PROTESTANTISM AND CATHOLICITY COMPARED IN THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CIVILIZATION OF EUROPE. WRITTEN IN SPANISH BY THE REV. J. BALMES n TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH. ' - BALTIMORE: PUBLISHED BY JOHN^MURPHY & CO. No. 178 MARKET STREET. PITTSBURG: GEORGE QUIGLEY. Sold by Booksellers generally. 1851. tSX '753 50 f ENTERED, according- to the Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty, by JOHN MURPHY & Co.. in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. AMONG the many and important evils which have been the necessary result of the profound revolutions of modern times, there appears a good extremely valuable to science, and which will probably have a beneficial influence on the human race, I mean the love of studies having for their object man and society. The shocks have been so rude, that the earth has, as it were, opened under our feet; and the human mind, which, full of pride and haughtiness, but lately advanced on a triumphal car amid acclamations and cries of victory, has been alarmed and stopped in its career. Absorbed by an important thought, overcome by a profound reflection, it has asked itself, "What am I? whence do I come? what is my destination?" Religious questions have regained their high importance; and when they might have been supposed to have been scattered by the breath of indifference, or almost annihilated by the astonishing development of material interests, by the progress of the natural and exact sciences, by the continually increasing ardour of political debates, we have seen that, so far from having been stifled by the immense weight which seemed to have overwhelmed them, they have reappeared on a sudden in all their magnitude, in their gigantic form, predominant over society, and reaching from the heavens to the abyss. This disposition of men's minds naturally drew their attention to the religious revolution of the sixteenth century; it was natural that they should ask what this revolution had done to promote the interests of hu- manity. Unhappily, great mistakes have been made in this inquiry. Either because they have looked at the facts through the distorted me- dium of sectarian prejudice, or because they have only considered them superficially, men have arrived at the conclusion, that the reformers of the sixteenth century conferred a signal benefit on the nations of Europe, by contributing to the development of science, of the arts, of human liberty, and of every thing which is comprised in the word civilization. What do history and philosophy say on this subject ? How has man, either individually or collectively, considered in a religious, social, politi- cal, or literary point of view, been benefited by the reform of the six- teenth century? Did Europe, under the exclusive influence of Catholi- city, pursue a prosperous career ? Did Catholicity impose a single fetter IV PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. on the movements of civilization ? This is the examination which I propose to make in this work. Every age has its peculiar wants ; and it is much to be wished that all Catholic writers were convinced, that the complete examination of these questions is one of the most urgent neces- sities of the times in which we live. Bellarmine and Bossuet have done what was required for their times ; we ought to do the same for ours. I am fully aware of the immense extent of the questions I have adverted to, and I do not flatter myself that I shall be able to elucidate them as they deserve ; but, however this may be, I promise to enter on my task with the courage which is inspired by a love of truth ; and when my strength shall be exhausted, I shall sit down with tranquillity of mind, in expectation that another, more vigorous than myself, will carry into effect so important an enterprise. PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. THE work of Balmes on the comparative influence of Protestantism and Catholicity on European civilization, which is now presented to the American public, was written in Spanish, and won for the author among his own countrymen a very high reputation. A French edition was pub- lished simultaneously with the Spanish, and the work has since been translated into the Italian and English languages, and been widely cir- culated as one of the most learned productions of the age, and most ad- mirably suited to the exigencies of our times. When Protestantism could no longer maintain its position in the field of theology, compelling its votaries by its endless variations to espouse open infidelity, or to fall back upon the ancient church, it adopted a new mode of defence, in pointing to its pretended achievements as the liberator of the human mind, the friend of civil and religious freedom, the patron of science and the arts; in a word, the active element in all social ameliorations. This is the cherished idea and boasted argument of those who attempt to up- hold Protestantism as a system. They claim for it the merit of having freed the intellect of man from a degrading bondage, given a nobler im- pulse to enterprise and industry, and sown in every direction the seed of national and individual prosperity. Looking at facts superficially, or through the distorted medium of prejudice, they tell us that the reformers of the 16th century contributed much to the development of science and PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. V the arts, of human liberty, and of every thing which is comprised in the word civilization. To combat this delusion, so well calculated to en- snare the minds of men in this materialistic and utilitarian age, the author undertook the work, a translation of which is here presented to the public. " What do history and philosophy say on this subject ? How has man, either individually or collectively, considered in a religious, social, political, or literary point of view, been benefited by the reform of the 16th century? Did Europe, under the exclusive influence of Catholicity, pursue a prosperous career? Did Catholicity impose a single fetter on the move- ments of civilization?" Such is the important investigation which the au- thor proposed to himself, and it must be admitted that he has accomplished his task with the most brilliant success ? Possessed of a penetrating mind, cultivated by profound study and adorned with the most varied erudition, and guided by a fearless love of truth, he traverses the whole Christian era, comparing the gigantic achievements of Catholicity, in curing the evils of mankind, elevating human nature, and diffusing light and happiness, with the results of which Protestantism may boast; and he proves, with the torch of history and philosophy in his hand, that the latter, far from having exerted any beneficial influence upon society, has retarded the great work of civilization wiiich Catholicity commenced, and which was advancing so prosperously under her auspicious guidance. He does not say that nothing has been done for civilization by Protest- ants; but he asserts and proves that Protestantism has been greatly un- favorable, and even injurious to it. By thus exposing the short-comings, or rather evils of Protestantism, in a social and political point of view, as Bossuet and others had exhi- bited them under the theological aspect, Balmes has rendered a most im- portant service to Catholic literature. He has supplied the age with a work, which is peculiarly adapted to its wants, and which must command a general attention in the United States. The