x^- 
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 ETYMOLOGY 
 
 BY 
 
 S. S. HALDEMAN, LL.D,, M.KA.S. 
 
 PEOFESSOK OF COMPABATIVE PHILOLOGY IK THE rNIVEKSITT OP PEmrSTLVASIA ; 
 PKESIDEHT OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL AS30CIATI0K, 1876-7. 
 
 J. 1 li \i A \i V 
 CALI r ' 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 LONDON : 16 SOUTHAMPTON ST., COVENT GARDEN. 
 1878 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
Copyrigbt, 1877, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. 
 
 y^( 
 
 LippiNcoTT's Press, 
 

 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface 5 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 Introduction 9 
 
 Speech-words and Book-words; The Romans in Britain, 9; 
 Angles and Saxons; Danes and Norwegians; Normans, 
 10^ Factitious Words, 11. 
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 Phonology 12 
 
 Vowels, 13; Consonants, 14; Etymologic Chart, 16. 
 
 CHAPTER 3. 
 Morphology 17 
 
 Intermutation, 17; Permutation of Labials, 17; Dentals, 
 SiGMALS, Gutturals, 18; Transmutation, 19; Formation 
 OP t-sh, 19 ; of d-zh, 21 ; of sh, zh, 22 ; Imitatives, Re- 
 duplication, Alliteration, 23 ; Dimorphism, 24. 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 Synthesis 26 
 
 Compound Words, 26; Development of Meanings, 27; Hi- 
 BRiDiTY, Eduction and Absorption ; Epenthesis, 29 ; Meta- 
 thesis; Induction, Otosis, 30; Parasynesis; Analepsy, 
 31; Euphemism; Representation, 32; Parop'sis, 34. 
 
 CHAPTER 5. 
 Paresis or Neglect 35 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 « 
 CHAPTEK 6. PAGE 
 
 Grammar 39 
 
 CHAPTER 7. 
 Analysis 42 
 
 CHAPTER 8. 
 Affixes 50 
 
 Prefixes, 55 ; Suffixes, 60. 
 
 CHAPTER 9. 
 Derivation 70 
 
 'A' &c. hloio, breathe, live, 70; AN b)'eathe, blow, live, 72; AL 
 grow, 73; AL other, 73; ANG compress, 74; EC even, 74; 
 PA, FA shine, speak, 75; BAR bear, carry, produce, 75; 
 cLA, gLA shine, 76 ; LU (=loo) loosen, 11 ; LAG lay, 78 ; 
 TA (= tab) stretch, 81 ; TAG cover, 83 ; TRAC, DRAG draw, 
 83; RAG reaeh,%b; CAP take, 86; CO, sCU (= scoo) cover, 
 86; GA, Q As produce, 87; CAL call, 89; GOL shine, 89. 
 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 Synonymy 91 
 
 English — Latin, 91 ; English — French — Latin, 92 ; Eng- 
 lish — Latin — Greek, 94; English — French — Latin — 
 Greek, 94: Examples contrasted and defined, 97-102, 
 
 Appendix 103 
 
 Pronunciation of Latin, 103 ; Marks and Abbreviations, 104 ; 
 Selections of "words contributed to English by Arabic, 
 Australian, Basque, Brasilian, Chinese, Cornish, Dutch, 
 French, German, 106; Greek, Hebrew (and Chaldee), 
 Hindoo, Irish, Italian, Latin, 107; Malay, Mexican, 
 North American (Algonkin), Norman, 108; Persian, 
 Peruvian, Polynesian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, 
 Turkish, Welsh, 109; Words from the Names of Per- 
 sons AND People, 109; of Places, 110; The word 'Nor- 
 mal,' 111 ; Examples of English, 113. 
 
1.1 nu A IV 
 
 PEEFAOE. 
 
 IN the present volume an attempt is made to teach 
 etymology as other sciences are taught, and, as each 
 science has special names for special things, such names 
 will be found where the subject demands them. 
 
 The sounds of which English w^ords are made, are 
 treated under the head of Phonology — a term employed 
 by Duponceau in 1818. The varying forms of words are 
 considered to have a slight analogy with the changes in 
 the organs of plants, and on this account the name 
 Morphology has been adopted from botany; and other 
 terms appear as they are required — the whole being less 
 numerous and less difficult than those of rhetoric* 
 
 The laws of etymology existed for ages before the art 
 of spelling was thought of, and they have as much influ- 
 ence in the unwritten words of savages as they have in 
 the literary languages of Europe.f Yet we find com- 
 pilers basing their attempts upon spelling, the variations 
 of which would give different etymologies at different 
 periods. Observing that the Teutonic words begg-ar and 
 doll-ar (formerly begg-er, doll-er) are now spelt with " ar," 
 this mere spelling of the proper suffix is referred to the 
 Latin -ar of globul-ar, but it agrees with that of digg-er 
 
 * Such as antonomasia, eatachresis, hypotyposis, polysyndeton, synecdoche. 
 
 t For example, the savages of Brasil call a certain river quadruped capibSra, 
 a name which has as definite an etymology as hippopotamus. vSee Hald. Af- 
 fixes, p. 264. 
 
 1* 5 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 and deal-er. Nor are we told how it happened that a 
 native suffix should have been ready for digg-er, while 
 
 * beg ' could not have a similar derivative noun until the 
 supposed Latin -ar came in. 
 
 Little would be thought of a treatise on arithmetic 
 from which the pupil could not learn to analyse and solve 
 problems outside of its pages, yet, through false expla- 
 nations, and the absence of explanation, much of the ety- 
 mology commonly offered, is of such a character that the 
 learner is likely to leave school with a smattering which 
 will not enable him to investigate the history of words 
 outside of his textbook, or to give a correct analysis of 
 many of its examples. This is due to the fact that atten- 
 tion is not directed to those laws of speech which form 
 the groundwork of scientific (as distinguished from em- 
 piric) etymology, and the neglect of which allows teachers 
 and pupils to commit many errors. They are told that 
 
 * paci-fic-at-ion ' comes from the later ' pacify..,' which has 
 lost a c, as * decay..' has lost the d of its seeming deriva- 
 tive ' de-cad-ence.' They are told that con- becomes cog- 
 in 'cognate' although this is due to Latin co-gnatus, 
 while 'connate' is from a later and shorter form con- 
 NATUS (see under CO-, CON-) ; and if the compilers are 
 pressed to explain why con- should become cog- before n, 
 they have ready their linguistic hospital for incurables 
 called Euphony, where such words are placed as will not 
 yield to their surgery. 
 
 While science simplifies by associating allied words 
 under a single head common to all, showing for example 
 that ignorant and unknowing are almost the same 
 word, the empiric does not generalise — on the contrary, 
 he separates such forms, and places rotund and its 
 derivative ro..unfl under two "roots;" and yolce, 
 conjugal, syzygy under three, notwithstanding a form 
 
PREFACE. • 7 
 
 of yoke appears in all, with the common idea of junc- 
 tion and juxtaposition. If it is legitimate to go so far 
 astray, we may dispense with the study of etymology and 
 regard each word as primitive and independent. 
 
 Most of the phases of words which appear in passing 
 from language to language may be present in a single 
 language, and much of this home material will be found 
 in these Outlines. A few examples have been taken from 
 distant sources to show that these words are subject to the 
 general laws of etymology, and are not to be treated as 
 primitives when we have not the material for their inves- 
 tigation. 
 
 The object of these pages is to present the material 
 necessary to develop the subject, and it has been deemed 
 sufficient for this purpose, to limit the chapter on Deriva- 
 tion to about twenty heads, selected to exhibit the range 
 of form, and extension of idea to which derivative words 
 are subject. There are, however, many additional stems 
 and derivatives used in illustration, especially in the 
 chapter on Analysis. 
 
 TO THE TEACHER. 
 
 The pupil should be frequently examined in the tables contained in 
 this volume, as they illustrate etymologic laws, and contain useful in- 
 formation about words. They admit of several series of questions, in 
 one of which the words of the first column are intended to suggest 
 those of the second, and in the other, the latter must suggest the 
 former. Thus — 
 
 Q. What is the second form of ' later ?' Ans. ' latter.' Q. What is 
 the shorter form of ' balsam V Ans. ' balm.' In what do they differ? <fec. 
 In subsequent lessons this is to be reversed by asking for the other or 
 longer form of 'balm.' Sometimes questions may be taken at random 
 from either column in the same lesson, or even from parts which have 
 not been studied. In pairs like ' flow-ing-flu-ent,' the pupil must be 
 able to distinguish the foreign suffix (-ent) from the indigenous one 
 (-ing) ; in triplets like ' ball-globe-sphere,' one word must suggest the 
 remaining two, and the forms must be distinguished as English, or as 
 \a8ed on, or derived from, Latin and Greek — because most of the words 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 from these languages do not appear under their original forms, but 
 have been adapted to French and English models. Thus the Latin 
 form of globe is globus, the Greek form of sphere sphaira {at in aisle). 
 The French forms are 'globe' and 'sphere' (e in there). 
 
 A false explanation must never be allowed, even when it is more 
 easily remembered than the true one. As -fy of beauti-fy (to give 
 beauty, make beautiful) may be preceded by several kinds of -t, this 
 vowel must not be got rid of by feigning that the -i of classis (class) 
 in class-i-fy, and the connective -i in person-i-fy, are parts of a pre- 
 tended suffix -ify, meaning to make. 
 
 Anglosaxon cannot properly be called either Old English, or Saxon. 
 
 In a word like 'suspend,' do not call sua a "form of 8uh," or a pupil 
 might (and should) ask if h can become «. 
 
 Speak of the primary meaning, not of the literal meaning of words. 
 
 Do not define ' ambition ' as " literally, a going round to seek votes ;" 
 or it will be the duty of the class to ask for the parts which literally 
 represent seek and vote. 
 

 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Etymology treats of the derivation, structure, and 
 meaning of words. Words are signs of thought and 
 emotion, composed of vocal sounds used in the speech of 
 mankind. 
 
 English words are separable into the two classes of 
 speech-words and book-words. Speech-words are due to 
 the natural laws of speech and hearing. Book-words are 
 such as are judged by sight from their graphic substitutes 
 (their written or printed representatives), and as the 
 powers of the letters and combinations are in many cases 
 unknown, their forms are subject to perversion in at- 
 tempting to pronounce them. This often makes book- 
 words of speech-words, as in turning ' engine ' into ' en- 
 gine.' (See under Paropsis.) 
 
 Many words of a single syllable are derivatives, as 
 ' fife ' from" ' pipe ;' ' gild ' from ' gold ;' ' yelp ' from * yell ;' 
 * smelt ' from ' melt ;' ' use ' from ' ut ' of ut-il-it-y. Longer 
 words are built up of shorter parts, which, in most cases, 
 can be recognised and defined, and when we fail in our 
 attempts to analyse them, we have no right to conclude 
 that they are primitives, but on the contrary, we must 
 regard them as probable derivatives which may yield to 
 future analysis. This view includes words borrowed from 
 little-known tongues, such as ' ocelot ' from the Aztec of 
 Mexico ; * ipecacuanha ' from Brasilian ; " orang'ootan' 
 from Malay ; ' ginseng ' from Chinese. 
 
 The Romans invaded Britannia about the year 55 B.C. 
 and held it for nearly 500 years, or until about a.d. 420. 
 During this period, many Latin words were given to the 
 native British language, now known to us as Welsh. 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Eoman troops having been withdrawn to defend 
 their own country, the next occupation was that of Low 
 German tribes, chiefly Angles and Saxons, dating from 
 about the year 450. The dialects of these tribes produced 
 a Teutonic language of the Low German stock, the 
 " seng-lisc " (Anglish) or Anglosaxon, from which English 
 is in part derived. But the two languages are more un- 
 like th-an Latin and Italian, or Swedish and Danish, and 
 an Anglosaxon book is more of a mystery to the average 
 Englishman than to a Hollander or a German. In fact, 
 we have reason to believe that an Anglosaxon could not 
 even pronounce such characteristic English words as ship, 
 chip, English, judge. 
 
 About 596, a number of ecclesiastics arrived under saint 
 Austin, giving a new impulse to a knoAvledge of Latin. 
 
 The Danes and Norwegians commenced their incursions 
 about the year 787, and were masters of England from 
 1013 to 1042. 
 
 In the year 1066 the Normans invaded and conquered 
 England, introducing Norman French, a language de- 
 rived from Latin, and having many affinities with lit- 
 erary French.* 
 
 Modern English is due to a fusion of Anglosaxon 
 (Anglish) and Norman, influenced by French, Latin, and 
 Greek, but many languages have contributed words to 
 make up its vocabulary. 
 
 In many cases when a word indicates a foreign object, 
 both belong to the same country, as the word and object 
 'tea' to China, and 'kangaroo' to Australia; but we 
 must be cautious in applying this fact, or we might sup- 
 pose 'teapoy' and 'mandarin' to be Chinese, but the 
 former is Hindoo, the latter is based on Portuguese, and 
 
 * Literary French is a later form tlian Norman, and dates from the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 'pagoda' on Persian. 'Sassafras' and 'calumet' are 
 French words indicating North American objects. In 
 a single science, besides the native word ' reckon,' Eng- 
 lish has gone to Arabic for ' cipher/ to Latin for ' cal- 
 culate,' ' compute ' or ' coun..t,' ' number ' or ' numerate,' 
 and to Greek for ' arithmetic' 
 
 Factitious words are such as * vibgyor ' — an acrostic 
 formed to indicate the order of the prismatic colors — 
 violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow. Orange, red. 
 Hebrew grammar has several factitious mnemonic words 
 formed out of letters which have certain qualities in com- 
 mon, and others are sometimes used in treatises on logic. 
 
 The names of the notes in music (such as sol, fa, mi) 
 are the initial syllables of words in a Latin hymn, and 
 singing with their aid is called solfrdug, or sol-mi-sation. 
 
 The names of the Greek letters give us "Alpha and 
 0-meg'a" hecfinning and end, irom the first and last letter 
 of the Greek alphabet; alphabet is formed of the 
 first letter and the second, ' beta ;' gamut includes the 
 third letter ' gamma ' and the musical note ' ut ;' delta 
 and deltoid recal the Greek (a) triangular d; iota, 
 the smallest letter (/) of the Greek alphabet, corresponds 
 with Hebrew (^) ' yod,' whence jot ; laiubdoidal, 
 shaped like (a) Greek I; laiubdacisni, improper use 
 of I, or its mispronunciation; sigiuoid, shaped like 
 the Greek small (f) sigma, or Koman * S.' 
 
 A T-square ; an I-rail has the top and bottom alike ; a 
 U -magnet ; the ivyes (Y-shaped supports) of an engin- 
 eer's telescope. The A-level was known to the ancients. 
 
 Alchimists and early physicians invented factitious 
 words, often to keep their discoveries secret. Amalgam 
 is an anagram of the Greek malagma (a plaster). Para- 
 celsus (born about 1493) called mercury azoth, and con- 
 structed the word opodel'doc. 
 
12 
 
 CHAPTER 2. PHONOLOGY. 
 
 Phonology is the science of vocal sounds as used in 
 speech. The same sounds do not occur in all languages. 
 German ^ is not present in French or English ; French 
 j {zh in ' azure ') is absent from German ; English th is 
 wanting in French and German, where it is commonly 
 pronounced t 
 
 English and Greek have ih in common, as heard in 
 ether, ethics, panther, theme, theory (which are slightly 
 varied from Greek originals ;) and the fact that we pro- 
 nounce Thomas, thyme, tunny, mint (the plant mentha), 
 tisic, guitar, acolyte, with t, indicates that we received 
 these words from speakers unacquainted with the proper th. 
 
 But asthma (= astma), isthmus, Esther (= ester), t'other 
 (the other), are due to the English dislike of two such 
 aspirates in the same syllable (causing dissimilation), and 
 for a like reason, j[>1i has become p in * diphthong ' — 
 
 My doleful! dipthongs were my lifes* defpaires, Drayton, 1605. 
 
 In amaranth, hypothenuse, prothonotary, zSn'ith, th 
 stands for an earlier t, and ' Bosphorus ' is for ' Bosporus.' 
 
 Even when the same sounds are common to several 
 languages, they may occur in such positions in one of 
 them as to render the combinations unpronounceable in 
 another, as ct in act, pt in apt, ps in lapse, which become 
 difficult to English organs when initial, as in the Greek 
 names — Ctesias, Ptolemy, Psyche. 
 
 * Observe that the later mode of writing 'life's' with the mark indicating 
 an absent letter, was not in use in the older English. 
 
PHONOLOGY. 13 
 
 On account of such difficulties, borrowed words are 
 adapted to the speech habits of the borrowing nation; 
 unusual combinations are modified; difficult sounds are 
 replaced by such as the vocal organs are accustomed to 
 produce, or they cease to be used.* 
 
 The changes to which words are subject are sometimes 
 accidental, but in most cases they are due to definite laws 
 of speech, and when one sound takes the place of another, 
 the two are in many cases made "vvith nearly the same 
 position of the organs, as d and t in bless-ed, bles-t ; t, c?, 
 th, in gir-t, gir-d, gir-th ; /, v, in proof-prove ; or the slight 
 variation of vowel sounds in tale-tell ; seat-sit ; cag-keg. 
 We learn from such facts that 
 
 An acquaintance with the vocal sounds and with their 
 mutual relations, constitutes the first step in the study of 
 etymology. 
 
 The elements of speech are separable into voivels and 
 consonants, and when these names are mentioned, vocal 
 sounds are meant, and not alphabetic letters. 
 
 Vowels may be pronounced slowly or quickly, whence 
 they are styled long or short, as in the pairs arm art ; 
 naught not ; owe o-bey ; rule full ; weigh (or way) 
 weight (or wait) ; marine (or seen) deceit ; there merry. 
 
 The vowels of * there * and ' ask ' are not used in some places. The 
 short vowels heard in *it' and 'fat' are never long in good English. 
 Long vowels are often indicated as in 'arm* and short ones in ' art.* 
 
 According to the Greeks and Eomans, the most noble 
 of the vowels is that of 'Arm ' — Italian * a ' — made with 
 the mouth well opened, as described by the ancient gram- 
 marians. Closing the mouth from this Ah towards the 
 
 * The broken English of a Frenchman is not that of a German, a Chinese, 
 or a Cherokee. In a book of " facts " (Cincinnati, 1874), the pretended broken 
 English of a Cherokee ghost appears, in which the Narragansett words squaw 
 and papoose are given without a balk, although sq (sk) do not occur thus 
 together, nor does ^ or 6 exist in the language. 
 2 
 
14 PHONOLOGY. 
 
 lips, we get the vowel O, then oo in 'rlJle;' closing 
 towards the throat, we get those of * wEigh ' and of 
 
 * machine.' These constitute the five Latin vowels, and 
 when spoken of as Latin (German, Spanish), these 
 powers constitute their names, namely — oo^ o, ah, eigh, 
 ee, as in the following table of the affinities of the five 
 primary vowels, to which some languages are restricted. 
 
 A 
 O E 
 
 U I ^ 
 
 00 ah ay ee. 
 
 This vowel scale should be run with the voice in both directions, 
 until it is thoroughly known. The place of French *u' (German ' ii,' 
 Anglosaxon and Danish 'y,' Greek v) is between U (oo) and I (ee), and 
 German 'o' (French *eu') comes between and E (ay). 
 
 The English vowels are heard in pull, pool (French 
 
 * ou,' German ' u '), ode, odd, aived (between ode and 
 arm), arm, up, ask, add, there, them, pity, field. 
 
 When the vowels of pull and of field are closed upon, 
 the former becomes the labial liquid consonant of woo, 
 and the latter the guttural liquid of ye. They may be 
 closed so slightly as to be mistaken for vowels, as in owl, 
 out ; boy, oil ; aisle ; buoy (properly boo-y), where they 
 are coalescents. They are joined to vowels, with which 
 they make single syllables. If they were themselves 
 vowels they would add a syllable, as in going from ' cloy' 
 with one vowel, to * claw-y ' with two vowels. 
 
 What is commonly called a dipthong (or diphthong) is 
 a coalescent preceded by an added (an epenthetic) vowel 
 which is inserted to make it pronounceable, as in 'cow,' 
 which could not arise from Anglosaxon * cu ' (pronounced 
 
 * coo ') by closing its oo vowel towards w, without inter- 
 posing a vowel. 
 
PHONOLOGY. 15 
 
 In general, although dipthongs may turn to vowels by 
 losing an element, vowels are older than dipthongs ; hence, 
 the verb 'live' is older than the adjective 'live,' the 
 second o of ' coronal ' is older than ow in ' crown,' and 
 ' genteel ' in its modern spelling, is older than ' gentile.' 
 
 Consonants are voiced (or sonant) ; and voiceless (or 
 surd) — 
 
 Voiced w, m,b, v; 1,11, d,dh ('then'); r,z;zh; y,ng, gay. 
 
 Voiceless wh, .. p,f;.. .. t, th ('thin ') ; .. s ; sh; .. .. k; h. 
 
 The liquids— w, 1, r, y, are made with the mouth 
 organs about half closed. 
 
 The mutes have the mouth organs nearly or entirely 
 closed. They include the spirants or voiced aspirates — 
 V, dli, z, zli, (and i in ' soldier ' when not pronounced 
 'soldjer') — and the aspirates or voiceless continuants — 
 wll, f, til, S, sh, li — the last being a laryngal. 
 
 The initial of 'hew' (yh-y-oo) belongs here, and also the sound fol- 
 lowing t in 'courtier' when it is not pronounced with uli. 
 
 The nasals or nasal mutes are in, ii, ng, — m being 
 a nasal b, n a nasal d, eng a nasal gay. 
 
 The voiced abrupt mutes b, d, gay, can be sounded 
 alone. The voiceless abrupt mutes p, t. It, cannot be 
 sounded alone, as those pretend who, for detached p, t, h, 
 givep'h in 'haphazard,' tli in 'at hand,' and k'h in 'pack- 
 horse.' 
 
 Voice is due to the vocal ligaments, which are situated one on each 
 side of a narrow fissure. When at rest, as in breathing, or in making 
 voiceless consonants, these ligaments stand apart posteriorly, leaving a 
 somewhat triangular opening; but when voice is wanted, they are 
 brought nearly together in a parallel position, when the passing breath 
 causes them to sound, as the reed of a clarinet is sounded. The sing- 
 ing voice requires a narrower aperture than the speech voice. In a 
 succession like titltatl, the ligaments must separate for every t and close 
 for I and the vowels, and in rapid speech there may be sixteen motions 
 or changes in a second of time. 
 
16 PHONOLOGY. 
 
 In * duty-duteous ' there is no change of * y ' to ' e/ but 
 the reverse, the e (of they) in old English * du'te ' (= doo- 
 tay) having been preserved in spelling * duteous/ and 
 replaced with the later 'y' and * i ' in spelling * duty ' and 
 • dutiful.' 
 
 There is no interchange of ' e ' and ' i ' in * bile-bilious/ 
 the * e ' being a mark to show that the word is no longer 
 'bir but ^ bile.' 
 
 In * stable-stabir(ity),' there is no addition of i, because 
 the accent on bil' caused it to retain the vowel which 
 ' sta'ble ' has lost ; and ' tabulate ' preserves the u which 
 has disappeared from ' tab..le.' 
 
 ETYMOLOGIC CHART. 
 
 
 
 cAr 
 
 
 
 aiv earth 
 
 
 OX 
 
 ax 
 
 
 o 
 
 ell 
 
 ooze 
 
 ale 
 
 full 
 
 
 eel, ill 
 
 out 
 
 
 aisle 
 
 "wav 
 
 1 
 
 r soldier yay 
 
 b,v 
 
 (l,<lll 
 
 z zli gay 
 
 P.f 
 
 t,tll 
 
 S sli l£,cay. 
 
 in 
 
 n 
 
 eng 
 
 Labials, 
 
 dentals, 
 
 sigmals, palatals, gutturals. 
 
17 
 
 CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Morphology is the science of (Gr. morplie') form, and 
 is here applied to the forms of words as developed by the 
 various kinds of mutation, and other causes to be ex- 
 plained as we proceed. Mutation is the replacement or 
 substitution of elements, and when the change occurs 
 between vowels, we may term it 
 
 INTERMUTATION. 
 
 We have examples of intermutation in the following 
 pairs of allied words — 
 
 cat kitten share shear sane sanity 
 
 clench clinch scam skim antique antiquity 
 
 literal letter mode mood gleam glimmer 
 
 they them flow fluid gold gild 
 
 PERMUTATION. 
 
 Permutation is the mutation or interchange of conso- 
 nants of the same contact, including allied vowels, as in 
 those of the lip contact, which produces the 
 
 Labials — b, v, p, f, pli, in, w, wli — u, oo, 
 
 ab-sorb ab-sorption de-ceptive de-ceive Jacobus Ja..mes 
 
 brevity briefness du-plie-ate dou-ble liberate de-liver 
 
 bursar purser febrile feverish lieu leftenant* 
 
 cheapen chaffer folk vulg-ar lip labial [ous 
 
 clavicle clef half halve mischief mischiev- 
 
 crab crawf-ish imbibe beverage con-nubial nuptial 
 
 cupidity covetousness in-cub-ate cov-ey pauper poverty 
 
 de-clivity cliff » ?o^;ey is a brood of birds ^ip dive 
 
 •' of the same in-cub-at-ion. *^ 
 
 * In 'lieutenant ' the old ' u' as d would become /before t, as in 'leave-left.' 
 
 Formerly ' bi leue ' represented both believe and belief. 
 
 Euen, neuly, neuer, feuer, relieu'd, yuel, were 
 
 read even, newly, never, fever, relieved, evil, 
 
 and eu of 'euphony' became ev in 'evangelist.' Drayton (edition of 1613) 
 
 has 'unrelieved' in the line— 
 
 And V n re 1 i eu'd may wander where fhe will. 
 
 2* B 
 
18 
 
 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 phantom fantasy 
 pick bicker 
 pipe fife 
 rabid rave 
 rap -in e rav-age 
 recipient receiver 
 rob rove be-ref-t 
 
 revolve revolution 
 sapid savory 
 separate sever 
 serve serf 
 slobber slav'er 
 soluble solvable 
 stipe stub 
 
 staff stave 
 sup-erior sove-ran 
 triple treble 
 verbena vervain 
 wine vinous 
 winnow fan 
 whiz f iz 
 
 cannab-ine can..v-as hem*p 
 drip dribble drivel 
 plate blade flat 
 probe prove proof 
 
 scurf scurvy scorbutic 
 scribe scrivener script 
 tripod trivet three-foot 
 web weave woof 
 
 Dentals— 1, d, t, dh, tli, n. 
 
 baluster banister faith fidelity mind mental 
 
 blessed bles..t father paternal node Z-not 
 
 burden burthen float flood tenuity thinness 
 
 ed'ible eatable gird girth girt three trey 
 
 Sigmals — r^ fS, z, as in query quiz question 
 
 chair chaise Etrurian Etruscan 
 
 advice advise hurra huzza 
 
 Sign resign 
 this these 
 
 Gutturals— y, gay, gli. It, cay, eh ( 
 
 legal loyal aquil-ine eagle 
 
 crypt grotto acrid eager 
 
 dig dike sec-tion seg-ment 
 
 trac-tion drag pig-ment pic-ture 
 
 click clang gar-den yard 
 
 d^ and k), ng. 
 
 chol-er gall yell-ow (p. 90) 
 
 lake lag-oon loc^ 
 
 ocul-ar og..le eye 
 
 reg-nant roy-al rec-tor 
 
 peg peck pique peak pick pike 
 
 In proof-prove, and similar forms, a voiceless (surd) 
 consonant indicates a noun or adjective, and a voiced 
 (sonant) one a verb, as in — 
 
 abuse n. abuse v. 
 advice advise 
 belief believe 
 brass braze 
 breath breathe 
 choice choose 
 close close 
 cloth clothe 
 
 descent descend 
 diffuse diS"use 
 excuse excuse 
 fros-t freeze 
 gilt gild 
 glass glaze 
 grass graze 
 grease grease 
 
 grip grab 
 half halve 
 house house 
 life live 
 loath a. loathe 
 loss lose 
 mouth mouthe 
 peace ap-pease 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 19 
 
 portent portend 
 pur'pose propose' 
 refuse refuse' 
 relief relieve 
 rent n. rend 
 
 reproof reprove 
 safe save 
 sheaf sheave 
 shelf shelve 
 teeth teethe 
 
 tenth ti..the 
 thief thieve 
 troth betrothe 
 use use 
 wreath wreathe 
 
 TRANSMUTATION 
 
 is the passing of consonants from one contact to another. 
 The end and middle of the tongue being employed in 
 making the dentals, sigmals, and palatals, 
 
 t'Sll 
 
 1,11 
 
 a 
 
 Zll 
 
 d-zli 
 
 these lingual elements are readily interchanged, as in — 
 
 alkanet arkanet capital chapter has hath 
 
 peregrine pil..grim wit wisdom sloop shallop 
 
 gross great Shetland Zetland zealous jealous 
 
 rose rhodium pulse pu..sh benzoin benjamin 
 
 cartouch (sh) cartridge zircon jargon 
 
 Nipon Japan 
 
 Formation of t-sli. 
 The base of the tongue is less flexible and has less 
 room than the outer portion, and being particularly 
 crowded by the narrow throat aperture required by the 
 vowels of thee, thin, e^g, veil or vale (however written), 
 there is a tendency to force the gutturals toward the 
 middle mouth. This action turned 'cool' into 'chill' 
 when it took the narrow vowel; old English *yerk' 
 became 'jerk ;' Augl. ' cinn ' (= kin) became ' chin ;' old 
 French 'gay' (a bird) became English 'jay' — which has 
 the narrow vowel of they ; and the spelling of " gaol " 
 could not prevent it from becoming jail. 
 
20< MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Anglosaxon 'c' (^cay) was h before all the vowels. It 
 remains in many English words, such as * cetel ' kettle — 
 
 baecere baker cancer canker macian make 
 
 cind kind, {sort) cing king sicel sickle 
 
 Anglosaxon cay became Norman tshay in some English 
 words, as in — 
 
 calc chalk cidan chide cist chest 
 
 ceaf chaff cild child ^no finch 
 
 The mutation of cay to an s-sound is due chiefly to 
 French, and is present in many book-words, as in the 
 second of the pairs — 
 
 critic criticise practic practice nocuous nocent 
 
 crocus croceous rank rancid deduct deduce 
 
 Cay may remain pure in words derived from Latin, or 
 it may be partially displaced by Norman tshay ; and as a 
 result, English has been enriched with double forms like — 
 
 arc arch captain chieftain canal' chan'nel 
 
 calyx chalice car-t chariot portico porch 
 
 Formerly (owing to Norman influence) this mutation 
 arose in English words, as in — 
 
 bank bench deck thatch hook hitch 
 
 cool chill flake flitch market merchant 
 
 Such pairs start as synonyms, but in time the forms acquire different 
 meanings, when it may happen that the older form does not retain the 
 older idea, as it does in 'bank-bench' — banks as of earth being older 
 than benches made of wood. In 'book-beech,' although books are so 
 named because they were made of thin flakes of beech, the newer idea 
 of a book became associated with the older vocable, while the newer 
 word became the representative of the tree. In Anglosaxon, ' boc ' was 
 both beech and book, but, as a tree, there was a second form (bece) 
 which resulted in the modern ' beech.' 
 
 This mutation may indicate a change of verbs to nouns, 
 but some of both forms may be used in both senses, as in — 
 
 bake batch break breach speak speech 
 
 blank blanch take touch wake watch 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 21 
 
 Latin *c' {cay) became French * eh' with the power of 
 es^ as heard in — chaise, charade, charlatan, chateau, 
 machine (derived from Greek) — but the A;-sound in 
 
 * machinate ' points it out as a book-word. 
 
 We may have three such forms, according to their 
 source. The first preserves the Latin cay, the second has 
 Norman fe/tay (in chip), and the third and latest has 
 French * ch ' (es^) in * machine.' (See Norman and French 
 examples in the Appendix.) 
 
 k tsh ah k ish ah 
 
 Caroline Charles Charlotte capital chaplet chapeau 
 
 camp champion champaign cast-le Chest-er cha..t-eau 
 
 candle chandler chandelier cavalier chivalry chevalier 
 
 Formation of d-zli. 
 As tshay stands to cay, dzhay stands to gay, 
 and may arise from any of the guttural consonants, in- 
 cluding the allied vowels of ale, ill, eel, but these must 
 first pass through yay (English * y,' Latin and German 
 
 * J,' yota, yod,) which accounts for the letter ' J ' being an 
 English representative of dzhay. 
 
 extraneous strange hyacinth* jacinth ex-coriate s-courge 
 gaff javelin hang hinge mayor major 
 
 gibber-ish jabber drag dredge target targe 
 
 In the following, d-zh arises from a ^-sound, and t-sh 
 from a ^a^-sound — 
 
 bark barge bulk bulge Pergamus parchment 
 
 duke doge crook cringe rank range 
 
 Some nations find the concurrence of three vowels in- 
 convenient, and when such sounds are brought together 
 by the loss of an intermediate consonant, if the middle 
 vowel of the three happens to be *i' or *e,' it passes 
 
 * Here, if hy- had been pronounced high, as in the modern word, the 
 change to jas'inth could not have occurred. 
 
22" MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 througli the guttural semivowel yay to dzhaj. Thus in 
 dropping v from abbreviate we get (abbreviate, abrey- 
 ate,) abridge. The loss of v from cliluvi(al) gave 
 delu..ge ; p dropped from sapi-ent (wise) left sa..ge ; Iv 
 from salvia (the plant) left a different sa..ge ; the loss 
 of up from old French pipion turned it into pigeon ; and 
 GOBi-o (genitive case gobion-is,) the Latin name of a 
 fish, has given both ' goby ' and * gudgeon.' 
 Dzh may arise from di through dy, as in — 
 
 diurnal journal vindicate venge-ance Cambodia gamboge 
 
 Formation of esli and zliay. 
 
 English esh is mostly due to s-k, the k being palatalised 
 (brought up to the arch of the palate) by the influence 
 of s. That is, as esh is formed with a part of the tongue 
 lying between the points where s and k are made [see the 
 chart], instead of taking them in succession, the tongue 
 falls between them, as in — 
 
 disc dish scale shale ) scuffle shuffle 
 
 fresco fresh skull shell / skiflF ship 
 
 scatter shatter scoop shov-el skipper shipper 
 
 The esh soimd is also due to yay (mostly from i, e, 
 and the y of * u ' or yoo) drawn to the palatal position 
 by a ^ or an s-sound, as in notion, pension, vicious 
 (=vish-us), ocean (=osh-an) where the esA-sound is due 
 to the *e' of oceanic (= o-se-an-ic). The y ofyoo becomes 
 the esh heard in ' pressure ' (= presh-ur) and the zh in 
 * casual ' (= cazh-oo-al).* 
 
 The neglect of the t in *ostiar' (of ostiar-y) leaves 
 oS..iar, in which departing s draws forward and trans- 
 
 * In all these cases, It is improper to say that 'c,' 't,' ' s,' before '1' or 'e,' 
 "and another vowel, have the power of sh," for being themselves the repre- 
 sentatives of the sh,'i' and ' e ' do not represent vowels at the same time. 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 23 
 
 mutes the vowel i into esh, leaving its place vacant before 
 a, so that a new form ' usher ' results, in this manner — 
 
 OST-IAKy 
 O S .. 1 A R 
 
 e r 
 
 As the 1 of Latin rat-i-o reason (genitive case ratiox-is) 
 is drsiwii forward to form e^^ in ' rational ' (= rash-onal), 
 and the t of the same word is drawn bach to the s-position 
 in * reason,' it is evident that there is no mutation here of 
 8 in ' reason ' and esh in ' rational.' Their relation to the 
 Latin stem ration- (with true t) may be shown thus — 
 
 RA T — ION 
 
 r a .. .. sh.. n al 
 r ea .. s .. .. o n 
 
 where T falls back and becomes s, while 1 falls forward 
 to become esh, 
 
 Imitatives. 
 
 In general, imitative sounds are not intended to be 
 exact copies, but allied forms adapted to human speech, 
 as 'buzz,' in which b and a vowel are added to the z 
 which is imitated. AV"e have examples in 
 
 click clack clock gag giggle hiss hush hum humble-bee (bumble-bee is 
 Scotch) boom hubbub bubble mumble mutter myow (Ger. miau) peewee 
 puff rattle rush tattoo tinkle whipperwill whisper whiz whistle toucan 
 
 Reduplication. 
 Reduplicate words are formed of repetitions of sound, 
 as in murmur, singsong, chitchat, hurdigurdy, teetotal. 
 
 Alliteration 
 is the repetition of an element, as r in ' trowsers ' fi-om 
 old English ' trouses,' the r of which suggested its repe- 
 tition. 
 
24 
 
 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Dimorphism. 
 In the course of time a word may appear under two 
 forms, a result which is on this account named di-morph- 
 ism, but the term is not necessary, because such forms 
 may be more than two, as metal-mettle-medal, and many 
 of them occur under other heads, such as Mutation (as 
 in sip-sup-sop-soup, peak-beak,) and Par'esis (as in his- 
 tory-story). We have examples of dimorphism in — 
 
 adamant diamond 
 admittible admissible 
 assay essay 
 ballad ballet 
 base basis 
 beckon beacon 
 
 born borne 
 calyx chalice 
 canker cancer 
 card chart 
 carmine crimson 
 cave cove 
 
 chicory succory 
 
 clot clod 
 
 contagious contiguous 
 
 complement compliment later latter 
 
 etiquette ticket 
 feeble foible 
 flee fly 
 font fount 
 freight fraught 
 genteel gentle 
 
 granite garnet 
 gullet gully 
 hale heal 
 hedge haw 
 holyday holiday 
 huge high 
 
 hu'man humane' 
 incessant unceasing 
 infract infringe 
 
 convey convoy 
 corsair courser 
 
 covered covert 
 crate grate 
 crocodile cockatrice 
 
 a large a fabulous 
 reptile. being. 
 
 cud quid 
 custom costume 
 
 devote devout 
 dilate delay 
 disk dish 
 drag'on dragoon' 
 dungeon donjon 
 ed'ible eatable 
 
 legal loyal 
 levator lifter 
 
 lev'y lev'ee 
 liquor liqueur 
 mayor major 
 memory memoir 
 minute minuet 
 mode mood 
 
 obeisant obedient 
 ofiF of 
 
 oration orison 
 patron pattern [ble 
 perceptible perceiva- 
 person parson 
 
 plan plain 
 pistil pestle 
 portico porch 
 potion poison 
 probable provable 
 prune plum 
 
 pungent poignant 
 rap'ine ravine 
 
 seizure ; a gorge formed 
 violence. by violence. 
 
 ratio ration 
 ration reason 
 rectangle rightangle 
 
 regal royal 
 remit remiss 
 rod rood 
 resin rosin 
 sane sound 
 scallion shallot 
 
 statue statute 
 suit suite 
 taste test 
 sequent second 
 then than 
 ti..ed ti^r^t 
 
 urban urbane 
 wake-ful watch-ful 
 walk waltz 
 ward guard 
 warden guardian 
 zealous jealous 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 25 
 
 Accent makes the difference between — 
 
 antic antique 
 critic critique 
 relic relique 
 
 con'jure conjure' 
 des'ert desert' 
 diifer defer' 
 
 di'vers diverse' 
 Latin lateen' 
 min'ute minute' 
 
 The same word has different spellings in- 
 
 bark barque 
 champagne champaign 
 draught draft 
 
 flour" flower 
 mantle mantel 
 metre meter 
 
 plane plain 
 rough ruflf 
 sailor sailer 
 
 * Immortal Amarant, a Flour which once 
 In Paradife, faft by the Tree of Life 
 Began to bloom, Milton, Par. Loft ed. 1678, bk 3, 
 
 353. 
 
26 
 
 CHAPTER 4. SYNTHESIS. 
 
 The synthesis (Greek thesis a placing, syn together, ^^ of 
 words, is a placing together and arrangement of the parts 
 which compose them. 
 
 Compound words are such as are made of two or 
 more integral* or entire words, but they are not always 
 separable from other derivatives. In most cases the final 
 portion is the principal word which the earlier part de- 
 fines. The parts of many compounds are easily recog- 
 nised, as in handloomweaver, welfare, farewell — 
 
 almshouse 
 
 hearsay 
 
 overhear 
 
 stronghold 
 
 waylay 
 
 barefoot 
 
 heartsease 
 
 rainbow 
 
 threadbare 
 
 welcome 
 
 blackbird 
 
 homespun 
 
 sandpaper 
 
 timepiece 
 
 wildgoose 
 
 carthorse 
 
 horseman 
 
 sandpiper 
 
 undercurrent 
 
 whirlwind 
 
 gadabout 
 
 hourglass 
 
 seagull 
 
 vineyard 
 
 woodcut 
 
 grapeshot 
 
 necklace 
 
 selfacting 
 
 warehouse 
 
 windmill 
 
 hailstorm 
 
 overboard 
 
 sideboard 
 
 waterproof 
 
 millwork 
 
 In other cases their composition and actual meaning 
 
 are less obvious, as in — 
 
 brimistone, from old English ' brinnen ' to burn. 
 
 blockhouse (Ger. 'block' a log,) a log fort. 
 
 eyesore something offensive to the sight. 
 
 f lii*loiig'9 originally, the length of a furrow. 
 
 qiiag^oiire an unsteady, quaking, miry bog. 
 
 gawgivay a passage way, — from Angl. *gang' a going. 
 
 liartslioni a preparation of ammonia, formerly pro- 
 cured from the horns of the hart or stas;. 
 
 * Commonly called simple, but in 'grasshopper,' while 'hopper' is an integ- 
 ral word, it is not simple. 
 
SYNTHESLS. 27 
 
 liawtliOMl a liedge-thorn, — Angl. 'haga' hedge, haw. 
 lodestar (Augl. 'Idd' a ivay, a voyage; 'ladman' a 
 
 leader, a pilot,) the polestar, from guiding. 
 redstart a bird with a red (Dut. staart) tail. 
 nostrils old Eng. ' nose-thirles/ ' nosthrils/ from thirl, 
 
 thrill to bore. 
 stepsoii (Angl. 'stepan' to bereave,) a son who has 
 
 lost a parent and acquired another by the marriage of 
 
 the remaining parent. 
 ivalriis German * walross ' ivhale-horse ; Anglosaxon 
 
 ' hors-hwxl ' (se. in at, ' v ' as vo) horse-whale. 
 iviiicirall fruit or branches thrown down by the wind ; 
 
 hence, an unexpected advantage. 
 
 In a word like 'idolatry,' composed of 'idol,' and 
 •-latry ' (worship) — as speech is without hyphens, we can- 
 not indicate the parts on the blackboard either as ido-latry 
 or idol-atry, because the two Vs of the Greek original 
 (Sidololatr^ia) are represented by a single I to which 
 both parts have a claim, but as the accent of idol'atry 
 would tend to preserve the first I, it is rather the second 
 which has been neglected, and we may represent the word 
 by " idol-..atry," where the dot^ indicate the neglected I. 
 
 Development of Meanings. 
 
 As there are fewer words than ideas, they are often 
 used to represent wide ranges of meaning, both in their 
 in'tegral and in their compound forms. If therefore we 
 limit the definition of a stem or a word to its primary 
 idea, its connection with its derivatives may seem doubt- 
 ful, and on this account a sufficient number of meanings 
 must be cited to show the successive steps. 
 
 Among the English derivatives of Latin put- are we 
 find ' am-put-ate ' to cut (am-) around, to cut off; ' com- 
 
28 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 pute' to count; 're-pute' to think, to hold in the mind. 
 Eeferring to put-are in the dictionary, we find that it 
 means to clean; to trim, prune, lop, as vines ; hence, (from 
 the idea of keeping vines in order) to arrange, adjust : to 
 adjust accoiints, reckon, compute ; to think over, suppose; to 
 judge, form an opinion. 
 
 By such extensions, poxd-us (a weight, gen. ponderis.) 
 gives PONDER-ARE to weigh ; to weigh in the mind, whence 
 ' ponder ;' and libra (a level, a pair of scales) suggested 
 the mental process of ' deliberation.' 
 
 Hence, to 'ponder' is to think over a subject without the test of a 
 proper experiment, while to 'deliberate' implies an accuracy like that 
 which results from the use of a pair of scales. 
 
 An error is sometimes made in defining * conspirators ' 
 as those who breathe (con-) together ; but spir-are means 
 to blow as well as to breathe, and on taking the prefix, 
 CONSPIRARE drops the idea of breathing, and means to 
 blow together, as a band of trumpeters ; next, in natural 
 order, to harmonise, to be in accord ; afterwards, to accord 
 in sentiment; finally, to plot, conspire, form a conspiracy. 
 Spirare also means to exhale, whence * perspire.' 
 
 Originally, when nerves and sinews were not distin- 
 guished, NERV-us meant sinew, nerve, guitar-string ; and 
 figuratively, force, vigor, energy, whence 'nervous' in 
 the sense of vigorous; but as the nerves (in their re- 
 stricted sense) are connected with sensation, timid people 
 are said to have "weak nerves," to be "nervous," and to 
 " lack nerve." A nervous man cannot make a nervous 
 speech. 
 
 Words like 'mythology' (mythos /a5/e, -log-ia science,) 
 are often referred to 'logos' [word, speech, discourse,) 
 which leads the student to the false inference that -os of 
 'logos' became -y in ' mytholog-y,' and that this word is 
 * mythologos ' in Greek ; but when the two parts are thus 
 
SYNTHESIS. 29 
 
 conjoined, a new meaning results, in which -logos repre- 
 sents the person, for ' mythologos ' means mythologist, and 
 his study takes the form of 'mytholog^ia,' of which the 
 formative i readily falls into final English -y. 
 
 Hibridity. 
 
 Hibridity is the union in a single word, of parts taken 
 from more than one language. In most cultivated lan- 
 guages this is regarded as a fault, but from the mixed 
 nature of English, it cannot be entirely avoided. 
 
 ' Ail-ment,' ' talk-ative,' and ' whims-ic-al ' are English, 
 with Latiu sufiixes : * companion-ship ' (for fellowship) 
 and ' venture-some ' (for adventurous) are varied from 
 Latin, and have English suffixes : ' pyro-lignic ' is Greek 
 and Latin : ^martyr-dom' is Greek and English: 'scholar- 
 ship ' is Greek, Latin, and English. 
 
 Eduction and Absorption. 
 As m is a nasal b, if its nasality be stopped too soon, 
 mb will result, which accounts for the difference between 
 * nuiller-ous ' and ' number ;' ' humility ' and ' humble,' 
 where b is educed from m. ' Spin-er ' (spinner) acquired 
 an educed d from n, which was afterwards absorbed by 
 the d, leaving ' spi..der ' of which the first syllable was 
 lengthened as a compensation for the loss of n. 
 
 Epenthesis 
 is the addition of elements, chiefly to facilitate pronuncia- 
 tion. It adds an element which turns * special' into 
 'especial' and 'coaler' into 'collier.' Such epenthetic ad- 
 ditions are at first meaningless, but they may become 
 significant, as in marking the difference between the pairs 
 
 state e-state squire e-squire scutcheon e-scutcheon spy e-spy 
 3* 
 
30 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 Epenthetic connectives appear in petr-i-fy, myst- 
 i-fy, stell-i-form, ge-o-grapliy, witti-C-ism, tobacco-n-ist, 
 ego-t-ist, blaek-a-moor, — there being no such words or 
 inflections as petri, mysti, stelli, geo, wittic, -ify, -iforin. 
 
 Metath'esis 
 is a transposition or displacement of elements, as in put- 
 ting the r of * three ' after the vowel in ' third.' In the 
 following examples, the lines of the mark X indicate the 
 transposed letters. 
 
 burn 
 
 curl 
 
 foliage 
 
 frith 
 
 granary 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 brand 
 
 cruller 
 
 foil 
 
 firth 
 
 garner 
 
 Induction 
 
 is the influence of classes of words, as when drift, gift, lift, 
 &c., induce ' cliff' to become ' clift.' Poland, for the Ger- 
 man name ' Polen,' is due to names like ' Scotland ' and 
 ' Finland.' 
 
 Oto'sis 
 
 is an error of ear, a mis-hearing, as in making * sapsago ' 
 (a kind of cheese) out of the German * schabzieger,' or 
 in turning the old English guttural gh into / in words 
 like ' rough ' and ' tough.' 
 
 William Caxton (who introduced printing into Eng- 
 land about the year 1474,) mentions an ancient Greek 
 philosopher as Peter Gower.* 
 
 Siradzhu-d-daula, viceroy of Bengal, who took Calcutta 
 in 1756, was mentioned in newspapers of the period as 
 Sir Roger Dowler. 
 
 A famous mountain pass in India named Sakri-gali 
 (from sakra narrow, gali a pass,) is known to the English 
 as Sickly-gully. 
 
 * By a farther perversiou of the old French form Pytagore, of the book- 
 word Pythag'oras. 
 
SYNTHESIS. 31 
 
 Parasyn'esis 
 (Gr. synSsis comprehension ; para' aside, amiss,) a misun- 
 derstanding or misconception of a word all of which is 
 present, as when 'Chinese' is supposed to be a plural, 
 and capable of furnishing 'Chinee' in the singular num- 
 ber. By thus dropping a supposed plural -s or -es, we 
 have formed cyclop (but 'cyclops' is in use), effigy, potato 
 (batatas), pirate, pyrite, satrap, specie (but ' species ' re- 
 mains), stalactite. 
 
 specie-bottle, a wide-mouthed bottle used for species of drugs. 
 molasses (properly melasse) is a plural form used as singular; so is 
 wages, but this was afterwards made plural, with 'wage' in the 
 
 singular. 
 riches is a singular (Fr. richesse) used as a plural. 
 
 French ecrevisse, old English cre'vis and cre'vish became English 
 crayf-ish and crawf-ish — the latter part of the word being mis- 
 taken for Jixh. 
 
 Partly by otosis and partly by parasynesis Fr. saliere (a salt dish) 
 has become salt-cellar; and 'asparagus ' has been mistaken for ' spar- 
 rowgrass.' 
 
 Analepsy 
 is the 7'eparation or amendment of words which have 
 become obscure from a real or supposed loss of parts or 
 meanings. 
 
 The suffix -ster formerly indicated females, as in spin-ster 
 (a female spinn-er,) song-ster (a female sing-er,) but when 
 -ster lost its force, the original meaning of ' songster ' was 
 restored by adding -ess, as in song-str-ess and seam-str-ess. 
 
 The expression " I 'd rather " is often amended with " I 
 had rather," where ' had ' is an error for ' would.' 
 
 The Greek words cyn-ic, mim-ic, mus-ic, log-ic, rhetor-ic, 
 started as adjectives, and when they became English nouns, 
 and an adjective form was required, -al was added, whence 
 not only cyn-ic-al, mus-ic-al, log-ic-al, rhetor-ic-al, but 
 also inductive (p. 30) forms like angel-ic-al, con-ic-al, 
 
32 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 cub-ic-al, desj^ot-ic-al, emphat-ic-al, method-ic-al, sym- 
 metr-ic-al, cylindr-ic-al, splier-ic-al, where -al is useless. 
 
 The formative TJ of con-tin-u-ous losing its force, the 
 word was patched with -al, forming con-tin-u-al, -ous 
 representing the Latin nominative sign -us. 
 
 AVe have -ate and -ed (forms of the same suffix) in 
 dement-ate, dement-ed, dement-at-ed ; serr-at-ed ; lun-at-ed. 
 
 'Historian' started in Greek as 'histor' (a personal 
 noun in -tor, like sculp-tor), whence the secondary noun 
 ' historia ' (history), and this served as a base for the 
 English personal noun * historian,' which contains the 
 personal idea twice. So 'augur' (a soothsayer) has a 
 second form ' augurer ;' and the Hebrew plural cherub-im 
 sometimes appears as cherub-im-s, ' lesser ' and ' nearer ' 
 ('near' being an old comparative of 'nigh') are partly 
 due to this head, and partly to the induction (p. 30) of 
 comparatives in -er. 
 
 Euphemism 
 sometimes affects the form of a word, as when the name 
 of a locality is changed from Hellgate to Hurlgate. An 
 attempt to anglicise the German name ' Kre'ty ' resulted 
 in the Irish form * Grady,' and the Irish name ' Prunty ' 
 took the Greek form ' Bronte.' 
 
 Representation. 
 
 When shortened words are compared with their orig- 
 inals, care must be taken to determine the neglected 
 elements, or laws of speech and of et}miology will be 
 perverted. At the first view, an interchange of m and 
 71 seems to be present in 'name' and 'noun,' but the 
 base ' nomiu ' of ' nomin-al ' gives n to nou..n and m to 
 name.,, these two consonants being representatives and 
 not mutations of each other in these words. 
 
 The ai of ' rail ' has not become u in ' rule,' but the 
 
SYNTHESIS. 33 
 
 latter represents the former next the r of eegula, from 
 which ' rail ' retains the first, second, and fifth elements 
 (REguLa), while ' rule ' retains the first, fourth, and 
 fifth (RegULa), ^Yhen the neglect of * eg ' brings u to the 
 second place. 
 
 In going from * pulver(ise) ' to * powder,' v seems to 
 become c?, or d seems a permutation of I, — but v was lost 
 from old English pould..er (= poolder), the oo of which 
 became oiv in ' powder,' and d was educed from I before it 
 was neglected. 
 
 Care must be taken not to mistake examples of repre- 
 sentation for those of mutation, as in * delu..ge ' fi'om 
 DiLUYiu™ (p. 22), where *ge' (=dzh) is a mutation of 
 the vowel, to which it has an etymologic relation, whilst 
 it has merely a representative relation to the lost v. 
 Similarly, an epenthetic e before sc, and the subsequent 
 loss of the s, seems to point to an aflinity between e (e in 
 they) and s in French and English, which does not exist — 
 
 scarlet stable spine scripture scum school 
 
 ^..carlate e.. table e..pino e..cri..ture e..cume e..cole 
 
 In Greek and Latin, ts, ds, are not sequents {t, d, are 
 not followed by s), consequently, if participial s is re- 
 quired after d or t, as in pro-vi<le-pro-vicl-s-ion ; re-mit- 
 re-mit-S-ion, the dental (t or d) is either dropped or 
 assimilated, forming pro-vi..s-ion (where the d is dropped) 
 and re-miss-ion (where t is assimilated, as sho^vn by the 
 doubled s in Latin). This change makes s the represen- 
 tative of the nearly related t, d. The similar relation 
 with n, r, accounts for forms like ad-here-ad-hc-S-ion ; 
 de-poii-ent-de-po..-S-it ; respond-response. But in these 
 examples of representation, a mutational influence is 
 present. 
 
34 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 Par op' sis 
 
 is (Gr. o'psis) a looking (para') beyond or beside, imply- 
 ing a false view, such as an error in print, writing, or 
 reading. 
 
 As I and h may be written much alike, this may ac- 
 count for a former spelling of Bahelmandeh as Bahel- 
 mandel. 
 
 Paropsis includes such misrSad words as philology 
 for philology, engine for engine, eye-talian for It-alian, 
 pie-auo for pian'o, nigh-ther for neither (=nee'ther), 
 raillery for raillery (=rairery, corresponding with 
 * rally,' not with * rail '), wind for wind. 
 
 Initial 'k8 being diflBcult in speech, the k would be likely to be 
 neglected, leaving s and turning 'kserkses' into 'serkses' — but the 
 letters ' X ' and ' Z ' are somewhat alike and their confusion has given 
 the same initial sound to the names Xeno and Zeno in English. 
 
35 
 
 CHAPTER 5. PARESIS. 
 
 After words are built up by synthesis (p. 26), they 
 are subject to modificatiou by par'&is or neglect, which 
 has turned (saxifrage) 
 
 s a c s i f r a ge into 
 sa .. saf r a s 
 
 by neglecting to pronounce the cay of x, and by allowing 
 the middle vowel and final consonant to be replaced by 
 others. Although such changes are due to carelessness, 
 inattention, and ignorance, they result in a multitude of 
 new and useful words. 
 
 In many cases, the longer word in the following ex- 
 amples is a book-word introduced after the shorter form 
 has been in use, consequently, the latter is not a direct 
 derivative of the former, the two having entered the 
 language independently. 
 
 Paresis or neglect performs an important part in pro- 
 ducing derivative words. The loss of elements is often 
 followed by a change of meaning; and the new forms 
 are not usually such as result from removing affixes for 
 the purpose of restoring a previous condition. 
 
 Blackboard exercises should be written in the following manner — 
 movement manoeuvre hospital blaspheme 
 mo.. ment man ..u.. re ho.. ..tel bla me 
 
 Greek — p eH r o s eM i n o n 
 p a .. r .. s .. 1 ey 
 
 c e 1 e ry 
 
 where -ry of *cele-ry ' is set apart, being an independent suflBx, perhaps 
 suggested by the r of ' parsley.' 
 
