EXCHANGE 
 
 
Investigation in the Thiazole Field* 
 
 The Synthesis of an Analog 
 
 of Cinchophen 
 
 (ATOPHAN) 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RE- 
 QUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF 
 PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF PURE 
 SCIENCE OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 BY 
 
 EMANUEL M. ABRAHAMSON, B.S., Ch.E., M.A 
 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 1922 
 
Investigation in the Thiazole Field. 
 
 The Synthesis of an Analog 
 
 of Cinchophen 
 
 (ATOPHAN) 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RE- 
 QUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF 
 PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF PURE 
 SCIENCE OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 BY 
 
 EMANUEL M. ABRAHAMSON, B.S., Ch.E., M.A. 
 
 \^ 
 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 1922 
 

 
TO THE MEMORY 
 
 OF 
 MY FATHER 
 
 - - o - I O 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 
 The author desires to express his gratitude to Professor Marston Taylor 
 Bogert, who suggested this work and under whose direction it was com- 
 pleted. Whatever merit this research may have is due to his kindly 
 criticism, suggestions, and assistance. 
 
ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION. 
 
 Cyclicly bound sulfur has the effect of causing a marked rise in resorp- 
 tion, i. e. the reabsorption by the system of material previously separated 
 out. A synthesis of a sulfur compound somewhat analogous, structurally, 
 to a-phenyl cinchoninic acid was attempted in order to add the effect of 
 nuclear sulfur to the uric acid solvent action of atophan. The compound 
 prepared was 2-phenyl, benzothiazole carboxylic acid-6. It was made by 
 nitrating /z-phenyl benzothiazole, 
 
 s/ 2 
 
 7 1 
 
 reducing to the amine, and converting the latter into the acid by the 
 Sandmeyer reaction. 
 
 The position of the amino group, and therefore of the carboxyl, was 
 shown by the conversion of the amine into/*, ju' -diphenyl benzobisthiazole, 
 a compound previously synthesized from para-phenylene diamine. 
 
 The action of halogens on ju-phenyl benzothiazole was also studied. It 
 forms an unstable tetrabrom addition product, which readily loses its 
 bromine, the liberated bromine then substituting the 6-hydrogen to give 
 a brom derivative which can also be obtained from the amine by the Gat- 
 terman reaction. The compound, on the other hand, adds but two 
 atoms of iodine. 
 
 Curiously, it was found impossible to prepare an aldehyde or a ketone 
 by the Gatterman-Koch or Friedel and Crafts reactions. These compounds 
 would be interesting in that the effect of the odoriferous groups on 
 the slightly fragrant /z-phenyl benzothiazole might produce a perfume. 
 
 In the course of this research the following compounds, hitherto un- 
 known, were prepared : 
 
 6-amino, 2-phenyl benzothiazole* 
 
 6-benzylideneamino, 2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 6-acetamino, 2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 Para-nitro benzene-azo-6-amino, 2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 Para-nitro benzene-azo-6-acetamino,2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 v-iJ. '-diphenyl benzobisthiazole t 
 
 Nitro, p,fji '-diphenyl benzobisthiazole 
 
 Amino, /*,/* '-diphenyl benzobisthiazole , 
 
 Acetamino, ^u./z'-diphenyl benzobisthiazole 
 
 6-dimethylamino, 2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 ju-phenyl benzothiazole tetrabromide 
 
 ju-phenyl benzothiazole di-iodide 
 
 6-brom, 2-phenyl benzothiazole t 
 
 N-acetyl, chlor, 2-phenyl benzothiazole 
 
 2-phenyl benzothiazole carboxylic acid-6 
 
 Methyl ester of 2-phenyl benzothiazole carboxylic acid-6 
 
 * Previously prepared but not analyzed. 
 
 t Prepared previously but by an entirely different synthesis. 
 
 % Prepared in this work by two different methods. 
 

 
 INVESTIGATION IN THE THIAZOLE FIELD. THE SYNTHESIS 
 OF AN ANALOG OF CINCHOPHEN (ATOPHAN) 
 
 Introductory 
 
 The Organic Laboratory of Columbia University has had under way 
 for some time a number of investigations in the thiazole field, the re- 
 sults of which it hopes to publish as rapidly as opportunity permits. 
 
 The plan adopted for numbering the positions on the thiazole and ben- 
 zo thiazole nuclei both in Richter's "Lexikon" and in the Decennial Index 
 to Chemical Abstracts is as indicated in Formulas I and II. This lack 
 of uniformity seems to us highly undesirable and confusing. Therefore, 
 we have employed consistently throughout this paper the numbering given 
 in Formulas III and IV, so that S is always in position 1 and N at 3, while 
 the C at 2 occupies the /u-, or middle position. This is in agreement with 
 the system adopted in the new (2nd) edition of Meyer- Jacobson's "Lehr- 
 buch der organischen Chemie. 1 " 
 
 / s \ /\/ 8 \ / s \ ./\/ sl \ 
 
 c, ,c c c, 
 
 I I 
 
 r* TVT * r* XT 
 
 4 C NI C Na 
 
 I II III IV 
 
 For the experiments described in this first paper, 2-phenyl-benzo thia- 
 zole has served as initial niaterial, and from this interesting substance 
 various derivatives have been prepared and studied. 
 
