had 
 
 *Decision of Court of Appeals, Chief Justice Buchanan, Regents vs. Trustees. Also cir- 
 cular of Regents' faculty to Members of House of Delegates, 1838. 
 
 fFrom copy of the printed opinion republished by Regents' Faculty, Sept., 1837.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 63 
 
 gone into operation — to communicate it formally to the Governor and to 
 each of the Trustees, requesting a suspension of action on their part until 
 the next meeting of the Legislature, when application would be made for 
 its repeal. "Should it be deemed inexpedient, however," they say, "to 
 comply with this request, we are prepared, in behalf of the Regents, to enter 
 into such arrangements with you as will produce the speediest judicial de- 
 cision upon the constitutionality of the law by the proper tribunal, and for 
 this purpose, we beg leave to say, that any communication addressed to the 
 Rgt. Rev. Bishop Kemp, as chairman of the Committee of Regents, will 
 receive their immediate attention."* 
 
 There was no reply to this communication, and on the appointed day 
 the Trustees took formal and unopposed possession of the University. 
 Fifteen days were given to the Professors to decide whether they would 
 apply for reappointment to their former chairs or not.t All of the mem- 
 bers of the Faculty of Physic, and Professor Hoffman of the Law Faculty, 
 were duly appointed and accepted their places under the new Board "and 
 from that time until September, 1837, the corporation of Regents ceased to 
 exert its corporate functions."! The four Faculties united, however, 111 
 making a formal protest against the action of the Trustees. $ 
 
 During the same session of the Legislature in which the Board of 
 Trustees was created, a law was also passed providing for the disposition of 
 the remainder of the $140,000 authorized by the lottery acts. From the 
 funds first obtained after the passage of the law, $14,200 were appropriated 
 to the use of the Professorship of Law, "to be expended under the direction 
 of the Trustees, in the erection or purchase of suitable buildings, and pro- 
 curing a library and other accommodations." From the next proceeds 
 $3,800 were appropriated to reimburse the Professors who had erected the 
 Infirmary, conditional upon their transfer of the title of that building to the 
 
 ♦Circular of Regents' Faculty, 1838. 
 fPotter, op. cit. 
 JDecision of Court, 1839. 
 § Potter, op. cit.
 
 64 I X/fERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Trustees, free of all incumbrance except ground rent. Next, $6,500 were 
 appropriated for the purchase of chemical apparatus, $2,000 for the pur- 
 chase of apparatus for the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and lastly, the 
 residue was appropriated for such use as the Trustees might determine upon. 
 
 Of the $14,000 appropriated for the department of Law, $5,000 were 
 paid to the Professor of Law, Mr. David Hoffman, for his law library, and 
 the balance was invested with a view to the subsequent erection of necessary 
 buildings. Meanwhile a building was secured for temporary use at an an- 
 nual rental of S400.* 
 
 The election of Nathan R. Smith as Professor of Surgery, in 1827, 
 ranks as one of the most important events in the history of the University. 
 1 le at that time held the chair of Anatomy in Jefferson Medical College, 
 Philadelphia, and was a rising young surgeon of thirty. Of commanding 
 presence, cultivated and comprehensive intellect and imperious disposition, 
 bold, original, self-confident, brooking no rivals, he was for nearly half a 
 century the central figure in its Faculties. No man ever reigned so com- 
 pletely in its councils as he did. The language of Louis XIV. — "I'etat, c 'est 
 moi" — might almost have been applied to his relations to the University. 
 
 The same year is also memorable for the founding of Washington 
 Medical College — the first rival of the University. The leading spirit of 
 this school was Dr. Horatio Gates Jameson, a native of Pennsylvania, a 
 graduate of the University of Maryland Medical School, class of 18 13, a 
 bold, able and original surgeon, and a voluminous medical writer. There 
 were several circumstances which favored the founding of another school at 
 that time in Baltimore. The city was growing rapidly in trade and popula- 
 tion, and the country at large was experiencing an unprecedented period of 
 prosperity. The institution already in existence had met with success far 
 beyond the expectations of its founder. There were moreover personal 
 motives operating in Jameson's case. He had been thwarted in a prospect 
 
 'Joint Memorial of Trustees 0/ University ami Baltimore College to the Legislature, 
 1830, Pampht.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 65 
 
 of a place in the University, which at one time seemed open to him, and for 
 some years his relations with the Faculty of that School had not been 
 friendly — indeed, he claimed that he had been treated with great discourtesy 
 and injustice by its members.* Of course, the knowledge of the want of 
 harmony in that Faculty, which had so seriously threatened its future, must 
 have had its weight. Very naturally the Faculty of the University Medical 
 School did not regard with favor the attempt to found a rival school. It 
 was charged that they referred to Jameson and his colleagues in contemptu- 
 ous terms, and they appointed a committee to visit Annapolis and oppose 
 the granting of the charter. t This was during the winter session of 182 ^-26, 
 the same in which the Act changing the government of the University was 
 put through. Their charter was granted, notwithstanding this opposition, 
 and the new College was opened in the fall of 1827 in a building on North 
 Holliday street, between Lexington and Saratoga. At the close of the first 
 session, degrees were conferred on twelve graduates. For a time it flour- 
 ished and was a formidable competitor of the University Medical School, 
 dividing with the latter the student patronage. In a few years its Faculty 
 purchased ground on Broadway and erected a hospital and college building 
 — the central building of the present Church Home and Infirmary. It 
 numbered in its Faculty some men of distinction — Samuel Annan, James B. 
 Rogers, John P. Mettauer, John R. W. Dunbar, Henry M. Baxley, Charles 
 Bell Gibson, etc. J In 1839 a University charter was secured, the College 
 being authorized "to constitute and annex to itself the three other Colleges 
 or Faculties — Law, Divinity, and Arts and Sciences, and such academies, or 
 preparing school or schools as may be deemed essential to the support and 
 maintenance of said Colleges or Faculties." Nothing resulted however 
 from this legislation, none of the additional Faculties being established. 
 In 1849 it was determined to move to the central part of the city, and 
 ground was bought and a building erected on the south-east corner of Han- 
 
 *See Jameson's "Synopsis of the Hintze Trial," Am. Med. Recorder, Jan.. iXjij 
 :|:Jameson resigned in 1835 to accept a chair in Cincinnati. 
 fSee p. 52.
 
 66' UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 over and Lombard streets, later known as the "New Assembly Rooms." 
 This involved the authorities in such debt that they were unable to extricate 
 themselves, and during the session of 1851-52 both buildings were sold to 
 meet their obligations, and the college was closed. In 1867 it was revived 
 by Drs. Warren, Byrd and others, and had a second career of ten years, 
 when it was merged with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, founded 
 in 1872. Other medical colleges founded more recently in Baltimore were: 
 Baltimore Medical College, 1881 ; Woman's Medical College, 1882; Balti- 
 more University, 1885; Southern Homoeopathic Medical College, 1890; 
 Johns Hopkins Medical College, 1893; Maryland Medical College, 1898. 
 
 Mention may be made here of the "Gray legacy." This was a sum of 
 $5,000 which was bequeathed to the Infirmary by Mr. George Gray, a 
 merchant of Baltimore, in 1829, in testimony of his gratitude for care and 
 attention received while a patient in it. This bequest was used by the Medi- 
 cal Faculty for the erection of the corner addition to the institution in 1852, 
 which was secured by a deed executed to the Board of Regents. 
 
 An event which was regarded with much interest at the time, and which 
 it was hoped would prove the beginning of a prosperous career, was the 
 opening of the Academic or Literary Department, in 1831. The "Faculty" 
 appointed in January, 18 13, had been continued with more or less alterations 
 up to the advent of the Trustees, but had never actually discharged the duties 
 of their office. They were removed by the Trustees, and successors ap- 
 pointed. An effort appears to have been made in December, 1828, to put 
 this department in operation, for "an appropriation not exceeding $400 was 
 made to rent rooms and furnish them in the central part of the city to ac- 
 commodate the Professors of Geology and Mineralogy,* of History, and 
 of Moral Philosophy, and the Professors of the other departments not con- 
 nected with the Medical Faculty, and the Professors in said departments 
 were required to proceed to the discharge of the duties of their professor- 
 
 : J. T. Ducatel held the chair of Geology and Mineralogy.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 67 
 
 ships.'" The results of this essay were however extremely meagre, ami it 
 was not until 1830 that any real advance was made. In that year, a joint 
 memorial was presented to the Legislature by the Trustees of the University 
 of Maryland and the Trustees of the Baltimore College, asking that the two 
 institutions be united, the latter to surrender its charter, and turn over its 
 property to the Trustees of the University. The College which it was thus 
 proposed to absorb, already mentioned as one of two in Baltimore ante- 
 dating the founding of the College of Medicine, originated from a union 
 of the academies of Mr. James Priestly, on St. Paul's lane( not to be con- 
 founded with the discoverer of oxygen, who lived in Pennsylvania) and Rev. 
 James Knox, corner Chatham or Fayette street and McClellan's alley. It 
 was chartered in 1803 ; organized in 1804 by Bishop Carroll and others; the 
 first session began in Knox's school, in 1808, and two years later the Col- 
 lege was removed to Mulberry, opposite Cathedral street, where a building 
 had been erected by the aid of a lottery. The first class, of five, was gradu- 
 ated with the degree of A. B. in 1812. It had a brief career, was reopened 
 in 1821, but again languished.! 
 
 In compliance with the joint memorial, the Legislature passed a bill 
 turning over the property and franchises of the College, conditional upon 
 the payment of a debt of $7,000 which rested upon it. This condition was 
 complied with by the Trustees, and due preparations having been made, the 
 department of Arts and Sciences was opened with a Faculty of eleven Pro- 
 fessors on the third of January, 183 1, by a public address delivered by Mr. 
 John P. Kennedy, Professor of History. This scholarly address was pub- 
 lished, and is still well worth reading. if 
 
 It will be remembered that the amount authorized to be raised by the 
 
 lottery of 1807 was $40,000, and by that of 18 16, $100,000 — a total of 
 
 $140,000. The amount actually realized from these enterprises up to 1830 
 
 was $77,000. Adding to this the $30,000 loaned by the State, and fur- 
 
 *Minutes of Trustees. 
 
 f Joint Memorial," 1830. ''Life of J. P. Kennedy," by H. T. Tuckerman. N. Y., 1871. 
 
 JSee abstract in sketch of Department of Arts and Sciences.
 
 68 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ther sums borrowed or advanced by the Professors, and we have an aggre- 
 gate of about $i 17,000. The following statement is given of the disposition 
 of this fund, exclusively for the use of the medical department, as will be 
 
 observed.* 
 
 For lot on which medical buildings stand, with enclosure $15,600 00 
 
 The said buildings 65,00000 
 
 Chemical apparatus 8,300 00 
 
 Medical Library 2,600 00 
 
 Anatomical Museum 8,000 00 
 
 Infirmary— Building $15,°°° 00 
 
 Furniture 2,50000 
 
 17,500 00 
 
 $117,000 00 
 
 In 1833 the Trustees, notwithstanding the opposition of the Faculty, 
 made dissection compulsory, thus, it is believed, giving the priority to this 
 institution among the Medical Schools of America in the introduction of this 
 reasonable regulation. 
 
 In December, 1836, a new seal was procured, in accordance with a 
 resolution of the Board of Trustees, adopted in 1833. It is described as 
 "bearing as a device the arms of the State of Maryland on a shield, with a 
 shield appended thereto by a chain with the words, 'University of Mary- 
 land, incorporated A. D., 1812.' "t In March, 1837, Lombard street was 
 opened towards the west, and the University was assessed $63.39 for it.J 
 
 The Trustees had no easy or pleasant task before them when they took 
 charge in the spring of 1826. With an entirely new Faculty they would 
 have had far better chances for success. As it was, they had under them a 
 Faculty some of whom, at least, could never forget their lost rights and 
 privileges. During their eleven years of submission, the latter lost no op- 
 portunity to oppose them and seek to thwart them in every way in their 
 management of affairs. From the first, they submitted with but a bad grace, 
 and were only deterred by the most formidable obstacles from testing in the 
 
 *"Joint Memorial of Trustees." etc., 1830. 
 
 ■(•Minutes of Trustees. The present seal of the University contains only a picture of the 
 main University building, surrounded by the words "Sigillum Academine Terra? Maris," 
 and the date, MDCCCVII. 
 
 tide 111.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 69 
 
 courts the law deposing them from their rights. Their positions had heen 
 declared vacant by the Trustees, and they were forced to make application 
 for them and receive them back at the hands of the latter. This humiliation 
 brought to them their first realization of the inferiority of their new posi- 
 tions. A feeling of irritation and hostility on their part towards their new 
 masters was altogether natural under the circumstances, and it was height- 
 ened by the opinion of the eminent counsel whom they had consulted. I he 
 suddenness of the change made it all the more impressive. 
 
 It is unfortunate that we are compelled to rely so largely upon the 
 statements of one side in the ever recurring differences that arose between the 
 Faculty and the Trustees. Dr. Potter is a most prejudiced historian of those 
 times, and we can never feel certain that his prejudice does not lead him to 
 misrepresent the truth. It may be that the Trustees lacked tact, and held 
 themselves too much aloof from the Faculty, but it is certain that the latter 
 were in that frame of mind which is ever ready to find fault and to imagine 
 offense. In proof of this, we may compare the attitude of those who re- 
 ceived appointments from the Trustees with that of those who had held 
 over from the Regents. We do not find complaints and dissensions emanat- 
 ing from Geddings, Dunglison and Ducatel. 
 
 Professor Davidge did not fare better at the hands of the Trustees in 
 regard to his private class than with the Regents. Although he made per- 
 sonal application for the restoration of the lost privilege, December 9th, 
 1826, and although his application was seconded by the students, the appeal 
 was in vain. This must have been a bitter disappointment, for it was upon 
 this very point that he had been tempted to apply to the Legislature for the 
 Act of 1826.* Potter adds: "They" (Davidge and De Butts) "mag- 
 nanimously acknowledged their error, and were the first to complain, and 
 repented in sackcloth and ashes." 
 
 The following event occurred in December, 1826: A student named 
 Adreon brought a friend into the yard for the purpose of showing him some 
 
 *Potter. op. cit.
 
 7 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 anatomical preparation which he had made. This was against the rules, 
 and he was stopped by the janitor at "the inner gate." An altercation 
 ensued, in the course of which strong language was used by both parties, and 
 the janitor struck the student. The latter did not return the blow, but 
 preferred charges against the janitor of insulting language and personal 
 violence. The case was examined into at the office of Mr. Roger B. Taney, 
 who was then the Vice-President of the Board. The janitor made the most 
 humble apology, pleading that he had a wife and large family dependent 
 upon him, and recalling his good character and services in the position, which 
 he had held "from nearly the commencement of the College." He acknowl- 
 edged his imprudence, for which ther£ was no justification, and humbly 
 begged for mercy. The sequel leaves us in more than doubt as to his sin- 
 cerity. The apology, however, was accepted, and he was allowed to retain 
 his position.* 
 
 The abolition of the graduation fee was another cause of complaint. 
 In 1827,1 tne Professors were deprived of the graduation fees, of which 
 they had alone retained possession in the transfer of the revenues of the 
 University. This item of income was claimed by them as a special per- 
 quisite of their chairs, and an inalienable right of their office. They looked 
 upon it as due them for the time and labor required in the examinations, and 
 for certifying in the diploma to the standing and capacity of the graduate.! 
 It was restored to them in 1 833, when it was estimated that the loss incurred 
 by the Faculty amounted to $6,405, viz.: 427 graduates (from 1827 to 
 1833, inclusive), at $15 each.§ We must not infer from Dr. Potter's 
 words, as we might be justified in doing, that this large sum had been 
 diverted into the treasury of the University; the fact was, that during this 
 period the graduation fee had been abolished, and upon this act of the 
 Trustees we may quote the approval of Dr. Benjamin Lincoln, a prominent 
 
 *Minutes of Trustees. 
 
 f'Without Shadow of right or law." Prof. Hall, MS. Records of University. 
 
 iPotter, op. cit. 
 
 §Prof. Hal!, MS. Records of University.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 71 
 
 teacher of the day: "The only school in the United States, so far as known, 
 which has had the good sense and magnanimity to abolish the 'graduation 
 fee," is the Medical College of the University of Maryland."* 
 
 Professor Potter kept his eye upon the janitor, and so when in Decem- 
 ber, 1828, he observed that some of the students, instead of proceeding after 
 his lecture to the room of his successor, were in the habit ol going to the 
 apartments of the janitor, his suspicions were aroused, and he determined 
 to investigate. Accordingly, one day, he unexpectedly entered the janitor's 
 room and found several students "regaling themselves with spirits and 
 cards." Now, it was against the regulations for the janitor to sell liquor, 
 and he privately reproached him for it. That functionary first denied, then 
 became angry, and wound up by "giving the lie." The Professor preferred 
 charges against him, and demanded his discharge, claiming that he had 
 already been guilty of one offense, and had therefore forfeited all claim to 
 further indulgence. The committee of the Trustees charged with the ex- 
 amination, dictated a letter of apology which, after requiring the janitor 
 to sign, they sent to the Professor. The' Trustees also passed a regulation 
 forbidding the janitor in future "to sell liquors of any kind, fruit, nuts, 
 cigars, or tobacco, or to permit the students to play at cards or any other 
 game in his house for money or any other thing." Potter was not satisfied 
 with this action, nor with the note of apology, and wrote a sharp letter to the 
 committee, which they refused to receive and directed to be returned to the 
 writer. Thev determined, nevertheless, that it was necessary to inquire into 
 the conduct of the janitor generally, as well as in this particular instance. 
 Professors Davidge, De Butts, Smith, Hall, Baker and McDowell, and two 
 of the students, were summoned before the committee and bore unanimous 
 testimony to the capacity, general good conduct and valuable services of the 
 janitor, although Professor Smith thought he had been wanting in respect to 
 himself upon one occasion. The janitor was summoned and examined as to 
 
 *"Hint.s on the Present State of Medical Education," etc.by Dr. Benjamin Lincoln, Burl- 
 ington, 1833. Pampht,
 
 72 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 this, but the committee was satisfied that he had been guilty of no disrespect; 
 he was accordingly ordered to resume his duties. But the redoubtable Pro- 
 fessor had declared war, and nothing would appease him except absolute 
 surrender of the enemy. According to the "Sketch," the janitor threatened 
 him with personal violence, and would have carried out the threat but for 
 the intervention of the Professor's student friends, whom he could scarcely 
 restrain from "sacrificing" the irrepressible subordinate. "I had to go 
 armed," he says, "for the remainder of the session. The class clamored so 
 loudly for justice that the Trustees had to meet and request the janitor 'to 
 beg my pardon, or say he was sorry for what he had said.' He was kept 
 in office till spring, selling whiskey and brandy in defiance of all authority. 
 Early in the spring he offended them, and was ejected for another offense, 
 after annoying me, as the instrument of their revenge, for half the session."* 
 The author of the "Sketch" has fallen into an error here, for we have it 
 upon record that, although Professor Smith made a second complaint the 
 following spring, it was not until three years later (January, 1832) that 
 the janitor was forced to resign his position. This was in consequence of 
 another complaint made by one of the students, and accompanied by a 
 request from the Faculty for his immediate removal. His resignation was 
 accordingly presented and accepted, and the Dean was instructed to take 
 charge of the keys until the vacancy could be filled. t 
 
 During the session of 1829-30, Professor Smith "converted to his own 
 use a part of the dissecting room without the knowledge or consent of the 
 Demonstrator." The latter objected, and the Trustees ordered restitution 
 to be made. This discomfiture of the high-spirited Professor of Surgery 
 could not have failed to leave some bitterness of feeling on his part towards 
 the Trustees. 
 
 It will be remembered that the Act appointing the Trustees provided 
 that they should assume entire charge of the pecuniary affairs of the institu- 
 
 * Potter, op. cit. 
 •(Trustees' Minutes.
 
 THE EOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 73 
 
 tion, and pay off all of its debts, with one single exception; this was the 
 interest on the $30,000 loan of 1821, amounting to $1,500 annually. The 
 members of the Faculty of Physic were required to give bond for the regu- 
 lar payment of this interest, and they continued to pay it until the winter of 
 1842-43. It is hard to comprehend what justification could have been 
 found for the imposition of this burden upon the Faculty. The money had 
 been borrowed for the erection of Practice Flail, the purchase of a Museum, 
 and the completion of Anatomical Hall and the Dissecting Room in the main 
 building, and for the payment of the debts overhanging the corporation; and 
 it had been faithfully devoted to this purpose under the direction of a "com- 
 mission" appointed by the same Legislature which had made the loan. The 
 University having, therefore, been benefited by it, and not the Professors in 
 their private capacity, it seems clearly to have been a debt of the corporation 
 which the Trustees should have assumed like any other debt. The Faculty, 
 being now deprived of all control over the income of the corporation, had 
 lost the means of paying it upon which they had doubtless relied, and were 
 compelled to make it up from their private resources. In justice to the 
 Trustees, however, attention should be called to the fact that the Act of 
 1826, by which they had received their appointments, stated in express terms 
 that the Medical Faculty and their successors were to be held bound to the 
 payment of the interest of this loan, and the Trustees were in no degree re- 
 sponsible for this action. It is of interest to note here that, notwithstanding 
 the burden of this interest, the Faculty were not deterred from assuming 
 the bond for the payment of the annuity of $1,000 to Professor Maxwell 
 McDowell, in 1833, whom they desired to get rid of.* 
 
 The Infirmary constituted another source of dissatisfaction. The 
 building had been erected, not by the Board of Regents, nor by the Faculty, 
 but by several of the Professors, who had contributed liberally from their 
 private means, and when these had failed, had borrowed money from the 
 
 *The graduation fees, restored to the Faculty in 1833, nearly sufficed to make up the 
 amount due on this bond.
 
 74 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 banks to meet the exDense, and the deed to it stood in their names. Yet the 
 building had been seized by the Trustees and held, despite the protest of 
 these gentlemen, who were required to contribute their services to it as at- 
 tending physicians without compensation. The establishment having thus 
 been taken possession of by agents of the State, the several Professors to 
 whom it belonged made out a bill against the Trustees for the entire amount 
 of the private funds which they had expended in its erection and mainten- 
 ance. The latter refused to pay any portion of this claim, and an appeal 
 was made to the Legislature, which passed an Act requiring them to make 
 a settlement. "With great reluctance," the Board then appointed a com- 
 mittee, consisting of Messrs. Gwynn, McCulIoh and Williams, to investigate 
 the accounts of the University and report what, if any, sum was due the 
 Professors for funds advanced. Professor Hall was appointed on the part 
 of the Faculty to confer with this committee. After a protracted and 
 exhaustive examination, extending back to the year 1807, the committee re- 
 ported on the 11th of October, 1830, that $15,474 were due the Pro- 
 fessors.* According to Professor Potter, there was a suit still pending in 
 1838 for the recovery of this debt, in whole or in part. 
 
 The management of the Infirmary was severely criticised. Professor 
 Potter contrasts the entire absence of expense for offices, stationary, etc., 
 under the Regents, with the extravagance of the Trustees' government with 
 respect to these items. The latter, for example, had a secretary, the son of 
 the Vice-President, who received $250 per annum. Later, the chairman 
 of the committee on the Infirmary received $200 for his services; still later, 
 as the income of the Infirmary increased, the same officer was given the title 
 of "Superintendent," and $400 a year, and at last he became "Governor," 
 with $800 salary.! This officer had absolute control over the affairs of the 
 institution. Patients were admitted and discharged by his command; he 
 
 Potter, op. cit. I have followed Professor Potter, but according to Mr. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
 a member of the Board of Regents, in a report made in 1852. the Infirmary was transferred 
 to the Trustees in 1832, on the latter assuming the debt due the bank which was then threat- 
 ening its sale. 
 
 fMr. Solomon Etting held these offices, and no doubt deserved all he got for his wise 
 and economical management of affairs.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTION 75 
 
 appointed the subordinates; he purchased the supplies and medicines for the 
 inmates; he handled all the funds, and paid out money, and one of the senior 
 students served as his secretary. According to Professor Potter, the medi- 
 cines were inferior in quality, and were purchased wherever they could be 
 gotten at the lowest rates. The Professors were compelled to use their own 
 instruments, and they could not obtain even so necessary an article as 
 leeches.* 
 
 Potter goes so far as to charge the Board with the most discreditable 
 conduct. For instance, he states, that in order to get rid of opposition, "the 
 schemers in the Board" had its number reduced by the following device : 
 Three of the members were Judges of judicial districts in the State, and 
 were "true friends of the school." In order to get rid of them, a resolution 
 was passed that absence from four successive meetings vacated a seat. 
 Then finding that these gentlemen had been absent three meetings, the fourth 
 was appointed on a ciay on which the Judges were to sit, and thus they 
 were expelled from the Board. Again, the Regents had made a contract 
 with Messrs. Yates and Mclntyre, lottery brokers, which stipulated that they 
 should pay over to the Regents $2,000 every four months until the privilege 
 was exhausted. Although the amplest security was given and the terms 
 strictly and honorably complied with, the Trustees annulled this solemn ob- 
 ligation and substituted a specific annual sum. 
 
 The charge was also made against the Trustees that they ignored the 
 wishes of the Faculty as to the appointment of Professors. With reference 
 to this, it may be said in their behalf, that they were not bound by the Act 
 appointing them to conform to such wishes. t But, as a matter of fact, 
 they did comply with every request of the Faculty upon this sub- 
 ject up to May, 1837, except in the case of Professor Ducatel, the wisdom 
 of whose appointment was not questioned by his colleagues. 
 
 As may be inferred, Potter was the most bitter against the Trustees 
 
 ♦Potter, op. cit. 
 
 fActs of Legislature, Chap. LXII, 3.
 
 76 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 of all the members of the Faculty, and naturally the most obnoxious to them, 
 "because," as he says, "uniformly, without reserve, at all times and in all 
 places, exposing their acts."* The affairs of the University were freely dis- 
 cussed with the students, who naturally sided with the Professors and laid 
 the blame on their opponents. The Trustees are said to have "declared 
 that should either of the Professors, in their intercourse with the students, 
 speak disrespectfully of them or their acts, they "should forfeit their chairs 
 and be expelled from them." To this Potter says that he made reply pub- 
 licly, that "if they would let him appear before their Board he would give 
 them the opportunity to resort to still more extreme acts of tyranny."* 
 
 Early in 1837 the Faculty endeavored to secure the passage of an Act 
 by the Legislature giving its members seats in the Board of Trustees, "with 
 power to vote on all matters appertaining particularly to the medical de- 
 partment, and on the appointment and removal of a Provost, Professor, 
 Lecturer, tutor, demonstrator, or other officer connected with said depart- 
 ment, or on questions relative to their duties or the duties of any of them, 
 or on the establishment, alteration or abolishment of a professorship, lec- 
 tureship, or any other office in said department, but not to vote on fiscal 
 questions or on business of other departments."! The Trustees, of course, 
 opposed this measure, and presented a memorial giving the reasons why 
 it should not be passed. They carried their point, and it was rejected. 
 
 But the circumstance that particularly precipitated the crisis was the 
 appointment of Dr. Henry W. Baxley to the chair of Anatomy, as the suc- 
 cessor of Professor Geddings. Dr. Baxley first became connected with the 
 Faculty in 1834, as Demonstrator of Anatomy, succeeding Dr. Samuel 
 Lyon. At that time Dr. Augustus L. Warner had a private dissecting room 
 on Cider alley, just in the rear of the College building, but, on his election 
 to a chair at the University of Virginia, it passed into the hands of Dr. 
 William N. Baker, a graduate of the class of 1832, and a son of Professor 
 
 *Potter, op. cit. 
 
 fCopy of proposed bill, MS. Records of University.
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE INSTFTUTION 77 
 
 Samuel Baker. Young Baker had been well educated and possessing a fine 
 address and marked social qualities, was a general favorite. His students 
 were warmly attached to him, and his dissecting rooms were more fre- 
 quented than those of the College. Dr. Baxley, on the other hand, was 
 devoid of sociability, and stood much upon his dignity, and the preroga- 
 tives of his office. A spirit of rivalry readily sprang up between the two 
 classes, and as Baker had such personal attractions and was so much liked 
 by the students, with whom the members of the Faculty kept up the most 
 friendly relations during the difficulties with the Trustees, and especially be- 
 cause he was the son of one of their colleagues and of a founder of the 
 school, it was not long before the Professors began to give the preference to 
 young Baker. 
 
 In Februarv, 1835, Dr. Baxley had the misfortune to have a difficulty 
 with one of the students. In a communication which he addressed to Pro- 
 fessor Geddings on February 3d, he complains of the conduct of a Mr. 
 Gilmer, of Virginia, at the previous day's lecture on anatomy. He charges 
 this gentlemen with "taking his seat, a seat appropriated to the Demonstra- 
 tor of Anatomy, and which he had been accustomed to use during the session, 
 and refusing to give it to him." He says that the offense was all the more 
 censurable because committed in the presence of the entire class and of the 
 Professor. On being refused his seat he says that he left the room. He 
 desires to know "what course he should pursue." He received a reply to the 
 effect that Mr. Gilmer disclaimed any intended disrespect, and said that he 
 was not aware of the seat having been appropriated and that had it been 
 solicited in a proper manner he would have given it up. In answer to this 
 Dr. B. said that he simply presented himself before the seat, which he had 
 been in the habit of occupying every day, and which Mr. G. had relinquished 
 on a similar application in manner on a former occasion. He was now 
 directed, however, to "go on." He added that he would have considered it 
 an improper surrender on his part of the rights of the station which he 
 held, and a culpable indifference to the respect due to that station from the
 
 78 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 pupils of the school, to do other than plainly intimate a consciousness of 
 those rights and the determination to require that respect to be observed. 
 He accordingly replied: "I will occupy this seat, sir!" to which, receiving 
 the answer, "No, you won't, sir!" he retired as above stated, intending, if 
 necessary, to bring the matter to the attention of the authorities of the Uni- 
 versity, "alike competent and disposed to secure becoming subordination." 
 He adds that he has heard that Mr. G.'s conduct before and after the trans- 
 action did not accord with his statements to Professor Geddings, and he 
 must therefore request a written disavowal from him, or a written statement 
 of that disavowal by the Dean, Professor Dunglison. The latter, as being 
 probably most easily obtained, was accordingly given, and affairs were thus 
 in appearance accommodated for the time.* But it is probable that this 
 affair left unpleasant impressions, and although we find no other record of 
 any open difficulty during Dr. Baxley's incumbency of office, he seems to have 
 been on suspiciously intimate terms with the Trustees, and this was sufficient 
 to cause the members of the Faculty to look upon him with distrust, ami to 
 give rise to the charge by Professor Potter that Geddings had been "banished 
 by intrigue, injustice and envy."t 
 
 It was known to the Faculty that Dr. Baxley was the choice of the 
 Trustees for the chair vacated by Professor Geddings at the close of the 
 session of 1836-37. They unanimously favored the appointment of Dr. 
 Baker. Baxley had now become so offensive to them that they had deter- 
 mined not to remain in the Faculty if he were admitted to it. At a meeting 
 held in the Infirmary, on the 2d of May, 1837, the "arbitrary and injudicious 
 acts of the Trustees, and the unconstitutionality of the Act of 1825" were 
 discussed. At a later meeting, Professor Hall reported the opinion of coun- 
 sel on the probable success of a suit, and urged that one be entered upon. 
 It was now unanimously resolved that, if the Trustees should make an ap- 
 pointment to the chair of Anatomy of "an individual" proposed by them, 
 
 *MS. Records of the University. 
 fPotter, op. cit.
 
 TR US TEES AND REGEN TS 79 
 
 in direct opposition to the nomination of the Faculty, the Professors should 
 resign, and the resignations were placed in the hands of Professor Hall, 
 tthe Dean, to be used in accordance with the resolution. As soon as the 
 official announcement was received of the obnoxious appointment, the resig- 
 nations were delivered to the chairman of the Board. Drs. Potter and Hall, 
 senior members of the Faculty, in resigning their appointments under the 
 Trustees, expressly retained those formerly held from the Regents under the 
 charter of 18 12.* 
 
 Having thus declared themselves independent of their late masters, no 
 time was lost in reorganization. The two senior members constituted the 
 nucleus, the direct successors of the last Faculty under the Regents, and they 
 elected Professors Smith and Griffith to the same chairs in the revived Re- 
 gents' Faculty which they had just resigned. Professor Hall was made 
 Dean, and as Secretary of the old Board of Regents, was directed to call a 
 meeting of that body, a majority of whom were still alive. In accordance 
 with the notice, the Regents met and resolved to obtain further advice from 
 counsel as to the legality of holding lectures under the old charter. The 
 gentlemen consulted, Messrs. Martin, Mayer and Evans, declared that the 
 Faculty of the Regents was the legitimate faculty, and as such had full 
 authority to lecture and confer degrees. The Faculty of Law entirely con- 
 curred in this opinion. Committees were appointed from the Faculties of 
 Medicine, Law and Arts and Sciences, to co-operate in the management of 
 the impending suit, Drs. Potter and Hall representing the Faculty of Physic. 
 
 The counsel selected by the joint committee to carry on the suit were 
 Messrs. Meredith, Evans, Mayer and R. N. Martin, all prominent lawyers 
 of that period. They were requested to have the suit docketed as soon as 
 possible during the current term of the Baltimore County Court. A re- 
 taining fee of $150 was proposed and accepted by all except Mr. Evans, 
 who declined any fee for his services.! 
 
 *Mimites of Regents' Faculty, 1837-39 
 fMinutes of Regents' Faculty.
 
 8o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Any account of this period would be incomplete without some allusion 
 to the "outrage" committed on the night of the 21st of September, 1837. 
 This was a successful attempt by the Regents' Faculty to get possession of 
 the University buildings. From depositions taken subsequently by the 
 Executive Committee of the Trustees,* and especially from the statements 
 of the janitor, the following account of this transaction is obtained: Pro- 
 fessor Samuel G. Baker called at the house of the janitor, Thomas Maguire, 
 within the University walls at the northern extremity of Practice Hall, and 
 finding him out, left word with his wife that he wished to see him at seven 
 o'clock. Accordingly, at that hour Maguire repaired to the Doctor's office, 
 where he was told that the latter would soon be in, and asked to take a seat. 
 He waited there until 8 o'clock without seeing anything of the Doctor. On 
 returning then home, he was surprised to find the outer gate fastened. He 
 rapped, and his name was demanded by a voice within. He gave it, and 
 was told that he could not enter. The gate was then opened, and he saw 
 Professor Smith within. Professor Baker now came out and walked with 
 him down the alley to the tavern at the corner of Paca and German streets. 
 Here they met Professor Hall. The two Professors then told him that the 
 steps they had taken were adopted in accordance with the advice of their 
 counsel, and with the object of getting possession of the property of the 
 University. He then went to the Infirmary and reported to the Governor 
 of that institution what had taken place. Here he found his wife and a 
 woman who lived with them. These two had been sent out on various 
 pretexts when the premises were seized, and being unable to get back, had 
 gone to the Infirmary. The Trustees were convened the next morning, when 
 Mr. Nelson was directed to examine into the proceeding and make arrange- 
 ments for the recovery of the buildings from "the trespassers," and Messrs. 
 Reverdy Johnson and McMahon were employed as assistant counsel. The 
 property was held until the afternoon of the 23d, when the janitor was told 
 by Professor Hall that they had determined to give it up for the present and 
 
 *Minutes of Trustees.
 
 TR I JS '//•; ES . 1ND R EGEN TS 8 1 
 
 let the matter take its regular course in law, and that he could get the keys. 
 He then went to the gate and saw two of the students shutting up his house. 
 They offered him the keys, but he refused them, preferring that they should 
 be left, as agreed upon with Professor Hall, at a neighbor's. He then went 
 for Mr. James W. McCulloh, one of the Trustees, and Professor Baxley, 
 and accompanied by them got the keys and examined all the buildings. They 
 found some articles missing from the Museum which had been claimed by 
 members of the Regents' Faculty as private property. They also found in 
 one of the rooms of his house three vessels that had contained liquors, and a 
 coarse bowie-knife made out of a part of an old sword, which one of the 
 young men afterwards called for. This account was corroborated by other 
 witnesses. Thus ended this brief reign of hostilities, and fortunately with- 
 out the shedding of any blood. Had there been any resistance on the part 
 of the janitor or Trustees, or any attempt to recover possession by force, it 
 is probable that the historian would not have been able to chronicle so happy 
 a termination of this affair. 
 
 For the next two years there were, therefore, two Universities of Mary- 
 land — that of the Regents, extra-mural and not recognized as yet by law, 
 and that of the Trustees, in possession of the buildings, and recognized and 
 supported by the State. The Faculty of Physic of the former opened their 
 session of 1837-38 in the old Indian Queen Hotel, on the south-east corner 
 of Baltimore and Hanover streets. There was a very noticeable reduction 
 in the total number of students attending the institution as represented by its 
 two divisions. The patronage was mostly local and with the Regents' 
 Faculty, students from the counties and other States being diverted by the 
 distractions here to other cities.* The introductory lectures in the two 
 schools were delivered by Professors Samuel G. Baker and Henry Willis 
 Baxley, respectively. The former dwelt upon the subject then uppermost 
 in the minds of himself and colleagues — the University and its recent diffi- 
 culties. He refers to the enthusiastic interest manifested in the Regents' 
 
 *Memorial of Trustees, Feb., 1838.
 
 S2 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 school, and the widespread sympathy for it of the community, and compares 
 the entrance of the Trustees to Burr's visit to Elennerhasset, so eloquently 
 depicted by Wirt in the trial of the former. He speaks of "a few master- 
 spirits of faction," admitting into their secret conclave an inferior officer of 
 the school,* whose pliancy adapted him to any service, and gravely and 
 deliberated planning an entire revolution in the Medical School. 
 
 The Trustees opened their session about the same time, according to 
 Potter "to a beggarly array of empty benches. "t The Faculty consisted of 
 Henry Willis Baxley, of Baltimore, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology; 
 Henry Howard, of Montgomery county, Maryland, Obstetrics and Diseases 
 of Women and Children; Robert Edward Dorsey, of Baltimore county, 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics; M. A. Finley, of Washington county, 
 Maryland, Principles and Practice of Medicine; John Frederick May, of 
 Washington City, Principles and Practice of Surgery; William R. Fisher, of 
 Baltimore, Chemistry; Ellis Hughes, of Annapolis, Demonstrator. A cir- 
 cular of the Regents' Faculty, issued in i S 3 7 , refers to these gentlemen, 
 rather derogatively, in the following words: "The chairs in which the Pro- 
 fessors recently labored are now occupied by strangers, having in vain been 
 offered to almost every prominent medical man in Baltimore and to many 
 in other places." But this slur was undeserved, for they were quite the 
 equals, if not the superiors, of the Regents' Faculty. Baxley was recognized 
 as a teacher, surgeon and writer of ability, and held chairs subsequently in 
 the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Washington University Medical 
 School, and the Medical College of Ohio; Howard held a chair in the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia for twenty-eight years; May was a distinguished surgeon 
 of Washington, and long connected with the Columbian College Medical 
 School, and Fisher was a gifted and eloquent chemist, a leading spirit in the 
 Maryland Academy of Science and Literature, and later a Professor of 
 Pharmacy in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. 
 
 ♦Evidently referring to Professor Baxley. 
 fPotter, .''/>. at.
 
 TR US TEES AND REGEN TS 8 3 
 
 During the following winter the Regents' Faculty presented a memo- 
 rial to the Legislature praying for the repeal of the Act of 1826, and to 
 this the Trustees offered a counter-memorial, in which, whilst acknowledging 
 the failure of their session, they declared that "the character and talents of 
 their Faculty were such that the University by another session would fully 
 resume its former standing."* 
 
 The suit against the Trustees was first tried in the County Court and 
 decided in their favor. An appeal was then taken, and early in 1839, the 
 famous decision of the Court of Appeals was rendered reversing the action 
 of the lower court. The case was tried before Judges Buchanan, Stephen 
 and Spencer, the other three Judges comprising the bench (Archer, Dorsey 
 and Chambers) taking no part, being debarred by the fact that they had 
 been members of the Board of Trustees. The Regents were represented by 
 Messrs. Evans Mayer, Martin and Meredith; the Trustees by 
 Messrs. Reverdy Johnson and Nelson. t The opinion was delivered by 
 Chief Justice Buchanan. 
 
 The question was as to the constitutionality of the Act of 1825. The 
 Court declared that the University had none of the characters of a public 
 corporation, as had been claimed. It was not created for political purposes, 
 and was invested with no political power. It was not an instrument of the 
 State, created for its own uses. Its members were not officers of the State, 
 nor were they subject to State control in its management, and none of its 
 property or funds belong to the State. The State was not its founder, it was 
 merely its creator by virtue of the Act of Incorporation. In its creation the 
 State gave it the capacity to acquire and hold property, and whatever prop- 
 erty the corporation has is its own, to be managed and disposed of by the 
 Regents for the uses of the Institution in such manner as they may judge 
 most promotive of its interests. No donations or endowment by the State 
 could make it public, but it nowhere appears that any such have been made. 
 The interest-bearing loan of 1821 can scarcely be called an endowment; it is 
 
 *Minutes of Trustees. 
 ■(■University Records.
 
 8+ UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 rather of the nature of a loan to a private corporation. The authority to 
 raise money by lottery certainly was not; it was a mere privilege costing the 
 State nothing. But if it was a public corporation, its debts were the debts 
 of the State, contracted by the State's own officers, which the State was bound 
 to discharge instead of lending money for that purpose and taking security 
 for the payment of interest on it. The corporation is as much private as 
 the individuals were before the Act of Incorporation was passed. The 
 charter of the University is a contract between the State and the corporation. 
 The Constitution of the United States says no State shall pass any law im- 
 pairing the obligation of contracts. The franchises of the University are 
 vested rights and cannot be taken from the Regents by any act of the legis- 
 lature without the assent of the corporation. The State had plighted its 
 faith that the franchises should remain inviolate. If the State had the right 
 at will to revoke this grant, it had the same right in relation to railroads, 
 canals and other corporations, which would not be pretended. The Act of 
 1825 aims to strip the corporation of Regents of all privileges and powers 
 conferred upon it by the act of its creation — to destroy the old and create a 
 new corporation in its place, giving to the latter all the powers and privileges 
 of the former, with others additional and important. It deprives the cor- 
 poration of Regents of the capacity to acquire and hold property; it even 
 goes so far as to take from them the property they had already acquired and 
 give it to others, whom it connects with the political power of the State, by 
 making the Governor President, and authorizing him to fill vacancies. Not 
 only the Constitution of the United States had been violated, but the funda- 
 mental principles of right and justice. The Legislature has no right, with- 
 out the assent of a corporation, to alter its charter, or to take from it any of 
 its franchises or property; these are private property, regarded as such by the 
 law, and are under the safeguard of the same principle that protects and 
 preserves the property and rights of individuals. Vested corporate and in- 
 dividual rights rest for protection on the same principle. The Act of 1825 
 was a judicial act, a sentence that condemned without a hearing. It is neces-
 
 TRUSTEES AND REGENTS 85 
 
 sary to declare judicially a forfeiture before the Legislature can act. The 
 franchises can only be surrendered by deed to the State. Those of the Pro- 
 fessors who accepted appointments under the Trustees merely joined another 
 corporation, there was no evidence that they offered to resign from the 
 corporation of Regents, or of any acceptance of their resignations by the 
 said Regents. The acceptance of positions under the Trustees did not 
 amount to resignations of those under the Regents, and did not dissolve or 
 suspend the latter corporation. Therefore, the Act of 1825, being contrary 
 to the Bill of Rights and to the Constitutions of the United States and the 
 State of Maryland, was null and void.* 
 
 This decision, as will be seen, settles many points with reference to the 
 status of the University, and gives a singularly clear idea as to its scope and 
 functions. The subject is rendered so simple and clear that it seems strange 
 that any other view could have been entertained, and yet, as we have seen, 
 not only the Legislature but eminent lawyers were led into error regard- 
 ing it. 
 
 Immediatelv after the decision was rendered, the Regents met and 
 prepared a memorial for presentation to the Legislature, then in session, 
 asking the State to direct its agents, the Trustees, to surrender their property. 
 But the Trustees were still unwilling to abandon the fight, anil determined 
 to resist to the last. They seem to have apprehended another "outrage" by 
 the Regents' Faculty, for on the 1 sth of January, 1839, they passed a 
 resolution authorizing the employment of "watchmen and other proper 
 guards for the protection of the buildings and premises." I hey also pre- 
 sented on March 1st to the Legislature a memorial, t in which they say that, 
 as agents of the State, they hold "certain fee-simple and leasehold property, 
 viz.: The Medical College and its adjacent buildings, the Infirmary pur- 
 chased in 1832 by the Trustees with State funds for $12,000, together with 
 the lot adjoining thereto, also purchased with State Funds In the I rustees 
 
 ♦Printed opinion of the Court. Pampht. 
 tMinutes of Trustees.
 
 86 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 in 1833 for $6,ooo, and the Baltimore College, surrendered and conveyed 
 to the Trustees in 1 83 1 , the whole property being valued at $87,916.67; 
 as also certain personal property derived from the State funds, to the 
 amount of $18,000; excepting therefrom a special bequest of $5,000 by 
 Mr. Gray to the Trustees for the use of the Infirmary in 1833, and a few 
 articles of minor importance. Thev therefore pray the State, in view of the 
 preservation of its rights in its own property, thus acquired and held, not 
 by any legislation, to surrender up the possession of the same, as asked 
 by the Regents, but to leave the rights of others thereto to be inquired into 
 by the tribunals." 
 
 The two memorials were referred to a joint committee of the two 
 houses, which brought in a lengthy report, reviewing the origin of the ques- 
 tions at issue, recognizing fully "the individual merits and hazards" of the 
 Professors in founding and maintaining the institution, and recommending 
 the passage of a bill restoring the property to the Regents in accordance with 
 their "just request." This bill was accordingly passed, but in doing this the 
 Legislature required the Regents to "certify^to the Treasurer of the State 
 that the property and estate of the University shall never be disposed of or 
 converted to any other use than that of Medical Science or the Arts and 
 Sciences generally, without the consent of the General Assembly of Mary- 
 land," which, in the event of a violation ol this obligation, shall have power 
 to "take possession of and control and direct the said property and estate 
 for the purpose of promoting general science." There was much debate in 
 the Board of Regents as to compliance with this requirement. It was 
 finally decided to issue the certificate, Messrs. Meredith, Hoffman and Hall 
 voting in the negative. 
 
 The Legislature also passed an Act the same session, making valid all 
 the diplomas granted by the Faculty of Physic from 1826 to 1839 inclusive.* 
 
 On the 1st of April, Mr. Solomon Etting, the "Governor" of the 
 
 Infirmary, resigned, and on the 6th of the same month Dr. Ashton Alex- 
 
 *When it was found that the State had no control of the University, there was some 
 suggestion in the Legislature of a "State University," but it was not carried out.
 
 TRUSTEES .EX I) REGENTS 87 
 
 ander, Provost of the Board of Regents, addressed a communication to Mr. 
 Nathaniel Williams, transmitting a certified copy of the Act of the Assembly 
 above referred to (act of restitution), together with a copy of the certificate 
 required of the Regents by the 5th section of the same, at the same time- 
 notifying him that the Regents had appointed Charles F. Mayer, Ksq., 
 A. B. Cleveland, M. I)., and R. W. Hall, M. I)., a committee with author- 
 ity on their behalf, "to receive all the estate, real and personal, including all 
 stocks, monies, evidences of debt and choses in action, in the hands or under 
 the control of the Trustees, ami that the said Committee would be in at- 
 tendance at the University, April 10th, at 10 a. m., to accept the transfer." 
 Mr. Williams- replied on the 8th that the Regents, or a portion of then'. 
 had taken actual possession of the College and Infirmary some eiays before,* 
 and that he had not therefore deemed a formal transfer necessary; that the 
 stocks, money and evidences of debt were in the possession of the I reasurer 
 of the Trustees, who was ready to hand over the same "on the suit in chan- 
 cery of Potter and others against the Trustees, and the two suits broug! t 
 by the Regents against him, all in the Baltimore County Court, being entereel 
 satisfied or stricken off ;" and that the only chose in action belonging to tb" 
 Trustees was an unsatisfied judgment in the said Court against David 1 !ol'- 
 man, Esq., which was in charge of William Gwynn, Esq.f 
 
 On the 9th of April the committee met Mr. Joseph B. Williams, the 
 Treasurer of the late Board of Trustees, anel received from him the follow- 
 ing: "1. A certificate of stock of the State of Maryland, signed by George 
 Macubin, Treasurer Western Shore of Maryland, elate 8th December, 
 1829, for $5,000, bearing interest at 5 p. c, redeemable after the 31st 
 of March, 1844, being the proceeds of a bequest of $5,000, made by George 
 Gray in favor of the Trustees of the University of Maryland for the 
 Baltimore Infirmary. 2. A certificate of stock of the State of Maryland. 
 
 *There was some hesitation on the part of the Regents in taking possession when Mr 
 George W. Miltenberger and two other students went to the back gate and rapped. The 
 janitor was called out and the party slipped in and locked the door on the inside. I he 
 Faculty were then notified and came in. The Trustees made no attempt to eject them (oral 
 communication from Professor Miltenberger). 
 
 fMinutes of Trustees.
 
 88 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 dated May II, 1837, for $1,000, with 5 p. c. interest, redeemable 
 after 1 843. 3. A certificate of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for $6,000, 
 July 25th, 1836, bearing 6 p. c. interest. 4. A certificate of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad for $4,000, August 4th, 1836, bearing 6 p. c. in- 
 terest. 5. One thousand seven hundred and ninety-one dollars and forty- 
 nine cents, balance of money remaining in the said Williams' hands."* We 
 thus perceive that personal property (stocks and cash), to the amount of 
 $17,791.49 was transferred to the Regents, together with real estate (Col- 
 lege building, Practice Hall, Infirmary building and lot adjoining, building 
 of the School of Arts and Sciences, and the grounds upon which these 
 various buildings were situated) estimated to be worth $87,916.67. The 
 funds were invested in good interest paying stock, and the real estate was 
 in good condition and free from incumbrance. 
 
 Thus ended the reign of the State's representatives — the Trustees, — 
 and the institution reverted to its former position of a private corporation 
 controlled by its faculties. There were many who thought this an unfor- 
 tunate event, and we may well indulge in reflections as to what might have 
 been. If a great State University could have been built up, it would un- 
 doubtedly have reflected credit upon Maryland and promoted the cause of 
 higher education here. What has been done in the West and South might 
 have been done equally as well here. 
 
 The Trustees displayed energy, capacity and forbearance, and defended 
 themselves with vigor and intelligence. In their memorial to the Legisla- 
 ture, dated March 7, 1837 — objecting to the admission of members of the 
 Faculty of Physic to their Board — they declare that at the time of their 
 advent the institution was in a state of anarchy, and that the charter was 
 ignored; in confirmation of which statements they point to representations 
 made by members of the Faculty of Physic themselves, and to the report of 
 the joint committee of the two houses appointed to examine into the state 
 of the University. According to this report, although $100,000 had been 
 
 *Minutes of Trustees. Potter says : "All attempts to secure from the Trustees a state- 
 ment of accounts were in vain." Op. cit.
 
 TRUSTEES AND REGENTS 89 
 
 expended, only two of the four Faculties — those of Medicine and Law — 
 had gone into operation, whilst all the funds had been applied by the 
 Faculty of Physic to their own benefit, none being appropriated to the other 
 departments; the charter was radically defective, and the Regents met ir- 
 regularly and at long intervals, and had neglected to make rules and 
 regulations for the discipline of the University as required by the charter. 
 They point to the advantage of having an independent board to manage the 
 affairs of the institution — "a board free from the influence of personal 
 interest, and therefore looking to the promotion of the general good, re- 
 moved from the operation of prejudice or partiality by official station, and 
 therefore unbiased in extending justice to all those employed in performing 
 the detailed duties necessary to the fulfillment of the whole design; a gov- 
 ernment which now prevails and has been found to be productive of the 
 happiest results in all the Universities of this country." The then prosper- 
 ous condition of the University with refernece to pecuniary affairs, they say, 
 was admitted bv the Faculty of Physic, who yet intimated that the gradual 
 diminution of the classes had been due to their misgovernment. In answer 
 to this, they say, that the classes during the previous eight years had varied 
 but little, and they attribute the loss of patronage previous to that time to 
 the resignation of Professor Pattison, whose personal popularity had at- 
 tracted so many, and to the rapid multiplication of medical schools. In 
 answer to the objection by the Faculty to their requiring all students to take 
 the ticket of the Demonstrator of Anatomy once, at least, before graduation, 
 on the ground that this obtained in no other school in the United States, 
 they quote Professor Dunglison to the effect that most of the schools require 
 one year's attendance in the Clinics, and some the same on Practical An- 
 atomy, in addition to two courses of the Professor of Anatomy. In the 
 University of Edinburgh, the candidate for the degree of M. D., was 
 required to have attended one course of dissections and one of anatomical 
 demonstrations, and two of these were required for the degree of surgeon.* 
 
 *According to the Historical Sketch of the Edinburgh Anatomical School, by John 
 Struthers, 1867, practical anatomy was not absolutely imperative at the University of Edin- 
 burgh until 1833. It was not until about 1848 that the schools of this country began to make 
 it compulsory.
 
 9 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 But as the Demonstrator in the University was also a "lecturer," there had 
 heen no choice in the matter, since the charter prescribed attendance as a 
 duty. As a matter of simple justice, too, it was demanded, since the Faculty 
 had required that the Demonstrator should pay one-seventh of the current 
 expenses of the school. 
 
 We must acknowledge that these objections are very powerful and 
 had it been an abstract question we could hardly hesitate as to our decision 
 
 HON. ROGER B. TANEY, CHIEF JUSTICE OF U. S., PROVOST, 1826-39. 
 
 in the premises. But there had been a great wrong and injustice per- 
 petrated by the State and no amount of argument, no mismanagement could 
 outweigh these. The Regents had the field, and it was their business and 
 nobody else's, and that settled the matter. 
 
 Roger Brooke Taney was the son of a planter, and was born in Calvert 
 County, Maryland, March 17, 1777. He was descended from early Roman 
 Catholic settlers of the State, of which communion he was a most devout 
 member. He graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in
 
 STATUE OF ROGER B. TANEY, CHIEF JUSTICE OF MARYLAND.
 
 TRUSTEES AND REGENTS 93 
 
 1795, read law at Annapolis, having for a fellow student Francis Scott 
 Key, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. I le was elected to the Mouse of 
 Delegates from his native county in the same year, being the youngest mem- 
 ber of that body. He moved to Frederick City in 1801, and in 1 806 mar- 
 ried a sister ot Francis Scott Rev. He rapidly built up a lucrative practice, 
 and in 1811 successfully defended General Wilkinson, Commander-inChief 
 of the United States Army, before a military court, for which service he 
 refused a fee In 1816 he was elected a member of the State Senate. He 
 removed to Baltimore in 1 S 23 and became the head of the bar of this city. 
 From 1826 to 1839 he was Provost of the University of Maryland. In 
 1827 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland, and in 1831 Presi- 
 dent Andrew Jackson gave him the same position in his cabinet. He was the 
 trusted and confidential adviser of President Andrew Jackson, and was in- 
 volved in the bitter party strife connected with the veto of the bill for the 
 removal of the United States Bank, being the only member of the cabinet 
 who favored the veto. Nominated as Secretary of the Treasury, he was 
 rejected by the Senate June 23, 1834, but received ovations in Baltimore 
 and Frederick two days later. He wrote Jackson's farewell address in 
 1837. On the death of John Marshall, he became Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, his appointment dating from March 
 15, 1836. In 1857 he gave his opinion in the famous Dred Scott Case. 
 This was the name of a slave belonging to a Missouri master, who on his 
 return from a residence in Illinois sued his master, and the case was taken 
 for decision to the Supreme Court. The points raised were : Was he freed 
 by this residence in a Free State, and could a negro of African descent, 
 whose ancestors were imported as slaves, be a citizen of the United States? 
 The case was dismissed before the Court for lack of jurisdiction. The Chid 
 Justice's opinion was delivered at great length. In it he made statements 
 regarding the negro race which roused the people of the North to a high 
 pitch of resentment and excitement, and from this time the Chief Justice, 
 if not his Court, was practically in abeyance. In 1861 he boldly attempted
 
 94 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 to release a prisoner from Fort McHenry and to attach the commandant 
 for ignoring his writ, but the military authorities ignored his action. He 
 freed his slaves and provided for the aged among them while he lived. He 
 was undoubtedly one of America's greatest lawyers. Bronze statues at 
 Baltimore (as seen in illustration) and Annapolis, and a sympathetic 
 memoir by Samuel Tyler, LL., D., 1872, attest the reverence of Maryland 
 for this her foremost son. St. John's gave him the degree of LL. D., in 
 18^9. He died at Baltimore, October 12th, 1864, aged eighty-one years 
 and six months, and was buried at Frederick City. His epitaph says: "He 
 was a profound and able lawyer, an upright and fearless judge, a pious and 
 exemplary Christian. At his own request he was buried in this secluded 
 spot near his mother." 
 
 The following constituted the Board of Regents at the time of the 
 restoration :* 
 
 Provost: Ashton Alexander, M. D. 
 
 Faculty of Theology: Professor — William E. Wyatt, D. D. ; B. 
 Kurtz, D. D. ; George Roberts, I). D.; John C. Backus, I). D. ; James 
 Hamner, Stephen Hill, John G. Morris, D. I). 
 
 Faculty of Law: Professor David Hoffman, LL. D. ; Jonathan 
 Meredith, George Winchester, Hugh Davy Evans, Charles F. Mayer, 
 George W. Dobbin, William Wilmot Hall. 
 
 Faculty of Arts and Sciences: Professor of Rhetoric and Belles 
 Lettres, John P. Kennedy; Professor of Political Economy, Charles Han- 
 son; Professor of Mathematics, D. J. Capron; Professor of Natural Phil- 
 osophy, A. B. Cleveland, M. D.; Principal of Academy, William Hamilton, 
 Esq. ; two vacancies. 
 
 Faculty of Physic: Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
 Nathaniel Potter, M. D.; Professor of Surgery, Obstetrics, Hygiene and 
 Medical Jurisprudence, Richard Wilmot Hall, M. D. ; Professor of Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics, Samuel George Baker, M. D. ; Professor of 
 
 *Apr. 4, J839, Regents' Min. Book "B."
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 95 
 
 Chemistry and Mineralogy, William E. A. Aikin, M. I).; Professor of 
 Anatomy, William N. Baker, M. D. ; one vacancy. 
 
 The Regents, being once more in possession of their property and 
 rights, set to work to repair the fortunes of the institution, shattered by the 
 recent dissensions. I he Faculty of Physic issued a circular announcing its 
 restoration, and urging the friends ami alumni of the school to unite in 
 helping to build it up again. A marked and immediate improyement in 
 the size of the medical classes attests the success of these efforts. The fol- 
 lowing figures show the numbers in attendance and the graduates from 1 S3 8 
 to 1S41 : 1838-39 (Regents' class), 24 students, 7 graduates; 1839-40, 60 
 students, 14 graduates; [840-41, 9] students, 30 graduates.* 
 
 At the time of the restoration, the Faculty of Physic was in arrears to 
 Dr. McDowell for two installments of his annuity,** viz.: for 1837 anil 
 [838, and he was pressing them for payment, having obtained judgment 
 on the Faculty's bond in the Baltimore County Court in September, 1 8 3 S . 
 The Faculty induced the Regents now to pay this indebtedness out of the 
 funds of the University; on the ground that two of those who had signed 
 the bond, viz.: Messrs. Potter and Hall, had claims against the institution 
 greater than their share of the bond. At the same time the Regents paid 
 the counsel fees incurred in the recent suit, and appropriated $2,140 for 
 needed repairs to the College ami Infirmary buildings. In order to meet 
 these expenses, certain of the stocks which had been received from the 
 Trustees were disposed of. I he Infirmary continued tor several years a 
 source of much anxiety. In April, 1S40, the Board of Regents was forced 
 to adopt the temporary expedient of issuing certificates of indebtedness to 
 its creditors, "as no funds were available and they were unwilling to mort- 
 gage or sell the property of the University." So crippled were the finances 
 at this epoch that the janitor was even notified to cease acting, as there were 
 no means of paying his salary. On motion of Professor Aikin, a commit- 
 tee was appointed to solicit aid from the citizens lor the University. f Ai 
 
 ♦Matriculation List, MS. Records of University. 
 
 •{■Regents' Minute Book.
 
 96 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 a meeting held by the Regents, November 4, 1842, there was some talk of 
 mortgaging the property of the University in order to pay the increasing 
 debt of the Infirmary, which amounted at this time to $3,340, with but $448 
 in the hospital treasury. This debt had accumulated within two years, for 
 there was none at the restoration, and yet it represented only "ordinary" 
 expenses. It shows that the wise and economical management by the Trus- 
 tees did not deserve the harsh criticisms of the Potter "Sketch." The Board 
 passed a vote of censure upon the managers of the Infirmary for this evi- 
 dence of gross mismanagement, and authorized a ground rent to be created 
 for the purpose of meeting these new obligations. The embarrassment was 
 further increased by the State failing to pay any interest on its stock. But, 
 on the other hand, the Medical Regents were much cheered up by the pass- 
 age of a resolution by the Legislature the following winter, releasing them 
 from further payments of interest upon the $30,000 loan made by the 
 State in 1821. They record their appreciation of this "generous act" in the 
 catalogues of this period. The interest, amounting to $1,500 annually, 
 had by this time nearly equaled the principal of the loan. 
 
 On the 27th of March, 1840, for the first time since their institution, 
 "ordinances" were adopted by the Board of Regents for the government 
 of the University. Previous to that date, strange as it may seem, the pro- 
 ceedings of the Board appear to have been carried on without any other 
 rules than those which the judgment of its members at the time imposed. 
 Frequent attempts were made to secure action on this important matter, and 
 it is curious to note in the minutes of the Board the evident indisposition to 
 deal with it. The first committee on a code of laws, of which mention is 
 made in the Regents' minutes, was appointed May 29th, 1 8 1 5 . In March, 
 1818, this committee having failed to report, a new committee was ap- 
 pointed. Again in March, 1821, it was found necessary to appoint a third 
 committee, which finally, on October 29th, of the same year, presented a 
 report upon which, however, no action was taken. During the government 
 of the Trustees, affairs were conducted in a more orderly manner, and it is
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS <>; 
 
 probably owing to their example that one of the first aets ol the Regents, 
 on their restitution in 1839, was the appointment of a committee to prepare 
 ordinances. On the 3d of January, 1840, a report was presented and "dis- 
 cussed," and a substitute was offered; both report and substitute were "laid 
 on the table." They were taken up March 12th, and referred to another 
 committee. After being discussed March 20th and 27th, the amended rules 
 were at last adopted on the latter date, with but one dissenting vote. After 
 all this "to do" over them, they seem to have been almost a dead letter, and 
 the meetings of the Board were held very irregularly, sometimes after in- 
 tervals of several years. 
 
 The first impeachment of a member of the Board of Regents took place 
 in 1843. ^ or several years prior to this there had been complaints on the 
 part of the students of the inadequacy of the lectures of Professor Richard 
 Wilmot Hall, the Professor of Obstetrics, etc. His pecuniary embarrass- 
 ments were also said to be very great, and so distracting as to prevent that 
 attention to his professorial duties which their satisfactory discharge re- 
 quired. In May the members of the Faculty of Physic, Aikin, Smith, Chew, 
 Roby and Steuart, addressed a letter to him requesting his resignation, and 
 assigning as the ground for the request their loss of confidence in him. They 
 also took away from him the department of hygiene, to which, as was al- 
 leged, he had devoted undue attention during the course, to the neglect of 
 the more important departments of his chair.* Hall protested against this 
 latter indignity, claiming that it was a violation of the charter. He re- 
 turned a spirited reply to the letter, upbraiding his colleagues with in- 
 gratitude, telling them that he held such letters in contempt, and had 
 refused himself on previous occasions to sign them. Such a precedent, he 
 said, could only become a source of discord and a vehicle of insult and 
 injustice, under dictates of personal dislike or trifling causes. He said that 
 he could prove by documentary evidence that he had spent more than 
 $28,000 on the University, and he claimed vested rights in it.f 
 
 *Hall's Impeachment Pamphlet. 
 
 fProfessor Mall's letter, MS. Records of University.
 
 oS UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 The charges were drawn up by three members of the Faculty and pre- 
 sented to the Regents. They were : " i . Refusing to comply with the regula- 
 tions of the Faculty. 2. Incompetency. 3. Loss of the confidence and 
 respect of the profession." 
 
 The first charge related to a regulation of the Faculty requiring that 
 all the receipts from students' fees, etc., should be turned over to the treas- 
 urer," who, after deducting the amount necessary to pay the McDowell 
 annuity (now several years in arrears), and meet the other expenses of 
 the institution, should turn over the balance remaining, if there were any, 
 in due proportion to the several professors. 
 
 The Regents in answer stated that the charter only provided for the 
 vacation of a chair upon a formal impeachment, and with the assent of 
 three-fourths of the whole numbei of Regents; and that the grounds of 
 impeachment, which were not stated in the charter, must be determined by 
 the Board. The charges were referred by the Board to a committee of 
 three of their members, all of the Faculty of Law, Messrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
 Chairman; George W. Dobbin, and Charles F. Mayer, with instructions 
 to examine witnesses, take their sworn testimony, and present the same to the 
 Board without comment. 
 
 The trial excited great interest in the profession of Baltimore. Pro- 
 fessor Hall appeared to court it. A large number of physicians (forty- 
 three according to him)* testified before the committee and their evidence 
 shows that much personal feeling had been aroused. Dr. John Buckler and 
 others of his former students gave the accused credit for "original views" 
 on puerperal fever, eclampsia, placenta praevia, and non-support of the 
 perinaeum, which were subsequently the current and accepted views of the 
 profession on these subjects, but were then at variance with the opinions of 
 the profession.! 
 
 The testimony was gathered and returned to the Board, whereupon the 
 
 vote of those present was taken, showing fourteen to two in favor of the 
 
 ' I lis Idler MS. Records of University. 
 fHall's Impeachment. Pamphlet.
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 99 
 
 first and second charges, and thirteen to three in favor of the third charge. 
 This not being the requisite three-fourths of the entire Board required by the 
 charter, the result was favorable to the defendant.* 
 
 Professor Hall looked upon Professor Nathan R. Smith, as the chiel 
 instigator of his impeachment, ami his feelings were so wrought up that a 
 personal encounter resulted. This took place at the Infirmary when the two 
 happened to meet. Professor H. carried a cane, with which he leveled a 
 blow at his adversary, who, seizing the handle, drew forth the sword which 
 it contained. The latter then had his assailant at his mercy, but mag- 
 nanimously refrained from making use of his advantage. 
 
 It is interesting to note the institution at the University in April, 1844, 
 of a course of lectures on Pharmacy under the auspices of the Maryland 
 College of Pharmacy, incorporated three years before. This was in con- 
 sequence of a proposal made by a committee of the College, suggesting a 
 course of at least sixteen lectures in one of the lecture-rooms of the Univer- 
 sity, provided permission were given the College to occupy a small room 
 for its meetings and for the arrangement of its cabinet of specimens. The 
 proposal was accepted by the Faculty of Physic, and a chair of Theory and 
 Practice of Pharmacy was instituted by the College, the first professorship 
 of pharmacy in America. Dr. David Stewart, an alumnus of the School of 
 Medicine, held this chair and continued to lecture until 1S48, when the 
 course was discontinued. 
 
 Dr. Ashton Alexander, Provost of the University, resigned in 1850, 
 and was succeeded by Hon. John P. Kennedy. 
 
 Ashton Alexander was born in 1772, near Arlington, Alexandria 
 county, Virginia. The town of Alexandria was named after his ancestors, 
 who owned large tracts of land in its vicinity, and his father commanded 
 
 *The Regents' Minutes, after announcing the result of the vote, are singularly silent 
 regarding this impeachment. The late Judge Dobbin was unable to supply any information. 
 The late Professor Aikin told me that the defendant was cleared by one vote, thai of his 
 brother, who was a member of the Board. The number of members of the Board (belonging 
 to the several Faculties) is not known- Professor Aikin seemed to havi changed bis mind 
 regarding the case, for although his name was attached to the charges, he told me that the 
 trial ought never to have taken place, and he thought Professor Hall had been treated with 
 great injustice.
 
 too UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 a company of cavalry in the Continental Army at the beginning of the Revo- 
 lutionary War. He studied medicine under Dr. Philip Thomas, of 
 Fredericktown, Maryland, and graduated as M. D., at the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1795, the subject of his thesis being: "The Influence of 
 One Disease on the Cure of Another." While a student in Philadelphia 
 he was an inmate of the family of Dr. Rush. He first settled in North 
 Carolina, but in 1 796 removed to Baltimore. He was one of the incorpora- 
 tors of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1799, and its 
 first Secretary. Other positions held by him were: Commissioner of Health, 
 1804, and again, 1812; Attending Physician, Baltimore General Dispensary, 
 1801-03; Treasurer of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 1801-03; Con- 
 sulting Physician, Baltimore Hospital, 1812; President, District Medical 
 and Chirurgical Society, 1819-20. He was twice married, first in 1799, to 
 a daughter of his preceptor, Dr. Thomas, and again in 1855, to Miss 
 Merryman (his first wife having died). He was chosen Provost of the 
 Board of Regents on its revolt from the Trustees in 1837, and held that 
 office until 1850, when he resigned. He died at Baltimore in February, 
 1 855) °f pneumonia, in his eigthy-third year, being the last surviving charter 
 member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. Dr. Alex- 
 ander was a man of fine presence and of dignified and courtly manners, a 
 successful and popular physician, and one who prospered financially. 
 
 Under date March 24, [850, in a letter to a friend, Mr. Kennedy 
 refers facetiously to his election and to the ensuing commencement: "I 
 found mvself one morning, by some process of which I was certainly igno- 
 rant, Provost of the University of Maryland. I learned afterwards that 
 old Doctor Alexander, who has been a sort of locum tenens ever since the 
 death of Bishop Kemp, had resigned this post, and that, the Regents coming 
 together to make a new election, first debated the point whether they would 
 give it to Bishop Whittingham, and decided, thereupon unanimously in the 
 negative, holding that one laymen was worth a dozen priests. Then came 
 the question what laymen? or, as 1 suppose from what followed, the secre-
 
 ASHTON ALEXANDER, M . D.. PROVOST, [839-5O. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UWTORSTTY OF CAtWCfRlfTK 
 
 SANTA BARBARA
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 103 
 
 tary must have written it, what laud-man? — which question suggested the 
 author of the memoirs of Wirt. So forthwith they went to work and made 
 a unanimous job of it. Now, Sir, think of Macaulay, Provost of Glasgow, 
 and then you have one of Plutarch's parallels — quod notae. I he election 
 preceded the Commencement, which was to be held in a few days; and this 
 threw me into a vortex of business among the learned clerks of the College, 
 where I had to sign some diplomas and do sundry other professional things 
 most strangely incongruous with all my habits, even to the breaking up of 
 my billiards for two or three evenings. Think of a Provost with his coat 
 off at billiards! Then I had to meet the young gentlemen the evening before 
 Commencement, to give them the light of my provostial or prefectial coun- 
 tenance at a social entertainment; then the next day, Tuesday last, a grand 
 glorious churchful of beautiful girls, with the Germania band and a great 
 array of Regents and Faculties, and seventy-two diplomas to distribute with 
 suitable words of encouragement and sage advice delivered Provost-wise - 
 all of which 1 went through to the minutest point of customary observance, 
 without flinching. In the midst of this public display, up rose a reverend 
 clergy, to say that a most grateful duty had been assigned him; and there- 
 upon he began to expatiate upon the singular merits ot some great un- 
 known, whose incredible virtues had entitled him to a kind oi College 
 apotheosis, which was appropriately given in as a resolution ol the Regents, 
 conferring the degree of Doctor of Laws upon John Pendleton Kennedy. 
 There I sat all the time, expecting to hear the eulogy wound up with the 
 name ot Bishop Whittingham, at least, it not Pius the Ninth. 
 
 "They had kept this part of the ceremony a dead secret from me, and 
 seemed to enjoy very much my surprise, which I took occasion to express in 
 'a neat and eloquent response,' as the papers have it; and so ended that 
 morning; after which I took my dinner and went to billiards with an in- 
 creased earnestness, bv way of disabusing my mind of the humbug I had 
 been practicing before the world. 
 
 "I don't know whether I have done right in accepting this post, which
 
 io4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 in many respects is incompatible with my character. There is a make- 
 believe in all these masquerades, which requires a better actor than I am to 
 play off well before the world. That, however, I should not mind so much, 
 because, by force of study, I may reach the art necessary; but such a posi- 
 tion in some degree, binds me to the profession of some principles of con- 
 duct or deportment which I have been accustomed all my life to hold in 
 utter neglect. I have a Theological Faculty to look after as well as the 
 Medical, and a Law Faculty and the Arts and Sciences, which again are 
 connected with a College; all of which puts upon me the necessity of a cer- 
 tain sobriety both of walk and opinion, which nature has utterly denied me, 
 and which T shall not condescend to counterfeit; so that if you ever hear 
 that I have brought scandal on the learned bodies, say that I made a 
 protest early to you against the responsibility of it. I shall see how it works, 
 and then determine how long to hold it."* 
 
 In October, 1869, the School of Law was resuscitated through the 
 instrumentality of Messrs. George W. Dobbin and John H. B. Latrobe, 
 the surviving members of that Faculty, who filled up their number by the 
 election of Messrs. George William Brown, Bernard Carter, H. Clav Dal- 
 lam and John P. Poe. Mr. George W. Dobbin was elected Dean, and 
 Hons. Robert X. Martin and John A. Inglis, both of whom had tilled with 
 distinction high judicial positions, were chosen profes§ors. Instruction 
 began on the first Monday in February, 1870, and continued until the fol- 
 lowing June, the class numbering twenty. The second course began in 
 October, 1870, and the first Commencement was held in June, 1871, six 
 candidates then receiving the degree of LL. B. For several years the lec- 
 tures were held in the building of the School of Arts and Sciences, on 
 Mulberry street, but on the opening of Cathedral street, a different arrange- 
 ment was necessitated, as this building lay in the bed of that street and was 
 therefore condemned. It was therefore sold to the city, and with the funds 
 
 The Life of John Pendleton Kennedy by Henrv T. Tuckerinan, N, Y._, 1871.
 
 HON. JOHN P. KENNEDY, SECRETARY OF NAVY, ETC., PROVOST, 185O-7O.
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 107 
 
 thus derived a building was erected on the Lombard street lot, at the south- 
 east corner of it, which was formally occupied on February 28th, 1884. 
 
 In 1870 Hon. John Pendleton Kennedy, Provost, died, and was 
 succeeded in that office by the distinguished lawyer, Mr. S. Teackle Wallis. 
 
 John Pendleton Kennedy was a native of Baltimore, and was born 
 October 25, 1795. He graduated at Baltimore College in 1812, and was 
 in the engagements at Bladensborg and North Point two years later; he 
 was admitted to the bar in 181 6. He was a member of the House of Dele- 
 gates from 1820 to 1822, and a member of Congress from 1838 to 1844. 
 In 1846 he was a Speaker of the House of Delegates of Maryland; in 1852 
 he became Secretary of the Navy, and from 1850 to 1870, as already 
 stated, he was Provost of the University of Maryland. It was mainly 
 through his efforts while Secretary of the Navy that Commodore Perry's 
 expedition to Japan, and the second Arctic expedition of Dr. Elisha K. Kane, 
 were undertaken. He opposed the secession of Maryland during the Civil 
 War, issuing an appeal in support of his opinion which was pronounced 
 "one of the most statesmanlike and patriotic expositions of the subject." 
 He visited Europe several times, and was United States Commissioner to 
 the Paris Exposition in 1867. He made the acquaintance of most of the 
 literary men of his time, and was especially intimate with Thackeray. His 
 home in Baltimore was a literary centre, and he gathered around him a 
 number of gentlemen for purposes of social enjoyment and literary rec- 
 reation. This little coterie, known as "The Monday Club," consisted of 
 four doctors of law, four of divinity, four of medicine and four gentlemen 
 of superior literary attainments and reputation. He distinguished himself 
 at these meetings by the brilliancy of his conversation and wit. He received 
 the degree of LL. D. from the Universities of Maryland and Harvard. 
 He died at Newport, Rhode Island, August 18, 1870. Mr. K. was a 
 distinguished and prolific author as well as statesman. He wrote much tor 
 the press, and in 18 18, in association with Peter Hoffman Cruse, he founded 
 a periodical under the name of the Baltimore Red Book. He wrote the
 
 108 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 following novels, which gave him his chief celebrity as an author: "Swal- 
 low Burn, a Story of Rural Life in Virginia" (1832) ; "Horseshoe Robin- 
 son, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency" (1835), and "Rob of the Bowl, a 
 Legend of St. Inigoes" (1838), in the last describing the province of Mary- 
 land in the days of the second Lord Baltimore. He also wrote, at Thack- 
 eray's request, the fourth chapter of the second volume of "The Virginians," 
 describing Virginia scenery, with which he was so familiar. 
 