36 
 
 PARESIS. 
 
 adjut-ant ai..d. 
 ainbul-ate amb..le 
 angul-ar ang..le 
 aper-ient Ap..r-il 
 ap'plicable appli'..able 
 apprehend appre..nt-iee 
 
 aptitude a..ttitude 
 armature arm. .or 
 Armenian ermine.. 
 Augustin Au..stin 
 balsam ba^.m 
 benediction ben. .i.. son 
 
 benignity benign 
 Bethlehem bedL.am 
 blossom bloo..m 
 hoTOugh bur..g 
 bowel bavou.. 
 ealc-areous chark-y 
 
 capital ca..tt..le 
 captive cai..tiff 
 castle cha..teau 
 eauda-1 cue., queue.. 
 chirurgeon s..urgeon 
 cholera choler.. 
 
 cleric cler..k 
 collect' cull., 
 "•"colone clown 
 column colo..nnade+ 
 compute coun..t 
 concept concei..t 
 
 conduct. .er cond»/i..t 
 
 con-fide de-fy.. 
 
 con-fid-ence af-fi..ance dubious dou6-t 
 
 conven-t-ionco..Ten-ant duplic-ate double. 
 eject je..t ju..t 
 elect eli..te 
 
 cover ke..r-chief 
 credent mis-cre..ant 
 crisp cra..pe 
 crude cru..el 
 crypt gro..tt-o 
 cucurbit ..goHr..d 
 
 damascene dam.. son 
 debt d..ue 
 decadence decay., 
 deception decei..t 
 decim-al d..ime 
 declination declen-sion 
 
 defect defea..t 
 de-grade r. de-gree.. )i. 
 delectable deli^/it-ful 
 deposit depo..f 
 desider-ate desi..re 
 designate design 
 
 de-spic-able ..spi..te food fo..-ster 
 
 de-struct-ive de-stroy.. fragile frai..l 
 
 dictate di..tt-y Prankish Fren..cli 
 
 dig-n-it-y dei^n, dis- frater-nal fri..ar 
 
 dai..n condiyn fric-ass-ee fry.. 
 
 eremite her..mit 
 estim-ate ai..m 
 evet ef..t 
 evid-ent vie..w 
 evil i..ll 
 exemplar ..sampler 
 
 ex-cortic-ate ..s-corch 
 explicate exploi..t 
 extraneous ..strange 
 extra-vag-ant ..stray., 
 fact fea..t 
 factitious fetish 
 
 fantasy fan..cy 
 febrifuge feverfew^ 
 feroci-ous fier..ce 
 fidelity fe..al..ty 
 flagellate flai..l 
 foc-al fu..el cur-few.. 
 
 dilate delay.. 
 
 diluvial delu..ge^.22. 
 disport ..sport 
 distracted distrau^At 
 distress ..stress 
 dolphin dau..phin 
 drachm dra..m 
 
 drag draw., dray., 
 drajgle trai..l 
 
 cook cu..-linary 
 coppice cop..se 
 
 +corone crown 
 corpse cor..se corjjs 
 cortic-al cor..k 
 courtesy curt..sy 
 
 eleemos-ynary a/..m..s 
 emend ..mend 
 emmet an..t* 
 engine ..gin 
 
 friction fray..fre..t 
 
 fruct-i-fy fru?'..t 
 gander goo..se 
 genteel jaunty., 
 genteel gent..le 
 gigantic gi..ant 
 glyc'er-ine) ..lic-o(rice) 
 
 gust-o dis-gust gou..t 
 halser haw..ser 
 hedge haw. .(thorn) 
 Hieronymus ..Jero..me 
 Hispania ..Spain 
 Hispaniola ..spaniel 
 
 history ..story 
 hyacinth ..jacinth p. 21. 
 hydropsy ..dropsy 
 insulate L.solate 
 
PARESIS. 
 
 37 
 
 i-gno-ble ..noble 
 i-gnorant un-i-nowing 
 im-plic-ate imply., 
 invidious envi..ous 
 indiction indi..te 
 inimic-al enemy.. 
 
 inimic-al en..mi..ty 
 integer enti..re 
 invective invei^A 
 junction join..t jun..to 
 juniper gin., 
 juvenile ju..nior 
 
 lad(-ess) la..ss 
 latest la..st 
 lavender lau..ndry 
 laverock la..r..k 
 layer lai..r 
 league al-li..ance 
 
 lection lesson 
 ligament li..en, al-ly.. 
 lixivium lye., 
 lobby lo..dge 
 loc-al lieu., 
 long-evi-ty a..ge 
 
 Longobard Lom..bardt 
 niaeul-ate mo..le(a spot) 
 magister-y ma..ster-y 
 market mar.,t 
 masculine ma..le 
 massive massy.. 
 
 mayhem mai,.m 
 median mea..n 
 +mediety m..oiety 
 +nie^k-ed ma..-de 
 mensur-able mea..sure 
 \\(jht mai..-n 
 
 minister min..st..r-el 
 mix-t me..s-t-izo 
 model mo. .Id 
 monastery min..ster.. 
 4 
 
 monster mu..ster 
 muscul-ar muscle 
 native na..ive 
 naught no..t 
 navig-ation navvy., 
 negation de-ni..-al 
 
 ni^^er ne..ar 
 nomin-al nou..n 
 Norweg-ian Norway.. 
 +n-other n-o..r 
 noxious noi,.-some 
 nutri-ment nou-r-ish 
 
 obedience obei..sance 
 oct-u-ple eight-{o\d 
 ordinance ord. .nance 
 or-pi-ment orpi..n 
 ossifrage os..prey.. 
 ostiary u..sh..er 
 
 other o..r 
 pag-an pea..-s-ant 
 palmate pa^m 
 parabola parab..le 
 parable par.. Icy 
 paralysis pa..l..sy.. 
 
 particle par..cel 
 pauper poo..r 
 pectoral poi..t..rel 
 penitence pen..ance 
 penit-ent re-pen. .t-ant 
 periculous peri..lous 
 
 per-secute s..ue pur- 
 6..ue s..uit ens..ue 
 petr-i-fy pie..r 
 phantasm fant..om 
 phrenetic fran,.tic 
 piety pi..ty 
 
 pigment pai..nt 
 plic-ate plea..t ply.. 
 Pontefract Pom..fre..t 
 ^positure pos..ture 
 
 plenit-ude plen..t-y 
 potent pow..-erful 
 pred-atory prey., 
 pre-dic-ate prea..ch 
 prehension pri..s..on 
 presbyter pries. .t.. 
 
 procuracy proc-cy 
 procuriitor proctor 
 provide purvey., 
 pro-vid-ent pru..d-ent 
 pugnacious im-pur/n 
 pumice poun..cet 
 
 punct-ure poin..tJ 
 RADIUS ray., 
 receive recei/)t 
 rectangle ri^Atangle 
 redemption r..an..somt 
 re-duc-t-ion sub-due.. 
 
 regal re..rjl-m 
 regn-ant rei^n-ing 
 regulator r,.ul..er 
 remain rem..n-ant 
 re-mov-ed re-mo. .te 
 replication reply.. 
 
 respect' r^spL.tc 
 retract retrea..t 
 rotund rou..nd 
 rup-t-ure rou..t 
 salv-age sa..ve sa..fe 
 sanct-i-ty sain..ti 
 
 saxifrage sa..ssafras 
 scandal s.. lander 
 secure s..ure 
 senior si. .re s..i..r 
 shire-reeve sher..iflf 
 sigil sea..l 
 
 signature sign 
 species spice 
 spelter (zinc) ..pew..ter 
 spirit sp..rite 
 
38 
 
 PARESIS. 
 
 spons-or e-spou..s-al 
 sprig spray., 
 straggle stray., 
 strict strai..t 
 subduce subdue., 
 super'ficies su..rface 
 
 super-vise su..r-vey.. 
 su-spec-t de-spi..te 
 sylv-an sa..v-age 
 tabul-ate tab..le 
 tegul-ar ti..le 
 tell tal-k 
 
 tenth ti..the 
 think thou^r^-t 
 tinct-ure tin..t tain..t 
 trac-t trai..< trea..t 
 trac-t-ate trea..t-y, -ise 
 transpass tre..s-pass 
 
 trough tray 
 tug tow..u. 
 unc-t-ion oin..t-ment 
 use u..tensil 
 van-it-y vaun..t 
 varlet va..let 
 
 vestiary vest..ry 
 vitul-ine vea..l 
 viv-id vi..t-al 
 vocal vow.. el 
 vote vow., 
 vulgar fo^k 
 
 wagon wai..n 
 wal-tz wa?-k 
 will wou/d 
 worth wor..ship 
 yell-ow yo^k 
 young you..th 
 
 Observe, that it is not ad- of 'adjutant' that becomes 'aid,' but t of 
 the former becomes d of the latter. In cases like ambul-ate, angul-ar, 
 it is easy to see that the parts (-ate, -ar) set off by hyphens, have 
 nothing to do with amb..le, ang..le; and that the suffix -il of Ap..r-il 
 is different from -lent of aper-ient. Bur..g has lost the second vowel 
 of hurough, but retains the final consonant wanting in the latter. 
 
39 
 
 CHAPTER 6. GRAMMAR. 
 
 In looking at the composition of words like 
 
 falsify to make false purify to make pure 
 
 justify to make just rectify to make right 
 
 classify to arrange in order versify to make verse 
 
 we must not suppose that * -ify ' represents make, for in 
 these words, * -fy ' alone has this meaning, and to include 
 the ' -i- ' as part of it, would be like making * iform ' the 
 latter part of uniform, multiform, cruciform, vermiform ; 
 or like dividing * Scottstown ' into ' Scott * and * stown/ 
 
 This brings us to the grammatic inflections of such 
 words in Latin. The Latin verb fall-o (I miss, /ai7, 
 cheat,) has for its participle and adjective fal-s-us {false^ 
 where -us indicates the nominative case and masculine 
 gender, of which the genitive* case fal-s-i of false) is 
 used in fals-i-fy, and the same nominative -us has -I gen- 
 itive in just-i-fy, rect-i-fy, clar-i-fy, pur-i-fy, null-i-fy, where 
 * -fy ' is a short form of -fie- (also -fee-, fac- make,) as in 
 ampl-i-fic-at-ion (a making wide or ample.) 
 
 The fact that words like pac:i-fic, spec^i-fic, terr^i-fic 
 end like poet-ic, caused them to be accepted as adjectives 
 in -ic ; but the adjective power of the Latin word belongs 
 to the lost suflix of terr-i-fic-us. This affords an ex- 
 ample of parasynesis (p. 31). 
 
 'Amplification' is not derived from 'amplify,' nor satis-fac-t-ion 
 from * satisfy,' because the original stems * fie ' and ' fac * have a cay 
 which the remnant ' fy * cannot give. Authors who follow this method 
 assign an older 'test-y' (as if head-j) to a newer French 'te..te' head 
 (which cannot give the « of the old French 'teste'), — 'taste' to Fr. 
 'ta..ter,' and others. Never cite a word as an original which cannot 
 account for a supposed derivative. 
 
 * Implying of, and constituting the ' possessive ' case of English Grammar. 
 
40 GRAMMAR. 
 
 HORT-us (a garden), hort-i (of a garden), hort-i-cul-ture 
 (culture of a garden.) crux (a cross), CRUC-is (of a cross,) 
 cruc-i-form (having the form of a cross.) 
 
 VER-us (true, gen. ver-i) gives ver-i-ty; but var^^i-us 
 (various, gen. VAR-i-i) gives var-i-e-ty, to prevent the 
 repetition ' ii,' and pi-us (pious, gen. pi-i) gives pi-e-ty 
 for the same reason. 
 
 The nominative and genitive are alike in class-is (a 
 class,) whence class-i-fy which we may write with the 
 nominative mark (•), the genitive (:), or class-:i-fy with 
 both. 
 
 FORT-is (strong,) fort-i-fy (to make strong). 
 
 MOLL-is (soft), moll-i-fy (to make soft). 
 
 VERM-is (a worm,) verm-i-form. 
 
 ENS-is (a sword,) ens-i-form, where the parts are adapted 
 by rejecting final -s. But the -s is retained in sat-is-fy (to 
 cause to have enough, to sate,) from sat-is (enough,) 
 which has adverbial -is. 
 
 PAX (peace) gen. pac-is, whence pac-i-fic. 
 
 Ipex (the top) gen. apic-is, whence apic-al. 
 
 MANUS (hand) gen. man-us, whence man-u-al. 
 
 MORS (death) gen. mort-is, whence morti-fy, mort-al. 
 
 The genitive case of fruct-us (frui..t), vers-us (a 
 verse, a turn,) is fruct-us, versus, hence the -i- of 
 fruct-i-fy and vers-i-fy is not a genitive sign, but a con- 
 nective (p. 30) induced (p. 30) by the frequency of the 
 genitive -I. 
 
 ON-us (a burden) gen. 6n-er-is, whence exon-er-ate. 
 
 The Latin corp-us (a body, whence corp..se and corjo..s), 
 has the genitive case corp-or-is, whence corp'-or-al (re- 
 lating to the body), and corp-6r'-e-al (having a body), in 
 which an additional word is made by an -e- which is 
 formative, but not grammatic, although elements which 
 give grammatic forms and meanings, are formative also. 
 
GRAIVOIAR. 41 
 
 Formative 'e' and 'i' are present in Europ-e'-an, 
 Athe'n-i-an, gen-i-us, re-me'd-i-al ; and a final 'y' is 
 printed for 'i,' as in re-m'ed-y, master-y, mis'er-y, 
 mytholog-y. Tliey are also present in stup-e-fy, liqu-e-fy, 
 terr-i-fy, fur-i-ous, gen-e-sis, id-e-a, Ind-i-a, Austral-i-a. 
 
 The 'e' with which *rose' and 'line' are written, has 
 nothing *to do with the formative ' e ' of ros-e-ate and 
 lin-e-al, being added to secure the pronunciation of the 
 vowel. 
 
 Gender. French relinquished the Latin suffixes for 
 case and gender, as masc. -US, fem. -A, neut. U°, and 
 rejecting the neuter, was left with but two genders. De- 
 prived of their gender suffixes, Latin -iv-us, -iv-A would 
 become -iv which French took as -ive in the feminine 
 and -if in the masculine, so that Lat. captivus, captiva, 
 became French m. ' captif,' /. 'captive' whence English 
 * cai..tiff' and ' captive' — 
 
 restiff restive brief breve blank blanch 
 
 4 * 
 
 Li b U A it 
 UNIVKUSITY OI- 
 
 CALIFORNL . 
 
42 
 
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS. 
 
 English words present certain resemblances, as be- 
 tween ' ulcerate ' (to become an ulcer,) and * personate ' 
 (to imitate a person), where -ate not only extends the 
 meaning of * ulcer ' and ' person,' but it turns these nouns 
 into verbs. In ' passionate,' -ate turns a noun into an 
 adjective, and in ' consulate ' (the office of a consul,) it 
 gives a derivative noun. 
 
 In * ulcerate,' -ate is an affix, and also a suffix — because 
 placed after the stem * ulcer.' An affix is so named be- 
 cause it is fixed or joined (AF-* for ad) to, whether before 
 or after. A suffix is something joined (suf-^ for sub 
 below, behind, or) after ; and prefixes are placed (pre-) 
 before their stems. A stem is the part to which an affix 
 is joined. In ' ulcer- at-ion,' * ulcerat ' is a stem to -ion, 
 and ' ulcer ' to -at-ion. 
 
 coiig^lutiiiate to unite (con-) with glue or gluten ; 
 concentrate to bring (con-) together to a centre ; 
 conglobate brought together in the shape of a globe ; 
 consolidate to make solid. Here, in addition to the 
 suffix -ate, we have con-, which we judge to be a prefix, 
 because we observe that it stands before parts or stems 
 which we recognise as the separate words gluten, centre, 
 globe, solid. AVe observe farther, that several of these 
 stems are varied in form, to adapt them to their position, 
 in which they may be compared to timbers which require 
 to be trimmed into proper shape, before they can take 
 their place in a building. 
 
ANALYSIS. 
 
 43 
 
 Prefixes are often thus fitted to stems, as when con- 
 becomes CO- in ' co-equal ' (equal with) ; or when its n is 
 assimilated to a lip consonant by becoming m, as in 
 'commix' (to mix together), 'compatriot' (a fellow 
 countryman.) In the same manner, con- becomes col- by 
 assimilation before I, as in 'collocate' (to locate with, or 
 together ; to arrange) ; and it takes the form cor- before ?•, 
 as in ' correspond ' (to respond with ; to agree.) It is 
 clear that this assimilative change is due to the difii- 
 culty of pronouncing words like con-mix, con-locate, 
 con-respond, con- motion. 
 
 Qu. How do we know that col- and cor- are forms of con-, and not 
 distinct prefixes? Ana. We know that col- and cor- stand for con- in 
 such words, because ancient Latin inscriptions are in existence, which 
 give such double forms as collisio and conlisio (collision), conuEcxou 
 
 and CONRECTOR. 
 
 In adaptiug the prefix ex (out, out of,) it may become 
 EC- and E-, as in 
 
 e-nerv-ate to deprive of nervo or force j to un-nerve. 
 evaporate to go out or oflF in vapor. 
 
 ec-centr-ic or excentric out of centre; odd; singular. 
 e-labor-ate to work out; spend labor on; worked out. 
 collaborate to labor with, or together. 
 
 In the next table, stems and derivatives are printed so 
 as to exhibit their mutual relations. 
 
 cave 
 
 a hoUoic j)lace. 
 
 firm 
 
 strong. 
 
 excavate 
 
 to holloio out. 
 
 confirm 
 
 to make strong. 
 
 cav:i-ty 
 
 a hollowed ]}lace. 
 
 infirm 
 
 not strong ; feeble. 
 
 dense close. 
 
 dens:i-ty closeness. 
 condense to make close. 
 
 grave weight]/; solemn. 
 
 grav.:i-ty weight; seriousness. 
 grievous hard to be borne. 
 
 fame 
 
 renoioi. 
 
 taste 
 
 one of the senses. 
 
 famous 
 
 renowned. 
 
 tasty 
 
 showing taste. 
 
 defame 
 
 to deprive of fame. 
 
 distaste 
 
 want of relish. 
 
44 ANALYSIS. 
 
 note to mark; to observe. pure clean. 
 
 denote to mark ^pecialli]. pur:i-ty cleanness. 
 
 notable worthy of note. pur:i-fy to viake clean. 
 
 null of no value. sole alone ; single. 
 
 annul to make void. solitude loneliness. 
 
 null:i-ty nothingness. de-sol-ate made lonely ; ruined. 
 
 press to crush ; to squeeze. vile low, mean. 
 
 compress to press together. revile to reproach. 
 
 repression a pressing bach. vil-i-fy to make (vIl-is) vile. 
 
 Hundreds of words enable us to separate and to deter- 
 mine the force of their component parts ; but there are 
 many which differ from the preceding examples in the 
 fact that, although they are shown to be derivatives by 
 their known affixes, and by their meanings, their steins are 
 not in use as English words. Nevertheless, such words 
 must be treated as derivatives, whether their stems are 
 known words or not.* 
 
 If * press ' as a separate word had been lost from all 
 languages, such evident derivatives as depress, express, 
 impress, repress, suppress, would furnish it; and with 
 equal facility we get a stem ' pel ' and its meaning drive^ 
 from expel to drive out ; impel to drive on ; repel 
 to drive back ; propel to drive forward ; dispel to 
 drive asunder, as clouds. 
 
 Qu. If English were the only known language, should 'propel' and 
 * repel' be regarded as unconnected, and each assumed to be a primitive 
 word? Ans. They should not; because, if 'propel' means to drive 
 forward, and 'repel' means to drive back, — as 'pel* is a part of both 
 words, and drive a part of both definitions, 'pel' necessarily means 
 drive, 'pro' moans forward, and 're-' means back. 
 
 Qu. What do you make of 'redeem?' Ans. If it were not for one 
 thing, I would say that, as ' redeem ' means to buy back, re- should 
 mean back, leaving 'deem' to mean buy. 
 
 * In the following pairs, different words are built up in the same manner 
 from different stems- 
 veracity confidence congregate perforate collocate irritate social 
 sagacity confluence confiscate percolate colligate irrigate genial 
 
ANALYSIS. 45 
 
 Qu. But ' deem * means to think, to judge, and locally, a judge is 
 called a 'deemster.' Besides, rk- is Latin, and 'deem' is English, 
 making this supposed 'RE-deem' a hibrid (p. 29), and analysis which 
 makes a word a hibrid, is to be treated with distrust. But what is the 
 "one thing" to which you alluded? Am. It is, that while stems like 
 'pel' (drive) and *trac-t' (draw) afford several derivatives, such as 
 repel, propel, dispel; retract, extract, distract, contract, attract, the 
 supposed stem 'deem' of 'redeem' occurs with but one prefix, and 
 unless such single examples exhibit their parts clearly, a supposed 
 composition like 're-deem' must be regarded as doubtful. 
 
 Obs. We have seen (p. 43) that ex has the forms e- and EC- j similarly, 
 RE- has the form red- in the Latin word red-im-o {I re-purchase, whence 
 red-eem,) from em-o / buy, obtain; emp-t-us bought, obtained; 
 exemptus taken (ex) out, released, whence ex-emp-t, where p is 
 educed from m. Consequently, there is no such word as re-deem in the 
 sense of a stem 'deem' with a prefix re-. 
 
 Qu. What do you make of 'icicle'? Ans. It should not be assumed 
 to be a hibrid by comparing it with 'particle' (a small part), but we 
 must trace its history, when we find it as Anglosaxon is-gicel {g in give, 
 c as k) ; Dutch ijskegel ice-cone ((/ as y in my). 
 
 The stems of the following derivatives are recognisable, 
 notwithstanding their absence as separate English words. 
 
 agent (one) doing or acting. cap-t-ive one caught or held. 
 
 aC't (something) done. ca-p-a,G:i-tj power of holding. 
 
 exal't to make high; e-lev-nte. proceed to go (pro) foncard. 
 altii't-ude hight ; e-lev-a-tion. recede to go (re-) back. 
 
 ann-u-al yearly. certain sure. 
 
 ann-ud-ty yearly stipend. certes surely. 
 
 ardent burning ; zealous. exclude to shut (ex) out. 
 
 ardor xcarmth ; zeal. seclude to shut (se-) apart. 
 
 aud^i-ble that may be heard. culpable icorthy of blame. 
 
 aud^i-t-or a hearer. exculpate to clear from blame. 
 
 "bell-ic-ose /jrojie to rear. recur to run back; return. 
 
 rebel' to war (re-) back. concur to meet (or act) together. 
 
 imbibe to drink in. decent ^ro^jer, becoming, 
 
 hihulous drinking in ; spongy. dec:oT-um propriety. 
 
 canine pertaining to dogs. indicate to point out. 
 
 cynic (Gr.) doglike; surly. dic-t-ion mode of speech. 
 
46 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 dol-or grief. 
 condole to grieve (con-) with. 
 
 donate to give, 
 donor a giver. 
 
 endure to last; to hear, 
 durable lasting. 
 
 equal even ; just. 
 equ:i-ty justice. 
 
 defend to strike; to avert. 
 fender a protector, 
 
 refer to hear hack. 
 defer to put off. 
 
 fervor heat; warmth; zeal, 
 fervent hoiling ; zealous. 
 
 confide to trust much. 
 diffidence icatrt of trust. 
 
 figure a form, shape, outline. 
 effig==y (s=l.ES) a likeness; image. 
 
 final at the end. 
 finish to end; the end. 
 
 focus meeting point of rays, 
 focal pert, to a focus or h'arth. 
 
 fragment hit broken off. 
 fragile easily brok-en. 
 
 fugitive feeing; escaping, 
 f ngucious feeting; volatile. 
 
 fulgid bright; shining. 
 effulgent shining (ex) out. 
 
 congeal to freeze (cON-) together. 
 gelid very cold; frozen. 
 
 gerent bearing. 
 aligerous icing-bearing; winged. 
 
 glac*i-al relating to ice. 
 glac*i-er afield of ice. 
 
 grat<u-it-ous done ojtt of favor. 
 grata- t-udo thankfulnes». 
 
 exhale to breathe (exj out. 
 inhal-at-ion a breathing in. 
 
 adhere to stick (ad) to. 
 
 cohere to stick (co-, con-) together. 
 
 horror o shuddering fear, 
 horrid exciting horror. 
 
 humid moist. 
 humor moisture. 
 
 image a likeness. 
 imitate to copy. 
 
 collide to strike together. 
 elide to strike out. 
 
 lift to raise up. 
 lever a raising bar. 
 
 local pertaining to a place. 
 locate to put in place. 
 
 remain to stay (re-) hack. 
 permanent staying (per) entirely. 
 
 malice ill-will, sjjite. 
 malig^n-ant spiteful. 
 
 command to order; authority. 
 mandate a command. 
 
 permeate to go or pass through. 
 immeable not allowing passage. 
 
 remed=*y means of cure; to restore. 
 med-ic-ine the art of healing. 
 
 mental pertaining to the mind. 
 dementate deprived of mind. 
 
 minute' very small. 
 diminish to lessen. 
 
 admire to wonder (ad) at. 
 
 mirr-or object used in admiring. 
 
 admonish to warn, remind. 
 mon-it-or he who reminds. 
 
 mor:t-al subject to death. 
 mor:t^u-ar-y a burial-place. 
 
ANALYSIS. 
 
 47 
 
 mural pertaining to a wall. 
 immured imprisoned. 
 
 mnt-at-ion change. 
 immutable unchangeable. 
 
 naval pertaining to shipping. 
 nav-ig-ate to manage shipping. 
 
 noc=u-ous producing harm. 
 innocent not harming; harmless. 
 
 renovate to make neio (re-) again 
 nov-el-ty something new. 
 
 connub^i-al pert, to marriage. 
 nup-tri-als marriage rites. 
 
 num-er-ous being many. 
 enum-er-ate to count (e-) ont. 
 
 od=i.um hatred. 
 od=i-ous hateful. 
 
 adoring addressing, beseeching, 
 or-at-ion a (formal) speech. 
 
 adorn to beautify; add beauty. 
 ornate decorated. 
 
 oval egg-shaped. 
 
 ovoid somewhat egg-shaped. 
 
 COmpaC't driven (cox-) together. 
 impaC't a driving (in) against. 
 
 patent open (to all) 
 patulous expanding. 
 
 pathos (Gr.) emotion; feeling. 
 pathetic causing emotion. 
 
 pat»=i-ent suffering; enduring. 
 pat=i-ble sufferable. 
 
 expel to drive out. 
 repel to drive back. 
 
 peninsul-a almost an island. 
 penultimate almost the last. 
 
 depend to hang (DE)/ro;H or doion. 
 pendent hanging; sus-pend-ed. 
 
 pious devout. 
 piety devotion. 
 
 depic-t to paint. 
 
 piC't-ure a painting. 
 
 portable that may be carried. 
 porter a carrier. 
 
 private one's own. 
 deprive to take away what one has. 
 
 "pensbl relating to punishment. ' 
 penitentiary house of sorrow. 
 
 punish to cause pain. 
 impunity without punishment. 
 
 pudicity modesty. 
 impudent not modest. 
 
 deride to laugh at. 
 
 rid-ic-u-lous laughable. 
 
 rigid stiff, hard. 
 rigor stiffness, severity. 
 
 corrode to gnaw (com-) much. 
 erode to eat (e-, ex) out. 
 
 rugose full of icr inkles. 
 corrugate to wrinkle together. 
 
 sal^u-brious health-bringing. 
 sal:=u-tary healthful. 
 
 sepulchre a tomb. 
 sepul't-ure burial. 
 
 desist to stand (dk) from; cease. 
 assist to stand (ad) at or by; aid. 
 
 console to cheer or comfort. 
 solace comfort. 
 
 solar pertaining to the sun. 
 solstice sun-standing. 
 
 son-or-ous yielding sound. 
 resonant sounding (re-) back, 
 
 speculum a looking-glass. 
 inspec-t to look into. 
 
48 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 assume to take (ad) to (one's self.) 
 resume to take back. 
 
 retain to hold back; keep. 
 abstain to hold from. 
 
 tenable that may be held. 
 tenant a holder, an occupier. , 
 
 ted.s'i-um weariness. 
 tedious irksome. 
 
 terr-ene earthly; earthy. 
 inter to put in earth; bury. 
 
 terror fright. 
 terrible causing /right. 
 
 timid a/raid. 
 timorous /hZ^ of fear. 
 
 tum-or a swell-ing. 
 tum-ul-us a mound. 
 
 disturb to disquiet. 
 turbulent disorderly. 
 
 turgid swelled. 
 
 turgescent beginning to swell. 
 
 tutor a guardian; a teacher. 
 tuition wardship; instruction. 
 
 utility usefidness. 
 utensil an implement. 
 
 vac==u-um an empty space. 
 vacant being empty. 
 
 valid having force. 
 valor strength (of mind.) 
 
 vanish to disappear. 
 evanescent passing (e-) away. 
 
 vapor steam-like matter, 
 vapid stale; flavorless, 
 
 convene to come together. 
 inveU't to come upon; find out. 
 
 ver:i-ty truth. 
 veracious truthful, 
 
 avert to turn from. 
 revert to turn back. 
 
 deviate to go from the way. 
 pervious having a way throtigh. 
 
 vivid lively. 
 vivacity liveliness. 
 
 convocation a calling together, 
 revoking a calling back. 
 
 voluntary acting by choice. 
 volition the act of tcilling. 
 
 involve to roll in; entangle. 
 evolve to roll forth; develop. 
 
 voracity greed. 
 devour to eat up. 
 
 vulgar common. 
 divulge to make common, 
 
 beware to be cautious, 
 warn to caution. 
 
 cau-t-ion wariness. 
 cav*=e-at let him beioare. 
 
 The foregoing table gives us over one hundred stems 
 for which it is not necessary to go beyond the English 
 language. In many cases, however, we must study the 
 previous, history of the words, or our conclusions will be 
 erroneous. For example, the same t does not occur in 
 * trans-it ' (trans-i-t-us a going over) and ' ex-it ' (ex-it 
 
ANALYSIS. 49 
 
 he goes out), the former -t being participial, while the 
 latter marks the third person singular, not only of this 
 verb, but of others. ' Exit ' has been adopted from plays, 
 where it directs a character to leave the stage. The root 
 of these words is i (go) present in trans-i-ent across-going. 
 
 The prefix 'a-' of a-part, a-sleep, is not present in 'alone,' which is 
 not to be divided as a-lone, but as al-one or all one, with the old pro- 
 nunciation of one in on-ly, al-one and its short form ..1-one. The 
 tp-sound now heard in ' one,' is an eduction (p. 29) from the true o of 
 old English one. 
 
 In 'organ-ise' the suflBx is -ise, but in ana-ly-se y belongs to the 
 stem. The verb 'analyse' is in this case due rather to the French noun 
 analyse (Gr. analysis) than to the French verb analyser. Analysis is 
 a solving (ana) back; an unraveling. 
 
 Piqiil. Why, in the case of sepul-chre, was not the stem made 
 shorter than sepul-? Ans. Probably because the author could not 
 determine whether to separate a prefix *se-,' as in se-clude (p. 45), or 
 a suflBx '-ul,' as in tum-ul-us (p. 48). 
 