 Of the many methods of preparing this compound already given 
 in the literature, 2 we have found fusion of benzanilide or benzalaniline 
 
 1 Vol. II, Part 3, Sec. 2, pp. 535 and 549. 
 
 2 Ber., 10, 2135 (1877) ; 12, 2360 (1879) ; 13, 8, 17, 1223, 1236 (1880) ; 15, 2033 (1882) ; 
 19, 1068, 1069 (1886); 23, 2476 (1890); 35, 1946 (1902); 44, 3037 (1911); 48, 1244, 
 1251 (1915). Ann., 259, 301 (1890). Am. Chem. J., 17, 1401 (1895). Ger. pat. 
 51,172 and 55,222; Friedldnder, 2, 301, 302 (1891) 
 
with sulfur the most satisfactory. This is the more economical and ex- 
 peditious method, although the crude product is usually slightly colored . 
 
 Perhaps the most remarkable physical property of this thiazole, es- 
 pecially since it is an unoxidized sulfur compound, is its very agreeable 
 odor, recalling that of tea roses or the rose geranium, so that it has been 
 known also as "Rosenkorper." This odor has not been encountered 
 in similar strength in any of its homologs or derivatives. 
 
 Our experiments have disclosed another peculiarity, namely, its failure 
 to react, in solution in carbon disulfide, with aluminum chloride, so that 
 neither the Friedel and Crafts nor Gattermann-Koch reaction is avail- 
 able for the production of derivatives. In both cases, the thiazole is re- 
 covered practically unaltered. Further experiments are under way in 
 this direction, however, as it has been shown in other cases that carbon 
 disulfide occasionally inhibits these reactions. 
 
 It is difficult to understand Hofmann's statement 3 that fuming nitric 
 acid is without action upon 2-phenyl-benzothiazole, for we have found 
 that this compound is nitrated with the greatest ease by fuming nitric 
 acid, as well as by a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, to give nearly 
 theoretical yields of the nitro compound. Hofmann 3 did nitrate it with 
 mixed acids and obtained the same nitro derivative as that described 
 by us (m. p. 188). His analysis showed it to be a mononitro derivative, 
 but he did not determine the position of the nitro group. Naegeli 4 also 
 nitrated the compound with mixed acids with similar results. He then 
 fused this nitro derivative with potassium hydroxide and from the melt 
 separated a substance, m. p. 234-6, soluble in sodium carbonate solution 
 which was re-precipitated by mineral acid and could be reduced by tin 
 and hydrochloric acid to an amino compound. These and other properties 
 seemed to agree with those of ^-nitrobenzoic acid (m. p. 238). He states 
 that the results of the fusion were very unsatisfactory, the yield of p- 
 nitrobenzoic acid being poor, and that there was extensive decomposition 
 and carbonization. On the basis of this result, he assigned the nitro 
 group a position in the 2-phenyl radical para to the ju-carbon of the thia- 
 zole nucleus. We have repeated Naegeli's experiments with the nitro 
 compound, but were unable to isolate any crystalline products from the 
 resultant tar. 
 
 Hofmann 3 noted that this nitro derivative could be readily reduced 
 to a crystalline amine, whose hydrochloride was also crystalline 5 Remy, 
 Erhart and Co. state that this hydrochloride is difficultly soluble. The 
 patent covers the azo dyes made from the amine, although no data 
 whatever are given concerning the amine itself, or the method of its 
 8 Hofmann, Ber., 13, 1223 (1880). 
 4 Naegeli, Bull. soc. chim., [3] 11, 895 (1894). 
 6 Ger. pat., 57,557; Friedldnder, 3, 750 (1896). 
 
8 
 
 preparation. We have found that reduction with tin and hydrochloric 
 acid occurs smoothly and that the pure amine melts at 207 (corn), 
 whereas French patent 216,086 6 gives the melting point of -aminophenyl- 
 benzothiazole as 154-155. There does not seem to be much doubt 
 concerning the structure of the latter amine, since it was prepared by 
 fusion of a mixture of aniline, p-toluidine and sulfur at 180-250; and 
 its use for the manufacture of azo dyes was also patented. 7 It has 
 also been shown that the nitration of amino benzothiazoles gives nitro 
 derivatives with the nitro group in the benzothiazole benzene nucleus, 
 and not in the 2-phenyl radical. 8 
 
 It appeared most unlikely, therefore, that direct nitration of 2-phenyl- 
 benzothiazole would yield a derivative with its nitro group in the 2-phenyl 
 nucleus. To prove the point, the amine was fused with caustic alkali, 
 a reaction which proceeds much more smoothly than that with the corre- 
 sponding nitro derivative. Benzoic acid itself was separated as the 
 main product of this fusion. It follows from this that the amino group, 
 and consequently the nitro group, must have been on the benzothiazole 
 nucleus and not on the 2-phenyl nucleus. 
 
 > H,N.CeH/ + C 9 H 6 .COOH. 
 
 A single attempt to isolate and identify the diamino-thiophenol, which 
 should be the other main product of the fusion, was unsuccessful, and no 
 further efforts were made, since the absence of any aminobenzoic was 
 demonstrated, and this was deemed sufficient proof of the position of the 
 nitro group. 
 
 As 5-amino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole has been described already, 9 and 
 is not identical with the amine in question, the remaining possibilities 
 are the 4-, 6- or 7-amino derivatives. The following experimental work 
 led to a choice among these possibilities. 
 
 It has been observed frequently that an aromatic amine with free 
 para and ortho positions, when treated with a diazonium salt under proper 
 conditions, will couple twice, first in the para and then in the ortho position. 
 Thus the 4- or 7-amino compound (V and VII) should couple twice, and 
 the 6-amino derivative (VI) but once, 
 
 H>N W S \ 
 
 C.CH 6 I C.C 6 He 
 
 NH 2 
 
 V VI 
 
 Winther, 3, 379 (1910). 
 