 Literature with him was more a pastime than a pursuit, and possessing 
 the advantages of wealth from his vouth up, he never looked upon it as a 
 source of emolument, and was careless of the success and reputation of his 
 literary ventures; yet for vigor of thought, freshness of style and felicity of 
 expression, he may be placed by the side of the best writers in the English 
 language. A uniform edition of his complete works in ten volumes ap- 
 peared in 1 870. 
 
 The late Hon. George W. Dobbin thus wrote of Mr. Kennedy: "In a 
 long and useful life, blessed with fortune and leisure, he was distinguished 
 for his genius and acquirements, and for a nobleness of nature which di- 
 rected them to the good of his fcllowmen. The fascinating productions of 
 a genial and fertile imagination, flowing through a graceful pen, the severe 
 labors of the philosopher and the unselfish statesman, the admiration be- 
 stowed on a winning oratory, which made solemn themes attractive and 
 dignified those which in less skilful hands would be considered trivial, at- 
 tested through his whole career the homage which genius directed by judg- 
 ment and cultivated with assiduity must ever earn. To mental endowments 
 of the highest order were added in him the adornment of a general goodness 
 which shone with graceful ease in all his intercourse with the world, and 
 commingled in blended harmonv the learning of the closet with the soften- 
 ing courtesies of the highest refinement. Though it might well be supposed 
 that in a life so prominent in the public eye as his, many occasions would 
 arise in which the asperities of conflicting opinion might have engendered 
 animosities culminating in detraction and abuse, yet in his case it was not so.
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 109 
 
 None will he found to take one stone from the fabric of his noble fame by 
 
 attributing to him any but the purest motives." 
 
 On accepting the position of Provost Mr. Wallis wrote as follows: 
 
 "Baltimore, Sept. 24, 1870. 
 "Gentlemen : 
 
 "I beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of 
 this date, announcing to me on behalf of the Regents my election to the 
 office of Provost of the University of Maryland. I feel the honor to be a 
 distinguished one, and it is made doubly grateful to me by the unanimity 
 with which you say it has been conferred. I have, therefore, much gratifi- 
 cation in accepting it, and you will oblige me by making my acknowledg- 
 ment to the Regents for the kindness of their preference. 
 
 "It has given me great pleasure to notice the recent and successful 
 reorganization of the Law Department of the University under the most 
 favorable auspices, as well as the fresh development which has been given 
 to the scope and resources of the Department of Medicine, already so 
 distinguished among the scientific schools of the country. These evidences 
 of vitality and vigor in so venerable and popular an institution are especially 
 welcome at this moment, when the progress of our community in population 
 and material prosperity demands and encourages a corresponding move- 
 ment in professional and scientific education. It is little that I can hope to 
 contribute personally to the consummation of ends for which so many able 
 hands are sedulously laboring in their allotted spheres. I shall, neverthe- 
 less, feel myself further honored by your permission to do what I may. 
 
 "With thanks for your courteous expressions, I have the honor to be, 
 
 gentlemen, your obedient servant, 
 
 "S. T. Wallis." 
 
 A department of Dentistry was instituted in the year 1882, authority 
 having been granted by the Legislature by a supplement to the charter of 
 the University, of which the following from "The Laws of Maryland" of 
 that year is a copy: 
 
 "Chapter 88. An Act supplementary to the Act of November ses-
 
 no UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 sion, eighteen hundred and twelve, chapter one hundred and fifty-nine, en- 
 titled 'An Act for founding an University in the city or precincts of 
 Baltimore, by the name of the University of Maryland,' and authorizing 
 the Regents of said University to grant degrees, diplomas and certificates to 
 students of Dental Surgery, Pharmacy and other cognate branches of Medi- 
 cal Science in said University. Section i. Be it enacted by the General 
 Assembly of Maryland, That the Regents of the University of Maryland 
 be and they are hereby authorized to admit to the degree of Doctor or 
 Licentiate of Dental Surgery, Pharmacy or any other cognate branch or 
 department of Medical Science, any of the students of the said University, 
 who, after having passed through such course of study and such examina- 
 tion as shall have been prescribed therefor by the Faculty of Physic of the 
 same, shall be recommended by said Faculty to said Regents as meriting such 
 degree; and the said Regents shall have power to issue diplomas and cer- 
 tificates of such admission to the said students in the same manner and 
 form, and to the same effect prescribed and authorized by the thirteenth 
 section of the act to which this is a supplement as to other degrees. Section 
 2. And be it enacted, That the degree of Doctor or Licentiate in Pharmacy 
 referred to in the first section of this Act shall not be conferred upon any 
 one who has not served an apprenticeship of four years with some competent 
 pharmacist, and shall have attended at least two full courses of lectures in 
 the theory and practice of pharmacy, and at least one full course in qualita- 
 tive analysis, and shall be at the time of receiving the degree at least twenty 
 years old." Approved March 21, 1882. 
 
 It began with seven chairs, five being held by members of the Faculty 
 of Physic, viz.: Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica, Chemistry and 
 Surgery (oral). There were two dental chairs, one of Principles of Dental 
 Science, Dental Surgery and Dental Mechanism, held by Ferdinand J. S. 
 Gorgas, M. D., D. D. S., the other of Operative and Clinical Dentistry, 
 held by James H. Harris, M. D., D. D. S.; both of these gentlemen having 
 recently resigned from the Faculty of the Baltimore College of Dental
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS lit 
 
 Surgery; there were also eleven demonstrators. In an announcement of 
 this department issued at this time, the rapid advancement of dental surgery 
 as both an art and a science, and its recognition as a specialty in medicine 
 are adverted to. "Hence it is in the highest degree desirable that dental 
 students should be educated as doctors of medicine. The advantages, there- 
 fore, of the connection with a University fitted to give a thorough training in 
 collateral branches, is obvious to all." 
 
 A Dental Infirmary and Laboratory Building was built on the Greene 
 street side of the University grounds, and was completed in time for the 
 session of 1882-83. It was two stories in height, the Laboratory occupying 
 the first floor, the Infirmary the second. In 1884 this building was enlarged 
 by the addition of wings, and in 1889 there was a further extension of the 
 north end along Cider alley. Practice Hall was also turned over to this 
 department for didactic lectures. 
 
 The success of this project was immediate and marked. It will be 
 followed in detail in the section dealing specially with this department. 
 
 On the 1 ith of April, 1894, the University lost its head, Maryland's 
 foremost citizen, Severn Teackle Wallis. Mr. John P. Poe thus speaks of 
 him in relation to this institution: "At the commencements he was invariably 
 the central figure, and by the singular aptness, felicity and beauty of his re- 
 marks to our graduating classes lent a grace and charm to these annually 
 recurring occasions, which none who enjoyed the pleasure of listening to 
 them can ever forget. At the meetings of the Regents, he always mani- 
 fested the deepest interest in every matter that concerned the University, 
 and by his wise counsel, discriminating judgment and broad and enlightened 
 views, secured the admiration, as by the elegance of his manners, the un- 
 excelled attractiveness of his conversation and the sincere cordiality of his 
 friendship he won the affectionate reverence of his associates. When death 
 came at last to quench the light of his brilliant and cultivated intellect, to 
 silence the fervid utterances of his most eloquent tongue, anil put an end to 
 the insatiable cravings of his lofty spirit for what was most enlightened in
 
 ii2 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 law, most elegant in literature and most pure and elevating in politics, we 
 all realized the difficulty in the way of finding a suitable successor to such a 
 rare combination of natural endowment and superadded graces and acquire- 
 ments."* 
 
 Severn Teackle Wallis was born in Baltimore on the 8th of September, 
 1 8 1 6. His family on both sides were residents of the Eastern Shore of 
 Maryland, and he bore the name of his maternal grandfather — Severn 
 
 HON. SEVERN TEACKLE WALLIS, I.L.D., PRESIDENT PEABODV INSTITUTE AND MD. 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY, PROVOST, 1870-94. 
 
 Teackle. of Talbot county — a captain in the Revolutionary army. He was 
 educated at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, receiving there the Bachelor's 
 degree at the early age of sixteen. Two years later his Alma Mater con- 
 ferred upon him the Master's degree, and in 1841 the honorary degree of 
 Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Immediately after his graduation he entered upon the study of law in 
 
 *From address delivered at -'5th Anniversary of Reorganization of School of Law, 
 VI, . 1895.
 
 S. TEAKLE WALLIS STATUE, BALTIMORE
 
 RESTORATION OF REGEh Is 115 
 
 the office of the distinguished jurist and lawyer, William Wirt. Upon the 
 death of Mr. Wirt, in 1 834, he continued his law studies in the office of Mr. 
 John Glenn, who later hecanie Judge of the United States District Court. \i 
 the age of twenty-one he was admitted to the bar. 
 
 His fondness for Spanish, which he learned to speak with the greatest 
 fluency and correctness, led him to pay a visit to Spain in 1 S47, and again 
 two years later, when he was commissioned by the United States govern- 
 ment to report upon the title to public lands in Florida. The results of these 
 visits were two volumes by him on Spain, her institutions and people. He 
 revisited Europe in 1856 and 1884. 
 
 In 1 Si; 8 he took part in the reform movement which restored order and 
 good government to the city in i860. On the outbreak of the Civil War 
 his sympathies were with the South. He became a member of the Legisla- 
 ture, which met in Frederick City in the spring and summer of 1861, as a 
 result of a participation in which he was arrested on the 12th of September 
 of that year, and continued a prisoner until November, 1862. A year of 
 this period was spent at Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. Being naturally 
 of a delicate constitution, Mr. Wallis suffered keenly from the privations 
 and discomforts incident to this confinement, but he bore himself through it 
 with unfailing fortitude and dignity. 
 
 Returning after his captivity he devoted himself to his profession, 
 and continued in its active practice until the inroads of disease and old age 
 made this impossible. He died at his residence in Baltimore on the 11th 
 of April, 1894, and was buried in his lot in Greenmount Cemetery. 
 
 Mr. Wallis never married, although he was a man of deep personal 
 attachments and strongly domestic in his tastes and habits. He loved his 
 home, his books and the society of his friends, whom he delighted to have 
 about him, and who found him at all times the most charming of hosts and 
 companions. He was remarkable for his wide range of knowledge, classical 
 and linguistic, for his ready wit, and his delicate sense of personal and 
 professional honor. He was ever foremost in the defense of the right, and
 
 no UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 his power of satire and invective against evil doers was like a besom of 
 destruction. Although a partisan in politics, he would never surrender his 
 personal independence to party, and he was prominently identified with the 
 movement for reform, and was President of the Reform League of Balti- 
 more up to the time of his death. He held public office but once. After the 
 death of Mr. I. Nevitt Steele, he was by unanimous verdict recognized as 
 the head of the Baltimore bar and its brightest ornament. Among foreign 
 honors which Mr. Wallis held were corresponding membership in the Royal 
 Academy of History of Madrid, and Fellowship of the Royal Society of 
 Northern Antiquarians of Copenhagen. A memorial edition of Mr. Wallis' 
 writings, including his poems, was published in lour volumes in 1896. 
 Among his writings particularly admired are his addresses to the graduating 
 classes of the University of Maryland, and his discourses on George Pea- 
 body (1870) and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ( 1872). His poem, "The 
 Blessed Hand," which was inspired by the Southern Relief Fair, held in 
 Baltimore in 186';, is a gem of the first water. He was President of the 
 Maryland Historical Society, and also of the Board of Trustees of the 
 Peabody Institute. 
 
 The present Provost, Bernard Carter, L'L. D., who is regarded as the 
 successor of Mr. Wallis in the leadership of the Bar, was elected to the 
 position in June, 1894, and worthily holds the primacy of the corporation. 
 
 Bernard Carter is a native of Prince George county, Maryland, and 
 is descended from the well-known Carter family of lower Virginia, and the 
 Calvert family of Maryland. He was born on the twentieth of July, 1834, 
 and was educated at St. James' College, in Washington county, Maryland. 
 He received the degree of Bachelor of Law from Harvard University in 
 1855. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States in 1865, when he argued the case of the steamer "Louisiana" (re- 
 ported in "Wallace's Reports"), in such a manner as to be complimented 
 by the reporter of the court for his excellent argument. In 1869 and 1870 
 he was a member of the City Council, and it was chiefly through his personal
 
 RESTORATION OF REGEN TS 1 1 7 
 
 exertions as chairman of the building committee that the new City Hall 
 was constructed so economically. In 1867 he was a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention which framed the present constitution of the State, and 
 was appointed on the Committee of Revision and Compilation, the highest 
 compliment the Convention could bestow. He was also city solicitor under 
 several Mayors. In 1878 he was elected to a chair in the School of Law, 
 which he held for five years. 
 
 In politics Mr. Carter has always been a Democrat. He enjoys a large 
 and lucrative law practice, the result of fine talents well improved and of a 
 private character above reproach. He has been for many years the chief 
 counsel for the Pennsylvania system of railroads. He has always been an 
 indefatigable student of his profession, preparing his cases with great care 
 and thoroughness. Even at the age of seventy-two his activity is incessant, 
 and he seems both mentally and physically to be as alert and capable of 
 work as ever he was. He has the same bright eye, springy step and cool and 
 mature judgment that have always distinguished him. He has crossed the 
 ocean a number of times to Europe, which seems to be his favorite and almost 
 his only pastime. His tastes are simple; he cares nothing for club life, pre- 
 ferring the companionship of .his family, his friends and books. Surrounded 
 by these he passes his leisure at his beautiful home on Eutaw place. He is 
 a man of striking presence, erect of carriage, quick of step, and over six 
 feet in height; he is noted for his courtly and beautiful manners. As a 
 speaker, he is fluent anil graceful, with a distinct, agreeable and well- 
 modulated voice and a dignified and impressive manner. He is a devout 
 and devoted Episcopalian, and a member oi the vestry of St. Paul's Church; 
 he often takes a leading part in the church convocations and conventions, 
 and is considered the leading ecclesiastical lawyer of the State. He has six 
 sons and three daughters; several of the former have followed him in the 
 choice of a profession. For several years before becoming Provost, he held 
 a chair in the School of Paw. 
 
 We have thus brought the history of the institution down to the pres-
 
 n8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ent time, and we will conclude this section of our subject by first a glance 
 back over its past, and then a description of its present condition and its 
 future prospects as a University. 
 
 In its origin we are at once struck with the fact that it began as a 
 School of Medicine. This is not unique, as some suppose, for we can point 
 to Salernum and Montpellier as having had a similar mode of origin (and 
 we might in this connection refer also to Bologna beginning as a school of 
 law, and Paris as a school of divinity), but it is extremely unusual, and has 
 undoubtedly been a drawback to its success. The Academic or literary de- 
 partment is the rounding off or complement of the general education of the 
 students and must ever be the basis of all University life. It also furnishes 
 a feeder from which the professional schools receive many and their best- 
 trained students. The want of it, therefore, for so long a period of our 
 history has been a most serious defect in the organization and conduct of 
 this institution. It has caused it to be incomplete, undeveloped, lacking in 
 its full stature, and to it we owe the fact that our University has not re- 
 ceived recognition as such in the official publications of the State and of the 
 United States, and has not succeeded in gaining a place among the great 
 Universities of the country. After nearly a century of existence we are as a 
 University practically where we were when we began. It is easy, of course, 
 to take a superficial view of the situation and to attribute our failure to the 
 lack of an endowment. But why have we not had an endowment? There 
 can be no doubt in the mind of any one impartially considering our history, 
 that the essential cause is to be found in our charter. That instrument is 
 radically and fatally defective in not providing for government by a board 
 of Trustees. Universal experience shows the wisdom in such cases of a body 
 apart from the teaching corps, invested with supreme authority and en- 
 trusted with the management of the institution's interests as a whole. Our 
 charter places this supreme authority in an unwieldly Board of Regents com- 
 posed of the members of the various Faculties. The result has been that 
 this body exercises no control over either the financial or other affairs of the
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS i 19 
 
 institution. It meets but rarely and in a perfunctory way, and leases the 
 management of each department to the Faculty thereof. When we find that 
 it is without a tit usurer, we realize what a small part it takes in the lite of 
 the institution. The funds do not pass into any central hands but into those 
 oi Faculty Treasurers. Thus there is no provision made for the expenses 
 of University government or salary of Provost, in consequence ol which 
 the latter officer takes no active part and exercises no active control in the 
 working of the institution. What the institution loses by the want of an 
 efficient, active, enthusiastic head, recognized as its representative, and ever 
 striving to advance its interests, is well appreciated by all who take an im- 
 partial view of its affairs. We have only to consider for a moment what 
 Harvard would be without its Elliott, Yale without its Hadley, Columbia 
 without its Butler, Princeton without its Wilson, Pennsylvania without its 
 Harrison, Virginia without its Alderman. No collection ol varied human 
 interests can be expected to exhibit that co-operation and efficiency which 
 are essential to life and development, without a directing and guiding head, 
 anil we might as well expect a campaign to be carried on without a general, 
 a ship to make a voyage without a captain, a country to be governed with- 
 out its king or President. 
 
 We will now take a general view of the University as it is to-day. 
 There are two Colleges, or Faculties — I. aw and Medicine — the latter hav- 
 ing attached to it subordinate departments of Dentistry and Pharmacy. I he 
 School of Law consists of a teaching Faculty of thirteen, two ol whom are 
 fudges of the City Courts. Mr. John P. Poe is the Dean. The lectures are 
 all delivered after 4 p. m. The course of study extends over three years of 
 eight months each, but a student who passes the examinations satisfactorily 
 may graduate in two years. Instruction is by lectures, reading and catechis- 
 ing. The degree of Bachelor of Law is conferred and a thesis is required. 
 Students are required to argue cases in the Moot Court. The Law Building 
 is situated upon the L'niversity grounds, corner of Lombard and Greene 
 streets, and consists of a lecture hall and a reading room. The number of
 
 no UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 students during the session of 1905-06 was 240; the number of graduates, 
 28. The total number of graduates since the reorganization in 1869 is 
 1,204. The total expenses for the three years' course (including library 
 fee) are $T232. There is a library of 1,600 volumes which also contains tin- 
 principal law reviews. 
 
 The School of Medicine is the largest and most important department 
 of the University, and the only one having an unbroken career from the 
 incorporation of the University in 1 8 13. The course is one of four years, of 
 eight months each, and graded. A preliminary training is required in 
 accordance wi-th the rules of the American Medical College Association, of 
 which this school is a member; this corresponds with a four-year high school 
 course. There are sixty-four instructors in the teaching corps. Laboratory 
 instruction is a prominent feature of the course, there being laboratories of 
 Chemistry, Physiological Chemistry, Normal Histology and Embryology, 
 Pathological Histology and Bacteriology, and also a Clinical Laboratory. 
 Clinical instruction is conveyed in the University Hospital, and its Lying-in 
 Department, just across the street (both owned by the Faculty of Physic) ; 
 also in the Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Charity Hospital, the Hos- 
 pital for the Relief of Crippled and Deformed Children, and Bayview 
 Hospital, in the staff of all of which members of the Faculty are to be 
 found, and in the large out-patient or dispensary department. Bedside in- 
 struction is an important feature. There is a library of 7,000 volumes, 
 4,200 pamphlets and forty-six current journals, which is open during the 
 year. The total fees for the four years are $570, with a reduction if paid in 
 advance. The number of students during the session of 1905-06 was 340, 
 with eighty-three graduates. The total number of graduates in the ninety- 
 nine years was 5,41 2. The buildings devoted to the purposes of this school 
 are situated on the University grounds, corner of Greene and Lombard 
 streets, and consist of the main building, containing the great Chemical and 
 Anatomical Theatres, Dean's office, library rooms, museum, and rooms for 
 apparatus, preparation, etc. ; Practice Hall, four stories in height, in rear of
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 121 
 
 the Law Building, containing dissecting rooms and various laboratories; 
 and the third floor of the new Laboratory building on Greene street, con- 
 taining the department of Pathology and laboratories of Pathology and 
 Physiological Chemistry. The new University Llospital, 175x175 feet, 
 one of the largest College hospitals in America, is on the corner diagonally 
 opposite. It contains one hundred and ninety beds, has a students' building 
 adjoining, accommodating thirty internes, and also has a nurses' building 
 for the accommodation of the pupils of the Training School for Nurses. 
 There were 28,150 visits paid to the Out-Patient Department last year. 
 The Lying-in Department is just across the street from the University Hos- 
 pital, and contains thirty beds. The Legislature of Maryland has just 
 appropriated $60,000 to the University, for the benefit of the hospital. It 
 is purposed with this to build an addition on the west, where the Faculty of 
 Physic already owns three dwelling houses. 
 
 The Dental Department occupies the New Laboratory Building on 
 Greene street. The operating room is 100x33 feet. There are several 
 laboratories and a fine museum. There is a graded course of three years, 
 each session lasting seven months. There are thirty-three instructors in 
 this department. Six of the eight Professors are also connected with the 
 Faculty of Physic, giving the instruction the completeness and thorough- 
 ness of university methods. The department being a member ot the Na- 
 tional Association of Dental Faculties, conforms in all respects to the rules 
 and regulations of that body; therefore, matriculants are required to pass an 
 examination corresponding to that required at the close of the second year's 
 course in a high school, or to furnish an equivalent certificate. This pre- 
 liminary examination is in the hands of the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction. No scholarships are granted, and students must enter within 
 the first ten days of the session to obtain credit therefor. The fees for the 
 three years' course are $355. The total number of students for 1905-06 
 was 150, the number of graduates 42. The total number of graduates since
 
 122 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the foundation of the department in 1882 is 1,206. F. J. S. Gorgas, A. M., 
 M. D., D. D. S., is the Dean of this department. 
 
 The Department of Pharmacy occupies for its special uses apartments 
 in the Laboratory Building. Chemical lectures and laboratory courses 
 are also given in the other buildings. There are eleven instructors, two of 
 whom are also members of the Faculty of Physic. During the session of 
 1905-06 there were seventy-one students in attendance, of whom twenty-four 
 received the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy (Phar. D.) at its close. The 
 total number of graduates in this department, since its foundation, is 1,085. 
 The School is a member of The American Conference of Pharmaceutical 
 Faculties. The course required is two years of eight months each. A pre- 
 liminary entrance examination in rudimentary branches is required of those 
 who cannot present a certificate of proficiency. The entire fees amount to 
 $220. 
 
 The very recent merger of St. John's College, Annapolis, as the De- 
 partment of Arts and Sciences will be noticed at length in connection with 
 the Sketch of the latter. 
 
 Connected with the University Hospital is a Training School for 
 Nurses (of which Miss Nettie Flanagan is Superintendent, and members of 
 the Faculty of Physic are lecturers). The class of 1905-06 numbered fifty- 
 five, and there were thirteen who received diplomas. The total number of 
 graduates since its foundation in 1889 is 140. 
 
 The course is a three-year one, and four months of this time are re- 
 quired to be spent in the Hospital for Crippled and Deformed Children, 
 whose Chief burgeon is a member of the Faculty of Physic. 
 
 In addition to the buildings already mentioned, two others are ex- 
 pected to be added to the resources of the School of Medicine as soon as 
 some details relating to title are satisfactorily adj"sted. These are Calvary 
 Methodist Episcopal Church South, situated on a third of the corner: of 
 Greene and Lombard, and the parsonage immediately adjoining it. The 
 need of a public hall where meetings of various sorts, concerts, smokers, and
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 123 
 
 entertainments may be held, has been urgently felt for sometime at the 
 University, and this church building, by its convenience of site and size, will 
 exactly fill this want, whilst the Sunday-school room on the ground floor may 
 possibly be found suited for the use of the growing library of the School of 
 Medicine (possibly a general library of all the departments). The par- 
 sonage has been suggested for the use of an additional number of internes, 
 who are much needed in the hospital. We are also informed that the second 
 house west of the students' building has recently been acquired by the Medi- 
 cal Faculty — the first having been owned by it for some years. Finally — 
 since the above lines were written — the Faculty has acquired possession of 
 the fourth north-west corner of these streets and the four houses there 
 situated, three being held in fee. A College dormitory, for the use of stu- 
 dents, will probably be erected upon this site within the present year. These 
 evidences of activity and pushing ahead, on the part of the Faculty of Physic 
 especially, augur well for the future, and we hope to see them extend to the 
 other departments and to the entire University. 
 
 We can thus count nine buildings either in actual use or shortly to be- 
 come so, for the various purposes of the University. An institution of the 
 size and rank of the University of Maryland requires many and commodious 
 buildings for its varied activities, and even with these nine we shall still 
 feel greatly cramped. We urgently need more space; more ground for 
 growth. Our buildings are becoming planted too close together and one of 
 the questions that will demand the urgent attention of our authorities is 
 how to enlarge our campus or secure additional ground for building. 
 There are other buildings, too, which we need very greatly — especially a 
 gymnasium and a general utility building for the use of the Provost and 
 Regents, the University records, and administration, etc. 
 
 Of University organizations we have quite a number, notwithstanding 
 the backwardness of that side of our life. The Board of Regents heads the 
 list with Professor John P. Poe, as Secretary, meeting annually and at the 
 call of the Secretary. The General Alumni Association, founded January
 
 i2 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 2 i st, 1903, meets quarterly, and has now over two hundred members. Its 
 object is indicated in its motto, "Toti nun partibus," and much has already 
 been accomplished through its efforts in uniting the various departments and 
 in stirring up a University esprit de corps. I o it we owe the "University" 
 Endowment Fund and the Charles Frick Research Fund, the University 
 button, and the official adoption of the University colors by the Board of 
 Regents. Through it has been adopted a University Latin ode, and the 
 movement for securing an academic department, and for the development 
 of the University, has been set on foot. Very recently it has started a 
 movement for a University of Maryland Club, which has been received 
 with enthusiasm by the alumni, and promises to be a success, and it is fos- 
 tering the organization of branch University Alumni Associations in various 
 States. Its membership is open to all alumni of the University, including 
 those of the Maryland College of Pharmacy and St. John's College, upon 
 registering their names with the Secretary and paying the annual dues, one 
 dollar. It is chartered under the laws of the State, and its President is 
 J. Harry Tregoe, IX. B. 
 
 The movement for a permanent endowment fund was set on foot in 
 1893 by rrie Alumni Association of the School of Medicine. The first con- 
 tributions to it were made in 1897, and it grew slowly. In 1903 it was 
 taken up with renewed vigor by the General Alumni Association, and a 
 special charter was obtained from the Legislature, which authorizes the 
 Board of Trustees "to receive and hold funds for the University at large, 
 or any other departments in like manner and upon the same conditions" as it 
 had previously done for the department of medicine alone. The Board 
 is independent and self-perpetuating, filling its own vacancies, and is limited 
 by the terms of the charter to the expenditure of the interest of the Fund, 
 and that in its discretion for the promotion of the welfare of the institution. 
 The Board, as at present constituted, consists of Hon. Henry Stockbridge, 
 President; J. Harry Tregoe, LL. B., Secretary-Treasurer; Messrs. Clayton 
 C. Hall and Allan McSherry, and Drs. Samuel C. Chew, Thomas
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 125 
 
 A. Ashby, Joshua W. Hering, Harry Adler and Eugene F. Cordell, 
 all being alumni of the University. The total amount of subscriptions to 
 date, paid and unpaid, is about $9,000, a considerable part of which is in- 
 vested in first mortgage five per cent. University bonds. An earnest effort 
 is being made to raise this Fund to $100,000 by the Centennial in May, 
 1907. The interest of the Fund for 1904 was appropriated by the Board 
 to research work in the Pathological Laboratory, which was carried on 
 under the direction of Professor Jose L. Hirsh, Professor of Pathology, 
 and has been published in the Journal 0/ the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation. It is interesting to note in this connection that Flarvard University, 
 with all its millions, has deemed it expedient, within the last few months, 
 to found a permanent Fund, similar to this one, founded by our alumni in 
 1893. At a mass meeting of alumni, held January 22, 1907, over $6,000 
 were added to the Endowment Fund. 
 
 On December 20th, 1904, a "Library and Historical Society" was 
 founded in Chemical Hall, of which Dr. Cordell is President. It embraces 
 all departments of the University, and has for its objects "The investiga- 
 tion and elucidation of questions of literary, scientific and historical char- 
 acter, and the fostering ol the various libraries of the University." 
 
 There is a University Athletic Association, which embraces baseball, 
 football, basketball and relay and track teams. Our basketball team won 
 die championship of the State in 1904-05, and the others have done them- 
 selves credit on the athletic field, and athletics is now well represented in 
 our institution, although the want of a gymnasium, a cage and a field, are 
 serious obstacles to success. There is also a Musical Association which 
 three years ago gave a notable concert under the direction of Professor 
 Theodore Hemberger, and an attempt has been made at the formation of a 
 Mandolin and Banjo Club. The Young Men's Christian Association is in 
 a flourishing condition, and last session raised a considerable sum of money 
 through a series of entertainments, for the purpose of fitting up its rooms. 
 
 The publications are a University monthly, bearing the name of Old
 
 126 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Maryland, founded at the beginning of 1905, and devoted to the interests 
 of the University generally. Dr. Cordell is its editor, with associates from 
 the various departments. It has met with a warm reception among the 
 alumni, and promises to advance materially the welfare of the University. 
 Its motto is cresco merendo. The Students' Year-Book, founded under 
 the title of Rones, Molars and Briefs, in 1897, appeared during the summer 
 of 1905 under the new title. Terra Mariae. It is a very creditable pro- 
 duction, especially the last two issues. The Alumni Association of the De- 
 partment of Dentistry publishes a monthly, The University Grist, of which 
 Timothy O. Heatwole, M. D., D. D. S., is editor. It began in January, 
 1904. There is also a monthly publication in the School of Medicine, 
 known as The Hospital Bulletin. It is published bv "The Hospital Bulletin 
 Company of the University of Maryland," and is edited by a committee of 
 the Hospital staff. The first number appeared in April, 1901;. 
 
 The contemplation of the first century's existence of our University is 
 not one which can afford satisfaction to its friends. We have built up suc- 
 cessful professional schools, but we have not yet built up a University. That 
 side of our life is neglected and dwarfed, and the reasons therefor have 
 been given. Our authorities have allowed the School of Arts and Sciences 
 to languish and to die, and that at a time when the field was free and it 
 should have succeeded. We cannot expect that recognition as a University 
 which is our due and should be our unceasing aim, until we have revived 
 our Academical department. There are but two ways in which that can 
 be accomplished: 1. Starting it anew. 2. Affiliating with ourselves some 
 collegiate institution already in existence. The first seems impracticable in 
 view of our lack of funds; at any rate, it could only be accomplished by the 
 aid of some generous citizen who would supply the necessary means, and 
 such a thing is nowhere in prospect or at all likely. Among the various in- 
 stitutions already in existence, St. John's College at Annapolis seems to offer 
 us the best opportunity for affiliation, and a proposal to that effect is 
 actually at this time under consideration. The suggestion of a union with
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 127 
 
 St. John's has led to the further query, whether the Maryland Agricultural 
 College and perhaps other technical institutions also might not be brought 
 into such a combination, and indeed, whether we might not wisely seek the 
 aid and patronage of the State in founding once for all a great State Uni- 
 versity. This idea has met with wide favor among the alumni of the 
 University, and seems to be approved by the authorities of the Colleges that 
 have been heard from. Indeed, it grows more and more acceptable as we 
 consider it. It offers to us the solution of many of the most perplexing prob- 
 lems that beset us. In it we see the realization of Trustees, and of an effective 
 head, of an academic foundation and through the finances of the State of 
 that which is equivalent to an endowment. Our University is peculiarly 
 fitted to till this role. It already bears the name of the State, and it is free 
 from competition and antagonism with these other institutions whose sup- 
 port it needs to complete its organization. It is an ambition to aspire to 
 to seek to become a great State University — the capstone, as it were, of the 
 public educational system of the State. We are assured that there is a 
 strong sentiment in this community, especially outside of Baltimore, in favor 
 of such an institution. That the standing of our institution would be very 
 greatly enhanced, who can doubt, when he reflects upon the augmented in- 
 fluence, the perfected organization, the financial betterment it would secure 
 for us? Nor are we trying a new thing: the example of the Trustees' gov- 
 ernment — one of the most glorious periods in the career of the institution — 
 is before us for encouragement and instruction. Nor does it detract from 
 that example that the courts decided their rule was illegal; history remains 
 the same, and it is the more to their credit that, under such disadvantages ami 
 opposition, they achieved such splendid results. True, the change would 
 cause the loss of authority in the Regents, but this can hardlv be regarded in 
 the light of a sacrifice on their part, in view of the greater honor for their 
 chairs, the increase and greater security of salary, and the promotion 
 <>l the growth ami welfare of the University which it will secure. 
 An advantage of the change would be that it would enable us to place all
 
 i28 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 our departments upon an equal footing: it is an anomaly that the schools of 
 Dentistry and Pharmacy should be mere appendages to the School of Medi- 
 cine. There is no subject upon which the agreement seems to be so general 
 as upon that of the necessity of trustees. A central board of managers, com- 
 posed of business men accustomed to the direction of large financial interests 
 commends itself to us immediately, both from an executive point of view 
 and as furnishing by the instrumentality and influence of its members that 
 bond with the community and with the wealthy and public-spirited that is 
 needed to secure large gifts and endowment. And if we add to this the 
 services of an indefatigable and influential representative, giving up all his 
 time and talents to. the promotion of the interests and advancement of the 
 institution, we secure the highest advantages, which must impress its career 
 with immediate and rapid growth. Such an individual would repay many 
 times for his salary by the results of his exertions. 
 
 The present period is a most important epoch in the history of this 
 institution that seems to call for stirring comment. We are about to close 
 the first century of our existence as a University, and to enter upon another. 
 Let us strive to make this occasion memorable for all time to come. Let us 
 celebrate it by all the pomp and ceremony due to so venerable an institution. 
 Let us stir up in each other new devotion, and make fresh sacrifices to the 
 cause of our Alma Mater. Let us hasten ourselves to give and to induce 
 others to give to that one hundred thousand dollars we have in our hearts 
 promised for an endowment fund. Let us correct without delay the faults 
 of that antiquated and radically defective instrument, our charter, that has 
 been so long about our neck like a veritable shirt of Nessus. Time and 
 opportunity are slipping from our grasp while we are looking idly on. 
 Others are straining every nerve and are reaping the benefits of their exer- 
 nons in streams of contributions and benefactions. Shall it be left for us of 
 the University of Maryland alone to continue this exhibition of apathy and 
 helplessness? 
 
 All graduates of this University, of whatever department, are required
 
 RESTORATION OF REGENTS 
 
 i H) 
 
 to give their formal assent at the public Commencements to the following 
 pledge, read to them by the Provost: "You receive these diplomas, gentle- 
 men, under the charter of the University, as' honorable and perpetual testi- 
 monials,' upon condition only, that so long as you shall exercise the privileges 
 which they confer, you will diligently and faithfully discharge the duties 
 of your calling, that you will abstain from irregular and unprofessional 
 practices of every sort and bear yourselves, toward society and your brethren, 
 with charity and honor: will you pledge yourselves so to do?" 
 
 SEAL OF OLD MARYLAND.
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
 
 II. SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 
 
 WE I IAVE already traced this Department up to the period when 
 on April 22, [813, the Board oi Regents <>l the i niversit) 
 met and organized. The Medical continued to be the onlj 
 active department until 1823, when Mr. David 1 [offman, the 
 
 I'm lessor of Law, began his lectures. 
 
 During the session of 1 812-13 a gold medal was instituted, to be con- 
 ferred annually upon the student writing the best thesis in the Latin lan- 
 guage. According to the report of a committee, of the Faculty,* it was 
 designed "as an expression of the estimation in which the College of Medi- 
 cine of Maryland holds classical learning, and as an encouragement to 
 medical students who may attend the institution to acquire it." It was con- 
 ferred, for the first time, upon John D. Sinnott, in I 8 13, the graduating class 
 then numbering ten. It was given lor the last time in 1S37, Dr. E. J. 
 Chaisty being the recipient. From a similar motive, the announcement was 
 made at this time that graduates in arts and sciences would be exempted 
 from the payment of the graduation iee. 
 
 The session lasted four months, from November 1 st to February 28th, 
 and at first the lectures were all delivered in Anatomical Hall, excepl those 
 of the Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy. Not until the session ot 
 1815-T6 was a separate room provided for the accommodation of the Pro- 
 fessors of Theory and Practice, Institutes, Surgery, Materia Medica and 
 Obstetrics. This was derived from "an alteration oi the Library, "t and 
 was situated in the front of the building, west ol the hall ( the present Dean'., 
 apartment ) . 
 
 At the beginning ol the session ol iS 13-14, the I niyersity sustained a 
 severe loss by the death of Professor Cocke. 
 
 ■Xitrs' Register, Aug. 24, 1813. 
 
 ■(•Communication from "Viator," \'iles' Register, Sept. 15, [815.
 
 i 3 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 James Cocke was a native of lower Virginia, and belonged to a wealthy 
 and influential family. He was born about 1780. He enjoyed superior 
 advantages of education, being a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, at Guy's Hos- 
 pital, London, and graduating at the University of Pennsylvania in 1804. 
 His inaugural thesis was entitled, "An Attempt to Ascertain the Causes of 
 the Extraordinary Inflammation, which attacks Wounded Cavities and their 
 Contents," 8 vo., pp. 36, and attracted considerable attention from its orig- 
 inal views. In it he ably defends the propriety and practicability of ovar- 
 iotomy, the first advocacy of this operation in America according to Quinan. 
 It was published a second time in 1806. He settled in Baltimore about the 
 close of 1804 or beginning of 1805, and entered into partnership with Dr. 
 Davidge early in 1807, lecturing on Physiology to a private class of medi- 
 cal students. He assisted in founding the College of Medicine of Mary- 
 land, and also the University of Maryland, and held the chair of Anatomy 
 therein from 1807 to 18 13. He married Miss Elizabeth Smith, of Kent 
 County, Maryland. [18 10, Quinan.] He died of "fever," on the 25th of 
 October, 18 13, at the very hour, strange to say, at which he was to have 
 delivered the opening lecture of the course in the new building.* His will 
 is on record in Baltimore and is dated October 24. He was buried in Kent 
 County. 
 
 Dr. Cocke exhibited marked ability as a lecturer and surgeon, and had 
 before him a brilliant future. In 1805 he reduced a dislocation of the 
 humerus of seventeen weeks and three days standing, a feat from which he 
 obtained great eclat, as it was probably the longest duration of this accident 
 with successful issue on record at that day. He possessed also marked 
 business capacity, and his colleagues gave him the credit of devising the ways 
 and means of carrying on the work of the College. E. H. Worrell, a pupil 
 of his, speaks of him in his Latin thesis, as "Exemplar rara virtutis," and 
 there can be no doubt that his loss was a most serious one to the profession 
 of Maryland and to her rising University. 
 *Potter, of. cit.
 
 
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 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 137 
 
 Professor Cocke was succeeded in the chair of Anatomy by Professor 
 Davidge. The chair of Institutes became temporarily vacant, but was re- 
 vived in 1 8 14, when Dr. John Owen, of Baltimore, was elected to fill it; he 
 declining, owing to his engagements in the militia, Dr. Maxwell McDowell 
 was chosen, who delivered the first course of lectures in it during the session 
 of 1 8 14-15. 
 
 On the 6th of April, 1X12, Dr. William Gibson, at (lie early age ol 
 twenty-four, was elected to the chair ol Surgery, and he continued to hold 
 the chair with brilliant success until chosen to a similar position in the I Di- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, in 1819. I lis lectures were largely didactic, as the 
 facilities for clinics were still very limited. Yet he occasionally performed 
 operations in the presence ol the classes at the Maryland 1 [ospital, on 
 Broadway, of which he was consulting surgeon, and at the Almshouse, where 
 he and Professor Baker had accepted appointments as Attending Surgeon 
 and Physician respectively, <>n condition that their students should have the 
 privilege of clinical instruction there. The Almshouse was then (and until 
 1822) in the city, and only at a distance of a few squares from the Univer- 
 sity, viz., at the head of Howard street, near the present site of Madison. 
 A certain number of the students held positions as residents ol the Mary- 
 land Hospital. The late Dr. Samuel P. Smith, of Cumberland (class of 
 1 8 17), was one of these from 18 14 to 1816, having learned of the position 
 while serving with the troops from Western Maryland in the vicinity, dur- 
 ing the defense of Baltimore. It is interesting to note that in excavating 
 for the foundations of the Johns I lopkins Hospital, which occupies the site 
 of the Maryland Hospital, the plate was discovered upon which the certifi- 
 cates of these internes were printed.* Dr. Gibson also had a private sur- 
 gical institution which was established by the authority of the Legislature 
 in 181 7; it was located "on Madison street extended, out the falls turnpike, 
 a short distance from town." 
 
 Dissections, interrupted for a time bv the mob of 1807, were carried 
 
 *Baltimore Sun, June 15. i!-
 
 i3« UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 on regularly, at any rate from the period of the occupation of the College 
 building. They were not made obligatory until many years after this, and 
 they were conducted only in the day time. The building was not completed 
 until 1 82 1, and during that interval the room to the east of the entrance was 
 used as a dissecting room. We have no account of any Demonstrator until 
 several years after the occupation of the buildings. The classes were small, 
 and perhaps one was not deemed necessarv. Mr. Alexander Clendinen, ot 
 South Carolina, a graduate of the class of 18 15, in his inaugural thesis on 
 the "Surgery of the Dislocated Shoulder Joint," 8 vo., pp. 52, states that 
 he dissected six subjects, and performed experiments in order to elucidate 
 the phenomena of this luxation and the method of its reduction, and also 
 that "the Professor of Anatomy had first demonstrated to him a third head 
 of the coracoid muscle." Dr. James Bain, a graduate of the year 18 16, 
 testified at the trial of Professor Hall, in 1843, that "he dissected for two 
 years for Dr. Davidge." It is believed that Dr. John Buckler, ot the class 
 of 1 8 17, performed the same duty, and it is certain that Dr. John G. God- 
 man, of the class of 18 18, did. Both of these held the position of Lecturer 
 on Anatomy, which involved the oversight of dissections. Dr. William 
 Howard was Adjunct Professor of Anatomy under Davidge, 1820-21. 
 From 1 82 1, the date of the appointment of Duncan Turnbull, of Scotland, 
 our information is exact, and we have the names and years of service of all 
 the Demonstrators to the present time. 
 
 The "Library" was founded in 1 8 13 by the purchase of the books of 
 the late Dr. John Crawford from his widow. This was accomplished by a 
 subscription of $500 made for the purpose by the members of the Faculty. 
 A minute of the Faculty of December 1 1, 18 13, acknowledges the donation 
 from Jeremiah Sullivan, Esq., of the "Encyclopaedia Brittanica," the binding 
 to be paid for by him. It was opened for the use of students in 1 8 1 5, when 
 the following account of it was given: "Though not the most extensive of 
 the kind, it is competent to most of the useful purposes of the medical pupil. 
 While it contains many of the most useful works, it presents the curious
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 141 
 
 inquirer with some of the rarest of both ancient and modern times, a few 
 of which (I believe) are not to be found in any of the collections in the 
 country."* In a report of the Faculty to the Board of Regents, dated May 
 3, 1 8 19, it is stated that "the debt due for the buildings and appurtenances, 
 together with the amount expended for apparatus, library, etc., is now 
 about $15,000."! Jn a list of disbursements of the funds of the Univer- 
 sity contained in the "Memorial of the 1 rustees of the University of Marx- 
 land and Trustees of Baltimore College to the Legislature of Maryland," 
 Baltimore, 1830, $2,600 are charged to the account of the "Medical 
 Library." The Trustees' Records contain a notice of books purchased for 
 the Medical Library in April, 1 S 3 7 . During the regime of the Trustees 
 (1826-39) a branch was maintained at the Hospital for the use of the 
 attending physicians and students, and an annual appropriation of $^0 was 
 made for the purchase of new books. 1 here is no continuous record of the 
 collection, only a scant notice of it now and then. Since the writer's first 
 connection with the L niversity, in September, 1S66, it has occupied the 
 room where it now is — east of the hall. In [890 there were about 1,000 
 volumes, many of the rare ones being stored in drawers in the museum. In 
 [891, a large increase took place by the gift of the library of Dr. I . Barton 
 brune, an alumnus. This generous and valuable donation of some twelve 
 hundred modern and select works was made by Dr. Brune's widow as a 
 testimonial of her deep interest in the hospital and its internes, she having 
 spent several of her early married years there while her husband was resi- 
 dent physician. For several years after this, the druggist at the hospital 
 held also the position of librarian. In 1903 we were the recipients through 
 his widow and son (Dr. L. Wardlaw Miles) of some seven hundred vol- 
 umes forming part of the library of the late Professor Francis rurquand 
 Miles. Among these were many of the most recent works on anatomy, 
 physiology and nervous diseases, subjects which Dr. Miles taught in this 
 
 ►"Viator," Niles" Register, Sept. 15, 1815. 
 IMS. Records of University,
 
 i 4 z UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 University, and in which he was specially interested. In 1905 Mrs. Dr. 
 Alfred H. Powell gave us two hundred and seventeen volumes of her late 
 husband, together with his instruments,, many pictures, bones, shelving, etc. 
 During the three years from July 1, 1903, to June 1, 1906, nearly two 
 thousand seven hundred volumes have been added, and the growth of the 
 library has been marked. At present we have about six thousand nine hun- 
 dred and eighty volumes, four thousand two hundred pamphlets, forty- 
 six current journals; also a number of portraits. There is a very copious and 
 complete card catalogue. It is a member of the Association of American 
 Medical Libraries. The fee for active membership, which is open to all 
 physicians is two dollars. The two rooms occupied by it are becoming very 
 much crowded, and further growth will soon require larger quarters. It is 
 open during the year, except the last half of August. 
 
 The year 18 18 was signalized by the graduation of John D. Godman, 
 the distinguished anatomist and naturalist. During the preceding session, 
 through an accident to Professor Davidge, whose assistant he was, he had 
 been called upon to continue the course for several weeks, the only instance 
 on record in the annals of the University where a student has lectured to 
 fellow students. Godman's ability had been recognized for some time, and 
 he was himself aware of it. He therefore gladly embraced the opportunity 
 so unexpectedly offered to display it upon a larger field. He threw himself 
 into his task with all his energy and enthusiasm, and gave to the dry subject a 
 charm which it had never had for his audience before. According to the 
 tradition handed down, so close was the interest and attention that a pin 
 could have been heard to drop during the delivery of his lectures, and could 
 the class have had their way, he would have been permanently invested with 
 the chair. No opening presented itself, however, and after graduating he 
 settled in the vicinity of Baltimore. Although finding little to do in this 
 out-of-the-way place, he did not remain idle, but utilized his time in the 
 prosecution of researches into natural history, which formed the basis of his 
 subsequent work on that subject — the first in America. When the chair of
 
 J. D. GODMAN, M. D.
 
 I'Kdl'. \\ M. GIBSON, M. I).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 145 
 
 Anatomy in the University became vacant in i 8 19, by the departure of Pro- 
 fessor Gibson, he hoped to secure it. But although his fitness for the post 
 had been so amply demonstrated and was freely acknowledged, his youth 
 was considered to be an insuperable obstacle, and Granville Sharp Pattison 
 secured the prize. Godman then boldly repaired to Philadelphia, where he 
 organized a very successful school of anatomy. After a varied and brilliant 
 career as teacher and author, he died of consumption in 1830, at the age of 
 thirty-six, "one of the most accomplished general scholars and linguists, 
 acute and erudite naturalists, ready, pleasing and instructive lecturers and 
 writers of his country or era."* 
 
 In 1 8 19, as has been said, Professor Gibson severed his connection 
 with the University to enter upon a larger sphere of activity in Philadelphia. 
 By the death of Professor Dorsey a vacancy had occurred in the chair of 
 Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. The place was offered to 
 Gibson, who declined it. So great was Gibson's reputation, however, and 
 so eager were the Philadelphians to have him, that they actually displaced 
 the great surgeon Physick from the chair of Surgery to that of Anatomy, 
 and that against his will, in order to create a vacancy for Gibson. This is 
 sufficient evidence of the reputation the latter must have had, and the esti- 
 mation in which he must have been held. 
 
 William Gibson was born in Baltimore — a twin — March 14th, 1788. 
 He was educated at St. John's and Princeton Colleges, and then spent a 
 short time at the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, where 
 he declared to his fellow students that he would one day succeed Professor 
 Physick in the chair of Surgery. In 1806 he went abroad and entered the 
 University of Edinburgh. He was graduated M. D. there in 1809, the 
 title of his inaugural thesis being "De Forma Ossium Gentilitium." This 
 work, based upon researches in the Monro Museum, made to determine the 
 racial differences in the human skeleton, brought him much credit and 
 pointed to his great promise. The same year he went to London, where he 
 
 *Richardson, "Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons" by Gross.
 
 t 4 6 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 became a pupil of Sir Charles Bell, and met many distinguished people. In 
 [810 he returned to Baltimore and at once took a prominent professional 
 position here. Early in i S 12 he was made Professor of Surgery in the 
 Medical School. During the summer of that year he performed the first 
 ligation of the common iliac artery. This was upon a man who had re- 
 ceived a gunshot wound of the abdomen during the political riots in Balti- 
 more. Two convolutions of intestine were wounded, and each opening was 
 closed with a ligature and returned. Although death occurred on the fif- 
 teenth day "from ulceration of the artery and peritoneal inflammation," the 
 case established his reputation as a surgeon.* During the War of 181 2 
 he held a surgeoncy in the Maryland troops. In 18 14 he went again to 
 Europe, and, being in the vicinity, was present at the Battle of Waterloo, 
 and was there slightly wounded. In 18 19 he removed to Philadelphia, 
 having accepted the chair of Surgery, vacated by Professor Physick, in the 
 University of Pennsylvania. He held this position until 1855, when, hav- 
 ing acquired a fortune, he retired. 
 
 In the Philadelphia chair he sustained and increased the reputation of 
 his earlier years. He was a clear, agreeable and emphatic lecturer, with 
 distinct and melodious voice, well-chosen language, and an attractive style 
 of enunciation. His demonstrations of surgical anatomy were simple and 
 easily understood, those relating to the neck, hernia and lithotomy being 
 especially good. He had a large collection of models, casts, pictures, bones, 
 tumors, apparatus, etc., many of his own preparation, with which to illus- 
 trate his lectures. 
 
 As an operator he was rapid and dexterous. Many of his cases and 
 operations are on record. He possessed great mechanical ingenuity, being 
 a fine artist and skilful worker in wax. At the age of eighty he still worked 
 in his shop. He painted, knew how to stuff birds, and played with skill upon 
 several musical instruments, especially the violin. He was very fond of 
 fishing and botanizing. He was a distinguished ornithologist and expert 
 
 Am. Med. Reorder, Vol. 3, p. 185.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 147 
 
 boxer, having been taught to spar by professional pugilists. He retained 
 throughout life a strong taste for the classics, and possessed a remarkable 
 memory, being able in his old age to repeat hundreds of lines from Virgil. 
 He kept a daily journal for over sixty years, which at his death amounted 
 to one hundred and fifty volumes. In religion, he adhered to the Episcopal 
 Church. He was twice married, having several children by each wife. One 
 of his sons, named after his friend, Sir Charles Bell, became a distinguished 
 surgeon and Professor in the Washington University and Richmond Medi- 
 cal College. 
 
 In person, Dr. Gibson is represented to have been heavily built, with 
 broad shoulders, a round face and ruddy complexion. He enjoyed splendid 
 health. He was very vain of his personal appearance, and more so of his 
 reputation as a surgeon and teacher. Dr. Ashhurst describes him as "walk- 
 ing into the amphitheatre, gloves and riding whip in hand, having just 
 ridden in from his country home to meet his class, and after lecturing with 
 all his accustomed force and vigor, riding back again to enjoy his rural re- 
 pose."* Dr. Busey, of Washington, tells how, after a summer spent in 
 Europe, "he returned late in the autumn of 1847, with a large outfit of 
 broadly striped waistcoats and trousers to match, which he wore on succes- 
 sive lecture days, until he had exhibited to the class the entire wardrobe of 
 the latest English fashionable wearing apparel. The class received him 
 every day during these successive dress exhibitions, with prolonged rounds 
 of applause, which he attributed to their personal admiration and received 
 with profound gratitude. His fancy clothes were a startling departure from 
 the professorial style of dress in vogue at the University at that period.f 
 
 On retiring from his chair at the University of Pennsylvania, he re- 
 moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where he spent his latter years. He 
 died at. Savannah, Georgia, while on a visit to the South, March 2d, 1868, 
 aged eighty. 
 
 As Mumford well says, Professor Gibson was. an all-round man, a 
 
 *Proccedings of College of Physicians of Phila., 18S7. 
 fPersonal Reminiscences, Washington. [895.
 
 i 4 8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 scholar, sportsman, artist, athlete, musician, traveler, genial accomplished 
 man of the world, and delightful companion. 
 
 He was a prolific writer. In i 8 14 he brought out an American edition 
 of "Dr. Charles Bell's System of Dissections," two volumes, Baltimore, 
 12 mo., "dedicated to the gentlemen attending the University of Mary- 
 land." He published many valuable articles in the American Journal of the 
 Medical Sciences. In 1824 appeared the first edition of his "Institutes and 
 Practice of Surgery," a work in two volumes, octavo, "being outlines of a 
 Course of Lectures." This work, which was marked for its excellent style 
 ant! accurate descriptions, went through eight or nine editions, each amended 
 and improved. In 1840 appeared his "Rambles in F.urope, with Sketches 
 of Prominent Surgeons and Physicians, Medical Schools, Hospitals. Literary 
 Personages and Scenery," 1 2mo., pp. 309. 
 
 Dr. Gibson's first great operation, which brought him at once fame, 
 has already been referred to, viz. : ligature of the common iliac, next to the 
 aorta, the largest artery in the body. He was the first in this country to 
 perform supra-public lithotomy, and among the first to perform lithotripsy- 
 He devised the operation of linear extraction of cataract in 181 1 (Gross). 
 He tied the subclavian artery in its third division for hemorrhage of the 
 axillary wounded in the reduction of a dislocated shoulder joint, excised 
 ribs, removed a wedge-shaped portion ot bone for ankylosis of the knee- 
 joint, establishing a false joint (Druitt), and extracted the ball which Gen- 
 eral Winfield Scott received at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. He performed 
 Caesarean section twice upon the same woman, saving the life of the mother 
 and both children. He invented an apparatus for fracture of the lower 
 jaw, devised an instrument for facilitating the operation of staphylorhaphy, 
 and modified Physick's tonsillotome. He also divided the recti muscles for 
 strabismus as early as 1818. He operated then upon three cases with partial 
 success, but meeting with an unfavorable result in a fourth case operated on 
 after his removal to Philadelphia, upon the advice of Professor Physick he
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 149 
 
 abandoned the experiment. Strohmeyer's monograph, recommending divis- 
 ion of the muscle tor strabismus did not appear until 1838.* 
 
 In later life Dr. Gibson received from his Scotch Alma Mater the 
 honorary degree of LL. D. 
 
 During the session succeeding Professor Gibson's removal to Phila- 
 delphia, Professor Davidge discharged the duties of both surgical and 
 anatomical chairs. His preferences were evidently for the latter, in which 
 he was given an able assistant in Dr. William Howard, later of the United 
 State Topographical Kngineers, who was appointed Adjunct Professor. 
 
 Meanwhile, an outlook was kept for a Professor of Surgery, and an 
 aspirant for the place was soon found in Granville Sharp Pattison, of Glas- 
 gow, Scotland, who came over to Philadelphia, it was said, in consequence of 
 a domestic difficulty with one of his colleagues in the Andersonian Institute 
 of the former city. Failing to secure in Philadelphia a position commen- 
 surate with his wishes and aspirations, and his pecuniary wants becoming 
 pressing, he readily embraced the offer of the chair of Surgery in the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland. There was then also a fine opening in Baltimore for 
 a first-class surgeon as Davidge was commencing to fail, and Jameson had 
 not yet come prominently to the front. 
 
 Pattison had brought over with him the anatomical collection be- 
 queathed to him by his master, Allan Burns, and he advertised himself and 
 it extensively in the medical journals and newspapers throughout the 
 country. Pattison's advent was regarded as a great accession by the Faculty, 
 and his influence in its councils was paramount. He succeeded in disposing 
 of his collection to the Faculty for the sum of $8,000, and shortly after, in 
 1 82 1, when the $30,000 loan was effected from the Legislature, Practice 
 Hall was erected for its accommodation. Pattison seems to have infused 
 new life into the University. At his arrival it was burdened with debt, 
 without prospect of payment, and the building was unfinished and badly 
 
 *The Early History of Ophthalmology and Otology in Baltimore, 11. Friedenwald, ./. //. 
 //. Bull, Aug. -Sept., [897,
 
 i 5 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 needing repairs. The means were speedily secured for liquidating the debt 
 and completing the buildings, and the classes augmented very rapidly. 
 
 The Museum, thus inaugurated with so much expense and eclat, has 
 continued to this day to be a feature of the school, but has suffered much at 
 times from neglect. Of the character of Professor Pattison's collection we 
 know but little more than that it consisted "of upwards of one thousand 
 selected morbid and healthy specimens, and in variety, excellence and number 
 was far superior to any other in America." It was duly deposited in the 
 "handsome hall, elegantly furnished," which had been erected for its re- 
 ception, and for sometime constituted the chief attraction for visitors to the 
 University. The apartment in which it was placed displayed it to the best 
 advantage, being spacious and well-lighted. The cases were arranged 
 against the walls, and the specimens were all numbered and catalogued. 
 The first notice of any addition to it was in March, 1823, when Captain 
 C. G. Ridgely presented "a collection of minerals from Peru and Chili, also 
 curiosities of the Incas." About the same time General John Spear Smith 
 made a second donation of minerals. In 1832 the Trustees appropriated 
 $250 to it, for the purchase of articles abroad by Professor Geddings, who 
 in the following year acknowledges their liberality, through which "impor- 
 tant additions have been made to the Museum and Library." The Pros- 
 pectus of 1839 "offers to the student of pathological anatomy a large and 
 valuable Museum, founded upon the Cabinet of the late Allan Burns. 
 * * * to which numerous additions have been made, especially beauti- 
 ful preparations of the lymphatic system, superficial and profound, pro- 
 cured from Italy. The Museum contains magnificent models of the eye 
 and ear in wax, which will greatly facilitate the study of the minuter parts 
 of those delicate organs." In 1841 numerous and valuable additions to the 
 Anatomical Cabinet were received, and $65.35 were appropriated for the 
 purchase of alcohol. In 1846 we find this notice: "The extensive and costly 
 Anatomical Museum founded bv the late Allan Burns has been, during 
 the last session, greatly enlarged by the addition of numerous valuable
 
 PRACTICE HALL.
 
 ■ SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 153 
 
 morbid preparations, and it will be rendered still more efficient by the arrival 
 of a complete set of the celebrated pathological models by Thiebert, ordered 
 from Paris by Dr. Smith. They will be the only set in this country on this 
 side of the mountains, and will represent every form of diseased structure 
 more accurately than can be done by any other mode of preparation, and 
 are intended to render the lectures on surgery vastly more' instructive than 
 thev could be made otherwise." In 1848 we are told that "During the past 
 session a considerable collection of French models has been ordered, and a 
 large number of drawings and casts has been added." In 1855 the Museum 
 was placed in charge of Dr. Christopher Johnston, Lecturer on Experimental 
 Physiology and Microscopy ("lately returned from a prolonged residence 
 abroad"), and an appropriation was made for its proper maintenance in 
 accordance with his suggestions. In 1861, under the direction of Professor 
 William A. Hammond, it was enriched by a collection of skulls, by French 
 models, and by additions to the Materia Medica Cabinet. Microscopes 
 were also provided, together with one of the largest collections of micro- 
 scopical specimens in the country, containing specimens of all the tissues and 
 structures entering into the composition of the body." The next year the 
 Museum, "ever an object of anxious care to the Faculty," received valuable 
 osteological specimens illustrating comparative anatomy. In September. 
 1888, Dr. Charles W. Mitchell described the condition of the Museum in 
 the following words: "The Museum of the University has been sadly neg- 
 lected during the past few years, but efforts are now being made to classify 
 and put in order the specimens it contains, and additions are now being 
 constantly made from the dead houses of the University and Bay View- 
 Hospitals. The material at hand will be employed throughout the session 
 in my lectures on pathology, when fresh and preserved specimens will be 
 exhibited to the class. The Museum ac present contains about six hundred 
 specimens, consisting of new growths, preparations of diseased joints and 
 bones, monstrosities, illustrations of gross pathological lesions of viscera, 
 etc. The most valuable specimens are those of joint pathology."
 
 i 5 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 The writer has found it very difficult to get reliable information as to 
 the present condition of the "Museum." According to Professor Winslow 
 (in a recent address, 1906) : "About, 1 89 1 , Dr. J. Holmes Smith, whilst 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy, rescued many of these preparations, and with 
 great labor and skill renovated them, and they now form useful and unique 
 specimens, which cannot be duplicated in this city." At the opening of the 
 Library and Historical Society in December, 1894, Professor Smith was 
 kind enough to demonstrate a number of the original Burns specimens to 
 Professor Osier and others. Professor Hirsh stated recently that the patho- 
 logical specimens under his charge were removed from the "Museum" in 
 1904, and now number about two hundred and fifty. 
 
 One of the most important events during this period was the erection 
 of the Baltimore Infirmary (now known as the University Hospital) . While 
 clinical teaching did not occupy the prominence then that it does now, the 
 need of hospital facilities was early apparent to the Faculty. An occasional 
 clinic was given at the Maryland Hospital on Broadway and at the Alms- 
 house, chiefly surgical, Professor Gibson being the Consulting Surgeon at 
 the former. The Hospital had one hundred beds in 181 2, the centre build- 
 ing being then completed. The Almshouse also afforded a large amount of 
 clinical material. The Baltimore General Dispensary was in successful 
 operation, but was not used for teaching, and the idea of college dispensaries 
 did not suggest itself until long after this period. 
 
 For the college hospital a site was chosen in the immediate vicinity of 
 the College building. It is described as extending from a point on Lombard 
 street seventy-eight feet west of the corner of Greene street, running west 
 seventy-five feet, then south to Whiskey alley, 1 74 feet, then east seventy- 
 five feet, then north 174 feet, completing the parallelogram. The lease was 
 dated July 10th, 1823, and was for ninety-nine years, renewable forever. 
 It was drawn by John S. Skinner in favor of Professors Davidge, Potter, 
 Hall, De Butts, Baker, McDowell and Pattison, as tenants in common. The 
 property was subject to a ground rent of $200, which the lessees had the
 
 z
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 157 
 
 power to extinguish at any time during the continuance of the lease by the 
 payment of $3,000 to the lessor, his heirs or assigns. The building was 
 erected by Mr. John Sinclair at a cost of $1 1,589; the furniture, permanent 
 and movable, cost $2,520 additional, making a total of $14,109. This 
 amount was derived first from the private resources of the Professors; they 
 were aided by a loan of $7,000 from the Bank of Baltimore, and by a mort- 
 gage upon the building of $4,800. All this was done by the Professors in 
 their individual capacity. The Infirmary was, therefore, their private prop- 
 erty; it did not belong to the corporation — the Regents, nor was it under 
 their control, although it was the design to turn it over ultimately to them.* 
 The foundation of the Infirmary building was laid June 10th, 1S23, 
 and the institution was ready for the reception of patients September 20th 
 following. There were four wards, one of which was reserved for eye 
 cases, instruction in Ophthalmic Surgery being a prominent feature of the 
 course. 1 he capacity of the building was estimated at one hundred and 
 sixty beds — doubtless an exaggerated statement. There were two resident 
 students, each of whom was required to pay $300 per annum, in advance, for 
 board, washing etc. There were four clinical lectures weekly, two medical 
 and two surgical, and the students were at liberty, if they so desired, to 
 attend at the daily visits of the physicians and surgeons. The visits of the 
 medical and surgical staff were paid at noon daily, and the resident students 
 were required to accompany the professors in their rounds. Only acute cases 
 were at first admitted, the charge for whom was $3 per week, which included 
 everything. The histories of patients were written out on admission by the 
 house students and read at the next visit of the medical attendant. No 
 operations were allowed to be performed without consultation. The op- 
 erating theatre (later, after the changes made in 1852, converted into a 
 chapel) was in the rear, but attached to the main building. It was sur- 
 rounded by elevated seats, "capable of accommodating several hundred 
 students." One of the early regulations was that the Bible should be read 
 *MS. Records of University,
 
 158 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 each day audibly in each ward. The Governor of the State was the Presi- 
 dent of the institution, and the Mayor of Baltimore, Vice-President. A 
 number of prominent citizens constituted its Board of Managers, and the 
 Examining Board of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland 
 were ex-officio consulting physicians and surgeons.* By the end of the first 
 decade four more wards were added, and the number of beds was ninety. 
 There were sixty to seventy patients in the buildings on the average, and 
 there were four resident students. At first the income fell below the ex- 
 penses, but in i <S 3 1 > there was a net revenue of $2,000. The Gray bequest 
 was then yielding $300 per annum, and the Marine Department brought in 
 from sailors $4,000 per annum. t In 1 S32 the Infirmary was purchased 
 from the Faculty by the Trustees for $12,000, which was $5,500 less than 
 the cost, according to a statement made by the Trustees themselves. t- In 
 1833 tne adjoining corner lot was also bought in fee simple for $6,000. Its 
 dimensions were 78 feet front and 169 feet 5 inches in depth. In 1846 the 
 office of Resident Physician was created, Dr. James Morison, of Massa- 
 chusetts, being its first incumbent; prior to that the senior student had had 
 charge. An Assistant Physician, or "Clinical Reporter," was first appointed 
 in 1S60. In 1852 a committee of the Regents, of which Mr. George W. 
 Dobbin was. chairman, report the College and Infirmary buildings in good 
 repair. At this time Mr. J. H. B. Latrobe was asked for an opinion as to 
 the right to use the Gray legacy in extending the hospital. The reply being 
 favorable, the addition on the corner lot above mentioned was erected, by 
 which a number of private rooms urgently needed and a clinical amphitheatre 
 were provided. The capacity of the institution was thus increased to one 
 hundred and fifty beds. There were eight resident students. In 1866 Dr. 
 W. Chew Van Bibber took the first steps for the inauguration of an out- 
 patient department or dispensary service, in connection with his clinics on 
 diseases of children and venereal diseases. In 1870 the students' building, 
 
 'Newspapers of the day. 
 
 tNotes by Prof. Hall, Mar. 11. [838, MS. Records of University. 
 
 tjoint Memorial of Trustees to Legislature, 1830.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 159 
 
 adjoining the Infirmary on the west, and capable of accommodating twenty- 
 four students, was erected. Previous to this the resident students had had 
 accommodations in the hospital building. In 1874 an appropriation of 
 $30,000 was secured from the Legislature, conditional upon the free edu- 
 cation of State students. With this it was determined to create an obstetrical 
 department. Practical instruction was here instituted in this important 
 branch, for which the only accommodation hitherto had been the female 
 wards. Thus arose the large three-story wing on (ireene street, still stand- 
 ing, although no longer devoted to its first use. This addition greatly in- 
 creased the clinical facilities of the institution, which were now claimed to be 
 double those of any other in the city. The resident students particularly 
 profited by the increase of advantages. In addition to the lying-in depart- 
 ment, a department of diseases of children was established by the transfer of 
 the inmates of St. Andrew's Home for Children. In 1878 it was stated 
 that "about 1,200 patients had been received and treated in the wards of the 
 Infirmary during the year, and 15,000 patients' had been examined and 
 prescribed for in the Dispensary department." The following vear that 
 part of the Infirmary on Lombard street was thoroughly overhauled, addi- 
 tional private rooms were provided, and the Dispensary department was 
 improved to adapt it better to the uses of the large patronage which it had 
 secured from the poor, and the numerous special departments into which it 
 had developed. There were now two paid physicians in the institution, 
 receiving $600 and $100 per annum salary, respectively. In 1886 a move- 
 ment was set on foot for the establishment of a "Free Lying-in Hospital" 
 in the vicinity of the University. This was consummated in May following, 
 by the purchase of a large residence building on the opposite side of Lom- 
 bard street from the Infirmary. This is under charge of the Professor of 
 Obstetrics, his chief of clinic, and three resident physicians. It receives an 
 annual appropriation from the State of $2,500. The advantages afforded 
 by this institution are readily seen from the official statement that, during
 
 160 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the session, 1904-05, the graduating students saw an average of twenty cases 
 of lahor each. 
 
 During the session of 1889-90 a training school for nurses was insti- 
 tuted at the hospital, for which a large addition was constructed in the rear 
 of the building in the summer of 1890. 
 
 The growth of the classes, which had been slow up to the close of the 
 war with Great Britain, showed a steady increase after 1815. Between 
 1820 and 1825 the increase was enormous, reaching its climax in the latter 
 year. Not until recent years has the number of students then recorded been 
 exceeded. There is some doubt as to the exact figure; Dr. McDowell, the 
 Dean, declared that he did not know, and many who attended lectures never 
 matriculated. A statement in Niles' Register gives it as 303, while Potter, 
 in his Sketch, estimates it as even higher — 320. As of interest, for com- 
 parison, it may be stated that the University of Pennsylvania had 480; 
 Transylvania, at Lexington, Kentucky, 235 ; all other schools less. Harvard 
 had 101 in 1823-24. There was no break in the continuity of the sessions 
 because of the War of 18 12, nor has there ever been one in the whole 
 career of the School. 
 
 Both the charter of the College of Medicine and that of the University 
 prescribe the writing and publication of a thesis as a condition of gradua- 
 tion. Neither is enforced at this time. The first requirement continued in 
 operation until quite a recent period; the latter was carried out until 18 17. 
 Some of these printed theses are still preserved, and do great credit to their 
 authors' scholarship and ability. The imprinted theses have recently been 
 deposited in the Library; they have not been assorted as yet, and it is not 
 known whether they are complete or not. For comparison, we may add that 
 the publication of a thesis was required at the University of Pennsylvania 
 until 1 8015. It seems to be still in vogue in the Universities of the continent 
 of Europe. 
 
 The degree of Bachelor of Medicine continued to be given, in accord- 
 ance with the charters, after one year's attendance on lectures and examina-
 
 Ephraim McDowell, M. I).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 163 
 
 tion, but the number of those applying for it does not appear to have 
 exceeded one or two a year. It never became popular, most oi the graduates 
 preferring to remain through two sessions and take the lull degree. Honor- 
 ary degrees were for many years frequently conferred at the annual com- 
 mencements on certain physicians who, by their attainments and length of 
 service, seemed to merit the honor. Among the most distinguished of these 
 was Ephraim McDowell, of Kentucky, the ovariotomist, who received the 
 honorary M. D. in 1825. 
 
 The early commencements were held in .Anatomical and Chemical 
 Halls. The following interesting description of one which took place on 
 April 23, 1823, was given in the American: "Chemical Hall was fitted up 
 very handsomely for the occasion, and crowded at an early hour by a highly 
 respectable audience, made infinitely more interesting by much of the youth 
 and beauty of the city and neighborhood, the gay decorations of whose 
 dresses relieved the sombre solemnity of the scene, and produced a charm 
 and an interest which the society and approbation of woman alone can im- 
 part. The procession entered the hall at 1 1 o'clock, and took possession of 
 the seats allotted to them. First, the graduates, two and two — the Dean 
 of the Faculty of Divinity, followed by the Professors, two and two; the 
 Dean of the Faculty of Law, followed by Professors in the same manner; 
 the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, attended in the same way. 
 Then the Dean of the Faculty of Physic. On Professor DAVIDGE (the 
 father of the institution) and Professor Pattison making their appearance, 
 they were received with three distinct bursts of applause by the whole as- 
 sembly. The Reverend, the Provost, followed the Professors, and the 
 Regents closed the procession. The Professors having taken their chairs 
 with their respected Dean (Dr. De Butts) at the head of the table, Dr. 
 De Butts read the 'Mandamus,' and the Right Rev. Bishop followed by 
 prayer. The young gentlemen were then asked a few questions by the 
 learned body, touching the subject of the different theses; ami having re- 
 ceived their degrees, the commencement concluded with solemnity." The
 
 i6 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 paper goes on to speak in complimentary terms of the appearance and con- 
 duct of the students, which were such that the mere fact of being a student 
 at the University "is considered by our best society as a sufficient passport 
 to their houses and hospitality." It was no wonder, then, that the commun- 
 ity felt the deepest interest in the prosperity of their leading institution, and 
 contemplated "with pride and exultation" the high rank to which it had 
 attained — a rank second to none other, at least in the New World. 
 
 About [823 occurred the Pattison-Cadwalader duel. It has been 
 difficult to elicit the particulars of this affair, which is not mentioned in the 
 newspapers nor in works upon American dueling. Our knowledge ot it 
 depends verv largely upon tradition, although the writer has gleaned some 
 facts from those who were contemporaries of the participants, and were 
 placed in positions to learn the truth with regard to it (especially the late 
 Miss Troup, who was an inmate of Dr. Davidge's house). 
 
 The circumstances leading to it date from Pattison's arrival in this 
 country. His failure to get the much-coveted chair at the University of 
 Pennsylvania led to an estrangement between him and the Professors there, 
 which gradually deepened into the most bitter hostility. Professor Nathaniel 
 Chapman, for some reason, became the particular object of his aversion. 
 His removal to Baltimore and connection with the rival Baltimore school, 
 served onlv to fan the embers of his wrath. On October 12th, 1820, he 
 wrote to Chapman, asking if the latter was responsible for the statement 
 that he was the author of an anonymous letter received the previous winter 
 by Chapman through Dr. Eberle. Although he demanded an immediate 
 answer, Chapman made no reply. Pattison determined to proceed to Phila- 
 delphia at once for the purpose of demanding satisfaction, and sought the 
 aid of Dr. Patrick Macaulay, of Baltimore, as his second. By the advice 
 of the latter, he postponed his departure, and on the 17th Macaulay ad- 
 dressed Chapman by letter, telling him that the letter which Pattison had 
 sent had heen written by his advice, and that he had twice persuaded Pattison 
 to delay going to Philadelphia, and asking for some explanation as to
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 165 
 
 Chapman's conduct and intentions. To this letter Chapman replied on the 
 19th. He began with an account of Pattison's candidacy for the chair of 
 Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. A vacancy had occurred, he 
 said, in the chair of Anatomy there, by the death of Professor Dorsey, to 
 which Professor Physick had been transferred by the Trustees on May 1st. 
 1 8 19. This transfer, which was made against the wishes of Physick, was 
 designed to open a way for Gibson. Pattison had been apprised of it by 
 his brother, who then resided in Philadelphia, and had been advised to 
 become a candidate for the position. Accordingly, he forwarded his appli- 
 cation and letters of recommendation. On the vote being taken, he was 
 defeated, Physick and Chapman strenuously supporting Gibson. He was 
 notified of his defeat on landing in New York. He, however, settled in 
 Philadelphia, opened a private school, and sought to secure some connec- 
 tion with the University. He declined a chair at Transylvania University, 
 with a salary of $1,500, to which he bad been elected, and also an offer 
 from Baltimore. He received many attentions from the profession in 
 Philadelphia, and his prospects for advancement seemed bright, but his 
 arbitrary manner, and a claim to anatomical discoveries which were found 
 to belong to another, estranged his new-found friends, and he was com- 
 pelled, a few months after his arrival, to accept the Baltimore offer, which 
 still remained open to him. Chapman went on to speak of the motives which 
 led Pattison to leave his native country. He said that it was in consequence 
 of an od'ois deed and an incensed public opinion; that he had seen the 
 proof of a trial by which Dr. Ure, one of Pattison's colleagues in the Ander- 
 sonian Institution, at Glasgow, had obtained a divorce from his wife on the 
 ground of improper relations with Pattison.* For these and other reasons, 
 Chapman refused to have any intercourse with Pattison. 
 