Catholic, in perusing its pages, will learn to admire still more the glorious character of the faith which he professes: the Protestant, if sincere, will open his eyes to the incompatibility of his principles with the happiness of mankind: while the scholar in general will find in it a vast amount of information, on the most vital and interesting topics, and presented in a style of eloquence seldom equalled. "The reader is requested to bear in mind that the author was a native of Spain, and therefore he must not be surprised to find much that re- lates more particularly to that country. In fact, the fear that Protestant- VI PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. ism might be introduced there seems to have been the motive which in- duced him to undertake the work. He was evidently a man of strong national as well as religious feeling, and he dreaded its introduction both politically and religiously, as he considered that it would be injurious to his country in both points of view. He thought that it would destroy the national unity, as it certainly did in other countries. "A very interesting part of the work is that where he states the rela- tions of religion and political freedom ; shows that Catholicity is by no means adverse to the latter, but, on the contrary, highly favorable to it ; and proves by extracts from St. Thomas Aquinas and other great Catho- lic divines, that they entertained the most enlightened political views. On the other hand, he shows that Protestantism was unfavorable to civil liberty, as is evidenced by the fact, that arbitrary power made great pro- gress in various countries of Europe soon after its appearance. The reason of this was, that the moral control of religion being taken away, physical restraint became the more necessary." The author, on this sub- ject, naturally expresses a preference for monarchy, it being a cherished inheritance from his forefathers ; but, it will be noticed that the princi- ples which he lays down as essential to a right administration of civil affairs, regard the substance and not the form of government; are as ne- cessary under a republican as under the monarchical system ; and, if duly observed, they cannot fail to ensure the happiness of the people. This portion of the volume will be read with peculiar interest in this country, and ought to command an attentive consideration. In preparing this edition of the work from the English translation by Messrs. Hanford and Kershaw, care has been taken to revise the whole of it, to compare it with the original French, and to correct the various errors, particularly the mistakes in translation. A biographical notice of the illustrious writer has also been prefixed to the volume, to give the reader an insight into his eminent character, and the valuable services he has rendered to his country and to society at large. BALTIMORE, November 1, 1850. NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. JAMES BALMES was born at Vich, a small city in Catalonia, in Spain, on the 28th of August, 1810. His parents were poor, but noted for their industry and religion, and they took care to train him from his childhood to habits of rigid piety. Every morning, after the holy sacrifice of mass, his mother prostrate before an altar dedicated to St. Thomas of Aquin, implored this illustrious doctor to obtain for her son the gifts of sanctity and knowledge. Her prayers were not disappointed. From seven to ten years of age, Balmes applied himself with great ardor to the study of Latin. The two following years were devoted to a course of rhetoric, and three years more were allotted to philosophy; a ninth year was occupied with the prolegomena of theology. Such was the order of studies in the seminary of Vich. While thus laboring to store his mind with knowledge, Balmes preserved an irreproachable line of conduct. Called to the ecclesiastical state, he submitted readily to the strict discipline which this vocation required, and he was seen nowhere but under the parental roof, at the church, in some religious community, or in the episcopal library. At the age of fourteen he was admitted to a benefice, the revenue of which, though small, enabled him to complete his education. In 1826, he went to the University of Cer- vera, which at that time was the centre of public instruction in that part of Spain. It numbered Your colleges, in all of which an enlightened piety prevailed, affording the young Balmes a most favorable opportunity of developing his rare qualities. Here, the frame and habit of his mind were observable to all, in his deep and animated look, in his grave and modest demeanor, and in his method of study. He would read a few pages over a table, his head resting upon his hands ; then, wrapt in his mantle, he would spend a Jong time in reflection. " The true method of study," he used to say, "is to read little, to select good authors, and to think much. If we confined ourselves to a knowledge of what is con- tained in books, the sciences would never advance a step. We must learn what others have not known. During my meditations in the dark, my thoughts ferment, and my brain burns like a boiling cauldron." Devoted to the acquisition of knowledge, he cultivated retirement as a means of facilitating the attainment of his object. His thirst for learn- VIII NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. ing was so intense, that it held him under absolute sway, and he found it necessary at a later period to offer a systematic resistance to its ex- clusive demands. Pursuing his favorite method of study, Balmes re- mained four years at the University of Cervera, reading no other works than the Sum of St. Thomas, and the commentaries upon it by Bellar- mine, Suarez and Cajetan. If he made any exception from this rule, it was in favor of Chateaubriand's Genie du Christanisme. "Every- thing," said he, " is to be found in St. Thomas ; philosophy, religion, politics: his writings are an inexhaustible mine." Having thus strength- ened his mind by a due application to philosophical and theological stu- dies, he proceeded to enlarge his sphere of knowledge by reading a greater variety of authors. In taking up a work, he first looked at the table of contents, and when it suggested an idea or fact which seemed to open before him a new path, he read that part of the volume which developed this idea or fact ; the rest was overlooked. In this way, he accumulated a rich store of varied erudition. At the age of twenty-two he knew by memory the tabular contents of an extraordinary number of volumes ; he had learned the French language ; he spoke and wrote Latin better than his native tongue, and had been admitted successively to the degrees of bachelor and licentiate in theology. The virtues of his youth, far from having been weakened by these studies, had acquired greater strength and maturity. As he approached the solemn period of his ordination, he became still more remarkable for the gravity and mo- desty of his deportment. He prepared himself for his elevation to the priesthood by a retreat of one hundred days. After his promotion to the sacerdotal dignity, which took place in his native city, he returned to the University of Cervera, where he continued his studies, and performed the duties of assistant professor. Here also he began to manifest his political views ; but, always with that discretion and moderation for which the Spanish clergy have been with few exceptions distinguished during the last twenty years. At that period Spain was agitated by