 7 Ger. pat. 79,214; Friedldnder ; 4, 829 (1899). 
 
 8 Ger. pat. 81,711; Friedldnder, 4, 831 (1899). 
 
 9 Kym, Ber., 32, 3534 (1899) ; Ger. pat. 75,674; Friedldnder, 4, 826 (1899). 
 
With diazotized ^-nitro-aniline, the new amine was found to couple but 
 once. The conclusion that it was, therefore, the 6-amino derivative was 
 further corroborated by converting it into its benzal derivative and fusing 
 the latter with sulfur, when a benzobisthiazole was obtained identical 
 with that secured by Green and Perkin 10 from ^-phenylenediamine di- 
 thiosulfonic acid and benzaldehyde, to which they assigned Formula 
 VIII, 
 
 NHa 
 
 C 6 H 6 .C C.CeH* 
 
 " 
 
 CeH s .C C.C 6 H S . 
 
 VIII IX 
 
 This benzobisthiazole was also nitrated, the resulting nitro derivative 
 reduced to the amine and the amine fused with caustic alkali. Only 
 benzoic acid was isolated, and no aminobenzoic, thus locating the (nitro* 
 and) amino group on the middle benzene nucleus (IX). 
 
 No dinitro-2-phenyl derivatives were encountered in our experiments. 
 Such compounds have been described, however, 11 and from them diamines 
 (m. p. 192, 208 and 255-256) prepared, as well as azo dyes from the 
 latter. 12 
 
 6-Amino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole methylated under pressure with methyl 
 alcohol and hydrochloric acid gave only the tertiary compound, 
 but no quaternary salt. This reaction is being examined further, es- 
 pecially in its bearing upon the formation and tinctorial properties of the 
 thioflavines. 
 
 By means of the Sandmeyer reaction, the amino compound was changed 
 to the corresponding nitrile and the latter saponified to the acid (XIII). 
 
 Quinoline is stated to have very powerful antiseptic, antipyretic and 
 antizymotic action, but is too toxic and causes collapse. Sulfur in cyclic 
 union, as in thiophene, ichthyol, etc., in addition to its antiseptic and 
 antiparasitic properties, causes a marked increase in resorption, resembling 
 iodine in this respect, although in no way similar to that, pharmacologically. 
 Cyclic compounds containing substituted sulfur also show striking anal- 
 gesic properties which can be ascribed only to the entry of sulfur into such 
 groups. Quinoline, itself, a strong protoplasmic poison, on fusion with 
 
 sulfur gives the so-called "thioquinanthrene," NC 9 H 6 <r yCgHsN, which 
 
 S 
 is inert physiologically. In cyclic systems, one sulfur atom appears to 
 
 10 Green and Perkin, J. Chem. Soc., 83, 1207 (1903). 
 
 11 Ger. pat. 50,486; Friedldnder, 2, 303 (1891) ; and 54,921 ; Fnedldnder, 2, 305 (1891). 
 
 12 See also Ger. pat. 58,641 ; Friedldnder, 3, 765 (1896). 
 
10 
 
 have much the same effect as an ethylene group, CH : CH , an analogy 
 well illustrated by comparison of corresponding members of the benzene 
 and thiophene series. The benzothiazoles (XI) are, therefore, the parallels 
 to the quinolines (X), and show many striking points of similarity in 
 their chemical behavior. Hence, the new acid noted above (XIII) 
 may show some of the valuable properties of the well-known a-phenyl- 
 cinchoninic acid (Cinchophen, or Atophan) (XII) as a remedy for gout. 
 If the presence of sulfur in the complex should really prove to increase 
 resorption, this should be a valuable adjunct to a uric acid eliminant. 
 It is hoped to test experimentally its therapeutic possibilities. 
 
 C.C,H S 
 
 XII XIII 
 
 According to Ciusa and Luzzatto 18 most of the physiological action of 
 2-phenyl-cinchoninic acid is due to the 2-phenyl group, and this appears 
 to be borne out by the fact that the following compounds show practically 
 the same effect as cinchophen itself: its methyl or ethyl (Acitrin) esters, 
 6-methyl-2-phenyl-cinchoninic acid (Paratophan), the methyl (Novato- 
 phan K) or ethyl (Neocinchophen, Novatophan) esters of the latter, 
 8-methoxy-2-phenyl-cinchoninic acid (Isatophan), cinchophen salicylate, 
 2-phenylquinoline-4-diethyl carbinol, 2-phenyl-/3-naphthoquinoline-7-car- 
 boxylic acid (Diapurin), while cinchoninic acid, itself, is inactive. Modi- 
 fications of the 2-phenyl group by substitution of H by OH, OR or NR.2 
 groups, seems to reduce the usefulness of the drug. The 2'-COOH de- 
 rivative prepared by Reissert and Holle 14 in 1911 is therefore likely to 
 show a different behavior physiologically from that of the isomer carrying 
 the COOH group on the other benzene nucleus, even though the main 
 function of this group is simply to render the complex more easily solu- 
 ble. No record has been found of any physiological experiments with the 
 product described by Reissert and Holle; it was not prepared with any 
 such object in view, since it was merely incidental to a study of thio- 
 phthalanil. 
 
 In acetic acid solution, 2-phenyl -benzothiazole takes up 4 atoms of bro- 
 mine per mole of thiazole; red crystals of the tetrabromo addition product 
 Ci 3 H 9 NSBr 4 separate. This behavior parallels that of the analogous 
 selenium compound, which also adds 4 bromine atoms. Fromm and 
 18 Ciusa and Luzzatto, Atti accad. Lined, [5] 22, 1, 305 (1913) ; Gazz. chim, ital., 44, 
 I, 64 (1914); Zentr., 1913, II, 1318. 
 