 On the receipt of this letter by Macaulay, Pattison's rage knew no 
 
 *I„ Septe.be, ^O^n^P^^^^^^^^^^ g* 
 ^Tcoty^whichTs in ^'M^^Xi^Socien', Library. The trial took place 
 January .10. 1810. in the consistory court at Edinburgh.
 
 [66 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 bounds. < )n the 23d, he went to Philadelphia and posted Chapman as a 
 liar, coward and scoundrel. He was forthwith arrested, but after a short 
 detention was released — Chapman claimed through his intercession. 
 
 Pattison vigorously defended himself against the charges that had been 
 brought against him. He endeavored to shield himself by attacking the 
 jurisdiction of the court in Edinburgh he tore which the case had been tried, 
 and by making it appear that the difficulty was merely one between the rival 
 schools of Baltimore and Philadelphia. He had the good fortune and 
 address to enlist the sympathy of his colleagues and a large part of the com- 
 munity here in his behalf, and, presenting his side of the case to a committee 
 of prominent citizens, he was exonerated from all blame. At this time 
 (according to his own statement) Pattison was not twenty-eight years old, 
 and claimed not to be "a professed duelist." 
 
 Chapman endeavored to justify his declination of the challenge in a 
 pamphlet which he published in November, [820. He said that he had 
 received no formal challenge, but even, if he had, the disparity of age 
 (Chapman was a little over forty), the inequality of social condition, the 
 claims of a numerous family, and the obligations imposed by his public 
 station, would have prevented his acceptance. "It really would seem," he 
 added, "under any circumstances, not quite tit to have introduced my course 
 of lectures with the spectacle of a duel. The parents and friends of the 
 several hundred young men confided to our care require of us very different 
 things, and, assuredly, had I yielded on this occasion, I should have had to 
 encounter the heaviest censure and perhaps a more decisive step from those 
 discreet and elevated men under whom 1 have the honor to hold my appoint- 
 ment. With Mr. Pattison it is entirely different. He is an adventurer, with 
 a tainted reputation which he hoped to repair," etc. 
 
 The discussion, thus begun continued for some time, Professor Gib- 
 son, among others, taking part in it ami handling roughly Pattison's claims 
 to anatomical discovery. But, as appears, it was not until four years after 
 Pattison's arrival in America, that this difficulty involved anything more
 
 JOHN BUCKLER, M. D. 
 
 BUST OF JOHN BUCKLER.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 169 
 
 serious than a battle of words. It was then that General Thomas Cadwala- 
 der, of Philadelphia, became accidentally involved in the quarrel by resent- 
 ing an insult offered to Chapman by Pattison in his presence. He and Chap- 
 man were brothers-in-law, having both married daughters of Colonel 
 Clement. Biddle. The result was a challenge and a hostile meeting of which 
 few details have come down to us. The duel took place somewhere in 
 Delaware, and both parties displayed great coolness and unflinching courage. 
 Cadwalader was severely wounded, the ball of his opponent's pistol entering 
 his "pistol arm" near the wrist, traversing the entire length of the forearm 
 and lodging in the ulna; it remained there throughout his life, causing great 
 irritation, impairing his health, and as was believed, actually shortening his 
 life. Pattison escaped without injury, but a ball passed through the skirt of 
 his coat near the waist. According to Miss Troup (before mentioned) 
 Davidge was present as "surgeon" on this occasion. 
 
 In the summer of 1826, Professor Pattison went abroad, ostensibly on 
 account of his health, which was said to have been impaired by the climate 
 of America. He never returned to Baltimore, and the following year he 
 received an appointment in the University of London. Professor Davidge 
 assumed charge of both chairs, Anatomy and Surgery, with Dr. John 
 Buckler as Adjunct Professor in the former department. 
 
 Granville Sharp Pattison was born near Glasgow, Scotland, 
 about 1792. At the age of eighteen he was assistant to Professor Allan 
 Burns, upon whose death he succeeded to the chair of Anatomy, Physiology 
 and Surgerv in Andersonian Institution, a medical school which had been 
 recently organized at Glasgow. He is said to have enjoyed considerable 
 eclat as a youthful lecturer. In the summer of 18 19 he came to America 
 under the circumstances that have already been mentioned, and opened an 
 anatomical school in Philadelphia. He was an unsuccessful applicant for a 
 chair in the Universityof Pennsylvania, and declined the chair of Anatoim 
 in Transylvania University, Kentucky. In 1820 he accepted the chair of 
 Surgery in the University of Maryland. He is said to have lead a gay life
 
 i 7 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 while here. He made no great figure as a surgeon. He claimed that his 
 income while in Baltimore, from his chair and practice, exceeded $10,000. 
 In 1826 he went to London, and in July of the following year, on the organi- 
 zation of the University of London, he was made Professor of Anatomy in 
 that institution. Later his duties were extended to include surgery. From 
 the very first his lectures appear to have been entirely unsatisfactory to his 
 students, many of whom refused to attend them, and preferred serious 
 charges of incompetency against him. Among the specified complaints were, 
 that he had an impediment in his speech, that his voice was monotonous, his 
 grammar and knowledge of classics defective, and his anatomical acquire- 
 ments superficial. During the session of 1830-31 the dissatisfaction became 
 so great that his colleagues "offered to pay him an annual stipend out of 
 their own salaries for a certain number of years, if he would retire." He 
 refused their offer, regarding the amount proposed as too small. The ex- 
 pedient was next tried of appointing Professor Bennett to teach those sub- 
 jects in his department which were most complained of; but neither did this 
 avail, and on July 23d, 1831, "he was dismissed from his chair, as recom- 
 mended by a select committee of the council."* In 1832, he arrived in New- 
 York, on his way to Philadelphia, having been elected Professor of Anatomy 
 in Jefferson Medical College. He retained this position until 1841, when he 
 joined in founding the Medical Department of the University of New York. 
 He occupied the chair of General, Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy in that 
 institution until his death, which took place November 12th, 185 1, after a 
 short illness, from obstruction of the ductus communis choledochus. Pro- 
 fessor Pattison was the editor of The Register and Library of Medical and 
 Chirurgical Science, Washington, 1833-36; he edited with notes two editions 
 of Burns on the "Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries of the Plead and Neck:" 
 also Masse's "Anatomical Atlas," New York, 1845, 8 vo., and Cruveilhier's 
 "Anatomy." He also published controversial pamphlets, 1820-21, and 
 lectures and papers in the American Medical Recorder. 
 
 *1 ancet, 1831.
 
 PROF. GRANVILLE SHARP PATTISON, M. I).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 173 
 
 Professor Davidge held the chair of Surgery until 1827, when he was 
 succeeded by Dr. Nathan R. Smith, Professor of Anatomy in Jefferson 
 Medical College, Philadelphia. The chair was first offered to Benjamin W. 
 Dudley, the great Surgeon of Transylvania University, who declined.* 
 Smith had a competitor in Richard Harlan, one of the surgeons of the Phila- 
 delphia Almshouse, and a well-known naturalist, but Davidge threw his in- 
 fluence successfully in the scales for him. 
 
 The annals of the University contain the record of another duel, which 
 took place between students of the University. It occurred at Bladensburg, 
 near Washington, the famous dueling ground of those times, on February 
 2d, 1828, and resulted fatally to one of the participants.! As with the 
 Pattison-Cadwalader affair, there is scarcely any written record of the event, 
 and so reliance has had to be placed upon the verbal statements of several 
 elderly persons whose memory recalled the event.} It was generally 
 agreed that its real cause was a rivalry for the affections of Miss Mary 
 Polk, Dr. Davidge's beautiful step-daughter. The two students concerned 
 were Samuel J. Carr, of South Carolina, and William Bond Martin, of 
 Maryland, and they had been room mates and warm friends until a trifling 
 difficulty apparently converted them into deadly enemies. Owing to some de- 
 lay in the receipt by Carr of a remittance from his friends at the South, the 
 expense of purchasing fuel for their room had devolved upon his friend. 
 The latter, after waiting sometime, demanded payment for the amount 
 advanced. This led to sharp words, which resulted in Carr's declaring that 
 the other was no gentleman. The hot young blood of those days recog- 
 nized but one way in which such an insult could be treated. A challenge was 
 sent by Martin and accepted by Carr. General Walter Gwynn was the 
 second of the latter, Frederick Pinkney of the former. Pistols were chosen. 
 It is said that strenuous efforts were made by the friends to accommodate 
 
 'Balto. Gazette, Aug. 15. iS->7. and Dudley's own statement ( Pampht.) 
 ■\Balto Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Feb. 4th, 1828. 
 
 tThe late Drs. Alexander H. Bayly, of Cambridge, and James Arm.tage, of Baltmiore, 
 especially. The former attended lectures with Carr.
 
 i 7 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 matters, and that Carr, both before and utter reaching the field, expressed 
 his willingness to repay the debt and make such reparation as he considered 
 consistent with his honor. But the success of these praiseworthy efforts was 
 thwarted by the unreasoning opposition of the brother of the challenger, 
 who would hear ol nothing but satisfaction by the code. Carr was an expert 
 marksman, and had had previous experience in such encounters. When his 
 adversary, therefore, refused upon the field to accept the terms which he 
 offered, he exclaimed, "Then die if you will ! I shall put a ball through you 
 right here," pointing to his forehead. He was true to his word, for at the 
 first tire young Martin reeled and fell into the arms of his second, his brain 
 pierced by a ball entering at the very spot which Carr had indicated. 
 
 There was much excitement the next day in front of the Fountain Inn, 
 on Light street, when "the mutilated body" of the dead youth was brought 
 there by his second. From Baltimore it was conveyed by steamer to Cam- 
 bridge, on the Eastern Shore, where the extremely unusual spectacle of a 
 steamer approaching drew large and curious crowds (many of whom had 
 never seen such a strange sight before) to the water's edge. Among the 
 spectators came the father of the dead youth, the Chief Judge of the Fourth 
 Judicial District of Maryland, little suspecting that he was going to meet 
 the corpse of his son. The elder brother, who had acted the part of so 
 unwise an adviser, afterwards himself became a distinguished judge in the 
 Baltimore City Courts — Judge Robert N. Martin, and was noted for his 
 integrity of character and extreme conscientiousness, but the event in which 
 he had been a participant dominated his life ever after, and bitter remorse 
 destroyed his peace of mind. 
 
 When the facts became known, public sentiment sided with Carr, and 
 it is probable that he would not have been prosecuted had he remained in 
 Maryland. He thought it more prudent, however, to leave the State for a 
 time. The Faculty met after the duel and formally expelled him from the 
 University. He had for some time been an ardent admirer of Miss Polk, 
 who, although bound to Martin by ties of kinship, reciprocated his affection.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 175 
 
 and notwithstanding Davidge's opposition she ran away with him on the 
 30th of September following, and they were married; she was then only 
 about fifteen. 
 
 Carr's subsequent history is of interest. In 1829 he was Fifth Auditor 
 of the Treasury, and in 1 83 1 United States Consul to Tangiers. Returning 
 later to Maryland, he resumed his medical studies at the University, the 
 Faculty condoning his offense, attended his second course of lectures, and 
 received his diploma in 1834. The subject of his graduating thesis was 
 "Lepra Tuberculosa," a disease with which he had become familiar during 
 his residence in the East. On graduating he settled on Red River, in 
 Louisiana. He was appointed Military Storekeeper in the United States 
 Army, in 1842, and died at Pikesville Arsenal, near Baltimore, October 
 24th, 1847, a g e d forty-five. He is represented as a man of talents and 
 scholarship. After his death, his widow, still a celebrated beauty, married 
 the eminent lawyer, David Dudley Field, of New York. She died only a 
 few years ago at the Carrolton Hotel in this city, preserving traces of her 
 earlier charms to the last. This duel completes the record of such events 
 at the University, and let us hope that no future historian of her annals 
 may find it necessary to add to the melancholy record.* 
 
 In January, 1829, Dr. Davidge was attacked with a malignant growth 
 of the face which compelled him to give up his anatomical lectures; his 
 course for the remainder of the session was assumed by Professor Smith. 
 The tumor, which originated in the antrum of Highmore and was spoken 
 of as a "fungus of the antrum," developed rapidly and was accompanied by 
 the most excruciating pain, from which he. could only obtain partial relief 
 by enormous doses — a wineglassful — of laudanum. He bore his sufferings 
 with great fortitude, finding comfort in the consolation and promises of his 
 religion. Twice during the brief career of his disease he was taken to Phil- 
 
 *During the session of [866-67, a difficulty arose between two students, V. H. B. and P.. 
 
 15. B., from the throwing of a snowball by the former. V. II. I!., now a distinguished Pro- 
 fessor in St. Louis, informed the writer that be practiced assiduously with bis pistol for the 
 expected combat. The affair was nipped in the bud b) the Faculty, who threatened to with- 
 hold the degree from the participants, if it went further.
 
 i 7 6 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 adelphia to consult the learned Physick, who, however, could do nothing 
 for him. Death finally came to his relief, at his residence on Lexington 
 street, on August 23d, 1829. 
 
 John Beale Davidge was born at Annapolis, in 1768. His father 
 was an ex-captain in the British army, his mother, Miss Honor Howard, of 
 Anne Arundel county, Maryland, a relative of Colonel John Eager Howard. 
 He had two brothers, both of whom moved to the West and there became 
 judges. Early losing his father, his circumstances became much reduced. 
 Nevertheless, he resolved to obtain an education, and securing aid from 
 friends and coming into possession of some slaves through the death of a 
 . relative, he was enabled to enter St. John's College, and obtain therefrom 
 in 1789 the degree of A. M. He began the study of medicine with the Doc- 
 tors Murray, of Annapolis, and later entered the University of Edinburgh. 
 From motives of economy he took his degree (M. D.) at Glasgow Univer- 
 sity, the date of his graduation being April 22d, 1793. About this time he 
 married Miss Wilhelmina Stuart, of the Firth of Solway. After practicing 
 a short time in Birmingham, England, he returned to Maryland and settled 
 permanently in Baltimore in August, 1796. In 1797 a severe epidemic of 
 vellow fever prevailed in the city, which was discussed in the newspapers by 
 the physicians. Dr. Davidge took part in this discussion, and in 1798 re- 
 published his views in a volume which attracted considerable notice. He 
 was one of the early attending physicians of the Baltimore General Dis- 
 pensary, founded in 1801. About 1802 he began to advertise private 
 courses of lectures to medical students, which being continued annually, 
 became merged in 1807 into the College of Medicine of Maryland. From 
 1807 to 18 12 he lectured upon surgery, obstetrics and institutes, from 18 12 
 to his death he held the chairs of Surgery or Anatomy, one or both. In 
 1805 he delivered an oration before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, the office of orator being then first created. Dr. Davidge was 
 twice married, his second wife being Mrs. Rebecca Troup Polk, a widow, 
 of Harford county, Marvland. He left a son by his first marriage, and
 
 PROF. JOHN B. DAVIDGE, A. M., M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 179 
 
 three daughters by his second. 1 lc was a member of St. Peter's Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. He died, as has been staled, in [829, and his remains 
 were interred in Loudon Park Cemeterj . 
 
 In person, he is represented to have been short and stout, with blue 
 e>es, a florid complexion, homely, rugged features, small hands and feet, 
 and a graceful carriage, lie walked with a slight limp after the fall of 
 1818. He was scrupulously neat in his dress; his manners were grave, 
 formal and dignified. He had great influence throughout the State, and 
 notwithstanding a certain irritability of temper was much beloved by his 
 acquaintances, and reverenced by his students, who spoke of him as "the 
 Father of the University." He drove a carriage and pair and had a large- 
 practice. He spoke with deliberation and in choice language, and was an 
 incessant student, being a great admirer of Dr. Samuel Johnson. Professor 
 Lunsford P. Yandell, an alumnus of 1825, described his lectures as "models 
 of simple elegance."* As a writer, he was stiff, affected and obscure, and 
 fond of using obselete modes of spelling and expression; "he seemed to for- 
 get the English idiom," says Yandell, "the moment he took pen in hand." 
 Consequently his writings made but little impression on the times in which 
 he lived, and were soon forgotten. As an operator he was slow and cau- 
 tious. His most important operations were amputation at the shoulder- 
 joint (soon after 1792),"!" extirpation of the parotid gland, 182], 
 successful ligation of the gluteal artery for aneurism, and ligature of the 
 carotid artery for "fungus of the antrum." He also invented a method of 
 amputation which he called the "American." 
 
 1 le had very positive views of disease, etc. He devised a classification 
 of diseases which was pronounced by Yandell as greatly superior in sim- 
 plicity and convenience to Cullen's, then in use. He held that menstration 
 was a secretion of the uterus excited by ovarian irritation, opposed the sup- 
 port of the perinasum on the ground that "nature is sufficient for her own 
 
 *Trans. Internal. Med. Congress, [876. 
 fReese, Cooper's Dirty.
 
 i So UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 processes," and objected to the speculum uteri, because it "smacked of im- 
 moral curiosity." Haemorrhage, he believed, was arrested by retraction of 
 vessels, not by their contraction, and the coagulation of blood. He opposed 
 Rush's doctrine of the unity of disease, and severely condemned his sanguin- 
 ary treatment of vellovv fever. He regarded black vomit as a morbid 
 secretion derived chiefly from the liver. In the efficacy of mercury in yellow 
 fever he shared the implicit confidence of the profession of his day: "Perhaps 
 no person ever died after the full establishment of ptyalism." He ex- 
 plained the effect by supposing that "calomel establishes an action in the 
 system the opposite to that of the fever, and since no two general actions can 
 exist at the same time, ptyalism takes the place of the morbid one which 
 ceases." As to the essential nature of yellow fever, he regarded it as in- 
 digenous, propagated by the atmosphere, and non-contagious, merely a 
 variety or aggravated form of "bilious remittent." He regarded phthisis 
 pulmonalis as a scrofula of the lungs. 
 
 The following are his writings: His thesis: "Dissertatio Physiologica 
 de Causis Catameniorum," Birmingham, 1794; "Nosologia Methodica" 
 (Latin), first and second editions, Baltimore, [812 and 18 13; "Physical 
 Sketches," two volumes, Baltimore, 18 14 and 1816; "Treatise on Yellow 
 Fever," Baltimore, 1798; "Treatise on Amputation," Baltimore, 18 18; 
 an edition of "Bancroft on Fevers," Baltimore, 1821; a quarterly journal 
 entitled Baltimore Philosophical Journal and Review, Baltimore, 1823 (of 
 which only one number appeared), and many articles in the medical journals. 
 
 To sum up : Dr. Davidge was a man of upright character and un- 
 swerving integrity, of strong moral and physical courage, a good citizen, 
 faithful and affectionate in his domestic relations, an enthusiastic student, a 
 finished scholar. It is a regrettable fact that his relations and services to 
 the University have not suggested to his successors some memorial in his 
 honor in the institution which owes its existence and a large part of its 
 success to him.* 
 
 *Mr. Walter D. Davidge, of Washington, D. C, his great-grandson, has an oil portrait 
 of him.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 18] 
 
 Professor Davidge, with the full consent of the Trustees, had effected 
 an arrangement for Dr. Duncan Turnbull, the former Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy, to deliver the anatomical lectures during the session of 1829-30, 
 but after his death it was ignored, and in September, 1829, public announce- 
 ment was made of the existence of a vacancy in the chair, and competition 
 was invited. The result was that the position was conferred upon Dr. John 
 D. Wells, of Boston, who then held a similar appointment in the Berkshire 
 Medical Institution, Massachusetts, and so in October the introductory 
 lectures were delivered by a full Faculty. Dr. Wells was not made full 
 Professor until the close of the session, and he did not long enjoy the honor. 
 Returning to Boston after the conclusion of the course, he died there on the 
 25th of July following, of tuberculosis, "a victim to the cause of science." 
 Professor N. R. Smith paid a glowing and beautiful tribute to his memory, 
 which evidently came from the heart and showed how deeply he had been 
 impressed with the beautiful character and accomplishments of the young 
 Boston anatomist. In perusing these annals we find much that is common to 
 the three men, Cocke, Godman and Wells— youthful enthusiasm, learning, 
 eloquence, amiability and high aspirations, and though their lives were so 
 brief, we may profitably study them and find in them much that is worthy of 
 admiration and imitation. 
 
 John Doane Wells was born March 6th, 1799, and received his 
 education at Harvard University, taking his A. B. degree in 181 7, and his 
 M. D. degree in 1820. He was elected Professor of Anatomy in Bowdoin 
 College, Maine, in May, 1821. He spent the period from June, 1821, to 
 December, 1822, in Paris, was phvsician to the Boston Dispensary from 
 1 82 3 to 1826, and received the appointment of Professor of Anatomy in 
 Berkshire Institution in September, 1826. He was elected Lecturer on 
 Anatomy in the University of Maryland in September, 1829, and full Pro- 
 fessor the following May. He died in Boston, July 25th, 1830. In 
 accordance with his request, a post-mortem examination of his body was 
 made by Dr. Warren, revealing tubercles in the lungs, brain and spinal
 
 1 82 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 cord. "To few — very few — " wrote Professor Smith, "has Nature been so 
 bountiful in those gifts which constitute the orator. His language was 
 beautiful, chaste and forcible, and was uttered with graceful ease and 
 fluency. His voice was peculiarly clear and audible, his emphasis and in- 
 flexions uncommonly happy. His action was animated and impressive."* 
 Professor S. D. Gross, in his "Autobiography," says that he "conversed with 
 fluency and had delightful manners." 
 
 There is an interesting letter extant, f written by one of the graduates 
 of 1830 — Dr. James Garry, a native of Ireland, which gives us glimpses 
 of affairs at the School at this time worth reproducing. "I had to sit," he 
 says, "constantly for eight hours every dav during four months on a hard 
 bench, attending the medical lectures. I would not undertake the task again 
 with similar health for any honour or emolument I could derive from it. It 
 left me unable to move." Of bis final examination, he has this to sav : "I 
 passed my examination on the >th of March last; it was a most trying or- 
 deal. My character was involved and with it my peace, for you know my 
 pride could not well endure a rejection. There was a gentleman rejected on 
 the very day on which I was examined; it stamps a man with great disgrace. 
 I could scarce keep from fainting the half hour previous to my examination. 
 I assure you it was enough to decompose stronger nerves than mine, to be 
 called before a dignified and most learned board of Professors, in order to be 
 examined through the whole circle of medical science: Anatomy, Physiology, 
 Practice of Medicine, Surgery, Materia Medica. Obstetrics and Chemistry. 
 I stood as good an examination as the best among fifty, though some of them 
 had been studying for years and even practicing. After my trial was over, 
 the Professor of Surgery, N. R. Smith, in whose office I studied, rose and 
 shook hands with me and declared that my examination did me much credit, 
 and so did all the Professors." Then a month later came the Commence- 
 ment, with its triumphs, but with further exactions, from which the modern 
 
 *Baltimore Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1830-31. 
 tin MS,
 
 IT 
 
 SU 
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE lS .< 
 
 student is exempt. I received my diploma in company with the other fiftj 
 graduates on the 5 th of April last. They were handed to us by the Provost, 
 K. B. Taney, in Anatomical Theatre of the University, in the presence of 
 the most beautiful and fashionable assembly of ladies and gentlemen I eve- 
 saw. In the meantime the City Band played the most delightful airs. The 
 Professor of Materia Mediea delivered a valedictory oration in which he 
 gave many useful hints to the graduates on the course it was now necessary 
 for them to pursue in order to succeed in their career. 'Ah!' I exclaimed, 
 my sister were here, how proud she would feel! 
 
 "Every one of the graduates had to write an essay on some medical 
 ,bject. and to defend it before the Faculty. We were at liberty to write- 
 in any language, but a premium of fifty dollars was offered for the best 
 Latin essay. So 1 wrote mine in Latin. It was twenty-six pages long, and 
 cost me a great deal of labor, but 1 was amply rewarded by the applause 
 which it gained me. These essays are deposited in the Library of the Uni- 
 versity, where visitors may inspect them. The President of a celebrated 
 college was introduced to me here a few days since. He told me he had 
 examined my essay, and that he was proud to become acquainted with me. 
 
 "We were obliged to answer the Professor who examined us, any ques- 
 tion which he pleased to put to us. in the presence of the meeting, while he 
 held our essay in his hand. This is in order to find out whether we under- 
 stood the subject on which we wrote. I do assure vol, that some of the 
 gentlemen fainted before they came in, fearing, no doubt, the criticisms of 
 the audience, but in particular that of the ladies. I affected a smile ami 
 conversed with the gent, next me while we sat in waiting for the trial, 
 but I assure you that my heart panted. At length the Professor of Practice 
 informed the meeting that he held in his hand a Latin essay written -by 
 James Garry, at which (to me) awful communication, I was obliged to 
 stand up and answer his questions, while my face crimsoned over and every 
 eve and ear were on the watch. It was an honor to be examined first, but 
 e that I could have dispensed with then. All this left me SO weak that I 
 
 one
 
 1 84 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 am unable to attend to any business at present, and I fear that I shall not be 
 able during the summer." 
 
 The anatomical chair, having again become vacant, was filled by the 
 appointment, as Lecturer, of Dr. Benjamin Lincoln, of Burlington, Ver- 
 mont. Dr. Lincoln had been a pupil and friend of Professor Wells, who 
 entertained a very high opinion of his abilities as a lecturer and anatomist, 
 and through whose recommendations he obtained positions in both Univer- 
 sities of Vermont and Maryland. His lectures here seem to have given 
 great satisfaction to Professors and students, and the former requested his 
 permission to nominate him for the professorship, but he declined, and early 
 in the spring of 1831 returned to Burlington, preferring, as he said, the 
 obscure New England village, with a mere pittance, to all the honors and 
 emoluments Baltimore could offer. 
 
 Again it became necessary to make an appointment, and competition 
 was announced to be open to all comers. Several candidates presented 
 themselves, among whom we find the names of Thomas H. Wright and 
 John D. Readel, of Baltimore; Eli Geddings, then Adjunct Professor of 
 Anatomy in the Medical College of South Carolina; Robley Dunglison, of 
 the University of Virginia; Webster and Caspar Morris, of Philadelphia. 
 The first carried off the prize, it is said, for local reasons. Dr. Wright was 
 a phvsician of high standing in this community, an able practitioner and the 
 author of many excellent articles in the American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences, based upon his experience as attending physician to the Almshouse; 
 but he was not particularly devoted to the study of anatomy, and there was 
 no special reason why he should have been chosen to the position. Turnbull 
 now came again into notice, and for the last time. Wright, having obtained 
 the appointment, proposed that Turnbull should be made Adjunct Professor 
 of Anatomy. Much feeling was excited by this proposition; the students 
 held meetings in favor of and in opposition to it, and the occasion was de- 
 clared by them to be a "crisis" in the history of the University. The propo-
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 185 
 
 sition was rejected, and Wright at once (September) withdrew from the 
 Faculty. 
 
 Duncan Turnbull was a native of Scotland. He was invited to Balti- 
 more by Professor Pattison, and was made Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
 1 82 1. He held this appointment till 1826. He took his M. D. degree at 
 the University in 1826. His academic training was defective, but he is said 
 to have wielded an unrivaled knife in the dissecting room. His educational 
 defects were, no doubt, the cause of his not being promoted when repeated 
 vacancies occurred in the Anatomical chair. Being thus foiled in his ex- 
 pectations, he opened a private dissecting room on North Paca, near Fayette 
 street, where he delivered lectures on anatomy and pathology for several 
 years. A year or two after these events he removed to the South, where he 
 died between 1832 and 1840. 
 
 Of the place and date of birth of Thomas H. Wright we are not in- 
 formed. In 181 1 he was residing at Elkridge Landing; later he removed 
 to Baltimore, and in 18 19 he received the honorary M. D., from the Uni- 
 versity; in 1827 we find him taking private students. He was physician to 
 the Almshouse for several years, up to 1833, and contributed numerous 
 articles to the American Journal of the Medical Sciences (of which he was 
 a collaborator) and to the Maryland Medical Recorder between 1828 and 
 1833, based on his clinical and pathological experience there. He died in 
 1856. He was a man of marked force of character, grave, cautious, con- 
 scientious and deliberate, habitually using long words and technical language, 
 one of the last, as Dr. F. Donaldson said, of the old theoretical school. 
 
 For the fourth time within two years an election was held, and Ged- 
 dings, of South Carolina, was unanimously chosen, a man of the highest 
 scientific attainments and profound learning. Another vacancy had just 
 occurred which had deprived the University of one who had shared its for- 
 tunes from the earliest period of its existence and had shed great lustre upon 
 it by his eloquence as a lecturer, his skill in experimentation and his deep 
 knowledge of the physical sciences.
 
 186 I WIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Elisha De Butts was burn in or near Dublin, in the year 1773: he 
 came of a respectable family, oi the class known as "the landed gentry." 
 His father, John L)e Butts, was an officer in the English army While he 
 was still a youth, his family emigrated to America and settled in Sharps- 
 burg, Maryland. He attended school near Alexandria, where bis uncle, Dr. 
 Samuel De Butts, resided, under whose direction be began the study ot 
 medicine. lie later entered the University ot Pennsylvania and graduated 
 therefrom in [805, the subject of his thesis being: "An Inaugural Essay on 
 the Eye and on Vision." After practicing for several years on the Potomac, 
 opposite Alexandria, he selected Baltimore as his permanent home. He 
 held the chair of Chemistry from 1 809 to the period of his death. In 1 830 
 be was sent to Europe by the Trustees to procure chemical apparatus for the 
 University. While abroad he lectured with great eclat before the Royal 
 Institution of London. He died April 3d, 1S31, of pneumonia. 
 
 Professor De Butts was tall and spare, and bail a cast in one eve. He 
 was an accomplished musician and artist, and possessed also some poetical 
 talent. His conversational powers were remarkable, and he had the happy 
 faculty of simplifying the most abstruse subjects and rendering the driest 
 interesting to his audience. His lectures were prepared with great care, and 
 he kept himself thoroughly conversant with all the advances made in his 
 department. He was of a sensitive and retiring disposition and wrote but 
 little, but there is frequent written mention and many an unwritten tradition 
 ot his eloquence and learning. His introductories drew great thrones ot 
 citizens to the balls of the University. His health was never robust. He 
 was a vestryman of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church. So far as has 
 appeared, he wrote only two short articles, vi/..: I. "An Account ot an 
 Improvement made on the Differential I hermometer of Mr. Leslie" 
 (1814), American Philosophical Society's Transactions, I, 1818, pp. 301- 
 306, with plate; 2. "Description ot I wo New Voltaic Batteries," Silli- 
 man's Journal, VIII., 1824, pp. 271-274. The Federal Gazelle, of Bal- 
 timore, spoke of "a highly important discovery" made by him during the
 
 Prof. Ei.isiia De Butts, M. D'.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 189 
 
 session of 1823-24; it appears to have been connected with electricity. The 
 account of General Lafayette's visit to the University in 1824 says that he 
 "particularly examined the immense galvanic apparatus invented by the 
 Professor of Chemistry, and expressed himself much pleased." 
 
 Dr. Henshaw, Rector of St. Peter's Church, later Bishop of Rhode 
 Island, an intimate friend, wrote thus of him : "As a teacher of chemistry, 
 whether we look at the learning and perspicuity of the lectures in which he 
 inculcated the lessons and doctrines of philosophy, or at the brilliancy and 
 success of the experiments by which he illustrated them, he was perhaps un- 
 equaled — certainly unexcelled. The community have often listened with 
 admiration and delight to the exhibitions of pure classical taste, the corrus- 
 cations of a sparkling but chastened imagination, the bursts of commanding 
 eloquence, and the simple but learned reasoning by which his introductory 
 lectures to his annual course were characterized; and the many physicians 
 who have been educated at the University of Maryland will long hold in 
 grateful rememberance the distinguished ability with which this beloved 
 professor implanted in their youthful minds the seed of knowledge. In the 
 case of the deceased the brightest beauties of the understanding were accom- 
 panied by the most exalted virtues of the heart. Like Bacon, Newton, 
 Locke and others — the most eminent philosophers, like Boerhave, Greg- 
 ory, Hey, Good and others — the most distinguished of the medical profes- 
 sion, he sought to have all his talents sanctified by the spirit of religion, and 
 to lav his literary honors at the foot of the Cross. In his estimation, as in 
 theirs, it is the highest honor of man to be the servant of God, the purest and 
 most valuable philosophy is a knowledge of religion and the faith of the 
 Gospel. In the little circle to which only, owing to his retiring habits, he 
 was well known, the memory of his personal virtues will be fondly cherished. 
 To his family his death will be an irreparable loss. The republic of letters 
 will mourn the loss of one of its brightest ornaments, and the Church of 
 God one of her most sincere members and devoted friends."* 
 
 *Obituary notice.
 
 190 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 I he chair made vacant by the death of De Butts was sought by several 
 applicants, all able and well-known men of science: Professors Patterson, of 
 the University of Virginia; Franklin Bache, of Philadelphia, and Jules 
 Timoleon Ducatel, ol Baltimore. His mantle fell upon the last named, 
 who already held a similar position in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, then 
 just reorganized, a man in every way worthy of the honor, which he retained 
 for six years with signal ability. 
 
 We have an interesting reference to the Fombard street building about 
 this time, in "A Complete View of Baltimore," by Charles Varle, Civil 
 Fngineer, Baltimore, 1833, 16 mo.: "The premises are enclosed by a brick 
 wall, 10-12 feet high. The front forms a handsome perystile of eight 
 columns of Grecian Doric, in imitation of the Pantheon. The rotunda has 
 an amphitheatre of sixty feet diameter, capable of accommodating 1,000. 
 It has of late been highly decorated with tine paintings. The library, philo- 
 sophical and chemical apparatus, as well as cabinet of anatomy, are not 
 surpassed in the United States." 
 
 No further changes took place in the personnel of the Faculty until 
 1833, when there were two resignations, viz.: Professors Samuel Baker 
 and Maxwell McDowell. The former was succeeded by Professor Robley 
 Dunglison, of the University of Virginia; the chair of Institutes remained 
 vacant, the Professors of Anatomy and Practice agreeing to discharge its 
 duties jointly. Professor McDowell's withdrawal was brought about by 
 the inducement of an annuity, the members of the Faculty binding themselves 
 in consideration of it and of the money which had been advanced by him 
 for the expenses of the School, to pay him $1,000 for ten years, should he 
 live so long. Before his resignation was offered a bond was executed to that 
 effect by Professors Potter, Hall, Smith, Geddings and Ducatel, a wise pro- 
 cedure, as was subsequently proven. The last payment of this annuity was 
 made November 20th, 1842. This remarkable step, making up from their 
 own all too inadequate salaries, the full value at least of his professorship, 
 indicates a very low estimate of the services of their colleague. The Trustees
 
 PROF. SAMUEL BAKER, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 193 
 
 repudiated all responsibility of the University for this debt, but conforming 
 to a stipulation made by the Faculty, resolved that the diploma fees (which 
 were at this time restored) should stand pledged for its payment.* 
 
 Samuel Baker was born in Baltimore, October 31st, 1785. His 
 father, William Baker, emigrated from Germany in early life and married 
 here a lady of Irish extraction. After receiving a classical education at 
 Washington College, Chestertown, Samuel began the study of medicine 
 under Drs. Littlejohn and Donaldson. He graduated with the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1808, offering a 
 thesis on "Chorea." In the same year he married Miss Sally Dickens, the 
 daughter of Rev. John Dickens, of Philadelphia. In 1809 he was elected 
 to the chair of Materia Medica in the College of Medicine of Maryland, a 
 position which he held until the spring of 1833. He was Attending Physi- 
 cian to the Baltimore General Dispensary, the Almshouse, and the Female 
 Orphan Asylum. He was Secretary of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 
 1809-13. He was President of the Baltimore Medical Society, and later 
 (about 1824-30) of the Medical Society of Baltimore. At the time of his 
 death, which occurred in Baltimore, from heart disease, October 16, 1835, 
 he held a similar office in the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Baltimore, of 
 which he was also the founder. He was for several years Chairman of the 
 Board of Directors of the Library of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of Maryland, and as such became the founder of that valuable collection in 
 1830, $500 being then appropriated for the purchase of books on a reso- 
 lution to that effect offered by him. He continued to preside over the Board 
 and to take a profound interest in the Library until his death. Two of his 
 sons became Professors in the University. He was a zealous Methodist, 
 possessing great influence in the community, and he had a large practice. 
 There is an oil portrait of him, presented by his daughter, at the Hall of 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty. Professor Dunglison, his successor, 
 described him as an amiable and excellent physician, courteous, attentive, 
 
 *Regents' Minutes.
 
 i 94 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 benevolent, laborious, exemplary and public-spirited, strenuous in co-operat- 
 ing in every proposition for the advancement of the University which he had 
 helped to found, a pattern of religious and moral goodness. Multitudes, 
 he says, crowded to his funeral, testifying to the value and extent ot his 
 services and to the excellence of his character.* 
 
 Maxwell McDowell was born in 1771 and died at Baltimore in 1848. 
 He was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, taking the 
 degree of A. M. in 1792. He practiced for a while at York, and then 
 settled in Baltimore, where we find him Attending Physician to the Balti- 
 more General Dispensary in 1810-11. He was Professor of the Institutes 
 of Medicine in the University from 1814 to 1833. In 181 8 he received 
 the honorary M. D. from the University. He was Physician to St. An- 
 drew's Society and Secretary to the Bible Society. From 1836 to 1841 he 
 held the Presidency of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
 declining re-election in the latter year. He was prominent in the councils of 
 the Presbyterian Church. He wrote articles on "Treatment of Burns by 
 Cold Water," 1800, and "The Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus," 1840, and 
 ;>. very curious one in which he states his belief — based upon observation — 
 that there is some occult and more direct mode of communication between 
 the alimentary canal and the bladder than by the blood, and he maintained 
 this opinion notwithstanding the absence of any anatomical tacts in proof 
 of it. 
 
 Prior to this time the students rarely took all the tickets two years in 
 succession. It had been customary from the earliest years of the University 
 to take only four tickets — Anatomy, Surgery, Chemistry ami Practice — 
 the first year, and all the tickets the second, or graduating year. At this 
 time a change in the regulations was effected, of which, doubtless, the with- 
 drawal of McDowell was an essential part. The Faculty adopted a reso- 
 lution requesting the Trustees to make a rule requiring the students hence- 
 forth to take all the tickets both years. The Trustees acceeded, and this 
 
 *Notiee in American Journal of the Medical Sciences.
 
 PROF. ROELEY DUNGLISON, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 197 
 
 requirement continued in force until the graded course was adopted. Upon 
 this point, however, the charter (Art. XVII) says very explicitly that any 
 three courses of lectures shall he considered a full term. 
 
 Professor Dunglison, whose writings were already beginning to give 
 him a national reputation, was not here long before he had a call to a larger 
 Held. This was to Jefferson College, Philadelphia, where, in 1836, he was 
 made Professor of Institutes of Medicine. 
 
 Robley Dunglison was born at Keswick, Cumberland county, England, 
 January 4th, 1798. He commenced practice in London in 1819. He re- 
 ceived the degree of M. D. at the University of Erlangen, Germany, in 
 1824, and was called from London the same year to found the medical 
 school of the University of Virginia. He also became chairman of the 
 Faculty of that institution. In 1833 he was called to this University as 
 Professor of Materia Medica, Hygiene and Medical Jurisprudence. In 
 1836, as has been stated, he was called to Jefferson Medical College, where 
 a new chair was specially created for him. In 1 808 he retired as Emeritus 
 Professor, and died the following year. He received the degree of LL. I). 
 from Yale College, and also from Jefferson College, at Canonsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania, and was a member ol numerous scientific and literary societies. 
 
 Professor Dunglison was one of the most prolific of American medical 
 writers. He published numerous volumes, which were republished many 
 times, and contributed largely to periodical literature. He edited the 
 American Medical Library and Intelligencer, a monthly, from 1 837 to 
 1842. His best known work was his dictionary, which went through over 
 twenty editions, being edited after his death by his son. According to 
 Allibone, the sales of his principal works to i8<;8 exceeded one hundred 
 thousand volumes. S. D. Gross said of him that he was "a beacon light of 
 the world of medical literature, and one of the foremost writers and teachers 
 of history." The date of his death was October 1, 1 869. 
 
 He was succeeded by Dr. Robert E. Griffith, of Philadelphia, a well- 
 known writer upon Materia Medica and Pharmacy, who held the chair but
 
 198 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 one year. Immediately after the close of the session of 1836-37, Professors 
 Geddings and Ducatel presented their resignations. 
 
 Eli Geddings was born in Newberry District, South Carolina, in 
 1799. He received a classical education at the Abbeville Academy, and 
 commenced the study of medicine in that town in 18 18. Two years later, 
 after examination, he was licensed to practice by the Examining Board of 
 the State, and entered at once on professional life. He attended his first 
 course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, in the year 1821-22. 
 He removed from Abbeville to Charleston in September, 1824. In 1825, 
 at the close of the first session of the Medical College of South Carolina, he 
 received the degree of M. D. He was now appointed Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy in the College. For a year, 1826-27, he attended the hospitals 
 in Paris and London. In 1828 he resigned his Demonstratorship and 
 opened a private school of Anatomy and Surgery in Charleston. He de- 
 livered courses of lectures to his pupils on Pathology, Practice of Medicine 
 and Surgery, and also Clinical Lectures at the Almshouse Hospital. In 
 1 83 1 he was elected to the chair of Anatomy and Physiology in the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland. About this time he also received offers of professorships 
 at Jefferson Medical College, the University of New York, the Cincinnati 
 Medical College and the University of Louisville. In 1837, at the com- 
 mencement of the troubles at the University of Maryland, and in conse- 
 quence of them, he resigned his chair here and returned to Charleston, where 
 a new chair of "Pathological Anatomy and Medical Jurisprudence" had 
 been specially created for him in the Medical College of the State of South 
 Carolina. In 1841, on the death of Professor Wagner, he became Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery. From 1849 to 18^3 he held the chair of Practice, but 
 resumed that of Surgery in the latter year. In 1858 he resigned, but on 
 the premature death of Professor P. C. Gaillard shortly after, was per- 
 suaded to assume again the duties of the chair of Practice. During the Civil 
 War, which put a stop to the College courses, he held an appointment as 
 Surgeon in the Confederate States Army, and was a member of a board for
 
 PROFESSOR E. GEDDINGS, U. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 201 
 
 the examination of medical officers. On the hurning of Columbia, at the 
 close of the War, his entire library, which had been sent thither from 
 Charleston for safety, was destroyed by fire. It was one of the finest private 
 collections in the country. About the same time his surgical instruments 
 and apparatus were stolen. On the return of peace the College was re- 
 vived, mainly through his efforts, and he assumed his former chair. In 
 1 87 1, owing to advancing age, he was compelled to resign. He was now 
 elected Professor Emeritus, but continued to give clinical lectures until 
 nearly the period of his death, which occurred at Charleston, after a brief 
 illness, October 9th, 1878. 
 
 Professor Geddings was a man of vigorous frame and strong intellect, 
 of indefatigable industry, a laborious student. An apparent sternness of 
 manner concealed a warm heart and glowing human sympathy. He upheld 
 inflexibly the honor and dignity of his profession. Dr. William T. Howard 
 recalls a statement of Professor Power, that Geddings was familiar with 
 fourteen languages, and was the most learned man he had ever seen. He 
 occupied the loftiest position as a skilful physician, and enjoyed almost the 
 monopoly of consultation practice in Charleston, where he was regarded as 
 the Nestor of the Profession. He was a copious contributor to the Ameri- 
 can Journal of the Medical Sciences, his book reviews especially evincing 
 critical judgment and scholarship. In 1833, while in Baltimore, he com- 
 menced the publication of a quarterly journal, the Baltimore Medical Jour- 
 nal, which in 1835 he changed to a monthly, giving it then the name of the 
 North American Archives of Medical and Surgical Science. He was a large 
 contributor to the American Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine and Sur- 
 gery, edited by Dr. Isaac Hays, of Philadelphia. He had also prepared 
 the manuscript of a work on the Practice of Medicine, which he was on the 
 point of publishing at the outbreak of the Civil War; it perished in the 
 flames at Columbia with his library. 
 
 Jules Timoleon Ducatel was born in Baltimore on June 6, 1796, being 
 the eldest son of Mr. Edme Ducatel, a prominent French pharmacist. After
 
 202 UNIFERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 receiving an academic training at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, he entered 
 his father's store. But this employment did not prove congenial, and for 
 twelve months ( 1 8 1 6) he was in business in Havana. Later his father sent 
 him to Paris to complete his education. He spent four years there, from 
 1818 to 1822, making many distinguished friends and traveling extensively 
 over Europe. In 1824 he married a lady of wealth, but shortly after, meet- 
 ing with financial losses, he was obliged to utilize his scientific attainments 
 in his support. His first engagement was as Professor of Natural Philos- 
 ophy in the Mechanics' Institute. He next obtained the chair of Chemistry 
 and Geology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the University of Mary- 
 land, and in 1831, on the demise of the lamented De Butts, he was with 
 great unanimity and against most eminent competitors elected to the vacancv 
 in the Medical Faculty. He held this chair until the beginning of the dis- 
 ruption in 1 S3 7, when he voluntarily resigned it. From 1S32 to 1S41 he 
 held an appointment from the Legislature as State Geologist, and in the 
 discharge of the duties of this office prepared a number of reports and maps. 
 In addition to the above positions he also held for some years the chair of 
 Chemistry in St. John's College, at Annapolis. In 1 S43 and again in 1846 
 he took part in exploratory expeditions to the upper Mississippi ami Lake 
 Superior. He was taken ill after the latter of these, and never recovered 
 his health. He died in Baltimore suddenly, of congestion of the lungs, on 
 April 23d, 1849, aged fifty-two. 
 
 Professor Ducatel had an amiable and generous disposition. He was 
 an ardent and enthusiastic student of nature, and was ever ready to impart 
 his knowledge to others. He was foremost in all social and scientific enter- 
 prises and was one of the founders of the Maryland Academy of Science 
 and Literature and its President from 1821 to 1837. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the American Philosophical Society, of the Royal Geological Society 
 of Paris, of the Georgofili of Florence, and of other distinguished bodies. 
 He was a high authority on Geology. His principal works consisted of
 
 PROFESSOR JULES T. DUCATEL.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 205 
 
 contributions to Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts, the Re* 
 ports above referred to, and "A Manual of Practical Toxicology," 12 mo., 
 first edition, 1832 (burned), second edition, 1833. He also edited for some 
 years a weekly literary paper, and towards the end of his life began the 
 publication of a "Physical History of Maryland." 
 
 A few weeks after the secession of the Medical Faculty, Professor 
 Griffith offered his resignation, having received a call to the University of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Robert Eglesfield Griffith was a native of Philadelphia. He was 
 born February 13th, 1798, graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1820, and was physician to the Philadelphia Board of Health 
 from 1834 to 1836. He was a well-known and prolific writer on botany, 
 conchology and medicine, and was Professor of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macology in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. On the resignation of 
 Professor Dunglison in 1836, he was called from Philadelphia, where he 
 then resided, to fill the vacancy, and he delivered one course of lectures here 
 on Materia Medica and Therapeutics during the following session. His 
 introductory was published by the class. When the rupture took place be- 
 tween the Faculty and Trustees in 1837, he adhered to the Regents' Faculty, 
 but shortly after accepted an appointment as Professor of Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence in the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia. He died at Philadelphia, June 26th, 1850, having been 
 in bad health for some years previously. He was elected a member of the 
 American Philosophical Society in 1828. His best known works were his 
 "Medical Botany," 1847, and his "Universal Formulary," 1848 (second 
 edition, 18 $6). He also edited the works of Taylor, Christison, Garrod 
 and others. 
 
 Dr. Samuel G. Baker, a younger son of Professor Samuel Baker, was 
 elected to fill the vacancy in the chair of Materia Medica. The departments 
 of Anatomy and Physiology were assigned, for the ensuing session, to the 
 Professor of Surgery, and Dr. John Byrne was appointed Demonstrator.
 
 206 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 An advertisement of the Regents' course was ordered in accordance with 
 these arrangements, and Professors Smith and Baker were constituted a 
 committee to contract with the owner for the use of the southern part of 
 the Baltimore House, situated on the south-east corner of Baltimore and 
 Hanover streets, and formerly known as the "Indian Queen Hotel," and to 
 prepare the same for the reception of the classes. On October 4th, Dr. 
 William E. A. Aikin was elected Professor of Chemistry, and was author- 
 ized to purchase chemical apparatus on the credit of the Faculty to the 
 extent of $500. The term of 1837-38 began at the usual time — the last 
 Monday in October. Nearly all the city students attended the Regents' 
 School, but the total number attending both schools was noticeably less than 
 it had been in previous years under the Trustees. The Regents' lectures 
 were delivered in a large dining-room, which was divided into two compart- 
 ments by a curtain. Professor Aikin occupied the apartment formerly used 
 by the barber, and had a class of thirteen.* The introductory was given by 
 Professor Samuel G. Baker. 
 
 Professor Nathan R. Smith resigned his position early in July, 1838, 
 and accepted the chair of practice in Transylvania University, at Lexington, 
 Kentucky. Professor Hall was elected to the chair for the ensuing session, 
 "to give as complete a course as his attention to the department of Obstetrics, 
 etc., would allow, by lecturing every day and on certain days twice." Dr. 
 William N. Baker, a second son of Professor Samuel Baker, was elected 
 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, f 
 
 During the session of 1838-39 twenty- four students attended the Re- 
 gents' Faculty, of whom nineteen were from Maryland, and there were 
 seven graduates. The numbers in the Trustees' School are not known. % 
 The lectures at the Indian Queen were closed somewhat prematurely, as the 
 proprietor began to pull down the old building over the heads of the class. 
 
 *Oral communication to author. 
 fMinutes of Regents' Faculty. 
 
 ^Washington College had this sessi on 53 students and 17 graduates (Amer. Jl of Med 
 Sci.)
 
 PROFESSOR IT. VVALLIS BAXLEY, M. D.
 
 SCI 100 1. OF MEDICINE 209 
 
 The session of 1839-40 was held in the College buildings, the Regents 
 being now again in control. The duties of the chair of Surgery were dis- 
 charged jointly by Professors Hall and William N. Baker. Karly in the 
 fall of 1840, before his departure for the West, where he went annually to 
 lecture, Professor Smith delivered a course of lectures on surgery; later in 
 the session Professor William N. Baker delivered a second course on the 
 same subject. Before the close of the following session, Professor Smith 
 resigned his chair in Transylvania University and was reelected to the full 
 Professorship of Surgery here. 
 
 In 1840, in order "to increase the opportunities of the students in 
 acquiring a knowledge of their profession," the term of the lectures was 
 lengthened to six months, although only the last four were "obligatory." 
 This advance is said to have met with "universal approbation," and the 
 Faculty hoped to make it permanent. But, as the other schools did not 
 adopt it, they were compelled in 1844 to return to the four months' term. 
 Still, realizing the inadequacy of this period to meet the demand for in- 
 creased medical instruction, and anxious to render the curriculum as com- 
 plete as possible, they again in 1848 lengthened the course to four and a 
 half months, at which it continued until again lengthened some years later. 
 
 The year 1841 was notable for the death of the two Professors Baker, 
 of whom 
 
 William Nelson Baker, the oldest son of Professor Samuel Baker, 
 was born in Baltimore, January 17, 181 1. He graduated in the academic 
 department of Yale College in 1830 and entered upon the study of medi- 
 cine in this University the following fall. The degree of M. D. was con- 
 ferred upon him in 1832. He evinced great aptitude for the study of 
 anatomy, which he prosecuted under Dr. Turnbull. On graduating he 
 became associated in practice with his father. When Dr. Augustus L. 
 Warner was called to a professorship in the University of Virginia, in 1834, 
 he took charge of the anatomical rooms, which had been occupied for four 
 years by that gentleman in the rear of the college building, and for two
 
 zio UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 years, it not longer, lectured to a large private class. In 1838 he became 
 Professor of Anatomy in the Regents' Faculty. He also shared with Pro- 
 fessor Mall the duties of the surgical chair. He died February 16, 1841 
 having just attained the age of thirty. He is represented as having been a 
 man of great personal beauty and attractions, talented, and with every 
 promise of the most brilliant future as a lecturer, anatomist and surgeon. 
 
 Samuel George Baker, a younger son of Professor Samuel Baker, 
 was born in Baltimore, October 2, 18 14. The degree of Bachelor of Arts 
 was conferred on him by Yale College in 1832, and the degree of M. D. 
 by the University of Maryland in 1835. In 1837 he succeeded to his 
 father's old chair in the University ( Regents' Faculty) . He was the young- 
 est Professor the University has ever had, being at the time of his election 
 but twenty-two. He delivered the introductory to the course the following 
 November. He died August 1, 1841. Like his brother, he was handsome, 
 talented and popular, and these qualities made both much sought after in 
 social circles. Habits of dissipation were thus contracted which early cut 
 short their promising careers. It was the subject of remark that the fatal 
 example of the elder failed to prove a warning to the younger, and but a 
 few months intervened between their untimely deaths. 
 
 Their places were filled by the election of Dr. Samuel Chew to the 
 chair of Materia Medica, and Dr. Alexander C. Robinson, of Baltimore, as 
 Lecturer on Anatomy. In 1842 it became necessary to fill the latter chair 
 by a full incumbent. Professor Smith urged the election of Dr. Robinson, 
 while others thought he lacked the necessary experience for so important a 
 position.* In this dilemma, the name of Dr. Joseph Roby, of Boston, who 
 already held professorial honors in New England, was presented with very 
 high recommendations. Dr. George W. Miltenberger, then Demonstrator 
 of Anatomy, was commissioned to proceed to the North to hear Dr. Roby 
 lecture, and on his return presented so favorable a report that Dr. Roby was 
 at once elected and installed in the chair. The new incumbent more than 
 
 |: MS. Records of University.
 
 PROFESSOR NATHL. POTTER, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 213 
 
 sustained the high reputation which his predecessors had attained, and 
 proved a most popular and successful teacher. 
 
 The beginning of the year 1 843 was made memorable by the decease 
 of the venerable Professor Potter, in his seventy-third year. He continued 
 in the discharge of his professional and professorial duties up to the period 
 of his brief illness, literally a relic of the past, for he had long survived the 
 stage of intellectual acquisitiveness and aspiration, and had no sympathy 
 with the revolution in diagnosis and pathology that had been steadily pro- 
 gn .mg for a score or more of years. 
 
 Nathaniel Potter was of Rhode Island ancestry. His father was Dr. 
 Zabdiel Potter, a surgeon in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary 
 War. He was born at Easton, Talbot County, Maryland, in 1770, and 
 was educated at a college in New Jersey. He obtained his medical degree 
 at the University of Pennsylvania in 1796, being a favorite pupil with the 
 great Rush, and for many years later his intimate friend. He began prac- 
 tice in Baltimore in 1797, the year after the city charter was obtained. 
 From 1807 to 1843 he was Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine 
 in this University. His death was sudden, occurring during a fit of cough- 
 ing on the 2d of January, 1843. 
 
 Professor Potter was of medium height, full figure and ruddy com- 
 plexion. The portrait of him in the Faculty room has been pronounced to 
 be a faithful likeness by his old pupils. He was an implicit believer in the 
 resources of medicine. He relied especially upon calomel and the lancet, 
 carrying the use of both far beyond what would be considered allowable at 
 this day. He did not put any trust in the vis medicatrix natura, and is said 
 to have told his pupils that, if nature came in at the door, he would pitch her 
 out of the window. He lectured from his yellow Mid faded manuscript until 
 stopped bv death. His latter years were clouded by pecuniary embarrass- 
 ment which embittered his existence. He had to give up his resilience on 
 Lexington street and take a smaller one on St. Paul street. He was buried
 
 2 1 4 UNIVERSl TY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 through the charity of his friends in the profession, and his remains repose 
 in Greenmount Cemetery, unmarked by stone or device. 
 
 Professor Potter was unquestionably learned in the medical lore of the 
 period prior to about 1830. His fame as a teacher and writer extended far 
 and wide, and his diagnoses and prognoses were prized by his pupils and 
 patients as infallible. He was twice married, but his family is now extinct, 
 the last, an aged maiden daughter, having died but a few years ago. 
 
 He contributed much to medical literature, both book and periodical. 
 His principal works were his thesis on "Arsenic," 1796, the Baltimore 
 Medical and Philosophical Lyceum, quarterly, 1811, "Memoir on Con- 
 tagion," 181 8, "Armstrong on Typhus Fever," 1821, "Gregory's Prac- 
 tice" (with S. Calhoun), two volumes, two editions, 1826 and 1829, 
 "Locusta Septentrionalis," 1839, Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal 
 (coeditor), 1840-43. Besides those already mentioned, he held the fol- 
 lowing positions: Attending Physician Baltimore General Dispensary, 
 1802-05; Secretary Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 1801- 
 09; Dean of the Medical Faculty, 1812 and 18 14; President Baltimore 
 Medical Society, 1S12, and of the Medical Society of Maryland, 18 17; 
 Orator of Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 18 17, and Attending Physi- 
 cian to the Baltimore Almshouse. 
 
 Professor Roby was called upon to finish the course on Practice, which 
 he did with great credit to himself and satisfaction to his pupils and col- 
 leagues. The following spring the chair Mas filled by the election of Dr. 
 Richard S. Steuart, who, however, resigned without lecturing, in conse- 
 quence of a disagreement regarding the case of Professor Hall. Professor 
 Hall's impeachment took place this year (1843) and, as stated elsewhere, 
 resulted in his acquittal. Professor Roby lectured again during the session 
 of 1843-44 on Principles and Practice of Medicine. Owing to the dissatis- 
 faction with Professor Hall, the Faculty engaged Dr. William H. Stokes, 
 OJ Baltimore, who had just returned from Europe, to deliver the lectures
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 215 
 
 upon his branches, so that for about from 1 S43 to 1X46, two courses of 
 lectures upon these subjects were going on at the same time. 
 
 Our University seemed to be in advance of other institutions at this 
 time in the teaching of hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Hygiene first 
 appears as a formal part of the course upon the election ot Professor Dung- 
 lison in May, 1833, the title of whose chair was "Materia Medica, Ther- 
 apeutics, Hygiene, and Medical Jurisprudence." He was the author ot a 
 standard work upon this subject written during his stay here. In 1X37 it 
 was added to the chair of Obstetrics, and in 1 X43 it was taken from Pro- 
 fessor Hall on the ground that he gave it undue prominence in his course, 
 to the neglect of more important subjects. It was next attached to the chair 
 of Materia Medica, and the course which Professor Samuel Chew gave on 
 it seems to have been quite a thorough one, to judge by the synopsis in the 
 catalogues. In 1863 particular attention was given to Military Hygiene 
 by the Professor of Institutes. Later it was attached to the chairs of Pro- 
 fessors Frank Donaldson and S. C. Chew. Medical Jurisprudence was also 
 taught by Professor Dunglison, and later by Professor Hall, whose synopsis 
 in the catalogues of 1844 to 1846 is quite as full as that of hygiene. It does 
 not seem, however, to have had as much attention as the latter, and soon 
 fell into a long neglect. Since 1892 both branches have been taught under 
 one lectureship by Professor Joseph T. Smith. 
 
 Early in 1844 Professor Elisha Bartlett, of Transylvania University, 
 Kentucky, was elected to the chair of Practice. He had held chairs in sev- 
 eral of the leading schools of the United States, and was a writer and lec- 
 turer of most distinguished ability. During the winter of 1X45-46, 
 however, he remained in Europe, and Dr. William Power was appointed 
 to lecture in his place. This he did with such satisfaction, that, on the 
 resignation of Professor Bartlett in the spring of 1846, he received the hill 
 professorship. 
 
 Elisha Bartlett was born at Smithfield, Rhode Island, of parents who 
 belonged to the Societv of Friends, in 1804. He received the degree in
 
 2 1 6 UNIVERSITY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 Medicine from Brown University, at Providence, in 1826, and subsequently 
 held professorships in various branches in a number of schools in the North, 
 West and East, nine in all, according to Professor Osier, who wrote a 
 sketch of him. In 1844, he accepted a call to the chair of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine in this University. The following May, with his wife, 
 he sailed for Europe, and the next winter they spent traveling about, chiefly 
 in Italy. On his return from Europe he resumed his old chair in Transyl- 
 vania University, at Lexington, Kentucky. From Lexington he went to 
 Louisville, and from there to New York, lecturing until 1854, when ill- 
 health compelled him to retire to his native place. His illness terminated 
 in paralysis, but his mental faculties remained unimpaired. He died July 
 19, 1855. 
 
 Dr. Bartlctt took part in journalistic ventures in early life, but his 
 most famous works were those on "Fevers," 1842, which went through 
 four editions, and which immediately placed him in the front rank of Ameri- 
 can physicians of his time, and his "Essay on the Philosophy of Medicine," 
 1844, the most characteristic of his writings. Other lesser works were: 
 "An Inquiry into the Degree of Certainty of Medicine, and into the Nature 
 and Extent of its Power over Disease," "The History, Diagnosis and 
 Treatment of Edematous Laryngitis," and his occasional addresses, in which 
 Osier thinks he was at his best. He wrote in a remarkably clear and 
 polished style. 
 
 He was twice elected Mayor of Lowell, served two terms in the Massa- 
 chusetts Legislature, and was also a member of the Massachusetts Board 
 of Education. 
 
 His friend, Elisha Huntington, thus wrote of him: "Never was the 
 Professor's chair more gracefully filled than by Dr. Bartlett. His urbane 
 and courteous manners, his native and simple eloquence, his remarkable 
 power of illustration, the singular beauty and sweetness of his style, all 
 combined to render him one of the most popular and attractive of lecturers. 
 The driest and most barren subject under his touch became instinct with
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 217 
 
 life and interest, and the path in which the traveler looked to meet with 
 hriars and weeds only, he was surprised and delighted to find strewn with 
 flowers beautiful and fragrant. There was a magic about the man you could 
 not resist." Another friend, Dr. Alonzo Clark, of New York, wrote of 
 him: "His acknowledged worthiness, his innate gentleness and modesty, 
 disarmed envy. He left no enemies. His mind and purpose were pure 
 almost beyond example. His high mental endowments were controlled and 
 directed by a considerate judgment and an earnest, benevolent heart." 
 
 In 1844 the Maryland College of Pharmacy was put in operation, and 
 lectures were begun in the Medical School building under Dr. David Stew- 
 art and others. The subject will be found fully treated in connection with 
 that department. 
 
 In the same year, "at the suggestion of H. Colburn, M. D.," a read- 
 ing room was opened at the University, which was supplied with the 
 principal English and American periodicals. The terms were two dollars 
 for the session. The enterprise had a brief existence. 
 
 The first mention of instruction being given in Diseases of Children 
 is in the catalogue of 1845, m which they are said to have been "treated 
 and explained" by Professor Hall. But the subject had been included in 
 Professor Hall's title as far back as 18 13. 
 
 The first instruction in auscultation and percussion — introduced to 
 the profession by Laennec in 18 19 — appears to have been given by Profes- 
 sor Power in 1841 ; but, although sanctioned by the Faculty, the catalogues 
 of that period make no allusion to it. It seems to have made but slow prog- 
 ress in this country, and Professor Potter did not believe in or practice it. 
 Professor William Donaldson, of Baltimore, who died in 1835, is said to 
 have possessed great skill in physical diagnosis. The first official notice of 
 its introduction into the curriculum at this University occurs in the catalogue 
 of 1841;. The following is Professor Bartlett's announcement for that 
 year: "In order to facilitate the acquisition of the practical knowledge of the 
 physical signs of disease — so essential to accurate and positive diagnosis —
 
 218 UN1IERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 he will meet the members of his class in small clubs near the commencement 
 of the term, and in this way endeavor to give to each of them individually 
 such demonstrative instruction as may be necessary in order to enable them 
 subsequently to prepare themselves for the profitable use of auscultation and 
 percussion." The subject was taught even more thoroughly by his accom- 
 plished successor, Professor William Power, and later by Professors Frank 
 Donaldson, Chew, Howard and others. 
 
 The first mention of operative surgery as a branch apart from general 
 surgery is made in 1845, " a f u " an ^ complete series of lectures" being then 
 given by Dr. Miltenberger. 
 
 Up to this time and for many years later, it appears to have been the 
 rule, that a successful candidate for graduation must have received simply 
 a majority of the votes of the Faculty. According to the regulations an- 
 nounced at this time, a failure to do even this did not necessarily take away 
 all hope. If the Faculty were equally divided, the candidate was entitled 
 to a fresh examination, or, if he preferred, he might withdraw his thesis 
 without being considered as rejected. Should the Faculty again be equally 
 divided on the second examination, he could claim the same privileges. 
 
 Previous to 184^ the fees were $20 for each ticket, or $120 for the 
 full course; in that year they were reduced to $1$ and $90, respectively. 
 The matriculation and graduation fees remained at $5 and $20, and there 
 were also fees of $$ for clinical instruction, and of $10 for practical anat- 
 omy (which was not yet obligatory). In 1866 the fees were advanced to 
 $10 5, and the next year to $120. In 1891, on the institution of a three- 
 year course, the lecture fees were made $80 per annum. In 1894 this 
 amount became $100, and it remained the same on the adoption of the four- 
 year course in 189^. In 1903 the fee was raised to $125, at which it re- 
 mains at present. 
 
 In 1847 a course of lectures and demonstrations was established in 
 Pathological Anatomy under Dr. Miltenberger, Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 The subject received a great impulse about this time, which was heightened
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 219 
 
 by the appearance of Sir James Paget's great work. "Histology became 
 rampant," says Flint, "after 1851." In referring to this course, which was 
 obligatory, the Faculty say: "In the present condition of medical science 
 something more is required of the educated physician than a vague impres- 
 sion that 'pain, heat, redness and swelling' constitute inflammation; that 
 tubercle is a 'round' and cancer a 'hard' mass: he must know how to dis- 
 tinguish by their special characteristics the great elementary forms of 
 disease." 
 
 The death of Professor Hall in 1847 ^ft a vacancy to be filled in the 
 chair of Midwifery, Diseases of Women and Children. There were sev- 
 eral applicants for the position, which was secured by Dr. Richard Henry 
 Thomas, of Baltimore. 
 
 Richard Wilmot Hall was born in Harford County, Maryland, in 
 1785, his father being Dr. Jacob Hall, a Revolutionary surgeon. He 
 graduated M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1806, and settled in 
 Baltimore in 181 1. He received the appointment of Adjunct Professor of 
 Obstetrics in the School of Medicine in 18 12, and was full Professor of the 
 same branch from 18 13 to his death. During the political riots of 18 12 
 he saved the lives of a number of the wounded citizens who were left for 
 dead at the jail, by representing them as actually dead. He delivered the 
 annual oration before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty in 181 5, the 
 meeting being held in Chemical Hall. He was surgeon to the Fifty-first 
 Regiment of Maryland Militia in 18 14. He died on September 14, 1847, 
 after a long illness. His writings embrace, besides a number of shorter 
 articles mentioned in "Quinan's Annals," a translation of Baron Larrey's 
 "Memoirs of Military Surgery," two volumes, 8 vo., Baltimore, 18 14. 
 
 Professor Hall took a very active part in the affairs of the University, 
 twice holding the Deanship of the Medical Department. He was also for 
 several years Secretary of the Board of Regents. He was usually selected 
 to go to Annapolis to look after the interests of the University in the 
 Legislature, and he represented the Faculty of Physic in their pecuniary
 
 220 UNIf'ERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 transactions with the Trustees. He was tall and stout, with a florid com- 
 plexion, and very courteous and attractive manners, and was represented 
 as being very handsome. 
 
 The degree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred for the last time 
 in 1848, Rev. William O. Lumsden, of Maryland, being the recipient. 
 
 About this time there was much discussion over the country as to the 
 necessity of reform in medical teaching. The establishment of a National 
 Medical Association (which held its first regular meeting in Baltimore in 
 1848) gave it fresh impulse, and great pressure was brought to bear on the 
 schools, which, however, produced but little fruit. The Faculty of Physic 
 made the effort to lengthen the sessions to six months, as already stated, and 
 claimed that the school had always been the advocate of improvement and 
 advancement. "Believing that thorough professional training should be 
 extended over a somewhat protracted period," they are "prepared to meet 
 most cordially the recommendations of the National Medical Association 
 upon this point. They, therefore, advise their pupils to devote at least 
 three years to preparatory study, and to attend three courses of lectures." 
 They also gave very hearty encouragement to the two preparatory medical 
 schools that were then in operation in Baltimore, viz. : the Baltimore Medi- 
 cal Institute, under Dr. J. R. W. Dunbar, and the Maryland Medical In- 
 stitute, under Drs. Frick, Theobald, Johnston and Stewart. 
 
 Our University is believed to have been the first in America to make 
 dissection compulsory. This was due to a regulation adopted by the Trustees 
 in 1833, arR l which was opposed by the Faculty of Physic. On the restora- 
 tion of this Faculty to power, it did not adopt this reasonable and indispens- 
 able requirement until 1848, and even then not without "much reflection." 
 According to the catalogue of 1850, prior to 1849 only one other school, 
 the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, enforced it, and in 1850 
 only three of the sixteen schools from Maine to Maryland made it impera- 
 tive. In the same year in which this important step was taken, gas was 
 introduced at very great expense into the dissecting rooms, thus enabling
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 221 
 
 the students to spend their evenings in them, and saving them the loss of a 
 certain number of lectures. The facilities for dissection at the University 
 at this time appear to have been unsurpassed. The indulgent sentiment 
 of the community with regard to it is repeatedly referred to, and offers a 
 striking contrast to that entertained in 1789 and 1807. Baltimore is 
 spoken of in the catalogues as "the Paris of America," "the surplus even 
 supplying other cities." All along, from 1840 on, the great abundance of 
 dissecting material is constantly claimed among the advantages offered by 
 this city. It is asserted that no Northern city has such a supply, though 
 "possibly one or two at the extreme South" may have it. The source of this 
 supply was the Potter's Field, although at times the private burial grounds 
 were not respected. In 1886 occurred the famous case of Burking, for 
 which the chief culprit paid the penalty of his life on the gallows. It called 
 attention to the possibility of the practical study of anatomy being an 
 incitement to the commission of the most shocking crime, and to the need 
 of some provision for a proper method of supply. The authorities of our 
 University recognized this defect and made repeated efforts to secure the 
 passage of an Anatomy law by the Legislature. At last, in 1890, the de- 
 fect was supplied by the passage of a law by the Legislature requiring public 
 officers of Baltimore city and county, under heavy penalty, to turn over any 
 unclaimed bodies under their charge to the medical colleges of the State, 
 "for the advancement of medical science." 
 
 In 1848 a rule requiring students to attend two sessions of clinical in- 
 struction was adopted. 
 
 Some idea is given us also as to the teaching at this time in the two 
 principal chairs — Practice of Medicine and Surgery. The chief of the 
 former department (Power), besides giving daily didactic lectures, attended 
 the Infirmary daily and dwelt largely upon physical diagnosis, particularly 
 in diseases of the chest. Among other advantages which the institution af- 
 forded was "the opportunity to compare the phenomena of typhoid and 
 typhus fever, and to test their resemblances and differences." The following
 
 222 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 language appears in the catalogue of 1849, and shows an immense revolu- 
 tion since the death of Professor Potter, with whom a favorite expression to 
 his class is said to have been, "If nature should come in at the door, she 
 must be thrown out of the window:" "Modern medicine differs from that 
 which has preceded it, mainly in this, that while it esteems at their full value 
 the powers of art, it also regards and wisely regards the powers of nature, 
 teaching the true wisdom of watching patiently, observing carefully, acting 
 cautiously, so that, the operations of nature being clearly understood, the 
 minstrations of art may be judiciously, efficiently and beneficially applied." 
 
 Professor Smith also lectured and attended the Infirmary daily. His 
 visits were paid early in the morning — in fact, before day during part of 
 the year — and those students who desired to follow him in his rounds were 
 compelled to be early risers. Those who had the good fortune to attend 
 the lectures of this master will realize the perfect truth of the following 
 description: "Surgery is taught as a reality not as an abstraction. Having 
 been engaged actively in the practice of surgery for nearly thirty years, 
 the Professor has had large experience in the treatment of surgical diseases, 
 and has had occasion to perform repeatedly all the important operations. 
 His instruction is therefore of necessity in great degree personal — the re- 
 sult of what he has seen and done, and not merely of what he has read — a 
 statement of facts and not merely of opinions. Having accumulated a large 
 collection of preparations, casts, drawings, surgical instruments and appar- 
 atus, he is prepared to illustrate his course in the fullest manner, and to 
 exhibit to his class the application of all modern improvements in the surgi- 
 cal art." About this time occurs the first intimation of the actual delivery 
 of lectures on the Diseases of Women, by Professor Thomas. This branch, 
 which has since been the field of so many triumphs of American surgeons, 
 was then and for many years later in its infancy, and received but little at- 
 tention, and that as an appendage to the obstetrical course. 
 
 In 1 85 1, Mr. Campbell Morfit made an offer to establish at his own 
 expense, in connection with the medical department of the University, a
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 223 
 
 "School of Applied Chemistry." The plan of the proposed building ac- 
 companied the offer, and indicates great liberality and public spirit on the 
 part of the proposer. It was to be built on the College grounds, and was 
 to cost about $10,000. The offer was declined on the ground that the 
 character of the instruction proposed did not come within the scope of a 
 medical college. As an evidence of their appreciation, however, the Faculty 
 conferred upon Mr. Morfit, who has since become a renowed chemist ot 
 London, the honorary degree of M. D. 
 
 In 1852 the custom of devoting the first week, of the session to in- 
 troductory lectures, which had been in vogue from the earliest period ot 
 the School, was here, as elsewhere in this country, abandoned, and since that 
 there has been no formal opening of the sessions. 
 
 The following occurs in a report on the condition of the various de- 
 partments of the University, made to the Regents, April 5, 1852, by a 
 committee of which Mr. George W. Dobbin— later chairman of the Board 
 of Trustees of the Johns Hopkins University— was chairman: "At no 
 previous period in its history has the medical department presented better 
 founded claims to patronage than at present, and in point of scientific at- 
 tainments, talents and faithfulness in the discharge of its functions, and 
 extensive and well-arranged means of illustration, it is not inferior to any 
 college in the country." 
 
 About this time an important addition was made to the Infirmary, by 
 which private rooms were provided to meet an urgent need, and the clinical 
 ampitheatre on the corner of Greene and Lombard streets was erected. The 
 Gray legacy was used in making these improvements, and the Regents' 
 Minute Book, April 5, 1852, contains an interesting opinion by Mr. J- H. 
 B. Latrobe regarding the use of this legacy for the purpose. In granting 
 the permission, the Regents wisely provided restrictions by which the prop- 
 erty cannot be diverted from the purposes of the legacy. The lot on the 
 south-west corner of Greene and Lombard streets, adjoining the Infirmary 
 lot, on which the addition was built, was owned by the Regents in fee simple,
 
 224 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 having been purchased by the Trustees in 1833 ; it was 78 feet front by 165 
 feet, five inches in depth. The institution was now said to have a capacity 
 of one hundred and fifty beds, and to be the largest hospital in the city. 
 There were eight resident students and a resident physician. The latter 
 officer was created in 1846, Dr. James Morison, of Massachusetts, being 
 its first incumbent. Before that the senior student had charge. An assistant 
 physician or "Clinical Reporter" was first appointed in i860. 
 
 In 1854 a lectureship in "Experimental Physiology and Microscopy" 
 was founded and placed under the charge of Dr. Christopher Johnston, "an 
 accomplished physiologist and microscopist, who has spent several years 
 abroad, where he enjoyed extraordinary facilities for becoming perfectly 
 familiar with the discoveries and doctrines of modern physiology; possess- 
 ing, moreover, a great natural aptitude for the acquirement and communi- 
 cation of knowledge, which in the present progressive condition of medical 
 science it becomes every educated physician to know."* These lectures 
 were delivered twice a week, and after the first course became obligatory. 
 In 1 86 1 this department was under charge of Professor Hammond, and 
 microscopes were provided in the Museum for the use of the students, to- 
 gether with "one of the largest microscopic collections in the country, con- 
 taining specimens of all the tissues and structures entering into the 
 composition of the body," at all times accessible to the students. The 
 Faculty prided itself on being "the first to introduce into the country this 
 method of studying histology." 
 