two conflicting parties, that of Maria Christina and the other of Don Carlos. Balmes avoided all questions which were rather calculated to encourage the spirit of faction than promote the general interest of the country. In 1835 he evinced this circumspection in a remarkable degree, when the doctorate which had been conferred upon him, required him to de- liver an address in honor of the reigning monarch. Maria Christina was then the queen regent, and civil war was about to commence in the mountains of Catalonia ; but Balmes performed his task without allusion to politics, and without offending the adherents of either party. After two years of study at Cervera, where he applied himself to theology and law, our author returned to Vich, where he determined to spend four years more in retirement, for the purpose of maturing his character and knowledge. In this solitude, he devoted himself to his- NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. IX tory, poetry and politics, but principally to mathematics, of which he ob- tained a professorship in 1837. During all these literary labors, Balmes was actuated by a lively faith, and a sincere, unassuming piety. Religious meditation, intermingled with scientific reflections, was the constant oc- cupation of his mind; he did not neglect, however, the exterior prac- tices of devotion. Besides the celebration of the holy sacrifice, he fre- quently visited the blessed sacrament, and paid his homage to the B. Virgin in some solitary chapel. The Following of Christ, the Sum of the angelic doctor, and the Holy Scriptures, were always in his hands, and he took pleasure in reading the ascetic writers of his own country. In this way did he prepare himself, until the age of thirty, to become one of the most solid and gifted minds of our time, and to act the im- portant part to which he was called by Divine Providence. The first literary effort of Balmes before the public, was a prize essay which he wrote on clerical celibacy. This was soon followed by another production of his pen, entitled " Observations on the Property of the Clergy, in a social, political, and commercial point of view," which was elicited by the clamoring of the revolutionary army under Espaftero for the spoliation of the clergy. The learning, philosophy and eloquence of the writer in this work, excited the wonder and admiration of the most distinguished statesmen in the country. Some months after, he published his u Political Considerations on the Condition of Spain," in which he had the courage to defend the rights of both parties in the country, and to suggest means of a conciliatory nature for restoring pub- lic order and tranquillity. Amidst these political efforts, Balmes did not lay aside his peculiar functions as a minister of God. The edification of the faithful, the reli- gious instruction of youth, and the defence of the faith against the assaults of heresy and rationalism, were constant objects of his atten- tion. During the same year, 1840, he translated and published the " Maxims of St. Francis f Sales for every day in the year ;" he also composed a species of catechism for the instruction of young persons, which was very extensively circulated. At the same time he undertook the preparation of the present work, in order to counteract the pernicious influence exerted among his countrymen by Guizot's lectures on Euro- pean civilization, and to neutralize the facilities offered under the regime of Espartero for the success of a Protestant Propagandism in Spain. The occasion and object of this work rendered it expedient that it should be published simultaneously in Spanish and in French, and with this view our author visited France, and afterwards, to extend his observa- tions, passed into England. On his return to Barcelona, towards the close of 1842, Balmes became a collaborator in the editing of the Civilization, a monthly periodical of great merit, devoted to literary reviews, and to solid instruction on NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. the current topics of the day. His connection with this work lasted only eighteen months. He then commenced a review of his own, enti- tled the Sociedad, a philosophical, political, and religious journal, which acquired a great reputation during the one year of its existence. Driven soon after into retirement by the disturbances of the times, Balmes com- posed another philosophical work, El Criteria, which is a course of logic adapted to every capacity. From the national uprising that overthrew the government of Espartero, there arose a general feeling of patriotic independence, which called for the cessation of civil strife, and the harmonizing of the two parties that divided the nation. Many of the adherents of Maria Christina, who were the nobility and the bourgeoisie, recognized the excesses of the revolutionary faction which they had called to their aid, while the Carlists were not all in favor of absolute monarchy, and numbered an imposing majority among the lower classes. All these men of wise and moderate views longed to see a remedy applied to the wounds of their afflicted country ; and with one accord they turned their eyes upon Balmes, as the only individual capable of conducting this important affair. He had already, in his Political Considerations, indicated the principal idea of his policy for putting an end to the national evils ; it was a matrimonial alliance between the Queen and the son of Don Carlos. Under these circumstances he commenced in February, 1844, a new journal, entitled Pensamiento de la Nation, the object of which was to denounce the revolutionary spirit as the enemy of all just and peaceful government, and to inspire the Spanish people with a proper reverence for the re- ligious, social and political inheritance received from their ancestors, and 'with a due respect for the reasonable ameliorations of the age. In this spirit the different questions of the day were discussed with energy and calmness, and especially the project of an alliance between the Queen and the son of Don Carlos, which Balmes considered of the utmost im- portance. This measure, such as he proposed it, was, to use the lan- guage of his biographer, "the reconciliation of the past and the future, of authority and liberty, of monarchy and representative government." Such was the patriotism, dignity and force, with which our author con- ducted his hebdomadal, that it won the esteem of a large portion of the most distinguished men among the Carlists, while it also acquired favor among an immense number in the opposite party. To support its views, a daily journal, the Conciliador, was started by a body of young but fervid and brilliant writers, and nothing it would seem was wanting to insure a triumph for the friends of Spain. Prudence, energy, modera- tion, reason and eloquence, with a majority of the people on their side, deserved and should have commanded success; but they could not pre- vail against diplomatic influence and court intrigue. Balmes learned with equal surprise and affliction, in the retirement of his native moun- NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. XI tains, that the government had resolved to offer the Queen in marriage to the infant Don Francisco, and the infanta to the Duke of Montpensier. This was a severe stroke to the sincere and ardent patriotism of Balmes. He might have resisted this policy with the power and eloquence of his pen, but he preferred a silent resignation to the heat of political strife, and the Pensamierlto de la