 " Reissert and Holle, Ber., 44, 3035 (1911). 
 
11 
 
 /N(Br,k' 
 
 Martin 16 assigned the structure C 6 H 4 \ ^C.C 6 H 5 to the product, 
 
 \Se(Br 2 K 
 
 basing this conclusion on the ease with which the bromine could be dis- 
 placed and the parent selenazole regenerated. The bromine addition 
 product of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole is less ' stable than the corresponding 
 selenazole compound, since it loses bromine even on standing at ordinary 
 temperature. This is in line with the lower basicity of sulfur. When 
 heated in 2 : 1 acetic acid, the solution suddenly turns colorless and white 
 crystals of a monobromo substitution product, Ci 3 H 8 NSBr, are deposited 
 as the solution cools. This bromo derivative was proved to be the 
 6-bromo compound by preparing the same substance from the 6-amino 
 derivative through the diazo reaction. This is similar to the transition 
 of benzalaniline dibromide to benzal ^-bromo-aniline and hydrochloric 
 acid. 16 
 
 Iodine also forms an unstable addition product with 2-phenyl-benzo- 
 thiazole, from which sodium thiosulfate removes the halogen quanti- 
 tatively, thus affording a convenient method of analysis. Unlike the 
 analogous selenazole, only 2 atoms of iodine are added per mole of thia- 
 zole, instead of 4, a behavior also in harmony with the weaker basicity 
 of sulfur. As this addition product contains about 50% of iodine by weight, 
 it offers possibilities as an iodoform substitute, since it may combine the 
 action of nuclear sulfur with that of the iodine. 
 
 Like quinoline, 2-phenyl-benzothiazole dissolved in toluene adds acetyl 
 chloride readily; the product is decomposed immediately by water or 
 on application of heat. 
 
 Other experimental work under way with this thiazole relates to its 
 reduction, the behavior of the 6-amino derivative when subjected to such 
 ordinary aniline reactions as lead to the corresponding quinoline, the 
 cinchophen (Atophan) (i. e., from the 6-benzalamino derivative and py- 
 ruvic acid), the phenol, various dyes, etc., and will be reported later. 
 
 Experimental Part 
 
 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole, Ci 3 H 9 NS. (a). From Benzanilide. The Hofmann proc- 
 ess 3 was employed with a few modifications. Five hundred g. of benzanilide and 200 g. 
 of sulfur (2.5 equivalents) were fused together at 250-260 until evolution of steam ceased. 
 The melt was then distilled under diminished pressure from 2 Pyrex flasks with side tubes 
 sealed together. The main distillate which came over at 220 at 19 mm. was cooled, 
 pulverized and boiled for an hour under a reflux condenser with one liter of hot cone, 
 hydrochloric acid. The yellow acid extract was filtered hot through asbestos, and the 
 filtrate added to 6 liters of cold water. After the precipitated thiazole was crystallized 
 from alcohol, it melted at 114 (corr.). 'Yield, 400 g. or 75%. 
 
 15 Fromm and Martin, Ann., 401, 1781 (1913). 
 se Hantzsch, Ber., 23, 2774 (1890), 
 
12 
 
 (&). From Benzalaniline. This is also a modification of a method already in the 
 literature. 17 Five hundred g. of benzalaniline, prepared by mixing equal moles of benzal- 
 dehyde and aniline and heating the mixture at 120-130 until all water was removed, was 
 heated with 200 g. of sulfur (2.25 equivs.) at 250-260 until no more hydrogen sulfide 
 was evolved, and the heating then continued for 2 hours longer under reduced pressure. 
 The crude melt, purified as above, gave a yield of pure product (m. p. 114) amounting 
 to 375 g. or 64%. With either of the above methods, when the temperature rises much 
 higher than that given the yield is diminished considerably. Distillation under dimin- 
 ished pressure is the quickest way to secure a colorless product, but is troublesome. 
 The substance obtained by extracting the crude melt directly with hot cone, hydro- 
 chloric acid, when purified as indicated above, melts at practically the same point (114), 
 although it often has a pale yellowish cast. For most purposes, therefore, the undis- 
 tilled product is entirely suitable. 
 
 The second method has been found to be the more rapid, economical and convenient, 
 although the crude product from benzanilide is apt to be rather lighter in color. 
 
 6-Nitro-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, Ci f H 8 NS(NO J ). After 21 g. (0.1 mole) of the 
 thiazole was added slowly to 150 cc. of fuming nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.60), the solution 
 was allowed to stand for half an hour and then poured into 500 cc. of cold water. The 
 precipitated nitro derivative was collected and crystallized from glacial acetic acid. 
 M. p. 188 (corr.). Yield, 24 g., or 94%. 
 
 In another series of experiments we followed in the main the process of Naegeli. 4 
 Twenty one g. of the thiazole was dissolved in 100 cc. of cone, sulfuric acid. This solu- 
 tion was stirred and the temperature kept at 75 while a mixture of 15 g. (0.12 mole) 
 of cone, nitric acid and 20 g. of cone, sulfuric acid was added drop by drop. The stirring 
 .was continued for half an hour after all of the nitric acid had been added. Then the 
 mixture was heated at 100 for an hour, allowed to cool, poured into 1500 cc. of cold 
 water, the precipitate collected and crystallized from glacial acetic acid as yellow needles, 
 m. p. 188 (corr.) ; yield, 25 g., or 98%. Both Hofmann 8 and Naegeli 4 give the melting 
 point as 188. 
 