 Allied forms like re-mit, re-miss; ad-mit, ad-missible; re-cede, re-cess; 
 in-vert, inverse; mord-ant, re-morse — are explained under Representa- 
 tion, p. 33. 
 
 The foregoing examples present a preliminary view of the following 
 afiixes. 
 
 Prefixes — a- ab abs, ad as-, be-, co- con- col- com- cor-, de, di- dis- 
 dif-, e- ex, in im-, in-, en-, per, pre-, pro, re-, se-. (15) 
 
 Suffixes a, -able, -ace, -ac:i-ous, -ac:i-ty, -age, -ain (an), -al, -ant, 
 
 -ar, -ar-y, -ate, -at-ion, -ble, -bri-ous, -d, -dom, -ed, -el, -en v, -en a, 
 -ence, -ens-il, -ent, -er, -em, -ess, -et a, -et-ic, -ful, -fy, A-, A-a,\, ^i-ble, 
 -ic, -ice, -icity, -id, *i-ent, -ig-ate, -ignant, -11, -ile, -il-it-y, -ine, -ing, 
 -ion, -ish, -it, -it-ate, -ite, -it-ion, -ive, -ix, -le, -n v. infin., -oid, -or, 
 -or-ous, -OS, -ose, -ous, -t, 't-ary, -t:i-al, -t-ion, -t-or, -t-ude, -t-um, -ty, 
 -u-(formative), -ude, -u-it-ous, -ul-ous, -ul-us, -ul-um, -um, -und, -untary, 
 -ute, -ure, -us, -y. (83) 
 
 6 D 
 
50 
 
 CHAPTER 8. AFFIXES. 
 
 Affixes are additions to roots, stems, and words, in- 
 tended to modify their meaning. 
 
 In some cases an afiSx modifies only the form of a word, like the 
 e- of e-squire (for squire, p. 29) and connective -t- in ego-t-ist (p. 30). 
 
 Affixes (p. 42) are of two kinds of which the prefixes 
 are placed before, and the suffixes after the word-bases 
 they modify. 
 
 We have seen under Dimorphism (p. 24) that a word 
 may in time acquire several forms and meanings, as 
 
 * corsair ' and ' courser,' and in many other cases, although 
 we may know the parts of which a word is composed, 
 their primary meaning will not give us the actual or the 
 figurative signification. For example — 
 
 A 'headstrong' (or self-willed) man may have a weak head. To 
 
 * reach over' is not to * overreach,' to 'come over' is not to 'overcome,' 
 and a 'set up' differs from an 'upset.* 
 
 In modern music, the longest note is named ' semibreve,' because it 
 was once huff of a brief note called a breve. The next longest note is 
 named 'minim' (Lat. minimus least), because it indicated the shortest 
 note used when the term was adopted. 
 
 The month October, which we now make the teiUh, was named when 
 it was counted as (octo eight) the eighth month of the Roman year. 
 
 In some words 'in-' means not, as in 'incorrect' and 'impossible;' 
 but instead of not famous — 'in'famous' means detestable, and 'im'pious' 
 means tcicked. 
 
 The meaning of an affix may become obscured or lost, 
 as in the case of the Arabic article al- (or el-) the, which 
 distinguishes ' alchemy ' from * chimistry ' only as a dif- 
 ferent word, and on this account such an affix becomes 
 verbal. 
 
AFFIXES. 
 
 51 
 
 Some stems take a suffix where others take a prefix, 
 as in — 
 
 author-ise, em-power 
 vili-fy, de-fame 
 rati-fy, con-firm 
 
 life-less, in-animate 
 heed-less, neg-lig-ent 
 faith-less perfid-i-ous 
 
 sour-ish, sub-acid 
 sinful, im-pious 
 tum-ult, up-roar. 
 
 Affixes are absent from many English words, and 
 present in their Latin-English equivalents, as in — 
 
 dull, torp-id 
 drive, im-pel 
 get, re-ceive 
 
 get, ob-tain 
 go, pro-gress' 
 raise, e-lev-ate 
 
 guess, con-jec't-ure 
 rob, de-pred-ate 
 choke, suf-foe-ate 
 
 In the first of the following columns the suffixes are 
 English, opposite to which stand words with suffixes of 
 about the same meaning, derived from Latin, as -ty of 
 liber-ty from -tas of liber-t-as. They are mutually 
 explanatory and show the range of correspondence in 
 meaning, but they must not be regarded as exact equiv- 
 alents. 
 
 Live-ly and viv-id are equally adjectival ; flow-ing and 
 flu-ent are participial ; mov-er and mo-tor are nouns ; 
 mot-ive is primarily an adjective, as in "motive power," 
 but in the expression "a good motive," it becomes a 
 noun ; and a " preventive remedy " is sometimes called a 
 " preventive." 
 
 drunk-ard, 
 nigg-ard, 
 begg-ar-y, 
 
 col-d a. 
 
 kin-d a. 
 
 kin-d n. 
 
 inebri-ate 
 
 mis-er 
 
 mendic-ancy 
 
 gel-id 
 
 gen:t-le 
 
 gendrer 
 
 sor:t 
 
 thral-dom, serv:i-t-ude 
 free-dom, ex-emp-t-ion 
 free-dom, liber-ty 
 king-dom, monarch-y (Gr.) 
 tin-dou-6't-ed in-du-b-it-able 
 fix-ed, station-ary 
 
 kin-d n, 
 kin-d H, speckles 
 floo-d, in-und-at-ion 
 Pope-dom Pap-acy -atia 
 
 prince-dom princip-al.:i-ty 
 wis-dom, sap*i-ence 
 
 curv-ed 
 
 parch-ed, 
 
 crippl-ed, 
 
 un-de-fin-ed 
 
 ad-join-ed 
 
 trav-el, 
 
 eurv-ate 
 ar-id 
 de-crep-it 
 in-de-fin-ite 
 ad-junc't 
 itiner-ate 
 
52 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 
 kern -el, 
 
 nuc-le.us 
 
 gain-ful, 
 
 pro-fit-able 
 
 heath-en, 
 
 pag-an 
 
 law-ful. 
 
 leg-al 
 
 heath-en. 
 
 ethn-ic 
 
 ■wake-ful 
 
 vig-il-ant 
 
 warr-en. 
 
 viv-ar^i.um 
 
 need-ful. 
 
 ne-cess-ary 
 
 warr-en. 
 
 viv-ar=y 
 
 ire-ful 
 
 ir-ate 
 
 clov-en, 
 
 sulc-ate 
 
 neg-lec=t-ful 
 
 neg-lig-ent 
 
 leng-th-en 
 
 e-long-ate 
 
 mirth -ful. 
 
 com-ic 
 
 hidd-en. 
 
 secr-et 
 
 fear-ful. 
 
 tim-id 
 
 hidd-en, 
 
 lat-ent 
 
 frui..^t-ful 
 
 fer-t-ile 
 
 hidd-en. 
 
 re-cond'-ite 
 
 un-law-ful, 
 
 il-lic-it 
 
 soft-en. 
 
 moll.:i-fy 
 
 de-cei..=t-ful i 
 
 de-cep-t-ive 
 
 rott-en. 
 
 putr-id 
 
 fret-ful. 
 
 mor-ose 
 
 barr-en. 
 
 ster-ile 
 
 dou?>'t-ful 
 
 dub==i-OMS 
 
 sull-en, 
 
 mor-ose' 
 
 fruit- ful. 
 
 fec-und 
 
 wood-en. 
 
 lign#e-ous 
 
 God-head, 
 
 De:i-ty 
 
 brok-en, 
 
 ab-rup't 
 
 neighbor-hood, 
 
 vicin-age 
 
 drunk-en, 
 
 tem-ul-ent 
 
 false-hood 
 
 fals:i-ty 
 
 arch-er. 
 
 sagitt-ar==i.us 
 
 en-dur-ing 
 
 dur-able 
 
 begg-ar. 
 
 mendic-ant 
 
 pass-ing n 
 
 . pass-age 
 
 fal-t-er, 
 
 hes-it-ate 
 
 sav-ing. 
 
 frug-al 
 
 mend-er 
 
 e-mend-at-or 
 
 watch-ing 
 
 vig-il-ance 
 
 re-maind-er 
 
 re-man-ent 
 
 ab-ound-ing 
 
 ab-und-ant 
 
 re-maind-er 
 
 re-m..n-ant 
 
 leav-ing n, 
 
 , remn-ant 
 
 neith-er 
 
 neut-er 
 
 swell-ing 71, 
 
 turg-esc-enco 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 pli-able 
 
 flow-ing 
 
 flu-ent 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 pli-ant 
 
 snarl-ing, 
 
 cyn-ic 
 
 limb-er, 
 
 flex:i-ble 
 
 burn-ing. 
 
 torr-id 
 
 limb-er, 
 
 flex-ile 
 
 whirl-ing ??, 
 
 ver-t-igo 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 flacc-id 
 
 ob-lig-ing. 
 
 civ-il 
 
 pound-er, 
 
 pist-il (pestle) 
 
 bear-ing 
 
 fer-t-ile 
 
 corn-er. 
 
 ang-le 
 
 wast-ing 
 
 vast-at-ion 
 
 giv-er. 
 
 don-or 
 
 spread-ing. 
 
 expans-ive 
 
 low-er. 
 
 in-fer:i-or 
 
 manag-ing 
 
 manage-ment 
 
 point-er. 
 
 in-dec-s 
 
 tremb-1-ing 
 
 trem-or 
 
 lay-er. 
 
 stra-t-um 
 
 sound-ing 
 
 son-or-ous 
 
 re-maind-er. 
 
 re-sid=^u-um 
 
 sav-ing H, 
 
 frugal.:i-ty 
 
 re-maind-er. 
 
 re-sid=ue 
 
 will-ing 
 
 vol-unt-ary 
 
 north -em, 
 
 bor^e-al 
 
 hold-ing H, 
 
 ten-ure 
 
 north-ern, 
 
 arct-io 
 
 brut-al-ise 
 
 brut:i-fy 
 
 di-rec-t-r-ess 
 
 di-rec't-r-ix 
 
 peev-ish. 
 
 irrit-able 
 

 AFFIXES. 
 
 53 
 
 brut-ish 
 
 brut-al 
 
 war-like, 
 
 bell-ic-ose 
 
 hufif-ish, 
 
 ar-rog-ant 
 
 un-like-ly. 
 
 im-prob-able 
 
 woman-ish, 
 
 ef-femin-ate 
 
 live-ly, 
 
 viv-ac:i-ous 
 
 em-bell-ish, 
 
 dee:or-ate 
 
 king-ly. 
 
 reg-al 
 
 garn-ish, 
 
 decor-at-ion 
 
 man-ly. 
 
 bum-an(-iN-us) 
 
 whit-ish, 
 
 alb-esc-ent 
 
 world-ly. 
 
 mund-ane " 
 
 clown-ish, 
 
 rust-ic 
 
 neighbor-ly, 
 
 famil=^i-ar (-ar-is) 
 
 freak-ish, 
 
 capr-icious 
 
 will-ing-ly 
 
 vol-unt-ary 
 
 slugg-ish, 
 
 torp-id 
 
 in-stant-ly 
 
 in-stant-er 
 
 fever-ish 
 
 febr-ile 
 
 live-ly. 
 
 viv-id 
 
 pol-ish n. 
 
 pol-it-ure 
 
 wool-ly 
 
 vill-ose 
 
 child-ish, 
 
 infant-ine 
 
 coward-ly. 
 
 tim-or-oj<s 
 
 thiev-ish, 
 
 furt-ive 
 
 king-ly. 
 
 reg:i.us 
 
 dogg-ish, 
 
 mor-ose (-os-us) 
 
 bri-m. 
 
 marg:in 
 
 vapor-ish 
 
 vapor-o»s (-os-us) 
 
 glea-m, 
 
 coruscat-ion 
 
 rak-ish, 
 
 dis-sol-ute 
 
 ste-m. 
 
 cul-m 
 
 knav-ish, 
 
 fraud-ul-ent 
 
 haul-m 
 
 cala-mus 
 
 bul-k, 
 
 quant:i-ty 
 
 gloo-m. 
 
 obscur:i-ty 
 
 grist-le, 
 
 cartil-age (-ago) 
 
 sea-m 
 
 su-t-ure 
 
 midd-le 
 
 med*i-al 
 
 in-bor-n. 
 
 in-na-te 
 
 wrink-le v. 
 
 cor-rug-ate 
 
 tough-ness. 
 
 ten-ac:i-ty 
 
 wrink-le n. 
 
 corrugat-ion 
 
 stubborn-ness. 
 
 obstin-acy 
 
 bund-lo 
 
 fasc-i-cle 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 im-age (-ago) 
 
 bund-le 
 
 fasc-is 
 
 leaf-i-ness, 
 
 fol=i-age(-ATio) 
 
 bund-le 
 
 fasc-ine 
 
 watch-ful-ness 
 
 vig-il-ance 
 
 pest-le 
 
 pist-il 
 
 flesh-i-ness, 
 
 corp-ul-ence 
 
 nimb-le, 
 
 ag-ile (-IL-IS) 
 
 mild-ness, 
 
 clem-ency 
 
 bust-le, 
 
 excite-ment 
 
 just-ness 
 
 just-ice (-Ma) 
 
 bust-le, 
 
 activ:i-ty 
 
 giddi-ness. 
 
 vert-igo 
 
 bust-le. 
 
 tum-ult 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 sim-ile 
 
 pimp-le, 
 
 pust-ule 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 sim-il-ar.i-ty 
 
 thrott-le, 
 
 suf-foc-ate 
 
 like-ness, 
 
 sim-il-it-ude 
 
 thrott-le, 
 
 strang-ul-ate 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 sim-ul=at-ion 
 
 pebb-le, 
 
 cale-ul.us 
 
 devout-ness 
 
 devot-ion 
 
 midd-le 
 
 med^i-um 
 
 sharp-ness. 
 
 acu'-men 
 
 gird-le, 
 
 cinc-t-ure 
 
 wit-ness. 
 
 test-:i-mony(-iu™) 
 
 litt-le, 
 
 min-ute 
 
 pale-ness 
 
 pall-or 
 
 spitt-Ie, 
 
 sali-va 
 
 poo..r-ness 
 
 pover-ty 
 
 moon-let, 
 
 lun-ule 
 
 up-righ-t-ness 
 
 rec'ta-t-ude 
 
 war-like, 
 
 mar:ti-al 
 
 weari-ness, 
 
 taed:=i-um 
 
 5* 
 
 
 
 
54 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 hill-ock, 
 
 tum-ul-us 
 
 stou-t, 
 
 rob-ust 
 
 fag-ot, 
 
 fasc-ine 
 
 shel-ter, 
 
 . secur:i-ty 
 
 shad-ow, 
 
 umbr-age 
 
 streng-th. 
 
 vig-or 
 
 holl-ow, 
 
 cav:i-ty 
 
 tru-th, 
 
 ver:i-ty 
 
 hat-red, 
 
 ab-horr-ence 
 
 bread-th, 
 
 lat:i-t-ude 
 
 hat-red. 
 
 ranc-or 
 
 gir-th. 
 
 cinc-t-ure 
 
 hat-red, 
 
 anim-os:i-ty 
 
 out-ward, ex-t-ei'-n-al 
 
 hat-red. 
 
 od==i-um 
 
 out-ward, ex-t-er:i-or 
 
 bishop-ric 
 
 episcop-ate 
 
 chalk-y. 
 
 cret-ac*e-ous 
 
 friend-ship 
 
 intim-acy 
 
 heart-y 
 
 cord:i-al 
 
 ward-ship, 
 
 pupil-age 
 
 wood-y. 
 
 silv-an (-anus) 
 
 doctor-ship. 
 
 doctor-ate 
 
 beggar-y, i 
 
 mendic-ancy 
 
 horseman-ship. 
 
 equit-at-ion 
 
 empt-y, 
 
 vac-ant 
 
 chaplain-ship 
 
 chaplain-cy 
 
 starr-y 
 
 stell-ar (-Iris) 
 
 fellow-ship. 
 
 commun-ion 
 
 lim-y. 
 
 calc-areous (-ar- 
 
 prentice-ship. 
 
 serv:i-t-ude 
 
 blood-y, sanguin-ary [lus) 
 
 friend-ship, 
 
 ami..-ty 
 
 hurr-y, v 
 
 < acceler-ate 
 
 delight-some. 
 
 pleas-ant 
 
 angr-y a 
 
 ir-ate 
 
 lone-some. 
 
 solit-ary 
 
 fault-y, 
 
 culp-a-ble 
 
 whole-some- 
 
 ness, sal-u-br:i-ty 
 
 earth-y. 
 
 terr-ene 
 
 humor-some, 
 
 capr-icious 
 
 might-y. 
 
 pot-ent 
 
 burden-some, 
 
 oppress-ive 
 
 spring-y, 
 
 elast-ic (Gr.) 
 
 irk-some. 
 
 tedi-OMS 
 
 stick-y. 
 
 vise-id 
 
 lithe-some, 
 
 (see limb-er) 
 
 eas-y. 
 
 fac-ile 
 
 gif-t, 
 
 don-at-ion 
 
 sugar-y 
 
 sacchar-ine 
 
 gif-t, 
 
 don-at-ive 
 
 steal-th-y, 
 
 fur-t-ive 
 
 clef-t. 
 
 crev-ice 
 
 drows-y. 
 
 somn-ol-ent 
 
 ligh-t 
 
 luc-id 
 
 knott-y 
 
 nod-ose (-osus) 
 
 weigh-t. 
 
 grav.:i-ty 
 
 hand-y, 
 
 dext..r-ous 
 
 thrif-t, 
 
 pars:i-mony (=i 
 
 -a) sturd-y, 
 
 rob-ust 
 
 higt-t, 
 
 alt:i-t-ude 
 
 read-y, 
 
 promp-t (-Tus) 
 
 clef-t. 
 
 fiss-ure 
 
 begg-ar-y, i 
 
 tnendic:i-ty 
 
 stou-t, 
 
 corp-ul-ent 
 
 hair-y, 
 
 hirs-ute 
 
J UNIVKKSl TY O 
 
 55 ' 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 PKEFIXES.* 
 
 That pure English and Latin English words are not constructed upon 
 exactly the same model, is shown in the following pairs, where the cor- 
 responding parts appear in supposable words — 
 
 in-de-pend-ent at-ten==u-ant magni-fic -ent in-anti - sta-nt 
 un-ofif-hang-ingf at-thinn-ing big-mak-ing not-with-stand-ing:{: 
 
 a- in, on, at, afield asliore astern a-ITriglit 
 
 a-eltiiowleclge 
 
 aivake in a wakiug condition, aislaut in a slant- 
 ing direction, afore in a forward position. 
 
 aloud in a loud manner. It is verbal or redundant 
 in a-bide, a-rise. 
 AB, AB-S-, A-. a-vert to turn from or away. 
 
 abs-trae-t (trac-) to draw from ; an abridgment. 
 
 al>-orig;iiial from the beginning ; primitive. 
 AD. atl-just to fit to, put in just j^osition, ar-range. 
 
 adiulre (mir-or I wonder,) to wonder at. 
 
 al-lliv-i-al washed (al- for ad) against, or deposited 
 by water, attraet to draw to ; allure ; entice. 
 
 a-seen«l (scand-o I climb,) to climb to, rise up. 
 
 as-sid-u-Oii>S sitt-ing (as- for ad,) at, or by ; dili- 
 gent. The d of AD has disappeared from a-scend, and 
 has been assimilated (p. 43) to the next consonant 
 in ac-count, af-fix, ag-glutinate, al-loc-ate, an-not-ate, 
 ap-portion, ar-range, as-simil-ate, at- tune. 
 
 * Latin affixes are printed like ' POST,' Greek like 'ANTI,' while ' mis-' 
 represents English, and forms from other languages. '-AB-le ' is partly Latin 
 and partly English, -le being for -IIj, as in nob-le noblLiity. The portion 
 of the definitions in italic, defines the affix as in " postscript something 
 written after" — where after defines 'post,' and 'script' takes the remainder of 
 the definition. Latin prefixes given with hyphens (such as CO-, CON-, DIS-) 
 are not used as separate words, but unhyphened ones (such as de, ex, per) 
 are distinct wofds. 
 
 t German un-ab-hang-ig ; Dutch on-af-hang-lijk ; Bohem. ne-za-wis-ly. 
 
 X ' With-staud' means to stand (with-) against. 
 
56 PREFIXES. 
 
 AM-, A]\IB- [AMBI, AMPMI^ around, on both sides. 
 amputate (p. 27) amb-i-ent. 
 
 ANTE before, antedate antediluvian 
 
 ANTI, ANT- against, opposite. antispasino€lic 
 ant-aretie ant-aeid antipodeiii 
 
 be-, beside by the side of. becalm to make or 
 cause SL calm, betliinli: to concentrate the thoughts, 
 think specially, be- is commonly restrictive, as in 
 bespatter to spatter a particular object. 
 bespeali to speak for a particular article. 
 belie to slander a particular person, besprinkle 
 becloud bedazzle beauoan belay 
 
 CIRCUM around, about, circumpolar 
 
 CO-, COX-, COM- &c. co-equal equal with. 
 co-operate to work or act ivith or together. 
 consume to take entirely, devour, waste, concave 
 quite, eomp)letely, or really hollow, col-laudation 
 mutual praise, com-miserate to sorrow ivith. 
 cor-re-spond to respond or agree mutually. 
 co-gnate and con-nate (gna-t-us, ..natus born, 
 CO- with,^ related by birth; allied; similar. 
 corrode to gnaw much. 
 
 CONTRA, counter, contradiction a speaking 
 against, countermarcli a march in the opposite 
 direction, contr-ar-y opposite ; adverse. 
 
 DE. depress to press down, deflect to bend Jrom 
 or aside, deject to cast down, deport to carry 
 away, devour (v5r-are) to swallow completely. 
 denounce to make known or announce specially. 
 It is causative in deprave to cause to be perverse. 
 It is restrictive in deride to laugh at a particular 
 object. In defi*aud it is verbial, turning the noun 
 * fraud ' into a verb. It is verbal (p. 50) in defender 
 as compared with * fender.' 
 
PREFIXES. 57 
 
 DIA. dia-mef er measure through. 
 
 (lia-logue discourse between (several speakers). 
 DIS-, DI-, DIF-.^ clisjoiii to imjoin, place apart or 
 
 asunder, ^e-parate. <lis-loeaf e to put out of place. 
 
 cli-s'taiit stand-ing from, off, or apart. 
 
 dir-lie-iilt i<n-fac-ile, not easy. 
 en, em- [the French form of Lat. in], enfold to 
 
 fold 171. eiKlorse (to write) on the back (of a docu- 
 ment.) eiiipoiver to put in the power of. 
 EX, EC-, E-, EF-.^ [ex is both Latin and Greek.] 
 
 ex or ee-eeiitric out of or from the centre. 
 
 e-deiitate without teeth. 
 
 ef-fliieiit flowing off, out, or aivay. 
 EXTRA beyond, extratropieal extraortlin- 
 
 ary extr-an^e-ous 
 for-, fore-. forewarn (Ger. ver-warn-en) to 
 
 ie-warn, warn against, forswear to swear against ; 
 
 renounce on oath; swear falsely, foredoom (old 
 
 Ger. far-tom-jan) to doom thoroughly, or entirely. 
 fore- before, in front, beforehand, foresee foresail 
 IN-, un- 7iot, ivithoid, contrary to, want of. i-gno-r-ant 
 
 (i- for IN- not, gno-sc-ere, ..noscere to know,) 
 
 unlinoiidng. nn- or in-eonstant il-legal 
 
 im-probable ir-religion innninerable 
 IN. inclose to shut in, contain, il-lnminate to 
 
 throw light on or upon. 
 INTER between, interline intertropical 
 mis- wrongly, ill. misapply misfortune 
 N-, NE not. ne-nter not (ut-er) e«th-er, n-either. 
 
 n-ullity n-auglit no-tliing 
 OB. object something set before, against, in the way. 
 
 op-press to press upon or against. 
 
 obliterate (lTttera a pen mark,) to blot out. 
 
 obconic conic inversely, or downwards. 
 
58 PREFIXES. 
 
 PER, PEL-^. per-foliate (as a stem passing) through 
 a leaf. l>el-liiei<l shining through. 
 per-jiire to swear through (and beyond) the truth. 
 perplex (plex-us tangled) to entangle thoroughly. 
 
 PERI around, about, periplirav^e circumlocution. 
 
 POLY- many, polysyllable polypetalous 
 
 POST after, post-seript written after. 
 
 PRE-, pre-eiuiiaeiit eminent before all ; very em- 
 inent, prejudiee judgment beforehand. 
 
 PRO. pro-iiioiit-ory a mount-ain jutting forth. 
 pro-logiie a speech before the main piece. 
 pro-sper (spes hope, spePvO I hope,) to be in ac- 
 cordance with hope. In prououu, proconsul, 
 pro- means for, instead of. 
 
 RE-. re-iiov-ate or re-iie^v to make new agaiJi. 
 respleiiclent shining back; shining much; very 
 splendid. 
 
 respire to breathe again and agairi, hence, con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 RETRO-, retroact to act backward, or in opposition. 
 
 S- intensive, sometimes strengthened with another con- 
 sonant. 
 
 scoop cup 
 
 smelt melt 
 
 snip nip 
 
 spread broad 
 
 slight light 
 
 scruh rub 
 
 spike peg 
 
 swirl whirl 
 
 smash mash 
 
 st-roll roll 
 
 spine pin 
 
 sq-uirm worm 
 
 SE-. se-leet (leg-ePvE) to lay aside or apart. 
 secure safe, free from or without (cijea) care. 
 
 SEMI-, EEMI-. seiultone or laeiuitoue half a 
 tone, seilltflltid somewhat fluid. 
 
 SUB, (and by assimilation — sue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, 
 SUR-,) SUBS- or SU..S, where b is lost, as in su-. 
 sub-inar-ine under the sea. sup-port to carry 
 from beneath, hence, to bear iqi. subangular nearly, 
 or somewhat angular, suffix to place after or under. 
 
PREFIXES. 59 
 
 subdivide to divide farther, or into smaller parts. 
 
 su-spect, su..s-tain, su^-gest, sum-mon (' mon ' of ad- 
 
 mon-ish), sur-rog-ate. 
 SUBTER. subterliuent flowing below, beneath, or 
 
 under. 
 SUPER, SUPRA [Gr. HYPER; Eng. over; Fr. su..r 
 
 for super], supeniatiiral above or beyond nature. 
 
 supra-orbital above or over the orbit (of the eye). 
 hypercritical beyond (just) criticism ; over-critical. 
 su..r-plus overplus. 
 SYN. syntliesis a placing with or together; union 
 
 of parts to form a whole. 
 TRANS, TRAN-, TRA-. trans-moutaue or 
 
 tra-montane across, over, or beyond the mountains; 
 
 north of the Alps ; not Italian. 
 
 tre..s-pass to pass beyond (the lawful limit) ; to 
 
 transgress. 
 
 trau-scribe to write over again, re-write. 
 ULTRA, ultraiuoutaue beyond the mountains; 
 
 south of the Alps ; Italian. 
 un- [a form of IN- nof]. uuuierciful not merciful; 
 
 without mercy ; merci/ess. uu-(or iiu-)passable 
 UNI- one. uuicoru an animal with one (cornu) horn. 
 witli-. ivitlistand to stand against, ivitbliold 
 
 to hold/ro?)i or back. 
 
60 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -A. [A Gr. and Lat. noun-suffix of the nominative case, 
 often omitted in English, as in ruin-a, poem-a, epoch-a.] 
 area arena corolla laria drama 
 
 -A. [Lat. and Gr. plurals.] synoiiynia synonyms. 
 
 -AB-le, -IB-le. [-ab-il-is, -ib-il-is. See -B-Le.] 
 movable that may be moved. 
 cred-il>le ivorthy of credit or belief 
 ed-il>le fit to be eaten, forcible full of force. 
 
 -AC, -IC, -ique, -0C-. [Lat., Gr., see -IG-.] 
 
 di-daC't-ic (di- reduplicative) instructit^e; employed 
 in or adapted to instruction, man^i-ac affected by 
 mania or madness, critique the act or work of a 
 critic, ferocious fier-ce, like (fer-a) a wild beast. 
 
 -ace, -ac-y [Lat. -at-], preface pr^-fa-t^i-o 
 (fa-ri to speak,) something said (pr.e) before; a 
 preliminaiy discourse, obstinacy ob-stin-at^i-o a 
 (STANs) standing (ob) against ; stubbornness. 
 
 -AC-y. [Lat., Gr.]. coii-tum-acy (tum-ere to 
 swell, be tum-id,) a state of being puffed up ; contempt 
 of lawful authority. 
 
 -AC-e-ous, -AC:i-ous. crustaceous having a crust; 
 crust-^i^e. 
 
 cai>-aC:i-oils having cap-ac:i-ty ; capaS^e of holding. 
 ver-ac:i-OUS observant of ver-ac-i-ty or truthfulness. 
 
 -AC-Le, -IC-Le agent, place, oracle (or-are to speak, 
 pray,) the person who announces; a prophetic announce- 
 ment, and the place where it is made, or-ac-iil-ar 
 pertaining to an oracle. 
 
 -ad, -atle [see -ATe.] arc-ade something arch-ed 
 or arcu-ATe ; a row of arches. 
 
SUFFIXES. 61 
 
 -age n. collective. [French, due to several Latin forms.] 
 herbage herbs collectively, coinage coins in the 
 aggregate. iTharfage charge for, or space on, a 
 wharf, parentage the condition of a parent. 
 