 The other changes occurring from 1852 to the period of the Civil War 
 were as follows: Professor Power resigned the chair of Practice in 1852, 
 and was succeeded by Professor Samuel Chew; Dr. Miltenberger was at 
 the same time advanced from the Demonstratorship of Anatomy to the 
 chair of Materia Medica. Professor Thomas resigned in 1858 and Pro- 
 fessor Miltenberger was transferred to the chair of Obstetrics, the chair of 
 Materia Medica being filled by the election of Professor Charles Frick. In 
 *Cat. 1855.
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM POWER, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 227 
 
 1859 Professor Roby's failing health prevented him from lecturing, and 
 Professor Nathan R. Smith assumed the duties of the Anatomical Depart- 
 ment during the succeeding session. In i860, recognizing the hopelessness 
 of his recovery, Dr. Roby resigned and received the appointment of Pro- 
 fessor Emeritus, and Dr. William A. Hammond, of the United States 
 Army, was elected to the chair of Anatomy and Physiology. Of the last- 
 named the catalogue of i860 said, that the Faculty felt assured that he 
 would fully sustain the previous reputation of the School. "Dr. Hammond 
 is well known as a contributor to various medical journals, and has acquired 
 a high position, both in this country and in Europe, by his anatomical and 
 physiological investigations." 
 
 In the same year, and after only a brief interval, occurred the deaths 
 of Professor Frick and Dr. Berwick B. Smith, Demonstrator of Anatomy, 
 and son of Professor N. R. Smith. The loss of these talented young men, 
 the former developing in the direction of internal medicine, the latter of 
 surgery, was deeply felt by the University and profession, and their merits 
 and ability were fully accorded at a crowded meeting of the profession held 
 on March 29, i860. Professor Frick had won his position by merit alone; 
 he was an indefatigable and enthusiastic student; a student not of books only 
 but of nature. He was a born investigator, and his analyses of the blood 
 and his work in urinary pathology are monuments to his industry and 
 genius. He was fast attaining an international reputation. The vacancy 
 in the chair of Materia Medica was tilled by the appointment of Dr. Ed- 
 ward Warren, of North Carolina. 
 
 William Power was born in Baltimore in the year 18 13. He was 
 graduated A. B. at Yale College in 1832, and later passed to the A. M. 
 degree. He commenced the study of medicine under Dr. John Buckler, of 
 Baltimore, in 1833, and matriculated at the University in the fall of the 
 same year. In 1834 he was a student at the Almshouse, and in 1835 he 
 took his M. D. degree. From 1835 to 1840 he was in Paris, under Eouis 
 and other famous men. On his return he became Resident Physician to the
 
 228 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Almshouse, and after nine months, Visiting Physician. In 1841-42 he de- 
 livered two courses of lectures at the Baltimore Infirmary on physical ex- 
 ploration of the chest; these were the first lectures of the sort in the 
 University, and were well attended. His health now gave way, and in 1 843 
 he abandoned teaching and lecturing and went to Cuba. In 1844 his physi- 
 cal condition having improved, he resumed teaching. In 1845 he was ap- 
 pointed Lecturer on the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and in 1846, on 
 the resignation of Professor Bartlett, he succeeded to the full professorship 
 of the chair. He married in 1847. During the winter of 1851-52 he was 
 unable to perform his professorial duties. In January, 1852, he reluctantly 
 resigned his chair in a letter full of pathos, and on the 15th of August fol- 
 lowing he died in Baltimore, the victim of consumption, in his thirty-ninth 
 year. 
 
 Professor Power's life was one of earnest study and noble ambition — 
 a blessing to those who partook of his gifts or dwelt within his shadow. He 
 had unbounded influence over his students. Before his appointment it was 
 difficult to secure resident students at the Infirmary, but after his entrance 
 into the Faculty a year's application in advance was needed to secure a 
 position. In his teaching he did not aim at originality, but at truth. He 
 was quick to confess error. He was an industrious student, and as a teacher, 
 faithful, thorough, earnest, clear, copious and convincing. Although sub- 
 ject to haemoptysis and habitual dyspnuea, he yet met all the requirements 
 of a useful life. He was the first to teach in his native city, clearly and 
 impressively, the glorious discoveries of Laennec, and to imbue the students 
 of his day, later the most eminent physicians of Baltimore, with his own 
 enthusiastic love of science. His strength was in his teaching, and especially 
 his clinical teaching, and the University has never lost the effect of his 
 thoroughness and system, his earnest study and noble enthusiasm. He was 
 not a large contributor to medical literature. 
 
 Richard Henry Thomas was born in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, 
 June 20, 1805. His parents were John Chew Thomas and Mary Snowden
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 229 
 
 Thomas. His father served for several years in both houses of Congress. 
 He received both academic and medical training at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, graduating in medicine in 1828. He then settled in Baltimore, 
 where he acquired a large practice. In 1831 he was associated with others 
 in the conduct of the Baltimore Medical Institute, in which he delivered 
 lectures and held examinations in obstetrics. Upon the death of Professor 
 Hall, in 1847, he was elected to the chair of Obstetrics and Medical Juris- 
 prudence in the University, and held it until his resignation in [858. He 
 died on January 15, i860. 
 
 Professor Thomas was an eminent minister of the Society of Friends, 
 and in that capacity traveled extensively in Europe and America. He was 
 married thrice, and two of his sons became physicians. He lectured without 
 notes. He was of a spare figure, and had a clerical air. Said Dr. C. C. 
 Cox: "As an accoucheur he was always prompt, full of resources and of 
 great dexterity as a manipulator. His goodness of heart was shown in his 
 devotion to the poor and his cordial co-operation in all benevolent enter- 
 prises. Few men in any calling have been more respected for sound attain- 
 ments or more beloved for gentleness of manner and integrity of life." 
 
 Joseph Roby, who held the chair of Anatomy from 1842 to i860, was 
 a remarkable and picturesque character. He is described as having had a 
 spare figure, a face resembling that of Voltaire and a shadowy complexion. 
 He wore glasses and had a thin, weak voice; nevertheless, he used it to such 
 good advantage that there was no difficulty in hearing and understanding 
 him. Holmes describes his eyebrows as "exquisitely arched, sharply pen- 
 ciled, such as it would be hard to match on any living face." He was of a 
 nervous, delicate temperament, inclined towards melancholy; his habits were 
 solitary and unsocial, and he had few friends. 
 
 He was a native of Wiscasset, Maine, and was born in the year 1807. 
 Graduating at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828, he 
 began the study of medicine in Boston under Drs. Jackson and Charming, 
 and distinguished himself as an insatiable reader. The degree of M. D.
 
 2 3 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 was conferred upon him by Harvard Medical School in 1831. Settling in 
 Boston he soon realized his unfitness for the practice of medicine, and took 
 to lecturing. It was as a lecturer that he was best known and made the 
 greatest impress upon his time. Nothing is preserved, however, of this side 
 of his activities, as he rarely wrote down what he had to say, and the few 
 manuscripts he possessed were committed by him to the flames. Tradition 
 asserts that he was a graceful, ready, and polished speaker, and that his 
 language was expressive, and seasoned with wit and pungency. His intro- 
 ductories were famous, and attracted crowds of citizens to hear them. 
 Although he was constantly making new observations in the dissecting room, 
 he never published his observations, and the only things in print written by 
 him are the College Catalogue and a report upon Medical Education. 
 
 Roby was an intimate friend of Holmes, was associated with him in 
 the Faculty of Dartmouth College for some time, and for twenty years 
 maintained a constant correspondence with him. Holmes characterizes his 
 letters as spirited and full of tenderness and sentiment, and of very high 
 literary merit. Unfortunately he exacte'd from Holmes a promise to destroy 
 these letters, which the latter felt bound to carry out. 
 
 Roby's happiest days were passed in his "den" at the College, and he 
 lingered around this spot during the last year of life, as if drawn thither 
 by some fascination, while the deadly consumption was consuming his frail 
 body, until a fatal hemorrhage cut short the thread of life. 
 
 Many important improvements were made during his connection with 
 the School, and largely through his efforts, as, the introduction of gas into 
 the dissecting room, compulsory dissection, and attendance upon clinics and 
 instruction in histology, pathology and the use of the microscope. He was a 
 most inspiring teacher. 
 
 Some correspondence between Roby and his colleague — Professor 
 Richard H. Thomas — has recently been discovered which corroborates 
 Holmes' estimate. Holmes refers to him frequently in the "Autocrat" as 
 his "wise friend," and it is probable that he got many hints for his famous
 
 FRICK ROOM. MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL FACULTY,
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 
 
 233 
 
 book from the conversation and letters of Roby. Holmes concludes an 
 obituary notice of him in the Boston Daily Advertiser of June 7, i860, 
 as follows: "He was not only a man of superior intellect, but a fast and 
 faithful friend, always ready with counsel and aid, not afraid to speak the 
 truth, one who could be an intimate, yet with a tact anil delicacy which pre- 
 vented his intimacy from becoming oppressive; a rare nature, in a word, 
 which a delicate organization unfitted in a measure tor the complete and 
 cheerful exercise of all its varied powers." 
 
 ''4/,') 
 ARi: rjtmcfcYifc 
 
 05 CHARLES FRICK 
 
 Drt&LTIMOREJMJUnrLAND. 
 
 COKNAUt.B'IBW, 
 DIED MARCH 25*4860. 
 
 foil IJIUl'lilHMl'SllHlKUil KM'. 
 
 FRICK TABLET, LIBRARY OF MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL FACULTY. 
 
 Charles Frick was born in Baltimore in 1823, being the son of Judge 
 William Frick and the nephew of Dr. George Frick, the oculist. He was 
 educated at Baltimore College. After some years spent in civil engineer- 
 ing, he entered the office of Dr. John Buckler, and having spent the two 
 years, 1843-45, at the University, graduated in medicine in 1845. From 
 1844 to 1846 he was a student at the Almshouse. In the fall of 1847 he 
 joined with Drs. Christopher Johnston, David Stewart and Elisha W. Theo-
 
 234 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 bald in founding the Maryland Medical Institute, a preparatory School of 
 Medicine, holding in it the department of Practical Medicine. 
 In 1847 ne was elected Attending Physician to the Maryland 
 Penitentiary, a post which he held for seven years. On the reorganization 
 of the Maryland College of Pharmacy in 1856, he was appointed to the 
 chair of Materia Medica. In the summer of the same year he visited 
 Europe, where he was already favorably known through his original re- 
 searches, and he was cordially received by Paget, Todd, Bence Jones, Trous- 
 seau and other distinguished men. He began now to receive overtures 
 from schools in other cities, but fortunately the ties of his native city kept 
 him here. In 1858 a vacancy occurred in the Faculty of Physic through the 
 death of Professor Richard H. Thomas and the transfer of Professor Mil- 
 tenberger. Immediately all eyes were turned upon Frick as preeminently 
 fitted for the position, and he was at once elected to it. He now entered 
 upon that brief period which has left an imperishable memory in the annals 
 of the University, and which terminated with his untimely death on March 
 25, 1 860, at the age of thirty-six. His death was due to diphtheria contracted 
 in an operation upon a negro woman affected with that disease in the hospital. 
 His own throat was opened at his urgent request by his friend, Dr. Milten- 
 berger, but with no further purpose than that of temporary alleviation of 
 symptoms. 
 
 Dr. Frick was a man of immense patience and industry, independent 
 in opinion, and following the true Hippocratic method of observation and 
 experiment. He was a born investigator, and in his researches he knocked 
 at the door of nature herself. His chief work was upon fevers, the blood, 
 and the kidneys and their secretions. As an evidence of his laborious and 
 painstaking care, in his analyses of the blood, published in January, 1848, 
 he rejected no less than seventy of the one hundred and fifty investigations 
 because of some slight elements of uncertainty about them. In 1850 he 
 published a volume on "Renal Diseases," the result of his labors, a valuable 
 contribution to the subject previously but little understood. His last work
 
 PROFESSOR (.'HAS. Flili K, M . D. MR. WILLIAM F. 1'KICK, BENEFACTOR.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 237 
 
 was a "Lecture on Diuretics," published by his class. His memory is per- 
 petuated by a branch of the Library of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 bearing his name, and in this University by the "Charles Frick Research 
 Fund." 
 
 William Alexander Hammond was the son of Dr. J. W. Hammond, 
 and was born at Annapolis, Maryland, on August 28, 1828. He obtained 
 his medical degree at the University of New York in 1848, and in 1849 
 was appointed Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. In i860 he suc- 
 ceeded Professor Roby in the chair of Anatomy and Physiology, and lec- 
 tured for one session in the University upon these branches. He may be 
 said to have introduced into the curriculum here the study of histology — 
 although Dr. Christopher Johnston had taught the use of the microscope 
 from 1855 to 1857. Through his efforts a number of microscopes were 
 placed in the Museum, and in connection therewith one of the largest micro- 
 scopical collections in the country was always at the command of the stu- 
 dents. In this innovation — the teaching of minute anatomy — it is believed 
 that the University of Maryland can claim priority among American Schools 
 (see Catalogue of 1861). He delivered the valedictory address at the 
 Commencement, March 2, 1861, resigning shortly after and re-entering 
 the army. In 1862 he was appointed Surgeon-General. He now reor- 
 ganized the hospital system of the army upon an effective basis, and to him 
 is due the honor of originating the Army Medical Museum and the 
 great Medical Library of the Surgeon-General's office at Washington. 
 Dismissed from the service in 1864 he settled in New York City, 
 where he held the chair of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System in 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Bellevue Hospital Medical College 
 and the University of New York, successively. He also lectured in the 
 Summer School of the University of Vermont. In 1879 he was restored to 
 the army with the rank of Surgeon-General (Retired List). In 1882 he 
 withdrew from the University of New York and joined with a number of 
 eminent teachers in that city in founding the Post-Graduate Medical School.
 
 238 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Finally he abandoned teaching, in 1888, by resigning from this also. In 
 the same year he opened a Private Sanitarium for Nervous Diseases in 
 Washington City, and here he died on the 6th of January, 1900. He was 
 connected with a number of American and foreign societies; he was Presi- 
 dent of the American Neurological Society, and he edited several journals. 
 He was a prolific author, writing numerous works on nervous and other 
 diseases, and also works of fiction. His best known and most elaborate work 
 was "A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System," first issued in 1871, 
 which went through seven editions in ten years, and was republished in 
 several foreign languages. 
 
 Edward Warren was the son of Dr. William C. Warren and was born 
 in Tyrrell county, North Carolina, in 1828. He received his literary and 
 medical education at the University of Virginia, taking the medical degree 
 there in 1850. A year later he took the same degree at Jefferson Medical 
 College. He then began practice at Edenton, North Carolina. He spent 
 the year 1854-55 in Paris attending the hospitals. He returned to Eden- 
 ton in the latter year and resumed practice as the partner of his father. In 
 1856 he was awarded the Fisk Fund Prize of the Rhode Island Medical 
 Society, for an essay on "The Influence of Pregnancy on the Development 
 of Tubercular Phthisis." About this time he also edited the Medical Jour- 
 nal of North Carolina. In i860, a vacancy having occurred in the Faculty 
 of the University of Maryland through the death of Professor Charles 
 Frick, he applied for and obtained the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics in this University. In January of the following year he founded 
 a medical journal in Baltimore, to which he gave the name Baltimore Jour- 
 nal of Medicine. After the appearance of the third number of this bi- 
 monthly, the Civil War having meanwhile set in, he left Baltimore and 
 went South. During the next four years he held the offices of Surgeon- 
 General of North Carolina, and Medical Inspector of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia. In 1863 he published at Richmond a 12°, entitled 
 "Epitome of Practical Surgery for Field and Hospital." After the close
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM ALEXANDER HAMMOND, M . 1).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 241 
 
 of hostilities he returned to Baltimore and demanded the restoration ot his 
 chair at the University. This was refused on the grounds that he had aban- 
 doned it of his own accord, that he had been repeatedly notified to return 
 but had refused to do so, and that it had already been found necessary to fill 
 it. Dr. Warren indulged in some vain threats, and then set about founding 
 a rival college. He had the address to obtain liberal aid from the city and 
 State, and large classes were readily secured by a beneficiary system ad- 
 mitting disabled soldiers from the South at merely nominal rates. By these 
 means he reorganized the Washington University, which had been sus- 
 pended since 185 1. This institution was now for some time known as 
 "Warren's School." From 1868 to 1870 he edited a semi-monthly medical 
 journal known as the Medical Bulletin. In 1 87 1 differences of opinion arose 
 as to the management of the affairs of his college, whereupon Dr. Warren 
 withdrew from it, and joining with Drs. Byrd, Opie and others, founded the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. In both schools he held the chair of 
 Surgery. In 1873 he sought and obtained an appointment in the Egyptian 
 service and set out for Cairo. He remained in that country for two years, 
 holding the rank of Surgeon-in-Chief of the War Department. He now 
 suffered so much from ophthalmia that he was compelled to seek a fur- 
 lough. Leaving Egypt he settled in Paris, where he practiced as a "licen- 
 tiate of the University of France." He continued to reside at Paris until 
 his death, on September 16, 1893. Dr. Warren held the honorary degree 
 of LL. D. from the University of North Carolina. He was Chevalier of 
 the Legion of Honor and Knight of the Order of Isabella. He claimed 
 the honor of having recommended and used morphia hypodermically in the 
 winter of 1850-151, several years prior to its use by any one else. In 1872 
 he invented a splint for fracture of the clavide. In 1885 he published under 
 the form of a series of letters to his friend, Dr. John Morris, of Baltimore, 
 an interesting autobiography entitled "A Doctor's Experiences in Three 
 Continents." Dr. Warren was a fluent speaker and graceful writer. He 
 was quick at repartee.
 
 242 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 The war bore hard upon the School, cutting off its patronage from 
 the South. The falling oft was about fifty per cent., the lowest point being 
 reached in 1862-63, when there were 103 students and thirty-seven gradu- 
 ates. Particular attention was given at this time to Military Surgery and 
 Hygiene. During this period the following changes took place in the 
 Faculty: In 1862, Professor Warren, still remaining absent in the South, 
 Dr. McSherry was elected Lecturer on Materia Medica. The following 
 year, on the death of Professor Chew, Dr. McSherry was elected to the 
 chair of Practice and Hygiene, and Dr. Samuel C. Chew to that of Materia 
 Medica; Dr. Christoper Johnston was elected Professor of Anatomy and 
 Physiology, which departments had been filled temporarily since the with- 
 drawal of Professor Hammond, in 1 861, by Professor N. R. Smith. Thus, 
 at the close of the War, all the chairs were again filled. 
 
 Samuel Chew was a native of Calvert county, Maryland, and was born 
 April 29, 1806. His early education was received at Charlotte Hall, in St. 
 Mary's county, Maryland. In 1822 he entered Princeton College, where 
 in 1825 he received the degree of A. B., and in 1828 that of A. M. On 
 leaving Princeton he began the study of medicine in Baltimore under Dr. 
 William Donaldson, a physician of prominence and unusual skill. In 1826 
 he entered the School of Medicine of this University, and having attended 
 three courses of lectures received from it the doctorate in 1829. He then 
 spent five years in the practice of his profession in his native county, after 
 which he removed to the more extensive field offered to medical aspirants in 
 this city. From about 1835 to 1841 he was Librarian of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty. In 1840, in conjunction with Dr. Joshua I. Cohen, 
 he established here an Eye and Ear Institute in which he had charge of the 
 department relating to the eye. In August, 1 841, on the death of Professor 
 Samuel G. Baker, he was elected to the chair of Matria Medica and Thera- 
 peutics in this University, a position which he continued to fill with credit 
 and satisfaction until, on the death of Professor Power in 1852, he was 
 transferred to the chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine. He con-
 
 v<® 
 
 TROFESSOR SAMUEL CHEW, A. M., M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 245 
 
 tinued in the discharge of the duties of that position until his death on Christ- 
 mas Day, 1863. In addition to the positions named, Dr. Chew was Treas- 
 urer of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 1838-39; Vice-President of the 
 same, 1859-63, and Dean of this School, 1842-44. He was a man of 
 classical tastes and scholarly attainments. In his writings he frequently 
 quotes from ancient authors. He was dignified and reserved in manner, but 
 genial with his friends. His life was upright, his sentiments pure and lofty. 
 He was a frequent contributor to periodical literature, and delivered numer- 
 ous lectures and addresses, all of which were published. One of the best 
 known of his writings was a learned oration delivered on the occasion of the 
 formal opening of the hall of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty on Cal- 
 vert street, near Saratoga street, on June .3, 1858. His latest and most 
 ambitious work was a i2mo. volume, Philadelphia, 1864, intended chiefly 
 for students, and entitled "Lectures on Medical Education." This work 
 was left unfinished at his death, but was completed and edited by his son. 
 The last words which he is said to have written in it were "Sic itur ad astra." 
 On the conclusion of the War, numerous and rapid changes occurred. 
 As soon as intercourse between the sections was re-established, many physi- 
 cians Hocked to Baltimore, especially from the South. Some of these had 
 been eminent in their respective localities, and they at once assumed high 
 positions here. Specialties now first began to attract attention in this com- 
 munity. There were several young physicians here who had had experience 
 abroad, or had culti\ ated talents in certain directions at home, who began 
 to be recognized as possessing superior qualifications in special lines of work. 
 These gentlemen were invited to take positions as Adjuncts in the Faculty, 
 and they also organized a summer course of lectures and a special dispen- 
 sary. Their first course began March 15, 1866, and lasted until July 1. 
 The Faculty were: James H. Butler, Operative Surgery; Alan P. Smith, 
 Orthopaedic Surgery, Dislocations and Fractures; F. E. Chatard, Jr., Di- 
 seases of Women and Children; W. C. Van Bibber, Venereal Diseases; John 
 H. Straith, Surgical Pathology; M. J. DeRosset, Physiological and Patho-
 
 246 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 logical Chemistry; William T. Howard, Auscultation and Percussion; E. G. 
 Loring, Ophthalmology; William G. Harrison, Normal and Morbid His- 
 tology. This was an able aggregation, and ought to have added greatly to 
 the resources and fame of the School. The next session, Dr. S. L. Frank was 
 added on Diseases of the Ear. 
 
 In 1866, Physiology, Hygiene and General Pathology were united in 
 one chair, which was assigned to Professor Frank Donaldson. At this time 
 Dr. W. Chew Van Bibber delivered the first clinics on Diseases of Children, 
 and thus took the first steps towards the inauguration of an out-door de- 
 partment. He also gave clinics on Venereal Diseases. 
 
 In 1867 a new chair of Diseases of Women and Children was founded, 
 to which Dr. William T. Howard was elected. Dr. Howard has stated that 
 this was the first distinct recognition of these departments as independent 
 branches by any medical school in the country. 
 
 In 1868-69 tne first clinics on Diseases of the Eye were given by Dr. 
 Russell Murdoch, and Dr. DeRosset lectured on the "Physiology and Path- 
 ology of the Kidney and its Secretion," with the exhibition of urinary tests 
 and the application of the microscope. 
 
 There were at this time three clinics every week on Surgery, two by 
 Professor Smith and one by Professor Johnston. Pathologv was practically 
 taught in a weekly lecture by Professor Donaldson, who exhibited a great 
 number and variety of interesting specimens obtained from Bayview and 
 other hospitals. 
 
 The summer course as planned by the Adjunct Faculty did not succeed 
 as was hoped, and as, from the eminence and attainments of the gentlemen 
 having charge of it, it deserved. It was said that the arrangements made 
 by the Faculty were not entirely satisfactory to the Adjuncts, and that there- 
 fore there was not that hearty co-operation that might have been expected. 
 At any rate, the course did not continue beyond two summers. 
 
 In 1868 a preliminary course of two weeks was instituted, making, with 
 the regular course, a session of five months.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 247 
 
 In 1869 Professor Smith was transferred to a chair of "Clinical Sur- 
 gery and Surgery of the Skeleton," and Professor Christopher Johnston 
 was made Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. Drs. Julian 
 J. Chisolm and Francis T. Miles, two prominent physicians from South 
 Carolina, who had recently settled in Baltimore, were now added to the 
 Faculty, the former as Professor of Operative Surgery and Clinical Pro- 
 fessor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear, the latter as Professor of General, 
 Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy and Clinical Professor of Diseases of 
 the Nervous System. A General Dispensary was organized, and the fees 
 for lectures were increased to $125. A laxity of attendance and little 
 tightening of the reins are indicated in the announcement now made to stu- 
 dents that "hahitual and prolonged absence from lectures will always be 
 regarded as an obstacle to obtaining a degree." 
 
 A "Summer School of Specialties," lasting ten weeks, was advertised 
 to commence in March, 1870, under Professors Aikin, Johnston, Donald- 
 son, Howard, Chisolm and Miles. 
 
 It was about this time that beneficiary students are first noticed in the 
 catalogues. In 1868 the Legislature had been induced to make appropria- 
 tion of $2,500 a year for four years each to this School and to the Wash- 
 ington University Medical School — the latter then recently reorganized by 
 Warren and others — on condition that a certain number of patients should 
 be treated and a certain number of students educated free. This beneficiary 
 system was afterwards extended to the entire South. In accordance with 
 this arrangement one student was entitled to be received from each Sena- 
 torial district of the State upon the certificate of the State Senator thereof, 
 on payment of matriculation, practical anatomy and graduation fees only. 
 
 In 1870 the students' building adjoining the Infirmary on the west and 
 capable of accommodating twenty-four students, was erected. Previous to 
 this the resident students had had accommodations in the Infirmary. 
 
 In 1873 Professor Chisolm's chair was limited to Diseases of the Eye 
 and Ear, and Dr. Alan P. Smith was elected Professor of Operative Sur-
 
 248 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 geiy. "Poor women" were now attended at their homes by the Dispensary 
 physician, and Dr. W. T. Arnold — a skilled dentist — was in constant at- 
 tendance at the Dispensary and gave instruction to the students in the 
 extraction of teeth. 
 
 In 1874 a five-months' course was announced, and "an obstetrical de- 
 partment was about to be opened in a building adjoining the hospital." 
 This was the large three-story wing on Greene street, erected and furnished 
 with an appropriation of $30,000 made by the Legislature, conditional 
 upon the free education of State students. Practical instruction was here 
 instituted in obstetrics and in the management of the puerperal condition. 
 Hitherto, such cases had been admitted to the female wards and to the 
 private rooms. 
 
 Alan Penniman Smith, son of Professor Nathan R. Smith, was born 
 in Baltimore, February 3, 1840. After being educated privately and at 
 Princeton College he began the study of medicine under the direction of his 
 father and graduated M. D. in this University in 1861. In 1867 and 1868 
 he held the title of Adjunct Professor. In 1869 he was appointed Professor 
 of Venereal Diseases, but withdrew before the commencement of the ses- 
 sion. In 1873-74, he held the chair of Operative Surgery. After that he 
 withdrew from teaching and devoted himself thenceforth to a very large 
 private and consulting practice. Dr. Smith was distinguished for his mod- 
 esty and amiability. He was of a retiring disposition, and cared but little 
 for the honors of the professoriate. Lecturing to him was exceedingly dis- 
 tasteful. He seldom resorted to the pen for recording his experience. He 
 was a very successful lithotomist, and in 1878 was able to report fifty-two 
 successive successful cases of this operation, an experience probably unique 
 up to that time. Writing to Professor S. D. Gross, in April, 1882, he 
 says that he lost his fifty-fourth and sixty-seventh cases, which, according to 
 Dr. Nt R. Gorter, were all his losses in his entire series of one hundred and 
 twelve operations. [See Gross' Surgery and "Med. Annals of Maryland."] 
 He was a Trustee and a Consulting Surgeon of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 249 
 
 About this time there was a great diminution in the size of the classes, as 
 shown by the following figures: 1867-68, 188; 1869-70, 114; 1870-71, 
 172; 1872-73, 114; 1873-74, 108; 1874-75, in; 1875-76, 109. After 
 this there was a gradual rise to nearly 300. These fluctuations were prob- 
 ably connected with the foundation of the Washington University in 1867, 
 and the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1872, and the suspension of 
 the former in 1877. 
 
 The addition of the new wing greatly increased the clinical facilities. 
 It was now claimed that the Infirmary had double the capacity of any 
 similar institution in Baltimore. The resident students particularly profited 
 by this increase. In addition to the Lying-in Department, a department of 
 Diseases of Children was also established by the transfer of the inmates of 
 St. Andrew's Home for Children to the Infirmary. 
 
 In 1876 a "beneficiary system" was formally announced, students who 
 were admitted to this privilege obtaining the, tickets of the professors for 
 $35, which made the "fees for the first year, $50, and for the second or 
 final year, $70." A number of scholarships were likewise annually be- 
 stowed upon students who were unable to pay full rates; the cost of these 
 scholarships was $60 each. The adoption of these innovations was attri- 
 buted to the sharp competition between the three medical schools then here, 
 for the patronage of students. In 1877 the graduation fee was raised from 
 $20 to $30. 
 
 Nathan Ryno Smith was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on the 
 2 1st of May, 1797, being the second son of the great New England Sur- 
 geon, Nathan Smith, the founder of the medical schools of Dartmouth and 
 Yale. After a preliminary training at Dartmouth, he entered Yale as a 
 freshman in 18 13, and received the degree of A. B. in 18 17. He then 
 spent a year and a half as tutor in Virginia; it was at this time that he con- 
 ceived the strong attachment to the South which was so conspicuously dis- 
 played during the troublous times of the war and throughout his entire life. 
 On returning from Virginia, he began the study of medicine, and in 1823
 
 250 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 received from Yale College the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in his in- 
 augural thesis defending the view that the effects of remedies and diseases 
 are the result of absorption into the blood, and not of an impression on the 
 nervous system, as many eminent writers then maintained. He continued 
 his experiments on this subject, and his publications in 1827 are referred 
 to by Dr. Alfred Stille, in his work on Therapeutics, vol. 1, p. 51. 
 
 . He began practice at Burlington, Vermont, in 1824, and in the follow- 
 ing year was appointed to the Professorship of Surgery and Anatomy in 
 the University of Vermont, which with the aid of his father he organized. 
 
 In order to fit himself more completely for the role of teacher, he 
 spent the winter of 1825-26 at Philadelphia, in attendance upon the lec- 
 tures of the University of Pennsylvania. At this time McClellan and others 
 were engaged in founding the Jefferson Medical College, and, being im- 
 pressed with the ability of Dr. Smith; they invited him to join them, and 
 offered him the chair of Anatomy. He accepted, and held the chair for 
 two sessions. 
 
 In 1827 he became Professor of Surgery in the University of Mary- 
 land, in succession to Granville Sharp Pattison. Now began that career of 
 fifty years which made his name a household word throughout the State of 
 Maryland, and terminated only with his death. He entered with zeal and 
 vigor upon his work here, and the period was propitious for success, as 
 Davidge was withdrawing from practice, and he had but one competitor in 
 Jameson. He soon had the surgical practice of Baltimore and Maryland 
 at his disposal, and his addition gave great strength and eclat to the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, where he reigned supreme for nearly a half century. 
 
 He prepared his lectures with great care, and taught the lessons of 
 nature as he saw it, being guided by acute perception and strong common 
 sense. In character he strongly resembled his father, having the same 
 earnestness of purpose, the same original and inventive mind, fertile in ex- 
 pedients, and unshakled by the dogmas of the schools. 
 
 In 1829 his father died, leaving to him for many years the support
 
 PROFESSOR NATHAN R. SMITH.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 
 
 253 
 
 and education of his family. In the same year appeared his work on 
 "Diseases of the Internal Ear," being a translation from the French of 
 J. A. Saissy, with a supplement of twenty pages by himself, on "Diseases of 
 the External Ear." In 1830 he delivered, by invitation, the annual oration 
 before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and he did the 
 same thing again in 1846. In 1S30 he issued a monthly journal, called 
 The Baltimore Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, which con- 
 tinued for a year, and then ceased tor want of support — although ably 
 
 BUST ol" X. R. SMITH. 
 
 edited. This was not Dr. Smith's first experience in journalism, for he had 
 been connected with two during his short residence in Philadelphia. It was, 
 however, his last attempt in this field in which many able men have failed. 
 This journal is noteworthy for containing the first description of "Smith's 
 Anterior Splint." But Dr. Smith was for many years a frequent contributor 
 to the medical journals, and his articles will be found especially in the 
 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, in Professor Geddings' journals,
 
 254 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 1833-37, in the Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal, 1839-43, in the 
 Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal, 1856-61, in Howard and Lati- 
 mer's Journal, 1870-71. In 1832 appeared his great work in quarto, on the 
 "Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries," of which a second edition was issued 
 in 1835. In 1867 he published a small volume of seventy pages, giving a 
 description of the method of using his Anterior Suspensory Apparatus in the 
 Treatment of Fractures of the Lower Extremity, and finally he issued a 
 little duodecimo in 1869 which bore the title: "Legends of the South, by 
 Somebody, who wishes to be considered Nobody." Early in his career, he 
 conceived the idea of writing a work on Surgery, with wood cuts, and he 
 composed from time to time a large part of it, but it remained at his 
 death among his papers unfinished. He probably contemplated a work on 
 the order of "Druitts' Surgery," which was his favorite text book. 
 
 In 1837, when the Regents withdrew from the University and estab- 
 lished an independent school, Dr. Smith took their side and held his chair 
 in their Faculty during the two succeeding sessions, lecturing at the old 
 Indian Queen Tavern, Baltimore and Hanover streets. But in 1838 he 
 was offered and accepted the chair of Practice of Medicine in Transylvania 
 University, at Lexington, Kentucky, then the leading medical school of the 
 West, with a salary of $3,000. This was much beyond what the other 
 members of the Faculty received, and shows the high reputation which Dr. 
 Smith then enjoyed. Moreover, his contract allowed him to spend two- 
 thirds of the year at Baltimore, where his family continued to reside, and 
 where his chief practice lay. For three years he continued to travel West 
 each fall, returning at the close of the short four-month sessions. But at 
 the close of the session of 1840-41 he resumed his chair at the University 
 of Maryland, which was now recovering from its difficulties, and whose 
 Faculty were eager for his return. From this time he dominated the pro- 
 fession of the State; all opposition in his special field went down before 
 him, and he was known by his students and colleagues as "The Emperor." 
 
 In 1867 he paid his first and only visit to Europe; he was received
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 255 
 
 everywhere with the greatest deference, and on his return he met with an 
 ovation at the hands of the Baltimore profession. In 1869 he gave up his 
 active work at the University, and was made Professor Emeritus and Presi- 
 dent of the Faculty. In 1870 he was elected President of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty, and the following year was re-elected, special provision 
 being made for this unusual honor. 
 
 Not long after this, painful disease and the infirmities of age began 
 to oppress him. His declining years were given to office practice, to his 
 work on surgery, to the classics, especially Homer and Virgil, and to re- 
 ligion, in which he found the satisfaction and peace which philosophy and 
 science had been unable to offer him. He died from an affection of the 
 bladder, on July 3, 1877, shortly after he had completed his four-score 
 years. 
 
 Professor Smith was a man of commanding presence, fully six feet in 
 height, with clean-shaven face, a well-shaped Grecian nose, long, thin, com- 
 pressed lips, piercing eyes surrounded by shaggy eye-brows, a well-poised 
 head, and a long neck concealed by an old-fashioned black stock and stand- 
 ing collar. He wore a frock coat, and dressed in black. He wasi near 
 sighted and wore glasses. He lectured without notes, and in slow, deliber- 
 ate fashion, in a voice of medium pitch and| distinct, though not strong. 
 He frequently indulged in humor and story, although he was never coarse, 
 profane or obscene. The portrait of him at the University is an admirable 
 and characteristic likeness. Professor Chew sums up his character in these 
 words: "Great acuteness of perception, an extraordinary power of adapta- 
 tion to circumstances as they arose, promptness of action which sees what 
 is needed to be done and straightway does it, and, above all, indomitable, 
 untiring industry." 
 
 His reputation rests chiefly upon his lithotome and anterior splint. 
 With the former, first published in 1 83 1 , he operated about 350 times, and 
 with extraordinary success. It seems to render the operation easy and 
 absolutely safe. One of the highest compliments paid it came from a dis-
 
 2 5 6 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 tinguished Professor of Surgery, who rather complainingly said, that, "with 
 it, any one could operate." 
 
 He himself regarded his anterior splint, perfected in i860, as his chief 
 contribution to Surgery, and claimed that it was adapted to all fractures of 
 the leg and thigh. A number of modifications of it have been published, 
 showing its wide popularity. Professor Smith received the degree of 
 LL. D. from Princeton College in 1862; he was also an honorary mem- 
 ber of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 
 
 About this time there was a spring course under the charge of gentle- 
 men, four of whom have since become members of the University Faculty, 
 viz.: Professors Michael, Coale, Winslow and Ashby. It was designed to 
 supplement the regular course, and was free to students of the University.. 
 
 In 1878, as we learn from the catalogue, "about 1,200 patients had 
 been received and treated in the wards of the Infirmary, and 15,000 patients 
 had been examined and prescribed for in the Dispensary department. 
 
 In 1879, that part of the Infirmary on Lombard street was thoroughly 
 overhauled, additional private rooms were provided, and the Dispensary 
 department was improved to adapt it better to the uses of the large patron- 
 age which it had secured from the poor and the numerous special depart- 
 ments into which it had developed. There were now two paid physicians 
 in the institution, receiving $600 and $100 per annum, respectively. 
 
 In 1880 several changes were made in the Faculty. Professor Donald- 
 son resigned the chair of Physiology, retaining only his clinical professor- 
 ship. Professor Miles was transferred to the chair of Physiology, and Dr. 
 J. Edwin Michael was promoted to the Anatomical chair. Dr. I. Edmond- 
 son Atkinson was made Clinical Professor of Dermatology. 
 
 Francis Donaldson was born in Baltimore, July 23, 1823, and was 
 educated at Dr. Prentiss' School, near Baltimore. He began his medical 
 studies in the office of Dr. Samuel Chew, and subsequently spent a year or 
 more as interne at the Baltimore Almshouse. Here he distinguished him- 
 self by his industry, thoroughness and enthusiasm. Having graduated as
 
 PROFESSOR FRANCIS DONALDSON, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 259 
 
 Doctor of Medicine at this University in 1846, he visited Europe for two 
 years, and in the hospitals of Paris listened to those great teachers whom 
 he had already learned to trust and reverence. He warmly embraced the 
 new rational medicine which was then taking the place of the old empiricism 
 and bloodletting. On his return in 1848, he was appointed Resident Phy- 
 sician of the Marine Hospital. After two years' service in this position, he 
 entered upon private practice, and the remainder of his life was devoted to 
 his practice and to teaching. From 1852 to 1855 he was an attending 
 physician to the Baltimore Almshouse, and from 1858 to 1863 Professor of 
 Materia Medica in the Maryland College of Pharmacy. In 1866 the 
 chair of Physiology was created for him in the University of Maryland, 
 to which Hygiene and General Pathology were added, with the clinical 
 Professorship of Diseases of the Throat and Chest. In 1880 he resigned 
 the didactic part of his chair, and in 1888 retired from teaching altogether. 
 
 Dr. Donaldson was an expert in Physical Diagnosis, and most of his 
 writings related to the chest and throat. His most important work was a 
 section on "Diseases of the Pleura," in Pepper's "System of Medicine;" 
 he is also author of a fine memoir of Dr. Charles Frick, in Gross' "Lives 
 of Eminent American Physicians of the Nineteenth Century." 
 
 Besides the positions named, he was President of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and of the American Clinatological As- 
 sociation; Consulting Physician to the Johns Hopkins Hospital; and for 
 many years Examining Physician to the New York Mutual and other in- 
 surance companies. He died December 9, 1 891, of "albuminuria and fatty 
 heart." 
 
 In appearance, Dr. Donaldson was below the average height, but 
 compactly built. He was a man of active habits of mind and body, and 
 had that hurried manner so characteristic of American physicians of large 
 practice. His face was always cleanly shaven. He had a peculiarly bright 
 expression and winning smile, and his manners were charming. He was an 
 enthusiastic student and teacher, and particularly in his element in the
 
 2 6o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 clinics. He was a man of earnest piety, and an ardent advocate of higher 
 education. 
 
 In 1880 a permanent alumni association was organized with Professor 
 George W. Miltenberger as President, and the writer as Recording Secre- 
 tary. Several meetings were held, at which there were addresses, collations, 
 reading of letters from distinguished alumni, adoption of a constitution and 
 by-laws, institution of prizes, etc. The Association adopted as its motto, the 
 words: "Filins sim digitus isle'i dig/id parent?," which had been proposed 
 by Professor Miltenberger in 1844. The Association has continued in 
 active operation to the present, although it has but one, the annual, meeting. 
 Those who have been Presidents since 1880 are: Drs. J. R. Ward, C. 
 Johnston, James A. Steuart, D. I. McKew, James Carey Thomas, Henry 
 M. Wilson, Charles O'Donovan, Francis Donaldson, N. S. Lincoln, H. P. 
 C. Wilson, J. Ford Thompson, S. C. Chew, J. Edwin Michael, G. E. H. 
 Harmon, G. W. Miltenberger, Isaac S. Stone, Charles P. Noble, Eugene 
 F. Cordell, R. H. Goldsmith, John T. King, H. D. Fry, B. Merrill Hop- 
 kinson and Howard E. Ames. There is an annual address, and the evening 
 concludes with good cheer, music and toasts. The prizes have not been 
 kept up of recent years, and the most important result the Association has 
 accomplished is the institution in 1893, vv ' tn tne official sanction of the 
 Medical Faculty, of an Endowment Fund. This was placed in the hands 
 of a chartered and independent Board of nine trustees — all alumni of the 
 University. The Board is limited to the expenditure of the interest of the 
 Fund, but that in its discretion. The first contribution to this Fund was 
 made in 1897. In 1903, at the request of the General Alumni Association, 
 then founded, a new charter was obtained authorizing the Board to hold 
 funds for the University, or any of its departments, in like manner and 
 upon the same conditions as it had done for the department of medicine. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Professor Atkinson was made Professor of Pathology, Pro- 
 fessor Johnston resigned the chair of Surgery and became Professor Em- 
 eritus, and Professor L. McLane Tiffany succeeded to the chair of Surgery.
 
 
 *-*». 
 
 PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, M. D,
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 263 
 
 Christopher Johnston was descended from Scotch ancestry, ami was 
 born in Baltimore, September 27, 1822. At the age of thirteen he lost his 
 father, and was adopted by his aunt. He was educated at St. Mary's Col- 
 lege, and began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Buckler. 
 Part of his student life was spent in the Baltimore Almshouse. He received 
 the degree of M. D. at the University in 1844. In the same year, he 
 visited Europe, traveling extensively. In 1847 ne joined with Frick and 
 others in founding the Maryland Medical Institute, a preparatory school. 
 From 1853 to 1855 he was again in Europe, studying in the hospitals of 
 Paris and Vienna. On his return he became "Lecturer on Experimental 
 Physiology and Microscopy," and Curator of the Museum of the Univer- 
 sity. In 18^7 he gave up this post to take the Professorship of Anatomy 
 in the Baltimore Dental College, which he held until 1864, when he was 
 made Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University. 
 
 The battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in his career, the atten- 
 tions which he rendered to the Southern wounded on that occasion greatly 
 extending his fame and practice among the people of Baltimore. 
 
 In 1869 he succeeded Professor X. R. Smith in the chair of Surgery, 
 and he held this position for twelve years, then retiring as Emeritus Pro- 
 fessor. 
 
 Dr. Johnston early manifested a strong taste for scientific study and 
 research, and this continued throughout his life. He acquired great ex- 
 pertness with the microscope, and was a skilful artist. One of his earliest 
 papers was upon the "Auditory Apparatus of the Mosquito," and was 
 published in the London Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, in 
 1855. He was a frequent contributor to scientific and medical literature, 
 his largest work being that on "Plastic Surgery," in Ashhurst's "Inter- 
 national Encyclopedia of Surgery," 1881. 
 
 Dr. Johnston was slow and careful in his operations, ingenious in de- 
 vising expedients, and paid great attention to detail and to cosmetic effect. 
 He gave as much care to the poor as to the rich. He was the first in Mary-
 
 264 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 land to perform complete extirpation of the upper jaw (1873), and ex- 
 strophy of the hladder (1876), and was highly successful in tracheotomy. 
 He deeply loved his profession, and was ever foremost in defending it and 
 in promoting its interests. He assisted in founding many societies, and 
 held the Presidency in all the important local ones, including the Maryland 
 Academy of Sciences and the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, and he was 
 Consulting Surgeon to the Johns Hopkins and other hospitals. He took 
 a deep interest in the Johns Hopkins University, its museums and labora- 
 tories, and on his death bequeathed to it his medical and surgical instru- 
 ments, his microscopical cabinet, his cabinet of crystals, and his library. 
 Succeeding Professor Smith in the chair of Surgery, he also succeeded him in 
 his leadership, and from 1870 to 1890 he was unquestionably the head of 
 the Baltimore profession. 
 
 He visited Europe five times, on the last occasion — 1886 — traveling 
 through Russia, Norway and Sweden. 
 
 Dr. Johnston's personal appearance was striking, with his command- 
 ing figure and graceful carriage, his large and classic head, his red hair and 
 full red beard, his small hands and feet, and neat attire, his formal manner 
 and precise speech. Professional honor and ethics found their highest ex- 
 ponent in him. He was master of the French and German languages. He 
 died October 11, 1891, having been in bad health for some months pre- 
 viously. 
 
 In 1 88 1 the session was lengthened to five and one-half months. 
 In 1883 Professor Aikin resigned, and was pensioned and created 
 Professor Emeritus. R. Dorsey Coale, Ph. D., became Professor of 
 Chemistry. 
 
 William E. A. Aikin was a native of the State of New York, and was 
 born in the same year in which the University of Maryland began its 
 career — 1807. He graduated at the Renssalaer Institute on the Hudson, 
 where he enjoyed the advantages of the instruction and inspiring example 
 of Professor Amos Eaton, A. M., LL. D, He commenced his professional
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 265 
 
 life, in common with a vast majority of medical men at that day, as a 
 licentiate of the New York State Medical Society. Soon after entering 
 upon practice, he received the honorary degree of M. D. from the Ver- 
 mont Academy of Medicine, and in 1843 he was further complimented with 
 the degree of LL. D. from Georgetown University. 
 
 His career as a practitioner of medicine was very brief. A dislike for 
 the drudgery of a country practice, co-operating with his early predilections 
 for natural science, soon determined his choice "to throw physic to the 
 dogs" and begin his life as a teacher of science. In this occupation he was 
 laboriously occupied for over half a century, apparently finding it as full of 
 interest at the end as when he first commenced. 
 
 He became a resident of Maryland in 1832, and his first connection 
 with the University was as assistant to Professor Ducatel, in the depart- 
 ment of Chemistry, during the session of 1836-37. Professor D. resigning 
 that chair in the summer of 1837, he was elected in October of that year 
 to fill the vacancy, and he discharged the duties of it until his withdrawal 
 as Emeritus Professor in 1883. He was Dean of the Faculty in 1840-41 
 and 1844-55, and he also held the P osit ' ons or Professor of Natural Phil- 
 osophy in the School of Arts and Sciences, of Lecturer in the Maryland 
 Institute, and of City Inspector of Gas and Illuminating Oils. 
 
 His death was sudden and unexpected, but such as he had desired. 
 Having retired, so far as known, in perfect health, he was found dead in 
 bed on the morning of May 31, 1888, in his room on Courtland street, 
 where he resided. He was at that time still erect and unbent by years, of 
 fine and commanding presence, six feet one inch in height, with a long, 
 flowing white beard and a most venerable appearance. He was neat in 
 dress, systematic and industrious, of simple and abstemious habits, and 
 modest and retiring disposition. His knowledge of his profession was ex- 
 tensive and exact, and he took great pride in his experiments. He wore 
 glasses on account of near-sightedness. He never indulged in detraction 
 of others, no matter what the provocation.
 
 266 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 He was well provided for in his last years, his income amounting to 
 $2,000, and he had only himself to support, his wife having died, and his 
 surviving children being self-supporting. He was a devoted Catholic, and 
 gave to charity the larger part of his income. He was twice married, and 
 had fourteen children by each wife. 
 
 Although so long estranged from strictly medical pursuits, he kept up 
 his connection with State and national societies. He was also a member 
 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He con- 
 tributed articles on chemical, geological, botanical and mineralogical sub- 
 jects to Silliman's Journal, Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal, etc., 
 and was the author of a valuable list of plants found around Baltimore, 
 which he contributed to Vol. I, of the "Transactions of the Maryland 
 Academy of Science and Literature." His introductory lectures at the 
 University in 1837 and 1840 were also published by his classes. 
 
 In 1886 Professor S. C. Chew was transferred to the chair of Prac- 
 tice of Medicine made vacant by the death of Professor McSherry, and 
 Professor Atkinson was transferred from the chair of Pathology to that of 
 Materia Medica. 
 
 Richard McSherry, the son of a physician of the same name, was 
 born in Martinsburg, Virginia, November 21, 18 17. He was educated 
 at Georgetown College, and attended medical lectures at the Universities of 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania, receiving his degree of M. D. at the latter 
 in 1 841. He then entered the army, serving in it for one year in the Florida 
 War as Assistant Surgeon. In 1842, he was transferred to the navy, being 
 Assistant Surgeon, and later Surgeon during the following ten years. Dur- 
 ing this period he traveled extensively in various countries and climates, 
 acquiring a large experience, both professional and general. He took part 
 under General Scott in the Mexican War, and being a master of the Span- 
 ish language and enjoying peculiarly good opportunities during the occupa- 
 tion of Mexico for observing the habits and customs of the people of that
 
 Professor Richard McSherry, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 269 
 
 country, he wrote a book embodying his experience, entitled, "II Puchero, or 
 A Mixed Dish from Mexico," Philadelphia, 1850. 
 
 In 185 1 he resigned his commission and entered upon private practice 
 in Baltimore. In 1862 he was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica, to 
 fill the vacancy occasioned by Professor Warren having gone South, and 
 the following year he became Professor of the same branch in the Univer- 
 sity. On the death of Professor Samuel Chew, at the close of 1863, he 
 succeeded to the chair of the Practice of Medicine. He continued in this 
 position until his death from phthisis pulmonalis, October 7, 1885. 
 
 Dr. McSherry was the author of a large number of lectures, mono- 
 graphs and articles in the medical journals, and, besides the volume already 
 mentioned, of two volumes, one entitled "Essays and Lectures on Various 
 Subjects," Baltimore, 1869; the other, "Health, and How to Promote It," 
 New York, first edition, 1879, second edition, 1883. 
 
 As a writer, his style was simple but vigorous. He wrote good Eng- 
 lish, and was fond of apt classical quotations. His knowledge and reading 
 were extensive and encyclopaedic. His articles were practical in character, 
 and exhibited close observation and judicious thinking. As a teacher he 
 was safe, and inclined strongly to conservatism. His language was per- 
 spicuous and sententious. His mind was ever open for the reception of new 
 truths. His manners were quiet, unostentatious and grave. He had a 
 genial disposition, which, combined with a transparent sincerity and the 
 strictest conscientiousness, secured for him the affectionate regard and es- 
 teem of his associates and pupils. He was particularly polite and con- 
 descending to the young graduates. He was a strict Catholic, but his 
 religion was never obtrusive. Among professional honors which he held, 
 were first President of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine, 1877-79, of 
 which he was a founder, and President of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, 1883-84. 
 
 About this time a movement was set on foot for the establishment of 
 a Lying-in Hospital in the vicinity of the University, which was consum-
 
 270 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 mated in May, 1887. This is under the charge of the Professor of Ob- 
 stetrics as "Director," a Chief of Clinic, and four Resident Physicians. It 
 has thirty beds, and is in a flourishing condition, being assisted by an un- 
 conditional annual appropriation from the Legislature of $2,500. Ac- 
 cording to the last annual report, May, 1906, the number of confinements 
 in the hospital during the year was 252 ; and the number in the Out-Patient 
 Department 642 ; total 894. Average number of cases seen by each student 
 of the graduating class 25. 
 
 In 1888 an improvement made in the seating arrangements was in- 
 troduced into the lecture rooms, which has added immensely to the comfort 
 of the students. This was the introduction of patent folding-back chairs. 
 Earlier alumni, who used to sit for hours perched upon the backs of the 
 hard benches, — as has been said, "like crows on the branches of a tree" — 
 will fully appreciate how much their successors are to be envied in this 
 respect. During the winter of 1889-90 the growing demand for the ser- 
 vices of trained nurses led to the establishment of the Training School for 
 Nurses. It was placed in charge of an experienced lady superintendent who 
 had seen service in St. Thomas' Hospital, London, and also in the field, and 
 instruction was given by members of the Faculty. For the accommodation 
 of this service a building was erected in the rear of the Hospital at a cost 
 of $10,000. 
 
 In April, 1890, Professor Miltenberger retired, and Professor Michael 
 was transferred to the chair of Obstetrics. 
 
 George Warner Miltenberger was born in Baltimore, March 17, 
 1 8 19. He was educated at the Boisseau Academy and the University of 
 Virginia. He was graduated in medicine from this University in 1840. 
 That he was a good student and had attracted the favorable notice of the 
 Faculty is shown by his selection, upon graduation, as Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy, and also by his selection in the spring of 1842 upon the responsi- 
 ble and delicate mission of visiting New England to test Dr. Roby's ability 
 as a lecturer upon Anatomy. His ability as a lecturer and his industry and
 
 MATERNITK hospital,
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 273 
 
 attention to duty led to the further honor of a lectureship on Pathological 
 Anatomy in 1847. For several years he also had a large quiz class, and a 
 surgical service in the Hospital. Thus he taught almost everything, and 
 laid broad and deep the foundations of solid attainments in the various 
 branches of medicine. 
 
 In 1849 ne was appointed Attending Physician to the Baltimore City 
 and County Almshouse, and in 1852 succeeded Professor Samuel Chew in 
 the chair of Materia Medica and i herapeutics. In 1855 he was made 
 Dean of the t acuity, and in 1858 succeeded Professor Thomas in the 
 chair of Obstetrics. Here he became pre-eminent as a teacher and busy prac- 
 titioner, .tiis close application to his protessional work, was notorious; he 
 did his reading in his carriage, and enjoyed but little rest or recreation. 
 Jt was said at one time, that he had eighteen horses in his service. He 
 gave up all amusements and all social pleasures, church services and holi- 
 days; indeed, lor many years he seemed to live only tor the good of his 
 patients. 
 
 He was a ready and pleasing lecturer — lecturing always without notes 
 — and impressing his hearers with his honesty, his sincerity, and his mas- 
 tery of his subject. He also lirst urged the use ot the opthalmoscope upon 
 the profession of Baltimore, and he lirst suggested the "lapactic pill," as 
 made by Messrs. Sharp and Dohme. in 1891 he ottered his resignation 
 for the second time, when it was accepted, and he was made Professor 
 Emeritus and Honorary President of the Faculty, having completed his 
 half century in the service of the School. 
 
 Dr. Miltenberger was President of the Baltimore Obstetrical and 
 Gynaecological Society in 1885-86; President of the Medical and Chirurgi- 
 cal Faculty of Maryland in 1886-87, and was appointed Consulting Physi- 
 cian to the Johns Hopkins Hospital on its opening in 1889. He was the 
 author of the motto of the Alumni Association of the School of Medicine: 
 "Films sim digitus hid dignd parente," which he himself so well illustrated. 
 In earlier years, Dr. Miltenberger aspired to be a surgeon, but on
 
 2 7 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 his accession to the chair of Ohstetrics his attention was turned in that 
 direction, and all his later writings were upon that subject. His writings 
 are to be found in the Maryland Medical Journal and the Transactions of 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. On April 30, 1906, a 
 portrait of him was presented by his friends to the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty, with an impressive presentation speech by Dr. Chew, and reply by 
 himself. 
 
 His wife died in 1898, and he left no direct descendants. At his death 
 he was possessed of a large fortune, which he bequeathed to his nephews 
 and nieces. 
 
 In 1 89 1 Dr. Randolph Winslow, who had been Leeturer, was ad- 
 vanced to the position of Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery. The 
 importance of histology, as a special branch of instruction, was recognized 
 by the appointment of a demonstrator of that branch and the equipment of 
 a laboratory, in which Normal and Pathological Histology and Bacteri- 
 ology were made compulsory upon the student in the graded course, which 
 now took the place of the old two-year course. 
 
 This graded three-year course, the first great step in the revolution that 
 began about this time in medical education, and extended over the entire 
 country, and is still in active operation, took effect at the beginning of the 
 session of 1891-92. All matriculates, who could not present certificates of 
 proficiency, were required to pass a preliminary examination in English and 
 Elementary Physics. The following is the prospectus of the medical course 
 as outlined at this time: "During the first year attendance is required upon 
 the lectures in Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Materia Medica and 
 Therapeutics, and upon the Laboratories ol Chemistry and Normal His- 
 tology. Dissection is also required. During the second year the studies 
 of the first year are continued, and in addition the courses in General Medi- 
 cine, General Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Diseases of Children, 
 and Diseases of the Eye and Ear, must be taken. Dissections and labora- 
 tory work in normal and pathological histology are also required, and
 
 I'Kiil-'ESMiK GEORGE WARNER MILTENBERGER, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 277 
 
 attendance upon the general and special clinics is obligatory. At the end 
 of the second term the student, before being admitted to the third year's 
 class, must stand final examinations in Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics. He must also produce evidence that 
 his work in the dissecting room and laboratories has been satisfactory. 
 Should he fail to pass a successful examination in any of these branches, a 
 second opportunity will be offered him before the opening of the regular 
 session in the autumn; failing in this, the studies for the second year must 
 be repeated. The studies of the third year embrace Practice of Medicine, 
 General Surgery, Obstetrics, Diseases of Women and Children, and Di- 
 seases of the Eye and Ear, and Pathology — gross and miscroscopic. At- 
 tendance upon the various clinics is obligatory. At the end of the third 
 session, the student is admitted to the final examinations, in Practice of 
 Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Diseases of Women and Children, and Di- 
 seases of the Eye and Ear, and upon passing successfully in these branches, 
 he will be admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Demonstrations 
 in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology — for which an abundance of ma- 
 terial is furnished free of charge — also form an important part of the 
 course." This represents the first crude effort to lengthen the period of 
 study beyond two years and to grade the curriculum, that had been made 
 since the foundation of the School in 1807. Hitherto there had been the 
 same repetition of lectures and instruction year after year, to which be- 
 ginners as well as advanced students were required to conform. It seems 
 scarcely possible to realize that such great and varied changes have taken 
 place within the short period of fifteen years. 
 
 It is proper to state that the adoption of the three-year graded course 
 bv the Faculty of Physic of this University took place as early as December, 
 1889, to have effect in the fall of 1891, and that this was done indepen- 
 dently of the conference of Baltimore Medical Colleges, which was held 
 some weeks later, and of the founding ol the American Medical College 
 Association, which took place at Nashville, in the following May. It is
 
 278 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 clear, therefore, that the Faculty of Physic of that date must have been 
 guided by a high public spirit and disinterested motives, in being among 
 the very earliest pioneers in this advance movement.* And this will 
 appear the more evident from the fact that it was regarded as "suicidal" 
 for any school at that time to take this step.** The introduction of the 
 three-year course by the American Medical College Association did not 
 take effect until the fall of 1892, a year after its introduction by the School 
 of Medicine of this University. 
 
 The fees for the three-year course amounted to $305. It is of interest 
 to note that, at this time, eighteen positions in hospitals were open to gradu- 
 ates. The scholarships ceased after the session of 1891-92. This session 
 was six months in length, an increase of half a month over the previous 
 one. 
 
 The session of 1892-93 was again lengthened by a half month, making 
 six and a half months. The preliminary examination was modified to 
 accord with the rules of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 
 and comprised an English Composition, "Easy" Latin Prose, Higher Arith- 
 metic and Elementary Physics. 
 
 In the catalogue of 1893, stress is laid upon the laboratories of Chem- 
 istry, Histology, Pathology and Bacteriology. A very full curriculum of 
 studies is given, in which we note especially the weekly "Demonstration" 
 in Physiology in the first and second year, the "six hours for two months" 
 work in Normal Histology to first year men, and the similar course in Patho- 
 logical Histology and Bacteriology to third year men, the practical labora- 
 tory work in chemistry under Dr. Thomas R. Brown, and the "ward in- 
 struction in class sections " in the Hospital, "in the dressing of wounds, the 
 application of splints, plaster jackets and other appliances, and in the 
 use of the opthalmoscope, laryngoscope, etc." The Hospital has 
 
 *SeeMd. Med. II., Jan. 11, 1896. for author's account of the Founding of the American 
 .Medical College Association. 
 
 **See Dr. A. Friedenwald's statement of the opinion of the Faculty of the College of 
 Physicians & Surgeons to that effect in the paper just quoted.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 270 
 
 three resident physicians and twenty-four resident students, and . has 
 had [,508 patients during the year, with 600 operations and in its 
 Dispensary Department has registered 23,414 visits of patients. The thor- 
 ough training in the Lying-in Hospital by Professor Michael and Dr. 
 Batchelor is fully detailed, and the statement is made that, in the preceding 
 session, each graduate had witnessed ten discs of labor. 
 
 It was in this year that the Permanent Endowment Fund was in- 
 augurated by the Alumni Association of the Medical School with the formal 
 sanction of the Faculty of Physic. The following were elected to constitute 
 the first Trustees of the Fund: Frank Frick, Richard McSherry, Lawrason 
 Riggs, Thomas W. Flail, S. C. Chew, J. Edwin Michael, H. M. Wilson, 
 E. F. Cordell and Charles O'Donovan. As directed, these gentlemen ob- 
 tained a charter, which gives them perpetual and independent succession, and 
 secures the principal of the Fund intact forever. L'p to 1903 the subscrip- 
 tions were for the Medical School only; after that they were extended to the 
 University at large. 
 
 The School met with a great misfortune at 5 p. m. on the 2d of De- 
 cember, 1893, by a fire, which entirely destroyed the fine new Laboratory 
 Building, erected during the summer upon the site of Practice Hall. This 
 building had just been completed, and afforded excellent and much-needed 
 accommodations for the instruction in Histology, Pathology, Chemistry 
 and Anatomy, a reading room, and ample modern toilet conveniences. The 
 lire began in a large six-story warehouse facing on Paca street, but abutting 
 on the Laboratory Building in the rear. In three hours, damage had been 
 done to the amount of over $360,000. The main building of the Univer- 
 sity was in great danger and was slightly damaged. Most of the apparatus 
 was saved by the students who also removed the library and furniture from 
 the Law Building. On the upper floor, where the dissecting room was, were 
 eleven bodies, among them that of old Perry, the former Janitor, who was 
 implicated in the famous Emily Brown "Burking" case. 1 he Baltimore 
 Medical College very generously offered its rooms in the emergency, but
 
 280 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 they were declined as unneeded. Lectures were continued in the Clinical 
 Amphitheatre at the Hospital, and laboratory work was carried on in the 
 Dental Building. Rebuilding was not begun until the following spring. 
 
 In the same year the University Medical Society was founded. It is 
 still in active operation. Dr. C. W. McElfresh being its present President. 
 Meetings are held monthly and are well attended. It may be mentioned 
 here that a medical society — the "Medical. Society of Baltimore" — was 
 founded at the University in 1812, Professor Potter being President. Dip- 
 lomas of this organization are extant. A "Maryland University Club" 
 was organized in October, 1871, in opposition to the "Rush Club." It died 
 within two years. There is a small "Anatomical Society," composed of 
 those persons connected with the Department of Anatomy, which was 
 founded we believe by Professor Michael. In 1889 it had a small museum 
 of its own. 
 
 With the session of 1894-95 the fees for the entire course were raised 
 to $365. 
 
 In 1895 Dr. Walter B. Piatt's name drops out as Demonstrator of 
 Surgery. Mention is due to the event on account of his long and faithful 
 service in the institution, which will never cease to be appreciated by those 
 who had the good fortune to study under him. 
 
 With the beginning of the session of 1895-96, the four-year require- 
 ment was introduced, and here again the University took the lead, as it had 
 in the introduction of the three-year course. The following explanation 
 will show that this was done voluntarily, and not without considerable 
 sacrifice. The American Medical College Association had intended that 
 all of its members should adopt it at this time. Unfortunately, a faulty 
 wording of the rule providing for it led to unexpected delay. The rule 
 read: "Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1899 and 
 thereafter shall have pursued the study of medicine for four years," etc. 
 Literally construed, these words did not forbid the graduation of matricu- 
 lates of 189; in 1898, This flaw does not seem to have been noticed at
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 281 
 
 the meeting of the Association held in the spring of 1895, and it was then 
 generally understood and repeatedly asserted that the four-year course 
 would become obligatory in the ensuing fall. The discovery was soon 
 made, however, and many schools took advantage of it. Others had pub- 
 lished their adoption of the fourth year before this interpretation was an- 
 nounced, and among them was this School. It is with pride that the writer 
 recalls, that, although on the 19th of October, 1895, tne Judicial Council 
 of the American Medical College Association, in view of the verbal defect, 
 gave its sanction to the Colleges to graduate matriculates of the session of 
 1895-96 in 1898, this School persevered in its determination in good faith 
 and without regard to consequences. 
 
 In the four-year curriculum we note a lengthening in the laboratory 
 work, and the addition of embryology and pharmacy as "laboratory" sub- 
 jects. The first two years are devoted entirely to didactic work, while clini- 
 cal work preponderates in the third and fourth. Advanced standing was 
 allowed to graduates in Chemistry and Biology, and of colleges of Homoeo- 
 pathy, Eclectic Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine. 
 The contrast between the curriculum of this year, and that <>l 1890-91 — 
 a period of only five years — is astonishing. 
 
 A serious loss to the School and the University was sustained by the 
 death of Professor Michael, on December 7, 1905. 
 
 Jacob Edwin Michael was born at Michaelsville, Harford County, 
 Maryland, on the 13th of May, 1848. He was educated at St. Timothy's 
 Hall, Catonsville, Newark Academy, Delaware, and at Princeton College, 
 taking the degree of A. B. at the last-named in 1871. He then entered the 
 University of Maryland, where he graduated M. D. in 1873. The next 
 year he spent abroad, chiefly in Wurzburg and Vienna, and in traveling 
 over Europe. On his return in 1874, he was made Demonstrator of Anat- 
 omy, which office he held for six years. He was then advanced to the Pro- 
 fessoriate of Anatomy, and he continued in this until [890, when he sue-
 
 282 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ceeded Professor Miltenberger in the chair of Obstetrics. His death was 
 due to Bright's Disease, from which he had suffered for about two years. 
 
 Dr. Michael was a man of no ordinary proportions, mental or 
 physical. He was of herculean stature and strength, and as a student was 
 distinguished for skill in athletic pursuits. At the time of his graduation at 
 Princeton, when in thorough physical training, he was probably the most 
 superb specimen of physical manhood ever seen there. He was always 
 proud of his great physical vigor, and was reluctant in his last years to accept 
 the evidence of chronic disease undermining his superb physique with the 
 certainty and relentlessness of fate. 
 
 As a medical student he was greatly admired, and easily took the lead 
 among his classmates. As a surgeon he was cool, painstaking and skilful, 
 and took a high rank as an operator. As a teacher he was popular and 
 successful, having a fine delivery and ready command of language. He 
 was a thoughtful observer, and possessed a clear judgment and a large and 
 accurate fund of knowledge. He acquired knowledge with ease, and, while 
 firm in his opinions, was broad, liberal and tolerant. 
 
 He continued actively engaged in his duties to the last, hopeful and 
 courageous, and bearing his burden patientlv and unselfishly, when men of 
 less courage and pride would have sought relief in rest. Fev* except his 
 intimate friends knew of the serious condition of his health. 
 
 Dr. Michael held for several years the Deanship of the Faculty; he 
 had also been editor of the Maryland Medical Journal, President of several 
 of the local societies, of the Princeton Alumni Association, and at the time of 
 his death was President of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 During Professor Michael's illness, Dr. C. W. Mitchell gave the in- 
 struction in his department. Upon the death of the latter, Dr. L. Ernest 
 Wale became Professor of Obstetrics, and Dr. C. W. Mitchell was ap- 
 pointed to a new chair of Materia Medica, created by a division of Profes- 
 sor Atkinson's chair. Professor Chisolm at the same time became Emeritus
 
 PROFESSOR J. EDWIN MICHAEL, A. M.. M. I>
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 285 
 
 Professor of Eye and Ear Diseases, and Dr. Hiram Woods became clinical 
 Professor of this department. 
 
 During the summer of 1896, the new Hospital was begun upon the 
 site of the old Infirmary, the greater portion of which was demolished. The 
 new building was constructed of brick and Tennessee limestone, in the 
 Colonial style, and fronting 175 feet on Lombard street. The cost was 
 about $70,000. It was supplied with the most modern and approved sys- 
 tems of heating, ventilation, etc., and equipped with all the modern re- 
 quirements and conveniences for the care of the sick and for clinical 
 instruction. It has 190 beds. There is a post-mortem building in connec- 
 tion with it, especially constructed with a view to the instruction of students. 
 Immigrants are sent here for treatment, and both city and State maintain 
 many charity beds. The new Hospital was completed in 1897. Notice is 
 made at this time that each graduate had seen fourteen cases of labor. 
 
 Julian John Chisolm was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, 
 where he was born April 16, 1830. He received his medical degree from 
 the Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 1850. He then pur- 
 sued his medical studies in London and Paris. Returning, he became con- 
 nected with the Faculty of his Alma Mater as an instructor in Surgery. He 
 held the chair of Surgery in it from 1858 to 1869. He received the first 
 medical appointment in South Carolina during the Civil War, and treated 
 the first wounded during that conflict at Fort Sumter. He was a Surgeon, 
 holding high rank, in the Confederate Army, 1861-65. In 1868 he moved 
 to Baltimore and took up the specialty of the Eye and Ear. In the same 
 year he became Professor of Military and Operative Surgery in this School, 
 and a year later his chair received the title of Operative Surgery and Clini- 
 cal Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear. In 1873 the former part of 
 his title was dropped, and also the word "Clinical." In 1894 he went 
 abroad, and in September, while there, was attacked with a stroke of apo- 
 plexy and aphasia. He recovered sufficiently to resume work in the follow- 
 ing year, but in 1896 was retired as Professor Emeritus. In 1898 he left
 
 286 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Baltimore and the remaining years of his life were passed in obscurity at 
 Petersburg, Virginia, where he died on November i, 1903. 
 
 In 1 87 1, Dr. Chisolm founded the Baltimore Eye and Ear Institute, 
 with twenty free beds. Later, in 1877, he founded the Presbyterian Char- 
 ity Eye, Ear and Throat Free Hospital, which was dedicated at 77 East 
 Baltimore street, on March 26, 1883. This, which is one of the largest 
 hospitals of the kind in the country, may be looked upon as Dr. Chisolm's 
 chief monument. About 12,000 patients are treated in it annually. 
 
 Dr. Chisolm was of medium figure and height, with regular features, 
 mustache and short beard. He had a quick, intelligent and piercing eye. 
 His movements were very active, and his words and actions betokened 
 energy and resolution. He%as a cool, swift and skilful operator, and thor- 
 oughly equipped for his work. He kept full records of his cases, and was a 
 prolific writer. Up to 1881 he had operated for cataract by extraction 
 nearly one thousand times, and had administered chloroform upwards of 
 ten thousand times without a single serious accident.* Between 1874 and 
 1 S 78 in the Annuls d'Oculistique, there were nineteen references to im- 
 portant papers written by him, a larger number than was credited to any 
 other American oculist.* He ligated the external iliac artery near its 
 origin, and trephined the sacrum successfully. He successfully removed 
 from the bladder by lithotomy a minie ball which had perforated the ab- 
 dominal walls and lodged in the bladder.* Quinan gives a list of fifty-nine 
 of his works up to 1883.! In 1861 he published a "Manual of Military 
 Surgery, for the Use of Surgeons in the Confederate States Army," pp. 529, 
 which went through a second edition in 1862, and a third in 1864, and was 
 the standard of authority in the South during the Civil War, being favor- 
 ably reviewed both at home and abroad. As a teacher he was pre-eminent, 
 being clear, concise, patient, dogmatic, repeating if need be, and illustrating 
 his remarks constantly with chalk, chart, the cadaver and the living sub- 
 
 *B. B. Browne, Trans. Me d. and Chir. Fac. 1881. 
 ■fMedical Annals.
 
 rROFESSOR JULIAN J. CXilSOLM , M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 289 
 
 ject. He was an active participator in the proceedings of the societies, and 
 held the Presidency of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine, the Ophthal- 
 mological Section of the American Medical Association, and of the same 
 section of the International Medical Congress of 1887. 
 
 William Travis Howard, M. D., was born in Cumberland County, 
 Virginia, January 12, 1821, being the son of William A. Howard, an 
 architect. He pursued his collegiate studies at Hampden-Sidney and Ran- 
 dolph-Macon Colleges in Virginia, and then entered upon the study of 
 medicine under Dr. John Peter Mettauer, an eminent surgeon of lower 
 Virginia. He entered Jefferson Medical College in 1842, and graduated 
 therefrom in 1844. In the intervals between the sessions he was a resident 
 student at the Baltimore Almshouse, where he enjoyed the instruction of 
 those fine clinicians, Drs. William Power and Thomas H. Buckler. 
 
 Upon graduation he settled for practice in Warren County, North 
 Carolina. He was then in poor health from the grippe, and has never 
 since been entirely free from cough. During his residence in North Caro- 
 lina he engaged in a discussion with Dr. O. F. Manson, on Malarial Pneu- 
 monia, which brought him into favorable notice with the profession. Upon 
 the close of the Civil War he removed to Baltimore, where he at once took 
 a leading position in the profession. For a year he held the appointment 
 of Adjunct to the chair of Physiology in this University, at the same time 
 giving clinical instruction in auscultation and percussion. A chair of Di- 
 seases of Women and Children was then created for him, to which he was 
 elected January 26, 1867. This was the first distinct chair of its kind in 
 any medical school in America. This position he filled with conscientious 
 devotion and untiring energy, giving the full number of scheduled lectures 
 each session, and teaching with that clearness of language, that strong per- 
 sonality and that array of past experience, which are so familiar to his stu- 
 dents, and have contributed so much to the reputation of the school. He 
 was always particularly rich in practical suggestions, and many of these 
 were entirely original with him. In 1897, after serving as a member of the
 
 2$o I XII ERSI TY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 Faculty for thirty years, he resigned and was immediately made Professor 
 Emeritus. 
 
 Dr. Howard's services to the University have heen great and are well 
 recognized. His influence and activity in its councils have had no small 
 share in its prosperity and high standing. His vacant place has been idled 
 by three of those who were his students in past years, and nothing evinces 
 more than this simple statement the industry and energy with which he dis- 
 charged his professorial duties. He also showed his influence by attracting 
 students from North Carolina. When he left that State there was but one 
 graduate recorded from it, whereas at a commencement shortly before his 
 resignation there were forty-three North Carolinians among the graduates. 
 
 He is the author of various lectures, reports and articles in medical 
 journals and society transactions. We may especially cite his able reports in 
 the Gynecological Section of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
 land, and his papers in the Transactions of the American Gynecological So- 
 ciety. One of his most meritorious efforts was his address as President, de- 
 livered on the one hundred and fourth anniversary of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland, April 28, 1903. This ad- 
 dress, valuable for its historical matter and delightful for its reminiscences 
 of the masters of the profession who taught him, who taught with him and 
 who were his pupils, bore the title: "During the Last Half of the Last Cen- 
 tury, was more done for the Advancement and Growth of Medicine than 
 was done in the Twenty-two Hundred and Fifty Years Which Preceded 
 it?" It was an attempt to disprove a remarkable statement disparaging the 
 physicians of the past, made by an eminent American Gynecologist. 
 