 FUSION OF THE NITRO DERIVATIVE WITH CAUSTIC ALKALI. Ten g. of this nitro 
 compound, 20 g. of potassium hydroxide and 40 g. of water, were heated together for 15 
 minutes at 200-210 . After cooling the solution, it was diluted, the tar removed and the 
 filtrate acidified. A trace of colorless solid separated, insufficient to recrystallize or 
 purify; it did not melt sharply but began to soften in the vicinity of 100. Naegeli 
 believed that he isolated -nitrobenzoic acid (m. p. 238) from this material but we 
 failed to confirm this, although 4 times as much initial material was used by us. 
 
 6-Amino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, CH 8 NS(NHj), (Formula VI). Twenty -five 
 and six- tenths g. (0.1 mole) of nitro derivative and 40 g. (0.33 mole) of granular tin were 
 covered with 150 cc. of cone, hydrochloric acid, and the flask warmed to start the reac- 
 tion. The reduction proceeded with evolution of so much heat that it was necessary 
 to chill the flask. On completion of the reduction the solution was allowed to cool and 
 crystals of the double tin salt separated. The mixture was made strongly alkaline, the 
 precipitated base collected, washed with 3 N sodium hydroxide solution (to remove tin 
 salts) and then with water. The crude base, crystallized from aniline and finally from 
 toluene, gave colorless needles, m. p. 207 (corr.); yield, 16 g. or 71%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci S H 10 N 2 S: N, 12.39. Found: 12.34, 12.43. 
 
 This amine is practically insoluble in water, in dilute acids, or in concentrated 
 hydrochloric acid; difficultly soluble in methyl, in ethyl or in tso-amyl alcohol, ethyl or 
 iso-amyl acetate, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene or toluene, and still more 
 difficultly soluble in ether. Dilution with ether generally precipitates it from solution 
 
 17 Ziegler, Ber., 23, 2476 (1890); Ger. pat. 51,172; Friedldnder, 2, 301 (1891). 
 
13 
 
 in other solvents. Its alcoholic solutions show a beautiful blue fluorescence, and even 
 ether takes up sufficient to show this fluorescence, too. 
 
 ACETYL DERIVATIVE. From the base and acetic anhydride the acetyl derivative 
 crystallizes in cubes, m. p. 214 (corr.). 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci 5 H ]2 ON 2 S: N, 10.43. Found: 10.49, 10.57. 
 
 FUSION OP THE AMINE WITH CAUSTIC ALKALI. Fifteen g. of amine and 60 g. of 
 moist potassium hydroxide were fused for 15 minutes at as low a temperature as possible. 
 The cool melt was dissolved in water, filtered, the filtrate acidified, and the precipitate 
 crystallized from water. It melted at 122, and was free from nitrogen and sulfur. 
 Mixed with pure benzoic acid, the melting point remained unchanged. Some of it was 
 dissolved in absolute alcohol, the solution saturated with dry hydrogen chloride, and 
 water then added. Upon treatment with sodium carbonate solution, oily droplets 
 separated which had the odor characteristic of ethyl benzoate. 
 
 ^-Nitrobenzene-axo-(6-amino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole), O2N.C 6 H 4 .N : N.Ci 3 H 7 NS- 
 (NH2). Two and three-quarters g. of />-nitro-aniline was diazotized and the solution 
 poured into a suspension of 4.5 g, of the aminothiazole in 100 cc. of 1 : 10 g. hydrochloric 
 acid. The mixture was cooled and stirred for an hour; then the brown precipitate was 
 collected, washed with water, crystallized from aniline, and the aniline removed by dil. 
 hydrochloric acid. Red needles, melting at 196 (corr.) were obtained. They were 
 difficultly soluble in aniline or in nitrobenzene, and practically insoluble in most other 
 organic solvents; yield, 5 g., or 67%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci9H 18 O 2 N 5 S: N, 18.67. Found: 18.70, 18.75. 
 
 ATTEMPTED FURTHER COUPLING. Two and three-quarters g. of -nitro-aniline was 
 diazotized and allowed to act upon the amine as before. To this solution, an equal 
 amount of diazotized -nitro-aniline was added, while the temperature was kept below 
 5 and the mixture was stirred vigorously for half an hour. The brown precipitate ob- 
 tained by the first coupling remained unchanged. The mixture was then filtered and the 
 filtrate divided into two parts. The precipitate was washed thoroughly with water and 
 crystallized from aniline, when it melted at 194-195 (corr.). Mixed with the product 
 from the previous experiment, the melting point was 195+ (corr.). One part of the 
 filtrate from the brown precipitate was made alkaline, but no change was observed. 
 The other portion was added to an alkaline solution of phenol, causing an immediate 
 intense red color and the formation of an orange precipitate on acidification, which 
 proved the presence of unaltered diazo--nitro-aniline. Hence, the original amine 
 couples but once. 
 
 ACETYL DERIVATIVE. This was obtained from the azo derivative and acetic 
 anhydride as golden-yellow plates, m. p. 203 (corr.). 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for C 2 iHi 5 O 3 N 6 S: N, 16.01. Found: 16.01, 15.74. 
 