 -AL, -EL, -IL a. fluvial relating to or pertaining to 
 (fluvius) a river. 
 doc-ile that may he taught ; teach-a6/e. 
 
 -AN, -ANe -INe, a.n.\l^ particip.] African of Africa. 
 urban pertaining to (urbs) a city. 
 urbane city-like; polite. 
 
 -ANce, -ANcy, -ENce -ENcy. [-ant^i-a, -ent^i-a.] 
 providence the quality or the act of pro-vid-ing, 
 foreseeing, or of being pro-vid-ENT or pru..dent ; a fore- 
 seem^, silence the result of or state of being silent. 
 
 -ANT, -ENT, pro-vid-ent, pru..dent ^m\\(\ing; 
 having the quality of foreseeing ; the being or existing 
 of foresight, assailant one who assails. 
 absorbent that which absorbs. 
 
 -AK, -AR-y [-AR-IS, neut. -are.] angular ^er^amm^ 
 to, or like, an angle. 
 luminary [-are] that which gives light. 
 
 -ARy, -ORy [-ar-i-us, or-i-us.] testamentary 
 relating to a "will or testament, lionorary confer- 
 ring honor, illusory promoting illusion. 
 statuary (-arius) a maker of statues. 
 commeiatary (-ARiu"") a collection of comments. 
 observatory (oriu") a ^^^aee for observation. 
 
 -ATe, -AT-. [T participial preceded by a formative 
 vowel.] roseate having the quality of, or like a rose. 
 cert:i-fic-ate 7i. that which certifies or is certified. 
 regulate to make or cause to be regular, or according 
 to rule. 
 
 -B, -F, -P, -V-, -U-, formative, [implying to produce, have, 
 get; also indicating nouns.] mor-b-id (morbus 
 6 
 
62 SUFFIXES. 
 
 disease, mSrior I die,) diseased, tending towards death. 
 
 ef-flii-v-i-uin, flu-v-i-al, from flu-ere to flow. 
 
 V and i formative, iioc-il-oiis (noc-ere to injure) 
 
 producing harm ; hurtful, cliir-p a chirr-ing sound. 
 -B..Le, -B-IL- [B formative, commonly with a preceding 
 
 vowel.] terr*i-ble causing terror, edible fit to 
 
 be eaten. 
 -C- genetic. fa-C-Uiifl (fa-ri to speak,) producing 
 
 speech ; eloquent. mbi-c-lliicl having redness ; 
 
 reddenm^'. 
 -C-le, -C-EL, -C-UL-. art-i-cle {i connective) a little 
 
 (artus) joint ; a clause ; an agreement. 
 
 particle {i genitive) a small part. 
 
 aiiiiiial-ciile a minute animal. 
 -d, -t [see -ATe.] dril^t that which drives, or is driven ; 
 
 the result of driving, dee-d that which is do-ne. 
 -doiu. dukedom the domain of a duke. 
 
 tliraldoni the condition of a thrall or slave. 
 
 martyrdom the act of a martyr. 
 -E-, -I-, -y formative, [sometimes confused with -I geni- 
 tive.] ros-e-ate having the quality of roses. 
 
 igil-e-OllS having the quality of, pertaining to, or 
 
 caused by (ignis) fire. lal>-i-al pertaining to the lips. 
 
 reg:i-lis pertaining to a king ; regal. 
 -ed 2)P- ^- [Norman -ed. See -ATe, -ad, -d, -t.] 
 
 rounded made round, bearded furnished (or 
 
 provided) with a beard, pressed was under pressure. 
 -ee n. [A French form of -ATe, -ed.] graut-ee one 
 
 to whom something has been granted 
 
 ex-pos-e (Fr. e has the power in ' they ') that which 
 
 is exposecZ, or made public. 
 
 In comparing the following derivative nouns, it will be 
 observed that in but one case does it happen that the 
 derivative forms are different and at the same time de- 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 63 
 
 rived from the verb in the first column. From 'pay' 
 are derived * payer ' and ' payee,' while ' pay ' is repeated 
 for the (wages, earnings, cash,) object pai-d. Under 
 'give' the thing giv-en is a 'gif-t,' but Latin supplies 
 * receiver ' and * presentation,' and in the next example 
 the object given is commonly called a * donation.' 
 
 Verb, 
 
 active «, 
 
 , object -ed. 
 
 passive n, 
 
 act of -ing, 
 
 place. 
 
 pay v. 
 
 give 
 
 thieve 
 
 payer 
 giver 
 thief 
 
 pay n. 
 
 gift 
 (theft) 
 
 payee 
 
 receiver 
 
 receiver 
 
 payment 
 
 presentation 
 
 stealth 
 
 
 donate 
 
 donor 
 
 donative 
 
 donee 
 
 donation 
 
 
 bind 
 
 sell 
 
 vend 
 
 binder 
 
 seller 
 
 vender 
 
 bond 
 goods 
 merchandise 
 
 victim 
 buyer 
 vendee 
 
 bondage 
 
 sale 
 
 vendue 
 
 market 
 magazine 
 ■ emporium 
 shop 
 
 deal 
 lend 
 
 dealer 
 lender 
 
 ware 
 loan 
 
 purchaser 
 debtor 
 
 traffic 
 credit 
 
 work 
 
 worker 
 
 work, labor 
 
 employer 
 
 employment 
 
 
 ■eer, -ier, n. [-ARy.] eliaiidelier a support for 
 
 candles, engineer a contriver and adapter of en- 
 gines. An engine-driver is not an engineer, and an 
 organ-blower is not an organist. 
 
 ■EL, see -AL and -L. 
 
 ■en, a. [see -ANe.] golclen made of, or like gold. 
 leatlier-n terr-ene 
 
 ■en V. deafen to make, or to become deaf, daif-n 
 to become day. 
 
 -ENT, -ENce, -ENcy, see ANT, &c. 
 
 ■er, V. frequentative, cliatter to chat much, or con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 -ER, adjectival, ne-ut-er or n-eitli-er 
 in-teg-er or en-ti..re in-teg-r:i-ty 
 
 ■er, -OR, a. more, larger more large. 
 inferior low-er. 
 
 -ER, -R, -OR, etc., n. agential, feeder robber 
 fig-nre mart^yr doll-ar beggar donor 
 
64 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -EK- [E and R formative.] cavern (cav-e-a, 
 
 cav-er-ka) a placed cav-ed or ex-cav-at-ed. 
 
 iiUHi-er-OUS consisting of many. 
 -er-n, a. iiortlierii toward, in, or at the north. 
 -ESCe, V. deliquesce to become liquid, a. -esc-ent 
 
 n. esc-eiace 
 -ess, n. fern, [-ix, Fr. -esse.] heiress priestess 
 
 lioiaess 
 -ess, n. [-Ma, Fr. esse, see -ice.] fortress finesse 
 
 proiulse 
 -est a. most soonest widest nio-st 
 -EST a. [*S, -T.] modest according to mode or pro- 
 priety. 
 -et, 'etie^ -1-et, n. dim. [Fr.] eagl-et ros-ette 
 
 eye-l-et 
 -FIG a. [fac^i-o I make.] terri-fic causing terror. 
 -FICe, n. [-Fic=i-u°'.] arti-fice something made or 
 
 done with art. 
 -Fy V. [fac^i-o.] pur:i-fy to make or cause to be pure. 
 -liood n. condition. [Gothic * haidus ' kind, mode.] 
 
 manbood Oodltead 
 -I genitive, ret-i-fbrin having the form (ret-e, gen. 
 
 RET-is) of a net. liorticnltnre p. 40. 
 -I n. pi. radi-i pi. of radius, foci pi. of focus. 
 -I formative [see E formative.] compare gen*i-us with 
 
 * genus ' and f un^e-real with ' funeral.' 
 -I- connective [p. 3*0.] stell-i-ferous bearing (stellI 
 
 a star, stell^) stars, al-i-ger-ons p. 46. 
 -IG a. [-AG.] nietall-ic like, made of, or due to metal. 
 
 med-ic, nied-ic-al related or adapted to healing. 
 
 -JO is common in words derived from Greek, as in 
 
 the following pairs, where it is represented by several 
 
 forms — 
 
SUFFIXES. 65 
 
 centr-ic centr-al spher-ic, glob-ul-ar ethn-ic, heath-en 
 
 chron-ic, dur-able en-erg-et-ic, strens^u-ous satan-ic, devil-ish 
 
 com-ic, mirth-ful metaphor-ic, figur-at-ive rhetor-ic, orator^y 
 
 cyn-ic, snarl-ing ocean-ic, mar-ine stypt-ic, a-string-ent 
 
 -ice ?i. service (servitiu"' n. neut.) the condition of 
 
 one who serves, justice (justitia n. fern.) the 
 
 quality of being just. 
 -ID a. [akin to -ATe.] flu-id having the quality of 
 
 flow-ing. Some of these adjectives have corresponding 
 
 nouns in -or, and adjectives in -nt, as — 
 
 alg-or 
 
 algid 
 
 langu-oi 
 
 • langu-id 
 
 cand-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 hum-or 
 
 hum-id 
 
 rig-or 
 
 rig-id 
 
 splend-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 stup-or 
 
 stup-id 
 
 liqu-or 
 
 liqu-id 
 
 flu-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 torp-or 
 
 torp-id 
 
 liv-or 
 
 liv-id 
 
 ferv-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 tum-or 
 
 tum-id 
 
 pall-or 
 
 pall-id 
 
 horr-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 tep-or 
 
 tep-id 
 
 sap-or 
 
 sap-id 
 
 val-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -iant 
 
 squal-or 
 
 squal-id 
 
 ard-or 
 
 ard-ent 
 
 fulg-or 
 
 -id 
 
 -ent 
 
 -IG- [see -AC. Akin to ag-ere to do, ac-t, conduct.] 
 iiav-ig-af e to conduct (nav-is) a ship, 
 f UMi-ig-ate to imbue with (fum-us) smoke. 
 pur-ge to make (pur-us) pure. 
 
 -IL, -ILe [-iL-is.] fissile that may he (fissus) split ; 
 readily split, fossil that is or may be (foss-us) dug, 
 as fossil or mineral coal. 
 
 -INe, -IN-, [see -ANe.] viperiue pertaining to, or 
 like a viper. 
 
 -ing n. [Angl. -ung, -ing ; akin to -IG.] reckouing 
 that ivhich we reckon ; a calcula^io?i ; the act of or result 
 of SL calculation, bagg-ing material for bags. 
 
 -ing participial [Angl. -ende, Ger. -end.] living con- 
 tinuing to live. This -ing is unconnected with the 
 noun-suffix -ing, for which it was mistaken. 
 
 -ION n. opinion that ivhich we believe, or suppose. 
 union oneiiess; a being (un-us, gen. unius,) one. 
 
 6 * E 
 
66 SUFFIXES. 
 
 vi'S-ion (viD-ERE, vis-ij" to see,) the power of 
 
 seeing ; perception by the eye. 
 
 The suffix -ion is in most cases preceded by participial 
 'T or 'S, as in ' salvATion,' which, in being referred to 
 SALV-ARE (to save, make safe,) must not be assumed to 
 mean " a state of being safe " — but the force of the T should 
 be included, and the word defined as " a state of being 
 saved." Similarly, when 'vision ' is defined as "the act 
 of seeing," ac-t is rather a definition of -s-ion than of -ion. 
 -ise, -iae v. [Fr. -iser.] apolog'i§»e to offer (give, 
 
 make) an apology, tyrannise to practice tyranny, 
 
 imitate a tyrant, poetise to versify. 
 -isli V. [Fr. fin-iss-ant, Eng. fin-ish-ing.] di-miii-isli 
 
 to make (min-us) less, by (di-) separation. 
 
 lisBisli to bring to (fin-is) an end. 
 "isli a. [-ISC-, Angl. -isc] ivliitisli somewhat white. 
 
 ^voliisli like a wolf tliievisli addicted to thieving. 
 -ISK n. dimin. [-isc-us.] asterisk a little (aster) 
 
 star ; a star-shaped mark of reference. 
 -ISM, -ASM n. [-S, -M.] barbarism the condition, 
 
 act, or idiom of a barbarian. 
 '1ST, -AST n. [-S, -T.] tlieorist one who theorises. 
 -ITe, -IT- [see -ATe.] granite a grain-ecZ rock. 
 
 gran-it-oitl like granite. ann-n:i-t-y pay by 
 
 the (ann-us) year. 
 -IVe a., n. [akin to B formative.] delusive having 
 
 the quality of deluding; tending to, or having the 
 
 power to delude, eaptive (cap-t-iv-us) he who is 
 
 captured. eaptiv:i-ty the condition of a captive. 
 -IX, -ess n. fem. directi'ix, direetress she who 
 
 directs. 
 -It n. a. talk tell plan-k plain yol-k yell-ow 
 
 lan-k lean liark hear 
 kin n. dim. napkin a small (Fr. nappe) tablecloth. 
 
SUFFIXES. 67 
 
 -L, -EL, -le, &c., n. dim. liernel a small corn. 
 
 -L frequentative, nibble to nip often, or continuously. 
 
 -L n. agent, implement, lad-le an implement for lading. 
 
 Jg@" L of various powers is common to Greek, Latin, 
 
 and Teutonic. 
 -less a. endless icithout end, infinite. 
 
 heedless W7ilieeding, 7iot heeding, ?ie^ligent. 
 
 tootliless e-dentate. nameless an-onym-ous. 
 -ling; n. underling one who is under authority. 
 -ly, like a. frien<lly like (in the manner of), a 
 
 friend, lieartily in a hearty manner. 
 -M participial, and noun, glea-m that which glows. 
 -MEN, -MENT [-M.] speeiiuen a sample for 
 
 in-spec-tion. 
 
 judgment the power or the result of judging. 
 -N participial and adjectival [see -AN.] doe trine 
 
 that which is (authoritatively) taught, (doc-ere to 
 
 teach ; doctor a teacher.) 
 -ness n. goodness the quality of being good. 
 -O- connective, plan-o-convex ge-o-graphy 
 - 0- genitive. pbravSe-o-logy aer-o-naut 
 -oek n. dim. Itilloek hill liummoek hump 
 -OID a. n. spheroid (a mass) someu'hat like a sphere. 
 -on, -oon large, button bud balloon ball 
 -oon small, eoeoon a small (Fr. coque) shell. 
 -OR n. error an erring or wanderi?i^. favor kindiiess. 
 -OSe, -OuS a. [-os-rs. j acetose, aeetous full of acid. 
 -oUS a. [-LS.] otlorous (odorus) having odor. 
 -R formative, i-gno-r-ant un-knotu-ing. 
 -Ry, -ERy n. [-ARy.] soldiery the aggregate of 
 
 soldiers, thievery the practice of thieving, 
 -s, -es pi. boxes honors penee beaux these 
 
 The plural ladi-es adds -es to old English ladi. 
 -S particip. fal-se fail, repul-se repel. 
 
68 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 ■^onie a. [Goth, sama like ; Eng. same, similar, semi-] 
 iue<lclle!§iOi]ie addicted to meddling. 
 
 ivSlolesOMie causing, or consistent with health. 
 luettlesoiue having mettle. 
 -T, 'D,- participial, indic-at-ing completeness; an act 
 finished; the act-or, quality (as acute or acid,) 
 fitness, attribute. 
 
 bla-s-t blow 
 cleft cleave 
 deed do 
 fault fail 
 
 gol-d yellow- 
 gilt gild 
 guilt guile 
 hilt hold 
 
 lost lose 
 seed sow 
 theft thief 
 weight weigh 
 
 'T-ER,-T-R-, -T-OR, -S-OR n. [fem. -teix, neut. -trum.] 
 
 obstructor or obstructer he who, or thai which 
 
 obstructs. 
 
 -tb 11. [akin to -T.] bealtb hale gro^vth grow 
 
 'T-UDe n. l>leu:i-tude the quality of being full. In 
 
 meaning, -tude, -ty, and -ness nearly agree. Compare — 
 
 dubiety- 
 infinity, 
 parvity, 
 plenty 
 serenity, 
 
 -Ty n. ['T, -t-as ; Fr. -te, -tee ; old Eng. -te, -tee (=tay), 
 whence *te' has remained in plen-te-ous, boun-te-ous, 
 beau-te-ous.] liberty the state of being (liber) free. 
 meiidac:i-ty false/iooc?, lym^. iueiidic:i-ty the 
 condition of a (mendicus) beggar ; beggar?/, indigence. 
 lucidity splendor, isodality fellows/izp, com- 
 mune o?i. tiuiidity cowardice, fearful?iess. In mean- 
 ing, -Ty and -ness agree closely, as in — 
 
 incertitude, 
 
 infinitude 
 
 parvitude 
 
 plenitude 
 
 serenitude 
 
 doubtfulness 
 
 boundlessness 
 
 littleness 
 
 fullness 
 
 calmness 
 
 acidity, sourness 
 aridity, dryness 
 audacity, boldness 
 celerity, swiftness 
 felicity, happiness 
 
 ferocity fierceness 
 fertility fruitfulness 
 frigidity, coldness 
 lenity, mildness 
 lucidity, brightness 
 
 opacity opaqueness 
 paucity fewness 
 velocity, swiftness 
 vicinity, nearness 
 vivacity, liveliness 
 
SUFFIXES. 69 
 
 -U- formative [see B.] con-tig-n-ous vac-u-iim 
 re^td-ii-uin aim-u-al 
 
 -ULe, UL- n. adj. dim. [masc. -ul-us, fem. -ul-a, neut. 
 
 -UL-UM.] nodule a little knot or node, nebnla 
 
 a small (nub-es) cloud. r..ule (reg-ul-a) an imjyle- 
 
 ment with which to rule or reg-ul-ate. 
 -ULr. virulent full of (viR-f s) poison, ricl-ic- 
 
 ul-ous causing (rid-ere) to laugh ; laughable. 
 -UM n. [Latin neuters.] ad<l-en<l-uin that which 
 
 (-end) is to he added. PI. addend-a or addendum^ 
 -UNT- [akin to -ANT.] vol-unt-ar-y (vol-o I will,) 
 
 acting from choice. 
 -URe n. tenure (texi^o I hold,) a \io\diing; the con- 
 dition by which a tenant holds. The suffix -ure is 
 
 commonly enforced by -T or -S, as in su-t»ure a 
 
 a state of being sew-e^; a sea-m. 
 -US, - 0>S^ n. [mostly masc] eireus genus eliaos 
 -UTe [akin to -ATe, with U formative.] aeute pointec?, 
 
 sharp, minute small, (min-u-o I make small, 
 
 di-min-ish.) 
 -ivard a. adv. rearivard in the direction of the rear. 
 -ivays, -^vise adv. manner, direction, crossivays 
 
 or erossivise 
 -y n. diminutival, baby duelcy birdie 
 -y n. a. [for I formative.] lionorary (see -ARy.) 
 -y a. [Angl. -ig ; Lat. -ic] bloody imbued with or 
 
 covered with blood. 
 
70 
 
 [VEHsir^ Of 
 VLIFOKMA. 
 
 CHAPTEK 9. DERIVATION. 
 
 The tables given in the seventh chapter will have 
 taught the learner that * fame ' (p. 43) is the stem of 
 fam-ous, and ' feud ' the stem of de-feud and of-fend, and 
 if it were possible to find simpler forms behind these, we 
 might consider such forms to be roots. But if the d of 
 * fend ' is educed (p. 29) from the n, it is no part of a root. 
 
 In the case of fa-me, the m is a suffix (as in bloo-m 
 from * blow,') and the stem takes participial t in fa-te (a 
 spoken inevitable decree). Here the stem FA (fah as in 
 farm) is so simple that we might call it a root, but as our 
 knowledge is the same whether we name it a stem or a 
 root, and as we should soon get into difficulty in trying 
 to separate these foundations of words by calling some of 
 them stems, and others roots, it is best not to make the 
 attempt in an elementary work. 
 
 In the following examples, the stems are not to be con- 
 sidered as verbs or nouus, although it is sometimes con- 
 venient to give them definitions which seem to make them 
 verbs. 
 
 A, AV, VA, bloiu, breathe, live. 
 
 = ah ow tcah 
 
 [Gr. a-er' (gen. a-er'-os), Lat. a'-er (gen. A'-er-is) air; vent-us 
 (gen. I,) tcind.'] 
 
 ai-r (see -er n.) is the material blown and breathed, 
 which constitutes the atmosphere, or sphere of air 
 and (Gr. a-t-mos) vapor, around the solid earth. 
 
 aeronau-t he who nav-ig-ates in the air. a^^s^th-iiia 
 
 difficulty of breathing. 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 DERIVATION. 71 
 
 a-er-O-lite a (Gr. lith'-6s) stoiie of the air ; a meteoric 
 stone, a-er-i-form having the form or nature of air ; 
 gaseous. 
 
 Qu. Why has 'aerolite' an o, and 'aeriform* an i in the correspond- 
 ing place ? Ana. Because the Greek form has o and the Latin has i in 
 the genitive case. 
 
 n'i-ud (nd participial) is air in motion, and we move or 
 winnow it with a fan. We ventilate rooms 
 when we give vent to impure air and replace it with 
 that which is fresh, "^veatlier originally meant the 
 condition of the air in regard to the wind. 
 
 Qu. Why is the initial sound dififerent in 'wind' and ' vent-ilate,' 
 'wine' and 'vinous'? Ana. The tcay-sound came from Latin through 
 Anglosaxon : the t'ee-sound is due to Norman. 
 
 ['A' blow. AV-Ts a bird, (probably so named because it moves in the 
 air.) AV-G-UR a diviner; IN-AVGUR-ARE to conault the divining birds; 
 to initiate; AV-SPEX (SPEC-ERE to look at) a aoothaayer who divined from 
 h irda.'\ 
 
 An aviary is a house for birds. 
 
 An augur was one who pretended to foretell events 
 and to determine what were supposed to be lucky days, 
 from the flight, the chirping, or the feeding of birds; 
 afterwards, a general fortune-teller. The auspex (gen. 
 Av'spic-is) restricted his in^j^ection to birds. If the 
 aui§il>iees or bird-signs were deemed favorable, it was 
 expected that the event would be auspieious, or turn 
 out well. 
 
 As the augurs observed the signs at the commence- 
 ment of important affairs, such as an induction to a high 
 office, or the dedication of a temple, such an act of 
 augury was named an inauguration, and in the 
 course of time this word acquired the secondary meaning 
 of a formal beginning. The following sentence illustrates 
 
72 DERIVATION. 
 
 the influence of fortune-telling and astrology upon lan- 
 guage — 
 
 Un/or<unately (fors clinnce, gen. fort-is,) the signs were vaauspic- 
 ious and the ina«</»ration was an abominable (one of which the ov^en 
 was to be put AB off or away,) disaster. 
 
 Although the words abominate, inaugurate, auspices, disaster, fate, 
 fortune, luck, panic, are connected with false opinions, we use them 
 independently of such opinions, like hermeneutics (interpretation) from 
 Hermes (the Greek Mercury) the interpreter in the mythology, whose 
 name gave 'hermeneia' (interpretation) to Saint Paul. So we have the 
 name of the moon-goddess Phoebe, the feminine form of Phoebus 
 (Apollo). 
 
 AN breathe, blow, live. 
 
 [A strengthened form of *A' bloiv. Gr. an'-e-mos tcind. Lat. an'i-ma 
 air, breath, life; Xn'imus nmid, soul, will, feeling.] 
 
 animal a breathing creature, animate to infuse 
 breath and life. Ignorant of the fact that plants breathe, 
 the ancients did not include them with animals or 
 breathers ; and being without microscopes, they were 
 unacquainted with animal' cules. 
 
 A person who has not sufficient life is said to be 
 t?ianimate, or to w^ant animation. If we do not control 
 the animus with which we regard others, it may 
 change to animosity or active hatred. 
 
 To anim-ad-vert is (vertere) to turn the mind 
 (ad) to something ; to observe ; and at length, by observ- 
 ing too closely, to censure. 
 
 To be unanimous is to be of (unus) one mind, 
 and equ-animity is (^qvus) erenmindedness. 
 anemometer a (meter) measurer of the force of the 
 
 wind, anem'one the wind-flower. 
 
DEEIVATION. 73 
 
 AL grow, 
 
 [al-0 (particip. alitijs, infin. alere) to cause to grow, to nourish, to 
 sustain. AL-M-rs adj. (fern, alma) nourishing, kind. al-'T-us (gen. -l) 
 qroicn, lofty, loud. Eng. ol-d of full groicth, aged.] 
 
 Things that unite, or (AL) grow (co-) together, are 
 said to co-al-esce. Parts of plants which unite in 
 growth, are co-al-ite. 
 
 When people of different parties or interests unite 
 for a temporary object, they may form a disreputable 
 coalition. 
 
 When a person is (-ESCent) becoming, or approaching 
 (ad) to the ad-ul't state, he is adolescent. 
 
 The young man who has graduated as an al^n=°nin-us. 
 and the young woman who is an alumna, should honor 
 the institution which, as an alma mater — a nourishing 
 (by extension kind) mother, has furnished their minds with 
 al-i-ment from the el-e-nients or growth-materials 
 of useful knowledge. 
 
 When a thing grows, so to speak, (ob, obs-) against the 
 proper direction, as in decaying or in wearing out, it 
 becomes ol-d and obs-ol-ete, and is put (ab) away 
 or a1>-ol-islied. 
 
 AL other. 
 
 [al=i-us otlier, another; al'-i-as otherwise; alibi elsewhere; al^t-er 
 the other; AL-I-EK-US not related, foreign. Angl. ell-es othertcise, else.] 
 
 An alter-c-at-ion is a dispute of one person with 
 another. 
 
 An ad-ul-ter-ation is made when another oil 
 (such as lard-oil) is ac?ded to olive-oil. 
 
 A man who assumes the name of another takes an 
 alias and is open to suspicion. 
 7 
 
74 • DERIVATION. 
 
 ANG compress. 
 
 [axg-O (infin. axg-ere) to draio tight, compress, throttle, torment, 
 straiten. IsSGlSA. the quiufiif. ixxius troubled.'] 
 
 To be anxious, or in a state of anxiety, is to 
 
 have mental pressure in regard to an uncertainty ; 
 augui.sli is mental or bodily distress ; and anger is 
 
 named from the sensation of choking which accompanies 
 rage, whence — " to choke with anger." 
 
 EC even. 
 
 [^Q-v-us (gen. -i) even, level, equal. ix-iQVUS (where the older I 
 remains through the influence of i of in-) uneven, not level, nnjmt. 
 AG-ER (gen. AGRi) afield, a plain. Angl. ac-er afield, an acre.] 
 
 equal corresponding in extent, size, value, or other 
 qualities. equ:i-ty fairness, justice, equitable 
 fair, just. 
 
 An equable temper is uniform. An equable 
 temperature is one which is not subject to variations from 
 heat and cold, iniquity is (moral) un-even-ness. 
 
 A judge Avho hates iniquity will dispense even- 
 handed justice by making all equal before the law. 
 
 In plain dealing we give an equi-val-ent, that is, an 
 equ-al or even val-ue. 
 
 Equi-voc-al (or equal voic-ed) expressions are such as 
 admit of two meanings of equal force. 
 
 agrarian pertaining to the public lands (of the 
 Romans.) 
 
 acre has three stages of meaning — a level field ; a 
 field adapted to cultivation ; and a measure of land. 
 
DERIVATION. . 75 
 
 PA, FA shine, speak. 
 
 [¥1.-711 to speaJc, narrate. TA-M A. a saying, a rumor, fame, FA^B-UL-A 
 a narrative, a tale, a fable* FA-T-U™ the thing spoken, destiny, fate. 
 PR^-FA'T=i-0 a saying (pR^) beforehand, a preface. VATES (gen. 
 VATIS) a prophet. VE-TO I forbid. FA-T-EOR / confess. CON-FITEOR 
 (C0NFE..SSUS) I confess, acknowledge {cos-) fully.} 
 
 The plia-S-es (appearances) of the moon are astro- 
 nomic plie-iio-meii-a. 
 
 epipha-ny a showing {epi) forth; a church festival, 
 photograph a picture obtained by means of (Gr. phos, 
 
 gen. photos') light. 
 
 A pro-plie-t is one who speaks (peo) for another, 
 especially for a divinity. 
 
 A prophecy is a prediction or an announcement 
 (under divine authority.) 
 
 An afiable person is one that may be spoken (af- 
 for ad) to ; one who is friendly and easy of access. 
 
 iiiefiable (in-) not to be spoken (ef- for ex) out ; 
 not to be mentioned ; unutterable. 
 
 To con-fe-ss is to acknowledge (con-) fully (and 
 voluntarily). A forced acknowledgment is not a con- 
 fession. 
 
 BAR bear, carry, produce. 
 
 [fer-O, to bear, carry, endure, produce, bring, flow, rush, carry off by 
 force, FER-ox impetuous, wild, fier..ce. fer-t-il-is fertile. FARiyX 
 four. BAR-B-A beard. FORS (gen. FORTis) what brings itself, chance. 
 fortuItus by chance, fortuitous. FORTuxA fortune, for-t-is 
 (capable of enduring, hence) strong, firm, stedfaat, for..ceful. por-t-o 
 (inf.-ARE) to carry, bear, convey, con'fer-0, bring (cox-) together, collect, 
 compare, consult, confer, contribute, serve. pr,e'fer-0, to bear (prje) 
 before, carry in front, place a person or thing before another in esteem, 
 prefer. Persian burdan to bear; bar a load, a region; hence Zanga- 
 bar (Zangwebar) from zangi a negro. Scotch bair-n a child.] 
 
 confer to bring together (for consultation ;) to grant 
 
76 DERIVATION. 
 
 or bestow, conference a briDging together (for con- 
 sultation.) 
 
 defer to bear or bring (de) away, to put off, postpone, 
 lay before, yield to authority. 
 
 refer to bear or send (he-) back, put in charge, 
 assign, suffer to support (sub) from below, to bear, 
 to endure. 
 
 stelliferous (^ connective) bearing (stella, gen. 
 STELLiE) a star, or (stell^e) stars. 
 