Nation, although a lucrative publication, was discontinued on the 31st of December, 1846. During that same year, oar author collected into one volume his va- rious essays on politics, as w r ell for his own vindication as for the diffu- sion of sound instruction on the condition of Spain. The following year he completed his " Elementary course of Philosophy." But his physical strength was not equal to these arduous labors. To re-establish in some degree his declining health, he travelled in Spain and France, and remained several weeks in Paris. The intellectual and moral cor- ruption which was gnawing at the very vitals of the French nation, and threatened all Europe with its infection, filled him with increased anxiety. He predicted the dissolution of society, and a return to barbarism, unless things would take some unexpected turn through the special interposition of Providence. This last hope was the only resource left, in his opinion, for the salvation of society and civilization, and he exulted when he be- held Pius IX opening a new career for Italy, and consecrating the aspi- rations and movements of all who advocated legitimate reform and ra- tional liberty. The political ameliorations, however, of the sovereign Pontiff appeared to the opponents of liberalism in Spain, at variance with the great opposition which Balmes had always exhibited to the rev- olutionary spirit. Hence, it became necessary for him to pay the just tribute of his admiration to the illustrious individual who sat in the chair of Peter, and to proclaim the eminent virtues of the prince and the pontiff. This he did with surpassing eloquence, in a brochure entitled Pius IX, the brilliant style^of which is only equalled by its wisdom of thought. In this work, he sketches with graphic pen, the acts of the papal policy, showing that the holy see is the best guide of men in the path of liberty and progress, that Pius IX shows a profound knowledge of the evils that afflict society, and possesses all the energy and firmness necessary to apply their proper remedy. Balmes was full of hope for the future, in contemplating the course of the great head of the church, and he cherished this hope to the last moment of his life. His essay on the policy of Pius IX was the last production of his pen. His career in lit- erature was brief, but brilliant and effective. Eight years only had elapsed since his appearance as a writer, and he had labored with eminent suc- cess in every department of knowledge. The learned divine, the pro- found philosopher, the enlightened publicist, he has stamped upon his age the impress of his genius, and bequeathed to posterity a rich legacy in his immortal works. In the moral as well as in the intellectual point XII NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. of view, his merit may be summed up in those words of Wisdom :. "Being made perfect in a short space, he fulfilled a long time." chap. iv. This distinguished ecclesiastic, the boast of the Spanish clergy and the Catalan people, died at Vich, his native city, on the 9th of July, 1848, in the same spirit of lively faith and fervent piety which had al- ways marked his life. His funeral took place on the llth, with all the pomp that could be furnished by the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The municipality decreed that one of the public places should be named after him. Balmes was little below the middle height, and of weak and slender frame. But the appearance of feeble health which he exhibited, was combatted by the animation of his looks. His forehead and lips bore the impress of energy, which was to be seen also in his eyes, black, deep- set, and of unusual brightness. The expression of his countenance was a mixture of vivacity, openness, melancholy and strength of mind. A careful observer of all his sacerdotal duties, he found in the practices of piety, the vigor which he displayed in his intellectual labors. The dis- tribution of his time was extremely methodical, and his pleasures con- sisted only in the society of his friends. To the prospect of temporal honors and the favor of the great, he was insensible ; neither did he seek after ecclesiastical dignities or literary distinctions. His aim was the diffusion of truth, not the acquisition of a great reputation. These quali- ties, however, with his eminent talents, varied erudition, and invaluable writings, have won for him a universal fame. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE NAME AND NATURE OF PROTESTANTISM, Page 25 CHAPTER II. THE CAUSES OF PROTESTANTISM. What ought to be attributed to the genius of its founders Different causes assigned for it Errors on this subject Opinions of Guizot Of Bossuet True cause of Protestant- ism to be found in the social condition of European nations )>r -^ - . ---- . -' . .- 28 CHAPTER III. EXTRAORDINARY PHENOMENON IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Divinity of the Catholic Church proved by its relations with the human mind Remarka- ble acknowledgment of M. Guizot Consequences of that acknowledgment, . . 38 CHAPTER IV. PROTESTANTISM AND THE HUMAN MIND. Protestantism contains a principle of dissolution It tends naturally to destroy all faith Dangerous direction given to the human mind Description of the human mind, . 42 CHAPTER V. INSTINCT OF FAITH IN THE SCIENCES. Instinct of faith This instinct extends to all the sciences Newton, Descartes Observa- tions on the history of philosophy Proselytism Present condition of the human mind, ............... 46 CHAPTER VI. DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS WANTS OF NATIONS - MATHEMATICS - MORAL SCIENCES. Important error committed by Protestantism, with regard to the religious government of the human mind, ......... . . . .50 CHAPTER VII. INDIFFERENCE AND FANATICISM. Two opposite evils, fruits of Protestantism Origin of fanaticism The Church has pre- pared the history of the human mind Private interpretation of the Bible Passage from O'Callaghan Description of the Bible, ......... 53 N CHAPTER VIII. FANATICISM - ITS DEFINITION - FANATICISM IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Connexion between fanaticism and religious feeling Impossibility of destroying it Means of diminishing it The Church has used these means, and with what result? Observa- tions on the pretended Catholic fanatics Description of the religious excitement of the founders of orders in the Church, .......... 57 CHAPTER IX. INCREDULITY AND RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE IN EUROPE THE FRUITS OF PROTESTANTISM. Lamentable symptoms of these from the beginning of Protestantism Remarkable reli- gious crisis in the latter part of the seventeenth century Bossuet and Leibnitz The Jansenists Their influence Dictionary of Ba pearedState of opinions among the Protestants, CHAPTER X. CAUSES OF THE CONTINUED EXISTENCE OF PROTESTANTISM. Important qV^stion with regard to the continuance of Protestantism Religious indiffer- ence with respect to man collectively and individually European societies with relation to Mahometanism and idolatry How Catholicity and Protestantism are capable of de- fending the truth Intimate connexion between Christianity and European civiliza- tion, . . ..... 