 Dr. Howard has invented many gynecological instruments of a useful 
 and practical character. His bivalve speculum has found much favor with 
 the profession. He was the first in America to use successfully Tarnier's 
 forceps, which occurred in February, 1881. He also simplified the instru- 
 ment, taught its application and rendered it popular in this country. He 
 showed that it facilitates rotation of the head in occipito-posterior presenta-
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM T. HOWARD, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 293 
 
 tions; that it is not necessary to remove it when the head reaches the floor of 
 the pelvis, and that its use is not limited to cases where the head is at the 
 brim. He was one of the two medical founders of the Hospital for the 
 Women of Maryland, a founder of the Baltimore Gynecological Society and 
 its second president, a founder of the American Gynecological Society and its 
 president in 1885, and he was President of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland in 1902. He has held the posts of Consulting Physi- 
 cian and Surgeon to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Consulting Physician to 
 the Hebrew Hospital, honorary member of the North Carolina Medical 
 Society and the Obstetrical and Gynecological Society of Washington, D. C, 
 Honorary President of the Library and Historical Society of the University 
 of Maryland, Corresponding Member of the Gynecological Society of Bos- 
 ton, etc. 
 
 At the age of eighty-six he is still an indefatigable scholar. He retains 
 unusual mental and physical vigor, with a clear vision and a steady hand. 
 His memory is phenomenal in its accuracy, and he holds very definite and 
 decided views on medical subjects. His wide experience of men and events 
 through a long life makes his companionship a delight to all who are privi- 
 leged to be associated with him. Dr. Howard is married, but has no children. 
 
 Professor Howard was succeeded by Professor Thomas A. Ashby. The 
 department of Histology and Pathology was entrusted to Associate Pro- 
 fessor William Royal Stokes. 
 
 In 1898 Professor Mackenzie resigned the chair of Diseases ol the 
 Xose and Throat. 
 
 In 1899 the sessions were lengthened to seven months. During the ten 
 years previous to this, an increasing number of additions to the Faculty of 
 Clinical and Associate Professors, Lecturers, Demonstrators, etc., had ap- 
 peared in the catalogues. The catalogue of tliis year shows nearly two pages 
 of names of instructors — representing every part of medical science and art 
 — didactic and clinical — forty-six names in all of active members of the staff. 
 This did not include the eighteen Dispensary physicians and chiefs of staff,
 
 294 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 nor the large resident staff and clinical assistants of the several hospitals con- 
 nected with the University. There were thirty resident students in the Uni- 
 versity Hospital alone. There was an abundance of obstetric material, over 
 twenty cases being seen during the year by each senior. Instruction for six 
 hours weekly was given to the first and second year students in embryol- 
 ogy and histology, and to the third year students in pathology and 
 bacteriology. The fourth year class in sections received in a thoroughly 
 equipped clinical laboratory at the Hospital instruction in the examination 
 of blood, urine, sputum, feces and stomach contents. These courses were 
 under charge of Professor Hemmeter and Dr. Adler. Dr. Reuling gave a 
 practical course on the Pathology of the Nervous System. "Students hold- 
 ing degrees in Arts or Sciences, may, at the discretion of the Faculty, be given 
 advanced standing." A laboratory fee of $5 is added, and the entire ex- 
 pense of the four-year course is now $490. 
 
 In 1900 Professor I. Edmondson retired, and Professor Mitchell took 
 his chair, in addition to his own of Children. 
 
 Isaac Edmondson Atkinson is a native of Baltimore, and was born 
 January 23, 1846. He received his collegiate training at the School of Arts 
 and Sciences of this University, and his medical training in the School of 
 Medicine, graduating M. D. in 1865. He held the position of Attending 
 Physician in both the Baltimore General and Special Dispensaries. In 1873 
 he was made Vaccine Physician, and during the prevalence of smallpox in 
 1883 he was made Superintendent of that department. His connection with 
 the Faculty of this University began with the Clinical Professorship of Der- 
 matology in 1879; in 1881 this title was changed to the Professorship of 
 Pathology; from 1886 to 1900 he held the chair of Therapeutics. 
 
 Dr. Atkinson has held the Presidency of the Clinical Society, the Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty, and the American Dermatological Association. 
 He has also been a member of the Maryland Lunacy Commission, and a 
 Consulting Physician to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He has written many 
 articles which have appeared in the journals and in the transactions of the
 
 PROFESSOR ISAAC EDMONDSON ATKINSON, M. O.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 297 
 
 societies with which he has been connected. He is the author of a section in 
 Pepper's "System of Medicine." 
 
 Dr. Atkinson has led an active professional life, and has taken a lead- 
 ing part in our Societies. He holds a position in the front rank of the pro- 
 fession, and has a large consultation practice, being highly esteemed for his 
 medical learning, his diagnostic powers, and his excellent judgment. For 
 some years he gave special attention to diseases of the skin and syphilis, but 
 later embraced general medicine. 
 
 We are pained to record the decease of Dr. Atkinson since the above 
 was written. It occurred at his residence on Cathedral street, on November 
 24, 1906, after an illness of ten days, from pneumonia. 
 
 In 1 90 1 Dr. R. Tunstall Taylor became Associate Professor of Or- 
 thopaedic Surgery, and this appointment brought to the students and nurses 
 of this School the advantages of the Hospital for the Relief of Crippled and 
 Deformed Children, with its forty beds and jts thorough equipment. An 
 orthopaedic clinic was also instituted at the University Hospital. The nurses 
 are required to spend six months in Dr. Taylor's Hospital before their gradu- 
 ation. 
 
 Professor Culbreth became the incumbent of his chair of Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacognosy, which he now holds in the three Faculties — 
 in this year. The number of students in attendance in 1901-2 was 366. 
 
 In 1902 the course was still farther lengthened to seven and one-half 
 months. Professor J. Holmes Smith was promoted to the chair of Anat- 
 omy and Clinical Surgery. Professor Tiffany resigned, and Professor Wins- 
 low became Professor of Surgery. Professor Hirsh was advanced to a full 
 Professorship of Pathology and Bacteriology. A course in Obstetric Path- 
 ology was instituted for third-year students under Associate Professor L. M. 
 Allen. 
 
 Louis McLane Tiffany was born at Baltimore October 10, 1844. He 
 was educated at the University of Cambridge, England, taking the bacca- 
 hureate degree in 1866. Some years later the degree of Master of Arts
 
 298 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 was given him by the same institution. He entered the University of Mary- 
 land School of Medicine in the fall of 1866, and graduated therefrom in 
 the spring of 1868. He was during this period an office student of Professor 
 Nathan R. Smith. 
 
 After obtaining his professional degree, he was made Resident Physi- 
 cian at Bayview Asylum (the Baltimore Almshouse). Later he was for 
 several years Visiting Physician to the same institution. Professor William 
 T. Councilman speaks of the stimulating and admirable demonstrations in 
 pathological anatomy given by Dr. Tiffany at this time, adding that they 
 were models of clearness and simplicity. In 1869 he became Demonstrator 
 of Anatomy in the University; in 1874, Professor of Operative Surgery, in 
 succession to Professor Alan P. Smith; and in 1880, on the withdrawal of 
 Dr. Johnston, he was made Professor of Surgery. His active career prac- 
 ticaly closed with his resignation of this position in 1902. During the period 
 of his Demonstratorship, he held the chair of Anatomy in the Maryland 
 Dental College, an institution which was merged with the Baltimore College 
 of Dental Surgery after a brief career, about 1 874. 
 
 Dr. Tiffany has held a number of offices — local and national. He was 
 President of the Baltimore Medical Association, of the Clinical Society, of 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland ( 1892-93), of the Ameri- 
 can Surgical Association, and of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological 
 Association. He was Consulting Surgeon of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 
 from its opening in 1889, and for many years he was Surgeon-in-Chief to 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Dr. Tiffany's reputation was achieved especially in connection with 
 renal surgery, and in operations on the Gasserian ganglion, and on the upper 
 pharynx. The following resume shows some of his work: In 1877 he re- 
 ported cases of colotomy and syphilis of the lung. In the same year he de- 
 vised a rectotome for division of strictures at a distance from the anus. In 
 1878 he first successfully removed a large naso-pharynycal polypus by tem- 
 porary depression of both upper jaws, preceded by tracheotomy (which B.
 
 Professor Louis McLane Tiffany, A. M., M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 301 
 
 B. Browne pronounces "the most difficult and heroic operation recorded in 
 the annals of surgery"). In [879 he reported cases of litholapaxy. In iSS<> 
 he reported excision of a tumor of the sciatic nerve, with five ami three-quar- 
 ter inches of the nerve; also cases of removal of malignant tumors 
 of the upper jaw without scar — in one the entire maxilla being removed; the 
 operation was preceded hy laryngo-tracheotomy. In 1883, he successfully 
 ligated the common femoral artery for aneurism. In 1885, he performed 
 the first nephro-lithotomy in the United States; the operation was successful, 
 a phosphate of lime calculus being removed — said to be the largest calculus 
 on record. In 1SS6, he performed oesophagotoniy for impacted artificial 
 denture. In 1889, he was the first to divide the capsule of the kidney for 
 the relief of nephralgia — the first step in the Edehohl operation of decapsu- 
 lation. In 1892, he performed successfully his first Gasserian ganglion 
 operation, for facial neuralgia. In 1893, he successfully removed the spleen 
 for malarial hypertrophy. 
 
 Dr. Tiffany is a man of fine physique — a noted athlete in his college 
 days. He particularly carried off the honors in running, and has a beauti- 
 ful silver bowl which he won in contests at Cambridge. He has always taken 
 a marked interest in professional matters. His sense of humor is strongly 
 marked. As a surgeon he is studious, industrious, patient, conservative, but 
 at the same time bold, original, self-confident. He possesses in large degree 
 that self-confidence which comes from meeting and overcoming difficulties. 
 Since 1902 he has given himself up to a well-earned otium cum dignitate, 
 permitted him by a bountiful estate. His summers are spent mostly upon his 
 country place on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. 
 
 Professor Miles resigned early in 1903, and died some months later. 
 His chair was given to Professor Hemmeter. A chair of History of Medi- 
 cine was founded — the first Professorship of this much-neglected department 
 in America up to that time. Dr. Cordell was appointed to fill it, and gives 
 a weekly lecture for six months of the course. The Medical Library, which
 
 302 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 had been relegated to dust and neglect, was revived in July. It at once was 
 made a member of the American Association of Medical Libraries, a code of 
 rules was drawn up for its government, and books, pictures and journals were 
 collected. As a consequence of this revival, the Librarian has just been able 
 to make to the Faculty (June, 1906) a report, showing that it now contains 
 6,280 volumes and 4,200 pamphlets, that it receives regularly forty-six jour- 
 nals, that it has an excellent card catalogue of both authors and subjects, and 
 that it has a large membership and patronage. 
 
 The fees were advanced to $125 for each course, making the entire ex- 
 pense for the four years $570. Three hundred and ninety-three students had 
 attended the previous session. 
 
 Francis Turquand Miles was born on a plantation near Charleston, 
 South Carolina, on the 1 ith of February, 1827. He received his academic 
 training and the degree of Bachelor of Arts at the Charleston College. His 
 professional training and medical degree were obtained at the Medical Col- 
 lege of the State of South Carolina, in the same city. Shortly after his gra- 
 duation in 1849, ne went abroad and studied in Paris under Charcot and 
 Hirschfeld. Returning to Charleston, he became connected with the teach- 
 ing faculty of his Alma Mater, filling successively the role of Prosector, As- 
 sistant Demonstrator, Demonstrator, Assistant Professor, and, in i860, full 
 Professor of Physiological Anatomy, as successor of Professor Holbrook. 
 On the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered the service of the Confederate 
 States as an infantry private. He soon rose to be lieutenant and later cap- 
 tain. For a time he had charge of Fort Sumter during the attack upon it by 
 the Federal fleet, and he was very proud of this experience. At the battle of 
 Chancellorsville, South Carolina, in 1862, he was shot through the thigh, and 
 in the following year he was wounded at Fort Sumter. This latter wound 
 led to his retirement from active service. During the last year of the war, he 
 held rank as full Surgeon in the Medical Department. The war closing, he 
 resumed his chair in the College. In 1868 he removed to Baltimore, and was 
 immediately appointed Professor of Anatomy in Washington University
 
 PROFESSOR FRANCIS T. Mil. MS, M. I).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 305 
 
 School of Medicine. In 1869 he was called to the University of Maryland 
 to fill the chair of Anatomy and Clinical Diseases of the Nervous System. 
 In 1880 he was transferred to the chair of Physiology. Dr Miles' health 
 began to fail during the session of 1902-03. He attempted to continue his 
 lectures, sitting during their delivery. But early in 1903 he had to give up 
 entirely, and his resignation quickly followed — for he was not a man to hold 
 a position which he could not fill. After several months of confinement to 
 bed and of suffering, he expired, July 30, 1903. 
 
 Dr. Miles never cared for office, and he was not the man to seek it. 
 Nevertheless, he twice filled the role of Vice-President of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty, he was made an honorary member of the American As- 
 sociation of Physicians, and for two terms (1880-82) he was President of 
 the American Neurological Association. In 1889 he was made a consulting 
 physician of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 
 
 From an early period of his professional career he devoted himself to 
 the study of diseases of the nervous system, and in doing so he sought the 
 aid of the highest authorities in London and Paris. Early in his Baltimore 
 career he went a second time to Europe, confining himself to England. He 
 was a great admirer of Gowers and Hughlings Jackson, and became very in- 
 timate with them. On his appointment as Clinical Professor of Nervous 
 Diseases in the University he secured opportunities for observation and study 
 which he had not previously enjoyed, and he entered upon his work with en- 
 thusiasm. He frequently contributed papers and reported cases — sometimes 
 with exhibition of patients — at the local societies. He was the first to teach 
 the specialty here, and to bring before the profession the modern views and 
 researches regarding it. In March, 1871, he delivered a course of lectures 
 upon it to physicians, which continued for several weeks. In 1 874 he brought 
 before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty the investigations upon cerebral 
 localization, and his address attracted great attention. 
 
 Professor Miles was one of the most prominent figures in University 
 circles. Endowed with a handsome face and figure, with the ease and grace
 
 3 o6 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 of manners and dignity which distinguish the true Southern gentleman, 
 he would have been a marked figure anywhere. He had a good voice and 
 ready command or language, never using notes. He was devoid of all vanity, 
 pretense and prejudice, a hater of shams, and modest as to his own achieve- 
 ments. He was an enthusiastic student, being master of French and German, 
 a close reader and deep thinker, and presented his thoughts with so much 
 eloquence, force and clearness as to captivate all who heard him. 
 
 He left one son, who, although a graduate of this School, has aban- 
 doned medicine for literature. After obtaining the degree of Doctor of 
 Philosophy at the Johns Hopkins University, in 1905, he became a member 
 of the Faculty of Princeton University. Dr. Miles' third and last trip to 
 Europe was to Germany, where his son was then studying the language and 
 literature of that country. 
 
 The writer has made a list of twenty-four of Dr. Miles' contributions 
 to medical literature, which can be found in the "Students' Yearbook" 
 ("Bones, Molars and Briefs") for 1903. He contributed articles upon 
 neurological subjects to Pepper's "System <>l Practice," 1886; to Keating's 
 "Encyclopaedia of Diseases of Children," 1890; to Starr's "American Text- 
 Book of Diseases of Children," 1898; and to Loomis & Thompson's "Sys- 
 tem of Practice," 1898. 
 
 In 1904 arrangements were made for a union with the Maryland Col- 
 lege of Pharmacy, as already described in the first part. Accommodations 
 were provided for this department, as also for the growing laboratories, in 
 the new Dental Building, erected in 1903-04, on Greene street. Here, on 
 the third floor, were located the laboratories of Pathology and Bacteriology 
 and of Physiological Chemistry. 
 
 In [905 the session was lengthened to eight months. 
 
 In accordance with the requirements of the Association of American 
 Medical Colleges, the preliminary requirements were at this session still 
 further advanced. Each matriculant must now present a Bachelor's degree, 
 a high school diploma, a certificate from a reputable instructor, or, in lieu of
 
 PROFESSOR SAMUEL CLAGGETT CHEW, A. M., M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 309 
 
 these, pass an examination. This examination can no longer, as formerly, 
 be held by the Faculty or by the Dean, but must be conducted by an outside 
 party. The present Examiner for this School is Dr. Edward Deichmann, 
 the well-known principal of the Gymnasium School, on North Howard street. 
 
 Samuel Claggett Chew, M. D., member of the Board of Regents of the 
 University of Maryland, and for more than forty years a member of the 
 Faculty of Physic of that institution and for five years Dean of the Faculty, 
 is one of the oldest medical practitioners of the city and one of the eminent 
 men of his profession in the State of Maryland. 1 lis father before him was 
 a physician of distinguished prominence and a conspicuous figure in the life 
 of this University for many years. 
 
 It may be said that Dr. Chew is a physician and medical educator 
 by native endowment as well as by personal acquisition, and that in many 
 respects his course in professional life has been laid parallel with that of 
 his father, although the radical changes in the character of practice 
 and methods of instruction in schools of medicine during the last two- 
 score years have laid more severe exactions on the modern successful 
 practitioner and incumbent of a professor's chair than were required when 
 the elder Professor Chew was one of the guiding spirits of the University 
 of Maryland. 
 
 Dr. Chew was born in Baltimore July 26, 1837, and was educated in 
 Princeton College, graduating A. B., 1856; A. M. in course, 1859. He took 
 up the study of medicine under the direction of his father, and also followed 
 the course of the School of Medicine of the University of Maryland, gradu- 
 ating with the degree of M. D. in 1858. Since that time he has practiced 
 in Baltimore except during the year 1864, which was spent abroad. An 
 able physician and man of high character, he always has controlled a large 
 private practice, and his personal qualities and attainments are such that his 
 rise in the ranks of the profession is only a natural result; and to-day he 
 occupies a position of prominence in medical, circles. He was one of the 
 collaborators of Pepper's "System of Medicine," and his articles and
 
 310 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 addresses on various occasions have been published in medical journals and 
 read before assemblages of professional men. 
 
 In 1 873-1 874 and again in 1 877-1878 Dr. Chew was Vice President of 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and in 1 879-1 880 and 
 in 1898-1899 was President of that body. He is Consulting Physician to 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital, President of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody 
 Institute, member of the Board of Regents of the University of Maryland 
 and an honorary member of the Association of American Physicians. 
 
 In the material and educational life of the University of Maryland Dr. 
 Chew has been a prominent factor for many years, and besides the duties of 
 the Professorship he has filled so long and so well, he is one of the directing 
 influences of the University and its policy. His connection with the Faculty 
 of Physic began in 1 864 as incumbent of the chair of Materia Medica, which 
 he filled until 1886, and then was elected to the chair of Practice of Medi- 
 cine, his present position. From 1874 to 1879 he was Dean and executive 
 officer of the Medical Faculty. His interest in the duties of his Professor- 
 ship never has abated one whit with the lapse of years, nor his lovalty to the 
 I niversity in its several departments and auxiliary institutions. He is still 
 a member of the Medical Alumni Association, and twice has been President 
 of that great body of graduates, first in 1 877-1878, and again in 1893-1894. 
 
 Robert Dorsey Coale, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology 
 and Dean of the Faculty of Physic, was born in the city of Baltimore, Mars- 
 land, September 13, 1857, son of George Buchanan Coale and Caroline 
 Dorsey Coale. 
 
 George Buchanan Coale was a son of Edward Johnston Coale, a pub- 
 lisher of Baltimore and Washington, who was a son of Dr. Samuel Stringer 
 Coale, a prominent figure in early medical circles in Baltimore. Caroline 
 Dorsey was a daughter of Dr. Robert Edward Dorsey, a physician of repute, 
 a graduate of the University of Maryland in 18 19, and later Professor of 
 Materia Medica in the Trustees' Faculty. 
 
 Colonel R. Dorsey Coale — he is frequently so addressed because of his 
 military rank — acquired his elementary education in Baltimore schools, after
 
 PROFESSOR ROBERT l)()RSli\' COALE, I'll. I).
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 313 
 
 which he entered the Pennsylvania Military Academy at Chester, Penn- 
 sylvania, where he was graduated, C. E., in 1875. In July, 1876, he applied 
 for a studentship at Johns Hopkins University, and in that connection enjoys 
 the pleasant distinction of having been the first matriculant at that famous 
 institution, his "ticket" being "No. 1." At the University he took a special 
 course in chemistry, was appointed Fellow in Chemistry for the academic 
 year 1880-1881, and was graduated Ph. D. in June of the latter year. For 
 the sessions of 1 881-1882 and 1 882-1 883 he was assistant to the Chair of 
 Chemistry, but on August iuth of the vear last mentioned he was appointed 
 to a lectureship on Chemistry and Toxicology in the Medical Department 
 of the University of Maryland, and on March 6, 1884, was elected to the 
 Faculty in that chair. Since that time Dr. Coale has been a conspicuous 
 figure in the University life, especially in the Department of Medicine and 
 also as member of the Board of Regents. On the death of Dr. Michael, 
 December 8, 1895, he was elected his successor as Dean of the Faculty of 
 Physic, and served until June, 1897. He was re-elected to the same office 
 May 29, 1900, and still serves in that capacity. 
 
 Dr. Coale has for twenty years been an officer of the National Guard of 
 Maryland, and at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War was lieutenant- 
 colonel of his regiment, and when the command was mustered into the 
 United States service as the Fifth Maryland Volunteer Infantry, he was 
 commissioned its colonel. The regiment was intended for active service in 
 Cuba, but owing to lack of transportation facilities it was held in camp in 
 the South until the close of the war. On the return to Baltimore, Colonel 
 Coale resumed his former commission of lieutenant-colonel. Under Gover- 
 nor Lowndes he was for four years Liquor License Commissioner of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. Coale married, November 15, 1892, Minna Howison, daughter 
 of Captain John W. Howison, U. S. R. C. S. 
 
 Randolph Winslow, Professor of Surgery in the School of Medicine 
 of the University of Maryland, member of the Board of Regents of the Uni-
 
 314 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 versitv and former Vice President of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, was born at Hertford, North Carolina, October 23, 1852. He 
 has been a well-known figure in medical circles in Maryland for thirty years, 
 and during the course of his professional career has been a part of the teach- 
 ing force of three institutions of medical learning in the city of Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. Winslow had the advantage of being reared in an atmosphere of 
 medicine. He is a son of the late Dr. Caleb Winslow, a graduate of Haver- 
 ford College, Pennsylvania, and the Medical Department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and a surgeon ol rare ability and skill. Dr. 
 C. Winslow performed the operation ol lithotomy ninety-nine times with but 
 one death, and is credited with having successfully trephined the skull in a case 
 of epilepsy. He was a member of the first Board of Medical Examiners of 
 North Carolina, organized in 18^9, and six years later removed to Balti- 
 more, where he died June 13, 1895. Dr. John R. Winslow, a brother of 
 Dr. Caleb Winslow, was a prominent physician of Baltimore, and held the 
 chair of Materia Medica in the Maryland College of Pharmacy from 1863 
 to the time of his death in 1866. Dr. John Randolph Winslow, also a son 
 of Dr. Caleb Winslow, now Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Throat 
 and Nose in the University of Maryland School of Medicine, a laryngolo- 
 gist and rhinologist of recognized ability, was born in Baltimore in 1 866. 
 graduated A. B. from the Johns Hopkins University in 1886 and M. 1). 
 from the University of Maryland in 1888. He was Assistant Demonstrator 
 of Anatomy at the Woman's Medical College, 1 888-1 889; Lecturer on 
 Chemistry, 1 888-1 890; Professor of Physiology, 1 890-1 893; Professor of 
 Physiology and Clinical Professor of Nose and Throat, 1893- 1894; Clinical 
 Professor of Diseases of the Throat and Nose, 1 894-1 896. He became a 
 member of the Faculty of Physic at the University of Maryland in 1903. 
 He is also an attending Surgeon of the Presbyterian Eve, Ear and Throat 
 Hospital. And to complete the record it may be mentioned that the profes- 
 sion is represented in the third generation, in Dr. Randolph Winslow's two 
 sons, both graduates of this University — Dr. Nathan Winslow, Instructor in
 
 PROFESSOR RANDOLPH WINSLOW, A. M.. M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 317 
 
 Surgery and Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Dr. Fit/. Randolph 
 Winslow, an Assistant Resident Physician in the University Hospital. 
 
 Dr. Randolph Winslow began his education at the Academy of his 
 native town during the troublous times of the Civil War. In October, 1 865, 
 he was placed at school, in Baltimore, to which city his family moved the 
 following year. He acquired his higher literary education at Haverford 
 College, which he entered in 1867, graduating A. B. in 1871, and A. M., in 
 course, 1874. He was educated for the medical profession in the School of 
 Medicine of the University of Maryland, graduating with the degree of 
 M. D. in 1873, in a class which numbered among its members Professors 
 Michael, Ashbv and others who have attained eminence in the profession. 
 Since then he has been engaged in practice in Baltimore, giving special atten- 
 tion to surgical cases. He began pedagogical work in this University in 
 1874 as Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, in 1877 was Uecturer in 
 the Spring course, from 1880 to 1886 was Demonstrator of Anatomy 
 and from 1880 to 1891 was Lecturer on Clinical Surgery. In 1882 
 he was elected Professor of Surgery in the Woman's Medical College, 
 Baltimore, continuing in that chair until 1 893, and as Dean of the Faculty 
 from 1890 to 1892. In 1891 he was elected to the chair of Anatomy and 
 Clinical Surgery in the University, which he held until 1902, when he took 
 his present chair of Surgery. He is also Surgeon-in-Chief to the University 
 Hospital and Consulting Surgeon to the Hebrew Hospital. 
 
 In 1884, in connection with other professorial duties and his private 
 practice, Dr. Winslow became a member of the Faculty of the Baltimore 
 Polyclinic, incumbent of the chair of Operative Surgery and Topographic 
 Anatomy. He became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland in 1876, and was its Vice-President in 1 896-1 897. In addition 
 to his other work, it may be mentioned that he pursued special studies at the 
 University of Pennsylvania the year of his graduation, and attended Bill- 
 roth's Clinic, in Vienna, in 1883. He has just returned from a visit to 
 Europe, in which he inspected the great hospitals of Germany, Austria and
 
 3 i8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Great Britain, and witnessed the operations of some of the world's greatest 
 surgeons. 
 
 Professor Winslow has heen a prolific contributor to periodical medical 
 literature. He was the first in Maryland to resect the pylorus for carcinoma 
 and to shorten the round ligaments (1884), and he performed the first 
 vaginal hysterectomy in the State in 1888. He was the first Maryland 
 surgeon to operate successfully for gunshot wounds of the intestines ( 1893) , 
 and he has since that had a large and highly successful experience in this 
 field. As a surgeon he is bold but conservative, never jeopardizing his 
 patients for the sake of effect. He has taken an active part in the work of 
 the local medical societies, of the American Medical Association and of the 
 Association of American Medical Colleges, and never fails to be present at 
 the meetings of the National Association. During the year 1905-06 he was 
 chairman of the section on Clinical Medicine and Surgery of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. He takes great pride in being a 
 North Carolinian by birth, and was President of the North Carolina Society 
 of Maryland in 1905-06. During his college days he was prominent in 
 athletics and field sports, and has maintained a warm interest in such diver- 
 sions ever since, being at one time one of Baltimore's crack cricket players. 
 His literary taste and power of application were well exhibited when he 
 selected Greek as the subject of examination for the A. M. degree at Haver- 
 ford. He possesses a sound judgment and many of the qualities which make 
 men the leaders of their fellows. His skill, his earnestness and his manifest 
 desire to help students in mastering the intricacies of their profession, have 
 endeared him to those who have followed his instructions, and have secured 
 for him their highest respect. He has always shown the warmest interest in 
 the growth and development of the University, contributing freely his means 
 and influence for the promotion of every effort made in its behalf. 
 
 Leonard Ernest Neale, M. D., was born at Port Tobacco, Charles 
 county, Maryland, December 19, 1858. He is descended from Captain James 
 Neale, of Wolleston Manor, St. Mary's county, Maryland, who arrived in
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 319 
 
 Maryland prior to 1642, and was a member of Lord Baltimore's Privy 
 Council. Dr. Neale's father was the late Dr. Bennett Neale, of Port To- 
 bacco, Charles county, Maryland, 181 5-1878. His mother is the only sister 
 of the late Professor George \V. Miltenberger. 
 
 At the age of twelve Dr. Neale began his residence in Baltimore, and 
 the following five years were spent as a student of Loyola College, where he 
 took the highest honors in Latin poetry, mathematics and English composi- 
 tion. The next two years were devoted to special study at the Johns Hopkins 
 University in biology, physiology and chemistry. He then entered upon 
 the study of medicine in the University of Maryland, where he was a volun- 
 tary matriculate for four years. During two of these years he was a resident 
 student in the Baltimore Infirmary. He graduated M. D. in 188 1, sharing 
 the gold medal and Miltenberger prize with Dr. Charles W. Mitchell. 
 Immediately after graduation he spent several months in clinical study in 
 hospitals of New York and Philadelphia. In the summer of 1881, he went 
 abroad, and there continued his studies for two years, especially in gyne- 
 cology and obstetrics, under such masters as Schroeder, Gusserow, Winckel, 
 Braun, Spaeth, Tarnier, Charpentier, Pinard and McCann. 
 
 Upon his return to Baltimore, he was appointed in the fall of 1883 
 Demonstrator of Obstetrics and Chief of the Obstetric Clinic under Pro- 
 fessor Miltenberger. He at once began to organize the clinic and to sys- 
 tematize methods. The results are shown in the present clinic, which is second 
 to none in the South and to few in the country, numbering nearly 1,000 
 deliveries per annum. 
 
 ( >wing, however, to the want of proper accommodations for cases of 
 this character, Professor Miltenberger, at the constant suggestion and solici- 
 tation of Dr. Neale, soon began to agitate the subject ot a Lying-in Hospital, 
 to be connected with the Medical Department ot the University, and suc- 
 ceeded in enlisting the interest not only of the Faculty, but also of some 
 prominent citizens ot Baltimore, chiefly among his own private patients, in 
 this new and important Held of usefulness of the University. The present
 
 3 2o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 "Lying-in Hospital of the University of Maryland," owned by the Faculty 
 of Phvsic, and at lirst governed by a Board of Lady Managers, was opened 
 in 1887, and for a period of three years succeeding, Dr. Neale was Chief, 
 and in personal charge of the entire in and out-door clinic, receiving abso- 
 lutely no remuneration. In 1883 he also began in the School the "practical 
 method" of teaching operative obstetrics, using the human foetus and the 
 most approved apparatus of the time, purchased by him in Europe. This 
 method of practical teaching had hitherto never been in use in the Univer- 
 sity, and was probably the lirst of its kind in Baltimore. Dr. Neale combined 
 with the operative work on the mannikin, which was given to groups of stu- 
 dents or "ward classes," the recitative or quiz method of instruction, instead 
 of the customary didactic lecture. These private courses, although, at an 
 extra expense to the students and entirely optional, soon became very popular 
 among them and were largely attended. 
 
 During this time Dr. Neale was an active member of several medical 
 societies, contributing a number of articles upon practical subjects in obstet- 
 rics and gnyecology. He also published, chiefly for the use of the students, 
 a translation from the French, of Pinard's work on Abdominal Palpation, 
 the first complete treatise on this eminently practical subject in the English 
 language. 
 
 On the resignation of Professor Miltenberger, in 1891, Dr. Neale also 
 voluntarily withdrew. In 1892 he was appointed Lecturer on Obstetrics in 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, and in the following 
 year he was made Professor of the same branch. In 1896 the death of 
 Professor J. Edwin Michael, of the University of Maryland, left a vacancy 
 in the chair of Obstetrics in that institution. The position was offered to 
 Dr. Neale, who accepted it. Since that he has devoted himself to building 
 up his department in the University, which, notwithstanding the most inade- 
 quate equipment and accommodations has grown to a degree surpassed by 
 none south of New York, and is to-day regarded by the medical students
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 321 
 
 as offering the best practical training of any department in the School of 
 Medicine of the University. 
 
 Dr. Xeale has held the Presidency of the Baltimore Gynecological and 
 Obstetrical Society, and is now Chairman of the Section on the same branches 
 of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Maryland, lie is married and 
 has one child — a son. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Charles Wellman Mitchell was born in Baltimore, February 4, 1859. 
 He took his Bachelor of Arts degree at Princeton College in 1879, and later 
 received the Alaster's degree from the same institution. He was a pupil of 
 Dr. J. Edwin Michael, and graduated M. D. and examination medalist from 
 the University of Maryland, 1881. He was Resident Physician University 
 Hospital, 1885-88; Uecturer on Pathology, University of Maryland, 
 1888-93; Professor of Diseases of Children, Woman's Medical College, 
 Baltimore, 1893-94; President of Medical Society, University of Maryland, 
 1894-95; Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Maryland, 1893- ; 
 Professor of Materia Medica, University of Maryland, 1896-97; 
 Professor of the Diseases of Children, University of Maryland, 1897- ; 
 Dean University of Maryland, 1 897-1900; Visiting Physician, Union 
 Protestant Infirmary. He resides at 211 West Madison street, Baltimore. 
 
 Thomas A. Ashby, physician and surgeon, medical educator, founder 
 of institutions of medical instruction and journals for the dissemination of 
 medical literature, ex-president of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, Professor of Diseases of Women in the University of Maryland 
 School of Medicine, and one of the most eminent professional men of the 
 present day on whom the degree of this University has been conferred, was 
 born near Front Royal, Warren county, Virginia, on November 18, 1848. 
 The Virginia Ashbys claim descent from Richard de Ashby, who was Uord of 
 the Manors of South Croxton and Quenby, in Leicestershire, England, in the 
 year 1296. The English family has contributed many men who have achieved 
 distinction in literature, war and in statesmanship. The town of Ashby de la 
 Zouche, and the Castle of Ashby, in which Mary Queen of Scots was impris-
 
 3 22 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 oned, are associated with the English family of Ashby and are located in 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 The ancestors of Dr. Ashby were cavaliers who fled to Virginia during 
 the reign of Cromwell, where many of the best known families of English 
 blood found protection. He is the fifth in line of descent from Colonel John 
 Ashby, who was a friend and companion of General George Washington in 
 the French and Indian wars prior to 1764. He commanded a company in 
 the Braddock campaign, and was selected by Washington to convey the 
 intelligence of the defeat to the Governor of Virginia, at Williamsburg. As 
 
 an officer in the Colonial service of Virginia he was noted for courage and 
 daring as an Indian lighter, and many incidents are told of his remarkable 
 exploits. Through this same- line Dr. Ashby is related to the late General 
 Turner Ashby, so distinguished as a Confederate officer in the War between 
 the States, and whose tragic death on the 6th of June, 1862, cast a sorrow 
 over the Confederate cause in the South. Through his paternal grand- 
 mother's family lie is descended from the Marquis Calmes, a French noble- 
 man, whose family, with other Huguenots, came to Virginia after the 
 revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Through this same line he is a descen- 
 dant of Philip Thomas, who came to Maryland prior to 165 1, and became 
 the progenitor of the distinguished Thomas and other noted families. His 
 great-grandfather, Captain Nathaniel Ashby, held a commission during the 
 Revolution in'the Third Virginia Regiment, commanded by Colonel Thomas 
 Marshall, the father of Chief Justice John Marshall. Subsequent to the war 
 he married Margaret Mauzy, a granddaughter of Colonel Henry Mauzy, 
 a Huguenot, who fled from France in 1685 and came to Virginia. 
 
 Soon after the close of the Civil War, General Robert E. Lee accepted 
 the Presidency of Washington College, at Lexington, Virginia, and the youth 
 of the South immediately flocked to that institution to receive educational 
 instruction under the great soldier and citizen. Dr. Ashby was one of the 
 number. He entered the College (now Washington and Lee University) in 
 February, 1867, and remained there until June, 1870. He took an elective
 
 PROFESSOR THOMAS A. ASHBY, M. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 325 
 
 course, consisting of the classics, modem languages and chemistry, as having 
 a special bearing on his preparation for the medical profession. In the lall 
 of 187 1 he entered the Medical Department of the University <>! Maryland, 
 from which he was graduated in March, 1S73. I le served as interne at the 
 University Hospital from March, [S72, to March, i S 7 3 . 
 
 After graduation, Dr. Ashby located lor practice in Baltimore, ami was 
 soon appointed Prosector to the chair of Anatomy in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University. In March, 1 S 7 ^ , he was elected Resident Physician 
 to University Hospital, where his opportunities for clinical study and obser- 
 vation were of the most valuable character. Posing his father in 1S7S he 
 was compelled to resign this position in July ol that sear and return to 
 Virginia to close up his father's estate. However, in October ol the same 
 year he returned to Baltimore and has since lived n that city. 
 
 In May, 1877, Dr. Ashby was one of the founders of the Maryland 
 Medical Journal, which was issued monthly until May, iNSu, after which 
 it was changed to a bi-weekly. Subsequentl) he became sole editor and owner 
 of the journal, and in May, 1883", converted it into a weekly. I his is the 
 only medical journal in Maryland which up to that time had survived Volume 
 II., No. 3. The Maryland Midical Journal has taken a front rank among 
 the medical publications ol this country, and owes its success to the indomit- 
 able perseverence, energy and determination ol Dr. Ashby. Owing to the 
 increase of his professional work and other interests, V>v. Ashby sold Ins 
 interest in the journal in 1 SSS. I lis experience as an editor extended through 
 some fourteen years, and during thai period his pen handled almost ever) 
 subject ami professional interest worthy ol note. 
 
 In 1.NN2, Dr. Ashby suggested to several medical men the advisability 
 of establishing a Woman's Medical College in Baltimore. This suggestion 
 bore fruit, and in October ol that year an institution lor the medical educa- 
 tion of women was established lor the first time ;n the South. Dr. Ashln 
 delivered the opening address and presented an argument in support ol the 
 new movement which has not been disproved. Ibis college is now one ol
 
 326 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the most creditable schools of its class in the country, keeping pace with every 
 movement looking to higher methods of education in medicine. Dr. Ashby 
 filled the chair of Obstetrics from 1S82 to 1897. 
 
 In 1889 he was called to the chair of Diseases of Women and Children 
 in Baltimore Medical College. Here a wide field of work was opened up 
 to him. The College then was almost in its infancy, and its facilities were 
 not equal to the work of progress ahead of it, but energy, enthusiasm and a 
 progressive spirit came to the front, and within a few years the College 
 Faculty and Trustees erected a College and Hospital plant at an outlay of 
 more than $150,000, which placed it in the front rank among the medical 
 schools of the country. 
 
 For the term of 1 890-1 891 Dr. Ashby was honored with the Presi- 
 dency of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, the sixth in 
 point of organization of the medical societies of this country. He is an 
 ex-President of the Baltimore Medical Association and of the Baltimore 
 Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, member of the American Medical 
 Association and a Fellow of the American Gynecological Society. He is 
 widely known as an editor, teacher and surgeon, and is regarded as a con- 
 servative, conscientious and industrious worker in his profession, and has 
 already achieved many of the results which flow from strict attention to duty 
 and untiring effort. He has devoted much attention to abdominal surgery, 
 and claims to have performed successfully the first laparotomy for ruptured 
 tubal pregnancy in the State of Maryland. As an operative gynecologist 
 he has a large and successful experience. He has been a frequent contributor 
 to current medical literature. Dr. Ashby resigned his chair in the Baltimore 
 Medical College in July, 1897, a "d was elected Professor of Diseases of 
 Women in the University of Maryland, his old Alma Mater. Since 1897 
 he has been prominently identified with the upbuilding of the old University. 
 
 In his tastes Dr. Ashby is social and literary, being an omnivorous 
 reader, an attentive student and a careful obsener. His manner is frank 
 and cordial, and to an eminent degree he possesses the faculty of making and
 
 PROFESS! HI JOHN <-'< >HN HEMMKTICR. PH.D., M. D., LL.D.
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 329 
 
 retaining friends. In his pleasant home on Madison avenue, in Baltimore, 
 he is ever hospitable and courteous to friends or strangers who seek his com- 
 pany. His characteristics are those of an unassuming and cultivated gentle- 
 man and courteous physician and friend. In 1877 Dr. Ashby married Miss 
 Mary Cunningham, of Covington, Kentucky, a lady of most attractive per- 
 sonal and social characteristics. They have five interesting and attractive 
 daughters. 
 
 J. Holmes Smith was born at Bel Air, Harford county, Maryland, 
 March 30, 1857, a great-great-grandson of Abraham Mitchell, one of the 
 founders of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. I le was 
 educated at St. John's College, and graduated M. D. from the Universit) 
 of Pennsylvania, 1880. He settled in Baltimore in 18SS. He became 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy, University of Maryland, 1890; Lecturer on 
 Clinical Surgery, 1891; Visiting Surgeon, Bayview Hospital, 1801-96; 
 Chairman, State Anatomy Board, 1892-96; Associate Professor ol Anat- 
 omy, 1896-1902; Professor of Anatomy, 1902- ; Surgeon University Hos- 
 pital, 1902- . He resides at 2205 St. Paul street, Baltimore. 
 
 John Cohn Hemmeter, Professor of Physiology and Clinical Medicine 
 in this University, was born in Baltimore, April 25, 1863, ol parents who 
 emigrated to this country from Germany in 1848. 
 
 He attended the public schools, graduating at the Baltimore City Col- 
 lege in 1881. Previous to entering the Baltimore City College he had been 
 a pupil at the Kaiserliches Gymnasium at Wiesbaden, Germany, for five 
 years. After graduation at the Baltimore City College he returned to 
 Wiesbaden, taking instruction at the Fresenius Chemical Laboratory. On 
 returning to America the second time, in 1882, he entered the University of 
 Maryland School of Medicine, from which he was graduated M. 1). two 
 years later. From 1885 to 1888, he was Resident Physician in charge of 
 Bay View Hospital, at Baltimore. Since 1897 he has been a member of the 
 Faculty of Physic of this University and Director of the Clinical Laboratory, 
 which was constructed and equipped with a fund acquired through his own
 
 330 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 influence and activity. Since 1903, after the death of Professor Francis T. 
 Miles, he has held the chair of Physiology in both the Medical and Dental 
 Faculties, and he is one of the Consulting Physicians to the University Hos- 
 pital and numerous other hospitals, and a Regent of the University of Mary- 
 land. Almost the entire instrumental equipment of the Physiological 
 Laboratory has been acquired through his efforts. 
 
 His practice is limited to diseases of the stomach and intestines, and his 
 original researches and writings on affections of these organs have given 
 him an international reputation. His articles have appeared in American, 
 English, French and German journals. Among his more important contri- 
 butions is the discovery that certain forms of gastric hyperacidity are due to 
 an increased number of acid cells in the peptic ducts, there being an atrophy 
 of the same cells in sub or anacidity. He originated an instrumental method 
 of investigating the duodenum by intubation in the human patient. He dis- 
 covered a new disease of the stomach characterized by variable secretion, 
 which he designated as "keterochylia," which has been confirmed and the 
 name adopted by German authors. He established the relation between the 
 secretion of the gastric juice and that of the salivary glands by the discovery 
 of a substance in the salivary glands, the intravenous injection of which 
 causes a secretion of gastric juice. Disease or atrophy of the salivary glands 
 (Mickulicz' Disease) he found causes loss of gastric secretion. He is also 
 the author of valuable original researches on the pathogenesis and the early 
 diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. 
 
 He is an associate editor of the "Archiv fur Verdauungs-Krankheiten," 
 published in Berlin, Archiv fur Klin. Med., and Centralblatt fur Stoff- 
 wechselkrankheiten. He is the author of the following works: "The Special 
 Pathology and Treatment of Organic Diseases of the Stomach," 1897; 
 "Diseases of the Stomach," 3rd ed. 1900; "Diseases of the Intestines," two 
 volumes, 1901-2; "Theodore Billroth, Surgical and Musical Philosopher," 
 "History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood," both originally 
 published in the John Hopkins Hospital Bulletin; "The Literary and Poetic
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 331 
 
 Activity of Albrecht von Haller," and some one hundred or more original 
 and experimental contributions published in Europe and America. 
 
 While a student in Europe he studied music under Yahn at Wiesbaden, 
 and he is the author of a number of musical compositions for piano, chorus 
 and orchestra. His experimental researches on the physiological effects of 
 alcohol, "Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity," Vol. IV., of Ergot, Medical News, 1891, and of digitalis, New York 
 Medical Record, September 12, [891, have been quoted in almost all stand- 
 ard text-books on Therapeutics. 
 
 He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Johns 1 lop- 
 kins University in 1890. For several years he worked under Professor H. 
 Newell Martin, a pupil of Huxley and Michael Foster, in the Biological 
 Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University; for three years later worked 
 under William T. Councilman, the present Professor of Pathology at Har- 
 vard University, and thus laid the excellent foundation for that career as a 
 physiologist and as a pathological and clinical investigator, which he has 
 since followed with such credit and success. St. John's College, Annapolis, 
 conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D., in 1905, at which time 
 he delivered the commencement address to the graduates of that institution. 
 
 He is an active or honorary member of many clubs and societies here 
 and abroad and has held the presidency of the American Gastro-Enterologi- 
 cal Association. He is a pleasing and graceful speaker, in English as well as 
 in German and French, a most industrious worker, and takes a warm and 
 active interest in the advancement of this University and of his profession. 
 As chairman of the committees on Centennial of the University of Maryland 
 he represents at this time the head of that most important movement. He 
 has recently returned from a visit to Europe (1906), during which he re- 
 ceived much hospitality and many academic attentions from leading clinicians 
 of Germany, Austria and Holland, delivering clinical addresses in Berlin and 
 elsewhere, and brought along a marble bust of Rudolf Virchow, which he 
 presented to the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland.
 
 332 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 On November 15, 1905, on the twentieth anniversary of his doctorate, 
 one hundred oi Dr. Hemmeter's professional friends and former pupils 
 throughout the country assembled in Baltimore and presented to him an 
 oil portrait of himself, executed by the artist, Mr. Louis Dietrich. The 
 presentation speech was made by Surgeon-General Walter Wyman, of the 
 United States Marine Hospital Service, who, among other things, uttered 
 this tribute to the recipient: "You have demonstrated in your life the great 
 truth, that a man may be a great physician, yet eminent in other walks of 
 lite, meeting the social demands oi his nature, Loving melody, and cultivating 
 to a high degree the love of the beautiful and good as well as the true." 
 
 He is an honorary member of the Koniglich Kaiserlich. Gesellschaft 
 Oesterreicher Aertzte and the Gasellschaft fur Innere Medicin und Kinder- 
 heil-Kunda, both of Vienna, member of the Congress fur Innere Medizin, 
 Germany, and the Tri-Stafe Medical Society of Virginia, North and South 
 Carolina, and a Fellow of the American Association lor the Advancement of 
 Science. In 1902 his publications of various characters from American, 
 German, British and French journals were compiled by Drs, Charles C. 
 Conser and Wilbur F. Skillman, not for general publication, 'however, but 
 only lor medical libraries.
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW.
 
 III. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW
 
 III. SCHOOL OF LAW. 
 
 THE Faculty of Law, consisting of a Professor and six members — 
 all leaders of the Bar — their names have already been given — 
 was annexed to the Faculty of Physic on January 6, 1813. 
 The Board of Regents, composed of the four Faculties, organ- 
 ized on April 22 following. David Hoffman, Esq., was chosen the first 
 Professor of Law. 
 
 There was no immediate attempt to found a School of instruction, but 
 Professor Hoffman constantly cherished the hope of doing so, and his 
 thoughts, his studies and his writings all tended towards that result. In 18 17 
 he published in Baltimore a memorable work entitled: "A Course of Legal 
 Study addressed to Students and the Profession generally," the first of the 
 kind in the United States, and treating the subject in a manner entirely unique. 
 The object of this treatise was not itself to teach, but merely to point out the 
 method of acquiring a knowledge of the great science of Law. In a subject 
 of such vast extent, the necessity of system and economy of time is impera- 
 tive. Beginning with general considerations, the student was here led on by 
 a master hand through all the mazes of the intricate course, directing him 
 what authors to read, and accompanying the directions with notes composed 
 in the broadest philosophical spirit, and abounding in just and discriminating 
 criticism and in precepts calculated to elevate the moral as well as intellectual 
 character. The following extract conveys an idea of the author's object in 
 preparing the treatise : 
 
 "If a man should calculate on living to the age of sixty years, and should 
 appropriate forty of them to the study of books, the most that could be ac- 
 complished in this time would be the careful study of about sixteen hundred 
 octavo volumes of five hundred pages each. What is this number compared 
 with the millions out of which he has to select? How important is it, there-
 
 338 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 fore, that the choice should be judicious, and, that after it is made, the whole 
 should be studied with method? And how much more necessary is it to 
 those who, instead of forty years' devotion to books, appropriate not more 
 than a fourth part of that period? We are aware that such calculations can- 
 not be made with mathematical accuracy, but an approximation is sufficient 
 for our purpose, which is to illustrate the great importance of system and 
 judicious selection, in the attainment of knowledge through the channel of 
 books." 
 
 Mr. Hoffman realized that the course which he recommended — requir- 
 ing, according to his estimate, six or seven years, nearly double that usually 
 allotted, to accomplish — was an ideal one, which for various reasons — lack 
 of means, age, deficient zeal, or industry, etc. — many would find impractic- 
 able, provided by marks the means of shortening it to three or four years, 
 although still insisting that the residue should be completed later on in pro- 
 fessional life. 
 
 This work elicited the highest encomiums from legal authorities 
 throughout the country. It at once gave its author a national reputation, and 
 later led to the highest foreign honors. It elicited from the North American 
 Review, a review of thirty-three pages, in which it was pronounced to be "by 
 far the most perfect system for the study of the law which has ever been 
 offered to the public — a model for the direction of students." Chief Justice 
 Marshall said that it was "calculated to elevate and dignify the profession;" 
 Judge Story pronounced it "an honor to the country;" Hon. Chancellor 
 Kent wrote to the author: "Whoever follows your directions will be an ac- 
 complished and well-read lawyer;" Hon. De Witt Clinton characterized it 
 "as an invaluable guide to legal knowledge;" Associate Justice Duvall added 
 his commendation. 
 
 In April, i 82 i, he embodied this course in a "Syllabus of a Course of 
 Lectures on Law proposed to be delivered in the University of Maryland — 
 Addressed to the Students of Law in the United States." This syllabus pro- 
 vided for three hundred and one lectures, "embracing every title known to
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 339 
 
 the great body of law, viz.; Kthics, commercial, statute, national, Roman, 
 Admiralty, mercantile and constitutional law," and occupying an hour every 
 day for ten months in the year. "Whoever looks on the numerous volumes 
 of Institutes, Abridgments, Digests and Reports, will see the benefit of pos- 
 sessing some summary oi principles, of distinctions and of topics, which, 
 however imperfect in itself, may show him the points which are to be sought 
 over this wide surface, the train of investigation which is to lead him to each 
 and the order in which they are to be pursued." In providing for this want, 
 the author "expects to treat in order all the important topics of the law with 
 a minuteness which will give students a knowledge of them that will leave 
 few difficulties in their private studies." 
 
 As for the inauguration of a Department of Law in the University, he 
 says that it ought to constitute a part of the instruction there. It has from 
 the beginning been taught as an important branch of learning, and was then 
 so taught in most European countries, lectures being delivered and degrees 
 being conferred, as in other departments of knowledge. The reasons which 
 have made it to be considered worthy of a place in the University education 
 of other countries are of yet greater weight in a nation whose fundamental 
 principles of government invite all, without distinction of rank, to the par- 
 ticipation of political power, and to the administration of laws. He pro- 
 posed to treat every branch of law and in detail, and, however laborious and 
 responsible the enterprise might prove, it would be prosecuted with all the 
 industry and zeal the author could command, provided it should meet 
 with encouragement sufficient to compensate him for the sacrifices inevitable 
 to so great an undertaking. He declared that he was prompted to the task 
 by no pecuniary necessity and by no want of extensive practice, his chief mo- 
 tives being a fondness for these subjects and the desire of being useful. To 
 these he looks for support and cheer in the many hours of exhaustion inci- 
 dent to his enterprise. 
 
 He alludes to the condition of the University — the only institution in 
 the country professing to teach through the medium of lectures exclusively.
 
 U n UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 There were already fourteen professorships and two lectureships, eight of 
 which were in operation under circumstances of rare and great promise and 
 several others were in contemplation in the ensuing fall. As a School of 
 Medicine, none in the country offered such numerous facilities for the acquisi- 
 tion of learning. No pains nor expense had been spared in the erection oi 
 buildings and in providing necessary accommodations. The chemical appar- 
 atus was more modern and extensive than any in the country, and was being 
 annually augmented by importations from Paris under the direction of the 
 able Professor of Chemistry, De Butts. There was an extensive museum, the 
 specimens of which, illustrative of morbid anatomy, were among the most 
 valuable of the kind in the world, having been collected with great care and 
 expense. The mineralogical department was respectable and growing. From 
 the extent and perfection of the philosophical apparatus and the learning 
 and zeal of the Professor, much was to be expected from that department. 
 Botany languished from want of a botanical garden, etc., but as the pe- 
 cuniary resources of the University were augmenting, and the Regents in- 
 tended to fill all the chairs and to furnish them with the requisite means of 
 instruction, it was hoped that this subject would receive due attention. He 
 had hoped to have it in his power to say with certainty that his own lectures 
 would commence in the following October, but was prevented from doing so 
 by the extensiveness of the scheme of instruction and the imperfect state and 
 deficient funds of the University. However, through the liberal patronage 
 of the State, the accommodations for students having been greatly increased 
 and improved, and the extensive original plan being likely to be completed 
 during the summer, the medical professorships being filled by men of well- 
 known talent and knowledge, and the prospects of the University from these 
 advantages, its situation and the increase of students during the previous ses- 
 sion being on the whole extremely flattering, there was every encouragement 
 to look forward to a fulfillment of his hopes. 
 
 It is seen from the above what stress Professor Hoffman laid upon in- 
 struction by lectures. He even thought that this method was made compul-
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 34 > 
 
 sory, to the exclusion of all others, hy the charter, and at a meeting of the 
 Pegents, held September 28, 1821*, he called attention to a syllabus of a 
 course of study in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences which he said he was sure 
 had never been contemplated hy the founders of the University. The matter 
 was discussed, but no action was taken upon it by the Board. 
 
 In 1822 he gave notice in the newspapers of his intention to begin lec- 
 tures. It was not until 1823, however, that he was able to realize the fruition 
 of his long-delayed hopes. The sudden death of Judge Dorsey on the 1st 
 of August of that year favored his plans by leaving the field vacant for him 
 and the large and successful law school conducted by the former without a 
 head. At this date the Faculty of Law consisted of Professor Hoffman, Wil- 
 liam H. Winder, Nathaniel Williams, George Winchester, Jonathan Mere- 
 dith and William Frick, with one vacancy. 
 
 We have in print, bearing date October, 1823, Professor Hoffman's 
 "Introductory to a Course of Lectures now Delivering in the University oi 
 Maryland — Published at the request of the Faculty of Law." It contains 
 seventy-six pages. The following year his school assumed the designation oi 
 the "Maryland Law Institute," and was opened "in a spacious and commodi- 
 ous building on South street, near Market street," where "apartments were 
 handsomely fitted up ami arranged in every respect for the accommodation 
 of students," including a large law and general library.! 
 
 Professor Hoffman soon realized the impracticability of the far-reach- 
 ing plan which he bail outlined in his Course of Legal Study in 18 17 and 
 his Syllabus of 1821, anil which was to embrace every branch ol jurispru- 
 dence in any degree appropriate to the United States, or which might be use- 
 ful to the American student of law. I le was attempting to do what had not 
 yet been attempted in this country, it, indeed, in Lngland, and the greatness 
 of bis ideals as well as the deficient pecuniary backing which the University 
 was able to give him, was embarrassing him. We find him, therefore, modi- 
 
 *Minute Book, Board of Regents. 
 
 f. / circular to students at Law in the United States, I'lnl.i., 1S4.;.
 
 342 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 fying his views as he proceeds. In the Introductory of 1823, for example, 
 he speaks of the whole course occupying at least eighteen months and more 
 probably two years in the delivery — students to be admitted at any time ac- 
 cording to advancement. Indeed, at this time the course as laid out in his 
 mind was not complete, and he contemplated adding to it from time to time 
 by founding a Moot Court and Debating Society, and by institution of 
 medals and prizes, oral and written discussions, colloquial examination, etc. 
 He expected his chief patronage from the South and West. 
 
 The following were the fees as published in 1824: Per annum, $100; 
 four months, 950; public lectures to law students, $30, to others, $15 ; moot 
 court (optional), $20; moot court and public lectures, $40. His advertise- 
 ment of October 1, 1824, contemplates a two-year course of ten months each 
 with daily lectures.* 
 
 His second and third Introductories are also extant, the former bear- 
 ing the title: "The Law of Personal Rights and Personal Remedies." In 
 the latter occur the following words: "The sacrifices I have been thus far 
 subjected to must be obvious to all, but I trust my zeal has not abated, tho' 
 I have had from my brethren so little to enliven and encourage me." The 
 advantages and details of a Moot Court were again dwelt upon, but in a 
 N. B. added April, 1826, we are told, "The Moot Court, on the extensive 
 plan delineated in the foregoing lecture, has not gone into operation, and 
 probably will not unless a more ample zeal and encouragement on the part 
 of those to whom it was tendered should be manifested. But a Court of 
 less pretension is in operation, and, when time and circumstances will justify 
 it, that one may probably mature into the one orginally contemplated, tho' 
 it is not very probable, as students of law (as far as we can perceive) have 
 not generally that zeal for availing themselves of facilities in study which 
 seems to mark the students of medicine and theology. Whether the whole 
 of our plans in regard to the Law Institute and Scheme of lectures is to be 
 
 *Fed. Gazette,
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 343 
 
 eventually defeated by the want of suitable encouragement is yet uncer- 
 tain." 
 
 And as late as i 83 i we still find that "the expenses of the establish- 
 ment" are "so very considerable" as to "forbid the hope of accomplishing 
 the delivery of the entire course, until the permanent class shall be much en- 
 larged" beyond its then or previous number.* There were about thirty 
 students attending lectures at this time.t 
 
 The Law Institute continued in successful operation until 1836, receiv- 
 ing during its career students from eleven of the States of the Union and 
 from two foreign countries. About 1833 it was located on Courtland street, 
 convenient to the courts. We do not know of any records giving names 
 and numbers of students, etc., and we have not been able to learn with cer- 
 tainty whether any degrees were given or, if so, to whom. The late Hon. 
 George W. Dobbin and I. Nevitt Steele, of Baltimore, were pupils of Pro- 
 fessor Hoffman, and, according to Lamb's Biographical Dictionary, the 
 former "graduated." The general statement was made by Professor John 
 P. Kennedy, of the chair of History, at the opening of the School of Arts 
 and Sciences, January 3, 1 83 1 , that "the degree of B. L. was conferred 
 after three years' study in the Institute and a successful examination by three 
 gentlemen of legal science appointed for that purpose."! 
 
 Professor Hoffman took an active part in the affairs of the Univer- 
 sity during the government of the Regents. He was opposed to the action 
 of the State in assuming control of the University in 1826, and, like Pro- 
 fessor Potter, of the Faculty of Physic, his relations with the Trustees were 
 far from being friendly. The Legislature, however, seemed to be disposed 
 to be fair and even generous in the disposition of the funds, and in the 
 division of the balance of the $140,000 authorized by the Lottery acts, 
 appropriated $14,200 to the Department of Law, that sum being considered 
 
 ♦Professor John P. Kennedy's Address, [831. 
 
 t. / Complete View of Baltimore, By Charles Varle, Civil Engineer, Bait., 1833, "' ln " 
 
 %Loc. rit.
 
 344 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 a due proportion of the whole amount. Of the $14,200, $5,000 were paid 
 to Professor Hoffman for his law library, and the balance was invested with 
 a view to the subsequent erection of necessary buildings. Meanwhile a 
 building was secured for temporary use at a rental of $400.* 
 
 According to the Minutes of the Trustees, Professor Hoffman paid no 
 attention to the regulations regarding the Library and furniture (which had 
 been included also in the purchase), and on April 16, 1833, proceedings 
 were brought against him for their recovery, but he gave bail and departed 
 for Europe without delivering either. It is said in the Minutes that he 
 ceased to lecture before January 1, 1833; his own statement, already re- 
 corded, was that he continued to lecture until 1836. On the restoration of 
 the property of the University to the Regents, in April, 1839, there is men- 
 tion of "unsatisfied judgment against David Hoffman, Esq., in the Balti- 
 more County Court, held by the Trustees." 
 
 Professor Hoffman gives the following account of the suspension of his 
 Institute in 1836: "Owing to the pressure of an extensive practice, with the 
 duties which the Institution involved, I resolved in 1836 to abandon, not 
 only the practice of my ever and long-cherished profession, but also the Law 
 Institute, and for health and ease sought the more genial climates of 
 Europe." 
 
 He did not take any further active part in the affairs of the University, 
 and he resigned his position in the Board of Regents on October 9, 1843,! 
 having determined to open a law school in Philadelphia. As — according 
 to his own statement — he received his appointment as Professor of Law in 
 1 816, his connection with the University is thus seen to have extended over 
 a period of twenty-seven years. 
 
 David Hoffman was born in Baltimore on December 25, 1784. He 
 was surrounded by influences of literary culture from his birth, and at a very 
 
 -MS. Records 0/ University. Joint Mem'l of Trustees of Univ. and Baltimore College 
 to the Legislature, 1830. 
 jRegents' Min. Bk.
 
 PROFESSOK DAVID HOFFMAN, LL.D. 
 (From a cameo portrait in the possession of his granddaughter, Miss Kerr, of 
 
 Bryn Mawr, Penn.)
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 347 
 
 early age began the study of law. He quickly took rank as a scholarly law- 
 yer — one devoted to his profession and to the elevation of its practice. In 
 1 8 1 6 he began practice in Baltimore* and the same year was appointed 
 Professor of Law in the Law Faculty of this University. He actively dis- 
 charged the duties of that position from i 823 to 1836. In the latter year he 
 abandoned teaching and spent two years in E'urope. On his return he 
 became a Presidential Elector for Maryland in the Harrison campaign. 
 
 In 1843 he removed to Philadelphia, with the design of reviving there 
 his Law Institute. In a circular addressed to students of law in the United 
 States, and dated Philadelphia, December, 1843, he says: "rinding at this 
 time my health perfectly restored, and with it no abatement whatever of 
 my zeal and devotion to that great science which in this country of all others 
 needs to be methodically and carefully studied, and seeking, moreover, in- 
 dustrious and continual occupation so essential to happiness in a land that 
 knows of no idlers, I resolved to re-establish the Law Institution, and have 
 selected Philadelphia as the place of its location." He adds that his school 
 is located in a spacious and beautiful building, No. 117 South Fifth street, 
 with accommodations for about sixty students. The result of this project is 
 not known. He also devoted himself to the practice of his profession in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 In 1847 he went to England to complete his history of the world. He 
 returned to America in 1853, and applied himself to straightening out his 
 private affairs, and never was able to resume his literary work. 
 
 Professor Hoffman was an inspiring, accurate, laborious, learned 
 and lucid teacher. His achievements as a scholarly and brilliant writer 
 secured for him the degree of LL. D. from the Universities of Maryland and 
 Oxford, and that of J. U. D.t from the University of Gottingen, and also 
 membership in many learned societies at home and abroad. He died from 
 
 *His own statement. 
 jjuris Utriusque Doctor.
 
 348 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND' 
 
 a stroke of apoplexy while on a visit to New York City, November II, 
 
 1854. 
 
 Professor Hoffman's first work was his "Course of Legal Study," Bal- 
 timore, 1 8 17; second edition in two volumes, 1836. His "Syllabus of a 
 Course of Lectures on Law" appeared in 1821, followed by his introduc- 
 tory lectures of 1823, 1824 and 1825, and his "Address; to Students of 
 Law," 1824. His other works were: "Legal Outlines," volume i, Balti- 
 more, 1829; "Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners and Things," 
 Baltimore, 1837; "A Peep Into My Note Book," Baltimore, 1839; "Sylla- 
 bus of a Course of Lectures upon History," Baltimore, 1841 ; "Viator, or A 
 Peep Into My Note Book," Baltimore, 1841 ; "Circular to Students at Law 
 in the United States," Philadelphia, 1843; "Legal Hints," 1846; 
 "Chronicles Selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus, the Wandering 
 Jew, Embracing a Period of Nearly XIX. Centuries," London, 1853-54, 
 three volumes. The last was intended to give in a novel manner a history of 
 the world in six volumes from A. D., 27 to A. D., 1840. It well illustrates 
 the deep literary research and curious tastes of its author. Only three vol- 
 umes of it were published, and these formed the basis of a course of histori- 
 cal lectures delivered by him in Baltimore in 1841. He wrote but never 
 published "Moot Court Decisions" and "Abridgment of Lord Coke's Re- 
 ports, with Notes." 
 
 There was no attempt made to resume the lectures of the Law Depart- 
 ment by Professor Hoffman, or to supply his place in that Faculty, upon his 
 resignation in 1843. The members of the Faculty of Law, at the reorgani- 
 zation of the Regents on September 18, 1837, were David Hoffman, Dean 
 and Professor, and Messrs. Meredith, Winchester, Mayer, Evans, Hall and 
 Dobbin. 
 
 The School of Law was revived in 1 869 upon the initiative of Professor 
 Christopher Johnston, of the Faculty of Physic* At that time but two 
 
 *Personal statement of Professor Poe to author.
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 349 
 
 members of the Faculty of Law remained, viz.; Messrs. George W. Dobbin 
 and John H. B. Latrobe. These gentlemen tilled the vacancies by the 
 election, as their colleagues, of Messrs. George William Brown, Bernard 
 Carter, H. Clay Dallam and John P. Foe. Hon. Robert N. Martin and 
 Hon. John A. Inglis, both of whom had tilled with distinction high judicial 
 positions, were elected Professors, and Judge Dobbin was made Dean. 1 he 
 first course of instruction began on the first Monday of February, 1870, with 
 a class of twenty students, and was continued until the summer vacation. 
 The lectures were delivered at the building of the Department of Arts and 
 Sciences on Mulberry, opposite Cathedral street, and were attended mostly 
 by young members of the bar, "attracted, perhaps, to some extent at least, 
 by the novelty here of the attempt to teach law." A leading member of the 
 bar, and a graduate of the class of 1871, thus speaks of the first Faculty: 
 "Professor Inglis, while not an interesting lecturer, was a most admirable 
 and painstaking, learned and thorough teacher. Professor Martin was also 
 a very strong man, possessing great mental vigor and extensive legal acquire- 
 ments; his relations with the students were very pleasant. The course for 
 those days was a very good one." 
 
 In July, 1870, Judge Martin died, and was succeeded by Hon. Alex- 
 ander FI. Handy, a native Marylander, who had held a judicial position in 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The second session began in October, 1870, Mr. John P. Poe being 
 added to the Instructors in the chair of Pleading and Practice at Law. Pro- 
 fessor Poe lectured at night, and his class numbered from three to seven. 
 
 The first Commencement was held in the Court Room of the United 
 States District Court, Fayette and North streets, and there were six gradu- 
 ates, viz.; John J. Donaldson, J. H. B. Latrobe, Jr.; Harry E. Mann, 
 Charles K. Poe and Samuel E. Turner, Jr. The diplomas were conferred 
 by Mr. S. Teackle Wallis, and the address was delivered by Mr. Reverdy 
 Johnson, who also received at the hands of the Regents the honorary degree 
 of LL. D. The newspapers note as unusual for such an occasion that there
 
 350 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 were few ladies present, and that there were no bouquets. There were 
 many distinguished members of the legal profession in attendance, as also 
 Professors Christopher Johnston and William E. A. Aikin, of the Faculty of 
 Physic, and Rev. J. G. Hamner, of the Faculty of Theology. 
 
 In the fall of 1871, Judge Handy returned to Mississippi and a rear- 
 rangement of the chairs was rendered necessary. The following assignment 
 was then made: Hon. George William Brown, "Constitutional Law;" 
 Arthur George Brown, "Admiralty and Shipping;" Benjamin C. Barroll, 
 "Principles and Rules of Equity, Jurisprudence, Pleading and Practice." 
 The services of these gentlemen were considered of great value at this critical 
 period in the history of the School. 
 
 In the fall of 1872 the Messrs. Brown and Barroll retired, and Pro- 
 fessor Richard M. Venable was called to assist Messrs. Inglis and Poe, these 
 three constituting the Faculty for the next six years. The following was 
 the distribution of subjects at this time: Hon. John A. Inglis, LL. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Commercial Law, Equity and Jurisprudence, etc.; John P. Poe, 
 Esq., Professor of Pleading, Practice, Evidence and International Law; 
 Richard M. Venable, Esq., Professor of Law of Real Estate, Leaseholds and 
 Crimes and of Constitutional Law. At the Commencement held in the 
 Academy of Music May 26, 1876, there were twenty-nine graduates. 
 
 In September, 1878, Judge Inglis died, and his branches were divided 
 between Messrs. Charles Marshall and Bernard Carter. The former oc- 
 cupied for four years the chair of Commercial Law and Law of Contracts, 
 the latter held for five years the chair of the Law of Domestic Relations, 
 Corporations, Personal Property, Executors and Administrators and Equity 
 Jurisprudence. 
 
 In the session of 1879-80 (the first of which we have been able to secure 
 a catalogue) there were sixty students and twenty-six graduates. The stu- 
 dents were divided into two classes — Senior and Junior. Students could 
 animation was necessary in this case, and a grade of 7q was required, 
 enter at once the Senior class and graduate in one year, but a rigorous ex-
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 351 
 
 Instruction was given by lectures, assigned readings, and by catechising at 
 each lecture. A grade of 75 and a thesis were required of each graduate. 
 Two prizes were awarded of $100 each — first to the student attaining the 
 highest grade in the four examinations; second, to the student submitting the 
 best thesis. There was a Literary Society among the students at this time, 
 known as the Inglis Society, and they were also advised by the Faculty to 
 form quiz classes. There was also a Moot Court, which met weekly under 
 the Presidency of one of the Professors. The charges were $100 for the 
 session of eight months, with an additional diploma fee of $10. 
 
 At the Annual Commencement held at the Academy of Music, a 
 memorable address was delivered by the Provost, Mr. Wallis, and there 
 were in addition two orations — the orators being selected by the Faculty and 
 the graduating class respectively. 
 
 Mr. Wallis' address was in his happiest vein, and was brimming with 
 wit, scholarship and eloquence. He was acknowledged to be peerless in this 
 field, and he spoke on "The Profession of the Law," a subject with which 
 he was perfectly familiar. An extract from it may be cited to show its 
 beauty and may not be unacceptable to the reader. Speaking of the breadth 
 of the Law, and the scope it offers for the highest powers of the intellect, he 
 said: "Your profession calls upon you for no sacrifice of your best gifts and 
 powers. There is room for all of them within it, unless pedantry has the 
 making of its pole. There is scope in it for Fancy, and her nobler sister, 
 Imagination. There is room for all literature, all science, and every liberal 
 art. There is field for Wit and Humor, for Taste and Grace — for all that 
 is splendid in the mastery of eloquence — all that can influence the human 
 mind and penetrate anel control the human heart. History has no record of 
 an advocate whose genius and culture were above his office, and it is in part 
 the fault of just such prejudice as I am combating, that we have so few in the 
 country to-day, who approach the level of its true greatness." 
 
 On the retirement of Professor Marshall, in 1SS2, his place was as- 
 sumed bv Mr. Thomas W. Hall.
 
 352 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 In 1883 Mr. Carter withdrew, and a rearrangement of the Faculty 
 was effected, with Messrs. Poe, Venable and Hall as Professors, and Messrs. 
 Edgar H. Gans, Henry D. Harlan and John C. Rose as Assistant Profes- 
 sors. Thus the science of the Law was more completely embraced in the 
 curriculum, and several subjects were added to it not previously enumerated. 
 
 These changes called for a lengthening of the course from two to three 
 years, and the institution of an intermediate class. The fee for the session 
 was placed at $80, or, if a student attended two classes at the same time, 
 $100; if three, $120. Professor Harlan was made Secretary and Treasurer 
 of the Faculty, and thus relieved the Dean, Professor Poe, of much of the 
 clerical duties previously devolving upon him. 
 
 The next year Judge Charles E. Phelps was added to the Faculty as 
 Professor of Equity Jurisprudence. The academic degrees possessed by 
 students were published for the first time, from which we learn, that twenty- 
 two of fifty-three students possessed such degrees. 
 
 Meanwhile it had been determined by the city authorities to open 
 Cathedral street through from Mulberry to Saratoga, and accordingly it 
 became necessary to pull down the building of the School of Arts and 
 Sciences, which occupied the middle of the proposed extension. This build- 
 ing, it will be recalled, was erected for the Baltimore City College, and was 
 occupied by it in 1 8 1 1 ; in 1 830 it was turned over to the School of Arts and 
 Sciences, by whom it was occupied for the succeeding forty-six years. In 
 1854 a third story was added to it, by the aid of a mortgage then put upon 
 it by the Regents. From 1870 to 1883 it was occupied by the Faculty of 
 Law, being pulled down in the latter part of 1883. By the sale of a por- 
 tion of this property to the city, and the remaining side lots to individuals, 
 the sum of $26,000 was realized. After the payment of the mortgage, the 
 sum of $21,000 remained to be divided between the two existing Faculties. 
 From the share of this coming to the Faculty of Law, a sum was obtained 
 sufficient for the erection of the building on the southeast corner of the Uni- 
 versity premises — Lombard and Greene streets — which was formally opened
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 353 
 
 on the evening of February 28, 1884. It is a plain but substantial brick 
 structure, containing a large lecture room in the rear, and a library room in 
 front, connected by a hallway. Here, according to the Catalogue of 1884, 
 was placed "a carefully-selected library of text-books upon the subjects em- 
 braced in the course of study, volumes of Leading Cases, the United States 
 and Maryland Reports, Digests, Statutes, etc. It is proposed to add to these 
 the English Common Law and Equity Reports, and such other books as may 
 from time to time seem desirable, and to keep the tables supplied with the 
 prominent Law Reviews." For the privileges thus provided, each student 
 was — and is — required to pay a Library fee of four dollars annually. 
 
 We may add here the following facts regarding this Library, a pro- 
 vision so essential to the students of the Law School. It began with a small 
 number of volumes in 1874, the Faculty then realizing the need of such help. 
 There are two Librarians, who are appointed annually from the students 
 attending the School, and who are entitled to free tuition as compensation 
 for their services. They alternate in service, the hours being from 10 a. m. 
 to 10.30 p. m. Constant use is made of the books by the students, especially 
 of the 300 text-books. 
 
 According to a report made by Mr. D. W. Burroughs, Librarian, in 
 the spring of 1905, the following books were then contained in the Library, 
 approximately 1,450 in number, and estimated to be worth $6,000: United 
 States Digests, 48 volumes; English Common Law Reports, 119 volumes; 
 United States Revised Statutes, 1 volume (1878) ; United States Supreme 
 Court Reports, 194 volumes; Early Decisions of Maryland Court of Appeals, 
 27 volumes; Maryland Reports, 96 volumes; Acts of Maryland Assembly, 
 10 volumes; Baltimore City Code, 2 volumes; Maryland Code (three sets), 
 6 volumes; English Ruling Cases, 26 volumes; Cyclopaedia of Law and 
 Procedure, 13 volumes; American State Reports, 87 volumes; United States 
 Appeals Cases, 56 volumes; Lawyers' Reports Annotated, 64 volumes; 
 American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, first edition, 30 volumes; sec- 
 ond, 26 volumes; New York State Reports, 91 volumes; Miscellaneous Text-
 
 354 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Books and Legal Authorities, 306 volumes; Biography of American States- 
 men and English Jurists, 36 volumes; American, English and Roman His- 
 tories, 84 volumes; Senate Journals, House Journals, Congressional Pro- 
 ceedings, 53 volumes; Century and other Dictionaries, 10 volumes; Narra- 
 tive and Critical History of America, 8 volumes; Reports of Commissioners 
 of Education, 30 volumes.* To this enumeration should be added a dona- 
 tion of about 1 so volumes just received. The collection is open for readers 
 only during the session. 
 
 Thus the three departments of Medicine, Law and Dentistry of the 
 University were all brought together upon the same site, an arrangement 
 evidently calculated to promote closer relations between them, and to ad- 
 vance the interests of the University as a whole. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. Rose withdrew, and Assistant Professor William T. 
 Brantly assumed his chair. 
 
 In 1888 the notice of the Inglis Society dropped out of the catalogues, 
 and "The Maryland University Debating Society" took its place, "the 
 discussions of which," as we are informed had been "during the past session 
 unusually interesting and instructive." We note also that graduates were 
 at this time admitted to practice in the Maryland courts on presentation of 
 their diplomas without examination. 
 