 ©v:i-par-ous creatures are such as bear (ov-u™ an 
 egg, gen. 6v-i, pi. ov-a) eggs. 
 
 sopor-i-f er-ous bringing or causing (s6p5r, gen. 
 s5P0Pvis) sleep or drowsiness. 
 
 peri'plier-y is the Greek equivalent of circuni'- 
 fer-ence. bnr-d-en (far-d-el) is from ' bear,' like 
 grow-th from ' grow,' with -en diminutival. 
 
 The burdens of fortune should be borne with 
 for-t-it-ude and for-bear-ance, 
 
 METAjphoT phos-phor-us pre-, in, of-, dif-, suf-, re-, trans-fer 
 referee metalliferous farina fierce ferocity force for- 
 tuitous fortune fer-t-ility com-, de, dis-, ex, im-, re-, sup-, 
 trans-port porterage portfolio bear bier (wheel-, hand-)barrow 
 bir-tli bor-n bor-ne par-ent burden beard bar-b-er wear 
 
 c-LA, G-LA shine. 
 
 [Welsh gLA brightness, glan pure, clea-n. Lat. cla-r-us (gen. -i) 
 clear lou-d, bright. Ger. klar, Fr. clair, Eng. clear. gla-c=i-es 
 ice (whence glacier). GLO-n-i-X glory, fame, renoivn. Irish clu 
 report, fame. Scotch glai-k a gla-n-ce, a ray.'\ 
 
 A word which was first applied to a sensation received 
 through the eye, may, by a metaphor or transfer, be ex- 
 tended to things which affect the ear, the body, or even 
 the mind. Hence, we speak of a clear sky-voice- 
 
DERIVATION. 77 
 
 passage-idea ; — a clean conscience ; — a glo^viiig; de- 
 scription ; — a glariug; inconsistency. 
 
 Stars glisten, jewels glitter, heat-lightnings 
 glimmer. A bright object may emit an agreeable 
 glow, an unpleasant glare, or a laint gleam. The 
 glair or elear part of an egg is sometimes used to 
 clar:i-fy liquids. The glow of evening passes into 
 gloom. In Scotland, gloam is twilight, and Venus 
 is the gloamin-star. A glade is an open passage-way 
 in a wood. 
 
 gloAV glory glitter gloss glass glaze glair glare clear 
 clean gleen glance glimpse gleam glimmer gloom gleed 
 
 [Welsh Han a clear place : llanerch a clear area, a lawn^ a g-la-de.} 
 
 laue a narrow road or street, laivii a grassy space 
 between woods, or about a house. laii<l soil ; ground ; 
 the earth as distinguished from tlie water. 
 
 LU^ loo-s-en. 
 
 ana-ly-s-is a loosing (^axa') back, or separating 
 something into its component parts; so-lution of a 
 problem. 
 
 paralyse to loosen (^para) aside, amiss, or at the 
 side ; to make useless, unnerve, paralysis or pa..l-sy 
 may affect but one side of the body, whence the term. 
 
 [lu-ere to loosen, make void, pai/. so-LV-0 (so- for SE-, influenced 
 by tr,) to loosen apart, SOlve^ sever, relax, unravel, explain, melt, 
 destroy, discharge an obligation. Dis-SO-LU-T-us adj. lax, remiss, reck- 
 less, liceittiuiis, dissolute*] 
 
 solve to separate component parts; explain (as a 
 problem,) unravel (a difficulty,) dissipate (a doubt.) 
 
 solution the act or result of solving ; a liquid or 
 solvent containiucr a soluble material. 
 
78 DERIVATION. 
 
 resolve to loosen, disperse (a tumor,) analyse, decide, 
 determine, be determined, be re-SO-lil-te. 
 
 resolution a state of being resolved ; decision ; 
 determination. 
 
 ab-solve to loosen from (a condition, an obligation, 
 a penalty ;) to acquit. 
 
 absolution acquittal ; the act of absolving. 
 
 absolute unconditional; independent; unmixed. 
 
 Obs. The presence of a prefix in so-lve being overlooked, Dis- was 
 added in ' dissolve ' and its derivatives, to secure the separative idea. 
 
 LAG lay, 
 
 [Goth, lag-jan, Angl. lecgan to lay, jiut, place. Goth, lig-an, Angl. 
 ligg-an to lie down, to extendJ] 
 
 To lie down is to rest in a flat or low position. The 
 verb to lay is the transitive form of lie. We lay a 
 
 book on the table and it lies there. 
 
 A law is somethiug laid down as a rule of action. 
 Comm o law is based upon common experience ; statute 
 law is due to the people through their representatives. 
 
 A ledge is an extended shelf; a kind of molding; a 
 ridge of rock. A ledger is a book in which accounts 
 are spread under appropriate heads. 
 
 layer that which is lai-d ; a bed or stratum. lai..r 
 a lying or resting place, especially of a wild beast. 
 
 1-lag a flat stone. 
 
 [leg-ere to lay together, collect, survey (lay eyes on), observe, read. 
 LEX (gen. leg-is) a law, a decree, e-lig-ere to pick up, weed out, 
 choose, se-lec-t, e-lec-t.] 
 
 To be diligent is to persevere in a pursuit which 
 has been chosen (di-) apart. To be neg-lig-ent or 
 
 neg-leC't-ful is (nec) 7iot to have things disposed in 
 proper order ; to be mattentive ; to disregard. 
 
DERIVATION. 79 
 
 To be intelligent (to possess intellect) is to 
 
 have the power of choosing (intel*- for inter) between ; 
 hence, to be able to joerceive, disQern, and distinguish. 
 
 To col-lec-t is to bring objects (con-) together. 
 
 To select is to lay something (se-) apart, or by itself. 
 
 To elect is to choose (e-, ex) out of, or from among, 
 others; to make a choice; to choose, as by vote. An 
 eligible candidate is one who is legally qualified 
 for election. A man is loyal when he obeys the 
 laws. An alloy is a mixture of metals made (ad) 
 according to law ; any mixture of metals. 
 
 A colleague is one chosen (con-) with another; a 
 partner in office. 
 
 A college is a col-lec-t-ion of persons for a special 
 purpose, also a college building. 
 
 [p-lTc-ARE to lay or place together, /old, coil, ply.., plea..t. PLEX-us 
 a. tangled, interiroven; n. a 2jlea..t-iiig, a braid. DU-PLiC-lT-AS double- 
 nesa, doubtfulness, whence duplicity. complexio (gen.-ONis) a 
 coin-bination, natural con-8t>tutio)i. suppLEX (a folding SUB under, a 
 kneeling,) sub-miaxire, sup>pli..-ailt) entreating.} 
 
 ply., to stick at ; be employ..ed in ; urge ; fold ; 
 bend, pliers nippers for bending, pliable easily 
 bent, apply., to put one thing to another ; to put to a 
 purpose; to solicit, applicable fit to be appli..ed; 
 suitable, display., to spread apart ; unfold ; exhibit. 
 
 plication a fold; a doubling up. explication 
 a spreading (ex) out, or unfolding, for the purpose of 
 ex-planation. 
 
 complex, complicate (woven together) en- 
 tangled; composed of several parts; difficult, com- 
 plexity entanglement; intricacy, complexion 
 connection of related parts ; aspect ; color and texture of 
 the skin, accomplice (one entangled with another,) 
 an as-sociate or ac-cessory in crime. 
 
80 DERIVATION. 
 
 implicate to (enfold, entangle,) connect with some- 
 thing, as a crime, perplex (see per,) to make intri- 
 cate ; to puzzle ; to keep in suspense, du-plic-ate a. 
 twofold ; n. a copy ; -u. to make a dou-ble.. or a copy 
 of duplicity double dealing ; deceit. 
 
 triple threefold, threeply.. . tri-pl-et three of a 
 kind, treble threefold ; a term in music. 
 
 silii-plic-ity (sine) without duplicity ; naturalness. 
 
 isiip-ple bending down ; flexible ; nimble. 
 
 flax a plant the fibre of which is spun and woven. 
 
 [f-lec-t-ere to bend, curve, turn.'\ 
 
 deflect to turn or bend (de) from, away, aside. 
 reflect to bend or turn (re-) back, as light from a 
 reflector ; to turn the mind back or upon ; to cast 
 censure, flexible that may be bent. Lead is flexible ; 
 baleen (whalebone) is both flexible and elastic. 
 
 [lio-Iue to bind, tie, fasten, Join. OB-LIG-ARE to bind round; put in 
 bonds; bind, oblige, make li..able.] 
 
 league a bond of union ; an al-li..'ance. liege 
 a. bound, as a vassal to his lord ; n. he who owes 
 allegiauee. li..eii a legal hold on property. 
 ligament a band or tie, especially between bones. 
 ligature a cord or thread for tying, esp. in surgery. 
 link a component part of a chain. 
 lie tor he who binds (rods and culprits,) a Roman 
 
 ofiicer who bore a bundle of rods from which an axe 
 
 projected, and who bound, scourged, and beheaded 
 
 criminals. 
 oblige to bind or constrain as by a sense of duty ; to 
 
 bind as by a friendly act ; to accommodate. 
 li..able bound or accountable ; responsible ; subject. 
 
DERIVATION. 81 
 
 TA' stretch. 
 
 [Gr. tono'5, to brace up (as we talk of tonics to give tone to the 
 system) ; to accentuate. Gr. ton'os a cord, sinew; ien^s-ion, in-ten^s-it-y, 
 strain; tone* Lat. TENd-KRE to stretch out; pitch a ten-t^ ex-tend; 
 dis-tend; tend-er (offer) ;/»-oceerf; strive, con-tend, in-texd-ere 
 to stretch forth; exert; he intent; put one's energies (in) upon; 
 intend, texuis thin, texuitas ten-u-it-y. Sanscrit tan to draw; 
 stretch; sound. Stan to sound; to thunder, tanu thin.~\ 
 
 tension a strained, stretched or tense condition. 
 intense strained in a high degree (in intensive) ; 
 extreme, tend to have a course, direction, aim, or 
 tendency, contend to strive with. 
 
 distend to stretch apart, as in opening the jaws ; to 
 swell out, as a balloon. 
 
 extend to stretch out, prolong, spread, diffuse. 
 ostentation a spreading (o..s- for obs-) before; a 
 showing out ; vain display ; self-praise, ostensible 
 (that may be) shown forth ; api)arent ; put forth as a 
 pretense. pretend (to hold forward or place 
 PR.E before,) to offer for an ostensible purpose ; to feign. 
 portend to stretch (for-, akin to pro) forward, or 
 into the future ; to betoken, portent an (evil) omen, 
 tenterhooks are used in stretching cloth. 
 
 thin tendon extent extens -ion, -ible, -ive, in-ten -d, -t, -s^ 
 -s-ity superintendency. 
 
 [tox-are to thunder ; make a Ain, iT-TOS-lnr. to terrify, stupefy^ 
 s-tun ; as-ton-ish — where s-, as- are due to es- for ex, in old Frencb 
 e..s-ton-er.] 
 
 avStonisli, avStound, stun, to surprise and con 
 
 found, as if with the din of tliunder. 
 
 tone tonic tune din thunder tin-tinn-ab-ul-at-ion 
 
 Obs. sox-us a soun-d (whence sound, sonant, consonant, re-sound, 
 sonorous, sonnet, sonata,) belongs to the Sanscrit root svan ( = swan) to 
 sound. 
 
 F 
 
82 DERIVATION. 
 
 [ten-ere to hold, have, occupy, re-tain ; defend, nmfjitain ; hold 
 on a course, con-tin-Ue; reach, at-taiu ; hold back, de-tain. 
 CON-TiN^u.us joining (con-) with; uninterrupted, continuous.] 
 
 tenon the end of a timber fitted to hold in a mortise. 
 tenor an even, continuous course; purport; a 
 quality of musical tone. 
 
 al>s-tain to hold from ; forbear ; refrain ; practice 
 abstinence, contain to hold or keep (con-) together ; 
 comprise, content a. held within bounds; satisfied. 
 con-ten-t-nient the state of being content, con- 
 tents parts contained ; the heads of subjects in a book. 
 <letain to keep or withhold anything (de) from; to 
 delay; keep in custody, obtain (ob verbal) to get; 
 procure; be in use. retain to hold back; keep. 
 sustain to hold up, or (sub) from beneath ; keep up ; 
 support ; aid ; endure ; suffer, maintain (to hold by 
 Fr. main the hand,) to support ; uphold ; defend. 
 
 A person may maintain a right, a doctrine, a prin- 
 ciple, and sustain it by argument ; he may siLStain 
 a weight, a defeat, an injury — sustain and maintain 
 a family — and he may sustain the credit of another 
 while he maintains his own. 
 
 In a continent, many regions of the earth occur 
 or are held (con-) together, or in a continuous mass; 
 and the characteristic human features are contained 
 in the countenance. 
 
 entertain (see the meanings of tenere,) as if, to 
 hold a course, or have something going on (inter) between 
 (the entertainer and the entertained,) hence, to amuse ; to 
 treat hospitably ; to hold opinions. 
 
 tenant tenure tenet continue detention tenacity 
 
DERIVATION. 83 
 
 TAG cover. 
 
 [teg-ere to cover, hide, shelter, defend. toga a Roman cloak. 
 TEG-UL-A a ti..Ie. German deck-en to cover; dac^ a roof; deck-el a 
 lid; tu(^ cloth, linen, duck ; zieg-el (=tsigl) a ti..le. Hindoo d'hak-nS, 
 to cover, conceal; a lid. Bengalee d'hak-an to cover. The last exam- 
 ples show the original vowel whence the e and o of teg-ere and tog-a.] 
 
 de-teC't to find out, discover, as if by taking a cover 
 (de) from, or away, protect to cover (pro) before, 
 or in front, as a hen protects her young ; hence, to guard ; 
 to defend, deck v. to cover, clothe, adorn, toe<leclt 
 
 The cover or <leclt of a ship is made of planks; 
 ti..les are made of clay ; tliatcll is a roofing of straw. 
 
 The case of a bed or mattress is called a tick, and it 
 may be made of cluck or of ticking. 
 
 A sliaii-ty is a temporary hut or cabin — primarily, 
 a shed for protecting cattle. Irish and Gaelic ' sion ' (^si 
 as sh) weather, storm ; tigh (gh silent) house. 
 
 TRAC, DRAG draw. 
 
 [trah-o, TRAC-t-u™, trahere to drag, trai..l, draw., along or 
 after; have a trai..n (as of followers) j to prolong; delay; endure. 
 Detrahere to pull (de) down, take away; remove (as by a purgative); 
 lower (in estimation) ; disparage; detract* subtrahere to draw 
 from beneath; subtract. TRACTARE (T intensive) to draio with energy; 
 take in hand; arrange; trea..t. Gothic drag-an to drag, draw, choose. 
 Angl. drag-an to drag, draw, hear, go. Islandic raka to rake.'] 
 
 abs-trac-t v. to draw (abs-) from ; separate ; pur- 
 loin ; a. drawn away from ; separate. An abstract 
 (as from a book or a law,) should give a general idea of 
 the original, while an extract may be any portion taken 
 (ex) out. An abstract may be composed of extracts. 
 
 Primarily, a track is a mark or trace left by an 
 object dragged, draivn, or moving along; but we 
 speak of the track of a ship or of a planet. 
 
84 DERIVATION. 
 
 A tract is something extended, as a region — or drawn 
 out, as a short essay or trea..tise drawn from its subject. 
 A t]*ai..t is a mark ; a feature ; a characteristic. To 
 trea..t is to use (well or ill) ; manage ; discuss ; nego- 
 tiate; entertain. 
 
 A <lreclge is a drag or ralie with a pouch, used 
 to collect oysters. A tra^v..l is a kind of bag-net drawn 
 by a fishing-boat. 
 
 A man who draws plans is a clraug'lit!§imaii ; he 
 who draws business orders is a clraiver — this being an 
 active noun, but when 'drawer' is applied to a piece of 
 furniture, it is a passive noun. 
 
 As the guttural formerly in draiiglit was becoming 
 rare in English, it struck the ears of the young generation 
 as / (see Otosis, p. 30,) and gave us draft, a word of 
 many meanings, all of which we can track or trace to the 
 primary idea, as when it is applied to a current of air 
 drawn to (and passing from) a fire — to a plan — an outline 
 of an agreement, a law, a trea..t-y — a money order 
 drawn on a banker — the act of drawing a load — the 
 depth of a ship in the water. 
 
 In at-trali-eiit (drawi??^ to, attract!?!^), and in 
 sub-t rail-end (something to be subtractecZ), a non- 
 radical h replaces the cay-sound of the Latin stem trac, 
 which, with its derivatives must not be referred to traho. 
 
 abs-, at-, con-, de, dis-, ex, pro, re-, sub, trac-t -ion trac-t -able, 
 -ile track trace -able trea..t treaty treatise treatment 
 tra..de dredge drag draggle draw..l drai..l trai..l trai..n 
 draw.. draw..er draw..ee 
 
I 
 
 DERIVATION. 85 
 
 RAG reach. 
 
 [reg-ere to I'eep st-raigh-t, set righ-t; rule, govern, di-rec-t. RECTUS 
 St-raigh-t; at-retch-ed out or j(p, e-rec-t, up-righ-t; cor-rec-t, proper, just. 
 RECTITUDO atraightneee; directness; uprightness; rectitude. REGIO 
 (gen. -ONis) direction; line ; limit; tract ; region, regimen guidance; 
 government; command, whence regimen, regiment. e-RIG-ere (to 
 make straight ex out of a place,) to raise or set up, erect, cor-rig-ere 
 (to straighten in accordance con- with something,) to make better, 
 correct, di-rig-ere (to straighten or arrange di- apart, or by itself,) 
 to arrange; guide; regulate ; direct. stJR-RiG-ERE, SUR..G-ERE to 
 rise (surJ- for sub /ro7n below, hence) up; spring up, whence surge, 
 and source a spring of water, regula a straight stick, lath, rai..l, 
 r..ul-er; a r..ule, piattem, model, rex (gen. reg-is) a Anngr. rector a 
 guider. Angl. reht a. right ^ n. plumb-line; carpenter's ride; riht n. 
 right; justice; duty; truth; reason.'\ 
 
 regulate vt. to keep (or cause to be) rigli-t, 
 
 st-raigli-t, cor-rec-t, reg-ul-ar, or according to a 
 r..iile. A regulation is a rule made by competent 
 authority. 
 
 region a st-retch (of country) ; a portion of space 
 having some characteristic, as the region of the trade- 
 ■\vinds, — of the Caspian, — of the heart, regimen 
 rule, esp. in regard to diet, regal, royal kingly. 
 
 reaeli v. to extend, st-retch out ; attain ; n. st-retch, 
 extension. 
 
 <lireet a. straight; straightforward; unswerving. 
 Fr. d..roi..t (right, straight ; n. right ; claim ; law ; tax ; 
 fee,) whence, with a- for ad (as if to the right,) 
 a-€l..roi-t dextrous. He is adroit who goes to or at a 
 work in a direct manner, and as if with (Fr. droite) the 
 right hand. 
 
 On account of its superior usefulness, the angle which 
 is most employed in masonry and carpentry is named a 
 riglit angle, and a four-sided figure with four such 
 angles is a rectangle. 
 
 8 
 
Ob DERIVATION. 
 
 An in-sur-rec-t-ion is a rising (sur*- for sub) 
 up (in-) against; a revolt against lawful authority by 
 in-su..-r..g-ent-s. 
 
 CAP take. 
 
 [CAP-ERE (-CEP-, -CIP-, -CUP-) to take, seize, cap-t-ure, get, hold, 
 oe-cup-y. DE-CIP-ERE to take in (de) much, practice de-cep-t-ion, 
 de-ceive, cheatJ\ 
 
 perception is (per) thorough comprehension. 
 
 A principle is something which takes or oc-eup-ies 
 the (prin- for prim- before ' c ') pri-m-Siry place. 
 
 A capable man of clear perception, and who 
 is neither captiousi nor con-cei-.-ted, has the 
 cap-acity to re-ceive, and to oc-cup-y himself 
 with ac-cep-table prin-cip-les and pre-cep-ts. 
 
 On its passage (inter) between the armies, the corre- 
 spondence was intercepted; in other words — the 
 letters were seized between the armies. 
 
 A person who gets (re-) back his health, is said to 
 recuperate or recover- 
 
 exceptions are out-takings, or parts which are 
 taken (ex) out. They do not prove the accuracy of a rule. 
 
 capacious capture captor or ca..tcher keep captive or 
 cai..tiff ca..tch* ch..ase* purchase* ac-cep-t de-cep-t-ion 
 deceive receive recipient occupy receipt decei..t concei..t 
 
 CO, s-CU cover. 
 
 [Welsh CO concavity, cen a a-ki-n. cin what extends over. Lat. 
 cu-T-is the skin. SCUTU"" (gen. scuxi) a shield (scutcheon), scu'tula a 
 dish. 6b-SCu'r-us covered (ob) over; dusky; indistinct ; unintelligible. 
 Angl. sce-d (c as k, e in they) a sha-de. Scotch sky shadow, skul, skol 
 a drinking cup."] 
 
 scutiform having the form (scUT:i) of a shield. 
 
 * Ital. cacciare (= cattsh-&r6) for a supposable CApTI&rfi. 
 
 i 
 
DERIVATION. 87 
 
 scutellate (-el dimin.) shaped like a little shield, 
 or like a dish, scu.llery (as if ' scutellaiy ') a place 
 for dishes. 
 
 sqii..i..re (as if *scuti-ger,' from gePw-ere to bear, 
 carry,) the bearer (scuti) of a shield ; the armor-bearer 
 of a knight ; a justice of the peace, esquire (e pros- 
 thetic) a title used after names. 
 
 cu-ti-cle the outer, thin, delicate s-ki-n which 
 covers the true (cutis) skin. 
 
 The sealp (p noun suffix, see -B) covers the skull, 
 which is a kind of scale, shell, sliield, slieatli, 
 shutter, or shelter for the brain. A scull is an 
 oar, a scale-like implement, also a kind of boat. 
 
 A shelf (see -B) of shaly rock may cause a shoal 
 or shallow. 
 
 scallops (= scollops) are shellfish ; many of them 
 have both valves ribbed, which gives the edge a 
 scolloped appearance. 
 
 shuck a husk or hull, shude rice husks. sliod<ly 
 woollen offal re-spun and woven into 'shoddy' cloth. 
 shoe a cover for the foot. 
 
 shade shedn. shadow coat cot cottage hod hood hat 
 hide n. hut hose house husk cask casque casket shield 
 shilling cuticle sky scute scutellate scullery scutcheon 
 escutcheon obscure scum skimmer skin scow shallop 
 
 Shed (to cast off); shoat, sheet, shuttle, belong to shoot. 
 
 GA, GAn produce. 
 
 [QI-G..N-0 (gi reduplicative) GeN-it-u"", gi-g..n-ere to beget, pro- 
 duce. GENS (^gen. GENT-is) clan, family, tribe, gentilis of the same 
 family or nation ; foreign ; heathen; gentile. GV^TJivmvs native, imt- 
 ural, genuine, genus (gen. gen'eris, pi. gexera,) race, family, kin, 
 kind, genus, gender. genitIvus a. belonging to birth, or descent; n. 
 the genitive case. genius (pi. genii,) a protecting spirit; talent, 
 genius, ingeniu™ innate quality; an invention.'] 
 
 general a. relating to all of a kin-d ; common. 
 
05 DERIVATION. 
 
 n. a commander with a general supervision, en-gine 
 (and ..gin) an ingenious machine, congener a 
 
 plant or animal of the same genus with another. 
 incli'genous born or produced (indi-) in a country; 
 native, gender (in grammar) Icind in regard to sex. 
 
 A congenital disease or deformity is one which a 
 person is (genitus) born (con-) with. 
 
 A family, a flock, or a crop, is a production which 
 requires care in the rearing, that it may be genuine, 
 or true to its kind. 
 
 When certain seeds are sown together, the resulting 
 plants will be degenerate, or removed (de) from 
 their kind. 
 
 Well-bred persons are such as have been carefully 
 brought up, and who should be genial, congenial, 
 ingenuous, generous, gentle, and genteel. 
 But when a generation includes a ..nation, the 
 general ..nature and genius (or inborn character) 
 may degenerate and the ..natives become gentiles 
 requiring regeneration. 
 
 [G..NisC0R, ..NASCOR (v. deponent,) to he horn, spring from, groto. 
 GNATUS, NATUS bor7i, j^foduced. NATURA essential quality; character; 
 disposition; producing cause; the universe; nature* NATIVUS inborn; 
 dnetohirth; due to nature ; native; not artificial ; NATI-O (gen. -ON-is) 
 hirth; race; nation.] 
 
 nation a body of people living under the same 
 government. navScent beginning to exist or to form. 
 connate growing together as two leaves from one base. 
 co-gnate connected by birth or descent ; allied ; akin 
 on the mother's side, a-g'n-ate (a- for ad) akin 
 through the father, natal relating to one's birth. 
 innate inborn. 
 
 preternatural (prater) beyond (or, in addition 
 
DERIVATION. 89 
 
 to) nature ; inexplicable, supernatural above na- 
 ture ; spiritual ; miraculous, reuaissance (Fr. nais- 
 sance birth,) the renewal or revival of the fine arts, chiefly 
 by Rafaele (or Raphael, b. 1483, d. 1520.) 
 
 na-if 7/1., na-ive Jem. (short forms of Fr. m. n^tif, 
 /. n3-tive,) natural; unaffected, u^e (=nay, Fr. fem. 
 participle,) born (with the name of,) as in Madame 
 d'Arblay, nee Burney. 
 
 CAL call. 
 
 [CAL-o, CLA-M-0 / call. Welsh gal what is uttered; spread out; a 
 plain ; a fair spot, a goal, galw to call. Irish and Gaelic sgal a yell.'\ 
 
 A clai-m is (-m) something, such as a right, for which 
 a demand or call may be made by the claiiuaut. 
 
 A claim may be cried (pro) forth or pro-elaliued 
 with s-col-ding and claiuor ; or it may be disowned 
 and (lisclaiiued with (de much) deelaiuatiou. 
 
 The cal-eud-ar (-and, -end, particip.) or register 
 of days, and the caleu<ls or first day of the mouths, 
 were thus named because the principal days were origin- 
 ally called out, or proclaimed on the calends. 
 
 We may call or liail a man with a lialloo, but 
 we should not yell (utter a y el-p), yowl, nor liowl. 
 
 As cay and h do not belong to the same contact (see the Chart p. 16), 
 the former being a guttural formed by the base of the tongue, and the 
 h a laryngal made farther back at the larynx, their interchange con- 
 stitutes a transmutation (p. 19), as in call and hail, sub-trac-t and 
 sub-trah-end (p. 84), gard-en and horti-culture (p. 40), calam-us and 
 hauL.m, guano from Peruvian huano, Noah and Noachian. 
 8* 
 
90 DERIVATION. 
 
 GOL shine. 
 
 [Welsh gol-e splendor. Irish and Gaelic geal (=gyal) white, bright. 
 Gr. xo^-V (= <i}o\e) gall, x^^-o? 9"^^> nnrjer. Lat. BiLis and FEL (both 
 as if from a stem gval = gwal), Angl. gealla gall, bile. Angl. geol-ca 
 yol-k. Swed. gul yell-oio; gul-a yol-k; gul-d gol-d. Lat. gil-v-us; 
 Ger. gel-b; Eng. yell-ow. Lat. c5l-or color, hue, appearance, lustre.'] 
 
 g^all or bile and the yolk of eggs are yellow ; 
 gold has the same prominent color, and so has a 
 burning eoal. 
 
 In the early days of scientific inqui'ry, mental depres- 
 sion was attributed to {iiilas, gen. /x^Aav-oj = m^ranos) 
 hlack bile or melaiiclioly ; and atrabilious (melan- 
 cholic) is based on Latin ater, fem. atra hlach, and the 
 feminine noun bilis hile, anger, wrath. 
 
 Black bile was supposed to be formed by the spleen, a 
 belief which gave to this word the secondary meanings 
 of spite and ill-humor, and caused splen'etic to mean 
 peevish and spiteful. 
 
 cholera is a disease connected -with bile, and as bile 
 was supposed to cause anger, cboler has come to mean 
 wrath, and we apply the term clioleric to a person 
 easily moved to anger. 
 
 As a good carver seldom fails to hit the joint, so an etymologist is 
 expected to hit the joints of words. (See 'redeem' and 'icicle,' p. 45.) 
 He must know how to separate, not only ' ex ' from * express ' and 
 'explain/ but he must be able to dissect ' ec-' from words which seem 
 to have the same prefix, such as 'expire' (ec-spire to breathe out; die), 
 and 'extant' (ec-sta-nt sta-nd-ing out; in being.) Akin to ec-sta-nt is 
 ec-sta-sy (Gr. ek'stasis a standing out or aside; distraction ; entrance- 
 men t,) spelled in the Greek mode, in which the letter for x was not used 
 for ks when they were thus divided between a prefix and a stem. 
 