64 Jansenists Their influence Dictionary of Bayle The epoch when that work ap- 60 (A qVrestic XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. THE POSITIVE DOCTRINES OF PROTESTANTISM ARE REPUGNANT TO THE INSTINCT OF CIVILIZATION. Doctrines of Protestantism divided into positive and negative Singular phenomenon : one of the principal dogmas of the founders of Protestantism repugnant to European civili- zationEminent service which Catholicity has done to civilization by defending free w ill Nature of error Nature of truth, 68 CHAPTER XII. EFFECTS WHICH THE INTRODUCTION OF PROTESTANTISM INTO SPAIN WOULD HAVE PRODUCED. Present state of religious ideas in Europe Victories of religion State of science and lite- ture Condition of modern society Conjectures on the future influence of Catholi- /city Is it probable that Protestantism will be introduced into Spain ? England Her connexion with Spain Pitt Nature of religious ideas in SpainSituation of Spain How she may be regenerated, 70 CHAPTER XIII. PROTESTANTISM AND CATHOLICITY IN THEIR RELATION TO SOCIAL PROGRESS PRELIMINA- RY COUP D'(EIL. Commencement of the parallel Liberty Vae:ue meaning of the word European civiliza- tion chiefly due to Catholicity East and West Conjectures on the destinies of Catho- licity amid the catastrophies that may threaten in Europe Observations on philosophi- cal studies Fatalism of a certain modern historical school, 79 CHAPTER XIV. DID THERE EXIST, AT THE TIME WHEN CHRISTIANITY APPEARED, ANOTHER PRINCIPLE OF REGENERATION? Condition, religious, social, and scientific, of the world at the appearance of Christianity Roman law The influence of Christian ideas thereon Evils of the political organization of the empire System adopted by Christianity ; her first care ^as to change ideas Christianity and Paganism with regard to the teaching of moral doctrines Protestant preaching, 84 CHAPTER XV. DIFFICULTIES WHICH CHRISTIANITY HAD TO OVERCOME IN THE WORK OF SOCIAL REGENE- RATION SLAVERY COULD IT HAVE BEEN DESTROYED MORE SPEEDILY THAN IT WAS BY CHRISTIANITY? The Church was not only a great and productive school, but she was also a regenerating association What she had to do Difficulties which she had to overcome Slavery By whom was it abolished ? Opinion of M. Guizot Immense number of the slaves Caution necessary in the abolition of slavery Was immediate abolition possible? Re- futation of the opinion of M. Guizot, 90 CHAPTER XVI. IDEAS AND MANNERS OF ANTIQUITY RESPECTING SLAVERY THE CHURCH BEGINS BY IM- PROVING THE CONDITION OF SLAVES. The Catholic Church not only employs her doctrines, her maxims, and her spirit of cha- rity, but also makes use of practical means in the abolition of slavery Point of view in which this historical fact ought to be considered False ideas of the ancients on the sub- ject Homer, Plato, Aristotle Christianity began forthwith to combat these errors Christian doctrines on the connexion between master and slave The Church employs herself in improving the condition of slaves, 94 CHAPTER XVII. MEANS USED BY THE CHURCH TO ENFRANCHISE SLAVES. 1st. She zealously defends the liberty of the enfranchised Manumission in the churches Effects of this practice 2d. Redemption of captives Zeal of the Church in practising and extending the redemption of captives Prejudices of the Romans on this point The zeal of the Church for this object contributes, in an extraordinary degree, to the abolition of slavery The Church protects the liberty of the free, . . .102 CHAPTER XVIII. CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT. 3d. System of the Church with regard to slaves belonging to Jews Motives which ac- tuated the Church in the enfranchisement of her own slaves Her indulgence to them Her generosity towards the freed The slaves of the Church considered as consecrated to God Salutary effects of this way of viewing them 4th. Liberty is granted to those TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV who wish to embrace the monastic state Effects of this practice Conduct of the Church with regard to the ordination of slaves Abuses introduced in this respect checked Dis- cipline of the Spanish Church on this point, . 106 CHAPTER XIX. pS DOCTRINES OF ST. AUGUSTIN AND ST. THOMAS OF AQUIN ON THE SUBJECT OF SLAVERY RECAPITULATION. Doctrine of St. Augustin on this subject Importance of this doctrine with respect to the abolition of slavery Refutation of M. Guizot Doctrine of St. Thomas on the same subject Marriage of slaves Regulation of canon law on that subject Resume of the means employed by the Church in the abolition of slavery Refutation of M. Guizot The abolition of slavery exclusively due to Catholicity Protestantism had no share therein, Ill CHAPTER XX. y- CONTRAST BETWEEN THE TWO KINDS OF CIVILIZATION./ Picture of modern civilization Civilizations not Christian Civilization is composed of three elements : the individual, the family, and the society The perfectness of these three elements depends on the perfectness of doctrines, 115 CHAPTER XXI. OF THE INDIVIDUAL OF THE FEELING OF INDIVIDUALITY OUT OF CHRISTIANITY. ' Distinction between the individual and the citizen Of the individuality of barbarians ac- cording to M. Guizot Whether in antiquity individuality belonged exclusively to the barbarians Twofold principle of the feeling of personal independence This feeling infi- nitely modified Picture of barbarian life True character of individuality among the barbarians Avowal of M. Guizot The feeling of individuality, according to the defini- tion of M. Guizot, belongs in a certain way to all the ancient nations, . . . 118 CHAPTER XXII. HOW THE INDIVIDUAL BECAME ABSORBED BY THE ANCIENT SOCIETY. Respect for man unknown to the ancients What has been seen in modern revolutions Tyranny of public -power over private interests Explanation of a twofold phenomenon, which presents itself to us in antiquity and in modern societies not Christian Opinion of Aristotle Remarkable characteristic of modern democracy, 126 CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE PROGRESS OF INDIVIDUALITY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CATHOLICITY. The feeling of true independence was possessed by the faithful of the primitive Church- Error of M. Guizot on this point: 1st, dignity of conscience sustained by the Christian society ; 2d, feeling of duty ; language of St. Cyprian ; 3d, development of the interior life ; 4th, defence of free will by the Catholic Church Conclusion, . . . 131 CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE FAMILY MONOGAMY MARRIAGE-TIE INDISSOLUBLE. Woman ennobled by Catholicity alotfe Practical means employed by the Church to raise woman Christian doctrine on the dignity of woman Monogamy Different conduct of Catholicity and Protestantism on this point Firmness of Rome with respect to mar- riage Effects of that firmness Doctrine of Luther Indissolubility of marriage Of divorce among Protestants Effects of Catholic doctrine with regard to this sacra- ment, ... 135 CHAPTER XXV. THE PASSION OF LOVE. Pretended rigor of Catholicity with respect to unhappy marriages Two systems of gov- erning the passions Protestant system Catholic system Examples Passion of gam- bling Explosion of the passions in time of public troubles Of the passion of love Its inconstancy Marriage alone is not a sufficient control What is wanted to make it a control Of the unity and fixity of Catholic doctrine Conclusion, . . . 