 The Faculty continued without change from 1886 to 1893, Messrs. 
 Poe, Venable, Hall and Phelps being Professors, and Messrs. Gans, Har- 
 lan and Brantly "Assistant," or later, "Associate" Professors. The number 
 of the students, however, increased from year to year, until in the last men- 
 tioned session there were 134, and there were twenty-eight graduates. The 
 total number of graduates from 1871 to 1890, inclusive, was 449. 
 
 For the session of 1893-94 the Faculty consisted of nine Professors, 
 the additions being Messrs. Thomas S. Baer and B. Howard Hainan, the 
 former having the chair of Law of Real and Leasehold Estates, the latter 
 that of Law of Corporations. Messrs. Gans, Harlan (made Chief Judge 
 
 *0!d Maryland, April, 1905.
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 355 
 
 of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, 1889) and Brantly, were ad- 
 vanced to the full Professorship. 
 
 In April, 1 894, the death of the Provost, S. Teackle Wallis, LL. D., 
 occurred, and Professor Brantly was chosen by the Regents to fill the posi- 
 tion temporarily at the ensuing Commencements. 
 
 Provision for recognition of merit was made in the following rule now 
 adopted: "All members of the graduating class who have attained an aver- 
 age grade of 95 in the six examinations will be honorably mentioned in the 
 order of their standing at the Commencement." 
 
 In 1895 Judge Albert Ritchie was added to the Board of Instruction 
 in the department of Commercial Law and Shipping. The attendance had 
 risen to 151, with 43 graduates. "I he examinations are by printed ques- 
 tions to be answered in writing, each being valued at 100. In order to gra- 
 duate, the student must attain a grade of at least three-fourths on the ques- 
 tions propounded on each distinct subject at each examination. This require- 
 ment will be rigidly adhered to."* 
 
 In February, of this year, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the reopening 
 of the School was celebrated. The exercises were held in the Law Building; 
 there was a fine historical address by the Dean, Mr. Poe, and Mr. I. Nevitt 
 Steele gave some reminiscences of Professor Hoffman's Institute, of which 
 he was a student and also of the profession of an earlier time. The Provost, 
 Mr. Wallis, also spoke in his usually happy vein, and the assembly was in- 
 vited to partake of an entertainment provided for the occasion. 
 
 In his address, Mr. Poe stated that up to the close of the session of 
 1904, there had been 590 graduates, t all of whom had been admitted to the 
 Bar, at least sixty per cent, of which held the diplomas of the School. He 
 combatted the idea that the School had increased the number of lawyers. 
 The Bar of Baltimore was scarcely, if at all, larger than in 1880, and, com- 
 pared with other cities, was relatively to population, considerably smaller 
 
 *Ca!alogue. 
 
 fOur figures make the number 583; see further on.
 
 356 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 than in them. Many students had been deterred from persevering in their 
 career by the exactions of the course. 
 
 Mr. Poe's address concluded : "Fourteen years of hard work in the face 
 of many obstacles and discouragements found us here in most welcome physi- 
 cal as well as legal union with our brethren of the School of Medicine, as 
 visible and component parts of one and the same University, and with our 
 Department equipped and furnished and ready for a race of generous emula- 
 tion and rivalry with theirs we now pledge ourselves anew, as we did when 
 we located ourselves here in 1884, to move forward with them in the good 
 work of increasing the usefulness and reputation of our University, asking 
 only from our friends, and especially from our brethren of the Bench and 
 Bar, a continuance of their kindly support in our efforts to advance the per- 
 manent interests of the profession, whose dignity, improvement and honor 
 we have so much at heart." 
 
 The following allusions by Mr. Poe to the other departments of the 
 University are valuable as historical records and should be preserved: "In 
 the work of the University, the School of Medicine has always taken and 
 maintained the lead without interruption, and from the beginning the reputa- 
 tion of the institution has almost entirely rested upon the skill and learning 
 of its professors. Indeed, they have always held the very front rank in their 
 profession, and the honor of a chair in their Faculty has, with an occasional 
 exception, always been recognized as of itself an all-sufficient test of scholar- 
 ship, character, ability and conspicuous merit. 
 
 "The School of the Arts and Sciences did its work for many years with 
 very satisfactory results, and quite a large number of our prominent citizens 
 received in it their education and training. But the want of an adequate 
 endowment always more or less crippled and enfeebled it, and prevented 
 that development and scope in its instruction which its founders designed. 
 For a long time, however, it met and sufficiently supplied a want in this com- 
 munity, and as a classical and mathematical school it maintained an excellent 
 and well-deserved reputation. Under the principalship of the late Rev. Dr.
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 357 
 
 E. A. Dalrymple, a scholar of large and varied acquirements, it was for 
 several years very flourishing, and prosperous, but in the race of competition 
 with schools more favorably circumstanced it gradually succumbed, and 
 sixteen or eighteen years ago, it ceased altogether to exist. 
 
 "The Faculty of Divinity, constituted, as it was, by the terms of the 
 charter, of six ministers of different religious denominations, could not, of 
 course, be expected to prove itself a very great success, nor indeed could any 
 system of Theology taught by Professors of such discordant views well be 
 harmonious or homogeneous. It is not surprising, therefore, that no at- 
 tempt was ever seriously made to put this department into full operation." 
 
 In 1897 a rule was adopted that no student would be permitted to com- 
 plete the course in less than two years, and this was emphasized in the cata- 
 logue by italics, showing the importance attached to it. 
 
 With 1897 tne notice about diplomas entitling to the right of practice 
 disappeared from the Catalogue, but examination before the Board of State 
 Law Examiners was not mentioned until the Catalogue of 1902. 
 
 Professor Hainan's name disappeared from the Faculty after the ses- 
 sion of 1897-98, and his place was taken by Judge Upshur Dennis. Judge 
 Dennis held it only one session, being succeeded by the present incumbent, 
 Mr. Joseph C. France. Professor Hall's chair likewise became vacant, and 
 was assumed by Judge Stockbridge. 
 
 We note "oral" examinations for the first time in 1900: "Examinations 
 are oral or in writing." In marking the latter, "grammar and composition 
 will be taken into account." 
 
 In 1 90 1 Mr. Edgar A. Poe was added to the Faculty as Associate Pro- 
 fessor of the Law of Quasi-Contracts, Sales and Suretyship, making the 
 corps of instructors eleven. 
 
 With the session of 1901-02, Professor Gans withdrew, but retained his 
 place on the Board of Regents. His duties were assumed by Professor 
 Stockbridge. 
 
 In 1902 Associate Professor W, Calvin Chesnut was added to the
 
 358 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Faculty on Criminal Law and Insurance, subjects taken from the chairs of 
 Professors Gans and Stockbridge, and the following year, on the death of 
 Professor Ritchie, Mr. Robert M. McLane, then Mayor of Baltimore, was 
 chosen to fill the chair of Commercial Law and Shipping. 
 
 Tn 1904 Mr. James P. Gorter was called to this chair, an unexpected 
 vacancy having occurred in it by the sudden and lamented death of Professor 
 McLane. 
 
 In October, 1905, the "Atlas" of the Faculty, Professor Venable, after 
 a distinguished service of thirty-three years, during which his instruction 
 covered at various periods the subjects of Real Property and Leasehold 
 Estates, Title, Conveyancing, Torts, Constitutional and Statute Law, and 
 finally General Jurisprudence, severed his connection with the School, and 
 Professor John J. Donaldson, an alumnus of the first graduated class — 
 that of 1 87 1 — was appointed to instruct in General Jurisprudence and Legal 
 Fthics. 
 
 During the present year (1906) the changes have been: Professor 
 Charles E. Phelps has resigned; Professor Baer has died; Mr. Eli Frank, 
 who assumed the duties of Judge Baer, during the illness of the latter last 
 session, has been continued in the chair of "Title to Real Property and Con- 
 veyancing;" Mr. John C. Rose has again entered the Faculty, but filling a 
 different chair — that of Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts, 
 Admiralty and Bankruptcy; Mr. Herbert T. Tiffany, recently lecturer 
 in the Baltimore Law School, has been selected to give instruction in the 
 Law of Real Property, a subject upon which he has written a text-book. The 
 chair of Equity (Professor Phelps') has been filled by the transfer of Pro- 
 fessor Gorter, and Mr. Albert C. Ritchie, a son of the late Judge Ritchie, 
 has been put in charge of the department of Commercial Law. 
 
 The following is Judge Phelps' letter of resignation : 
 
 Baltimore, April 21, 1906. 
 Hon. John P. Poe. 
 
 My Dear Sir: A grateful sense of obligation to the profession, by whose
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 359 
 
 influence I have been for many years maintained in judicial position, has 
 brought me to the reluctant conclusion that the time has at last come when 
 [ should devote my remaining energies exclusively to the duties of that 
 position. 
 
 I therefore feel constrained to request of you the favor to submit to the 
 Faculty, at such time as in your discretion may seem proper, this, my resig- 
 nation of the office of Professor in the Law School of the University of 
 Maryland and to take effect at the close of this next commencement. 
 
 It is with sincere and deep regret that I have thus felt obliged to ter- 
 minate my relations, which have been so uniformly agreeable, both officially 
 and personally. 
 
 Kindly convey to each member of the Faculty the assurance of the same 
 esteem and affectionate regard with which 1 have now the honor to subscribe 
 myself, 
 
 Your colleague and friend of half a century, 
 
 CHAS. E. PHELPS. 
 
 A recent classification of the subjects of study deserves mention, because 
 of its bearing upon graduation. As Major Subjects, are classed Domestic 
 Relations; Personal Property and Contracts; Sales, Suretyship and Quasi- 
 Contracts; Real Property; Pleading and Torts; Title and Conveyancing; 
 Testamentary Law; Commercial Law and Shipping; Corporations; Evidence 
 and Damages; Constitutional Law; Equity. As Minor: Elementary Law: 
 Criminal Law; Insurance; Bills and Notes; Practice; Copyrights and Trade- 
 marks; International Law. "In order to graduate, a student must have ob- 
 tained the passing grade on each distinct subject at each examination; but a 
 student who has obtained the passing grade on all major subjects and has 
 failed on onlv one minor subject, may be graduated by a vote of the Faculty." 
 
 One of the most important departments of the School is the Moot 
 i.ourt, which meets once a week and is under the direction of Professor 
 Chesnut. Each senior student is required to argue at least one case before 
 this Court. Notice of assignment, with copies of papers, are placed upon
 
 360 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the bulletin board early in the session. In this connection, one may recall 
 the great value set by Professor Hoffman upon the Moot Court as a means 
 of training students in the methods of law-procedure, and giving a practical 
 finish to the didactic instruction — corresponding with the clinics in the De- 
 partment of Medicine- — but he was never able to realize his hope of its com- 
 plete establishment in the earlier career of the Law School. 
 
 Since the close of last session, an advance of no small consequence has 
 been made in the requirements of Preliminary Education, which is sum- 
 marized in Old Maryland for August, 1906, as follows: "Students entering 
 as candidates for the degree will be required hereafter to show evidence of 
 having completed a High School course of study or its equivalent. The 
 latter may be determined by the Faculty upon certificates issued under public 
 authority, or by the authorities of an institution of advanced learning. The 
 Faculty will consider that students who have received the degree of A. R. 
 from any reputable college or university, or certificate of graduation from 
 any of the normal or high schools of the State of Maryland, or other 
 reputable institution of a similar character, are properly qualified. In the 
 absence of such degrees, or certificates, candidates must pass an examination 
 upon the following subjects: 
 
 1. English — Spelling, Grammar, Composition and Literature. 
 
 2. History — United States and English. 
 
 3. Mathematics — Arithmetic. 
 
 4. Science — Political Economy and Physics or Geography. 
 
 5. Languages — Latin or French; at least two years work. 
 
 This examination is conducted by members of the Faculty and may 
 be taken in any September before graduation. The examinations are held 
 about the beginning of the last week in September. 
 
 The following figures represent the number of graduates each year 
 since 1871: 1 87 1, 6: 1872, 10; 1873, 21; 1874, 18; 1875, 14; 1876, 29; 
 1877, 21; 1878, 25; 1879, 29; 1880, 26; 1SS1, 28; 1882, 30; 1883, 27; 
 1884, 15; 1885, 18; 1886, 21; 1887, 22; 1888, 28; 1889, 33; 1890, 28:
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 361 
 
 1891, 22; 1892, 34; 1893, 28; 1894, 50; 1895, 43; 1896, 47; 1897, 53; 
 1898, 41; 1899, 62; 1900, ^\ 1901, 55; 1902, 58; 1903, 62; 1904, 54; 
 1905, 54; 1906, 28. According to these figures, which have been gathered 
 with care, the total number of graduates is 1,173. 
 
 The number of students last session (1905-06) was 251, which is the 
 largest recorded in any year. A comparison between the number of stu- 
 dents and the number of graduates indicates the high standing the School 
 has attained. In earlier years the former were to the latter as about three 
 to one, but now the proportion has risen to nine to one. In the session of 
 1869-70 there were two instructors; in 1906 there are thirteen. According 
 to an estimate derived from the Students' Yearbook for 1906, 56.09 per 
 cent, of the seniors of last session held academic degrees, which is slightly in 
 excess of the medical seniors, who had 50.92 per cent. 
 
 The lectures of the Law School are all given after 4 p. m. While a 
 three-year course is provided, it is still possible to obtain the degree in two 
 years by a combination of classes. 
 
 John Prentiss Poe has many titles to recognition in Baltimore. He is 
 not only a great lawyer, at the head of the bar of that city, but he is a legal 
 author of distinction, and he presides over the School of Law of the great 
 University of whose history this sketch forms a brief part. He is thoroughly 
 identified with the interests of the Maryland metropolis, where he was born 
 on August 22, 1836. His father, Mr. Neilson Poe, was also a prominent 
 member of the Baltimore bar. 
 
 He was educated in the public schools and at the Academy of Pro- 
 fessor Boursand. Later he attended St. Mary's College at Baltimore, and 
 Princeton College, and he graduated from the latter with the degree of A. B. 
 in June, 1854. Manv years later (viz.: 1905) , he was honored by his Alma 
 Mater with the honorary degree of LL. D., a distinction well deserved on 
 account of his long and eminent career in his profession. 
 
 On his return from college he secured a clerkship in a bank, and while 
 holding this position he read law under the guidance of his father. About
 
 362 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 this time he was appointed librarian of the Law Library, which gave him an 
 excellent opportunity of advancing his knowledge of his chosen profession. 
 Having sufficiently mastered the subject, he applied for admission to the 
 bar, and his petition was granted in the Supreme Court of Baltimore on 
 August 22, 1857, in the Court of Appeals of Maryland in December of 
 the same year, and in the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 
 1858. From this period to the present time he has continued in active and 
 laborious practice in the various State and Federal courts. Scarcely a case of 
 the first magnitude comes up in the Baltimore courts in which he does not 
 take some part. 
 
 From the first he took an active part in all political movements of the 
 State and nation, advocating persistently and earnestly the principles of 
 Jeffersonian Democracy. In 1871 he was appointed School Commissioner for 
 the Eleventh Ward, and he served in this office for seventeen years. In 1885 
 he was appointed President of the City Tax Commission, and the following 
 year President of the State Tax Commission. Under the mayoralty of Hon. 
 William Pinkney Whyte he served as City Counsellor from 1882 to 1884, 
 and later on, in 1891, was elected Attorney-General of Maryland. 
 
 Mr. Poe is well known as the author of works of merit and authority 
 in his profession. His "Pleading and Practice in Courts of Common Law," 
 a standard text-book of great value to lawyers and students and first pub- 
 lished in 1880, has gone through four editions, the last very recently. Be- 
 cause of his special fitness for the work he was appointed by the Legislature 
 in 1886 to prepare the Maryland Code of Public, General and Local Laws, 
 and his codification was adopted in the Act of 1888, and again in 1890. 
 More recently he has also prepared the Code of 1904 with a supplement 
 just issued for the session of 1906. As a whole, these are as complete and 
 perfect codes of laws as can be found in any State in the Union. He pre- 
 pared also the Baltimore City Code of 1885, and also that of 1893. 
 
 His connection with this University began upon his election as a mem- 
 ber of the Faculty of Law in [869. In 18X4 he was elected Dean of the
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 363 
 
 Faculty. For many years he has also heen Secretary of the Board of 
 Regents. 
 
 Mr. Poe has had a long and successful career at the bar, and continues 
 at 70 with undiminished vigor and industry and with unimpaired faculties 
 and enthusiasm to pursue his active career of teacher, writer and attorney. 
 Fie is a most eloquent and impressive speaker, and his manners are exceed- 
 ingly genial and attractive. 
 
 Mr. Poe's sons are, like himself, all Princeton graduates, and they 
 gained great fame at college as athletes, especially in football. Three of 
 them are graduates in law of this University, viz. : S. Johnson Poe, Fdgar 
 Allan Poe and Neilson Poe. A brother, W. Charles Poe, now residing in 
 Washington, graduated in the class of 1871, the first after reorganization. 
 All of these are engaged in practice. Mr. Poe is a member of St. Paul's 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 Richard Morton Venable, member of the Baltimore bar, Trustee of the 
 Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, and for many years a Professor and 
 Regent of the University of Maryland, was born in Charlotte County, Vir- 
 ginia, on the 8th of February, 1839. He is the son of Richard N. and Mag- 
 dalen (McCampbell) Venable. He graduated at Hampden-Sidney College, 
 Virginia, in 1857, and in 1-859 and 1888 also received from the same college 
 the degrees of A. M. and LL. D., respectively. He spent the years 1859-61 
 as a graduate student at the University of Virginia. On the outbreak of the 
 great Civil War, he entered the service of the Confederate States as private, 
 on April 24, 1 86 1, and served in the Army of Northern Virginia and in the 
 Trans-Mississippi Department; he rose to be major of Artillery and En- 
 gineers. At the conclusion of the War he received an appointment as Pro- 
 fessor of Engineering at the University of Louisiana. From thence he was 
 transferred to Washington and Lee University, Virginia, as Professor of 
 Mathematics, in 1867, from which institution he graduated with the degree 
 of LL. B. the following year. In 1869 he removed to Baltimore and entered 
 upon the practice of law, being the senior member of the firm of Venable,
 
 364 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Baetjer & I toward. In the fall of 1 870 he was elected Professor in the Law- 
 School of this University, and continued in the discharge of the duties of that 
 post until 1905, when he resigned from the Faculty although still retaining 
 his position on the Board of Regents. During his service of thirty-two 
 years as Professor, his instruction covered at different times the subjects of 
 Real Property and Leasehold Estates, Title, Conveyancing, Torts, Consti- 
 tutional and Statute Law, and General Jurisprudence. He was succeeded 
 hv Professor John J. Donaldson. He is a Trustee of the Johns Hopkins 
 University and Hospital, and holds the Vice-Presidency in the latter. From 
 1899 to 1903 he was a member of the Baltimore City Council, and is now 
 President of the Board of Park Commissioners of the city, in which position 
 he has done much to develop and beautify the fine parks and squares of 
 Baltimore. Mr. Venable's great ability is universally recognized by his 
 fellow-citizens, who have honored him in many ways. He is regarded as 
 a citizen of incorruptible virtue and patriotism, a great wit, and from his 
 huge proportions and dominant influence and energy is familiarly spoken of 
 as the "Atlas" of the Baltimore bar. He is unmarried, and resides at 930 
 North Calvert street, his law offices being in the Continental Trust Building. 
 A Syllabus of his lectures on the Law of Real Property has been published. 
 
 Edgar Hillary Cans, a member of the legal fraternity of the city of 
 Baltimore, a Regent of the Umiversity of Maryland, and ex-Deputy States 
 Attorney, was born at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1856, son 
 of Daniel and Margaret (Schwartz) Gans. His father was Judge of the 
 Orphans' Court of Baltimore, and in earlier life for many years an influen- 
 tial minister of the German Reformed Church. On the paternal side he 
 descended from Scotch-Irish, and from German ancestry on his maternal 
 side. He was educated in the public schools of Morristown, near Philadel- 
 phia. His family removed to Baltimore in 1870, where in 1875 he gradu- 
 ated with highest honors from the City College. In 1877 he graduated 
 with distinction from the Maryland Law School with the degree of LL. B. 
 In the same year he was admitted to the bar and commenced to practice law
 
 PROFESSOR EDGAR HILLARY GANS, LL.D.
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 367 
 
 with B. Howard Hainan, which association continued until he was appointed 
 Deputy States Attorney under Charles G. Kerr, for the Criminal Court of 
 Baltimore, which was in 1879, aru ' continued in such position for eight years. 
 During his incumbency of this office he tried many important cases with 
 credit to himself and the Commonwealth, being pitched against the ablest 
 men at the bar — William Pinkney Whyte, Joseph Heuisler, Senator Vor- 
 hees and others. At all times he maintained his reputation as one of the 
 most astute members of the Baltimore bar, and a young lawyer of the great- 
 est promise. Since retiring from this office Mr. Gans has practiced his 
 profession with distinguished reputation and ever-growing success. 
 
 1 lis ability as a criminal lawyer and public prosecutor procured for him 
 the appointment to the Professorship of Criminal Law in his Alma Mater in 
 1882, a position which he held until about 1890, when the press of increas- 
 ing legal business compelled his resignation. He retained, however, and 
 still holds his membership in the Board of Regents. 
 
 In 1889 he resumed the practice ot law with his old partner, Mr. 
 Hainan, and such is his present association. The firm of Gans & Haman 
 is recognized as a leading one not only of Baltimore but of the whole coun- 
 try. Mr. Gans' chief partner, Mr. B. Howard Haman — also an alumnus 
 of the University — is no less eminent, and enjoys the highest reputation as 
 a public-spirited citizen as well as lawyer. His disinterested efforts in behalf 
 of the oyster industry of Maryland, resulting in the passage of the "Haman 
 Oyster Bill" at the recent session of the Legislature, entitles him to the last- 
 ing gratitude and regard of the people of Maryland. 
 
 Mr. Gans has been employed by the government to conduct several 
 cases, one of the most important being the Ching Fraudulent Census Case 
 in lower Maryland. He is a member of the Board of Regents of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland; the American, Maryland and Baltimore Bar Associa- 
 tions, the University and Baltimore Country and Maryland Country Clubs. 
 In 1900 he received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Loyola College, 
 Baltimore.
 
 368 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 He married Elizabeth Wall, of Baltimore, Maryland, April 23, 1884, 
 and to this union have been born the following children: Dolores, Margaret, 
 Edgar, Elizabeth, James, Hillary and {Catherine. Mr. Gans' present address 
 is Calvert Building, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 William Theophilus Brandy, attorney and counsellor at law, now 
 Reporter of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, and Professor of Personal 
 Property and Bailments and Eaw of Contracts, in the School of Law of the 
 University of Maryland, was born in Richmond county, Georgia, November 
 17, 1852, son of the Rev. William T. and Mary Ann (Turpin) Brantly. 
 He comes of old North Carolina and Georgia stock, and his father was an 
 eminent Baptist clergyman. 
 
 He was educated at Mercer University, Georgia, and received there- 
 from the degree of A. B. in 1871, and that of A. M. in 1874. He then 
 entered the Law School of the University of Maryland, becoming a Bachelor 
 of Laws in 1874. After a year of study at the University of Leipsic, Ger- 
 many, he entered upon practice in Baltimore. In 1885 he became a Professor 
 in the Law Faculty of the University of Maryland, a position which he 
 continues to hold with credit to himself and satisfaction to his colleagues and 
 successive classes of students. His chair is that of Law of Personal Prop- 
 erty and Bailments, and Law of Contracts, Quasi-Contracts, Sales and 
 Suretyship. He became Secretary of State of Maryland in May, 1893, and 
 continued in office until November, 1 894. In the latter year he was appointed 
 Reporter of the Court of Appeals, his present official position, and as such 
 has published volumes 80 to 102, Maryland Reports. For some time in 
 1895, after the death of Mr. Wallis, he acted as Provost of the University. 
 He is a member of the Board of Regents. From 1883 to 1886 he edited an 
 annotated edition of the earlier Maryland Reports in forty-one volumes. He 
 wrote a work on the "Law of Personal Property," published in 1891 ; "Laws 
 of Contract," published in 1893; a11 ^ "Maryland Digest," in two volumes, 
 published in 1896. He is a member of the Maryland State Bar Association.
 
 PROFESSOR WII MAM T. BRANTLY, LL.B
 
 
 PROFESSOR HKNR^ DAVID HARLAN, \. M„ LI. .P.
 
 SCHOOL OF L A II' 371 
 
 the Baltimore Bar Association, the Maryland Club, the University Club, 
 and the Sons of the Revolution. 
 
 Henry David Harlan, lawyer and jurist, residing in Baltimore, Mary- 
 land, Professor of Constitutional Law and Domestic Relations, in the Law 
 School of the University of Maryland, is a native of this State, born in 
 Churchville, Harford county, October 23, 1858, a son of Dr. David and 
 Rebecca (Herbert) Harlan, and comes from an old and honored family, 
 descended from two brothers, George and Michael, who settled in Penn- 
 sylvania about two hundred years ago, and whose descendants in the United 
 States now number more than three thousand souls. Michael was the remote 
 ancestor of Judge Henry D. Harlan, and George was an ancestor of Justice 
 John M. Harlan, of the United States Supreme Court. Dr. David Harlan, 
 father of Judge Henry D. Harlan, was a surgeon in the United States Navy, 
 served at sea some years, was subsequently assigned to duty at the Naval 
 Asylum in Philadelphia, and later at the Naval Academy at Annapolis. At 
 his death he was a Medical Director, United States Navy, with rank of 
 commodore. He was a large land owner in Harford county. His wife was 
 granddaughter in the maternal line of Jeremiah Baker, who was a captain in 
 the Revolutionary War. Through Esther Stump, his grandmother on his 
 father's side, Judge Henry D. Harlan was related to the late Judge Fred- 
 erick Stump, of Cecil county, Maryland, and to Herman Stump, former 
 representative in Congress from the Second District. 
 
 Henry David Harlan received instruction under private tutors and at 
 private schools in Annapolis, and at the age of thirteen entered St. Clemens' 
 Hall, Lllicott City, where he remained one year. He then entered St. John's 
 College, Annapolis, from which he was graduated in 1878 with the degree 
 of Bachelor of Arts, and with the second honors of his class. He read law 
 in the office of Henry D. Farnandis, at Belair, for one year, and in 1879 
 matriculated in the Law Department of the University of Maryland, from 
 which he was graduated in 1881 with the first honors, being awarded the 
 prize for the highest grade in all examinations, ami also the prize
 
 3 7 2 UNIVERS1 TY OF MARYLAND 
 
 given for the best thesis, his subject being "Contributory Negligence," with 
 Judge George W. Brown and A. W. Machen as the awarding judges. 
 While a law school student he also enjoyed the office preceptorship of John 
 P. Poe. He was admitted to the bar in May, l 8 S l , immediately after his 
 graduation. 
 
 In 1883 he was chosen Associate Professor in the Law School of the 
 University of Maryland, and to him were assigned the lectures on Elemen- 
 tary Common Law and Domestic Relations, and at the same time he was 
 elected Secretary and Treasurer of the Law Faculty, with executive control 
 of the school. He was subsequently made full Professor, and in such capacity 
 yet continues to afford to the institution the benefits of his large abilities, 
 at present lecturing to the Junior Class on Domestic Relations ami to the 
 Senior Class on Constitutional and Statute Law, and being recognized as 
 one of the most capable members of the Faculty. 
 
 In October, 1888, he was appointed by Governor Jackson to the 
 supreme bench of the city of Baltimore, to fill the vacancy occasioned by 
 the resignation of Judge George W. Brown, who had arrived at the consti- 
 tutional age limit, and it is a notable fact, testifying to the estimation placed 
 upon his professional learning and judicial qualities of mind, that this 
 appointment was made on the first day that his age made him eligible for the 
 office. He proved his ability so thoroughly that on the election a year later 
 he was made the Democratic candidate for a full judicial term, and was 
 elected by a large majority over his Republican opponent. At the expira- 
 tion of his term, in 1904, Governor Warfield appointed him to serve until 
 November of 1905, when he was again elected for a term of fifteen years. 
 Lie is unusually patient in hearing a cause, and particularly careful and indus- 
 trious in the examination of evidence and the preparation of opinions. 
 
 Judge Harlan takes a deep interest in all matters affecting the welfare 
 and fame of his city and State. He is a director of the Municipal Art So- 
 ciety, a Regent of the University of Maryland, and a Trustee of the Johns 
 Hopkins University. He was for some years one of the Board of Visitors
 
 I'ROKKSSOK II 1-: N K> STOC K I'.UIDGE, A. M., LL.B.
 
 SCHOOL OF I. Ill' 375 
 
 and Governors of St. John's College. In 1895 ne was elected a member of 
 the Board of Trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and in 1903 was 
 chosen President to succeed William T. Dixon, resigned. He was a member 
 of the commission under whose supervision the new two million dollar court 
 house was constructed, serving from the organization of that body until the 
 completion of its labors, and was also a member of the Citizens' Emergency 
 Committee, appointed by Mayor McLane to advise the city authorities as to 
 problems connected with the rebuilding of Baltimore's burnt district after 
 the great fire of February, 1904. He is a vestryman of Emmanuel Pro- 
 testant Episcopal Church, and vice-president of the Churchmen's Club of the 
 Diocese of Maryland. He is also a member of the University Club", the 
 Baltimore Club, and the Baltimore Country Club. He is a Democrat in 
 politics. 
 
 Judge Harlan was married, December 19, 1889, to Helen Altemus, 
 only daughter of Henry and Hannah (Eyre) Altemus, of Philadelphia. 
 The children of this marriage are: Helen, a student at Bryn Mawr; Henry 
 x^ltemus, a pupil in the Boys' Latin School; Mary Leita, and David Harlan. 
 The family home is at 9 West Biddle street, Baltimore, with a summer resi- 
 dence at Sudbrook Park. 
 
 Judge Harlan's brothers are Dr. Herbert Harlan, of Baltimore, Sur- 
 geon in Chief of the Presbyterian Eye and Ear Hospital; W. Beatty Har- 
 lan, a member of the bar and prominent citizen of Harford county, and 
 David E. Harlan, a civil engineer, at present residing in Middletown, Ohio. 
 
 Henry Stockbridge, Associate Judge of the Supreme Bench of Balti- 
 more, Instructor of International Law, Conflict of Laws, Executors and 
 Administrators, in the Law School of the University of Maryland, is a 
 native of Baltimore, born September 18, 1856, son of Henry Stockbridge 
 and Fanny E. Montague, and a descendant on both the paternal and mater- 
 nal sides of New England Puritan ancestors whose immigration to America 
 antedates the year 1650. 
 
 Judge Stockbridge was fitted for college at Williston Seminary in East-
 
 376 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 hampton, Massachusetts, then entered Amherst College, and was graduated 
 from that institution in 1877 with the degree of art'mm baccalaureus. His 
 professional education was acquired in the Law School of the University of 
 Maryland, from which he graduated in 1878 with the degree of legum bacca- 
 laureus. In the same year he was admitted to the bar, and since that time 
 has been continuously engaged in the practice of law or the administration 
 of law in his judicial capacity. From March, 1887, until March, 1889, he 
 did editorial work on the Baltimore American, and at the same time kept 
 up his law practice. He was elected a member of the Board of Instruction 
 of the Law School of the University of Maryland in June, 1899. 
 
 He was examiner in chancery for the Equity Courts of Baltimore from 
 December, 1882, to March, 1889; was elected representative in Congress 
 from the Fourth District of Maryland in 1888, and served through the 
 Fifty-first Congress; was appointed Commissioner of Immigration at the 
 port of Baltimore in 1891 and resigned in March, 1893; and was elected 
 Associate Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore in 1806, in which 
 capacity he continues to serve. He is a member and corresponding secretary 
 of the Maryland Historical Society, member of the American Historical 
 Association, American Political Science Association, American Bar Associa- 
 tion, American Geographical Society, National Geographical Society, Sons 
 of the Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of Colonial 
 Wars, Maryland Branch of the Red Cross Society, and the Maryland Club. 
 Henry Stockbridge married, January 5, 1882, Helen M. Smith, of Had- 
 ley, Massachusetts, by whom he has two sons, Henry, and Enos S. Stock- 
 bridge, both now sophomore class students in Amherst College.
 
 DENTAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BUILDHM'G. COMPLETED I9O4.
 
 IV. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY
 
 IV. DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY. 
 
 THE first dentist of any prominence and the first to teach dentistry 
 in Baltimore, according to the records, was Horace H. Hayden, 
 a native of Windsor, Connecticut, who settled here at the begin- 
 ning of the nineteenth century. He was a man of scientific 
 attainments, pursuing original investigations in anatomy and physi- 
 ology, and devoting much time to botany, geology and the 
 cultivation of silkworms. He wrote upon these subjects, and his 
 "Geological Essays," a book of four hundred pages, published in 1820, was 
 the first general work on geology issued in the United States. A new mineral 
 which he discovered was named "Haydenite," in his honor. He was licensed 
 to practice dentistry in Maryland by the Medical and Chirurgical Eaculty in 
 1 8 10. In 18 18 he assisted in founding the Baltimore Physical Association, 
 for the promotion of Physical Science, of which he was the first Secretary. 
 This Society was the forerunner of the Maryland Academy of Science. That 
 his scientific attainments were recognized by the medical profession is indi- 
 cated by the fact that the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine was con- 
 ferred on him by Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1837, ami 
 by the University of Maryland in 1840. 
 
 Almost from the time when he began the practice of his profession in 
 Baltimore, he was accustomed to hold classes in dentistry in his offices at 
 night, with no light but the tallow dip. He continued this instruction until the 
 founding of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1840. Elisha Town- 
 send, the founder of the first Dental College in Philadelphia, was one of 
 those who received his education in this way, and he declared that all he ever 
 knew of dentistry was the result of Hayden's instruction. 
 
 That dentists should be educated like other professional men in schools
 
 382 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 and colleges was a thought often brought out by Hayden in his conversation, 
 and he always regarded his avocation as a mere branch of medicine. 
 
 Having discussed the subject with some of his friends who were con- 
 nected with the Medical Faculty of the University, he was invited to give a 
 course of lectures before the medical class of that institution during the 
 session of 1837-38. "This," remarks Professor Simon, "was most likely 
 the first attempt to introduce dentistry as a branch of medical education," 
 and we may add was also probably the first systematic instruction in dental 
 science given in America. There is a letter in the archives of the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery bearing upon and confirming the above statement, 
 which lies before me as I write. It was written from London, September 
 29, 1874, by Dr. H. Willis Baxley, himself a member of the Medical 
 Faculty of the University from 1837 to 1839 (Trustees' Faculty), and one 
 of the founders of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1840. 1 am 
 indebted to Professor M. Whildin Foster, Dean of the College, for the 
 privilege of perusing it. The passage referring to Dr. Hayden's course at 
 the University is as follows: "Some years before that time" [i. e., the sum- 
 mer of 1839], "Dr. H. H. Hayden, also of Baltimore, had delivered to a 
 few medical students of the University of Maryland some lectures on Dental 
 Physiology and Pathology. I was one of his class, and found the lectures 
 very speculative ami unsatisfactory. Certain it is, that those engaged in 
 tooth pulling, tiling ami filling, which then seemed the sole business of the 
 craft, took no interest in Dr. Hayden's attempt to enlighten them. Never- 
 theless, he is entitled to credit for an effort, however unsuccessful, to give 
 dentistry better claims to public confidence." Professor Simon again 
 remarks: "One can now readily understand that Hayden's. scientific treat- 
 ment of his subject did not meet with the approval of medical students, who 
 most likely would have preferred some demonstration in practical work. 
 However, there can be no doubt that Hayden's attempt to teach scientific
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 383 
 
 dentistry by a course of lectures was the starting point for the founding of 
 the college a few years later."* 
 
 Dr. Hayden was by no means cast down by this failure to provide the 
 means for a thorough dental education, and his mind continued to be occu- 
 pied with the thought. He found an efficient coadjutor in Dr. Chapin \. 
 I [arris, a native of the State of New York, and who had received his dental 
 training from himself. They united in the effort to induce the authorities 
 ol the University to add dental instruction to the medical course. Unfor- 
 tunately this effort was made when the institution was suffering from the 
 effects ol the great rupture and the long and blighting law suit to which it 
 gave rise. So that when, on the conclusion of these troubles and the restitu- 
 tion of the institution to the Regents in 1839, a formal proposal lor union 
 was made by Drs. Hayden and Harris it was rejected by the Faculty of 
 Physic. The low condition of dentistry at that time is shown by the letter 
 addressed to Dr. Harris in which justification lor the rejection is sought in 
 the insignificance <</ I lie subject. I bus was lost a great and noble oppor- 
 tunity for usefulness anil fame, for which the Faculty of Physic sought to 
 atone forty-three years later by the institution of the Department of Den- 
 
 *" History of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery," By William Simon, Ph. D. , 
 M. D. , Baltimore, Mil., pamphlet, pp. 36, illustrated. Presented to Section IX. of the Fourth 
 International Dental Congress, held at St. Louis, Mo., 1904; reprinted from Volume III of 
 the Transactions. Doctor Simon is the distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery, and is a thoroughly reliable historian. Hissketch isamost valuable 
 and interesting contribution to our local history and to the history of dentistry in general. 
 
 Statements have been made that earlier courses of lectures on dentistry were delivered by 
 Dr. Hayden in this University : Medical Catalogue, " 1.S21 " ; Denial Do., " 1821-22," "1835" ; 
 Rev. Horace E. Hayden, of Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, in letter to author, "1825." The 
 writer has made every effort to confirm these, but so far in vain. Rev. Mr. Hayden has MS. 
 writings of Dr. Hayden, who was his grandfather, but is unable at this time to refer to them. 
 In 1896 or '97 Dr. S. Denny Willson, of Royal Oak, Talbot County, Maryland, brought to the 
 University and showed to the then Dean a MS. course of lectures on dentistry, being the 
 notes taken by one Chamberlain. The date of this MS. is unknown. It was returned to Dr. 
 S. C. Trippe, of Royal Oak, its owner, and a relative of Chamberlain, and perished in a fire 
 with his library. In 1902-03, at the time of the erection of the tablet portrait of Hayden and 
 Harris in the University, another MS. course of lectures said to have been delivered at the 
 University by Dr. Hayden, was presented to the Dental Department by Mr. Mozart Hayden, 
 of Baltimore, also a grandson of Dr. H, through Dr. C.J. Grieves, who had charge of the 
 tablet movement. This is said to have been the very course delivered in 1837-38. It was al-ci 
 destroyed through inadvertence shortly after, when the old Dental building was pulled down 
 to give place to the new- one. The writer has made every effort to throw light upon this in- 
 teresting historical subject. It is singular if such courses were delivered that he, aflerall his 
 researches into the history of the University, extending back more than a quarter of a century, 
 has never come across any evidences of them. It ma}' be that further light may be thrown 
 on the matter, and the investigation of it will be continued and the results published in Old 
 Maryland.
 
 3 84 UNIVERSITY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 tistry to which this sketch relates. Among the instances of a lack of foresight 
 in our authorities, we cannot but regard this as one of the most deplorable. 
 
 Having failed so signally in these long-tried and commendable efforts 
 to secure University recognition, there was nothing to do but to found an 
 independent college. A charter was accordingly framed and signatures 
 sought from the citizens, urging its passage by the Legislature. The Act 
 of incorporation was passed February i, 1840, and thus the first Dental 
 College in the world came into existence — the Baltimore College of Dental 
 Surgery. Drs. Thomas E. Bond, Jr., and H. Wallis Baxley were added as 
 other members of the first Faculty and incorporators, all four of whom held 
 the title of M. D. The immediate and continued success of the project 
 showed that it was opportune and that a pressing need was supplied. 
 
 Professor F. J. S. Gorgas, at the request of the author, has kindly fur- 
 nished the following brief account of the circumstances connected with the 
 founding of the Department of Dentistry of the University of Maryland. 
 
 "During the early part of the month of April, in the year 1882, the 
 writer was waited upon by Professors William T. Howard, L. McLane 
 Tiffany, and J. Edwin Michael, who informed him that the Faculty of 
 Physic of the University of Maryland had secured a charter from the Legis- 
 lature of the State of Maryland for a Department of Dental Surgery to be 
 added to the School of Medicine of said University. This committee of the 
 Faculty of Physic also informed him (the writer) that he had been selected 
 to organize the new department, and to act as its Dean, and also Professor 
 of 'The Principles of Dental Science,' etc. At the time this proposition was 
 made to him, the writer was holding the same position in the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery, with which institution he had been connected 
 as Demonstrator and Professor for the preceding twenty-five years, and as 
 Dean for fifteen years. 
 
 "After due consideration, and after learning that Professor James H. 
 Harris, who had been the Professor of Clinical Dentistry in the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery for a number of years, would also accept the
 
 DEP. I R TA I EN T OF DEN TIS TRY 385 
 
 same chair in the new department it was proposed to organize, the writer 
 consented to accept the proposition from the Faculty o( Physic of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, with the understanding that he was to he elected Dean 
 and Professor of the Principles of Dental Surgery as long as he performed 
 the duties pertaining to these positions in a competent and satisfactory man- 
 ner. His resignation was thereupon forwarded to the late Professor Thomas 
 S. Latimer, who held the chair of Physiology in the Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery, and who, hy the action of the writer, became the senior 
 member of its Faculty. The reply of Professor Latimer was a question as 
 to whether the writer really meant to sever his long connection with the 
 Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, as no unpleasantness had ever occurred 
 that would account for such a resignation on the part of the writer. 
 
 "The first meeting of the Faculty of the University of Maryland Dental 
 Department was held at the office of Professor J. Edwin Michael, M. D., 
 246 Madison avenue, Baltimore (old number), on Friday evening, April 
 28, 1882, at 9 P. M. Present: Professors Miles, Tiffany, Michael, Harris, 
 and Gorgas. Professor Tiffany, Dean of the Faculty of Physic of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland School of Medicine, announced that at a meeting of 
 said Faculty, held April 26, 1S82, the following Faculty of the new Dental 
 Department had been elected : 
 
 "Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, A. M., M: D., D. D. S.— Professor of Den- 
 tal Science, Dental Surgery and Prosthetic Dentistry; 
 
 "Professor James EL. Harris, AE D., D. D. S. — Professor of Operative 
 and Clinical Dentistry; 
 
 "Professor William E. A. Aikin, AE D., EE. D. — Professor of Chem- 
 istry; 
 
 "Professor Samuel C. Chew, A. AE, AE D. — Professor of Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics; 
 
 "Professor Francis T. Miles, A. AE, AE D. — Professor of Physiology; 
 
 "Professor L. McLane Tijfany, A. AE, AE D. — Professor of Oral 
 Surgery;
 
 386 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 •'Professor ./. Edwin Michael, A. M ., M. D. — Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 "Professor Gorgas was unanimously elected Dean of the Dental 
 Department. Dr. John C. Uhler was elected Demonstrator of Prosthetic 
 Dentistry. Dr. Frank L. Harris was elected Demonstrator of Operative 
 Dentistry. 
 
 "The first summer practical session hegan April 28, 1882, in the new 
 ward of the University Hospital, and the first regular winter session began 
 October 2, 1882, with sixty students, the lectures on Dentistry being deliv- 
 ered in Practice Hall, and the Medical lectures in Chemical and Anatomical 
 Halls of the University Building." 
 
 The first Faculty is thus seen to have consisted of seven members, five 
 of whom were also members of the Faculty of Physic. There were also a 
 number of Demonstrators of Anatomy, Mechanical and Operative Dentistry' 
 and Continuous Gum Work. The whole number of instructors amounted to 
 nineteen. A large number of eminent dentists in different parts of the coun- 
 try were also enrolled as Clinical Instructors, some of whom attended the 
 clinics at some time in person, and gave the students the advantages of their 
 large and varied experience. 
 
 An announcement was issued which contained the following opening 
 statements: "The rapid advance of the art and science of Dental Surgery 
 and the recognition of it by the leading medical associations as a specialty of 
 medicine, as well as the desire of every reputable dental practitioner to have 
 it accepted as such, renders it necessary to increase the facilities by which 
 dental students can acquire not only a thorough knowledge of the profession 
 of their choice, but also a knowledge of the collateral sciences. While the 
 object of this Department is to graduate students in dentistry, yet it should 
 be an incentive to all who aim to become properly qualified to practice den- 
 tistry, to educate themselves as doctors of medicine in conjunction with their 
 dental training. By placing dental surgery, as connected with oral surgery, 
 in a position where it is accepted as a department of medicine, its status will 
 be exalted, and a larger number of intellectual men will be found in its ranks
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 387 
 
 and a new impetus to thought and investigation will thereby be created." 
 Stress is laid upon the fact that this was contemplated in the organization of 
 the department, and the advantages of the union with a University are duly 
 impressed. 
 
 Practice Hall, on the University grounds, capable of holding two hun- 
 dred persons, was specially devoted to the dental lectures, and as soon as 
 possible the Faculty proceeded to erect a special "Dental Infirmary and 
 Laboratory building" for the use of the students of the department. This 
 building occupied the Greene street side of the University grounds, abutting 
 on Cider alley. In its construction the amplest provision was made for light 
 by means of forty-nine large windows, entirely unobstructed on all sides. 
 The Infirmary occupied the second floor and was provided with all needed 
 appliances — operating chairs, movable brackets, tables, etc., each chair being 
 opposite a window. On the first floor was the dental laboratory, containing 
 mechanical appliances and also closets and drawers for the instruments, 
 books and clothing of students. Of course, the facilities offered to the stu- 
 dents by the Hospital, Dispensary, Museum and other resources of the Uni- 
 versity — giving this School advantages which no separate dental school 
 could offer — were duly dwelt upon in the circular. 
 
 For graduation it was required that the student should be twenty-one 
 years of age, and have attended two courses of lectures, the last one in this 
 School. As equivalent to the first of these courses, a course in any other 
 reputable dental or medical college, five years' dental practice, including 
 regular pupilage, or a satisfactory examination on entrance was accepted. 
 The candidate was also required to show specimens of operations performed 
 in the Infirmary or constructed in the laboratory — the latter for preservation 
 in the Museum. The result of the examination was determined by a major- 
 ity of the votes of the Faculty. The student, by combining the medical and 
 dental courses, could take both degrees within three years — thus saving $300. 
 
 In addition to the regular winter sessions, a summer session for practical
 
 3 8 8 UN I J ' ER SI TY OF MARY LA ND 
 
 instruction was provided, extending from May to October, which was free 
 to regular students. 
 
 The fees were fixed at $115 for each session, and $30 diploma fee for 
 graduates. A beneficiary was allowed from each State on the recommenda- 
 tion of the State Society or its President. Several prizes were offered, 
 including a University medal for best standing in final examinations. 
 
 Thus was launched this important "department," or, more properly 
 speaking, "school," providing instruction 111 an essential branch of medical 
 science. 
 
 The first session lasted live and a half months, and the success was most 
 gratifying, showing that the advantages derived from University and pro 
 fessional connection were duly appreciated and eagerly embraced by students 
 throughout the country. Sixty-six students attended, representing fifteen 
 States and two foreign countries, and there were thirty-four graduates at the 
 commencement held on March 15, 1883. The interest of the dental pro- 
 fession was shown by a large number of valuable donations made to the 
 museum, which was set on foot at the very beginning by the enterprising 
 and ever thoughtful dean. The infirmary ottered an embarrassment of 
 work to the students, in both operative and prosthetic dentistry, many having 
 inserted as many as nearly a hundred fillings, while over forty tidings had 
 been a common average. Every operating chair was connected with a battery 
 for the use of dental electric appliances. The Dental Laboratory was 
 equipped with all conveniences for the preparation of metals, the manufac- 
 ture of teeth, and the construction of artificial dentures of every kind. Sin- 
 gular to say, all the students entered had matriculated only in the Dental 
 Department. An important addition to the Faculty after this session was 
 D. Genese, D. D. S., a local dentist of brilliant inventive genius, who gave 
 instruction in continuous gum and plastic work. 
 
 The third session was characterized by an important change in the 
 Faculty, Professor R. Dorsey Coale having replaced Professor Aikin in the 
 chair of chemistry. I"he attendance of the previous session had risen to So,
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 389 
 
 with 36 graduates. Many dentists had availed themselves <>l the oppor- 
 tunity of obtaining the degree in one session upon five years' experience, this 
 being noted of 16 of the 36 graduates. < hving to the growth of the depart- 
 ment, it hat! been found necessary to add to the Infirmary and Laboratory 
 Building by the erection of two wings, giving two hundred running feet to 
 
 Infirmary Hall, and additional museum, impression, reception and 
 extraction rooms. The asphaltum floor of the laboratory offered one 
 hundred and eighty feet lor the work tables. 
 
 Among additions to the course, there had been established a working 
 chemical laboratory. The clause ottering "a satisfactory examination" in 
 lieu of the first of the two sessions was, doubtless wisely, omitted from the 
 third annual circular. Our attention is arrested at this time by a certificate 
 of ten prominent dentists, the chairmen of committees appointed to award 
 the prizes to the graduates, expressing their "admiration and gratification 
 at the remarkable proficiency exhibited by the competitors." 
 
 Curing the session of [885-86, the clause with reference to the credit 
 allowed for "five years practice" was abolished, and the only exemption to 
 be obtained from the two-year course was that conferred by. the degree of 
 M. D., "with one year's dental instruction," which was accepted in lieu of 
 the first year.* Students were required to take operative as well as mechan- 
 ical dentistry both years. The first mention is made officially of preliminary 
 requirements in the following words: "The matriculant must have a good 
 English education. The diploma of a reputable literary institution, or other 
 evidence of literary qualification, will be received instead of an examina- 
 tion. 
 
 In the fifth session Dr. Genese's name disappeared from the corps of 
 instructors, and Professor 1. i:'.. Atkinson took Professor Chew's place in 
 the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. We note at this time the 
 statement that dissection was "now obligatory in all dental schools." A 
 
 *It was stated that this concession was sanctioned b\ the Stair Boards oi Dental Ex 
 airliners and the American Dental Association.
 
 390 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 number of additional prizes had been established, there being now five 
 gold medals awarded. 
 
 In connection with the list of graduates of 1886, it is stated that all had 
 attended "two full sessions of five months each." 
 
 During the session of 1886-87 rne students numbered 125, of whom 
 51 graduated; "indisputable evidence," says the catalogue, "that the insti- 
 tution has acquired not only a national but a cosmopolitan reputation. 
 Matriculants have come from every section of the country, and from 
 Canada, South America, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Turkey, etc., 
 and a number of its students have been previously in attendance upon the 
 lectures, and are graduates of the Universities of Europe, or of medical and 
 dental colleges in the United States." 
 
 In 1889, the National Association of Dental College Faculties agreed 
 to require of candidates for matriculation a diploma from a reputable liter- 
 ary institution, a teacher's certificate, or other evidence of literary qualifica- 
 tion, and, in the absence of any of these, a preliminary examination embrac- 
 ing a good English education. This school being a member of the Associa- 
 tion here named, the above was duly announced and duly put into effect. 
 That the conditions as to preliminary requirements are not in this school — 
 as they undoubtedly are in many others — a pretence and a sham, appears 
 to be established by a formal statement placed at the head of the list of 
 matriculants in every catalogue from this time to the present, reading: "All 
 of these matriculants conformed to the requirements for admission as speci- 
 fied by the annual catalogue." The following regulation was also 
 announced : "At the end of the Junior year students will be examined for 
 admission to the Senior Class." 
 
 The following figures are of interest: During the session of 1888-80 
 there were 4132 teeth extracted, 7010 fillings inserted — gold, amalgam and 
 plastic; 2507 teeth treated, 560 sets of teeth made in the laboratory, 137 
 sets of teeth repaired. 
 
 During the ninth session the chair of Anatomy was vacant by the trans-
 
 DEPAR TMEN T OF DEN TIS TR Y 39 1 
 
 ferrence of Professor Michael to another department, but the duties belong- 
 ing to it were not therefore neglected. An addition made to the dental 
 building (the third since its erection in 1SS2) increased its size to forty-four 
 by nearly one hundred feet and the number of windows in the Infirmary to 
 forty-three. 
 
 In the tenth session (1891-92), Randolph Winslow, A. M., M. D., 
 assumed the chair of Anatomy. With the beginning of this session a radical 
 change was made in the course, consisting of an additional or third year. 
 This had been provided for by the National Association of Dental Facul- 
 ties, at its annual meeting held two years before, and later approved by the 
 American Dental Association. The requirements for admission was also 
 expressed in greater detail; for example, the applicant who was unable to 
 present a diploma or teacher's certificate, must submit to an examination in 
 grammar, arithmetic, history and geography, and, in addition, must write 
 an essay. Graduates of recognized medical colleges were admitted to the 
 second year class without examination, anil were required to take only the 
 dental tickets. The fees per session amounted to $105, including $5 for 
 matriculation. In addition to this was the dissection ticket, $10, required but 
 once, and the diploma fee of $311; the total expense therefore tor the three 
 years amounting to $355. Nine gold medals, besides a number of other 
 prizes were bestowed. The number of students this session tell to 126. 
 the graduates numbering 73, showing a falling off in the whole number of 
 37, the result doubtless of the lengthening of the course and the greater 
 expense now attending it. The next year ( 1893) the number ol graduates 
 fell to [6, to rise again in 1 S94 to 34. I he session ol [894-95 was the 
 most prosperous up to that time, the names of 1 S4 matriculants being 
 recorded. 
 
 In 1896 Dr. Charles \V . Mitchell became the incumbent ol the chair 
 of Materia Medica, Professor Atkinson retaining Therapeutics only. The 
 session was lengthened to six months. By a rule of the National Association 
 of Dental Colleges students entering later than ten days after the opening of
 
 392 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the session could not be given credit for a full course.* Students who had 
 attended one course in a medical college were eligible to the second year 
 class, subject to the rules regarding examination. Graduates of medical and 
 pharmaceutical colleges were admitted to the second year without examina- 
 tion. 
 
 In i S98, David M. R. Culbreth, M. D., Ph. G., took the place of Pro- 
 fessor Mitchell as Associate Professor of Materia Medica. 
 
 In 1899 the session was lengthened to seven months. 
 
 In 1900 Professor Charles W. Mitchell reentered the Faculty, taking 
 Professor Atkinson's place in Therapeutics. Drs. John C. Uhler and Isaac 
 H. Davis, previously demonstrators, became Associate Professors of Pros- 
 thetic and Operative Dentistry respectively. Dr. Clarence J. Grieves became 
 Lecturer upon Crown and Bridge Work. 
 
 In 1 90 1 Associate Professor Culbreth assumed the rank of full Pro- 
 fessor, and Dr. Clarence J. Grieves was advanced to the rank of Associate 
 Professor. The clauses admitting one-year medical students to the second 
 year, "subject to the rules governing examinations," and pharmacy gradu- 
 ates to the second year "without examination," were at this time stricken 
 out. The following requirement of the National Association of Dental 
 Faculties came into effect at this time: "The minimum preliminary educa- 
 tion requirement shall be a certificate of entrance into the second year of a 
 high school or its equivalent. The examination to be placed in the hands 
 of any State or County Superintendent of Public Instruction." 
 
 In 1902 Professor Tiffany resigned from the chair of Oral Surgery, 
 which was assigned to Professor Winslow, and Dr. ]. Holmes Smith was 
 advanced from the Demonstratorship to the Professorship of Anatomy. 
 The minimum requirement of matriculants was still further advanced to 
 include a certificate of entrance into the third year of a high school, or its 
 equivalent. Scholarships, whether free or beneficial, were done away with, 
 
 "We are told that strict compliance was given to this rule of the National Associations.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 393 
 
 having been pronounced 'detrimental to the best interests ol the profession 
 
 and forbidden by the National Association ol Dental faculties. 
 
 In 1903, Professor Miles having died, Dr. John C. Hemmeter was 
 elected to till the chair of Physiology. Dr. Timothy O. Heatwole was 
 advanced to the Associate Professorship of Orthodontia. The handsome 
 
 new dental building on Greene street was erected during the fall and winter, 
 replacing the old building constructed in 1SS2, which had been added to 
 from time to time as the growth of the classes necessitated increased accom- 
 modations. The new building is of brick, is three stories and a halt high, 
 and is shaped like an "L," extending along Greene St. and Cider Alley toi 1x91 1 
 feet. It is heated by steam and lighted by both electricity and gas. Without 
 equipment it cost $45,000. The operating room, or Infirmary, is 100x30 
 feet, and has light from all four sides. Below it on the first floor are the 
 Dental Museum, Extracting Room, Impression Room, Dean's Office, Stu- 
 dents' Reading Room, Clinic Room, etc., and in the rear a large Lecture 
 Hall with raised seats. Each student has his private locker for instruments, 
 books, clothing, etc. In the basement are the Dental Laboratories, occupy- 
 ing the whole of that floor. Owing to the size of this building, it is able to 
 furnish accommodations also for the Department of Pharmacy and tor the 
 Laboratories of Pathology, Bacteriology and Physiological Chemistry. 
 
 With the session of 1903-04, attendance upon tour annual sessions was 
 announced as requisite for graduation. I his was in accordance with the 
 action of the National Association of Dental faculties, and applied to all 
 Dental Colleges in the country. Announcement to this effect appeared in 
 the catalogues of [902-03, 1903-04, and [904-05, with outline of the four- 
 year curriculum. The requirement was, however, only in operation for one 
 session, that of [903-04, and was rescinded before the session ol [904-05. 
 It appears that the colleges of the country were not in unanimous agree- 
 ment upon it, and the opposition was sufficient to render its introduction 
 impracticable. When it is learned that Harvard College Dental School 
 opposed to it, for instance, the strength of the opposition becomes apparent.
 
 394 UNIt'ERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 An important innovation in 1903 was that taking the examination of 
 matriculants out of the hands of the Faculty or Dean and placing it in those 
 of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This official has 
 appointed Professor J. H. Elliott, of the Baltimore City College, to hold 
 examinations as to preliminary training and to pass upon students' certifi- 
 cates. The clause requiring students to enter within ten days was modified 
 so as to allow entrance within twenty days, in case of sickness attested by a 
 physician's certificate. An estimate of the personal expenses of the student 
 for the seven months of the session, made by students at this time is worth 
 quoting. A "low," "average" and "liberal" calculation is given; we quote the 
 average, which amounts to a total of $233, including books $32, board $84, 
 room $42, clothes and washing $50, other expenses $25. (This average 
 was reduced to $217 in the next catalogue). 
 
 In the catalogue of 1904, notice was given of a Post-Graduate Course, 
 four being in attendance. 
 
 In 1905, L. Whiting Farinholt, I). D. S., became Demonstrator of 
 Porcelain Inlay Work. 
 
 In 1906 (the present year) Professor Mitchell has retired, leaving the 
 department of Therapeutics to be added to that of Materia Medica, under 
 Professor Culbreth. Associate Professor Grieves has resigned, and Clyde 
 V. Matthews, D. D. S., has been made Demonstrator of Anaesthesia. The 
 preliminary requirements have been advanced, in conformity with the rules 
 of the National Association of Dental Faculties, to include "an examination 
 corresponding to that required in a high school ot the section of country 
 from which candidates come." A knowledge of Latin or Greek is not 
 required. The tuition fees have been raised from $100 to $1 ^o per session. 
 The number of matriculants the session of 1905-06 was 150, and there were 
 42 graduates at the commencement in June, 1906. 
 
 The Dental Museum deserves some notice. It was begun with the 
 founding of the Department in 1SS2 and now occupies a large, well-lighted 
 room on the first floor and south side of the new Dental Building. There is
 
 J 
 < 
 
 h 
 
 la 
 a 
 
 a
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 397 
 
 an abundance of space for the exhibition ot all the specimens. Among 
 objects of interest are an Egyptian mummy's head showing the teeth ot both 
 jaws: the Maynard collection of Russian maxillae, obtained from the battle- 
 fields of the Crimean War, showing the massive jaws of that race, the varied 
 forms of antral cavities, etc.; a collection of skulls oi all ages, also skulls 
 showing development of teeth; models oi jaws, cleft palates, harelips, etc.; 
 skulls of animals and fishes; a large exhibit ol minerals; many hundred speci- 
 mens of teeth, single and in sets, and ot various composition; crown and 
 bridge work, porcelain work, etc.; Japanese work, with anatomical plaster 
 moldings, made in the college; a pathological collection of human teeth, occu- 
 pying four large glass cases; a comparative anatomy collection, showing 
 teeth of the mastodon and other animals; natural duplicates ot abnormal 
 teeth, including reunited fractured teeth; portraits ot distinguished dentists, 
 graduating classes, etc. A relic of great interest is the license to practice 
 dentistry, issued in 18 10 to Dr. Horace H. Hayden, who also held the 
 honorary degree of M. D. from the University, 1840. The Dean naturally 
 teels great pride in this valuable collection, the result of his own personal 
 zeal.and industry. It is the second which he has made, the first being that of 
 the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, with which he was connected for 
 many years. The Dental Alumni have contributed very liberally to the 
 formation ol this collection, part of which was also secured by purchase. 
 This museum is one of the attractions of the institution, ami the alumni of all 
 departments will find a visit to it both entertaining and profitable. Professor 
 Gorgas takes great pride anil pleasure in exhibiting it. 
 
 The largest attendance in this department in am year was in 1902-03, 
 when there were 215 matriculants. The largest graduating class was that 
 of 1892, 76. 
 
 We have only to add that the Department has a flourishing Alumni 
 Association, of which Dr. Clarence J. Grieves is President, ami Dr. I.. W. 
 Farinholt is Secretary-Treasurer. At the last annual meeting there were 
 181 names upon the roll, and annual receipts of $394 were reported.
 
 398 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 James Howell Harris, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Operative and 
 Clinical Dentistry in the School of Dentistry of the University of Maryland, 
 was born near Charlottesville, in Albemarle County, Va., October 22, 1834. 
 His father, Mr. Alanson Harris, was a farmer and agricultural implement 
 dealer in that section. He received his preliminary education in private 
 schools. In 1841; or 1846 his family removed to Augusta County, near 
 Weir's Cave, in the Valley of Virginia. Having a strong taste as well as 
 talent for mechanical pursuits, he applied himself to the practice of dentistry 
 and took the degree of D. D. S. at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 
 early in the Spring of 1 86 1 . He began the practice of his profession at 
 Harrisonburg, Va., but he had a large clientele throughout all the country 
 around, whom he used to visit periodically. 
 
 During the Civil War he was in very bad health, but the last two years 
 of that struggle he held a position in the medical department of the hospital 
 at Harrisonburg. His father died in December, 1866. He began his con- 
 nection with the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery as Demonstrator of 
 Operative Dentistry in October, 1871. At the end of the session of 1S71- 
 72 he was elected to the full Professorship of Operative and Clinical Den- 
 tistry, and continued in that position until he voluntarily severed his connec- 
 tion with the institution to take part in founding the School of Dentistry of 
 this University. This was in 1882, and the circumstances have already been 
 detailed in the body of this work. He has held the same position in this 
 School as he held in the first institution, and continues still as in all his many 
 years of work, the active, enthusiastic and beloved teacher of successive 
 classes of dental graduates. 
 
 Professor Harris is of a genial disposition and strongly domestic habits. 
 Although connected with the Southern Dental Association and the Maryland 
 State Dental Associations, he shrinks from publicity and has declined all 
 offices. He varies the arduous labors of his professorship and practice by a 
 stay of several months during the summer at his country home near Harrison- 
 burg, seeking that rest and occupation which his active life makes necessary.
 
 PROFESSOR JAMES II. HARRIS, M. 1)., D. D. S.
 
 PROFESSOR FERDINAND JAMES SAMUEL GORGAS, A. M., 1). D. S., M. D.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY 401 
 
 He received the degree ot M. D. from the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Baltimore. Two of his sons have followed him in the profession 
 of Dentistry — Charles C. Harris, M. D., D. D. S., and J. Edwin Harris, 
 M. D., D. D. S. 
 
 Ferdinand James Samuel Gorgas, A. M., D. D. S., M. I)., Professor 
 of Principles of Dental Science, Dental Surgery and Dental Mechanism, and 
 Dean of the Dental Faculty, University of Maryland, is one of the most 
 valuable contributors to the literature of his profession in America, and also 
 enjoys the especial distinction of being one of the oldest teachers of dental 
 medicine and surgery in the world. He has practiced dentistry since 1855, 
 and began his career as instructor in 1858; and he has tilled every faculty 
 chair, except that of chemistry, in the old Baltimore College of Dental Sur- 
 gery and in the Dental Departments of the University of Maryland. 
 
 Dr. Gorgas is a native of Virginia, born in Winchester, son of John 
 DeLancey Gorgas and Mary Ann Smith. He was educated in the Win- 
 chester public and high schools and prepared for college at Carlisle, Penn- 
 sylvania, in the grammar school connected with Dickinson College. He 
 entered the college in 1 849 as a student of the academic course, and was 
 graduated, A. B., 1853, taking his A. M. degree in 1856. In the fall of 
 1853 he entered the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and was grad- 
 uated, D. D. S., in 1855. 
 
 Dr. Gorgas began the general practice of dentistry in Baltimore in 
 1855, and from that year to the present time has been constantly engaged 
 in active professional work. In 1858 he was appointed demonstrator in his 
 alma mater, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and in i860 was 
 called to succeed Professor Chapin A. Harris (who was one of the founders 
 of the first dental college in the world) in the chair of Dental Surgery and 
 Therapeutics, which he tilled in that school until 1882. He then withdrew 
 from that Faculty to establish the Dental Department of the University of 
 Maryland, with which he is still associated, holding his old professorship,
 
 4 o2 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 and also performing the responsible duties of the office of dean in the old col- 
 lege for about fifteen years, and in the university institution since 1882. 
 
 In the early part of his career, both as dental practitioner and instructor, 
 Dr. Gorgas felt the need of a thorough understanding of the principles and 
 practice of medicine, and he therefore took a regular course in the medical 
 department of the University, graduating M. D. in 1861. His work as 
 author and collaborator dates from about the year 1864, when he first edi- 
 torially revised Harris' "Medical and Dental Dictionary;" and he has sub- 
 sequently revised that work through seven editions. In 1872 he edited 
 Harris' "Dental Surgery," now Harris' "Principles and Practice of Den- 
 tistry," which he has revised through six editions. From 1866 to 1902, 
 throughout the entire period of its existence, he was one of the editors of 
 the "American Journal of Dental Science," which figured in professional 
 circles as the first publication of its kind in the world. 
 
 As an original author on subjects pertaining to the dental profession, 
 Dr. Gorgas has long enjoyed wide distinction, and his works have been noted 
 for quality rather than number. Aside from his monograph articles, men- 
 tion may here be made of his published "Lectures on Dental Science and 
 Therapeutics," 1885; "Dental Medicine," now in its seventh edition; and 
 "Questions and Answers for the Dental Student," 1896; second edition, 
 1901.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
 
 V. DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY/ 
 
 THE first suggestion of a College of Pharmacy in Baltimore 
 emanated from Dr. William R. Fisher, a native of Philadel- 
 phia, who settled here in 1827, at the age of nineteen, and 
 established a pharmacy about 1834. He was Professor of Bot- 
 any in the School of Arts and Sciences of this University, and, upon the with- 
 drawal of the Faculty of Physic, in the Spring of 1837, was made Professor 
 of Chemistry in the reorganized Trustees Faculty of the School of Medicine. 
 He was one of the leading spirits in the Maryland Academy of Science and 
 Literature. He delivered two courses upon chemistry in the University, 
 but in the Spring of 1839 he was attacked with partial paralysis, which cut 
 short his activity for the time. He returned to Philadelphia and recovered 
 sufficiently to occupy a professorship in the Philadelphia College of Phar- 
 macy. He died at Holmesburg, near Philadelphia, on the 25th of October. 
 1842, at the early age of thirty-four. Dr. Thomas H. Buckler, who knew 
 him well, spoke of him as gifted and eloquent, and ever ready to take the 
 lead in everything scientific and useful. He held the degree of M. D.* 
 
 Of Dr. Fisher's "plan" we know nothing further than that he had 
 formed one, and that it met with favor among his colleagues of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty. His sudden illness prevented his participation in its 
 execution. Dr. Thomas H. Buckler urged the importance of such an institu- 
 tion in October, 1839. At the annual meeting of the Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Faculty held in Baltimore, June 1-3, 1840, a committee was appointed 
 to plan, conjointly with a number of pharmacists, an organization, and report 
 
 * The author has made free use of the excellent sketch of the Maryland College of 
 Pharmacy written by the late Professor Charles Schmidt, and published in the volume entitled 
 "History of Education in Maryland, by Bernard C. Steiner, Ph. D.," under the patronage of 
 the United States Bureau of Education, Washington, 1894. 
 
 fMd. Med. and Surg. JL, Oct., 1839.
 
 406 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 at the next meeting, t On June 8, 1840, the committee, consisting of Drs. 
 Samuel G. Baker, William E. A. Aikin and William Riley, met at the 
 home of the first named, who was Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics in this University, the following pharmacists: Messrs. John Hill, 
 George W. Andrews, Thomas G. Mackenzie, David Stewart, H. B. Atkin- 
 son, J. W. W. Gordon, Jonathan Chapman and Robert H. Coleman, repre- 
 senting the Pharmacists of Baltimore. Professor Samuel G. Baker presided. 
 After a lengthy discussion, the meeting decided "to appoint a committee of 
 five apothecaries to report the best plan for a College of Pharmacy in the 
 city of Baltimore." In their report to the meeting held June 22, 1840, this 
 committee recommended "the calling of a general meeting of all regularly 
 educated apothecaries of the city, in order that all might have an opportunity 
 to express their views in reference to the project." The report was accepted, 
 and the committee was continued and instructed to issue an invitation to all 
 regularlv-educated apothecaries of the State of Maryland to a general meet- 
 ing to be held July 6, 1840. This meeting was duly convened, when a com- 
 mittee was appointed to draft a constitution and bv-laws for a College of 
 Pharmacy. Finally, a meeting of organization was held July 20, 1840, and 
 it was then that the Maryland College of Pharmacy began its career. Mr. 
 Thomas G. Mackenzie, n leading apothecary, presided on this momentous 
 and historical occasion. The minutes of the several preceding meetings 
 having been read, the committee presented its report of a constitution and 
 by-laws, which were adopted with numerous amendments. Provision was 
 made for a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a 
 Board of three examiners, the officers collectively to constitute the Board of 
 Trustees. The Board of Examiners were to examine orally all applicants 
 for membership not receiving a unanimous vote of the Board of Trustees, 
 and to investigate the quality of medicines such applicants were in the habit 
 of dispensing. All members were required to sign the constitution, and 
 to cause their apprentices to serve in such capacity at least four years, and to 
 ildcm. Oct., 1840,
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 407 
 
 attend at least one course of lectures in the College. Meetings were to be 
 held monthly lor the transaction of business, the reading of essays, and the 
 discussion of all matters of interest to the pharmaceutical profession. Upon 
 the adoption of the constitution and by-laws, the meeting proceeded to elect 
 the first officers of the College, with the following result: Thomas G. 
 Mackenzie, President; George W. Andrews, Robert B. Coleman, Vice- 
 Presidents; William H. Balderston, Secretary; Henry B. Atkinson, Treas- 
 urer; Benjamin Rush Roberts, David Stewart and Thomas T. Phillips, 
 Board of Examiners. The organization having been fully effected, the 
 meeting adjourned. 
 
 Up to this period, the training of pharmacists in Maryland had been 
 entirely practical. It was altogether confined to an apprenticeship in some 
 drug store, and no attempt was made to go into the theory of the subject, or 
 to give literary polish to the instruction. The Philadelphia College of Phar- 
 macy had been in existence since 1821, and the New York College since 
 1829, and there may have been in Maryland some, especially in Baltimore, 
 who had received the benefits of training in these schools. Pharmacy was 
 hardly as yet recognized as a distinct profession, and it was still largely the 
 custom for physicians to compound in their offices such medicines as they 
 required in practice, the labor being frequently assigned to more or less inex- 
 perienced students of medicine, pursuing courses of reading in the physi- 
 cians' offices. Apothecaries were then rather venders of crude drugs, of 
 such pharmaceutical preparations as were in common use by the laiety, 
 of the numerous quack nostrums in vogue, and of a variety of other articles 
 in no sense pharmaceutical, as glass, paints, dye-stuffs, etc. Gradually, as the 
 number of medicines increased, and their preparation and compounding 
 required more time and more thorough knowledge of their characteristics 
 and constituents, and hence greater skill in manipulation, the physicians, at 
 least in the cities, laid aside their mortars and pestles and abandoned this 
 part of their avocation to the apothecaries. In consequence, apothecaries' 
 shops, with their system of apprentices, became more numerous, and soon the
 
 4 o8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 desire arose to provide higher and more systematic methods of instruction 
 in the sciences relating to pharmacology.* 
 
 The Board of Trustees, at a meeting held November 9, 1840, resolved 
 to proceed to incorporation, and Messrs. Benjamin R. Roberts and Robert 
 H. Coleman were appointed to present a memorial to the Legislature with 
 that object in view. The act of incorporation was passed January 27, 
 1 841, and was signed by William Grayson, Governor of Maryland. It was 
 as follows: 
 
 "Act of Incorporation of the Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy. 
 
 "Whereas, Tt is the duty of every good government to protect as far 
 as in it lies, its citizens from those ills and dangers to which they become 
 exposed in the multiplied relations of society, by promoting and encouraging 
 wholesome institutions and regulations calculated to advance the well-being, 
 security and interests of the community; and it being represented to the Leg- 
 islature that an institution has been established in the city of Baltimore, 
 called the Maryland College of Pharmacy, for the purpose of cultivating, 
 improving, and making known a knowledge of pharmacy and its collateral 
 branches of science, and of giving instruction in the same by public lectures: 
 Therefore 
 
 "SECTION i, Re it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That 
 Thomas G. Mackenzie, George W. Andrews, Robert H. Coleman, Benja- 
 min Rush Roberts, David Stewart, Henry B. Atkinson and William H. Bal- 
 derston, together with such other individuals as may hereafter become mem- 
 bers of said college, be and they are hereby incorporated by the name of the 
 Maryland College of Pharmacy, and they are hereby declared to be one 
 community, corporation and bodv politic, by which name they shall be able 
 to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, in all courts of law and equity, 
 and in all actions whatsoever, and also to have a common seal, and the same 
 
 *Mr. William S. Thompson. Professor Schmidt's Sketch.
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL AND DENTAL LECTURE ROOM.
 
 DEPARTMENT OE PHARMACY 41 1 
 
 to change, break, alter, or renew at pleasure; and they shall have power to 
 establish by-laws and orders for the regulation of their institution; pro- 
 vided, the same be not repugnant to the constitution of the State of Mary- 
 land or of the United States; and they shall have power to take, hold and 
 possess, any estate, real, personal or mixed, by subscription, gift, grant, pur- 
 chase, devise or otherwise, and the same to improve, lease, exchange, or sell 
 and convey at pleasure; provided, that the value of real estate held at any 
 time by the said corporation shall not exceed one thousand dollars over and 
 above the amount necessary for the requisite buildings, chemical, philosoph- 
 ical and pharmaceutical apparatus, library and other appurtenances to the 
 objects specifically contemplated by this act. 
 
 "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, that the officers of said college 
 shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer and a Board 
 of three Examiners, which said officers, collectively, shall constitute a Board 
 of Trustees, of whom five shall form a quorum for the transaction of busi- 
 ness for the time being, who shall have the control and direction of the 
 funds of the corporation, the appointment of professors or lecturers, and all 
 the subordinate officers of the College, and shall issue certificates of member- 
 ship, adopt rules and regulations for the examination of candidates and grant 
 diplomas. 
 
 "Sec ■?. And be it further enacted, That an election shall be held 
 semi-annually by the members present at general meetings, to be held in 
 July and January of each and every year (after July, eighteen hundred and 
 forty-one), for the election of officers by ballot, viz.: for President, Secre- 
 tary, Treasurer, and one of the Board of Examiners in July, and for two 
 Vice-Presidents and the other two Examiners in January, which said officers 
 shall -hold their respective offices for the term of one year, or until others 
 shall be elected to succeed them; in case of death or resignation, the Board 
 of Trustees shall have power to fill the vacancy or vacancies by the election 
 of any member of the College to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term of 
 said officer; no individual shall be elected as a Trustee of said College, unless 
 he is a member of the same.
 