 6-Benzalamino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, C 6 H 6 .CH: N.Ci 3 H 8 NS. Twenty-two and 
 six- tenths g. (0.1 mole) of aminothiazole was suspended in 150 cc. of alcohol, 15 cc. (0.15 
 mole) of benzaldehyde added and the mixture boiled gently for an hour; the solution 
 boiled with bone black, filtered and cooled gave pale yellow plates, m. p. 151 (corr.); 
 yield, 30 $., or 96%. 
 
 A nalyses. Calc. for C 20 Hi4N 2 S : N, 8.92. Found : 8.98, 8.81 . 
 
 It is practically insoluble in water, and difficultly soluble in alcohol, ethyl or isoamyl 
 acetate, ether, choroform, carbon tetrachloride, acetic acid, benzene or toluene. 
 
 2,2 / -Diphenyl-benzobisthiazole (Formula VIII). Twenty g. of this benzalainino 
 derivative was fused with 10 g. (5 equivalents) of sulfur for 4 hours at 250-60 , and the 
 heating then continued for an hour longer under diminished pressure. The cold melt 
 was pulverized, and extracted repeatedly with hot cone, hydrochloric acid. The acid 
 
14 
 
 extract (200 cc.) was poured into 1 liter of water, and the precipitate collected and 
 crystallized from acetic acid giving pale yellow needles, m. p. 235 (corr.); yield, 7 g. or 
 32%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for CwHuNzSj: N, 8.14. Found: 8.08, 8.17. 
 
 Green and Perkin 10 prepared a diphenyl-benzobisthiazole, from -phenylenediamine 
 dithiosulfonic acid and benzaldehyde, which crystallized from amyl alcohol in pale straw 
 colored needles, m. p. 232-4, and which appears to be identical with the compound 
 described above. 
 
 4-Nitro-2, 2 '-diphenyl-benzobisthiazole, OjN.C2oHnN2Si. Five g. of the above 
 bisthiazole was dissolved in 20 cc. of cone, sulfuric acid, 3 cc. of cone, nitric acid added 
 slowly, the solution left at room temperature for half an hour, then heated at 100 for 
 an hour, cooled, and poured into 200 cc. of ice water. The yellow precipitate was col- 
 lected, crystallized from nitrobenzene, washed with methyl alcohol (to remove the 
 solvent) and dried giving a yield of 4 g., or 70% of yellow needles, m. p. 262 (corr.). 
 The substance is difficultly soluble or insoluble in methyl, ethyl or *'soamyl alcohol, 
 ethyl or isoamy] acetate, ether, acetic acid or anhydride, chloroform or carbon tetra- 
 chloride, benzene, toluene or xylene. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for C,oH n O 2 N,S,: N, 10.80. Found: 10.93, 10.95 
 
 4-Amino-2,2 '-diphenyl-benzobisthiazole was prepared by boiling 3 g. of the nitro 
 compound for several hours with 3.5 g. of tin and 30 cc. of cone, hydrochloric acid, until 
 the reduction was complete. The solution was made strongly alkaline with sodium 
 hydroxide, the precipitated base collected on a filter, crystallized from aniline, the crys- 
 tals were washed free from aniline by dil. hydrochloric acid, then washed with dil. 
 ammonia and dried over cone, sulfuric acid. A yield of 2 g., or 72%, of yellowish 
 needles was obtained; m. p. 285-287 (corr.). 
 
 Analyses Calc. for CwHuNjS,: N, 11.70 Found: 11.93,11.98. 
 
 ACETYL DERIVATIVE. This was obtained from the amine and acetic anhydride 
 and forms colorless plates, m. p. 250-253 (corr.). 
 
 Analysis. Calc. for C M Hi 6 ONjS2 : N, 10.47. Found: 10.62. 
 
 FUSION OF THE AMINB WITH CAUSTIC ALKALI. One g. of this amine was fused 
 with 4 g. of moist potassium hydroxide at a low temperature for 10 minutes, the melt 
 allowed to cool, dissolved in 25 cc. of water, filtered and the filtrate acidified with 
 hydrochloric acid. The precipitate obtained was removed and crystallized from water. 
 It proved to be benzoic acid (m. p. 122). The filtrate was neutralized with ammonia, 
 evaporated to dryness on the water-bath, the residue warmed with 5 cc. of acetic an- 
 hydride, the solution filtered through glass wool, and the filtrate carefully diluted. 
 No acetamino-benzoic acid was obtained. Therefore the amino group must have been 
 on the central benzene nucleus and not on either the 2- or 2'-phenyl nucleus. 
 
 6-Dimethylamino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, (CHs^N.CisHgNS. Ten g. of 6-amino- 
 2-phenyl-benzothiazole, 6 cc. of cone, hydrochloric acid and 20 cc. of absolute methyl 
 alcohol were heated together in a sealed tube at 175 for 24 hours. The tube then 
 contained a red viscous liquid which, on standing, deposited reddish-brown needles 
 which were recrystallized from acetone and then melted at 185 (corr.); yield, 4 g., or 
 36%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for C^HuNzS: N, 11.03. Found: 11.21,11.11. 
 
 No methyl chloride addition product was found. 
 
 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole Tetrabromide, Ci S HNSBr 4 . Ten g. of 2-phenyl-benzo- 
 thiazole -was dissolved in 250 cc. of acetic acid, 10 cc. of bromine (2 molec. equivalents) 
 added, the mixture shaken vigorously for 10 minutes and allowed to stand for half an 
 hour. Red needles separated which were collected and dried over potassium hydroxide 
 
15 
 
 in vacua. The compound is quite unstable, giving off bromine on standing. The 
 crystals were therefore dried for only half an hour. The substance melted in the 
 neighborhood of 125, with considerable decomposition; yield, 15 g., or 60%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci 3 H 9 NSBr 4 : N, 2.64; Br, 60.22. Found N, 2.68, 2.80; 
 Br. 59.95. 
 