140 CHAPTER XXVI. OF VIRGINITY IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT. Of the ennoblement of woman by virginity Conduct of Protestantism on this point Close analysis of the heart of woman Of virginity with respect to population England Serious thoughts required for the mind of woman Salutary influence of monastic customs General method of appreciation, 146 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVII. OF CHIVALRY, AND THE MANNERS OF THE BARBARIANS IN THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE CONDI- TION OF WOMAN. The life of feudal lords according to M. Guizot The passions and faith in chivalry Chiv- alry did not ennoble woman, it supposed her to be ennobled Of the respect of the Ger- mans for woman Analysis of a passage of Tacitus Reflections on that historian It is difficult thoroughly to understand the manners of the Germans Action of Catholicity Important distinction between Christianity and Catholicity That the Germans of them- selves were incapable of giving dignity to woman, 150 CHAPTER XXVIII. OF THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE IN GENERAL. What the public conscience is Influence of the feelings on the public conscience in general Education contributes to form the conscience State of the public conscience in modern times What has been able to form the public conscience in Europe Successive contests maintained by Christian morality, 157 CHAPTER XXIX. OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE ACCORDING TO MONTESQUIEU HONOR VIRTUE. Institution of censors according to Montesquieu Two kinds of prejudice in the author of the Esprit des Lois He assigns honor as the principle of monarchies, and virtue as that of republics Explanation of the feeling of honor What is required to strengthen this feeling The censorial power replaced by the religious Examples Contrasts, . 161 CHAPTER XXX. ON THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCE OF PROTESTANTISM AND CATHOLICITY ON THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE. Catholicity considered as a creed As an institution Ideas, in order to be efficacious, must be realized in an institution What Protestantism has done to destroy Christian morality What it has done to preserve it What is the real power of preaching among Protest- ants Of the sacrament of penance with relation to the public conscience Of the decree to which the Catholic religion raises morality Of unity in the soul Unity simplifies Of the great number of moralists within the bosom of the Catholic Church Of the pecu- liar force of ideas Distinction between ideas with respect to their peculiar force Whe- ther the human race is a faithful depositary of the truth How the truth has been pre- served among the Jews The native power of Schools Institutions are required, not only to teach, but also to apply doctrines Of the press with relation to the preservation of ideas Of intuition Of discourses, 165 CHAPTER XXXI. OF GENTLENESS OF MANNERS IN GENERAL. Wherein gentleness of manners consists Difference between gentle and effeminate man- ners Influence of the Catholic Church in softening manners Pagan and Christian societies Slavery Paternal authority Public games Reflections on Spanish bull- fights 172 CHAPTER XXXII. OF THE AMELIORATION OF MANNERS BY THE ACTION OF THE CHURCH. Elements adapted to perpetuate harshness of manners in the bosom of modern society Conduct of the Church in this respect Remarkable canons and facts St. Ambrose and the Emperor Theodosius The Truce of God Very remarkable regulations of the eccle- siastical authority on this subject, . . 175 CHAPTER XXXIII. OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC BENEFICENCE IN EUROPE. Difference between Protestantism and Catholicity with respect to public beneficence Para- v - dox of Montesquieu Remarkable canons of the Church Injury done by Protestantism to the development of public beneficence The value of philanthropy, . . . 184 CHAPTER XXXIV. OF TOLERANCE IN MATTERS OF RELIGION. .e question of intolerance has been examined with bad faith What tolerance is Toler- ance of opinions Of error Tolerance in the individual With religious men With un- believers Two kinds of religious men Two kinds of unbelievers Tolerance in society What is its origin ? Source of the tolerance which prevails in society at present, 189 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII CHAPTER XXXV. OF THE RIGHT OF COERCION IN GENERAL. Intolerance is a general fact in history Dialogues with the partisans of universal tolerance Does there exist a right of punishing doctrines? Researches into the origin of that right Disastrous influence of Protestantism and infidelity in this matter Of the import- ance which Catholicity attaches to the sin of heresy Inconsistency of certain timid Vol- tairians Another reflection on the right of punishing doctrines Resume, . . 196 CHAPTER XXXVI. OF THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN. Institutions and legislation founded on intolerance Causes of the rigor displayed in the early times of the Inquisition Three epochs in the history of the Inquisition in Spain : against the Jews and Moors; against the Protestants; against the unbelievers Severi- ties of the Inquisition Causes of those severities Conduct of the Popes in that matter Mildness of the Roman Inquisition The intolerance of Luther with respect to the Jews The Moors and Moriscoes, 203 CHAPTER XXXVII. SECOND PERIOD OF THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN. New Inquisition attributed to Philip II. Opinion of M. Lacordaire Prejudice against Phi- lip II. Observations on the work called Inquisition Devoilee Rapid coup d'ceil at the se- cond epoch of the Inquisition Trial of Carranza Observation on this trial, and on the personal qualities of the illustrious accused Why there is so much partiality against Philip II. Reflections on the policy of that monarch Singular anecdote of a preacher who was compelled to retract Reflections on the influence of the spirit of the age, 210 CHAPTER XXXVIII. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THEMSELVES. Conduct of Protestantism with respect to religious institutions Whether these institutions have been of importance in history Sophism on the subject of the real origin of reli- gious institutions Their correct definition Of association among the early faithful The faithful dispersed in the deserts Relations between the Papacy and religious institutions Of an essential want of the human heart Of Christian pensiveness Of the need of associations for the practice of perfection Of vows A vow is the most perfect act of liberty True notion of liberty, 219 CHAPTER XXXIX. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN HISTORY THE EARLY SOLITARIES. Character of religious institutions in a historical point of view The Roman empire The barbarians The early Christians Condition of the Church when Christianity ascended the throne of the Caesars Life of the fathers of the desert Influence of the solitaries on philosophy and manners The heroism of penance saves morality The most corrupting climate chosen for the triumph of the most austere virtues, . 229 ^CHAPTER XL. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THE EAST. Influence of monasteries in the East Why civilization triumphed in the West and perished in the East Influence of the Eastern monasteries on Arabian civilization, . . 234 CHAPTER XLI. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WEST. Peculiar character of religious institutions in the West St. Benedict Struggle of the monks against the decline of things Origin of monastic property The possessions of the monks serve to create respect for property Population becomes spread over the country Science and letters in cloisters Gratian arouses the study of law, . . 238 CHAPTER XLII. OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE WEST THE MILITARY ORDERS. Character of the military orders Opinion of the Crusades The foundation of the military orders is a continuation of the Crusades, 242 CHAPTER XLIII.