91 
 
 CHAPTER 10. SYNOISTYMY. 
 
 Words which have the same, or nearly the same 
 meaning, are named synonyms. They may be as 
 near to each other as 'dale' and 'dell;' they may be 
 the result of paresis (neglect), as in ' coim..t ' from ' com- 
 pute ; ' or they may be distinct words, as in * count ' and 
 * reckon.' In the following pairs, a word of English or 
 Teutonic origin is followed by its synonym derived from 
 Latin. 
 
 Etiglish, 
 
 , Latin. 
 
 Engliah, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 Engliah, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 cheat V, 
 
 defraud 
 
 help. 
 
 assist 
 
 shining. 
 
 splendent 
 
 cheat n, 
 
 deception 
 
 hinder, 
 
 obstruct 
 
 shrink. 
 
 contract' 
 
 corner, 
 
 angle 
 
 hinder. 
 
 prevent 
 
 shun, 
 
 avoid 
 
 dale, 
 
 vale 
 
 hold. 
 
 contain 
 
 shut V, 
 
 close 
 
 dark, dim ; 
 
 obscure 
 
 hold back 
 
 :, retain 
 
 sink. 
 
 descend 
 
 ditch. 
 
 fosse 
 
 hold in. 
 
 restrain 
 
 sink. 
 
 plunge 
 
 dregs, 
 
 sediment 
 
 hold on, 
 
 detain 
 
 skill. 
 
 dexterity 
 
 drink, 
 
 imbibe 
 
 hold out, 
 
 persevere 
 
 skilful. 
 
 expert 
 
 dull, 
 
 stupid 
 
 hold up. 
 
 sustain 
 
 stop. 
 
 cease 
 
 dull, 
 
 languid 
 
 last V, 
 
 endure 
 
 smooth. 
 
 plane 
 
 dumb, 
 
 mute 
 
 last a, 
 
 ultimate 
 
 smooth. 
 
 glabrous 
 
 enough. 
 
 sufficient 
 
 lessen. 
 
 diminish 
 
 sorrow. 
 
 grief 
 
 fear. 
 
 terror 
 
 looking-glass, mirror 
 
 sourness, 
 
 acidity 
 
 fearful. 
 
 timorous 
 
 mad, 
 
 rabid 
 
 spear. 
 
 lance 
 
 fearless, 
 
 intrepid 
 
 needy. 
 
 indigent 
 
 sticky. 
 
 adhesive 
 
 food, 
 
 victual-s 
 
 pride. 
 
 vanity 
 
 sticky. 
 
 viscous 
 
 forbid. 
 
 prohibit 
 
 proud. 
 
 arrogant 
 
 storm. 
 
 tempest 
 
 guide V, 
 
 conduct 
 
 raise. 
 
 elevate 
 
 stout. 
 
 robust 
 
 guile. 
 
 fraud 
 
 rise. 
 
 ascend 
 
 stubborn. 
 
 , obstinate 
 
 handle, 
 
 manipulate 
 
 rise out. 
 
 emerge 
 
 surly. 
 
 morose 
 
 hang, 
 
 suspend 
 
 seaman, 
 
 mariner 
 
 thick. 
 
 dense 
 
 harbor, haven ; port 
 
 shepherd 
 
 , pastor 
 
 uproar. 
 
 tumult 
 
 hearth, 
 
 focus 
 
 shine ?i, 
 
 splendor 
 
 wages. 
 
 salary 
 
 heavenly, celestial 
 
 shiny, 
 
 splendid 
 
 wail. 
 
 lament 
 
92 
 
 SYNONYMY. 
 
 English, Latin. 
 wane, decrease 
 want, penury 
 wary, cautious 
 des'ert 
 
 English, Latin. 
 wayward, perverse 
 weak, feeble 
 
 weighty, ponderous 
 wicked, vicious 
 
 English, Latin. 
 worth, value 
 yearly, annual 
 yield, concede 
 youthful, juvenile 
 
 English presents the curious feature of having numer- 
 ous native words without native derivatives, instead of 
 which, modifications of foreign forms (chiefly Latin) are 
 used, as in — 
 
 I. English, Latin. 
 
 fusible 
 mental 
 lunar 
 oral 
 legible 
 marine 
 
 In the next examples the words of the second column 
 are based on French and the third on Latin. Most of 
 the French forms are based on Latin, and many of those 
 due to Latin entered English through some form or 
 dialect of French. 
 
 English, Latin. 
 
 English 
 
 book, library 
 
 melt. 
 
 guess, conjectural 
 
 mind 
 
 guest, hospitable 
 
 moon, 
 
 hand, manual. 
 
 mouth, 
 
 hear, audible 
 
 read. 
 
 island, insular 
 
 sea, 
 
 English, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 see, 
 
 visible 
 
 ship, 
 
 navigate 
 
 spittle. 
 
 salivate 
 
 tooth 
 
 dental 
 
 wine 
 
 vinous 
 
 work. 
 
 laborious 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 answer, 
 
 repartee. 
 
 retort 
 
 enlist. 
 
 enrol. 
 
 register 
 
 banter, 
 
 rally, 
 
 deride 
 
 evening, 
 
 soiree. 
 
 vesper 
 
 banter. 
 
 badinage. 
 
 , derision 
 
 farewell. 
 
 adieu. 
 
 valedictory 
 
 big, 
 
 large. 
 
 ample 
 
 fellow, 
 
 comrade. 
 
 associate 
 
 blunt, 
 
 brusque, 
 
 abrupt 
 
 fit out. 
 
 accoutre. 
 
 supply 
 
 bravery. 
 
 courage, 
 
 valor 
 
 flag, 
 
 banner, 
 
 ensign 
 
 brittle. 
 
 frail 
 
 fragile 
 
 fodder. 
 
 forage, 
 
 pabulum 
 
 burg. 
 
 fortress. 
 
 castle 
 
 forgive. 
 
 pardon, 
 
 remit 
 
 business. 
 
 affair, occupation 
 
 forsake, 
 
 abandon. 
 
 desert 
 
 chide. 
 
 blame, objurgate 
 
 free v. 
 
 rescue, 
 
 deliver 
 
 cleft. 
 
 crevice. 
 
 fissure 
 
 gain n. 
 
 profit, 
 
 lucre 
 
 clothing, 
 
 attire. 
 
 vesture 
 
 gift, 
 
 present. 
 
 donation 
 
 countryman, peasant, 
 
 rustic 
 
 glitter, 
 
 brilliance 
 
 , radiance 
 
 ditch, 
 
 trench. 
 
 canal 
 
 grudge. 
 
 pique. 
 
 rancor 
 
 dwell, 
 
 sojourn, 
 
 reside 
 
 handy, 
 
 adroit. 
 
 dexterous 
 
 empty, 
 
 void. 
 
 vacant 
 
 hate, 
 
 malice, 
 
 malignity 
 
SYNONYMY. 
 
 93 
 
 English, French, Latin. 
 
 heed, regard, observe 
 
 help, aid, succor; assist 
 
 hinder, embarrass, obstruct 
 husbandman, farmer, agricultur(ist) 
 
 income, revenue, product 
 
 keepsake, souvenir, remembrancer 
 
 last, dernier, final 
 
 lawyer, attorney, advocate 
 lead, guide, direct 
 
 leaning ji, bias, inclination 
 
 likeness, semblance similitude 
 luck, chance, fortune 
 
 lying down, couchant, reclining 
 mar, damage, vitiate 
 
 mishap, mischance, misfortune 
 niggardly, covetous, penurious 
 outbreak, emeute, sedition 
 overcome, vanquish, subjugate 
 
 overthrow. 
 
 rout, defea..t 
 
 plague V, 
 
 pester, vex 
 
 plague n, 
 
 chagrin, vexation 
 
 plunder. 
 
 pillage, depredation 
 
 prayer, 
 
 orison, supplication 
 
 prop, 
 
 stanchion, fulcrum 
 
 ramble. 
 
 tour, excursion 
 
 rank 
 
 range, series 
 
 English, French, Latin. 
 
 reckon, count, calculate 
 
 regain, recruit, recover 
 
 robber, brigand, deprulator 
 
 rush out, sally, exit 
 
 scar, cicatrice cicatrix 
 
 seek, search, inquire 
 
 sharp, pierc(ing), acute 
 
 sharp, piquant pungent 
 
 shining, brilliant, effulgent 
 slaughter, massacre, carnage 
 
 slow, tardy, dilatory 
 
 small, petty, minute 
 
 smell, scent, odor 
 
 speech, harangue, oration 
 
 spell, charm, incantation 
 stingy, covetous, parsimonioua 
 
 tease, annoy, disturb 
 
 trim, garnish, adorn 
 
 walk, alley, avenue 
 
 watch bivouac vigil 
 
 watchful, alert, • vigilant 
 
 weak, feeble, infirm 
 
 weariness, fatigue, lassitude 
 
 wedlock, marriage, matrimony 
 
 wile, finesse, fraud 
 
 yielding, supple flexible 
 
 In some cases all of the synonyms may be derived from 
 French, as in danger, hazard, jeopardy, peri..l, risk ; — 
 attack, assail, assault ; — or they may be chiefly Latin, as 
 in (harsh), austere, severe, cruel, rigorous; — (dull), obtuse, 
 obscure, languid, torpid, stupid, stolid, inert ; — calculate, 
 compute, enumerate ; — charm, incantation, fascination ; — 
 animal, beast, brute, creature. 
 
 In the next table, the first column is English, the 
 second is derived from Latin, and the third from Greek. 
 
94 
 
 SYNONYMY. 
 
 English, Latin, Greek. 
 
 ball, globe, sphere 
 
 beginning, origin, genesis 
 
 dislike, aversion, antipathy 
 
 hatred, ill-will ; repugnance, 
 loathing, detestation, 
 
 droll, 
 
 ludicrous, comic 
 
 dullness, 
 
 stupor, 
 
 lethargy 
 
 earnest. 
 
 ardent. 
 
 zealous 
 
 feeling, 
 fit«. 
 
 emotion, pathos 
 convulsion, spasm 
 
 fleeting, 
 food. 
 
 fugitive, 
 aliment. 
 
 ephemeral 
 diet 
 
 forebode. 
 
 presage, 
 
 prognostic 
 
 foretell, 
 ga-p 
 
 predict, 
 hi-atus 
 
 prophesy 
 cha-sm 
 
 guile, 
 
 likeness. 
 
 deceit, 
 simile. 
 
 hypocrisy 
 metaphor 
 
 likeness, 
 likeness, 
 
 similitude, parable 
 model, archetype 
 
 English, 
 
 likeness, 
 
 madman, 
 
 puke, 
 
 ring, 
 
 round n, 
 
 saying, 
 
 sea, 
 
 snake, 
 
 song, 
 
 speech, 
 
 struggle, 
 
 taper n, 
 
 thought, 
 
 token, 
 
 top ; ap 
 
 warm, 
 
 •witness, 
 
 wreath. 
 
 Latin, 
 
 image ; 
 
 lunatic, 
 
 vomit, 
 
 circle, 
 
 circuit, 
 
 proverb. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 icon, idol 
 
 maniac 
 
 emetic 
 
 cycle 
 
 period 
 
 axiom 
 
 marine, oceanic 
 serpent, ophio(logyj 
 canticle, hymn, 
 diction, rhetoric 
 contest, agony 
 candle, lamp 
 
 notion, idea 
 sign, symptom 
 
 ex, summit; acme 
 tepid, thermal 
 
 attestor, martyr 
 crown, diadem 
 
 The next table differs from the preceding one in having 
 a French (including Norman) column after the English 
 one. Most of the French words are varied from Latin. 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 anger (see wrath), rage, 
 
 indignation 
 
 frenzy 
 
 belt, girdle; 
 
 surcingle 
 
 cincture. 
 
 zone 
 
 bowman. 
 
 archer, 
 
 Sagittarius, 
 
 toxophilite 
 
 cup 
 
 gob-let. 
 
 crater. 
 
 calyx 
 
 daybook, 
 
 journal 
 
 diary, 
 
 ephemeris 
 
 den, 
 
 cave. 
 
 cavern, 
 
 crypt 
 
 din, 
 
 fracas, 
 
 clamor, 
 
 clang 
 
 evening. 
 
 soiree. 
 
 vesper 
 
 Hesperus 
 
 fat (see salve). 
 
 grease. 
 
 lard, 
 
 stearine 
 
 tellow, 
 
 ointment 
 
 unguent, 
 
 cbrism 
 
 fellow-feeling. 
 
 pity, mercy 
 
 ; compassion. 
 
 sympathy 
 
 foe. 
 
 enemy. 
 
 adversary. 
 
 antagonist 
 
 forbear. 
 
 cease. 
 
 desist. 
 
 pause 
 
 forebode, 
 
 presage, 
 
 predict, 
 
 prophesy 
 
 forgiveness. 
 
 pardon, 
 
 remission, 
 
 amnesty 
 
 girdle, 
 
 bandage. 
 
 cincture, 
 
 zone, cestus 
 
SYNONYMY. 
 
 95 
 
 English, French, 
 
 glad, blithe; gay, 
 grave, tomb, 
 
 groundwork, foundation, 
 half, demi, 
 
 head chief, 
 
 heathen, gentile, 
 
 hue, dye; 
 
 huge, 
 
 husbandry, 
 
 kingly, 
 
 leader, 
 
 likeness, 
 
 tin..t, 
 
 large, vast; 
 
 farm(ing), 
 
 royal 
 
 guide, 
 
 portrait, 
 
 Latin, 
 jocund, 
 sepulchre, 
 substruction, 
 semi- 
 principal, 
 pagan, 
 
 color, 
 
 grand, 
 
 agriculture, 
 
 regal, 
 
 conductor. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 hilari(ous) 
 
 (epi)taph 
 
 ardh 
 
 ethnt 1^ I \ /. ^, ^ 
 
 ohrom^ ' A I T r 
 gigantic ^Vi^J r()\ 
 
 geoponics 
 monarchic 
 coryphaeus 
 icon 
 
 list, roll, register, 
 
 look, glance ; survey, inspection, 
 
 madness, folly, ra..ge ; insanity, 
 meeting, assembly, convention, 
 
 schedule, catalog'"* 
 
 scope 
 
 mania 
 
 synod 
 
 merry, 
 
 joyous. 
 
 jocund, jovial, 
 
 i;uphrosyne 
 
 moonlet, 
 
 lunette, 
 
 lunule, 
 
 meniscus 
 
 odd, queer; 
 
 bizarre. 
 
 peculiar. 
 
 idiosyncratic 
 
 old, 
 
 ancient 
 
 antiquated. 
 
 archaic 
 
 outlaw V, 
 
 banish. 
 
 proscribe, 
 
 ostracise 
 
 pang, 
 
 anguish, 
 
 dolor. 
 
 ache 
 
 peevish. 
 
 testy. 
 
 irritable. 
 
 choleric 
 
 pipe, 
 
 condwit. 
 
 tube. 
 
 siphon, syringe 
 
 plague. 
 
 pest 
 
 pestilence, 
 
 epidemic 
 
 quack, 
 
 charlatan, 
 
 (circulator*), 
 
 empiric 
 
 quibble, 
 
 chicane, 
 
 cavil. 
 
 sophism 
 
 reckoning. 
 
 coun..t. 
 
 calculation, 
 
 arithmetic 
 
 riddle. 
 
 charade. 
 
 rebus. 
 
 enigma 
 
 sad. 
 
 trist, 
 
 dejected, 
 
 melanchojy 
 
 salve, 
 
 ointment 
 
 unguent, . 
 
 plaster 
 
 saw. 
 
 adage. 
 
 maxim, 
 
 aphorism 
 
 scoflF, jeer; 
 
 gibe. 
 
 derision, 
 
 sarcasm, irony 
 
 * It is a characteristic of quacks to circulate, and to draw attention from 
 some such elevation as a bench (whence ' mountebank '), or by means of 
 pretentious advertisements. 
 
96 
 
 
 SYNONYMY. 
 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 scorn, 
 
 reproach, 
 
 opprobrium, 
 
 slander 
 
 seer, 
 
 clairvoyant, 
 
 augur, 
 
 prophet 
 
 shelter, 
 
 retreat, 
 
 refuge. 
 
 asylum 
 
 shield. 
 
 guard. 
 
 protection, 
 
 phylactery 
 
 short. 
 
 brief. 
 
 concise, 
 
 laconic 
 
 shorten, 
 
 abridge 
 
 abbreviate. 
 
 epi-tom-ise 
 
 sight. 
 
 view. 
 
 aspect. 
 
 scene 
 
 song, lay ; 
 
 chant 
 
 canticle, 
 
 hymn, anthem 
 
 soothsaying 
 
 , sorcery. 
 
 augury. 
 
 necromancy 
 
 speech, 
 
 language. 
 
 diction. 
 
 rhetoric 
 
 spell. 
 
 charm. 
 
 incantation, 
 
 philtre 
 
 split, rent; 
 
 crevasse. 
 
 fissure. 
 
 schism 
 
 stamp, 
 
 punch. 
 
 impression. 
 
 type 
 
 standard. 
 
 model, 
 
 exemplar. 
 
 criterion 
 
 steal, 
 
 pillage. 
 
 depredate, 
 
 klepto(mania) 
 
 stool, bench 
 
 ; chair, 
 
 seat. 
 
 throne 
 
 strong, 
 
 puissant. 
 
 vigorous, 
 
 en-erg-et'ic 
 
 stout, 
 
 sturdy, 
 
 robust 
 
 
 strength ; 
 
 force, power 
 
 potency. 
 
 dynam'ic a. 
 
 struggle, 
 
 effort. 
 
 contest, 
 
 agony 
 
 tail. 
 
 queue. 
 
 caud(al). 
 
 (cyn:os)ure 
 
 tale, 
 
 novel, 
 
 narrative, fable 
 
 myth, history 
 
 talk. 
 
 parley. 
 
 colloquy, 
 
 dialogue 
 
 taper. 
 
 flambeau. 
 
 candle. 
 
 lamp 
 
 thought. 
 
 reverie, 
 
 notion. 
 
 idea 
 
 throat, 
 
 gorge. 
 
 guttur(al). 
 
 oesophagus 
 
 token, 
 
 gage. 
 
 sign, 
 
 symptom 
 
 touching, 
 
 tender. 
 
 affecting. 
 
 path-et'ic 
 
 trick. 
 
 ruse, 
 
 artifice. 
 
 stratagem 
 
 . . . . 
 
 turn, veer ; 
 
 revolve. 
 
 gyrate 
 
 waterfall. 
 
 chute, cascade 
 
 ; rapid. 
 
 cataract 
 
 wedding. 
 
 espousal. 
 
 nuptials. 
 
 (mono)gamy' 
 
 whim, 
 
 caprice, 
 
 conceit. 
 
 fantasy 
 
 wizard, 
 
 sorcerer. 
 
 conjurer. 
 
 magic(iAN) 
 
 wordiness, 
 
 verbiage 
 
 verbosity. 
 
 poly'logy 
 
 wrath. 
 
 ire, rage, 
 
 fury. 
 
 choler 
 
 wreath, 
 
 chaplet. 
 
 crown. 
 
 diadem 
 
SYNONYMY. 97 
 
 The following adjectives aud the nouns they describe, 
 are derived from Latin — 
 
 false accusations ; fallacious tests ; counterfeit 
 coin ; artificial flowers ; factitious gems ; fictitious 
 narratives ; spurious citations ; fraudful arts ; fraud- 
 ulent transactions ; delusive conceits ; deceptive in- 
 ferences ; deceitful practices. 
 
 Make, shape, build, are English: create, pro- 
 duce, form, fashion, model, construct, are based 
 on Latin. 
 
 Epic, hymn, ode, poem, poesy, psalm, rhap- 
 sody, are based on Greek. 
 
 Mad, crazy, moonstruck, are English : delirium, 
 insanity, lunacy, are derived from Latin: frenzy, 
 idiocy, mania, are based on Greek. 
 
 Having the synonyms yearly and annual, the latter 
 has been extended to the plants called annuals, while 
 animals fully a year old are known as yearlings. 
 
 Some nations compute* their time by moons or 
 lunations. 
 
 Silence may be casual: taciturnity is a habit: 
 reticence is due to caution. The silent man does not 
 wish to speak : the taciturh man speaks but little : the 
 reticent man restrains his speech. Jurymen are silent — 
 they listen to the pleadings : the judge is taciturn — he 
 must see that the case is properly conducted : the prisoner 
 is reticent — his lawyer speaks for him, because his own 
 speech might betray him. 
 
 * Here 'compute' is a better term than its shorter form 'count' would be. 
 9 G 
 
98 SYNONYMY. 
 
 Linen is bleached by exposing it to the light : celery 
 is blanched by j^re venting the access of light. » 
 
 Sailors manage a ship, the captain navigates it. 
 
 Skilful (Angl. scylan to dis-tinguish,) implies discern- 
 ment added to the power of doing : dexterity (dextra 
 the right hand,) is righthandeduess as distinguished from 
 awkwardness: adroitness (p. 85) is dii^edness or straight- 
 forwardness, a going at once to the object, but often im- 
 plying unscrupulousness, as in speaking of a person as a 
 skilful lawyer and an adroit politician. To be ex-per-t is 
 to act from ex-per*i-ence, therefore like one who has mas- 
 tered his art. 
 
 When a man's speech is not as rapid as his ideas, he 
 hesitates : when he speaks disjointed! y from not know- 
 ing what to say, he stammers : when, on account of 
 spasm, there is a want of proper control over the speech 
 organs, he stutters. 
 
 AVhen a person does not care to be understood, he 
 mumbles : when he does not care to be heard by an- 
 other person, he mutters : when his suppressed words 
 are complaints, he murmurs ; and when they are due to 
 a fault-finding disposition, he grumbles. 
 
 A rock is a large mass of stone: a cliff is a high 
 precipitous front of rock : a peak is a pointed mountain, 
 such as Pike's Peak, or the Peak of Teneriffe : a bluff 
 is a high steep bank, as at IMemj^his, Tennessee. 
 
 When a man's wages are due for his earnings, he 
 should get his pay in cash. 
 
SYNONYMY. 99 
 
 The sed-ulous or as-sid-uous man sits (or continues) 
 at an employment without permitting himself to be drawn 
 aside by distractions. To be di-lig-ent (see p. 78) is to 
 attend to a special matter. To be industrious is to 
 be free from idleness, and generally active. To be 
 expeditious (ex-ped-ire to free the ped-es feet ex 
 from, i. e. a snare,) is to move without im-ped-iment — 
 un-im-ped-ed, or primarily, with the feet free, and 
 implying rapid work with a matter in hand. A man is 
 laborious when his task is difficult ; he may be diligent, 
 and do his work with laborious minuteness. 
 
 An im-age is an im-itation, s-im-ilitude, figure, effigy 
 or likeness, generally a small statue or bust representing 
 a real or an ideal object. An ef-fig-y (FInGere to 
 shape, model,) is a fig-ure shaped or modeled, a copy, a 
 likeness. A statue (statu' ere to cause to stand, to set 
 up,) is a likeness or ornamental figure, frequently carved 
 in marble, and intended to be set up. A picture is the 
 work of a (pic-t-or) painter, done with pig-ments. An 
 idol (Gr. id-6in to see; Si'dolon image, phantom, fancy, 
 id-e'a; in church Greek, an idol,) hence idolatry idol- 
 worship ; but ' icon ' (Gr. Sicon figure, image, likeness,) 
 gives icon:o-clast an image-breaker. A child may be 
 called — the ' image ' of his father and the ' idol ' of his 
 mother. To * idolise ' is to love to excess. 
 
 An excuse is an apology for what is admitted to be 
 wrong : a pretext is a false reason for a voluntary act 
 pretended to be right. Excuses are for explanation, pre- 
 texts for deception. 
 
 The pretext of Frederick II., when he was meditating some act of 
 rapine, generally was that he believed some hostile combination had 
 been formed against him, which it was wise to anticipate. Encyc. 
 Britannica, vol. 3, 1876. 
 
100 SYNONYMY. 
 
 In the TJ. S., balance is used incorrectly for re- 
 mainder, of which it is not a synonym. It can be used 
 for things that are (or were formerly) weighed, as money, 
 and by extension, money accounts. 
 
 Deplore differs from lament in having a particular 
 object in view, like bewail in comparison witR wail. 
 (See the prefixes DE and be-.) A man laments his mis- 
 fortunes and deplores his consequent misery. 
 
 Lively and vivid (viv-o I live,) imply life and its 
 effects. A lively wit — dance — tune ; a vivid flash — pic- 
 ture — imagination ; a lively or vivid description. 
 
 To obstruct is to block up or place obstacles in a 
 passage-way. To impede is to retard progression. Ice 
 may obstruct a river and impede ships in their passage. 
 An obstruction in the throat may cause an impedi- 
 ment of speech. 
 
 To read (German 'reden ' to speak,) is to recite audibly 
 or observe mentally, words and characters as represented 
 to the eye; and by extension, to read the thoughts — the 
 mind — the signs of the times. To peruse is to read 
 attentively; also, to examine carefully from point to 
 point, as in scanning the features. 
 
 My felf I then perus'd, and Limb by Limb 
 Survey'd, ...Mi/ion, Par. Lost, ed. 1678, bk 8, I. 267. 
 
 A despot (originally a master of slaves,) is an absolute 
 ruler. A tyrant is an absolute ruler who rules with 
 cruelty. Both words are derived from Greek, and imply 
 rulers who are not subject to the restraints of laws or 
 constitutions. 
 
 Salubrious health-bringing ; salutary promotive of 
 health and of wholesome influences. A salubrious 
 climate ; a salutary example. 
 
SYNONYMY. 101 
 
 Windowglass is said to be trans-par-ent, because 
 objects appear (trans) beyond it : ground glass is trans- 
 lucent, it allows the light but not the sight to extend 
 beyond it: a clear fragment of glass is pellucid in 
 allowing light to pass (pel- for per) through it, but its 
 shape may be such as to prevent the recognition of objects 
 beyond. 
 
 To ad-ore (or-o I pray, ad to^ is to address in prayer. 
 To in-voke (v6c-o I call, in upon,) is to call upon in 
 words. To wor-.-ship (for worth-ship,) is to yield due 
 worth (honor, dignity, veneration,) especially divine honor. 
 We may ^ adore ' in private, we * worship ' in public, and 
 in either case we 'invoke' divine aid. *Adore' and 
 ' worship ' are often confounded, nor are they properly 
 
 A clammy sweat : a sticky surface : viscous (gluey 
 and ropy,) sap : an adhesive plaster : a tenacious 
 hold : a retentive memory. 
 
 A post (something joosifed, set, placed,) is an upright of 
 wood, stone, or metal, as a door-post, gate-post, guide-post, 
 hitching-post, fence-post ; a military post, or station for 
 soldiers. A buttress is a high support projecting from 
 a wall, sometimes ornamental in its character, as in Gothic 
 architecture. A column is a cylindric or tapering pillar 
 adapted for architectural purposes, and having definite 
 proportions. The use of the word extends to columns of 
 print, of soldiers, of figures. A pilaster is a square 
 architectural column. A pillar is a detached upright 
 without claims to architectural proportion ; nevertheless, 
 the so-called Pompey's Pillar (Diocletian's) is a column, 
 but without being part of a building. An obelisk is a 
 four-sided, tapering pillar ending in a small pyramid. A 
 
102 SYNONYMY. 
 
 mole or seawall protecting a port, is sometimes called a 
 pier. "When a bridge is too long to be supported by its 
 abutments, it requires intermediate piers. Portions 
 of wall between windows, &c., are called piers. Hence, a 
 pier-table, a pier-glass. 
 
 Bindweed is so called from its winding stem, its 
 botanic name convolvulus is due to its blossom, which 
 is rolled together before opening. 
 
 jewel (connected with 'joy') is an ornament of stone, 
 glass, shell, pearl, or other showy material, adapted for 
 wearing: a gem is a precious stone either rough or 
 polished, set or unset. A glazier's diamond is a gem, it 
 is not a jewel. Jet (a kind of coal) is not a gem, but it 
 may be worked into jewelry. 
 
103 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN. 
 
 It is important to pronounce Latin as directed by the ancient gram- 
 marians, or about as follows — 
 
 Ale 
 
 tng in arm, shoii 
 
 b in art, never as in at. 
 
 E 
 
 " they, " 
 
 eight. 
 
 « ebb. 
 
 I 
 
 " field, " 
 
 deceit. 
 
 " it. 
 
 
 
 " oh, " 
 
 5-bey, 
 
 " ox. 
 
 U 
 
 " fool, " 
 
 full, 
 
 " up. 
 
 AE or M like ai in ' aisle j' OE or (E nearly like o-y in * showy ;' 
 AV or AU like ou in * house,' or German *haus.' UI like oo-y, not 
 like wee. 
 
 " Thus if you to the first this rule apply 
 My rhyme will aid you to pronounce it M.".. 
 
 "Living Latin," London, 1847. 
 
 C, G (named cay and gay by the Romans) are always pure as in car, 
 sceptic, scheme, get, give — their Anglosaxon, Irish and "Welsh powers as 
 taken early from Latin. Hence (with each *c' as h) Lat. cancer en- 
 tered Anglosaxon and became English ' canker,' while the book-word 
 * cancer' entered after *c' had borrowed its s-power from French. 
 
 J as in German and Polish, or English 'y' in year, or 'j' in halle- 
 lujah, fjord, majolica — sometimes spelled ' maiolica.' 
 