 Bromine was determined by adding the sample to a very dilute sodium hydrogen 
 sulfite solution, filtering out the liberated 2-phe,nyl-benzothiazole, acidifying the filtrate 
 and precipitating the bromine ion as silver bromide. 
 
 6-Bromo-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, Br.Ci 3 H 8 NS. In a subsequent experiment 
 for the preparation of the above tetrabromide, the acetic acid solution of the thiazole 
 (10 g.) and bromine (10 cc.) was diluted with 150 cc. of water and warmed to complete 
 the solution. The effect of this dilution and warming, however, caused a sudden change 
 in the course of the reaction ; the red color of the solution disappeared, with evolution of 
 bromine, and a colorless solid separated which crystallized in plates as the material 
 cooled. These were recrystallized from acetic acid, and proved to be a monobromo 
 substitution product, m. p. 152 (corr.); yield, 13 g., or 94%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci 3 H 8 NSBr: C, 53.79; H, 2.78; N, 4.83; S, 11.05; Br, 27.55. 
 Found: C, 54.44; H, 3.03; N, 4.79; S, 11.08; Br, 27.28. 
 
 The results of nitration led us to infer that the bromine also had entered Position 6 
 on the nucleus. In order to confirm this conclusion 11.3 g. (0.05 mole) of the 
 6 amino derivative was suspended in a mixture of 50 cc. of water and 10 cc. of cone, 
 sulfuric acid at 0, and 4 g. of sodium nitrite (0.05 mole) dissolved in 20 cc. of 
 water added slowly while the mixture was cooled and stirred mechanically. When 
 the diazotization was completed, 25 g. of potassium bromide was added and then 
 (very slowly) 10 g of copper powder. The ice-cold solution was gradually heated to 
 boiling and kept at this temperature for half an hour ; then it was cooled, the precipitated 
 bromo derivative collected and crystallized twice from acetic acid, when it melted at 
 152 (corr.). Mixed with the compound obtained above from the tetrabromide, the 
 melting point remained unaltered; yield, 3 g., or 21%. 
 
 Analysis. Calc. for Ci 3 H 8 NSBr: N, 4.83. Found: 4.89. 
 
 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole-di-iodide, Ci 3 H 9 NSl2. Twenty-one and one-tenth g. 
 (0.1 mole) of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole was dissolved in acetic acid and a solution of 
 50.8 g. (0.2 mole) of iodine in the same solvent was added. The mixture was shaken 
 for half an hour and then allowed to stand for several hours. A trace of crystalline 
 material separated. An additional 21.1 g. of thiazole was then introduced. The 
 solution soon deposited a large amount of glistening black needles, which were removed, 
 washed with acetic acid, then with water, and dried over potassium hydroxide under 
 diminished pressure, when they melted at 84.5 (corr.) ; yield, 78 g., or 85%. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for Ci 3 H 9 NSI 2 : I, 54.58. Found: 55.05, 54.98. 
 
 This addition product is quite unstable, and sodium thiosulfate removes its iodine 
 quantitatively . 
 
 6-Cyano-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, NC.Ci 3 H 8 NS. Fifty g. of cupric sulfate penta- 
 hydrate was dissolved in 100 cc. of warm water, a solution of 55 g. of potassium cyanide 
 in 100 cc. of water was added, the mixture was heated to boiling and a suspension of the 
 diazotized amine (prepared by adding a solution of 14 g. of sodium nitrite in 50 cc of 
 water to a suspension of 45.3 g. of amine in a mixture of 150 cc. of water and 50 cc. of 
 hydrochloric acid and stirring for half an hour) added very slowly with active stirring. 
 The mixture was boiled for half an hour longer, cooled and the precipitated nitrile 
 collected. It is difficultly soluble or insoluble in ethyl or isoamyl alcohol or acetate, 
 benzene, toluene or xylene, nitrobenzene, acetic acid, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, 
 and no good crystallizing medium was found for it. 
 
16 
 
 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole-6-carboxylic Acid, (Formula XIII), Ci 3 H 8 NS.COOH. 
 The crude nitrile obtained above was boiled under a reflux condenser with a mixture of 
 100 cc. of cone, sulfuric acid and 60 cc. of water, until a test portion dissolved completely 
 in dil. sodium hydroxide (about 15 hours). The solution was then cooled, poured into 
 2 liters of cold water and the precipitated acid removed. As no satisfactory neutral 
 solvent could be found for crystallizing, it was dissolved in dil. sodium hydroxide and 
 converted into the methyl ester by adding 50 g. (0.4 mole; twice the calculated amount) 
 of dimethyl sulfate drop by drop, with simultaneous addition of sufficient dil. sodium 
 hydroxide solution to keep the solution faintly alkaline. After stirring the mixture for 
 an hour to insure destruction of all of the excess of dimethyl sulfate the separated 
 thiazole methyl ester was filtered out, dissolved in alcohol, the solution boiled with bone 
 black, and the ester crystallized to constant melting point, giving minute prisms of pale 
 yellowish tinge, m. p. 153-154 (corr.); yield, 7 g., or 13%. 
 
 Analyses Calc. for CuHnOsNS: N, 5.20. Found: 5.11. 5.50. 
 