\J CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT EUR6PE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. Transformation of the monastic spirit in the thirteenth century Religious institutions arise every where Character of European opposed to that of other civilizations Mixture of 2 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. various elements in the spirit of the thirteenth century Semi-barbarous society Chris- tianity and barbarism A delusion common in the study of history Condition of Eu- rope at the beginning of the thirteenth century Wars become more popular Why the intellectual movement began in Spain sooner than in the rest of Europe Ebullition of evil during the course of the twelfth century Tancheme Eon The Manichees Vau- dois Religious movement at the beginning of the thirteenth century The mendicant and preaching orders The character of these orders Their influence Their relations with the Papacy, .............. 244 CHAPTER XLIV. RELIGIOUS ORDERS FOR THE REDEMPTION OF CAPTIVES. Multitude of Christians reduced to slavery Religious orders for the redemption of captives were necessary The Order of the Trinity and that of Mercy St. Peter Armengol, 256 **^ CHAPTER UNIVERSAL ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION IMPEDED BY PROTESTANTISM. Effects of Protestantism on the progress of civilization in the world, beginning with the sixteenth century What enabled civilization, during the middle ages, to triumph over barbarism Picture of Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century The civilizing missions of the 16th century interrupted by the schism of Luther Why the action of the Church on barbarous nations has lost power during three centuries Whether the Christianity of our days is less adapted to propagate the faith than that of the early ages of the Church Christian missions in the early times of the Church What the real mission of Luther has been, ......... . 260 CHAPTER XLVI. THE JESUITS. Their importance in the history of European civilization Causes of the hatred which has been excited against them Character of the Jesuits Contradiction of M. Guizot on this subject Whether it be true, as M. Guizot says, that the Jesuits have destroyed nations in Spain Facts and dates Unjust accusations against the Company of Jesus, . 268 CHAPTER XLVII. THE FUTURE OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS - THEIR PRESENT NECESSITY. Present state of religious institutions Picture of society Inability of industry and com- merce to satisfy the heart of man Condition of minds with respect to religion Reli- gious institutions will be necessary to save existing society Nothing fixed in that so- ciety Means are wanting for social organization -The march of European nations has been perverted Physical means of restraining the masses Moral means are required Religious institutions reconcilable with the advancement of modern times, . . 274 CHAPTER XLVIII. RELIGION AND LIBERTY. Rousseau The Protestants Divine law Origin of power False interpretation of the divine law St. John Chrysostom On paternal authority Relations between paternal authority and civil power, ........... 281 CHAPTER XLIX. THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC THEOLOGIANS. Doctrines of theologians on the origin of society The character of Catholic theologians compared to that of modern writers St. Thomas Bellarmin Suarez St. Alphonsus de Liguori Father Concina Billuart The Compendium of Salamanca, . . 288 CHAPTER L. OF DIVINE LAW, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC DOCTORS. On the divine law Divine origin of civil power In what manner God communicates this power Rousseau On pacts The right of life and death The right of war Power must necessarily emanate from God Puffendorff Hobbes, ..... 298 CHAPTER LI. THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC DOCTORS. Direct or indirect communication of civil power The distinction between the two opinions \ 'important in some respects; in others, not so Why Catholic theologians have so zeal- ously maintained the doctrine of mediate communication, . . . 305 CHAPTER LII. ON THE FREEDOM OF LANGUAGE UNDER THE SPANISH MONARCHY. Influence of doctrines on society Flattery lavished on power Danger of this flattery TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIX Liberty of speech on this point in Spain during the last three centuries Mariana Saavedra In the absence of religion and morality, the most rigorous political doctrines are incapable of saving society Why the conservative schools of our days are power- lessSeneca Cicero Hobbes Bellarmin, 311 CHAPTER LIII. OF THE FACULTIES OF THE CIVIL POWER. Of the faculties of civil power Calumnies of the enemies of the Church Definition of law according to St. Thomas General reason and general will The venerable Palafox Hobbes Grotius The doctrines of certain Protestants favorable to despotism Justifi- cation of the Catholic Church, 317 CHAPTER LIV. ON RESISTANCE TO THE CIVIL POWER. Of resistance to the civil power Parallel between Protestantism and Catholicity on this point Unfounded apprehensions of certain minds Attitude of revolutions in this age The principle inculcated by Catholicity on the obligation of obeying the lawful authori- ties Preliminary questions Difference between the two powers Conduct of Catholi- city and Protestantism with regard to the separation of the two powers The indepen- dence of the spiritual power a guarantee of liberty to the people Extremes which meet The doctrine of St. Tliomas on obedience, ........ 324 CHAPTER LV. ON RESISTANCE TO DE FACTO GOVERNMENTS. Governments existing merely de facto Right of resistance to these governments Napoleon and the Spanish nation fallacy of the doctrine establishing the obligation of obedience to mere de facto governments Investigation of certain difficulties Accomplished facts How we are to understand the respect due to accomplished facts, . . . 330 CHAPTER LVI. HOW IT IS ALLOWED TO RESIST THE CIVIL POWER. On resistance to lawful authority The doctrines of the Council of Constance on the assas- sination of a king A reflection on the inviolability of kings Extreme cases Doctrine of St. Thomas of Aquin, Cardinal Bellarmin, Suarez, and other theologians The Abbe de Lamennais' errors He is wrong in imagining that his doctrine, condemned by the Pope, is the same as St. Thomas of Aquin 's A parallel between the doctrines of St. Thomas and those of the Abbe de Lamennais A word on the temporal power of the Popes Ancient doctrines on resistance to power Language of the Counsellors of Bar- celona The doctrine of certain theologians on the case of the Sovereign Pontiff's falling into heresy in his private capacity Why the Church has been calumniously accused of being sometimes favorable to despotism, and sometimes to anarchy, . . . 