 412 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 "Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the Treasurer shall give 
 bond for the faithful performance of the duties of his office, and shall render 
 accounts of his transactions therein as often as he may be requested by the 
 Board of Trustees, in such sum, and with such sureties as may be acceptable 
 to the said Board. 
 
 "Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That nothing herein contained 
 shall be so construed as to authorize the said corporation to issue anv note, 
 certificate, device or token to be used as currency. 
 
 "Sec. 6. And be it enacted, That the right is hereby expressly reserved 
 to the General Assembly, at its pleasure, to repeal this act of incorporation. 
 
 "Sec. 7. And be it enacted, That this act shall inure for thirty years 
 from the date of its passage, if not sooner repealed by the General Assem- 
 bly. 
 
 The first course of lectures at the College began the first week in Nov- 
 ember, 1 84 1, and continued until the end of February, 1842. There were 
 six students in attendance, three of whom, Messrs. William S. Thompson, 
 Alpheus P. Sharp and Frederick A. Cochrane, received the degree of Ph. 
 G. at a public commencement held June 19, 1842, attendance upon but one 
 session being sufficient for graduation. The College then occupied a single 
 small room on Gay street, north of Baltimore street. The instruction was 
 given by seven members of the College, who volunteered for the purpose and 
 received no compensation for their services. Mr. David Stewart lectured on 
 Chemistry, the other six upon Materia Medica and Pharmacy, the United 
 States Dispensatory being divided equally among them as a guide. The 
 expenses of the College were met from the dues of members and fees of 
 students. 
 
 On account of the small number of students available, on October 3, 
 1842, the Board of Trustees adopted the following resolution: 
 
 "WHEREAS, The constitution of this College requires attendance upon 
 but one course of lectures for graduation, that the course of lectures before
 
 ALPHEUS P. SHARP, PH. G. 
 A graduate of the class of 1841-42. Mr. Sharp is still living, hale and hearty, at the age of 84.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF I'll .MM. ICY 415 
 
 this College be delivered hereafter biennially, and that the Board <>l I rus- 
 tees be requested to qualify themselves to deliver the lectures of the next 
 course during the session ot [843-44." 
 
 The lectures of this — the second course — were given upon the same 
 plan as those of the session of 1841-42, except that the English edition ol 
 "Pereira's Materia Medica" was substituted for the "United States Dispen- 
 satory." At the close ol this course, there was but one graduate — Samuel 
 Rodders. 
 
 Hut the limited attendance of students anil the heavy expense were 
 telling upon the resources ol the College, and in the spring ol 1K44 a com- 
 mittee consisting of Messrs. Reese, Graham ami Stewart was appointed to 
 endeavor to make an arrangement with the Faculty of Physic of the Univer- 
 sity lor a union of the two institutions. It was proposed that a course ol at 
 least sixteen lectures should be delivered in one ol the lecture rooms ol the 
 University, and that a small room should be allowed the College for its meet- 
 ings and for its cabinet of specimens. The charge lor the course was to be 
 $5.00 for each Medical student, and the students ol Pharmacy were to 
 have the privilege of attending the lectures given by Professor Aikin upon 
 Chemistry. The proposal was accepted, and the arrangement was con- 
 summated on April 24th, "room 20" being cleared ol lumber and turned 
 over to the College, to be papered and painted at its expense, the Faculty 
 guaranteeing its use for four years "not doubting that at the expiration ol 
 that time they will be as ready to renew as now to make this offer.*" 
 
 In view of the unsatisfactory method of delivery of lectures at pre- 
 vious sessions, it was decided to elect a Professor of Pharmacy, and Dr. 
 David Stewart, an eminent chemist and pharmacist, who had taken the 
 degree in medicine at the University at the recent commencement, was unani- 
 mously elected to this professorship, the full title ol which was "Theory 
 and Practice of Pharmacy." The Maryland College of Pharmacy thus has 
 
 *MS. Records, Faculty of Physic.
 
 4 1 6 UNIVERSITY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 the honor of being the first institution in the country to establish an inde- 
 pendent chair of pharmacy.* Mr. W. S. Reese was made Lecturer on 
 Materia Materia, and these two, with Professor Aikin, on Chemistry, con- 
 stituted the Faculty of the College. 
 
 Twenty lectures were delivered, two each week. At first they were held 
 at night, later in the afternoon. The emoluments for the labor were to be 
 derived from the sale of tickets to the course, the members of the College 
 guaranteeing a sum equal to twenty tickets. The biennial course of lectures 
 was abandoned. 
 
 The results of this arrangement were disappointing; no medical stu- 
 dents attended, and the number of druggists did not exceed 12 or 15.I' 
 There were no graduates in 1845 or 1846. Professor Stewart resigned on 
 April 28th in the latter year. The last course of lectures was delivered 
 during the winter of 1846-47, and three graduates were announced at the 
 close of this course, viz.: Messrs. T. Paris Moore, Chr. Steinhofer and John 
 W. Read. 
 
 Meanwhile many changes had taken place in the seventeen original 
 members of the College, and their successors manifested no zeal in its behalf. 
 The last meeting of the Board of Trustees was held March 23, 1848', Mr. 
 George W. Andrews being the President at that time. For eight years the 
 College remained entirely inactive, and it was not until 1856 that interest 
 in it revived. 
 
 On February 7, of that year, several apothecaries of Baltimore met for 
 the purpose of agreeing upon some general principles by which pharma- 
 ceutists should be guided in their relations with each other. Ten persons 
 attended this meeting, over which Mr. Israel J. Grahame presided, with 
 Mr. J. Brown Baxley as Secretary. The chairman expressed the opinion 
 that the purposes of the meeting would best be attained by a reorganization 
 of the College, and by a united effort for its support by apothecaries, who 
 
 *It was also the first to make analytical chemistry obligatory {Prof. Caspari). 
 fProfessor Stewart's communication to Faculty of Physic.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 417 
 
 were all eligible to membership in it if in good standing. Accordingly, the 
 President of the College was requested to call a meeting of it, and of phar- 
 macists generally, to further consider the matter. The meeting was held at. 
 a hall, corner of Lexington and Eutaw streets, on February 20, 1856, and 
 was attended by thirty-one apothecaries. The new applicants for member- 
 ship (thirty-one in number) were elected at a meeting of the surviving mem- 
 bers of the Board of Trustees held February 25, and at a meeting of the 
 College held two days later the old officers resigned and their successors 
 were elected, as follows : President, George W. Andrews ; Vice-Presidents, 
 Israel J. Grahame, J. W. Barry; Secretary, William S. Thompson; Treas- 
 urer, J. Brown Baxley; Board of Examiners, Alpheus P. Sharp, J. Faris 
 Moore, Joseph Roberts. 
 
 At subsequent meetings the constitution and by-laws were revised and 
 a code of ethics was adopted.* The arrangement of a course of lectures 
 for the ensuing session was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. 
 Grahame, Thompson and Moore. These gentlemen recommended to 
 the Board the creation of three professorships, viz.: of Chemistry, 
 Materia Medica and Practical Pharmacy, in each of which twelve lectures 
 should be delivered during the session. The report was adopted by the 
 Board of Trustees, and the following were elected Professors: Lewis H. 
 Steiner, A. M., M. I)., Professor of Chemistry; Charles Frick, M. D., 
 Professor of Materia Medica; Israel J. Grahame, Esq., Professor of Prac- 
 tical Pharmacy. The lecturers were to be chosen annually by the Board 
 of Trustees. 
 
 A canvas of the city was made, and it was ascertained that twenty 
 students expected to attend the lectures in the fall of 1856. The College 
 rented a room at the corner of Calvert and Water streets, fitted it with requi- 
 site furniture and apparatus, and made all arrangements for a resumption 
 
 •At the annual session of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, held June I, 
 1856, the following motion, offered by Dr. F. E. B. Hintze, was adopted : "That this Faculty 
 highly approve of the reorganization of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, and bespeak for 
 its judicious code of ethics the cordial support of the legitimate members of the medical pro- 
 fession." Trans. M. and C. F., 1856.
 
 4 1 8 UNIVERSITY OF MAR YLAND 
 
 of an active society and college career, to which there has been no interrup- 
 tion up to the present time. The opening exercises were held early in Novem- 
 ber, 1856, in the large room of Masonic Hall, St. Paul, near Lexington 
 street, and consisted of an address by Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, music, announce- 
 ments, etc. Attendance upon but one course of lectures being then required 
 for graduation, the following students of that session received their diplomas 
 on March 6, 1857: Messrs. Louis Dohme, J. C. O'Brien, E. Walton Rus- 
 sell and J. E. Weatherby. During the first three sessions there were thirty- 
 four matriculants and nine graduates — a total of graduates since 1842 of 
 sixteen. 
 
 In May, 1858, the College decided to issue a quarterly Journal and 
 Transactions. It was edited by Mr. William S. Thompson, under the 
 supervision of a committee of members. The first number was issued in 
 June, and consisted of twenty-four pages, made up of original articles, min- 
 utes, editorial and miscellaneous matter, notice of lectures, etc. It was 
 at first intended for gratuitous distribution among members and physicians. 
 But, after the publication of three numbers, the expense was found to be 
 greater than the income of the College, and it was determined to continue 
 the publication as a subscription journal, forty-eight pages to the number, 
 at one dollar a year. A committee was appointed to solicit subscribers with 
 very gratifying results. For a time the receipts from subscriptions and 
 advertisements very nearly met the expense of publication, but with the 
 onset of the Civil War the receipts fell off, and the publication was sus- 
 pended with the number for April, 1862, fifteen numbers in all having 
 appeared. 
 
 In 1858, Professor Charles Frick received a call to a chair in the Uni- 
 versity School of Medicine, and resigned his position in the College, which 
 was tilled by the election of Dr. Francis Donaldson. 
 
 Great stress is laid in the announcements of this time upon the advan- 
 tage of a combination in the instruction of lectures and recitations. Attend- 
 ance upon two courses of lectures, an apprenticeship for four years in the
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 419 
 
 drug business, the presentation of an original thesis, and the passing of an 
 examination before the Faculty and a committee of the Trustees, were 
 requisite for graduation. The result of the examinations was determined 
 by the votes of the committee alone. The course lasted about four and a 
 half months. Two lectures were delivered on each subject weekly, all 
 lectures being given in the evenings or at night. The fees were extremely 
 low: $8 for each Professor's ticket; $2 for matriculation (required but 
 once), and $5 for graduating fee. 
 
 In 1858, the College decided to remove from its ineligible position,' and 
 succeeded in renting from the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty apartments 
 on the second floor of its building, No. 47 North Calvert street, second door 
 south of Saratoga. In addition to the advantages of comfortable meeting 
 and lecture rooms away from the noise and confusion of the business part of 
 the city, the College here became a neighbor of several Medical Societies. 
 The annual rental was $125. 
 
 In the minutes of January 6, 1859, we note the first mention of a 
 "Hall," a committee being appointed to consider the expediency and practi- 
 cability of building one for the use of the College. The class of students 
 of the session 1858-59 was the largest up to that time, and the prospects of 
 the College were most gratifying. June 2, 1859, a committee appointed to 
 obtain subscriptions for a cabinet for specimens reported that $188 had been 
 collected from members and the wholesale druggists, a sum sufficient to 
 enable the Trustees to purchase very handsome and substantial cases for 
 specimens, and also to leave a surplus for the purchase of chemical appa- 
 ratus. By November following, three of the cases had been nearly filled, 
 containing 276 specimens in bottles ranging from four ounces to two gallons. 
 At the same time a herbarium was presented to the College, representing 
 all the natural orders of plants in Great Britain. At the same meeting a 
 Library Committee was appointed. 
 
 In i860 Professor Grahame, being about to retire from the active pur- 
 suits of Pharmacy to enter upon other duties, resigned, and was succeeded
 
 4 2o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 in the chair of Pharmacy by Mr. L. Phillips. In the session of 1859-60 the 
 number of students had increased to 29, with six graduates. Mr. Grahame 
 was a member of the Society of Friends, and was much esteemed for his 
 integrity and his solid acquirements. The commencements were held at this 
 period at Carroll Hall, corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets. 
 
 In March, 1861, the sum of $199 was collected for the purchase of 
 additional cases for the cabinet and chemical apparatus. Professor L. 
 Phillips resigned on account of ill health, and was succeeded by Mr. J. Faris 
 Moore. In the summer of 1861, Professor Lewis H. Steiner resigned the 
 chair of Chemistry, and Mr. Alfred M. Mayer was appointed to fill the 
 position. 
 
 Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, the late Librarian of the Enoch Pratt Library of 
 Baltimore, was born in Frederick City, Maryland, May 4, 1827. He was 
 descended from German ancestors who settled in the western part of Mary- 
 land early in the eighteenth centry. 
 
 He attended Marshall College at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and 
 graduated therefrom as Bachelor of Arts in 1 846. The degree of A. M. was 
 conferred upon him by his Alma Mater three years later, and by St. James 
 College in 1854 and Yale College in 1869. He received the medical degree 
 at the University of Pennsylvania in 1849. He entered upon the practice 
 of his profession the same year, but in 1852 removed to Baltimore, where 
 he held the chairs of Chemistry in the Maryland Medical Institute, the 
 Maryland Institute and the Maryland College of Pharmacy; in the last 
 named from its reorganization in 1856 to 1861, and again from 1864 
 to 1865. He also held the same chair later in Columbian College and the 
 National Medical College, at Washington, D. C, and lectured at times upon 
 natural history, physics and pharmacy. 
 
 In 1 861 he returned to Frederick City. During the civil war he was 
 chief inspector of the United States Sanitary Commission in the Army of the 
 Potomac, and at its close he re-organized the public school system of his 
 native county, serving for nearly three years as president of its school board.
 
 PROFESSOR LEWIS II. STEIN ER, A. M., M. D.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 423 
 
 After 1868 his time was given up mostly to literary and scientific pursuits. 
 In 1871 he was elected a memberof the state senate, and in 1875 and 1879 
 was re-elected, serving until 1883. In this position he wielded great influence 
 and was respected by all for his manhood, his sterling integrity and his devo- 
 tion to the public interests. In 1876 he was a member of the Republican 
 National Convention which nominated Rutherford B. Hayes. When the Enoch 
 Pratt Free Public Library was founded in 1886, he was placed at its head, 
 and in this position found a wide and congenial field for. his talents. This 
 library (now under charge of his son and successor, Bernard C. Steiner, Ph. 
 D., LL. B.) has seven branches and five stations and numbers 242,098 
 volumes. 
 
 Dr. Steiner's death took place suddenly in his library at his home in 
 Baltimore, of apoplexy, on the evening of Februray 18, 1892. Dr. Steiner 
 was a member of the Reformed Church, and always took an active interest 
 in its affairs. He left a widow, three daughters and two sons. He was a 
 close student, an eloquent speaker and a ready writer. At the age of twenty- 
 four he published his first work, entitled "Physical Science." He subse- 
 quentlv translated "Will's Chemical Analysis," and published numerous 
 addresses, etc. He was assistant editor of the "American Medical 
 Monthly," a New York journal, in 1861.- He delivered the annual oration 
 before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1856 and 1874. 
 He was a member of the American Medical Association, of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, of the Maryland Academy of Sciences, 
 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the 
 Maryland and New Haven Colony Historical Societies, and a corres- 
 ponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He 
 was also a member of the American Public Health Association, and its vice- 
 president for one year, of the American Academy of Medicine and its 
 president in 1879, and he was a trustee of several collegiate and literary in- 
 stitutions. "No brighter example," says Professor Raddatz, his biographer, 
 "of high and earnest ardor in his country's cause, of manhood, integrity and
 
 4 2 4 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 energy shines in the galaxy of sterling citizens which the sturdy race from 
 which he sprang has given to our state." 
 
 With the suspension of the Journal, the information ahout the affairs 
 of the College is much reduced. The work of editing it, making translations, 
 etc., was done gratuitously, and at the same time creditably, and it excites 
 regret that the hope expressed by the editor, Mr. William S. Thompson, 
 that there was enterprise and esprit de corps enough among the phar- 
 maceutists of Baltimore "to resume and sustain a small publication devoted 
 to the interests of the profession" was destined to be disappointed. Pro- 
 fessor Donaldson resigned in 1863, and was succeeded by Dr. John R. Wins- 
 low, on whose death, in 1866, Dr. Claude Baxley was chosen to till the 
 vacancy. 
 
 Professor Mayer resigned in 1864, and a special course of lectures 
 was delivered on Chemistry the next session by Professor L. H. Steiner. 
 The chair was held for the year 1 865-66 by Dr. J. C. Carter, from 1 866 to 
 1868 by Dr. Thomas Helsby, and from 1868 to 1873 h Y Dr - M - J- DeRos- 
 set. 
 
 The College continued to occupy the Hall of the Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Faculty until the close of 1867, when the sale by the Medical and Chir- 
 urgical Faculty of its Calvert street property necessitated a removal, when 
 halls were occupied in the building No. 12 West Baltimore street, a few 
 doors west of the bridge, on the north side. 
 
 Early in 1868 the College petitioned the Legislature to enact a law 
 for the regulation of the practice of pharmacy and the sale of medicines in 
 Baltimore. A bill was drafted by a committee of the College, but failed 
 to pass. A second effort in the same direction in 1 870 was successful, all per- 
 sons engaging in the practice of pharmacy and not holding diplomas from 
 respectable Colleges of Pharmacy being required to pass an examination 
 before a regularly constituted Board of Examiners in Pharmacy, Chemistry 
 and Materia Medica. In 1872 the College secured the repeal of this law, 
 and its reenactment with amendments, which were further added to in 1876.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 425 
 
 In 1870, the charter being about to expire by limitation, the College 
 petitioned the Legislature for a new one; this was granted, and the old 
 charter was repealed March 23, 1 870. The new charter is perpetual, but is 
 subject to repeal at the pleasure of the Legislature. Under this charter the 
 College was reorganized July 14, 1870, Mr. Cieorge W. Andrews contin- 
 uing as President. 
 
 In April of the same year, the College issued a call for a convention of 
 the Colleges of Pharmacy in the L'nited States, to be held in Baltimore on 
 September 13, following, during the session of the American Pharmaceutical 
 Association, with the object of establishing greater uniformity in the instruc- 
 tion and requirements for graduation. The convention was held in the hall 
 of the college, and similar conventions were held annually for some years. 
 At that held in Richmond, Virginia, in 1873, this College stood alone in 
 favor of requiring a preliminary examination for matriculates. 
 
 In the latter part of 1870, the College resolved to confer the degree 
 of Graduate in Pharmacy upon graduates, instead of Licentiate of Phar- 
 macy. The degree of Master of Pharmacy was to be conferred on such 
 graduates as should continue in the practice of pharmacy at least five years 
 after graduation (reduced to three years in 1871) and who should give 
 such evidences of advancement in the science of their profession as the Board 
 of Trustees might require. The Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy was to be 
 conferred upon such graduates as should continue in the practice ot pharmacy 
 at least ten years after graduation and, by superior scientific attainments anil 
 services rendered their profession, should gain an honorable reputation 
 among their fellow-pharmacists, the medical profession and the public at 
 large. 
 
 On March 20, 1872, a course in Analytical Chemistry was added to 
 the curriculum, and attendance upon it was made obligatory, this institution 
 being the first College of Pharmacy in the L'nited States to add this obliga- 
 tion to its requirements for graduation. William Simon, Ph. D., was elected 
 Director of the Chemical Laboratory. Professor DeRosset resigned in the
 
 426 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 Spring of 1873, and Dr. Simon was chosen to fill his chair, thus having 
 charge of the instruction in both Theoretical and Practical Chemistry. 
 
 On April 1, 1873, it was decided to institute a course of lectures on 
 botany, and to combine it with the course on Materia Medica under direction 
 of Professor Baxley. 
 
 At the close of the session of 1874-75 the College bestowed the first 
 prizes on members of the graduating class, and in 1876 the first upon a 
 junior student. 
 
 Meanwhile a large increase had taken place in the number of students, 
 and there had also been improvements and increase in the course of instruc- 
 tion, all of which necessitated the providing of larger accommodations. In 
 accordance with these needs in 1876 the College purchased from the city a 
 building on Aisquith street, near Fayette street, used as a public grammar 
 school. After remodeling the interior, it was dedicated October 12, 1876. 
 Dr. Lewis H. Steiner being the orator of the occasion. 
 
 In 1878 this College, along with the other leading Colleges of Phar- 
 macv, adopted the graded two-year course, the first year being devoted to 
 the elementary branches, and the second to advanced subjects. Prior to 
 this all students went annually over the same ground together. 
 
 In March, 1879, Professor Baxley resigned, having previously removed 
 from the city, and Professor J. Paris Moore was transferred from the chair 
 of Pharmacy to fill the vacancy. Mr. Charles Caspari, Jr., a graduate of 
 the class of 1869, was elected Professor of Pharmacy, in which position he 
 still remains to this time, with great credit and advantage to the institution. 
 Through his efforts in 1883 a course of laboratory instruction in phar- 
 maceutical manipulations was established in the College. 
 
 Prior to 1885, it had been the practice to devote a part of each lecture 
 hour to an examination of students upon previous lectures. This was found 
 to consume much valuable time. To obviate this loss, in the above year a 
 separate "quiz" was inaugurated for the Senior Class, and placed in charge 
 of Dr. D. M. R. Culbreth. The experiment proved so satisfactory that it
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 427 
 
 led to the inauguration, two years later, of a similar "qui/" under the same 
 instructor for the Juniors. 
 
 In May, 1886, a chair of Microscopy and Practical Botany was 
 founded, with Dr. Culhreth as Incumbent. It inaugurated practical instruc- 
 tion in the use of the microscope, with special attention to its adaptation to 
 the uses of the pharmacist, and weekly excursions to the suburbs, under the 
 guidance of the instructor, for the purpose of collecting and studying botan- 
 ical specimens. 
 
 In the Spring of 1886, further increase of accommodations was called 
 for, and it was decided to erect a new building upon the site of the one then 
 occupied. An architect was consulted, and a handsome structure was erected 
 at a cost of $35,000 and occupied during the latter part of the session of 
 1886-87. It had a frontage, including the janitor's dwelling, of sixty-seven 
 feet, and a depth of eighty-five feet, and was three stories high. ( )n the 
 first floor there was a large lecture hall 45x63 feet, with a seating capacity 
 of 412 students; the Library and Museum and the Trustees' room were also 
 on this floor. On the second floor was the Pharmaceutical Lecture Hall, 
 34x43 feet, with seats for about two hundred students. Adjoining this was 
 the spacious and well-equipped pharmaceutical laboratory, 43x48 feet, with 
 excellently arranged working tables provided with lockers and affording con- 
 venient accommodations for nearly one hundred students. Adjoining the 
 laboratory were a supply and a wash and cloak room. The third floor was 
 similarly arranged for the lectures and laboratory work in Chemistry, having 
 also the weighing room and private laboratory of the Professor of Chem- 
 istry, the Microscopical Laboratory, and a room in which was stored the 
 herbarium. The heating, plumbing and ventilating arrangements of the 
 building were of the most approved style. Special closets were provided 
 for the generation of corrosive or irritating gasses, with terra cotta flues 
 having outlets above the roof of the building. Two fire escapes on the south 
 side of the building, readily accessible from all laboratories and lecture 
 rooms, completed the equipment of this modern pharmacy college building.
 
 428 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 In i 888, upon the death of Professor Moore, Professor Culbreth was 
 elected to the vacancy. 
 
 J. Paris Moore, Ph. G., M. D., was born at Port Penn, New Castle 
 county, Delaware, on Pebruary 20th, 1826, and died at his residence in Balti- 
 more, of congestion of the brain, on the afternoon of February 3d, 1888, 
 having almost completed the sixty-second year of his age. His boyhood 
 was spent in Elkton, Cecil county, Maryland, where he was educated. He 
 removed to Baltimore in 1842, and entered the pharmaceutical establishment 
 of Mr. George W. Andrews. He remained with Mr. Andrews six years, 
 making himself thoroughly familiar with the business, and graduated from 
 the Maryland College of Pharmacy in 1 847. He then went to Wilmington, 
 Delaware, where he established himself in the drug business, and remained 
 for about three years. While at Wilmington he also studied medicine, and 
 graduated with honor at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1849. 
 He then returned to Baltimore and opened a drug store at the corner of 
 Howard and Madison streets, in connection with Mr. J. K. B. Emory. Phis 
 partnership was dissolved in 18^8. 
 
 Dr. Moore was one of those who took part in the reorganization of 
 the Maryland College of Pharmacy in 18^6, and served as its first Secre- 
 tary. On March 12th, 1861, he was elected to the chair of Pharmacy in 
 it, and subsequently was transferred to the chair of Materia Medica. 
 
 On the resignation of Mr. Andrews as President of the College, Janu- 
 ary 1 1, 1872, Dr. Moore was chosen to till the position and held it for three 
 years. He served twice on the committee for the revision of the National 
 Pharmacopoeia. He was an honorary member of many of the Colleges of 
 Pharmacy and State Associations. 
 
 In 1870 the Maryland College of Pharmacy conferred upon him the 
 Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy, for his meritorious original work and high 
 attainments in his profession. 
 
 He was married to Miss Marv P. Kiel, in 1853, who died in 1866. 
 They had three children, only one of whom, Mr. Clarence F. Moore (Ph.
 
 PROFESSOR J. PARIS MOORE, M . !>., I'll VR. D.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 431 
 
 G. 1 881 ) lived to adult life, and succeeded his father in business. Dr. 
 Moore joined the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1856, and held 
 the Presidency of it in 1863-64. 
 
 On July 20, 1890, the College completed the first half century of its 
 existence, but, the institution not being then in session, the celebration of the 
 event was postponed until April 17, 1891. The Annual Commencement 
 was held at noon on that day in the Academy of Music. Prayer was offered 
 by Rev. Peregrine Wroth, and the address to the graduates was delivered 
 by Rev. Dr. Frank M. Ellis, of Eutaw Place Baptist Church. A number 
 of distinguished visiting pharmaceutists occupied seats on the stage with the 
 Faculty, Board of Trustees and Students. Degrees were conferred by the 
 President, Mr. Louis Dohme, on twenty-nine graduates. The prizes were 
 conferred by Professor Simon. A reception was held in the afternoon from 
 4.00 to 6.00 o'clock at the College, which was attended by several hundred 
 persons. The main hall was handsomely decorated with flags, bunting, and 
 potted plants, and music was furnished by an orchestra. Refreshments were 
 served. The banquet was held at the Eutaw House in the evening, and 
 to it were invited the Faculties of the Medical Colleges of Baltimore, promi- 
 nent State and City officials, pharmaceutical journalists, the press, and promi- 
 nent pharmaceutists of the country. The occasion was memorable by its bril- 
 liancy, the large attendance, and the cordial and lavish hospitality shown. 
 Not the least interesting feature of it was the presentation by the alumni to 
 their Alma Mater of handsome library cases and many volumes. 
 
 On January 1, 1892, appeared the first number of a monthly journal, 
 bearing the title The Pharmaceutical Review. It was published under the 
 auspices of the College, and was edited and managed by Professor Caspari. 
 It was a quarto of twenty pages, and the subscription price was two dollars 
 per annum, or twenty cents a copy. It ran to Vol. II., No. 3, March, 1893. 
 No reasons are assigned for its suspension. It was established as a memorial 
 of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the College, and to perpetuate 
 the associations formed in student life. It was well edited, and full of inter-
 
 432 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 esting material, and deserved a more permanent career. We note in it the 
 activity of the Alumni Association, which held a combined social and literary 
 meeting every two months. It also showed its interest in the work of the 
 College by conferring an alumni gold medal at commencement. We Hnd 
 also in the issue of April, i 892, the text of the law regulating the practice of 
 Pharmacy, which applied only to Baltimore City, and it will be noted that 
 this law is contemporaneous with that passed by the Legislature for the 
 regulation of medical practice. 
 
 In 1892, a change in the time of delivery of lectures was effected, 
 from evening to morning, the authorities realizing that after a day of 
 busy store duties the student's mind was in no tit condition for active 
 thought. This change proved most satisfactory and beneficial. Up to the 
 Summer of 1894, diplomas had been granted to 550, the degree of Master 
 dI Pharmacy had been conferred upon six graduates, and that ot Doctor 
 of Pharmacy upon fifteen persons. 
 
 In 1895 far-reaching and important changes were made. The session, 
 which had been of six months' length since 1889, was lengthened to seven 
 months. The course in microscopy, previously voluntary, became obligatory 
 for both Junior and Senior students. The Chemical Laboratory previously 
 open chiefly for class instruction, was so arranged as to give students an 
 opportunity for individual work at any hour of the day, under the guidance 
 of Professor Daniel Base, a Ph. D. of Johns Hopkins University, who 
 devoted his whole time to laboratory instruction in Microscopy and Chemis- 
 try. Messrs. Charles Schmidt and John P. Piquett, both graduates of the 
 school, were appointed as additional instructors, the former in Pharmacy, 
 the latter in Botany and Pharmacognosy. Finally, the Trustees decided to 
 establish, with the session of 1896-97, a Post-Graduate Course designed 
 for graduates in Pharmacy, and consisting of advanced work in the various 
 laboratories, together with appropriate lectures. The degree of Doctor of 
 Pharmacy was to be given to such of these students as should pass a success- 
 ful examination and submit an acceptable original thesis. In order to con-
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 433 
 
 duct these additional courses, a considerable outlay ol money became neces- 
 sary for microscopes, costly apparatus, specimens and materials ol various 
 kinds. The liberality of kind friends came now to the assistance ol the Col- 
 lege, and provided several thousand dollars for an expense fund. With these 
 added advantages, the College seemed to have reached the Hoodtide of its 
 influence and usefulness, and stood the I idlest comparison with the highest 
 institutions to be found anywhere. The number of students attending this 
 session was 139, and there were 49 graduates. The course lasted seven and 
 a half months.* 
 
 In 1896 the rule requiring of graduates four years' service in a drug 
 store was abolished. Not that shop training was not esteemed of value, both 
 from a commercial and professional standpoint, but there were difficulties in 
 gauging the experience of students in this respect, which made it of doubtful 
 utility. Still, the College did not question the advantage in many cases ol a 
 year or two spent in a good drug store. Although some Colleges had adopted 
 a three-years course, this College still adhered to the two-year course, both 
 for educational and financial reasons. But the sessions were lengthened to 
 thirty-two weeks each. The Alumni Association had a stirring up at this 
 time and various committees were appointed to render its work more effec- 
 tive. 
 
 In 1897 three sets of drugs were in possession of the College: 1, "Stu- 
 dents' Collection," in cases with glass fronts, securely fastened to the lecture- 
 room walls and accessible at all hours; 2, "College Collection," for the most 
 part rare, and used simply to supplement the lectures; 3, Reserved Collec- 
 tion of drugs of the United States Pharmacopoeia, made from time to time 
 for pharmacognostic work. 
 
 In 1898, with a view of preparing its graduates more completely for 
 actual business life, the Trustees arranged for a course of "talks" by a 
 number of active and successful pharmacists. Such subjects as store arrange- 
 ment and management, stock keeping, dispensing, treatment of customers and 
 
 ♦The largest number of graduates any year, the Dean tells me, was 54.
 
 434 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 physicians, ethics, etc., were embraced in these "talks," which were followed 
 each by a discussion. A pleasant feature of the opening of the session was a 
 reception to students, tendered by the Faculty and officers of the College, for 
 the purpose of bringing the students into closer acquaintance with each other 
 and with their instructors. 
 
 In [900 I lenry P. Hynson, Ph. Ci., was made Professor of Dispensing 
 and Commercial Pharmacy, and Messrs. Schmidt and Piquett were advanced 
 to the rank of Associate Professors of their respective branches. With the 
 session of 1900-01 the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy ( Phar. D.) was 
 adopted as that to be conferred upon graduates of the College, and the only 
 one granted. In taking this step, the College is believed to have exhibited 
 its usual practical wisdom and foresight. It is mere justice to students of 
 Pharmacy, who have spent time and money in mastering the details of a sci- 
 entific profession, that they should have full credit for their sacrifices and 
 achievements, and that their degree should be equal to that granted in the 
 other corresponding professions. The example does not seem, however, to 
 have commended itself as yet, and recently (1906) Professor Hynson has 
 urged its general adoption by the Colleges in a paper read before the Ameri- 
 can Pharmaceutical Association. 
 
 After the adoption of the regulation referred to, it was found that 
 many of the students were not able to reach the high standard which it was 
 thought should correspond with this degree, and we find in 1902 a number 
 graduating with the former degree of Ph. G., representing that amount of 
 preparation deemed necessary to tit one for the needs of practice and to meet 
 the requirements of the State Boards. 
 
 The subjects embraced in the curriculum in the session of 1902-03 were 
 Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Vegetable Histology, Pharmacy, Theoretical 
 and Practical, Materia Medica, Organic and Inorganic, Therapeutics, Posol- 
 ogy and Toxicology. 
 
 For the session of 1902-03, H. A. B. Dunning, Ph. G., was added to 
 the Faculty as Associate Professor of Chemistry. Professor Simon with-
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 435 
 
 drew, and Professor Base succeeded to the chair of Chemistry, the word 
 "Analytical" no longer appearing in the titles of any of the chairs. Messrs. 
 Henry L. Troxell, Ph. (i., Claude D. Hickman, Ph. G., and Frantz Naylor, 
 Ph. G., are made "Laboratory Assistants" in Chemistry, Pharmacy and Dis- 
 pensing, respectively. 
 
 Professor William Simon, Ph. D., was born at Eberstadt, Hessen, Ger- 
 many, on February 20th, 1844. His ancestors on both sides were Lutheran 
 ministers, and some of them occupied prominent positions as Professors of 
 Theology and leaders in the church. His parents were William Simon, 
 ( 1 8 12-52 ) a native of Oberbreidenbach, Hessen, and Agnes Briegleb Simon, 
 ( 1817-94), a native of Schotten, Hessen. He received his school and col- 
 lege education at Giesen, and also served an apprenticeship in a drug store. 
 In 1866 he matriculated as a student of Pharmacy and Chemistry in the Uni- 
 versity of Giesen, graduating in the former in 1868 anil as Doctor of 
 Philosophy in 1869. He served for some months as assistant to Professor 
 Will, head of the Chemical Department ol the University but, on the break- 
 ing out of the Franco-German war, entered the sanitary department of the 
 German army, being stationed chiefly in the field hospitals near Metz. He 
 later received a medal of honor from the German Government for these 
 services. Before the outbreak of the war he had accepted a position with 
 the Baltimore Chrome Works; this engagement led him to resign from the 
 army in the fall of 1870, and to depart for that city, where he arrived 
 November 1st, 1870. He entered at once upon his duties as chemist to 
 the Chrome Works. 
 
 At this time there were but few in Maryland who had any knowledge 
 of the complete revolution which had taken place in the field of chemistry 
 during the previous twenty-five years. There was not one chemical labora- 
 tory in which practical instruction in chemical analysis or chemical operations 
 was given. It was in consequence of this state of affairs that a few medical 
 students of the University of Maryland, who knew from their text-books 
 that urine and other secretions and excretions could and should be exam-
 
 436 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ined chemically, called on him in January, 1871, with a request to give 
 instruction in these operations. Being extremely fond of teaching, having 
 had some experience in it during his last year at the University, he consented 
 on condition that they would furnish a room for the purpose. Accordingly 
 a small section of the lecture room of the Maryland College of Pharmacy 
 (then located in the third story of a house on the north side of Baltimore 
 street, a few doors west of the bridge) was procured for the purpose. Here, 
 at his own expense, he provided desks, shelves, apparatus, reagents, etc., for 
 ten students. This was the first place in Maryland devoted to practical 
 laboratory instruction in chemistry, and, with the exception of the labora- 
 tories of the University of Virginia and of Tulane University at New 
 Orleans, the first south of Mason and Dixon's line. The course was given 
 in the evenings from 8.00 to 10.00 o'clock, and notwithstanding the great 
 difficulties connected with the use of the English language, was a complete 
 success. Indeed, several of the most prominent physicians and pharmacists 
 of the city joined the class. 
 
 The Trustees of the Maryland College of Pharmacy took a deep inter- 
 est in this private course, the practical method of teaching chemistry being 
 a revelation to them, and offered him the chair of analytical chemistry in 
 that institution, which was then created for the purpose. The Alumni Asso- 
 ciation of the College, formed in the summer of 1 87 1, collected the money 
 required to furnish with desks and apparatus the laboratory, which was quar- 
 tered in the second story of the college building. While one or two of the 
 Eastern Pharmaceutical Colleges had at this time provided facilities for prac- 
 tical laboratory instruction, it was not obligatory, and only a few 
 students availed themselves of the course. The Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy at once made the course a requirement for graduation, and was thus 
 the first pharmaceutical school in the country to recognize the incalculable 
 value of such instruction. 
 
 When, in 1872, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore 
 was organized, Dr. Simon was offered and accepted the chair of chemistry
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 437 
 
 in it, and delivered lectures upon that subject during the first session, 
 1872-73. 
 
 The lectures on chemistry at the Maryland College of Pharmacy were 
 delivered at that time by Professor M. J. DeRosset, a highly polished lec- 
 turer, but possessing very little knowledge of practical chemistry or of the 
 needs of a pharmaceutical student. He rarely attempted to illustrate his 
 lectures by experiments, and when he did so failed completely. It was for 
 this reason that the Trustees of the Maryland College of Pharmacy were 
 glad to find in Professor Simon a man who had the practical training both 
 of a pharmacist and chemist, and in 1873 elected him Professor of Chemistry 
 over De Rosset, who had been politely requested to resign. But his time not 
 permitting him to lecture in two schools, he resigned the chair in the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, devoting his energies to building up the Pharma- 
 ceutical Institution, where the classes grew from twenty-five to twenty-eight in 
 1872 to over one hundred and twenty in 1S92. In 1880 he again accepted 
 the chair of Chemistry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 
 1888 the same chair in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, both of 
 which he still holds. 
 
 Overwork compelled him reluctantly to resign from the active duties 
 in the College of Pharmacy in the spring of 1902, after a service of thirty 
 vears. The occasion of his retiring was signalized by touching offerings of 
 tokens of friendship by the faculty, trustees and members of the college. 
 
 Professor Simon has been a frequent contributor to chemical and phar- 
 maceutical journals. His investigation of the compounds of chromium led 
 to discoveries which were made the basis of valuable patents for the manu- 
 facture of bichromates. He is the author of a "manual of chemistry" 
 (first edition 1884, the present edition, the eighth), about fifty thousand 
 copies of which have been sold in this country and abroad. His life work 
 has been as a teacher. Over ten thousand of his former students are 
 scattered over the globe, many of them holding prominent positions in
 
 438 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the scientific world. He has accepted frequent invitations to deliver scien- 
 tific, popular and semi-popular lectures in other States. 
 
 He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, a member of the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft, Member and ex- 
 President of the Maryland Pharmaceutical Society, member of the Ameri- 
 can Pharmaceutical Association, and at one time chairman of its Section on 
 Education and Legislation, and member or honorary member of a number 
 of Medical and Pharmaceutical Societies. 
 
 He married, in 1873, Miss Paula Driver, daughter of Fritz Driver, 
 Oberschulrath of the Public Schools of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. He 
 has no children, his only child, a son, having died in childhood. He is con- 
 nected with the Lutheran Church, and in politics has always been an inde- 
 pendent. 
 
 Professor Simon has been a most popular and successful teacher. He 
 has a very pleasing address, lecturing in a slow, distinct style. His "Manual 
 of Chemistry" is highly popular in medical as well as pharmaceutical col- 
 leges. He has taken great interest in photography, and has done most 
 excellent work in that line. He is also quite an expert artist with the brush, 
 having painted numerous landscape scenes. His popular lectures are much 
 admired, especially those on "Wireless Telegraphy," "Liquid Air" and 
 "The Beauties of the Yellowstone Park." The fact that he has been chemist 
 and manager of the Baltimore Chrome Works for over thirty-six years 
 stamps him as thoroughly competent in that line. He has devised important 
 improvements in methods and greatly advanced the interests of his patrons. 
 He is one of the best-hearted men living towards those of his fellow-men 
 who are worthy and in need, being exceedingly liberal and charitable. His 
 domestic relations have been very pleasant. 
 
 About 1898* the subject of a union of the College with the University 
 
 *The first formal mention of union was made by the Dean of the Faculty of Physic, at 
 the annual meeting of the Medical Alumni Association in this year. He spoke of "proposed 
 new Schools or Faculties", especialh* of the purpose of the authorities of the University to 
 seek affiliation with St. John's College and the Maryland College of Pharmacy.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 439 
 
 of Maryland became first bruited about as a possibility. The Faculty ol 
 Physic made the first overtures, which were favorably received by the author- 
 ities of the College, and the union was effected in the Spring of 1904- ' h e 
 addition to the charter of the University permitting this union has been 
 given in the first section of this work. By this arrangement, the College 
 assumed the same relations to the University as the Department of Den- 
 tistry. "Besides the greatly improved location," says the catalogue, "and the 
 very desirable and stimulating influences of University life, including the 
 Young Men's Christian Association branch, the Athletic Association, and the 
 use of the extensive library and reading room, all of which will be open to 
 students of the Department of Pharmacy, arrangements have been made 
 with the Medical Department of the University by which students will be 
 enabled to enjoy, at very reasonable rates, the advantages of lectures and 
 laboratory instruction in those branches of instruction that are clearly con- 
 nected with Pharmacy, namely Anatomy, Physiology and Physiological 
 Chemistry." No change was made in the corps of instructors or in the course 
 of instruction. Accommodations were afforded in the new Dental Building 
 on Greene street, erected in 1903-04, and the Chemical and Microscopical 
 Laboratories of the School of Medicine were placed at the disposal of the 
 students. 
 
 It may be of interest to give the following table of lees from the cata- 
 logue of 1904-05: Matriculation, paid but once, $5.00. General Lecture 
 and. Laboratory Ticket (annual), $100.00. Graduation Ticket, $15.00. 
 
 The other expenses of a student were estimated as follows: Hoard and 
 Lodging, $112.00 to $148.00. Laundry, $12.00 to $18. OO. Laboratory 
 Incidentals, $5.00 to $6.00. Sundry Expinses, $11.00 to $18.00. Total, 
 $140.00 to $190.00. 
 
 The old building on Aisquith street, which had been the home ol 
 the College for so many years, and the scene of its greatest success and 
 triumphs, was sold*. The number of students in attendance at the last 
 
 *It is now occupied by the Hebrew Friendly Inn.
 
 44Q UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 session held there, that of 1903-04, was 68; the number of graduates was 
 29. For some reason there had been a falling off from the preceding session 
 of 18. In the first session under University auspices, that of 1904-05, the 
 number rose to 71. 
 
 The change from an isolated School to a Department of a University 
 has proven most satisfactory and advantageous. The associations are con- 
 genial and stimulating, and both Faculty and students have been admitted to 
 a full participation in College spirit and privileges. While this is the feeling 
 on the part of our new associates, the University authorities feel that they 
 have gained in this College, with its fine traditions and its long and suc- 
 cessful career, a valuable ally and associate. The pharmacist, with his sys- 
 tematic habits and business methods, and, above all his common sense ideas 
 — which are not perhaps so common or conspicuous in our less practical pro- 
 fessions — may well be expected to bring to bear upon our staid circles an 
 influence and an example that will contribute powerfully for our betterment. 
 
 Having now reached practically the date at which we are writing, it 
 only remains to add a few items to this sketch. 
 
 The session has been made to accord with that of the Schools of Law 
 and Medicine, and Commencements are now held in common with these. 
 
 In 1905 the Dean of the College, Professor Caspari, was given the hon- 
 orary degree of Doctor of Pharmacy, in testimony of his long and distin- 
 guished career and contributions to his profession. 
 
 The College admits — and has admitted for many years — women as 
 well as men, and some of the most brilliant students have been members of 
 the female sex. 
 
 Beginning with the session of 1904-05, the degree of Doctor of Phar- 
 macy has been alone conferred, and will hereafter be the only degree given 
 to graduates, as being more consonant with justice and more in accordance 
 with University usage. 
 
 The organization of the College will be kept up and its meetings be 
 held regularlv, as before the union. At the same time, it cannot be denied
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 441 
 
 that it has adopted another form of Government which will alter very mark- 
 edly its character; it is hoped, however, that it is one which will greatly 
 widen and develop its usefulness and ensure for it a more glorious destiny. 
 
 It may be noted with some pride that many of the text-books used in 
 this College are the works of members of its Faculty. Professor Simon's 
 "Chemistry," Professor Caspari's "Pharmacy," and Professor Culbreth's 
 "Materia Medica" are among our most popular manuals. Professor Cul- 
 breth has also written a "Pharmaceutic Botany," and Professor Base "The 
 Elements of Vegetable Histology," and Professor Caspari is the Pharmacy 
 Editor of "The National Standard Dispensatory." Some of these works 
 are among our standard text books On the subjects of which they treat, and 
 have been through many editions. 
 
 The number of students in attendance last session was 84, and there 
 were 24 graduates. 
 
 A gold medal is awarded to the candidate for graduation standing 
 highest in final examinations, and certificates of honor are granted to the 
 three students standing next highest. 
 
 A most important advance was made in 1905 in connection with pre- 
 liminary or entrance requirements. The applicant must now present: 1, 
 A Diploma of an Academy, College or High School, based upon not less 
 than four years instruction; or (2), a certificate of a State Department of 
 Education, or legally authorized State Examining Board, covering certain 
 specified subjects; or (3) a certificate of one year's successful work in an 
 approved High School, or its equivalent. The word "equivalent" includes 
 a definite amount of instruction in at least one language, arithmetic, algebra, 
 and various other subjects, the candidate's acquirements being gauged by 
 "points," a point signifying a weekly period of not less than forty-five min- 
 utes during a scholastic year of 36 weeks, or two weekly periods of eighteen 
 weeks. In the absence of the certificate, the applicant must stand an examina- 
 tion and secure at least twenty points. The valuation of credentials, other 
 than diplomas and certificates, and the examination of applicants, have been
 
 442 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 placed in the hands of Dr. Edward Deichmann, Principal of the Gymnasium 
 School, who has also charge of the examination of our medical candidates. 
 It is to be hoped that in a few years it may be possible to extend the require- 
 ments to an academic degree. 
 
 The recent deaths of two of the corps of instructors demands notice. 
 Associate Professor of Pharmacy Charles Schmidt, Ph. G., died in Balti- 
 more, August 14, 1905, of typhoid fever, after a short illness, aged forty- 
 five. He was an accomplished pharmacist, and held the position of Superin- 
 tendent of the Pharmaceutical laboratories of Messrs. Sharp and Dohme, 
 one involving great responsibility and trust. He graduated from the College 
 in the class of 1880, and had been a member of its Adjunct Faculty for ten 
 years. Prior to that he had been a member of the Board of Trustees, and 
 Chairman of the Board of Examiners. He had been President of the 
 Alumni Association, and had held many important positions in connection 
 with the Maryland Pharmaceutical Association, to the Proceedings of which 
 he had contributed many valuable papers. He was a member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee of the latter Association at the time of his death. He was 
 President of the Northwestern Improvement Association, and an active 
 member of the Franklin Square Presbyterian Church. Professor Schmidt's 
 success and prominence were won entirely by his personal efforts — he was a 
 self-made man. By his strict integrity, sound judgment and kind and gentle 
 manners, he had won the admiration and friendship of all with whom he had 
 come in contact. 
 
 John P. Piquett, Ph. G., Associate Professor of Materia Medica and 
 Botany, died suddenly on December 28, 1905. His decease was unex- 
 pected, although for some years he had been known to be suffering from 
 Bright's disease and heart disturbance. He was found dead in his chair, and 
 death was evidently instantaneous. He was a graduate of Loyola College, 
 Baltimore, and had been in the retail drug business for twenty-one years. He 
 was a native of Baltimore, and was fifty-six years old. Professor Piquett 
 was a great lover of Bowers, and was also very fond of the study of birds
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 443 
 
 and minerals, and he had accumulated a large collection of specimens relating 
 to these branches ot" natural science. He was much beloved and esteemed 
 for his fine character and scholarly acquirements, and will be deeply missed 
 by his colleagues and the many students, scattered far and wide, who 
 enjoyed the advantage of his instruction. 
 
 The places made vacant by the deaths of these gentlemen have been 
 filled, as follows, Professor Piquett's chair being divided: E. Frank Kelly, 
 Phar. D., Associate Professor ol Pharmacy; James W. Westcott, Ph. G., 
 Associate Professor of Materia Medica; and Charles H. Ware, Ph. G., 
 Associate Professor of Botany. The total number of instructors is now 
 eleven. 
 
 The following is the list of Presidents of the College: Thomas G. 
 Mackenzie, 1840-42; Benjamin Rush Roberts, 1842-44; George W. 
 Andrews, 1844-71; J. Brown Boxley, 1871-72; J. Paris Moore, 1872-73; 
 John F. Hancock, 1873-75; Joseph Roberts, 1875-88; Edwin Eareckson, 
 1888-90; William Silver Thompson, 1890-91; Louis Dohme, 1891-96; 
 Charles E. Dohme, 1896-1906; Henry A. Elliott, 1906.* Of these, Messrs. 
 Moore, Hancock, Thompson and the Messrs. Dohme are graduates of the 
 College. An extract from the catalogue will give an idea of the thorough- 
 ness of the instruction given in this institution. The following is the pros- 
 pectus of the course in "Vegetable Histology" under Professor Base, which 
 is obligatory on all students: 
 
 "Junior Course. This embraces a study of the mechanism of the micro- 
 scope and its theory of action; practical manipulation of the instrument; the 
 art of cutting 'sections,' staining and making permanent mounts of them; 
 the study of the lower plant organisms, as yeast, bacteria, fungi and algae; 
 the study of the primary vegetable cell and its numerous subsequent modifi- 
 cations, which form the various 'tissues' as found in the higher plants, and 
 the relative arrangement of these which give rise to the various kinds of 
 
 stems, roots and leaves. 
 
 *Mr. John F. Hancock, Pliar. M., lias just (igoyVbeen elected a second time to fill 1 1 le 
 position.
 
 444 VNlt'ERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 "Senior Course. This work will consist of examinations of official drugs, 
 to illustrate the method of study and the detection of spurious drugs, the 
 study of powdered drugs, both pure and adulterated, which at present is a 
 very important subject; a thorough study of urinary sediments, for normal 
 and abnormal constituents, for which the hospital of the University is a con- 
 venient and sufficient source of supply." 
 
 In conclusion: Reference to its records shows that this College was 
 among the first to adopt advanced methods, and its standards have been 
 equal to the best. It was the first School of Pharmacy to employ separate 
 Professors for all branches taught; it was the pioneer to establish laboratories 
 for practical teaching and exercise; it took the initiative in providing ade- 
 quate buildings for advanced teaching; it was among those which early added 
 Microscopy, Pharmacognosy, Volumetric Analysis, etc., as distinct branches. 
 In the face of much adverse criticism of the non-progressive type, it practi- 
 cally announced its belief that well-prepared students could not be generally 
 secured so long as the effete apprenticeship system prevailed, and it maintains 
 the claim that Pharmacy is entitled to recognition as a profession by confer- 
 ring a professional degree — Doctor of Pharmacy. It has also provided a 
 complete Department of Practice, where students are given better and fuller 
 experimental knowledge than can be claimed in the average drug store. It 
 is with pride also that the authorities can point to their repeated efforts — so 
 far vain — for the establishment of a botannical garden in Baltimore. 
 
 Charles Caspari, Jr., Ph. G., Professor of Theory and Practice of Phar- 
 macy, and Dean of the Faculty of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, is a native of the city of Baltimore, born May 31, 
 1850, son of Charles Caspari and Louise S. Kleyenstaeuber, both born in 
 Germany, the former in Hanover and the latter in Bremen. Charles Cas- 
 pari was graduated in pharmacy in Germany, and came to America in 1841, 
 settling in Baltimore, Maryland, where he afterward was an apothecary in 
 active business until his death, in 1870. He was at one time a member of 
 the Board of Examiners, and also a trustee of the Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy.
 
 PROFESSOR CHARLES CASPARI, JR..PHAR. D.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 447 
 
 Charles Caspari, Junior, was educated in private schools in Baltimore, 
 and also was a student in the academic department of the University ol 
 Maryland, hut was not graduated. Afterward, for more than six years, he 
 was a clerk in the drug store ot Sharp & Dohme, and while there took a 
 course of study in the Maryland College ot Pharmacy, graduating in 1869. 
 In 1 871 he became proprietor ol a drug business in Baltimore, ami so contin- 
 ued until 1 89 1. He became a member of the Faculty of the Maryland Col- 
 lege of Pharmacy in 1879, incumbent ol the chair ot Theory ami Practice 
 of Pharmacy, which he still holds, and in which capacity his national reputa- 
 tion as instructor and authority on all the subjects pertaining to his chair 
 has been chiefly acquired. Since 1894 he has served continuously as general 
 secretary of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and as such is editor 
 ot the pricipal publication ot that body, the "Proceedings of the American 
 Pharmaceutical Association." Since 1893 ne has been pharmaceutical editor 
 of "The National Dispensatory;" but his best work, which has passed 
 through three editions, and has gained for him wide renown, is his "Treatise 
 on Pharmacy," a recognized authority on the subjects of which it treats, in 
 use as a text book in many of the leading colleges in which pharmacy is 
 taught, and with the profession in general throughout America. 
 
 Dr. Caspari was chiefly instrumental in effecting a union of the Mary- 
 land College of Pharmacy with the University of Maryland, in 1904, and 
 since 1S98, in addition to the regular duties of the chair, has held the office 
 of Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy. 
 
 Dr. Charles Caspari married, June 4, 1874, Leslie V. Heinichen, a 
 native of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and whose parents were of German birth. 
 Six children have been born of this marriage, all of whom are living. Charles 
 Edward Caspari, the eldest, is a graduate of Baltimore City College, and of 
 Johns Hopkins University, A. B., 1896, and Ph. D., 1900. He is now 
 Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry in St. Louis College of Phar- 
 macy, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 David M. R. Culbreth, M. D., of Baltimore, Maryland, was born at
 
 448 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the Reynolds homestead, Golden Ridge, near Willow Grove, Kent County, 
 Delaware, on December 4, 1856, the son of Robert Baynard Culbreth and 
 Sarah Gilder Reynolds. His ancestors are English and Scotch. 
 
 His early education was obtained at the neighborhood public school 
 and at Felton Seminary (Delaware). He entered the University of Vir- 
 ginia in 1872, graduating therefrom in 1877. In 1879 he graduated from 
 the Maryland College of Pharmacy, being the president of the class and the 
 recipient of three prizes. The same year he took charge of the Chemical 
 Laboratory while the Professor was absent in Europe and has ever since been 
 in the continuous service of the College in one capacity or another. In 1886, 
 after serving for several years as quizmaster he was appointed Professor 
 of Microscopy and Practical Botany. In 1887 the title was changed to 
 Botany, Materia Medica and Microscopy. His present title remains the 
 same, except that Pharmacognosy is substituted for Microscopy. In 1897 
 the University of Maryland requested him to accept, in addition to his other 
 work, the professorship of Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy in its 
 Medical and Dental Departments. This he did, and remained in that capac- 
 ity for nine years, only resigning very recently. In 1883 he graduated from 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. In 1893 and 1905 he 
 published "Pharmaceutic Botany;" in 1 896-1900-1903-1906, "Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacology;" and is also author of "Materia Medica Com- 
 pend" ( 1905) and of numerous papers and essays in technical journals. He 
 is a member of the Zeta Psi and Nu Sigma Nu Fraternities, and of the Amer- 
 ican Academy of Medicine, the Maryland Academy of Science, etc., etc. In 
 politics he is a Democrat. 
 
 Professor Culbreth is an accomplished scholar and a successful teacher. 
 As a writer he is accurate and reliable, and his work on "Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacology" possesses considerable merit, being the text book on that sub- 
 ject in many of the schools, and very popular with students. He is very 
 sociable and genial in disposition, a model in his domestic relations, in all 
 respects a good man and citizen.
 
 l'KOI T.SSOR DAVIM M. R. CULHRETH, I'll. ('... M. I).
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 451 
 
 On April 26, 1894, he married Miss Lizzie Gardner. His present 
 address is 1307 North Calvert street, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 Daniel Base, l J h. 1)., was horn September 6, 1869, at Baltimore, Mary- 
 land. He attended Grammar School until fourteen years old, entered the 
 Baltimore City College in 1883, ami graduated iSSS. In the Fall of the 
 same year entered the Johns Hopkins University, taking up the Chemical- 
 Biological Course, and received the degree of A^ B. in 1891. He continued 
 in the post-graduate course, with Chemistry as principal subject, Physics and 
 Mathematics as subordinates, graduating in [895 with the degree of Ph. 
 1). In the Fall of 1895 ne entered the Faculty of the Maryland College of 
 Pharmacy as Associate Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Plant His- 
 tology. In 1902, upon the withdrawal of Professor Simon, he succeeded 
 him in the chair of Chemistry. From 1 899 to 1904 he lectured on Inorganic 
 Chemistry in the College o! Physicians and Surgeons ot Baltimore, 111 addi- 
 tion to the work in the Maryland College of Pharmacy. He resigned this 
 lectureship in 1904, when the College ot Pharmacy was assimilated to the 
 Uniyersity of Maryland, and took charge ol the Chemical Laboratory in the 
 Medical Department of the latter institution. At the present time therefore, 
 he holds the Professorships of Chemistry and Plant Histology in the Mary- 
 land College of Pharmacy ( Department of Pharmacy of the Uniyersity o! 
 Maryland), and of analytical chemistry in the Uniyersity of Maryland, 
 Medical Department. He assisted in three revisions of Simon's "Manual ot 
 Chemistry," published an elementary treatise on Plant 1 Iistology, and pie- 
 pared the articles on Inorganic Chemistry in the National Standard Dispen- 
 satory (the sixth edition of the former National Dispensatory), published 
 in 1905. 
 
 Professor Base is a very conscientious and earnest student and is very 
 popular with his students. He is an incessant reader ami is indefatigable in 
 the acquisition of scientific knowledge. His tastes are confined to science. 
 He has a fine mathematical and analytical mind and takes great delight in 
 cudgeling out mathematical problems; he has been known to spend a night
 
 452 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 in such tasks, neglecting all other work until he had succeeded in the solu- 
 tion. In private life his character is irreproachable. His book on "Plant 
 Histology" has been very favorably received. He is the only child of his 
 parents, and is unmarried. 
 
 Henry Parr Hynson is numbered among Maryland's most prominent 
 pharmacists. His inclination for a pharmaceutical career comes to him by 
 right of heredity, his father, N. T. Hynson, having been the owner of a 
 drug store in Sudlersville, Maryland. 
 
 He was born on a farm near Still Pond, Kent County, Maryland, on 
 May 27th, 1855, and attended the public schools of the neighborhood. He 
 was a student for two years at the Academy at Middletown, Delaware, and 
 entered the drug business when in his fifteenth year. 
 
 Coming to Baltimore in 1875, Mr. Hynson entered the Maryland Col- 
 lege of Pharmacy, from which he graduated with distinction in 1877. He 
 won the first college prize, and was also awarded the alumni prize for pro- 
 ficiency in Analytical Chemistry. After conducting two retail drug stores in 
 Baltimore for some years, he became in 1889 a member of the firm of 
 Hynson, Westcott & Co. The executive ability and scientific attainments 
 of Mr. Hynson have been recognized in various ways. He has been Presi- 
 dent of the Baltimore and Maryland State Pharmaceutical Associations, of 
 the Alumni Association of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, and of the 
 Druggists' Protective League; Secretary of the Maryland State Board of 
 Pharmacy and of the Maryland College of Pharmacy; Lecturer on Phar- 
 macy in two of Baltimore's leading medical colleges — the Woman's College 
 and the College of Physicians and Surgeons; Brigade Hospital Steward of 
 the Maryland National Guard; one of the chief organizers and the first Pres- 
 ident of the National Association of Retail Druggists, and the creator of the 
 new and important section on Practical Pharmacy and Dispensing of the 
 American Pharmaceutical Association. For many years he has wielded an 
 important influence for the betterment of Pharmacy. Especially in the wide 
 field afforded by the American Pharmaceutical Association have his activities
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY 453 
 
 found full swing. He has been chairman of several of its most important 
 committees and of its Section on Commercial Interests. Since 1901 he has 
 occupied in the College of Pharmacy the chair of Practical Pharmacy and 
 Dispensing, especially created for him. 
 
 Professor Hynson is a ready and witty speaker, a forcible writer, a 
 diplomatic presiding officer, a man of resource, sagacity, persistency and 
 strong common sense. He is admirably constructed for associational activ- 
 ities, while his ability and equipment as a practicing pharmacist need no better 
 and more convincing proof than the admirable establishment which has been 
 created by him in Baltimore, where the highest standard of pharmaceutical 
 ethics prevails. 
 
 Henry A. Elliott, President of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, 
 now the Department of Pharmacy of the University of Maryland, was born 
 in Baltimore, May 1, 1 83 1 , and received his education in the public schools 
 of that city. At the age of seventeen he entered the drug store of E. Y. 
 Forney as an apprentice, and continued in that capacity until 1850. He then 
 became prescription clerk in the drug store of John W. Barry, at that time 
 the leading pharmacist in West Baltimore. 
 
 In January, 18^3, he determined to start in business on his own account, 
 and opened a store on the corner of Lexington and Pine streets. He carried 
 this on successfully for fifty years, when he retired. When the Maryland 
 College of Pharmacy was reorganized in 1856, he became a member, serving 
 on the finance and other committees. He was also first Vice-President for 
 years, and in 1906 was elected President. 
 
 Charles H. Ware, Ph. G., was born in Baltimore, January 10, 1855. 
 At the age of two months his parents moved to Massachusetts. Graduating 
 at the high school in Newton, Massachusetts, in 1S74, Mr. Ware at once 
 secured a situation in the retail drug business in Boston. He returned to 
 Baltimore in 1883, having accepted a situation with Messrs. Lilly, Rogers 
 & Co. He finally purchased the branch store of Messrs. Coleman & Rogers, 
 on Madison Avenue, where he has been actively engaged in the drug busi-
 
 454 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ness for the last twenty years. He graduated at the Maryland College of 
 [Pharmacy in 1886; became a member of the Board of Examiners in 1898, 
 and resigned this position in 1900 to become the Secretary of the College. 
 At the death of Professor John P. Piquett, he succeeded to the Chair of 
 Associate Professor of Botany of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, De- 
 partment of Pharmacy, University of Maryland. He has been devoting 
 much attention to the subject of botany in recent years, and is a member of 
 the Johns Hopkins Botany Club. He was a thoughtful and painstaking 
 student, and has illustrated in his career as a pharmacist a high type of his 
 profession.
 
 VI. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
 
 VI. SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
 
 THE first attempt at instruction in this department seems to have 
 been in the fall of 1821. On the 28th of September of that 
 year, at a meeting of the Board of Regents, Professor David 
 Hoffman, of the Faculty of Law, complained that the Faculty 
 of Arts and Sciences had issued a syllabus of studies in that department 
 which "contemplated academic instruction not intended by the charter." 
 The founders, he said, intended that instruction should be conveyed 
 by lectures, and that no other form of instruction should be allowed. 
 This led to a discussion of the difference between "academic" and 
 "collegiate" instruction, but no decision was reached upon the subject. 
 During the session of 1825-26, in which a Board of Trustees was created 
 for the government of the University, a law was also passed providing for 
 the disposition of the remainder of the proceeds of the lottery of 1816, and 
 we find in this law an appropriation of $2,000 for the purchase of apparatus 
 for the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. On the advent to power of the Trus- 
 tees, the Faculty of this department were removed from office and succes- 
 sors appointed. Two years later an attempt was made at organization, 
 for in the Trustees' Minutes of December, 1 828, we read that an appropria- 
 tion not exceeding $400 was made to rent and furnish rooms in the central 
 part of the city to accommodate the Professors of Geology and Mineralogy 
 (J. T. Ducatel was Professor of these branches), of History and of Moral 
 Philosophy, and the Professors of the other departments not connected with 
 the Medical Faculty, and the Professors in said departments were required 
 to proceed to the discharge of the duties of their professorships. 
 
 It was not until 1830, however, that any serious attempt at organiza- 
 tion was made. At the beginning of that year the Trustees of the Univer- 
 sity determined to reorganize its Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and proposed
 
 458 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 to the Trustees of the Baltimore College, then in a languishing state, that the 
 two institutions should unite. The latter agreed to the proposition, and a 
 joint petition for such union was presented to the Legislature then in ses- 
 sion. The petition, constituting a printed pamphlet of some thirty pages, 
 states among other things : 
 
 "It is proposed that the charter of Baltimore College shall be sur- 
 rendered to the State, on the condition that the property belonging to the 
 College shall be invested in the Trustees of the University of Maryland, 
 with a special provision that the amount thereof in value shall forever here- 
 after be carefully appropriated by the University to the support and accom- 
 modation of the collegiate and academical departments of the University, 
 and the University will be required, by the terms of the surrender, to take 
 in charge the interests of education as fully as the same devolve upon the 
 Trustees of Baltimore College." 
 
 This petition was granted, and the Act declaring the charter of Balti- 
 more College "null and extinct" was passed on February 7, 1830. It re- 
 quired the Trustees of the University to pay a debt of $7,000 which rested 
 on the College. 
 
 Baltimore College was the second in Baltimore, and was undenomina- 
 tional. It originated in an academy conducted by Mr. James Priestly, on 
 St. Paul's lane. About 18113, several prominent citizens applied to the 
 Legislature for a college charter, which was granted on January 7, 1804. 
 Authority was given to receive donations and subscriptions to the amount of 
 $20,000, and to raise $30,000 additional by a lottery. With funds thus 
 acquired a handsome though plain two-story brick building, eighty-two by 
 fifty feet, was erected on Mulberry street in 181 1. Right Rev. John Car- 
 roll, Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore, was President of the Trustees, who 
 were to appoint a principal, a vice-principal, professors, tutors and assistants. 
 Hon. John P. Kennady was a pupil of this institution, entering it "at its first 
 establishment" in 1 80S. at the age of thirteen, and graduating with four 
 others in September, 1812. This was the first class to graduate. The
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 4>'i 
 
 School was closed for some time previous to 1821, when it was reopened 
 with a course of lectures on modern literature by Dr. Tobias Watkins. Dr. 
 L. H. Gerardin, a distinguished French savant and founder and first Presi- 
 dent of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature, was the Principal 
 for some years previous to his death, in 1S25. With his demise the College 
 again languished. 
 
 On the 1st of October, 1830, the Trustees issued an appeal and a pros- 
 pectus which contains the following: 
 
 "Other States in the Union have long since established and continue to 
 foster with a vigilant solicitude their colleges and universities, and in doing 
 so, while they have cherished among their own citizens that local attach- 
 ment which binds a man to the soil, the institutions, and the principles of the 
 place in which his character is formed, our own youth, whose primary ob- 
 ject at these colleges is the pursuit ol science, must attain it at best at the 
 expense and sacrifice of similar honorable feelings and principles. I he 
 number of those who have sought a liberal education in remote States, dis- 
 tant from parental guardianship and at an augmented expense would be 
 alone sufficient to maintain an institution on the most enlarged scale of useful- 
 ness and responsibility, and evidences the necessity lor the proposed organi- 
 zation of a department in the University of Maryland, exclusively collegiate 
 in its system, requiring an advanced state ol classical and scientific attain- 
 ments for admission to its lectures, calculated to conduct its pupils through 
 the highest branches of a liberal education, ami to afford them advantages 
 similar to what may be obtained in the distant universities of this country 
 and Europe. It is in providing means for the gradual advancement of all. 
 from the humblest rudiments to the highest attainments of knowledge, that 
 we co-operate with the spirit of the times and profit by the occasion of be- 
 coming more enlightened with every succeeding generation. It will be a 
 primary object to elevate the student, not less as a moral than as an intel- 
 lectual being, by inspiring the principles of virtue at an early age and 
 exciting a sense of character and manly deportment. Through the medium
 
 460 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 of such an institution a force of elevated moral and political sentiment is to 
 be impressed upon the opinions and feelings of the mass of our citizens. We 
 appeal to the patriotism, the piety, the parental solicitude, and the literary 
 pride and zeal of the people of Maryland, and confidently solicit their co- 
 operation in sustaining the University." 
 
 At the request and on behalf of the Trustees, Judge William Frick 
 delivered a magnificent public address,* in which he points to the awak- 
 ened and wide-spread interest throughout the country in education, and 
 particularly to the very promising provision made by the State of Mary- 
 land for all its citizens, by the liberal scheme of education projected in the 
 University of Maryland. He declares that a large proportion of the youth 
 of the State have been debarred from such privileges, and expresses surprise 
 that the State should have been so long in providing adequately for them. 
 He depicts in eloquent language the political improvement to be derived 
 from cultivating the higher intellectual endowments, and the building up of 
 national character that will follow a national literature, and asserts that it 
 is our duty to provide for mental and moral improvement as well as increase 
 in wealth and power. We should have a literature of our own, one breathing 
 the warm and glowing inspiration of national feeling, and should write our 
 own history. Victories, triumphs and heroes are not alone sufficient to re- 
 deem a nation from obscurity and decay. It is Grecian art and genius and 
 virtue, it is Rome, the seat of liberty and letters, that give to antiquity their 
 charm and glory. But a higher motive for action is to be found in the close 
 ties between intelligence and freedom. No arbitrary power can be long or 
 safely exercised over a people whose minds have been enlightened by phil- 
 osophy and reason. He deplores the spirit of gain and utility which has 
 dwarfed the interest in mental development and tends to make wealth the 
 only standard of excellence, the only road to honor, the only means of in- 
 fluence. He combats that narrow and selfish policy which looks purely to 
 individual interest and the practical concerns of life. 
 ♦Pamphlet, pp. 37, Diocesan Library.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 461 
 
 Some of his eloquent passages are worthy of repetition: 
 "Such a system presents an impassible harrier to the extension of that 
 intelligence, morality and refinement, on which the greatness of all nations 
 must ultimately rest. It addresses itself to none of those lofty sentiments of 
 the soul so intimately interblended with the social and public virtues. It 
 sacrifices the higher attributes of our nature to the baser senses and sordid 
 affections; for there is a dignity in the philosophy of intellect which cannot 
 be resolved into mercenary calculation or views of practical utility. It is the 
 intellectual nature alone that by its glorious and godlike sway makes truth 
 and justice, wisdom and virtue, religion and morals more lovely and majes- 
 tic in their attraction. Every element of this philosophy resolves itself in the 
 perception of what is beautiful and true; and the perfectly beautiful dwells 
 in what we cannot convert to pecuniary profit or speculation. But the pos- 
 session of it inspires a more holy ambition of high and pure morality, and 
 enkindles loftier feelings in the heart than those which usuallv govern the 
 principles of human action. It lends to the soul those energies and senti- 
 ments without which the mind lacks the power of sustaining the moral and 
 religious faculties and invites that reciprocity of action between the moral 
 and intellectual energies by which alone the social nature of man is fully and 
 fairly developed. * * * Why are we called upon to abjure the mighty 
 masters of antiquity, the studies of classic literature, the arts and poetry? 
 Why are we asked — of what use? to what practical purpose? Are we in- 
 sensible that these studies are interwoven with the highest principles of 
 human thought and action? That they lift our minds beyond the low ami 
 sordid pursuits of life? That they instill those principles in taste and science 
 by which cultivated life is distinguished. That they elevate and purify the 
 heart for the exercise of all the moral and social virtues? Are we insensible 
 to the dignified and disinterested spirit which looks to the enlargement of 
 human character until it is made to fulfil all the ends of human duty and 
 destiny? Then farewell to the liberal sciences, to the happiness of social 
 life, to the stability of free government ! Then has our national existence no
 
 462 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 dependence on the intelligence and morality of the People. Personal secur- 
 ity with wealth and physical comfort is all the preference that our republic 
 can ever hope to attain. The idea that our free institutions are destined to 
 develope the higher and loftier relations of humanity, and to exercise an 
 influence hen a fur on the rest of mankind, is visionary. While throughout 
 the enlightened world the mind hath indignantly burst the chains of pro- 
 tracted bondage and the torrent of light and learning is fast covering the 
 dark places, while our own example invokes the communities of the world 
 to deep reflection and solemn destinies, and the dignity of human nature is 
 represented in our institutions, when everywhere as of old where freedom 
 unfurled her banner, the liberal arts and classic letters are invoked to deck 
 the Corinthian capital of civilization, we are content to weigh those high 
 destinies in the scale of interest and profit and our patriotism is extinguished 
 in selfishness." 
 
 He then proceeds to point out the evils of half education, to which so 
 many of the Maryland youth had been destined by their environment. It 
 was the scheme of the promoters of the I niversity to induce them, and to 
 provide the means for doing so, to devote themselves to careers of letters and 
 science, and thus to contribute to improvement of the arts of lite and eleva- 
 tion of the tone of society. And he anticipates the time when we should be 
 able to point in this community to a constellation of scholars and sages, 
 when the halls of science should be as attractive as the halls of legislation, 
 and when the aspiring student could look forward with confidence to the 
 promised land of glory and recompense. He indulges with delight visions 
 of renown associated with future progress in learning and the liberal arts, 
 and with the work then begun, destined as he believed, to confer upon his 
 native State immortality and splendid lame. 
 
 He combats the idea held out by some that the provision proposed 
 would prove of exclusive benefit to the affluent. The poor would be the 
 chief beneficiaries; the rich were already able to employ the best teachers 
 at home, or to send their sons to institutions in other States or in Europe.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 463 
 
 Such a State institution only serves to establish an equality of advantages 
 between the rich and the poor. No act of the State, he says, has been so 
 honorable to its patriotism as the unceasing interest with which the Legis- 
 lature has looked to the establishment and encouragement of this institution 
 in all its departments; as the means of establishing a centre of science and 
 learning within our State, from which the rays may diverge ami diffuse 
 themselves to all its extremes, and the light of education be spread through- 
 out her domain under the influence of her own laws, her manners and 
 character. He points to the salutary effects of the establishment of univer- 
 sities in other States, in elevating the standards of instruction, in imparting 
 vigor and efficacy to the whole system of education, and in attracting large 
 numbers of youth from other States who might be trained at home if the 
 munificence ami spirit ot enterprise which led to their foundation were imi- 
 tated. The universities of Kurope maintain their influence under every 
 change and condition of government and confer moral nobility upon those 
 whom they train, anil reflect lustre upon the countries in which they are 
 located. 
 
 lie appeals to the native pride of Marylanders: While we vie with 
 others in our internal improvements, is all that gives tone and complexion 
 to our moral and intellectual condition to be derived entirely from foreign 
 sources? Are the architects of our monuments, the engineers of our roads, 
 the heads of our colleges, the professors of science and morals and religion 
 among us to be sought and obtained only abroad? What was needed was 
 one common spirit in all, to direct the efforts and views of all to one com- 
 mon end. 
 
 He shows that the subject of education early absorbed the attention 
 of the legislators of Maryland, as evidenced by the Act of 1692 "for the 
 encouragement of learning," the founding of King William's Free School 
 at Annapolis four years later, the endowment of free schools in every countv 
 with money and lands in 1723, and! the advancement of one of these, at 
 Chestertown, Kent County, in 1782, into a college, and of King William's
 
 464 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 School in 1784 into another college. Although State patronage was with- 
 drawn from these institutions in 1805, the Legislature never relaxed its 
 exertions in promoting the cause of education. The foundation of the 
 present University of Maryland was then traced, and it was stated that it 
 was generally known that the Medical School of that University had fully 
 responded to the expectations of its warmest friends, and that the depart- 
 ment of Law, so far as developed, had furnished ample and gratifying evi- 
 dence of the qualifications of the Professor who sustained the reputation of 
 this branch of the institution. But the present purpose was with the most 
 neglected, though not the least important department — the general and 
 preparatory education of youth. The scheme had been brought before the 
 public, and an endeavor made to place a copy of it in the hands of every 
 parent in the State. He appeals to Marylanders earnestly in behalf of this 
 scheme, to the urgent importance of providing in the community for the 
 intellectual culture and improvement of their youth. Are we still to seek 
 in remote States, at distant universities, the acquisitions from which so much 
 is to be hoped, in favor of our native State? Are we incapable of training 
 our youth to the high destinies, to which their relations in social and public 
 life hereafter call them? Then is the appeal which we make to the patriot- 
 ism, the piety, the parental solicitude, and the literary pride of our citizens, 
 in vain. But shall we abandon it without the trial? May we not perhaps 
 rally the wandering youth of Maryland and bring them home again to their 
 own alma mater? 
 