 This purified ester was saponified by boiling 6 g. of it with 200 cc of 10% aqueous 
 sodium hydroxide until all of it had dissolved. The hot solution was then boiled with 
 bone black, filtered, the filtrate acidified with hydrochloric acid, the precipitated 
 thiazole acid removed, washed and dried at 120 giving a slightly grayish powder, m. p. 
 261-263 (corr.) with decomposition; yield, 5 g., or 88% calculated to the ester, or 11% 
 calculated back to the original amine: 
 
 Acetyl Chloride Addition Product of 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole, Cl COCHs. 
 ( On adding 5 g. of acetyl chloride to a solution of 5 g. of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole in 25 cc. 
 of toluene, white leaflets of the addition product separated, amounting to 5 g. (73%). 
 The substance lost the acetyl chloride very easily when it was warmed, so that the melt- 
 ing point obtained is that of the thiazole itself (114). 
 
 It was analyzed by agitating it with water, filtering out the precipitated" thiazole, 
 and determining the chlorine in the filtrate with silver nitrate. 
 
 Analyses. Calc. for CwHuONSCl: Cl, 12.24. Found: 11.98,12.19. 
 
 Summary 
 
 1. An improved method is given for the preparation of 2-phenyl- 
 benzothiazole in considerable quantities. 
 
 2. The product obtained by nitration of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole 
 is shown to be the 6-nitro derivative by conversion, through the amine 
 and its benzal derivative, into 2, 2'-diphenyl-benzobisthiazole. Hitherto 
 the nitro group has been assigned position 4' on the 2-phenyl nucleus. 
 
 3. The position of the amine group was further established by coupling 
 it but once with diazotized p-nitro-aniline. 
 
 4. Nitro and amino derivatives of the 2,2 / -diphenyl-benzobisthiazole 
 were prepared and the positions of the groups determined. 
 
 5. 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole adds 4 bromine atoms directly. The tetra- 
 bromide lost bromine and hydrogen bromide when boiled with dil. acetic 
 acid to form 6-bromo-2-phenyl-benzothiazole, which was also produced 
 from the 6-amino derivative. With iodine, only 2 atoms are taken up; 
 an unstable di-iodide results. 
 
17 
 
 6. The addition product of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole and acetyl chloride 
 loses acetyl chloride readily when heated or on treatment with water. 
 
 7. 6-Amino-2-phenyl-benzothiazole was changed into the cyanide, 
 and the latter into the 6-carboxylic acid, which is structurally analogous 
 to Cinchophen ( Atophan) , and which it is hoped may show useful thera- 
 peutic properties. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 1877 Leo, Ber., 10, 2133. 
 
 1879 Hofmann, Ber., 12, 2360. 
 
 1880 Hofmann, Ber., 13, 8, 17, 1223, 1236. 
 
 1882 Tiemann & Piest, Ber., 15, 2033. 
 
 1886 Jacobson, Ber., 19, 1068, 1069. 
 
 1889 Gatterman, Ber., 22, 422. 
 
 1890 Wallach, Ann., 259, 401. 
 
 Ziegler, Ber., 23, 2476. 
 
 Hantsch, Ber., 23, 2774. 
 1891 Ger. Pat. 51, 738, Friedldnder, 2, 299! 
 
 Ger. Pat. 51, 172, Friedldnder, 2, 301. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 55, 222, Friedldnder, 2, 302. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 50, 486, Friedldnder, 2, 303. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 54, 921, Friedldnder, 2, 305. 
 1894 Naegeli, Bull. soc. chim. [3] 11, 895. 
 1895 Wheeler, Am. Chem. J., 17, 1401. 
 1896 Ger. Pat. 57, 557, Friedldnder, 3, 750. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 58, 641, Friedldnder, 3, 765. 
 1899 Kym, Ber., 32, 3532. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 75, 674, Friedldnder, 4, 325. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 79, 214, Friedldnder, 4, 829. 
 
 Ger. Pat. 81, 711, Friedldnder, 4, 831. 
 1902 Voswinckel, Ber., 35, 1946. 
 1903 Green & Perkin, J. C. S., 83, 1204. 
 1905 Reissert, Ber., 38, 3433. 
 1910 Fr. Pat. 216,086, Winther, 3, 379. 
 1911 Reissert & Holle, Ber., 44, 3035. 
 1913 Fromm & Martin, Ann., 401, 1781. 
 
 Ciusa & Luzzatto, Atti accad. Lincei, [5] 22, I, 306. 
 
 Ciusa & Luzzatto, Zentr. II, 1318. 
 1914 Ciusa & Luzzatto, Gazz. chim. ital., 44, I, 64. 
 1915 Zincke & Siebert, Ber., 48, 1244, 1251. 
 
VITA. 
 
 Emanuel M. Abrahamson was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., on June 25, 
 1897. After a preliminary education in the schools of that Borough he 
 entered Columbia College in 1914, from which he received the degree of 
 B. S. (cum laude] in 1917. He then studied Chemical Engineering in the 
 School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry of Columbia University, 
 receiving the degree of Ch. E. in 1918. Upon his graduation, he entered 
 the Chemical Warfare vService, U. S. A. and was stationed at Edgewood 
 Arsenal. After his discharge from the army, he re-entered Columbia 
 University to pursue studies under the Faculty of Pure Science. He was 
 awarded the degree of M. A. in 1920. From 1918 to 1921 he held the 
 position of assistant in the Department of Chemistry of Columbia Uni- 
 versity. 
 
Abrahar 
 
 Investi^r 
 thiazolo fit 
 
 
 478712 
 
 it ion in the 
 Id 
 
 QD403 
 
 A2 
 
 478712 
 
 
 4-0 
 
 
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