 M as in English, except that when final it only nasalises the preced- 
 ing vowel, as in Portuguese bom (= bo°^ good) or French bon (= bo°). 
 Doubled consonant letters are to be distinctly doubled in sound, the 
 *mm' in immortalis as in drum-major. N as in no, and (before C, G, 
 X, Q) in angle, anchor. Q shows that the following V (oo) or U has 
 the power of * W in icell. 
 
 R requires to be trilled. S as in hiss (its Spanish power,) never as 
 in miser, mission. 
 
 T always as in tea, na-tio =na-tee-o (nation). V (oo) like *wMn 
 tcell or *u' in quart. Hence it was easy to have the two forms sil-ta 
 
104 APPENDIX. 
 
 = seel-wa (a wood) and sil-u-I = seel-oo-a ; mIl-vus = meel-woos (a 
 hawk) and mil-u-us = meel-oo-oos. The confusion in English dialects 
 between Eng. w and v may be attributed to the fact that the former was 
 a stranger to the Normans and the latter to the Anglosaxons. Hence 
 Latin V^ i^cay) remained in vinu"^, Angl. vin = ween, Eng. * wine,' 
 while the Normans transmitted the later V* in 'vin-egar' — eager (or 
 sharp) wine, 
 
 MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Words hyphened like di-stant, brut-al-ise, to indicate their etymology, 
 are not intended to be thus pronounced. 
 
 J Assimilation, as when ad- becomes af-, in af-feot^. 
 
 + Obsolete, disused, or supposed forms. 
 
 Educed elements are represented as in number, numer-ous, where b is 
 educed from m. 
 
 .. Indicate (with italics) neglected or "silent" elements, as in coun- 
 terfei..t, which has lost the c of counterfict; may.., mi^^^t, &c. 
 
 = Pronunciation, as as-sagay' (^gay' = guy.) 
 
 A single dot (•) marks a nominative case sign, (as -or in don.or, or 
 what is left of it, as in ann-u-al, where u is part of the nominative case 
 sign -us in Lat. ann-us (year.) 
 
 Two dots (:) indicate a genitive case sign or a fragment of it, as in 
 pur:i-fy. See under Grammar. A sloped hyphen (-) indicates a par- 
 ticipial element, as t in di-rec-tor and « in * fal-s:i-fy.' 
 
 The German hyphen (=») indicates formative elements, as i in 
 'med#i-um.' 
 
 Kng\. Anglish ox Angloaaxon ; Ger. German; Gr. Greek; Fr. French; 
 Nrm. Norman; Lat. Latin. 
 
 V. verb ; n. noun; a. (or adj.) adjective; nova., nominative ; gen. geni- 
 tive ; -pi. 2ilural; dim. diminutival ; ivQ<\. frequentative ; paxt. participle ; 
 pert, pertaining. 
 
 The small numbers added to letters (as a^, a^,) indicate the pronunci- 
 ation in the presumed historic order of their powers. 
 
 The first number marks the supposed earliest power (as o^ in bo^ld), 
 and the power which each letter thus marked should have in all lan- 
 guages where the Roman alphabet is used. This would be an aid in 
 etymology, and would be a step in the right direction towards a uni- 
 versal alphabet. The higher the number the farther is the letter from 
 its proper power. 
 
 a^ in * arm,' 'father/ (for which French a is often used). It is short 
 in a^rt. 
 
 a- in 'all' (d of some philologists), short and closer in 'wha^t' (for 
 which D has been proposed), a* in *fat.' 
 
APPENDIX. 105 
 
 el in 'vein/ Latin v^e^na; e- in 'met' (Greek e), lengthened and 
 open in 'the^re' (Greek tj), French e; e* for the coalescent i-'' in Latin 
 * ae ' or ae (a^i^) ; e^ in * me.' 
 
 i^ in ' mariine/ for which French i is often used ; i^ for the coalescent 
 i in 'oil,' 'aisle.' i* in 'it;' i^ in 'ice.' 
 
 0^ in 'old/ for which some philologists use 8; the same sound is pro- 
 nounced quickly in '6^-bey/ o^ like a^ in out (=o^u^),' o* in 'on/ 
 
 n^ (oo) in 'rule/ 'ooze/ short and closer in 'fu^ll; u' for the coa- 
 lescent in 'out.' u* (yoo) in 'use/ u^ in 'up.* 
 
 y' in 'year' — (y^ being the Greek, Danish, Anglish vowel 'y/ French 
 'u,' German ' ii.') 
 
 v^ in 'vine' — (v^ being Lat. and Angl. 'v' which are Eng. 'w^' in 
 'we,' 'w^' having, been made for its German sound, f^ in 'fife/ f^ 
 in 'of.' 
 
 j2, g2, in 'judge/ 'gem' — (j^, g' being French, like 'zh' heard in 
 'azure/ j^ as Latin and German j, a sound for which 'J' was made,) 
 g^ in 'give.' 
 
 c^ (as k) in 'sceptic/ c^ in 'chip/ c' in 'ocean;' c* in 'cell.' 
 
 s^ in 'hiss/ s^ in 'miser;' s' like *ssi' in 'mission.' 
 
 In all the tables, allied words are not separated by a point as — 
 " half halve," but unconnected words have a comma or semicolon in- 
 terposed, as in separating the synonyms "hue, dye; tin..t, color, 
 chrome" into the four classes of English, French, Latin, Greek, p. 95. 
 
 In the headings of the chapter on Derivation, definitions are some- 
 times given in heavy type, thus — "clar-tjs clear, bright." This is 
 to call attention to the fact that the defining word clear is a form of 
 CLARUS, of which both dear and bright are definitions. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF WORDS CONTRIBUTED TO ENGLISH" BY 
 VARIOUS LANGUAGES. 
 
 Arabic — al-kali (al, el the), al-cohol, al-gebra, al-manac, amber, amir, 
 as-sagay' ('gay' z=gxty), azimuth, borax, burnoose, caliph, carat, carob, 
 cipher, coS'ee, cotton, dragoman, el-ixir, fakir, gazelle, girafi"e, hakim, 
 henna, hidj'ra (formerly heg'ira), jerboa, Koran, mameluke, monsoon, 
 muezzin, natron, razzia (with English z), safiron, sa'hara (a desert), 
 sahib, silep, simoom, sirocco, sultan, suimac, tale, tamarind, tare, tarif, 
 tsetse, tutty, usnea (a genus of plants), wady (a valley with a stream), 
 zen'ith, zero, zimb, zouave, — zumboor'ak a small cannon fired from 
 a camel, Arab, zambur' a hornet.^- (52 examples.) 
 
 * English formerly had such metaphoric names for cannon as culver, cul- 
 verin, Fr. couleuvre a snake; drake (for dragon); fawkon, fawconet (fa/con), 
 Baker, sakeret (kinds of hawk.) 
 
106 APPENDIX. 
 
 Anstralian — boomerang, dingo (wild dog), kadjo (a very adhesive 
 gum), kangaroo, West Australian *kang-arang-a,* applied to the 
 mother animal, who carries her young in a pouch; — *gang-ow' (but 
 gay, k, are freely interchanged,) to carry ; South Australian *kang- 
 arendi' to bring forth; ' kangariburka' a bearer; a prolific woman. 
 
 Basque — anchovy, bizarre, chapparal, bayonet (from Bayonne). 
 
 Brasilian — (Tupi = too-pee', of Brasil) — agouti> capibara, cavy, 
 coati, jaguar, manioc, pyranga, tanager, tapir, tapioca, cashew 
 (aeajti, from aca branch, ju berry.) 
 
 Chinese — kaolin porcelain clay ; Ch. kaulin, from kau (= cow) 
 high, lin ridge, pek'oe a kind of tea; Ch. pak-ho, from pak lohite, 
 ho doion (of plants). SAvaupan (swan to reckon, pwan a plate or 
 board,) a reckoning instrument consisting of a frame with beads 
 moving on rods. tanka (tan egg, kay house,) a kind of boat. 
 ginseng (dzhin vian, seang form,) — when the root of this medicinal 
 plant has two branches it is compared to the form of a man. hongho, 
 'hong' yellow, h6' river, commonly spelt 'Hoang-ho' or ' Whang-ho.' 
 
 Cornish mining terms — attle, gossan (= gozn), growan, killas, 
 prian, stull, wheal. Cornish is akin to Welsh, and was formerly 
 «poken in the celebrated mining region of Cornwall. 
 
 Dutch — boom, boor (farmer, colonist), daalder (= dalder dollar), 
 dam, eland, g^emsbok, luflF, lugger, kraal (= krS,l), scoop, sloop, sloat, 
 slobber, sluice, yacht, yaw. 
 
 French — adieu, amateur, avalanche, barricade, bayou, belles-lettres, 
 brigade, burlesque, cache, cadet, cajole, chagrin, chaise, chamois, chan- 
 delier, charade, charlatan, chenille, chevalier, chicane ('ch'='sh'in 
 all these), concert, coquette, courier (Fr. courrier), crevasse, cuirassier, 
 dandelion, debris, debuf, depo?, echelon, encore, environ, fagade, leger- 
 demain, mirage, palette, parapet, parasol, parterre, patrol, personnel, 
 pivot, prairie, ravelin, reservoir, ruse, soiree, sortie, tambourine, toil- 
 ette, trousseau, vignette, — ville. (62) At least five hundred words suffi- 
 ciently alike to be recognisable, are common to French and English, 
 which makes the acquisition of French to one who knows English, a 
 matter of less difiBculty than that of any other language of civilisation. 
 
 German — The Germans were early students of mineralogy, and 
 have given us the terms bismuth, blende, cobalt, feldspar, (or felspar), 
 gneiss, nickel, quartz, schorl, sinter, wolfram, zink. 
 
APPENDIX. 107 
 
 Greek — acme, aloe, ambrosia, analysis, anemone, antithesis, apocope, 
 aroma, asthma, basis, calyx, canon, canthar'ides (pi. of cantharis), 
 castor, catastrophe, chaos, clem'atis, colon, cotyledon, crater, crisis, 
 criterion, diapason, dogma, echo, emphasis, epidermis, epitome, epocha, 
 genesis, glottis, hyaena, hyper'bole, hyphen, hypothesis, ichneumon, 
 idea, iris, lexicon, martyr, myrmidon, naphtha, nectar, onyx, orchestra, 
 ox'alis, panorama, panther, path'os, pelecan, phalanx, phlox, pyri'tes, 
 rhinoceros, sard'onyx, scoria, sepia, skeleton, stigma, synthesis, synop- 
 sis, thorax. (62) Greek nouns in -on, as tympanon, commonly take 
 -um in Latin, as in tymp'anum, and -os usually becomes Latin -us, as 
 in asbestos, asbestus. 
 
 Hebrew — amen, behemoth, bethel, cabal', cab'ala, camel, cassia, 
 cherub, corban, bosanna, leviathan, manna, pas'ch(al), rabbi, sab'a-oth, 
 shek'el and sic'le. Chaldee gives abbot, mammon, talmud, targum. 
 
 Hindoo — bhang, bangle, cockatoo, cowry, gunny, jingal (a kind of 
 gun), jungle, pundit, raja, rupee, t'hug (assassin), bandan'a, a col- 
 ored handkerchief with undycd spots. Hind, brmd'hna to tie, whence 
 bund'hnu indicates a mode of dyeing in which the material is Hed vp 
 at various points to exclude the color, thus producing a spotted texture. 
 chints {spotted cotton cloth) is akin to a verb meaning to sprinkle. 
 
 Irish — booty, bullock, carrageen, shamrock, shanty, pilcher or 
 pilchard (Ir. pU?eir) a kind of herring, "sprats and pilehers." 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. (Welsh 'pile' that whisks about.) pilser a 
 moth or fly that wliislcs about a flame. 
 
 Italian — brivo, canto, cupola, doge, gondola, gusto, macaroni, 
 studio, and many musical terms, such as fort-e, piano, solo, sonata, 
 soprano; and the geologic terms solfatara, travertin, tu^fa, lava. 
 
 liatin — acu'men, addendum, alias, alibi, aliquot, alumnus, animal, 
 animus, apparatus, appendix, arbiter, arbitrator, ar'butus,* arcanum, 
 arena, augur, axis, bitu'men, circus, compendium, consul, convolvulus, 
 decorum, delirium, detritus, doctor, dolor, effluvium, erratum, error, 
 exit, extemp'ore (4 syllab.), farina, farrago, focus, folio, forum, fulcrum, 
 galena, genius, genus, gratis, honor, impetus, impromptu, inertia, 
 interior, item, labor, lamina, larva, lens, major, maximum, medium, 
 memorandum, minor, minus, nebula, neuter, nucleus, octavo, odium, 
 odor, pendulum, plumbago, prospectus, quietus, quondam, quorum, 
 quota, radius, ratio, requiem, residuum, rostrum, rumor, senior, series, 
 simile, solus, species, specimen, speculator, speculum, stimulus, stratum, 
 (pi. strata), superficies, superior, terminus, terror, toga, torpedo, tumu- 
 lus, varix, verbatim, vertigo, vesper, veto, virago. (100) 
 * With ornus now, the pitch-tree next, takes root. 
 And arbutus adorn'd with blushing fruit: Congreve. 
 
108 APPENDIX. 
 
 Malay — atoll, babyroussa, bamboo, cajeput, gambier, gutta-percha, 
 kris or creese, orang-ootan (orang man, ootan loild), pangolin, prahu (a 
 kind of ship), ratan (rotan a stick), sago, tombac, sampan (a kind of 
 boat), upas (= oopas poison, a half-fabulous poisonous tree). 
 
 Mexican — ocelot (ocelotl, from oq2i,io paint,) a species of spotted 
 cat. coyo-te (coyotl, from coyo-nya, to dig,) the prairie wolf, -which 
 digs holes ; hence ' to coyo-te,' * coyo-te-ing ' — applied in California to 
 underground mining in narrow holes. 
 
 North American (of the Algonkin stock) — hackee, hickory, 
 hominy, manito, moccasin, moose, musquash, pemmican, persimmon, 
 possum, powwow, skunk, samp, squaw, terrapin, tomahawk, totem. (17) 
 
 Norman (as used in old English) — abate, abridgement, abstinence, 
 affray, age, amend, amendment, amiable (Fr. aimable), annoy, '''ante 
 (aunt), +apparence (appearance), "''armure (armor), array, art, +aven- 
 ture, +bachilere (bachelor), benevolence, +beiste (beast), bible, blame, 
 +boun-te (whence boun-te-ous), +boussel (bushel, Nrm. bosel, Fr. bois- 
 seau), +buzard, cage, chase, chain, chair, chalice, tchambre, champion, 
 chance, change, channel, chant, +chapelle, charge, charnel, chief, 
 +chivalrie (*ch' ='tsh' in all these), clerk, comfort, conquest, corporal, 
 corse, covenant, +corone (a crown or garland), +croun (crown of the 
 head), +crede (creed), cruel, +culur (color), tcurtesie, damage, +damosel, 
 danger, +defens, +demande, deny, +dette, +dettur, disease, +embesile 
 (embezzle), embrace, enclose (Fr. enclore), enhance, +envie, false, 
 familiar, +faucon (fa/con), felon, felonie, font and fount, +forain, force, 
 forfeit, fortune, franchise, fosse, +garnement (garment), garrison, 
 +genti^l (whence gentil-ity), tglorie (Fr. gloire), +glorius, grace, grant, 
 guise, +hardi (whence hardi-hood), +historie (Fr. histoire), honest, 
 +honure (honor 1550, Nrm. honur, oner, Fr. honneur), hospital, ire, 
 jewel, ■'■jurie, +justise, lampe, lance, language (Nrm., Fr. langage"), 
 Tleysir (leisure), tmaladie (accounting for the pi. maladies), medicine, 
 traerci (1270, compare merciful), tmercie (1303), mercy (1330), miracle, 
 minstrel, obligation, oblivion, paramount, parlance, parole, pasture, 
 place, pledge, +plen-te, +plen-te-us, poise, +povere (poor), +prelat, 
 prison, +purpre (purple), quart, rage, rancor, refuse, regard, +reison 
 (reason, Fr. raison), +richesse, riot, +robberie, sac'rament, tsacrifise, 
 +salm (psalm), sergeant (Nrm. serjant), +servise, siege, simple, tsquier, 
 +stanche, station, statute, suborn, sue, +suffre, +suretie and tsuretee, 
 tempest, temple, +testimonie, +trecherie, tremor (Nrm. tremor and 
 tremur), +trespas, trouble, varlet, +veri-te, +verray (very), vesture, 
 tvirtu (compare virtu-ous), vice, +vitailes (victuals), voice (Nrm. vois, 
 voce), warrant, +ymage. (162) 
 
APPENDIX. 109 
 
 Persian — azure, bazar, bezoar, caravan, civet, darwesh (Arab, fakir), 
 divan, julep, kermes, khediv (title of the sovereign of Egypt), lazuli, 
 pagoda,- paradise, scarlet, sepoy, shah, shawl, tulip, turban, turpeth. 
 
 Peruvian — condor, guano, alpaca, pS.co, llama, pampas, pu^ma. 
 
 Polynesian — pah (a New Zealand fort), cava, tabu^, tapa, taro, 
 tutoo' (ta to fitrike, tata a mallei,) to ornament the skin by color driven 
 in with a kind of comb struck with a stick. 
 
 Portuguese — caste, fetish, mandarin, palaver, pimenta, tank, 
 tomato (properly tomS,te), yam. Port, inhame {=ijiya7ne, *nh'='ni' in 
 ouio)},) from a native name. 
 
 Russian — barometz, beltiga, britzska, cossack (=kozak), kabitka, 
 knout (= knoot), kopeck, kreralin, mammoth, morse, rooble, steppe, 
 tsar, tsaritsa (empress), ukase (= ookaz), vaivode (' ai ' as in aisle), 
 verst. 
 
 Spanish — alligator (Sp. aligaddr), armada, armadillo, barilla, 
 bonito, calaboose, cafion (= canyon), cascarilla, cigar, fandango, fane^ga, 
 garr6te (Marryatt, 1835). hacienda, indigo, lagoon (Sp. lagtina), lasso 
 (Sp. lazo), mosq?<ito, mustang (Sp. mest^no), mestizo, palaver, placer, 
 rancho, saraband, sierra, tornado, vanilla. 
 
 Swedish — trap (a mineral), tungsten (tung heavy, sten atone), 
 vik-ing. 
 
 Turkish — be^y or be^g (fem. be^gum), caftan, caique, caviar, kiosk, 
 yatagfian. 
 
 Welsh — aspen, bard, basket, bran, brawl, carol, coot, coracle, crom- 
 lech, dock (to cut oflF), druid, flannel, glen, groan, grumble, gull (the 
 bird), hoiden, holly, hopper (the stcalloicer of a mill), kiln, lawn, league 
 (3 miles), maggot, marl, mattock, mesh or mash (of a net), mop, mor- 
 tise, rim, scut, tall, truant, widgeon, yew. 
 
 Words from the names of persons or people, real or fabulous— 
 
 aristarch, athenfeum, atlas, Atlantic, bacchic, bacchanal, cereal, 
 Crispin, dahlia (from Dahl a Swede), dalea (a plant named after Dale 
 an Englishman), derrick, epicure, frank, galvanise, ginllotine, hector, 
 herculean, hermetic, jack, jovial, kyanise (to preserve wood by Kyan's 
 process), lazaretto, macadamise, martial, maudlin, mausoleum, mentor, 
 mercury, mithridate, napoleon (a gold coin), obsidian, orrery, panic, 
 
 * " From the Persian word Poutgheda," Account of Siam, 1685-8. Harris's 
 Voyages 2, 482. 
 10 
 
no 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 petrel, philippic, pinchbeck, quassia, quixotic, rodomontade, saturnian, 
 shaddock, shadrach, shrapnel, silhouette, simony, tantalise, valentine, 
 vernier, vestal, volcano (Vulcan) — and various minerals and plants. 
 
 Geographic words are due to the names of places. The name of the 
 river Achates gives ' agate ' — * 
 
 Armenia ermine 
 Artois artesian 
 Ascalon scallion 
 Ascalon shallot 
 Bethlehem bedlam 
 Calicut calico 
 
 Cambodia gamboge 
 Cambray cambric 
 Carron carronade 
 Chalcedon calced'ony 
 Chalons shalloon 
 Cordova cordwainer 
 
 Croatia cravat 
 Corinth currants 
 C^ydonia quince 
 C^yprus copper 
 
 Damascus damson 
 Delft delf 
 Egypt gypsy 
 Florence florin 
 Frisia frieze 
 Gagas jet 
 
 Milan' milliner 
 Moussul muslin 
 Nankin nankeen 
 Oporto port(wine) 
 Pergamos parchment 
 Persia pea..ch 
 
 Gascony gasconade Phasis pheasant 
 Geneva gin Sardes sard sard'onyx 
 
 Hochheim hock (wine) Sardinia sardine 
 India indigo Sinope sinople. 
 
 Kashmir cashmere Spain spaniel 
 Ka/shmir cassimere Syene syenite 
 
 Kashmir kerseymere Tarentum tarantola 
 
 Labrador labradorite Turkey turquoise 
 
 Laconia laconic Turkey turkey 
 
 Magnesia magnet Xalapa jalap 
 
 C^yprus gopher(-wood) Magnesia manganese Xeres sherry 
 
 Damascus damask Majorca maj^olica Ytterby yttria 
 
 Some retain the original forms, as — canary, china, cremona, galloway, 
 guinea, made^ira, magnesia, morocco, sienna, tripoli, worsted. 
 
 MadeHra took its name from the (Portuguese 'made^ira') timber or 
 uood with which the isle was covered at the period of its discovery 
 (1419-20). The word is derived from Lat materia, meaning not only 
 matter and material, but building materials, particularly timber. 
 
APPENDIX. Ill 
 
 THE WOPvD 'normal.' 
 
 At the inauguration of the Normal School at Millersville, Pa. (Dec. 
 2, 1859), as a State institution — Prof. S. S. Haldeman, A. M., of Colum- 
 bia, Pa., in response to an invitation to address the meeting, said : — 
 
 The inauguration of the first State Normal School of Pennsylvania 
 seems to present a proper occasion for an etymologic elucidation of the 
 word Normal, chiefly for the benefit of the several hundred pupils here 
 present, that they may have a general idea of a word so intimately 
 connected with their present studies, and their future career in the 
 honorable vocation of instructors (primarily builders or edifyers) of 
 the youthful mind; and as ideas of instruction are associated with 
 those of visible operations, we may say that faulty instruction (like 
 negligent architecture) is likely to result in destruction. 
 
 This consociation of primary and metaphoric meanings with the 
 modifications of a single word, is present in Normal, Latin NORMA 
 (with in ore) a square used by builders, a rule, norm, pattern, model; 
 NORMALis made by the square, right by the rule; — (rigA-t (uec-tus) 
 rec-titude, r — ule (reg-ula) and st-raig-^t, being cognates.) It may 
 be stated that the ancient Romans made constant use of the square, 
 rule, plummet, and the level now in use, shaped like the capital letter 
 A, and figures of them are still to be seen upon monuments in Rome. 
 
 The word NO-R-M-AL is composed of four portions, a stem followed 
 by three suflBxes, of which the first is R formative; that is, used to 
 make forms from roots or stems. It is the R of cle-r-k, fea-r, au-s-t-ere, 
 which is not present in mo-r-al, lib-r-ary, ove-r. The next is the noun 
 suffix M or MA, present in dra-m, regi-m-en, and AL is the adjective 
 suffix. The initial NO- is strictly the English kNO-w, so that normal 
 has something to do with knowledge. But it has lost initial g- {gay in 
 get,) present in the Greek GNOrizdo' (I make known,) to search into, 
 to acquire the knowledge of; GI-GNO'sko, to know, to learn ; early 
 Latin GNOsco, afterwards NOsco to know, get a knowledge of; Greek 
 GNOmon a rule, square, Ac, also (German kenn-ung) the tooth by 
 which a horse's age is made kno-wn; Persian kun-da learned, wise; 
 German kun-de knowledge; kemi-t-niss science; kun-st art, &q. Irish 
 conn reason, sense, intellect, prudence; Welsh cein-ad circumspection. 
 English kno-w, ken, can, couthe (affable, kind), cunning (formerly in a 
 good sense), cann-y (cautious, <fec.), and by dropping the initial — no-ble, 
 no-table ; but as this no- was originally gno-, and as n of the prefix in- 
 (not) was lost, the negative form of no-ble became i-gno-ble. 
 
 Now if, instead of becoming a norm and gnomon to youth by the 
 acquisition of this ken-ing can-ing faculty of co-gni-tion — this no-ble 
 no-rmal kno-wledge, with its implied (conn) sense, intellect, reason. 
 
112 APPENDIX. 
 
 prudence and (cein-ad) circumspection, and its (couthe) affable, kind, 
 (cann-y), cautious, prudent, and gentle (kun-st) art, skill, profession, 
 (kun-de) knowledge, and (kenn-t-niss) science — if, instead of this, an 
 unfortunate student should fall upon the reverse or negative side of our 
 word-picture, he will become an i-gno-ble, i-gno-rant, i-gno-min-ious 
 and un-couth e-norm-ity, for (couthe being also the old past participle 
 of can,) un-couth-ness is un-can-ness, or inability, i. e. to follow the 
 square and rule of rectitude in personal matters. 
 
 The prospective teacher has a theme for deep reflection in the con- 
 stellation of ideas which the word normal suggests, and it is to be hoped 
 that all will work for and enter the sphere of their duties with courage, 
 hope, and reverence, as they are likely to do when they re-co-gni-se 
 the nature of their responsibilities. 
 
 But we will carry our metaphoric language and its moral a little 
 farther. There exists a certain analogy between seeing and Jcnowitig, so 
 that we often say "I see (or hioio) how to account for it." In fact, the 
 Greek word 'idea' and the English 'wit' and 'wis-dom' are but cog- 
 nates of what Latin has given us in 'vis-ion' and in 'e-vid-ent.' The 
 Welsh cein-ad (circumspection) has a root can (sight, brightness), 
 Latin CANdeo (to shine, to burn), whence candle, kindle, candor, can- 
 did. Now, to borrow a scriptural figure, the light of our instruction 
 must be such as to aid every one within its reach, beyond, as well as 
 inside of the school house ; but where there are combustible materials, 
 the light must be guarded with ' caution ' and ' circumspection,' or the 
 un-cand-id watchman may become an in-cend-iary. 
 
 Nor must our light be allowed to cause darkness by the production 
 of smoke and soot, but the poisonous exhalations inseparable from the 
 process must be withdrawn by proper ventilation ,• and altho' the hurt- 
 ful gas increases with the increasing light and may threaten asphyxia, 
 yet the power of removal increases with the heat, which causes the 
 exhalation to dissipate and seek an exit, as in a mine from which the 
 noxious gases are removed by a fire (sometimes called a lamp), that 
 should apparently increase them, but which, by a skilful arrangement, 
 is made to start a current to carry them off. So it is in education. A 
 madman is dangerous in proportion to his strength ; and knowledge, to 
 be a blessing to the individual and the state, should be developed in, 
 and tend to produce, a pure intellectual atmosphere, in the Normal 
 mode. 
 
APPENDIX. 113 
 
 EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH. 
 
 In the following examples, an asterisk marks words derived from 
 Latin. 
 
 1380. Lo hou good [00 as indoor] and hou myrie [merry] it is that brethren 
 dwelle to gidere. ...for there the lord fente blefsyng and lijf into the world. IViclt/. 
 (Here ij' — y in by, as in modern Dutch.) 
 
 1534. Behold how honeft* and ioyoufe* a thinge it is, brethern to dwel togither 
 being of one mynde. ...For there hath the Lorde promifed* aboundaunce,* and 
 long lyfe to continewe.* yoye. 
 
 1 5 71. Behold how good and comly a thing it is for brethren to dwell euen [even] 
 togither. ...for there hathe the Lorde commaunded* blifsing, and life for euer 
 [ever]. Golding, 
 
 1639. Behold how good and how pleafant* it is, for brethren to dwell even 
 together ! ...for there Jehovah hath commanded* the blefsing, life unto eternitie.* 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 Dr. Philemon Holland (b. 1551) translated the Natural History of 
 Pliny (b. about A. D. 23), which was published in 1635. The following 
 extract is from chapter 8 of the 2d book, and exhibits many words 
 derived from Latin, as might be expected in a translation from that 
 language. 
 
 1635. The ftars which we faid were fixed in heauen, are not (as the common 
 fort thinketh) afligned to euery one of vs; and appointed to men refpectiuely ; 
 namely, the bright & faire for the rich ; the leffe for the poore : the dim for the 
 weak, the aged and feeble : neither fliine they out more or leffe, according to the 
 lot and fortune of euery one, nor arife they each one together with that perfon 
 vnto whom they are appropriate ; and die likewife with the fame : ne [nor] yet as 
 they set and fall, do they Cgnifie that any bodie is dead. There is not ywis, [cer- 
 tainly] fo great focietie betweene heauen and vs, as that together with the fatall 
 neceffitie of our death, the (hining light of the ftarres fhould in token of forrow go 
 out and become mortall. 
 
 In the next short extract, nine words are due to Latin and one 
 (method) to Greek. The former number would have been ten, if * indi- 
 cates* had replaced 'shows.' 
 
 1872. SciEXCE (Lat. scire, to know) is knowledge set in order; 
 knowledge disposed after the rational method that best shows, or tends 
 to show, the mutual relations of observed facts. E. Couea, Key to 
 North American Birds. 
 
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