 He goes on to say that the Trustees are pledged to the State, to them- 
 selves and to their fellow-citizens, to attempt this scheme, and, if they fail, 
 it will only be because it has not been sustained by the patriotism and the 
 State pride of those for whose advantage it was conceived. The address, 
 a most noble and eloquent one, which we would fain reproduce entire, if 
 space permitted, concludes with some considerations upon the importance of 
 the study of the classics and philosophy. 
 
 Another address was delivered at the opening of the Collegiate depart-
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 465 
 
 ment on January 3, 1 83 1, on behalf of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences by 
 Mr. John P. Kennedy, Professor of History.* 
 
 Mr. Kennedy began with a reference to the plan submitted to the citi- 
 zens of Baltimore by the Trustees of the University for carrying into effect 
 the design of the Legislature with reference to that institution, and said it 
 was a natural thing to inquire, why this scheme had been delayed so long. He 
 spoke of the reform that had gradually been introduced into the methods and 
 objects of inquiry. Ancient prejudices had been discarded, the jargon of the 
 academy, with its ingenious trifling, had been hushed, the uses of education 
 had been enlarged, and it had been applied to the direct purposes oi human 
 happiness. It belonged to the United States, free as its people were from ties 
 of abuse and barricades of custom, especially to foster this spirit. He ad- 
 mitted that we had not marched forward as rapidly in science as we had ad- 
 vanced in the substantial enjoyments of life, and spoke of the keen appetite 
 for what is immediately profitable and the fact that Europe had furnished us 
 the science and philosophy of older nations in abundance, as possible reasons 
 for this partial progress. There was no surer way of remedying the defect 
 thus pointed out than by rearing up institutions of learning. 
 
 The rudiments of education were well taught our people, perhaps better 
 than in any other land; but as yet the arts and sciences were not available to 
 our people generally who were unable to go elsewhere to seek them. 1 le 
 pointed out how much was being done in Boston, in New York, in Virginia, 
 in Philadelphia and elsewhere, to foster higher education. He spoke of the 
 long entertained policy of Maryland to plant a University within her confines 
 — as shown by the incorporation of St. John's and Washington College into 
 a University in 1 7S4, when there was every reason to believe that the wealth 
 of commerce and the tide of population would be poured into the lap of 
 Annapolis, then the capital ami the principal city ol the State. He com- 
 mended the men who conceived ami planned that older University, limited 
 only to the Arts and Sciences. Their purposes were frustrated by the sub- 
 •Pampht. pp. 26.
 
 466 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 sequent withdrawal of support. In 1812 the University was revived under 
 new and happier auspices. 
 
 The Trustees have now considered it to he their duty to invite the pat- 
 ronage of the State to the immediate support of the Faculty of Arts and 
 Sciences, and as the representative of that Faculty he proceeded to explain 
 the general outlines of the proposed organization. The chairs of Political 
 Kconomy, History and Natural Philosophy had been filled for some years, 
 but without any condition on the part of the Trustees that the incumbents 
 should be required to deliver lectures. Recently the Faculty had been com- 
 pleted and consisted of eleven professorships, viz. : 
 
 Ancient Languages, 
 
 History, 
 
 Political Economy, 
 
 Natural Philosophy, 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology, 
 
 Natural History, 
 
 Rhetoric and Belles Pettres, 
 
 Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, 
 
 Botany, 
 
 Mathematics, 
 
 Chemistry Applied to the Arts. 
 
 The Faculty had deliberated constantly and anxiously as to the best 
 plan, and had adopted and distributed their plan through the State. It was 
 the most comprehensive plan of any institution in the country. Preliminary 
 study was necessary in order to enter the lowest class of the College Depart- 
 ment, and it was believed the academies of the State would shape their in- 
 struction with a view of meeting the requirements. Meanwhile the Trustees 
 had announced their determination to establish an elementary school of their 
 own, designed to prepare students for the college career. 
 
 Besides the regular training of students in all the branches of science and 
 letters, it was the design of the Trustees to open their halls to the free use of
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 467 
 
 the public in any department, so that persons of all ages anil ot either sex 
 might employ their leisure in the cultivation of any branch ol literature or 
 science. Every privilege ol the University, short ot obtaining its degrees, 
 was available by the general public. It was thought that the effect ol this 
 invitation would lead the citizens ol Baltimore to a love of learning, ami that 
 they would not be slow to avail themselves of the advantages offered, ami 
 which were depicted in glowing language: "The scope of this regulation is 
 to impress upon the citizens of Baltimore a love of the Liberal Sciences, to 
 invite them into the grave and pleasant pursuits of learning, to bring to every 
 man's door the wares of intellect, and to teach them that the leisure which is 
 squandered in idle pleasures or vacant quiet may be turned to a profitable 
 account by multiplying the enjoyments of thought and exercising the faculties 
 of mind. I can feel and understand the happy influence which a success- 
 ful administration of this scheme must have upon a society like ours. Every 
 man has frequent occasion to feel how valuable a portion of his life is wasted 
 in the mere apathy of rest — none more than the man habitually devoted to 
 his business. There are moments when the shade of unoccupied feelings 
 comes heavily over his mind, depressing his spirits, obscuring his enjoyments 
 and inflicting the pain of a melancholy moodiness upon his existence. To 
 him, unblessed with the stores of intellectual pleasure, such visitations are 
 sufficiently frequent to leave their impressions upon his character. We shall 
 contribute in no small degree to the enjoyments of that man if we can suc- 
 ceed in luring him within the Halls of the University, and induce him to 
 appropriate that modicum of his time which is not solicited by his business to 
 the cultivation of the elegant and useful arts. The members of the several 
 professions, too, will find many inducements to apply themselves to these 
 studies. The progress of science can never be uninteresting or useless in any 
 of its departments to them; and if such pursuits have not hitherto occupied a 
 share of their time, it is because they have not had the facilities which the 
 presence of a University can alone supply." 
 
 The utility of the lectures was to be increased by giving to them the
 
 468 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 form of a popular extension, and by consulting the convenience of all classes 
 of the public. The Trustees had already begun the foundation of a library. 
 
 The regular course leading to the degree extended over four years, and 
 was to be accompanied by auxiliary reading and frequent examinations. The 
 Professor of Theology was to deliver a course of lectures to the students of 
 the Collegiate department on Natural Theology and the Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity, but no student would be required to attend these lectures without the 
 assent or direction of his parents or guardian, and the lecturer was to keep 
 steadily in view the prominent feature of the charter requiring the widest 
 religious toleration. 
 
 It was not contemplated to board or lodge the students in the College, 
 the congregation of many young men under the same roof being regarded as 
 in many respects prejudicial to sound and wholesome control over their habits 
 and morals. The annual charge of each student entering for the degree was 
 one hundred dollars per annum; modern languages were extra. The plan 
 was now about to go into operation. It was the intention of the Faculty to 
 adhere strictly to the requirements of admission even if this should exclude 
 every applicant, and to begin the course with any number, however small. 
 The speaker said that the members of the Faculty had no selfish or interested 
 motive in assuming their tasks. From their station in society and occupations 
 it must be a long time before they could expect any adequate remuneration 
 tor their labors. He claimed for himself and his colleagues that they were 
 actuated only by a desire to promote the public advantage, and realized fully 
 the sacrifices that they had assumed in the positions which, without solicita- 
 tion on their part, they now held. 
 
 "The sacrifice we make," he said, "entitles us to ask a zealous and in- 
 dulgent co-operation from the intelligent community with which we are sur- 
 rounded. There are both the means and the spirit amongst our citizens to 
 achieve all that our fondest wishes have aspired to, if they can be enlisted in 
 the cause. Our failure, after this effort, would produce disappointment and 
 regret, though unattended with any sentiment of mortification or self-abase-
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 469 
 
 ment, because it would be an evidence, not rliat we are unworthy oi success, 
 but that the public are not sufficiently awake to the great and commanding 
 interest which we have endeavored to impress upon them, ll we succeed, 
 then will follow a glorious consummation. We shall have the satisfaction 
 to know that we have sown the seeds of a rich and bountiful harvest amongst 
 this people, that we have communicated to them an impulse that will quicken 
 into action the noblest faculties that belong to man, that will give new apti- 
 tudes to the genius of our citizens, that will open bright and glorious visions 
 upon their sight, that will refine their feelings, polish their manners, and ele- 
 vate their character. We shall have erected a powerful engine on this spot 
 whose mechanism shall lift this whole society into a higher scale of being, 
 and communicate to it an influence and weight that shall make it a subject of 
 praise and imitation throughout the wide extent of our Union. With such a 
 meed before us the hand that labors shall never grow tired nor the heart 
 faint. It rests with the parents and guardians of the youth of this city to 
 respond to these hopes, and I confess I trust with confidence to the intelli- 
 gence of the people of Baltimore, that this occasion will not be allowed to 
 pass away without such an efficient concurrence in our design as shall assure 
 us that we have but to persevere in the performance of our duty to secure the 
 faithful fulfilment of theirs." 
 
 In the "Laws for the Government of the Academical Department of the 
 University of Maryland," it is provided that three or more of the Trustees 
 shall be appointed as visitors to keep themselves informed as to the condition 
 of the Department, and report to the Board. The Professor of Ancient 
 Languages is appointed Principal. Tutors are provided for, one to every 
 twenty scholars. The sessions are to last ten months; the full course four 
 years. The period of instruction lasts from six and a half to eight hours. 
 The studies are to be reading, writing, English grammar, composition, mod- 
 ern geography with the use of globes, arithmetic, bookkeeping, mensura- 
 tion, navigation, fluxions, and the other elementary as well as higher branches 
 of mathematics; natural philosophy and astronomy; Latin, Greek, French,
 
 47 o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 German and Spanish; ancienl geography and history, rhetoric, logic and 
 moral philosophy. 
 
 The "College Faculty" as given in the announcement were: Rev. 
 Charles Williams, I). 1)., President and Professor of Ancient Languages;* 
 fohn P. Kennedy, Vice President and Professor of History; I Ion. Charles 
 W. Hanson, Professor of Political Economy; William Howard, M. I)., 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy; Joshua I. Cohen, M. 1)., Professor ol 
 Mineralogy and Geology; George Prick, M. I)., Professor of Natural His- 
 tory; Peter I I. Cruse, Professor <d' Rhetoric and Belles Lettres; Geqrge II. 
 Calvert, Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy; William Fisher, 
 M. I)., Professor of Botany; Edward I linkley, Treasurer ami Professor of 
 Mathematics; Julius T. Ducatel, Secretary and Professor of Chemistry Ap- 
 plied to the Arts. The "( Mliccrs" of the Academical Department were: Rev. 
 C. Williams, I). I)., Principal; Rev. John Ulhorn, A. M., Professor of 
 Greek; Mr. John Carr, Tutor in Latin; Mr. Richard Cotter, 'Tutor in 
 Mathematics; Mr. T. J. T.i/ouard, Instructor in French; Mr. I. F. Preto, 
 Instructor in Spanish; Rev. John Ulhorn, A. M., Instructor in German. 
 
 The fees were about $60 a year for the classical department, $40 tor 
 the English department, modern languages and drawing were $20 extra; 
 there was a small extra charge also for fuel ami stationery. For distant 
 pupils provision was made in the families oi the professors, at $250 per 
 annum lor board, lodging, washing and tuition. 
 
 After all this eloquence, all these bright anticipations, all these stirring 
 appeals to local pride and patriotism, it is sad to have to record failure as 
 the result. But Marvlandcrs continued to send their sons to Princeton, to 
 Harvard, Vale and other colleges, the students were not forthcoming and 
 no funds were contributed for endozvment. For the lew who came, instruc- 
 tion was given in the Athenaeum building and in the Mulberry street build- 
 ing. Professors Calvert, 1 linkley and Williams gave instruction lor at least 
 
 Mi.. Williams had beeii previously Principal of the Baltimore College. Mr. Hanson was 
 a judge.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 471 
 
 two years and probably lor several years longer. < '! the other professors 
 we know nothing, ["he enthusiasm with wlmh they started soon died oul 
 and they became discouraged and gave up their thankless and hopeless task. 
 Such a result might have been foreseen from Mr. Kennedy's acknowledg- 
 ment ol inadequate salaries. It was not to be expected thai any should 
 give up their time and expend their efforts for nothing, much less the distin- 
 guished scholars who had been gathered together into this faculty. Mu- 
 scimol continued in a very feeble way with a few scholars, chiefly in the 
 preparatory department; we do not read that any degrees were given. 
 
 In [833 there were fifty day scholars, no hoarders. At this tune St. 
 Mary's College, adjoining the Seminar) ol Si. Sulpice (Roman Catholic), 
 had one hundred and ninety-one students, over one hundred ol whom were 
 hoarders; it also had a library of ten thousand volumes and a botanical gar- 
 den. Asbury College, which occupied the second floor of the building at the 
 corner of North and Fayette streets, had sixty day pupils.* 
 
 In a short time Rev. Dr. Williams withdrew and was succeeded by Mr. 
 John Prentiss as President ol the Faculty. 
 
 1 have met with a record of Jacob H. Quimby, who is said to have been 
 "Professor of Latin and Greek." Me was a native ol Springfield, New 
 I lampshire. At the age of twenty-one he graduated at Dartmouth t ollcge. 
 lie then studied law, and was admitted to the bar, practicing probably at 
 Albany. I le is said to have been a great student, understanding seven lan- 
 guages. Mis death occurred in Baltimore in 1S3X, at the age ol thirty-one; 
 resolutions adopted by his students were published in The American ol Feb- 
 ruary 9. 
 
 On December 29, 1X40, Mr. Prentiss' resignation was announced to the 
 
 Regents by Rev. John (.. Morris, I). D., Dean of the Facultj of Arts and 
 Sciences, anil Mr. I lorace Morrison took his place. Fifty students were re- 
 ported in attendance at that time. 
 
 *A Complete View of Baltimore. Bj Charles Varle, Civil Engineer. Baltimore, 1833,
 
 472 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 In 1842* the "officers of instruction" were Horace Morrison, A. M., 
 President, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy and Instructor 
 in Intellectual and Moral Philosophy; John B. Henck, A. B., Instructor in 
 the Latin and Greek Languages; Samuel A. Morison, Esq., Instructor in the 
 Preparatory Department; J. A. Pizarro, Esq., Instructor in the Spanish Lan- 
 guage; T. J. Bizouard, Esq., Instructor in the French Language; A. Freitag, 
 LL. D., Instructor in the German Language; Josiah C. Robinson, Esq., In- 
 structor in Writing, Bookkeeping, Drawing and Painting; Frederick Lu- 
 chesi, Esq., Instructor in Instrumental Music; Charles L. Bartlett, Esq., In- 
 structor in Vocal Music. The number of students attending the previous 
 session was fifty-three, thirty-nine in the Collegiate Department and fourteen 
 in the Preparatory Department. All of these were from Baltimore except 
 one, who was credited to Philadelphia. 
 
 The prospectus begins with a statement of the advantages offered in 
 situations, in quarters, in play-ground and in scientific and astronomical ap- 
 paratus. The buildings and apparatus being enjoyed free of expense, 
 enabled the Faculty to offer tuition at a less charge than a private institution 
 could afford to do. A somewhat ominous sign is afforded by "the confidence 
 of the hope" expressed, "that an enlightened community will not suffer one 
 of its principal public institutions to languish for want of the patronage it 
 deserves, and which is all that is necessary to place it on an equality with any 
 similar institution." There seems to have been no condition as to age and 
 the curriculum set forth shows that some of the students in the preparatory 
 department must have been of very tender years. The studies prescribed for 
 the Academic and Collegiate departments were sufficiently varied and ad- 
 vanced, and doubtless compared favorably with other institutions of similar 
 rank. There were three public examinations by the Board of Examiners; 
 the annual exhibition was held on the Wednesday preceding Easter. The 
 session lasted about ten and a half months, commencing at the beginning of 
 September. The expenses of the collegiate department were $15 per quar- 
 
 *Annual Circular of the Collegiate Department of the University of Maryland, 1842.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 473 
 
 ter, with extra fees for modern languages, drawing, and music, and small 
 charges for stationery and fuel. 
 
 On March 3, 1843, trie Commissioners of Public Schools petitioned the 
 Regents for the transfer of the institution to the city for a high school. The 
 petition was rejected but on legal grounds alone. It continued to run down 
 and on April 5, 1852, there were but thirty-six pupils and Mr. Morrison 
 was the sole teacher. 
 
 In October, 1854, Mr. Morrison was induced to resign and the De- 
 partment was reorganized under Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, previously Rector 
 of the Episcopal High School near Alexandria. Mr. Dalrymple was a thor- 
 ough classical scholar and a great bibliophile. He was a teacher of the old 
 school and believed in corporal punishment. It was proposed at this time to 
 sell the Mulberry street property, if $25,000 could be obtained for it and to 
 locate elsewhere, but it was finally decided to remain. A mortgage of $5,000 
 was placed upon the property with which another story was added and the 
 building otherwise improved. 
 
 The institution now took the name "The School of Letters of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland." As before, it embraced the two divisions — Prepara- 
 tory and Collegiate, and special attention was bestowed upon the Latin and 
 Greek Classics and Mathematics, as the foundation of all sound learning. 
 The importance attached to the languages is shown by the requirement that 
 all preparatory students study at least one ancient and one modern language. 
 
 The students of the College department were divided into three classes 
 — Junior, Middle and Senior — it being understood that they had mastered 
 the studies of the Freshman year in the preparatory course. Each senior 
 class attended at least four recitations or lectures daily and the curriculum 
 was a most complete and thorough one. Medals were given in the prepara- 
 tory department and a gold medal to the student standing highest in each ot 
 the College classes. The degrees of A. B. and A. M. were conferred — the 
 latter three years after receiving the lower degree conditional upon writing 
 an original essay. The term lasted from the second Monday in September
 
 474 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 to the third Thursday in June; the sessions began at 8.30 or 9 a. m. and 
 closed at 2.30 p. m., Saturday being observed as a holiday. The number of 
 students for the session of 1854-55 was twenty-three, all being from Balti- 
 more except four. This number had increased the next session to seventy- 
 four, five of whom were from outside the city. The fees were $100 in the 
 Preparatory, and $125 in the Collegiate department, with no extras. Ma- 
 triculation fee — paid once — $5. 
 
 The Register of the session 1855-56* gives the following as the 
 "Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Members of the Board of Regents:" Rev. 
 E. A. Dalrymple, Dean; Rev. George W. Burnap, D. D. ; J. R. W. Dunbar, 
 M. D., Professor of Physiology; J. H. Alexander, LL. D., Professor of 
 Physics; Campbell Morfit, M. D., Professor of Chemistry; and the follow- 
 ing as "Officers:" Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, A. M., President and Professor of 
 Ancient Languages; J. H. Alexander, LL. D., Professor of Natural Phil- 
 osophy; Campbell Morfit, Professor of Chemistry; Richard Cotter, A. M., 
 Professor of Mathematics; Charles H. Dupuy, Professor of French and 
 German; A. J. Dalrymple, M. D., Professor of English Branches; Augustus 
 John, Professor of Drawing; Rev. Robert Piggot, Professor of Penman- 
 ship. 
 
 In the Catalogue of 1856-57, Messrs. M. Dulaney Ball, A. B., and 
 Jean Benner are added to the "officers," the former as Assistant Professor of 
 Ancient Languages and Mathematics, the latter as Professor of French, Ger- 
 man and History. The number of students had risen to 106, but only nine 
 of these were in the College department (the first College class). 
 
 For the session of 1857-58, Dr. Campbell Mortit's name drops out. 
 In the list of the Faculty it is replaced by that of Jacob I. Cohen, M. D., 
 Professor of Mineralogy, and in that of the "officers" by that of Alfred M. 
 Mayer, Assistant Professor of Physics and Chemistry. J. H. Alexander 
 ceases to be an "officer," while retaining his place as Regent. The previous 
 
 "Register of the Faculty, Officerx and Students of Ihe Acn/lemic Department (The School of Letter-.! 
 under the Faculty of Art- and Sciences of the University of Man-land (with the course of 
 Study, piasses_, Terms, etc.). Session 1855-56.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 47; 
 
 year all the students of the College department had been juniors; now we 
 have a "junior" and a "middle class." The total number oi students was 121. 
 
 In the session of [858-59 there are fourteen collegians, one being a 
 senior, Mr. Isaac Brooks. Total students 107. 
 
 In the session of 1 859-60, Hew Dr. Burnap's name disappears from the 
 "Faculty" and Regents. George W. Stone, A. M., takes the place of M. 
 Dulaney Ball, as Assistant Professor of Ancient Languages and Mathema- 
 tics, and George A. Witte, A. M., assumes the Professorship of German 
 and French, vice Charles H. Dupuy, A. M. There are ten in the College 
 department and ninety-one students in all. Isaac Brooks, Jr., receives the 
 degree of A. B. 
 
 With the session of i8<;9-6o is begun the enumeration of the sessions 
 as dating from 1.804-05, this being the fifty-fifth. Ibis numbering is kept 
 up as long as the catalogues were issued. It shows what was the fact, that 
 the School was a direct continuation from Baltimore College, whose charter 
 it assumed in 1831 and which began in 1804. 
 
 The Constitution and By-Laws of the "Literary Society of the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland" shows that there was such an organization, composed of 
 the teachers, students and alumni, and designed to promote extemporaneous 
 speaking and literary composition. The meetings were held weekly during 
 the session. The proceedings consisted of the reading of original composi- 
 tions, declamations, and the discussion of questions selected for debate. 
 
 The next three sessions are contained in one Catalogue or "Register." 
 There has evidently been a falling off in attendance for the whole number 
 of students for the three years is but 131 — although, of course, many oi 
 these names must be doubled or trebled to represent the attendance each year. 
 
 In i860 the degree of A. B. was conferred on William S. Pinkney, 
 William Reynolds, Jr., Henry McElderry and Joseph S. Hopkins, all of 
 Baltimore, public addresses being delivered by all of these, vi/.: The Pleas- 
 ure and Profit of Classical Studies, Mr. Pinkney; Influence of the Fine .Iris 
 Upon National Character, Mr. Reynolds; Oliver Cromwell, Mr. McF.l-
 
 476 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 derry; Progress of Human Knowledge, Mr. Hopkins. Messrs. Pinkney 
 and Reynolds received gold medals. The Commencement was held at the 
 New Assembly Rooms, Lombard street. At the same time the honorary de- 
 gree of D. D. was conferred upon Rev. Joshua Morsell, D. C, and Rev. 
 William Hodges, N. C. 
 
 In i 86 1 the A. B. degree was conferred upon Theodore C. Gambrall, 
 Alexander M. Fulford, and George W. Abell, all of Baltimore, the last 
 receiving the highest honor; all made addresses. No degree was given in 
 1862, but in 1863 the A. B. was given to David S. Denison, of Baltimore. 
 In 1862-63 Mr. William Reynolds, Jr.'s, name appears as Professor of 
 Mathematics. 
 
 The next "Register" is devoted to the three sessions 1863-66. New 
 names of officers arc Rev. Theodore Gambrall, A. M., Mathematics; 
 Charles De Heerdt, French and German; Charles A. Wagner, M. D., 
 Do.; A. Richter Sander, Do. (all 1864-65) ; Albert F! Brachmann, A. M., 
 Do. (1865-66). But one senior appears — Mr. Louis McKim, of Balti- 
 more, receiving the A. B., at the close of the session 1865-66. The fees had 
 been raised in the Preparatory department from $100 to $125 and in the 
 College department from $125 to $145. In 1864 the degree of Master of 
 Arts was conferred upon Rev. Theodore C. Gambrall, of Baltimore, and 
 Alexander M. Fulford, of Harford County, Maryland. 
 
 On the 5th of April, 1864, a meeting of the President, Professors and 
 students was held at the College building, to take action on the death of Mr. 
 Jean Benner, the Professor of French and History, who had died on the 
 31st of the previous month, in his sixty-first year. He was a genial, virtuous 
 and learned scholar, a native of Minister, France, a former Professor of 
 History and Political Economy in the College of Geneva, and author of a 
 work entitled, "Commentaire Philosophique et Politique sur l'Histoire et 
 les Revolutions de France, de 1789 a 1830." That he had endeared himself 
 deeply to his students is shown by their erection of a monument to him in
 
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 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 479 
 
 Baltimore Cemetery, where he was buried, setting forth the fact, and also his 
 accomplishments. 
 
 We have no records of this department at hand from which to report 
 in detail its progress from this time on, even if such a thing were desirable. 
 We may infer that the course was steadily downward. On February 2, 
 1872, Dr. Dalrymple informs the Provost that the vacancies in the Faculty 
 had been filled and that the following constituted at that time said Faculty: 
 Edwin A. Dalrymple, A. M., Dean and Professor of Ancient Languages; 
 Julian J. Alexander, Esq., Professor of Political Economy; Philip T. Tyson, 
 Esq., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy; Augustine J. Dalrymple, 
 M. D., Professor of History and Geography; Rev. Hugh T. Harrison, 
 A. M., Professor of Moral Philosophy, all of the new incumbents having 
 been at some period students and all being natives of Baltimore. 
 
 To this Mr. Wallis, Provost, replied calling attention to the provisions 
 of the charter, Sections 8, 9 and 10, with reference to the composition of the 
 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and asking for an explanation. He adds that 
 the Faculty is not complete, and has not been complete and capable of elect- 
 ing professors for many years. At the next meeting of the Board, held in 
 April following, a committee, consisting of Messrs. Wallis, Brown, Dobbin, 
 Dallam and Carter, was appointed to consider and report upon the above 
 communication of Dr. Dalrymple, but there is no record of any such report. 
 
 On November 22, 1876, Professor Yenable, of another Committee, 
 reports that all teaching has been suspended in the Department and that the 
 building is partly unoccupied and unused, the west front room being occu- 
 pied for the lectures upon law and the east front room as Dr. Dalrymple's 
 office or study. 
 
 On June 10, 1878, it is reported to the Board that the Faculty of Arts ' 
 and Sciences has abandoned the building. A resolution was adopted author- 
 izing the Doctor "to sell the chattels belonging to the School of Arts and 
 Sciences and apply the proceeds to the payment of such claims as may be due 
 to him." It was at this meeting that the Doctor brought in a claim against
 
 4 8o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the institution "for repairs, advances and interest on the building to July i, 
 1878," amounting to $2,213.53 — $850.26 of this being principal and 
 $1,363.36 being interest. On motion of Professor Tiffany, a committee 
 of three — with the Provost as chairman — was appointed to audit this 
 account. The other two members of this committee were Professors'Tiffany 
 and Poe. 
 
 The committe reported at a meeting of the Board held on June 24, 
 1878. The following is their report in full : 
 "To the Regents of the University of Maryland: 
 
 "The undersigned, appointed a committee at the last meeting of the 
 Board of Regents, to audit the account presented by the Rev. Dr. E. A. Dal- 
 rymple, beg leave respectfully to report: 
 
 "That they have not undertaken to inquire into the correctness of the 
 items charged in the account, having assumed it to be the unanimous sense 
 of the Regents, that Dr. Dalrymple's statement is a sufficient voucher for 
 the accuracy, as it, of course, is, for the good faith of his charges. 
 
 "The account commences nearly 22 years back and is stated as 
 between Dr. Dalrymple and 'The University of Maryland Faculty of Arts 
 and Sciences.' With the exception of a few debits and credits between the 29th 
 Sept., 1856, and the 1st July, 1857, leaving a balance in favor of Dr. Dal- 
 rymple of $572.30, to be carried forward at the latter date, it is simply an 
 account current between the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Dr. Dal- 
 rymple, as its Treasurer. The final balance in favor of Dr. Dalrymple is 
 $2,213.53 as °f July I) 1878, $850.26 of that amount being principal and 
 $1,363.26 interest. 
 
 "The Committee think it very clear that no valid claim for this balance 
 can be set up against the Regents upon the theory that the Corporation is 
 responsible for debts contracted by any of its faculties. With the exception 
 of the Faculty of Physic, the Faculties of the University are not corporations, 
 nor have they any capacity to make contracts, except upon the faith and re- 
 sponsibility of their individual members. The University has no money
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES |Xi 
 
 endowment and no pecuniary means for either its general purposes or those 
 
 of any of its Faculties. These latter have, therefore, been compelled, from 
 the beginning, to depend upon themselves, except in so far as the State from 
 time to time, has chosen to make appropriations for their benefit respecth ely. 
 Such appropriations as were made for the specific benefit ol the Faculty oi 
 Arts and Sciences were applied to its use directly, none, it is believed, being ol 
 later date than that made by the Act of 1 S 25, eh. 1 SS, by which S2,nni) were 
 given to purchase apparatus for that Faculty. It was expressly provided by 
 the last-mentioned act, that no part of any residue which might remain in 
 the hands of the Corporation for the general benefit of the University, after 
 payment of amounts specifically given to the respective faculties, should In- 
 expended in payment of salaries or other annual expenses. In this the Legis- 
 lature but carried out its fixed policy of leaving every Faculty to its own re- 
 sources for its own support and expanding the aid of the State only for the 
 purchase or erection of buildings, the purchase of library ami apparatus, or 
 the repayment of monies borrowed or expended for one or other ol these 
 objects. Under these circumstances, it is not perceived that- the University 
 can possibly have any thing to do with the accounts between the Faculty 
 of Arts and Sciences and its Treasurer, unless there should be some basis 
 of obligation on the part of the Corporation other than the mere relation of 
 that Faculty to it under the charter. It is suggested that some such obliga- 
 tion is created by the peculiar relation of the University to the Mulberry 
 street property. The Committee are unable to perceive the force oi this 
 suggestion. 
 
 "By the act of 1830, Ch. 50, ami the deed of Apr. 4, 1831, executed 
 thereunder, by the Trustees of Baltimore College to the University, the 
 latter took the property in trust to 'hold' it, and in ease of sale to 'hold its 
 proceeds, in perpetuity, for the use and benefit of the Faculty oi Arts and 
 Sciences, to be used for the promotion of collegiate education. There was 
 no power whatever given to part with the trust fund. The sole power and 
 express duty was to 'hold' it for the uses named. The property, not ha\ ing
 
 4 &2 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 been sold, the Faculty took possession of it with the consent of the Regents 
 and used and occupied it. This permission exhausted the power of the Uni- 
 versity in the matter and the use exhausted for the time the rights of the 
 Faculty in the property. The University was not bound to keep the buildings 
 in repair or to pay any of the current charges thereupon; for it derived no 
 rents from them and had no funds from other sources for that purpose. It 
 was for the Faculty and its professors, alone, to determine whether the re- 
 ceipts from their employment of the property would probably justify them in 
 employing it and in spending money upon it, or did justify them in continu- 
 ing their use of and expenditures upon it for collegiate purposes. If large 
 profits had enured from such use and outlay, they alone would have the bene- 
 fit of them. The 'University' would have no claim to a single dollar thus 
 derived. There was, therefore, not only no legal obligation on the part of 
 the University as trustee to pay the debts incurred by the beneficial owner in 
 using and employing the trust property, but it seems to the Committtee, that 
 there is no shadow of equity in imposing any part of the burden upon those 
 who under no circumstances could have had any part of the profits. 
 
 "But it has been further suggested that inasmuch as the Act of 1878, 
 Ch. 138, has authorized the Regents to sell the Mulberry St. property, and 
 apply the proceeds to the use: of any of the Faculties of the University 
 and for its general uses, it is but equitable to apply a portion of these pro- 
 ceeds to the liquidation of the debts of the Faculty of Arts' and Sciences, 
 whose former exclusive use of the property is thus divested. There would be 
 great force in this view, if the property had been liable to these debts, before 
 and when the Act of 1878 was passed. But such was not the fact. The 
 University and the Faculty together, if that Act had not been passed, would 
 not to-day be legally competent to sell the property and apply its proceeds to 
 the payment of Dr. Dalrymple's claim. To have done so at any time would 
 have been a violation of the terms of the trust created by the Act of 1830. 
 The Act of 1878, therefore, has interfered in no way, with Dr. Dalrymple's 
 remedies or his rights. It has not impaired or taken away from the Faculty
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 483 
 
 of the Arts and Sciences any right to change Dr. Dalrymple's claim on the 
 property, for no such right ever existed. It has not deprived the Faculty of 
 Arts and Sciences of the means of paying its debts, for during twenty years 
 user of the property, that Faculty continued to accumulate debts, instead of 
 paying them, as Dr. Dalrymple's account demonstrates. Indeed the credits 
 which the last tew years have supplied have notoriously arisen from other 
 uses and sources than those which the employment of the building, by that 
 Faculty, would have furnished. The Committee are consequently unable to 
 report that the passage of the Act of 1S7S, in their judgment, adds in any 
 way to the equitable obligations of the University in the premises. In fact, 
 the very terms of the Act of 1S7S, Sect. 3, would appear rather to preclude 
 the application of the proceeds of sale of the Mulberry St. property to any 
 other purposes than 'the purchase of other property for the use of any of 
 the Faculties of said University,' or some other' purposes of said University.' 
 It can hardly be contended that the payment of a debt, for which the 
 University is not, and never was liable, could have been one of the 'purposes 
 of the University,' in the contemplation of the Legislature. 
 
 "The Committee, of course, have not forgotten, that there is a ground- 
 rent charged upon the property, by deed from the Regents, made at the re- 
 quest of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. 1 he power to create that charge 
 was doubtless found, by our predecessors, in the fact, that the money bor- 
 rowed was to be specifically applied to the erection of a third story and the 
 permanent improvement ot the buildings upon the trust estate. To the extent 
 to which our predecessors saw tit to exercise the power, it is to be treated 
 by us as having been properly exercised, and the lien created is to be recog- 
 nized as valid and binding. But the F acuity ol Arts and Sciences was pleased, 
 on its own account, to go beyond the amount so borrowed and received, ami 
 the account ol Dr. Dalrymple shows that between Sept. 2<)th, 1 S <;(>, and Feb. 
 5, 1 8 1; 7, he advanced to the Treasurer who preceded him, and that he ex- 
 pended, after he became Treasurer, himself, various sums for improvements, 
 amounting in all to some $700 or $800. The Committee are constrained
 
 484 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 to regard these advances as money which Dr. Dalrymple, in the exercise of 
 his own discretion, voluntarily expended, for the purpose of promoting the 
 plans and purposes of a Faculty, which had chosen him as one of its profes- 
 sors. His own pecuniary interests, as such professor, were involved in the 
 consummation of the views of the Faculty which he shared, and he, no 
 doubt, anticipated, as he had a perfect right to do, that the outlay and the 
 improvements which it secured, would redound to his own personal benefit, 
 and that the prospective profits of his Professorship justified him in taking 
 the risk of his advances. 
 
 "In so doing, he did no more than the Professors of the Faculty of 
 Physic and Law, notably the former, have repeatedly done, upon their own 
 pecuniary responsibility, without looking to either the corporate real estate, 
 or the guaranty of the corporation, for indemnity. The Committee are, 
 therefore, obliged to regard the advances made by Dr. Dalrymple, for im- 
 provements, as in no wise different, so far as the liability of the Regents there- 
 for is concerned, from any of the other advances which he saw fit, volun- 
 tarily to make, on account of the Faculty whose Treasurer he was. The 
 question of indebtedness for these, as well as for the other items, is one alto- 
 gether between the contracting parties, and one, for which, in the judgment 
 of the Committee, the Regents have neither moral nor legal responsibility. 
 The Committee would feel justified in resting their conclusion upon the 
 grounds already stated, but they annex to this report an Analysis of Dr. 
 Dalrymple's account by which they persuade themselves that the result at 
 which they have arrived is demonstrated to be correct for other equally 
 cogent reasons. Dr. Dalrymple's account, starting with the items of ad- 
 vances, made by him in 1856, for the purpose of enlarging and otherwise im- 
 proving the building, consists, afterwards, for the most part, of charges for 
 the annual wages of his janitor and for the ordinary current repairs upon the 
 property which he occupied as tenant. These charges, an itemized list ol 
 which accompanies this report, amount, in the aggregate, to $5,001.98. The
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 485 
 
 Committee are unable to perceive upon what possible theory they can be 
 allowed. 
 
 "If the view of the relation between the Faculty of Arts and Sciences 
 and the University, above presented, were conceded to be incorrect, or in- 
 equitable, then the only other aspect in which Dr. Dalrymple's position can be 
 considered, is that of a tenant holding the property under a contract of rent- 
 ing. As such, there is no more reason for his charging the owner oi the 
 property, viz. : the University, with the wages of his servant, than with the 
 cost of his fuel, and as, in the absence of express contract to the contrary, the 
 landlord would not be bound to make or pay for ordinary current repairs to 
 the rented property, there is, in like manner no reason whatever for the 
 Doctor's charges for these matters. 
 
 "Rejecting, therefore, the sums paid to his Janitor, amounting, in the 
 twenty years covered bv his account, as Treasurer, to $4,331.80, and re- 
 jecting also the cost of ordinary repairs, together with the interest annually 
 charged on these items, and crediting the Regents with the items allowed by 
 Dr. Dalrymple, the Committee find that the claim of the Doctor is not only 
 extinguished, but he is found to be debtor, in the sum of $7,062.01. 
 
 "They submit with their report a statement showing such result. 
 
 "In their opinion, however, this mode of stating the account is not 
 entirely accurate, for it embraces, as an item of charge against Dr. Dal- 
 rymple, the matriculation fees with which he has credited the Regents. These 
 amount, in the aggregate, to $2,020. No good reason is perceived for in- 
 cluding them. They may be proper enough in the Doctor's account as 
 Treasurer, but the University has no pecuniary interest in them and no right 
 to receive them. Rejecting them, and the balance against Dr. Dalrymple 
 will be proportionately reduced, though there will still remain a balance of 
 between $4,000 and $5,000 against him. 
 
 "For this indebtedness the Committee, of course, do not recommend 
 that any claim be made upon Dr. Dalrymple. As they cannot understand the 
 theory upon which the Regents of the University can be liable for the debts
 
 486 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, so, on the other hand, they cannot per- 
 ceive what legal right the Regents have to undertake to collect, for their 
 benefit, any claims due to that faculty, especially in the absence of any appli- 
 cation from it to them looking to that end. 
 
 "It is enough for the Committee to be able to report that, in their judg- 
 ment, upon no theory of stating the account, has Dr. Dalrymple any valid 
 claim upon the University. 
 
 "They respectfully submit the accompanying resolution. 
 (Signed) S. T. WALLIS, 
 
 JOHN P. POE. 
 L. McLANE TIFFANY." 
 
 June 24, 1878. 
 
 "Resolved: That it is the sense of the Regents that upon the account 
 presented by Dr. Dalrymple, there is nothing due by the University of Mary- 
 land to him." 
 
 The Report was discussed by Dr. Dalrymple, the Provost, Messrs. 
 Dobbin, Latrobe and Poe. 
 
 Pending the discussion, Dr. Dalrymple asked leave to withdraw his 
 account; this, upon being objected to, was refused. Leave, however, was 
 granted to the Doctor to withdraw his request. An attempt was made by 
 Mr. Latrobe to arbitrate the account, but it was defeated. The Report was 
 then adopted. 
 
 Dr. Dalrymple's name does not appear again after this in the Minutes 
 of the Regents. Three years later he died and not long after that the Mul- 
 berry street property was disposed of and Cathedral street was opened 
 through its site, as stated in the first section of this history. 
 
 Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S. T. D., was born in Baltimore, and was 
 the eldest son of William Dalrymple, of that city. He was educated at St. 
 Mary's College, Baltimore, and at the Theological Seminary, near Alexan- 
 dria, Virginia. Having graduated at the latter, he was ordained as a clergy- 
 man of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His first charge was Old Church,
 
 REV. EDWIN A. DALRYMPLE, S. T. D.
 
 SCHOOL OF IRIS AND SCIENCES 489 
 
 Hanover County, Virginia, and the church at New Kent Court House, in 
 which George Washington was married. 
 
 In 1845 he was invited to undertake the management of the Episcopal 
 High School, near Alexandria, Virginia, and he filled the position oi Rector 
 of this institution for several years with great credit to himsell and equal 
 advantage to it. I le afterwards traveled for over a year in Europe, and on 
 his return was elected in the year 1 854 as President of the School of Letters 
 of the University of Maryland. This office he continued to hold up to the 
 time of his death, although the School itself ceased its existence in 1874 or 
 1875. 
 
 Dr. Dalrymple was a man of scholarly attainments, and ranked high as 
 a student of the classics, reading Latin with the same facility as English. 
 He had a large and choice library — the largest owned by any private citizen 
 in the State — of about fifteen thousand volumes, which he bequeathed to the 
 Diocesan Library of Maryland, now located on Madison Avenue. I le 
 served for many years as the unpaid Rector of St. Stephen's Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, on I lanover street, ami he was also Examining Chaplain ol 
 the Diocese. He was Secretary of the General and Diocesan Conventions 
 of the Protestant Lpiscopal Church for twenty years. He was also a Man- 
 ager and Rector of the House of Refuge, Corresponding Secretary of the 
 Maryland Historical Society and Academy of Sciences, and a member of 
 the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He died at his 
 residence on Lanvale street, in Baltimore, on the 30th of October, 1881. 
 Although his health had been failing for several months the end came sud- 
 denly, in his sixty-fourth year. He never married. 
 
 "One of the chief characteristics to which his success should be attrib- 
 uted," says one who knew him intimately for twenty-five years,* "was his 
 unbounded faith in the efficacy and advantages of good, honest, hard work. 
 He seems early in life to have become impressed with the truth ot the adage 
 
 "Mr. Williams Reynolds, a member of the- Baltimore Bar, for four year- his pupil, ami for 
 a year a teacher in his school.
 
 490 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 that 'there is no royal road to learning,' and that knowledge, like every other 
 thing of much value in this world, was only to be acquired at the price of 
 unremitting toil. He, therefore, first of all endeavored to teach his scholars 
 how to work. Believing that a man's education should extend over the 
 whole period of his natural life, he considered schools and colleges not so 
 much places for acquiring general information, as intellectual gymnasia, 
 where the mental and moral faculties were to be trained and strengthened, 
 and the student instructed how to use his powers to the besf advantage. 
 It was well enough that the student should be instructed while at school in 
 certain branches of knowledge which he might find of practical use to him- 
 self in after life, but the main thing after all was to teach him the art of 
 acquiring knowledge for himself, and of using it effectually when once 
 acquired. He therefore insisted that all his scholars should work and work 
 hard; and I think that there were comparatively few boys under his care 
 whom he did not sooner or later succeed in getting some good, honest work 
 out of, in one way or another. 
 
 "1 have often heard him express the most indignant scorn of those 
 teachers who advertised that they would remove all difficulties from the path 
 of their scholars, and make the ways of knowledge so easy for them that all 
 their studies would be rather like pleasant amusements than toilsome work. 
 1 le said that such teachers were attempting to inveigle fond parents out ol 
 their money under false pretenses and without returning any equivalent; for 
 in the first place, it was impossible to teach the great majority of boys by any 
 such process, and even if it could be done, the knowledge thus imparted 
 would be practically worthless, as the measure of its value could never 
 exceed the labor which had been expended in acquiring it. Dr. Dalrymple 
 was very emphatic in the belief that work was one thing and play another, 
 and that the two should be kept entirely separate and distinct; that while 
 each was equally good in its place, they could never both be successfully 
 engaged in at one and the same time. Accordingly, while he spared neither 
 trouble nor expense to promote the enjoyment of his boys during play-hours,
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 491 
 
 and sought to provide for them and to encourage every innocent means ol 
 recreation, which he could command, he firmly and emphatically insisted 
 that, during the time appropriated for study, they should give their close and 
 undivided attention to their work, and whoever failed to do so was required 
 afterwards to make up with interest for the time thus wasted. I know com- 
 plaint has sometimes been made that Dr. Dayrymple overworked his boys, 
 but the best answer to this is that I have never heard of a single instance 
 where any one's health was injured by excessive application to study while 
 under his instruction. No lazy man was ever yet compelled to work, who 
 did not rebel and-complain about the hardship ol his lot, and idle boys are 
 very much like idle men in this particular, excepting that parental affection 
 is apt to provide them with a more sympathetic and credulous audience 
 during their school days, than they are likely to find later in the cold and 
 unfeeling world. 
 
 "But Dr. Dalrymple not only taught his scholars to work; he also 
 took care that they should do their work thoroughly and accurately. He 
 allowed nothing to be slurred over, but required precision and exactness in 
 the most minute details. He considered that whatever was worth doing at 
 all, was worth doing well, and that it ought to be done well. 1 le thought 
 it far better to do a few things well, than a great many things in a slovenly 
 and imperfect manner. Knowing how large a proportion of the troubles, 
 misfortunes and accidents of this life are justly attributable to carelessness 
 alone, and recognizing the fact that carelessness is, to a very great extent a 
 mere matter of habit, he sought by every means in his power to eradicate all 
 careless habits from those whose education was entrusted to his care. As 
 an illustration of this, 1 may mention that during the whole time I was under 
 him it was his invariable rule that whenever a boy presented him with a com- 
 position or exercise of any kind containing a single erasure, alteration, blot 
 or even interlineation, it was always at once returned and had to be entirely 
 written over again before it would be accepted at all. He also laid great 
 stress upon the cultivation of an accurate memory, by making it a part of the
 
 492 UNIf'ERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 regular exercises of all his classes to commit to memory and recite every week 
 passages either in prose or poetry, not only in English but also in the classical 
 and modern foreign languages as well. 
 
 "I remember that my entire class was able to repeat the whole A is 
 Poe.tica of Horace containing 476 lines, from beginning to end in the origi- 
 nal Latin, and it was part of our final examination exercises for each one of 
 us, after being started by the Board of Visitors at any place in the poem, to 
 repeat what followed in the original until we were told to stop, then to go 
 back and construe into English what we had repeated; and finally to parse 
 and scan as many lines as requested, giving all the rules of syntax and pro- 
 sody which might be applicable, and all this without once opening a book. 
 As a proof of the thoroughness of his training, I may mention, that a very 
 large proportion of the students who, after leaving him, completed their 
 collegiate courses at Harvard, Princeton or the University of Virginia, took 
 high rank for scholarship in those institutions, especially in the classics. 
 
 "It is almost needless for me to say that Dr. Dalrymple, while thus 
 advocating hard work for others, was not in the habit of ever shrinking from 
 it himself. He had nothing in common with those 'ungracious pastors,' who 
 show their Hocks 'the steep and thorny way to heaven,' while themselves 'the 
 primrose path of dalliance tread.' Whatever he did he did with his might, 
 and as well as he possibly could. In the pursuit of knowledge, especially in 
 those branches of learning to which from the nature of his calling his atten- 
 tion was more particularly directed, he was constant, attentive and indefati- 
 gable. During the time that he was traveling in Europe, he made himself 
 thoroughly acquainted with the practical workings of all the great national 
 systems of education, which were followed in the various countries that he 
 visited, as well upon the Continent as in Great Britain. He had collected an 
 extensive and valuable library. He was a scholar and a ripe and good one, 
 particularly in the classics. He one day remarked to me — not boastfully but 
 incidentally — that in buying a book upon any subject, on which he wanted 
 information, it was never any objection to him that it was written in Latin,
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 493 
 
 for he read that language with the same facility as English, and I rememher 
 that he added that he wished he could say the same of Greek and Hebrew, 
 but he was obliged to confess that he still found them more difficult. 
 
 "Although he had studied and read a great deal, and generally remem- 
 bered pretty well what he had thus acquired, the kind of learning that is 
 derived from books formed by no means the greater part of the knowledge 
 which he possessed. He was a keen observer of what took place from time 
 to time around him in the world, and was blessed with a marvelous endow- 
 ment of the one talent which contributes more than all others besides to suc- 
 cess and usefulness in life: I mean strong, practical, common sense. His 
 faculty of being able to take an intelligent and sensible view of what ever 
 matter might be brought to his consideration, and to seize at once upon the 
 main practical bearings of whatever question was submitted to him, made 
 him a valuable counsellor upon almost every subject and consequently his 
 advice was often sought, generally appreciated and not infrequently followed 
 with great advantage by those to whom it was given. For this reason, as 
 well as on account of his great natural executive ability, he was not only 
 the intimate friend but also the constant and trusted adviser of the present 
 bishop of his diocese as well as of the late Bishop Whittingham, his prede- 
 cessor. Even when his advice was not followed, it often proved highly 
 valuable to those who received it, by pointing out to them in advance what 
 would be the most natural and probable consequences of a course which he 
 did not approve of, and thereby enabling them to prepare to meet those con- 
 sequences when they followed. For the same reason also he was a most 
 useful member of whatever deliberative bodies he belonged to. In all mat- 
 ters requiring combined effort or united action, in which he was concerned, 
 he always did his full share and more than his full share of the work. While 
 there was nothing obtrusive about him, and he was the last man in the world 
 to seek to push himself into undue prominence, yet it somehow always seemed 
 to happen, that, whatever he became engaged in, whether matters ecclesias- 
 tical or secular, he was invariably found before long to be seated at the labor-
 
 494 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ing oar and bending to it with a quiet, persistent and untiring energy which 
 none of his associates could surpass. For example, he filled the office of 
 Secretary of the State Convention of his Church for eleven years, that of 
 Corresponding Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society for a much 
 longer period and the same office in the Maryland Academy of Sciences 
 almost, if not quite, ever since the time of its establishment. These and all 
 other duties which fell to his lot, he always performed most faithfully and 
 thoroughly. No one who knew the man could fail to see and admire his 
 untiring industry, his careful and strict attention to minute details and his 
 marvellous facility for the prompt dispatch of business. 
 
 "He was a conscientious man in the discharge oi the public and private 
 duties which devolved upon him as a citizen of the Nation and of his State, 
 as a member of the community in which he lived, and as a clergyman of the 
 church to which he belonged. He carefully studied these duties, not for the 
 purpose of seeing how many of them he could evade, but in order to learn 
 how he could best fulfill them. 
 
 "Nor should I fail to speak of his warm and generous heart. For, 
 although not one of those who are wont to sound a trumpet before them 
 when they do their alms, he was a generous man, and nothing gave him 
 greater delight than to contribute to the welfare and happiness of others."* 
 
 With the movement set on foot for the upbuilding of the University, 
 early in 190^, the question of- the revival of the Department of Arts and 
 Sciences presented itself as one which must be solved before any progress 
 could be made in that direction. As there were no funds available for the 
 purpose, and none to be expected from any source, the only way in which it 
 could be effected was by the affiliation of some one of the existing Colleges 
 of the State. St. John's at once offered itsell as the institution with which 
 union was most natural and desirable. Originally intended as a part of the 
 first "University of Maryland," projected in 1 784, it had even some claim to 
 be considered in such a connection. But beside this fact and its venerable 
 
 *In Memoriam, iSSl.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 497 
 
 character, which corresponded well with that of our own institution, under 
 its able and energetic present President, Dr. Thomas Fell, it was in a very 
 flourishing condition and could meet us, on its part, with an offer of equal 
 advantages. 
 
 Accordingly, in January, i<><>5, an unofficial communication was 
 addressed to Dr. Fell, asking if a proposal for union would be likely to be 
 favorably considered by the authorities of St. John's. The suggestion was 
 cordially welcomed and the result was the calling of a conference of repre- 
 sentatives of the two institutions, presided over by Hon. Edwin Warfield, 
 Governor of the State, who earnestly favored the movement, and the final 
 adoption of a legal contract binding the institutions to a tentative union for 
 live years. The terms of this contract, in brief, are: 
 
 "That St. John's shall be called 'The Department of Arts and Sciences 
 of the University of Maryland,' anil this designation shall be added to its 
 corporate title; that notice of the alliance and its advantages, with abbre- 
 viated prospectuses of the allied departments shall be published in catalogues, 
 etc., and that rules and regulations shall be adopted for the interchange of 
 laboratory advantages and professional instruction, so as to facilitate and 
 shorten the period required for taking the various degrees; that for the pur- 
 pose of carrying out the objects of the union there shall be a 'Council,' con- 
 sisting of the Governor, as 'Chancellor,' ex officio; the Provost, as 'Pro- 
 Chancellor,' the Principal of St. John's, as 'Vice-Chancellor,' and two 
 representatives each from the Faculty of St. John's, the Faculty of Physic 
 ami the Faculty of Law, and one representative each from the Departments 
 of Dentistry and Pharmacy; that the Council, subject to the approval of the 
 governing boards of the institutions represented, shall formulate regulations 
 with regard to courses of study leading to degrees, ami recommend other 
 colleges and institutions of learning for participation in the privileges of the 
 union; that the agreement, which is to remain in effect for a period of five 
 years, is not to affect in any way the chartered rights or the financial responsi- 
 bility of the two institutions; finally, that the agreement shall be signed by
 
 498 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the President of the Board of Visitors and Governors of St. John's and the 
 Provost of the University, and have the seals of the two institutions affixed 
 to it." [Old Maryland, Jan., 1907, p. 8.] 
 
 The first meeting of the Council under this contract was held on Feb- 
 ruary 13, 1907. Besides the members ex officio, the following are the repre- 
 sentatives of the various departments: St. John's: Professors B. Vernon 
 Cissel and C. W. Stryker; School of Law: Professors John P. Poe and 
 William T. Brantly; School of Medicine: Professors R. Dorsey Coale and 
 Randolph Winslow; Department of Dentistry: Professor F. J. S. Gorgas; 
 Department of Pharmacy: Professor Charles Caspari, Jr. At the meeting 
 all of these were present, except Professor Brantly, and, in addition, Presi- 
 dent Fell, who presided. Professor Coale was appointed Secretary and 
 committees were appointed to report upon curricula and degrees. 
 
 St. John's College, chartered in 1696 as King William's School and 
 advanced to collegiate rank by its charter of 1784, is situated at Annapolis, 
 the capital of Maryland, occupying about twenty acres on the banks of the 
 Severn, a few miles from Chesapeake Bay. It is closely connected by rail- 
 road with Baltimore and Washington, and with the former also by steam- 
 boat. It is governed by a Board of Visitors, twenty-four in number, of 
 whom the Governor is President. The Faculty consists of thirteen mem- 
 bers; the number of students, including Preparatory School and College, is 
 about two hundred. The degrees conferred are — in course — Bachelor of 
 Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts; honorary, Master of Arts, 
 Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Laws. The course of study for the B. A. 
 and B. S. degrees occupies four years; the college year is of nine months 
 duration. There are two literary societies. The course of instruction 
 embraces besides the usual branches, biology, international and constitu- 
 tional law, mechanical engineering, including shop work, and military 
 science. The military department is under charge of an officer of the United 
 States Army, the students being divided into two companies, with their own 
 student band. The battalion holds an annual encampment for a week every
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 499 
 
 summer. The College is one of the six — besides West Point — from whose 
 graduates selections are made for officers of the regular army. 
 
 The buddings are the original one, the recitation and office hall, known 
 as McDowell Hall; the mess hall, with apartments on the upper floors for 
 the Senior and Junior students; the two College dormitories, Pinkney ami 
 Humphreys Halls; the Science Building, called Henry Williams Wood- 
 ward Hall, which contains the library, the armory and the laboratories of 
 chemistry and biology; the residences of the President, the Vice- President 
 and Professors; the Gymnasium, Boathouse, etc. 
 
 Much attention is paid to athletics, especially baseball, football, track 
 and field exercises and boating, and St. John's has achieved an enviable dis- 
 tinction in this department. 
 
 Of late years the State has been very liberal and supports a large num- 
 ber of free scholarships. The total number of graduates to 1906, inclusive, 
 is 702; the number of honorary degrees conferred is [70. St. John's is the 
 Alma Mater of many of Maryland's most noted atid honored sons — among 
 whom Francis Scott Key and Reverdy Johnson stand preeminent. The 
 founder of the University of Maryland, Dr. John Beale Davidge, held her 
 degree, as did also, the poet, John Shaw, and William Donaldson, of the 
 University's first Faculty. The present President ot St. John's, Dr. Thomas 
 Fell, has held the position since 1886. 
 
 Right Rev. William Stevens Perry, Bishop of Iowa, and Historigrapher 
 of the American Church, speaks of "quaint old St. John's with its ancient 
 halls covered with ivy; its venerable trees — maples, lindens, poplars — shad- 
 ing the broad acres of the campus; the historic 'Bladen's Folly,' now 'Mc- 
 Dowell Hall,' with its curious old belfry and traces of its old glory, when 
 Annapolis, with its royal charter ami royal governor, was a mimic court ol 
 St. James — all making up a scene of picturesque beauty. In its library are 
 the many 'quaint and curious volumes' brought over by Commissary Bray 
 and given to the library of St. Ann's Parish. In the graduation hall are the 
 memorials of the successive classes, ami here the college prayers are said and
 
 5 oo UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 the college exercises performed. * * * The greensward is alive with 
 the scholars in cap and gown, or else in 'outing costumes,' for athletics are 
 not neglected at St. John's, and with the study of the classics and the sciences 
 the Johnian combines the effort to secure the mens sana in corpore sano. 
 Historic associations meet one on every side." 
 
 Thomas Fell, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D., eleventh President of St. John's 
 College, was born at Liverpool, England, July 15, 1851. His father, a 
 staff surgeon attached to H. M. Transport "Brandon," died at Balaklava 
 during the Crimean War, in 1 855. His grandfather was a prominent mem- 
 ber of the Society of Friends in Westmoreland, and was a descendant of 
 Judge Fell, of Swarthmore Hall, Morestone, who took an active interest 
 in the same sect. 
 
 Dr. Fell received his early education at the Royal Institution School, at 
 Liverpool, remaining there until 1 S 6 7 , when he went to King's College, 
 London, to continue his studies. He subsequently matriculated at and 
 became a member of the London University. At the close of his university 
 career he traveled through India and China, and returning to Europe studied 
 at Heidelberg and Munich, making independent researches in mental phil- 
 osophy and metaphysics. 
 
 In 1884 he came to America, where he began his career as an educator, 
 securing first a professorship of ancient and modern languages at New 
 Windsor College, Maryland. He remained there for two years. In 1886 
 he was appointed acting principal of St. John's College, Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, and in July of the following year was installed as president. 
 
 The extensive knowledge of men ami affairs gained by his travels and 
 studies abroad and in America fitted him pre-eminently for the position, and 
 the College has prospered under his administration. 
 
 Dr. Fell received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Hampden- 
 Sidnev College, Virginia, in June, 1888. He is a member of the Phi Sigma 
 Kappa Fraternity; also of the University Club, Baltimore, and is enrolled
 
 PRESIDENT THOMAS FELL, A. M.. I'll. !>.. II.
 
 SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 503 
 
 in the American Philological Association, and in the Academy of Political 
 and Social Science. 
 
 In addition to being President Dr. Fell also fills the chair of Moral 
 Science and Ancient Languages.
 
 APPENDIX
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 The Annapolis Tea Burning. 
 
 The Centennial Celebration of the burning of the "Peggy Stewart," 
 recently held in Annapolis, not only attracted the attention of the people of 
 Maryland, but of the entire country, and called forth many garbled and 
 conflicting accounts as to who was the perpetrator of that, then perilous and 
 treasonable violation of the King's authority, but which the light of after 
 events has made to glow upon the pages of history as one of the most heroic 
 and patriotic deeds performed during the struggle for our Independence. 
 
 In view of these facts, I am glad to be enabled to throw some light upon 
 that much-mooted question. It was my good fortune during a recent visit 
 to "Longwood," the residence of the late Dr. Gustavus Warfield ("son of 
 Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, the hero of the "Peggy Stewart'") to have 
 my attention called to a communication to the Baltimore Patriot, published 
 in the year 1813, which was preserved in an old scrapbook, a family history 
 and record that dates far back into Colonial times, a relic of much interest 
 and value. I immediately recognized the historical value of that old clip- 
 ping, for I realized it would lift the cloud of uncertainty from one of the 
 most important events in the history of our country. The authenticity of the 
 communication is beyond a doubt, and its truth will be evident to all readers. 
 It was published immediately after the death of Dr. Charles Alexander War- 
 field, as a just tribute to his memory, and as an acknowledgment of his patri- 
 otism and valor. Though his name has long slumbered in oblivion, yet that 
 one valorous and determined stand in opposition to oppression and tyranny, 
 and the utterance of that noble sentiment: "Liberty and Independence, or 
 Death in Pursuit of It!" acted and uttered in those "days that tried men's 
 souls," entitle him to a deserved prominence in the history of his State, and
 
 5o8 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
 
 his noble stand in those perilous times should be cherished by every true 
 patriot as a conspicuous example of that love of liberty and justice which 
 animated our forefathers and wrought our freedom. 
 
 DR. EVAN W. WARFIELD 
 (Grandson of Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield). 
 Taken from the Baltimore Patriot, published in 1813: 
 Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield 
 Departed this Life January 29, 18 13. 
 To the Editor of the Baltimore Patriot: 
 
 Sir: In the biography of the venerable Charles Carroll, of Carrolton. 
 taken from the Salem Register of the 20th of September, and published in 
 your paper of the 24th, wherein are portrayed his just and eminent services 
 from the commencement to the termination of our Revolutionary contest, 
 and whose subsequent and distinguished course has rendered him a blessing 
 to his country, and placed him in rank and estimation not to be surpassed 
 by the renowned sages of the world, he stands now the beloved friend and 
 father of the American people, loaded with honor, age and goodness of 
 heart. There is, however, one circumstance connected with the burning of 
 the tea at Annapolis that should not be forgotten, and in which a highly- 
 respected and valued friend of Mr. Carroll participated. 
 
 The late Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, of Anne Arundel County, 
 who but a short time before had obtained professional honors in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, and had been appointed Major of Battalion, upon hear- 
 ing of the arrival of the brig "Peggy Stewart" at Annapolis, loaded with tea, 
 and which vessel belonged to Mr. Anthony Stewart (a Scotch merchant), put 
 himself at the head of the "Whig Club," of which he was a distinguished 
 member, and marched to Annapolis with a determination to burn vessel and 
 cargo. 
 
 When this party arrived opposite the State House, the late Judge Chase 
 met them and harangued them (he had been employed as a lawyer by Mr. 
 Stewart). Dr. Warfield, finding that he was likely to make some impression
 
 APPENDIX 509 
 
 upon the minds of his company, interrupted him by observing, that Chase 
 had by former patriotic speeches made to the "Whig Club" inflamed the 
 whole country, and now wished to get off by his own light; and pronounced 
 it submission or cowardice in any member of the club to stop short of their 
 object; and called upon the men to follow him — that he would himself set 
 fire to the vessel and cargo. But it is stated upon the best authority, that the 
 Doctor carried in his hand the chunk of fire in company with Stewart, whom 
 he made to kindle it. When the party first entered the city and was passing 
 on, they met Stewart, who was bold in opposition, and threatened them with 
 the vengeance of his King and Government, but his threats seemed only to 
 increase their determination. They erected a gallows immediately in front'of 
 his house, by way of intimidation, then gave him his choice, either to swing 
 by the halter or go with them on board and put fire to his own vessel. He 
 chose the latter, and in a few moments the whole cargo with the ship's tackle 
 and apparel were in flames. Shortly after this Mr. Stewart left the country. 
 This act decided the course Maryland was to pursue, and had an extensive 
 influence upon public opinion. The writer of this was in company with 
 Judge Chase and Dr. Warfield a few years before their death, and heard 
 them conversing upon the above subject, when Mr. Chase remarked in a 
 jocular manner: "If we had not succeeded, Doctor, in the Revolutionary 
 contest, both of us would have been hung; you for burning the ship of tea, 
 and I for declaring I owed no allegiance to the King, and signing the Decla- 
 ration of Independence." 
 
 There were other movements and occurrences attending this early 
 expression of a Revolutionary spirit. Our departed friend, but a short time 
 before he marched to the city of Annapolis to fire the tea, was parading his 
 battalion in Anne Arundel County, in the vicinity of Mr. Carroll's residence, 
 when he took upon himself the privilege of printing some labels with the fol- 
 lowing inscription: "Liberty and Independence, or Death in Pursuit of It," 
 and placed one on the hat of each man in his company. Many of the older 
 neighbors who were present were struck with astonishment, and endeavored
 
 5 i o UNIFERSI TV OF MAR YlAND 
 
 to persuade him to have them taken down, for the idea of independence at 
 that time had entered the mind of but few men. 
 
 The venerable Mr. Carroll, the elder, and father to the present Patri- 
 arch, rode up to the father of Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, and 
 exclaimed: "My God, Mr. Warfield, what does your son Charles mean? 
 Does he know that he has committed treason against his King, and may be 
 prosecuted for a rebel ?" 
 
 The father replied, with much animation and patriotism: "We 
 acknowledge no King; the King is a traitor to us, and a period has arrived 
 when we must either tamely submit to be slaves, or struggle gloriously for 
 'Liberty and Independence.' The King has become our enemy, and we must 
 become his. My son Charles knows what he is about. 'Liberty and Inde- 
 pendence, or Death in Pursuit of It,' is his motto, it is mine, and soon must 
 be the sentiment of every man in this country !" The mighty word "Treason 
 against the King," sounded from one end of the battalion to the other, and 
 in a few minutes not a label was seen in the hats of any of the men except Dr. 
 Warfield and Mr. James Connor, late of Baltimore County, who were too 
 stern and undaunted to be intimidated by words, and they wore their labels 
 to their homes. Thus, those great Patriots moved alternately between hope 
 and fear until they accomplished the great object of their lives. 
 
 [A copy of the above, with a portrait of Dr. Warlield, has been depos- 
 ited in the University of Maryland, by the present Governor of Maryland, 
 Hon. Edwin Warfield, who bears a near relationship to the Doctor. May 
 18, 1903].
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page. 
 
 Act of 1826 60 
 
 Adjunct ['"acuity 245, 25O 
 
 Aiken. William E. A 264 
 
 Alexander, Ashton 99 
 
 Alumni Associations 123, 260, 397, 433 
 
 American Medical College Association.. 
 
 278, 306 
 
 Anatomy Law 221 
 
 Arts and Sciences. Courses in 466 
 
 Department of... .66, 494 
 
 Laws of 469 
 
 Organization of .... 457 
 
 Suspended 47g 
 
 Faculty of. ..470. 472. 474 
 
 Ashby, Thomas A 321 
 
 Athletic Association 1 25 
 
 Atkinson, Isaac E 294 
 
 Auscultation and Percussion ..., 217 
 
 Bacteriology 274 
 
 Bain, James 138 
 
 Baker, Samuel 193 
 
 Samuel G 205, 210 
 
 William N , 209 
 
 Baltimore College 458 
 
 Baltimore in 1807 19 
 
 Bartlett, Elisha 215 
 
 Base, Daniel 451 
 
 Baxley, Henry W 76 
 
 Beneficiary Students 247, 249, 388 
 
 Benner, Jean 476 
 
 Bond. McDowell 190 
 
 Thomas Emerson 22 
 
 Bones, Molars and Briefs 14 
 
 Botany 426 
 
 Brantley. William T 368 
 
 Brown, George '9 
 
 Buckler. John 138 
 
 Building. College 32. 190 
 
 Buildings, University 122 
 
 "Burking." case of 221 
 
 Carter. Bernard HO 
 
 Page. 
 
 ( aspari. Charles, Jr 444 
 
 Charter of 1X07 8 
 
 [812 36 
 
 1882, Dental log 
 
 Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy 408, 425 
 
 Chemistry, Analytical 425 
 
 < hew. Samuel 242 
 
 Samuel Claggett 309 
 
 Children. Diseases of 217.246 
 
 Chisolm, Julian John 285 
 
 Classes 160, 249. 360 
 
 Clendenen, Alexander 138 
 
 Clinical Instruction 137, 154 
 
 Clubs 280 
 
 Coale, Robert Dorsey 310 
 
 Cocker, James 134 
 
 Commencement, first , 24 
 
 Commencements 163, 182 
 
 College of Medicine of Maryland 6 
 
 Cordell, Eugene F 301 
 
 Council, University 498 
 
 Course, Three-year 274, 391 
 
 Four-year 280, 393 
 
 Courses of Study 194. 274, 357, 359 
 
 Crawford, John 25 
 
 Culbreth, D. M. R 447 
 
 Dalrymple Account, report on 480 
 
 Edwin A 473, 486 
 
 Davidge's Classes 59, 69 
 
 Davidge, John Beale 175 
 
 DeButts. Elisha 186 
 
 Decision of 1838 83 
 
 Degrees, Academic 475 
 
 Honorary 58, 163 
 
 Medical 162, 220 
 
 Pharmacy 425. 432. 434. 440 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy 138 
 
 I tental Building 393 
 
 Clinic 390
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page. 
 
 Dentistry, Department of 109, 121 
 
 Earl} reaching of 382 
 
 Diplomas legalized 87 
 
 Medical 130 
 
 Dissection 68. 89, 137. 220 
 
 Mob 8 
 
 Divinity. Department of 53 
 
 Donaldson, Francis 250 
 
 William 23 
 
 Duel. Pattisoh-Cadwalader 164 
 
 Students' ,■ '73 
 
 Ducatel, Jules Timoleon iQo, 201 
 
 Dunglison, Roblej 107 
 
 Elliott, Henry A 453 
 
 Endowment 124. -'(«, 279 
 
 Examinations 182, 3114 
 
 Experimental Physiologj 224, 278 
 
 Eye, diseases oi 246 
 
 Faculty. Trustees' 82 
 
 Fees 218, -7 s . 388, 430. 47" 
 
 Fell, Thomas 500 
 
 Fire 279 
 
 Fisher, William R (05 
 
 Founding of College of Medicine 17 
 
 Department of I lentistry. . 384 
 
 Frick, Charles -i?i 
 
 William, address 460 
 
 ( lans, Edgar 364 
 
 Garry, James 182 
 
 Geddings, Eli' 185, 10S 
 
 ( ienese, D 388 
 
 Gibson, William i.v. '45 
 
 Godman, John D '4- 
 
 Gorgas, F. J. S 401 
 
 ( iraduates, first 24 
 
 Graduation Fee 7°. 7,^ 
 
 Terms of 218 
 
 Grahame, Israel J 417. 4'°- 
 
 Gray Legacy 66, 223 
 
 Griffith. Robert Egglesfield 197. 205 
 
 Hall, Richard Wiln1.1t 07. 2ig 
 
 I lammond, William Alexander -'37 
 
 Harlan, Henry 1) 371 
 
 Harris. I h.qiin A 3S3 
 
 James II 398 
 
 Hayden, Horace II 381 
 
 Page. 
 
 Hemmeter, John C 329 
 
 Histology 274, 27K 
 
 Historj of .Medicine 301 
 
 Hoffman, David 338,344 
 
 Hospital Bulletin 126 
 
 Lying-in 269, 279 
 
 University 278, 285 
 
 Howard, William 138, E49 
 
 William Travis 289 
 
 I [ygiene 215 
 
 I lynson, I tenry P 452 
 
 Impeachment of Professor Hall 97 
 
 Inglis, John A 349 
 
 Infirmary 73, 95. 154. --3- -W- 250 
 
 Dental 389 
 
 Introductory Lectures 223,341 
 
 Jameson, Horatio Jameson 64 
 
 Johnston, Christopher 263 
 
 Jurisprudence, Medical 215 
 
 Kemp, James 57 
 
 Kennedy. John Pendleton 100 
 
 Address 405 
 
 Laboratories 224, 278, 281, 388, 432 
 
 LaFayette, Marquis de 57 
 
 Latin Thesis, medal for 133 
 
 I av. Building 352 
 
 I lepartment of 1 19 
 
 Revived 104 
 
 Twenty-fifth Anni- 
 versary 355 
 
 Faculty '. 348 
 
 School, revival of 348 
 
 Lecture Tickets 135 
 
 I .engthening of Course 209 
 
 Library and Historical Society 125 
 
 Law 353 
 
 Medical 138, 301 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin '. 184 
 
 Long, R. Cary 35 
 
 Lotteries 29. 67 
 
 Martin, Robert N 349 
 
 McDowell, Ephraim 163 
 
 Maxwell 190. 194 
 
 McSherry. Richard 260 
 
 Medal, Gold 133. 388. 432. 44 1
 
 INDEX 
 
 in 
 
 Page. 
 
 Medicine, Department of uo 
 
 Michael, J. Edwin 281 
 
 Mien iso >py -'-'4, 427 
 
 Miles, Francis 302 
 
 Miltenberger, George Warner 270 
 
 Mitchell, Charles W 321 
 
 Moore, J. Faris 428 
 
 Morfit, Campbell 221 
 
 Morrison, Horace 47.} 
 
 Mulberr] Street Property sold 486 
 
 Museum, Dental 394 
 
 Medical 14') 
 
 Neale, L. Ernest 319 
 
 Nurses' Training School 122, 160, 270 
 
 ( (bstetrics 248 
 
 Old Maryland 125 
 
 Ordinances. Regents' 90 
 
 Orthopaedics 297 
 
 Outrage of 1837 80 
 
 Pantheon 32 
 
 Pathology 218, 246, 274, 278 
 
 Pattison, Granville Sharp 149. 169 
 
 Peggy Stewart 507 
 
 Pharmacists, training of early 407 
 
 Pharmacy. Act 424 
 
 Building 419. 426, 427. 439 
 
 Convention 4-'5 
 
 Courses 44- 
 
 Department of 122, 306 
 
 Founding of .... 405 
 
 Reorganized .... 416 
 
 Journals 4>8, 43' 
 
 Lectures 99 
 
 Lectures at the University... 415 
 
 Maryland College of 99 
 
 Presidents of 443 
 
 Union of College 
 
 with University . 438 
 Professor of estab- 
 lished 416 
 
 Schools of 407 
 
 Semi-Centennial .. 431 
 
 Phelps. Charles E 358 
 
 Physiology 246. 27S 
 
 Piciuett. John P 442 
 
 Piatt, Walter B -280 
 
 Pledge of Graduates I2 9 
 
 Poe, John Prentiss 361 
 
 Page. 
 
 Putter. Nathaniel 213 
 
 Power, William 227 
 
 Practice I lall 149. 2~t>, 387 
 
 Preliminary Requirements 
 
 30(1, 360, 387. 391, 392, 441 
 
 Prizes 388, 426 
 
 Quimby, Jacob H 471 
 
 Quiz, Pharmacy 426 
 
 Regents c;4. u j 
 
 Restoration of 87 
 
 Roby, Joseph 229 
 
 Rupture of 1837 78 
 
 St. John's College 3, 404, 408 
 
 Schmidt. Charles 442 
 
 Scholarships 27S 
 
 Schools, Preparatory 220 
 
 Seal 68 
 
 of Old Maryland 120 
 
 Sharp, Alpheus P 413 
 
 Shaw, John 21 
 
 Simon. William 435 
 
 Smith, Alan Penniman 248 
 
 Berwick B 227 
 
 J. I lolmes 320 
 
 Nathan R 64, 249 
 
 Robert \6 
 
 Societies 280. 351, 354 
 
 Society, Library 475 
 
 University Medical 280 
 
 Specialties 245 
 
 Steiner, Lewis H 420 
 
 Steuart, Richard S 214 
 
 Stewart. David 415 
 
 Stock-bridge. Henry 37? 
 
 Stokes. William H 214 
 
 Students' Building 247 
 
 Suit of 1837 79 
 
 Surgery. Military 242 
 
 Operative 218 
 
 Taney, Roger Brooke 00 
 
 Taylor. R. Tunstall -'>7 
 
 Tea Burning 507 
 
 Teaching, Medical 221 
 
 Terra Mariae 126 
 
 Textbooks 44' 
 
 Thesis 160 
 
 Thomas, Richard 1 lenry 22^
 
 IV 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tiffany, I.. McLane -'97 
 
 Trustees 6 1 . 88 
 
 Appeal in behalf of Department 
 
 of Arts and Sciences 459 
 
 Difficulties with Faculty 68 
 
 Turnbull. Duncan 185 
 
 Universities, age of 4 n 
 
 University organized 45 
 
 Orist 1-' 1 "' 
 
 Venable, Richard M 363 
 
 Wallis, Severn Teackle 109. in, 351 
 
 Page. 
 
 Warfield. Charles A 49, 508 
 
 Ware, Charles H 453 
 
 Warren, Edward 238 
 
 Washington College 3 
 
 Medical College 64 
 
 Wells. John Doane 181 
 
 Wiesenthal, Andrew 6 
 
 Charles F 6 
 
 Winslow, Randolph 313 
 
 Women. Diseases of 222, 246 
 
 Students 440 
 
 Wright, Thomas H 184, 185 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association .... 125
 

 

 
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