336 CHAPTER LVII. ON POLITICAL SOCIETY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The Church and political forms Protestantism and liberty Language of M. Guizot The state of the question better defined Europe at the end of the fifteenth century Secial movement at this epoch Its causes Its effects and its aim The three elements, mon- archy, aristocracy, and democracy, 343 CHAPTER LVIII. ON MONARCHY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The idea entertained of monarchy at this period The application of this idea Difference between monarchy and despotism The nature of monarchy at the commencement of the sixteenth century Its relations with the Church, 34G CHAPTER LIX. ON ARISTOCRACY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The nobility and the clergy The differences between these two aristocracies The nobility and monarchy Differences between them An intermediate class between the throne and the people The causes of the fall of the nobility, 348 CHAPTER LX. ON DEMOCRACY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The opinion entertained of democracy The prevailing doctrines of that epoch The doc- trines of Aristotle neutralised by the teaching of Christianity On castes A passage from M. Guizot on castes Influence of the celibacy of the clergy in preventing an hereditary succession The consequences resulting from a married clergy Catholicity and the peo- XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. pie Development of the industrial classes in Europe The Hanseatic Confederation Establishment of the trades-corporations of Paris Industrial movement in Italy and Spain Calvinism and the democratic element Protestantism aiyl the democrats. ot the sixteenth century, ... .......... **" CHAPTER LXI. VALUE OF DIFFERENT POLITICAL FORMS CHARACTER OF MONARCHY IN EUROPE. Value of political forms Catholicity and liberty Monarchy was essential Character of European monarchy Difference between Europe and Asia Quotation from Count de Maistre An institution for the limiting of power Political liberty not indebted to Pro- testantismInfluence of Councils The aristocracy of talent encouraged by the Church, .............. CHAPTER LXII. HOW MONARCHY WAS STRENGTHENED IN EUROPE. Monarchy in the sixteenth century is strengthened in Europe Its preponderance over free institutions Why the word liberty is a scandal to some people Protestantism contri- buted to the destruction of popular institutions, . . .... . .361 CHAPTER LXIII. TWO SORTS OF DEMOCRACY. Two sorts of democracy Their parallel march in the history of Europe Their characters _ Their causes and effects Why absolutism became necessary in Europe Historical _ France _ England Sweden Denmark Germany, ..... 364 CHAPTER LXIV. CONTEST BETWEEN THE THREE SOCIAL ELEMENTS. Contest between monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy How monarchy came to prevail _ Fatal effects of the weakening of the political influence of the clergy Advantages which might have arisen from this influence to popular institutions Relations of the clergy with all powers and classes of society, ... ... 370 CHAPTER LXV. POLITICAL DOCTRINES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF PROTESTANTISM. Parallel between the political doctrines of the eighteenth century, those of modern public- ists, and those which prevailed in Europe before the appearance of Protestantism- Protestantism has prevented the homogeneity of European civilization Historical proofs, ......... .... 374 CHAPTER LXVI. OF POLITICAL DOCTRINES IN SPAIN. Catholicity and politics in Spain Real state of the question Five causes contributed to the overthrow of popular institutions in Spain Difference between ancient and modern liberty The Communeros of Castille The policy of her kings Ferdinand the Catholic and Ximenes Charles V. Philip II., ......... 377 CHAPTER LXVII. POLITICAL LIBERTY AND RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE. Political liberty and religious intolerance Europe was developed under the exclusive influ- ence of Catholicity Picture of Europe from the eleventh to the fourteenth century Con- dition of the social problem at the end of the fifteenth century Temporal power of the Popes Its character, origin, and effects, ........ 382 CHAPTER LXVIII. UNITY IN FAITH RECONCILED WITH POLITICAL LIBERTY. It is false that unity of faith is opposed to political liberty Impiety is allied with liberty or despotism, according to circumstances Modern revolutions Difference between the re- volution of the United States and that of France Pernicious effects of the French revo- lution Liberty impossible without morality Remarkable passage from St. Augustin on forms of government, .......... . 38J CHAPTER LXIX. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CATHOLICITY. Catholicity in its relations with intellectual development What is the influence of the prin- ciple of submission to authority What are the effects of this principle with respect to all the sciences Parallel between ancients and moderns God Maji Society Na- ture, ...... ' ......... 392 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXI CHAPTER LXX. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT. Historical investigation of the influence of Catholicity on the development of the human m ind Refutation of one of M. Guizot's opinions John Erigena Roscelin and Abelard St. Anselm, 398 CHAPTER LXXI. RELIGION AND THE HUMAN INTELLECT IN EUROPE. Religion and the human intellect in Europe Difference between the intellectual develop- ment of the nations of antiquity and those of Europeans Causes that have accelerated this development in Europe Origin of the spirit of subtilty Service which the Church rendered to the human mind by her opposition to the subtilties of the innovators Paral- lel between Roscelin and St. Anselm Reflections on St. Bernard St. Thomas of Aquin Advantage of his dictatorship in the schools Advent of St. Thomas in the middle ages of immense advantage to me human mind . . 404 CHAPTER LXXII. PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN MIND FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT TIME. Progress of the human mind from the eleventh century to our own times Different phases Protestantism and Catholicity in their relations to learning, to criticism, to the learned languages, to the foundation of universities, to the progress of literature and the arts, to mysticism, to high philosophy, to metaphysics, to ethics, to religious philosophy, and to the philosophy of history, 412 CHAPTER LXXIII. SUMMARY OF THE WORK DECLARATION OF THE AUTHOR. Summary of tl.e work The author submits it to the judgment of the Roman Church, 419 TABLE OF NOTES, KOTK PAGE 1 421. Gibbon and Bossuet's History of the Variations. 2 421 . Intolerance of Luther and the other Coryphsei of Protestantism. 3 421. Origin of the name Protestantism 4 422. Observations on names. 5 422. Of abuses in the Church. 6 423. Of the unity and harmonious ac- tion of Catholicism Happy idea of St. Francis of Sales. 7 423. Acknowledgments of the most dis- tinguished Protestants with re- gard to its weakness Luther, Melancthon, Beza, Calvin, Gro- tius.Papin, Puffendorf and Leib- nitzOf a posthumous work by Leibnitz on religion. 8 424. On human knowledge Louis Vives. 9 425. On mathematics Eximeno, a Spa- nish Jesuit. 10 425. Heresies of the early ages their character. 11 425. Superstition and fanaticism of Protestantism Luther's devil, Zwinglius's phantom, Melanc- thon's prognostics, Mathias Har- lem, the Tailor of Leyden, King of Sion; Hermann, Nicholas Hacket, and others, visionaries and fanatics. 12 427. Visions of Catholics St. Theresa, her visions. 13 428. Bad faith of the founders of Protes- tantism Passages proving this Ravages committed by incred- ulity after that time Gruet Remarkable passages from Mon- taigne. 14 429. Extravagance of the early heresies, a proof of the state of knowledge in those times. 15 430. Canons and other documents which shew the solicitude of the Church to improve the lot of slaves, and the various means which she used to complete the abolition of slavery. 1. Canons intended to im- prove the lot of slaves. 2. Canons intended to defend the freed, and to protect thos